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ENCYCLOPAEDIA LONDINENSIS;

■ . OR, AN

UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, and LITERATURE.

D O D

OD'DER, f. in botany. See Cuscuta.
DOD'DBRED, adj. Overgrown with dodder;
covered with fupercrefcent plants :

The peafants were enjoin’d
Sere-wood, and firs, and dodder'd oaks, to find. Dryden.

DOD'DRIDGE (Philip), an eminent Englifh noncon-
formift divine and tutor, fon of a refpedtable tradefman
in London, where he was born, in 1702. It was Mr.
Doddridge’s misfortune to be left an orphan when lie
was only thirteen years of age, and foon afterwards to
lofe the whoie of the property that was left him, by the
mifmanagement of the perfon to whom the care of it was
entrufted. In thefe circumftances, Dr. Samuel Clark li¬
berally furnifhed hint with the means of continuing his
claflical ftudies; and, finding him ftrongly inclined to
the work of the Chriftian miniflry, took him into his own
houfe, under his perfonal inftrudtion, where he was fup-
plied witli the moft proper books for improvement, and
had the fentiments of virtue and piety, in which he was
early initiated, confirmed and ftrengthened in his mind.
In 1725, he firft fixed his refidencg at Market-Harborough,
for the fake of enjoying the inftruftive converfation and
advice of the learned pafior of a diffenting congregation
in that town, to whom lie was chofen affiftant; and with
whom he continued until he opened his academy at Har-
borougli, in the year 1729. He had not entered upon the
office of a tutor many months, when a vacancy took place
in a confiderable congregation at Northampton, who had
long admired him as a preacher, and who were now ur¬
gent with him to accept of the paftoral charge of their
iociety. He therefore removed with his academy to
Northampton, towards the clofe of the year laft men¬
tioned. During the twenty-two years in which he fuf-
tained the office of a- tutor, he had about 200 young men
under his care, of whom 120 entered upon the work of
the miniflry. His coridudt in that character cannot be
too highly commended for diligence, prudence, and con¬
ciliating manners ; and of the excellent effe&s of the fy.f-
tem which he purfued, the many learned and refpectable
men who proCeeded.from his fe min ary, and who honour¬
ably diftinguiflied themfelves as miniflers, or in the de¬
partments of civil life, bear ample teftimony. During
the Courfe of his active life he publifhed, and prepared
for the prefs, a variety of works which entitle him to no
fmall reputation as an author. In 1730, Mr. Doddridge
publifhed, Free Thoughts on the moft probable Means
of reviving the diffenting Intereft, in which his politenefs
'Vo L. VI. No. 326.

D O D

and candour as a difputant are pleafingly exhibited. In
1732 he publifhed a volume of Sermons on the Educa¬
tion of Children; and in 1735, a volume of Sermons to
young Men ; both of which were favourably received by
the world, and have gone through many editions. In
1736, he publifhed Ten Sermons on the Power and Grace
of Chrift; and The Evidences of his glorious Gofpel.
During the fame year the univerTify of Aberdeen con¬
ferred upon him the degree of doctor in divinity. In
1739, Dr. Doddridge gave to the public the firft volume
of his valuable work, The Family Expofitor; or, a Pu-
raphrafe and Verfion of the New Teftament, with critical
Notes, and a practical Improvement of each _Se£f ion.
The merits of this w'ork are fo generally known and ac¬
knowledged, that any farther notice of its character is
entirely unneceffary. The fecond volume made its ap¬
pearance in 1740. In the following year Dr. Doddridge
publifhed a volume, of Practical Difcourfes upon Rege¬
neration; and, in 1742 and 1743, Three Letters to tire
Author of a Treatife, intitled, Chriftianity not founded
on Argument. In 1743, he publifhed, The Principles of
the Chriftian Religion, in eafy Verfe, for the Ufe of
Children and Youth; alfo, The Rife and Progrefs of
Religion in the Soul ; fince tranflated into the Dutch,
German, Danifii, and French, languages. In 1747, Dr.
Doddridge publifhed. Some remarkable Paflages in the
Life of the Hon. Colonel James Gardiner ; and in 1748
appeared the third volume of The Family Expofitor, and
alfo the Expolitory Works., and other remains, of arch-
bifhop Leighton, which were reviled by Dr. Doddridge ;
and, together with his tranflation of the archbifhop’s
Latin Prelections, publifhed at Edinburgh, in two vols.
The laft of Dr. Doddridge’s. works, publifhed during his
life-time, was intitled, A plain and ferious Addrefs to
the Mafter of a Family, on the important Subjefl of Fa¬
mily Religion. Of his grand work, The Family Expo¬
fitor, three. volumes were left unpublifhed at the time of
his death. He had, however, finifhed the copy of the
whole; fo that in 1 754 the fourth volume was publifhed
by Mr. Orton, and the fifth and fixth in the year 1756.
In 1735, Mr. Orton likewife publifhed a collection of
Dr. Doddridge’s Hymns, founded on various Texts in
the Holy Scriptures. The laft work of Dr. Doddridge
which was given to the public, was his Courfe or Lec¬
tures on the principal Subj.eCts of Pneuma.tology, Ethics,
and Divinity ; witli References to the moft confiderable
Authors on each Subject. It appeared in 1763, in one
volume quarto, under the care of .the reverend Samuel
B Clark

2

D O D

D O D

Clark of Birmingham, the fon of the doctor's earlieft
benefactor, and at the time of his death his afiiftant in
the academy. In 1794, a new and improved edition of
it, in two volumes oCtavo, was publifhed by t he late
Dr. Kippis, who had been a pupil under Dr. Doddridge.
On th decline of his health he was advifed to take a
voyage to I.ilbon, where he met with every friendly at-
tention and medical aid. But his cafe was hopelefs; and
he died on the 26th of October, 1751. The character of
this great and good man, is thus drawn by his biographer
Dr. Kippis: “ The prime and leading feature of his
foul, was that of devotion. The greateft pains were
taken by hint to keep up an habitual fenfe of the Su¬
preme Being ; to maintain and increafe the ardour of re¬
ligion in his heart ; and to furnifh himfelf, by devout
exercifes, for the important labours of his ftation. Nor
was it-to his fecret retirements that his piety was limited :
it was manifefted in every part of the day, and appeared
in his ufual intercourfe with men. In the little vacan¬
cies of time which occur to the bufteft of mankind, he
was frequently lifting up his foul to God. When he lec¬
tured on philofophy, hiftory, anatomy, or other fubjeCts
not immediately theological, he would endeavour to graft
forne religious inftruftions upon them, that he might raife
the minds of his pupils to devotion, as well as to know¬
ledge ; and in his vilits to his people, the Chriltian friend
and minifter were united.”

DODECAD AC'TYLUS, /. [from hhkcc, twelve,
and SxxtvKo;, a finger.] The duodenum, a gut often fo
named, becaufe its length is about the breadth of twelve
fingers. At the time this name was given, anatomy con¬
fided in the diffechion of brutes ; and the length was
therefore probably adjudged from the gut of fome ani¬
mal, and not of man.

DODE'CAGON,/! [of oe.y.a , twelve, and yuna, Gr.
a corner.] In geometry, a regular polygon, confiding of
twelve equal fides and angles.

DODECAHE'DRON, J'. [of Gr.] A geo¬

metrical folid, bounded by twelve equal and equilateral
pentagons. It is one of the five Platonic regular bodies.
Its etymology fignifies “ that which has twelve feats, or
bottoms.”

DODECAN'DRIA, f. [Jw$ex«, twelve, and a
hufoamf.] In botany, the name of the eleventh clafs in
Linnaeus’s artificial fydent; comprehending all thofe
plants which have hermaphrodite flowers with from
twelve to nineteen damens inclufive. See Botany-.

DODECAPHAR'MACUM, /. [from Mera, twelve,
and (p a.(>fjLa.y.'jv , a medicine.] An ointment confiding of
twelve’ingredients, for which reafon it is called the oint¬
ment of the apodles.

DODE'CAS, J. [fo called from the number twelve
prevailing in the damens.] In botany, a genus of the
clafs dodecandria, order monogynia, natural order caly-
cauthemae. The generic characters are — Calyx : peri-
anthium one-leafdd, turbinate, permanent, half-four-cleft,
fuperior; divifions ovate, fpreading. Corolla: petals
roundifh, feflile, inferted into the calyx. Stamina: fila¬
ments twelve, capillary, (horter than the calyx, inferted
into the receptacle ; antherae oblong. Pidillum : germ
half-fuperior ; dyle filiform, longer than the damens;
ftigma Ample. Pericarpium ^capfule ovate, one-celled,
inferior, growdng to a patulous calyx, within which the
apex is naked and four-valved. Seeds : numerous, ob¬
long, minute. — EJfential CharaEler. Corolla, five-petalled ;
calyx, half-four-cleft, bearing the corolla, fuperior ; cap-
fule, one-celled, connate with the calyx.

Dodecas Surinamenfis, or Surinam dodecas, the only
fpecies known : a dirub, having the appearance of lyci-
um barbarum, even fomewhat four-cornered ; the branches
oppofite, diort ; leaves oppofite, obovate-oblong, or
wedge-fhaped, fubpeiioled, even, obtufe, quite entire.
Native of Surinam. Linn. Suppl.

DODEC ATEMO'RION, or Dodecatemor y,J [of
» tu&Kccf twelve, and puafa, Gr. a divilion.] The twelfth

part of a circle ; the twmrve figns of the zodiac, fo called
becaufe every one of them is a twelfth part of tlte zodiac :
51 is dodecatemorion thus aefcribed :

Thrice ten degrees which every fign contains,

Let twelve exhaud that not one part remains;

It follows ftraight that every twelfth confines
Two whole and one half portion of the ligns. Creech.

DODECATIIE'ON,/. [from S'aoixa, twelve, and (hoi, -
gods.] In botany, a genus of the clafs pentandria, order
monogynia, natural order precise, (ly fimachise, J’Jf.)
The generic charadlers are — Calyx : involucre many¬
leaved, many-flowered, very fmall ; perianthium one-
leafed, half five-cleft, permanent : divifions reflex, fi¬
nally longer, permanent. Corolla: one petalled, five-
parted ; tube (horter than the calyx, naked at the throat ;
border reflex: divifions very long, lanceolate. Stamina:
filaments five, very fhort, obtule, feated on the tube;
antherse lagittate, converging into a beak. Piftillum :
germ conic ; dyle filiform, longer than the damens ; flig-
ma obtufe. Pericarpium: capfule oblong, one-celled,
gaping at the tip, (fubcylindric, opening into five parts.
Gartner.) Seeds: very many, fmall; receptacle free,
fmall. — EJfential CharaEler . Corolla, rotate, reflex; fta-
mina, placed on the tube ; capfule, one-celied, oblong.

Dodecatheon Meadia, Virginian cowfiip, or Meadia, is
the only known fpecies. Meadia has a yellow perennial
root, from which come out in the fpring feveral long
fmooth leaves, near fix inches long, and two and a half
broad ; at firft handing ereft, but afterwards fpreading
on the ground, efpecially if it be much expofed to the
fun : from among thefe leaves arife two, three, or four,
flower-dalks, in proportion to the drength of the roots,
which rife eight or nine inches high; they are fmooth,
-naked, and terminated by an umbel of flowers, which are
purple, inclining to a peach-bloffom colour. Thefe ap¬
pear at the end of April or the beginning of May; and
the feeds ripen in July ; foon after which the dalles and
leaves decay, and the roots remain inactive till the fol¬
lowing fpring. Each flower has a long (lender peduncle,
which is recurved, fo that the flowers hang down. It is
a native of Virginia, and other parts of North America,
whence it was Cent by Banider to bifliop Compton, in
whole curious garden at Fulham Mr. Miller fird faw it.
growing in the year 1709 ; after which this plant was loft
for feveral years in England, till it was again obtained
from America by Mr. Catelby, and cultivated in 1744,
by Peter Collinfon, efquire, fince which it has been pro¬
pagated in great plenty. Mark Catefoy named it Meadia,
in honour of Dr. Richard Mead, who was a generous
encourager of every branch of fcience.

Propagation and Culture. This plant is propagated by
offfets, which the roots put out pretty freely when they
are in a loofe moift foil and a (hady fituation; the belt
time to remove the roots, and take away the offlets, is in
Auguft, after the leaves and dalks are decayed, that they
may be fixed well in their new fituation before the froft
comes on. It may alfo be propagated by feeds, which
the plants generally produce in plenty; thefe (hould be
fown in the autumn foon after they are ripe, either in a
(hady moift border, or in pots, which (hould be placed in
the (hade ; in the fpring the plants will come up, and
muft then be kept clean from weeds, and if the feafon
proves dry, they muft be frequently refrelhed with water;
nor (hould they be expofed to the fun, for while the
plants are young, they are very impatient of heat. The
young plants lhould not be tranfplanted till their leaves
are decayed, then they may be carefully taken up and
planted in a (hady border, where the foil is loofe and
moift, at about eight inches diftance from each other,
which will be room enough for them to grow one year,
by which time they will be ftrong enough to produce
flowers, and may then be tranfplanted into fome (hady
borders ih the flower garden, where they will appear very
ornamental during the continuance of their flowers. At

3

0 O D

ffie firft many fuppofed this plant to be tender, and planted
it in warm fituations and nurfed it too much, whereby
the plants were often killed ; but by experience it is
found to be fo hardy, as not to be hurt by the fevered
cold of this country ; but it will not thrive in a very
dry foil, or where it is greatly expofed to the fun.

fo DODGE, v.n. [probably corrupted from dog; to
fhift, and play fly tricks, like a dog.] To ufe craft; to
deal with tergiverfation ; to play mean tricks ; to ufe low
drifts. — If in good offices and due retributions we may
not be pinching and niggardly, it argues an earthly and
ignoble mind, where we have apparently wronged, to
higgle and dodge in the amends. Hale. — To fhift place as
another approaches :

For he had, any time this ten years full,

Dodg'd with him betwixt Cambridge and the Bull.

Milton.

To play fad and loofe ; to raife expeditions and difap-
point them. — You know my padion for Martha, and
what a dance die has led me; die dodged with me above
thirty years. Addifon. — -This word, in all its fenfes, is
low and vulgar.

DOD'KIN, /. [ duytken , Dut.] A doitkin or doit; a
contemptuous name for a bafe coin. See Doit. — I would
not buy them for a dodkin. Lily's Grammar conjlrucd.

DO'DC), /. in ornithology. See Didus.

DODO'ENS (Rembert), in Latin Dodonaus a phyfi-
cian and eminent botanid, born in 1518 at Staveren in
Friefeland. He dudied medicine at Louvain, and after¬
wards vifited the principal univerfities of France and
Italy. He became phyfician to the emperors Maximili¬
an II. and Rodolph II. and was a profedbr at Leyden,
where he died in 15S5. His-botanical works are : 1. Hif-
toria Frugum, Antw. 1552, 8vo. 2. Herbarium Belgicum,
1553, 1557 ; the figures of this are modly from Fuchs,
the hidories and enumeration of qualities, brief: this
work was trandated into French by L’Eclufe, and into
Englifli by Lyte. 3. De Stirpium Hijloria Comment, imagines,
8vo. two vols. fome of the figures of the fird volume,
and one hundred and thirty-three of the fecond, are by
Dodoens, and are fuperior to thofe of Fuchs. 4. Fru-
mentorum , Lcguminum , Palujlrium, £? Aquatilium Herbarum
Hijloria, 1566, 1569, 8vo. of thefe the figures are for the
mod part new. 5. Coronariarum Odoi atarunique nonull.
Herb. Hijl. 1568, 8vo. the figures of thefe are fuperior to
all that had hitherto appeared, except thofe of Gefner.
6. Purgantium, aliarumque eo facientium, S3c. Hijl. 1574,
8vo. very valuable for its beautiful plates. 7. Hijloria
Vttis, Vinique, &c. Colon. 1580, 8vo. 8. Hijloria Stirpium
pemptades vi. J'eu Libr. xxx. Antw. 1583, folio; this is a
collection of all the former. An improved edition of it,
after the author’s death, was publifhed by Raphelengius,
in Dutch. Dodoens alfo wrote a Praxis Mcdica, and a
book of Medical Obfervations.

DODO'NA, anciently a town of Thefprotia in Epirus,
or, according to others, in Thetfaly ; famous for a cele¬
brated oracle of Jupiter.

DODONZE'A, f. [fo' named in honour of Rembert Do¬
donaus or Dodoens , profeffor of medicine, a famous bota¬
nid of the fixteenth century; author of Frugum Hijloria,
&c.] In botany, a genus of the clafs oCtandria, order
monogynia, natural order dumofte, (terebintaceae, JuJJ.)
The generic characters are — -Calyx : perianthium four¬
leaved, flat ; leaflets ovate, obtufe, concave, deciduous.
Corolla: none. Stamina: filaments eight, very fhort ;
antherae oblong, bowed, converging, length of the calyx.
Piftillum : germ three-fided, length of the calyx ; dyle
cylindric, three furrowed, upright ; digma {lightly three-
cleft, a little acute. Pericarpium : capfule three-fur¬
rowed, inflated, three-ceiled ; with large membranaceous
corners. Seed: in couples, roundidi. — ■EJfentialCkaraBer.
Calyx, four-leaved ; corolla, none ; capfule, three-celled,
inflated ; feeds, in couples.

Species, 1. Dodontea vifeofa, or broad-leaved dodonaea;

4

0 O D

leaves oblong. This fends up feveral ftalks from the
root, about the fize of a man’s arm, with feveral upright
branches, covered with a light brown bark, which fre¬
quently feparates from the wood, and hangs loofe ; leaves
did', varying greatly in fliape and fize, fome being four
inches long, and an inch and a half broad ; others not
three inches long, and a quarter of an inch broad ; they
are fpear-fliaped, entire, and of a light green, growing
with their points upward, and have very fhort foot-dalks.
The flow'ers are produced at the end of the branches in
a fort of raceme, each danding upon a flender foot-dalle
about an inch long. This upright branched fhrub, fays
Jacquin, growing about five feet in height, is entirely
vifeid and fetid; the younger branches are angular;
leaves oblong, with a bluntifh point, attenuated at the
bafe, alternate, with fcarcely any petiole on tender plants
that come out in the fird months, ufually repand or fer¬
rate ; flowers in rqcemes, frequently varying much on the
fame branches ; the natural number of leaflets in the
calyx feems to be four ; it is feldom found with five, and
when it has only three, which is frequently the cafe, one
of the leaflets is always larger than the red, and fcored
with a longitudinal groove ; the piftil is frequently defi¬
cient in one third part, and then the capfule has only two
cells ; fometimes there are only feven damens, and even
fix, but that happens very feldom ; one feed in a cell is
frequently abortive, and fometimes both. According to
Gaertner the feeds are rouritiifh, turgidly lenticular, but
very fharp-edged towards the back, hard, fmooth, black.
Browne fays that this flender fhrub feldom rifes more than
fix or feven feet, (ten or twelve, Sloane;) both the trunk
and branches are very flexile and tapering ; the tade of
the whole plant is acerb and bitterifh. In Jamaica it is
called the JwitckJbrrcl. Native of the countries between
the tropics. In the Society iiles it is dioecous,fin. Hew
Zealand hermaphrodite. Introduced in 1690, by Mr.
Bentick.

2. Dodonaea angudifolia, or narrow-leaved dodonsea;
leaves linear. This refembles the foregoing, but the
leaves are lanceolate-linear ; the fructification is polyga¬
mous. Native of the Cape of Good Hope ; flowers from
May to Augud.

Propagation and Culture. The fird is a plant propagated
by feeds, which, if obtained frefh from abroad, will rife
eafily upon a hot-bed : when the plants are fit to remove,
they fhould be each planted in a feparate fmall pot filled
with light loamy earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of
tanners’ bark, fhading them from the fun till they have
taken new robt; then they fhould have free air admitted
to them, every day, in proportion to the warmth of the
feafon, for they mud not be drawn up weak, nor fhould
they have too much water. In the autumn the plants
mud be removed into the dove, where they fhould have
a temperate warmth in winter, but during that feafon lit¬
tle water fhould be given them; nor fhould they have
too much heat, for either of thefe will foon deflroy them :
as the plants obtain drength, they will become more
hardy, and may be fet abroad in the open air for two or
three months in the heat of fummer, but it fhould be in
a fheltered fituation ; in winter they mud be placed in a
dove, kept to a moderate temperature of warmth, for
the plants will not live in a green-houfe here: This was
formerly (hewn for the tea-tree in many of the European
gardens, where it many years pafled for it among thofe
who knew no better. The fecond fort is lefs tender, and
requires only the protection of a green-houfe or glafs cafe.

DODO'NIDES, priedeffes who gave oracles in the
temple of Jupiter in Dodona. According to fome tradi¬
tions the temple was originally inhabited by the feven
daughters of Atlas, who nurfed Bacchus;

DO'DRANS, yi \_dodrantalis menjura, Lat.] Thefpace
between the end of the thumb and of the little finger,
both extended. About nine Paris inches. This meafure
may be called in Englifh the long J 'pan , and Jpitkama the
fhort fpan.

DODS'LEYj

4

D O D

BODS'LEY (Robert), an author and bookfeller, born
in 1703, at Mansfield, of parents in humble life. With¬
out tire advantage of a liberal education he acquired a
tafte for literature1, which brought him into notice, when
in the ftation of footman to a lady of fafhion. He at that
time publifiied by fubfcription a collection of poems,
under the title of The Mufe in Livery. His next per¬
formance was a dramatic piece called The Toyfhop, in¬
tended as a civil fatire upon the prevailing follies of the
time. This was lhewn in manufcript to Pope, who took
the author under his protection ; and by his influence it
was brought upon the ftage in 1735, where it met with
fuccefs. The profits which occurred from this and the
former were by Dodfley prudently applied to fettling him-
felf in bufinefs. He opened a bookfeller’s (hop in Pall-
Mall, which, through his own good conduct, and the en¬
couragement of his patrons, foon rofe to diftindtion ; and
in a courfe of years, Dodfley became one. of the mod
confiderable perfons of his trade in the metropolis. Pro¬
ceeding at the fame time in his career as an author, he
wrote the farce of The King and the Miller of Mans¬
field, with a fequel to it, entitled, Sir John Cockle at
Court. Thefe productions are lefs diftingnilhed by hu¬
mour than by a vein of moral and fentimental fatire.
His next work was in profe, and obtained great celebrity ;
it was The Economy of Human Life, in a fiyle intended
to refemble that of the Scriptures and other oriental wri¬
tings. One book of a poem, in blank verfc, on the fub-
jeCt of Public Virtue, and an ode, entitled Melpomene,
next exercifed his poetical pen. In 1758 lie ventured to
rife to tragedy, and compofed Cleone, t he table of which
is faid to have been fuggefted by a French work, the Le¬
gend of St. Genevieve. Though Garrick expreffed a
mean opinion of the play, and it was in confequence taken
to Covent Garden, it long drew full audiences, which
was in part attributed to Mrs. Bellamy’s afting of the
heroine. An attempt to revive it by Mrs. Siddons did
not fucceed, owing, it is faid, to the excefs of pathos
which it acquired from her unequalled performance in
feenes of maternal diflrefs. In 1760 Dodfley publifiied
Ins SeleCt Fables of Efop and other Fabulifts, in three
books, of which the lad contains original fables. He
prefixed a fenfible and ingenious Eflay on Fable. He
publifiied, in 1 7 74, A Collection of Plays by old Authors,
in 12 vols. 1 2 m o . of which a much-improved edition was
given by Mr. Reid, in 1780. The Collection of Poems
by different eminent Hands, 6 vols. 121x10. which bears
his name, has relcued from oblivion feveral pieces of
merit, and may be reckoned one of the molt valuable
publications of the kind. He died upon a vifit at Dur¬
ham, in 1764. His works have been li nee collected, in
two volumes oCtavo. Dr. Anderfon, in his Brilifli Poets,
fpeaks of Dodfley in the following words : “ His charac¬
ter was very amiable and refpeCtable. As a tradefinan,
he preferved the greateft integrity; as a writer, the mod
becoming humility. Mindful of the early encourage¬
ment which hi.-, own talents met with, he was ever ready
to give t lie fame opportunity of advancement to thofe of
others ; and on many occafions he was not only t he pub-
li flier, but the patron of genius. There was no circum-
fhince by which he was more diftinguiflied, than by the
grateful remembrance which he retained, and always ex-‘
preffed, towards the memory of thofe to whom he owed
the obligation of being fil'd taken notice ot in life. Mo-
defi, fenfible, and humane ; he retained the virtues which
firft brought him into notice, after he had obtained wealth
fufficient to fatisfy every with which could arife from the
poifeflion of it. He was a generous friend, an encourager
of men of genius, and acquired the edeem and relpeCt of
of all who were acquainted with him. It was his hap-
pinefs to pafs the greated part of his life in intimacy
with men of the brighteft abilities, whole names will be
revered by poherity ; by mod of whom he was loved as
much for the virtues of his heart, as he was admired on
account of his writings'.”

DOF

DOD'WELL (Henry), a learned controverfial -writer,
born at Dublin, but of Englilh extraftion, in 1641. He
wrote an incredible number of religious tracts : but his
fervices were fo little acknowledged, that bifliop Burnet
and others accufe him of doing more hurt than good to
the cattle of Chridianity, by his indifefeet love of para¬
doxes and novelties, and thus expoling hiinflelf to the
feoffs of unbelievers. His pamphlet on the Immortality
of the Soul, gave rile to the well-known controverfy be¬
tween Mr. Collins and Dr. Clark on that fubjedt, lie
died in 1 7 1 1 .

DOE, f. [ba, Sax. daa, Dan. dama, Lat.] A fite
deer; the female of a buck. — Bucks have horns, does
none. Bacon.

The fearful doe

And flying dag amidd the greyhounds go. Drydert.

DOE, f. [from to do.] A feat ; what one has to do;
what one can perform :

No fooner he does peep into

The world, but lie has done his doe. Hudibras.

DOE'BELN, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Leipfic, on the Mulda; with manufactures of cloth and
hats: thirty miles fouth-ead of Leipfic.

DO'EG, [.in Heb. careful.] The chief herdfman of
king Saul. A man’s name.

DO'EL, a town of Flanders, on the Scheldt, oppofitc
Lillo.

DO'EN, a town of European Turkey, in the province
of Bulgaria, on the Danube : fifty-fix miles north-north-
ead of Silidria.

DO'ER, f. One that does any thing good or bad :

So foul a thing, O! thou injudice art,

That tort’red both the doer and didred. Daniel.

Adtor; agent. — Si th thus far we open the things that
have been done, let not the principal doers themfelves be
forgotten. Hooker. — Performer. — One judgeth the prize
to the bed doer, of which they are no lefs glad than great
princes are of triumphs. Sidney. — An active, or bufy, or
Valiant, perfon :

Fear not, my lord, we will not fiand to prate;

Talkers are no good doers: be aflur’d, .

We go to ufe our hands, and not our tongues. Shakefp.

One that habitually performs or pradlifes. — Be doers of
the word, and not hearers only. Common Prayer .

DOES. The third perfon from do, for doth. — Though
lending to foreigners, upon ufe, doth not at all alter the
balance of trade between thofe countries, fet it does alter
the exchange between thofe countries. Locke.

DO'ESBURG, a town of the Dutch States, in the
county of Zutphen, rich and populous. The Hollanders
made themfelves ixiaders of it in 1370; but, in the year
1583, the citizens called in t lie prince of Parma to their
aid, and drove the Dutch away ; bu t the earl of Leiceder
took it again in 15S6, being the fird conqued achieved
by the Englilh forces lent by queen Elizabetli to the
aflidance of the States General. Francis dc Mendoza,
admiral of Arragon, retook it in 159S, but it foon after
lurrendered ro prince Maurice of Nalfau, who confidera-
b!y augmented the fortifications. The bifliop of Munfler
took it in 1672, but relinquiflied it foon after. Like the
other towns of the province, it opened its gates to the
French in 1672, who demolilhed tlte fortifications, apd
abandoned it in 1674. It is eight miles fouth-fouth-weli
of Zutphen, and nine north-ead of Arnham. Lat. 52. 4.

N. Ion. 23.34. E. Ferro.

DO'FAR, a town of Arabia, in the country of Hadra-
maut, on the wed coad of the gulf to which it gives
name: 1S0 miles fouth-wed of Halfek, and 120 miles
north of Cape Fartak.

To DOFF, v. a. [from do To put off drefs. — AI-
cide.s doffs the lion’s tawny hide. Roue.

You

DOG

DOG

5

You have deceiv’d our trud.

And made us doff our eafy robes of peace,

To crufh our old limbs in ungentle deck Shakefpeare.
To drip ; to dived of any thing:

Why art thou troubled, Herod ? what vain fear
Thy blood-revolving bread doth move?

Heav’n’s king, who dffs himfelf our dedt to wear.

Comes not to rule in wrath, but ferve in love. Cra/hazo.
To put away ; to get rid of :

Your eye in Scotland

Would create foldiers, and make women fight,

To doff their dire didrefles. Shakefpeare.

To diift off ; to delay ; to refer to another time ; to put
off. — Every day thou dff'Jl me with fome device, Iago;
and rather keep’d from me all conveniency, than fup-
plied me with the lead advantage of hope. Shakefpeare.
Away, I will not have to do with you. —

— Cand thou fo doff me ? Shakefpeare.

This word is in all its fenfes obfolete, and fcarcely ufed
except by rudics; yet it is a pure and commodious word.

DOF'FIR, a town of Arabia, in the country of Yemen:
twelve miles fouth of Chamir.

DO'FRE, a town of Norway: thirty-fix miles ead of
Romfdael.

DOG, f. \_dogghc, Dut. cants, Lat.] That domedic
animal which is fo fubfervient to man, and no lefs re¬
markable for its fidelity and fagacity, than for the va¬
riety of its fpecies ; comprifing the rnadiff, the fpaniel,
the pointer, the bulldog, the greyhound, the hound,
the terrier, the cur, with many others. The larger fort
are ufed as a guard ; the lefs for fport :

Such finding rogues as thefe footh every paflion :

Renege, affirm, and turn their halcyon beaks
With ev’ry gale and vary of their maders,

As knowing nought, like dogs, but following. Shakefpeare.
A condellation called Sirius, or Canicula, riling and fet-
ting with the fun during the canicular days, or dog-days.
— Among the fouthern condellations, two there are who
bear the name of the dog-, the one in fixteen degrees la¬
titude, containing on the left thigh a dar of the fird
magnitude, ufually called Procyon, or Anticanus. Brown.
It parts the twins and crab, the dog divides,

And Argo’s keel that broke the frothy tides. Creech -
An andiron. A reproachful name for a man. — Beware
of dogs, beware of evil workers. Phil. ii. 2. — It is ufed
as the term for the male of feveral genera of animals :
as, the dog fox, the dog otter, &c. — If ever I thank any
man, I’ll thank you ; but that they call compliments is
like the encounter of two dog apes. Shakefpeare.

The fame ill tade of fenfe will ferve to join
Dog foxes in the yoke, and flteer the fwine. Drydcn.
Dog is a particle added to any thing, to mark degeneracy;
as, dog rofe, & c.

To give or fend to the Dogs ; to throw away. To go to
the Dogs; to be ruined, dedroyed, or devoured:

Had whole Colepeper’s wealth been hops and hogs,
Could he himfelf have fent it to the dogs ? Pope.

Naturalids have ufually affigned the gift of fuperior
intelligence, among brute creatures, to the horfe, the
elephant, and the dog; but without difparagement to
the noble indindfs and wonderful docility of the two
former animals, we might judly give pre-eminence to the
latter. The amazing fagacity of the dog, his gratitude,
his unfliaken fidelity, that acute fenfe of fhame which
often betrays his faults, and that confcioufnefs of good
defert with which he comes to claim the reward of his
fervices, are circumdances of felf-convidtion, of thought,
or intelligence, very nearly refembling that which we
obferve in the human character. Thefe qualities, toge¬
ther with his great utility for various purpofes, have ren-
Vol. VI. No. 326.

dered him the early attendant and common favourite of
man. Every anecdote therefore that tends to elucidate the
nature and powers of this animal, mud be particularly
intereding to the lovers of natural hidory. Thofe that
follow are completely authentic, which is, perhaps, one
of the fird recommendations to anecdotes of this nature.

M. la Valee, in his Journey through the Departments
of France, publifhed in 1 792, gives the following curious
account of the manner in which the country people, in
the neighbourhood of Peronne and Doulens, had trained
their dogs to elude the vigilance of the officers of the
revenue. At night, thefe animals were laden, each with
a parcel of goods proportioned to its' fize; except one
alone, who was their leader, went without any burden.
A crack of a whip was the fignal for them to fet out.
The leader travelled at a little didance before the red ;
and, if he perceived the traces of any dranger, he re¬
turned to the other dogs ; thefe either took a diderent
way, or, if the danger was prelling, concealed themfelves
behind the hedges, and lay clofe till the patrol had palled.
When they arrived at the habitation of their mailer’s
afibciate, they hid themfelves in the neighbouring fields
and hedges, while their leader went to the houfe, and
leratched at the door, or barked, till he was admitted,
when he lay quietly down, as at home: by this the
fnmggler knew that the caravan was come ; and, if the
coad was clear, he went out, when he gave a lcud whidle,
and the dogs came running to him from their feveral
hiding-places !

Peltier, in his Annals of Paris, No. 164, for December
1798, records the following anecdote : At the beginning
of the revolution, a dog went daily to the parade before
the palace of the Thuilleries, thrud himfelf between the
legs of the muficians, marched with them, hailed with
them, and, after the parade, difappeared until the next
morning; when he refumed this occupation. The con-
dant recurrence of this dog, and the pleafure which he
feemed to take in the mulic, made him a favourite with
the band, who nick-named him Parade. One gave him
food to-day, another to-morrow ; and he underdood, by
a dight fignal, and a word or two, whom he was to follow
for his dinner: after which, faithful to his independence,
the dog always withdrew, in fpite of any careffes or
threats. Sometimes he went to the Opera, fometimes to
the Comedie Italienne, and fometimes to the Theatre
Feydeau ; in each of which houfes, he found his way to
the orchedra, and would lie down filently in one corner
of it until the performance was over. “ I know not
(fays Peltier) whether this dog be now alive : but I
know many muficians to whom his name, his figure, and
the fingularity of his habits, are perfe&ly familiar.”

In Petit’s Campaign of Italy, under the Chief Conful
Bonaparte, publifhed in 1800, we have the following
anecdote, which places this animal in the mod engaging
light : “ In traverfing the Alps over the mountain Great
St. Bernard, many people peri fit among the almod inac-
ceffible rocks, whofe fummits are covered with eternal
fnow. At the time we croifed them, the chapel of the
monadery of St. Bernard was filled with dead bodies,
which the dogs had difeovered, fuffocated and benumbed,
under the fnow. With what emotions of pleafure did I
care fs thefe dogs, fo ufeful to travellers! how can one
fpeak of them without being moved by their charitable
indindt 1 Notwithdanding the paucity of our eatables,
there was not a French foldier who did not manifed an
eagernefs to give them fome bifeuit, fome bread, and
even a fhare of their meat. Morning and evening thefe
dogs go out on difeovery ; and if, in the ntidd of their
wandering courfes, the echo of fome unfortunate creature
ready to peridi reaches their attentive ears, they run to¬
wards thofe who call out, exprefs their joy, and feern to
bid the fufferer take courage till they have been to pro¬
cure affi dance ; in fadt, they haden back to the convent,
and with an air of inquietude and fadnefs, announce in
a very difcernible manner what they have feen. In that
C cafe

6 D O G.

cafe a fmall baflcet is fattened round the dog's neck, filled
with food proper for re-animating life almoft exhaiitted;
and, by following the. humane meffenger, an unhappy
creature is thus frequently (hatched from impending de-
ftrubtion.”

The following anecdote, publifiied in the Monthly
Magazine for April 1802, furnifhes an inftance, in our
own country, of that fagacity and attachment which fo
juftly contribute to make the dog our favourite. “ Thofe
valleys, or glens as they are called, which interfeft the
Grampian mountains,' in Scotland,' are chiefly inhabited
by (hepherds. The paftures, over which each flock is
permitted to range, extend many miles in every diredtion.
The (hepherd never has a view of his whole flock at
once, except when they are colleiSted for the purpofe of
fale or (hearing. His occupation is to make daily excur¬
sions to the different extremities of his paftures in fuccef-
fion ; and to turn back, by means of his dog, any ftragg-
fers that may be approaching the boundaries of his neigh¬
bours. In one of thefe excurfions, a (hepherd happened
to carry along with him one of his children, an infant
about three years old. After traverfing his paftures for
Tome time, attended by his dog, the (hepherd found him-
felf under the neceflity of afeending a fummit at Come
diftance, to have a more extenfive view of his range. As
the afeent was too fatiguing for the child, lie left him on
a fmall plain at the bottom, with drift injunctions not
to (fir from it till his return. Scarcely, however, had
he gained the fummit, when tlve horizon was fuddenly
darkened by one of thofe impenetrable mitts which fre¬
quently obfeure thofe mountains. The anxious father
battened back to find his child; but unfortunately miffed
his way in the defeent. After a fruitlefs fearch of many
hours amongft the moraffes and cataracts, he was at length
overtaken by night. Still wandering on without know¬
ing whither, he at length came to the verge of the mitt;
and, by the light of the moon, diicovered that he had
reached the bottom of his valley, and was now within a
ftiort diftance of his cottage. To renew the fearch that
night was equally fruitlefs and dangerous. He was there¬
fore obliged to return to his cottage, having loft both his
child, and his faithful dog, which had attended him for
years. Next morning, by day-break, the (hepherd, ac¬
companied by a band of his neighbours, let out in fearch
of his child ; but, after a day (pent in fruitlefs fatigue,
he was compelled by the approach of night to defeend
from the mountain. On returning to his cottage, he found
that the dog, which he had loft the day before, had been
home, and on receiving his ufual allowance, a piece of
oat-cake, had inftantly gone off again. For feveral fuc-
cefiive days the fltepherd renewed the fearch for his child,
and (fill on returning home at evening difappointed to his
cottage, he found that the dog had been home, and, on
receiving his ufual allowance of oat-cake, had inftantly
difappeared. Struck with'this, Angular circumftance, he
remained at home one day ; and when th'e dog as ufual
departed with his piece of bake, he refolved to follow
him, and find out the caufe of itis ftrange procedure.
The dog led the way to a cataradf, at fome diftance from
the fpot where the ihepherd had left his child. The
banks of the cataraft, almoft joined at the top, yet fepa-
rated by an abyfs of prodigious depth, prefented that
appearance which fo often aftonifties and appals the tra¬
vellers that frequent the Grampian mountains; and indi¬
cates that thefe ftupendous chafms were not the filent
work of time, but the fudden effeft of fome violent convul¬
sion of nature. Down one of thefe rugged and almoft per¬
pendicular defeents, the dog began, without helitation, to
make his way, and at laft difappeared into a cave, the
mouth of which was nearly upon a level with the torrent.
The (hepherd with difficulty followed ; but on entering
the cave, what were his emotions, when he beheld his
infant eating with much fitisfadlion the cake which the
dog had juft brought him, while the faithful animal
&o©d by, eyeing his young charge with the utmoft com*

placencc ! From the fituation in which the child was
found, it appears that he had wandered to the brink of
the precipice, and then either fallen or fcrambled down
till he reached the cave; which the dread of the torrent
had afterwards prevented him from quitting. The dog,
by means of his feent, had traced him to the fpot ; and
afterwards prevented him from (larving by giving up to
him his own daily allowance. He appears never to have
quitted the child by night or day, except when it was
neceffary to go for its food ; and then he was always feen
running at full fpeed to and from the cottage. — For the
Natural Hiftory of the Dog, and other (hiking inftances
of the fagacity, attachment, and intelligence, of this ani¬
mal, fee the article Canis, vol. iii. p. 715. See alio
Hound, Pointer, Spaniel; and the articles Game,
Hunting, and Shooting.

With refpebt to property in dogs, the law takes notice
of a greyhound, maftiif dog, fpaniel, and tumbler ; and
trover will lie for them. Cro. Eliz. 125. A man hath a
property in a maftiff: and where a maftitf falls on ano¬
ther dog, the owner of that dog cannot juftify the killing
the maftiff; unlefs there was no other way to fave his
dog, as that he could not take off the maftiff, & c. 3 Salk.
139. The owner of a dog is bound to muzzle him if
mifehievous, but not otherwife: and if a man doth keep
a dog, that ufeth to bite cattle, &c. if after notice given
to him of it, or his knowing the dog is mifehievous, the
creature (ball do any hurt, the mafter fhall be refponfible
for it. Cro. Car. 234. Stra. 1264. By 10 Geo. III. c. 18,
if any perfon (hall (leal any dog or dogs, they (hall be
liable to forfeit for the firft offence from thirty to twenty
pounds, or be committed to gaol, for from twelve to fix
months, at the diferetion of two juftices; for the fecond
offence to forfeit from fifty to thirty pounds, or be im-
prifonea for from eighteen to twelve months, and alfo
whipped. A punilhnlent perhaps not too fevere for no¬
torious dog-ftealers ; but which may afford a dangerous
handle for oppreffion : and Burn, title Dogs, Teems fe-
riotifly to doubt whether the ftatute extends to bitches ; a
queftion that we believe has never yet been argued in a
court of law.

He who would hang his Dog, firft gives out that he
is mad.” When a man is about to do an unhandfome
thing by another, he feldom fails of finding out fome
plaufible pretence. The Spanifh Cay, Quien a fa perrct
quiere aqiiidr, rabia le ha de levantar.

“ Hungry Dogs will eat dirty puddings.” The La.
tins fay, Jejunus raro Jlomachus vulgaria temnit. The French,
Quand on a faint, on trouve toute chofe bonne. (Hunger makes
every thing tafte well.) The Germans fay, Wein kafe und
brod nicht fehmerht, der ifl nicht, kungrig. (He who cannot
eat bread and cheefe muft not be a hungry.) The French
fay likewife, A un affame tout ejl bon. (To a hungry man
every thing is reliftiable.) The proverbs all fufficiently
explain themfelves,

“ He who has a mind to beat his Dog, will eafily find
a flick.” This proverb is generally applied to fuch per-
fons who out of prejudice and ill defign, feek occafion of
blame and fcandal againft other perfons, and aggravate
the mod pardonable offences into flagrant crimes: it
feems to be borrowed of the Latin ; Qui vult credere canem ,
facile invenit fufem. The Greeks fay, Mtxpce Tr^oipavi; es~i
tx y.xy.ui ; and the French, A petite ackoifon, le loup

prend le mouton. The Latins fay likewife, Malefacere qui
vult, numquam non caufatn inveniet. We fay alfo to the fame
purpofe, To him. that wills, ways will not be wanting.

To DOG, v. a. To hunt, as a dog, infidioufly and in.
defatigably.- — I have been purfued, dogged, and way-laid,
through feveral nations. Pope. — Hate dogs their rife, and
infult mocks their fall. Vanity of Human Wi/hes,

I, his defpiteful Juno, fent him forth

From courtly friends, with camping foes to live,

Where death and danger dog the heels of worth . Shakefp.

DQG’s-BANE, /. in botany. See Apocynum.

DOG’s=.

DOG

DOG’s-BERRY, /. in botany. See Cornus.

DOG-BOLT, J. Of this word the meaning is uncer¬
tain, unlefs it be, that when meal or flour is fitted or
bolted to a certain degree, the coarfer part is called dog-
doit, or flour for dogs. Johnfon.

His only folace was, that now
His dog-bolt fortune was fo low.

That either it mtift quickly end,

Or turn about again, and mend. Hudibras.

DOG-CHEAP, adj. Cheap as dogs meat ; cheap as
the offal bought for dogs. — Good (tore of harlots, fay
you, and dog-chcap? Dry den.

DOG-DAYS, f Certain days in July and Auguft,
commonly from the 24th of the firft to the 28th of the
latter, fo called from the ftar Canis, or dog-ftar, which
then rifes and fets with the fun, and greatly increafes the
heat, and is vulgarly reputed unwholefome. — Nor was it
more in his power to be without promotion and titles,
than for a healthy man to (it in the fun, in the brighteft
dog-days, and remain without warmth. Clarendon.

DOG-DRAW, J. The manifeft deprehenfion of an of¬
fender againft venifon in a foreft, when he is found draw¬
ing after a deer, by the feent of a hound led in his
hand : or where a perfon hath wounded a deer, and is
caught' with a dog drawing after him to recover the fame.
See the article Game.

DOG’s-E AR, f. The creafe of a leaf in a hook by
being thumbed, or turned down. — Books of a lighter di-
geftion have the dog's ears. M. of Halifax.

Under a tea-cup he might lie

Or creas’d like dog's-ears in a folio. Gray's Long Story.

DOG-FISH, f. Another name for a (hark. — It is part
of the jaw of a (hark, or dog-fifh. Woodward.

DOG-FLY, f A fly which infefls dogs :

Thump-buckler Mars began,

And at Minerva with a lance of brafs he headlong ran ;
Thefe vile words u(hej;ing his blows, Thou dog-fly what’s
the caufe

Thou makeft gods fight thus ? Chapman.

DOG’s-GRASS, f. inbotany. See Triticum.

DOG’s-HEAD, a cape on the weft: coaft of Ireland,
in the county of Galway. Lat. 53. 34. N. Ion. 10. 8. W.
Greenwich.

DOG-HEARTED, adj. Cruel; pitilefs; malicious:

His unkindnefs,

That ftript her from his benediction, turn’d her

To foreign cafualties, gave her dear rights

To his dog-hearted daughters. Skahcfpcare.

DOG-HOLE, f. A vile hole ; a mean habitation :
But, could you be content to bid adieu
To the dear playhoufe, and the players too,

Sweet country feats are purchas’d ev’ry where,

With lands and gardens, at lefs price than here
You hire a darkfome dog-hole by the year. Dry den.

DOG-HOUSE, f. A kennel for dogs. — Not only thofe
curs at the dog-houfe, but thofe within the walls, are to
ferve in their places at their feveral huntings. Overbury.

DOG ISLAND, one of the fmaller Virgin Iflands,
near the north-weft coaft of Virgin Gorda, and ealt of
Tortula.

DOG-KENNEL, , f. A hut or houfe for dogs. See
Kennel. — A certain nobleman, beginning with a dog-
kennel, never lived to finiih the palace he had contrived.
Dry den.

DOG’s-MEAT, /. Refufe ; vile fluff ; offal like the
flefti fold to feed dogs. — His reverence bought of me the
flower of all the market ; thefe are but dog's-meat to ’em.
Dry den.

DOG’s-MERCURY, f in botany. See Mercurialis.

DOG-ROSE, f. The flower of the hip. See Rosa. —
Of the rough or hairy excrefcence, thofe on the briar? or
dog-rofei are a good inftance. Derham.

2

DOG 7

DOG-SLEEP, f Pretended deep. — Juvenal mentions
a dr.owfy hufband, who railed an eftate by fnoring ; but
then he is reprefented to have dept what the common
people call dog-fleep. Addifon.

DOG-STAR, J'. [ canicula , Lat.] The ftar which gives
the name to the dog-days :

All diun the raging dog-far's fultry heat,

And from the half-unpeopled town retreat. Addifon..

DOG’s-TATL GRASS,/-, inbotany. SeeCYNOSURUs.

DOG-TEETH, /. The teeth in the human head next
to the grinders ; the eye-teeth. — The beft inftruments for
dividing of herbs are incifor-teeth.; for cracking of hard
fubftances, as bones and nuts, grinders, or mill-teeth ;
for dividing of flelh, (harp-pointed or dog-teeth. Arbulhnot.

DOG’s-TOOTH,/. in botany. See Erythronium.

DOG-TRICK, /. An ill turn ; furly or brutal treat¬
ment. — Learn better manners, or I (hall ferve you a dog-
1 trick ; I’ll make you know your rider. Dryden.

DOG-TROT, f. A gentle trot like that of a dog:
This faid, they both advanc’d, and rode
A dog-trot through the bawling crowd. Hudibras.

DOG-WEARY, adj. Tired as a dog; exceflively*
weary :

Oh, matter, auafter, I have watch’d fo long,

That I’m dog-weary. Shahcfpcare.

DOG-WHIP, /. A whip for whipping dogs with.— ~
Let him blood with a dog-whip. Beaumont and Fletcher.

DOG-WOOD, /. in botany. See Cornus.

DOGA'DO, that part of the Venetian States in which
is the capital ; it extends from the mouth of the Lifonzo
to that of the Adige, between the country of Friuli, the
Paduan, and the Polefin-de-Rovigno, including the canals
of Venice and the canals of Marano. The dogado of Ve¬
nice is now properly the fecond divifion of Maritime
Auftria, >the city itfelf with its lacunes and ifie forming
the firft.

DOGE, f. The chief magiftrate in the republics of
Venice and Genoa. The word properly fignifies duke,
being formed from the Latin dux ; as dogate, and dogado „
from ducatus, duchy. See the articles Genoa and Venice.

DOG'GED, adj. Sullen; four; morole; ill-humoured;
gloomy. — I’ll fill thefe dogged fpies with falfe reports.
Shakejpeare.

Few miles on horfeback had they jogged,

But fortune Unto them turn’d dogged. Hudibras.

DOG'GEDLY, adv. Sullenly; gloomily; fourly ;
morofely.

DOG'GEDNESS, f. Gloom of mind; fullennefs ;
morofenefs.

DOG'GER, f. A fi (hing- veftel, generally employed
in the herring fifhery ; equipped with two mails, and
fomewhat refembling a ketch.

DOG'GER-BANK, a very extenfive fand-bank in
the German Ocean, between the coaft of England and
Germany.

DOG'GER-MEN, fiftiermen that belong to dogger-
Ihips. 25 Hen. VIII. c. 2.

DOG'GEREL, adj. Loofed from the meafuresor rules
of regular poetry ; vile ; defpicable ; mean : vfed of verfes.
— It is a difpute among the critics, whether burlelque
poetry runs beft in heroic verfe, like that of the Difpen-
fary : or in doggerel, like tlvat of Hudibras. Addifon.

Then haften Og and Doeg to rehearfe,

Two fools that Crutch their feeble fenfe on verfe;

Who by my mufe to all fucceeding times

Shall live, in fpite of their own dogg'rel rhymes. Dryden .

DOG'GEREL,/ Mean, defpicable, worthlefs, verfess
The hand and head were never loft of thofe
Who dealt in dogg'rel, or who pin'd in profe. Dryden.

DOG'GESS, f. A bitch; a woman in contempt*
GiarijTa.

DOG'GISH*

s

DOG

D O i

DOG'GISH, adj. Churlifh ; brutal.

DO'GIEL (Matthew), a learned ecclefiaftic of Li¬
thuania, taught rhetoric, poetry, hiftory, and philofo-
phy, in different fchools, with great applaufe, and after¬
wards became redlor at Wilda, where lie eftabliflied a
printing-office, which, in regard to works in the Latin
language, excelled, according to the teflimony of Janozki,
all the printing-houfes in Poland. He was afterwards con-
feflTor to count Scipio de Campo, marfhal of the court in
Lithuania, and fuperintendant of the education of his
fon, whom, after his father’s death, he accompanied to
Leipfic, Strafburgh, and Paris, and with whom he after¬
wards relided as chaplain. The period of his death is
not known. His works are, x. Codex Diplomaiicus Regni
Polonia , S3 Magni Ducatus Lithuania, &c. &c. The plan of
this important and extenfive work was formed by the
author at Paris, and he afterwards carried it into execu¬
tion under the patronage of Zalufki, prince Jablonowfki,
and other eminent men ; and for that purpofe he obtained
accefs to the archives of the kingdom at Cracow. Ac¬
cording to the original plan it was to confift of eight
volumes in folio ; but three only appeared, which were
publifhed at Wilda. 2. Limites Regni Polonia (3 Magni
Ducatus Lithuania , ex Originalibus & Exemplis authendicis,
Wilda, 1758, 2 vols. quarto. 3. DiJJertatio de Jure Regni
Polonia in $ilejiam.

DOGLIA'NI, a mountain of Bofnia: twelve miles
north of Serajo.

DOG'MA, /. [from Sousa, Gr. to fuppofe.] Efta-
blifhed principle ; dodhinal notion. — Our poet was a ftoic
philofopher, and all his moral fentences are drawn from
the dogmas of that feet. Dryden, — The Latin plural is alfo
ufed. — In fuch a hiftory what would be of the greateft
moment is not fo much a minute detail of the dogmata of
each left, as a juft delineation of the fpirit of the fedt.
Reid. — [In canon law.] Dogma is that determination which
confifts in, and has a relation to, fome cafuiftical point
of doctrine, or fome dodtrinal part of the Chriftian faith.
Ayliffe.

DOGMA'TIC, or Dogmatical, adj. Authoritative;
magifterial ; pofitive ; in the manner of a philofopher lay¬
ing down the firft principles of a fedt. — Learning gives
us a difeovery of our ignorance, and keeps us from being
peremptory and dogmatical in our determinations. Collier.

DOGMA'TICALLY, adv. Magifterially; pofitively.

• — I (hall not prefume to interpofe dogmatically in a contro-
verfy, which I look never to fee decided. South.

DOGMA'TIC ALNESS, /. The quality of being dog¬
matical ; magifterialnefs ; mock authority.

DOG'M ATISM,/. Dogmatical aifertions. — They will
not now alter it from a pious implicit faith in the dogma-
tifm of philofophers. Burke.

DOG'MATIST, f. [ dogmatijie , Fr.] A magifterial
teacher; a pofitive aflerter ; a bold advancer of princi¬
ples.. — A dogmatijl in religion is not a great way off from
a bigot, and is in high danger of growing up to be a
bloody perfecutor. Watts.

DOG'M AT I STS, or Dogmatici, f. pi. A fedt of
ancient phyficians, of which Hippocrates was the firft.
They are alfo called logici; logicians, from their ufing the
rules of logic in fubjeCts of their profeffion. They laid
down definitions and divifions ; reducing difeafes to cer¬
tain genera, and thofe genera to fpecies, and furni filing
remedies for them all ; fuppofing principles, drawing
conclufions, and applying thofe principles and conclu-
fions to particular difeafes under confideration ; in which
■fenfe, the dogmatifts (land contradiftinguifhed from em¬
pirics.

To DOG'M ATI ZE, v. n. To affert pofitively; to ad¬
vance without diftruft; to teach magifterially :

Thefe, with the pride of dogmatizing fchools,

Impos’d on nature arbitrary rules ;

Forc’d her their vain inventions to obey,

A'hd move as learned frenzy trac’d the way. Blachmore.

DOG'MATIZER, f. An aflerter ; a magifterial teach¬
er; a bold advancer of opinions. — Such opinions, being
not entered into the confeftions of our church, are not
properly chargeable either on papifts or proteftants, but
on particular dogmatizers of both parties. Hammond.

DOGRIB'BED, adj. Ribbed like a dog; lean or bare
of flefh on the back and ribs.

DOGRIB'BED INDIANS, a tribe which inhabit
round lake Edlande, in the north-weft part of North
America. They are often at war with the Arathapefcow
Indians. Both thefe tribes are among the moft favage
of the human race. They trade with the Hudfon-bay
company’s fettlements. Edlande lake lies north of the
Arathapefcow fea, or lake, and near the arctic circle.

DOGS ( I lie of), in the county of Middlefex, oppofite
Greenwich. Here Togodumnus, brother of Caradtacus,
was killed in a battle with the Romans, in the year 46.

DOGS. f. Irons ufed inftead of a grate, for confirming
wood, and fimilar fuel.

DOHALIZ', a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Ko-
nigingratz: four miles north-weft of Konigingratz.

DOH'NA, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Saxony, and margraviate of Meiften, on the Muglitz^
containing about one hundred houfes: nine miles fouth.
fouth-eaft of Drefden.

DOIAGO'I, an ifland of Ruflia, in the Frozen Sea, at
the entrance of the Straits of Vagatlkoi. Lat. 70. 5. N»
Ion. 75. E. Ferro.

DO'JAR, a town of Arabia, in the country of Yemen :
forty-four miles eaft of Chamir.

DOI'LY,/ A woollen fluff; fo called, it is fuppofed,
from the name of the firft maker. — We Ihould be as weary
of one fet of acquaintance, though never fo good, as we
are of one fuit, though never fo fine : a fool and a doily
fluff, would now and then find days of grace, and be
worn for variety. Congreve. — Linen made into a final!
napkin.

DO'INGS,/ [from to do. This word has hardly any
lingular.] Tilings done; events; tranfadtions :

I have but kill’d a fly. —

— But how if that fly had a father and mother?

How would he hang his flender gilded wings,

And buz lamented doings in the air ! Shakejpeare.

Feats; adtions : good or bad :

If I’m traduc’d by tongues which neither know
My faculties nor perfon, yet will be
The chronicles of my doing, let me fay
’Tis but the face of place, and the rough brake
That virtue muft go through. Shakejpeare- .

Behaviour : condudt :

Never the earth on his round fhoulders bare
A maid train’d up from high or low degree.

That in her doings better could compare
Mirth with refpedt, few words with curtefy. Sidney.
Condudt; difpenfation. — Dangerous it were for the fee¬
ble brains of man to wade far into the doings of the Moft
High. Hooker. — Stir; buftle ; tumult. — Shall there be
then, in the mean while, no doings? Hooker. — Feftivity ;
merriment : as, jolly doings. This word is now only ufed
in a ludicrous fenfe, or in low mean language. — After
fuch miraculous doings, we are not yet in a condition of
bringing France to our terms. Swift.

DOI'RON, a river of Savoy, which joins the Ifere near
Mouftiers, in the Tarentaife.

DOIT,/ iduyt, Dut. doyght, Erfe.] A final 1 piece of
bafe money, prohibited by ftat. 3 Hen, V. c. 1. — When
they will not give a doit to relieve a lame beggar, they
will lay out ten to fee a dead Indian. Shakejpeare.

In Anna’s wars a foldier, poor and old,

Had dearly earn’d a little purfp of gold ;

Tir’d with a tedious march, one lucklefs night
He flept, poor dog ! and loft it to a doit. Pope.

DO'KOWICHE,

D O L D O L

DO'KOWICHE, a town of Poland, in the palatinate
of Belcz : twenty-eight miles north-weft of Belcz.

DOL, a town of France, and principal place of a dif-
trift, in the department of the llle and Vilaine, fituated
in a m'arfhy country, about a league from the fea ; be¬
fore the revolution, the fee of a bifliop, fuffragan of
Tours : the air is unhealthy, and the town thinly inha¬
bited ; it. contains about 1200 houfes : fix pofts north of
Rennes, and twenty-feven weft of Paris. Lat. 48. 33. N.
Ion. 15. 54. E. Ferro.

DOLABEL'LA (P. Corn.), a Roman, who married
the daughter of Cicero. During the civil wars he warmly
efpoufed the intereft of Julius Caefar, whom he accom¬
panied at the famous battles at Pharfalia, Africa, and
Munda. He was made conful by his patron, though
Marc Antony, his colleague, oppofed it. After the death
of Julius Caefar, lie received the government of Syria as
his province. Cafiius oppofed his views, and Dolabella,
for violence, and for the aflafiination of Trebonius, one
of Csefar’s murderers, was declared an enemy to the re¬
public of Rome. He was befieged by Cafiius in Laodi-
cea ; and, when he faw that all was loft, he killed him-
felf in the twenty-feventh year of his age. He was of a
fmall ftature, which gave occafion to his father-in-law to
aflc him, “ Who had tied him fo cleverly to his fword ?”
The family of the Dolabellae diftinguifhed themfelves at
Rome, and one of them, L. Corn, conquered Lufitania,
before Chrift 69 years.

DOLALYC'ZE, a town of Lithuania, in the palati¬
nate of Novogrodek : twelve miles north-north-eaft of
Novogrodek.

DO'LAN, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Koni-
gingratz : four miles weft of Gitfchin.

DO'LANOVA, a river of Ruffian Siberia, which runs
into the Oka : twelve miles fouth of Bratfkoi.

DOL'CE (Carlino), an admired painter, born at Flo¬
rence- in 1616, and itudied under Vignali. He diftin¬
guifhed himfelf by his execution as early as his eleventh
year. The ftile of painting which he cultivated was the
foft, tender, and highly-finifhed, in which laft quality he
equalled the mailers of the Dutch and Flemilh fchool.
His touch was extremely neat, his colouring tranfparent,
his management of the chiaro-fCuro very mafterly, fo that
his figures have a wonderful delicacy and relief. He is
charged with the uncommon fault of bellowing too much
labour on his pictures ; and his carnations are laid to have
the appearance of ivory more than of flefli. He chiefly
painted divine fubjefts, to which he fometimes gave a
moll celeftial air and beauty. His pieces are few', and
are found in particular collections. It is faid, that he
was fo chagrined on comparing his own (low manner of
working with the rapidity of Luca Giordano, that it
caufed his death, which, however, did not take place till
his leventieth year, in 1686.

DOL'CE (Ludovico), a very copious Italian writer,
born at Venice in 1 508. He was an hiltorian, orator, poet,
grammarian, philofopher, editor, tranllator, compiler, and
commentator. He wrote in a pure, ealy, and elegant, ftile,
and poftefled equal facility in verfe and profe. He was
a great tranflator from the ancients, and publifhed ver-
fions of Horace’s Satires and Epillles, Ovid’s Metamor-
phofes, parts of Catullus, the tragedies of Seneca, fome
of thole of Euripides, feveral pieces of Cicero, Pliny’s
Letters, &c. He likewife compofed fome tragedies, of
which his Marianna was adted with great applaufe be¬
fore a noble audience, in the palace of Sebaftian Erizzo ;
and was afterwards to have been reprefented in that of
the duke of Ferrara, but the concourle was fo great as
to prevent the afting. His heroic poems, in ottava rima ,
inti tied V Achille e I’Enea, are a lingular work, confiding,
in great part, of tranflations from the Iliad and Eneid,
with additions and retrenchments according to his fancy,

{o as to be neither two tranflations, nor two new poems.
His dialogue on painting, intitled VAretino, 1557, Svo.
is confiderably efteemed. Of his biographical works the
VoL. VI. No. 326.

principal is, A Life of the emperor Charles V. 1561, 4(0.
Dolce died about 1568.

DOL'CE AQJJA, a town of Piedmont, in the county
of Nice, fituated on the Navia, the capital of a marqui-
fate, defended with a ftrong caftle and fortrefs. The
land produces excellent wine, figs, almonds, filberts, ap¬
ples, citrons, lemons, melons, legumes of all forts, and
excellent oil : fixteen miles eaft-north-eaft of Nice, and
three and a half north-eaft of Vintimiglia.

DOLE, a town of France, and principal place of a dif-
trift, in the department of the Jura, fituated on the north
fide of the Doubs, containing between 9000 and 10,000
inhabitants. It was once a ftrong place, but the fonifi-
cations were deftroved by Louis XIV. twenty-five miles
north of Lons le Saunier, and twenty-three weft-fouth-
weft of Befanyon.

DOLE,y. [fromdra/; baelan, Sax.] The aft of diftri-
bution or dealing. — The perfonal fruition in any man
cannot reach to feel great riches : there is a cuftody of
them, or a power of dole and donative of them, or a fame
of them, but no folid life to the owner. Bacon.

At her general dole ,

Each receives his ancient foul. Cleaveland .

Any thing dealt out or diftributed :

Let 11s, that are unhurt and whole.

Fall on, and happy man be’s dole. Hudibras <

Provifions or money diftributed in charity :

They had fuch firm dependence on the day.

That need grew pamper’d, and forgot to pray ;

So fure the dole , lb ready at their call,

They ftood prepar’d to lee the manna fall. Drydcn .

Blows dealt out :

What if his eye-fight, for to Tfrael’s God
Nothing is hard, by miracle reftor’d,

He now be dealing dole among his foes,

And over heaps of llaughter’d walk his way >. Milton.

[From dolor.'] Grief; forrow ; mifery, Obfolcte. — Yonder
they lie ; the poor old man, their father, making fuch
pitiful dole over them, that all beholders take his part
with weeping. Shakfpeare.

To DOLE, v. a. To deal ; to diftribute.

DOLE, /I Void fpace left in tillage.

DOLE-FISH, f. Pi 111 which the fifhermen in the North

Seas ufually receive for their allowance.

DOLF. -ME'ADOW, f. One wherein divers perfons
have a (hare.

DO'LEFUL, adj. Sorrowful; difma-1; exprelfing grief;
querulous :

Juft then the hero call a doleful cry,

And in thofe ardent flames began to fry :

The blind contagion rag’d within his veins. Dryden.

Melancholy; afflifted; feeling grief ; forrowful :

How oft my doleful fire cry’d to me, Tarry, fon,

When firft he fpy’d my love. Sidney.

Difmal ; imprefling forrow ; dolorific. — It watereth the
heart to tire end it may fructify; maketh the virtuous,
in trouble, full of magnanimity and courage ; ferveth as
a moft approved remedy againft all doleful and heavy ac¬
cidents, which befal men in this prefent life. Hooker.
Happy the mortal man, who now at laft
Has through this doleful vale of mis’ry paft ;

Who to his deftin’d ftage has carried on

The tedious load, and laid his burden doivn. Prior.

DO'LEFULLY, adv. In a doleful manner; forrow-
fully; difmally; queruloufly.

DO'LEFULNESSjy. Sorrow; melancholy. Queru-
loufnefs. Difmalnefs.

DO'LESOME, adj. Melancholy; gloomy; difmal;
forrowful ; doleful :

B Ilelh

10

D O L

s

Hell-ward bending o’er the beach defcry

The dokjbme pafiage to th’ infernal fky. Pope.

DO'LESOMELY, adv. In a dolefome manner.

DO'LESOMENESS, f. Gloom; melancholy; dif-

malnefs.

DO'LET (Stephen), a learned Frenchman, born at
Orleans, about the year 1509. By fonte writers he is
faid to have been a natural fon of Francis I. but the re¬
port, for chronological a$ well as other reafons, wants
probability. By his labours the iriterefts of literature
were much benefited; the ftudy of the Latin language
in particular, in Ciceronian purity, was confiderably pro¬
moted in France, and his- native tongue improved and
poliflied. But he appears to have avowed lax notions
refpedting religion, and to have excited the hatred of
the monks in that fuperftitious age, by expoling and ri¬
diculing their impoftures. The confequence was, that
he was more than once arrefted and thrown into prifon ;
whence he was delivered, and preferved for a time, from
a feverer fate, by the great intereft which men of learning
and rank exerted in his behalf. But his enemies, who were
watchful to take advantage againft him, obtained an order
for his being again imprifoned, in 1544. After efcaping
from confinement, and taking refuge in Piedmont, he ap¬
pears in a fliort time to have returned into France ; and
was again arrefted, and fent to Paris ; where he was
abandoned to the fury of the inquifitors. In their tinjuft
and mercilefs court he was convifted of atheifm, and
condemned to be burnt ; which fentence was carried into
execution in 154 6, when he was only thirty-feven years
of age. The following are the titles of the mod curious
or important of his numerous works : 1. Sie'phani Dokti
Orationes dua in Tholojanos, (3c. Svo. 2. Dialogus de lmita-
tionc Ciceroniana adverfus Dcfderium Erajmum , (3c. 4to. 1535.
3. Commentariorum Lingua Latina , Tomi duo, lolio, 1536,
1538. 4. De Re Navali Liber, (Sc. 4to. 1537. 5. Stcphani

Doled Galli Aurelii Carminum, Libri quatuor, 4to. 1538. 6.

Gcnethliacum Claudii Dokti, Stephani Filii, Liber Vita communi
in primis utilis (3 necejfarius, Autorc Patre, 4to. 1539. 7.

Formula Latinarum Locutionum lllujlriorum, in tres Partes di-
vifa, &c. folio, 1339. 8. Francijci Vakfi, Gallorum Regis,

Fatorum, Libri tres, Carminibus Latinis confcripti, 4to. 1539.

9. Objcrvationes in Terentii Andriam (3 Eunuchum, 8vo. 1540.

10. Liber de Imitatione Ciceroniana, adverfus Floridum. Sabi-
num, &c. 4to. 1540.

DOLG A'lA, a bay of Ruffian Lapland, in the White
Sea. Lat. 73. 25. N. Ion. 38. E. Fkrro.

DOLGANO'VA, a town of Ruffian Siberia: thirty-
two miles north-north-eaft of Nertfchinfx.

DOLG'BOTE.y. [from the Sax. bolg, a wound, and
bo'ce, a recompence. 1 A recompence for a wound or fear.

DOL'GELLY, or Dolgeth, the chief and largeft
town of the county cf Merioneth, in North Wales. It
is ten miles eaft of the port of Barmouth, forty fouth of
Caernarvon, thirty-five from Montgomery, and 203 from
London. It is lituated on the river Avon, at the bot¬
tom of that romantic hill called Kader-lriS, well known
as one of the loftieft mountains in Wales, and on a good
road leading from Shrewsbury to Caernarvon and Holy-
head. As it is furrounded with mountains, they are
commonly called its walls-, i has a fteeple that grows
in it, and its bell hangs in a yew-tree. About five miles
from the town is the cataract. of Dol y Myllyn, which
falls thirty-five feet into a large bafon, and from thence
twenty feet more, with a loud and awful roar. The
markets are on Tuefdays and Saturdays; and there are
feven fairs in the year. The tide flows within a mile of
the town. Here is a large manufatfture of what is called
webbing, white plains, or Welih flannel, chiefly for ex¬
portation.

DOLGENSE'E, a lake of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and Ucker Mark of Brandenburg, a little
to the north of Templin.

DOL

DOLHINO'W, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate
of Wilna : eighty miles eaft of Wilna.

DOLIC'ZA, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Podolia : twenty-fix miles north-weft of Kaminiec.

DO'LICHOS, _/". [from £oA i%o$, Gr. long, the pod or
legume being generally lengthened out.] In botany, a
genus of the clafs diadelphia, order decandria, natural
order papilionaceae, or leguminofae. The generic charac¬
ters are — Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, very fliort,
four-toothed, equal ; the fuperior tooth emarginate. Co¬
rolla : papilionaceous; ftandard round ifh, large, emargi¬
nate, the whole reflex ; two callufes oblong, parallel and
longitudinal, growing to the ftandard beneath towards
the bafe, compreffing the wings, not hollowed on the
back ; wings ovate, obtufe, length of the keel ; keel lu-
nulate, comprefted, beneath converging clofely, length
of the wings afeending at the tip. Stamina: filaments dia-
delphous, (fimple and nine-cleft,) the fimple one curved
at the bafe ; Antherae fimple. Piftillum : germ linear,
comprefted; ftyle afeending ; ftigma bearded, running on
inwardly from the middle to the tip of the ftyle, which
on the fore part is callous, obtufe. Pericarpium : le¬
gume acuminate, large, oblong, two-valved, two-celled.
Seeds : feveral, elliptic, ufually comprefted. — FJJential
CharaEler. Two parallel oblong callufes at the bafe of
the ftandard, comprefling the wings underneath.

Species. I. Twining. 1 . Dolichos Benghalenfis, or Ben¬
gal dolichos: fhrubby, legumes ending in long dagger
points. This is perennial, with a ftem fonte what roughifh
to the touch, and fcadent, as well as producing feveral
branches ; leaves roundifh-ovate, ending in a point, fur-
riifhed with a brittle ; ftipules lanceolate ; peduncles ra-
cemofe, four or five inches long ; flowers feated on very
fliort peduncles, uncertain as to number; fnow-white,
and lightly odorous. Legume oblong, pointed, com-
pretted, firft green, afterwards growing pale ; feeds few,
roundifh-oblong, comprefted, brown, witit deeper co¬
loured points, and with a long, protuberant, fnow-white,
hilurn.

2. Dolichos lablab, or black-feeded dolichos : legumes
ovate-fabre-ftiaped; feeds ovate, with a bowed eye towards
one end. Stems and branches round, fcabrous backward-
Dolichos enfiformis of Tlninberg approaches nearer to
this than to the dolichos enfiformis of Linnaeus, from
which it is certainly different. Alpinus fays that this
grows wild in Egypt. Haflelquift, however, is certain
that it does not grow wild in Lower Egypt, but is only
cultivated there in gardens. The Egyptians call it ful
Frangi , or European bean : hence we might conjecture
that the Europeans firft brought it into Egypt. The
inhabitants make pleafant arbours of it; they not only
fupport it with trellisAvork, but fatten it with twine, by
which means the leaves form an excellent covering, and
an agreeable (hade. Cultivated in 1714 by the duchefs
of Beaufort.

3. Dolichos Sinenfis, or Chinefe dolichos: legumes
pendulous, cylindric, torulofe ; peduncles erect, many-
flowered. Stem annual, long, round, flender, twining,
fomewhat branched. Native of India, Amboyna, China,
and Cochin-china.

4. Dolichos uncinatus, or hook-podded dolichos : le¬
gumes cylindric, hirfute, with a hooked fubulate claw
at the end ; peduncles many-flowered ; ftem rough with
hairs. This is removed by Browne and Swartz to a new
genus, under the name of teramnus, becaufe it wants tine
callufes at the bafe of the ftandard in the corolla, and
hitters in other refpetts. See Teramnus. It is a na¬
tive of Jamaica.

3. Dolichos luteolus, or yellowilh dolichos : legumes
in feveral cylindric heads ; feeds rounded. Stem rather
angular, branches round; a fcandent plant; branches
three or four cubits long. Native of the Society Illes.

6. Dolichos unguiculatus, or bird’s-foot dolichos : le¬
gumes in fubcylindric heads, recurved, and concave at

the

DOLICHOS.

1 1

the tip. An annual fmooth plant, with climbing (lem;
feed whitifh, with a fnow-white hilum. Native of the
Weft Indies. Loureiro fays, it is^a native of Cliina,
whence it was brought into Portugal .

7. Dolichos Tranquebaricus, or Tranquebar dolichos:
legumes few, in cylindric heads, wih a ftraight dagger
point. Extremely like dolichos unguiculatus, but flowers
at a different. time of the year, and is more climbing.
Tire whole plant is very fmooth ; the vexillum, or ftand-
ard of the flowers, is pale yellow behind, and bluifli red
in front ; the wings more blue, and the keel white. The
legume differs from that of the unguiculatus merely in
being flenderer.

S. Dolichos enfiformis, or horfe-bean : legumes gladi-
ate, three-keeled at the back ; feeds arilled. This is a
native of Jamaica, and is diftinguiflied by its large fal¬
cated legume and white feeds, with a faffron-coloured
bile. The (lem is three or four feet high ; the (hoots
run much farther ; the legumes are between ten and four¬
teen inches in length, and generally contain ten or eleven
feeds.

9. Dolichos tetragonolobus, or quadrangular dolichos :
legumes quadrangular-membranaceous. Stem herbace¬
ous, round, (lender, fcandent, long, branching ; flowers
pale blue, on long, lateral, few-flowered, peduncles;
feeds about eight. Native of the Eaff Indies, China, and
Cochin-china.

10. Dolichos fefquipedalis, or long-podded dolichos :
legumes fubcylindric, even, very long. Appearance of
aphafeolus; ffandard of the flower pale above, reddifh
within ; legume more than a foot and a half in length,
roundifh, with a little obtufe gibbous hook at the end.
Native of the Weft Indies.

11. Dolichos altiflimus, or tall dolichos : legumes ra-
cemed, rough-haired, equal ; feeds furrounded with a
fear; leaves fmooth on both (ides. This climbs the
higheft trees, whence hang elegant wreaths of flowers in
clofe racemes, on peduncles frequently more than twelve
feet in length. Native of the illand of Martinico.

12. Dolichos pruriens, or horfe-eye bean : legumes in
racemes ; valves fomewhat keeled, rough-haired ; pe¬
duncles by threes. Common in all parts of the Well In¬
dies, and rifing to the top of the tailed trees, or fpreading
wide among lower bullies. A decodtion of the roots is
reckoned a powerful diuretic, and cleanfer of the kid¬
neys. A vinous infufion of the pods (twelve to a quart)
is faid to be a certain remedy for the dropfy : the dole
half a pint, when made in beer. In the Windward
Iflands they make a fyrup of the pods, which is laid to
be very effedlual againft worms. Native of both Indies,
according to Linnaeus ; and of Cochin-china, according
to Loureiro.

13. Dolichos urens, or cow-itch dolichos : legumes in
racemes, with furrows tranverfely lanceolate; the feeds
furrounded with a fear. Stems round ; proper pedun¬
cles one-flowered, in threes, placed clofely at the end of
the raceme, and hence forming a very elegant pendulous
wreath of about eighteen flowers ; thefe have no feent,
are about two inches long, have a ferruginous calyx,
and a yellow corolla, with the lower edge of the wings
red. The feeds, from their refemblance to an eye, are;
called by the French yeux bourrique , or afs’s eye ; in our
Weft-India iflands, for the fame reafon, they have the
name of ox-eye bean. This alfo climbs to the top of tire
tailed trees, throwing down its long (lender flower-ftalks
to a moderate diftance from the axils of the upper ribs,
from whence they generally rife : thefe are not above the
thicknefs of a common packthread, butfeldom under four
or five feet in length, and bear the flowers in duffers at
their extremities. Jacquin, however, thinks it probable,
that by this defeription Browne may have confounded
this fpecies with the altiflimus. Native of the Weft In¬
dies. ^This and the foregoing are perennial and fhrubby ;
the furface alfo of the legumes are covered with prurient
hairs.

14. Dolichos minimus, or fmall dolichos: legumes in
racemes, comprefled, with four feeds in them ; leaves
rhomb-fhaped. This climbs three or four feet in height,
and has numerous branches. Browne calls it fmall fe¬
tid dolichos.; in Curacoa it has the name of vrattekruyt,
or wart-herb, the leaves bruifed with fait being reputed,
to cure warts. Native of Jamaica ; and, according to
Jacquin, of all the Caribbee iflands.

15. Dolichos lineatus, or lineated dolichos : legumes
in racemes, oblong, three keeled. It differs from doli¬
chos enfiformis in the leaves being ovate-oblong, not
gibbous ; obtufe, not acute ; thick, and marked with
lines, not three-nerved ; in having t lie legumes ftraight
at the back and oblong, not feymitar-fhaped and curled.
Native of Japan. Thunberg aferibes the reedfu of
Kaempf. Amoen. 5. 836. to this fpecies. See N° 32.

16. Dolichos Capenfis, or Cape dolichos: peduncles
with one or two flowers ; legumes elliptic, comprefled ;
leaves fmooth. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

17. Dolichos fcarabseoides, or (ilvery-leaved dolichos:
leaves ovate, tomentofe ; flowers folitary ; feeds two¬
horned. Flowers Angle from the axis, The feeds have
two precedes like the antennae of a beetle.; whence the
name. Native of the Eaft Indies.

18. Dolichos incurvus, or crooked dolichos : legumes
folitary, incurved, three-keeled. It differs from doli-

' chos enfiformis in having the flowers folitary from the
axils ; the leaves oblong, and not gibbous on one ftde ;
the legumes bent in, not feymitar-fhaped, and bent back ;
and the peduncle bending round : from dolichos linea¬
tus, in the leaves being broad at the bafe, gradually acu¬
minate, three-nerved, thinner; the legume inflex, enfi-
form, acuminate, waved, folitary. Native of Japan.

19. Dolichos bulbofus, or bulbous dolichos: leaves
fmooth, many-angled, toothed. Stem perennial, fuffru-
ticofc, long, round, fmooth, branched, without any fti-
pules. The root confifts of roundifh, tailed, juicy, white
tubers in bundles : thefe are eaten both raw and drefled,
but not the feeds. Native of both Indies.

20. Dolichos trilobus, or trilobated dolichos : lateral
leaflets gibbous on the outfide, the middle one three-
lobed. The root is compofed of a few long tubers in
bundles, they are two feet long, fubcylindric, fibrofe-
flelliy , of a pale colour, and eatable when boiled ; but
not the legumes. Loureiro doubts whether this be the
plant of Plukenet and Barman, fince thefe authors make
no mention of the remarkable large tubers. Native of
the Eaft Indies ; cultivated in China and Cochin-china.

21. Dolichos ariftatus, or bearded dolichos: pedun¬
cles two-flowered, axillary ; legumes linear, comprefled,
ending in a ftraight awn. Native of America.

22. Dolichos filiformis, or cat’s-clavv dolichos: leaf¬
lets linear, obtufe, mycronate, fmooth, pubefeent under¬
neath. This grows among bullies, but feldom ftretches
above three or four feet in length. It is ufed as a pur¬
gative ingredient in diet-drinks, and is faid to anfwer
well in hydropic cafes. Native of Jamaica, where it is
called cat’s-claws.

23. Dolichos purpureus, or purple dolichos : (lera
fmooth ; petiole pubefeent ; wings of the corolla fpread¬
ing. Native of both Indies; cultivated in China and
Cochin-china. Loureiro has another fort, which he calls
dolichos albus, and is not very different from this, only
more tender and fapid. It is the cacara alba of Rum-
phius. The (tern is fmooth and white ; the leaflets three-
cornered-rounded, pubefeent, loft, pale, on fmooth pe¬
tioles ; ftipules in pairs, acute, lliort ; flowers white, in
(hort fubterminating racemes, with a very wide reflex
ffandard ; legumes fmooth, but tubercled on the back,
and beaked. This is alfo cultivated in China and Co¬
chin-china.

24. Dolichos regularis, or uniform dolichos : leaves
ovate, obtufe; peduncles many-flowered; petals equal
in fize and form. Native of Virginia.

23. Dolichos lignofliSj or woody dolichos : ftem pe¬
rennial 5

13 I) O L

renniat ; peduncles forming a head ; legumes ft Iff and
({might, linear. Root woody, perennial ; flowers nod¬
ding a little, rofe-coloured with a purplifli keel ; feeds
black. Native of the Eaft Indies.

26. Dolichos polyftachios, or many-fpiked dolichos :
fletn perennial ; racemes very long ; pedicels in pairs ;
legumes acuminate, compreffed. Stem becoming flirub-
by, often round, fmooth, very long. Native of Japan,
where it is frequently cultivated for arbours; all'o of
Virginia.

27. Dolichos reticulatus, or netted-leaved dolichos:
leaves ovate, acute, wrinkled, netted, villofe ; racemes
few-flowered. Native of New South Wales. Introduced
in 1781 by fir Jofeph Banks, hart. Shrubby.

28. Dolichos luteus, or yellow dolichos: twining;
flowers in a fort of fpike ; legumes fubcylindric, fmooth ;
leaves roundifh-rhombed, obtufe, entire, fmooth. Native
of Jamaica.

29. Dolichos montanus, or mountain dolichos : flem
(Imibby, climbing ; leaflets ovate-rhombed ; five fila¬
ments with oblong antheras ; and five alternate, roundifli.
Native of the mountain woods of Cochin-china. This
fpecies is very nearly allied to dolichos bulbofus and
trilobus, efpecially in the tuberous root; linear legumes
divided between the feeds; ftyles and fiigmas not pu-
befcent. Had not Linnaeus ranged thefe under dolichos,
Loureiro would have fuppofed that all three belonged
to another genus.

30. Dolichos haftatus, or fpear-leaved dolichos : flem
procumbent; leaves fubhaftate ; peduncles many-flower¬
ed, ereft. Stem annual, long, round, branched ; feeds
ovate, pale, efculent. Cultivated on the eaftern coaft of
Africa.

31. Dolichos rotundifolius, or round-leaved dolichos :
legumes racemed, compreffed, fomewhat hairy, fword-
lluped ; leaflets oval-roundi(h, fmooth. Dolichos altif-
fimus differs from this in having the calyxes and wings
villofe at the bafe.

II. Ereft. 32. Dolichos enfiformis, or fcymitar-pod-
ded dolichos : Item lube re ft ; legumes fcymitar-fiiaped,
three-keeled; feeds arilled. Native of China and Co¬
chin-china ; cultivated for arbours, not for food. There
is a variety, with legumes twice as long, and flatter, with
blunter leaves, and other minute differences. Here are
two fpecies, this and N° 8. bearing the fame name. They
are, however, different ; that probably from the Weft,
this from the Eaft, Indies.

33. Dolichos foja, or foja dolichos: ftems flexuofe ;
racemes axillary, erect ; legumes pendulous, hifpid, con¬
taining about two feeds. Stem round at the bottom and
fmooth ; above, ftriated, very hirfute, a foot and more
in height. Native of the Eaft Indies, Ceylon, Japan, &c.
The feeds, which are ufually called inijo, in Japan, are
put into foups, and are the moft common difli there, in-
10 much that the Japanefe frequently eat them three times
a day. The foja of the Japanefe, which is preferred to the
kitjap of the Chinefe, is prepared from thefe feeds, and
is ufed in almoft all their difhes, inftead of common fait.
The Chinefe alfo have a favourite difh made of thefe
feeds, called teu hu, or tail hu, which looks like curd;
and, though infipid in itfelf, yet with proper feafoning
is agreeable and wholefome.

34. Dolichos catiang, or Indian dolichos : legumes
double, linear, fomewhat ereft. Stem annual, a foot
and a half high, roundifli, rugged, branched. There are
fevcral varieties, differing in the colour of the flower and
feed, all which are much cultivated for food. Native of
the Eaft Indies.

35. Dolichos biflorus, or two-flowered dolichos : ftem
perennial, even ; peduncles two-flowered ; legumes ereft.
Stem fuffruticofe, a foot and a half high, ereft, branch¬
ed, hairy. Native of India and China.

36. Dolichos repens, or fea-fide dolichos : ftem creep¬
ing; leaves pubefcent, ovate ; flowers racemed, in pairs;

4

D 0 L

legumes linear, columnar. Common by the fea-fide in
Jamaica. The root is a ftrong purgative.

37. Dolichos rofeus, or rofe-coloured dolichos: ftem
creeping, afcending ; leaflets roundifli, (Lining; flowers
in racemes; legumes three-keeled at the back. Native
of Jamaica.

38. Dolichos fabteformis, or bean-ftiaped dolichos:
ftem ereft, angular; leaves villofe, glaucous; legumes
ftiff and ftraight, fubquadrangular. Root annual; ftem
Ample, with lines running down from the petiole, villofe,
rugged, herbaceous, a foot high, the thicknefsofa quill.
Native of the Eaft Indies.

Propagation and Culture. Moft of the fpecies, coming
from the Eaft and Weft Indies, are tender, and feldom
perfeft their feeds in England. Being moftly annual
plants, they are frequently loft in our ftoves, and re¬
covered again as the feeds are fent over. The 12th and
13th are fome times preferved in botanic gardens, efpe¬
cially the latter, whofe pods are clofely covered with
(tinging hairs, commonly known by the title of cow-itch ;
but thefe are too tender to thrive in the open air in this
country, fo that whoever is defirous to have the plants,
fliould fow their feeds in a hot-bed in March ; and, when
the plants are come up, they fliould be each planted in
a feparate pot, and plunged into the hot-bed again, be¬
ing careful to (Lade them till they have taken root ; after
which they lmift have frefli air every day admitted to
them, in proportion to the warmth of the feafon ; and,
when the plants are too tall to remain in the hot-bed,
they fliould be removed into the bark-ftove, where, if
they are allowed room to run, they will flower and per¬
feft their feeds. Several fpecies are cultivated in warm
countries for the table, but in England feldom perfedt
their feeds ; and, were they to thrive here as well as in
the warm countries, they would be little efteemed, be-
caufe we have much better forts in our gardens already ;
for the fcarlet flowering kidney bean is preferable to all
of them for eating, and deferves our care to cultivate it
more than any other. See Glycine Triloba.

DOI.ICHU'ROUS, adj. in poetry, having a fy liable
too much at the end. Scott.

DO'LIMAN, f. A long kind of veft worn by the
Turks. Scott.

DOLIOCAR'PUS, f. in botany; a genus of the clafs
polyandria, order monogynia. The generic charafters
are — Calyx : perianthium five-leaved ; leaflets oblong-
rounded, concave, unequal, coloured, permanent. Co¬
rolla: petals three, roundifli, concave, plaited. Stamina:
filaments very many, inferted into the receptacle, capil¬
lary ; antheras compreffed. Piftillum : germ glo'bular ;
ftyle long, incurved; ftigma compreffed, flat, fubbifid.
Pericarpium : berry globular, one-celled, crowned with
the ftyle. Seeds : two, arilled, oblorrg-rounded, flat on
one fide, convex on the other. — EJfcntial CharaEler. Ca¬
lyx, five-leaved ; corolla, three-petalled, plaited ; ftigma
fubbifid ; berry globular, crowned with the ftyle, one-
celled, two-feeded.

Species. 1. Doliocarpus Rolandri, or Rolander’s dolio-
carpus : ftem ftiff and ftraight ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
toothed ; flowers terminating. This grows to a ftirub ;
ftem and branches upright ; leaves hanging ; of an oval-
lanceolate fliape, and dentated.

2. Doliocarpus major, or great doliocarpus : ftem
fcandent ; leaves ovate, toothed ; peduncles lateral, one-
flowered. The flowers are aromatic, but rather naufe-
ous ; the berriqs of this plant are pernicious; ftem (len¬
der and flexuofe ; branches at right angles ; leaves
Ipreading.

3. Doliocarpus calinea, or calinea doliocarpus : ftem
fcandent; leaves ovate, quite entire; flowers axillary, in
bundles. A fhrub, with feveral knotty fpreading twigs,
fcattering over the neighbouring trees ; the branches are
garniflied with alternate, oval, (Lining green, leaves ter¬
minating in a point; the largeft four inches long. The

flowers

D O M

13

D O L

flowers fprrng from the bofoms of the leaves on the
branches, and are arranged alternately in little heaps.
The corolla confifts of three white petals, which are
large and rounded. Native of Guiana.

DOLL,/! A contraction of Dorothy. — Doll Tearfheet.
ShaheJ'peare . — A little girl’s puppet or baby.

DOLL’S POINT, a cape on the fouth coaft of the
ifland of Jamaica, between Weft Harbour and Peake Bay.

DOL'LAR,/! [ daler , Dut.] A Dutch and German coin
of different value, from about two (hillings and (ixpence
to four and fixpence :

He difburs’d

Ten thoufand dollars for our gen’ral ufe. Shakcfpeare.

DOL'LART BAY, a large bay or lake of Germany,
in Eaft Friefeland, formed by an inundation of the (ea, in
the year 1277, which at the fame time is faid to have de-
ftroyed thirty-three villages : (ixteen miles weft of Gro¬
ningen, and fix fouth-weft of Emden.

DOL'LENDORF, a town of Germany, in the circle
of Weftphalia, and county of Blankenheim : three miles
fouth-eaft of Blankenheim.

DOL'LEREN, a river of France, in the department
of the Upper Rhine, which runs into the Ille, about two
miles north of Mulhaufen.

DOLL'STADT, a town of Pruflia, in the province of
Oberland : fix miles north-weft of Preufchmark.

DOL'MAR, a mountain of Germany, in the circle of
Franconia, and county of Henneberg : five miles fouth
of Schmalkalden.

DOLMATOV', a town of Ruftia, in the province of
Ekaterinburg, on the Ifet: eighty miles fouth-eaft of
Ekaterinburg.

DOLMAYRAC', a town of France, in the depart¬
ment of the 'Lot and Garonne : three leagues north of
Agen.

DOLN'STEIN, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Franconia, and bifliopric of Aichftat, on the Altmuhl :
fix miles weft of Aichftat.

DOLO, in Maritime Auftria, a market town, well
built, and lituated on the Brenta and Brentone, which
feparate above this place. Acrofs the latter the govern¬
ment has of late caufed a remarkable ftone bridge to be
built by the architect Thomas Tomanza. The firft fluices
are conftrufted on the fpot where the Brenta feparates
from the Brentone, and on both tides of the river ftand
the mod fplendid palaces and gardens, to which the moft
opulent of the nobles refort in the fummer feafon. The
number of the inhabitants amounts to 3000, who carry
on a good trade.

' DG'LON, a Trojan, famous for his fwiftnefs. Being
fent by Hedtor to fpy the Grecian camp by night, he was
feized by Diomedes and Ulyffes, to whom he revealed
the fituation, fchemes, and refolutions, of his country¬
men, with the hopes of efcaping with his, life. Fie was
put to death by Diomedes, as a traitor. Homer.

DOLONOS KOI, a fortrefsof Ruffian Siberia, in the
government of Kolivan, on the Irkutfch : fixteen miles
weft of Semipolatnoi.

DOLO'PES, a people of Theffaly, near mount Pin-
dus. Peleus reigned there and lent them to the Trojan
war under Phcenix. They became mafters of Scyros,
and, like the reft of the ancient Greeks, were fond of
migration. Virgil.

DOLORI'FIC, adj. [ dolorifcus , Lat.] That which
caufes grief or pain. — The pain returned, difiipating that
vapour which obftrudted the nerves, and giving th e dolc-
rijic motion free paftage again. Ray. — This, by the foft-
nefs and rarity of the fluid, is infenfible, and not dolorijic.
Arbuthnot.

DO'LOROUS, adj. [from dolor , Lat.] Sorrowful;
doleful ; difmal ; gloomy ; imprefling forrow. — We are
taught, by his example, that the prelence of dolorous and
dreadful objedts, even in minds moft perfedt, may, as
clouds, overcaft all feafonable joy. Hooker,

Vol. VI. No. 327.

Through many a dark and dreary vale
They pafs’d, and many a region dolorous,

O’er many a frozen, many a fiery alp,

Rocks, caves, lakes, fens, bogs, dens, and (hades, of death.

Milton.

Painful. — Their difpatch is quick, and lefs dolorous than
the paw of the bear, or teeth of the lion. More.

DOLOS'ITY, f. [from the Lat. do/cfus, deceitful.]
Deceitful nefs. Scott.

DO'LOUR,/! [dolor, Lat.] Grief ; forrow :

I’ve words too few to take my leave of you.

When the tongue’s office (hould be prodigal,

To breathe th’ abundant dolour of the heart. Shakcfpeare.
Lamentation ; complaint. Pain ; pang. — A mind fixed
and bent upon fomewhat that is good, doth avert the do -
lours of death. Bacon.

DOL'PHIN, f. in ichthyology. See Delphinus,
vol. V. p. 684.

DOL'PHIN’s ISLAND, an ifland in the Straits of Ma¬
gellan. Lat. 53. 39. S. Ion. 71.41. W. Greenwich.

DOLPHIN ET',/! A fmall dolphin, a female dolphin :
The lion chofe his mate, the turtle-dove
Her dear, the dolphin his own dolphinct. Spenfer.

DOLT,/! [dol, Teut. ] A heavy ftupid fellow ; a block¬
head ; a thickfcu 11 ; a loggerhead :

Thou haft not half that power to do me harm,

As I have to be hurt : 0I1 gull, oh dolt,

As ignorant as dirt ! Shakcfpeare.

To DOLT, v. n. To wafte time fooli fh 1 y . — Than in
thefe trifles to have doited fo much. New Cufom.

DOLT'ISH, adj. Stupid; mean; dull; blockifti. — •
Dametas, the moft arrant doltijh clown that ever was with¬
out the privilege of a bauble. Sidney.

DOM'ABLE, adj. [ domabilis , Lat.] Tameable.

DO'MAGE, /. [from domare, Lat.] Subjugation.; —
Every man naturally endeavours, as far as he dares, to
extort a greater value from his contemners by domage.
Hobbes.

DOMA'IN,/! [ domaine , Fr. Horn dominium, Lat.] Do¬
minion ; empire. — Ocean trembles for his green domain.
Thomfon.

Rome’s great emperor, whofe wide domain

Had ample territory, wealth, and pow’r. Milton.

Pofleflion ; eftate :

A Latian field, with fruitful plains,

And a large portion of the king’s domains. Dry den.
The land about a manfion-houfe occupied by the lord.

DO'MAT (John), an eminent French lawyer, born
at Clermont, in 1623. He ftudied the law at Bonrges,
and pleaded with great reputation for feveral years.
About his thirtieth year he obtained the office of king’s
advocate in the prefidial court of Clermont, which place
he occupied for near thirty years. He was entrufted
with many important affairs by the province, which he
conducted with great ability. Perceiving the confufion
prevailing in the laws, he applied himlelf to the fyfte-
matrc development of their principles ; which produced
his work, intitlcd, Les Loix Civiles dans leur Ordre nature!,
which appeared in 1694, in 3 vols. 4to. followed, after
his death, by three more volumes on public law, &c. It
is a performance highly efteemed for the juftnefs of its
principles, and the clearnefs of its method, and has, per¬
haps, never been excelled as a fcientific work. Domat
died at Paris in 1696, in circumftances much inferior to
his defects. An improved edition of his work, with a
fupplement by M. de Jouy, appeared in 1777, folio.

DOMBA'CA, a (mall ifland near the coaft of Ava, in
the bay of Bengal. Lat. 17. 32. N. Ion. 94. 33. E. Green¬
wich.

DOM'BES, before the revolution, a principality and
fmall country of France, in Burgundy^ about eight leagues
E long.

D O M

14

long, and feven broad, of which Trevoux was the capi¬
tal. It is now part, of the department of the Ain.

DOMBE'YA, f. [fo named in memory o f Jof. Dom-
bey, who travelled into Peru, Chili, &c.] In botany, a
genus of the clafs dioecia, order monodelphia, natural
order coniferx. The generic characters are — I. Male.
Calyx : ament ovate-cylindric, imbricate, with very many
woody fliort fcales, each terminated by a lanceolate, acute,
coriaceous, leaflet, concave at the bottom, narrower and
recurved at the top. Perianthium and corolla : none. Sta¬
mina: filaments none, except the amentaceous fcales;
antherae ten or twelve, heaped about each amentaceous
fcale, linear, grooved, the length of the fcale, faftened
to the top of it, below' the leaflet by the upper extre¬
mity, approximating and converging round the fcale, fe-
parating by the lower extremity when the fcale is broken.
II. Female. Calyx: ament large, roundifh, ovate, clofe-
ly imbricate, with very many germs, refembling fcales.
Perianthium and corolla : none. Piftillum: germ each
wedge-form-oblong, fubcompreffed, contra died at the bafe
into a point, with a broad, thick, callous, termination ;
ftyie none ; ftigma bivalve, the valves unequal ; the in¬
ner very fmall, obtufe ; the outer very large, broad at
the bafe, thick, curved inwards above the inner one, ter¬
minated by a linear, acute, {lender, afcending, ftrap, al-
raoll the length of the germ, bent in at a right angle
above the germ. Pericarpium: none. Seeds: very many,
heaped into a roundifh ftrobile, imbricate; each oblong,
fnbcylindric, towards the bafe obtufely four-cornered,
with a fhort broad fpatulate wing or ftrap at the top,
thickened at the edge, incurved, afcending; the ffiell
coriaceous, coloured, valvelefs; the kernel oblong-, fub-
angular at the bafe ; receptacle naked, villofe, here and
there alveolate.- — EJfential CharaEler. Male. Calyx of the
ament fcales terminated by a leaflet ; corolla, none ; an-
theras, ten or twelve, without filaments. Female. Ca¬
lyx, ament with many germs; corolla, none; ftigma, bi¬
valve, unequal ; feeds, many, in a roundifh ftrobile.

‘ Bombeya Chilenfis, or Chilefe Dombeya, afingle fpe-
cies : turbinate imbricate leaves, mucronated on one fide;
the branches quaternate and cruciate. This is a tree as
yet very little known ; a native of Chili, of a refinous
nature, in fome refpefts allied to protea; aiulalfo to the
pines in fome particulars of its frudlification. The trunk
is ftraight, and of confiderable height ; the wood white,
fo lid, and clothed with a kind of double bark. The
boughs are covered with very numerous leaves, fertile,
oval, very pointed, entire, fmooth, and coriaceous ; a
little concave inwards, and convex outwards; they have
a (harp point, and are ranged on the brandies in the man¬
ner of icales. The flowers are male and female, borne
on different individuals, and hang in feflile folitary cat¬
kins from the tops of the branches. See Tourrettia.

DOM'BOC,/. See Dome-book.

DOMBROWAZ', a town of Poland, in the palatinate
of Lemberg : fixty miles fouth-weft of Lemberg.

DOMBROW'KEN, a town of Pruflia, in the province
of Natangen : ten miles eaft of Nordenberg.

DOME,yi [dome, Fr. from domus, Lat.] A building;
a houfe ; a fabric. A hemifpherical arch ; a cupola.
See Architecture, vol. ii. p. 8S.

Stranger! whoe’er thou art, fecurely reft
Affianc'd in my faith, a friendly gueft ;

Approach the dome, the focial banquet ftiare. Pope.

DOME, or Doom,/ [from bom, Sax. ] A judgment,
fentence, or decree. Several words end in dom ; as, king¬
dom, earldom, C3c. from whence they may be applied to
the jurildiition of a lord or a king. Mon. Angl. tom. i.
p. 284.

DOME-BOOK, f [Sax. liber judicially A book com-
poled under the diredtion of Alfred the Great, contain-
ing. the local cuftoms of the feveral provinces of the
kingdom. This book is faid to have been extant fo late

DOM

as the reign of Edward IV. but it is now loft. It proba¬
bly contained the principal maxims of the common law,
the penalties for mifdemeanors, and the forms of judicial
proceedings. Thus much at lead: may be collected from
the injunction to obferve it, which is found in the laws
of Edward the Elder, fo/i of Alfred, c. 1. This book
was compiled by Alfred for the ufe of the court-baron,
hundred and County-court, the court-Ieet, and fhtiriff’s
tourn. 1 Comm. 64.

DOMENICHI'NO, or D omenic o Zampieri, a painter
of great excellence, born at Bologna in 1581. His extra¬
ordinary turn for drawing, caufed him to be fent to the
fchool firft of Calvart, and afterwards of the Carracci.
Though extremely young, he carried off all the acade¬
mical prizes. He worked apart from the other pupils,
and ftudied while they indulged in pleafure. He joined
Albano at Rome, who lodged him in his houfe, and for
two years defrayed his expences. Domenichino painted
feveral pieces for his proteftor cardinal Aguechi. He fre¬
quently vifited Annibal Carracci, then employed in the
Farnefe gallery. His Communion of St. Jerome, in the
church della Carita, has been reckoned by great judges
the next piece in merit to the Transfiguration of Raphael.
Though he was a modeftand inoffenfive man, his fuperior
merit perpetually raifed him enemies who rendered his
life uneafy. He left Rome and went to Fano, and thence
to his native city of Bologna, where lie employed two
years on his famous pidture of the Rofary. He married
there an amiable woman, who ferved him for a model in
all his fublequent works. He was afterwards re-called to
Rome by Gregory XV. who created him his firft painter,
and architedt of the Vatican. He died in 1641, at the age
of fixty, and was interred at the cathedral of Naples.

DO'MENZAIN, a town of France, in tl^e department
of the Lower Pyrenees, and chief place of a canton, in
the diftridt of Mauleon : feven miles north-north-weft of
Mauleon.

DOMES-MEN, f Judges, or men appointed to doom
and determine fuits and controverfies ; hence ag deme, I
deem, or judge.

DO'MESDAY, or Domesday-Book, f [liber judid-
anits, vel cenfualis Anglia-. ] A moft ancient record, made
in the time of William I. called the Conqueror, and
now remaining in the exchequer fair and legible, confid¬
ing of two volumes, a greater and a lefs ; the greater
containing a furvey of all the lands in England, except
the counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, Weft,
moreland, Durham, and part of Lancafliire, which it is
faid were never furveyed ; and, excepting Elfex, Suffolk,
and Norfolk; which three laft are comprehended in the
leffer volume. There is alfo a third book, which differs
from the others in form more than matter, made by the
command of the fame king. And there is a fourth book
kept in the exchequer whicli is called domefday ; and,
though a very large volume, is only an abridgment of
the others. Likewile a fifth book is kept in the remem¬
brancer’s office in the exchequer, which has the name of
domefday, and is the very fame with the fourth, before
mentioned. Our anceftors had many dome-books. King
Alfred had a roll which he called domefday ; and the
domefday-book made by William I. referred to the time
of Edward the Confeffor, as that of king Alfred did to
the time of Ethelred. The fourth book of domefday
having many pictures, and gilt letters in the beginning,
relating to the time of king Edward the Confeflor, this
led him who made notes on Fitzherbert’s Regiftcr into
a miftake in page 14, where he tells us, that liber domef¬
day fa [l us fuit tempore regis Edwardi.

The book of domefday was begun by five juftices, af-
figned for that purpofe in each county, in the year 10S1,
and finiflied anno 1086. And the queftion whether lands
are ancient demefne, or not, is to be decided by the
domefday of William I. from whence there is no appeal i
and it is a book of that authority, that even the Conque¬
ror

D O M

ror liimfclf fubmitted Tome cafes, wherein he was con¬
cerned, to be determined by it. The addition of day to
this dome-book was not meant with any aliufion to the
final day of judgment, as many perfons have conceived;
but was toltrengthen and confirm it, and fignifies merely
the judicial decifive record or book of dooming judg¬
ment and juftice. Camden calls this book Gitlielmi Li-
brum CcnJ'ualem, the Tax-book of king William ; and it
was further called Magna Rolla JVinton, as having been
kept in the cathedral of Winchefter. The dean and
chapter of York have a regifter ftiled doomfday ; fo hath
the bifliop of Worcefter; and there is an ancient roll in
Chefter caftle, called domjday-roll. Blount. A tranfcript
of the domefday-book of William I. has been made and
publithed, by which the accefs to it is rendered more fa¬
miliar to our antiquaries and hiltorians.

DOMES'TIC, or Domestical, adj. \_domeJHcus , Lat.]
Belonging to the houfc ; not relating to things public. —
The practical knowledge of the domejlic duties, is the
principal glory of a woman. Clarijfa. — Private; done at
home; not open. — In this their domejlical celebration of
the Paffover, they divided fupper into two courfcs. Hooker.
— Inhabiting the houfe ; not wild. — The faithful pru¬
dent hulband is an honelt, tractable, and domejlic, animal.
Addifon. — Not foreign ; inteftine. — Domejlical evils, for
that we think we can mailer them at all times, are often
permitted to run on forward, till it be too late to recall
them. Hooker.

DOMES'TIC, f. One kept in the fame houfe. — A
fervant dwells remote from all knowledge of his lord’s
purpofes : he lives as a kind of foreigner under the fame
roof ; a domejlic, and yet a llranger too. South.

To DOMES'TICATE, v. a. To make domeftic ; to
withdraw from the public. To make as familiar as if of
the family. — Domcjlicate yourfelf there, while you flay at
Naples. Chejlerjidd.

DOMES'TIC ALLY, adv. Relatively to domeftic mat¬
ters. — 'Make yourfelf familiarly and dcmejlically ufeful to
them, by offering yourfelf for all their little commihions,
and aflilting in doing the honours of their houfes. Ckef-
terjidd.

DOME'VRE, a town of France, in the department of
the Vofges, and chief place of a canton, in the diltridlof
Rambervillcr : two leagues north of Epinal.

DOME'VRE sous AVIERE, a town of France, in
the department of the Vofges, and chief place of a can¬
ton, in the diftridt of Epinal : one league north-weft of
Epinal.

DOMFRO'NT, a town of France, and principal place
of a diftridt, in the department of the Orne, lituated on
a mountain near the river Varenne, containing about 1 700
inhabitants: ten leagues weft-north-weft of Alenjon. Lat.
48. 35. N. Ion. 17. 1. E. Ferro.

DOMESTI'CITY,yi The ftate of being a fervant, a
fervile condition. Scott.

DOMES'TICNESS, f. The ftate of being domeftic.
Scott.

DOMlCEL'LUSjy. an obfolete Latin word, anciently
given as an appellation or addition to the king’s natural
fons in France, and fometimes to the eldeft fons of noble¬
men there ; from whence we borrowed thefe additions :
as feveral natural children of John of Gaunt, duke of
Lancafter, are ftiled domictlli by the charter of legitima¬
tion. 20 Rich. II. But, according to Thorn, the domicelli
were only the better forts of fervants in monafteries.

DOMICI'LIARY, adj. [from domicile, Fr.] Intruding
into private houfes. — Supervifors of domiciliary vilitation.
Burke.

DOMIDU'CUS, a god who prefided over marriage.
Juno alfo was called Domiduca , from the power Ihe was
fuppofed to have in marriages.

To DO'MIFY, v. a. [ domifico , Lat.] To tame.

DO'MINA,y. A title given to honourable women, who
anciently, in their own right of inheritance, held a barony.

DOM 15

DO'MINANT, adj. \_dominant, Fr. dominans, Lat.] Pre¬
dominant ; prefiding ; afcendant.

To DO'MINATE, v. a. Idominatus, Lat.] To predo¬
minate ; to prevail over the reft :

I thus conclude my theme,

The dominating humour makes the dream. Dryden.

DOMINA'TION,/! \_dominatio, Lat. ] Power; domi¬
nion. Tyranny; infolent authority :

Thou and thine ufurp
The domination , royalties, and rights,

Of this opprelfed boy. Shakefpcarc.

One highly exalted in power ; ufed of angelic beings :
Hear, all ye angels, progeny of light,

Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, pow’rs. Milton.

DO'MINATIVE, adj. Imperious; infolent.

DOMINA'TOR, /. [Lat.] The prefiding or predo¬
minant power or influence. — Jupiter and Mars are domi.
nators for this north-weft part of the world, which maketh
the people impatient of fervitude, lovers of liberty, mar¬
tial, and courageous. Camden.

To DOMINE'ER, v. n. [ dominor , Lat.] To rule with
infolence; to fwell ; toblufter; to adt without controul.
— The voice of confcience now is low and weak, chaftif-
ing the paftions, as old Eli did his luftful domineering fons.
South.

Both would their little ends fecure;

He fighs for freedom, fire for pow’r ;

His wilhes tend abroad to roam,

And hers to domineer at home. Prior.

DOMIN'GO, or Saint Domingo, once the principal
city of the extenfive ifiand of Hifpaniola, in the Weft In¬
dies ; which ifiand has been lately deluged with human
blood, in confequence of a formidable and long-continued
infurredtion of the negro (laves, mulattos, and men of
colour: for particulars of which fee the articles Hispa¬
niola and Saint Domingo.

DO'MINIC de GUSMAN, a faint in ihe Roman ca¬
lendar, and founder of the Dominican order of monks,
born at Calaroga, in Old Caftile, in 1170. He preached
witli great fury againft the Albigenfes in Languedoc,
when pope Innocent III. made a croifade againft that
utdiappy people ; and was made inquifitor in Languedoc,
where he founded his order, and got it confirmed by the
Lateran council in 1215. He died at Bologna in 1221,
and was canonized fourteen years after his death, by pope
Gregory IX. See Dominicans.

DOMIN'ICA, a daughter of Petronius, who married
the emperor Valens.

DOMINI'CA, an ifiand of the Weft Indies, fo named
by Chriftopher Columbus, from the circumftance of dif-
covering if on Sunday, (November 3, 1493,) lituated be¬
tween Guadaloupe and Martinico ; about twenty-nine?
miles in length, and fixteen in breadth, containing 186,436
acres of land, and divided into ten parilhes. It contains
many high and rugged mountains, among which are vol¬
canoes, that frequently difcharge eruptions. From fome
of thefe mountains iftue fprings of hot water, whofe me¬
dicinal virtues are much commended. Dominica is well
watered, there being upwards of thirty rivers in the ifiand,
belides a great number of rivulets. The foil, in mod of
the interior country, is a light brown-coloured mould,
and appears to have been walked from the mountains.
Towards the fea-coaft, and in many of the valleys, it is a
deep, black, and rich, native earth, and feems well adapt¬
ed to the cultivation of all the articles of Weft-Indian
produce. The under ftratum is, in fome parts, a yellow
or brick clay, in others a ftiff terrace ; but it is in mod
places very (tony. In the woods of Dominica are innu¬
merable fwarms of bees, which hive in the trees, and
produce great quantities of wax and honey, both of which
are equal in goodnefs to any in Europe. Dominica was

confirmed

1(5

DOM

onfirmed to Great Britain by the peace of Paris, in 1763,
having been taken from the French in 1739. At the
commencement of the' American war, this ifland was in a
flourithing (late. The port of Rofeau, having been declar¬
ed a tree port by act of parliament, was retorted to by trad¬
ing veil'd s from mo ft parts of the foreign Weft Indies, as well
as from America. The French and Spaniards purchafed
great numbers of negroes there for the fupply of their
iettlements, together with vaft quantities of the merchan¬
dize and manufactures of Great Britain ; payment for all
which was made chiefly in bullion, indigo, and cotton,
and completed in mules and cattle ; articles of prime ne-
ceflity to the planter. Thus the ifland, though in itfelf
certainly not to fertile as fome others of lefs extent in its
neighbourhood, was becoming very rapidly a colony of
confiderable importance ; but unfortunately it wanted
that protection which alone could give its pofteflions (la¬
bility and value. On Monday, the 7th of September,
1778, a French armament, confiding of a forty-gun (hip,
three frigates, and about thirty fail of armed (loops and
fchooners, having on-board upwards of 2000 regular
troops, and a banditti of volunteers, appeared off the
ifland, under the command of the marquis de Bouille,
governor of Martinico, and general of the French wind¬
ward Weft-Indian itlands. The whole number of the
militia in the ifland did not exceed 100. The fmall
force, however, that was collected, behaved with that
fpirit and gallantry, which give room to lament that
they were not better fupported. But gallantry was un¬
availing againft fuch fuperiority of numbers ; for about
2000 of the French having fhortly after gained potTeflion
of the heights above Rofeau, determined the fate of the
ifland. The bravery of the inhabitants, however, ob¬
tained for them very honourable terms of capitulation.
It was reftored to Great Britain by the peace of 1783.
The principal towns are Portfmouth, and Rofeau, or
Charlotte’s Town. The exports of the ifland, from Ja¬
nuary 5th, 1 78 7, to January 5th, 1788, were 71,312 cwt. of
fugar, 63,392 gallons of rum, 16,803 gallons of molaffes,

1 1 94 cwt. of cocoa, 18,149 cwt. of coffee, 11,250 pounds
of indigo, 970,816 pounds of cotton, 161 cwt. of ginger,
with mifcellaneous articles to the value of 11,912!. ios.
9ft. The whole, according to the current prices in Lon¬
don, to the value of 302,987b 15s. Lat. 15.32.N. Ion.
61. 23. W. Greenwich.

DOMINI'CA, or O-Heeva-Oa, one of the Marquis
of Mendoza itlands, in the South Pacific Ocean, moun¬
tainous, rocky, and apparently barren : about fixteen
leagues in circumference. Lat. 9. 41. S. Ion. 139. 8. W.
Greenwich.

DOMINI'CA (La), a town of the ifland of Cuba:
forty-five miles weft of Havanna.

DOMI'NICAL, adj. \_dominicalis, Lat.] That which
notes the Lord’s day, or Sunday. — The cycle of the
moon ferves to (liew the epafts, and that of the fun the
dominical letter, throughout all their variations. Holder.

DOMI'NICANS, an order of religious, called in fome
places jacobins ; and in others, predicants, ox preaching fri¬
ars. The Dominicans take their name from their foun-.
der, Dominic de Guzman, a Spanifh ecclefiaftic, of Old
Caftile. He was made canon and archdeacon of Ofma ;
and preached with great zeal and vehemence againft the
Albigenfes in Languedoc, where he laid the firft founda¬
tion of his order. It was approved of in 1215 by Inno¬
cent III. and confirmed in 1216 by a bull of Honorius III.
under the title of St. Angafin ; to which Dominic added
feveral auftere precepts and obfervances, obliging the
brethren to take a vow of abfolute poverty, and to aban¬
don entirely all their revenues and pofteflions; adopting
alfo the title of preaching friars, becaufe public inftruc-
tion was the main object of their inftitution. Their firft
convent was founded at Thouloufe by the biftiop thereof
and Simon de Montfort. Two years afterwards they had
another at Paris, near the bilhop’s houfe ; and fome time

2

DOM

a third in the rue St. Jacques, whence the denomination
of jacobins. Juft before his death, Dominic fent Gilbert
de Frefney, with twelve of the brethren, into England;
and they founded a monaftery at Oxford in the year 1221.
In 1276, the mayor and aldermen of London gave them
two whole ftreets, by the ri verThames, where they erect¬
ed a very commodious convent, whence that place is ftill
called Black Friars, then the name by which the Domi¬
nicans were called in England.

DOMIN'ICIDE, f [from the Lat. dominvs, matter,
and credo, to kill.] The ad: of killing one’s lord or maf-
ter ; one that kills his matter or lord.

DOMIN'ICUM, f. [Lat.] The facrament of the
Lord’s (upper; the place where the Lord’s fupper is
adminiftered, a church. Mede. — In law, a demefne, lands
occupied by the lord of a manor.

DOMI'NION, J. \_dominium, Lat.] Sovereign autho¬
rity-, unlimited power :

He gave us only over bead, fith, fowl,

Dominion abfolute ; that right we hold

By his donation : but man over man

He made not lord. Milton.

Power; right of pofteffion or life, without being account¬
able. — He could not have private dwninion over that,
which was under the private dominion of another. Locke.

■ — Territory ; region ; diftridt : confidered as fubjeft. — •
The donations of biflioprics the kings of England did
ever retain in all their dominions, when the popes ufurped
authority was at the higheft. Davies. — Predominance;
afeendant. — Objedls placed foremoft ought to be more
finithed than tliofe caft behind, and to have domuiion over
things confuted and tranfient. Dryden. — An order of an¬
gels. — By him were all things created, vifible and invi-
fible, whether they be thrones or dominions, or principali¬
ties or powers. Col. i. 16.

DO'MINIS (Marc Antony de), a learned Italian pre¬
late in the fix tee nth and beginning of the feventeenth
century, defeended from a family of rank at Arba, a
town in what was formerly Venetian Dalmatia. After
being educated in the Illyrian college at Loretto, he
went to the univerfity of Padua, where he made diftin-
guifhed proficiency in the different branches of learning
and fcience. When young he entered into the fociety
ofjefuits; but he grew weary of the confinement and
fubordination which their regulations required. That
he might quit their connection with honour, however,
he obtained from the emperor Rodolph, a nomination
to the bithopric of Segni in Dalmatia. Finding, after
fome time, his (ituation in that fee rendered unpleafant
by fome quarrels with the clergy of his diocefe, he foli-
cited the fenate of Venice to be appointed to the vacant
archbifbopric of Spalato, the capital of Dalmatia, and
fucceeded in his application. Some of his earlieft la¬
bours in this new (ituation were confecrated to the fer-
vice of his benefactors, whom, with much learning, in¬
genuity, and boldnefs, he defended in their difputewith
pope Paul V. who had iffued an interdict againft the re¬
public. His writings on this fubject were cenfured by
the inquifition ; but he was fafe from their power, and
replied to their centimes by a fpirited kind of manifefto,
written in the Latin language. The difguft which on
this occafion he felt at the proceedings of the court of
Rome, led him to break off his communion with the
catholics, and to declare himfelf a proteftant. He came
to England with fir Henry Wotton, ambaffador to the
republic of Venice, in the year 1616, and was received
with great refpedt: by all ranks ; and he preached and
wrote againft the church of Rome with all the zeal of a
new convert. Soon after his arrival he publilhed an ad-
drefs to all the bifhops of the Chriftian church, explain¬
ing the reafons which had compelled him to quit his
diocefe ; which went through feveral editions, and was
tranftated into different languages. But the principal

work

DOM

work which he publiflied in this country, was intended
to flrike a fatal blow at the foundations of the papal
power and dominion, intitled, M. Ant. de Dominis de Re-
publica Ecclejiajlka, Libri X. in 3 vols. folio, which made
their appearance in the years 1617 and 1620. It is a
work of great erudition and ingenuity, and was received
with much applaufe by the proteftant world, while, as
might be expected, it was ftrongly condemned by the
catholics. M. de Dominis is alfo faid to have been

Erincipally concerned in the publication of father Paul’s
iftory of the Council of Trent, which appeared at Lon¬
don in 1619. In reward of his learning, and as fome
compenfation for the facrifices which he had made, he
was preferred by king James to the mafterlhip of the
Savoy, and the deanery of Windfor. But he is reported
to have been difappointed in the expectations' which he
had formed of higher preferments among the proteftants.
During this fit of chagrin, it is faid that count Gonde-
mar, the Spanifh ambalfador, invited him in the name of
pope Gregory XV. who had been formerly his friend
and fellow ftudent, to return to Rome, and abjure his
herefy, under folemn promifes of a cardinal’s hat. The
fnarc was fo artfully laid that he eafily fell into it ; and,
after renouncing the proteftant religion, he departed for
Rome in 1622. In that city he l'olemnly abjured his
heretical errors, and afked pardon in a public confiftory
for the apoftacy of which he had been guilty. He alfo
publiflied an acknowledgment to the world at large of
the criminality of his conduct in abandoning the catholic
communion, and explained the motives which had again
recalled him to it, in a treatife intitled, Marais Antoninus
de Dominis Archiepifcopus Spalatenjis fui reditus ex Anglia con¬
cilium exponit. But, though he was at firfl well received
at Rome, he faw no profpeX of the advancement which
he had been promifed in the church. Thefe circum-
liances are faid to have operated fo powerfully upon his
unfteady mind, that he was led to make ufe of expref-
fions which excited a fufpicion of the fincerity of his
convcrfion ; and letters are ftated to have been inter¬
cepted, written by him to fome of his connexions in
England, in which he declared his repentance for the
hep he had recently taken. It was determined, how¬
ever, that he fliould not be indulged with another op¬
portunity of joining the proteftants ; he was accordingly,
by order of pope Urban VIII. committed prifoner to the
caftle of St. Angelo, where he is fuppofed to have died
of poifon, in 1625, in the fixty-fourth year of his age.
Some time after his death his body was taken out of his
grave and burnt, together with his writings, by a decre^f
of the inquifition. Befides the works already noticed, he
was the author of De Radiis Vifus & Lucis in Vitris perfpcc-
tivis & hide TraElatus. Sir Ifaac Newton, in his Optics,
has complimented him as being the firfl perfon who ex¬
plained the phenomenon of the colours of the rainbow
upon juft principles.

DO'MINO, f. A fort of hood worn bv the canons of
a cathedral church ; alfo the habit of a Venetian noble-
mjfB, very much in ufe as a drefs for mafquerades.

"tfO'MINUS,/. in ancient times, when prefixed to a
man’s name, ufually denqted him a knight, or a clergy¬
man ; and fometimes a gentleman, not a knight, efpe-
cially a lord of a manor.

DOMITEL'LUS, f. A title anciently given to the
French king’s natural fons. See Domitellus.

DOMI'TI A LEX de RELIGIONE,yi was enaXedby
Domitius Ahenobarbus, the tribune, in the year of Rome
650. It transferred the right of eleXing priefts from the
college to the people.

DOMI'TI AN (Titus Flavius Domitianus), a Roman
emperor, fecond Ion of Vefpafian, and the laft of the
twelve Caefars : for his life and charaXer, fee Rome.

DO'MITROVSK, a town of Ruflia, in the govern¬
ment of Orel : forty miles fouth-weft of Orel, and 484
fouth-fouth-eaft of Peterfburg.

Vql. VI. No. 323.

DON 17

DO'MITURE,/". [from the Lat. domo, to tame.] The
aX of taming. Scott.

DO'MITZ, a town and fortrefs of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Mecklenburg, at
the conflux of the Elbe and the Elda : fold by the elec¬
tor of Brandenburg to the count of Schwerin in 132S,
with the duties, and all the country on both fides the
Elbe, for 7500 marks : the town and duties returned
again to the houfe of Brandenburg, but the fortrefs re¬
mains with the dukes of Mecklenburg^ as heirs of the
counts of Schwerin. It was taken by the Imperial troops
in 1627 ; by the Swedes in 1631 ; by the Saxons and Im-
perialifts in 1637; and again by the Swedes in 1643:
thirty-four miles fouth of Schwerin. Lat. 53. xo. N. Ion.
29. 5. E. Ferro.

DOMMA'IGNE, a town of France, in the depart¬
ment of the Ille and Vilaine, and chief place of a can¬
ton, in the diftriX of Vitre : feven miles weft-fouth-weft
of Vitre.

DOMMALAIN', a town of France, in the depart¬
ment of the Ille and Vilaine, and chief place of a can¬
ton, in the diftriX of La Guerche : one league north of
La Guerche.

DOM'MART les PONTHIEU, a town of France,
in the department of the Somme, and chief place of a
canton, in the diftriX of Doulens : four leagues north-
weft of Amiens.

DOM'ME, a town of France, in the department of the
Dordogne, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriX of
Sarlat : two leagues fouth of Sarlat.

DOM'MEL, a river of Brabant, which pafles by Bois-
le-Duc, where it receives the Aa, and, joining the Meufe,
forms, with that river and the Wahal, the ifland of
Bommel.

DOM'MITSCH, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and margraviate of Meiflen : thirty-
eight miles north-weft of Meiifen.

DOM'NAU, a town of Pruflia, in the province of Na-
tangen : nineteen miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Koniglberg.

DO'MO REPARANDA, f. A writrthat lay for one
againft his neighbour, by the fall of whofe houfe he feared
a damage and injury to his own. Reg. Orig. 153.

DOM'PAIRE, a town of France, in the department
of the Vofges, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriX
of Mirecourt, formerly the refidence of the kings of Auf-
trafia, and dukes of Lorrain : three leagues weft-north-
weft of Epinal.

DOMPIER'RE, a town of France, in the department
of the Allier, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriX
of Donjon : fourteen miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Moulins.

DOMPIER'RE, a towrn of France in the department
of the Lower Charente, and chief place of a canton, in
the diftriX of Saintes : two leagues eaft-fouth-eaft of
Saintes.

DOM'REMY, a town of France, in the department
of the Meufe, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriX
of Commerce. The birth-place of the celebrated maid
of Orleans, Jeanne d’Arc : three leagues and a half eaft
of Bar-le-Duc.

DOMRIAN'KA, a town of Ruflia, in the government
of Perm : forty miles north of Perm.

DO'MUS CQNVERSORUM, f. An ancient houfe,
built by order of Henry III. for fuch Jews as were con¬
verted to the Chriftian faith : but Edward III. who ex¬
pelled the Jews from this kingdom, afterwards deputed
the place for the cuftody of the rolls and records of the
chancery. See Rolls.

DO'MUS DEI, f. [houfe of God.] The hofpital of
St. Julian in Southampton, fo called. Mon. Angl. tom. ii.
440. It is a name applied to many ancient hofpitals and
religious houfes.

DON, or Dom, f. [ dominus , Lat.] The Spanifh title
for a gentleman ; as, Don QuLxote. It is with us ufed
ludicrouily ;

V ,

38

DON

To the great dons of wit,

Phoebus gives them full privilege alone

To damn all others and cry up their own. Drydeji,.

To DON, v. a. [To do on.'] To put on ; to invert with ;
the contrary to doff. Obfolete. — What ! fhould I don. this
robe, and trouble you ! Shakefpeare.

The purple morning left her crimfon bed.

And dolin’ d her robes of pure vermilion hue. Fairfax.

DON, or the Tanais, a river of Ruflia, which rifes
near Epiphan, in the government of Tula, and runs into
the fea of Azoph by two mouths, a little to the weft of
Azoph, after a courfe of about 800 miles.

DON, a river of England, in Yorkfltire, which runs
into the Aire near Snaith.

DON, a river of Scotland, which rifes in the weft p.qrt
of the county of Aberdeen, and, crofting the county, runs
into the fea a little below Old Aberdeen.

DON CHRISTOPHER’S COVE, on the nortl) cpaft
of the iftand of Jamaica. Lat. 18. 5 S. N. lop. 77. 1. W.
Greenwich. It gave fhelter to the difcoverer of Ame¬
rica during a violent ftorm in 1503; and is the fcife of
the ancient town of Sevilla de Nueva.

DON MARTIN MAYORGA, the name given by
the Spaniards to a duller of iflands in the South Sea,
difcovered on the 27th of February, 1781, by F. A. Mart-
relle, a celebrated pilot of that nation. In this archipe¬
lago Maurelle found a fafe harbour, to which he gave
the name of El Refugio; and which he places in fouth
lat. i8°. 36'. and weft Ion. 1 7 7 0 . 47'. 43" of Greenwich.

DON AGH ADE'E, a lea-port of Ireland, in the county
of Down, iituated on the eaft coaft, at the entrance of the
north channel, where packets are eftablilhed for the pup-
pofe of carrying the mails and paftengers to Port Patrick,
in Scotland, a diftance not quite feven leagues : fifteen
miles eaft of Belfaft. Lat. 54. 37. N. Ion. 5. 23. W.
Greenwich.

DONA'I, a province of Cochin-china, which forms
the whole fouthern diftridl of that kingdom.

DONAIEC'Z, a river of Poland, which runs into the
Viftula twenty-five miles below Cracow.

DO'NARY, f. [ donarium , Lat.] A thing given to fa-
cred ufes.

DONATEL'LO, or Donato, one of the principal re¬
vivers of fculpture in Italy, born of poor parents at Flo¬
rence in 1383. He was patronized by a citizen named
Martelli, who fent him to learn defign under Lorenzo de
Bicci. Such was his application, that he acquired the
principles which made him an excellent fculptor, and
alfo a mafter of perfpedive and architecture. He at¬
tracted the notice of that eminent citizen, the great Cof-
mo de Medici, who employed him on a tomb for pope
John XXIII. and in other works, public and private.
Some of his molt efteemed works in Florence, which ftill
remain, are his group of J udith and Holofernes in bronze,
his Annunciation, his St. George, and St. Mark, and his
Zuccone. His St. Mark has the traditional honour of
having been addrefied by Michael Angelo, with “ Marco,
perchc non mi parli?” “ Mark, why do you not fpeak to
me.” He died in 146 6, at the age of eighty-three, and
was buried, by his own directions, in the church of St.
Lorenzo, adjoining to the fepulchre of Cofmo, that, “ as
his foul had alw;ays .been with him when living, their
bocjips might be near each other when dead.” He had a
brother, named Simon, who adopted his manner, and ob¬
tained reputation.

DON AM I A, f. [fo named by Forfter from Vitaliano
D.onatiof Padua, profelfor of botany at Turin. He tra¬
velled into Egypt and Arabia, and died in his journey.]
In botany, a genus of the clafs triandria, order trigynia.
The generic characters are — Calyx : perianthium three¬
leaved 5 leaflets avvl-fhaped, fhort, remote. Corolla:
petals eight to ten, linear-oblong, twice as long qs the ca¬
lyx., fpreading. Stamina : filaments three, awl-fliapedj

DON

the length of the calyx ; anther* fuby lobular, twirr.-
Piltillum : germ inferior ; ftyles three, filiform, a little
longer than the ftamens . ; ftigmas bluntifh. — Fffential Cha-
raEler. Calyx, three-leaved ; petals nine, twice as long
as the calyx, linear-oblong; anthertc fubglobular, tvyin.

Donatia fafcjc.ularis, or congregated donatia; a fingle
fpecies, is a fimple undivided plant, a finger’s length,
W'ith imbricate leaves. It differs front polycarpon in itS'
habit, and having about nine petals to the corolla. See.
Avicennia.

DONA'TIO CAUSA MORTIS,/, in law, a death¬
bed difpofitipn of property, fo called when a perfon iit
his laft ficknefs, apprehending his diflolution near, de¬
livers, or caufes to be delivered, to another the poflefiion
of any per.fopal goods, (under which have been included
bonds, and bills drawn by the dcceafed upon his banker,)
to keep in cafe of his deceafe. This gift, if the donor
dies, needs not the aflent of his executor; yet it fhall
not prevail againft creditors ; and is accompanied with
this implied trull, that, if the donor lives, the property
thereof fhall revert to himfelf, being only given in con¬
templation of death, or mortis caufd. 1 P. Wms. 404. zV/z.
431. IVardv. Tumor. This latter cafe collects all the'
law on the fubjedt of donations caufd mortis ; and parti¬
cularly confiders what fhall be a fufiicient delivery of
different kinds of property to give effedl to fuch dona¬
tions. There may be a donatio caufd mortis of bonds,
bank-notes, and bills, payable to barer-, but not of other
promiffory notes or bills of exchange,, thefe being chofe§
in aClion which do not pafs by delivery.

DONA'TION,/ [ donatio , Lat.] The adt of giving
any thing; the adl of bellowing. — After don at ion there is
an abfolute change and alienation made of the property
of the thing given : which being fo alienated, a man has
no more to do with it than with a thing bought with an¬
other’s money. South. — The grant by which any thing is
given or conferred :

The kingdoms of the world to thee were giv’n.
Permitted rather, and by thee ufurp’d ;

Other donation none thou canft produce. Milton.

DO'NATISTS, / Ancient fchifmatics in Africa, fo
denominated from their leader Donatus. They had their
origin in 31 j, when, in the room of Menfurius, who died
in that year on his return to Rome, Caecilian was elected
bifhop of Carthage, and confecrated without the concur¬
rence of the Numidian bifhops, by thofe of Africa alone ;
whom the people refufed to acknowledge, and to whom
they oppofed Majorinus ; who, accordingly, was ordained
by Donatus, bifhop of Cafae Nigra?. They were condemn¬
ed, in a council held at Rome, two years after their fepa-
ration ; and afterwards in another at Arles, the year fol¬
lowing; and again at Milan, before Conftantine the Great;,
in 3x6, who deprived them of their churches, and fent
their feditious bifhops into banifliment,. and punifhed
fame of them with death. Their caufe was efpoufed by
another Donatus, called the groat , the principal bifhop
of that fedt, who, with numbers of his followers, was
exiled by order of Conftans. Many of them were punifh¬
ed with great feverity. However, after the acceflion of
Julian to the throne, in 362, they were permitted to re¬
turn, and reftored to their former liberty. Gratian next
publifhed feveral edicts againft them ; and, in 377, de¬
prived them of their churches, and prohibited all their
affemblies. Their decline was alfo precipitated by the
zealous oppofition of St. Auguftin, and by the violent
meafures which were purfued againft them by order of
the emperor Honorius.

DO'NATIVE, f. [donatif Fr. from donatus, Lat.] A
gift ; a lqrgefs ; a prefent ; a dole of money diftributed.
— The Roman emperor’s cuftom was, at certain folemn
times, to beftow on his foldiers a donative ; which donative
they received wearing garlands upon their heads. Hooker.

DO'NATIVE,/. in law, a benefice merely given and

difpofed

DON

dffpofed of by the patron to a man, withouteither pre¬
fentation to, or inftitution by, the ordinary, or induction
by his order. Donatives are fo termed, becaufe they be¬
gan only by the foundation and eredlion of the donor.
The king might of ancient time found a church or cha¬
pel, and exempt it from the jurifdidlion of the ordinary;
fo lie may by his letters patent give licence to a com¬
mon perfon to found fuch a church or chapel, and make
it donative, not prefentable ; and that the incumbent or
chaplain (hall be deprived by the founder and his heirs,
and not by the bifliop ; which feems to be the original
of donatives in England. 2-Comm. 2.2. When the king
founds a church, &c. donative, it is of courfe exempted
from the ordinary’s jurifdiction, though no particular
exemption is mentioned; and the lord chancellor (hall
vi(it the fame: and, where the king grants a licence to
any common perfon to found a church or chapel, it may
be donative, and exempted from the jurifdidlion of the
bilhop, fo as to be vilited by the founder, &c. Co. Litt.
134. The refignation of a donative mud: be to the donor
or patron, and not to the ordinary; and donatives are
not only free from all ordinary jurifdidlion, but the pa¬
tron and incumbent may charge the glebe to bind the
fucceffor ; and, if the clerk is difturbed, the patron may
bring quart impedit, See. Alfa the patron of a donative
may take the profits thereof when it is vacant. Co. Lit.
344. If the patron of a donative will not nominate a
clerk, there can be no lapfe : but the bidiop may com¬
pel fuch patron to nominate a clerk by ecclefiaftical cen-
fures ; for, though the church is exempt from the power
of the ordinary, the patron is not exempted : and the
clerk mud be qualified like unto other clerks of churches;
no perfon being capable of a donative, unlefs he be a
pried lawfully ordained. 14 Car. II. c. 4.

There may be a donative of the king’s gift with cure
of fouls, as the church of the Tower of London is : and,
if fuch donative be procured for money, it will be within
the datute of fimony. A parochial church may be do¬
native, and exempt from the ordinary’s jurifdidlion. Go-
dolph. 262. The church of St. Mary-le-Bone, in Middle-
fex, is donative ; and the incumbent being cited into the
fpiritual court, to take a licence from the bilhop to preach,
pretending that it was a chapel, and that the parion was
a dipendiary ; it was ruled in the king’s-bench that it
was a donative ; and, if the bifliop vifit, the court will
grant a prohibition. 1 Nelf. Air. 676. If a patron of a
donative doth once prefent his clerk to the ordinary, and
the clerk is admitted, indituted, and inducted, then the
donative ceafeth ; and it becomes a church prefentative.
Co. Litt. 344. But when a donative is created by letters
patent, by which lands are fettled upon the parfon and
his fuccelfors, and he is to come in by the donation of
the king, and his fucceflors ; in this cafe, though there
may be a prefentation to the donative, and the incum¬
bent come in by inditution and induction, yet that will
not dedroy the donative. 2 Salk. 341. All biflioprics be¬
ing of the foundation of the king, they were in ancient
time donative. 3 Rep. 75. Donatives have two peculiar
properties : one, that the prefentation does not devolve
to the king, as in othjr livings, when the incumbent is
made a bilhop. Ca. Pari. 184. The other, that a dona¬
tive is within the datute of pluralities, if it is the fird
living ; but if a donative is the fecond benefice taken
without a difpenfation, the fird would not be void ; for
the words of the datute are injlituted and induced to any
other, which are not applicable to donatives. 1 Woodd.
330. And therefore it feems if donatives are taken lad,
they may be held with any other preferment.

DONA'TO (St.), a county of Maritime Auflria, con¬
taining, befides a few villages, the large borough of St.
Dono di Piave, which carries on a confiderable commerce.

DONA'TO (Bernardino), a learned Italian of the fix-
teenth century, born at Zano in the Veronefe. He was
Greek profeflbr at. Padua, andalfo taught at Parma, Fer-
aara, and Carpi ; and died about the middle of the cen-

DON IQ

tury In his own country. He is particularly known for
his Latin verfion of the Demonjlralio Evangelica of Eufe-
bius, which has feveral times been reprinted. He like-
wife tranflated fome works of Galen, Xeno-'hon, and
Aridotle. In 1341, he wrote a Latin dialogue on the
difference between the Aridotelic and Platonic philofo-
phy. A Latin grammar, publiflied at Venice in 1329, is
aferibed to him.

DONA'TO (Girolamo), a patrician of Venice, born
about 1454. He was a perfon eminent for probity and
talents, and was employed by his country in various im¬
portant and difficult negociations. He commanded in
‘Brefciai and Ferrara ; and, in 1310, reconciled the repub¬
lic to pope Julius II. He was at the fame time one of
the mod learned men of the age, particularly in the
Greek tongue. He tranflated into I.atin the commen¬
tary of Alexander Aphrodifeus upon Ariftotle on the
foul, and a homily of St. John Chryfoftom ; alfo fome
pieces attributed to Dionyfius the Areopagite, and to
John Damafcenus. He wrote an apology for the pope’s
fupremacy, againfl: the Greek church, anda letter to car¬
dinal Caratfa upon the fame fubjedl. Five of his epifiles
are extant, with thofe of Angelo Poliziano, and Pico of
Mirandula. He likewife drew up a long and forcible
apology for the Venetians againfl:- Charles VIII. king of
France. He died in 13x1.

DO'NATORY, f. in Scots law, that perfon to whom
the king beftows his right to any forfeiture that has fallen
to the crown.

DONA'TUS (^ilius), an ancient grammarian, flou-
rifhed in the time of Conftantine, and was one of the pre¬
ceptors of St. Jerom. He wrote commentaries upon Vir¬
gil and Terence ; and compofed fome works on grammar,
(fill remaining, printed in the colledtion of ancient gram¬
marians. The author of a life of Virgil, is fuppofed to
have been Tiberius Claudius Donatus, a later writer.

DONA'TUS, bifliop of Cafa: Nigrae in Numidia, in
the fourth century, gave name to the fedl of the Dona-
tifts in Africa. His party became exceedingly powerful
and numerous, and for a long time fupported their caufe
againfl their rival fadlion : but, finally, the fentence of
deprivation and excommunication was pronounced againfl
him by the bilhop of Rome.

DONA'TUS, bifliop of Carthage, was eledled to that
office by the Donatift party, after the death of Majorinus,
in 316. He was a perfon of confiderable learning and
abilities, whence he obtained among his fedt the furname
of the Great, and acquired more influence in the manage¬
ment of their concerns than any other of their bifhops.
By his perfuafive eloquence he induced vaft multitudes
to join their communion ; and by his writings confirmed
them in a zealous adherence to their diflinguifliing prin¬
ciples. But he is faid to have been haughty, conten¬
tious, and intolerant ; and, for the latter charge, the
dife-riminating tenets of the Donatifts, which he is con-
fidered as having fyftematifed, afford too ftrong evidence,

DONAUESCHIN'GEN, or Doneschingen, a town
of Germany, in the circle of Swabia, (ituated in the Black
Forefl, where the prince of Furftenberg has a palace,
near which is a fpring, faid to be the fource of the Da¬
nube : thirteen miles north-north-weft of Schaffhaufen,
and thirteen weft of Duttlingen.

DONAVIT'Z, a town of Hungary: fixteen miles north-
north-weft of Palotza.

DO'NAUSTAUFF, or Domstauf, a town of Ger¬
many, in the circle of Bavaria, and biftiopric of Ratifbon,
on the Danube : fix miles eaft of Rati (bon.

BONAWERT', a town of Germany, in Upper Ba¬
varia, on the Wernitz, near its union with the Danube,
It was formerly imperial, and in the circle of Swabia;
but, being put under the ban of the empire, in 1607, was
feized by the duke of Bavaria. It is fortified, and has
a bridge acrofs the Danube. It has been taken feveral
times in the wars of Germany, both by the French and
the Swedes, On the 3d of July 1704, the elector of Ba¬
varia.,

20

DON

varia,' to prevent Us falling into the hands of the allies,
ordered his garrifon to fet it on fire ; but, the duke of
Marlborough coming fuddenly into the town, the Bava¬
rian troop* were compelled to a precipitate retreat, and
the town was faved : thirty miles weft of Ingoldftadt,
and eighteen north of Augfburg. Lat. 4S. 39 N. Ion, 28.
25. E. Ferro.

DO'NAX,/! in botany. See Arundq.

DO'NAXjy A genus of fliell-fifh, belonging to the
order of vermes teftacea, commonly called the Jlat-fded
cockle. The animal is a tethys ; (hell bivalve, with ge¬
nerally a crenulate margin ; the frontal margin very ob-
tufe : hinge with two teeth, and a fingle marginal one
placed a little behind. For the number of fpecies, & c.
fee the article Conchology, vol.v. p. 32.

DON'CASTER, a confiderable manufacturing town
of Yorklhire, named from its fituation on the river Don,
over which it has two bridges ; diftant thirty-feven miles
from York, eighteeen from Sheffield, and 162 from Lon¬
don. It is a place of great antiquity, as appears from
the Itinerary of Antoninus, who tells us that the Crif-
pinian horfe were Rationed here while the Romans were
in Britain ; and that the governor of the province gene¬
rally refided in the caftle, that he might be near the great
wall, in order to repel the incurfions of the Scots and
PiCts. This caftle remained as a place of great ftrength
under the kings of Deira; but a dreadful fire breaking
out, anno 759, not only the caftle but the whole town
was reduced to afhes. The caftle was never after re¬
built ; and at prefent the place where it ftood is fcarcely
known. But the town was not fuffered to remain long
in ruins, it being foon after rebuilt in a handfome man¬
ner, and it has continued to flouriih from that time to
the prefent. In the reign of Henry III. a convent was
founded in it, with, an hofpital for lepers; but no re¬
mains of either are now left, only that there is a ftone
erofs ftill Handing at one end of the town, which appears
to have been ereCted in that age, and probably by the
perfon who founded the convent. The fituation of Don-
cafter is exceedingly pleafant, and is a great thorough¬
fare to York and other places in the north. It has two
fairs annually for horfes, &c. and a weekly market on
Saturdays. ProvYions of all kinds are plentiful, and the
town is well fupplied with water, which is conducted
through pipes from the river. The principal manufac¬
tories eftablifhed here are for fpinning wool, cotton, See.
The river is navigable up to the town ; and here are
the remains of a great Roman caufeway. The govern¬
ment of Doncafter is vefted in a mayor, recorder, aider-
men, and common-council. The church is a very ancient
ftruCture ; and the fteeple is greatly admired for its ex¬
traordinary workmanfhip. The manfion-houfe is a very
fpacious ftone edifice ; and it is to be remarked, that
Doncafter had a magnificent manfion-houfe, built by
Paine, for its mayor, before either London or York. It
has a free grammar-fehool, an alms-houfe for aged per-
fons, and a difpenfary for the relief of the fick poor in
the town and its neighbourhood.

Not far from Doncafter is Conifborough caftle, called
in Britifh Car Conan, (ituate on a rock, where Matthew
df Weftminfter fays, that Aurelius Ambrofius, a Britifh
rince, vanquifhed Hengift, the Saxon general, and took
im prifoner. Before the gate is an agger, faid to be the
burying-place of Hengift. It is not only famous for its
antiquity, but its fituation alfo celebrious, upon a plea¬
fant afeent, having in its neighbourhood fix large market-
towns, 120 villages, many large woods of oak, fiome beau¬
tifully cut through into walks; fix iron-fmeltingfurnaces,
many mines of coal and iron, quarries of ftone for build¬
ing, nine large ftone bridges, forty water-mills, fix feats
©f noblemen, fixty of gentlemen, fifty parks, and two na¬
vigable rivers. Contiguous to Conifborough is Went¬
worth, the feat of the Wentworths, who have flouri filed
here ever (ince the Norman invafion, and been poftefied
©f the eftate of Woodhoufe from the time of Henry III,

DON

It was rebuilt in a moft elegant manner by the late mar-
quis of Rockingham, and is now called Wentworth-houfe.
It is fituated in the midft of a moft beautiful country, and
in a park that is one of the moft exquifite fpbts in the
world. On entering the park, the profpeCt which pre-
fents itfelf is delicious, being diverfified by a noble range
of hills, dales, lakes, and woods, with the houfe magni¬
ficently fituated in the center of the whole. The eye
naturally falls into the valley, through which the water
winds in a noble ftile. On the oppofite fide is a vaft
fweep of rifing Hopes, finely fcattered with trees and
ffirubs, up to the houfe, which is here feen diftinCtly,
and ftands in the higheft point of grandeur, from whence
it commands all the furrounding country ; the woods
ftretching away above, below, and to the right and left,
with inconceivable magnificence. From the pyramid on
one fide, which riles from the bofom of a great wood, ex¬
tending quite round on the left, it there joins one of above
an hundred acres, hanging on the fide of a vaft hill, and
forming altogether an amphitheatrical profpeCt, the beau¬
ties of which are much eafier to be imagined than cje-
feribed. Upon the whole, Wentworth is in every refpeCt:
confidered as one of the fineft feats in the kingdom. With
feme, the houfe is an object of curiofity ; with others,
the park is admired ; the ornamental buildings give a
general beauty to the whole, in which fuperior tafte and
elegance are united.

In the neighbourhood of this is the ancient Stainbo-
rough, now Wentworth-caftle, a fine feat belonging to the
earl of Strafford. But Wentworth-caftle is more famous
for the beauties of the ornamented environs, than for that
of the houfe, though the front is fuperior to many. The
water and woods adjoining are fketched with great tafte.
The firft extends through the park in a meandering courfe,
and, wherever it is viewed, the terminations are no where
feen, having every where the effeCt of a real and very
beautiful river; the groves of oaks fill up the bends of
the ftream in a moft beautiful manner, here advancing
thick to the very banks of the water, there appearing at
a diftance, breaking away to a few fcattered trees in forne
fpots, and in others joining their branches into the moft
folemn fliade. The water in many places is feen from
the houfe, between the foliage of fcattered clumps, moft
picturefquely ; in others it is quite loft behind hills, and
breaks every where upon the view, in a ftile that cannot
be fufficiently admired. The lawn, which leads up to
the caftle, is truly elegant : there is a clump of lofty
pines on one fide of it, through which the diftant pro¬
fpeCt is feen, and a ftatue of Ceres is caught in the hol¬
low of a dark grove, with the moft piCturefque elegance,
and is one among the few inftances of ftatues being em¬
ployed in gardens with real tafte.

DON'CHERY, a town of France, in the department
of the Ardennes, and chief place of a canton, in the dif-
trict of Sedan, on the Meufe ; it is defended with walls
and fortifications. Here is alfo a woollen manufacture :
one league weft of Sedan.

DONDAN'GA, a town of the duchy of CourlancI :
twenty-four miles north-eaft of Piltyn.

DON'DI (James de), a phylician and mathematician,
flouriftted in Padua in the fourteenth century. He was
known by the name of the Aggregator , on account of a
work which he compofed, intitled, Promptuarium Medi¬
an. z, in quo Jacultates medicament orum fimplicium SB compc -
fitorum declarantur , (Be. firft printed at Venice, 1481, folio.
It is faid, in the preface, to have been written in 1355.
It is a mere compilation from the ancient phyficians.
He alfo wrote a work, De modo conjiciencli falls ex aquis ca-
lidis Aponenfibus, from which it appears, that he extracted
a fait from the waters of Albano, in the proportion of
one pound from one thoufand. This treatife, together
with one De jluxii (3 rejluxu maris, was printed at Venice
in 1571. He likevvife made himfelf celebrated for the
conftruCtion of a clock, which was one of the earlieft
ereCted in Italy. This was placed, in 1344, on the top

21

DON

•fa tower in the palace of Ubertino Carrara, lord of Pa-
via. It was a finking clock, of twenty-four hours. A
more famous machine, kept at Padua, reprefenting the
motions of all the heavenly bodies, as well as pointing
out the progrefs of the day and the year, has been ufu-
ally attributed to James de Dondi. But Tirabofchi ren¬
ders it probable that it was the work of his fon John, a
famous phyfician and aftronomer, a philofopher and poet,
and an intimate friend of Petrarch. From this curious
piece of machinery the family of Dondi acquired the fur-
llame of de Horologia.

DONE, part. paj[. of the verb To do:

Another like fair tree eke grew thereby.

Whereof whofo did eat, eftfoons did know
Both good and evil : O mournful memory !

That tree, through one man’s fault, hath done us all to
dye. Spenfcr.

The old infinitive of do. — Ne to your lady will I fervice
done. Spenfcr. — As maydens ufed to done. Id.

DONE, a kind of interjeElion. The word by which a
wager is concluded : when a wager is offered, he that
accepts it fays done. — 'Twas done and done, and the fox,
by confent, was to be the judge. L'Ef range.

One thing, fweet-heart, I will afk ;

Take me for a new-fafhion’d mafk,

— Done: but my bargain (hall be this,

I’ll throw my mafk off when I kifs. Cleaveland.

DONE'E, f. [from dono , I.at. ] One to whom a gift is
made. — Touching the parties unto deeds and charters,
we are to confider as well the donors and grantors, as
the donees or grantees. Spelman.

DO'NEGAL, a town of Ireland, which gives name to
{he county, fituated at the mouth of the river Efk, on a
large bay of the Atlantic, on the weft coafl of the ifland,
called from the town, The Bay of Donegal: nine miles
north-north-eafl of Ballyfhannon.

DO'NEGAL, a county of Ireland, bounded on the
weft and north by the fea, on the eaft by the counties of
Londonderry and Tyrone, and on the fouth by the county
of Fermanagh, and an arm of the fea, called The Bay of
Donegal, about feventy miles in length, and from ten to
thirty in breadth : it is computed to contain only forty-
two parifhes, 23,531 houfes, 140,000 inhabitants. The
furface is generally rugged and mountainous, in fome
parts boggy, with fome rich vales between the moun¬
tains and by the Tides of the rivers. The chief town is
Ballyfhannon. The principal rivers are the Finn, the
Dale, and the Guibarra.

DO'NEGAL, the name of three townfhips of the
American States, in Pennfylvania ; the one in Lancafter
county, the other in that of Weflmoreland, and the third
in Wafhington county.

DO'NETSK, a town of Ruflia, in the government of
Ekaterinoflav, on the river Donetz : 140 miles eaft of
Ekaterinoflav. Lat. 48.30. N. Ion. 56. 15. E. Ferro.

DO'NETZ, a river of Ruflia, which rifes near Bielgo-
rod, in the government of Kurik, and runs into the Don,
near Kotchetovfkaia, in the country of the Coflacks.

DON'GES, a town of France, in the department of the
Lower Seine : feven leagues weft-north-weft of Nantes.

DOh^'GO. See Angolo.

DONGO'LA, a province of Nubia, to the north of the
Nile, abounding in forefts of acacia, full of paroquets.

DO'NI (Giambatifla), a learned Italian writer, de-
fcended from a noble family in Florence, born in 1594.
He had his early education in the jefuits’ college at
Rome, where he greatly diftinguiflied himfelf by his abi¬
lity and application. He afterwards ftudied at Bourges,
where he added the knowledge of jurifprudence to his
other acquifitions ; and, on his return, he took his de¬
gree in law at Pifa. He ftudied the oriental languages ;
and, making a fecond vifit to France with the nuncio
Corfino, in 1621, he cultivated an acquaintance with all
Vol. VI. No. 327,

DON

the learned men, and examined the libraries of that coun¬
try. He then began to make a very copious colledlion
of infcriptions, which, after remaining a century in ma-
nufcript, was publifhed in 1731 by the learned Gori.
He was made profelfor of eloquence in the univerfity of
Florence, and was aggregated to the Florentine academy,
and to that of La Crufca. He continued to purfue his
ftudies with his ufual ardour, and to publifh learned
works, till his death in 1647. It is chiefly as a writer
upon mufic that Doni has perpetuated his name; and his
works on this fubjedt were numerous. In 1635 he puh-
liflied, Compcndio del trattato de gcncri e de' modi della Mu-
fea, con un dif corf 0 Jopra la perfettione de' concenti ■, to this
was added, Dif cor fo fopra la perfettione del/e melodic. In
1640 appeared his Annotazioni fopra il compcndio de' generi.
e de' modi della Mvfca, accompanied with various tradls
and difeourfes. In 1647 he publifhed, De praflantia Mu-
fca veteris, a dialogue comprifing a curious and learned
difqiiifition on ancient and modern mufic, with arguments
in favour of each, but ftrongly inclining to the caufe of
antiquity.

DONI'FEROUS, adj. [from the Lat. donum, a gift,
and fero, to bear.] Bringing gifts. Scott.

DON'JON, f. [now corrupted to dungeon, from domnio-
num, low Latin, according to Menage. ] The higheft and
ftrongeft tower of the caftle, in which prifoners were
kept ; as in Chaucer. It is now ufed of fubterraneous
prifons :

The grete toure, that was fo thicke and ftrong,

Which of the caftle was the chief dongeon,

Wherein the knightes were in prifon. Chaucer.

DON'JON (Le), a town of France, and principal place
of a diftridt, in the department of the Allier : eight leagues
fouth-eaft of Moulins. Lat. 4 6. 21. N. Ion. 21. 28. E.
Ferro.

DON'KEY,/ A young afs.

DON'KOV, a town of Ruflia, in the government of
Riazan, fituated near the fource of the Don : fixty miles
fouth of Riazan, and 480 fouth-fouth-eafl of Peterfburg.

DONNE (John, D.D.), a poet and divine, fon of a
merchant in London, born in 157 3. He was fent to ftudy
at Oxford fo early as his eleventh year, at which time we
are told that he was a kind of prodigy of abilities. After
a ftay there of three years, he paired as many at Cam¬
bridge, and was then entered at Lincoln’s-inn for the
ftudy of the law. This, however, he laid alide for that
of controverfial divinity ; for his relations, being papifts,
had infufed into his young mind the principles of their
faith, and he now thought it time to fix his religious
profeflion by enquiring for himfelf. The refult ot his
examination into the controverted points was, a firm de-
cifion in favour of proteftantifm. He attended the earl of
Eflex in 1596-97, on his expeditions againft Cadiz and
the Azores ; and he afterwards paflfed fome years in Italy
and Spain. On his return he became fecretary to lord-
chanCellor Egerton, and continued in that employment
five years, when a clandeltine marriage he contracted
with a niece of the chancellor caufed his difmiflion.
The young couple llruggled with difficulties, which were
in fome degree alleviated by fir Francis Wooley and fir
Robert Drury, who gave them apartments at his houfe
in Drury-lane ; and, in 1612, he accompanied that friend
on his embafly to Paris. On his return, many of the no¬
bility urged king James to confer upon him fome civil
employment ; but his majefty, who had fecretly refolved
to make a divine of him, rejected their folicitations. He
had already inftigated Donne to draw up a treatife on the
controverly then depending concerning the oaths of alle¬
giance and fupremacy required from the Roman catho¬
lics ; and the refult was his work, intitled, Pfudo-Mar-
tyr, printed in 1610. He was now ordained deacon and
priell by the bilhop of London, and was prefented with
the degree of dodlor of divinity by the univerfityof Cam*
bridge j after which he was made preacher of Lincoln’s-
G inn.

2'2 D O N

inn. In 1619, he accompanied Hay earl of Boncafter, on
an embafly to the German princes. After his return,
the king conferred upon him tire deanery of St. Paul’s,
with which lie enjoyed the living of St. Dunftan’s in the
Weft, and another benefice. A dangerous illnefs with
which he was atfedted, gave occafion to his book of De¬
votions upon emergent Occafions, in which the fervour
-of his foul is ftrongly exprefled. He recovered and lived
in good "health, till he was feized with a fever in 1630,
after which he began to decline. He preached in his turn
at court in Lent, 1631 ; and his difcourfe, on this occa¬
fion, was termed by, the houfehold, “ the doctor’s own
funeral fermon.” He died on March 31 cf that year, and
was buried in St. Paul’s cathedral.

Dr. Donne was a writer both in profe and verfe, but he
is chiefly remembered as a poet ; and in that capacity it is
rather his name than his works which may be faid to fur-
vive. He is, however, worthy of notice, as (landing al-
moll at the head of a particular clafs, and uniting in a
high degree its excellences and defeats. This is the witty
clafs, underftanding the word wit to mean the faculty of
aftembling and alfociating the molt difcordant images,
and prefenting a thought under its remoteft and moft
fanciful afpects. The ftrong fenfe and wit of his fatires
induced Pope to employ himfelf in verfifying (as he juftly
called it) two of them, but they are not among that poet’s
moft pleafing produdtions. Dr. Donne was among thofe
Englifti poets who wrote Latin verfe with elegance. A
collection was publifhed in 1633, infilled, Fafciculus Pve-
matum et Epigrammatim mifcellaneorum, which contains a book
of epigrams by him. Of his profe works, one of the moft
remarkable is that intitled Biathanatos ; or, a Declaration
of that Paradox or Thefts, that Self-homicide is not fo na¬
turally a Sin, that it may not be otherwife. This feerns to
have been a juvenile fport of the underftanding, in fup-
porting a nice argument with no other view than as an
exercife of the faculties. Dr. Donne alio wrote Eftays on
Divinity; Sermons, 3 vols. folio; Letters; andotherpieces;
many of which are configned to oblivion.

DONNEMARI'E, a town of France, in the depart¬
ment of the Seine and Marne, and chief place of a can¬
ton, in the diftritt of Provins : three leagues fouth-weft
of Provins.

DONNERAI'LE, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Cork : nineteen miles north of Cork, and twenty-fix fouth
©f Limerick

DON'NERSMARK,orCsoTORTOKHELY,orSTWAR-
tek, a town of Hungary : feven miles north-north-weft
©f Kapfdorf.

DON'NINGTON, or Dunnington, a market town
cf Lincolnfliire, diftant one hundred and ten miles from
London, ten from Spalding, and eleven from Bofton.
The market-day is Saturday ; and there are two large
fairs ; one on the 25th of May, the other on the 17th of
October. The town, which is very much improved
within the laft ten years, is noted for an extenfive trade
in hemp and hemp-feed ; it has a port for barges, by
which goods are carried to and from Bofton and the
Wadies. A firm rampart of earth, of a confiderable
breadth, has lately been made from hence, through the
fens, to Sempringham, in which the road has been ren¬
dered paflable in winter, which before was attended with
great danger. Here is a large free-fchool, fupported by
a donation of about five hundred pounds a-year, given by
lord Cowley.

DON'NOE, a fmall ifland in the North Sea, near the
coaft of Norway. Lat. 66. 5. N. Ion. 29. E. Ferro.

DO'NOR,/. [fromttao, Lat.] A giver ; a beftower j
©ne who gives any thing : the perfon receiving which is
called the donee. — It is a mighty check to beneficent tem¬
pers to confider how often good defigns are fruftrated
and perverted to purpofes, which, could the donors thern-
felves have foreseen, they would have been very loth to
promote. Atterhury.

BOO

DON'SHAL, a town of Egypt : ten miles north-freft
of Foua.

DO'NSHIP, f. Quality or rank of a gentleman or
knight :

I’m none of thofe,

Your bofom-friends, as you fuppofe ;

But Ralph himfelf, your trufty (quire,

Wh’ has dragg’d yoiir donjhip out o’ th’ mire. Hudibras.

DONSKA'IA, a town and fortrefs of Ruflia, in the
country of the Colfacks, on the Don: 220 miles eaft-
north-eaft of Azoph.

DONSKA'IA, a fortrefs of Rufiia, in the government
of Caucafus -. 1 16 miles weft-north-iveft of Ekaterinograd.

DON'ZEL, f. [Hal.] A young attendant. — No, you
(hall fpare his dowcets, my dear donzels. Beaumont and
Fletcher. — He is efquire to a knight-errant, donzel to- the
damfels. Butler.

DONZENAC', a town of France, in the department
of the Correze, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt
of Brive : three leagues and a half weft-fouth-weft of
Tulle.

DONZE'RE, a town of France, in the department of
the Drome, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrift
of Montelimart : two leagues and a half fouth of Mon-
telimart.

DON'ZY, a town of France, in the department of
Nievre, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt of
Cofne : five leagues and a half fouth-weft of Clameey.

DON'ZY, a town of France, in the department of the
Rhone and Loire : five miles eaft of Feurs.

DOO'AB, a province of Hindooftan, between the river
Ganges and Jumnah : belonging to the nabob of Qude.

DOO'BAUNT, or Dooboont, a lake, about feventy
miles long, and thirty broad : fituated fouth-eaft of the.
head of Chefterfield inlet, in New South Wales.

DOO DLE, f. [a cant word, perhaps corrupted from
,do little. ] A trifler ; an idler.

DOOLE, f. [_deuil, Fr.] Sorrow:.

That angry foole

Which follow’d her, with curled hands uncleane-
Whipping her horfe, did with his fmarting toole
Oft whip her dainty felfe, and much augment her doole*

DOO'LY, f. [Indian.] A kind of open box, made of
light wood, large enough for a perfon to lie at full length.
It is ufually fulpended from poles of bamboo, and car¬
ried on the (boulders of four men. Moft gentlemen in
the army take one to the field for the double purpofe of
travelling, and ufing as a bed. They are alfo extremely
convenient for removing the fick and wounded. It is the
bier of the Eait Indians.

To DOOM, v.a. [beman, Sax.] To judge:

Him through malice fall’n,

Father of mercy and grace ! thou didft not doom
So (iridtly, but much more to pity incline. Milton ,

To condemn to any punifhment ; to fentence :

He may be doom'd to chains, To flume, to death,

While proud Hippolitus (hall mount his throne. Smith*.

To pronounce condemnation upon any :

Minos, the drift inquifitor, appears,

And lives and crimes, with his afleflors, hears;

Round in his urn the blended balls he rowls,

Abfolves the juft, and dooms the guilty fouls. Dryden .
To command judicially or authoritatively :

Have I a tongue to doom my brother’s death,

And (hall that tongue give pardori to a (lave ? Skakefp .
To deftine; to command by uncontrollable authority ;

I have no will but what your eyes ordain ;

Dcltin’d to love, as they are doom'd to reign. Granville .

' doom3.

0.0 0

DOOM, / [bom, Sax. deem, Lat.] Judicial fentence ;
Judgment. — In the great day, wherein the fecrets of afl
hearts fhall be laid open, no one fliall be made to anfwer
for what he knows nothing of ; but fhall receive his doom,
his confcience accufmg or excufing him. Locke.

And now, without redemption, all mankind
Mull have been loft, adjudg’d to death and hell
By doom fevere. Milton.

The great and final judgment :

Search Wrndfor cattle, elves, within and out :

Strew good luck, ouphes, on every facred room,

That it may ftand till the perpetual doom. Shakefpeare.
Condemnation; judicial fentence :

Revoke thy doom,

Or whilft I can vent clamour from my throat,

I’ll tell thee thou doft evil. Shakefpeare.

Determination declared

If friend or foe, let him be gently us’d.

— Revoke that doom of mercy, for ’tis'Clifford. Shakef,
The ftate to which one is deftined :

By day the web and loom.

And homely houfehold talk, fliall be her doom. Dryden.
Ruin; deftrudtion

From the fame foes, at laft, both felt their doom ;

And the fame age faw learning fall, and Rome. Pope.

D00MS1DAY, f. The day of final and univerfal
judgment ; the laft,, the great day:

Men, wives, and children fture, cry out, and run,

As it were doomfday . Shakefpeare.

They may ferve for any theme, and never be out of date
until doonfday. Brown.

Our fouls, not yet prepar’d for upper light.

Till doomfday wander in the (hades of night :

This only holiday of all the year,

We privileg’d in funfliine may appear. Dryden.

The day of fentence or condemnation. — All-fouls day is
my body’s doomfday. Shakefpeare.

DOOM'SDAY-BOOK. See Domesday-book. — The
Danes alfo brought in a reckoning of money by ores, per
eras, which is mentioned in doomfday -book. Camden.

DOOM, a river of Scotland, which ilfues from Loch
Doon, and taking a north-weft direction, divides the
diftridt of Kyle from Carrick, the fouthern divifion of
Ayrfliire, and falls into the frith of Clyde, about three
miles fouth of Ayr.

DOOR,/, [boji, bujae, Saxon; dorris, Erfe.] The
gate of a houfe ; that which opens to yield entrance.
Door is ufed of houfes, and gates of cities or public build¬
ings ; except in the licence of poetry. — -For without
rules there can be no art, any more than there can be a
houfe without a door to conduct you in. Dryden.

All the caftle quaked from the ground^

And every door of free-will open flew. Spenfer.

To the fame end men fev’ral paths may tread,

As many doors into one temple lead. Denham.

I-n familiar language, a houfe ; often in the plural, doors.
— Martin’s office is now the fecond door in the ftreet,
where he will fee Parnel. Arbuthnot. — Lambs, though
they are bred within doors, and never faw the actions of
their own fpecies, pufh at thofe who approach them with
their foreheads. Addifon. — Entrance-; portal :

The tender blades of grafs appear;

And buds, that yet the blaft of Eurus fear,

Stand at the door of. life, and doubt to clothe the year.

Dryden.

Railage; avenue; means of approach. — The indifpenfa-
ble neceflity of fincere obedience, fhuts the door againft
all temptations to carnal, fecurity. Hammond.— .Out of

DOR S3.

Door, er Doors. No more to be found ; quite gone ;
fairly fent away. — His imaginary title of fatherhood is
out of doors, and Cain is no prince over his brother. Locke.
Should he, who was thy lord, command thee now,

With a harfh voice and fupercilious brow,

To fervile duties, thou would’ftfear no more;

The gallows and the whip are out of door. Dryden.

At the Door of arty one. Imputable; chargeable upon
him. — In any of which parts if I have failed, the fault
lies wholly at my door. Dryden. — Next Door to. Ap¬
proaching to ; near to ; bordering upon. — A feditious
word leads to a broil, and a riot unpunifhed is but next
door to a tumult. L'E/lrange.

DOOR'CASE, J'. The frame in which the door is
fixed.— The making of frames for doorcafes, is the fram¬
ing of two pieces of wood athwart two other pieces.
Moxon .

DOOR'K.EEPER, f. Porter ; one that keeps the en¬
trance of a houfe. — He that hath given thefe aftiftances
to thee, defires to be even a doorkeeper in God’s houfe,
and to be a fervant to the meuneft of God’s fervants.
Taylor.

DOPH'KAH, the ninth' place of encampment of the
Ifraelites, in their journey from Egypt to Canaan. Num¬
bers xxxiii. 1 2.

DOPO'NEN, a town of Pruffian Lithuania : . four miles
fouth-fouth-eaft of Stalluponen.

DOP'PELMAIER (John Gabriel), a celebrated ma¬
thematician and profelior at Nuremberg, born in 1667
in that city, where his father was a merchant. Having
gone through the ufual preparatory courfe of education,
he ftudied law at Altdorf, in 1696 ; but, at the fame time,
attended the ledtures of the celebrated profelfor Sturm
on philofophy and the mathematics. He came to Eng¬
land in 1701, where he formed an acquaintance with the
moft celebrated mathematicians, and particularly Flam-
ftead, the aftronomer-royal at Greenwich. In 1702, he
returned to his native city ; and, in 1704, was made pro-
feflor of mathematics in the Egidian college at Nurem¬
berg, which place he filled for forty years. In 1715, he
was eledted a fellow of the royal fociety of London; and
the imperial academy of Peterftmrgh fent him a diploma
of aftociate in 1741. Towards the latter part of his life
he attracted great notice in the philofophical world by
his electrical experiments, and died on the ift of De¬
cember, 1 750. His works are, 1 . Tabula Aftronomica. ■ Thom.
Streetii, Norim. 1705, quarto, tranilated into Latin from
theEnglifti. 2. Bion on Mathematical Inftruments, 1712,
tranilated into German from the French. 3. The De¬
fence of Copernicus, by J. Wilkins, 1713, quarto, tranfla-
ted into German from the Engliftt. 4. A Ihort Expla¬
nation of the Syftem of Copernicus, 1707, quarto, written
in German. 5. A fourth volume of Welper’s Gnomo-
nics, 1708, folio, written in German. 6. Introduction to
Geography, for Homan’s Atlas, 1714, 1716, folio, in
German. 7. The fame work in Latin, 1731. 8. A Con¬

tinuation of Bion on Mathematical Inftruments, 1717,
quarto. 9. A Second Continuation of Bion, 1720. 10.

General Method of tracing out large Sun-dials, 1719,
folio, in German. 11. Nova Metkodus parandi Sciatcrica
Solaria, 1720, quarto. 12. An Hiftorical Account of the
Mathematicians and Artifts of Nuremberg, 1730, folio, in
German. 33. Phyfica Experiments illvfrata, 1741, quarto. .
14. Atlas Calcfis, in quo XXX Tabula: Afronomica ari inefa
continentur, 1742, folio. 14. The Phenomena of Eledh i-
city, &c. in German.

DOP'PER, /. [from dop, old Englifh, for dip.~\ An
anabaptift. — Ha’ you doppers? — A world of dappers: but
they are there as lunatic perfons, walkei-s only, that have
leave only to hum and ha, not daring to prophecy, or
ftart up upon ftools to raile' dodfrine B. Jonfon.

DOR, a city of Paleftine, of the half-tribe of Manafleh,
in Galilee, fituated near the fea-flde. Jfk, xvii. 11,

DG'RA, the name of a place. 1 Mac. xv. 13.

DO'RAC,

24 DOR

DO R AC, a town of Perfia, in the province of Chit-
flftan : feventy-five miles fouth of Sufa.

DORA'DO, f. in agronomy, a fouthern conftellation,
not vifibie in our latitude ; it is alfo called xij>hias. The
ftars of this conftellation, in Sharp’s catalogue, are fix.

DORaE'NA, /. In botany, a genus of the clafs pen-
tand.ria, order monogynia. The generic characters are- — ■
Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, five-cleft, fhorter than
the corolla ; divisions ovate, concave. Corolla : one-
petalled, fubcylindric-wheel-fhaped ; border five-cleft,
legmen is ovate, obtufe* eredt. Stamina: filaments very
iliort, fo as to be fcarcely any ; infer ted into the tube of
the corolla ; anthers oblong, fubquadrangular, included.
Piltillum : germ conic, finooth, fuperior ; ftyle filiform,
the length of the corolla ; ftigma truncate, emarginate.
Pericarpium ; capfule ovate, acute, one-celled. Seeds:
very many. — EJfential CkaraEler. Corolla, five-cleft;
ftigma emarginate ; capfule one-celled.

Doraena Japonica, or Japan dorena, the only fpecies
known, is a tree of about a fathom in height ; branches
alternate, round, afii-coloured, fmooth, divaricate ;
flowers in racemes, white, minute ; racemes axillary,
liparcely half an inch long; capfule the fize of a pepper¬
corn. Native of Japan.

DO'RAN, an ancient city of Arabia, in the province
of Yenian, fituate on the declivity of a mountain, not
far from the junction of roads between Sana and Damar.
It is the refidence of a fchieck, and of feveral imams or
princes: twenty-eight miles fouth of Sana. Lat. 14. 55.
N. Ion. 44. 4. E. Ferro.

DO'R AT, a town of France, and principal place of a
diftridt, in the department of the Upper Vienne : eight
leagues north of Limoges. Lat. 46. 13. N. Ion. 1S.45.E.
Ferro.

DO'R AT, or Daurat, John (Latin Auratus), a man
fflf letters and poet, born of an ancient family in the Li-
mofin, about the beginning of the fixteenth century. He
fini fhed his ftudies at Paris, where he acquired fitch a
reputation for learning, that he was made royal profelfor
in the Greek language. He was in confiderable favour
with Charles IX. who took pleafure in converfing with
him ; but it does not appear that he was much benefited
by royal patronage, fince he pafled the latter part of life
in great indigence. He poured forth a vaft number of
verfes, Greek, Latin, and French ; and acquired the title
of poet-royal. In the vigour of his powers he was thought
inferior to none in lyric poetry. He alfo ranked high as
a critic, and was accounted to excel in explaining the
fenfe of obfcure ancient authors. He married a fecond
time, in his old age, a handfome young woman ; and
when cenfured for the inequality of the connection, he
replied, that he cliofe rather to die by a bright fword
than a rally one. He furvived his eightieth year, and
died in 1 588.

DOR'CAS, [ Gr. a roebuck.] A proper name
of women.

DOR'CHESTER, the county town of Dorfetfiiire,
diftant 122 miles weft of London, and eight from Wey¬
mouth. It is regularly built, on the elevated banks of
the Frome, confiding of four ftreets, correfponding to the
four cardinal points, and has the river on its north fide:
it had originally four gates, one in the middle of each
fide, and was encompafled with a ltrong wall and ditch.
On the weft fide part of the old wall is ftill {landing,
which is twelve feet thick. The foundation of the Ro¬
man wall appears quite round the town; but eaftward
there is a ftreet built upon it, called the Walls. Here
are three churches, among which that dedicated to St.
Peter is a handfome ftruCture. Here is an area of an old
caftle, out ofwhofe ruins the monafiery of the Grey Friars
was built. The ftreets are neatly paved, and the houfes
generally built with ftone. The corporation confifts of
a mayor, recorder, two bailiffs, fix aldermen, fix capi¬
tal bu rgeffes, and twenty-four common-council men, by
charter of 5 Charles I. Here are three alms-houfes, one
x

DOR

of which is handfome and well endowed ; there is alfo a
good free-fchool. In this town the county affizes are
held, and the knights of the fibre chofen. The town has
fent members to parliament ever fince 23 Edward I. Dor-
chefter had two mints for coining money in the time of
the Saxons. It extends five furlongs from eaft to weft,
and within the walls covers about eight acres. Here was
a dreadful fire, Augufl 6, 1613, which confumed two of
the churches, fince rebuilt, and about 300 houfes, to the
damage of 20o,oool. but not a foul perifhed in it. Dor-
chefter has confiderable breweries, and carries on a great
trade in beer, large quantities of which are fold in Lon¬
don, and other parts of the kingdom. It has almoft loft
the manufacture of broad-cloth, for which it was once
famous ; and its ferge trade is not very confiderable. It
is computed that no lefs than 600,000 fheep are conflantly
fed within fix miles of this place : the ewes generally
bringing two lambs, which is imputed to the wild thyme
and other aromatic herbage which here grow upon the
downs in great abundance. It has a market Wednefdays
and Saturdays; with four fairs, namely, on the 12th of
February, for cattle and fheep ; on Trinity-Monday, and
July 5, for fiieep, lambs, and all forts of cattle ; and on
the 5th of Augufl, for cattle, fiieep, wool, and leather.

The ancient mounds and circumvallation called Pond-
bury, lie half a mile weft of Dorchefter; upon the fide
of the river (lands an ancient fortification, of a fquare form,
with a high rarnpart ; but the ditch is inconfiderable, ex¬
cept at the angle by the river: the chief entrance was
by the fouth fide. Is is fuppofed to have been originally
a Roman camp. There is alfo on the down another Ro¬
man camp, called Maiden Caftle, which Dr. Stukely ima¬
gines was the .Tiftiva of the Dumovarian garrifon : it is
of a vaft extent, prodigioufiy ftrong, and appears to have
been formed in the inferior times of the empire. The
amphitheatre is {till vifibie. Fordington is a large vil¬
lage near Dorchefter, to which it was formerly a fuburb,
and had a market on Tuefdays, and a fair. It has ftill an
officer chofen yearly called a reeve. This parifh abounds
with antiquities, and Roman coins are frequently dug up
here. In 1747, on digging chalk, above 200 fkeletons
were difeovered four or five feet deep. The parifh church
is large and ancient, {landing on a rifing ground, with a
tower eighty feet high.

DOR'CHESTER, a townfhip of the American States,
in Grafton county, New Hampfhire, incorporated in 1761;
feventeen miles from Dartmouth College.

DOR'CHESTER, an ancient and thriving townfhip of
the American States, in Norfolk county* MafFachufetts,
fettled as early as 1630. A number of towns have been
peopled from it fince its firft fettlement. It is fituated
two miles fouth by eaft of Bofton, and is now about fix
miles long and three and a half broad. The chief manu¬
factures are paper, chocolate, fnuff, leather, and fhoes of
various forts. It has a handfome church; and, by the
cenfus 1722 inhabitants. This town and its vicinity dif¬
fered much during the early part of the American war.

DOR'CHESTER, a town of the American States, in
Cumberland county, New Jerfey, fituated on the eaft fide
of Morris river, about five miles from its mouth, in the
bay, and feventeen eaftward of Fairfield.

DOR'CHESTER, a county of the American States,
in Maryland, on the eaft fide of Chefapeak bay, and the
fouth fide of Choptank river, which feparates it from
Talbot county. It has feveral i (lands on its coaft ; the
chief of thefe, from the mouth of Hudfon river, are,
James, Taylor’s, Barren, Hooper’s, and Goldfborough’s,
which laft lies between Hungary-river and Fifhing-bay.
The length in the county from eaft to weft is about thirty-
three miles, and its breadth from north to fouth twenty-
feven miles. The number of its inhabitants 1 5,875. The
lands in the northern parts are fomewhat elevated, but
in the fouthern parts low and marfiiy. The produce is
chiefly wheat, corn, and lumber. Its chief town is
Cambridge.

DOR'CHESTER,

DOR'CHESTER, a (mail town of the American States,
in Charleftown diftridrt, South Carolina, feated on the
north-eaft bank of Aftiley river, eighteen miles weft-
north-weft of Charleftown city. This place was fettled
and named as early as 1700, by a colony from Dorchefter
and its vicinity in Maffachufetts.

DORDO'GNE, a river of France, which rifes about
feven miles north-weft from Beffe, in the department of
the Puy-de-Dome, pafles by Bort, Argental, Beaulieu,
Souillac, Limeuil, Bergerac, Caftillon, Libourn, See. and
joins the Garonne, between Blaye and Bourdeaux.

DORDO'GNE, a department of France, part of the
province of Perigord, bounded on the north-eaft by the
department of the Upper Vienne, on the eaft by the de¬
partments of the Lot and Correze, on the fouth by the
department of the Lot and Garonne, on the weft by the
departments of the Gironde and the Lower Charente,
and on the north-weft by the department of the Charente.
Perigueux is the capital.

DORE, a river of France, which rifes in the depart¬
ment of the Puy-de-Dome, and joins the Allier, near
Ciidet, in the department of the Allier.

DORE l’EGLISE, a town of France, in the depart¬
ment ot the Puy-de-Dome : five leagues eaft of Iffoire.

DOREBAT', a city of Arabia, in the province of Ye¬
men, and capital of the territories of Schiech Ibn Aklan,
who refides there. Its fituation, on the fummit of a hill,
renders it naturally ftrong : ten miles diftant from Mocha.

DORE'E, or John Doree, /. in ichthyology. See
Zeus.

DO'RENBERG, or Duirenburg, a towm of Germa¬
ny, in the circle ot Weftphalia, and county of Ravenf-
berg : three miles north-weft of Bielefield.

DO'RENHAGEN, a town of Germany, in the circle
of Weftphalia, and bifliopric of Paderburn : five miles
fouth-fouth-eaft of Paderburn.

DO'RENTHAL, or Dorotheenthal, a town of Ger¬
many, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and circle of Erzge-
birg : thirteen miles fouth of Freyburg.

DORET'TE, a riv.er of France, which runs into the
Dive, near Troan, in the department of the Calvados.

DOR'FEN, a town of Germany, in Low'er Bavaria, on
the I fen: twenty-feven miles eaft-north-eaft of Munich.

DORFF, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of Auf-
tria, on the.Danube : eleven miles north-weft of Bruck.

DORF'FLIS, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of
Auftria : feven miles fouth of Zifterftorf.

DORF'MARK, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Lower Saxony, and principality of Luneburg : twenty
miles north-weft of Zelle.

DOR'PIEIM, a town of Germany, in the circle of the
Upper Rhine, and county of Hanau Mtinzenberg: twelve
miles north of Hanau.

DORHO'BUSS, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Volhynia : fixty miles eaft of Lucko.

DO'RIA (Andrew), a gallant Genoefe fea-officer, born
in 1466, He entered into the fervice of Francis I. of
France; but preferved that true fpirit of independence,
which gained him univerful admiration and regard. When
the French attempted to render Savona, long the object
of jealoufy to Genoa, its rival in trade, Doria remonftrated
againft the meafure in high terms ; which bold action,
reprefented by the malice of his courtiers in the moft
odious light, to much irritated Francis, that lie ordered
his admiral Barbelietix to fail to Genoa, then in the hands
of the French troops, to arreft Doria, and to feize his
galleys. This order being communicated fecretly to
Doria, he retired with all his galleys to a place of fafe-
ty ; and, while his refentment was thus railed, he clofed
with the offers of the emperor Charles V. returned his
commifiion, with the collar of St. Michael, to Francis,
and hoifted the imperial colours upon all the ftiips of his
fquadron. To deliver his country, weary alike of the
French and imperial yoke, from the dominion of fo¬
reigners, was now Doria’s higheft ambition; and the. fa-
Vol. VI. No. 328.

vourable moment offered. Genoa was afflicted with the
peftilence, the French garrifon was greatly reduced and
ill-paid, and the inhabitants were fufficiently difpofed to
fecond his views. He failed to the harbour with thir¬
teen galleys, landed five hundred men, and made himfelf
mafter of the gates and the palace with very little re¬
finance. The French governor with his feeble garrifon
retired to the citadel, but was quickly forced to capitu¬
late ; when the people ran together, and levelled the ci¬
tadel with the ground. It was now in Doria’s power to
have rendered himfelf the fovereign of his country ; but,
with a magnanimity of which there are few examples,
he affembled the people in the court before the palace,
difclaimed all pre-eminence, and recommended to them
to fettle that form of government they chofe to eftablilh.
The people, animated by his fpirit, forgot their faiftions,
and fixed that form of government which has fubfifted
ever fince with little variation. This event happened in
1528. The Genoefe, in gratitude to Doria, erefted a
ftatue to him in the midft of the great fquare of their
city; built for him a palace in the fame place, which
was for ever to be called by his name ; ordained that
himfelf and his pofterity fhould be exempted from im¬
ports of all kinds ; and were defirous of erecting a fortrefs
for him upon a fpot which commanded every part of the
city, that in cafe of any confpiracy againft his life, or in-
furredlion of the refractory inhabitants, he might retire
in fafety, till his friends and fellow-citizens could repair
to his aftiftance. But to this he returned the following
memorable anfwer : “ God forbid, that to infure the
fafety of the remainder of my life, my country ftiould be
rendered obnoxious to flavery ! This fortrefs, which you
feern anxious to build, would only contribute, one day
or other, in the hands of a defpot, to reduce the repub¬
lic to a ftate of fervitude. For remember, that neither
men nor ftates can preferve their liberty by mere ram¬
parts and garrifons ; that ineftimable blefling can only be
perpetuated by the difintereftednefs of the nobility, and
the obedience of the people.” Doria lived to the great
age of ninety-two or ninety-four years, refpefted and be¬
loved as a private citizen ; and is ftill celebrated in Ge¬
noa by the moft honourable of all appellations, “ The
father of his country, and the reftorer of its liberty.”

DO'R-IA,y; in botany. See Senecio, Solidago, and
Othonna.

DO'RIA BALTE'A, or Grand Doria, a river of
Piedmont, which rifes in the Alps, on the borders of the
Valais, and, after winding through the valley of Aorta,
&c. empties itfelf into the Po by two branches, between
Chivazzo and Crefcentino.

DO'RIA RIPA'RIA, or Little Doria, a river of
Piedmont, which rifes in the Alps, on the borders of
France, paffes through the valley of Sufa, & c. and runs
into the Po a little to the north-eaft of Turin.

DO'RIANS, a people from Egypt, who came into
Greece, or Hellotia, under the name of Adorians ; and
from their fimplicity of manners, and their little inter-
courfe with foreigners, preferved the purity of their an¬
cient tongue. The ancient hymns, fung in the Prutaneia
all over Greece, were Doric : fo facred was their dialeft
efteemed. As every colony, which went abroad, took to
themfelves fome facred title, from their particular mode
of worfhip ; this ftiled themfelves accordingly Dorians.
They were fo named from the deity Adorns, who by a
common aphserefis was expreffed Dorus. The country,
when they arrived, was inhabited by a people of a dif¬
ferent race ; whom they termed, as they did all nations
in contradiftinflion to themfelves, BapSapoi. With thefe
original inhabitants they had many conflicts ; of which
we may fee fome traces in the hiftory of the Heraclidas :
for the Dorians were the fame as the Herculeans ; and
did not fettle in Greece only; but in many parts of the
world, whither the Amonians in general betook them¬
felves. Paufanias imagines that the Dorians were com¬
paratively of late date; yet he ftiews, from many evi-

26'

DOR

dences in different parts of his antiquities, that they were
high in the mythic age: and informs us of one curious
particular, that all the ancient hymns of Greece, in every
province, were in the dialect of this people. From this
it would appear, in oppcfition to this learned antiquary,
that they were as ancient as any branch of their family ;
that their language was the true Hellenic; and that it
was cnce univerfally fpoken. Their hiftory is not to be
confined to Greece; for they were to be found in Phe-
nicia, Caria, Crete, and. Etruria. They forced them-
Iclves into Laconia and Meffenia ; in the latter of which
provinces the Dorian language was retained in the greateft
purity : and from their hiftory are to be obtained more
ancient terms than can be elfewhere collected. We learn
from aimed every writer upon the fubjeCt, that the Do¬
rians, like their brethren the lonim, were not the fir ft
occupiers of Greece. They were colonies from Egypt:
and Herodotus fpeaks of all the heads and leaders of this
people as coming dircCtly from thence. He" takes his
epochafrom the fuppofed arrival of Perfeus and Danae ;
and fays, that all the principal perfons of the Dorian fa¬
mily upwards, were in a direCt line from Egypt. But it
was not Perfeus, nor Ion, nor Dorns, who came into
Greece ; but a race of people tliled Ionians, Dorians, and
Perefians. Thefe were the AiyvTnioi tOcvyuveec ; who went
originally from Babylonia and Chaldea into Egypt, which
countries in aftertimes were included under the general
name of AfTyria.

DO'RIC, adj. in architecture, the fecond of the five
orders. For the defeription and figure, fee Architec¬
ture, vol. ii. p. 104.

DO'RIGNY (Louis), a French painter of eminence,
born at Paris in 1654, the fon of Michael Dorigny, a
painter and engraver of merit. He began at an early age
to praCtife defign under his father; and after his death
entered in the fchool of Le Brim. At the age of feven-
teen he contended for the prizes at the academy ; and
obtaining only the fecond when he thought he deferved
the firft, he quitted the academy. He at length fettled
at Verona, occafionally vifiting the other towns of Italy
as profeffional occupations Called him. In 1711 prince
Eugene fent for him to Vienna, and employed him above
a year. Dorigny poflefled great facility of compofition,
and the -art of well managing large fubjeCts. His pencil
was animated, his colouring lively, his manner firm and
correCt, his dile heroical and fublime, but he was fome-
wliat deficient in grace and dignity. He was a mailer in
frefco, of which he gave feverai fpecimens. The mod
confiderable of thefe is in the dome of the great church
at Trent. Dorigni died at Verona in 1742, aged eighty-
eight.

DO'RIGNY (Nicolas), younger brother of the pre¬
ceding, attained great eminence as an engraver. He re¬
dded twenty-eight years in Italy, where he publifiied
prints from the works of the principal painters. He came
to England, and engraved the famous cartoons at Hamp-
ton-Court, for which he was knighted by George I. He
was a member of the French academy of painting, and
died at Paris in 1746, in his ninetieth year.

DO'RING, or Daring, f. A term tiled to exprefs a me¬
thod of taking larks, by means of a clap-net and looking-
glafs. See the article Bird-catching, vol. iii. p. 50.

DO'RINGSTADT, or Durinstatt, a town of Ger¬
many, in the circle of Franconia, and bilhopric of Bam¬
berg : fourteen miles north of Bamberg.

DO'RINK, or Doring, (Matthias), a learned German
monk of the Fran.cifcan order, born at Kiritz in 1415.
He was profoundly flcilled in the facred feriptures, in phi-
lofophy, and in fcholadic theology. In 1445 he was cliofen
to fill the divinity chair in the univerfity of Magdeburg,
and difeharged the duties of his province with eminent
reputation. Paul de Burgos having publifiied a variety
of drift ures againd the Poftilles, or fhort Commentaries
on the Scriptures, of Nicolas de Lyra, Dorink undertook
their defence and farther illuftration. The pieces which

2

■m

DOR

lie wrote on thefe. fubjefts were collected together, and
inferted in an edition comprehending the works of both
thofe authors, which was publifiied at Paris, in 1590, in
6 vols. folio. Since that time they have .undergone va¬
rious impreffions. Dorink is alfo generally fuppofed to
have been the author of The Chronicle of Nuremberg, '
continued to the year 1493, which was publifiied anony-
moufiy.

DO'RION, anciently a town of Theffaly, where Tha-
myras, the mulician, challenged the Mufes to a trial of
(kill. Propertius.

DO'RIS, in ancient geography, a country of Greece,
between Ph'dcis, The'llaly, and Acarrianiji. It received its
name from Dorus the fon of Deucalion, who made a fet-
tlement there. It was called Tetrapolis, from pie four
cities of Pindus or Dryopis, Erineum, Cytiniwm, and
Bcrium, which it contained. To thefe four fome add
Lilaeum and Carphia, and therefore call it Hexapolis.

The name @f Doris has been common to many parts of
Greece. The Dorians, in the age of Deucalion, inha¬
bited Phthiotis, which they exchanged for Hiftiteotis, in
the age of Dorus. From thence they were driven by the
Cadmeans, and came to fettle near the town of Pindus.

From thence they pafied into Dryopis, and afterwards
into Peloponnefus. Hercules having rfteftablifticd ^Egi-
mius king of Phthiotis or Deris, who had been driven
from his country by the Lapithae, the. grateful king ap¬
pointed Hyllus, the fon of his patron, to be his fucceffor,
and the Heraclidae marched from that part of the coun¬
try to go to recover Peloponnefus. The Dorians fent
many colonies into different places, which bore the fame
name as their native country. The mod famous of thefe
is Doris in Afia Minor, of which Halicarnaffus was once
the capital. This part of Afia Minor was called Hexa¬
polis, and afterwards Pentapolis after the exclufion of
Halicarnafius. Strabo.

DO'RIS, in mythology, a goddefs of the fea, daughter
of Oceanus and Tethys. She married her brother Ne-
reus, by whom file had fifty daughters called Nereides.

Her name is often ufea to exprefs the fea itfelf. Hejiod.

DO'RIS, f. [fo called from the fea-goddefs of that
name.] Itr zoology, a genus belonging to the order of
molufea ; the charafters of which are as follow : body
creeping, oblong, and flat beneath : mouth placed below
on the fore-part ; vent behind on the back-part, furround-
ed with a radiated fringe : tentacula,. or feelers, from two
to four, feated on the upper part of the body in front, and
retraftile at pleafure within their proper receptacles-
Twenty-four fpecies have been afeertained, inhabitants
of the Mediterranean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian, and Euro¬
pean feas. Three fpecies are found on the coads of Eng¬
land, viz. the argo, verrucofa, and bilamellata. The mod
beautiful is the argo, commonly called the fea lemon-, a fi¬
gure of which is given in the engraving. It varies much
in (ize and colour; fome being found of a yellow', more
or lefs deep ; others of a rich citron, or bright orange ;
and others again of a dull red, or/carlet. In all thefe
varieties the body is convex, marked with numerous
fpots or punctures, and the vent furrounded with elegant
ramifications.

DOR'KIAN, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the pro¬
vince of Natella: forty-four miles weft of Sinope.

DOR'KING. See Darking.

DORKO W'K A, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Bfaclaw : forty-four miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Braclaw.

DOR'LACH, a tovvnfliip of the American States, in
Otfego county. New York. By the ftate cenfus of 1796,

433 of its inhabitants are eleftors.

DOR'MANS, a town of France, in the department of
the Marne, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrift of
Epernay, on the Marne : four leagues weft of Epernay,
and fix fouth-weft of Reims.

DOR'MANT, adj. [Fr.] Sleeping. — With this radius
he is faid to ftrike and kill his prey, for which he lies,
as it were, dormant . till it fwims within his reach. Grew.

“-In

DOR

27

DOR

_ Tn a fleeping pofture. If a lion were the coat of Ju¬
dah, yet were it not a lion rampant, but rather couchant
and 'dormant. Brown. — Private; not public.- — There were
other dormant mu fiefs of foldiers throughout all parts of
the realm, that were put in readinefs, but not drawn to¬
gether. Bacon. — Concealed; pot divulged. — It would be
prudent to referve thefe privileges dormant, never to be
produced but upon great occafions. Swift. — Belonging to
a leaning roof :

Old dormant windows mud confefs
Her beams : their glimmering fpetlacles,

Struck with the fplendor of her face,

Do th’ office of Her burning-glafs. Cleavdand.

Thefe windows were probably called dormant from being
fupported by a beam formerly fo named.

DOR'MANT,/ A large beam ; a fumraer :

For in that place the Painims rear’d a pod,

Which late had ferv’d fome gallant dtip for mad.

And over it another beam they crofs’d,

Pointed with iron fliarp to it made faff

With ropes, which, as men would, the dormant tofs’d

Now out, now in ; now back, now forward cad. Fairfax.

DOR'MANT-WRITING,yi A deed with a blank to
put in the name of a perfon.

DOR'MAR, or Dormer, f. [the common name, per¬
haps by corruption, for] A dormant window. Abeam. —
In a parlour belonging to a farm-houfe there was a re¬
markably large dormar of chefnut. Clubb.

DOR'MIT IVE, f. [from dormio , Lat.J A medicine to
promote deep. — Does any didrefs’d patient want an eme¬
tic, a fudorific, an anti-hyp, a diuretic, a purge, or a dormi-
tive. Ar but knot.

DOR'MITORY, f. \dorrnitorium , Lat.] A place to deep
in : iifed commonly for a room with many beds. — Rooms
that have thorough lights are left for entertainment, and
thofe that have windows on one fide for dormitories. Mor¬
timer. — A burial place.' — The places where dead bodies
are buried, are in Latin called ccemitcria, and in Englifh
dormitories. Aylffe.

DOR'MOUSE, f. \_dormio, Lat. to deep, and vrnfe.']
A fmall animal which pafies a large part of the winter in
deep. See Mroxus.

Come, we all deep, and are mere dormice dies,

A little lefs than dead : more dulnefs hangs

On us than on the moon. Ben Jovfon.

DORN, f. [from don. Germ, a thorn. ] The name of
a fifh ; perhaps the fame as the thornback. — The coaft is
dored both with diell-filh, as fcallops and fheathfifh ; and
flat as turbots, dons, and holybut. Carcw.

DORNABAD', a town of Perfia, in the province of
Chorafan : 150 miles north-weft of Herat.

DOR'NACH, or Dornecic, a bailiwick of SwifTerland,
in the canton of Soleure, which takes its name fro-m a
Prong caftle, celebrated for a victory obtained by the
Swifs over the Andrians in 1499. The Swifs had only
6000 men, the enemy amounted to 15,000, of whom 300b
were left dead on the field. This was. almoft decifive of
the Swifs independence.

DORN'BERG, a town of Germany, in the circle of
the Upper Rhine, and principality' of Ileffe Darmftadt :
eight miles weft-north-weft of Darmftadt.

DORNBEU'REN, a town of Germany, in the county
of Bregentz : five miles fouth of Bregentz.

DORN'BURG, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and principality of Weimar: fourteen
miles eaft of Weimar.

DORN'BURG, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and principality of Anhalt Zerbft, near
the Elbe : eight miles weft-north-weft of Zorbft.

DOR'NE, a town of France, in the department of the
Nyevre : three miles fouth-fouth-weft of Decile.

DOR'NECY, a town of France, in the department of
the Nyevre ; two leagues eaft of Clamecy.

DORN'MEIpT, a town of Germany, in the circle of
the Upper Rhine, and principality of lieffe Darmftadt :
five miles weft of Darmftadt.

DOR'NIC,yi [of Dtornic in Flanders; where firft made.]
A fpecies of linen-cloth ufed in Scotland for the table. ■

DCIRN'KRELL D’EBERHERTZ (James), a Ger¬
man Lutheran divine, born at Lunenburg, in 1643. After
purfuing his ftudies in the univerfities of Helmftadt and
Thiel, he was for fome time fettled in the paftoval charge
at Holdenftadt. He was a man of confiderable erudition,
and. publi filed feveral works which were favourably re¬
ceived. The titles of the principal of them are: x. Spe¬
cimen Bibliorum Harmonicorum . 2. Biblia hiflorico-harmonica ,

five opus divines Confonantiee integrum. 3 . TraElatus contra pa-
rum Utilitatis habenies condones eccUfiaJUcas. 4. Epijlolee Cu-
riofes, publifhed under the name of Polymufus. He died
in 1704.

DORN'NUM, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Weftphalia, and county of Eaft Frifeland : fix miles weft,
fouth-weft of Efens.

DOR'NOCK, a fea-port town of Scotland, fituafed on
the fouth-eaft coaft of the county of Sutherland, on a
frith or arm of the German fea, called the Frith of Dor-
nock) formerly the refidence of the bilhops of Caithnefs,
but now much decayed from its former grandeur. It is
the county town. It was taken by the young chevalier
in 1746 : twenty-four miles north of Inverneis. Lat. 57.
51. N. Ion. o. 44. W. Edinburgh.

DOR'NOLL, a river of Wales, which runs into the
Wye, in the fouthern part of the county of Montgomery.

DO'ROBOI, or Dorohoi, a town of European Tur¬
key, in the province of Moldavia : fixty-eight miles north-
north-weft of Jafli, and 142 north-weft of Bender.

DO'ROG, a town of Hungary : fix miles fouth-eaft of
Nanas.

DOROGOBUZ', a town of Ruflia, in the government
of Smolenfk : forty miles eaft-north-eaft of Smolenfk, and
320 fouth-fouth-eaft of Peterfburg.

DOROJ KIEWIC'ZE, a town of Lithuania, in the pa¬
latinate of Brzefc : ninety miles eaft of Brzefc.

DO'RON,y. [Gr.] A gift, a prefent ; a meafure in
antiquity of about three inches. Phillips.

DORON'ICUM, f. [ Doronigi or Dorungi ; an1 Arabic
name.] Leopard’s Bane ; in botany, a genus of the clafs
fyngenefia, order polygamia fuperflua, natural order com-
pofitEe difeoideae, (corymbiferas, Jiff.) Thegeneric cha¬
racters are — Calyx : common with leaflets -lance-fubu-
late, about twenty in number, equal, upright, of a dou¬
ble feries, length generally of the ray of the corolla.
Corolla: compound fayed; corollules hermaphrodite,
tubular, numerous in thedifk; females ligulate, of the
number of calycular leaves, in the ray.; proper of the
hermaphrodite funnel-form: border five-cleft, patulous;
female ligulate, lanceolate, three-toothed. Stamina : in
the hermaphrodites ; filaments five, capillary, very fhort ;
anther cyiindric, tubular. Pitiillum : in the herma¬
phrodites; germ oblong ; ftyle filiform, length of the
ftamens ; .fiigma emarginate. In the females ; germ ob¬
long; ftyle filiform, length of the hermaphrodite.; ftig-
mas two, reflex. Pericarpium : none ; calyx flightly con¬
verging. Seeds: in the hermaphrodite falitary, obevate,
furrowed, a little comprefted ; down hairy. In the fe¬
males lolitary, obovate, furrowed, a little comprefted;
down none. Receptaculum naked, flat. — Kfaitial Cha-
radlcr. Calyx, feales in two rows equal, longer than the
dilk ; feeds of the ray naked and deftitute of down ; down
to thofe of the difk Ample ; receptaculum naked.

Species. 1. Doronicum pardalianches, or great: leopard’s
bane: leaves cordate, obtufe, toothletted ; thofe next
the root petioled, on the item embracing. Great leo¬
pard’s bane has thick flefhy roots, divided into many
knots, fending out ftrong flefhy fibres, which penetrate
deep into the ground ; root-leaves heart-fhaped, hairy,
petioled : among thefe arife the flower-ftalks, which are
channelled and hairy, near three feet high, putting out

one

23

DOR

one or two finaller (talks from the fide ; thefe grow erect,
and have one or two heart-fhaped leaves clofely embrac¬
ing the (talk ; this and each branch is terminated by one
large yellow flower. Thefe appear in May; and. the
feeds ripen in July. The fcales of the calyx are about
twenty-fix. The florets of the ray are (freaked with
green lines, and are from twenty-two or twenty-four to
thirty in number; in the di(k are about 178. Seeds of
the ray nearly triangular, and (treaked with ten lines:
thofe of the difk roundiih, hairy, and crowned with a
down which is (lightly plumofe ; receptacle convex and
hairy ; from t he burlling of the anthers to the ripening
of the feeds takes up the fpace of one month ; the
(tern-leaves towards the bafe become narrower, and then
again widen into ears clafping about the (tern, fo as to be
in a manner appendicled. In the great fmooth variety,
Doronicum radice fcorpii , they are obfcurely ferrate, three
or four inches broad, and near a (pan in length ; whereas
in the fmaller one they are fcarcely half the length and
breadth. Native of France, Swifferland, Germany, Auf-
tria, Carniola, Hungary, Savoy, and Piedmont. This is
one of the plants which from the facility with which it
propagates itfelf has lately efcaped from the gardens to
increafe the Britifli Flora. Mr. Lightfoot remarked it in
Scotland, but always near houfes ; and Dr. Stokes near
Duplin houfe.

This plant has been ftigmatifed as poifonous, feemingly
without much reafon. I: had its name, pardalianches,
(wapoaAi;, a leopard, and to (trangle,) from this

fuppofed noxious quality. The famous Conrad Gefner
however took two drachms of the root without injury.
Others on the contrary would perfuade 11s that it is an
antidote to poifon, but they are ltill farther from the truth.
It is not ufed in the prefent practice. Dr. Stokes informs
us that two drachms occafioned a fenfe of inflation in the
(tomach, and of general weaknefs, but that thefe fyrnp-
torns were of (hort duration. That it has been recom¬
mended in vertigo, epilepfy, and menftrual obftructions,
but that thefe powers want the confirmation of a more
accurate experiment.

As the Auftrian plant, Doronicum Avjlralis, differs from
the common one chiefly in having a more woody root
that fpreads but little, it is no more than a variety.

2. Doronicum plantagineum, or plantain-leaved leopard’s
bane: leaves ovate, acute, fomewhat toothed; branches
alternate. The leaves are indented on their edges towards
their bale, but their upper parts are entire ; the (talks rife
about two feet high ; each is terminated by a large yellow
flower, like that of the preceding : they have two or three
alternate embracing leaves, not fo hairy as thofe of the
former fort; it flowers about the fame time; and grows
naturally in Germany, France, Spain, and Portugal.
Thefe were both cultivated in 1597 by Gerarde.

3. Doronicum bellidiaftrum, er daify-leav'ed leopard’s
bane : (tern naked, very fimple, one-flowered. This has
a perennial root, as well as the two preceding : the leaves
are like thofe of the common daify, but longer, and not
fo broad ; the flower grows on a naked (talk near a foot
long, and the root feldom fends out more than one ftalk ;
the ray of the flower is white, very like that of the com¬
mon daify ; the di(k yellow. Found on the Swifs, Ty-
rolefe, and Italian, alps; in Auftria, Carniola, Silefia;
Bois de Batie near Geneva, April 22, 1779, m dower;
Haller found it in the lower alps with a deep red flower.
Cultivated by Mr. Miller, in 1759 ; he received it from
Verona.

Propagation and Culture. This plant multiplies very
fad by its fpreading roots, and if the feeds are permitted
to fcatter, they will produce plants wherever they happen
to fall, fo that it becomes a weed where it is once efta-
bliflied : it loves a moift foil and a (hady fituation. The
third fort is propagated by parting the roots, for the feeds
do not ripen well in England. It mud have a (hady
fituation and a moift foil. The flowers do not make a
much better appearance than thofe of the common daily.

D O R

only they (land on much taller (talks. See Arnica^
Rudbeckia, Senecio, Septas, and Tussilago.

DORONIN'SK, a town of Ruffia, in Siberia, and go¬
vernment of Irkutfch, on the Ingoda: 190 miles eaft-
fouth-eaft of Verch Udinftc, and 280 eaft-fouth-eaft of Ir¬
kutfch.

DORON'K, a town of Egypt : two miles fouth of Siut.

DOROSTAY', a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Volhynia : fixteen miles fouth-eaft of Lucko.

DO'ROTHY, [AwpoSsa, Gr. i. c. the gift of God.] A
proper name of women.

DORP, f. \_DorJf. Dut.] A country town or village.

DORP AU'BEIT, a town of Arabia, in the country
of Yemen : forty-four miles north of Chamir.

DOR'PAT, or Dorpt, a town of Ruflia, in the go¬
vernment of Riga; formerly the fee of a bi (hop, in the
palatinate of Livonia. It was feized by the tzar Ivan
Bafilovitz, in 1558, and afterwards ceded to Poland : the
Swedes took it in 1625. But Peter the Great finally an¬
nexed to it Ruflia: 116 miles north-north-eaft of Riga,
and 132 fouth-weft of Peterfburg.

To DORR, v. a. [tor, ftupid, Teut.J To deafen or ftu-
pify with noife. Skinner.

DORR,y. [fo named probably from the noife which it
makes.] The chafer, or common dorr-beetle. See the
article Scarabjexjs.

DOR'R A, a town of Perfia, in the province of Segef-
tan : eighteen miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Kin.

DOR'S AL, adj. [from the Lat. dorjum, the back.] Be¬
longing to the back, pertaining to thofe difeafes which
are fuppofed to have their feat in the back.

DOR'SANE (Antony), a French divine, born at If-
foudun, in Lower Berry. He became doctor of the Sor-
bonne, chanter of the church of Paris, and grand vicar
and official of that diocefe, under the cardinal de Noail-
les. He died in 1728, leaving behind him a work ex¬
tremely ufeful to ecclefiaftical hiftorians. It was pub-
liflied under the name of A Journal, and prefents us with
the hiftory, and the moft interefting circumftances which
took place at Rome and in France, during the celebrated
negociation refpedting the conftitution, or bull, Unigeui-
tus, in 2 vols. 410. or in 6 vols. nmo. The beft edition
is the fecond, which was publifhed in 1756.

DORSCI-I (Ch.riftopher), fon of an engraver on gems,
born at Nuremberg in 1.676. In his youth he was placed
at the Latin fchool ; acquired fome knowledge of geo¬
metry, attended the academy of painting, frequented pro-
feffor Heifter’s leftures on anatomy at Altdorf, and gra¬
dually attained to great perfection in the art of engraving
on (tones. As his father had been feveral years in a weak
and infirm condition, he executed a great many pieces
under his name, as he already begun to excel him in that
art. His talents, however, did not long remain unknown,
and his works foon began to be in great requeft. He cut
not only coats of arms, which were finifhed with fo much
neatnefs, that all the figures, though exceedingly fmall,
could be plainly diftinguifhed, as well as the colours and
metals exprelfed according to the ufual rules of heraldry;
but alfo portraits, which he executed immediately from
the life, without any previous drawing, and which bore a
finking refemblance to the originals. Though his pieces
were deeply cut, the figures on them, when held towards
the light, appeared as if in relief. The heads of moft of
the heathen deities and eminent men, hieroglyphics, amu¬
lets, and hiftories, given in both parts of Martin von
Ebertnayer’s ThcJ'aurus Gemmarum, and of which J. J.
Bayer of Altdorf, and E. Reufcli of Helmftadt, publifhed
a defcription in 1720 and 1721, were cat by him on gems
in fo mafterly a manner, that they were perfect-imitations
of the antique models which he copied. In this manner
he executed whole cabinets: Inch as, 1. all the Roman
emperors from Julius Csfar to Charles VI. 2. the whole
archducal houfe of Habfburg-Auftria ; 3. all the kings
of France ; 4. all the popes to Benedict XIII. 5. all the
doges of Venice ; 6. all the ducal and electoral houfe of

Bavaria ;

OR SET S HIRE

Published, aj the A.ct direct?. March ij. 1803 . by J.WUkas.

2?celc^ feuJp. Strand ■

• itopuo'z uio.u |p jwdl ^yStfiduoj

DOR

Bavaria; 7. all the czars and emperors of Ruffia. He
cut in agate, at the time of the jubilee in 1723, all the
profeffors of Altdorf, exceedingly like. Dorfch followed
the antique ftile fo clofely, that the public were fre¬
quently deceived by his works, which were purchafed at
a high price as real antiques. Some of them which he
had fold, were offered to him as antiques in Italy. Among
thofe who teftified their high effeem for him by letters
was Peter the Great, who, by large offers, endeavoured
to induce him to come to Peterfburgh, and to enter into
his-fervice. He died on the 17th of Odtober, 1732, at
the age of fifty-fix years.

DOR'SEL, or Dorser,/! [from dorfum, the back.]
A pannier ; a bafket or bag, one of which hangs on either
fide a beaft of burthen, for the reception of things of fmall
bulk. It is corruptly fpoken, and perhaps written, doffel.

DOR'SET, a townfliip of the American States, in Ben¬
nington county, Vermont, having Rupert weft, Manchef-
ter louth, and Danby north: twenty-feven miles north by
eaft of Bennington.

DORSETSHIRE, [from the Cambro-Britifti Daro-
triges, and this from dzur, water, and drig, an inhabitant,
q. d. a people on the fea-coaft.] A maritime county of
England ; bounded on the north by Somerfetfhire and
Wiltfhire, on the eaft: by Hampfhire, on the fouth by the
Britifti channel, and on the weft by Devbnfhire and So-
merfetfhire. It gives the title of duke and earl to the
family of Sackville ; and, during the Saxon heptarchy,
belonged to the kingdom of the Weft Saxons. It is now
in the province of Canterbury, diocefe of Briftol, and is
included in the weftern circuit. It is fifty-eight miles
long, thirty-fix broad, and 200 in circumference ; con¬
taining i25o.fquare miles, or 800,000 fquare acres; con¬
taining five diftrifls, fub-divided into fixty liberties or
hundreds, having 250 parifhes, fixty-eight vicarages, 1006
villages, and twenty-two market towns. It is every where
irregular in form ; its long northern fide having a great
angular projection in the middle, and its fea-coaft run¬
ning out into points and head-lands. On the coaft are
Chefil Bank, Portland Road and Ifle, Weymouth and
Ringftead Bays, St. Alban’s Head, Durlfton Head, and
Swanage Bay, Handfaft Point, and Studland Bay, Pool
Harbour, Furze, Green, and Round, Ifles, with Brankfea,
Sandsfoot, and Portland, Caftles. From the mildnefs of
its air, and fertility of its foil, Dorfetfhire has been term¬
ed the garden of England. The mod remarkable inland
places are the Vale of Whitehart; Marlhwood Vale;
Whitehart, Gillingham, and Holt, Forefts ; Cranborne
Chace ; Black Moor; Luckford Lake; and Fordington
Moor. The northern parts of the country are generally
level, and were formerly covered with wood ; but now
are chiefly converted into rich arable and pafture. Acrofs
the middle runs a ridge of lofty chalk hills, upon which,
and the beautiful downs declining with a fouthern afpeft
towards the fea, feed innumerable flocks of ftieep, whole
fine fleeces are the ftaple of the country. The number
of ftieep kept in this county is eftimated at upwards of
800,000, of which 150,000 are annually fold, and lent out
of the county. Great advantages are derived from the
Bleep, not only from the fleece and carcafe, but iikewife
from the manure. In one particular inftance the fheep-
owners excel all other parts of the kingdom, which is,
in providing ewes to yean at a remarkably early feafon,
in the midland counties, which fupply the metropolis
with fat lambs. The wool produced in this county is
fhort and fine, of a clofe texture, and the quality of it is
highly efteemed in the manufacture of broad-cloth. From
a due obfervation of the quality and number of fheep bred
and kept in the county, it may be fuppofed, with fome
degree of accuracy, that the produce of wool annually is
90,000 weys, or tods, of thirty-one pounds each. Among
various articles of great import tu the community in the
county of Dorfet, may be reckoned the cultivation of
hemp and flax, and their manufacture. In the neigh¬
bourhood of Bridport and Beminfter alone, all forts of
Von. VI. Mo. 328.

1) O R 29

twine, firing, packthread, netting, cordage, and ropes,
are made ; from the fineft thread, ufed by fadlers in lieu
of filk, to the cable, which holds the firft-rate man of
war. The nets made for the fiftiery at Newfoundland,
as well as for home ufe, and the fails for (hipping of
every kind, are manufactured of the belt quality, as well
as lacking for lrammocs, &c. and all kinds of bags and
tarpaulins; and, in addition to the great quantity of flax
and hemp ufed here, not more than one-third of it is al¬
lowed by the manufacturers to be of Britifti growth; the
remaining two-thirds being imported from Ruffia and
America, as raw materials. The manufacture carried on
at Beminfter employs upwards of 2000 people. At Brid¬
port there are a great number of manufactures, and about
1800 people are laid to be employed in this town; and
in its environs, as far as feven or eight miles round, up¬
wards of 7000 people are in conftant work. No ores of
any kind have been found in this county, nor mines of
coals ; but quarries of excellent (tone are found in the
iftand of Purbeck, near the fea, where upwards of 403
people are employed in digging and tooling the ftone.
The ftone obtained at Purbeck is ufed for walling, floors,
fteps, foot-pavements, &cc. About 50,000 tons are an¬
nually fhipped at Swannage. The whole iftand of Port¬
land feems to be one entire mafs of the molt beautiful
free-ftone, of a calcareous nature, chiefly ufed in the me¬
tropolis, and elfewhere, for the moft fuperb buildings,
and is univerfally admired for its whitenefs, clofe tex¬
ture, and durability. To the noith of the ifle is a fafe
road for Ihips; but its fouthern point, called the Race of
Portland , is one of the moft dangerous places in the Eng-
lifli channel. About a mile diftant from Corf Caftle, are
found large quantities of pipe clay, which is in great efti-
mation, and abfolutely neceffary for the ufe of the pot¬
ters in Staffbrdfliire and other places : about eleven thou-
fand tons are annually fent from this place for that pur-
pofe, and about one hundred men are conftantly employed
in digging it. Some of the pits are not more than ten or
twelve feet deep. The towns are Dorchefter, Lyme,
Shaftefbury, Pool, Bridport, Warehant, Corf-Caftle, Wey¬
mouth, Melcomb-Regis, Sherborn, Blandford, Cranborn,
Beminfter, Abbotfbury, Bere, Everfliot, Frampton, Mil-
ton-Abby, Stalbridge, Sturminfter, Cerne, and Winburn ;
of which the firft nine are borough towns, and fend two
members each to the Britifti parliament; making, with
two for the county, twenty members in the whole. The
number of inhabitants is eftimated at eighty-nine thoufand.
The principal rivers are the Stour, the Frome, and the
Piddle. This was the county where the Saxons made
their firft fettlement ; and in it upwards of thirty Roman
and Saxon camps are to be traced.

DORSI'FEROUS, or Dorsiparous, adj. \_dorfum and
fero, or pario, Lat.] Having the property of bearing or
bringing forth on the back. It is ufed of plants that
have their feeds on the back of their leaves, as fern ; and
may be properly ufed of the American frog, which brings
forth young from her back.

DOR'SO, C. Fabius, a Roman, who, when Rome was
in the pofleflion of the Gauls, ilfued from the capitol,
which was then befieged, to go and offer a facrifice, which
was to be offered on mount Qujrinjlis. He drefled him-
felf in facerdotal robes, and carrying on his ftioulders the
ftatues of hisrountry gods, palled through the guards of
the enemy, without betraying the leaft ligns of fear.
When he had finifhed his lacrifice, he returned to the ca¬
pitol unmolefted by the enemy, who were aftoniflied at his
boldnefs, and did not obftrubt his paffage or molefl his
facrifice. Livy.

DOR'STEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of the
Lower Rhine, and county of Recklinghaufen, on the
Lippe. 1 1 is ftrong, though it was feveral times taken and
retaken by the Swedes and Heflians during the long war
of Germany: thirty miles north of Dutreldorp, and thir¬
ty-one fouth-weft of Munfter.

DORSTE'NIA, f. [fo named by Plunder, from Theom
1 do {m s

dor us Dir flan us, a German phyfician, who published a hif-
tory of plants, or Botanicon, 1540.] In botany, a genus
of the clafs tetrandria,- order monogynia, natural order
fcabrldae, (urticae, Juff. ) The generic characters are — •
Calyx : receptacle-common one-leafed, flat, cornered,
very large, covered by the receptacle, with very nume¬
rous flofcules inhabiting the difk, very fmall ; perian-
thium-proper four-cornered, concave, imbedded in the
receptacle and united with it. Corolla : none. Stami¬
na : filaments four, filiform, very fiiort; antherae round-
ifh. Piflillum: germ roundifh ; ftylefimple; ftigma ob-
tufe. Pericarpium : none; receptacle-common becom¬
ing flefiiy. Seeds: folitary, roundifh, acuminate. — EfJ'en.
tin! Character. Receptacle-common one-leafed, flefhy, in
which folitary feeds nettle. Thofe who have opportu¬
nity of examining the living plant would do well to ob-
ferve whether any other female flofcules are intermixed
with the hermaphrodites, as in Parietaria ; for Dorftenia
fee ms intermediate between Ficus and Parietaria, and as it
were a fig expanded. Swartz obferved monoecous flowers.

Species. 1. Dorftenia Houftoni, or Houftoun’s dorfte¬
nia : fcapes rooted ; leaves heart-fhaped, angled, acute ;
receptacles quadrangular. This fort fends out feveral
angular heart-fhaped leaves from the root, which have
foot-ftalks eight or nine inches in length and very flender ;
the leaves are about three inches and a half long, and
almoft four broad at their bafe, the two ears having two
or three angles which are acute, and the middle of the
leaves are extended, and end in acute points like a hal¬
bert ; thefe are fmooth and of a lucid green ; the foot-
fhilk which fuftains the placenta is nine inches long, and
about half an inch fquare, and the upper furface clofely
let with fmall flowers. Native of Campeachy, in South
America ; found there on rocky grounds by Dr. Houftoun,
and cultivated by Mr. Miller before 1733.

2. Dorftenia contrajerva, or contrayerva : fcapes
rooted; leaves pinnatifid-palmate, ferrate; receptacles
quadrangular. Stalk near four inches high, upon which
the flefhy placenta is' vertically placed ; this is of an o.val
form, about one inch long, and three quarters broad.
Upon the upper furface of this, the fmall flowers are
clofely fituated, the flefhy part becoming an involucre to
them ; thefe are very fmall, and fcarce confpicuous at a
diftance, being of an herbaceous colour. Native of New
Spain, Mexico, Peru, the iflands of Tobago and St. Vin¬
cent. Mr. Miller fays that it was difeovered by his in¬
genious friend Dr. William Houftoun, near old Vera Cruz
in New Spain.

3. Dorftenia drakena, or irregular-leaved dorftenia :
fcapes rooted; leaves pinnatifid-palmate, quite entire;
receptacles oval. Leaves of different forms ; fome heart-
fhaped, having a few indentures on their edges, and end¬
ing in acute points, but the larger leaves are deeply cut
like the fingers on a hand, into fix or feven acute feg-
inents ; thefe leaves are five inches long, and fix broad in
the middle; they are of a deep green, and ftand upon
long foot-ftalks. Linnaeus fays it is a native of Vera Cruz ;
but Mr. Miller informs us that it was found in great
plenty in the illand of Tobago, by Mr. Robert Millar,
furgeon. He alfo affirms, that the roots of all the three
fpecies are brought over indifferently, to be ufed in me¬
dicine and in dying; and that it was not known what the
plant was, the roots of which were imported, and had
been long ufed in medicine, until Dr. Houftoun informed
us; for although Plunder had difeovered one fpecies,
and had given the name of Dorftenia to it, yet he feems
not to have know n, that the contrayerva was the root of
that plant.

4. Dorftenia caulefcens, or Hemmed dorftenia: pedun¬
cles on a ftem. This appears to be a fmall plant, with
leaves proceeding irregularly from the ftem, which is
fhort ; they are ovate-acute, and pretty ftrongly dentated
at the edges. The male flowers are collected into little
heads, and the females into a kind of lharply-lobed or ir=

* s

DOR

regular flattifh heads; the leaves ftand on remarkably
long foot-ftalks.

5. Dorftenia lucida, or fltining dorftenia : caulefcent ;
leaves obliquely ovate, entire, even; peduncles in cymes
axillary. 6. Dorftenia pubefeens, or pubefeent dor¬
ftenia : caulefcent ; leaves obliquely-ovate, ferrate, pu¬
befeent ; peduncles axillary, bearing heads. Tiiefe are
natives of the Society Ifles. Forfter, fuppofing them to,
be of a different genus from this, named them clatojlema,
from eXkt oc, elaftic, and a ftamen ; becaufe the

ftamens are elaftic.

7. Dorftenia cordifolia, or cordate-leaved dorftenia :
fcapes rooting ; leaves cordate, ovate, toothletted ; re¬
ceptacles orbiculate. Native of Jamaica and St. Domingo.

8. Dorftenia Chinenfis, or Chinefe -dorftenia : pedun¬
cles cauline ; petioles three or five-leaved. Root fufi-
fornt, three inches long, white within and without,
flefiiy, aromatic. Native of China in the northern pro¬
vinces ; and called there pechi and bach-chi. The root is
aromatic, and is ufed in medicine.

Propagation and Culture. It will be difficult to obtain
thefe plants, becaufe the feeds are feldom to be found
good ; nor will they grow-, if they are kept long out of
the ground ; fo that the only lure method to obtain them
is, to have the roots taken up at the time w hen their
leaves begin to decay, and planted pretty clofe in boxes
of earth, which may be brought very f'afe to England,
provided they are preferved from fait water, and are not
over-watered with frefii water in their paffage. When
the plants arrive, they fhould be tranfplanted each into a
feparate pot filled with frefh earth, and plunged into the
bark-ftove, which fhould be kept of a moderate heat ;
and the plants nnift be frequently refrefhed with water
during the fummer feafon ; but in winter, when the
leaves are decayed, it fhould be given to them more fpa-
ringly. With this management thefe plants may not only
be maintained, but may alfo be increafed, by parting their
roots in the fpring, before the plants put out their leaves.

DORS'ZYCE, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate
of Minfk : forty-fix miles north-north-eaft of Minflc.

DORT, or Dor'drecht, a city of Holland, which
holds the firft rank in the aflembly of the States ; it is
the capital of a fmall territory called the bailiwick of Dort,
andfis fituated on a fmall ifland, formed b) the water-, of
the Meufe, the Merwe, the Rhine, and the Li age ; fepa-
rated from the ifle of Iflelmond by the Meufe, and from
the ifle of Beyerlandt by a canal. It was firft detached
from the main land November 17th, 1421, by an irruption,
of the rivers, which broke down the dikes, drowned one
hundred thoufand perfons, anddeftroyed feventy-two vil¬
lages : this dreadful calamity, it is laid, was owning to a
peafant, who, out of hatred wifhing to drown his neigh¬
bour, opened the dyke between Gertrudenburg and Dort,.
not doubting of his being able to flop it again when the
bufinefs was done ; but the tide being allifted by the
wind, the waters poured in with fuch fury that it carried
all before it, men, cattle, and even houfes : they record
the wonderful prefervation of a child which waS> borne in
a cradle by the waters fafe to Dort. Since that time the
inhabitants have been very careful to preferve their dykes,
and keep them in repair, and mod of the villages are re¬
built. In 1457, the city was nearly deftroyed by fire,
above two thoufand houfes being conf timed, together with
the halls, the church of Notre Dame, and the town-houfe.
The comtes of Holland held their court, and were inaugu¬
rated, at Dort, and granted many privileges to the inha¬
bitants ; the town is large and well peopled, not regularly
fortified, but defended with feveral towers ; its fituation
is very convenient for trade, efpecially in wine, corn,
wood, and other productions of Germany, and the coun¬
tries connected with the Rhine and the Meufe. In 16 1?
and 1619, was held a famous affembly of the clergy from
all the proteftant ftates in Europe, called the Synod of
Portj t9 inquire into and fettle the difputes between the

Arptinians

DOS

Arminians and Calvinifts called Gomarifts, otherwife
called Remonftrants and Anti-remonftrants. Tlie doc¬
trines of Arminius were condemned ; and Vorftius, pro-
feffor at Leyden, the principal defender of thofe tenets,
with above a hundred minifters and profeffors, were ba-
nillied from the United States, becaufe they refit fed to
fubfcribe to the decree of the fynod ; John Olden Barne-
velt was beheaded ; the celebrated Hugo Grotius was
fentenced to perpetual imprifonment ; and other learned
men, favourers of that opinion, punifhed. Among the
public buildings are the tovvn-houfe, the exchange, the
hofpitals, and tlie public library. The church of Notre
Dame is a noble ftru&ure, the tower lofty, and furnilhcd
with nut (leal chimes : there is another church dedicated
to St. Nicholas, built in 1568 ; it had likewife, before
the revolution, feveral religious houfes for monks and
nuns, but they are all now applied to other ufes. It has
two cabals, by means of which velfels loaded may enter
the city. The company of tradefmen, and fome other
communities, ele£t the magiftrates, and name one part of
the members of the council of the city : thirty-five miles
i'outh of Amfterdam. Lat. 51 . 48. N. Ion. 22. 6. E. Ferro.

DORTMAN'NA, f. in botany. See Lobelia.

DOR'TMUND, an imperial town of Germany, in the
circle of Weftphalia, and county of Mark, fituated on
the Embs containing four Lutheran churches, and three
convents. 1 1 has a feat and voice at the diets, and pays
ninety-fix florins for a Roman month, and is taxed one
hundred and eight rix-dollars twenty kruitzers to the im¬
perial chamber : forty miles weft of Cologn, and twenty-
live fo.uth-fouth-weft of Munfter. Lat. 51.35. N. Ion.
34. 53. E. Ferro.

DOR'TURE, /. [contra fled from dormiture-, dormitura ,

Lat. dortoir, Fr.J A dormitory ; a place to deep in _ He

led us to a gallery like a dorture, where he (hewed us
along the one fide l'eventeen cells, very neat. Bacon.

DO’RUS, a fon of Hellen, or, according to others, of
Deucalion, who left Phthiotis, where his father reigned,
and went to make a fettlement with fome of his compa¬
nions near mount Offa. The country was called Doris,
and the inhabitants Dorians. Herodotus. — A city of Phoe¬
nicia, whofe inhabitants are called Dorienfes. Paufanias.

DO'RY, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of
Wilna : fixty-eight miles eaft of Lida.

DORYAN'THES, /. in botany, a genus of plants,
erected in 1802, by J'. Correa de Serra, of the Linnaean
fociety. There is only one fpecies, named Doriant/ics ex.
cclfa , found among the plants of New Holland. Dr. de
Serra deferibes it as being nearly akin to the Agave of
Linnaeus ; and may perhaps eventually prove to be a fpe¬
cies of that fuperb American plant.

DORYC'NIUM, /. in botany, fee Anthyllis, As-
yALATHus, Convolvulus, Coronilla, Lotus, and

PsORALEA.

DOSE,/ [3W »?, Gr.] So much of any medicine as
is taken at one time. — In a vehement pain of the head he
preferibed the juice of the thaplia in warm water, with¬
out mentioning the dofe. Arhuthnot ,

The too vig’rous dofe too fiercely wrought.

And added fury to the ftrength it brought. Dryden.

Any thing naufeous. — If you can tell an ignoramus in
power and place that he has a wit and underftanding
above all the world, I dare undertake that, as fulfome a
dofe as you give him, he (hall readily take it down. South.

■ — As much of any thing as falls to a. man’s lot. Ludi-
croufly : fc

No fooner does he peep into

The world, but lie has done his doe j

Married his punctual dofe of wives,

Is cuckolded, and breaks, or thrives. Hudibras.

Quantity.-— We pity or laugh at thofe fatuous extrava-
gants, while yet ourfelves have a confiderable dofe of
what makes them fo. Granville.— It is often ufed of the

D OT 31

litmoft quantity of ftrong liqitor that a man can fwallow.
He has his dofe ; that is, he can carry off no more.

To DOSE, v. a. To proportion a medicine properly tp
the patient or difeafe. — Plants feldom ufed in medicine,
being efteemed poifonous, if corrected, and exactly dofed,
may prove powerful medicines. Derham. — Togive pliyfic,
or any thing naufeous, to any man : in a ludicrous fenfe.

DOSI'I.OGY, or Dosology,/. [of Docm; and A»yia.]
A difeourfe concerning the quantity or dofe of a medicine
to be taken at a time. Scott.

DOSITHE'ANS, or Dosithei, f. An ancient feft
among the Samaritans in the firft century of the Chriftian
era. Origen, Epiphanius, Jerom, and other Greek and
Latin fathers, mention Dofitheus, as the chief of a faction
among the Samaritans ; but the learned are not agreed as
to the time wherein he lived. St. Jerom, in his Dialogue
againft the Lnciferians, places him before our Saviour;
wherein he is followed by Drufuis. But Scaliger places
him pofterior to our Saviour’s time: and Origen intimates
him to have been contemporary with theapoftles; where
he obferves, that he endeavoured to perfuade the Sama¬
ritans that lie was the Mefiiah foretold by Mofes. He
had many followers; and his fed! was fubfifting at Alex¬
andria in the time of the patriarch Eulogius, as appears
from a decree of that patriarch publiftied by Photius. In
that decree, Eulogius accufes Dofitheus of injurioufiy
treating the ancient patriarchs and prophets, and attri¬
buting to himfeif tlie (pirit of prophecy. He makes him
contemporary with Simon Magus ; and accufes him of
corrupting tlie Pentateuch in divers places, and of com.
poling feveral books directly contrary to the law of God.
Archbiihop Uftier takes Dofitheus to be the author of all
the changes made in the Samaritan Pentateuch, which he
argues from the authority of Eulogius. Epiphanius takes
him to have been a Jew by birth, and to have abandoned
the Jewilh party for that of the Samaritans. He imagines
him likewife to have been the author of the feft of the
Sadducees: which feems inconliftent with his being later
than our Saviour; and yet the Jefuit Serrarius makes
Dofitheus the mailer of Sadoc, from whom the Sadducees
are derived. Tertullian oblerves, that he w’as the firft
who dared to rejedt the authority of the prophets by de¬
nying their infpiration. But he charges that as a crime
peculiar to this whole fedt, who have never allowed any
but the five books of Mofes for divine.

DOSITHE'US, the name of a man. 2 Mac. xii. 25.

DOS'MA DELGA'DO (Roderic), a learned Spanilh
divine, who flourifhed in the fixteenth century, born at
Badajoz, in 1533. He was the author of feveral works,
of which the mod important are written in the Latin lan¬
guage, and confift of illuftrations of the Evangelifts, the
Pfalms, &c. and of atreatife intitled De AuEloritale Santta
Scripture, folio, 1534. He died in tlie year 1607.

DOS'SE, a river of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Saxony, and marquifate of Brandenburg, which runs into
the Havel, eight miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Havelberg.

DOS'SER,/. A fort of ba(ket to be carried on the
fhoulders of men. It is ufed in carrying the overplus
earth from one part of a fortification to another where it
is wanted. A common panier for country ufe :

The milk-maids’ cuts (hall turn the w'enches off’,

And lay their defers tumbling in the dull.

Merry Devil of Edmonton .

DOSSO'LA, a town of Piedmont, in the valley of Of-
fola, defended by a fortrefs : fifty-one miles north-weft of.
Milan, and feventy north-north-eaft of Turin. Lat. 46.
N. Ion. 25. 48.. E. Ferro.

DOST, [the fecond perfon of do.]

Why then dof treat me with rebukes, inftead

Of kind condoling cares, and friendly forrow ? Addifon.

DOT, f. [this is derived by Skinner, from dottcr,
German, the white of an egg ; and interpreted by him a
grume of pus. It has now no fuch fignification, and leems

jashev

32

DOT

rather corrupted from jot, a point.] A fmall point or fpot
made to mark any place in a writing.

To DOT, v. a. To mark with fpecks.

To DOT, v. n. To make dots or fpots.

DO'TAGE, f. Lofs of underftanding; imbecility of
mind ; delirioufnefs :

The foul in all hath one intelligence ;

Though too much moifture in an infant’s brain.

And too much drynefe in an old man’s fenfe,

Cannot the prints of outward things retain:

Then doth the foul want work, and idle fit ;

And this we childifhnefs and dotage call. Davies.

Exceflive fondnefs;

If on your head my fury does not turn.

Thank that fond dotage which fo much you fcorn. Dryd.

DQ'TAL, adj. [dotalis, Lat.] Relating to the portion
of a woman; conftituting her portion; comprifed in her
portion :

Shall I, of one poor dotal town pofleft,

My people thin, my wretched country wafte,

An exil’d prince, and on a (baking throne,

Or rilk my patron’s fubjedts, or my own. Garth.

DO'TARD,yi A man whofe age has impaired his in¬
tellects; a man in his fecond childhood, called in fome
provinces a tmchild :

The fickly dotard wants a wife,

To draw off his laft dregs of life. Prior.

DOTA'TION, yi [ dotatio , Lat.] The adt of giving a
dowry or portion. Endowment in general. — As to elee-
mofynary corporations, by the dotation , the founder and
his heirs are of common right the legal vifiters. Blackjlone.

To DOTE, v. n. [doten , Dut. radoter , Fr.] To have
the intellect impaired by age or paflion ; to be delirious.

. — A fword is upon the liars, and they fhall dote: a fword
is upon her mighty men, and they fhall be difmayed.
Jer. 1. 36.

Time lias made you dote, and vainly tell
Of arms imagin’d in your lonely cell :

Go, be the temple and the gods your care ;

Permit to men the thought of peace and war. Dryden.
To be in love to extremity. — I have long loved her, and
bellowed much on her, followed her with a doting ob-
fcrvance. Shakefpeare.

7o dote upon. To regard with exceflive fondnefs;
to love to excefs. — We dote upon this prefent world, and
the enjoyment of it ; and ’tis not without pain and fear,
and reluCtancy, that we are torn from them, as if our
hopes lay all within the compafs of this life-. Burnet.

O death all eloquent! you only prove

What duft we dote on, when ’tis man we love. Prior.

DO'TE ASSIGNAN'DA, f. in law, a writ that lay
fora widow, where it was found by office, that the king’s
tenant was feifed of lands in fee, or fee-tail, at the day of
his death, and that he held of the king in chief, See. In
which cafe, the widow came into the chancery, and there
made oath, that (lie would not marry without the king’s
leave ; whereupon (he had this writ to the efeheator, to
aflign her dower. But it was ufual to make the aflign-
ment of the dower in the chancery, and to award a writ
to the efeheator, to deliver the lands afligned unto her.
Stat. 15 Edw. IV. c. 4.

DOTE UNDE NIHIL HABET, in law, a writ of
.dower, that lies for the widow againft the tenant who
bought land of her lnifband in his life-time, whereof he
•was folely feized in fee-(imple or fee-tail, and of which
flie is dowable. See the article Dower.

DO'TED, adj. Stupid. Notufed:

His fenfelefs fpeech and doted ignorance

The prince had marked well. Spenfer.

DO'TER, f. One whofe underftanding is impaired by

d o tr

years ; a dotard. — What fliould a bald fellow do with a
comb, a dumb doter with a pipe, ora blind man with a
looking-glafs. Burton. — A man fondly, weakly, and ex-
ceflively, in love :

If in black my lady’s brow be deckt,

It mourns that painting and ufurping hair

Should ravifli doter s with a falfe alpeCl ;

And therefore is fhe born to make black fair. Shakefpeare.

DOTES, f. pi. [Lat.] Natural endowments. — I niufe
a miftrefs can be fo filent to the dotes of fuch a fervant.
B. Jonfon.

DO'THAN, [from the Hebrew, fignifying cuftom.]
A town of Canaan, near Shechent, where Jofeph’s bre¬
thren confpired againft his life, Gen. xxxvii. 1 7 ; and where
the prophet Elifha dwelt, when the king of Syria encom-
pafted the city with intention to deftroy him, 2 Kings, \i.i 3.

DO'THAIM, the name of a place. Jud.iv.6.

D O'TIN G LY, adv. Fondly; by exceflive fondnefs :
That he, to wedlock dotingly betray’d,

Should hope in this lewd town to find a maid! Dryden.

DOT'MATYN, a town of Hungary : fix miles north-
weft of Podolicz.

DOT'TARD,y. This word feems to fignify a tree
kept low by cutting. — For great trees, we fee almoft all
overgrown trees in church-yards, or near ancient build¬
ings, and the like, are pollards and dottards, and not trees
at their full height. Bacon.

DOT'TEREL, /. The name of a fpecies of plover.
See Charadrius, vol.iv. p. 106. — We fee how ready
apes and monkeys are to imitate all motions of man ; and
in catching of dotterels, we fee how the foolifh bird play-
eth the ape in geftures. Bacon.

DOUADIC', a town of France, in the department of
the Indre : five miles north of La Blanc.

DO'V AIN, a town of Savoy, in the Chablais, cele¬
brated for its vineyards : three miles eaft-fouth-eaft of
Hermance.

DOUAR'NENEZ, a fea-port town of France, in the
department of Finifterre, and chief place of a canton, in
the diftridt of Pontcroix ; lituated on a large bay in the
Englifli Channel : three leagues and a half north-weft of
Quimper, and two and a quarter north-eaft of Pontcroix.

DO'UAY, a city of France, and capital of the depart¬
ment of the North ; large and ftrong, fituated on the
Scarp, which is navigable for boats. It contains feven
parilhes, and 2735 fires. It has long been celebrated for
its Englifh colleges, whither the Roman catholics of this
nation were generally lent for education. Douay was
taken by the allies, under the command of the duke of
Marlborough and prince Eugene, in 1 7 10. The fiege lafted
from the 5th of May to the 26th of June : the garrifon,
which at the beginning confided of 8000 men, was re¬
duced to 4527 ; and the allies loft 8000 men. It was re¬
taken by the French in 1712: twenty-four pofts and three-
quarters north of Paris. Lat. 50. 22. N. Ion. 20. 45. E.
Ferro.

DOU'AZIT, a town of France, in the department of
the Landes : five miles fouth of St. Sever.

DOU'BLE, adj. [double, Fr. duplex, Lat. duple, Erfe.]
Two of a fort; one correfponding to the other ; in pairs.
— All things are double one againft another, and he hath
made nothing imperfedt. Ecclus. xlii. 24. — Twice as
much; containing the fame quantity repeated. It is
fometimes ufed with to, and fometimes without. — This
fum of forty thoufand pounds is almoft double to what is
fufficient. Szuift.

Great honours are great burthens ; but on whom
They are call with envy, he doth bear two loads:

His cares muft (till be double to his joys,

In any dignity. Ben Jonfon.

Having one added to another ; having more than one in
the fame order or parallel. — It is acuriofity alfo to make
flowers double, which is effedted by often removing them

into

D O U

D O U

into new earth ; as, on the contrary part, double flowers,
by neglecting, and not removing, prove tingle. Bacon. —
Twofold ; of two kinds :

Thus cnrfed (leel, and more accurfed gold,

Gave mi (chief birth, and made that mifchief bold,

And double death did wretched man invade,

By fleel affaulted, and by gold betray’d. Drydcn.

Two in number :

And if one power did not botli fee and hear.

Our fights and founds would always double be. Davies.
Having twice the eflcCt or influence; having the power
of two. Not ufed:

The magnifico is much belov’d,

And hath in its effeCt a voice potential,

As double as the duke’s. Shakefpeare.

Deceitful ; r, Cling two parts, one openly, the other in fe-
cret, — Fifty thoufand could keep rank, that were not of
double heart, i Chron. xii. 33.

I’ th’ prefence

He would fay untruths, and be ever double

Both in his words and meaning. Shakefpeare.

DO'UBLE, adj. Twice over. — I am not fo old in pro¬
portion to them as I formerly was, which I can prove by
arithmetic ; for then I was double their age, which now I
am not. Swift.

To DO'UBLE, v. a. To enlarge any quantity by addi¬
tion of the lame quantity. — This power of repeating or
doubling any idea we have of any diftance, and adding it to
the former, as often as we will, without being ever able
to come to any flop or (lint, is that which gives us the
idea of immenfity. Locke.

Rumour doth double voice and echo

The numbers of the fear’d. Shakefpeare .

To contain twice the quantity:

Thus reinforc’d againft the adverfe fleet,

Still doubling ours,. brave Rupert leads the way. Dryd.
To repeat ; to add :

He faw proud Arcite and fierce Palemon
In mortal battle doubling blow on blow ;

Like lightning flam’d their falchions to and fro. Dryd.

To add one to another, in the fame order or parallel. —
Thou (halt double the curtain in the tabernacle. Exodus. — •
To fold :

He bought her fermons, pfalms, and graces,

And doubled down the ufeful places. Prior.

To pafs round a headland. — Sailing along the confl, he
doubled the promontory of Carthage, yet famous for the
ruins of that proud city. Knolles.

To DO'UBLE, v. n. To increafe to twice the quantity.
- — ’Tis obferved, in particular nations, that within the
fpace of three hundred years, notwithftanding all cafual-
ties, the number of men double. Burnet. — To enlarge the
(lake to twice the fum in play:

Throw Egypt by, and ofl’er in the (lead ;

Offer — the crown on Berenice’s head :

I am refolvcd to double till I win. Dryden.

To’turn back, or wind in running. — Ulider the line the
fun crolfeth, and maketh two fummers and two winters;
but in the fkirts of the torrid zone it doubletli and goeth
back again, and fo maketh one long Cummer. Bacon.

So keen thy hunters, and thy feent fo (Irong,

Thy turns and doublings cannot fave thee long. Swift,
To play tricks; to ufe Heights.

DO'UBLE, f. Twice the quantity or number. — If the
thief be found, let him pay double. Exodus. — Strong beer;
beer of twice the common (Irength. — Here’s a pot of
good double , neighbour : drink, and fear not your man,
Shakefpeare. — A turn ufed to efcape purfuit ;

Vol. VI. No, 328.

Man is frail,

Convulfions rack his nerves, and cares his bread;

His flying life is chas’d by rav’ning pains,

Through all his doubles, in thg winding veins. B'ackm.

A trick; a drift ; an artifice. — Thefe men are too well
acquainted with the chafe, to be flung off by any falfe
devisor doubles. Addifon. — A fold; a duplicate.

DO'UBLE is much ufed in compofition, generally for
doubly , two ways ; as, double-edged, having an edge on each
fide : or for twice the number or quantity ; as, double-died,
twice died.

BOU'BLE-BITING, adj. Biting or cutting on either
fide :

But mod their looks on the black monarch bend,

His rifing inufcles and his brawn commend ;

His double-biting ax, and beaming fpear.

Each a(king a gigantic force to rear. Dryden.

DOU'BLE-BUTTONED, adj. Having two rows of
buttons :

Others yon fee, when all the town’s afloat.

Wrapt in th’ embraces of a kerfey coat,

Or double-button' d frieze. Gay.

DOU'BLE-DEALER, /. A deceitful, fubtle, infi-
dious fellow ; one who acts two parts at the fame time ;
one who fays one thing and thinks another. — Double-dealers
may pafs mufter for a while ; but all parties \va(h their
hands of them in the conclufion. L'EJlrange.

DOU'BLE-DEALING, f. Artifice; diflimulation;
low or wicked cunning ; the aCtion of one thing with the
profeflion of another. — Thou Hr alt not be the vvorfe for
me ; there’s gold. — But that would be double-dealing, fir.
Shakefpeare. — Our poets have joined together fuch quali¬
ties as are by nature mod compatable ; valour with an¬
ger, meeknefs with piety, and prudence with diflimu-
lation : this lad union was neceffary for the goodnefs of
Ulyffes ; for, without that, his diflimulation might have
degenerated into wickednefs and double-dealing. Broome.

To DOU'BLE-DIE, v. a. To die twice over :

Yes, I’ll to the royal bed,

Where firfl the myfleries of our love were added,

And double-die it with imperial crimfon. Dryden.

DOU'BLE-FACED, adj. With two faces.— Fame, if
not double fac d, is double-mouth’d. Milton.

DOU'BLE-FORM'ED, adj. Of mixed form:

Till drfl I know of thee,

What thing thou art, thus double-form' d. Milton.

DOU'BLE-FOUNTED, adj. Having two fources:

Here tire double-founted dream
Jordan, true limit eadward. Milton.

DOUBLE-HANDED, adj. Having two hands.— All
things being double-handed, and having the appearances
both of truth and falfehood, where our affections have
engaged us, we attend only to the former. Gla'nville.

DOU'BLE-HEAD'ED, adj. Having the flowers grow¬
ing one to another. — Tire double rich fcarlet nonfuch is
a large double-head flower, of the richefl fcariet colour.
Mortimer.

DOU'BLE-ISLAND POINT, a cape on the north-ead
vcoaft of New Holland. Lat. 25.5S.S. Ion. 133. 12. E.
Greenwich.

To DOU'BLE-LOCK, v. a. To (hoot the lock twice ;
to faden with double fecurity. — He immediately double,
locked his door, and fat down carefully to reading and
comparing both his orders. Tatler.

DOU'BLE-MINDED, adj. Unfettled; undetermined.

, — A double-minded man is undable in all his ways. "James .

DOU'BLE-MOUTHED, adj. Wj*h two different
mouths. — See the example in Double-Faced.

DOU'BLE-PLEA, f. in law, is where a defendant al-
legeth for himfelf two feveral matters, in bar of the
plaintiff’s aCtion, when one of them is fufficient; which
(hall not be admitted ; as if a man plead feveral things,
K the

D O U

31 D O U

the one not depending upon the other, the plea is ac¬
counted double, and will not be allowed ; but if they
mutually depend on each other, and the party may not
have the laft plea without the firft, then it fhall be re¬
ceived. Kitch. 223. And where a double plea that is
wrong, is pleaded ; if the plaintiff reply thereto, and take
iffue of one matter ; if that be found againfl him, he can¬
not afterwards move in arreft of judgment; for by the
replication it is allowed to be good. 18 Ed. IV. 17. If a
man pleads two or more matters, when he is compelled
to (hew them, it makes not the plea double ; fo it is where
two diftindt things are pleaded, which require but one an-
fwer : and in cafe a man pleads two feveral matters or
things, and only one is material, the other being furpluT-
age, and needing no anfwer, the plea is not double. Hob.
197. Where there are feveral inducements to a plea,
they (hall not make the plea double: and double pleas
are allowable in aflifes of novel difeiflin, & c. but not in
other actions. jenk.Cent. 75. By 4 Anne, c. 16, it (hall
be lawful for defendant or tenant in any adfion orfuit, or
for plaintiff in replevin, in any court of record, with the
leave of the fame court, to plead as riiany feveral mat¬
ters thereto, as he (hall think neceflary for his defence.
That is, in fo many feparate and diftinft pleas, and where
there are more pleas than one. By virtue of this ftatute,
defendant is faid to plead double, by leave of the court.

DOU'BLE-QUARREL, f. in ecclefiaftical law, is a
complaint made to the archbilhop of the province, againfl:
an inferior ordinary, for delaying or refilling to do juftice
in fome caufe ; as to give fentence, inftitute a clerk, &c.
and feems to be termed a double quarrel, becaufe it is
moft commonly made againfl both the judge, and him
at whofe fuit juftice is denied or delayed: the effedt
whereof is, that the archbifliop taking notice of the de¬
lay, diredl-s his letters, under his authentical feal, to all
clerks of his province, commanding them to admonifli the
ordinary within a certain number of days to do the juftice
required, or otherwife to appear before him or his official,
and there allege the caufe of his delay : and to fignify to
the ordinary, that if he neither perform the thing en¬
joined, nor appear arid (hew caufe againfl it, he himfelf,
in his court of audience, will forthwith proceed to do the
juftice that is due. Cozed.

DOU'BLE-SHI'NING, adj. Shining with doubleluftre:
Among the reft he there did take delight
To fee the (ports of double-fiining day. Sidney.

DOU'BLE-TON'GUED, adj. Deceitful; giving con¬
trary accounts of the fame thing. — The deacons muft be
grave, not double-tongued , not given to much wine,- not
greedy of filthy lucre. 1 Tim.
l or much (he fear’d the Tyrians double-tongu'd,

And knew the town to Juno’s care belong’d. Dryden.

DOU'BLENESS, /. The (late of being double. — If
you think well to carry this as you may, the doublenefs of
the benefit defends the deceit from reproof. Shakcfpeare.
DOU'BLER,/ He that doubles any thing.
DOUB'LET, /. The inner garment of a man; the
waiftcoat : fo called from being double for warmth, or
becaufe it makes the drefs double. — What a pretty thing
a man is, when he goes in his doublet and hofe, and leaves
off his wit ! Shakejpeare .

They do but mimic ancient wits at beft,

As apes our grandfires, in their doublets dreft. Pope.
Two ; a pair. — Thofe doublets on the (ides of his tail feem
to add ftrenglh to the mufcles which move the tail fins.
Grew.

DOUB'LETS, /. pi. The fame number on both dice ;
thence alfo, a double meaning. — lie commonly (lurs every
fourth or fifth word, and feldom fails to throw doublets. But¬
ler's CharaBer tf a Quibbler. — Among antiquaries, two me¬
dals of the fame fort ; alfo two books, &c. of the fame fort.

DOUB'LINGS,/ pi. Putting two files of foldiers into
®ne. In heraldry, linings of robes, mantles of ftate, or

other garments. In hunting, the turnings of a hare to
avoid the dogs.

DOUBLO'N,.or Doubloon,/. [French.] A Spanifh
coin, containing the value of two p.iftofes.

DOU'BLF, adv. In twice the quantity; to twice the
degree :

Haply at night he does with horror fhun
A widow’d daughter, or a dying fon :

His neighbour’s offspring he to-morrow fees,

And doubly feels his want in their increafe. Prior.

DOUBS, or Doux, a river of France, which rifes at
the foot of mount Jura, paries by St. Hypo life, Clerval,
Befanjon, Dole, &c. and lofcs itfelf in the Saone, near
Verdun.

DOUBS, a department of France, which takes its name
from the river which paries through it ; bounded on the
north by the departments of the Upper Saone and Upper
Rhine, on the eaft by Swiflerland, on the fouth-weft by
the department of the Jura, and on the north-weft by the
department of the Upper Saone. Befan^on is the capital..

To DOUBT, v.n. [ doubter , Fr. dubito, Lat.] To quef-
tion ; to be in uncertainty. — Let no man, while he lives
here in the world, doubt' whether there is any hell or no,
and thereupon live fo, as if abfolutely there were none.
South. — To queftion any event, fearing the worfl :

Doubting things go ill, often hurts more

Than to be fure they do. 'Shakejpeare. '

Sometimes with of in both the foregoing fenfes :

Flave I not manag’d my contrivance w-ell,

To try your love, and make you doubt /mine > Dryden.
To fear; to be apprehenfive of ill.— If there were no
fault in the title, I doubt there are too many in the body
of the work. Baker on Learning.

I doubt there’s deep refentment in his mind,

For the late flight his honour futfer’d. Ctway.

To fufpedt ; to have fufpicion :

The king did all his courage bend
Againfl thofe four which now before him were,

Doiibting not who behind him doth attend. Daniel.

To helitate ; to be in fufpenfe ; to waver undetermined ;
At firft the tender blades of grafs appear,

And buds, that yet the blaft of Eurus fear,

Stand at the door of life, and doubt to clothe the year .Dryd.

7o DOUBT, v.a. To hold queftionable ; to think un¬
certain. To think endangered :

He from the terror of this arm fo late

Doubted his empire. Milton.

To fear; to fufpedt: •*

You that will be lefs fearful than difereet,

That love the fundamental part of ftate,

More than you doubt the change of it, prefer
A noble life before a long. Shakejpeare.

To diftruft ; to hold fufpeefed :

To teach vain wits a fcience little known,

T’ admire fuperior fenfe, and doubt their own. Pope.

DOUBT, f. Uncertainty of mind ; fufpenfe ; undeter¬
mined ftate of opinion. — Could any difficulty have been
propofed, the refolution would have been as early as the
propofal ; it could not have had time to fettle into doubt.
South. Queftion ; point unfettled. — Hippocrates com¬
mends the flefli of the wild fow above the tame ; and no
doubt but the animal is more or .lefs healthy, according to
the air it lives in. Arbuthnot. — Scruple; perplexity; ir-
refolution :

Our doubts are traitors,

And make us lofe, by fearing to attempt.

The good we oft might win. Shakejpeare .

Uncertainty of condition. — And thy life (hall hang in
doubt before thee ; and thou (halt fear day and night, and

(halt

D O U

D O U

(halt have no nffurance of thy life. Dcut. — Sufpicion ; ap-
prehenfion of ill. — I define to be prefent with you now,
and to change my voice ; for I ftand in doubt of you.
Gal. iv. 20. — Difficulty objefted :

To every doubt your anfvver is the fame.

It fo fell out, and fo by chance it came. Blachnore.

Peril :

However ftrong and flout

They were, as well approv’d in many a doubt. Spenfcr.

DOUBT'ER, f. One who entertains fcruples; one who
hangs in uncertainty.

DOUBT'FUL, adj. Dubious; not fettled in opinion .

Methinks I ffiould know you, and know this man;

Yet I am doubtful. Shakefpeare.

Ambiguous ; not clear in its meaning: as, a doubtful ex.
preflion. That about which there is doubt, that which
is not yet determined or decided; obfeure ; queftionable ;
uncertain. — In handling the right of a war, I am not
willing to intermix matter doubtful with that which is out
of doubt ; for as in capital caufes, wherein but one man’s
life is in queflion, the evidence ought to be clear; fo
much more in a judgment upon a war, which is capital
to thoufands. Bacon. — In doubtful cafes, reafon (fill deter¬
mines for the fafer fide ; efpecially if the cafe be not only
doubtful , but alfo highly concerning, and the venture be
a foul, and an eternity. South. — Hazardous; of uncertain
event :

We have fuftain’d one day in doubtful fight,

What heav’n’s high Lord had pow’rfulleft. Milton.
Not fecure; not without fufpicion — Our manner is al¬
ways to caft a doubtful and a more fufpicious eye towards
that, over which we know we have lead power. Hooker.
— Not confident; not without fear :

With doubtful feet, and wavering refolution,

I come, ftill dreading thy difpleafure. Milton.

Partaking different qualities:

Looks

Downcafl and damp, yet fuch wherein appear’d
Some glimpfe of joy, which on his count’nance caft
Like doubtful hue. Milton.

DOUBT'FUL HARBOUR, a bay on the weft coaft
of the fouthernmoft ifiand of New Zealand, in the South
Pacific Ocean. Lat.45. 16. S. Ion. 168. 50. W. Greenwich.

DOUBT'FUL ISLAND, an ifiand in the South Paci¬
fic Ocean, feen by Monf. Bougainville. Lat. 17. 20. S.
Ion. 141. 38. V/. Greenwich.

DOUBT'FULLY, adv. Dubioufly ; irrefolutely. Am-
bignoully : with uncertainty of meaning. — Knowing how
doubtfully all allegories may be conltrned, and this book
of mine being a continual allegory, I have thought good
to difeoverthe general intention. Spenfcr.

* Nor did the goddefs doubtfully declare

Her alter’d mind, and alienated care. Drydai,

Fearfully :

With that fee waked, full of fearfull fright,

And doubtfully difmay’d through that fo uncouth fight.

Spenfcr.

DOUBT'FULNESS, f Dubioufnefs ; fufpenfe; infta-
bility of opinion. — Though doubtfulncfs or uncertainty
feems to be a medium between certain truth and certain
falsehood in our minds, yet there is no -fuch medium in
things themfelves. Watts. — Ambiguity; uncertainty of
meaning.— In arguing, the opponent ufes as comprehen-
five and equivocal terms as he can, to involve his adver-
fary in the doubtfulncfs of his expreffions : and therefore
the anfwerer, on his fide, makes it his play to difiinguifh
as much as he can. Locke. — Hazard ; uncertainty of event
or condition.

DOUBl'INGLY, adv. In a doubting manner; dubi.

oufly; without confidence. — Whatfoever a man imngin-
eth doubtingly, or with fear, miift needs do hurt, if ima¬
gination have any power at all ; for a man reprefenteth
that oftener that he feareth, than the contrary. Bacon.

DOUBT'LESS, adj. Free from fear; void of appre-
henfion of danger :

Pretty child, deep doubtlcfs and fecure,

That Hubert, for the wealth of all the world,

Will not offend thee. Shakefpeare.

DOUBT'LESS, adv. Without doubt; without quef-
tion ; unqueftionably. — Doubtlcfs he would have made a
noble knight. Shakefpeare.

Doubtlcfs, oh gueft! great laud and praife were mine,

If, after focial rites and gifts bellow’d,

1 ftain’d my hofpitable hearth wirh blood. Pope.

DOU'CET, f. £ doucet , Fr.] A cuftard.

DOU'CIN (Louis), a French Jefuit, native of Ver¬
non in Normandy, died at Orleans in 1726. His abilities
and zeal pointed him out as a proper perfon to be em¬
ployed at Rome, while the bufinefs of the conftitution
Unigenitus was in agitation. He was the author of A
Hiftory of Neftorianifm, in quarto, 1698, which is ably
written and held in much eftimation. He alfo publifhed,
A Thort Memoir illuftrative of the State and Progrefs of
Janfenifm in Holland; and a multitude of pamphlets on
the Janfeniftical controverfy.

DOUCK'ER, f. [from to douck, corrupted from to
duck.~\ The diver. See Colymbus, vol. iv. p. 838. — ■
The colymbi, or douckers, or loons, are admirably con.
formed for diving, covered with thick plumage, and their
feathers fo (lippery that water cannot moiften them. Ray.

DOU'DEVILLE, a town of France, in the department
of the Lower Seine, and chief place of a canton, in the
diftrict of Cany ; feven leagues north-north-weft of Rouen.

DOVE, f. [from duvo, old Tent, taub, daub, Ger.J
A fpccies of wild pigeon. See Columba, vol. iv. p. 815,
— I have here a diih of doves, that I will beftow upon your
worlhip. Shakefpeare.

Not half fo fwift the trembling doves can fly.

When the fierce eagle cleaves the liquid Iky ;

Not half fo fwiftly the fierce eagle moves,

When thro’ the Ikies he drives the trembling doves. Pope .

The. dove has always been efteemed as one of the moft
pleafing emblems of tendernefs and afleflion. The dove
and the rainbow have been rendered particularly intereft-
ing, from the circumftances of the deluge. Thefe were
confidered by the Hebrews as particularly favoured of
heaven ; whence the Samarim, or fons of Cuffi, made the
dove and the rainbow the facred ftandard of the Deity.
The patriarch Noah feems to have been the firft who was
in the gentile world typified under the emblem of a dove.
He was a great prophet ; and it was foretold at his birth,
that he ffiould bring peace and comfort to mankind. The
purport of his name is, ref from labour. Hence the dove
became the emblem of peace, as well as of the perfon
through whom that bleffing was to be derived to the
earth. Thus the dove became a facred fymbol, and
was fo acknowledged in t he times of the pureft worfliip.
But the fons of Ham perverted what was intended to be
only typical, and at length made the dove the object of
their idolatry. Under this name Juno was worlhipped
by the Hetrurians. The firft temple in memory of the
ark was at Theba in Egypt ; and as the dove was efteemed
the interpreter of the Deity, the priefts of the temple
were called Ionah, or doves. Thus the Ionic worftiip of
tb.e dove was brought into Greece, and temples every
where erected for that purpofe ; the principal of which
was at Dodona in Epirus. The women who officiated in
thefe temples were called rh^Eiai, and nXeiaJs? ; which
the Latins rendered columba ; whence Linifabus took his
generic name for the dove. And as, among marinerSj,
this bird was thought to be particularly aufpicious, they
ufed anciently to let a dove or pigeon fly from their lliips,

in

36

D O V

D O V

in older to judge, from its movements, of the fuccefs of
their voyage. The mod favourable feafon for fetling
fail was fuppofed to be at the heliacal riling of the feven
liars near the head of Taurus, and they are in eonfequence
of it called Pleiades, or .the doves.

With painters, the dove is an emblem of fimplicity,
innocence, purity, goodnefs, peace, and divine love, and
reprefents the Holy Ghod. Having no gall, it is the
fymbol of a true and faithful Chriltian, who forgives in¬
juries, bears adverlity patiently, and fuffers not the- fun
to go down upon his anger.

DOVE, a river of England, in the county of Derby,
which runs into the Trent, near Burton.

DOVE’s-FOOT CRANE’s-BILL. See Geranium.

DOfJE', a town of France, in 'the department of the
Mayne and Loire, and chief place of a canton, in the
diliridt of Saumur, on the Loire: there are the remains
of an amphitheatre, which are by fomc fuppofed to be
Roman, while others fuppofe them the remains of a pa¬
lace of the ancient kings of Aquitaine. It contains about
800 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in a mann-
fadtnre of druggets and tammies: nine miles fouth-wed
of Saumur, and twenty fouth of Angers.

DG'VECOT, f A fmall building in which pigeons
are bred and kept.

DO'VEDRAWN, part. adj. Drawn by doves :

I met her deity,

Cutting the clouds tow’rds Paphos, and her fon
Dovedrawn with her. Shakcfpeare.

DO'VEHOUSE, f. A lioufe for pigeons. — The hawk
fets up for protector, and makes havock in the dovehoufe.
L’ EJl range.

DO' V EIN, a town of Egypt : feven miles fouth-fouth-
ead of Siur.

DO'VELIKE, adj. Like a dove. — Dovelike fatft brood¬
ing on the vaft abyfs. Milton.

DO'VER, [beopjra, Sax. oidufyrra, C.Br. a deep place,
from the deep rocks not far from thence.] An ancient
fea-port town in the eadern part of the county of Kent,
feventy-two miles from London, lixteen from Canterbury,
twenty-two from Margate, eleven from Sandwich, and
eight from Deal. It is placed in a pleafant valley, and
the only one about this coad where water is admitted in¬
wards of the cliff, which is here very high, and has a
beautiful pidturefque appearance. The lull on which
the cadle is (ituated rifes with a bold afeent to the north¬
ward of the town ; and the venerable and famous fortrefs
dill feems to bid dedance to its Gallic neighbours, the
total change in the art of war dnee its erection has re¬
duced its eonfequence as a fortified dation very much in¬
deed. A fmall river runs through the valley, which
palfes through great part of the town, and from thence
empties itfelf into the fea. The delightful fituation of
Dover, the falubrity of the air, the purity of the fea, and
the advantages of a dne beach, has caufed it to be much
frequented in the bathing-feafon. The ancient Britifh
name of Dover was Dour, the Saxon Doppa, the Roman
Dubrics -, and the Watling-dreet, one of the ancient Ro¬
man roads which eroded the kingdom, commenced here,
going drait to Canterbury, over Barham-downs, where it
is very perfect. Dover at prefent confids of two parts,
of nearly equal fize, connected by a long narrow fireet ;
the upper and mod ancient part is called the Town; the
lower part, the Pier. Dover is one of the principal
cinque-ports incorporated by Edward I. The charter
endowed them with many and great privileges, equally
conducive to national commerce and fecurity. Dover
was anciently walled in, and had originally ten gates, a
proof of its primitive opulence and fplendour ; it was fird
fortified in 1525. Eadbropk-gate dood under the Ead
ClilF, near Mansfield’s-corner. St. Helen’s-gate next the
former, towards the fouth-wed. The Podern, or Fifher’s-
gate, near the bridge. Butcher’s-gate, which opened to¬
wards the fouth. Snare-gate, towards the fouth-wed, .the

feite of which (now called the Bench) was converted into
a pavement for the merchants’- meeting ; and over it was
the endom-houfe. Severus’s-gate, fouth-wed towards the
pier, laid to have been built by the Roman emperor Se-
verus. Adrian’s-gate, called Upwall, on the lower Ode
of the hill, on the wed part, above the lad-mentioned
gate. Common-gate, or Cow-gate, on the way leading to
the common. St. Martin’s, called alfo Monk’s-gate, and
Podern gate, leading towards the hill. Biggen-gate, which
lad took its name from the Oreet which ends there : it was
anciently called North-gate.

The paflage from Dover to France being the neared
and fafed from England, '■there was a law formerly, that
none ihould go to the continent but from thence. Dover
was in a flourifliing condition in the reign of Edward the
ConfefTor, who made this town a body corporate, by the
dile of mayor and commonalty, and the townfinen were
called burgeffes; amongd whom the mayor chofe aflid-
ants for the year, who, being fworn to faithful fervice,
were called jurats; which. name and office is now com¬
mon to ail the cinque-ports, and fome of the towns their
dependents. This charter was renewed in the reign of
Edward III. The lad charter of Dover was granted by
Charles II. There were formerly feven churches in this
town ; but five of them have been long fince demoliflied.
The two now exiding, are St. Mary the Virgin, and St.
James’s. St. Mary’s was built by the prior and convent
of St. Martin; and it may be worthy of notice, that the
tower of this church was lately difeovered (in digging a
vault) to have been built upon the remains of an ancient
Roman bath. In this town was formerly a houfe belong¬
ing to the knights templars, before their fupprellion by
Edward II. made memorable by being the place where
king John made his difgraceful fubmilfion to the Roman
pontid’, by fetting his feal to a deed, whereby he acknow¬
ledged himfelf to hold the crown of England of the pope.

Dover cadle has been famous through many ages, and
was formerly edeemed the lock and key of the whole
kingdom ; it is very extendve, upwards of thirty-five
acres are fuppofed to be contained within the walls. As
it is frequently aderted in our old chronicles, and from
them tranferibed into more general hidories, that Dover
cadle was built by Julius Csefar, many who have vidted
it have been fatisfied with this idle report; but the works
dill remaining bear evident marks of its having been raifed
in diderent and very didant periods of our hidory. The
three leading chara61eridical parts of ground-plans and
buildings are Roman, Saxon, and Norman. The fortifi¬
cations about the cadle underwent feveral material alte¬
rations in 1796. Of the new works, the mod ufeful part¬
is a battery of thirty-two-pounders, on a level with the
water’s edge. From this battery, if necelfary, the men
can retreat into the cadle, afeending by a perpendicular
fhaft which has been made through the folid rock. Here
the Romans, under Julius Caefar, attempted their fird
landing; but they were frudrated, and obliged to fail
about eight miles fartherTtowards the north ; and landed
near the high ground where Richborough cadle was af¬
terwards built.

Dover is incorporated by the name of the mayor, ju¬
rats, and commonalty, of the town and port of Dover;
and fends two members to the imperial parliament. Here
is a good free-fehool, edablidied in 1771, endowed by
John Trevanion, efq. member for Dover, for fifty boys,
the fons of freemen. There is alfo a charity-fchool for
forty-five boys and thirty-five girls, fupported by volun¬
tary contribution. It lias a market every Wednefday and
Saturday ; and one annual fair, which begins on the 22d
of November, and continues three market-days. The
packet-veflels with the mail fail condantiy from "this port
for Calais and Oftend in time of peace.

The jurifdidtion of the cinque-ports is veded in the
condable of Dover cadle, who (hall not hold plea of any
foreign county within the cadle gates, except it concern
the keeping of the cadle; nor dull he didrain the inha¬
bitants

D O U

D O V 37

feitants of the ports, to plead elfewbere or otherwife than
as they ought, according to the charters, &c. 28 EJw. I.
C. 7. See the article Cinque-Ports, vol. iv. p. 606.

DO'VER STRAITS. See Straits.

DO'VER, a townfhip of the American States, in Nor¬
folk county, Malfachufetts, incorporated anno 1650: fit"-,
teen miles fouthward of Bofton.

DO'VER, a confiderable townfhip of the American
States, in Strafford county, New Hampfhire, and the (hire
town of the county ; fttuated on the font hern fide of
Cochecho river, about four miles above its junction with
Salmon-fall river, which together form the Pifcataq.ua;
ten miles fouth-by-eaft of Rochefier, fix from Berwick in
Maine, andfourteen north-weft by north from Portfmonth.
The Indians named it Winichahanat, and Cochecho; by the
firft fettlers, it was called Northam. It was incorporated
in 1633. In this townfhip is a high neck of ldnd, between
the main branch of Pifcataqua and Back river, about two
miles long, and half a mile wide, riling gently along a
fine road, and declining on each fide, like a (hip’s deck.
It commands an extenfive and variegated profpedt of the
fivers, bays, adjacent fhores, and diftant mountains. It
has often been admired by travellers as an elegant fitua-
tion for a city, and by military gentlemen for a fortrefs.
The firft fettlers pitched here, but the trade has long
fince been removed to Cochecho-falls ; and this beautiful
fpot is almoft delerted of inhabitants. Lat.43. u.N.
ion. 70. 50. W,

DO'VER, a townfhip of the American States, in Mon¬
mouth county, New J or fey, between Shrewfbury and New
Stafford, and extends from the fiea to the county line. It
has but one church, the property -of a generous and bene¬
volent individual; who gives liberty to minifters of all
denominations to preach in it whenever they pleafe.

DO'VER, a town of the American States, the metro-
■polis of Delaware (late, in Kent county, on the fouth-
weft fide of j ones’ s creek, about four miles and a half
north-weft from its mouth, in the Delaware ; twelve
miles from Duck creek, forty-eight from Wilmington,
■and feventy-fix fouth-fouth-weft of Philadelphia. It con¬
tains four ftreets, which interfedt each other at right
angles, in the center of the town. The area included
within thefe interfections extends into a fpacious parade,
•on the eaft fide of which is an elegant ftate-houfe. It has
a confiderable trade with Philadelphia, chiefly in flour.
Lat. 39. 10. N. Ion. 75. 34. W.

DO'VER, a town of the American States, in York coun¬
ty, Pennfylvania, on Fox Run, whicli falls into Conewa-
go creek, near its mouth, in the Sufquehannah. I{, con¬
tains a German Lutheran and Calvinift church, united.

DOVE'RA, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan :
twenty-four miles weft of Milan.

DO'VETA-IL, /. A form of joining two bodies to¬
gether, where that which is inlerted has the form of
a dove’s tail, or wedge reverfed, and therefore cannot
■fall out.

DOUGH, f. [bah, Sax. deegh, Dut.] The pafte of
bread, or pies unbaked :

You that from pliant pafte would fabrics arife.

Expetting thence to gain immortal praife,

Your knuckles try, and let your finews know.

Their power to knead, and give the form to (laugh. King.

My cake is Dough. My affair has mifearried ; my un¬
dertaking has never come to maturity :

My cake is dough, but I’ll in among the reft;

Out of hope of all, buf-my fhare of the feuft. S/lakefpeare .

DOL GHBA'KED, adj. Unfinifhed; not hardened to
perfection ; foft :

For when, through taftelefs flat humility,

In doughbak'd men fome harmleflncfs we fee,

Mis but his phlegm that’s virtuous, and not he. Donne.

DO'UGHTY, adj. [bofrcig, Sax. datght, virtue, Dut.]
Brave; noble; illuftrious; eminent. U fed of men and
“things :

VoL. VI. No. 329.

Such rcftlefs paflion did all night torment
The flattening courage of that fairy knight,

Deviling llow that doughty tournament
With greateft honour he achieveu might. Spenjer.

It is now feldom ufed but ironically, or in burlefque. —
If this doughty hiftorian hath, any honour or conlcience
left, he ought to be pardoned. Stilling fleet.

She fmil’d to fee the doughty hero flain ;

But, at her finite, the beau reviv’d again. Pope.

DOUGH'TY-HAN D'ED, adj. Powerful:

I thank you all,

For doughty-handed are you. Shakcfpcare.

DOUG FEY,, adj. Unfound; foft; unhardened. — A out*
fon was milled with a fnipt tafia fa fellow there, whofe
Villainous faffron would have made all the unbaked and
doughy youth of a nation in his colour. Shakcfpeare.

DOUGIELIS'KI, a town of Lithuania, in the palati¬
nate of Wilna : fix teen miles north-north-eaft of Wilna.

DOU'GLAS (Gawin), a Scotch prelate diftinguifhed
for poetical talents, the third fon of Archibald earl of
Angus, born in 1474-5. He received a liberal education,
firft in his own' country, and afterwards at the univerfity
of Paris. On his return from his travels he entered into
the church, and obtained the bifhopric of Dunkeld. Such
was the violence of the times, that lie was induced to re¬
tire into England ; and as at that juncture war broke out
between the two kingdoms, his enemies took advantage
of his retreat to -a hoftile country, to reprefent him as a
di fa fleeted perfon. A profecution was commenced againft
him on this account, which ended in a fentence of pro-
feription, and fequeftration of his epifcopal revenues. He
was refpedt fully received in England, and Henry VIII.
granted him a liberal penfion, as a man of learning, and
as a fufferer fer attachment to the Englifti intereft. He
died of the plague at London in 1521, and was buried in
the Savoy church. Bifliop Douglas has the merit of be¬
ing a confiderable improver of the language and verfitica-
tion of his country, and Scottifii poetry is indebted to
him for a degree of elegance which, allowing for differ¬
ence of dialed!, places it on a level with the Englifh of
the time. In his youth he mandated Ovid De Remedio
Amoris, not without a view, it is thought, to fuggeft to
his own mind fome defence agairrft that importunate paf-
fion. But his greateft work is a tranflation of Virgil’s
Eneid, with the additional book of Maplreus Vegius, into
Scottifh heroic verfe. This is laid by Mr. Warton to
have been the firft metrical tranflation of a claftic in the
language of Great Britain, unlel’s one of Boethius can be
called an exception. It was written -about 1512, and was
completed in the fpace of fixteen months. A new edi¬
tion of this tranflation was printed, with a glollary, at
Edinburgh in 1710, fmall folio. The bifliop likewife
compofed an original poem, intitled The Palice of Ho¬
nour, which is a moral vilion in the manner of the Table
of Cebes ; and an allegorical poem called King Hart, firft:
publiflied in Mr. Pinkerton’s Ancient Scottifh Poems.

DOU'GLAS (James, M. D.) an able anatomift, born
in Scotland in 1675. He fettled in London, and made
liimfelf known by various writings, Haller, who was
perfonally acquainted with him, calls him a learned and
fkilful man, and a very diluent diftedtor. Befides feve-
ral papers in the Philofophical Tranf’adtions, he wrote,
1. Myographice Comparat# Specimen, or a Comparative De-
feription of all the Muffles in a Man and a Quadruped,
London, 1707 , 1.2 mo., which is the beft myography extant
down to his time, and is particularly accurate in the in-
fertions of the mufcles into the bones. 2. Bibliographic
.Anatomic# Specimen, London, 1715, Svo. a brief account,
■in I.atin, of all • anatomifts from Hippocrates to Harvey,
with their works and difeoveries : of this an improved edi¬
tion was publilhed at Leyden in 1734. 3. A Defcripticn of
the Peritoneum, &c. London, 1730, 4to. an accurate and
■minute piece of anatomical examination. He alfo pub.
.liftied, 4. A Hiftory of the Lateral Operation for the Stone.,-
L- 1726^

ss

D O U

D O V

1 7 25, 8 vo. He had prepared a great work on hernias, for
which he had made feveral figures, but he did not live to
finifii it. Dr. Douglas had the merit of patronizing the
eminent anatomift Dr. John Hunter, who came from Scot¬
land recommended to him in 1741. He died in 1742.

DOU'GLAS, a town of Scotland, in the county of
Lanerk, on a fmall river of the fame name, which foon
alter runs into the Clyde, near which is Douglas Caftle :
eight miles fouth of Lanerk.

DOU'GLAS, a fea-port town of the Ifle of Man, fitu-
ated in a large bay to which it gives name, in the Irilh
fea, with a harbour for veftels of tolerable burden ; the
trade and number of inhabitants have greatly increafed
within the laft fifty years. Lat. 54. 9. N. Ion. 4. 44. W.
Greenwich.

DOU'GLAS, a townfhip of the American States, in
Worceftcr county, Maflachufetts, having the ftate of
Rhode Itland on the fouth, and that of Connecticut on
the fouth-weft, and through it palfes the middle road
from Bolton to New York : lixteen miles fouth of Wor¬
cester, and forty-leven fouth-weft of Bofton. It was in¬
corporated anno 1746, and received its name in honour of
William Douglas, M. D. of Bofton, a native of Scotland,
and a conliderable benefactor to the tow n.

DOU'GLAS, a townfhip of the American States, in
Montgomery county, Pennfylvania.

DOUGLAS'SIA, f. [fo named in honour of James
Douglas, M. D.] In botany, a genus of the clafs polya-
delphia, order polyandria. The generic characters are — -
Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, turbinate, half fix-cleft,
permanent; fegments ovate, acute, coloured. Corolla:
none ; neCtaries fix, ovate on the outlide with two ob¬
long pits, on the inlide convex, anther-bearing; termi¬
nated by two glands, convex without, concave within ;
ending at the bottom in a capillary pedicel, fhorter than
the calyx, inferted at the bafe of the fegments, with a
viilofe gland on each fide at the infertion of it. Stamina:
filaments none ; antherae very many, minute, one-celled,
with the valve opening at the bafe. Piftillum : germ
ovate, fuperior; ftyle filiform, the length of the ftamens;
fiigma fix-cleft. Pericarpiui-.i : berry ovate, acute, one-
celled. Seed: fingle, with a brittle fhell. — EJfcntial Cha¬
racter. Calyx, half fix-cleft ; corolla, none; nectaries fix ;
filaments none; germ fuperior; ftigma fix-cleft ; berry
ovate, one-celled ; feed, one, with a brittle fhell. It is
allied to Poroftema ; the fructification is extremely ftn-
gular ; the fruit aromatic.

Douglafiia Guianenfis, or Guiana Douglaflta; with al¬
ternate lanceolate leaves. This, the only fpecies, is a
middling lized fhrub, growing in Guiana ; it is about
five feet high, and branching at the top ; its diameter
five or fix inches ; the wood white and compaCt ; the
branches are fubdivided into fmaller ones; the flowers
grow at their extremities in a kind of draggling ‘clufters,
and are fmall and yellowifb. See Volka.mek.ia.

DOU'GLEDY, a river of South Wales, which joins
the Clethy, about thre'e miles fouth from Haverfordw eft,
in the county of Pembroke.

DOU'L A B ASSENT AR, a town of Afia, in the coun¬
try of Kemaoon : feventeen miles north of Lucknow.

DOU'LAINCOURT, a town of France, in the depart¬
ment of the Upper Marne, and chief place of a canton,
in the diftriCf of Joinviile, ten miles fouth-weft of Join-
ville.

DOU'LENS, or Dourlens, a town of France, and
principal place of a diftriCt, in the department of the
Somme *. fifteen miles north of Amiens, and eighteen
fouth-weft of Arras.

DOU'LEYENT, a town of France, in the department
of the Upper Marne, and chief place of a canton, in the
diftriCf of Joinviile : three leagues fouth-weft of Joinviile.

DOU'LON, a river of France, which runs into the Al-
lier near Brioude.

DOUR'DAN, a town of France, and principal place
of a diftriCf, in the department of the Seine and Oile, on
the Orge. The corn-market is large, and there are uu>

4

nufaCfures of worded and filk-hofe : twenty-five miles-
fouth-weft of Paris, and eight north of Eftampes.

DOUR'GNE, a town of France, in the department of
the Tarn, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriCf of
Caftres : three leagues fouth of Caftres.

DOUR'LERS, or Doulers, a town of France, in
the department of the North, and chief place of a can¬
ton, in the diftriCf of Avefnes : two leagues fouth of
Mauberge.

DOU'SA (Janus), properly John Vandcrdoes, lord of
Noortwyk in Holland, born in 1545. He ftudied at Lier,
Louvain, and Paris. On his return lie had various em¬
ployments ; and, in 1574 was entrufted by the prince of
Orange with the government of Leyden. He defended
that city during its famous fiege by the Spaniards, and
obtained great reputation for his valour and conduct.
Upon the foundation of the univerlity there, he was no¬
minated its firft curator; and he didinguilhed himfelf as
much by his learning at the head of a literary inftitution,
as he liad done in his former pod by his military quali¬
ties. He died of the plague in 1604. Dotifa was the au¬
thor of a number of Latin poems, confiding of epodes,
epigrams, fatires, elegies, &c. and fix books of the An¬
nals of Holland in elegiac verfe. This laft has been
printed feparately, with a commentary by Grotius. His
verfes deferve the praife of elegance and purity. He left
four fons, all of them proficients in letters. Of thefe the
mod celebrated was

Janus Dousa, the Younger, born In 1572. His extra¬
ordinary acquifitions.at a very tender age have given him
a place among thofe who became celebrated for literature
in their .childhood. He w'as a poet, a critic, a mathema¬
tician, and philofopher. He wrote commentaries upon
Plautus, in his dxteenth year; and upon feveral other
authors, at the age of nineteen. He afterwards acquired
the knowledge of jurifprudence and hiftory, and had been
Juft appointed preceptor of Henry-Frederic prince of
Orange, and fir ft librarian to the univerlity of Leyden,
when he was cut off in his twenty-fixth year. His poems
were collected after his death, and publiflied at Leyden
in 1607.

D01P5ABEL, \_Douce-et-bdk, Fr. fweet and fair.] A.
proper name of women.

To DOUSE, v. a. [Lei; ; but probably it is a cant
word formed from the found.] To put over head fud~
deni y in the water.

To DOUSE, v. n. To fall fuddenly into the water :

It is no jefting, trivial matter,.

To fwing i’th’ air, or dovfe in water.. Hudibras.

DOU'TREMERE, adj. [Fr.] Brought from beyond
fea ; feafaring, travelling beyond fea. Obfolete.

DOUW (Gerard), an eminent painter of the Dutclr
fchool, born in 16:3 at Leyden, where his father was a
glazier. His early inclination for painting caufed him-,
to be placed firft with Dolendo, an engraver, then with
Peter Kouwhoorn, a painter on glafs ;. and, for farther
improvement, Ire was fent to ftudy under Rembrandt.
From that great mafter he imbibed the true principles of
colouring, and a perfect knowledge of the chiaro-fcuro ;
but, in other refpebts, he formed to himfelf a manner
totally different. ' Douw excelled all the artifts in exqui-
fite delicacy of finidi. He copied after nature, and was not
contented without rendering every objeft, however incon-
fiderable, with an exaftnefs of imitation that would bear
the clofert infpeiftion. As he worked in fmall fize, the
patience and labour required for fuch minute accuracy
may be conceived, as it has given a lafting value to his
performances.. The prices his pictures bore even in li is
own time and country were extraordinary, and at this
time they are highly valued all over Europe. He died at
Leyden in 1674. His works are difperfed through the
different cabinets of Europe.

DGUX. See Doubs.

DO'VY, or Douye, a river of Wales, which rifes in
the louth-eaft part of Merionethlhire, palfes by Machyn¬
lleth-

DOW

Iktrli, &c. and runs into the fea, about feven miles nortli
of Abtriftwich.

D-OUZK, a river of France, which runs into the Adour,
near Tartas.

DOUZE, a town of France, in the department of the
Dordogne : feven miles fouth-eaft of Perigueux.

DOU'ZEPERE,/ [old Fr..] One of the twelve peers
of France. — Big looking like aabyghty douzepere. Spenfer.

DOU'ZY, a town of. France, in the department of the
Ardennes, and chief place of a cantpn, in the diftrict of
Sedan: four miles eaft of Sedan. V

DOW'ABLE, adj. Entitled to dower. — A feifin in
law of the hufband will be as effectual as a feifin in deed,
in order to render tire wife dowable. Blackjlone.

DOW'AGER, f. [ douairiere , Fr. ] A widow with a
jointure. — Widow's have a greater intereft in property
than either maids or wives ; lo that it is as unnatural tor
z -dowager as a freeholder to be an enemy to our conrtitu-
tion. Add if on.

She lingers my defires,

Like to a ftepdame or a dowager,

Long wintering on a young man’s revenue. Shakcfpeare.
The title given to princelfes or ladies who furvive their
luilbands :

Catharine no more

Shall be call’d queen ; but princefs dowager,

And widow' to prince Arthur. Shakefpeare.

DOW'AGER (queen), the widow of a king, and as
fuch enjoys in England mad of the privileges belonging
to her as queen contort. But it is not high treafon to
conipire her death, or violate her chaflity ; becaufe the
fuccellion to the, crown is not thereby endangered. But
no man can marry her, without fpecial licence from the
king, on pain of forfeiting his lands and goods. 2 Lift. 18.
1 Comm. 223.

DOW'CETSjy. pi. The tcjles of deer. — I gave them
all the lweet moriels, call’d tongue, ears, and dowcets.
Ben Jon Jon.

DOW'DY , f. An awkward, ill-dreffed, inelegant, wo¬
man. — Laura, to his lady, was but a kitchen wench ; Di¬
do, a dowdy ; Cleopatra, a gipfy ; Helen and Hero, Hid¬
ings and harlots. Shakejpeare.

The bedlam train of lovers ufe
T’ inhance the value, and the faults excufe;

And therefore ’ tis no wonder if we fee

They doat on dowdies and deformity. Dryden.

DOW'DY, adj. Awkward :

No houfewifery the dowdy creature knew ;

To fum up all, her tongue confefs’d the threw. Gay.

DOW'ER, or Dowery,/. [ douaire , Fr.] That which
the wife bringeth to her hutband in marriage :

His wife brought in dozu'r Cilicia’s crown,

And in herlelf a greater dow’r alone. Dryden.

Rich, though depriv’d of :.ll her little ftore,

For who can feize fair virtue’s better dozu'r? Melmotk.
That which the widow polfeffes. — His patrimonial terri¬
tories of Flanders were in dower to his mother-in-law. Ba¬
con. — The gifts of a hufband for a wife. — Aik me never
fo much dowery and gift, and 1 will give according as you
fhall fay unto me ; but give me the damfel to wife. Gen.
xxxiv. 12. — Endowment; gift:

What fpreading virtue, what a fparkling fire.

How great, how plentiful, how rich a dozu'r ,

Dolt thou within this dying fielh inlpire ! Davies.

DOV/'ER, J. [ dotarium , Lat.] In law, the portion
which a widow hath of the lands of her hufband after
his deceaie, for the fuftenance of herlelf,. and education
of her children. 1 Injl. 30. There were formerly five
kinds of dower in this kingdom. 1. Dower by the com¬
mon law; which is a third part of fuch lands or tene¬
ments whereof the hufband was foie feifed in fee-fimple,
or fee-tail, during the coverture; and this the widow is

DOW 39

to enjoy during her life. 2. Dower by cuftom ; which is
that part of the eftate to which the widow is entitled af¬
ter the death of her hufband, by the cuftom of any manor
or place, lo long as (he lives foie and chafte ; and this is
more titan one-third part, for in fome places (lie fnall
have half the land, as by the cuftom of gavelkind ; and
in divers manors the widow fhall have the whole during
Iter life, which is. called her free-bench : but as cuftom
may enlarge, fo it may abridge, dower to a fourth part.
Co. Litt. 33. 3. Dower ad ojlium ecclejix ; made by the lull-
band himfelf immediately after the marriage, who named
fuch particular lands of which his wife fhould be en¬
dowed. Co. Litt. $ 4. 4. Dower ex ajftnj'u paths, a fpecies

of the dower ad ojlium ecclfia ; which was hkewife of cer¬
tain lands named by a foil who was the hufband, with the
confent of his father then living, and put in writing as
loon as the fon was married. Litt. 40. 5. Dower de la

pluis belle-, which was where the wife was endowed witii
the faireft part of her hulband’s eftate. But of all kinds
of dower, the two firft are now only in ufe.

A woman to be endowed mull be the aflual wife of the
party at the time of his deceafe. If (he be divorced a vin¬
culo matrimonii, Ihe (hall not be endowed; for ubi nullum
matrimoniiun, ibi nulla dos. BraEl. lib. ii. c. 39. But a di¬
vorce a menfa et thoro only, doth not deftroy the dower,
Co. Litt. 32. no, not even for adultery itfelf by the com¬
mon law. Yet now, by ftat. Weftm. 2. 1 3 Edvv. I. c. 34.
if a woman voluntarily leaves (which the law calls elop¬
ing from) her hufband, and lives with an adulterer, (lie
lhall lofe her dower, unlefs iter lutlband be voluntarily
reconciled to her. And, in a cafe where John de Ca-
ntoys had alligned his wife by deed, it was decided in
parliament, that, notwithftanding the pretended purga¬
tion of the adultery in the fpiritual court, the wife was
not entitled to dower. 2 Injl. 435. If, however, after the
elopement of a wife, her hulband and (lie demean them-
felve as hulband and wife, it is evidence of reconciliation.
Dyer 106. Lady Powys’s cafe, where the reconciliation was
fpecially pleaded and allowed. It was formerly held, that
the wife of an ideot might be endowed, though the huf¬
band of an ideot could not be tenant by the curtefy. Co.
Litt. 31. But, as it feems to be at prefent agreed, upon
principles of found fenfe and reafon, that an ideot cannot
marry, being incapable of confenting to any contract, this
dodtrine cannot now take place. By t he ancient law the
wife of a perfon attainted of treafon or felony could not
be endowed ; to the intent, fays Staundlorde, b. 3. c. 3.
that if the love of a man’s own life cannot reftrain him
from fuch. atrocious aids, the love of his wife and chil¬
dren may : though Britton, c. 1 10. gives it another turn ;
viz. that it is prelumed the wife was privy to her huf-
band’s crime. However, the ftat. 1 Edw. VI. c. 1 2. abated
the rigour of the common law in this particular, and al¬
lowed tire wife her dower. But a fubfequent ftat. 5 & 6
Edvv. VI. c. 11. revived the feverity againft the widows
of traitors, who are now barred of their dower ; (except
in the cafe of certain treafons relating merely to the coin ;
5 Eliz. c. 11. 18 Eliz. c. 1. 8 Sc 9 Will. III. c. 26. 15 &
id Geo. II. c. 28.) ; but the widows of felons are not
barred. An alien alfo cannot be endowed unlefs (he be
queen confort ; for no alien is capable of holding lands.
Co. Litt. 31 .

The wife of a man who is banifhed fhall have dower in
his life-time ; it is held otherwife, if he is profefled in re¬
ligion : and a jointrefs of a banilhed hulband lhall enjoy
her jointure, in his life. Co. Litt. 133. If a woman be of
the age of nine years at the death of her hulband, (he
lhall be endowed of whatfoever age lie is; becaufe, after
the death of the hulband, the marriage is adjudged law¬
ful. Co. Litt. 33. The wife of dfelo de Je lhall have dower.
So if the hulband be outlawed in trefpafs, or any civil
adtion, for this works no corruption of blood or forfeiture
of lands. Perk. 388. If a woman being a lunatic kill her
hufband, yet ihe lhall be endowed, becaufe this cannot
b.e felony in her who, was deprived of her underftanding
by the act of God ; fo, though Ihe be of found mind, and

refuf«

40

DOWER.

refute to bring an appeal of his death, when he is killed
by another, yet flie (hall be endowed ; for this is only a
Waver of that privilege the law has given her to be avenged
of her hufband’s murderer; fo it feetus if (he refute to
vilit and a fit ft Iter hufband in his ficknefs, yet (lie (hall be
endowed, for this is only undiitifulnefs, wliich the law
does not puniftt with the l'ofs of Iter entire lubfiftence.
Perk. 364.

If a man take an alien to wife and dieth, (lie (hall not
be endowed, except the wife of ti e king, who (hall be
endowed by the law of the crown. And if a Jew born
in England marry a Jewefs alfo born here, the hufband be¬
comes a Chriftian, purchafes lands and dies ; the wife, not
being alfo a Chriftian, (hall not have dower. 1 Injl. 31. b.

In Hargrave’s edition of Co. Litt. the latter part of the
above is confirmed ; as to the former, there is the fol¬
lowing remarkable note: Anciently a woman alien was
not dowable ; but, by fpecial aft ot parliament not print¬
ed, Rot. Pad. S Hen. V. n. 15. all women aliens who
from thenceforth (hould be married to Englifnmen by li¬
cence of the king, are enabled to demand their dower after
the death of their hufbands, to whom they (hould in time
to come be married, in the fame manner as Englifh wo¬
men. But this aft did not extend to thole married be¬
fore ; and therefore, in Rot. Pail. 9 Hen. V. n. 9. there
is a fpecial aft of parliament to enable Beatrice countefs
of Arundel, born in Portugal, to demand her dower. Hal.
MSS. 9 Vi n. 210.

A woman is now by law entitled to be endowed of all
lands and tenements, of which her hufband was feifed in
fee-limple, or fee-tail general, at any time during the co¬
verture ; and of which any ilfue, which (lie might have
Rad, might by poftibility have been heir. Therefore if a
man, (eiled in fee-(imple, has a foil by his firft wife, and
afterwards marries a fecond wife, (lie (hall be endowed of
his lands ; for her iffue might by poftibility have been
heir, on the death of the fon by the former wife. But,
if there be a donee in fpecial tail, who holds lands to him
and the heirs of his body begotten on A. his wife ; though
A. may be endowed of the le lands, yet if A. dies, and he
marries a fecond wife, that fecond wife (hall never be en¬
dowed of the lands entailed ; for no i(fue, that (he could
have, could by any poftibility inherit them. Litt. 53. But
in cafe land be given to the hufband and w ife in tail, the
remainder in tail to the- hufband, and the firft wife dying
■without iffue, he marries another wife ; this fecond wife
will be entitled to dower after his death. 40 Edw. III.
c. 4. 2 Skcp. Abr. 63. For here he hath an eftate in tail.
The wife of a tenant in common, but not a joint-tenant,
fliall have dower; and fheihall hold her part in common
with the tenants in common. Kitch. 160.

A fei (in in law of the hufband will be as effeftual as
a feilin in deed, in order to render the wife dowable ; for
it is not in the wife’s power to bring the hufband’s title
to an aftual feilin, as it is in the hufband’s power to do
with regard to the wife’s lands ; which is one reafon why
lie fliall not be a tenant by the curtefy, but of fuch lands
whereof the wife, or he himfelf in her right, was aftu-
ally feifed in deed. Co. Litt. 31. The feilin of the huf¬
band, for a tranfitory inftant only, when the' fame aft
which gives him the eftate conveys it alfo out of him
again, (as where by a fine land is granted to a man, and
lie immediately renders it back by the fame fine,) will
not entitle the wife to dower. Crc.Jac.615. Co. Lit. 31.
for the land was merely in tranfitu, and never veiled in the
hufband, the grant and render being one continued aft.
But, if the land abide in him for the interval of but one
tingle moment, it feems that the wife fliall be endowed
.thereof. And, in fhort, a widow may be endowed of all
lier hufband’s lands, tenements, and hereditaments, cor¬
poreal or incorporeal, under the reftriftions before men¬
tioned j unlefs there be fome fpecial reafon to the con¬
trary. Thus, a woman (hall not be endowed of a caftle,
built for defence of the realm ; nor of a common without
ftintj for, as the heir would then have.one portion of this

common, and the widow another, and both without ftmt,
the common would be doubly (locked. Copyhold eftates
are alfo not liable to dower, being only eftates at the lord’s
will, unlefs by the fpecial culfpm of the manor, in which
cafe it is ufually called the widow's J'rec-bench. 4 Rep. 22.
But where dower is allowable, it matters not though the
hufband alien the lands during the coverture; for he
aliens them liable to dower. Co. l.itt. 32.

It is now fettled, that although the hufband may be
tenant by the curtefy of a truft eftate of inheritance, the
wife is not entitled to dower out of fuch an eftate. 3 P.
Wins. 229. The reafon aftigned for this is, that the wife
was not endowed of a ufe at common law. And from
analogy to trufts, it lias been determined that a wife fliall
not be endowed of an equity of redemption, where the
eftate was mortgaged in fee by the hufband previous to
the marriage. iBro.C.R. 326. If lands are exchanged
by the hufband for other lands, the wife may*be endowed
of which lands fhe will, as the hufband was feifed of
both; though fhe may not be endowed of the lands given
and taken iivexchange. Co. Lit. 31.

Where the eftate, which the hufband hath during' the
marriage, is ended, there the wife (hall lofe her dower.
New Nat. Br. -333. But of an eftate-tail in lands deter¬
mined, a woman fha.ll be endowed; in like manner as a
man may be tenant by the curtefy of her lands. Co. Lit. 31.
And if a wife be endowed of her third part, and after¬
wards evifted by an elder title, (lie fliall have a new writ
of dower, and be endowed of the other lands. 2 Danv*
Abr. 6 70. Though this is, where it is the immediate
eftate defeended to the heir ; and not when it is the ef¬
tate of an alienee. <)Rcp.i^. The wife is dov\ able where
lands are recovered againlt the hufband by default or co¬
vin ; and a woman deforced of her dower fliall recover
damages, viz. the value of her dower from her lnifband’s
death. iT,Edw.l. 20 Hen. 111. If the hufband doth not
die feifed, after demand and refufal to aflign dower to
her, (he (hall have damages from the time of the refufal.
Jenk. Cent. 45. She fliall be endowed of a reverfion, ex-
peftant on a term of years ; and of a rent referved
thereon. Lutw.-jzy. If the hufband hath only an eftate
for life, remainder to another in tail, though the remainder
over is to his heirs, the wife fliall not be endowed, z
Danv. 656. A woman fliall not be endowed of the goods
of her hufband ; nor of a caftle, or capital meffuage ; but
of all other lands and tenements (he may. Co. Lit. 35.

A grantee of a rent in fee or tail, dies without heir, his
wife (hall be endowed ; but not where the rent arifes upon
a refervation to the donor and his heirs, on a gift in tail,
and the donee dies without iffue ; for this is a collateral
limitation. Plowd.156. If during the coverture, the huf¬
band doth extinguifh rents by releafe, &c. yet file (hall
be endowed of them ; for as to her dower in the eye of
the law, they have continuance. Co. Lit. 32. And where
a rent is defeended to the hufband but he dies before any
day of payment ; notwithftanding the wife (hall be en¬
dowed of it. 1 Hen. VII. 17. If lands are given to the
hufband and wife.in tail, and after the death of the huf¬
band, the wife difagrees, (lie may recover her dower ; for
by her waving her eftate, her hufband in judgment of
law wa? foie (eifed ab initio. 3 Rep. 27. If lands are im¬
proved, the wife is to have one third according to the im¬
proved value. And if the ground delivered her be
lowed, (lie fliall have the corn. 2 Injl. 81.

Dower is an infeparable incident to an eftate in tail or
fee, and cannot be taken away by condition. If one <
feifed in fee of lands make a gift in tail, on condition that
the wife (hall not have dower, the condition is void. 6
Rep. 41. If tenant in tail die without iffue, fo that the
land reverts to the donor ; or in cafe he covenants to
Hand feifed to ufes, and dies, his wife will be endowed :
and a devife of land by the hufband to his wife by will
is no bar of her dower, but a benevolence. Yelv. 51. A
perfon grants and conveys land to D. and his heirs, on
condition, to re-demife the fame back, &c. which after¬
wards

D O W E R.

wards he does, and dies; here D’s widow may nevcrthe-
lefs be endowed. Abr. Caf. 217. A. is tenant in tail of
lands, the remainder to'B. in tail, remainder to A. in
fee ; if A. bargains and fells the land to C. and his heirs,
the wife of the bargainee (hall have dower, determinable
upon the death of the tenant in tail. 10 Rep. 96. And
if a feoffment he made upon a condition to reinfeoff, and
the feoffee take a wife, (lie may have her dower till rein-
feoffment, or an entry made for not doing it : and fo it is
of other defeafible eftates. Perk. 420. If one be diffei-
fed, and after doth marry, if he die before entry, his
wife fliall not have dower : and where a perfon recovers
land in a real aftion, and before his entry or execution
made he dieth, the wife (hall net be endowed of this
land. 2 Rep. 56. In thefe cafes the lmfband was not ac¬
tually feifed; for, as before obferved, where there is a
feifin in law, flie fliall be endowed. So that thefe cafes
depend on the conftruftion of what is, and what is not,
a feifin in law.

Although of copyhold lands a woman fliall not be en¬
dowed, unlefs there be a fpecial cuftom for it ; yet if
there be a cuftom to be endowed thereof, then (lie fliall
have theafliftance of fucli laws as are made for the more
fpeedy recovery of dower in general, being within the
fame mifehief, and therefore fliall recover damages with¬
in the ftatute of Merton. 4 Co. 22. Of tithes women
were not dowable till 32 Hen. VIII. c. 7 ; for before that
ftatute tithes were not a lay fee, but now they are dow¬
able of them. Style's P.R. 122. 1 Rol. Abr. 682. Of an
advowfon, be it appendant or in grofs, a woman fliall be
endowed ; for this may be divided as to the fruit and
profit of it, viz. to have the third prefentation. Co. Litt.
32. 3 Leon. 1 55.

By the old law, grounded on the feodal exaflions, a
woman could not be endowed without a fine paid to the
lord": neither could flie marry again without his licence ;
left flie fhould contract herfelf, and fo convey part of
the feud, to the lord’s enemy. This licence the lord
took care to be well paid for ; and, as it feems, would
fometimes force the dowager to a fecond marriage, in
order to gain the fine. But to remedy thefe oppreflions,
it was provided, firft by the famous charter of Hen. I.
A. Di 1101, and afterwards by Magna Charta, that the
widow fliall pay nothing for her marriage, nor fliall be
diftrained to marry afrefli, if flie choofes to live without
a lmfband ; but fliall not, however, marry againft the
confent of the lord ; and farther, that nothing fhall be
taken for aflignment of the widow’s dower, but that flie
fhall remain in her hufband’s capital manfion-houfe for
forty days after his death, during which time her dower
fhall be afligned. Thefe forty days are called the wi¬
dow’s quarantine ; a term made ufe of in law to fignify
the number of forty days, whether applied to this occa-
fion or any other. The particular lands, to be held in
dower, muft be afligned, by the heir of the hufband, or
his guardian ; not only for the fake of notoriety, butalfo
to entitle the lord of the fee to demand his fervices of
the heir, in refpeft of the land fo holden. For the heir
by this entry becomes tenant thereof to the lord, and
the widow is immediate tenant to the heir, by a kind of
fub-infeudation, or under-tenancy, completed by this in-
veftiture or aflignment ; which tenure may ftill be cre¬
ated, notwithftanding the ftatute of quia.emptor.es, becaufe
the heir parts, not with the fee-fimple, but only with an
eftate for life. If the heir or his guardian do not aflign
her dower within the time of quarantine, or do aflign it
unfairly, flie has her remedy at law, and the fheriff is
appointed to aflign. Co. Litt. 34, 5. Or if the heir (be¬
ing under age) or his guardian, aflign more than' fhe ought
to have, it may be afterwards remedied by a writ of
admeafurement of dower. Finch L. 314. If the thing
of which fhe is endowed be divifible, her dower muft be
fetout b.y metes and bounds, but if it be indivifible, fhe
muft be endowed fpecially ; as of the third prefentation
to a church, the third toll-difh of a mill, the third part

Vol. VI. No. 329,

41

of the profits of an office, the third flieaf of tithe, and
the like. Co. Litt. 32.

The aflignment of the lands is for the life of the wo¬
man ; and if lands are afligned to a woman for years, in
recompenfe of dower, this is no bar of dower ; for it is
not fucli an eftate therein as flie fhould have. 2 Danv. Abr.
66 8. Alfo where other land is afligned to the woman,
that is no part of the lands wherein fhe claims dower;
that aflignment will not be good or binding : for there
muft be certainty in what is afligned ; otherwife, though
it be by agreement, it may be void. 1 Injl. 34. If a wife
accept and enter upon lefs land than the third of the
whole, on the (heriff’s alignment, flie is barred to demand
more. But if, where a -wife is entitled to dower of the
lands of herfirfthufband,herfecond hufband acceptsof this
dower lefs than her third part, after his death flie may refufe
the fame, and have her full third part. Fitz. Dower, 121.

If a wife, having right of dower in the land, accept of
a leafe for years thereof after the death of her hufband,
it fufpends the dower ; though not fucli acceptance of
a leafe before the hufband’s death ; for then the wife has
only a title to have dower, and not an immediate right of
dower. Jenk. Cent. 15. A widow accepting of dower of
the heir, againft common right, fliall hold it fubjedl to
the charges of her hufband ; but otherwife it is if flie be
endowed againft common right by the fheriff. 2 Danv.
672. By provifion of law, the wife may take a third
part of the hufband’s lands, and hold them difeharged.
If dower be afligned a woman on condition, or with an
exception, the condition and exception are void. Cro.
Eliz. 541. Where there are three manors, one of them
may be afligned to the wife in dower in lieu of dower in
all three ; though it is faid that a third part of every
manor ought to be aflign. d. Moor 12, 47. The flierilf
may aflign a rent out of the land in lieu of dower ; and
her acceptance of the rent will bar dower out of the
fame land, but not of other lands. 1 Nelf. Abr. 680.

A woman entitled to dower cannot enter till it be
afligned to her, and fet out either by the heir, turtenant
or fheriff, in certainty. Plowd. 529. None- can aflign
dower but thofe who have a freehold, or againft whom
a writ of dower lies ; therefore a tenant by ftatute mer¬
chant, ftatute ftaple, or elegit, or leffee for years, cannot
aflign dower, for none of thefe have an eftate large
enough to anfwer the plaintiff’s demand. Co. Litt. 35.
If a woman be dowable of land, meadow, pafture, wood.
See. and any of thefe be afligned in lieu of dower of all
the reft, it is good, though it be againft common right,
which gives her but the third part of each, for the heir’s
enjoyment of the refidue fufficiently accounts for her
title to what flie has. 1 Rol. Abr. 683. If lands whereof
a woman hath no right to be endowed, or a rent out of
fucli lands be afligned in lieu of her dower, this does not
bar her demand of dower, for flie, having no manner of
title to thofe lands, cannot without livery and feifin be
any more than tenant at will, which is no fufficicnt re¬
compenfe for an eftate for life, which her dower was to
be. Co. Litt. 169. If the heir within age aflign to the
wife more land in dower than fhe ought to have, he him-
lelf (hall have a writ ofadmeafurement of dower at full age
by the common law. If the wife, after aflignment of dower,
improves the lands, fo as thereby they become of greater
value than the other two parts, no writ of admeafure¬
ment lies; fo if they be of greater value, by reafon of
mines open at the time of the aflignment, no writ of ad¬
meafurement lies, becaufe the land in quantity was no
more than (he ought to have; and then it is lawful to
work the mines, which were open at the time of fuch
aflignment. 2 Injl, 368. 5 Co. 12.

Upon preconcerted marriages, and in eftates of confi-
derable confequence, tenancy in dower happens very lel-
dom : for the claim of the. wife to her dower at the common
law, diffufing itfelf fo extenfively, it became a great clog
to alienations, and was otherwife very inconvenient to
families. Wherefore fince the alteration of the ancient
M law

42

D O W E R.

law refpecting dower ad ojlium ecclcpa , which has ocda-
fioned the entire difufe of that fpecies of dower, join¬
tures have been introduced in their ftead, as a bar to the
claim at common-law. A widow may be barred of her
dower, not only by elopement, divorce, being an alien,
the treafon of her hufband, and other difabilities before-
mentioned, butalfo by detaining the title deeds, or evi¬
dences of the eftate from the heir, until (he reftores them.
Though if (he denies the detainer, and it is found againft
her, (lie lofes her dower. By the (fat. of Gloucefter,

6 ,Edw. I. c. 7, if a dowager aliens the land afligned her
for dower, (lie forfeits it ipfo fado , and the heir may re¬
cover it by adtion. A woman aifo may be barred of her
dower, by levying a fine with her hufband, or buffering
a recovery of the lands during her coverture. Plowd. 514.
But the mod ufual method of barring dower, is by join¬
tures, as regulated by the (fat. 27 Hen. VIII. c. 10.

A jointure, which, ftridtly fpeaking, fignifies a joint-
efiate, limited to both hufband and wife, but in common
acceptation extends alfo to a foie eftate, limited to the
wife only, is thus defined by Coke, 1 Injl. 36. “A com¬
petent livelihood of freehold for the wife, of lands and
tenements ; to take effedt, in profit or polfeftion, prefent-
ly after the death of the hulband ; for the life of the
wife at leaft.” This defcription is framed from the flat.
27 Hen. VIII. c. 10, commonly called the Jlatute of Ufcs.
Before the making of that ftatute, the greateft part of
the land in England was conveyed to ufes ; the property
or poffeflion of the foil being vefted in one man, and the
life, and profits thereof, in another; whofe diredtions,
with regard to the difpolition thereof, the former was in
confcience obliged to follow, and might be compelled by
a court of equity to obferve. Now, though a hulband
had the ufe of lands in abfolute fee-fimple, yet the wife
W'as not entitled to any dower therein ; he not being feifed
thereof: wherefore it became ufual, on marriage, to fet¬
tle by exprefs deed fome fpecial eftate to the ufe of the
hufband and his wife, for their lives, in joint-tenancy, or
jointure ; which fettlement would be a provifion for the
wife, in cafe* (lie furvived her hufband. At length the
ftatute of ufes ordained, that fuchas had the ufe of lands,
(hould, to all intents and purpofes, be reputed and taken
to be abfolutely feifed and pofTeffed of the foil itfelt.
In confequence of which legal feifin, all wives would
have become dowable of fuch lands as were held to the
ufe of their hufbands, and alfo entitled at the fame time
to any fpecial lands that might be fettled in jointure : had
not the fame ftatute provided, that upon making fuch an
eftate in jointure to the wife before marriage, (he (hall
be for ever precluded from her dower. 4 Rep. 1. 2. But
in this cafe, thefe four requifites muft be pundlually ob-
ferved. — 1. T he jointure muft take effect immediately
on the death of the hufband. — 2. It muft be for the life of
the wife herfelf at leaft, and not pur outer vie, or for any
term of years, or other fmaller eftate. — 3. It muft be
made to herfelf, and no other in truft for her. — 14. It muft
be made in fatisfaction of her whole dower, and not of
any particular part of it, and muft be fo expreifed to be
in the deed ; or it may be averred to be fo. 1 Injl. 3 66.

’If the jointure be made to her after marriage, (lie has
her election, after her huft>and’s death, as in dower adojlium
ecclcfuz , and may either accept it, or refufe it, and be¬
take herfelf to her dower at common law, for fhe was
not capable of confenting to it during coverture. So
where a devife is expreffed to be given in lieu and fatis-
fadtion of dower, or where that is the clear and manifeft
intention of the teftator, the wife fhall not have both,
but fhall have her choice. 1 Injl. 366. If, by any fraud,
or accident, a jointure made before marriage proves to
be on a bad title, and the jointrefs is evicted, or turned
out of poffeflion, (he fhall then (by the provisions of the
fame fiat. 27 Hen. VIII. c. 10,) have her dower ]ro tanto
at the common law. If a woman who is under age at the
time of marriage, agrees to a jointure and fettlement in
bar of her dower, and of i er diftt'bntive (hare of her
hufband’s perfonal property, in cafe lie dies inteftate ;

(lie cannot afterwards wave it ; but is as much bound as
if (lie were of age at the time of the marriage. Drury v.
Drury, (or Buckingham E. v. Drury,) 3 Bro. P. C. 492.

There are fome advantages attending tenants in dower
that do not extend to jointreffes ; and fo vice verfa, join¬
treffes are in fome refpects more privileged than tenants
in dower. Tenant in dower by the old common law, is
fubjedt to no tolls or taxes ; and her’s is almoft the only
eftate on which, when derived from the king’s debtor,
the king cannot diftrain for his debt, if contracted dur¬
ing the coverture. Co. Litt. 31 a. But on the other
hand, a widow may enter at once, without any formal
procefs, on her jointure land, as (lie alfo might have done
on dower ad ojlium ecclejia, which a jointure in many points
refembles; and the refemblance was (till greater, while
that fpecies of dower continued in its primitive (late ;

1 whereas no fmall trouble, and a very tedious method of
proceeding, is neceffary to compel a legal affignment of
dower. Co. Litt. 36. And what is more, though dower
be forfeited by the treafon of the hufband, yet lands fet¬
tled in jointure remain unimpeached to the widow*.
Wherefore Coke very juftly gives it the preference, as
being more fure and fafe to the widow, than even dower
ad ojlium ecclefia, the mod eligible fpecies of any. 2 Comm.
135. An additional advantage is, that a jointure is not
forfeited by the adultery of the wife as dower ; and Chan¬
cery will decree againft the hufband a performance of
marriage articles, though he alleges and proves that the
wife lives feparate from him in adultery. 3 P . IVms. 269.

If a woman takes a leafe for life of her hufband’s lands
after his death, fhe (hall have no dower, becaufe (lie can¬
not demand it againft herfelf ; and if (lie takes a leafe for
years only, yet (he (hall not fue to have dower during
thefe years, becaufe it was her own act to fufpend the
fruit and effedt of her dower during that time. Perk. 350 :
If a recovery be had againft the hulband by collitlion,
this fhall not bar the wife of dower ; as if the recovery
be by confeffion or reddition, which are always under-
(tood to be by collufion, the hufband always acting and
concurring in obtaining of them; but it feems to have
been a very great doubt, whether a recovery by default
lhould not be a bar : and the better opinion being that
fuch recovery was a bar at common law, therefore the
flat. Win. II. c. 4, was made, which ordains that not-
withftanding- fuch recovery by default, &c. pleaded, the
tenant (hall moreover in bar of the dower (hew his right
to the tenements recovered ; and if it be found that he
had no right, then (hall the demandant recover her
dower notwithftanding fuch recovery by default againft
her hufband. Perk. 376. By ftat. Wm. II. c. 4, it ap¬
pears, that if the recoveror had right, then the wife is
barred ; therefore if the heir of the diffeifor be in by de-
feent, and the difleifee enters upon him, and marries,
and the heir of the diffeifor recovers by default, or red¬
dition, in a writ of entry, in nature of an affize, and the
hufband dies, his wife (hall not have dower, becaufe he,
who recovered, had right to the poffeflion by the defeent ;
otherwife, if this diffeifin, defeent, &c. were after mar¬
riage, becaufe the hufband was feifed before of a right¬
ful eftate during the coverture, whereof his wife had
title of dower, which cannot be defeated by the diffei¬
fin, defeent, and recovery, which all happened during
the coverture. Perk. 379, 380.

If the hufband levy a fine with proclamation of his
lands, and dies, his wife is bound to make her claim
within five years after his death ; iotherwife (lie fhall be
barred of her dower ; for though her title of dower was
not confummate at the time of the fine levied ; yet it
being initiate by the marriage and feifin of the hufband,
the fine begins to work upon it prefently after the huf¬
band’s death ; and if (he does not claim it within five
years after, (lie (hall be barred. 2 Co. 93. 3 Injl. 216.

The wife is, as foon as (he can after the deceafe of her
hufband, to demand her dower, left (lie lofe the value
from the time of his death : and in adtion of dower, the
firft procefs is fummons to appear : and if the tenant or

defendant

DOW

defendant do not appear, nor cad an cfToin, a grand cape
lies to feize the lands, &c. By flat. 31 Eliz. c. 3. every
fummons on the land is to be made fourteen days before
the return of the writ, and proclamation made at the
church door on a Sunday, or elfe no grand cape to be
awarded, blit an alias and pluries fmnmons till proclama¬
tion. But on the return of thewritof fummons, the at¬
torney for the tenant or defendant may enter with the
filazer that the tenant appears, and prays view, &c.
Then a writ of view goes out, whereby the (lieriff is to
fliew the tenant the land in quedion ; upon the return
of which writ of view, the tenant’s attorney takes a de¬
claration, and puts in a plea ; the mod general one is,
ne unquesjeizie, See. viz. that the hufband was never fei-
fed of any eftate whereof the wife can be endowed ; and
when ilfue is joined, trial proceeds, as in other adlions :
upon trial, the jury are to give damages for the mefne
profits from the death cf the hufband (if he die. feifed),
for which, execution fliall be made out ; and then a writ
to the fheriff gives poffefiion of a third part of the lands.
The fheriff may give poffefiion or fieifin to the woman by
a clod, or by'grafs growing on the land, or by any bead
being thereon. 40 Edw. 3. Filz. Dower 4S.

A widow may recover her dower with a cejfat executio,
in cafe there be any thing objedled, precedent to the title
of dower, till that is determined. 1 Salk. 291. Judg¬
ment in dower is to recover a third part of lands and te¬
nements by metes and bounds. A wife may have her
writ of dower againd an heir, an alienee, a dilfeifor, &c.
or againd any one that has power to afTign dower ; if. the
lord enters on the land for an efeheat, die may bring it
againd him, but to the king die mud fue by petition. Co.
Litt. 59. This writ was brought againd eight perfons,
feotfees of the hufband after marriage ; two confeffed the
action, and the other fix pleaded to iffue ; here the de¬
mandant had judgment to recover the third part of two
parts of the land, in eight parts to be divided ; and
after the ilfue being found for the demandant againd the
other fix, die recovered againd them the third part of
the fix parts of the fame land as her dower. Dyer 1S7.

As to damages in dower, they are given by the dat.
of Merton, c. 1 ; but that datute extends only to the
poifelfory action of dower unde nihil habeat, and not to
the writ of right of dower, becaufe they are intended to
be given for the detention of the poffefiion ; and on writs
of right, where the right itfelf is quedionable, no da¬
mages are given, becaufe no wrong done till the right be
determined ; alio that datute extends only to lands,
whereof the hufband died feifed ; and therefore judg¬
ment for the damages was reverfed, becaufe the jury did
not find that the hufband died feifed ; forotherwife fiiediall
have no damages; as if the hufband aliens and takes
back an edate tor life, the wife (hall recover dower, but
no damages ; becaufe this dying feifed was only of an
edate of freehold ; but if he makes a leafe for years only,
sendering rent, fhe fhall recover a third part of the re-
verfion, with a third part of the rent and damages, be-
ca\ife there he died feifed as the datute fpeaks. Co. Litt.
32. Yelv. si 2.

Damages are given in dower from the death of the
hufband and to the return of the writ of enquiry, though
the writ of feifin iffued a year before, but was not exe¬
cuted. Hardw. 19. Where there are two joint-tenants in
dower, and one dies after judgment for damages, and
his heir and the other joint-tenant bring error, the value
from the time of the judgment to the affirmance cannot
be recovered againd the furviving plaintiff in error only.

2 Stra. 271. On a writ of dower, damages cannot be
awarded by 16 Car. II. without fpeeding a writ of en¬
quiry. Hardw. 51.

DOW'ERED, adj. Portioned; fupplied with a portion:

Will you with thofe infirmities die owes,

Unfriended, new adapted to our hate,

Dower'd with our curfe, and dranger’d with our oath.
Take her, or leave her ? Shakefpcare.

D O W 43

DOW'ERLESS, adj. Wanting a fortune ; unportioned:
Thy dow'rlejs daughter, king, thrown to ’my chance,

Is queen of us, of ours, and our fair France. Shakejpeare.

DOWL, f. A downy particle of a feather. — As dimi-
nifii one dowl that’s in my plume. Shakejpeare .

DOW'LAS ,J. A coarfe kind of linen. — Dowlas, filthy
dowlas-, I have given them away to bakers wives, and
they have made boulters of them. Shake fpearc .

DOWLATABAD', a province of Hindoodan, other-
wife called Amednagur, or the land of prefperity, with
a city of the fame name.

DOWLATABAD, a town and fortrefs of Hindoodan,
which gives name to the above confiderable province in
the Deccan. It is the fame city as the ancient Togara.
The fortrefs is fituated on a deep rock, not to be afeended
by a horfe or camel ; the town is at the foot of the rock,
and once very flouridiing, but has been ruined by wars :
nine miles north-wed of Aurangabad, and ninety-two
fouth of Burhampour.

DOWN, f. \_duun, Dan.] Soft feathers.' — A tender
weakly conditution is .very much owing to the ufe of
down- beds. Locke.

Virtue is the roughed way ;

But proves at night a bed of down. Wotton .

Any thing that foothes or mollifies :

Thou bofom foftnefs ! dozen of all my cares !

I could recline my thoughts upon this bread
To a forgetfulnefs of all my griefs,

And yet be happy. Southern.

Soft wool, or tender hair:

On thy chin the fpringing beard began
To fpread a doubtful down, and promife man. Prior.
The foft fibres of plants which wing the feeds. — Any
light thing that moveth, when we find no wind, dieweth
a wind at hand ; as when feathers, or down of thiftles, fly
to and fro in the air. Bacon.

I.ike fcattered down, by howling Eurus blown
By rapid wlfirlwinds from his manfion thrown. Sandys.

DOWN, /. [bun, Sax. dune, Erfe, a hill.] A large
open plain ; properly a flat on the top of an hill. — Hills
afford plealant profpedls ; as they mud needs acknow¬
ledge who have been on thz downs of Suffex. Ray.

How Will-a-wifp mifleads night-faring clowns

O’er hills, and (inking bogs, and pathlefs downs. Gay.

DOWN, prep, [abuna, Sax.] Along a defeent ; from
a higher place to a lower. — Let go thy hold when a great
wheel runs down hill, led it break thy neck with following
it. Shakejpeare. — A man falling down a precipice, though
in motion, is not at liberty, becaufe he cannot dop that
motion if he would. Locke. — Towards the mouth of a
river. — Mahomet put his chief fubdance into certain
boats, to be conveyed down the river, as purpoling to fly.
Knolles.

DOWN, adv. Not up. On the ground ; from the height
at which any thing was to a lower fituation :

Down finks the giant with a thund’ring found,

His pond’rous limbs opprefs the trembling ground. Dryd.
Tending towards the ground. From former to latter
times : as, this has been the practice down from the con-
qued. Out of fight ; below the horizon :

How goes the night >

— The moon is down ; I have not heard the clock,

And die goes dozen at twelve. Shakejpeare.

To a total fubjedtion : u fed of men and things. — What
remains of the fubjedt, after the decodtion, is continued
to be boiled down, with the addition of frelfi water, to a
fapid Jat. Arbuthnot.—lnto difgrace ; into declining repu¬
tation. — There is not a more melancholy objedf in the
learned world, than a man who had written himfelf down.
AddJon,-—l Anfwering to up.] Here and there.— Let them

wander

D O W

44

wander up and down for meat, and grudge if they be not
fatisfied. Pfalm-Y\x. 15.

DOWN, inter 7. An exhortation to deflrmftion or de¬
molition. — Go, home pull down the Savoy ; others to the
inns of court : down with them all. Shake/peare.- — A con¬
temptuous threat. — Down, down to hell, and fay I fent
thee thither. Shake/peare.

DOWN, {To go. ~] To be digefled ; to be received. — If
he be hungry more than wanton, bread alone will down ;
and if lie be not hungry, ’ tis not fit he fhould eat. Locke.

To DOWN, v. a. To knock ; to fubdue ; tofupprefs;
to conquer :

The hidden beauties feem’d in wait to lie,

To down proud hearts that would not willing die. Sidney.

DOWN, or Down Patrick, a city of Ireland, in the
county of Down, and fee of a bifhop, united with Con¬
nor, called the bifiiop of Down and Connor : twenty-
five miles eaft of Newry. Lat. 54. iS. N. Ion. 5. 37. W.
Greenwich.

DOWN, a county of Ireland ; bounded on the north
by the county of Antrim and Belfad Lough, on the eafi:
and fouth by the Irifli fea, and on the wed by the county
of Armagh ; about forty miles in length from north-eaft
to fouth-wed, and about twenty-five in breadth. The
number of houfes is computed at 36,636, and of inhabi¬
tants 204,500. The furface is irregular, about the center
mountainous, but mod parts fertile. An irregularity of
ground, well watered, abounding in bleach-greens, and
full of neat and cleanly habitations, with an orchard to
almod every cottage, adbrd a mod cheerful and pleafing
profpeft of the comfort and opulence of the inhabitants,
who are chiefly employed in the linen bufmefs. In the
rougher parts of the country they breed a great number
of liorfes, with which the fairs of didant counties are
fupplied. This county derives equal advantages from its
maritime fituation, and its inland waters. A canal is con¬
tinued from Newry to the South Bunn, and fo into Lough
Neagh. From this lake to Belfad, another canal has been
lately cut, at the expence of the marquis of Belfad ; and
the river Lagan, which feparates Down from Antrim, is
alfo made navigable. Downpatrick, Bangor, Hill (borough,
Killyleagh, Newtown, and Newry, are its principal towns.

DOWN-BED, f. Bed of down. — If he loved too much
to lie upon his own down-bed of eafe, his fubjedts had the
pleafure, during his reign, of lolling and dretching upon
theirs. Marquis of Halifax.

DOWN-TROD,/)flrf. adj. Trodden down:

But I will lift the down-trod Mortimer

As high in th’ air as this ungrateful king. Shake/peare.

DOWN'CAST, adj. Bent down ; directed to the
ground :

My wily nurfe by long experience found,

And fird difcover’d to my foul its wound ;

’Tis love, faid die ; and then my downcajl eyes,

And guilty dumbnefs, witnefs’d my furprize. Dryden.

DOWNE, or Downs, a townfhip of the American
States, in Cumberland county, New Jerfey.

DOWN'FAL, f. Ruin; calamity; fall from rank or
date. — We have feen fome, by the ways by which they
had defigned to rife uncontroulably, to have directly pro¬
cured their utter downfal. South.

Why dod thou fay king Richard is depos’d ?

Dar’ft thou, thou little better thing than earth,

Divine his downfal? Shake/peare.

A fudden fall, or body of things falling:

Each downfal of a flood the mountains pour

From their rich bowels, rolls a (ilver dream. Dryden.

Dedrudtion of fabrics :

Not more aghad the matrons of renown,

When tyrant Nero burn’d the imperial town,

Shriek’d for the downfal in a doleful cry,

For which their guiltlefs lords were doom’d to die, Dryd,

D O W

POWN'FALLEN, part. adj. Ruined; fallen.' — The
land is now divorced by the downfallen deep cliff’s on the
farther fide. Carew.

DOWN'GYRED, adj. Let down in circular wrinkles :

Lord Hamlet, with his dockings loofe,

Ungarter’d, and downgyred to his ancles. Shake/peare.

DOWN'HAM, a large town in the county of Norfolk,
pleafantly fituated on the declivity of a hill, twelve miles
from Lynn, thirteen from Witbeach, eighteen from Ely,
and eighty-fix from London. Here is an ancient done-
bridge over the river Ouze, which receives the Cam at
Denver fluice, (a noble piece of done-work,) and the
Neene at Salter’s Load fluice, and empties itfelf into_an
arm of the German fea af Lynn. Hollingflied fays, that,
in October 1563, there were taken at this bridge feven-
teen mondrous fifhes, from twenty to twenty-feven feet
long. It has two markets weekly, on Mondays and Sa¬
turdays ; and two fairs annually, on the 8th of May, and
13th of November. Downham has been long famous for
its trade- in butter. Formerly 2000 firkins have been
brought to this market weekly; but now fcarcely 500
are averaged. The butter-market is held by the water-
fide ; the butter is fent to London by way of Cambridge,
and thus acquires the name of Cambridge butter.

DOWN'HAUL, J. [afea-term.] A rope tied to the
upper corner of a fail to pull it down.

To DOWN'HAUL, v. a. To pull down.

DOWN'HILL,/. Declivity; defeent :

Heavy the third, and diff, he finks apace ;.

And tho’ ’tis downhill all, but creeps along the race. Dryd.

DOWN'HILL, adj. Declivous; defeending. — And the
fird deps a downhill greenfward yields. Congreve.

DOWN'INGS, a pod-town of the American States,
Pennfylvania, Chefter county, on the ead fide of Brandy¬
wine creek: thirty-three ’miles wed by north of Phila¬
delphia, and near feven north-wed of Wedcheder,

DOWN'LOOKED, adj. Having a dejeCted counte¬
nance ; gloomy ; fullen ; melancholy :

Jealoufy, fuffus’d with jaundice in her eyes,

Difcolouring all die view’d, in tawney drefs’d ;
Downlook’d, and with a cuckoo on her fift. Dryden.

DOWN'LYING, adj. About to be in travail of child¬
birth.

DOWN'RIGFIT, adv. Straight or right down ; down
perpendicularly-:

A giant’s (lain in fight,

Or mow’d o’erthwart, or cleft downright. Hudibras.

In plain terms, without ceremony :

Elves, away !

We {hall chide downright if I longer day. Shake/peare.
Completely; wuthout flopping fliort. — This paper put
Mrs. Bull in fuch a paffion, that (he fell downright into a
fit. Arbuthnot.

DOWN'RIGHT, adj. Plain; open; apparent; undif-
guifed. — It is downright madnefs to (trike where we have
no power to hurt. L’Efrange. — Diredtly tending to the
point; plain; artlefs. — I would rather have a plain down¬
right w'lidom, than a foolifh and afledted eloquence. Ben
jfonfon. — Unceremonious ; honedly Curly. — When it came
to the count to fpeak, old Fact fo dared him in the face,
after his plain downright way, that the count was ftruck
dumb. Addifon. — Plain; without palliation. — Religion
1’eems not in danger from downright atheifm, fince rational
men mud reject that for want of proof. Rogers.

DOWNS, f. A bank or elevation of fand, which the
fea gathers and forms along its fliores ; and which ferves
it as a barrier. The word is formed from the French
dune, of the Celtic dum, a mountain. This name is par¬
ticularly applied to a well-known road for (hipping, in
the Englidi channel, oppofite the eaflern coaff of the coun¬
ty of Kent, from Dover to the North Foreland; where
both the outward and homeward-bound fliips frequently

2 make

D R A

45

DOW

make Come flay. It affords excellent anchorage ; and is
defended by the caffles of Deal, Dover, and Sandwich.

DOWN'SITTING, / Reft; repofe ; the aft of fit-
tino- down, or going to reft. — Thou knoweft my downfit¬
ting and mine uprifing; thou underftandeft my thoughts
afar off". Pfalm cxxxix. 2.

DOWN'TON, an ancient borough, in the county of
Wilts, fituated in a pleafant vale between Salilbury and
Fordingbridge, on the eaftern banks of the Avon : eighty-
five miles from London, and fix from Salilbury ; and is
bounded on the fouth by an ancient fofs, called Land-
fiiire Ditch, from Hampftiire. The chief trade of the
place is malting, paper-making, and tanning; and the
poor are employed in a tick manufadtory, and in making
Brulfels lace. Here are annually two fairs, one on the
23d of April for cattle, pedlary ware, &c. and the other
on the 2d of Oftober for (heep and horfes. The profits
of both thefe fairs are given to the matter of the free-
fchool for inftrufting twelve boys in reading, writing,
and arithmetic : firft founded by Gyles Eyre, efq. Down-
ton returned members to the Britifh parliament as early
as the 23 Edw. I. and here king John had a caftle, in
which he fometimes refided ; whofe effigies, and alfo
thofe of one of his queens, erected in correfpondent
niches, (till remain.

DOWN'WARD, or Downwards, adv. [bunepeapb,
Sax.] Towards the center. — As you lift up the glades,
the drop will afcend (lower and flower, and at length reft, <
being carried downward by its weight as much as upwards
by the attraftion. Newton. — From a higher fituation to a
lower. — Hills are ornamental to the earth, affording plea¬
fant profpefts to them that look downwards from them
upon the fnbjacent countries. Ray.

What would this man ? Now upward will he foar,

And, little lefs than angel, would be more :

Now, looking downwards , juft as griev’d appears
To want the ftrength of bulls, the fur of bears. Pope .

In a courfe of fucceflive or lineal defcent :

A ring the count does wear,

That downward hath fucceeded in his houfe.

From fon to fon, fome four or five defcents. Shakefpeare.

DOWN'WARD, adj. Moving on a declivity ; tend¬
ing towards the center ; tending to the ground ;

With downward force,

That drove the fand along, he took his way,

And roll’d his yellow billows to the fea. Dryden,
Declivous ; bending :

When Aurora leaves our northern fphere,

She lights the downward heav’n, and rifes there. Dryden.

Depreffed ; dejefted. — At the lowed of my downward
thoughts, I pulled up my heart to remember, that no¬
thing is achieved before it be thoroughly attempted, and
that lying (till doth never go forward. Sidney.

DOWN'Y, adj. Covered with down or nap. — There
be plants that have prickles, yet have downy or velvet
rind upon their leaves, as ftock-gillyffowers and coltsfoot ;
which down or nap confifteth of a fubtile fpirit, in a foft
fubftance. Bacon.

In her hand fhe held

A bough of faireft fruit, that downy fmil’d,

New gather’d, and ambrolial fmell diffus’d. Milton ,
Made of down or foft feathers :

Belinda (bill her downy pillow preft,

Her guardian fylph prolong’d the balmy reft. Pope.
Soft; tender; foothing :

The night’s companion kindly cheating them
Of all their cares, tam’d the rebellious eye
Of forrow with a foft and downy hand,

Sealing all breafts in a Lethean band. Crafiaw-.

DO'WRE, or Dowry,/. Idouaire, Fr.l A portion

Vol. VI. No. 329. jar

given with a wife. See Dower. — I could marry this
wench for this dowre. Sidney. — And afk no other dowry
but fuch another jeft. Shakefpeare. — A reward paid for a
wife. A gift ; a fortune given :

’Thine own hand

An hundred of the faithlefs foe (hall flay.

And for a dowre a hundred forefkins pay. Cowley.

DOXO'LOGY, /. [£ofa, glory; and Aoyo;, to pro¬
claim.] A form of giving praife and glory to God. —
David breaks forth into thefe triumphant praifes and dox-
ologics, Bleffed be the Lord God of Ifrael, who has kept
me this day from (bedding blood, and from avenging my-
felf with my own hand. South.

DOX'Y,/ [perhaps of dochen , Dut. to yield willingly.]
A wench ; a wanton woman :

When daffodils begin to pure,

With heigh ! the doxy over the dale. Shakefpeare.

DOYAYA'CE, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Lemberg : thirty-fix miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Lemberg.

DO'YET, a town of France, in the department of the
Allier, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrift of
Montmarault : feven miles weft of Montmarault.

DOYLS'TOWN, a town of the American States, in
Bucks county, Pennfylvania ; ten miles fouth-weft of
Howell’s ferry, on Delaware river, fifteen north-weft of
Newton, and thirty-three weft by north of Philadelphia.

DO'ZARY, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of
Minfk : thirty-fix miles north-north-eatt of Minfk.

To DOZE, v. n. [bpaep, Sax. does, Dut.] To (lumber;
to deep lightly. — There was no (leeping under his roof :
if he happened to doze a little, the jolly cobler waked
him. UEJl range. — To live in a date of droufinefs ; to be
half afleep. — It has happened to young men of the greateft
wit to wafte their fpirits with anxiety and pain, fo far, as
to doze upon their work with too much eagernefs of doing
well. Dryden.

Chieflefs armies doz'd out fhe campaign,

And navies yawn’d for orders on the main. Pope.

To DOZE, v. a. To ftupify ; to dull. — He was now
much decayed in his parts, and with immoderate drinking
dozed in his underftanding. Clarendon.

Two fatyrs on the ground,

Stretch’d at his eafe, their fire Silenus found

Doz'd with his fumes, and heavy with his load. Dryden ,

DO'ZEN, f. [_douzaine, Fr.] The number of twelve.
It is feldom ufed but on light occafions. — By putting
twelve units together, we have the complex idea of a
dozen. Locke.

DO'ZINESS, f. Sleepinefs; droufinefs — A man, by
a violent fit of the gout in his limbs, finds a dozinefs in*
his head, or a want of appetite. Locke.

DO'ZING,/ Sluggilhnefs. — Six, or at mod feven
hours deep is, for a conftancy, as much as any body can.
want : more is only lazinefs and dozing. Chef erf eld .

DO'ZY, adj. Sleepy; droufy ; (luggiftt :

The yawning youth, fcarce half awake, eflays

His lazy limbs and dozy head to raife- Dryden.

DRA'ABURG, or Ober Traaburg, a town of Ger¬
many, in the duchy of Stiria : fifty-fix miles eaft of Cla-
genfurt, and forty-two eaft-north-eaft of Brixen. Lat. 46.
48. N. Ion. 30. 35'. E Ferro.

DRA'ABURG, or Unter Traaburc, a town of
Germany, in the duchy of Carinthia : 1 1 2 miles fouth-
fouth-weft of Vienna, and forty-eight weft-north-weft of
Pettaw.

DRAB,/ [bjtabbe, Sax. lees.] A ftrumpet ; a trull.
— If your worlliip will take order for the drabs and tire
knaves, you need not fear the bawds. Shakefpeare.

Curs’d be the wretch fo venal and fo vain,

Paltry and proud as drabs'x n Drury-lane. Pope.

DRA'BA, /. [from acrid.] Whitlow-grass ;

N loin 3

4t)

D R A

in botany, a genus of the clafs tetradynamia, order filicu-
1 l i, natural order filiquofae or cruciformes, (cruciferae,
Ju[f. ) The generic characters are — Calyx: perianthium
•four-leaved ; leaflets ovate, concave, from eredt fpread-
ing; deciduous. Corolla: four-petalled, cruciform;
petals oblong, f'omewhat fpreading ; with very fmall
claws. Stamina : filaments fix, length of the calyx: of
thefe the four oppofite ones fomewhat longer, from ereCt
fpreading;. anthene fimple. Piftillum : germ ovate;
ftvle lcarce any ; (tigma headed, flat. Pericarpium : fili-
cle elliptic-oblong, comprelfed, entire, dcfiitute of ftyle,
two-celled; diflepiment parallel with the valves ; valves
plano-concave. Seeds: feveral, fmall, roundifh.— EJf:n-
tial Character . Silicle, entire, oval-oblong ; valves, flat-
ti(h, parallel to the diflepiment ; ftyle, none. Hence it
is eafily diftinguiflied from Alyflum, Subularia, and
Lunaria.

Species. r. Draba aizoides, or hairy-leaved alpine
whitlow-grafs : fcape naked, fimple; leaves enfiform,
keeled, ciliate. It very much refembles D. alpina,
from which however it differs, in the leaves being even,
linear, keeled, ciliate; not oval-oblong, rough-haired,
without any keel. It differs from D. ciliaris in having
the root-leaves forming a clofe tuft, giving it the air of a
Sedum ; the keel even ; not alternate leaves on the
branches fpreading, and a ciliate keel. The flowers alfo
are yellow, as in D. alpina, not white. Root perennial ;
ftem three inches high ; petals entire; filicle hairy, rough,
ovate, fharp at both ends, ending in a long ftyle, four
lines in length ; the cells having fix to eight feeds, which
are round and flatted. It is well adapted to rockwork,
and is a pretty plant with a pleafant fmell. Native of
the mountains of France, Swifferland, Savoy, Auftria,
Carniola, Silefia, See. feen on mount Saleve near Geneva,
April 13, 1779 ; in our gardens it flowers fo early as Fe¬
bruary.

2. Draba ciliaris, or ciliate-leaved whitlow-grafs :
ftem almoft naked, leaves linear, ciliate about the edge
and along the keel ; petals entire. It differsTrom the
foregoing, in the leaves being narrower and fmooth, and
the petals not in the leaft emarginate. In a ftate of cul¬
tivation it branches out with remote leaves. Native of
Provence, in dry rocky places.

3. Draba alpina, or alpine whitlow-grafs : fcape naked,
fimple ; leaves lanceolate, quite entire ; petals emargi¬
nate. Stem leaftefs, with a few hairs fcattered about it ;
not one-leafed or fmooth. Gouan thus diftinguiflies this
from the firft fort. It has fewer leaves, ovate, a little
longer, very often toothed towards the end, and rough
with hair ; ftem often naked, but fometimes it has a leaf
or two on it; this alfo is rough with hairs; flowers fub-
racemed, at firft corymbed ; calyx hairy ; the leaflets
membranaceous and coloured at the edge, as in D. ai¬
zoides. Native of the Alps of Europe.

4. Draba verna, common or fpring whitlow-grafs :
fcapes naked, leaves fomewhat ferrate, often very entire;
petals divided. Root annual ; ftems about three inches
high, one to five or more from the fame root in a rich
foil; fmooth after flowering, but hairy when young;
fee’ds ovate, brown, fixed to the edge of the partition ;
from three to fix in a cell according to Scopoli, but fome¬
times as many as twenty-four. By thefe it propagates it-
felf prodigioufly, and is a weed hardly to be eradicated
in dry paftures, gravel-walks of gardens, &c. Linnaeus
obferves that the flowers hang down in the night and in
wet weather: that in Smoland they fow rye when this
plant is in bloflbm ; and that in dry foils whole fields are
covered with the flowers early in the fpring. With 11s it
is common on walls, dry banks, fields, and paftures, -
flowering in March and April, or earlier if the weather
be mild. In fome countries abundance of this little plant
is fuppofed to prognofticate dearnefs of corn; which
may have fome foundation, as a wet feafon produces a
^great crop of this little weed, which according to fome
ii agreeable to llieep. Gerarde calls it whiteblowe, or

D R A

whitlowe-grafle, or naile woort. This {mall plant may
ferve as an index of the difference of climates ; for in
Sw’eden it flowers in the month of April ; in Germany a
month earlier; in England, Holland, and France, in Fe¬
bruary ; whilft in Sicily it flowers all the winter.

5. Draba pyrenaica, or pyrenean whitlow-grafs ; fcape
naked; leaves wedge-fhaped, palmate, three-lobed. This
is a perennial plant, feldom more than two inches high ;
it has a fhrubby ftalk, dividing into many fmall heads;
leaves fmall, the lower ones have five fhort narrow lobes,
the upper have but three ; the flowers come out in clufters,
fitting clofe to the leaves : they are of a bright purple
colour, and appear early in the fpring. Native of the
mountains of Swifferland, in the canton of Appenzel,
Provence, Carniola, Auftria, and Piedmont ; flowering
in May.

6. Draba muralis, or wall whitlow-grafs : ftem branch¬
ed ; leaves ovate, feflile, toothed. It rifes with an up¬
right branching ftalk about ten inches high, terminated
by loofe fpikes of white flowers, which appear the be¬
ginning of May. Native of Sweden, Swifferland, Ger¬
many, fouth of France, Italy, in fiffures of rocks ; Mr.
Ray found it near Montpellier, and between Lucca and
Pifa, in hedges ; with us, in Derbyihire, Yorkfhire, and
Weftmoreland ; common about Malhant. The wood va¬
riety D. nemorofa, being fowed with the muralis in a gar¬
den, they became fo alike as not to be diftinguiflied by
any means, the yellow flowers becoming white.

7. Draba hirta, or rough-leaved whitlow-grafs : fcape
one-leafed; leaves fubhirfute ; iiliclesoblique, pedicelled.
Refembles D. incana very much, but the ftem is naked
with a Angle lanceolate leaf in the middle of it. Silicles
fmooth, like thole of D. verna, but narrower, terminated
by the ftiort ftyle with a headed ftigma. Native of Lap-
land, Denmark, Provence, Swifferland, Silefia, Auftria,
Piedmont, in the fiffures of rocks : flowering in May.
Mr. Dickfon found the D.Jlcllata, or hirta of Jacquin, in
Scotland, on Ben Lawers. Jacquin, in his Obfcrvationes ,
fays that his Jlellata is the hirta of Linnaeus, but that in the
Auftrian plants the filicles are ufually ftraight, very feldom
oblique. Though he gave up his Jldlata as a fpecies, yet
it feems to be different front Linnams’s hirta.

8. Draba fladnizenfis, or fcentlefs whitlow-grafs : fcape
two-leaved ; leaves fmooth, ciliate ; filicles ftraight, pe¬
dicelled. Native of Carinthia.

9. Draba incana, or hoary whitlow-grafs : ftem-leaves
numerous, hoary ; filicles oblong, oblique, fubfefiile.
Root biennial ; root-leaves very numerous, fpreading like
the flower of a rofe, lanceolate, tomentofe and fomewhat
hairy, entire, acute ; ftem a hand in height, ftiff, hoary,
clothed with many leaves (frequently more than thirty),
very like the root-leaves, but fliorter, fo that the upper-
moft'are ovate, feflile, and have a few teeth ; on the lower
part of the ftem they are more crowded. Native of Lap-
land, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Britain, as in Weft¬
moreland, Yorkfliire about Settle, and near the fummit
of Jngleborough ; Scotland, as in Ida, Skye, &c. Wales
in Caernarvonfliire. It flowers in May and June.

Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants are eafily propa¬
gated by parting the heads in autumn ; for they fhoot up
to flower very early in the fpring. They will thrive and
flower annually, in a moift foil, and fltady fituation ; and
require no other culture but to be kept clean from weeds.
Some of the fpecies are proper to adorn rock-work, and
they all profper beft in that fituation. See Arabis,
Cochlearia, Iberis, Lepidium, Lobelia, and Sisym¬
brium.

. DRAB'BING,y. Affociating with drabs. — Drinking,
fencing, fwearing, quarrelling, drabbing. Skakefpeare.

DRA'BOWICE, a towm of Poland, in the palatinate
of Kiov : thirty-fix miles fouth-weft of Czerkafy.

DRAG, a river of France, which runs into the Ifere,
near Grenoble.

DRAC-Ti'NA, y the female of fyxxw, a

dragon.] In botany, a genus of the clafs hexandria, or¬
der

D R A

D R A

47

der monogynla, natural order farmentacete, (afparagi.
Tuff.) The generic characters are — Calyx : none. Co¬
rolla : petals fix, oblong, fomewhat upright, equal, coj-
hering by the claws. Stamina : filaments fix, inferted
into the claws, Tubulate, thicker in the middle, mem¬
branaceous at the bafe, length fcarcely of the corolla ;
antherre oblong, incumbent. Piftillum : germ ovate,
fix-ftriated; ftyle filiform, length of the ftamens ; ftigma
three-cleft, obtufe. Pericarpium : berry ovate ; fix-fur¬
rowed, three-celled. Seeds : folitary, ovate-oblong, in¬
curved at the tip. The character is aimoft that of afpa-
ragus, the habit different. — EJfential GharaElcr. Corolla :
fix-parted, erfeCt ; filaments fomewhat thicker in the mid¬
dle ; berry three-celled, one-feeded.

Species, i. Dracqsna draco, or dragon tree: arbore¬
ous: leaves fomewhat ffeftiy, with a thorny end. This
riles with a thick trunk nearly equal in fize the \vhole
length ; the inner part very pithy, next to this a circle of
ftrong fibres, and the outfide foft ; height twelve or four¬
teen feet, nearly of the fame diameter the whole length,
which is rarely more than eight or ten inches; circular
marks or rings are left the whole length, where the leaves
have fallen off. The top fuftains a large head of thefe,
coming out fingly all round it ; they are lliaped like thole
of the common iris, but are much longer, being often
four or five feet in length, and an inch and half broad at
their bafe, where they embrace the trunk ; they leffen
gradually and terminate in a point : thefe leaves are
pliable, and hang down ; they are entire, of a deep green,
fmooth on both furfaces : it has the habit of the palms;
the peduncles are furnifhed with a joint. Crantz has
made two genera out of this fpecies, under the names of
Oedera and Storckia. Native of the Eaft, Indies. Mr.
Miller received a plant of it from the Cape Verd iflands,
and feeds from Madeira. It is called dragon-tree, becaufe
the infpiffated juice becomes a red powder, very like the
eallern dragon’s blood. Cultivated in 1640, by Parkin-
Ion ; who fowed the feeds, but they did not abide the
winter.

2. Dracaena ferrea, or purple dracaena: arboreous:
leaves lanceolate, acute. Stem flirubby, aimoft iimple,
eight feet high, eredt, round, with clofe protuberant
rings from the fallen leaves; thefe are quite entire, a foot
and half in length, eredt, fmooth, on ftem-clafping pe¬
tioles, and of a duiky-red colour; flowers red-purple,
corolla bell-lhaped, fix-parted, inferior ; fegments oblong,
obtufe, fpreading ; antherae fagittate, fharp, and bifid
at the end ; ftyle awl-lhaped, thick, trifid, equal to the
ftamens; berry red; the feed is ufually abortive. It
feems to approach the palms. In Chinefe it is called
tat-fio or tjiet-tfao ; and is planted in gardens. both there
and in Cochin-china. Native of China ; flow ers in March
and April.

3. Dracaena ftriata, or ftriated dracaena : frutefeent ;
caulefcent ; erect ; leaves lanceolate, obliquely fickle-
form, ftriated ; ftem flexuofe. Found at the Cape of
Good Hope, by Thunberg.

4. Dracaena terminalis, or canna-leaved dracaena : her¬
baceous ; caulefcent ; leaves lanceolate. Native of the
Eaft Indies, and the Society ifles.

5. Dracaena enfifolia, or fw ord-leaved dracaena : her¬
baceous ; fubcaulefcent ; leaves enfiform. This fpecies
perhaps more properly belongs to the genus Medeola, for
it differs remarkably from D. draco in the fruit. Native
of the Eaft Indies, and Cochin-china. Loureiro fays,
that if he had followed his own opinion, he fiiould rather
have referred this plant to the genus Ornithogalum.

6. Dracaena undulata, or undulated dracaena : herba¬
ceous ; caulefcent; eredt ; leaves ovate, acute, many-
nerved ; flowers axillary, peduncled. 7. Dracaena me-
deoloides, or medeola dracaena: herbaceous; twining;
leaves ovate, nerved. 8. Dracaena eredta, or upright
dracaena: herbaceous; caulefcent erect ; leaves lanceo¬
late, Tubulate, feftile. 9. Dracaena volubilis, or twining
dracaena : herbaceous; twining; leaves lanceolate. Found

at the Cape of Good Hope by Thunberg. Dracsena me-
deoloides and Medeola afparagoides are probably one and
the fame plant.

10. Dracaena graminifolia, or grafs-leaved dracKna-.
herbaceous; flemlefs ; leaves linear. Leaves like thofe
of grafs, very much (Leaked, a fpan in length. Native
of Alia.

11. Dracaena marginata, or aloe-leaved dracaena :-
flirubby; leaves tooth-fpiny ; racemes axillary; berries
many-feeded. Native of the ifland of Bourbon; flowers
in April.

12. Dracsena borealis, of oval-leaved dracaena ; herba¬
ceous ; fubcaulefcent ; leaves elliptic. Native of New¬
foundland, Hudfon’s Bay, and Canada; flowers in June.

13. Dractena indivifa, or entire dracaena : arboreous;
leaves enfiform, acute; raceme compound. Native of
New Zealand, in woods on the coaft of Dulky bay. Trunk
round, full of fmall chinks, undivided, leafy at top, from
fix to nine feet high ; leaves half-ftem-clafping, imbri¬
cate at the bafe, quite entire, fpreading, ftriated, bright
green, two feet long and a hand broad ; berry globular,
blue, marked above with three hollow dots, mucronate
with the permanent ftyle, having about feven feeds in
each cell, involved in an aril or membrane, fo as to appear
only one ; they are black, fmooth, femilunar and three-
fided . The generic character conftrucfed from the firft
fpecies does not agree very well with this or D. termi¬
nalis, which have many feeds in their berries. Perhaps
the berry of the firft alfo may be involved in an aril, and
this may conftitute the effential difference between afpa-
ragus and dracama. The berries of this fpecies are
eaten by the natives ; they are ripe in May, that is, at
the beginning of their winter. The young leaves, or
rather the hybernacle concealed among them,’ is an ex¬
cellent falad ; and this, together with Areca oleraceaand
fapida, Apium graveolens or fmallage, Tetragonia hali-
mifolia, Lepidium oleraceum and pifeidium, and Sonchus
oleraceus or fowthiftle, was found to be of great fervice
to our circumnavigators in refilling the putrid feurvy.

14. Dracaena auftralis, or New Zealand dracaena: ar¬
boreous ; leaves enfiform, acute ; raceme terminating,
eredf, fuperdecompound. Native of New Zealand.
Propagation and Culture, fee Palms.

DRACH'ENFELS, a town of Germany, in the circle
of the Lower Rhine, and capital of a diftricl, in the elec¬
torate of Cologn, with a citadel : four miles fouth-eaft of
Bonn, -and feven north-north-weft of Linz.

DRACHM, f. among the Greeks, a coin of the value
of feven-pence three-farthings ; alio a weight, which they
divided into fix oboli.

DRACll'MA, f. from fyurlopa. 1, to grafp, it

being about a handful; or rather from drac/imin,

Heb.] A drachm. The eighth part of an ounce, contain¬
ing three fcruples or fixty grains.

DR ACH'MON, f. [Heb.] An Hebrew gold coin, in
value twenty-five (hillings.

DRA'CIA, a river of Bofnia, which runs into the
Drin, five miles north-esft of Orach.

DR AC'KEMBURG, or Drakemburg, a town of
Germany, in the county of Hoya, on the Wefer, where a
bloody battle was fought in 1547, between the Imperial-
ills and the Saxons : two leagues north of Nienburg.

DRA'CO, the firft legiflator of the Athenians, B. C.
624. The accounts of him, which have come down to
modern times, are fuperficial and trifling ; it is only cer¬
tain that his laws were extremely levere, fo that they
are faid to have been “ written in blood.” Death was
the penalty for every kind of offence; for which he is
faid to have given as a reafon, that “ fmall faults Teem¬
ed to him worthy of death, and he could find no higher
puniftiment for the greateft crimes.” We are told, how¬
ever, that he 1b much abhorred the crime of taking,
away life, as .to diredt that even inanimate things, which
had been the inftruinents of Inch an adtion, lhould be
prolecutsd; fo that a ft. U Lie, which by falling had killed

a man.

48

D R A

$ man, was to be fentenced to banifliment. Thefe in-
confirtencies and puerilities denote a very rude date of
legiflation, if, indeed, they have not been aggravated
by popular tradition. Draco was advanced in years when
he gave laws, and had acquired much authority from
his virtue and patriotifm. The Athenians, however,
became fo difpleafed with his rigour, that he thought
proper to withdraw to the idand of j^Egina. There, ac¬
cording to a dory which appears ridiculous, lie was re¬
ceived at the public theatre with an applaufe which
proved fatal to him; for its ex predion confided in heap¬
ing upon him the cloaks and Rats of the audience, by
which he was fitd'ocated. The laws of Draco, in the
thirty-ninth Olympiad, are confidered as the mod an¬
cient writing to which we can fecurely appeal. It is faid
that lie was addiffed to poetry, whence fome have
thought that he could not have been fo harfti and rigid
as has been reprefented ; but there are too many authen¬
tic examples of the union of a cruel difpofition, with a
tade for elegant literature. All the laws of Draco were
abolidied by Solon, except fuch as related to murder.

DRA'CO,/. the Dragon, in adron’omy, a condella-
tion of the northern hemifphere ; whofe ftars, according
to Ptolemy, are eighty-one ; according to Tycho, thirty-
two ; according to Hevelius, forty ; according to Bayer,
thirty-three ; and according to Mr. Flamdeed, eighty.
See Astronomy.

DRA'CO, /. the Dragon, in zoology, a genus be¬
longing to the order of amphibia reptilia ; the characters
of which are thefe : it has four legs, a cylindrical tail,
and two membranaceous wings, radiated like the fins of
a fiih, by which it is enabled to fly, but not to any great
didance at a time. There are two fpecies enumerated by
Linnaeus and Gmelin, as follow :

1. Draco volans, the flying dragon; native of Africa
and India, and found abundantly in the idand of Ceylon.
It is didinguidied from the lizard tribe only by having ,
broad lateral membranes, drengthened by radii or bony
precedes like the fins of fiih, and of a leathery fubdance;
in this refpeft refembling the wings of the bat, flying
fiih, flying fquirrel, &c. The body is afh-coloured grey,
covered with minute fcales, clouded and varied with
brown : beneath the gula or throat is a large pouch,
membranaceous, and pointed ; tail long and dender, an-
nulated with light brown. It preys upon infeCbs of al-
mod every kind ; in purfuit of which it lurks among the
foliage of trees, fhrubs, and plants. It is a fmall animal,
mealuring only nine inches from the point of the nofe to
the tip of the tail. It fprings from bough to bough, and
from tree to tree, by means of its alar membranes, chirp-
mg as it goes. In this fpecies the fore-legs are didinft
from the wings ; and, though very fmall, it is the larged
of the genus : a correct figure of it is given in the en¬
graving, by Albertus Seba.

2. Draco praepos, the flying dragon of America. In
this the alar membranes are very fmall, ferruginous, with
bars of deep brown running in an oblique direction round
the edges of the wings. The body is covered with mi¬
nute fcales, of a dull cinereous colour. The tail is befet
with fliarp prickles for fome didance from its bafe; it is
very dender, and marked with obfcure fpots of brown.
In this fpecies the wings are fadened to the fore-feet, but
not to the hind ; the whole animal is very dender, and
only feven inches long: modern naturalids confider it as
a fmaller variety of the preceding, having precifely the
fame form and habits, and tiling the fame food.

The late Mr. Pennant, in his “ Outlines of the Globe,”
after defcribing this, among the other amphibia of Cey¬
lon, remarks, “ that the animal which bears the dreadful
name of dragon, is no more than an innocent little lizard,
quite harmlefs, and perfectly inoffenfive : yet it is the
only creature known, that really bears the form and make
of that all-devouring and dedruCtive monder feigned by
the poets and writers of ancient romance. See the article
Dragon,

D R A

DRA'CO AR'BOR,/ in botany. See Dracaena
and Pterocarpus.

DRA'CO CE'PHALOS,/. in botany. See Chelone.

DRA'CO HER'BA,/; in botany. See Artemisia.

DR ACOCE'PHALUM,/! [from fya-ttuv, a dragon, and
y.a(pa.\7i, a head ; the form of the flowers being ringent, or
like a gaping mouth.] Dragon’s Head; in botany, a
genus of the clafs didynamia, order gymnofpermia, natu¬
ral order verticillatas, (fcropularite, JuJf. ) The generic
characters are — Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, tubular,
permanent, veryfliort. Corolla: one-petalled, ringent ;
tube length of the calyx ; throat very large, oblong, in¬
flated, gaping, a little compreffed on the back ; lip fupe-
rior draight, arched, complicated, obtufe ; lip inferior
three-cleft; lateral divifions upright, as it were the feg-
ments of the throat ; the intermediate one hanging down,
fmall, prominent forwards at the bafe, rottndifh, emar.
ginate. Stamina : filaments four, Tubulate, hid beneath
the upper lip of the corolla, of which two are a little
diorter; antherae fomewhat cordate. Pidillum : germ
four-parted ; dyle filiform, in the fituation of the da-
mens ; digma two cleft, fliarp, dender, reflex. Pericar.
pium : none ; calyx cheridiing the feeds in its bottom.
Seeds : four, ovate-oblong, three-fided. — EJfential Cka-
rattcr. Corolla, throat inflated, upper lip concave.

Species. I. In fpikes. i. Dracocephalum Virginianum,.
or Virginian dragon’s-head : flowers crowded, leaves li¬
near-lanceolate, ferrate. This riles with an upright rtalk,
near three feet high. Leaves about three inches long,
and half an inch broad, fertile; they are ufually in pairs
at each joint, but fometimes there are three together.
The dowers are purple, in terminating fpikes, and make
a pretty variety among other hardy plants. It is peren¬
nial, and flowers from July to September. Native of
North America, in woods, and by the ddes of rivers.

2. Dracocephalum denticulatum, or denticulated dra¬
gon’s-head : flowers remote, leaves obovate-lanceolate,
denticulate above. Allied to the firrt ; but inferior in
point of beauty. It fpreads more on the ground; its
flowering-denis are not altogether fo upright, nor fo tall ;
the leaves are broader, and the flowers in the fpikes lefs
numerous. It flowers in Augurt and September. Mr.
Curtis received feeds of it from Philadelphia, collected
at a condderable didance from that city, about the year
1786. And Mr. Watfon, nurferyman at Idington, ob¬
tained the plant from Carolina, about the fame period.

3. Dracocephalum Canarienfe, or Canary dragon’s-,
head : leaves compound. This is a perennial plant, ri¬
ling with feveral dalks to the height of three feet or more,
becoming woody at the lower part. Leaves at each joint,
having three or five oblong, pointed, ferrate, leaflets.
The flowers come out in fliort thick fpikes on the top of
the dalks; they are of a pale blue colour, and are pro¬
duced from July to September. Native of the Canary
iflands, whence it was brought to Europe, by the name
of permento de Tana ; the old writers call it camphorojma
and eedronel/a ; and we, balm of Gilead , from its rich odour,
on being gently rubbed. It was deferibed by Morifon
in 1690, and was cultivated in 1697, by the duchefs of
Beaufort.

4. Dracocephalum pinnatum, or pinnate-leaved dra¬
gon’s-head : leaves cordate, pinnate-dnuate. Native of-
Jerkatfch, in Siberia.

5. Dracocephalum peregrinum, or prickly-leaved dra¬
gon’s-head: flowers fomewhat fpiked, rtem-leaves ovate-
oblong, gartied, bradles linear-lanceolate, denticulate-
fpiny. Native of Siberia.

6. Dracocephalum Aurtriacum, or Andrian dragon’s-
head : leaves and braftes linear, parted, fpiny. This is
a beautiful plant, and grows in Aurtria and Hungary,
where it was firrt obferved by Cludus. It varies accord¬
ing to its foil in point of number of dems, &c. The
rtems are annual, fquarifh, and villofe : the leaves oppo-
fite ; hoary below, fmooth and green above, and are
deeply lobed or cut in apinnatitid manner. The flowers

are

D R A

are axillary on the upper part of the plant, commonly in
pairs, fometimes in threes ; and are of a violet-purple
colour, paler without.

7. Dracocephalum Ruyfchiana, or hyflop-leaved dra-
gon’s-head : leaves and brakes lanceolate, undivided,
awnlefs. Stems about two feet high, with two fmooth
linear leaves at each joint, about an inch long, and one-
eighth of an inch broad, with a deep furrow along the
middle. The flowers appear in June, and are of a fine
blue colour. Native of Norway, Sweden, SwiflTerland,
and Siberia. This and the foregoing fpecies were fepa-
rated by Boerhaave, and made a diftinct genus, under the
name of Ruyfchiana, in honour of Dr. Ruyfch, who was
profeflbr of anatomy and botany at Amfterdam.

II. In whorls. 8. Dracocephalum Sibiricum, or Sibe¬
rian dragon’s-head : flowers fubverticilled ; peduncles
bifid, pointing one way ; leaves cordate-oblong, acumi¬
nate, naked. The ftalks of this do not grow eredt, like
the preceding, but fpread nearer to an horizontal pofition ;
they divide into feveral branches, which have a pair of
large leaves at each joint, and four fmaller, two on each
tide; they are fmooth, have fliarp indentures on their
edges, and ftand eredt. The flowers come out from the
fide of the ftalks at the bafe of the leaves, two or three
together on each fide; calyx^mrple, corolla of a paler
blue. Native of Siberia. This, and all the foregoing
fpecies, are perennial. The third is marked in the Kevv
catalogue as biennial.

9. Dracocephalum Moldavica, or Moldavian dragon’s-
head or balm : leaves dotted underneath ; bradtes lanceo¬
late, the ferratures capillaceous. This is an annual plant,
rifing with branching ftalks a foot and a half high, with
oblong leaves, deeply ferrate on their edges. The flowers
come out in whorls round the ftalks at every joint ; they
are blue, and appear in July, continuing to the middle
of Auguft. The feeds ripen in September. The plant
has a ftrong balfamic odour, which to fome perfons is
very agreeable. Native of Moldavia. Cultivated in 1596,
by Gerarde.

10. Dracocephalum canefcens, or hoary dragon’s-head 1
bradtes oblong, with fpiny ferratures ; leave's fubtomen-
tofe. This has hoary ftalks, a foot and a half high put¬
ting out two or three fide branches, with hoary leaves
near two inches long, and half an inch broad, a little
indented on their edges; they are placed juft under the
Whorls of flowers, which fit clofe to the ftalk ; the corolla
is large, of a fine blue colour, and makes a pretty appear¬
ance among the hoary leaves. It flowers and feeds about
the fame time as the foregoing fort, and is generally treat¬
ed as an annual, but the roots will live two years in a
dry foil. There is a variety, with white flowers. Difco-
vered by Tournefort in the Levant.

ix. Dracocephalum peltatum, or willow-leaved dra¬
gon’s-head: bradtes orbiculate, ferrate- ciliate. This is
an annual plant, about a foot high, fending out two fmall
branches from the lower part. Flowers fmall, purplifh,
coming out at the fame time with the two foregoing.
Native of the Levant, whence Tournefort fent the feeds
to the royal garden at Paris.

12. Dracocephalum grandiflorum, or great-flowered
dragon’s-head ; leaves crenate ; root-leaves cordate ; ftem-
leaves orbiculate, fefiile; bradtes acuminate-toothed. Na¬
tive of Siberia. That defcribed in the Species Rlantarum
is a variety of this.

13. Dracocephalum nutans, of nodding dragon’s-head:
bradtes oblong, ovate, quite entire; corollas rather large,
nodding. This alfo is annual. Stalks many, weak, about
nine inches high, having at the bottom ovate-lanceolate
leaves about two inches long, and an inch and a quarter
broad, crenate, and on pretty long foot-ftalks. The flow¬
ers are of a deep blue colour; the feeds ripen in autumn.
Native of Siberia.

14. Dracocephalum thymiflorum, or fmall-flowered
dragon’s-head : bradtes oblong, quite entire ; corollas
fcarcely larger than the calyx. Stalks a foot and a half

Vol. VI. No. 330.

D R A 49

high ; lower leaves like thofe of betony, upon very long
foot-ftalks: upper leaves fmall, and clofer to tlxe ftalks.
The flowers come out in w’horls at every joint, they are
of a pale purple or blue colour, and being fmall make
little appearance. Seeds fmall, ovate-oblong, flightly
convex on one lide, angular on the other, dark chefnut
colour. Native of Siberia.

15. Dracocephalum Cochin-chinenfe, or dragon’s-head
of Cochin-china: fiow'ers in fpikes; bradtes roundilh,
acute ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, quite entire. Stem her¬
baceous, ten inches high, erect, grooved, villofe. Flowers
violet-coloured. Native of Cochin-china.

Propagation and Culture. 1, 2. Thefe will live in the
open air, but require a moift foil, or fhould be duly wa¬
tered in dry weather, otherwife the leaves will fhrink,
and the flowers make little appearance.

3. Balm of Gilead is ufually kept in the green-houfe ;
but in mild winters the plants will live abroad in warm
borders; and thofe which are kept in pots will thrive
much better wdien flieltered under a fpame than in a
green-houfe, where the plants are apt to draw up weak ;
for they fliould have as much free air as pollible in mild
weather, and only require to be flieltered from fevere
froft. This may be propagated by feeds, which, if fown
in autumn, will more certainly grow than thofe which
are fown in the fpring ; but, if fown in pots, they mull
be fheltered under a frame in the winter, and, if the
plants do not come up the fame autumn, they will rife
in the fpring ; but if the feeds are fown in the full
ground, it fhould be in a warm border ; and in hard froft
they fliould be flieltered, otherwife the young plants will
be deftroyed. The plants may alfo be propagated by
cuttings ; which, if planted in a fliady border any time
in the fummer, will very foon take root, and furnifh
plenty of rooted plants.

6, 7, 8. Thefe plants are propagated by feed, which
fliould be fown the latter end of March, in a bed of frefh
light earth in an open expofure, and in about five or fix
weeks after, the plants will appear, when they fliould be
carefully cleared from weeds; and if the feafon fliould
prove dry, they mtift be refreshed now and then with wha¬
ler, which w'ill greatly promote their growth. When
the plants are about two inches high, they fliould be care¬
fully tranfplanted into a bed or border of frefh, light,
undunged earth, cbferving to fliade them from the fun
until they have taken root, as alfo to refrefh them with
water until they are well eftablifhed in this bed ; after
which time they will require no further care, but to keep
them conftantly clear from weeds till Michaelmas, when
they are to be removed into the places where they are
defigned to remain for good. At Michaelmas, when the
plants are tranfplanted for good, they fliould be carefully
taken up with balls of earth to their roots ; and they
mull be planted in the middle of the borders in the plea-
fure garden, in frefh light earth, intermixing them with
other hardy plants of the fame growth, where they will
make a pretty appearance when they are in flower, and
will continue three or four years ; and in fome poor (lony
foils the roots will live fix or feven years, but thefe do
not produce fo large fpikes of flowers as the younger
and more vigorous plants. Therefore, as thefe plants do
not continue many years, it will be proper to raife a fup-
ply of young plants to fucceed them, for the old plants
will produce feeds plentifully, which are ripe the latter
end of Auguft or the beginning of September, when they
fhould be gathered in dry weather, and kept in a warm
dry room till the time for fowing them.

9-14. All thefe forts may be propagated by feeds, .
which may be fown either in the fpring or autumn, in
fmall patches, upon the borders where they are to remain.
When the plants come up, they fliould be thinned where
they grow too near together, and kept clear from weeds.

DRACONA'RIUS,/. in antiquity, Dragon-bearf.r,
Several nations, as the Perfians, Parthians, Scythians, Sec,
bore dragons or lerpents on their ftandards ; whence the
Q ftandards

J>0 D R A

flandards were called draconcs. The Romans borrowed
the cuilom from the Parthians ; or, as Cafaubon informs
us, from rite Dacae ; or, as Codin, frOm the Afl'yrians.
The foldier. who bore the dragon or ftandard was called
by the Ro mans \draconarius ; and by the Greeks

and c gax<jiT£io(pcgo<;.

DRACONPTES (John), a learned German Lutheran
divine and bifhop, born at Carlftadt in Franconia, in 1494.
Ey his learning, abilities, and prudence, he acquired fo
high a reputation, that he was employed in feveral eccle-
fiaftical negociations of confiderable importance, and was
fucceflively appointed to the bifhoprics of Marpurg and
Roftoch, and Samelande in the Pruilian dominions. He
was the author of Commentaries on fome of the prophets ;
and Commentaries on the Gofpels for Sundays, written
in Latin, folio ; and other works, in which his erudition
and critical (kill were advantageoufly difplayed. He alfo
commenced the preparation of a grand work, being A
Polyglot of the Bible, in five languages, in imitation of
that of Origen, and of the Complutenfian edition, which
he did not live to finifh. He died in 1566.

DR ACON'TIC MONTH,/. The time of one revo¬
lution of the moon from her afeending node, called caput
draccnis , to her return to the fame point, or place.

DRACON'TIUM, /. [from ^cchuv, a dragon.] In bo¬
tany, a genus of the clafs gynandria, order polyandria,
(heptandria monogynia, Schreber,) natural order piperitce,
(aroideae, JuJJ.) The generic characters are — Calyx:
fpathe boat-form, leathery, one-valved, very large; fpa-
dix extremely limple, cylindric, very (hort, coated on all
fides with fructifications difpofed into a head, of each of
which the perianthium proper none, unlefs you call the
corolla fo. Corolla : proper five-petalled, concave ;
petals ovate, obtufe, fomewhat equal, coloured. Sta¬
mina : in each filaments feven, linear, deprefled, upright,
equal, longer than the corollet ; antherae four-cornered,
twin, oblong, obtufe, upright. .Piftillum : germ fome¬
what ovate ; fiyle columnar, ftraight, length of the (ta-
inen's ; Itigma obfeure, three-fided. Pericarpium : in
each a roundifh berry. Seeds : very many. — EJfcntial Cha-
rabler. Spathe, boat-form ; fpadix, covered ; calyx,
none ; petals, five ; berries, many-feeded.

Species. 1. Dracontium poly.phyllum, or many-leaved
dragon : fcape very (hort ; petiole rooted, torn, leaflets
three-parted ; divifions pinnatifid. This has a large
knobbed irregular root, covered with a rugged brown
ikin ; the (talk riles about a foot high, is fmooth, and of
a purple colour, full of (harp protuberances of different
colours, (Tuning like the (kin of a ferpent ; it is naked to
the top, where it has a tuft of leaves, which are divided
into many parts. The flower-flalk rifes immediately
from the root, and is feldom more than three inches high ;
having an oblong [welling hood, or fpathe, at top, which
opens lengthwife, flicwing the (hort thick pointed (lyle
within, upon which the flowers are elofely ranged. It
grows naturally in'feveral of the iflands of America ; alfo
in Surinam, and Japan, where they prepare a medicine
from the acrid roots, which-they call konjakf, and efteem
as a great emmenagogue ; diffolute women ufe it there to
procure abortion. In the Society ides, it is cultivated
for the fake of the roots, which are eaten in a fcarcity of
the bread-fruit, notwithftanding their extreme acrimony.

2. Dracontium fpinofum, or prickly dragon : leaVes fa-
gittate ; peduncles and petioles prickly. It grows natu¬
rally in the ifland of Ceylon, and in feveral parts of India.

3. Dracontium feetidum, fetid dragon, or feunk-weed :
leaves roundifh. The flowers appear firft ; after they
are arrived to a (late of perfection, the leaves come out
at a fmall diftance in a conic fprm, very elofely rolled to¬
gether; they are nearly ovate v. hen expanded, and pe-
tioled ; the plant has no (Jem ; the globe of flowers is
nearly the colour of the fpathe, which is beautifully va¬
riegated with fcarlet and yellow ;‘ the corolla has four
qi'edl, very thick, narrow, obtruncated, petals ; the (ta¬
llica s have four flattifli filaments rifing from the recep-

D R A

tacle, longer than the corolla ; fiyle rather longer tliari
the fiamens; ftigma bifid; feeds large, roundifh, fingle,
inclofed within the receptacle. Native of North America,
in fwamps and borders of meadows ; fiovvers in April and
May. The vulgar namesof feunk cabbage and feunkweed
are taken from its rank fmell, nearly refembling that of a
feunk or polecat. .The roots dried and powdered are an
excellent remedy in afthmatic cafes. It may be given
with fafety, to children, in dofes of four, five, or fix,
grains, and to adults, in dofes of twenty .grains and up¬
wards. It appears to be antifpafmodic, and bids fair to
be ufeful in many diforders. In collecting the roots, par¬
ticular care ought to be taken that the white hellebore,
or poke-root, which fome call feunk weed, be not mif-
takeh for this. There is an obvious diftinCtion, the for¬
mer has a (talk, but this has none. Cattle do not touch
it during the fummer. The Swedes fettled in North
America call it byorn-blad, or byorn-retter (bear’s leaf op
bear’s root), becaufe the bears, when they leave their
winter habitations in the fpring, are very fond of it.

4. Dracontium Camfchatcenfe, or Kamtfcatka dragon :
leaves lanceolate. This 1ms roots like the common arum,
and the leaves come out each on a feparate foot-ftalk,
immediately from the root, as in that plant ; it has not
flowered in England ; Siberia is its native country.

5. Dracontium pertufum, or perforate-leaved dragon :
leaves perforated ; ftem climbing. This has llender
jointed (talks, which put out roots at every joint, that
fallen to the trunks of trees, walls, or any fupport which
is near them, and thereby rife to the height of twenty-
five or thirty feet ; the leaves are placed alternately,
(landing upon long foot-ftalks ; they are four or five inches
long, and two and a half broad, having fevtral oblong
holes in each, fo that on the firft.view they appear as if
eaten by infects. The flowers are produced at the top
of the.ftalk, which always fwells to a larger fize in that
part than in any other ; thefe are covered with an oblong
fpatha (or hood) of a whitifh green colour, which opens
longitudinally on one fide, and (hews the fpadix elofely
covered with flowers, of a pale yellow inclining to white.
When this plant begins to flower, it feldom advances far¬
ther in height, fo that thefe feldom are more than feven
or eight feet high ; but the leaves are much larger on
thefe, than thofe of the plants which ramble much far¬
ther. It grows naturally in mod of the iflands in the
Weft Indies, and in the ifland of Tanna in the South
Seas; and was cultivated by Mr. Miller in 1752.

Propagation and Culture. The firft and fecond forts being
tender, require a w’arm (love to preferve them in England.
The roots mud be planted in pots filled with light
kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into the tan-bed in
the (love, where they fhould conftantly remain ; in the
winter they muft be watered very fparingly, but in warm
weather, when the plants are in vigour, they mud be
often refreflied, but it (hould not be given them in too
great quantities ; with this management the plants will
flower, but their roots do not increafe here. The fourth
fpecies requires a fliady fituation, and will bear the great-
eft cold of this country. The fifth is eafily propagated
by cuttings, which, if planted in pots filled with poor
fandy earth, and plunged into a hot-bed, will foon put
out roots, if they had none before ; but there are few of
the joints which have not roots : the plants being tender,
will not live in the open air in England, therefore the
pots (hould be placed near the walls of the hot-houfe,
againft which the plants will climb, and fallen their roots
into the wall, and thereby fupport the ftalks. They
(hould have but little water given them in the winter,
but in warm weather it muft be given them three or four
times a-week, and in the fummer the free air (hould be
admitted to them in plenty. The plants have no parti,
cular feafon of flowering, for they fometimes flower in
autumn, and at other times in the fpring, but they do not
ripen their feeds in England. Thefe plants are preferved
in the gardens of the curious in England and Holland,

more

DORIS, DRACO, and DRACONTIUM.

Zorulor. Published as the Act directs- didy 0-1803 • by J'-WH/ccs.

D R A

5 1

iflore for die fake of variety tlian for beauty ; for, except
the fifth fort, there is not any of them which make much
appearance ; that indeed may be buffered to have a place
again!! the wall of the ftove, over which it will fpread,
and cover the nakednefs of the wall ; and the leaves,
which are fo remarkably perforated, remaining all the
year, make a Angular appearance.

All the other forts of dragon being tender plants, will
not live in this country, unlefs they are preferved in the
warmed doves 5 the feveral American forts grow natu¬
rally in the woods in Jamaica, and other hot parts of
America ; the climbing forts twill themfelves round the
trunks of trees, into which they fallen their roots, which
art fent forth from their joints, and rife to the height of
thirty or forty feet. Thefe climbing forts are eafily pro¬
pagated by cutting0, which, being very fucculent, may
be brought over to England in a box of dry hay, if they
are packed up feparate, fo as not to injure each other by
the moifture, which is apt to flow out at the part where
they are cut off, which may ocCafion a fermentation, and
thereby rot the cuttings. When the'cuttings arrive, they
fhould be planted in fmall pots filled with light frefh
earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanner’s bark, being-
very careful not to let them have too much moilture'un-
til they haye taken root, left it rot them : when they have
taken root, they mull be frequently refrefhed with water ;
and when they are grown pretty large, they fhould be
placed in the bark-bed in the ftove, where they mull be
placed near forne ftrong plants, to which they may fallen
themfelves, other wife they will not thrive ; for though
they will fend forth roots at their joints, which will fallen
to the mortar of the ftove, when placed againft the wall,
yet they will not thrive near fo well as againft a ftrong
plant, which will afford them nourilhment.

The other forts are propagated by offsets from .their
roots; thefe maybe procured from the countries of their
growth, and fhould be planted in tubs of earth, about a
month before they are put on-board the fhip to tranfport
them ; thefe tubs fhould be placed in a fhady fituation
until they have taken root. In their paffage, great care
fhould be had to keep them from fait water, as alfo not
to let them have too much water given them ; for if they
have a little water once or twice a-week while they are
in a hot climate, and when they are come into a cooler
climate once in a-fortnight, this will be fufficient for
them ; and it fhould be done fparingly, left it rot them ;
for if the tops of the plants fhould decay for want of
water in their paffage, if the roots are not rotted, they
will foon recover with proper care. Thefe plants will
rife to the height of three, four, or five, feet, and will af¬
ford a very agreeable variety amongft other tender exotic
plants in the ftove. See Arum and Pothos.

DRACUNCULO'IDES, f. in botany. See Hteman-
thus.

DR ACUN'CULUS, f. in botany. See Achillea,
Artemisia, Arum Calla, Pothos, and Rudbeckia.

DRACUN'CULUS,y] [from S'camny, Gr. a ferpent.J
The Guinea Worm, called alio Jolitary worm. The
Arabians call it Medinenjis , or viedena vena. They ftyled
it vena, becaufe they doubted its being a living animal,
and Medinenjis, from the frequency of its appearance at
Medina. Hence Avicenna treats of it among abfceffes.
Dr. Frend fays, that Hitius is the firft who gives an ac¬
count of thefe worms; but Plutarch quotes Agathar-
chides for an account of them, who wrote long before
,/Etius. Plutarch calls them opaaoma pwxps;. T hey are
common in both the Indies, in mod parts of Africa, par¬
ticularly in Guinea, from which they derived their tri¬
vial name ; in Svvifferland, Genoa, and many other hot
countries. It is the Jilaria medinenjis of Gmelin’s Lin-
nseus. See Filaria. This worm is commonly found
in the legs, but fometimes it is in the mufcular part of
the arms. While they move under tire Ikin they create
no trouble 5 bpt in length of time the place near the dra-
cuncuius fuppurates, and the animal puts forth its head,

j

D R A

If it be drawn, it excites confiderable uneafinefs, efpeci-
ally if drawn fo forcibly as to break it; for the part left
within creates intolerable pain. PEtius, ii. c. 85. Paulus
.ZEgineta mentions them as being always feated in the
mufcular parts of the thighs, legs, and arms; and he
fays, that fometimes they are met with in the fides of
children. In the fij^th volume of the Edinburgh Medi¬
cal Effays, mention is made of one that was three yards
and a half in length. In fome inftances, belides the pain
which it occafions, a fever is alfo a confequence. Thefe
worms are fain to be frequent in the morning dew, from
whence they enter the naked feet of the negroes, and bury
themfelves under the cuticle.

Dr. Towne, in his Treatife on the Difeafes of the Weft
Indies, deferibes this worm as being long, white, round,
and refembling fmall round bobbing. This defcription
is juft. Nothing need be done until a tumor comes on ;
and then the bell method is to promote fnppuration : as
foon as the tumor isopen, the head of the worm appears,
which, being tied by a thread, may be fecured on a roll
of linen fpread with (ticking-plaifter, and as the worm ap¬
pears, it may be rolled round this linen, until the whole
is extradled; after which, the treatment will be only as
in common cafes. During the time that this worm is
coming out, the greatell care is neceffary that it may
not be broken, for the confequence of fuch an accident
are tedious ulcers in the w hole length of that part which
is poffeffed of the remaining worm. A daily ufe of aloes,
or of any other anthelmintic, is convenient, during the
extraction of the worm, as fuch means are obferved to
haften its expulfion. Dr. Ifert, phyfician-general to the
Danifh fettlement in Africa, on his return from the Pi-
ton mountains, found his ancle very much fwelled and
inflamed; and, on examination, difeovered that it was
occafioned by a dracunculus, which lie gradually ex¬
tracted: it was near five feet in length, and about the
thicknefs of a ftraw. He imagines that he brought it
from Guinea; and if fo, he muft have had it for eight
months about him before it produced any inconvenience.
See his Voyage to Guinea, Dordt, 1790.

DRA'CUT, a townlhip of the American States, in the
northernmoft part of Middlefex county, on the bank of
Merrimack river, oppofite Patucket falls : thirty miles
north by weft of Bolton, and twenty-eight fouth-weft of
Exeter, in New Hampfhire.

DR AD, adj. [for dread, or the part. paff. of To dread.]
Terrible; formidable; dreaded:

Th’ utmoft fand-breach they fhortly fetch,

Whilft the drad danger does behind remain. Spenfer.

DRAFF, f. [bpop, Sax. dirty; draff, Dut. the fedi-
mentofale.] Refufe ; lees; dregs: properly fomething
fluid. — You would think I had a hundred. and fifty tat¬
tered prodigals lately come from fwinekeeping, from eat¬
ing draff and hulks. Shakejpearc.

’Twere fimple fury, Hill thyfelf to wafte

On fuch as have no fade ;

To offer them a furfeit of pure bread

Whofe appetite is dead !

No, give them grains their fill ;

Hulks, draff, to drink and fwill. Ben Jonfon.

Refufe ; fweepings. Perhaps improper. — Younger bro-
tliers but the draff of nature. Dryden.

DRAF'FY, adj. Worthlefs; dreggy.

DRAFT, adj. [corrupt for draught .] Employed to
draw. — Ulyffes and old Neftor yoke you like drajt oxen,
and make you plough up the wair. ShakeJ'peare.

DRAFT, f. An order in writing to receive money.
See Bill of Exchange, vol. iii. p. 29.

7b DRAG, v. a. [bjiagan, Sax. ] To pull along the
ground by main force ; to draw heavily along :

Such his afpeCl", when, foil’d with bloody dull,

Dragg'd by the cords which thro* hi$ feet were thruft.

Denham.

T®

52 D R A

To draw any thing burthenfome, any thing from which
one cannot difengage one’s felf :

Can I, who lov’d fo well,

To part with all my blifs to fave my lover,

Oh ! can I drag a wretched life without him ? Smith.
To draw contemptuoufly along, as a thing unworthy to
be carried. — He triumphs in St. Auftin’s opinion ; and is
not only content to drag me at his chariot-wheels, but he
makes a (hew of me. Stilling fleet. — To pull about with
violence and ignominy :

They (hall furprife

The ferpent, prince of air, and drag in chains

Thro’ all his realm, and there confounded leave. Milton.

To pull roughly and forcibly :

To fall, that’s juftice ;

But then, to drag him after! For to die

And yet in death to conquer, is my wifh. Dry den.

To DRAG, v. n. To hang fo low as to trail or grate
upon the ground. — A door is faid to drag, when, by its
ill hanging on its hinges, the bottom edge of the door
rides in its (weep upon the floor. Moxon.

From hence are heard the groans of ghofts, the pains
Of founding ladies, and of dragging chains. Dryden.

DRAG,yi A net drawn along the bottom of the water:
Cafting-nets were fpread in fliallow brooks,

Drags in the deep, and baits were hung on hooks. Dryden.
An inftrument with hooks to catcli hold of things under
water. — You may in the morning find it near to foine
fixed place, and then take it up with a drag- hook, or
otherwife. Walton. — A kind of car drawn by the hand.
• — The drag is made fome what like a low car : it is ufed
for the carriage of timber, and then is drawn by the han¬
dle by two or more men. Moxon.- — In hulbandry, an im¬
plement to break the clods, and tear the ground ; a large
harrow. A raft to carry any thing down a river; that
which hangs over a (hip, and prevents her failing.

DRAGE, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Hol-
ftein : four miles north of Itzehoa.

DRAGE, a river of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Saxony, which runs into the Netza, fix miles eaft-north-
eaft of Driefen, in the New Mark of Brandenburg.

DRA'GEMEL, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Carniola, on the Save : fix miles nortli of Laubach.

To DRAG'GLE, v. a. To make dirty by dragging on
the ground :

You’ll fee a draggled damfel, here and there,

From Billingfgate her fidiv traffic bear. Gay.

To DRAG'GLE, v. n. To grow dirty by being drawn
along the ground :

His draggling tail hung in the dirt,

Which on his rider he would flirt. Hudibras.

DRAG'MA,/. [Gr. ] A handful, a gripe. With apo¬
thecaries, a handful of herbs.

DRAG'MIS,y. in pharmacy, as much as may be taken
up with three fingers.

DRAG'NET,yi A net which is drawn along the bot¬
tom of the water. — Whatfoever old Time, with his huge
dragnet, has conveyed down to us along the dream of ages,
whether it be (hells or fhellfidi, jewels or pebbles, flicks
or draws, feaweeds or mud, thefe are the ancients, thefe
are the fathers. Watts.

Dragnets were made to fifh within the deep,

And cafting-nets did rivers bottoms fweep. May.

DRA'GOMAN, a town of European Turkey, in the
province of Bulgaria: twenty-two miles weft-north-weft
of Sofia.

DRA'GOMAN, or Drogman,/ A term in the Eaft
for an interpreter, whofe office is to facilitate commerce
between the natives and foreigners.

D R A

DRAGOMES'TRO, a town of European Turkey, in
Livadia ; taken by the Venetians in 1684, but abandoned ■
foon after : forty-four miles weft-north-weft of Lepanto.

DRAGOMIR'NA, a town of European Turkey, in
Moldavia : eight miles north of Suczava.

DRA'GON, J'. [draco, Lat. of tyar.vy, Gr.} A reptile
of the lizard kind, furniflied with wings like a bat. See
the article Draco. An imaginary and terrific monfter,
much celebrated in the romances of remote ages; and
ufed fymbolically in many paflages of the holy feriptures,
wherein it is frequently applied to defignate the maligni¬
ty of Satan, the fpiritual enemy of man, and to convey
to the mind an idea of the monftrous (hapes and deplora¬
ble condition of the fallen angels, as a punilhment for
their rebellion againft God. Notions of the real exiftenceof
wide-wafting animals of this defeription, with wings, and
feales, and forked tongues, alfo breathing fire and fmoke,
have too long embarralfed the apprehenfions of weak
minds, and uninformed readers. A late writer, therefore,
inveftigating the various accounts we have of the dragon,,
with a view to remove thefe vague and fuperftitious im.-
preflions, is led to believe that he has difeovered the ori¬
gin of this feigned monfter, among the hieroglyphics of
ancient Egypt. “ Before the Egyptians were become ac¬
quainted with the exadt time of tire periodical overflow¬
ing of the Nile, they frequently found their harvefts de-
ftroyed by the then unlooked-for inundation. They there¬
fore regarded that river as the enemy of agriculture or
hufbandry. Agriculture or lrulbandry was fymbolized
as a child, the fon of Ofiris. and Ifis, or the fun and
earth ; and, thus perfonified, was denominated Horus.
The Nile was charadlerized by a crocodile, &c. The
character of a crocodile was hence confidered as the fym-
bol of any enemy. In commemorating the general de¬
luge, they alfb fymbolized that event by a water-monfter
killing Ofiris, or the fun. Hence the water-monfter, the
crocodile, or dragon, became the reprefentation of the
enemy of the fun. The fun the Egyptians confounded
with Ham, and Ham they confounded with the Almigh¬
ty : hence thofe figns became indicative of the enemy of
the Almighty, or of the evil principle, or the devil. Mo.
fes, we are told, was learned in all the wifdom of the
Egyptians ; and almoft every page of the pentateuch re¬
minds us of the idolatry of the Ifraelites. And mention
is exprefsly made by the prophet Amos, v. 25, 26, and
from him by St.. Stephen, Ails ii. 43, 47'. of the images,
the types, or fymbols, which they brought out of Egypt.
The convertible ufe of the terms, Ob, Peten, Python, Ty-
phon, &e. £0 often made, both by the (acred and prophane
writers, corroborates this idea-. The words Satan and
devil (AiaCoA©-) alfo fignifying an enemy, accufer, or
adverfary, and fo frequently occurring in the feriptures,
and which are applied even to men, 2 Sam . xix. 22 ; and
John vi. 7 ; 2 Tim. Hi. 3, &c. add ftrength to the conjecture.

“ The crocodile was peculiarly deferiptiveof the Nile;
and was, therefore, more generally and longer adopted
as the reprefentative of that river, the original foe. The
emblem of the winds was, a bird ; or, in compound fym¬
bols, the wings of one. When the Egyptians had at
length afeertained the annual inundation of the Nile, they
exhibited to the public view, the fymbol of a crocodile
With wings upon his back, in order to indicate to the peo¬
ple, that the Etefian winds had fet in, and that, in con¬
sequence, the Nile was about to overflow. The croco¬
dile with wings, ftrongly agrees with the reprefentation
of the dragon ; and the crocodile is evidently the tannim,
the leviathan, &c. of the feriptures. The name of the
leviathan has allufion to its feales: now the whale (as the
word is frequently rendered) has no feales ; but the feales
of the crocodile are proverbial. “A flame goeth out of his
mouth,” fays' Job, The crocodile, from long repreffion
of breath in the water, is remarked by naturalifts, as
emitting it fo as to refemble fmoke : and is not the dragon
of romance reprefented as belching out fire ? The tan.

jiim

D R A

D R A

53

nhn of Ezekiel too has feet; and fo, it fhould feem,
had the leviathan of Job, xli. 30. The feet of the cro¬
codile refemble thofe of the imaginary dragon ; but whales
have no feet. Again, the tannim of Ezekiel are defcribed
as being in “ the river of Egypt,” where whales are not
known, but crocodiles are proverbially numerous. Eve,
Heva, Chavah, the name of the fir ft woman, fignified in
feveral of the oriental languages, a ferpent : it alfo fig¬
nified life, or to caafe to live ; and fo Mofes himfelf inter¬
prets: “ And he called her name Eve, becaufe Ihe was
the mother of all living.” Hence the Mofaic allegory of
the fall. The ferpent became the fymbol of the tempter,
or enemy of man. It had before been confidered as the
emblem of life: but Mofes, in order to counteract fuch
idolatry, reprelented it as the introducer or author of
death. Thus the ferpent was confounded with the dra¬
gon ; and hence we find the terms tannim, nachafh, and
leviathan, ufed often for each other (compare Gen. iii. 1 ;
Ex. vii. 9, xo, 15, Sec.) and equally tranflated in the Sep-
tuagint by that of Apaxovrwi/. See PJ'alm lxxiv. 13, 14 ;
Ezek. xxxii. 2; Job , xli. 1 ; Ifaiak, xxvii. 1 ; Job, xxvi.
13 ; Amos, ix. 3, &c.”

The learned Dr. Bryant traces the origin of the dragon,
and its introduction into fable and romance, from a firni-
lar fource, and from the fame country. According to this
author, “ towers were erected on artificial mounds, in
Egypt and Syria, as places of lafety, and as repofitories for
riches and treafure. Being generally royal edifices, and
very ftrong, they were termed trachon. There were two
hills with towers of this denomination near Damafcus,
from whence undoubtedly the Regio Traconitis received
its name. The Greeks, who brought their arts and my¬
thology out of. Egypt, fophifticated' this term by calling
fuch places A ^ccy.av ; from whence in a great meafure arofe
the notion of virgins and treafures being guarded by fleep-
lefs dragons. When the Greeks underftood that in thefe
temples idols were worfliipped under tire form of a fer¬
pent, they concluded that trachon was a ferpent ; and
hence came the word draco to be appropriated to fitch an
animal : for the draco was always confidered as an ima¬
ginary being. Hence in romances we often read of pious
virgins cruelly expofed to dragons and fea-monfters ; and
of dragons which laid wafte whole countries or provinces,
till they were encountered and (lain by fome hero of emi¬
nent prowefs. All the poetical accounts of knig'nts and
heroes engaging with dragons, feem therefore to have
arifen from fables or mifcoticeptions about thefe towers
or temples, which thofe perfons either founded, or took,
in war: or if they were deities, of whom fuch ftory is
told, thefe temples were ereCted to their honour. But
the Greeks made no diftinCtion : they were fond of he-
roifm : and no colony could fettle any were, and ereCt
fuch a temple, but there was fuppofed to have been a
contention between a hero and a dragon.” See Hydra.

DRA'GON,/ inbotany. SeeARUMand Dracontium.

DRA'GON’s BLOOD, f. A red-coloured, inodorous,
and infipid refin, infoluble in water, foluble in fpirit of wine
and in oils, to both which liquors it communicates a red
colour. By fire it is fufible, inflammable, and it emits
an acid vapour, like that of benzoin. It is obtained prin¬
cipally from the calamus dioicus, or aioecous rattan, of Lin¬
naeus. A folution of dragon’s blood in fpirit of wine is
ufed for ftaining marble, to which it gives a red tinge,
which penetrates more or lefs deeply according to the
heat of the marble during the application. But as it
fpreads at the fame that it finks deep, for fine deligns the
marble ihould be cold. Mr. Du Fay fays, that, by add¬
ing pitch to this folution, the colour may be rendered
deeper. The Dutch often adulterate this refin with mix¬
tures of gum arabic, Bralil wood, alum, See. but thefe
are difeovered by their diifolving in water, or by their
crackling and not burning in the fire. It is not much
ufed as a medicine, and Cullen thinks it ought to be ex¬
punged from the Materia Medica ; though it is recom¬
mended as a gentle incralfant, deiiccative, and reftringent.

Vol. VI, No, 330,

DR A'G ON-FLY,/ See LibelluAa.

DRA'GON’s HEAD, f.Jttx botany. See Dracoce-

PHAI UM.

DRA'GON’s HEAD and TAIL,/ [caput, & cauda
draconis .] The nodes of the planets; or the two points
wherein the ecliptic is interfedted by the orbits of the
planets, and particularly that of the moon ; making with
it angles of five degrees and eighteen minutes. One of
thefe points looks northward ; the moon beginning then
to have north latitude, and the other fouthward, where
fife commences fouth. Thus her deviation from the
ecliptic feems (according to the fancy of fome) to de-
feribe a figure like that of a dragon, whofe belly is where
Ihe has the greateft latitude; the interfedtion reprefent-
ing the head and tail, front which imaginary refemblance
this denomination has arifen, to fignify the moon’s nodes.
See Astronomy, vol. ii. p. 326.

DRA'GON-TREE, / in botany. See Ds.ac.ena.

DRAGO'NERA, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of
Naples, and province of Capitanata : fifteen miles north
of Volturara.

DRAGO'NERA, a fmall uncultivated ifland in the
Mediterranean, not above a mile from the weft coaft of
the ifland of Majorca. Lat. 39. 35. N. Ion. 19. E. Peak
of Teneriffe.

DRA'GONET, or Dragon-Fish, in ichthyology.
See Callionymus, vol. iii. p. 6 27.

DRA'GONISH, adj. Having the form of a dragon;
dragonlike. An arbitrary word:

Sometimes we fee a cloud that’s dragon fi ;

A vapour fometimes like a bear or lion. Shahcfpeare.

DRA'GONLIKE, adj. Furious; fiery:

He fights dragonlike, and does achieve

As foon as draw his fword. Shaltefpeare.

DRAGOON', /. [from clragen, Germ, to carry.] A
foldier that ferves indifferently either on foot or horfe-
back. — Two regiments of dragoons fuffered much in the
late aCtion. Tatler.

To DRAGOON', v. a. To perfecute by abandoning a
place to the rage of foldiers ; to harrafs :

In politics I hear you’re haunch,

'Directly bent againft the French ;

Deny to have your free-born foe

Dragoon'd into a wooden Ihoe. Prior.

DRAGO'T, a town of European Turkey, in Albania,
on the Crevafta: thirty-fix miles fouth-louth-eaft of Du-
razzo.

DRAGUIGNAN', a town of France, and principal
place of a diftrict, in the department of the Var, contain¬
ing about 9Qoo.inhabitants : four leagues and a half north-
weft of Frejus, and nine and a half weft of Antibes. Lat.
44. 34. N. Ion. 24. S. E. Ferro.

DRAGUSZ A'Ni, n town of European Turkey, in
Moldavia : forty-eight miles eaft of Jafli.

DRA'HEIM, a town of Germany, in the circle of Up¬
per Saxony, and duchy of Pomerania : twenty miles fouth-
weft of New Stettin.

To DRAIN, v. a. [ 'trainer , Fr.] To draw off gradually.
— The fountains drain the water from the ground adja¬
cent, and leave but fufficient moifture to breed mofs.—
W hi lft a foreign war devoured our ftrength, and drained
our treafures, luxury and expences increafed at home.
Atterbury. — To empty, by drawing gradually away what
it contains :

Sinking waters, the firft land to drain ,

Fill’d the capacious deep, and form’d the main. Jlofcom.
To make quite dry. — When wine is to be bottled, walk
your bottles, but do not drain them. Swift.

DRAIN,/. The channel through which liquids are
gradually drawn ; a watercourfe ; a fink. — II your drains
be deep, that you fear ca.tle falling into them, cover
them. Mortimer.

Why

P

D R A l N I N G.

5i

Why (liould I tell of ponds and drains,

What carps we met with for our pains >

DRAIN'ING,yi in luifbandry, the art of carrying off
the lurcharge of water from wet, marfny, or fwampy,
land, and thereby laying it fufficiently dry for the pur-
pofes of agriculture. This art has been purfued fora
long feries of years, with a degree of induftry and perfe-
vc- ranee' equal to the importance of the object, though
without tiie dc-lired fuccefs. But it has recently ap¬
proached very near perfection, through the ingenuity of
Mr. Jofeph Elkington, a gentleman farmer of Prince-
thorp, in the county of Warwick, whofuccefsfully adopt¬
ed a plan of tapping or boring the fubjacent fprings, fo
as to let off thofe waters which are the conftant fupply of
bogs, moraffes, and fvvamps. This valuable dilcovery
not only detefts the latent caufe of water oozing over the
furface of the foil, but points out a.method of draining
by which the evil is effectually removed.

Draining is, without doubt, t he fir (1 flop towards the
improvement of all wet land ; and, according to the prin¬
ciples laid down by Mr. Elkington, it depends upon three
points : i. Upon finding out the main fpring, or caufe of
the mifehief, without which nothing effectual can be
done. 2. Upon taking the level of that fpring, and af-
certaining its fubterraneous bearings; for, if the drain is
cut a yard beyond the line of th$ fpring, we can never
reach the water that iffues from it, but by afeertaining
that line by means of levelling, we may cut off the fpring
effectually, and confequently drain tlie land in the cheaped
and molt eligible manner. 3. By making ufe of the auger
to reach or tap the fpring, when the depth of the drain
is not fufficient for that purpofe.

In regard to the ufe of the auger, though it appears
that Mr. Elkington was led to employ that inftrument
from an accidental circumdance, yet there is no doubt
that others have hit upon the fame idea many years,
perhaps ages, ago, though without applying it in the ad¬
vantageous manner which this operator has done. It is
faid, that in attempting to difeover mines by means of an
auger, fprings have been tapped, and the adjacent wet
ground thereby drained, either by letting the water down,
or giving it vent to the furface. The auger has alfo
been made ufe af in bringing water into wells, by boring
in the bottom of them, to lave the expcnce of digging,
efpecially in Italy, where it is probable that the practice
is very ancient.

Buffon dates, “ That, in the city of Modena, and four
miles round, whatever part is dug, when we reach the
depth of lixty-three feet, and bore five feet deeper with
an auger, the water fprings out with fueh force, that the
well is filled in a very Ihort fpace of time.. This water
flows continually, and neither diminifiies nor increafes by
tlie rain or drought.” Mentioning the different firata
that are met with to this depth, he adds, “ Thefe Ric-
cefiive beds of fenny or marfny earth and chalk, are al¬
ways found in the fame order wherever we dig; and very
often the auger meets with large trunks of trees, which
it bores through, but which give great trouble to the
workmen; bones, coals, flint, and pieces of iron, are
alfo found.

The ancient mode of draining was well known to the
Romans, as appears from many of their writers. Cato,
Palladius, Columella, and Pliny, mention them particu¬
larly. Upon drong tenacious land, where the water
could only be received at top, they preferred open drains-;
on other foils, where tlie water could be drawn equally
from both fides, or could rife from the bottom, they ufed
covered ones. They knew the propriety of directing
them obliquely acrofs the Hope of the field; a point in
which modern drainers have often been erroneous. Their
general depth was from three to four feet, filled half-way
up with fmall flones ; for want of thefe, with willow 01-
alder poles, and even with the fpray of wood twifted into
a rope, which is one of the lated practices with ftraw
that' has take place with modern drainers in England. Of

that material, alfo, the Roman farmers availed them,
felves, when others were wanting. The ends of their
drains they were careful in fortifying with larger flones,
in form oF bridges, and the mouths, or outlets, were
laid in mafonry. From the depth , it appears that theiir
drains were defigned to carry off the water of fprings, as
well as that caufed by rain on a flat or retentive furface;
for both which they were, in fome cafes, equally well-
adapted. To tlie proper direction of water-furrows in
their luifbandry, in order to convey all furface water into
the drains, and to the clearing and cleaning out of the
ditches'round the fields, they paid particular attention.
Thefe circumdances are fufficient to fiiow that the Ro¬
mans brought the bufinefs of common draining into Bri¬
tain with them ; and that our bed cultivated counties had
little to boaft in this refpeCI, in fuperiority to the ancients,
till Mr. Elkington made the difeovery of the prefent me¬
thod, with which they certainly appear to have been
wholly unacquainted.

This modern principle of draining, by tapping fprings,
or by perforating with an auger through a retentive into
an abforbent or porous ftratum, being afeertained, its
application in theory is obvious ; though it requires fome
judgement to direct its practice. Tlie method of per-
forming it has been molt laudably inveftigated by the
board of agriculture in England, and tlie Highland fo-
ciety in Scotland; to whom it decifively appeared, that
barren moraffes might, by, this art, be converted into
rich meadow and fertile arable fields ; that cold wet four
grounds might, by" the fame means, be made equally
productive, and that thus an adonidiing proportion of the
word hinds in Great Britain fend Ireland might be re¬
deemed from the curfe of infertility. It appears like-
wife, by thus collecting the large fupplies of water pent
up in foils to which it is highly injurious, that what now
operates as an evil, might be converted into a permanent
good, by making thele waters fubfervient to the pur-
pofes ot irrigation, of fupplying ponds, or refervoirs,
or houfes, or directed in aid of turning mills. To re¬
ward fo ufeful an invention, and to purchafe it for tlie be¬
nefit of the public, the board of agriculture, highly to
its honour, obtained to Mr. Elkington a grant from par¬
liament of one thoufand pounds fterling. Mr. John John-
done, land furveyor, at Edinburgh, has dnee publidied the
method at large, illudrated by explanatory engravings,
w hereby the practical farmer, or gentlemen, who wiihes
to improve his land, might have recourfe to it, under his
own direction, without difficulty or impofition ; and from
the above work, which we earnediy recommend to tlie
perufal of all men, we have extracted the following out¬
line of the principles and applications of this new mode
of draining.

Wetnels in land proceeds from two caufes, as different
in themfelves as the efreCts which they produce. It pro-
ceeds either from rain-water dagnant on the furface, or
from the water of fprings iffuing over, or confined under
it. On clay foils, that have no natural defeent, wetnefs
is commonly produced by tlie fird of thefe caufes ; but,
in a variety of fituations, it proceeds from the latter.
From the perforations made in quarries, wells, and other
fubterraneous pits, the earth is known to be compofed of
various drata, which, being in their nature of oppolite
confidence, are here didinguidied by the names of po¬
rous, and impervious. Thofe drata, which, from their
more open compofition, are porous, and capable of re¬
ceiving the rain water that falls on them, include fandy-
rock, gravel, fand, and fuch marles as are of an abforb¬
ent quality. Clay, and a certain kind of gravel having
a proportion of clay in its compodvion, which, by bind¬
ing and cementing the fraall bones together, renders it
equally dole and tenacious as clay itfelf ; with Rich rock
as is of a clofe and compad nature, without any fiffures
in it, are the principal drata that refid the water, and that
are capable of unholding or retaining it on their furface,
and are termed impervious. Springs, therefore, com¬
monly

D R A

I

n'only originate from rain-water failing upon fuel) po¬
rous and ab'forbent furfaces, and fubliding downwards
through Inch, till, in its palfage, it meets a body of clay
or other impenetrable fub fiance, which obftrufts its far¬
ther defeent, and here, forming a refervoir or confidera-
ble collection of water, it is forced either to filtrate along
fuch body, or rife up to fome loofe part of the furface,
where it oozes out in all thole different appearances that
are fo frequently met with. This hypothefis is evident
from the immediate dif'appearance of tire rain-water, as
it falls, on fame parts of the ground, while it remains
flagnant on others, till carried off by evaporation ; and
from the ftrength of thefe land fprings being greater in
wet than in dry feafons. Hence, after inceffant rains,
they are obferved to break out in higher fituations, and,
as the weather becomes drier, ceafe running, unlefs at
their lowefl outlets. The ftrength of thefe fprings alfo,
or quantity of water vvhich they ilfue, depends chiefly on
the extent of high ground that receives and retains the
rain, forming large refervoirs, which affords them a more
conftant fupply. Hence bog-fprings, or thofe that rife in
valleys and low fituations, are much ftronger, and have
a more regular difeharge, than thofe which break out on
higher ground, or on the fides of hills. Independent of
thefe, there are certainly immenfe fprings contained in
the bowels of the earth ; otherwife, how could the many
rivers that interfeCt it be fupplied with fuch vaft quanti¬
ties of water as they difeharge, the rains falling on its
furface, or the dews thatdefeend, not being adequate tor
thatpurpofe? But, as this may be confidered among
thofe arcana of nature which we have not yet explored,
and lying at too great a depth to affedt the furface, it
comes not within the limits of the prefent enquiry.

Where fprings break out in the mannerabove deferibed,
running over a flat furface of clay, and cannot get off with
lufficient rapidity, or are not confined to a narrow chan¬
nel ; the fuper-abundance of water rauft caufe the diflo-
lutionofall the courfe vegetables it produces, which,
together with part of the natural foil itfelf, is formed
into a peat earth, every year increafing in depth ; and
the extent of fuch bog or morafs is according to the
quantity of water, and to that of the flat ground on
which it is formed. The great objedt of Mr. Elking-
ton’s fyliem is, that of draining fuch bogs, by cutting off
entirely the fource of the fprings or lubterranepus wa¬
ters that caufe the wetnefs. If the fprings have a natu¬
ral outlet, the object of the drain is, to lower and enlarge
it, which, by giving the water a more free and eaiy
channel, will fooner difeharge and draw it off, or will
reduce it to a level fo far below the furface, as to prevent
its overflowing. Where the fprings have no apparent
outlet, but are either confined fo far below the lurface,
as to injure it by conftant moifture, or by oozing out im¬
perceptibly through any fmall pores of the upper foil ;
the object of the drain is, to give a proper vent to that
water, and to extract more quickly and more effectually
what has before been pent up in the bofom of the foil.
The application of the auger now becomes neceifary,
which is (imply to reach or tap the fpring, and to give
vent to the water thus pent up, when the depth of the
drain does not reach it, or where the level of the outlet
will not admit its being cut to that depth, and where the
expence of cutting fo deep would be very great, and the
execution of it very difficult. As the whole depends upon
the lituation of the ground to be drained, and the nature
and inclination of the ftrata of which the adjacent coun¬
try is compofed ; as much knowledge as pollible fhould
be obtained of thefe, before the proper courfe of a drain
can be afeertained, or any fpecific rules given for its di¬
rection or execution.

The firft thing to be obferved is, carefully to examine
the adjoining high grounds, and what ftrata they are
compofed of, in order to judge at what place the level of
the fpring comes neareft to the fpet where the water is
intended to be difeharged. The belt time for afeertain-

N I N G. . <$/>

ingthe true direction of drains, and likewife for execut¬
ing the work, is, when the ground is in pathire, becaufe
then the nifties make their appearance on the wet pare
of the furface : or, when the ground is in fallow, be¬
caufe the water is then feen oozing up in the furrows,
along the line in which the drain (liould be cut. It is
of material consequence to afeertain which of the diffe¬
rent outlets of water that may appear on the furface is
the main fpring, or that from which the other outlets are
fupplied ; for, by cutting off that, the others become
dry, and is therefore the principal circumftance upon
which the true direction of the drain depends. If, on
the bank or (loping furface from whence the fprings pro-
ceed, they be found to break out at different levels, ac¬
cording to the wetnefs of the feafon ; and if thofe lowed
down continue running while thofe above be dry, it is a
fare fign that all the different outlets are connected with,
and proceed from, the fame fpring ; therefore, along the
level of this the line of the drain (liould be directed,
which, if properly executed, all thofe above would af¬
terwards continue dry. This is called the main fpring,
and thofe above, the overflowings of it. If the drain
was to be cut along the line of the uppermojl of thefe out¬
lets, and the depth of it not reaching the level of thofe
below, the overflowings would only be carried off ; and
the main (pring, (till continuing to flow, would injure
the ground below the bottom of the drain, as having a
natural vent lower. Such has been the practice of drain¬
ing ground in this lituation, before Mr. Elkington’s me¬
thod was iniderftcod ; and which was reckoned the mod
effectual and approved mode. Wherever the upp.ennolt
fprings made their appearance, there a trench was cut,
between the wet and the dry, as it is termed, which not
being fufficiently deep to intercept the water, others of
the fame kind were cut, one below another, the whole
way down the declivity ; and being tilled with loofe
(tones fiearly to the top, each carried off a portion of
furface water only, without ever affecting the main fpring
that caufed the mifehief. The confequence of fuch
drains is, that they render the furface drier while they
continue to run ; but loon choaking up, and burfting out
in different parts, the ground becomes worfe than before
they were made. It frequently happens that the upper-
moft (if the (trongeft outlets) are the main fprings, and
thofe below only leakages. Therefore the fame caution
is neceffury to afeertain this, before proceeding to mark
out the drain, becaufe from the main fpring only the
level ought to be taken.

When the main fpring rifes in a deep bank or hill, a
confiderable height above the level of the brook, or
place where the drain is to difeharge itfelf, it is unne-
ceffary to cut a deep trench, or to lay a covered dr A in all
the way from the brook up to it ; for the defeent being
too rapid, and if deep cut, by crofting veins of fand that
are always met with in fuch fituations, the materials with
which the lough or conduit of the drain is laid,, would
be undermined by the rapidity of the current, vvhich
would allb carry down a great quantity of the loofe land ;
but it ftiould be begun only fo far down the bank, as, by
cutting in level, the drain may be fix or feven feet lower
than the outlet of the fpring, or whatever depth is neccf-
fary for drawing down the water to fuch a level, as it
may difeharge itfelf without riling to the furface, or in¬
juring the ground adjoining it. If the expanfe of the
valley or bog lie betwixt two banks, fo narrow that the
ftratum of rock or fand containing the fprings unites
within reach of the auger, below the clay, one trench up
the middle, with auger holes, will do the bufinefs, with¬
out any crofs drains whatever. See this plan projected
in fig. i, of the annexed engraving, where all the fprings
and furface-water draw into the main fpring in the cen¬
ter, down which the drain is laid.

Although fprings that injure ground in this lituation
often break out of hills all round, nearly on the fame
level, yet live refervoir from whence they proceed may
2 poffibly

56

D R A I

poffibly be found in tlie middle of the lower ground or
valley, by boring through the fuperincumbent body of
clay, which forces the water to rife and ooze out along
the upper edge of it, at its junition with the lighter
porous ground. The drain being cut below, and the
fpring bored into, it is evident, that the depth of the
drain being fo much lower than the natural outlet of the
fprings, the prelTure of water above that level will force
thar which lies under t he trench through the auger holes;
or even, for fome time, until the water fnbfide, it might
be made to rife higher than the level of its natural out¬
let. The confequence of. this will be, that the water of
the fpritig having found; by means of the drain and bor¬
ing, a new and ealier channel, will foon abandon its for¬
mer outlets, and ceafe to overflow the ground that for¬
merly lay below it. In a valley belonging to Mr. Ec-
clefton, of Scarilbrick, in Lancafhire, Mr. Elkington
lias executed a very remarkable drainage of the above
kind. The ground was a mere bog, fo foft that nei¬
ther horfe nor man could walk over it. It contained
lixty acres-, which, after the drainage, gave thirty pounds
of additional yearly rent ; and the expence of executing
the dr.ains did not much exceed that Cum. An account
of this drainage has been communicated to the Board of
Agriculture, by Mr. Ecclefton himfelf. Where a bog
of this nature, between two hills, is of great extent, it
may be requisite to have three different drains ; one on
each fide, and one in the-iniddle. This laft mud; be an
open drain, to receive all furface water, as well as to
cut off any fprings that may arife in that part of the bog.
In all cafes of this kind, where there is any difficulty
of difeovering from whence the principal fprings pro¬
ceed, or what is the nature and inclination of the fub-
ftrata, the auger mitft be applied.

The next thing to be conlidered,- is the conducting of
the drain, after the levels have been taken, and the true
line of it fixed ; and whether it fliould be covered, or
open. If the land be to be inclofed, and as the line of
the trench may ferve as a proper divifion of the ground,
it may be made an open cut, or funk fence ; if not, a
covered drain : but it is firft neceffary to afeertain which;
as the depth, width, and other circumftances, may be
regulated accordingly. After finding the neared outlet
where the water collected in the drain can be difeharged,
from that a trench mud be brought up to the crofs one
that is to be carried along the line of the fpring ; allow¬
ing a fall of a few inches, in every ten yards, for the wa¬
ter to run.

If, in cutting the trench along the foot of the hill, the
level of the orifice will not admit of its being cut fo deep
as to touch the rock ; then the clay, or impervious dra-
tum that lies immediately above it, mud be bored
through, when the water will flow up through the fif-
fures of the done, and through the auger holes, into the
fough ; but it is preferable, in cafes where the level will
admit, to dig the drain through the clay, and fo far into
the rock as will furnifli dones for laying the fough ; and
then the water will meet with lefs refidance, and have a
freer iffue, than if the done had not been opened nor
broken. This will increafe the expence of cutting the
drain, but leffen that of quarrying the dones elfewhere,
and of carrying them to the place where the drain is to
be made.

If the drain be to pafs through a foft boggy foil, it
is better to be open than covered, efpecially where it
may receive other water than that colledted from below,
and can at the fame time ferve as the fide of an inclo-
fure, or divifion betwixt the upland and low grounds.
Stones laid in fucli drains are loon apt to fink, owing
to the foftnefs of the bottom ; and the fough may alio
be foon choaked up. The width of a covered drain may
be from three to four feet at top, and one and a half or
two feet wide at bottom, thus allowing fix or nine inches
for each fide-done, and fix inches between, for the paf-
fage of the water, forming a fquare conduit called the

N I M G.

fough , commonly pronounced furf fix or nine inches in
height. Or, when the quantity of water colledted, or
to be conveyed in the drain, is fmall, the (tones may only
be coupled at bottom. This is a confiderable laving,
both in materials and labour, requiring fewer (tones, and
lefs time to lay them. It is equally fecure when the
bottom is folid, the (tones good and properly laid, and
well packed at the (ides, to prevent them from drifting.
It is alfo a faving in cutting the drain, as it requires lefs
width at bottom for this manner of laying the (tones,
than it does for a fquare conduit. The depth is regu¬
lated by the level of the place where the drain is to
empty itfelf, and the nature of the ground through
which it is to be cut, commonly four or five feet, and
never lefs than three. When the drain is only to adt as
acondudterfor the water brought up by the borer, where
the foil is all clay, its depth may only be three feet,
which will be fufficient to allow a proper depth of earth
above the (tones laid for .the drain at bottom, which
need not exceed, nor fliould ever be lefs, than one and
a half or two feet. In foft boggy foils, "it is often nc-
ceflary (if the drain be to be covered) to cut to a much
greater depth, in order to have a fecure foundation for
the (tones. The mod difficult part of the work is lay¬
ing the fough in running fands, where it is neceffary to
have the fides of the trench fupported with flat boards
and props, which are to be removed forwards as the
work proceeds, and which keep the (ides from falling in,
and the loofe (and from falling amongft the (tones with
which the conduit is laid. If the fough or conduit be
laid with brick, a Email aperture fliould be left betwixt
each, to admit the water from the fides of the drain,
and thin turfs muff be laid above, grafs-fide downwards,
to prevent the mould from getting through the open¬
ings. In quick or running funds, turfs muff alfo be laid
in the bottom of the drain, under the fough, to prevent
the loofe fand from flowing up, and to render the foun¬
dation of the brick or done more fecure, in cafe of their
finking.

Before boring, it is proper to lay the fide ftones of the
conduit; after which the holes may be bored down, at
the diftance of every four or fix yards. But if the wa¬
ter, on withdrawing the auger, rufh up with violence,
and continue to have a boiling appearance, it indicates
a ftrong body of water confined below, and therefore re¬
quires a greater number of openings to give it a fpeedy
and fufficient vent. When the force of the water is
great, the width of the holes enlarges, and confequently
the difeharge is increafed. By a careful examination of
the adjoining ground, it is fometimes pofiible to fay at
what depth the ftratum containing the fpring lies, and
confequently how deep the holes fliould be made ; but
the general rule is, to go down till the water rife irame-
mediately on withdrawing the auger. Mr. Elkington
has bored thirty feet, before the water flowed plenti¬
fully : but from ten to fifteen feet is about the average.
He bored a hole thirty feet deep, near Tamfvvorth, in
Staffordfliire, through which water iffued, equal to three
hogfneads in a minute, and drained a great extent of wet
ground in the neighbourhood. In quick-lands, it is
better to dig a little into the fides of the trench, off the
line of the fough, where the auger is. to be ufed, and,
after boring, to cover the places^ in the fame manner as
the reft of the fough, leaving out a fide-ftone oppofite
the hole, as the fand thrown up by the fpring can thus
be more eafily taken out with the hand till it fublide
and give over running, and is likewife remote from the
current running down the center or main drain. This
is (hewn upon the crofs drains of the plan fig. 2, in the
engraving.

When the circumfei-ence of the auger-holes is not fuf¬
ficient to let up the quantity of water which the fpring
would iffue, holes muff be dug down to the fpring, and
thefe holes filled up with loofe ftones, firft putting dovyn
a round pole in the middle, which, after the ftones are

filled

gi^ip§®

ggjy^-p

JlTnss sculp

London. Publish ed as the Act directs. July 9£.i8oj . b v JTVdkes .

D R A I

titled in, muft be drawn out, and this leaves an opening
for the water to flow up. No apprehenfion need be en¬
tertained of the holes made by the auger being choaked,
whether the drain be open or covered, provided no other
water is admitted ; ‘for, fuch is often the force of- the
fpring, that it will throw up any earth that may acci¬
dentally get into it, and can be injured only by the ad-
miflion of great quantities of furface or flood water com¬
ing upon it at once. The mouth of the drain fhould be
carefully railed in, or otherwife guarded, to prevent cat¬
tle from trampling and choaking it up : and where any
defeat of this kind happens, it fhould immediately be
remedied. The frft fymptoms of the drain having taken
efFeffl, when the fpring is properly tapped, are, that all
the furface drains that may have formerly been made,
and alfo any adjacent pits, ditches, or places to which
it may have backed up, immediately become dry, and
remain fo afterwards. In Mr. Elkington*S practice
there are many inftances where, by a few auger-holes
hitting on the-particular fpot where the lowed: part of
the main fpring lay, a confiderable extent of ground
with' which his drain had feemingly little connexion,
has been laid dry, to the aftonilhment of tiiofe who have
feen it, and furnishing a fisbject of incredibility to many
who have not. At Qdftone-hall, in Leicefterfliire, a
very remarkable inftance may be feen. A confiderable
tra£f of wet marfhy ground, of very little value, divid¬
ed in the middle by a fmall -river, he fo completely
drained, by making a trench on one fide, and by boring
in it, that the part of the rriarfh on the op polite fide of
the rivulet, which was at a confiderable riiftance from
the drain, became in a fhort time equally dry with that
where the cut was made, has continued fo ever fince ;
and, from being formerly of little or no value, is now
converted into excellent water-meadow, producing, with¬
out manure, abundant crops of grafs. At Madely, near
Newcaftle in Stafford fit ire, there was a bog of fome hun¬
dred acres, the draining of which was. always deemed
impracticable, being of fo wet and foft a nature tlvat
no catrle could pafs over it, till Mr. Elkington, having
obtained a leafe of it for a number of years, has, by
means of very little cutting and expence, fo effectually
drained it, that it may now be confidered not only as one
of the mod wonderful undertakings of the kind fo eafily
accomplifhed, but is alfo, from the other improvements
making on it, likely to become one of the mod produc¬
tive farms in that part of the country. At Woburn, in
Bedford (hire, lie has lately accomplifhed the drainage of
two extenfive bogs, belonging to his -grace the duke of
Bedford, in a manner attended with lntle expence, al¬
though they were formerly reckoned irreclaimable. It
is alfo remarkable, that by fome of his drains, pits and
wells at a great diftnnee have been laid dry, and diftant
fprings have abandoned their former cou-rfe.

In hilly countries, where Iheep are the ftaple produce,
1 efs attention, is paid to the drainage of Inch parts of
their walk as are wet and unproductive, than to that of
arable ground, although the effects in the one cafe are
equally beneficial with thole in the other. This negleCt
is often attended with confiderable lofs, from that almoft
, incurable malady the rot, to which fo many thoufands
pf valuable animals fall a facrifice. For this, draining
is the molt infallible preventative ; and in fuch fituations
it is attended with little expence, as the drains may, for
the moll part, be left open, with here and there covered
palfages, over which the fheep may crofs with fafety.
And here, in all cafes where the depth of the cut does
not reach the fpring, the auger muft be applied, whe¬
ther the drains be open or clofed. From the irregular
difpofition of the component ftrata, the fides of hills are
often covered with alternate patches of wet and dry foil.
By tjie appearance of the furface, and by the vegetables
it produces along the declivity, the internal ftrata may
often be afeertained with fuch a degree of precifion as
Ao guide the direftion 'of- a drain without inveftigating

Vojt. VI. No. 330,

n i n a 57

below the furface. If the rock lies in a horizontal di¬
rection, all the different putlets, or fprings, that appear
on the furface, may proceed from, or be connected with,
the fame body of water, and may all be dried up, by
cutting off, or letting out, the main body of water that
fiupplies them, at the lower part of the refervoir, or
place where the water would of itfelf run off, if it was
not confined under an impervious body of clay. But,
where the rock lies in a perpendicular manner, and con¬
tains only partial collections of water amongtt 'the more
open fiffures of the done, which empty themfclves at
numberlefs outlets unconnected with one another, it
would be abfurd to attempt cutting them oft by one
drain, or by tapping, without a drain being cut into each.
In many hills compofed of alternate ftrata of rock, fand,
and clay, the furface of the latter is commonly wet and
fwampy, while that of the former is dry and productive,
and therefore requires as many cuts to drain it completely
as there are divifions of wet and dry foil. To drain a
hill-fide of this defeription, it is neceflary to begin by
making a trench along the upper fide of the uppermolt
rulliy foil, which will have the effeCt of cutting off the
higheft fpring ; but, as the rain falling on the next po¬
rous foil fubfides to the loweft part of it, and forms ano¬
ther fpring, and as it may likewife be partly fupplied
from fome internal fource, a fecond cut is neceflary
there, to prevent that water from injuring the furface of
the next clay. bed. Thus, fimilar cuts- will be' requilite
lower down ’the defeent, fo far as the fame fprings and
appearances are obferved to injure the ground ; all of
which are directed into the central or principal drain,
which condufts the water to the brook below. See this
method projected in the plan fig. 2, in the abovemen-
tioned engraving.

The refervoir from whence the fpring cr outlet of wa¬
ter is fupplied, being confined, and pent up between two
impervious ftrata, and the upper part of it extending
perhaps to a confiderable height and diftance in the high
ground, it is evident that, if a perforation is made
through the fuperincumbent flratum into the lowed part
of the fpring, the water may be raifed, by confining it,
nearly as high as the level of the head of the refervoir.
Of this there are feveral inftances in Mr. Eikington’s
praCtice, particularly near Warwick, where he raifed
the water procured from draining a low meadow, into a
mill-ftream a confiderable height above the level of the
drain. The drain is clofely built with brick, and pud¬
dled above with clay, to prevent the water from oo-zing
through the joints. Ii then rifes through a perpendi¬
cular brick chimney to the height -of the mill-ftream, by
means of its own preffure in the higher ground.

Confiderable tracts 'of land often lie wafts -and un¬
cultivated, owing to wetnefs in a particular fitnation,
which proceeds neither from fprings under the furface,
nor from the overflowings of any in the adjoining,
higher grounds ; but arife from the accumulation of rain
water, ftagnating on a retentive body of clay, through
which the water can have no defeent ; and being alfo
ftirrounded with higher ground of the fame impervious
nature, the water of itfelf can find no natural outlet.
Such are commonly called landlocked bogs. The drain¬
age of thefe bogs is effected in a manner different from
that of fpring bogs, the .cau-le of both not being the
fame. In the following manner it may be done at lcaft
expence : The firft and principal'drain muft be made 111
the middle or loweft part of tiie ground, and into this
all the others muft lead. The number and direction of
them will depend on its extent. They muft be cut
through the wet fpongy upper foil, quite down to the
■ clay or retentive fubftratum, which is then to be perfo¬
rated by the auger, in order to give an outlet downwards
for the water, which will immediately fink into the po¬
rous ftrata below. The drains fhould be cut as narrow
as poflible, and, after the auger holes have been made,
and a conduit formed on the under Hones coupled be-

low.

5S

DRAINING.

low, they fliould be filled with loofe (tones to within a
foot and a half of the furface, having a turf, grafs-fide
downwards, next the (hones. The noxious moifture con¬
tained i n the bog will be extracted by the drains, and
will fubfide through the auger holes into the porous
flrata below. If the ground is afterwards ploughed,
care mult be taken in forming the ridges, and giving
them a defcent towards the main drain, which will
greatly aflift the others in difcharging heavy falls of rain.
But before proceeding to drain this kind of Iwampy land,
in the manner defcribed, it fliould firft be afcertained
whether the porous flrata immediately under the bed of
clay will receive the water when let down into it ; for
Ihonld it be already faturated with water, it may, in-
flead of receiving more, throw up a greater quantity to
the furface ; and thus render the evil worfe. This may
fotnetimes be the cafe ; for the fubftrata may contain
water that makes no appearance on the furface at this
place, owing to the fuperincumbent'body of clay, but
which, being connected with fome higher fpring, may
flow up when a vent is given to it by the anger.
Thus would a greater quantity of water be brought to
the furface, which, having no outlet through the cir¬
cumjacent bank, would render the ground much more
wet, and might, in fome fituations, almoft form a lake,
or pond. But if the furrounding high ground declines
deeper or lower than the bog, although at fomediflance,
which may ealily be afcertained by the fpirit-level, (for
a defcription of which fee the article Level,) a drain
may be conducted thither, which will effectually draw
off the water, though at a greater expence. A feCtion
of a landlocked bog of this kind is (hewn at the foot of the
engraving, fig. 3, completely (hut in by elevated banks-
or hills of marl or clay. A, B, C, D,E, F, reprefent the
drains, and G, H, I, K, L, M, the auger-holes, difcharg-
ing the water into t lie loofe ftratum below.

It frequently happens that fprings rife in the middle
of afield, at adiftance from any ditch or open drain into
which the water may be difcharged ; fo that a covered
drain brought from the neareft outlet, would pafs fo
far through dry ground as to render the expence of
conducting the water from the fpout, greater than the
injury done by it. To remedy this, begin by cutting a
drain a few yards in length, or by finking a pit into the
porous foil immediately between the lower fide of the
wet and dry ground ; and from that bring an upright
drain to the upper lide of the wet ground, from which
take a branch to both fides, along the upper lide of the
wet, fo far as'it goes. This upper drain will cut off the
water where it riles to the furface ; the upright drain
will convey it to that cut along the lower fide of the wet
ground, where the water will fubfide into the porous
fubfoil. An eafier method may be, where the retentive
fubftratum is not deep, firfi to cut the drain along the
upper (ide of the wet ground,, and,, after coming to the
ftratum in which the water flows, either to bore through
the retentive fubftratum, or cut the drain to that depth,
by which means the water cut off above will be let
down into the abforbent ftratum below, and thus got
rid of at once.

In diftriCts where the foil is compofed of an inter¬
mixed variety, mod commonly fand, gravel, and clay,
but where clay forms the moft predominant part, drain¬
ing is a work of much greater difficulty and expence
than in thole where both the furface and internal ft rata
are more regularly difpofed. In thel'e foils, where al¬
moft every puddle is unconnected with another, and
feparated by intervening ridges of clay, the partial col¬
lections of water remain until the time of great rains,
when they have a free iffue, as over the edges of a diih,
and thus, overflow and furcharge the furface of the clay,
and render it fo wet and four, that its produce becomes
every year more fcanty, and the foil itleif more barren.
As the intervening land-beds have no communication
with each other, it will require as many drams 'us there

are banks in number, to extract the water from each
of. them. From the neareft and lowed part of the field
to be drained, a main trench Ihould be cut up to the
higheft or moft diftant land-bank, and into this fhould
fall other drains, fomewhut in the form of the letter Y,
communicating with each of the other land-banks, ft)
as to draw off the water they contain, ultimately lead¬
ing into the main trench, which difembogues into the
brook below. The plan of this interefting mode of
draining is (hewn at fig. 4, in the preceding copper-plate.

Befides the foils correfponding to the above defcrip¬
tion, there are others of a fimilar nature, where each bed
being of lefs extent, and lying more regularly together,
their drainage might be efteCted by lefs cutting, and
confequentiy lefs expence. Under the beds of fand and
clay that thus lie alternately together, and almoft paral¬
lel to one another, is generally found a body of imper¬
vious clay, that keeps up the water contained in the
fand, which continues always full, moiftening the ad¬
jacent clay, and, in wet feafons, running over it. As
this main under-ftratiun of clay is feldom above four or
five feet below the furface, a drain nuift be cut to that
depth through the middle of the field, if it has a de¬
fcent from both (ides ; or, if the ground decline all to
one lide, the drain muft be cut there, where the water
will more eafily difcharge itfelf into it ; and, unlefs the
field is of confiderable extent, and have more hollows
in it, one drain will anfwer the purpofe effectually ; be-
caufe, by crofting all the different beds that hold the
water, it will draw it from each. The great difficulty in
draining land of this defcription is, when the direCtion.
of the alternate beds of clay and fand lie acrofs the de¬
clivity of the ground ; fo that one drain in this cafe can
have no other effeCt than that of carrying off the water
after it has paffed over the different flrata, and would
here naturally ftagnate in the lowed part of the field, if
there was no other outlet for it. Therefore, when the
ground lies in this manner, which is often the cafe, be¬
sides the drain in the hollow, or middle, others muft be
cut from it, in a (loping direction, acrofs the declivity,.
whieh, by crofting all the different veins of fand, will
extraCt the water from each.

In drains of this kind, there is feldom any need for
applying the auger, as the neceflary depth of the trench
reaches far enough down ; and as there is no fpring for
want of connection with higher ground, to force itfelf
up through the auger-holes, or, if there is, it cannot, at
fo great a depth, and below fuch a body of clay, do any
injury to the ground above. A plan of this method is
exhibited at fig. 5, in the engraving.

In flat tracts of rich land, where the furface is injured1
by a fuperfluity of ftagnant water not proceeding from,
fprings, their drainage becomes an objeCt of the firft im¬
portance, and which may, in moft cafes, be accomplifh-
ed with very little expence. The upper foil being com¬
pofed of a porous ftratum, of two, three, or four, feet
in thicknefs, and having under this a (trong retentive
body of clay, the rain-water falling on the furface, eafily
fubiides till it meets the clay, and there being obftruCted-
from farther delcent, the whole open part of the foil
(lands fo full of water, as to retard tiie progrefs of vege¬
tation, or greatly to injure it. To carry off this water
requires but few drains, and thefe no deeper than juft to
reach a few inches into the clay ; betwixt which, and
the under part of the porous foil, the greateft quantity
of Water will remain ftagnant, when it does not appear
fo much on the furface. In this kind of drainage the
auger is not employed, there being no fubterraneous wa¬
ter to get rid of. If the ground has a fmall defcent
from both Tides, one drain cut through the hollow part
of the field will effectually draw oft all the water that
the porous foil may contain; which will be greatly faci¬
litated by properly forming the ridges to anfwer the de¬
clivity of the ground, and by deepening and clearing
out the furrows With the fpade. If a field of this foil

D It A I

ftas more than one hollow in it, in that cafe, it is ne-
ceiT'ary to have more than one drain; but if it is aim oft
level, or inclines only a little to one fide, a ditch or
drain at the lower extremity, having the ridges and fur¬
rows formed; as already mentioned, will anfwer the pur-
pofe effectually. In fome cafes, however, it may be
neceftary to have a few fide-cuts from the main drain,
where the field is large and flat, cut as narrow as poflible,
and filled with (tone, in the ufual manner.

Such is the method of draining thefe foils with moft
advantage ; but many fields fuffer equally from wetnefs,
that confift of foil exaCfly oppolite to the former, viz. a
elay furface having a porous fubftratum. Fields of this
nature commonly lie very flat, without any declivity,
whereby the noxious water, ftagnant on the clay furface,
might naturally difeharge itfelf without the help of
drains *, for foils of the fame nature, in a hanging fitua-
tion, are feldom or never affeCled by the fame caufe.
Such ground is more difficult to drain, and requires a
greater number of trenches than any other foil whatever ;
and they mu ft be fo arranged as to colled all the water
from the furface, which can only difeharge itfelf into
the drains from above, being unable to flow into them
through the clay, as in foils of an oppofite defeription ;
and where there is any irregularity in the ground, the
water will remain in the hollows, perhaps within a few
feet only of the drain. The firft thing is, therefore, to
make one main conductor in the loweft part of the field,
to receive and carry off the water collected by the fmaller
lateral ones on each lide of it. If it f'uits the (ituation
or diviflon of the field, this main drain hud better be
open than covered ; and then the outlets of the other
drains that fall into it, can eafily be infpected, and fre¬
quently cleared. The formation of the ridges in plough¬
ing, -to anfwer the. declivity of the ground, fliould alfo
be particularly attended to in fuch foils. The ridges
fliould have rife enough in the middle to give the water
a fall into the furrows ; and thefe fliould have depth and
fall enough to convey it into the drains. Thus would
a great part of the rain-water, as it occafionally falls, be
carried oft, which would lefien the number of fmall cuts,
Otherwife neceffary. The drains (hould all be dug as
narrow as poflible, and filled up in the ufual manner
■with loofe ftones ; only the bottom of the conducting
drain (if it is not an open one) fliould be formed in the
manner already deferibed, with a fmall open conduit at
bottom, the more effectually to carry off the water.
The fmall drains fliould alfo be coupled at bottom ; i. e.
two of the lurgeft ftones laid againft each other at the top,
forming a triangular opening, of four or fix inches, be¬
low. This mode of draining is calculated for every te¬
nacious clay foil, whether porous below or not ; but, in
many inftances, the deepening of the furrows, with very
few drains, might remedy the evil, where the retentive
upper foil is only a foot or two deep, with a porous fub-
foil under it, through which the water would eafily fub-
fide downwards, and again empty itfelf at fome lower
extremity of the field.

Other extenfive trafts of land are wet and rufliy, from
a caufe that can hardly be removed by any contrivance
in the art of draining. This is the land which generally
lies along the Tides of bropks or rivers, which, having
often al ered their cotirfe between the oppolite banks,
and depofiting fand and gravel as they recede from their
laft channel, the water of the river always percolates
through the ground thus formed to the level of its pre-
fent courfe, keeping it fo moift and wet as to produce
rulhes, and other coarfe vegetables ; and wherever a
drain or pit is dug in fuch ground, it immediately
fr Is with, water, to the level of that in the river.
Where the river has a quick defeent, it is lefs apt to
produce this eft'eCl ; but where its current is flow, and
the level of its furface little below that of the ground
on either fide, the foil will be conftantly faturated with
water. Drains cut in any direction, can have no good
4

N I N G. 59

effect, while the river continues in this fituation. The
only remedy, therefore, where it can be dene at a mo¬
derate expence, is deepening and widening the bed of
the river; the earth taken out of which, will at the fame
time I'erve to form an embankment on either fide ; for
while it can rife higher than the outlet of the drains,
and flow back into them, it will render the ground
equally wet as before they were made; and die expence
of making them is laid out to no advantage. Befides
being thus injured by the river water, fpririgs, in many
fituations, iflu’e from the bouomof the higher ground,
arid ooze through the foil higher than its- level. Yet
the water of thefe may eafily be cut Off, and lowered to
the level of the river. But in foilie cafes, the svetuefs
proceeds entirely from fpririgs, where the foil of the
flat ground betwixt them and t he river does not confift
of loofe gravel or fand, but of a loamy or clayey mix¬
ture. In this cafe, the water of the fprings is refilled,
and prevented from finding its way, below the foil, to
the river, and therefore is forced to flow nearer the fur¬
face, keeping it conftantly in a fwampy ftate in all fea-
fons. To drain this ground, a trench mil ft be cut at the
lower end of it, and brought from the river, along the
bottom of the bank from whence the fpririgs ilfue. This
trench fliould be cut below the line of the fpririgs, and
kept open to receive the river water in floods, and alfo
any run of water from the higher ground in times of rain,
which would blow it up, if covered ; arid muff difeharge
itfelf into the river at the loweft poflible level. From
this trench, fliort covered drains might be cut a little
way into the bank, to lead in the fprings that are above
it, if boring oppolite to them has not that effect. The
bottom of thefe drains muff be higher than that of the
open cut, to prevent its water flowing back into them.
In thefe alfo the auger, muff be tiled to tap the fprings,
if the depth of this level does not reach the ftrathm con¬
taining the water.

The principles of Mr. Elkington’s fyftem have hither¬
to been confined to the draining of land only ; but there
is no doubt that it might be equally iifeful in mines and
quarries, by diminilhing the quantity, of water that is
frequently found in the courfe of working them, arid
which very much obftrufts, and even fo.me time's puts a
flop, to the work altogether. Thus, in finking a pit for
coal, or any other mineral, near the bottom of a lull or
high ground, a bed of quickfand is met with, fo full
of water, that to pafs through it becomes a very difficult
and expenfive operation ; and as this water proceeds from
the porous ground above, it may in many cafes be prac¬
ticable to intercept the greater part of that water, before
it reach the fand-bed in the pit, and by mean's of tap¬
ping at the tail of the fand-bank (provided the ground
naturally declines lower than where the fand is found in
the pit), the whole of’ the water may be extracted from
it, at a comparatively fmall expence with what is ufed
as the common remedy in like cafes. At prefent, the
water that is found in the bottom of the pit, or what
proceeds from the rocks, &c. in the cotirfe of working
the mine, is got rid of by means of an engine pump ; to
aflift in working which, the water obtained by means
of the drains already deferibed, may be very ufefiil,
where the ftream for that purpofe is deficient ; and may
fave the great expence of working it by fleam. It may,
however, in fome cafes, be removed by the auger ; as
the following inftance will il ew : “ The water was
raifed by a fleam engine about fixty yards, from a col¬
liery in Yorklhire, which had been wrought fevCraL
years; the proprietors bored down to the depth of ten
yards farther, to afeertain the thicknefs of a learn of coal,
which was fuppofed to lie below thofe then wrought ;
the workmen bored from the bottom of the pit next the
engine pit, and when they had bored to the above depth,
and taken out the auger, the water from, the works,
which ufually ran acrols the bottom of this pit to the
engine pump, ran down -the hole they had then made.

As

$0 D R A I

As Toon afterwards as the fleam engine was fet to work
at the dated period, the engine pump contained no water;
it had efcaped through this hole, and continued to run
through the fame ever afterwards, and rendered the en¬
gine unnecefl'ary. This instance of water, at fo great a
depth from the furface, finding a paffage at a further
depth of ten yards, and immediately below, is very lin¬
gular and (hiking. Experiments of this fort feldom fall
to the lot of man to make, therefore fuch infiances are
rare and uncommon. In large tracts of level land,
where lakes or morafles have been formed, and which
cannot be drained 1 y cutting open drains, or driving le¬
vels through rocks, but at an expence for which the
lands, when drained, would never compenfate, the above
inftance warrants experiments being made with the auger,
which, if not fuccefsful, my be tried at little expence.”
Agricultural Reports of Hertfurdjhire, p. 67.

It frequently occurs,, in working quarries of lime or
freeftone, that, at a certain depth, part of the rock con¬
taining water is met with, whereby the quarry is foon fo
filled with water as to put a flop to working it deeper,
where the bed of the (tone lies. The common remedy
in fuch cafes is, either to eredt a windmill-pump to
draw out part of the water, or to open a new quarry ad¬
joining to the laft, which at the fame depth meets with
the like obftruflion ; or to bring up a very deep and
expenlive cut, under the level of the water, from the
nearefi declivity. By the following method, however,
all quarries of lime (tone, freeftone, mail, dec. liable to
fuch an obstruction, may be completely cleared of water
at little expence ; and the drain, at the fame time, will
ferve a double purpofe, by drying the wet ground,
which, in confequence of the fpring contained in the
rock, is found adjoining to it. Immediately under the
rock, commonly lies a bed of Strong retentive clay, that
. upholds all the water retained in that rock, and which
being alfo bound round on each fide by a covering of clay,
or other fiiff foil, cannot dife barge itfelf. In the firfi
place, endeavour to find to what fide the rock dips or
inclines, which may be afeertained by the appearance of
the furface in examining the adjacent ground, and by
the affifta'nce of the fpirit-level. After discovering this,
cut a drain through the clay covering to the rock, and
the offending water will be drawn completely off. The
Situation of marl pits is often fuch that it requires a very
extenlive cut through fome part of the furrounding bank,
to carry off the water that prevents taking out the marl.
This might often be accomplished by finking a pit
through the retaining ftratum under the marl bed, into,
fome abforbent ftratum below', that would receive the
water let down into it by the pit. If the ground where
the marl lies. is of confiderable extent, feveral fuch pits
will be neceffary to carry off the water. In many cafes
the wafer may be got. rid of in a ftill eafier manner, pro¬
vided the fituation of the ground is anfvverable. If the
furrounding bank declines on the oppofite fide lower than
the water, by cutting a drain into it, and boring with
the horizontal auger into -the tail of the ftratum containing
the water, it will immediately be drawn off, and reduced
to a level lower than that of the bed of marl. We have
noticed, with gratification and pleafure, very fimilar me¬
thods of draining and tapping Springs, by means of the
auger, laid down by Dr. Anderfon, F. R.S. and by
Mr. John. Wedge, of Bickenhill, near Coventry, to
whom the Society of Arts and Manufactures awarded
their Silver medal, for his communications on this Subject.

Notwithstanding the great advantages to be derived
from this new mode of under-draining , we mttft not forget
to notice, in a variety of instances, the utility and con¬
venience of the common hollow or open drains. Thefe
are chiefly tiled to correct that temporary wetnefs of foil
which refults from rain ; and which, front flatnefs of
furface, or its retentive quality, ftagnates, to the injury
of both foil and crops. This is an evil of confiderable
magnitude to the practical farmer; to remedy which,

N I N G.

in a cheap and expeditious manner, feveral; inventions'
have been recently offered to the public. The Society
of Arts, &c. gave a bounty to Mr. Matins of Suffolk,
for the firff offer of a plough to cut hollow drains.
There was merit in the idea, but his plough has fallen
into difufe. An titer plough, for the, fame purpofe,
was invented by Mr. Arbuthnot, of Mitcham, of which
an account is given in the “ EafternTour.” And lately,
the Society of Arts have made feveral trials with what
is called a mole plough ; the intention of which is, to
draw a pointed iron cylinder, at a given depth, through
the earth, which (hall form a pipe or hollow drain, of
the Size of the iron cylinder, through which the water
will flow freely under the foil, at a depth below the
roots of the grain, and will find its way into a furrow,
or watcrcourfe, made at the end of the field on purpofe
to receive it. This plough was introduced by Mr.
Adam Scott, of Guildford, in Surry ; who, in the fpring
of 1797, received a bounty of thirty guineas from the
Society of Arts, for the invention. It is found to an-
fvver beft in fuch foils where it is not likely to meet with
obftrufti'ohs from (tones and rocks ; and the drains will
endure longest in Strong, adhefive land, or clay; but in
light fand-y foils they quickly fall in. A plough very
fimilar to the above has been projected, by Mr. Watts,
of Binley, in Warwickshire, for which a patent was ob¬
tained the 19th of October, 1797.

For the purpofe of making open drains, and for draw-
ingoff cold Stagnant furface water in pafture land, the
latelt and belt invention feerns to be that, of a plough,
conftructed under the direction of the late duke of
Bridgewater, by Robert Tomlinfon, of Worfley, near
Manchefter. The thanks of the Society for the Encou¬
ragement of Arts, &c. were voted to his grace in 1801,
for a model of this plough, which his grace prefented to
them ; and which is now placed in the fociety’s repo¬
sitory, in the Adelphi, London, for public inspection.
In clay or Stiff land that lies fiat, the plough cannot go
too deep ; but if it lies on a declivity, about five incites
deep will be Sufficient, In Soft light foil, the plough
Should go as deep as it can in all Situations, becaufe the
Sides are apt to moulder into the gutters. The belt time
for this draining is about Michaelmas, or as foon as the
grafs is' eaten ; and the whole Should be accontplifhed
betwixt that time and Chriftmas. In clay ground, that
has never been drained, fix good horfes will be requifite
to draw the plough-. In every following year the plough
Should be run through the lame gutters, and four horfes
will then be Sufficient. At Broughton, in the neigh¬
bourhood of Manchefter, confiderable quantities of Stiff
clay, pafture, and meadow land, have been much im¬
proved, under .the iirfpedtion of the Secretary of the So¬
ciety, by the life of this plough. After t'hecattle were
houfed for the winter, three horfes only were employed
to form drains with the plough at proper intervals : the
final 1 drains were made at the di fiance of about nine
yards from each other, in old furrows of the ground,
and about five inches deep : the fod, when cut out by
the plough, was placed in a heap in the field, with
quicklime in a powdery (late : the whole mafs was re¬
duced to a compoft by the froft during the winter, and
in the following fpring was laid upon the furface of the
land, and formed an excellent top-drefting. The water
from the Small drains is directed into the larger drains,
made by lowering the (hare of the plough to the depth
of nine or more inches. Little or no lofs of land arifes
from the Small drains, as, natural grades are produced
therein early in the fpring. It will be highly advan¬
tageous to repeat the operation every winter : it is eafily
and expeditioufly performed ; and no perfon, without an
acti.al experiment of the facf, can form a Sufficient judg¬
ment of the great benefit arifing to vegetation by the re¬
moval of cold Stagnant water, during the winter, from
land of every description. A da-awing of this plough is
given in the Draining Plate II. fig. i, of which the fol¬
lowing

D R A I

lowing is a defcription r AB, the beam of the plough,
C D, ‘the handles. E, the fliare or fock. F, the coul¬
ter, or firfl cutter of the fod ; which coulter is fixed to
the fliare. G, the other coulter, or fecond cutter, which
feparates the fod from the land, and direffs it through
the open fpace betwixt F and G. This coulter is con-
netted with the (hare and the beam. HI, the (heath of
the plough. K, the bridle or muzzle, to which the
fwingle-tree is to be fixed. LM, two wheels of cad
iron, which may be railed or lowered by ferews at N,
preding upon the flat irons O O, to which the axis of
each wheel is fixed. Thefe wheels regulate the depth
which the (hare is to penetrate into the earth. P, a
chain with an iron pin, to move the ferews at O.

Another invention for draining land is thus deferibed
in the “ Annals of Agriculture,” and in the agricul¬
tural report of the county of Eflex : — “ The author of
this experiment has conflrufted, and ufes, a draining-
wheel of call iron, that weighs about four hundred
weight ; it is four feet in diameter ; the cutting
edge, or extreme circumference of the wheel, is half an
inch thick, which increafes in thicknefs towards the
nave or centre, and will, at fifteen inches deep, cut a
drain half an inch wide at the bottom, and four inches
wide at the top. This wheel is fo placed in a frame,
that it may be loaded at pleafure, and be made to ope¬
rate to a greater or lefs depth, according to the refiflance
made by the ground. The trenches are thus cut in the
winter, and are then either filled with draw-ropes, and
lightly covered, or left to crack wider and deeper dur¬
ing theenfuing fummer. The drains are then filled with
twilled draw or bulhes, and covered lightly with earth
mod conveniently at hand. Thus hollow drains are
formed at little expence, and which, upon trial, have
been found to anfwer extremely well. Twelve acres
have been drained with this wheel in one day.

With refpett to the formation of drains, and the ma¬
terials for filling them up, the farmer mud be guided by
circumdances of fituation, &c. The materials mod
commonly ufed, are done, wood, bruflnvood, draw and
dubble, heath or ling, or bricks made for the purpofe.
If the drain is to be made fquare at the bottom, the
trench mud be wide enough to contain two fide-dones
about (ix inches al'under, and the fame in height, with
a flat done laid over, which covers and fecures the ca¬
vity through which the water is dedined to flow. Thefe
drains are more expenfive than when the dones are thrown
in promifeuoudy, but are the only conductors applicable
to fprings, which are to be prevented from injuring large
traCts of land. A feCtion of this drain is lliown in the
Draining-plate, II. fig. 2.

In fituations where the foil is loofe, or fubjeCt to give
way at the bottom of the trench, a method of laying
the drain has been recommended by fir Henry Fletcher,
bart. member of the Board of Agriculture, whereby this
evil may be overcome. He directs three fquare dones to
be ufed, of a thin, flat, form, two of which are to be
placed againd the Tides of the drain, meeting at bottom,
and the third laid over on the top, thus forming a hollow
triangular fpace, through which the water will flow
without impediment. Stones, from their weight, are al¬
ways liable to fink ; and, where the foil is loofe, they are
dill more apt to give way, and thus occafion doppages in
the drain. But when the dones are fixed in the above
triangular pofition, if the foil gives way, the work will
fublide regularly with it, and dill keep its form, preferv-
ing conflan'tly a patfage for the water. A feCtion of this
drain is reprefented in the engraving at fig. 3. In many
cafes where, the foil is firm and adhelive, and the flow of
water not very confiderable, it is quite fufficient to make
the drain by throwing in field-dones promifeuoudy, with
a turf laid on the top, grafs-fide downwards, or covered
•over with draw, heath, ling, rufiies, See. The water will
always trickle through the crevices of the dones, while
Vql. VI. No. 331 .

N I N G. 61

the upper foil is prevented from choaking them up. A
feCtion of this drain is given in the plate, at fig. 4.

Upon the fubjeCt of filling drains with wood, lord Pc--
tre thus expredes his opinion: “ The drains filled wi< h
wood, and covered as ufual with draw or ruflies, before
the top mould is put on, are preferable to dones or any
other kind of materials ; the reafon is, as the wood de¬
cays, the water continues to pafs. When filled with
dones, and the drains dop up, which mud be expeCted to
take place in time, the earth becomes quite folid round
the dones, and, as they do not decay, the filtering of the
water is for ever obdruCted : not fo when bulhes or wood
are ufed ; continual filtering and draining are then for
ever to be perceived; and by repeating the operation a
fecond time, cutting the drains tranfverfely of the old
ones, the benefit of the filterings through the rotten wood
is fecured, and the fpewingupof old broken and damaged
drains corrected and carried off. Moreover, as bulhes
form a much greater number of cavities than either dones
or poles, they are lefs able to dop up, and encourage
filtering more than larger and more folid bodies.” For
this purpofe fome perfons prefer black-thorn budtes to
every other material for filling. There is alfo a method
of filling with wood, by fufpending the budies upon
flakes or billets fet crodways in the bottom of the drain.
This kind of drain is much recommended by the writer
of the Agricultural Report of the County of Caermar-
then, who fays, “The completed method is to cut the
dronged ends of alder, willow, or other aquatic wood,
into lengths of about twenty inches, and place them al¬
ternately in the drain, with one end againd one iide of the
bottom, and the ether leaning againd the oppodte fide,
forming, as it were, a St. Andrew’s crofs. Having placed
the flakes or billets in this manner, about a foot apart, I
fill the fpace left between them on the upper fide with
the fmall brufhwood, laid as it were in faggots, longitu¬
dinally ; upon which a few ruflies or draw being laid, as
before mentioned, the work is done. By this method
there is a triangular open fpace at the bottom of the
drain, and one on each fide. See the feCtion of this drain
in the plate, at fig. 5. There is another method faid to
be preferable to the above, and requiring lefs wood: it
is to fix in at every foot didance a dick, bent in manner
of a hoop, or femicircular arch ; and along thefe to day
the poles or branches longitudinally. This will form a
fecure vacuity below, and an arch capable of fupporting
any weight of earth necedary above it. From its known
durability in water, and being fuffiqiently pliant, the
young branches of larch are well adapted for this purpofe ;
as are alfo willow, beach, See. In fituations where quarry
dones are at hand, we think after all, that no method ex¬
cels the common form of laying the drain with fuch
dories, coupled like two tiles leaning againd each other,
and forming a triangular fough for the water. The lec¬
tion of a coupled drain is (hewn in the plate at fig. 6.
It is laid with great facility ; requires only a few common
field (tones thrown in upon the couples, and then the
earth or mould.

RefpeCting filling drains with draw, the following ob-
fervations by Mr. Vancouver, in his Report of the Eflex
Hufbandry, merits attention : “"When the foil is a very
dole and retentive clay, the drains (hould be made pro-
portionably near to each other, diallow, and filled with
draw only, it being totally unnecedary to ufe wood, or
any more durable material, upon land where the Tides of
the drains are not likely to crumble in. Upon a foil like
this, the drains fliould feldom exceed the didance of three
or four yards apart, and twenty inches deep, or fuch a
depth as may be the mod conveniently obtained, by firft
opening the drains with the plough, (hovelling the bot¬
tom of the lowed furrow, and then digging one fpit only
with the land ditch fpade. Drains formed ,in this man¬
ner, in tough and retentive clays, will be found, in a
fiiort time after the work is finilhed, to have formed over
R the

62

D R A I

the draw with which the drain was filled, an arch of fuf-
ficient ftrength to fupport the incumbent weight of the
foil, and the cafual traffic of the field. In twelve or
eighteen months, it may be obferved, that the firaw, be¬
ing of one uniform fubftance, is all rotted and carried
away, leaving a clear pipe through the land in every
drain, for the w ater to run off. But the lateft and befl
improvement in filling hollow drains with firaw, is that
of twilling the firaw into a rope, defcribed as follows :
“The common pradlice of filling drains is -to tread in
loofe draw ; but Mr. Bedwell has invented a method of
winding it into a hard rope, as large as a man’s arm,
which he forces to the bottom of the drains, and finds
from experience, copied fuccefsfully by his neighbours,
to convey the water off more readily, and to have much
longer duration; at the fame time the quantity of firaw
confumed is not increafed, and the operation of filling ac¬
celerated. After the cattle have picked it over, he finds
the firaw tougher, and in better order to twift, than when
quite dry and frelh.” The machine for twilling the firaw
is upon the fame principle with that ufed by the rope-
makers. This.invention of twilling the firaw into ropes,
has fuggefled a very excellent method of forming drains
in ftiff adhefive lands, without any other material. The
method is, firfi to open the drains with the duke of
Bridgewater’s plough : then, with the draining fpade
open a triangular pipe or fough in the ground below.
This is to be laid with three large firaw ropes, one at
bottom, and two over, placed longitudinally ; then clay,
trampled in upon thefe ropes, completes the drain. See
a feflion of if in the engraving, at fig. 7.

With refpeft to the common implements ufed in drain¬
ing, they are fo fimple and fo well known, that it is need-
lefs to deferibe them ; but thole of more modern inven¬
tion, as now ufed in Mr. Elkington’s pradlice, it will be
extremely neceffary to explain. Thefe are alfo very few,
and very fimple, confiding only of a large ftrong fteel
chifel ; a fliarp-pointed punch ; a perpendicular borer or
auger, lengthened by rods; and an horizontal auger, in
many cafes, is an indifpenfable afiiftant to the other.
The perpendicular augur or borer, ufed in modern drain¬
ing, is nearly fimilar to that made ufe of in fearching for
coal or other minerals. This inftrument is from two and
a half to three and a half inches in diameter ; the hollow
part of it one foot four inches in length, and conftrudfed
nearly in the fhape of the wimble ufed by carpenters;
only in this the Tides of the Ihell come clofer to one ano¬
ther. The rods are made in feparate pieces, of four feet
long each, and ferew into one another, to any afiignable
length, or as the depth of the hole requires. The fize
above the auger is about an inch fquare, unlefs at the
joints, where, for the fake of ftrength, they are a quarter
of an inch more. The chifel and punch are alfo made
to ferew into the fame rods, and are deftined to cut their
way through hard gravel, or metallic fubftances, to acce¬
lerate and prepare the paffage of the auger, which could
not otherwife perforate" fuch hard bodies. The punch is
often ufed when the auger is not applied, to prick or open
the fand or gravel, and give a more ready iffue to the
water. The chifel is an inch and a half or two inches
wide, and made very lharp. There is a fhitting handle
of wood adapted to the auger, and fattened with two iron
wedges, for the purpofe of turning round the reds in bor¬
ing, and alfo iron keys for ferewing and unferewing the
rods, and for affifting the handle when the foil is very
ftiff, and requires more than two men to turn it. The
manner of uling it is thus : in working it, two or three
men are neceffary. Two ftand_above, on each fide of the
drain, who turn it round by means of the wooden handle;
and when the auger is full, they draw it out, and the man
in the bottom of the drain clears out the earth, afiifis in
pulling it out, and direding it into the hole again, and
can alio afiift in turning with the iron handle or key, when
She depth and length of the rods require additional force

N I N G.

to perform the operation. The workmen fhould be cau¬
tious, in boring, not to go deeper at a time, without
drawing, than the exad length of the Ihell, otherwife
the earth, clay, or fand, through which it is boring, after
'the Ihell is full, makes it very difficult to pull out. Flat
boards, with a hole cut through, and laid over the drain,
in time of boring, are very ufeful for direding the rods
in going down perpendicularly, for keeping them Heady
in boring, and for the men to (land upon when performing
the operation. A hollow fpade, made of oak timber,
and fcooped out in the middle, is uled in foft peat foils,
being light and eafy, to throw the mould out of the
trench. They are made of iron, in the fame ffiape alfo,
for throwing out clay or tough foil. A crook-handled
fpade or Iliovel, having the edges turned up, is well
adapted for fmoothing the bottom of the drain before
laying the fough, and with which the workmen have lefs
occafion to ftoop. As the molt ufual opening of the fough
is fix inches fquare, a piece-of wood of that fize, and one
yard in length, is very ufeful for laying in the bottom of
the drain, and building the ftones on each fide of it, and
which can be fnifted forward as the workman proceeds in
forming the drain. The moll material of thefe imple¬
ments are delineated in the engraving, viz. fig. 8, the
chifel ; 9, the punch ; 10, a four-feet length of the auger
rod, made to ferew on; it, the auger, for boring per¬
pendicularly from the bottom of the drains; 12, the
wooden handle and wedges ; 1 3, the iron key. Fig. 14,
is the horizontal auger, a very ingenious inftrument, lately
invented by Mr. Ffaford, of Hathern, in I.eicefterlhire.
The advantages cf it are in many cafes conliderable, by
faving the expence of digging or cutting, and performing
the work in a fhorter time. Where a drain or water-courfe
is intended to pafs under a, bank, road, wall, or rivulet,
it may be ufed to advantage in excavating a fufficient
paffage for the water, without opening a trench. In lay¬
ing leaden pipes 'for the conveyance of water, it is alfo
extremely ufeful, by making a hole in which the pipe
may be laid, without opening a trench on purpofe. For
tapping fprings, or finding water at the bottom of a hill,
eitherfor thefupply of ahoufe, or for draining the ground,
it may be ufed with fuccefs, as the water of the fpring
will flow more eafily, and in greater abundance, through
a horizontal perforation, than through a perpendicular
outlet. The manner of ufing it is thus : fuppofe a lake
or pond, furrounded with high banks, is to be emptied ;
if the ground declines lower on the oppofite fide, find the
level of the botom of the water, and trace that level to
the face of the bank where the perforation is to be made.
There fmooth the furface of the ground, fo as to place
the frame nearly level, with the auger pointing a little
upwards. It requires two men to turn the handles at top,
in order to work it. When the auger Ihell is full, the
rods are drawn back by reverfing the lower handle ; and
rodsareadded at the joint, whenever the diftance requires.
In boring through a bank of the hardeft clay, two men
will work through from thirty to forty feet in a day, pro¬
vided there be no interruption from hard ftones, which
will require a chifel to be fixed on in place cf the Ihell,
and longer time to work through. The parts of this
machine, as delineated on the plate, are as follow : AA,
frame groved within, eight feet ten inches. BB, ends of
the frame, two feet ten inches, through which the ferew
and augur pafs. CC, bottom of the carriage to which
the uprights are fixed. DDDD, upright ftandards, four
feet high. E, fpindle, two feet ten inches long. F, Up¬
per cog wheel with ten teeth. G, lo wer cog wheel with
twenty-four teeth. H, main wheel with thirty-two teeth.
I, the main ferew, fix feet three inches. K, the auger,
fix feet long, and three inches and a half in diameter.
L, winch and roller for reverfing the rods. M, two con-
tright or fide wheels, with twenty-four cogs each, upon
which the two handles are fixed. N, joint for lengthen¬
ing the rods.

We

Zondon -Fub lishcd as the *Act directs. .Au^.riaSoy by Z fVUkes •

Z Pass sculp. *

DRAINING.

i ‘/,„', a

D R A

We have noticed, in the former part of this article,
that the water which difturbs the working of coal-pits
ahd mines, is often obliged to be pumped up by means of
a fteam engine. To elucidate the great utility of fuch
machines, and to Ihew the eafy application of them to
the purpofes of draining marfhy land, we (hall here de-
fcribe a fleam-engine for raifing water without a pifton,
invented by M. Francois, and publiflied in the Memoirs
of the Philofophical Society of Laufanne. The author
defcribes it as follows : “ Some members of the govern¬
ment having confulted me refpebting the draining of a
conliderable extent of marfhy land, between the lakes of
Neufchatel, Bienne, and Morat, I firft confidered whether
I could not, for that purpofe, employ the method which
is ufed with fo much fuccefs by the Dutch ; this method
confifts in furrounding with banks the land which is in¬
tended to be drained, and placing, at certain diftances,
wind-mills which draw off the waters within, and pour
them into canals formed on the other fide of the bank : as
is commonly done in falterns. An infpeflion of the
places, however, convinced me that it was impoffible to
make ufe of fuch mills. Thefe marfhes are bounded on
the eafl and weft by the mountains Jura and Jorat, which
render the direction of the wind very irregular ; befides
which thofe- mills are fubjedl to two very great inconve¬
niences ; the firft, that, even in flat open countries, they
do not go more than one third of the year;, the fecond,
that they can only raife water to a moderate height, that
is to fay, to the height of the radius of the wheel. It is
true that this inconvenience has been attempted to be re¬
medied, by inclining the axis of the wheel, but, that
•being found to produce other inconveniences, it was
thought neceffary to recur to the horizontal axis. It ap¬
pears to me therefore, that for undertakings of this na¬
ture, we fhould give up the idea of wind-mills, and, in-
ftead of them, make ufe of fleam-engines. The Englifh
have, for a long time, employed them with great advan¬
tage ; the French, and other nations, begin now to bring
them into ufe. Thefe confiderations induced me to pro-
pofe a machine, the conftrublion and efledts of which, are
as follow : The machine is compofed of the pipe A B,
as delineated in the preceding plate, fig. 15, part of which
pipe is plunged into the water : to this pipe is joined the
pump-body of iron C, the lower opening of which is
clofed by the valve D, which opens from D. The dia¬
meter of C is fix times as great as that of A B. E is a
copper flill, two thirds filled with water, and placed upon
a furnace ; it communicates, by the tube F, with the up¬
per part of trite pump-body C. G H is a tube, through
which the water is forced to rife into the bucket I, which
is fufpended by the centre K, upon which it turns ; L is
the counterpoife of the bucket. At M and N are two
cocks. O/P and OP are the arms of the regulator, which
ferve to open and fhut the cocks. CFJs the trough which
carries off the water. R is the tube of fupply, the in¬
ferior orifice of which is fhut by the fpring-valve S, which
opens from S towards C. Let 11s now fuppofe the water
boiling in the flill, the cocks M and N clofed, and A B C
filled with water: for the water will eafily be made to
rife into the pump-body, by giving an ofcillatory move¬
ment to the bucket I. It is evident that, as foon as the
cocks are opened, the fleam efcapes through the tube F ;
it preffes upon the furface of the water, the valves D and
S are clofed, and the water is forced to rife from G to H,
where it empties itfelf into the fwinging-bucket I. This
bucket, being filled, turns upon its axis, and empties it¬
felf into the trough Q ; as foon as it is empty, it is brought
back into its horizontal polition, by the counterpoife L.
The bucket, however, as it turns down, gives a motion
to the two branches of the regulator, by which the cocks
M and N are clofed, and as it riles opens them again.
On the other hand, the trough Q, which receives the wa¬
ter from the bucket, gives a portion of it, at every turn,
to the tube of fupply R, which water, in falling, over¬
comes the refiftance of the fpring-valve S ; this water

\

D R A C)3

being cold, and falling into the pump-body C, condenfcs
the fleam, and confequently occafions a vacuum ; and the
water which is in the tube A B, being forced up by the
weight of the atmofphere, comes into its place. The
pump-body C, becomes then filled afrefli, the cocks are
opened, the fleam efcapes, and the water is again driven
out; this takes place alternately, five or fix times in
every minute. A view of this machine, as delineated in
the engraving, will fufficiently fliew its fimplicity : it is
fubjedl neither to the fridtion of piftons, nor to the fhaking
of levers which rife and fall, as in the fleam-engines made
ufe of in England. It polfelfes in itfelf the principle of
its regular motion ; for, tire bucket, being put in motion
by the water which empties itfelf from it, caufes the re¬
gulator to a£t, which opens and (huts the cocks, without
the aftiftance of any perfon. This machine can raife wa¬
ter at lead fifty feet, reckoning thirty for the weight of
the atmofphere, and twenty only for the adtion of the
fleam. Its power confifts in the proportion which tiro
capacity of the flill bears to that of the pump-body above
it. According to this proportion, the quantity of water
which goes out at each adtion may be eftimated.

DRAKE, /1 The male of the duck. See Anas. — The
duck fhould hide her eggs from the drake, who will
fuck them if he finds them. Mortimer. — [From draco, Lat.
a dragon.] A fmall piece of artillery, now out of life. —
Two or three fhots, made at them by a couple of drakes ,
made them flagger. Clarendon.

DRAKE (fir Francis), a very eminent Englifh naviga¬
tor and naval commander, born of obfcure parentage near
Taviftock in Devonfhire, probably 'in‘1545. He was the
eldeft of twelve brothers, and was brought up to a ma¬
ritime life under the care of fir John Flawkins, who was
his kinfman. After fome fubordinate commands, he rofe
to be captain of a veffel at the age of twenty-two ; and in
that capacity he ferved under Hawkins in the gulf of
Mexico, and acquired ’.great reputation for his gallantry.
He returned, however, bankrupt in fortune ; and by na¬
val cafuiflry he conceived that lie had a right to retrieve
his Ioffes, by making reprifals, as they were called, upon
the fubjedls of the king of Spain. It is not to be con¬
cealed, that the private expeditions of feveral of our na¬
val adventurers againft the Spanifli trade and fettlements,
however deferving bf admiration on account of the bold-
nefs and ability with which they were condudted, partook
ve.ry much of the char’a tier of piracies, and were always
regarded as fuch by the court of Spain. Without, there¬
fore, examining the point of right, we fhall proceed to
relate hiftorically the principal exploits of this great hero.
Drake’s delign of cruifing againft the Spaniards, foon
railed him a number- of volunteers fufficient to man two
fmall velfels, with which he made a voyage to the Weft
Indies in 1570. The next year he repeated his voyage
with one fhip alone. Of the particular tranlablions of
thefe years we have no account ; but his ‘purpofe feems
to have been chiefly exploratory and commercial, and
he avoided alarming the Spaniards by open hollilities.
He failed again in 1572 with two velfels, one of feventy,
the other of twenty-five tons burthen, and manned by fe-
venty-three perfons. Yet with this fmall force lie ven¬
tured to llorm the town of Nombre de Dios on the ifth-
raus of Darien, in which adtion he received a wound.
He afterwards took Vera Cruz on the fame ifthmus ; and
lie had the fortune to make a large addition to the booty
acquired at thefe places, by falling in with a firing of
fifty mules laden with lilver, of which his men .carried
off as much as they could, and buried the reft. In this
expedition he had the aftiftance of an Indian nation, hof-
tile to the Spaniards, whom he made his friends by libe¬
ral treatment. Satisfied with his luccels, he re-embarked
with his wealth, and arrived fafe at Plymouth in Augtift,
1573. Drake, upon his return, honourably lettled withhis
owners, and employed the money which remained to him in
a manner which, if it is to be imputed to difinterefted patri-
otilm, will appear very extraordinary. He fitted out three

ltous

64

D R

flout frigates at his own expence, and failed with them to
Ireland, where he ferved as a volunteerunder Walter Deve-
reux, earl ofEfex, then engaged againft the rebels. But it
appears that the Iriflt expeditions in thofe days were much
carried on by individuals, who were paid by grants of land
or other emoluments. The fpirit lie difplayed cn this
occafion fcems to have recommended him at court, where
lie was introduced by his patron, fir Ghriftopher Hatton.
It was the wifh of his heart to make a voyage to the South
Sea. He had obtained a fight of this ocean from the illh-
inus of Darien, and it had fo kindled hisenthufiafm, that he
put up a fervent prayer that he might be the firft Englifii-
man who fliould fail upon it. Queen Elizabeth’s permiftion
for undertaking this defign was at length obtained, and his
own reputation foon furnifiied him with the means. He af-
fembleda fleet of five vefl’els, the largeflof 100 tons burden,
the fmalleft of only fifteen tons ; and manned by no more
than i64inen. Hekept his deflination fecret, though itwas
generally fufpecled that he was bound to fome port of Ame¬
rica. He took his final departure from Falmouth on De¬
cember 13, 1577, and arrived in the fucceed'ing June at
port St. Julian, not far from the ftraits of Magellan. He
had been furnifiied, by permiffion of the queen, with
power of life and death over his crews, though his
Ships did not belong to the royal navy. This power lie
now thought proper to excrcil'e upon the perfon of John
Doughty, the fecond in command onboard his own fiiip,
whom he tried by a court-martial for the crimes of plot¬
ting to murder him, and to defeat the expedition. By the
verdidt of a jury of twelve men, according to Camden;
by the fentencc of the whole council of forty perfons,
according to others ; Doughty was found guilty, and fen-
tenced to death. It is added, that he made a full con-
feflion. Drake gave him the choice either to be executed
where they were, to be fet on fhore upon the continent,
or to be brought back to abide the juftice of his country.
Doughty chofe the firft ; and he was accordingly, with
ali due.folemnity, and after receiving Hie facrament along
with Drake, beheaded by the provoit-marfhal of the fleet.
Such was the fadl relative to this fingular tranfaclion. It was
fcarcely to be expedted that fuch an exertion of power
fhould go uncenfured ; and fome attributed it to the
commander’s jealoufy of Doughty, who appears to liave
been a brave and able feaman ; others to fecret diredtions
from the earl of Leicefter, who had a quarrel againft the
man. Yet he was never legally queftioned concerning the
fadt after his return ; and he appears to have proceeded
in it with eoolnefs and deliberation, and all the forms of
juftice. After refitting at St. Julian, he paifed the ftraits
of Magellan; and, with his own fiiip folely, proceeded
along the coafts of Chili and Peru, making captures of
the Spanifii vefiels lie met with, and plundering on fhore,
till the avarice of his crew w’as fatiated. He then coafted
California and North America as far as the forty-eighth
degree, in hopes of finding a paffage to the Atlantic ;
but, being disappointed in this expedtation, he landed
and took pofleffion, in the queen’s name, of the country,
which he named New Albion. Having careened his (hips,
he boldly fet fail acrofs the Pacific Ocean. Within lefs
than fix weeks he reached the Molucca iflands, and
touched at Ternate. Thence, by Java and the Cape of
Good Hope, he proceeded homewards, and arrived at
Plymouth on November 3, 1380, having completed the
circumnavigation of the globe in two years ten months
and twenty days. He was the firft commander in chief
who had performed this great exploit ; for Magellan died
in his voyage, and h is ftiip was brought round by Cano.
Drake brought home a large quantity of treasure , and
his adventure became an interefting topic of difeuflion.
The Spanifii ambaflador made complaints of him as a pi¬
rate, and reclaimed the plunder he had taken ; and there
were not wanting thofe who fupported the fame opinion,
and thought that the nation would fuffer more from the
interruption of commerce with Spain, titan it would be¬
nefit from prizes. On the other hand, many were elated

A K E.

with the reputation for valour and maritime fkill which
redounded to Englifiimenfrom this enterprife, and thought
tiiat the injuries offered by the Spaniards to the traders
in the Welt Indies juftified reprifals. The court long
wavered; at length, in the fpring of 1581, the queen
gave a fandlion to Drake’s conduiTt, by dining on-board
of his fiiip at Deptford, and conferring upon him the ho¬
nour of knighthood. The nation gladly joined in the ap-
plaufe. The commander’s fame became a favourite
theme, and verfes were written to celebrate the ftiip
which had “match’d in race the chariot of the fun.’*
Elizabeth having come to an open breach with Spain,
Drake was fent, in 1585, with a fleet of twenty fail, having
a body of land forces on-board, to attack the Spanifh
Weft Indies. Several officers of diftinguilhed merit ferved
under him,’ and his fuccefs was . anfwerable to the na¬
tional expectations. He took St. Jago in Cuba, St.
Domingo, Carthagena, and St. Auguftin, and made a
large booty, though the mifehiefs he did to the enemy
were greater than the profits which accrued to the adven¬
turers. His expedition fully demonftrated the weaknefa
of the Spaniards in thofe parts, and placed in a ftrikirig
point of view that fuperiority in naval fkill and valour
of the Englifh, which lias conduced fo much to the glory
and profperity of this country. In 15S7 Drake failed
witli a fleet.of thirty vefiels under his command, partly
fitted out by the queen, partly by the London merchants.
Its firft object was to deftroy the (hipping alTembled on
the coaft of Spain to form the great armada. This fer-
vice lie gallantly purfued, by entering the harbour of
Cadiz, and burning upwards of 10,000 tons of fnipping.
After this, gaining intelligence of a rich carrack from the
Eaft Indies expedted at Tercera, he failed thither, and
took it, and thus fatisfied his merchant owners in point
of profit, as well as lie had done the ftate by his other
fuccefles. On this occafion lie boafted, in feaman-like
language, of “ burning the king of Spain’s beard.” He
liberally employed fome of the wealtli he had acquired,
in bringing water from a diftant fpring to the town of
Plymouth, which place he reprefented in parliament in
the thirty-fifth year of Elizabeth, as he did Bofiiney in
Cornwall in the twenty-feventh of that reign.

In the memorable year 1588, fir Francis Drake was en-
trufted with the defence of his country as vice-admiral
under lord Howard of Effingham. In the conflict againft
the armada, lie captured a large galleon, commanded by
Don Pedro de Valdez, who furrendered, without refi fi¬
ance, through the terror of his name. His fquadron had
the principal fliare in the difeomfiture of the Spanifh
fleet, as it fled before the ftorms and the foe. An Eng¬
lifh fleet was fent the next year under Drake, with a body
of land forces commanded by fir John Norris, for the
purpofe of reftoring Don Antonio to the throne of Por¬
tugal. That difagreement which has fo often taken place
between land and fea officers, proved fatal to this enterprife.
Norris infilled upon landing at Corunna, whereas Drake pro-
pofed failing directly for Lifbon. The firft meafure was
put in practice, and Drake promifed to proceed with the
fleet up the Tagus and meet the army. He unaccounta¬
bly broke his promife, and to this, Norris imputed the
mifearriage of the enterprife. Drake juftified himfelf
before the council ; yet upon the whole it appears, that
he loft fome credit by this affair. He had, however, the
good fortune to capture a large fleet laden with naval (lores.
Some lime after, a propofal was made to the queen by
Drake and Hawkins for an important expedition againft
t:-^ enemy, where he was 1110ft vulnerable, and whence
he drew his chief pecuniary refources — in the Weft In¬
dies. The defign was approved ; and a fquadron of men
of. war was given to fir John Hawkins, while fo many
private fliips were furnifiied by Drake and his friends, as
to make the whole force a fleet of twenty-feven vefiels,
on-board of which were embarked 2500 troops. After a
confiderable delay, the joint commanders fet fail from
Plymouth in Auguft, 1695., their grand defign being to

burn

D li A

D R A

6r,

burn Nombre de Dios, and to march thence .acrofs the
ifthmus to Panama, in order to feize the treafure from
Pern, lving at that place. Before their departure they
received advice that the plate-fleet was fafely arrived in
Spain, except one galleon which had put into Porto Ri¬
co. The commanders differed about the expediency of
attempting to take this veffel, as the queen advifed. An
attempt was firfl made upon the Canaries, which failed.
Time was then loft in refitting at Dominica ; and the Spa¬
niards had the opportunity of conveying away their gal¬
leons from Porto Rico. Vexation threw Hawkins into a
difeafe, of which he died in November. On the day after
his deceafe, Drake made a defperate attack upon the port
and fhipping of Porto Rico, which, though very deftruc-
tive to the enemy, proved finally unfuccefsful. The fleet
afterwards took and burnt Rio de la Hacha and Nombre
de Dios. From the laft place an expedition was fent over
land again!! Panama, but it was found impradlicable to
effect any thing. Thefe difappointments preyed upon
the mind of Drake, and his depreffion, joined with the
effects of an unhealthy climate, threw him into a fever
and flux, of which he died on January 28th, 1596, in the
fifty-firlt year of his age, according to the date of his
birth given in the Biog. Britan, but in the fifty-fifth ac¬
cording' to other accounts. He was a man, upon the
whole, of an cftimable private charafler; careful of thofe
under his command, courteous and humane towards thofe
whom the fortune of war threw into his power, juft and
generous in his dealings, fober and religious. HepofTeffed
a natural eloquence, and though without the advantages
of education, acquitted himfelf with credit on public oc-
cafions. He was eminently fkilled in all the branches of
his profeflion ; and with fo much courage and ability did
he condudt his enterprifes, that fcarcely any name among
naval adventurers flood fo high, not only in his own
country, but throughout Europe, as that of fir Francis
Drake.

DRAKE, a harbour in California, fo called after the
celebrated fir Francis Drake, who difcovered and took
poffefTion of the peninfula of California, for his miftrefs,
queen Elizabeth. Lat. 28. 15. N. Ion. in. 3. W.

DRAKE, or Drake’s Bay, a bafon in the middle of
the Virgin Ifles, in the Weft I ndies, four leagues broad and
feven long, in which fhips may anchor, landlocked and
flickered from all winds.

DRAKE, or DRUsE-HOL,yi A Swediih denomination,
ufed in their mineralogy to exprefs a duller of cryftals
which line a cavity in any mineral.

DRAKE’S ISLAND, or St. Nicholas, an illand in
Plymouth found.

DRAKE'NA,/. in botany. See Dorstenia.

DRA'KENBORCH (Arnold), profelfor of rhetoric and
hiftory in the univerfity of Utrecht, and one of the molt
celebrated critics of modern times, born in that city on
the 1 ft of January 1684. He ftudied the belles-lettres un¬
der Gracvius and Burmann, and law under Cornelius van
Eck, after which he went to Leyden, and in 1706 took
his degree of LI..D. at Utrecht. In 1716, he fucceeded
Burmann as profelfor in that univerfity, and died there
on the 16th of January 1748. His works are: 1. Difpit-
tatio P/iilolog. Hijl de prajeLlis. urbis, Traj. ad Rhen. 1704,
4to. On account of its merit and great fcarcity it was
reprinted in fix Iheets, at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, in 1750,
by profelfor Uhl, with the author’s life ; and at Bayreuth
in 1787, by J. C. Kapp, co-redlor of the gymnalium at
Hof, with correftions and annotations. 2. Difputatio de
officio prtrfeElorum pratorio , Traj. ad Rhen. 1707, 4to. 3.
C. Silii Ila/ici P unicorum, libri xvii. Traj. ad Rhen. 1717.
4to. 4. T. Livii Patavini hijloriarum ab urbe condita libri,
qui fuperfunt, omnes. Accedunt Supplementa deperditorum T.
Livii libror. a J. Frcinfiemio concinnata , Lugd. Batav. 1738,
1746, tom. vii. 4to. with the author’s portrait. Seven of
Drakenborch’s letters to La Croze may be found in The-
faurus Epift. La Crozianus, part. i. and others in Sylloge
nova Epifolarum, Norimb. 1 7 13, 8vo,

Vol. VI. No. 331.

DRAM, f. [from drachm ; drachma,, Lat.] In weight
the eighth part of an ounce. See Drachma. — The trjial
being made betwixt lead and lead, weighing feverally
feven drams in the air, the balance in the water weigheth
only four drams and forty-one grains, and abateth ot the
weight in the air two drams and nineteen grains : the ba¬
lance kept the fame depth in the water. Bacon.- — A fmall
quantity, in a kind of proverbial fenfe :

One loving hour

For many years of forrow can difpenfe ;

A dram of fweet is worth a pound of four. Spenfer.

Such a quantity of diftilled fpirit as is ufually drunk at
once. — Every dram of brandy, every pot of ale that you
drink, raifeth your charadler. Swift. — Spirits j diftilled
liquors :

A fecond fee, by meeker manners known,

And model! as the maid that ftps alone ;

From the ftrong fate of drams if thou get free,

Another Durfy, Ward! fliall fing in thee. Pope.

To DRAM, v. n. In low language, to drink drams ; t®
drink diftilled fpirits.

DRA'MA,/i [Gr.] A poem accommodated to aflion ;
a poem in which the aition is not related, but reprefented;
and in which therefore fuch rules are to be obferved as
make the reprefentation ftridlly natural and probable.
The drama includes both tragedy and comedy ; for
the origin, ftyle, and proper vcrfification of which, fee
the article Poetry. — Many rules of imitating na¬
ture Ariftotle drew from Homer, which he fitted to the
drama ; furnilhing himfelf alfo with obfervations from
the theatre, when it flourilhed under Aifchylus, Euripi¬
des, and Sophocles. Drydcn.

DRA'MA, a town of European Turkey, in the pro¬
vince of Romania : fixteen miles north-eaft of Emboli.

DRAMA'TIC, or Dramatical, adj. Reprefented
by adlion ; not narrative.' — I hope to make it appear,
that, in the great dramatic poem of nature, is a necellity
of introducing a God. Bentley.

DRAMATICALLY, Reprefentatively ; by re¬
prefentation. — Ignorance and errors are feverally repre¬
hended, partly dramatically , partly limply. Dryden.

DR A'MATIST, f. The author of dramatic compo-
fitions. — The whole theatre refounds with the praifes of
the great dramalijl, and the wonderful art and order of the
compofition. Burnet.

DRAM'BURG, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and New Mark of Brandenburg: forty
miles fouth-fouth-eall of Colberg, and 118 north-eaft of
Berlin.

DRAN, a river of Germany, which runs into the Drave,
four miles fouth of Pettau, in the duchy of Stiria.

DRAN (Henry Francis le), an eminent French furgeon,
born in 1685, the fon of Henry le Dran, a furgeon at Paris,
diftinguifhed for the treatment of cancers. Henry Francis
was a man of great experience and ability. He wrote,

1 . Parallele dcs dijferentes Maniercs de tirer la Pierre hors de la
Vejfie , 1730, 8Y0. 2. Obfervations de Chirurgic, avee dcs Re.

fcElions, 2 vols. i2mo. 1731. 3. Traite ou Ref ettions tire'es

de la Pratique fur. les Playes d' Arm.es a Feu, 1757, 1 21110. the
refult of his own army-pradlice in gun-lhot wounds, and
inculcating bold and efficacious modes of treatment. 4.
Traite dts Operations de Chirurgic, 1 743, 1 imo. To Gataker’s
Englifh tranllation of it, Chefelden made fome valuable
additions. 5. Confultations fur la plupart des Maladies qui font
du Rejfort de la Chirurgic, 1765, 8vo. He died at Paris in
1770, at the age of eighty-five.

DRANCE, a river of Swiflerland, which runs into the
Rhone, near Martigny, in the Valais.

DRANK, the pret. of drink ; and,yi a provincial term
for the wild oat.

DRANS'FELD, a towm of Germany, in the circle of
Lower Saxony, and principality of Calenberg ; fix miles
fouth-welt of Gottingen.

S To

D E A

06

To DRAPE, v. n. [drop, Fr. drapus, low Lat.] To
make cloth.' — It was rare to fet prices by ftatute ; and
this aft did not prefcribe prices, but dinted them not to
exceed a rate, that the clothier might drape accordingly
as lie might afford. Bacon. — To jeer, or fatirize ; [drop¬
per, Fr.] It is tiled in this fenfe by the innovator Temple,
whom nobody has imitated.

DRA'PER, f. One who fells cloth. — If a piece of
cloth in a draper's fnop be varioufly folded, it will appear
of differing colours; Boyle.

DR A'PERY, f . [draperie, Fr.] Clothwork ; the trade
of making cloth ; woollen manufafture. — I-Ie made da-
tutes for the maintenance of drapery, and the keeping of
wools within the realm. Bacon. — Cloth ; duffs of wool. — •
The Bulls and Frogs had ferved the lord Strutt with dra¬
pery ware for many years. Arbuthnot. — The drefs of a pic¬
ture or datue.. — Poets are allowed the fame liberty in their
deferiptions and comparifons, as painters in their drape¬
ries and ornaments. Prior. — See the article Painting.

DRA'PET,y. Cloth; coverlet. Not in ufe :

Thence die them brought into a dately hall,

Wherein were many tables fair difpred,

And ready dight with drapets fedival,

Againd the viands diould be minidred. Spenfer.

DRAS'CUS,yi in old writings, grains, the refufe of
malt after brewing. AJh.

DRAS'TIC, adj. [ drajlievs , Lat. Jpas-ixo;, Gr. from
to effeft.] It is ufed of a medicine that works with
fpeed ; as jalap, fcammony, and the dronger purges.

Quincy.

DR AVE, the pret. of drive. Drove is more ufed :

The foe rudi’d furious as he pants for breath,

And thro’ his naveL drove the pointed death. Pope.

DR AVE, a river of Germany, which rifes in the moun¬
tains of Tyrol, and joins the Danube about dxteen miles
below Efzek in Sclavonia.

DRAUGH, f. [corruptly written for draff.’] Refufe ;
{will. See Draff.

We do not aft, that often jed and laugh .

’Tis old, but true, dill fwine eat all the draug/i. Skakefp,

DR. AUGHT, f. The aft of drinking. — They dung up
one of their hogdteads, and I drank it off at a draught ;
which I might well do, for it did not hold half a pint.
Gulliver. — A quantity of liquor drunk at once. — Every
draught, to him that has already quenched his third, is
but a farther quenching of nature ; a provilion for rheum
and difeafes. South.

Fill high the goblets with the fparkling flood,

And with deep draughts invoke our common god. Dryden.

Liquor drunk for pleafure :

Were it a draught for Juno when die banquets,

I would not tade thy treafonous offer. Milton.

Delicious wines th’ attending herald brought ;

The gold gave ludre to the purple draught. Pope.

[In commerce.] An order for the payment of money,
commonly written draft. See Bill of Exchange, vol.
iii. p. 30. The aft of drawing or pulling carriages. — A
general cudorn of ufing oxen for all forts of draught, would
be, perhaps the greated improvement. Temple. — The mod
occafion that farmers have, is for draught horfes. Morti¬
mer. — The quality of being drawn.— The Hertford fli ire
wheel-plough is the dronged for mod ufes, and of the
eaded draught. Mortimer.— Rcprefentation by pifture :

Her pencil drew whate’er her foul defign’d,

And oft the happy draught furpafs’d the image in her
mind. Dryden.

Delineation; Iketch ; outline. — A good inclination is but
tire fird rude draught of virtue ; but the dnilhing drokes
are from the will. South. — A pifture drawn. — Whereas
in other creatures we have but the trace of his footdeps,

D R A

in man we have the draught of his. hand ; in him were
united all the fcattered perfeftions of the creature. South.

■ — The aft of [weeping with a net.— Upon the draught of
a pond, not one filh was left, but two pikes grown to an
exceflive bignefs. Hale.— The quantity of fillies taken by
once drawing the net. — He laid down his pipe, and caff
his net, which brought him a very great draught. L'E-
Jlrcmge. — The a ft of diooting with the bow. — .Geoffrey
of Boullion, at one draught of his bow, diooting againd
David’s tower in Jerufalem, broached three feetlefs birds
called allerions. Camden. — Diverfion in war ; the aft of
didurbing the main defign ; perhaps fudden attack. — I
conceive the manner of your handling of the fervice, by
drawing fudden draughts upon the enemy, when he look-
eth not for you. Spenfer. — Forces drawn off from the main
army ; a detachment. — Such a drdught. of forces would
lelfen the number of thofe that might othervsife be em¬
ployed. Addifon. — A fink; a drain. — Whatfoever enter-
eth in at the mouth goeth into the belly, and is-cafi out
into the draught. Matt. xv. 17. — The depth which a vef-
fel draws, or finks into the water. — With a frnall veffel
one may keep within a mile of the fliore, go amongd
rocks, and pafs over flioals, where a veffel of any draught
would drike. Ellis.

With roomy decks, her guns of mighty drength,

Deep in her draught, and warlike in her length. Dryden,
[In the plur. draughts . ] A kind of play refembling chefs.

DR AUGHT'FIOUSE,yi A hoiife in which filth is de-
pofited. — And they brake down the image of Baal, and
brake down the houfe of Baal, and made it a draughthoufe,
2 Kings.

DRAUN'SEN SEA, a lake of Pruflia, in the province
of Ermeland, a little to the fouth of Elbing.

DRAW, a town of Perlia, in the province of Segedan:
feventy miies north-wed of Zareng.

To DRAW, v. a. pret. drew ; part. paff. drawn; [bjiaw
gan, Sax.] To pull along; not to carry.. — Then fliall
all Ifrael bring ropes to that city, and we will draw it
into the river. 2 Sam. — To pull forcibly ; to pluck. — He
could not draw the dagger out of his belly. Judges, ii. 22.
— To bring by violence ; to drag. — Do not rich men op*
prefs you, and draw you before the judgment-feats ? James
ii. 6. — To raife out of a deep place. — They drew up Je¬
remiah with cords, and took him up out of the dungeon.
Jer. xxxviii. 13. — To fuck. — He hath drawn thee dry.
Ecclus. xiii. 7. — Sucking and drawing the bread difcharg*
eth the milk as fad as it can be generated, Wifcman. — 1 o
attraft ; to call towards itfelf. — We fee that fait, laid to
a cut finger, healeth it; fo as it feemeth fait drawetk
blood, as well as blood drawetk fait. Bacon. — Majedy in
an eclipfe, like the fun, draws eyes that would not have
looked towards it if it had fliined out. Suckling. — To
draw as a magnet does :

She had all magnetic force alone,

To draw and faden hundred parts in one. Donne,

To inhale :

Thus I call’d, and dray’d I know not whither,

From where I fird drew air, and fird beheld

This happy light. * Milton.

To take from any thing containing or holding. — They
drew out the daves of the ark. 2 Chron. — To take off the
fpit or broacher :

They cut out legs and fillets for the fead,

Which drawn andferv’d, their hunger they-appeafe. Dryd»

To take from a calk :

The wine of life is drawn, and the meer lees

Are left this vault to brag of. Shakefpeare.

To pull a fword from the flieath. — I will draw my fword j
my hand fliall dedroy them. Exod. xv.

In all your wars good fortune blew' before you.

Till in my fatal caufe your fword was drawn ;

D R A D R A 67

To let out any liquid. — I opened the tumor by the point
of a lancet, without drawing one drop of blood. Wifeman.
— To take bread out of the oven. — The joiner puts boards
into ov.ens after the batch is drawn. Mortimer. — To un-
clofe or Aide back curtains :

Alarm’d, and with prefaging heart he came,

And drew the curtains, and expos’d the dame. Dryden.
To clofe or fpread curtains. -r-Philoclea intreated Pamela
to open her grief; who, drawing the curtain, that the can¬
dle might not complain of her blu thing, was ready to fpeak.
Sidney. — To extradt. — Spirits, by diftillations, may be
drawn out of vegetable juices, which (hall Same and •fume
of themfelves. Cheynel — To procure as an agent caufe. —
When he finds the hardfhip of fiavery outweigh the va¬
lue of life, ’tis in his power, by refitting his matter, to
draw on himfelf death. Locke. — To produce, or bring, as
an efficient caufe. — Religion will requite all the honour
we can do it, by the blelfings it will draw down upon 11s.
Tillotfon.

When the fountain of mankind
Did draw corruption, and God’s curfe, by fin,

This was a charge that all his heirs did bind,

And all his offspring grew corrupt therein. Sir J. Davies.
To convey fecretly or gradually. — The liers in wait draw
themfelves along. Judg.xx. 37. — Toprotradt; to length¬
en ; to fpin :

•If we fliall meet again with more delight,

Then draw my life in length ; let me fuftain,

In hopes of his embrace, the word of pain. Dryden.

To utter lingeringly :

The brand, amid the flaming fuel thrown,

Or drew, or l'eem’d to draw, a dying groan. Dryden.

To derive ; to have from fome original caufe or donor. —
Several wits entered into commerce with the Egyptians,
and from them drew the rudiments of fciences. Temple. —
To deduce as from pofiulates. — From the events and re¬
volutions of thefe governments, are drawn the ufual in-
dructions of princes and fiatefmen. Temple. — To imply ;
Jo produce as a confequential inference. — What (hews the
force of t lie inference but a view of all the intermediate
ideas that draw in the conclulion, or propofition inferred.
Locke. — To allure ; to entice. — Draw me not away with
the wicked. Pfalm xxviii. 3. — To lead' as a motive :

Your way is fhorter;

My purpofes do draw me much about. Shakcfpeare.

To perfuade to follow :

The poet

Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, ftones, and floods;
Since nought fo fiockifh, hard, and full of rage,

But mnfic, for the time, doth change his nature. Shakefp.

To induce; to perfuade. — The Englifh lords did ally
themfelves with the Irifli, and drew them in to dwell
among them, and gave their children to be foftered by
them. Davies. — To win ; to gain : a metaphor from
gaming:

This feems a fair deferving, and mud draw me
That which my father lofes. Skakefpeare.

To receive; to take up: as, to draw money from the
funds:

For thy three thoufand ducats here is fix.

— If every ducat in iix thoufand ducats
Were infix parts, and every part a ducat,

I would not draw them, I would have my bond. Shakefp.
To extort; to force :

Can you e'er forget

The fond embraces, and repeated blelfings,

Which you drew from him in your lad farewel ? Add/fon.

Towreft; to diftort. — I with that both you and others
would ceafe from drawing the feriptures to your fantafies

and affedtions. Whitgiftc. — Tocompofe; to form in writ¬
ing : uled of formulary or juridical writings. — The report
is not unartfully drawn, in the fpirit of a pleader, who
can find the mold plaufible topics. Swift. — Shall Ward
draw contracts with a ftatefman’s (kill ? Pope. — To with¬
draw from judicial notice.— Go, wafh thy face, and draw
thy adtion : come, thou mult not be in this humour with
me. Skakefpeare. — To evifeerate ; todilbowel:

In private draw your poultry, clean your tripe,

And from your eels their (limy fubftance wipe. King.
To convey a criminal to execution on a fledge.

To Draw in. To apply to any purpofe by difiortion
or violence. — A difpute, where every little ftravv is laid
hold on, and every thing that can but be drawn in any
way, to give colour to the argument, is advanced with
oflentation. Locke. — To reprefent by picture, or in fancy:

From the foft affaults of love
Poets and painters never are fecure;

Can I, untouch’d, the fair one’s paffions move,

Or thou draw beauty, and not feel its pow’r. Prior.

To form a reprefentative image. — The emperor one day
took up a pencil which fell from the hand of Titian, who
was then drawing his pidture ;,and, upon the compliment
which Titian made him on that occafion, he laid, Titian
deferves to be ferved by Caefar. Dryden. — To contradt ;
to pull back :

Now, fporting mufe, draw in the flowing reins ;

Leave the clear dreams awhile for funny plains. Gay.

To inveigle ; to entice. — It was the proditute faith of
faithlefs mifereants that drew them in. and deceived them.
South.

To Draw off. To extradt by didillation. — Authors,
who have thus drawn off the fpirits of their thoughts,
fliould lie dill for fome time, till their minds have ga¬
thered frefh drength, and by reading, reflection, and con-
verfation, laid in a new dock of elegancies, fentiments,
and images ot nature. Addifon. — To drain out by a vent.
—Stop your veffel, and have a little vent-hole dopped
with a fpill, which never allow to be pulled out till you
draw of a great quantity. Mortimer. — To withdraw; to
abdract. — It draws men’s minds g^frotn the bitternefs of
party. Addifon.

To Draw on. To occafion; to invite.— Under colour
of war, which either his negligence draws on , or his prac¬
tices procured, he levied a fubfidy. Hayward. — To caufe ;
to bring by degrees. — The examination of the fubtile
matter would draw on the confideration of the nice con-
troverfies that perplex philofophers. Boyle.

To Draw over. To raife in a dill. — I took rectified oil
of vitriol, and by degrees mixed with it effential oil of
wormwood, drawn over with water in a limbeck. Boyle. —
To perfuade to revolt; to induce to change a party. —
Some might be brought into his intereds by money, other's
drawn over by fear. Addifon .,

To Draw cat. To protraCt; to lengthen:

He mud not only die the death,

But thy unkindnefs (hall his death draw out
To ling’ripg fufferance. Shakcfpeare.

lo beat out, as is done to hot iron. — Batter a piece of
iron out, or, as workmen call it, draw it out, till it comes
to its breadth. Moxon. — To extradt; to pump, out by in-
linuation. — Philoclea found her, and, to draw out more,
faid (he, I have often wondered how fuch excellencies
could be. Sidney. — To induce by motive.— What needed
this, to draiu out from us an accufation of foreign churches?
Hooker. — lo call to action; to detach for fervice ; to range:

Draw out a file, pick man by man,

Such who dare die, and dear will fell their death. Dryd,

To range in battle. — Let him defire his fuperior officer,
that, the next time he is drawn out , the challenger may
be poded near him. Collier,

n

68

D R A

To Draw up. To form in order of battle :

So Muley-Zeydan found us

Drawn up in battle, to receive the charge. Dry den.

To form in writing ; to compofe in a formulary manner.

• — To make a fketch, or a more perfect: model of a pic¬
ture, is, in the language of poets, to draw up the fcenery
of a play. Dryden.

To DRAW, v.n. To perform the office of a bead of
draught. — An heifer which hath not been.wrought with,
and which hath not drawn in the yoke. Deut.xx i. 3. — To
aft as a weight. — They fliould keep a watcli upon the
particular bias in their minds, that it may not draw too
much. Addifon. — To contraft ; to ffirink. — I have not yet
found certainly, that the water itfelf, by mixture of aflies,
or duft, will ffirink. or draw into lefs room. Bacon. — To
advance ; to move; to make progreffion any way. — Draw
ye near hither all the chief of the people. 1 Sam.

He ended ; and th’ archangel foon drew nigh,

Not in his ffiape celeftial, but as man

Clad to meet man. Milton.

To draw together; to be collected ; to come together:
They mutter there, and round the center fwarm,

.And draw together in a globofe form. Blackmore.

To draw a fword :

For his fake

Did I expofe myfelf, pure; for his love

Drew to defend him, when he was befet. Shakefpcare.

To praftife the art of delineation. — So much infight into
perfpeftive, and (kill in drawing , as will enable him to
reprefent tolerably on paper any thing he fees, ffiould be
got. Locke. — To take a card out of the pack ; to take a
lot. — He has drawn a black, and fmiles. Dryden. — To
make a fore run by attrabtion.

To Draw off. To retire; to retreat. — When the en¬
gagement proves unlucky, the way is to draw off by de¬
grees, and not to come to an open rupture. Collier.

D Draw on. To advance ; to approach. — The fatal
day draws on, when I m 11 ft fall. Dryden.

To Draw up. To form troops into regular order. —
The lord Bernard, with the king’s troops, feeing there
was no enemy left on that fide, drew up in a large field
oppofite to the bridge. Clarendon.

To Draw retains, through all its varieties of ufe, fome
{hade of its original meaning, to pull. It exprelfeS an
aftion, gradual or continuous, and leifurely. Thus we
forge a fword by blows, but we draw it by a continued
line. We pour liquor quick, but we draw it in a conti¬
nued dream. We force compliance by threats, but we
draw it by gradual prevalence. We write a letter with
whatever hade, but wg draw a bill with flow fcrupulofity.

DRAW, f. The act of drawing. The lot or chance
drawn.

DRA'WA, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Pof-
nania : forty-eight miles north-wed of Pofen.

DRAW'BACK,yl Money paid back for ready pay¬
ment, or 'any other reafon. It is commonly underflood
of the allowance made at the cuftom-houfe, or excife-
office, either on the exportation of our home manufac¬
tures, or upon certain foreign merchandife, which had
paid duty on its importation :

In poundage and drdwbacks I lofe half my rent ;
Whatever they give me, I muft be content. Swift.

DRAW'BRIDGE,/; A bridge made to be lifted up,
to hinder or admit communication at pleafure. See the
article Bridge, vol. iii. p. 396.

DRAWE'E,/! The perfon on whom a bill of exchange
is drawn.

DRAW'ER,/. One employed in procuring water from
the well. — From the hewer of thy wood unto the drawer
of thy water. Dcut. xxix. n. — One whofe bufinefs is to
draw liquors from the calk :

D R A

Let the drawers\>t ready with wine and freffi glades ;

Let the waiters have eyes, tho’ their tongues muft be ty’cL

Ben Jonfon.

That which has the power of attraction. — Love is a flame,
and therefore we fay beauty is attractive, becaufe phyft-
cians obferve that fire is a great drawer. Swift. — A box
in a cafe, out of which it is drawn at pleafure. — We will
fuppofe the China diflies taken off, and a drawer of me¬
dals fupplying their room. Addifon. — He that draws a bill
of exchange. — The perfon who writes this letter is called
in law the drawer, and he to whom it is written the drawee.
Blackfonc. — [In the plural.] The lower part of a man’s
drefs. — TheMaltefe harden the bodies of their-children,
by making them go flark naked, without ihirt or drawers,
till they are ten years old. Lofe.

DRAW'ING, y. Delineation; reprefentation ; the firft
rudiment of the art of painting, wherein confifls the for¬
mation of the outline of every objeft or figure ; for the
principles of which fee the article Painting.

They random drawings from your flieets ffiall take,

And of one beauty many blunders make. Pope.

DRAW'ING, among hunters, is beating the bullies,
&c. after a fox. — Drawing amifs, is when the hounds' hit
the feent of their chace contrary, i. e. up the wind inftead
of down. — Drawing in the fot, is when the hounds having
touched the feent, draw on till they hit on the fame again.

DRAW'ING-ROOM,yi The room in which company
affiembles at court. — What you heard of the words fpoken
of you in the drawing-room* was not true : the fayings of
princes are generally as ill related as the fayings of wits.
Pope. — The company, affiembled there.

To DRAWL, v. n. To utter any thing in a flow dr:2
veling way :

Then mount the clerks, and in one lazy tone
Through the long heavy page drawl on. Pope.

DR AW'LATCHES,yi Thieves and robbers, mention¬
ed by Lambert in his Eiren. i. c. 6. He calls them thieves,
wafers , and roberdfmen ; the two laft words are now grown
out of ufe. See 3 Edw. III. c. 14. 7 Rich. II. c. 5.

DRAWN, part, [from draw."] — An army was drawn to¬
gether of near fix thoufand horfe. Clarendon.

So lofty was the pile, a Parthian bow,

With vigour drawn, muft put the ftiaft below. Dryden.
Equal ; where each party takes his own flake. — If wc
make a drawn game of it, or procure but moderate ad¬
vantages, every Britilh heart muft tremble. Addifon. —
With a fword drawn. — What, art thou drawn among
thofe heartlefs hinds ? Shakefpcare. — Open; put alide, or
unclofed :

A curtain drawn prefented to our view
A town belieg’d. Dryden.

Evifcerated. — There is no more faith in thee than in a
ftoned prune ; no more truth in thee than in a drawn fox.
Shakefpcare. — Induced as from fome motive.— The Irilh
will better be drawn to the Englifh, than the Englifli to
the Irilh government. Spenfer. — As this friendfttip was
drawn together by fear on both fides, fo it was not like to
be more durable than was the fear. Haward.

“ Drawn wells are feldom dry.” The Latins fay,
Puteus fi hauriatur melior evadit. The Greeks, tyfeara. otrr-
>\Ufj.evce. yojTau. Implying that motion, ufe, and

exercife, improve every thing. Waters, when they ftag-
nate, become putrid. The air, not agitated by the wind,
would be unwholefome, if not peftilential. Every in-
ftrument of fteel, if diffufed, grows nifty ; but, above all,
the minds of men, if not exercifed, and improved, would
foon become dry, barren, and favage.

DR AW'NET,y. A net for taking wildfowl, &c. See
the article Bird-catching, vol. iii. p. 53.

DR AW' WEI.L,/i A deep well ; a well out of vvhicli
water is drawn by a long cord. — The firft conceit, tending
to a watch, was a drawwelT. the people of old were wont

only

D R A

only to let down a pitcher with 3 handcord, for as much
water as they could eafily pull up. Grew.

DRAY, or Draycart,/! [bjiapq, Sax.] The car on
which beer is carried. — Let him be brought into the field
of election upon his draycart , and I will meet him there
in a triumphant chariot. Addifon.

When drays bound high, then never crofs behind,

Where bubbling yeft is blown by grids of wind. Gay .

The neft of a fquirrel :

Whilft he from tree to tree, from fpray to fpray,

Gets to the wood, and hides him in his dray. W. Browne.

DRAY'HORSE, f. A horfe which draws a dray. —
This truth is illuftrated by a difeourfe on the nature of
the elephant and the drayhorfe. Taller.

DRAY'MAN, f. One that attends a dray or cart. —
Have not coblers, draymen, and mechanics, governed as
well as preached f Nay, have not they by preaching come
to govern ? South.

DRAY'TON, or Market-Drayton, an ancient town
in the county of Salop, pleafantly fituated on the river
Tern, which here feparutes Shropfhire from Stafford (hire.
It is diftant from Shrewfbury nineteen miles, from Staf¬
ford nineteen, from Chefter thirty, and from L'ondon 150.
It lies about three miles from Tern-hill inn, which (lands
in the great road leading from London to Chefter. Here
is a manufactory of hair-weaving, Tor chair-feats, (ieve-bot-
toms, See. Its principal market-day is Wednefday, with
a fmall market on Saturday for butchers meat, Sto, It
has four fairs annually, viz. nine days before Eafter, near-
eft Wednefday to the 22ft of June , September 19, and the
26th of October. Here was a very ancient church, dedi¬
cated to St. Mary, the tower of which is now (landing;
but the body of it was rebuilt in 1782. About two miles
from this town was fought the obftinate battle of Bloor-
heatft, upon which fpot was erected a ftone-crofs, with
an infeription, to perpetuate this memorable action. The'
battle was fought in 1459. Lord Audley commanded for
the houfe of Lancafter, and was (lain : the earl of Salif-
bury commanded for the houfe of York. In this battle,
the earl of Salifbury, with five thoufand men, beat Lord
Audley, who had ten thoufand, after a molt bloody en¬
gagement.

DRAY'TON (Michael), an Englifti poet, born in
1563, at Hartftiill, a village in Warwickfhire. He was
for fome time a ftudent at Oxford ; but of his profeflional
purfuits, and the circumftances of his life, very little is
known. He feems early to have entered among the vo¬
taries of the mitfes ; and he became known by various
poetical publications during the reign of queen Eliza¬
beth. He died in 1631, and was honoured with a tomb
among the poets in Weftminfter-abbey. A great portion
of his pieces are derived from Englifti hiftory. The bat¬
tle of Agincourt, the barons’ wars, the (lories of queen
Margaret of Anjou, of Robert duke of Normandy, of
Matilda the Fair, Pierce Gavefton, and Cromwell earl of
Effex, have employed his heroic or epic (train ; and in
England’s Heroical Epiftles, feigned to have palled be¬
tween lovers of the firft rank and fame in our hiftories,
he has imitated the elegiac manner of Ovid. His greateft
performance, intitled Polyolbion, is a kind of fyftem of
the geography and antiquities of England and Wales. It
has the peculiarity of being written in uniform Alexan¬
drines, the effeit of which is far from agreeable to a mo¬
dern ear, and feems to aggravate the natural tedioufnefs
of the work. The learned Selden thought it worth while
to write annotations on this poem; which is a circum-
(tance to its honour as a curious piece of narrative, though
it will not conclude much in favour of its poetry. The
other poems of Drayton are paltorals, odes, elegies, fa-
tires, and various anomalous compofitions. An edition
of his umrks appeared in folio, in 1748, and another in
4 vols. Svo.jin 1753.

DRA'ZEL, J. [perhaps corrupted from dro/Td , the

Vol. VI. No. 331.

D R A Gi)

feum or drofs of human nature ; or from drojlejfe, Fr. a
(trumpet.] A low, mean, worthlefs, wretch;

As the devil ufes witches, '

To be their cully for a (pace,

That, when the time’s. expir’d, the drazds

For ever may become his vaffals. Hudibras.

DREAD, f. [bjiab, Sax.] Fear; terror; affright; hor¬
ror either felt or impreffed. — Was ever any wicked man
free from the (tings of a guilty .confidence) from the fe-
cret dread of divine difpleafure, and of the vengeance of
another world ? Tillolfon.

Think’ft thou that duty (hall have dread to (peak,

When pow’r to flatt’ry bows ? To plainnefs honour
Is bound, when majefty to folly falls. ShakeJ'pcare.
Habitual fear; awe. — The fear of you, and the dread of
you, (hall be upon every bead of the earth. Gen. ix. 2. —
The perfon or thing feared ; the caufe of fear. — Let him
be your dread, lfaiah.

To thee, of all our good the facred fpring ;

To thee, our deareft dread-, to thee, our fofter king. Prior »
DREAD, aifj. [bpaeb, Sax.] Terrible; frightful:

To be expos’d againft the warring winds ;

To (land againft the deep dread bolted thunder. Shakefp .
Awful ; venerable in the higheft degree •.

Thou, attended glorioufiy from heav’n,

Shalt in the (ky appear, and from thee fend

The fummoning archangels to proclaim

Thy dread tribunal. Milton.

This feems to be the meaning of that controverted phrafe,

dread majjly . Some of the old a<5ts of parliament are (aid

in the preface to be metuendijjimi regit, our dread Cove-

reign’s. Johnfon.

Co DREAD, v. a. To fear in an exceftive degree. — .
You may defpife that which terrifies others, and which
yet all, even thofe who moft dread it, muft in a little
time encounter. Wake.

To DREAD, v. n. To be in fear.— Dread not, neither
be afraid of them. Dcut. i. S.

“ Do well, and Dread no fhame.” He who a£ts upon
principles of juftice and honour, never need be apprehen-
five of the confequences that follow. This proverb di-
redts us to be virtuous and honed in every exigency of
our lives.

DREAD-BOLTED, adj. Having a dreadful bolt.—
To (land againft the deep dread-bolted thunder. Skahfp.

DREAD'ER,yi One that lives in fear. — I have Cuf-
pended much of my pity towards the great dreaders of po¬
pery. Swift. t.

DREAD'FUL, adj. Terrible ; frightful ; formidable :
The (till night,

Accompanied with damps and dreadful gloom. Milton.
Awful; venerable. — How dreadful is this place ! Gen efts .
— Full of fear. — Dreadful of danger that mofe him be-
tyde. Spcrfer.

This "to me

In dreadful fecrecy impart they did. Shakcfpeare.

DRE AD'FULNESS,y. Terriblenefs ; frightfulnefs. — -
It may juftly ferve for matter of extreme terror to the
wicked, whether they regard the drtadfulnefs of the day in
which they (trail be tried, or the quality of the judge by
whom they are to be tried. Hdkewell.

DREAD'FULLY, adv. Terribly; frightfully:

Not (harp revenge, nor hell itfelf, can find
A fiercer torment than a guilty mind,

Which day and night doth, dreadfully accufe,

Condemns the w retch, and (till the charge renews. Dryd,
DREAD'LESS, adj. Fearlefs; unaffrighted ; intrepid;
unthaken ; undaunted ; free from terror :

All night the dreadlcjs angel, unpurfu’d,

Thro’ heav’n’s wide campaign held his way. Milton.

T - DREAD'-

70.

D K E

DRE AD'I.ESSNESS, f. Fearleffhefs ;• intrepidity ;
undauntedhefs. — Zelraane, to whom danger then was a
caufe of dreadkffnej's, all the compofition of her elements
being nothing but fiery, with fvviftnefs of clefire eroded
him. Sidney.

DREAM, f. [drown, Dut. This word is derived by
Meric Cafaubcn, witli more ingenuiiy titan truth, from

xyct Tti ihe comedy of life ; dreams being, as plays
are, a re prefer: tat ion of fomething which does not really
happen. This conceit Junius has enlarged by quoting an
epigram :

7-V.ir/) o j3to? y.v.i 'zrcaynov v> ^adz 'zrufzw,

T'cv cnisu-.-iv fi£T«9si;> '/) i pep= ra; oovica;. Antliol. ]

A phantafm of deep ; the thoughts of a deeping man :
Glorious dreams dand ready to reftore
The pleading dhapes of all you faw before. Drydtn.
An. idle fancy ; a wild conceit ; a groundlefs fufpicion :

Let him keep

A hundred knights ; yes, that on ev’ry dream ,

Each buz, each fancy, each complaint, diflike,.

He may enguard his dotage.. Shahejpeare.

To DREAM, v. n. [pret. dreamed, or dreamt.'] To have
the representation of Something in deep. — Dreaming is the
having of ideas, whild the outward fenfes are (lopped,
not fuggeded by any external objeCls, or known occa¬
sion, nor under the rule or conduit of the underftanding.
Locke. — It lias of before the noun :

I have nightly dnee .

Dreamt Rencounters ’tvvixt thy.felf and me :

We have been down together in my deep,

Unbuckling helms, filling eacli other’s throat,

And wak’d half dead with nothing. Shakefpcarc.

To think ; to imagine.— He never dreamed of the deluge,
nor thought that fird orb more than a tranfient cruft.
Burnet.

He little dream' d how nigh he was to care,

Till treach’rous fortune caught him in the fnare. Dryd.
To think idly. — They dream on in a condant ccurfe of
reading, but not digefling. Locke. — To be fluggiflt ; to
idle :

Why does Anthony dream out his hours,

And tempts not fortune for a noble day ? Drydtn.

To DREAM, v. a. To fee in a dream :

At length in deep their bodies they compofe,

And dreamt the future fight, and early rofe. Drydtn.

“ Dreams, (fays Addifon,) look like the amufements
of the foul, when die is difencumbered of her machine;
her fports and recreations, when die lias laid her charge
adeep.” — Scarcely indeed are there any of the functions
of nature lefs open to our obfervation, than the human
mind in this Rate, The dreamer himfelf cannot well
obferve the manner in which dreams arife ordifappear to
him. When iie awakes, he cannot recoiled the circum¬
stances of his dreams with fufficient accuracy. Were we
to watch over him with the mod vigilant attention, we
could not perceive with certainty what emotions are ex¬
cited in his mind, or what thoughts pafs through it,
during his deep. But though we could afeertain thefe
phenomena, many other difficulties would dill remain.
What parts of a human being are aCtive, what dormant,
when he dreams? Why does not he always dream while
afieep ? Or why dreams he at all ? Do any circumdances
in our conditution, fituation, and peculiar character, de¬
termine the nature of our dreams? Thefe are quedions
about which we can only conjecture. In dreaming, we
are not confcious of being adeep. This is well known
from a thoufand circumdances. When awake, we often
recolledt our dreams ; and we remember on fuch occa¬
sions, that while thofe dreams were palling through our
minds, it never occurred to us that vve were feparated by

D R E

deep from the active world. In dreaming, alfo, we dd
not confider ourfelves as witneffing or bearing a part in a
fictitious feene : we feem not to be in a (irniiar fituation
with the aCtors in a dramatic performance, or the fpeCta-
tors before whom they exhibit, but appear to be engaged
in the bufinefs of real life. All the varieties of thought
which pafs through out' minds when awake, may alfo
occur in dreams ; all the images which imagination pre-
fents in the former date, die is alfo able to call up in the
latter ; all tire fame emotions may be excited, and we are
often aCluated by equal violence of padion ; none of the
tranfaCtions in which we are capable of engaging while
awake is impoflible in dreams : and while dreaming, we
are not fenlible of any didinCtion between our dreams and,
the events and tranfaCtions in which vve are actually con¬
cerned in our intercourfe with the world.

Though in dreams the imagination appears to be free
from all redraint, yet it is generally agreed, that the ima¬
ginary tranfaCtions of the dreamer bear always fome rela¬
tion to his particular character in the world, his habits
of action, and the circumdances of his life. The lover,
we are told,, dreams of his miftre-fs ; the mifer of his mo¬
ney ; the plnlofopher renews his refearches1 in deep often
with the fame pain and fatigue as when awake ; and even
the merchant, at times, returns to balance his books, and.
compute the profits of an adventure, when (lumbering.,
on his pillow. And not Only do the more. general cir¬
cumdances of a perfon’s life influence his dreams ; his
paijions and habits are nearly the fame when afleep as
when awake. A- perfon whofe habits of life are virtuous,
does not in his dreams plunge into a feries of crimes;
nor are the vicious reformed when they pafs into this
imaginary world. The choleric man finds himfelf offend¬
ed by flight provocations as well in his dreams as in hi$
ordinary intercourfe with .mankind ; and a mild temper
continues pacific in deep. The character of a perfon’s
dreams is influenced by iiis circumdances when awake in
a dill more unaccountable. manner. Certain dreams ufu-
ally arife in the mind after a perfon lias been in certain
fituations. Dr. Beattie relates, that he once, after riding
thirty miles in a high wind, palled a part of the fucceed-
ing night in dreams beyond defeription terrible. The
date of a perfon’s health,, and the manner in which the
vital functions are carried on, are thought to have a con-
fiderabie influence in determining the character of dreams.
After too full a meal, or after eating an unufual kind of
food,' a perfon is laid to have dreams of. a troublefome
and terrifying nature.

In dreaming, the mind for the mod part carries on no
intercourfe through the fenfes with furrounding objects.
Touch a perfon gently who is afleep, he rarely feels the
impreffion. You may awake him by a fmart blow ; but
when the droke is not fufficiently drong to awake him,
he remains infenfibie of it. We fpeak foftly befide a
perfon afleep, without fearing that lie will overhear. His
eye-lids are (hut; and even though light fiiould fall upon
the eye-ball, yet dill his powers of vifion are not awaken¬
ed to aCtive exertion, unlefs the light be fo drong as to
roufe him from deep. He is infenfibie both to fweet and
to difagreeable fmells. It is not eafy to try whether his
organs of tade retain their activity, without awakening
him ; yet from analogy it may be prefumed that thefe too
are inactive. With refpect to the circumdances here enu¬
merated, it is indifferent whether a perfon be dreaming of
buried in deep deep. Yet there is one remarkable faCt con¬
cerning dreaming, which may feem to contradict what has
been here afferted. In dreams, we are liable not only to
fpeak aloud in confequence of the fuggedions of imagina¬
tion, but even to get up, and walk about, and engage in
little enterprifes, without awaking. Now, as we are in this
indance fo aCtive, it feems that we cannot be then infen¬
fibie of the prefence of furrounding objects. The deep-
walker is really fenfibie in a certain degree of the pre¬
fence of the objeCts around him ; but he does not attend
to them with all tlreir circumdances, nor do they excite

n

UREA M.

jn him the fame emotions as if he were awake. He feels
no terror on the top of a houfe, or brink of a precipice;
and, in confequence of being free from fear, he is alfo
without danger in fuch fituations, unlefs fuddenly awaked.
This is one of the mod inexplicable phenomena of dream¬
ing. There is alfo another fad not ftridly confonant with
what has been above advanced. It is laid, that in ileep
a perfon will continue to hear the noife of a catarad in
the neighbourhood, or regular ftrokes with a hammer,
or any limilar. found fufficiently loud, and continued un¬
interruptedly from before the time of his falling afleep.
We know not whether he awakes on the hidden celfation
of the noife. This fad is afferted on fufficient evidence,
and is curious. Even when awake, if very deeply intent
on any piece of ftudy, or clofely occupied in bufinefs, the
found of a clock (hiking in the neighbourhood, or the
beating of a drum, will efcape us unnoticed: and it is
therefore the more furprifing that we fliould thus continue
fenfible to founds when afleep.

Though dreams have been regarded among almoft all
nations of the world, as prophetic of future events ; yet
it does not appear that this popular opinion has been
eftabliflied on good grounds. Chriftianity teaches us to
believe, that the Supreme Being may, and adually does,
Operate on our minds, and influence at times the determi¬
nations of our will, without making us fenfible of the
reftraint to which we are thus fubjeded. And, in the
fame manner, no doubt, the fuggeftions which arife to
us in dreams may be produced. The imaginary tranfac-
tions in which we are then engaged, may be fuch as are
actually to occupy us -in life ; the ftrange and feemingly
incoherent appearances which are then prefented to the
mind’s eye, may allude to fome circumftances which are
eventually to befal ourfelves or others. It is, therefore,
by no means impollible, or inconfiftent with the general
analogy of nature, that dreams fliould in fome cales have
a refpeft to futurity. We have no reafon to regard the
dreams which are related in the Holy Scriptures to have
been. prophetic of future events, as not infpired by Hea¬
ven, or to laugh at the idea of a prophetic dream as
abfurd or ridiculous.

Various theories have been propofed to explain what
in dreams appears mod inexplicable. The ingenious
Mr. Baxter, in his Treatife on the Immateriality of the
Human Soul, endeavours to prove that dreams are pro¬
duced by the 'agency -of fome fpiritual beings, who either
amufe or employ themfelves ferioufly in engaging man¬
kind in all thofe imaginary' tranfad ions with which they
are employed in dreaming. This theory, however, is far
from being plaufible. It leads us entirely beyond the
limits of our knowledge. It requires us to believe with¬
out evidence. It is unfupported by any analogy. It
creates difficulties Hill more inexplicable than thofe which
it has been propofed to remove. Till it appear that our
dreams cannot poffibly be produced without the interfe¬
rence of other fpiritual agents, poflefling fuch influence
over our minds as to deceive us with fancied joys, and
involve us in imaginary afflictions, we cannot reafonably
refer them to fuch a caufe. Befides, from the fads which
are known concerning dreams, it appears that their na¬
ture depends both on the ftate of the human body, and
on that of the mind.

Wolfius, and after him M. Formey, have fuppofed,
that dreams never arife in the mind, except in confe-
■quence of fome of the organs of fenfation having been
previoufly excited. Either the ear or the eye, or the
organs of touching, tailing, or fmelling, communicate
information, fomehow, in a tacit, fecret, manner ; and
thus partly roufe its faculties from the lethargy in which
they are buried in fleep, and engage them in a feries of
confufed and impeded exertions. But what palfes in
dreams is fo very different from all that . we do when
awake, that it is impollible for the dreamer himfelf
to diftinguilh, whether his powers of fenfation perform
any part on the occafion. It is not neceffary that imagi¬

nation be always excited by fenfation. Fancy, even when
we are awake, often wanders from the prefent feenev
Abjhnce of mind is incident to the fludious: the poet and
the mathematician many times forget where they are.
We cannot difeover, fronv any thing that a perfon in
dreaming difplays to the obfervation of others, that his
organs of fenfation take a part in the imaginary tranflic-
tions in which he is employed. In thofe inftances, in¬
deed, in which perfons afleep are laid to hear founds ;
the founds' which they hear are faid alfo to influence, in
fome manner, the nature of their dreams. But fuch in-
flances are Angular. Since then it appears that the per¬
fon who dreams is himfelf incapable of diftinguifliing
either during his dreams, or by recollection when awake,
whether any new impreflions are communicated to him
in that Hate by his organs of fenfation ; that even by
watching over him, and comparing our obfervations of
his circumftances and emotions, in his dreams, with what
he recolledls of them after awaking, we cannot, except
in one or two Angular inftances, afcertain this fa 61 ; and
that the mind is not incapable of aCting while the organs
of fenfation are at reft, and on many occafions refufes to
liften to the information which they convey; we may,
without hefitation, conclude, that the theory of Wolfius
and Formey has been too incautioufiy advanced.

Some medical writers have afferted, that the mind,
when we dream, is in a ftate of delirium. Sleep, they
fay, is attended with what is called a collapfe of the brain ;
during which either the whole ora part of the nerves of
which it confifts, are in a ftate in which they cannot carry-
on the ufual intercourfe between the mind and the organs
of fenfation. When the whole of the brain is in this ftate,
we become entirely unconlcious of exiftence, and the
mind finks into inactivity : when only a part of the brain
is collapftd , as they term it, we are then neither afleep
nor awake, but in a fort of trance. This theory, like
the preceding, fuppoles that we know the nature of a
ftate of which we cannot afcertain the phenomena ; it alfo
contradicts a known fact, in reprefenting dreams as images
of things around us, inftead of fanciful combinations of
things not exifting together in nature or in human life.
We mud treat it, therefore, as a bafelefs fabric.

Modern phyfiologifts attribute the caufe of dreams to
the adion of the nervous fluid ; while other writers con¬
ceive it to arife from tire ceafelefs vigilance of thought.
Under this hypothelis it is contended, that “ thought is
uniformly connedted with a vaft variety of our motions,
where it is at the fame time of fo fubtle a nature as
nearly to elude our confcioufnefs. It feems, for inftance,
to precede every ftep we take ; flnee we find, that if the
attention be at any time ftrongly bent upon a fubjeCt that
is unconnected with the motion of our limbs, this motion
will involuntarily be interrupted. The fame remark may
be applied to the a6t of fwallowing our food, and in fome
inftances to the fundion of refpiration. Now, if by the
aid of reafoning we are able to deted the prefence of
thought, where we had leaft fufpeded its exiftence, why
fnould w-e be unwilling to fuppofe that it can be. equally
active during our fleep, although it may fometimes be lo
evanelcent as altogether to efcape our recollection ? It
may be aftced, how can we account for the very fenfible
refreflmnent which the mind ufually derives from fleep,
whilft we allow that it is then as continually occupied as
in our waking ftate ? The anfw'er is obvious. Sleep, by
entirely fufpending the exertion of the voluntary muicles,
promotes the repofe of the body ; and this, from the
intimate fympathy that exifts between the intellectual
and the corporeal part of our frame, will be fufficient to
account, in a conflderable degree, for the refrefiiment of
the mind.

“ As an argument againft the exiftence of dreams which
we are unable to recoiled, it lias often been urged, that
in fuch cafes the mind has been occupied to no purpofe ;
for thought, it is faid, cannot anfwer any end which is
immediately forgotten. To this it may readiiy be re,

plied.

75

DREAM.

plied, that our not being able to afccrtain the end which
may be anfwered by a fuppofed fact, can in no cafe
operate as a weighty argument againtt its reality; fince it
is impodible for us to doubt the exigence of fo many phe¬
nomena, the final caufe of which we are, at the fame time,
perfectly at a lofs to difcover. Befides, thefe nocturnal
linpreffions cannot but be allowed to happen to all men,
although they fiiould be entirely effaced by the light of
day. The long dream of human exiftence ought not to
be regarded as entirely deflitute of at lead collateral evi¬
dence of this fact ; although, at the conclufion of it, all
its occurrences and variety of emotions arc buried in the
oblivion of the grave.

“ It is commonly remarked, that the tendency to dream¬
ing diminilhes in proportion as we are lefs expofed to
caufes of corporeal irritation. But thefe caufes always
operate in a certain degree; this tendency therefore can
never be counteracted. In proportion as the ftimuli of
light, noife, &c. are removed, deep is obferved to be
accompanied with lefs fenfibility; but thefe ftimuli can
■in no cafe be entirely removed, confequently this fenfibi¬
lity can in no cafe be entirely extinguifhed : hence not
only men, but brutes, are obferved to dream. An ob¬
jection may arife, that if the mind be in fadt influenced
by every imprefiion that is made upon the body, it mud
be fubjeCt to an inconceivable number of them every in-
ftant of our exiftence. But this, however incredible it
may fecm, is really the faCt, although it muft be allowed
that we are unable to attend to mere than one idea at
the fame time ; or, in other words, that, however vafl
the affemblage of fimultaneous imprefiions, they invaria¬
bly coalefce, and affume in this way the appearance of
unity. No imprefiion is /oft, although many are prevent¬
ed from conveying a f'eparate report to the mind, by rea-
fon of the predominance of fome more violent imprefiion.
Every one of thofe faint notes, which in a concert of mu.
iic we are unable diftinClly -to perceive, has flill, there
can be no doubt, an effeCt in fwelling and modifying the
prevailing found. That which aCts in fo flight a degree
upon our bodies, that we fiiould not in general be at all
aware of its operation, would be perceived diftinftly by
the mind, if we were placed in a fituation that was quite
infulqted" from ail other imprefiions. If, for inftance,
every fenfe, except that of hearing, were completely
clofed, and all other found annihilated, the falling of a
feather upon the earth would, beyond all doubt, be
heard at an inconceivably greater diftance than that at
which we now perceive the report of a cannon.

“ No one will deny, that thought is, in the ftricteft
fenfe of the expreflion, independent of the will ; fince it is
obvious, that at no time can we choofe whether we will
think , or not. But respiration, the circulation of the blood,
and every other action of the fyftem which is independent
of the will, continues during deep. Shall we then, con¬
trary to analogy, prefume, that thought alone, of all the
involuntary fundi ions, is fufpended during that (late?
That we never ceafe to think, is an opinion we are jufti-
fied in maintaining, until fome argument can be brought
to'demonflrale the negative of the propofition. We can¬
not conceive of the foul as confiding in any thing but
what we call thought ; and hence thought appears to be the
eifence of the fpirit or foul within us, which is, confidently
with its immortality, ever adlive and awake even during
our founded fi umbers. Had the ingenious phyfiolpgift
Andrew Baxter, attributed the imprefiion of dreams upon
the dormant fenforium, to the adlive minidration of the
foul of fpirit within us, rather than to the minidration of
fpirits dedined to attend upon it, there is little doubt
but his hypotliefis would have been better received: for
whatever it be that operates upon the mind in dreams,
it has fo completely the diredlion of the deeping body,
as to make it perform adlions far beyond its ability when
awake; fuch as to open cafements and climb the roofs_of
houfes; to defeend the mod difficult and dangerous pre¬
cipices; to write even in the dark; and purfue paths and

i

avenues in the dead of night, through which, whert
awake, it could not poffibly proceed, without a lantern
and a guide : witnefs the many adonifhing though well-
founded facts that are related of fomnambulids, or deep-
walkers.”

Thofe phydologids who contend that dreams are in¬
fluenced by the nervous fluid, and that fomnambulifrrt
is a difeafe proceeding from a morbid affeftion of the
nerves, have, in a medical view, much reafon in their
theory. One of the mod- driking invedigations of this
kind, is'extant in a report made to the Phyfical Society
of Laufanne, by a committee of gentlemen appointed to
examine a young man who was accudomed to walk in his
deep. “ The difpodtion to dream, feems, in the opi¬
nion of this committee, to depend on a particular affec¬
tion of the nerves, which both feizes and quits the pa¬
tient during deep. Under the influence of this affebtion,
the imagination reprefents to him the objebts that flruck.
him while awake, with as much force as if they really
affected his fenfes; but does not make him perceive any
of thofe that are actually prefented to his fenfes, except
in fo far as they are connected with the dreams which en-
grofs him at the time. If, during this date, the imagi¬
nation has no determined purpofe, lie receives the im-
preflion of objedts as if he were awake ; only,- however,
when the imagination is excited to bend its attention to¬
wards them. The perceptions obtained in this date are
very accurate, and, when once received, the imagination
renews them cccafionally with as much force as if they
were again acquired by means of the lenfes. Thefe aca¬
demicians fuppofe, that the impreffions received during
this date of tiie fenfes, difappear entirely when the perfon
awakes, and do not return till the return of the fame
difpodtion in the nervous fydent. Their remarks were
made on the fieur Devaud, a lad thirteen years and a half
old, who lives in the town of Vevey, and who is fubjebt
to that dngular affettion or difeafe called fomnambulifniy
or deep-walking. This lad poffeffes a drong and robufl
conditution, but his nervous fydem appears to be tr ;an-
ifed with peculiar delicacy, and to difcover marks of the
greated fenfibility and irritability. His fenfes of fmeli,
tade, and touch, are exquidte ; lie is fubjebt to firs of
immoderate and involuntary laughter, and lie fomecimes
weeps without any apparent caufe. He does not waik in
his deep every night ; feveral weeks fometiines pafs with¬
out any appearance of fuch a fit. He is lubjebt to the
difeafe generally two nights fuccedively, one fit lading
for feveral hours. The longed are from three to four
hours, and they commonly begin about three or four
o’clock in the morning. The fit may be prolonged, by
gently paffing. the finger or a feather over his upper lip,
and this flight irritation likewife accelerates it. Having
once fallen afleep upon a flaircafe, his upper lip was
thus irritated with a feather,- when he immediately ran
down the deps with great precipitation, and refumed all
his a/rcuftomed activity. This experiment was repeated
feVeral times.

“This young lad thinks he has obferved, that, on the
evenings previous to a fit, he is fendble of a certain hea-
vinefs in his head, but efpecially of a great weight in his
eyelids. His deep is at all times unquiet, but particularly
when thefe fits of fon.inanibulifm are about to feize him.
During his deep, motions are obfervable in every part of
his body, with darting and palpitations ; he utters broken
words, fometimes fits up in his bed, and afterwards lies
down again. He then begins to pronounce words more
diftinctly, he riles abruptly, and abts as he is infligated
by the dream that then poffeffes him. The departure of
the fit is always preceded by a few minutes of calm deep.
He then awakes like a perfon who has dept quietly. It
is dangerous to awaken him during the fit, efpecially if
it is done fuddenly ; for then he fometimes falls into con-
vulfions. Having vifen one night with the intention of
going to eat grapes, lie left the houfe/paffed through the
town, and got into a vineyard. He was followed by per-

fons

D R E A M.

fons deputed to watch his actions, one of whom fired a
piftol, the noife of which inftantly awakened him, and he
fell down without fenfe. He was carried home and
brought to himfelf, when he recollected very well the
having been awakened in the vineyard ; but nothing more,
except the fright at being found there alone, which had
fnade him fwoon.

“ The fubjedt ol[ his dreams is circumfcribed in a fmall
circle of objects, that relate to the few ideas with which
at his age his mind is furniflied ; fuch as. his lelfons, the
church, the bells, and efpecially tales of ghofts. It
is fufficient to ftrike his imagination the evening before a
fit with forne tale, to direCt his fomnambulifm towards
.the object of it. There was read to him while in this
fituation the ftory of a robber; he imagined the very
next moment that he faw robbers in the room. However,
as he is much difpofed to dream that he is furrounded
with them, it cannot be affirmed that this was an effeCt of
the reading. It is obferved, that when his fupper has
been more plentiful than ufual, his dreams are more dif-
mal. Once he was obferved d re fling himfelf in perfect
darknefs. His clothes were on a large table, mixed with
tliofe of fome other perfons ; he immediately perceived
this, and, in his fleep, complained of it much ; at lad
a fmall light was brought, and then he duelled himfelf
with fufficient precilion. If he is leafed or gently pinched,
he is always fenfible of it, except he is at the time ftrongly
engrolfed with fome other thing, and willies to ftrilce the
offender; however, he never attacks the perfon who has
done the ill, but an ideal being whom his imagination pre¬
sents to him, and whom he purfues through the chamber
without running againft the furniture, nor can the per¬
fons whom he meets in his way divert him from his pur¬
suit. While his imagination was employed on various
fubjedts, he heard a clock ftrike, which repeated at every
Stroke the note of the cuckoo. There are cuckoos here,
faid he ; and, upon being defired, he imitated the fongof
that bird immediately. When he willies to fee an object,
lie makes an effort to lift his eyelids; but they are fo lit¬
tle under his command, that he can hardly raife them
a line or two, while lie draws up his eyebrows ; the iris
at that time appears fixed, and his eye dim. When any
thing is prefented to him, and he is told of it, he always
half opens his eyes with a degree of difficulty, and. then
Units them after he has taken what was offered to him. <a

“The gentlemen of the committee infer from tliefe
fa£ts, and from many others relative to the different fenfes,
that their fyndtions are not fufpended as to what the fleep-
walker willies to fee, that is, as to all thofe perceptions
which accord with the objects about which his imagina¬
tion is occupied; that he may alfo be difpofed to receive
thofe impreffions, when his imagination has no other ob¬
ject at the time; that in order to fee, he is obliged to
open his eyes as much as he can, but when the imprellion
is once made, it remains ; that objedts may ftrike his
fight, without finking his imagination, if it is not inte-
refted in them; and that he is fometimes informed of the
prefence of objedts without either feeing or touching
them. Having engaged him to write a theme, (fay the
committee,) we faw him light a candle, take pen, ink,
and paper, from the drawer of his table, and begin to
write, while his mafter didtated. As he was writing, we
put a thick paper before his eyes, notwithstanding which
he continued to write and to form his letters very dil-
tindtly ; (bowing figns, however, that fomething was in¬
commoding him, which apparently proceeded from the
obftrudtion which the paper, being held too near his
nofe, gave to his refpiration. Upon another occafion,
the young .fomnambulift arofe at five o’clock in the morn¬
ing, and took the neceffary materials for writing, with
his copy-book. He meant to have begun at the top of
a page; but finding it already written on, he came to
the blank part of the leaf, and wrote fome time from the
following words, I Is deviennent ignorans par la parcjfe ; and,
what is remarkable, after feveral lines lie perceived he
Vol. VI. No. 332.

73

had forgot the s in the word ignorans, and had put erro-
neoufly a double r in parcjfe ; he then gave over writing,
to add the s he had forgot, and to erafe the fuperfluous r.
Another time he had made, of his own accord, a piece
of writing, in order, as lie faid, to pleafe his mafter. It
confided of three kinds of writing, text, half text, and
fmall writ ; each of them performed with the proper
pen. He drew, in the corner of the fame paper, the fi¬
gure of a hat ; he then afked for a penknife to take out
a blot of ink which he had made between two letters,
and he erafed it without injuring them. He alfo made
fome arithmetical calculations with great accuracy.

“ In order to explain fome of the faCts obferved by the
academicians which we have here mentioned, they efta-
blifti two general obfervations, which refult from what
they have faid with r.efpeCt to the fenfes and the dreams
of this fleep-walker. i. That he is obliged to open his
eyes, in order to recognife objedts which he wiffies to fee;
but the impreffion once made, although rapidly, is vivid
enough to fupeiffede the neceffity of his opening them
again, to view the fame objedts anew ; that is, the fame
objedts are afterwards prefented to his imagination with
as much force and precifion as if he actually faw them.
2. That his imagination, thus warmed, reprefents to him
objedts, and fuch as he figures to himfelf, with as much
vivacity as if he really faw them; and, further, that all
his fenfes, being fubordinate to his imagination, feem con¬
centrated in the objedt with which it is occupied, and
have at that time no perception of any thing but what
relates to that objedt. Thefe two caufes united feem to
them fufficient for explaining one of the moft Angular
facts that occurred to their obfervation, to wit, how young
Devaud can write, although he has his eyes (lint, and an
obftacle before them. His paper is imprinted on his ima¬
gination, and every letter which he means to write is alfo
painted there, at the place in which it ought to (land on
the paper, and without being confounded with the other-
letters; now it is clear that his hand, which is obedient
to the will of his imagination, will trace them on the real
paper, in the fame order in which they are reprefented
on that which is pictured in his head. It is thus that he
is able to write feveral letters, feveral fentences, and en¬
tire pieces of writing; and what feems to confirm the
idea, that he writes according to the paper painted on
his imagination is, that a certain lleep-walker, who is de-
feribed in the French Encyclopedic (article Somnambulifm),
having written fomething on a paper, another piece of
paper of the fame fize was fubftituted in its (lead, which
he took for his own, and made upon this blank paper the
corrections he meant to have made on the other which
had been taken away, precifely in the places where they
would have been.

“ It appears from the recital of another fadl', that De¬
vaud, intending to write at the top of the firft leaf of a
white paper book, Vivey, le — flopped a moment as if to
recoiled! the day of the month, left a blank fpace, and
then proceeded to Dccembre 1787 ; after. which he afked
for an almanac : a little book, fuch as is given to chil¬
dren, was offered to him ; he took it, opened it, brought
it near his eyes, then threw it on the table. An almanac
which he knew, was then prefented to him; this was in
German, and of a form fimilar to the almanac of Vevey ;
he took it, and then faid, ‘ What is this they have given
me ; here, there is your German almanac.’ At laft they
gave him the almanac of Berne ; he took this like wife,
and went to examine it at the bottom of an alcove that
was perfectly dark. He was heard turning over the
leaves, and faying 24, then a moment -afterwards 34. Re¬
turning to his place, with the almanac open at tiie month
of December, he laid it on the table and wrote in the
fpace which he had left blank the 24th. This feene hap¬
pened on the 23d ; but as he imagined it to be the 24th,
he did not miftake. The following is the explication
given of this fact by the authors of the report : ‘ The

dates 23d, 24th, and 25th, of the month of December,
U ' had

74 D R E A M.

had long occupied the mind of this young lad. The
23d and 25th were holidays, which lie expected with the
impatience natural to perfons of his age, for the arrival
of thole moments when their little daily labours are to
he ftifpemled. The 23th efpecially was the object of
his hopes ; there was to be an illumination in the church,
which had been defcribed to him in a manner that quite
t'ranfpcrted hirer. The 24th was a day of labour, which
came very difagreeably between the two happy days. It
may eafily be conceived, how an imagination fo irritable
would be ftrtick with thofe pleafing epochs. Accord¬
ingly, from the beginning of the month he had been per¬
petually turning over the almanac of Vevey. He calcu¬
lated the days and the hours that were to elapfe before
the arrival of his wilhed-for holidays; lie fhewed to his
friends and acquaintance the dates of thofe days which
he expected with fo much impatience ; every time lie took
up the almanac, it was only to con fait the month of De¬
cember., We now fee why that date prefented itfelf to
his rnind . Me was performing a talk, becaufe he imagined
the day to be the Monday which had fo long engrafted
him. It is not furpriling, that it lliould have occurred to
his imagination, and that on opening the almanac in the
dark, he might have thought he faw this date which he
was feeking, and that his imagination might have repre¬
sented it to him in as lively a manner as if he had actually
feen it. Neither is it furpriling that he fliould have
opened the almanac at the month of December ; the enf-
tem of perilling this month mult have made him find it
in-the dark by a mere mechanical operation. Man never
feems to be a machine fo much as in the Hate of fomnam-
bulifm; it is then, that habit comes to fupply thofe o.f
the fenfes that cannot be fe.rviceable, and that it makes
the perfon act with as much precifion as if all his fenfes
were in the utmo’ft activity. Tliele circumltances deftroy
the idea of there being any thing miraculous in the be¬
haviour of' young Devaud with refpeft to the date and
the month that he was -in quell of ; and the reader, who
lias entered into our explanations, will not be furprifed
at his knowing the German almanac ; the touch alone
was fufiicient to poih't it out to him ; and the proof of
this is the fliortnefs of the time that it remained in his
hands.

“An experiment was made by changing the place of
the inkftand, during the time this youth, in his deep, was
writing. He had a light belide him, and had certified
himfeif of the place where his ink-holder was Handing
by means of fight. From that time he continued to take
ink. with precifion, without being obliged to open his
eyes again : but the inkftand being removed, he returned
as ufual to the place where he thought it was. It mull
be obferved, that the motion of his hand was rapid till
it reached the height of the ftandilh, and then he moved
it flowly, till the.pen gently touched the table as lie was
feeking for the ink : he then perceived that a trick had
been put on him, and complained of it ; lie went in fearch
of his inkftand, and put it in'its place. This experiment
was feveral times repeated, and always attended with the
fame circumftances. Does not what we have here ftated
prove, that the ftandilh, the paper, the table, &c. are
painted on his imagination in as lively a manner as if he
realty faw them, as he fought the real ftandilh in the place
-where his imagination told him it ought to have been ?
Does it not prove that the fame lively imagination is tire
caufe of the mod lingular actions of this deep-walker ?
A.nd iaftly, does it not prove, that a mere glance of his
eye is fufflcient to make his impreilions as lively as durable ?

“The committee, upon the whole, recommend to fuch
as wifh to repeat fimilar experiments, 1. To make their
obfervations.on different (leep-walkers. 2. To examine
often whether they can read books that are unknown to
them in perfect darknefs. 3. To obferve whether they
can tell the hours on a watch in the dark. 4. To remove,
when they write, the inkftand from its place, to fee whe¬
ther they will' return to the lame place in order to take ink.

2

5. To take notice whether they walk with the fame con¬
fidence in a dark and unknown place, as in one with which
they are acquainted. They likewife recommend to fuch
who would confirm or invalidate the above obfervations,
to make all their, experiments in the dark; becaufe it
has been hitherto fuppofed that the eyes of fleep-walkcrs
are of no life to them.”

Mr. Ipelfliam, in his “ Philofophy of the Mind,” piib-
liftied in 1801, explains the phenomena of dreams as fol¬
lows: “ Dreams are the imaginations or reveries of a
lleeping man ; deducible, firft, from impreilions lately re¬
ceived ; fecondly, from the date of the body, find parti¬
cularly of the ftomach and brain ; and, thirdly, from alfo-
ciation. This is evident from the frequent recurrence of
impreilions of the preceding day, from the dreams of lick
perlons, and from experience. Therefore, concerning
dreams it maybe obferved: 1. That the feenes which
prefent themfelves are miftaken for real. This is owing,
firft, to the exclufion of real impreilions with which they
may be compared ; fecondly, to the increafed vividnefs
in the trains of vifible ideas, to whatever caufe that phe¬
nomenon may be owing. 2. Dreams are wild and incon-
fiftent : for the brain is in a very different date from that
of vigilance; and vibrations of the ftomach, pleafant or
otherwife, being propagated to the brain, produce fuc-
ceflions of ideas, dependent indeed upon alfociation, but
very different from thofe which would take place in a
date of vigilance. 3. We take no notice of, and are not
offended at, thefe inconfiftencies ; for thofe aftbeiations
which lliould lead us to take notice of them, are as it were
afieep; and bodily caufes hurry us into new trains fuc-
cellively. But if the ftate of the brain be fuch as to fa¬
vour ideas of anxiety and perplexity, the apparent incon-
liftencies give great uneafinefs. 4. Perfons often appear
to be transferred to different places by a kind of failing or
flying motion. This is owing to the change of magnitude
and polition of vifible images, fuch as would be effected
by a change of diftance. But if there are no ideas cor-
refponding with the impreilions of walking, we appear to
ourfelves to fly, or ride. When perfons walk and talk in
their deep, the vibrations defeend into the motory muf-
cles ; at the fame time the brain is opprelfed, and they
have no memory. Similar to this is the cafe of a perfon
reading inattentively, and forgetting every thing imme¬
diately. 3. Dreams confift chiefly of vifible imagery; for
vivid impreilions are made perpetually upon the optic
nerve during vigilance. Vifible feenes are made up of the
fragments of the vifible images lately impreffed. Thefe
feenes are fometimes repeated again and again, and by
repetition coalefce. 6. Many of the things prefented in
dreams appear to be remembered by us and familiar to
us, becaufe of the readinefs with which they fucceed each
other in the fancy. 7. Dreams are foon forgotten, be¬
caufe of tlieir incoherence, and of the change which takes
place in the brain in pa fling from deep to vigilance. 8.
Dreams prefented in the firft part of the night, are more
confufed and irregular than morning dreams; for in the
firft cafe vve approach to deep, in the latter to vigilance.
9. Many prophecies were communicated in dreams and
trances, and the deferiptions of them Tear a ftriking
refemblance to the phenomena of dreams, which Dr.
Hartley regards as a confiderable internal proof of their
genuiriehefs and credibility. 10. Dreams are ufeftii by
interrupting and breaking accidental aftbeiations, which
might by continuance be fo clofely cemented that nothing
could disjoin them; which would be madnefs, n. A
perfon may form a judgatent of his health and tem¬
perance by the pleafantnefs or unpleafantnefs of his
dreams, and likewife learn fome ufeful hints relating to
the ftrength of the paflions.” Tiffs' theory, however,
l’eems infufficient to explain the many very extraordinary
cafes of fomnambulifm related by different writers.

Profeffor Dugald Stewart fuppofes, that during deep,
the influence of the will is fufpended, and that the phe¬
nomena of dreams are produced by the fucceffion of our

thoughts

D R E

thoughts in fleep, regulated by the fame laws of affoci-
ation to which it is fubjedte'd while we are awake. The
profeffor does not leem to be aware, or perhaps is not
willing to admit, that volition itfelf has been proved by
Dr. Hartley to be a cafe of afiociation, and the necelfary
refult of previous circum fiances, which therefore may
and actually does occur in dreaming like any other mental
phenomenon.

DREAMER, /! One who has dreams; one who has
fancies in his fleep :

The vifion faid, and vanifh’d from his fight;

The dreamer waken’d in a mortal fright. Drydcn.

An idle fanciful man ; a vifionary :

Sometimes he angers me
With telling of the moldwarp and the ant,

Of dreamer Merlin, and his prophecies. Shahcfpcare.

A mope ; a man loft in wild imagination. A fluggard :
an idler :

The man of fenfe his meat devours,

But only fmclls the peel and flow’rs :

And he mu ft be an idle dreamer,

Who leaves the pie and gnaws the ftreamer. Prior.

DREAM'INGLY, adv. Sluggifhly.
DREAM'INGNESS,/! Sluggifhnefs.
DREAM'LESS, adj. Without dreams. — The favages
of Mount Atlas, in Barbary, were reported to be both
namelefs and dreamlefs. Camden.

DREAR, f. Dread; terror:

The ill-fac’a owl, death’s dreadful meflenger ;

The hoarfe night raven, trump of doleful drear. Spenfer.

DR.EAR, adj. [bjieojiig, Sax. dreary.] Mournful;
difinal ; forrowful :

In urns and altars round,

A drear and dying found

Affrights the flamens at their fervice quaint. Milton.

DRE AR'IHEAD, f. Horror; difmalnefs : a word not
in life :

She grew to hideous fliape of drearihead.

Pined with grief of folly late repented. Spenfer.

DREAR'ILY, adv. Difmally:

Comes the breme winter with chamfred brows.

Full of wrinkles and frofty furrows,

Drerily (hooting his ftormy dart,

Which cruddles the blood and pricks the heart. Spenfer.

DREAR'IMENT, f. Sorrow; difmalnefs; melan¬
choly :

I teach the woods and waters to lament

Your doleful dreariment. Spenfer.

Horror ; dread ; terror. Obfolete :

Almighty Jove, in wrathful mood,

To wreak the guilt of mortal fins is bent ;

Hurls forth his thund’ring dart with deadly feud,
Inroll’d in flames and fmouldring dreariment. Spenfer.

DREAR'ING,/! Difmalnefs. — All were myfelf thro’
grief in deadly drearing. Spenfer.

DREA'RY, adj. [bpeopig, Sax.] Sorrowful; dif-
trefsful. — ‘ This word is fcarcely ufed but in poetical dic¬
tion :

The meflenger of death, the ghaftly owl,

With dreary flirieks did alfo yell ;

And hungry wolves continually did howl

At her abhorred face, fo horrid and fo foul. Spenfer.

Gloomy ; difmal ; horrid :

Obfcure they went thro’ dreary (hades, that led
Along the vaft dominions of the dead. Dry den,

DREB'BER JACOBS, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Weftphalia, and county of Diepholz.

DRE 73

DREB'BER MARIEN, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Weftphalia, and county of Diepholz : five miles
north of Diepholz.

DREDGE,/ [7b drfch, in Chaucer, is to delay ; per¬
haps a net fo often flopped may be named from this.] A
kind of net. — Epr oyfters they have a peculiar dredge ; a
thick, ftrong, net, fattened to three fpills of iron, and
drawn at the boat’s ftern, gathering whatfoever it meet-
eth lying in the bottom. Carew. — With farmers, oats and
barley mixed together. A[k.

To DREDGE, v. a. To gather with a dredge. — The
oyfters dredged in the Lyne find a welcome acceptance.
Carew. — To fcatter flour on meat from a dredging-box.

DRED'GER, f. One who fifties with a dredge ; a
flour-box.

DRE'GEL, a town and caftle' of Hungary : twelve
miles north-eaft of Gran.

DREG'GINESS, f. Fulnefs of dregs or lees; foul-
nefs ; muddinefs; feculence.

DREG'GISH, adj. Foul with lees; feculent. — To
give a ftrong tafte to this drcggifi liquor, they fling in an
incredible deal of broom or hops, whereby fmall beer is
rendered equal in mifehief to ftrong. Harvey.

DREG'GY, adj. Containing dregs ; confiding of dregs;
muddy; feculent:

Thefe num’rous veins, fuch is the curious frame.
Receive the pure infinuating ftream ;

But no corrupt or dreggy parts admit,

To form the blood or feed the limbs unfit. Blackmore.

DREGS, f. [bpieyten, Sax. dreggian, Iflan.] The fe-
diment of liquors ; the lees ; the grounds ; the feculence ;
They often tread deftrudtion’s horrid path,

And drink the dregs of the revenger’s wrath. Sandys.
We from the dregs of life think to receive
What the firft fprightly running could not give. Dryden.
Any thing by which purity is corrupted. — The king by
this journey purged a little the dregs and leaves of the
northern people, that were before in no good affeftions
towards him. Bacon. — Drofs; fvveepings ; refufe. — What
diffidence we mu ft be under whether God will regard our
facrifice, when we have nothing to offer him but the dregs
and refufe of life, the days of loathing and fatiety, and the
years in which we have no pleafure. Rogers.

Heav’n’s favourite thou, for better fates defign’d
Than we, the dregs an'd rubbifh of mankind. Dryden.
Dreg in the Angular number occurs in Troilus and Cref-
lida. — What too curious dreg efpies my fvveet lady in the
fountain of our love > AEl iii. fc. 2.

DREHE'MI, a town of Arabia, in the country of Ye¬
men : twenty miles fouth-eaft of Hodeida.

To DREIN, v. n. See Drain. To empty. The fame
with drain: fpelt differently perhaps by cliance. — She is
the fluice of her lady’s-fecrets : ’ tis but fetting her mill
agoing, and I can clrein her of them all. Congreve.

’Tis drein’d and emptied of its poifon now ;

A cordial draught. Southern.

DRE'ITSCH, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and circle of Neuftadt : two miles north-
eaft of Neuftadt.

DRE'LINCOURT (Charles), an eminent French pro-
teftant divine, born at Sedan, where his father occupied
the poll: of regiftrar to the fupreme council. He was edu¬
cated in the claflics and theology in his native town ;
whence he was fent to Saumur, to ftudy philofophy un¬
der the celebrated profeffor Duncan. In 1618 he was
admitted to the office of the miniftry ; and he removed
to Paris in 1620, where he was induced to fettle as paftor
with the church at Charenton. In 1625 he married the
daughter of a merchant at Paris, by whom he had fixteen
children. In his pulpit fetvices he was very impreflive
and edifying ; and, in his paftoral vifits to his flock, par¬
ticularly excelled in his manner of adminiftering confola-

76

D R E

tion to the Tick and afflicted. But lie ferved the inferefts
of religion not only by the zeal of -his paftoral labours,
but the productions of an able and fertile pen. His-works
were partly practical and devotional, arid. partly contro-
verfial. Of the former defcription, his Treatife on the
Preparation for the Lord’s Supper, and his Confolations
againft the Fears of Death, met with peculiar acceptance ;
and, befides undergoing numerous impreflions ' in the
French, have been repeatedly publiflied in the German,
I'lemifii, Italian, and Englifh, languages. His Charitable
Vifjts, alfo, in five volumes, and three volumes of Ser¬
mons, which he publiflied, have contributed, from the
vein of piety and fervent devotion which pervades them,
to the edification and improvement of all clafles of read¬
ers. Among his controverfial pieces, his Catechifin, and
his Abridgment of Controverfies, have been inoft fre¬
quently printed, and are likely to be longed remembered.
The reft of his polemical works were more particularly
applicable to the conlroverfies of his day. Though he
wrote with freedom and fpirit in defence of the proteftant
cattfe, he never provoked the refentment of his opponents
by injurious afperfions, unfair practices, or illiberal lan¬
guage ; which greatly contributed, with the uniform rec¬
titude and decorum of his conduCt, and the inoifenfive-
nefs of his manners, to fecure the efteem and friendly of¬
fices of all men. He died in 1669.

Of his' fons, the eldeft, Laurence, was brought up to
the miniftry, and was fettled as paftor at Rochelle, and
afterwards at Niort, where he died in i63i, in the fiftieth
year of his age. He publiflied feveral excellent Sermons,
and alfo a collection of Chriftian Hymns or Sonnets, faid
to be very much efteemed.

His third fon, Charles, was bred to the medical pro-
feflion, and rofe by his merit to diftinguiflied eminence
and reputation. He took his degree of M.D. at Mont¬
pellier, in 1654, foon after which he was appointed firft
phyfician to the king of France’s armies in Flanders un¬
der, the command of marflial Turenne. The character
which lie acquired by his practice in that fituation, and
afterwards at Paris, recommended him to the curators o'f
the univerfity of Leyden, who made him their profeflor
of phyfic in 1668. In fuch repute was his medical (kill,
that the prince and princefs of Orange, before their ad¬
vancement to the throne of England, placed their chief
confidence in his advice ; as did likewife all the perfons
of diftinCtion at the court of the Hague. He died at Ley¬
den in 1697, in the fixty-fourth year of his age. His in¬
augural diifertation refuted the ufual calumny againft the
medical profeflion, of being addicted to impiety; and
(hewed that none were fo likely to be rendered truly re¬
ligious, by a contemplation of the works of God. In his
Apologia Medica, Leid. 1672, he endeavoured to difprove
the injurious opinion, that phyficians were banfflied from
Rome during the firft fix hundred years from its founda¬
tion. He wrote alfo, 1 . De Arthritide, i68iv. 2. Obferva-
tiones Medico; circa Regimen Piter per arum & rccens natorum,
1684. 3. De Vario/is & Morbillis. 4. Sermo de Divinis apud
Hippocratem Dogmaiibus, 1689 ; and feveral orations and dif-
putations.

DRE'NA, a town of Germany, in the county of Ty¬
rol : (even miles north .eaft of Riva.

To DRENCH; v. a. [bpencean, Sax. to immerfe.] To
walli ; to foak ; to fteep. — Our garments, being as they
were drenched in the fea, hold notwithftanding their freflt-
nefs and globes. Shakefpeare. ■

Now dam the ditches, and the floods reftrain ;

Their moifture has already drench'd the plain. Dryden.

To faturate with drink or moifture : in an ill ' Jcnfe :

Too oft, alas ! has mutual hatred drench’d

Our fvvords in native blood. Philips.

To phyfic by violence. — If any of your cattle are infeCt-
ed, fpeedily let both fick and well blood, and drench
(hem. Mortimer.

D R E

DRENCH, ;f. A draught ; a (will : by way of abhor¬
rence or contempt :

Let fuch bethink them, if the fleepy drench
Of that forgetful lake benumb not Hill,

That in our proper motion we alcend. -'Milton.

Phyfic fora brute. — A drench is a potion or drink pre¬
pared for a fick horfe, and contpofed of feveral drugs in
a liquid form. Farrier’s Did.

A drench of wine has with fuccefs been us’d,

And thro’ a horn the gen’rous juice infus’d. Dryden.

Phyfic that muft be given by violence. — Their counfels
are more like a drench that muft be poured down, than a
draught which muft be leifurely drank if I liked it. King
Charles. — A channel of water.

DREN'CKER, f. One that dips or deeps any thing.
One that gives phyfic by force.

DRENG'FURTH, a town of Pruflia, in the province
of Natangen : forty-four miles fouth-eaft of Konigfbcrg.

DRENT, part. Probably corrupted from drenched:
What flames, quoth he, when I the prefent fee
In danger rather to be drent than brent. Spenfer.

DRENTE, a quarter or diftriCt of Overiflel, in the
United Dutch States, now the Batavian republic.

DREN'TELBURG, or Trentelburg, a town of
Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and princi¬
pality of Helfie : eighteen miles north-north-weft of Caflel,
and thirty-two eaft-fouth-eaft. of Paderburn. Lat. 51. 23.
N. Ion. 26. 45. E. Ferro.

DRE'PANE, the ancient name of Corcyra, from the
curvity of its figure, refembling a feythe.

DRE'PANE, or Drepanumi, anciently a town of Bi-
thynia, fituated between the Sinus Aftacenus and the Bof-
phorus Thracius ; called Helenopolis by Conftantine, in ho¬
nour of his mother Nicephorus Calliftus.

DRE'PANUM,yi in ancient geography, the promon¬
tory Rhium in Achaia; fo called becaufebent in the
manner of a feythe. — Another Drepanum on the Arabic
gulf, on the fide of Egypt. — A third on the north fide of
Crete, fituated between Cydonia and the Sinus Amphi-
mallus. — A fourth on the weft (ide of Cyprus. — A fifth,-
a promontory of CyVenaica on the Mediterranean.

DRE'PANUM, a town and port on the weft fide of Si¬
cily, and to the weft of mount Eryx : now Trepano, a port-
town on the wefternmoft point of Sicily. Here Anchifes
died, on his voyage to Italy with his fon .®neas ; and near
its coaft the Romans under Cl. Pulcher were defeated,
B. C. 249, by the Carthagenian general Adherbal.

DRES'BACH, a town of Germany, .in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and circle of Erzgebirg : two miles north-
weft of Wolkenftein.

DRES'DEN, a confiderable city of Germany, and ca¬
pital of the deflorate of Saxony, fituated at the conflux
of the Elbe and the Weferitz. It is the feat of the prin¬
cipal tribunals of the country ; and divided into three
towns, New Drefden, or Drefden ; Old Drefden, or Neu-
ftadt, and Frederickftadt. New Drefden was built in the
year 1020, on the right bank of the Elbe, and became a
town in 1216; here the eleftor of Saxony refides in an
ancient chateau, the apartments of which are magnifi¬
cent, and furniftied with a numerous library, a rich cabi¬
net of rare and precious articles, mathematical inftru-
ments, & c. Befides a number of palaces, this quarter
contains an opera-houfe, an arfenal, a foundry, three Lu¬
theran churches, and one Roman-catholic church, of
moft beautiful architecture. In the fauxbourgs are the
prifon, a houfe of orphans, two hofpitals, a military hof-
pital, a poor-houfe, a foundling hofpital, a plate-glafs
manufacture, & c. Old Drefden, or, as it is called, Neu-
ftadt, is united to New Drefden by a (tone-bridge, flip-
ported by nineteen piers. It owes its origin to a chateau,
built by Charlemagne, in 808. It was of little confe-
quence till the year 1403, when it began to acquire im¬
portance. Here are extenlive barracks, the menagerie,

a valuable

D R E

a valuable china manufacture, • a church, a college,
See. In the fquare is a ftatue of Auguftus II. king of
Poland and eleCtor of Saxony. An avenue of lime-trees
reaches to Frederickftadt. In the whole, Drefden is fup-
pofed to contain between eighty and ninety thoufand in¬
habitants. The vineyards of Drefden ftretch over a tra<Tt
about three leagues in length ; that is to fay, one league
above the city, and nearly two leagues biplow it, next to
the eleCtoral-chateau of Pilnitz. Some of thefe vineyards
are, in a manner, public, as they are open, at all times,
to the curiofity of ftrangers. Although this city has no
very confiderable commerce, it contains, neverthelefs, a
number of manufactures. A great exportation is made
to foreigners of gold and filver lace, as likewife of the
beautiful manufacture of paper-hangings, one of thofe
branches of induftry wherein the German genius has
taken the lead. The works of jewellery which are made
»t Drefden are known through all Europe, as likewife
the inftruments of mufic, organs, hautbois, French-horns,
hunting-horns, and German-flutes. The manufacture of
macaroni enjoys a reputation, which tcarcely yields to
that of Italy ; but the mod confiderable manufacture of
the environs by far, and the moft celebrated, is, unquet
lionably, that of porcelain. The other manufactures are
fine cloth, ferges, flialloons, (lockings, linen, (tuffs of
linen and filk mixed, carpets, Morocco leather, plate-
glafs, See. Hofpitality towards ftrangers is a (h iking fea¬
ture of the inhabitants of Drefden. Both the men and
the women are diftinguiflied by an agreeable cultivated
mind ; the ladies are in pofl'effion of a correct pronuncia¬
tion ; their manners and converfation are replete with the
moft feduCtive graces ; and, although great lovers of
pleafure, they cheerfully and fuccefsfully apply them-
felves to all the occupations of their fex. The men are,
in general, well-informed; and many (peak with facility
feveral foreign languages.

In 1756, in the war between Pruflia and Auftria, the
king of Pruflia took pofleflion of Leipfic and Drefden, in
a (late of neutrality ; towards the clofe of the year 1758,
the king of Pruflia, being compelled to evacuate Saxony,
marflsal Daim marched towards Drefdetlj) threatened to
befiege it, and, on the 9th of November,, iftade an attempt
on the fuburbs, in which his troops vv^efe beaten back.
Count Schmettau, who commanded in the city, fet fire
to the fuburbs, which were greatly fuperior to the city
within the walls, and inhabited by the moft wealthy of
the inhabitants, with the richeft and moft confiderable of
the manufacturers. Count Schmettau aCted as a foldier,
entrufted with the command of a city, perhaps, ought to
have done ; he refilled the united prayers of the royal
family, the magiftrates, and citizens ; combuftibles were
placed in feveral places, and the whole fet on fire, after
which they retired within the walls. Marfhal Daun re¬
tired on the 17th. On the 27th of July following, the
imperial troops appeared again before the town, and
Schmettau furrendered on capitulation, on the 4th of
Auguft. In 1760, the king of Pruflia attempted to re¬
cover the place, but marfhal Daun feized the opportu¬
nity of throwing troops into the town, and fupporting
the befieged with a numerous army, the Pruflians retired,
but not before a confiderable number of houfes were con-
fumed by fire from the bombs. Drefden is fixty-two
miles north-north-weft of Prague, and 262 eaft of Cologn.
Lat-5i.N. Ion. 31.29. E. Ferro.

DRES'DEN, a townfhip of the American States, in*
Lincoln county, diftriCl of Maine, nine miles from Wif-
caflet Point, fifteen from Fort Wefton at Hallowell, and
180 north by eaft from Bofion. Swan Illand is in this
townfhip.

DRES'NICKj a townof Croatia : eighteen miles north-
weft of Bihacs.

To DRESS, v. a. [drcjfr, Fr. ] To clothe; to inveft
with clothes :

The firft requeft

He made, was, like his brothers to be drefs’ d ;

And, as his birth requir’d, above the reft. Dryden.

Voi.. VI. No. 332.

D R E> 7?

To clothe potflpoufly or elegantly. It is ufe<l with up
and out to enforce it. — Lollia Paulina wore, in jewels,
when drejfed out, the -value of three hundred twenty-two
thoufand nine hundred and fixteen pounds thirteen (hil¬
lings and four-pence. Arbuthnot.

Few admir’d the native red and white,

Till poets dref'd them up to charm the fight. Dryden-.
To adorn; to deck; to embellifli ; to furnifh. — The mind
lofes its natural relifii of real truth, and is reconciled in-
fenfibly to any thing that can be drejfed up into any faint
appearance of it. Locke. — To cover a wound with medi¬
caments. — In time of my ficknefs another chirurgeon
drejfed her. Wifeman. — To curry; to rub ; a term of the
(fable. — Our infirmities are fo many, that we are forced
to drefs and tend horfes and afles, that they may help our
needs. Taylor.

Three hundred horfes, in high (tables fed.

Stood ready, fliining all, and fmoothly drefs'd. Dryden „
To break or teach a horfe : a term of horfemanfhip :

A (teed

Well mouth’d, well manag’d, which himfelf did drefs ;
His aid in war, his ornament in peace. Dryden.

To rectify ; to adjuft :

Adam ! well may we labour (till to drefs
This garden; ltill to tend plant, herb, and flow’r. Milton..
To prepare for any purpofe. — In Orkney they drefs their
leather with roots of tormentil, inftead of bark. Mortimer .
— To trim ; to fit any thing For ready ufe. — When he
drejfeth the lamp9 he (hall burn incenfe. Excd. xxx. —
When you drefs your young hops, cut away roots or
fprigs. Mortimer. — To prepare victuals for the table :
Thus the voluptuous youth, bred up to drefs
For his fat grandfire fome delicious tnefs,

In feeding high his tutor will furpafs,

An heir apparent of the gourmand race. Dryden.

DRESS, f. Clothes; garment; habit. — Dreffes laughed!
at in our forefathers wardrobes or pictures, when, by the
circulation of time and vanity they are brought about*
we think becoming. Government of the Tongue.

A robe obfeene was o’er his (boulders thrown,

A drefs by fates and furies worn alone. Pope.

Splendid clothes ; habit of ceremony. — Full drefs creates
dignity, augments confcioufnefs, and keeps at diftance an
encroacher. Clarifa. — The (kill of adjufting drefs. — The
men of pleafure, drefs , and gallantry. Pope.

To DRESS, v. n. To be over attentive to drefs ; to pay
a due regard to drefs. — Dance, drefs, prefent yourfelf ha¬
bitually well now, that you may have none of thefe things
to think of hereafter. Chef erf eld.

My hair I’d powder in the women’s way,

And drefs , and talk of drefing , more than they. Bramfon.

DRES'SER,/! One employed in puttingonthe clothes
and adorning the perfon of another :

She hurries all her hand-maids to the ta(k;

Her head alone will twenty drcjfes a(k. Dryden.

One employed in regulating, trimming, or adjufting, any
thing.- — Said he unto the dreffer of his vineyard, Behold0
thefe three years I come feeking fruit on this fig-tree, and
find none. Luke. — The bench in a kitchen on which meat
is drefied or prepared for the table :

A maple dreffer in her hall (he had,

On which full many a (lender meal (he made. Dryden .

DRES'SERUS (Matthew), an eminent German phi-
lofophical profeftbr, of the Lutheran perfuafion, born at
Erfurt, the capital of Thuringia, in 1536. After re¬
ceiving a preparatory education at Eilleben, he com¬
menced his firft collegiate exercifes at Wittemberg, un.
ddb the inftrudtions of Luther and Melanbthon. Having
taken his degree of M. A. in 1559, he delivered. a pri.
vate courfe of left ures on rhetoric. After that, he de-
X liveredi

78 D R f

livered public leCtures in the college of Erfurt ; and be¬
ing admitted into the number of profeffiors of philofo-
-phy, taught claflical learning, and particularly the Greek
tongue,, with .diftinguifhed reputation, for fixteen years.
In 1574 he removed to Jena to become the fucceffor of
Lipiius, who had been the profelfor of hiftory and elo¬
quence in that univerfity.. His continuance at Jena was
but fhort, fince, in the following year, he accepted of the
fituation of head of the college of Meiffen, which he oc¬
cupied for fix years. In 1581 he was appointed to the
profefforfhip of polite learning in the univerfity of Leip-
fic, and had a particular penfion affigned him to write a
continuation of the hiftory of Saxony. He fpent the re¬
mainder of his life at I.eipfic, and died there in 1607.
He was the author of feveral publications, of which the
principal are, 1 . Rhetoric# Inventionis, Difpofitionis , S3 Elocu¬
tionist Libri quatuor, &c. Svo. 1584. 2. Tres Libri Progym-

nafmatim Literature Grac#, 0 rationally Epiftolarum, (3 c. 8vo.
3. Ifagoge Hijlorica per Millenaries dijlributa , (3 ad Annum ujque
ad nonagcfimum primuin fupra mille quingentos deduEla, 8vo.
1587. 4. M. D. de Fejiis £3 pracipuis Anni Partibus, Liber ,

(3c. Svo. 1584; and, 5. Dc Fejiis Dicbus Chriflianonim Ju-
daorum (3 Etknicorum, Liber , Svo. 1597.

DRESS'ING, f. in furgery, the application made to a
fore or wound. — The fecond day after we took off the
dreffings, and found an- efehar made by the catheretic —
Wifernan. — Outward appearance :

Even fo may Angelo,

In all his drcjfings, charaCts, titles, forms,

Be an arch villain. Skahefpcarc.

DRESS'ING-ROOM, f. The room in which clothes
are put on. — Latin books might be found every day in
his dr effing-room, if it were carefully fearched. Szuift.

DRESS'INGS, f. a term in architecture, for certain
decorations and enrichments introduced on the external
and internal parts of buildings.

DRES'SY, adj. Showy in chefs.

DREST, or Dressed, part, [from to drefs, v. a.~]

In f.ow’ry wreaths the royal virgin drejl

His bending horns, and kindly elapt his bread. Addifon.

DRESVIA’NIA, a town of Ruffian Siberia, in the
government of Tobolfk, on the Vagai : ftxty miles fouth
of Tobolfk.

DREUX, a town of France, and principal place of a
diftrict, in the department of the Eure and Loire, on the
Blaife. A battle was fought near this town, on the 18th
of December, 1562, between the army of the king of
France, commanded by the conftable Montmorency, mar.
fhal St. AndrC, and the duke of Guife; and that of the
proteftants, commanded by the prince of CondC, admiral
Coligny, and his brother, when the latter were defeated,
and the prince of Conde taken prifoner. Henry IV. took
it in the year 1593 : ten pofts and a half weft-fouth-weft
of Paris. Lat. 48. 45. N. Ion. 19. 2. E. Ferro.

DRE'YE, or Dreihe, a town of Germany, in the cir¬
cle of Weftphalia, and county of Hoya : five miles fouth-
fouth-eaft of Bremen.

DRE'YEN, a fmall iftand of Denmark, in the Little
Belt : three miles fouth-weft of Middalfahrt.

DREY'G.ELHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in the
circle of the Lower Rhine, and electorate of Mentz : five
miles north-weft of Bingen.

DREYS, or Drf. ysz, a town of Germany, in the circle
of Weftphalia : four miles weft-fouth-weft of Witlich.

DREYSAL'LIGKEIT, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Stiria : five miles north of Pettau.

To DRIB, v. a. [contracted from dribble . J To Crop;
to cut off; to defalcate. A cant word:

Merchants gains come ffiort of half the mart ;

For he who drives their bargains dribs a part. Dry den,

'Fo DRIB-'BLE, v. n. [This word feems to have come
from drop by fucc.effive alterations. Inch as are ufual in
living languages : drvjjj drip , dripple , dribble, from thence

d r r

drive!, and driveller. Drip may indeed be the original
word, from the Danifti drypp. ] To fall in drops!"— A
dribbling, difficulty, and a momentary fuppreffion of urine,
may be caufed by the (tone's (hutting up the orifice of
the bladder. Arbuthnot. — To fall weakly and fiowly :
Believe not that the dribbling dart of love
Can pierce a complete bofom. Skake/pcare„

To fiaver as a child or idiot.

7bDRIB'BI.E, v. a. To throw down in drops _ .Let

the cook follow with a ladle full of foup, and dribble i'c
all the way up (fairs. Swift.

DRI'BENTZ, a river of Pruffia, which runs into the
Viftula : fix miles fouth-eaft of Thorn.

DR I'BLET, /. A fmall fum ; odd money in a fum :

Twelve long years of exile borne,

Twice twelve we number’d fince hisbleft return ;

So ftriCtly wert thou juft to pay.

Even to the driblet of a day. Dryden.

DRI'EDO, or Dridoens (John), a learned Flemifh
divine, in the fixteenth century, native of Turnhout in
Brabant. He was a pupil of Adrian Florent, afterwards
pope Adrian VI. who, when he obferved him almoft
wholly attached to the ftudy of human fciences, knowing
that he was defigned for the church, advifed him to pay
his principal attention to the ftudy of theology, the mif-
trefs of fcicnce, and more particularly fo in the profefiion
on which he was about to enter. This advice lie fol¬
lowed with diligence and fuccefs ; and, by the progrefs
which he made, became qualified for the theological
chair in the univerfity of Louvain. At the Lime time
that he filled that pod, he was reCtor of St. James’s, and
canon of St. Peter’s, in that city. In the controverfy be¬
tween the Lutherans and Catholics he took an aCtive and
vigorous part ; and, according to the teftimony of Eraf-
mus, difputed both coolly and learnedly. He died at
Louvain in 1535. He was the author of a variety of
treatifes on theological fubjeCts, of which the mod im¬
portant are intitled, 1. Lib. IF. De Scripturis (3 Dogmaticis
Ecclefiajlicis . 2, Lib. II. De Gratia 13 Libtro Arbitrio. 3. De
Concordia Libai Arbitrii 13 Preedejlinalions. 4. De Captivitate
( 3 Redemptione Generis Humani. 5. De Liberiate Chrijliana,
They have been frequently printed at Louvain in quarto
and in folio, in four volumes.

DRI'ER,yi That which has the quality of abforbing
moifture ; a deficcative. — There is a tale, that boiling of
daify roots in milk, which it is certain are great driers ,
will make dogs little. Bacon,

DRIE'SEN, or Dresno, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony, and New Mark of Brandenburg,
This town was betrayed to the Swedes in the year 1639,
but reftored in 1650: twenty miles north-north-eaft of
Schwerin, and ninety eaft-north-eaft of Berlin.

DRIFF'BOR, a town of Norway ; forty-fix miles eaft
of Romfdal.

DRIFTTELD, or Great Driffield, a town in
Yorkfhire, formerly called Dryjield, fituated in a fine
fporting part of the Eaft Riding, twenty-three miles from
the port of Scarborough, fourteen from the port of Brid¬
lington, twenty-three from that of Hull, thirty from the
city of York, and 195 from London. Upwards of 30,000
quarters of corn are annually fent by the navigation from
this town into the river Humber, and fo into the^weft of
Yorkfhire, from whence they return with coals. About
a mile from the town is a large woollen manufactory,
eredted in 1792 ; alfa a large bleaching-ground, and a
cotton manufactory of conftderable extent, employs th©
poor of the town and neighbourhood, Here is a good
market on Thurfdays for corn, calves, pigs. See, and is
well fupplied with fea-ft-fh. It has four annual fairs, viz,
Eafter-Monday, Whit-Monday, Auguft 36, and Septem„
her 39, for (heep, black cattle, horfes, &c. In 5784,
the fociety of antiquarians, having had information that
the remains of king Alfred the Greats who died in 905,

v>m»

79

D R I

%vere depofited in this pariflt-church, they deputed two
of that learnecUbody, accompanied by fome other gentle¬
men, to take up and examine the fame. After digging
fome time, they found a done coffin, containing the entire
Skeleton of that great and pious prince, together with the
greateb part of his dee! armour, the remainder of which
had probably been corroded by the length of time. Af¬
ter fatisfying their curiofity, the coffin and grave were
again carefully clofed. It appears that king Alfred,
being wounded in the battle of Stamford Briggs, returned
to Driffield, where he languiffied of his wounds twenty
days, and then expired, and was interred in the parilh
church thereof ; during his dcknefs he chartered the
four fairs above-mentioned.

DRIFT, f. Force impellent; impulfe ; overbearing
influence. — -A man being under the drift of any paffion,
■will dill follow the impulfe of it till fomething interpofe,
and, by a dronger impulfe, turn him another' way. South.
—Violence; courfe:

The mighty trunk, half rent with rugged rift,

Doth roll adown the rocks, and fall with fearful drift.

Spenfer.

Any thing driven at random :

Some log, perhaps, upon the waters fwam.

An ufelefs drift, which rudely cut within,

And hollow’d, firb a floating trough became,

And crofs fome riv’let pallage did begin. Drydcn.

Any thing driven or borne along in a body s
The ready racers Aand;

Swift as on wings of wind upborne they fly,

And drifts of rifing dud involve the Iky. Pope.

A dorm ; a fhower :

Our thunder from the fouth

Shall rain their drift of bullets on this town. Skakefpeare.
A heap or dratum of any matter thrown together by the
wind: as, afnowdrift, a deep body of fnow. Tendency
or aim of adtion. — The particular drift of every adt, pro¬
ceeding eternally from God, we are not able to difcern ;
and therefore cannot always give the proper and certain
reafon of his works. Hooker.

Their drift comes known, and they difcover’d are ;

For fome, of many, will be falfe of courfe. Daniel.
Scope of a difcourfe.— The main drift of his book being
to prove, that what is true is impoffible to be falfe, he
oppofes nobody. Tillotfon.

This, by the dile, the manner, and the drift,

’Twas thought could be the work of none but Swift. Swift.
In mining, a Ihaft or paflage cut from one mine or draft
to another.

To DRIFT, v. a. To drive; to urge along. — Snow,
no larger than fo many grains of fand, drifted with the
wind in clouds from every plain. Ellis. — To throw toge¬
ther in heaps. Not authorifed:

He wanders on

'From hill to dale, dill more and more afiray.

Impatient flouncing through the drifted heaps. Thomfon.

DRIFT o? the FOREST, f in law, a view or exa¬
mination of what cattle are in a fored, chafe, &c. that it
may be known whether it be furcharged or not ; and
whofe the beads are, and whether they are commonable,
Thefe drifts are made at certain times in the year by the
officers of the fored; when all the cattle of the fored are
driven into fome pound or place inclofed, for the pur.
pofes above-mentioned 5 and in order to difeover whether
any cattle of diangers be there, which ought not to com¬
mon. 33 Hen. VIII. c. 13. See the article Forest.

DRIFT-LAND, f. in old writings, an early rent paid
by fome tenants for driving cattle through a manor.

DRIFT-SAIL,/. A fail ufed under water to guide
ihe head of a drip in a dorm.

D R I

DRIFT-WAY, f A fea term, the lee-way.

To DRILL, v. a. \_drillen, Dut. Sicilian, Sax. from'
Sujijh, through.] To pierce any thing wit^i a drill.——
The drill-plate is only a piece of flat iron, fixed upon a
flat board, which iron hath an hole punched a little way
into it, to fet the blunt end of the fliank of the drill in,
when you drill a hole. Moxon. — To perforate; to bore $
to pierce :

Tell, what could drill and perforate the poles,

And to th’ attractive rays adapt their holes. Blackmore.

To make a hole. — When a hole is drilled in a piece of
metal, they bold the drill-bow in their right hand ; but,
when they turn fmall work, they hold the drill-bow in
their left hand. Moxon. — To delay; to put off: in low
phrafe; corrupted from drawled. — She has bubbled him
out of his youth : fire hath drilled him on to five-and-fifty,
and fhe will drop him in his old age. Addifon. — To draw
from dep to dep. A low phrafe. — When by fuch infinua-
tions they have once got within him, and are able to drill
him on from one lewdnefs to another, by the fame arts
they corrupt and fqueeze him. South. — To drain ; to
draw flowly :

Drill’d through the fandy dratum every way.

The waters with the fandy dratum rife. Thomfon

To form to arms; to teach the military exercife :

The foe appear’ ' a w n up and drill'd,

Ready to chargeThem in the field. Hudibras.

DR ILL, f. An indrument with which holes are bored.
It is a point preffed hard againd the thing bored, and
turned round with a bow and bring. — Drills are ufed for
the making fuch holes as punches will not ferve for; as
a piece of work that hath already its ffiape, and mud
have an hole made in it. Moxon. — An ape; a baboon.—
Shall the difference of hair be a mark of a diderent inter¬
nal fpecific conditution between a changeling and a drill,
when they agree in ffiape and want of reafon f Locke *
A fmall dribbling brook; properly a rill:

Springs through the pleafant meadows pour their drills.
Which fnake-1 ike glide between the bordering hills. Sandys.

DRILL-BOW, f. A bow ufed by watchmakers in turn-
ing the drill ; the bring is fome times neceffarily fo fmall
as to be made of a human hair.

DRILL-BOX, f. A name given to an indrument for
fowing land in the new method of horfe-hceing hufbandry.
See Husbandry.

DRIL'LO, a river of Sicily, in the valley of Noto,
which runs into the Mediterranean: fix miles fouth-eab
from Terra Nuova.

DRIMA'NA POINT, a cape of Ireland, on the north
coad of the Bay of Donegal : three miles fouth of Killibegs.

DRIN, a river which rifes in the fouth-wed part of
Servia, and runs into the Save thirty-two miles wed of
Sabatz.

DRIN'GENBERG, a town of Germany, in the circle
of Wedphalia, and bidiopric of Paderburn : fix miles
ead-fouth-ead of Paderburn.

To DRINK, v. n. preter. drank , or drunk -, part, paid,
drunk, or drunken, [bpuncan, Sax. ] To fwallow liquors ;
to quench third. — She faid, drink, and I will give thy
camels drink alfo ; fo I drank , and Ihe made the camels
drink alfo. Gen. xxiv. 46.

Here, between the armies,

Let’s drink together friendly, and embrace. Skakefpeare.
To feab; to be entertained with liquors. — We came to

fight you. - -For my part, I am lorry it is turned to a

drinking. Skakefpeare. — To drink to excefs ; to be an ha¬
bitual drunkard ;

Firft for his fon a gay commiffion buys ;

Who drinks, whores, fights, and in a duel dies. Pope.

To Drink to.. To falute in drinking ; to ipvite to drink
by drinking fird 3

.1 gave

so

D R I D R I

I gave it you, and will maintain my word ;

And thereupon I drink unto your grace. Shdkc/peare.

To wifli well to in the aft of taking the cup :

Give me home wine ; fill full :

1 drink. to th’ general joy of the whole table,

And to our dear. friend Banqup, whom we mifs. Shakefp .

To DRINK, v. a. To Avail ow : applied to liquids. —
He had eaten no bread, nor drunk any water, three days
and three nights, i Sam. xxx. 12. — We have drunken our
water for money. Lam.v. 4. — To fuck up; to abi'orb :

Set rows of rofcmary with flow’ring (tern.

Anti let the purple violets drink the dream. Dryden.

To take in by ahy inlet ; to hear; to fee. — I drink deli-
cious poifon from thy eye. Pope.

My ears have yet not drunk a hundred words

Of that tongue’s uttering, yet I knovv.the found. Shakefp.

To aft upon by drinking. — Come, we have a'hot venifon
party to dinner: come, gentlemen, I hope we fhall drink
down all unkindnefs. ShakeJpeare. — He will drown his
health and his rtrength in Iris-belly ; and, after all his
drunken trophies, at length drink down himfelf too. South.
— To make drunk. — Benhadnd was drinking himfelf drunk
in the pavilions. 1 Kings. — It is ufea with the intenfive
particles off, up, and in. Off, to note a fingle act of drink¬
ing.— One man gives another a cup of poifon, a thing as
terrible as death ; but at the fame time he tells him that
it is a cordial, and fo he drinks it ff, and dies. 'South. — •
Up, to note that the whole is drunk. — Alexander, after
he had drank up a cup of fourteen pints, was going to
take another. Arbuthnot. — In, to enforce the fenfe : ufually
of inanimate things. — The body being reduced nearer
unto the earth, and emptied, becometh more porous, and
greedily drinketh in water. Brown.

DRINK, f. Liquor to be fvvallowed; oppofed tomcat:

When God made choice to rear
J-Iis mighty champion, ftrong above compare,

Whofe drink w-as only from the liquid brook ! Milton.
Liquor of any particular kind. — We will give you rare
and fleepy drinks. ShakeJpeare.

O madnefs, to think ufe of ftrongert wines,

And ftrongert: drinks, our chief fupport of health! Milton.

DRINK'ABLE, adj. Potable ; fuch as may be drunk.

DRINK'ER,/! One that drinks to excefs; a drunkard.

• — The drinker and debauched perfon is the object of fcorn
and contempt. South. — The urine of hard drinkers affords
a liquor extremely fetid, but no inflammable fpirit :
what is inflammable flays in the blood, and affeCts the
brain. Great drinkers commonly die apopleitic. Arbuthnot.

DRINK'ING, f. [from to drink, v. ??.] The habit of
drinking ftrong liquors to excefs. — I then confidered
drinking as a neceffary qualification for a fine gentleman
and a man of fathion. Chejlerficld.

DRINK'LEAN, f. A contribution of tenants, in the
time of the Saxons, towards a potation, or ale, provided
to entertain the lord, or his fteward.

DRI'NO BIAN'CA, or White Drino, a river of
European Turkey, which riles near Rechia, on the bor¬
ders of Dalmatia, and joins the Drino Nero, fifteen miles
north-weft of Ibali, where they form one ftream, called
Drino. *

DRI'NO NE'RO, or Black Drino, a river of Eu¬
ropean Turkey, which rifes in a lake near Akrida; join¬
ing the Drino Bianca, it takes the name of Drino only,
and runs into the Adriatic, about eight miles fouth-weft
of Aleflio, forming a bay at its mouth, called the Gulf
of Drino ,

DRI'NOVATZ, a town of European Turkey, in Bul¬
garia: twenty-eight miles fouth of St. Viddin.

To DRIP, v. n. [ drippen , Dut.] To fall in drops. To
have drops falling from it ;

The foil, with fatt’ning moifture fill'd,

Is cloath’d with grafs, and fruitful to be till’d;

Such as in fruitful vales we view from high,

Which dripping rocks, not rolling ftreams, fupply, Dryddn „

To DRIP, v. a. To let fall in drops :

Her flood of tears

Seem like the lofty barn of fome rich Twain,

Which -from the thatch drips faft a fhow’r of rain. Swift ,
To drop fat in roafting. — Let what was put into his belly,
and what he drips, be his fauce. Walton.

His offer’d entrails fhall his crime reproach,

And drip their fatnefs from the hazle broach. Dryden.

DRIP, f. That which falls in drops. — Water may be
procured for neceffary occafions from the heavens, by pre.
ferving the drips of the houfes. Mortimer.

DRIP'PING, f. The fat which houfewives gather
from roaft meat :

Shews all her fecrets of hoitfekeeping ;

For candles how ihe trucks her dripping. Swift.

DRIP'PING-PAN, f. The pan in which the fat of
roaft meat is caught. — When the cook turns her back,
throw fmoakirig coals into the dripping-pan. Swift.

DRIP'PLE, adj. [from drip .] This word is ufed by
Fairfax for weak, or rare ; dripple f ot.

DRIPS, f. in architecture, the flopes or falls with
which fome roofs are conftr Lifted.

DRIP'SEY, a river of Ireland, which runs into the
Lee ten miles weft of Cork.

DRIS, a town of Perfia, in the province of Farfiftan:
feventy miles weft-fouth-weft of Schiras.

DRIS'SA, a town of Ruffia, in the government of
Polotlk, at the conflux of the Driffa with the Dwina :
twenty miles weft-north-wefl of Polotfx, and 272 fouth,
of Peterlburg.

DRIS'SA, a river of Ruffia, which runs into the Duna
at the town of Driffa.

DRIS'TRA, or Silistria, a town of European Tur¬
key, in Bulgaria, near the Danube: 216 miles north of
Conftantinople, and 160 north of Adrianople. Lat. 44,
17. N. Ion. 44. 55. E. Ferro.

DRIT'TEY, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Car-,
niola : ten miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Stein.

DRIVAS'TO, a town of European Turkey, in Al¬
bania: twenty miles north-eaft of Dulcigno.

To DRIVE, v. a. preterite drove, anciently drave ; part,
paff. driven, or drove-, [ dreiban, Goth, bjiipan, Sax. dry-
ven, Dut.] To produce motion m any thing by violence :
as, the hammer drives the nail. To force along by impe¬
tuous preffure :

On helmets helmets throng,

Shield prefs’d on ftiield, and man drove man along. Pope.
To expel by force from any place ; with from:

Driven from his native land to foreign grounds,

He with a gen’rous rage refents his wounds. Dryden «

To fend by force to any place ; with to;

Time drives the flocks from field to fold,

When rivers rage, and rocks grow cold. ShakeJpeare ,
To chafe ; to hunt :

To drive the deer with hound and horn

Earl Percy took his way. Chevy Chafe.

To force or urge in any direction. — He flood and mea-
fured the earth : he beheld, and drove afunder the nations.
Hab. iii. 6. — To impel to greater fpeed. To guide and
regulate a carriage. — He took off their chariot wheels,
that they drave them heavily. Exod. xiv.25. — To convey
animals ; to make animals march along under guidance ;
There find a herd of heifers, wand’ring o’er
The neighb’ring hill, and drive ’em to the fliore. Add fan.

To clear any place by forcing away what is in it ;

a * We

D R I

We come not with defign of wafteful prey,

To drive the country, force the fwains away. Drydcn.

To force; to compel. — For the metre fake, fome words
in him fometime be driven awry, which require ftraighter
placing in plain profe. Afcham. — To hurry on inconfide-
rately — Mod miferable, if fuch unfkilfulnefs make them
drive on their time by the periods of fin and death. Taylor.
— He was driven by the neceliities of times, more than
led by his own difpofition, to rigour. King Charles. — To
diftrefs; to ftraighten. — This kind of fpeech is in the
manner of defperate men far driven. Spcnfer. — To urge by
violence, not kindnefs :

He taught the gofpel rather than the law,

And forc’d himfelf to drive, but lov’d to draw. Dryden.

To impel by influence of pafiion. — It is better to marry
than to burn, fays St. Paul ; where we may fee what
drives men into a conjugal life : a little burning ptifhes us
more powerfully than greater pleafures in profpeCt. Locke.
—To urge; to prefs to a conclufion. — To drive the ar¬
gument farther, let us inquire into the obvious defigns
of this divine architect. Ckeyne. — To carry on; to keep
in motion. — As a farmer cannot luifband his ground fo
well, if he fit at a great rent; fo the merchant cannot
drive his trade fo well, if he fit at a great ufury. Bacon.
Your Pafimond a lavvlefs bargain drove.

The parent could not fell the daughter’s love. Drydcn.

To purify \>y motion: fo we fay to drive feathers. — -His
thrice-r/nberc bed of down. Shakefpeare . — The one’s in the
plot, let him be never fo innocent; and the other is as
white as the driven fnow, let him be never fo criminal.
L’ EJlrange.

To Drive out. To expel. — Tumults and their exciters
drave myfelf and many of both houfes out of their places.
King Charles.

To DRIVE, v. n. To go as impelled by any external
agent :

I.ove, fixt to one, fill fafe at anchor rides.

And dares the fury of the winds and tides ;

But lofing once that hold, to the wide ocean born,

It drives away at will, to every wave a fcorn. Dryden.
To rufh with violence. — The wolves fcampered away as
hard as they could drive. V EJlrange.

As a (hip which winds and waves aflail,

Now with the current drives , now with the gale;

She feels a double force, by turns obeys

Th’ imperious temped, and th’ impetuous feas. Dryden.

To pafs in a carriage ; to regulate the courfe of a /carriage :

Thy flaming chariot-wheels, that (hook

Hea.v’.n’s everlafing frame, while o’er the necks

Thou drov'Jl of warring angels di (array'd. Milton.

To tend to ; to confider as the fcope and ultimate defign.
— Authors drive at thefe, as the highefi elegancies, which
are but the frigidities of wit. Brown. — We cannot widely
miflake his diicourfe, when we have found out the point
he drives at. Locke. — To aim; to frike at with fury. —
Four rogues in buckram let drive at me. Shakefpeare.

At Atixur’s Afield lie drove , and at the blow

Both Afield and arm to ground together go. Dryden.

To 'drive, in all its fenfes, whether active or neuter, may
be Oblerved to retain a l'enfe compounded of violence and
progreflion.

DRIVE BAY, a bay of the river St. Lawrence, on
the fouth coaf of Canada. Lat.4S.52.lSt. Ion. 68. ao.W.
Greenwich.

DRIVE-BOLT,/. A particular kind of bolt ufed in
flip-building.

To DRI'VEL, v. n. [from drip, dripplc, dribble, drivel.]
To (laver; to let the (pittle fall in drops, like a child,
an idiot, or a dotard.. — A driveling old fellow, lean,
flaking both of head and hands, already half earth, and
Vol. VI. No. 33a.

D R O 81

yet then mefl greedy of earth. Sidney. — To be weak or
foolilh ; to dote :

I hate to fee a brave bold fellow fotted,

Made four and fenfelefs, turn’d to whey, by love ;

A driveling hero, (it for a romance. Drydcn.

DRI'VEL,/; Slaver; moifture (hed from the mouth,
— A fool ; an idiot ; a driveller:

Befides th’ eternal drivel, that fupplies

The dropping beard, from noftrils, mouth, and eyes.

Dryden.

DRI'VELLER, f. A fool; an idiot; a Aaverer. — I
have heard the arranteft drivellers commended for their
flirewdnels, even by men of tolerable judgment. Swift.

DRI'VEN, part, of drive. — They were driven forth
from among men. Job, xxx. 5.

DRI'VER,/! The perfon or inflrument who gives any
motion by violence. One who drives beads — The multi¬
tude or common rout, like a drove of fneep, or an herd
of oxen, may be managed by any noife or cry which their
driver fiall accuftom them to. South.

He from the mar.y-peopled city flies.

Contemns their labours, and the driver's, cries. Sandys.
One who drives a carriage :

Not the fierce driver with more fury lends
The founding lafli, and, ere the ftroke defeends,

Low to the wheels his pliant body bends. Dryden.

To DRIZ'ZLE, v. a. \_drifelen, Germ, to (lied dew.]
To (lied in fmall flow drops, as winter rains. — When the
fun fets, the air doth drizzle dew. Shakfpeare.

Though now this face of mine be bid
In fap-confuming winter’s drizzled fnow,

And all the conduits of my blood froze up.

Yet hath my night of life fome memory. Shakefpeare.

To DRIZ'ZLE, v. n. To fall in flow drops. — The
neighbouring mountains, by reafon of their height, are
more expofed to the dews and drizzling rains than any of
the adjacent parts. Addifon.

DRIZ'ZLY, adj. Shedding fmall rain :

This during winter’s drizzly reign be done.

Till the new ram receives th’ exalted fun. Dryden.

DRO'CI, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples,
and province of Calabria Ultra : nine miles fouth-fouth-
eafi of Nicotera.

DROCK, f. in hufbandry, the upright piece of tim¬
ber in a plough, to which the earth-board is fixed.

DROF'LAND, or Dryfland,/! [Saxon.] A tribute
or yearly payment formerly made by fome tenants to the
king, or their landlords, for driving their cattle through
a manor to fairs or markets. Cozvel.

DROG'HEDA, a fea-port town of Ireland, in the
county of Louth, (ituated on the Boyne, on the borders
of the county of Meath, (near which the prince of Orange
obtained a complete victory over the army of James II.
called the battle of the Boyne,) and a county of itfelf,
hoi ding its own afiizes. It is a well-built town on both
(ides of the river Boyne, and increafes in wealth and
commerce, and the number of its inhabitants, which
amount to more than ten thoufand. This port fupplies
the neighbouring country, for many miles round, with
Etagli(h coals, and other heavy goods ; and exports very
confiderable quantities of corn, the produce of the adja¬
cent and of (everal of the inland counties. Here is alfo a
celebrated fchooj, with a good endowment. It is twenty-
three miles north of Dublin. Lat. 53. 43. N. Ion. 6. 22.
W. Greenwich.

DROGIE'ZYN, a town of Poland, in the palatinate
of BieKk : thirty-fix miles fouth-wefl: of Bielk.

DROGO'NE, a river of Italy, in the kingdom of Na¬
ples, which runs into the bay of Squillace.

DROIL, J'. [by Junius, underftood a contraction of
drivel. ] A drone; a (luggard.

Y T@

82

D R O

To DROIL, v. n. To work (luggiflily and (lowly ; to
plod. — The droiling peafant fcarcely thinks there is any
world beyond the neighbouring markets. Government of
the Tongue. '

DROIT, f. [Fr.] Right, judice, equity.

DROIT'WICH, an ancient borough-town in Worceder-
(liire, fituate on the river Salwarp ; it has four churches,
though only three are made ufe of. It is didantfrom Lon¬
don ninety-five miles, from Worceder feven, Bromfgrove
fix, Kidderminder twelve, and Alceder twelve. It fends
two members to parliament. This borough is governed
by a recorder, town-clerk, two ferjeants at mace, two
third-boroughs, and a crier. The right of election is in
two bailiffs, the recorder, and eleven burgeffes, who are
(tiled The Corporation of the Salt-fprings oi Droitwich.
It was originally incorporated by king John, and after¬
wards by charter of infpeximus of James the Firft. The
number of voters is fourteen. The town confifts of about
400 houfes, chiefly inhabited by poor people. The prin¬
cipal manufacture carried on here is making fine white
fait, which is by far the fined and whited in all Europe.
In Domefday-book it is faid, that every week, in the
feafon of wealing, they paid off a tax of fixteen bullions;
which is fufficient to prove, that fait was made here long
before the Conqueror’s furvey was compiled. Mention
is alfo made, in the reign of king Atheldan, of the fait
produced in this town. The brine-pits at Droitwich are
immenfe, and continually running over, owing to the
greatnefs of the fprings. The brine is fuppofed to be
the dronged ever known, containing about one-fourth
fait, whild thofe of Nantwich in Cheihire yield only one-
fixth ; and thofe of Wedon in Staffordfliire only one-ninth
part. The annual amount of the duty on fait made here
is from 150,0001. to 200,000!. which is paid regularly
every Wednefday into the collector’s hands, by the dide¬
rent proprietors of the works. See the article Salt. This
town was known to the Romans, and under the Saxons
gave name to the whole country. It was populous in the
time of the Conqueror. In 1290, St. Andrew’s church,
and the greated part of the town, was burnt. It had great
privileges from king John, fome of which it dill retains,
and was much favoured by Henry III. and other princes.
The exchequer-houfe was built in 1580, whofe windows
have fome curious painted glafs. Hereisannofpital, found¬
ed in 1688. A canal, about feven miles long, goes from
this town into the river Severn, at a place called Hawford,
within three miles of the city of Worceder; it was begun
in 1756 ; and is navigable for veffels carrying from fixty
to fixty-three tons burthen. By this canal the greated
part of the fait manufactured in this town is conveyed
into the Severn,' and from thence to different parts of the
kingdom. By this alfo the town is fupplied with coal;
great quantities of which are confumed in the falt-works.
The coal, which chiefly comes from Dudley, is about
twelve (hillings or twelve (hillings and fixpence per ton.
The market is on Friday f fairs, April 13, June 18, Sep¬
tember 22 and 24, and December 21. The market-houfe
was built in 1628.

DROLL, f. [ droler , Fr.] One whofe bufinefs is to
raife mirth by petty tricks; ajeder; a buffoon ; a jack¬
pudding :

Democritus, dear droll! revifit earth,

And with our follies glut thy heighten’d mirth. Prior.

A farce ; fomething exhibited to raife mirth :

Some as judly fame extols.

For lofty lines in Smithfield drolls. Swift.

7b DROLL, v.n. \_drole , Fr.] Tojed; to play the buf¬
foon. — Men that will not be reafoned into their fenfes,
may yet be laughed or drolled into them. LiEf range.

DROL'LERY,/! Idle jokes; buffoonery. — They hang
between heaven and hell, borrow the Chridians faith, and
the atheids drollery upon it. Government of the Tongue. — A
puppet-fltow. To which alludes the following expredion
in Suakejpeare. — A living drollery, Tempejl,

D R O

DROLS'HAGEN, a town of Germany, in the circle
of the Lower Rhine, and the duchy. of Wedphalia: thir¬
ty-four miles ead of Cologn, and forty-eight ead-fouth-
ead of Duffeldorp.

DRO'MA, a town of Africa, on the Grain Coad, noted
for its market for pepper.

DROME, a department of France, fituated on the ead
fide of the Rhone, which takes its appellation from the
river Drome, which erodes it. Valence is the capital.

DROME, a river of France, which rifes near Val-
drome, paffes by Die, Pontaix, Saillans, Cred, Livron,
&c. and falls into the Rhone, about eleven miles fouth
of Valence.

DROM'EDARY. See the article Camelus, vol. iii.
p.649.

DROM'EUS,/ in ancient authors, the dromedary,
the (tag, fo called on account of their fwiftnefs.

DRO'MO, f. [from fyopav, Gr.] A caraval, a fwift
bark ; a very fwift fi(h. Scott.

DRO'MO, a frnall ifland in the Grecian Archipelago.
Lat.39.28-N. lon.41.46. E. Ferro.

DROMO'RE, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Down, the fee of a bifltop, faid to have been ereCted in
the fixth century. The cathedral is fmall, but the epif-
copal palace, ereCted fome years fince, is handfome and
convenient: feventeen miles ead of Armagh, and fifteen
fouth-wed of Belfad.

DROMO'RE, a towmlhip of the American States, in
Lancader county, Pennfylvania.

DROM'WA PE'TRI, a towm of Africa, on the Ivory
Coad.

DRONE, f. [bjioen, Sax.] The bee which makes no
honey, and is therefore driven out by the red. See Apis,
vol. i. p. 792, &.

All, with united force, combine to drive

The lazy drones from the laborious hive. Dryden.

A fluggard ; an idler. — It is my misfortune to be married
to a drone , who lives upon what I get, without bringing
any thing into the common dock. Addifon. — The hum,
or indrument of humming :

Here while his canting drone-pipe fcann’d
The mydic figures of her hand.

He tipples paimeftry, and dines

On all her fortune-telling lines. Cleavcland .

To DRONE, v. n. To live in idlenefs ; to dream :
What have I lod by my forefathers fault !

Why was not I the twentieth by defeent

From a long redive race of droning kings ? Dryden.

To give a heavy dull tone :

Melfoil and honeyfuckles pound.

With thefe alluring favours drew the ground,

And mix with tinkling brafs the fymbal’s droning found.

Dryden.

DRONE-BEE, f. The male bee.

DRONE-FLY,/. A two-winged infeCt refembling the
drone-bee.

DRONE'RO, a town of Piedmont, in the marquifate of
Saluzzo, on the Maira : fourteen miles fouth-fouth-wed
of Saluzzo.

DRON'FIELD, a neat and pleafant town in Derby-
fhire, four miles wmd of Bolfover, and 153 north-wed of
London, fituated among the mountains at the edge of the
peak. It is furrounded, except on the wedern fide, with
verdant eminences crowned with trees of various hues,
and beautifully interfperfed with luxuriant corn-fields.
The fined fprings iffue abundantly from the rocks, and
wind in ferpentine directions, almod through every part.
Here too is plenty of coal at a very reafonable rate, ana
every neceffary of life on moderate terms. The church,
dedicated to St. John the Baptid, is a handfome edifice,
about 132 feet in length, exactly correfponding with the
height of the fpire ; and the chancel is faid far to exceed
any other in the county. Henry Fanlhawe, efquire, re¬
membrancer

83

D R O

membrancer of the xchequer during the reign of queen
Elizabeth, founded and liberally endowed a free-fchool
herein 1567. This town had a market on Thursdays;
but, owing to its vicinity to Chederfield and Sheffield,
the eft'eCl of it is totally done away. It has one annual
fair, on the 25th of April.

DRO'NISH, adj. Idle; fluggilh ; dreaming; lazy; in¬
dolent; unaftive :

The dronijli monks, the fcorn and ffiame of manhood,
Roufe and prepare once more to take poffeflion,

To nedle in their ancient hives again. Rowe.

DRO'NISHLY, adv. Slothfullv.

DRO'NISHNESS,/. Slothfulnefs.

DRONNE, a river of France, which rifes about fix
miles from Thiviers, in the department of the Dordogne,
and joins the I lie, near Coutras, in the department of
the Gironde.

DRONT'HEIM, a town of Norway, formerly the ca¬
pital, and the ufual refider.ee of the kings, fituated on a
gulf of the North Sea, to which it gives name, at the
mouth of the Nidder; nearly furrounded by the fea and
lofty mountains, with a well-frequented feaport, but not
capable of receiving large velfels, on account of rocks at
the entrance of the harbour: it has neither ditches nor
fortifications, but is enclofed by a wall, and defended by
a caftle, by no means (Irong. It was taken by the Swedes,
in 1658, after a fiege of a few days, but retaken by the
Danes the fame year. It was ereCted into an archbifhopric
by pope Eu genius III. Near it are mines of copper and
diver. The principal exports are malls, fir-timber, cop¬
per, iron, pitch, tar, ftock-filh, (kins, potafh, Sec. In
exchange, they receive and import fpices, wine, fait,
brandy, corn, tobacco, cloth. See. The territory, or pro¬
vince, extends nearly 500 miles in length along the coaft
of the North Sea ; the whole was ceded to Sweden in
1658, but by the peace of Copenhagen was confirmed to
Denmark. Lat. 63. 26. N. Ion. 10. 38. E. Greemvich.

DROOG,/ [Indian.] A term in Ilindoodan for a fort
eredled upon the fummit of a hill. They form the prin¬
cipal mode of defence on the borders of the different pro¬
vinces in India.

To DROOP, v. n. [ droef. | Dut. forrow.] To languilh
with forrow :

I droop with ftruggling fpent ;

My thoughts are on my forrows bent. Sandys.

To faint; to grow weak; to be difpirited.— I faw him
ten days before he died, and obferved he began very
much to droop and languilh. Swift.

When fadlious rage to cruel exile drove
The queen of beauty and the court of love,

The mufes droop'd with their forfaken arts. Dryden.

I’ll animate the foldiers drooping courage

With love of freedom and contempt of life. Addifon.

To fink; to lean downwards; commonly by weaknefs
or grief :

On her heav.’d bofom hung her drooping head,

Which with a figh Ihe rais’d, and this Ihe faid. Pope.

DROOP'INGLY, adv. Faintly; languifhingly.

DROP,/, [bjtoppa, Sax.] A globule of moidure ; as
much liquor as falls at once when there is not a continual
dream :

Meet we the med’eine of our country’s weal,

And with him pour we, in our country’s purge,

Each drop of us. Shahefpeare.

Diamond hanging in the ear :

The drops to thee, Brillante, we confign ;

And, Momentilla, let the watch be thine. Pope.

To DROP, v. a. [bpoppan, Sax.] To pour in drops or
fingle globules. — His heavens lhall drop down dew. Deut.
jtxxiii. 28,— -To let fall from a higher place ;

D R O

Others o’er chimney tops and turrets row,

And drop their anchors on the meads below. D yd n.
To let go ; to difmifs from the hand, or the pofleflion :

Though I could

With barefac’d power fweep him from my fight.

And bid my will avouch it ; yet I mud not,

For certain friends that are both his and mine,

Whofe loves I may not drop. Shakcfpeare.

To utter (lightly or cafually. — Drop not thy word againft
the houfe of Ifaac. Amos. — To infert indire&ly, or by
way of digreflion. — St. Paul’s epiftles contain nothing but
points of Chriftian indruCtion, amongft which he feldom
fails to drop in the great and diftinguifiiing doctrines of
our holy religion. Locke. — To intermit; to ceafe. — Where
the aift is unmanly or immoral, we ought to drop our
hopes, or rather never entertain them. Collier. — To quit
a mailer. — I have beat the hoof till I have worn out
thefe (hoes in your fervice, and not one penny left me to
buy more ; fo that you mud even excufe me if I drop you
here. L ’E/l range. — To let go a dependant, or companion,
without farther affociation. — She drilled him on to five-
and-fifty, and will drop him in his old age, if die can find
her account in another. Addifon. — To fuffer to vanifii, or
come to nothing. — Opinions, like fafhions, always defeend
from thofe of quality to the middle fort, and thence to
the vulgar, where they are dropped and vanilh. Swift. —
To bedrop ; to fpeckle ; to variegate with fpots, Variis
Jlellatus corpora guttis :

Or fporting, with quick glance,

Shew to the fun their wav’d coats, dropp'd with gold.

Milton.

To DROP, v. n. To fall in drops, or fingle globules:
The quality of mercy is not drain’d ;

It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place beneath. Shakcfpeare.

To let drops fall; to difeharge itfelf in- drops. — The
heavens dropped at the prefence of God. PJ'alm lxvii. 8.
While cumber’d with my dropping cloaths I lay,

The cruel nation, covetous of prey,

Stain’d with my blood th’ unhofpitable coad. Dryden.
To fall ; to come from a higher place. — In every revolu¬
tion, approaching nearer and nearer to the fun, this comet
mud at lad drop into the fun’s body. Ckeyne. — To fall
fpontaneoufly :

So may’d thou live, till, like ripe fruit, thou drop
Into thy mother’s lap ; or be with eafe
Gather’d, not hardily pluck’d. Milton.

To fall in death ; to die fuddenly :

It was your prefurmife,

That in the dole of blows your fon might drop. Shakefp.
To die. — Nothing, fays Seneca, fo foon reconciles us to
the thoughts of our own death, as the profpect of one
friend after another dropping round us. Digby. — Tq fink
intofilence; to vanifii ; to come to nothing: a familiar
phrafe. — I heard of threats occafioned by my verfes : I
lent to acquaint them where I was to be found, and fo it
dropped. Pope. — To come unexpectedly :

Either you come not here, or, as you grace
Some old acquaintance, drop into the place,

Carelefs and qualmifii, with a yawning face. Dryden.

To fall fliort of a mark. — Often it drops or overdioots by
the difpreportions of didance or application. Collier.

“ Many Drops make a fiiower.” The Germans fay,
Nale pfennige machen einen thaler: Many pennies make a
dollar. The Scots fay, Many a little makes a mickle.
Intimating, that if by care and economy our Cavings are
ever fo final 1 and trivial, they will in the end amount to
fuch a fum as will amply reward our frugality.

DROP SERENE,/ [gutta ferena, Lat.] A difeafe of
the eye, proceeding from an infpiffation of the humours

So

64

D R O

D R O

So thick a drop ferene hath quench’d their orbs,

Or dim fuffufion veil’d. Milton.

DRO'PACISM, or Drotax,/! [from ^ettw, to re¬
move.] A medicine to deflroy or remove hair; the ap¬
plication of the fame.

DRO'PACIST, /. [from dropax.'] O le that ufes the
drops x, or dropacifm.

DRO'PALACH, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Carinthia: twelve miles fouth of Saxenburg.

DRO'PAX,/ See Dropacism.

DROP'LET, f A little drop :

Thou abhorr’dft in us our human griefs,

Scorn’d our brine’s flow, and thofe our droplets, which
From niggard nature fall. Skakcfpeare.

DROP'PING,/! That which falls in drops:

Thrifty wench ferapes kitchen-duff,

And barrelling the droppings and the fnuff
Of wafting candles. Donne.

That which drops when the continuous dream ceafes :
Strain out the lad dull- droppings of your fenfe,

And rhyme with all the rage of impotence. Pope.

DROPS, f. in architecture, an ornament representing
drops or little bells.

DROP'STONE, f. Spar formed into the diape of
drops. Vdoodward.

DROP'SICAL, adj. Difeafed with adropfy; hydro-
pica!; tending to a dropfy. — The diet of nephritic and
dropfical perfons ought to be fucli as is oppodte to, and
fubdueth, the alkalefcent nature of the falts in theferum
of the blood. Arbuthnot.

DROP'SIED, adj. Difeafed with a dropfy :

Where great addition fwells, and virtue none,

It is a dropfied honour: good alone

Is good. Shakefpeare.

DROP'SY,/-. [ hydrops , Lat. whence anciently hidropify,
thence dropify, dropfy.'] A collection of water in the body,
from too lax a tone of the folids, whereby digeflion is
weakened, and all the parts fluffed. For the medical
treatment of this diforder, fee the article Medicine.

RROP'WORT, J. in botany. See Spiraea and Oe-

N AN THE.

DROS'CHOLM, a town of Denmark, in the ifland of
Zealand: twelve miles fouth-fouth-wed of Nyekiobing,
and forty wed of Copenhagen.

DRO'SENDORF, a town of Germany, in the arch¬
duchy of Auflria, on the river Taya : fifteen miles wed
of Znaym, and forty-fix north-wed of Vienna. Lat. 48.
45. N. Ion. 33. 24. E. Ferro.

DRO'SERA, /. ttyunfoti dewy, from tyotrof, dew;
drops hanging on the leaves,' like dew.] Sundew; in
botany, a genus of theclafs pentandria, order pentagynia,
natural order gruinaies, (capparides, Jiff.) The generic
characters are — Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, flve-
cleft, fliarp, upright, permanent. Corolla : funnel-form ;
petals flve, fomewhat ovate, obtufe, rather larger than
the calyx, and alternate with it. Stamina: filaments
five, fubulate, length of the calyx, and alternate with
the petals; anthene fmall, growing to the filaments.
Pidillum : germ fuperior, roundifli ; dyles five, Ample,
length of the flamens ; Aigmas Ample. Pericarpium :
capfule furrotinded with the calyx, fomewhat ovate,
one-celled, three, four, or flve-valved at the tip. Seeds :
very many, very fmall, fomewhat ovate, fcabrous, Axed
to a brandling loofe receptacle in the centre at bottom.

. — EJfenlial Ckara&er. Calyx, flve-cleft ; petals, five ;
capfule, one-celled, five (or three) valved at the tip ;
feeds, very many.

Species. 1. Drofera acaulis, or demlefs fundew : flower
radical, without any fcape, folitary ; leaves oblong. 2.
Drofera cuneifolia, or wedge-leaved fundew : fcapes ra¬

dicate, leaves wedge-form-rounded. Thefe are herbs of
a fmall fize, and fingular druCture. The leaves, in mod
of the fpecies, only next the root, furniflied with glan-
dulous hairs on the upper furface, and fringed with them
round the edge : thefe hairs have each a fmall globule of
a pellucid liquor like dew, continuing even in tiie hotted
part of the day, and in the fulled expofure to the fun.
Hence their Englidi name of fundew. The two flrfl {'pe¬
des are natives of the Cape of Good Hope, where they
were firfl obferved by Thunberg.

3. Drofera rotundifolia, or round-leaved fundew : fcapes
radicate; leaves orbiculate, dyles dx. Root perennial,
black ; flowers from dx to eleven in number, white ; they
are open from nine to twelve ; the young leaves, before
they are expanded, are rolled inwards, and at the fame time
bent in to the very peduncle. Drofera and Utricularia
are the only two plants which are common to Sweden
and the Eafl Indies, and they are both water plants :
Linnteus remarks that Drofera is a native of all the four
continents, on bogs. The Ead Indian plant, however,
is probably ditferent from the European, and Vahl has
feparated it under the name of Drofera Burmanhi. It is
diflindl: from the preceding fpecies D. cuneifolia, in the
fmoothnefs of the fcape and pedicels, and in being only
one third of the flze. With us,. D. rotundifolia flowers
in July and Augufl ; and is found on Hampdead heath;
at Battle’s well near Harefleld, and Iver heath ; on Hin¬
ton and Teverdiam moors, and Gamlingay bogs in Cam¬
bridge fli ire ; on Malvern chace ; Birmingham heath;
Selborne^in Hampfliire ; Ludgvan Lee, on the Barton
and Moors ; and Senan, in Torvorian Commons, Corn¬
wall ; Halflon in Northamptonfiiire ; near Mansfield and
Oxton in Nottinghamfliire ; and in Scotland frequent.

The whole plant is acrid, andfufficientiy cauflic to erode
the lkin ; foine ladies, however, know how to mix the
juice with milk, fo as to make it an innocent and fafe ap¬
plication to remove freckles and fun-burn. The juice
that exfudes from it unmixed will deflroy warts and
corns. The plant has the fame ededt upon milk as the
pinguicula vulgaris ; and like that, too, is- fuppofed to
occaflon the rot in IlVeep. Is not the four coagulated
milk of the Syrians, called leban or leven, at flrd prepared
with fome plant of this kind > It is called in Englidi
fundew, youlh-woort ; in the north parts red-rot, and in York-
fliire mooregrajfe-, in German, Jonncnthau, findaw, lofflein-
kraut-, in Dutch, zonnedaanw, or loopigkruid ; in Danifh,
foeldug or himrfieldug ; in Swedifli, Mariaflefiar ; in Smo-
land, daggort-, in Italian, rugiada del J'olc ; in Spanifh,
rociada or rocio del foil, in Portuguefe, rojjolina ; in Rtf.
dan, folneznaja trawa.

4. Drofera longifolia, or long-leaved fundew : fcapes
radicate ; leaves ovate-oblong. Linnaeus is of opinion
that this "is fcarcely fpecifically diftindl from the fore¬
going, flnee they agree in every thing except the form of
the leaves. Scopoli does not hedtate to join this and
the round-leaved fundew together, and affirms that he
has many fpecimens diewing a gradual change from the
one to the other. Haller will not allow that they ever
change one to the other. This feems not to be fo
common as the round-leaved fort; Mr. Woodward, how¬
ever, informs us that it is frequent in Norfolk ; and Mr.
Lightfoor, that it is fo alfo in Scotland; on Brigdear
mofs, near Kendal, it grows to twice or thrice the lize it
does about London ; it is alfo found on Hinton moor near
.Cambridge ; on Bagdiot heath in Surrey ; and at Selborne
in Hants.

(3. D. Anglica, or great fundew, which Mr. Hudfon
makes a diflindt fpecies, becaufe it is larger, has eight
dyles, and four-valved capfules : is common, as he in¬
forms us, in the northern counties ; alfo in Devonffiire,
Hampfliire, and Norfolk ; three miles from Carlifle to¬
wards Scotland, where Mr. Dickfon found it near Fort
Auguftus ; near Ellefniere in Shropfliire, and in Ireland.
The variety deferibed by Ray, was found by Thomas
a Willifel

D R O

Willifel in Yorkfliire, between Doncafter and Bautrey;
and by Mr. J. Sherard on Weftfield down, near Haftings.

Tbefe plants liave the fame property with Dionaa viuf-
cipula, of entrapping fmall infedts within their folded
leaves. It was difcovered by Mr. Whately, a furgeon,
in Auguft 1780. On infpedting fome of the contracted
leaves, he obferved a fly in clofe imprifonment ; and on
centrically prefling other leaves, yet in their expanded
form, with a pin, he obferved a fudden elaflic fpring of
them, fo as to become inverted upwards, and as it were
encircling the pin. The fame account occurs in a German
author (Wroth, beytrog. p. 64.) in July 1779. An ant
was placed on the middle of a leaf ; the infedt endea¬
voured to efcape, but was held fall by the clammy juice
at the points of the hairs ; in fome minutes the (hort
hairs on the dilk of the leaf began to bend, then the long
hairs, and laid themfelves upon the ant : after a while
the leaf began to bend, and in fome hours the end of the
leaf was fo bent inwards as to touch the bafe. The ant
died in fifteen minutes.

5. Drofera Capenfis, or Cape fundew : fcapes radicate ;
leaves lanceolate, fcabrous underneath. Root putting
out fpiral threads; flowers violet-coloured. Native of
the Cape of Good Hope.

6. Drofera Lufitanica, or Portuguefe fundew : fcapes
radicate; leaves fubulate, convex underneath, flowers
ten-ftamened. Ray will not allow it to be a Species of
this genus. Alftroemer obferved that it had conflantly
ten ftamens ; and therefore it would be an Oxa/is, if the
flowers were in an umbel, and the peculiar property of
the leaves, together with its one-celled capfule, did not
detain it in this genus. Native of Portugal ; collected
there by Tournefort.

7. Drofera ciftiflora, or ciftus-flowered fundew : ftera
Ample, leafy ; leaves lanceolate. Stems a foot high, pu-
befcent. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

8. Drofera Indica, or Indian fundew : Item branched,
leafy; leaves linear. Native of the Eaft-Indies : the
Ceylonefe call it kandulaejfa, from kandula , a tear; the
leaves being furrounded by drops, as in our European
fpecies. The (lem is half a foot high, and very (lender.

9. Drofera umbellata, or umbellated fundew : fcapes
rooted ; leaves ovate, flowers umbelled. Stem none ;
leaves next the ground only on long petioles. Native of
China.

Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants are not eafily
prelerved in gardens. They mud be taken from their
native bogs, with a fufficient quantity of bog-earth and
water-mofs, and planted in pots, fet in pans, conflantly
fupplied with water. They will fucceed better if de¬
fended from the fun, and well enveloped in mofs kept
conflantly wet.

DRO'SING, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of
Auftria: fix miles eaft of Zifterfdorf.

DROSO'MELI, /. [of tyotros, dew, and honey.]
Honey-dew, or manna.

DROSS,/, [bpoj', Sax.] The recrement or defpu-
mation of metals :

Some fcumm’d the drofs that from the metal came.

Some ftirr’d the molten ore with ladles great,

And every one did fwink, and every one did (weat. Spenfer.

Ruft ; incruftation upon metal. — An emperor, hid under
a cruft of drofs, after cleanfing, has appeared with all his
titles frefli and beautiful. Addifon. — Refufe; leavings;
fweepings ; any thing remaining after the removal of the
better part; dregs; feculence; corruption. — Such pre¬
cepts exceedingly difpofe us to piety and religion, by
purifying our fouls from the drofs and filth of fenfual de¬
lights. Tillotfon.

Fair proud, now tell me why (hould fair be proud,

Sith all world’s glory is but drofs unclean ;

And in the (hade of death itfelf (hall (lirond,

However now thereof ye little ween t Spenfer,

Vol. VI, No. 333,

D It O 85

DROS'SKN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Up¬
per Saxony, and New Mark of Brandenburg: twelve
miles fouth-eaft of Cuftrin, and fourteen eaft of Francfort
on the Oder.

DROS'SENFELD, a town of Germany, in the circle
of Franconia, and principality of Culmbach, on the
Maine: fix miles fouth of Culmbach.

DROS'SINESS, f. Foulnefs; feculence; ruft. — The
furnace of affliction refines us from earthly droffnefs, and
foftens us for the impreflion of God’s (lamp. Boyle.

DROS'SY, adj. Full of fcorious or recrementitious
parts : full of drofs. — So doth the fire the droffy gold re¬
fine. Davies. — For, by the fire, they emit not only many
droffy and fcorious parts, but whatfoever they had re¬
ceived either from earth or loadltone. Brown, — Worth-
lefs ; foul ; feculent :

Your intention hold,

As fire thefe droffy rhymes to purify,

Or as elixir to change them into gold. Donne.

DROT, a river of France, which runs into the Ga¬
ronne at Gironde.

DROT'CHELL, /. [corrupted perhaps from dretchel.
To drdch, in Chaucer, is to idle, to delay. Droch, in Frifick,
is delay. ~] An idle wench ; a (luggard. In Scottifl) it is
(fill ufed.

DROT'NINGHOLM, a royal palace of Sweden, fitu-
ated in an ifland about feven miles from Stockholm.

DROTZ'DORF, a town of Silefia, in the principality
of Neyfza: three miles fouth of Grotkaw.

DRO'VA-DRUE, or Drou, a town of Africa, on the
Grain Coaft : fixty miles north-weft of Cape Palmas.

DROU'AIS (M.) a young painter of eminence in th6
French fchool, who, even when a boy, difcovered uncom¬
mon enthufiafm for painting. He was placed under Da¬
vid, a moft diftinguifhed painter of the city of Paris.
Drouais, in 1783, enlifted among the competitors for the
academical prize, but cut his pidture to pieces when it
only wanted the finifiiing ftroke, and (hewed to his matter
fome remnants of it. “ What have you done!” cried
David, “ you deprive yourfelf of the prize.” “ I am
fuftkiently rewarded,” replied the pupil, “ by meeting
with your approbation : next year I (hall endeavour to
be dill more worthy of you.” He kept his word, for he
obtained the prize of 1784, which was awarded to him
by the academy; and had not the regulations of the aca¬
demy oppofed it, he would have been immediately ad¬
mitted of their body : but he was conduced in triumph
to his matter, and thence to his mother. On David’s
tour to Rome, Drouais accompanied him. Although he
polfefled a yearly revenue of 20,000 livres, the ufual plea¬
sures of youth had no charms for him, whpfe idol wac
Raphael. He would be at his ftudies from four in the
morning till night. “ Painting, or nothing,” was the
ufual reply which he made to David, who frequently re-
monftrated with him on his too unremitted application.
“ Firft, fame; then, amufement ;” he would often add.
David leaving him at Rome, Drouais (hortly afterward
completed his Marius, a picture which aftonifhed all
Paris: but while he was engaged in a fubjedt, the exe¬
cution of which promifed the greateft honour to him, his,
conftitution began to decline. His glowing zeal for his
profelfion had dried up the vital juices of his frame, and
he died of a putrid fever at the age of twenty-five.

DROU'E, a town of France, in the department of the
Loire and Cher, and chief place of a canton, in the dif-
tridt of Montdoubleau : nine miles north-eaft of Mont-
doubleau.

DROVE,/. A body or number of cattle: generally
ufed of oxen or black cattle. — They brought to their
Rations many droves of cattle ; and within a few days were
brought out of the country two thoufand muttons. Hay.
ward. — A number of flieep driven. To an herd of oxen
we regularly oppofe, not a drove , but ex flock, of (keep.-—

D R O

fc<5

A drove cf fheep, or an herd of oxen may be managed by
any noife or cry which the drivers (hall accudom them
to. South. — Any collection of animals :

The founds and feas, with all their finny drove,

Now to the moon in wavering mortice move. Milton.

A crowd ; a tumult :

But if to fame alone thou dod pretend.

The mifer will his empty palace lend,

Set wide with doors, adorn’d with plated brafs,

Where droves, as at a city-gate, may pals. Drydcn.
DRO'VEN, part, from drive. Not- now vfed:

This is fought indeed ;

Had we fo done at fird, we had droven them home
With clouts about their heads. Skak.ejma.re.

DRO'VKR, ft One that fats oxen for fifle, and drives
them to market :

The drover, who his fellow drover meets

In narrow palfages of winding dreets. Dryden,

A boat driven by the current :

At laft when droncke with drowfinefs he woke
And law his drover drive along the llreame,

He was difmay’d. Spenfer.

This word feems to have been fabricated only for the
occafion. Mafon’s Supplement.

DROUGHT,/, [fcjiugobe, Sax.] Dry weather; want
of rain. — Upon a fhower, after a drought, earth-worms
and land-fnails innumerable come out of their lurking-
places. Ray. — Third ; want of drink :

O earth! I will befriend thee more with rain
Than youthful April fiiall with all his fiiowers:

In rummer’s drought I’ll drop upon thee dill. Shakefpeare.

Third, want of drink :

One whofe drought

Yet fcarce allay’d, dill eyes the current dream
Whofe liquid murmur heard new third excites. Milton.
DROUGH'TINESS, f. The date of wanting rain. '
DROUGH'TY, adj. Wanting rain; fultry. — That a
camel, fo patient of long third, fhould be bred in fucli
droughty and parched countries, where it is of fuch emi¬
nent ufe for travelling over thofe dry and fandy defarts
where no water is to be had, mud be acknowledged an aft
of Providence and defign. Ray. — Thirdy ; dry with third :
If the former years

Exhibit no fupplies, alas! thou mud

With tadelefs water wadi thy droughty throat. Philips.

DROU'IN (Rene), a learned French dominican monk,
who didinguiflied himfelf in the controverfy between the
Janfenidsand the Jefuits. For fome time he was pro-
fefTor of theology at Chamberry, and afterwards at Ver-
ceil, and died in 1742, at Ivrea in Piedmont, in the fix-
tieth year of his age. He was the author of a profound
and learned work, in confidcrable edimation among the
catholics, and intitled, A dogmatical and moral Treatife
on the Sacraments; which was publifhed at Venice in
1737, in two volumes folio, and has fince been reprinted
at Paris, in 1775, in nine volumes izmo.

DROUNE, a river of France, which runs into the
Dordogne, between Libourne and FronfaC.

DROUX, a town of France, in the department of the
Upper Vienne : five miles fouth-ead of Dorat.

To DROWN, v. a. [from drunden, below, German,
Skinner-, from bjauncman, Sax. Mr. Lye.] To fuffocate
in. water. — They would foon drown thofe that refufed to
fwim down the popular dream. King Charles.

When of God’s image only eight he found
■ Snatch’d from the wat’ry grave, and fav’d from nations
drown’d. Prior.

To overwhelm in water. — Galleys might be drowned in
she harbour with the great ordnance, before they could

♦

D R Q

be rigged. Knolles.— To overflow; to bury in an inunda.
tion; to deluge : ,

Betwixt the prince and parliament we dand,

The barriers of the date on either hand :

May neither overflow, for then they drown the land.

Dryden ,

To immerge ; to lofe in any thing :

Mod men being in fenfual pleafures drown'd ,

It feems their fouls but in their fenfes are. Davies.

To lofe in fomething that overpowers or covers. — My
private voice is drown’d amid the fenate. Addifon.

Some aged man who lives this aft to fee,

And who in former times remember’d me,

May fay, the fon, in fortitude and fame,

Outgoes the mark, and drozons his father’s name. Dryden,
To DROWN, v, n. To be fuffocated in the waters :
Methought what pain it was to drown !

What dreadful noife of waters in my ears 1 Shakefpeare.

DROWN '£D LANDS, a confiderable tract of flat
country in North America, in the date of New York,
amounting to near 50,000 acres, annually overflowed by
waters which fall from the neighbouring hills in the
winter; this adds much to the fertility of the foil, but
makes the air unhealthy, and produces inflammatory and
intermitting fevers among the inhabitants: dtuated wed-
ward of Hudfon’s River, on the borders of Jerfey.

DROW'NING,/. The aft of fuffocation by water.
For the mod elfeftual means of recovering drowned
persons, fee the article Medicine.

To DROWSE, v. a. \_droofen, Dut.] To make heavy-
with deep :

There gentle deep

Fird found me, and with foft oppredion feiz’d
My droftfed fenfes uncontroll’d. Milton.

To DROWSE, v. n. To dumber ; to grow heavy with
deep :

All their fhape

Spangled with eyes, more numerous than thofe
Of Argus ; and more wakeful than to drowfe,

Charm’d with Arcadian pipe. Milton,

To look heavy; not cheerful :

They rather drows’d, and hung their eyelids down.

Slept in his face, and render’d fuch afpeft
As cloudy men ufe to their adverfaries. Shakefpeare,

DROW'SIHED, /. Sleepinefs ; inclination to deep-

Obfolete ;

The royal virgin (hook off drowfiked-,

And riling forth out of her bafer boure.

Look’d for her knight. Spenfer.

DROW'SILY, adv. Sleepily; heavily; with an incli¬
nation to deep :

The air fwarms thick with vvand’ring deities.

Which drowfngly like humming beetles rife. Dryden.
Sluggifhly ; idly ; dothfully ; lazily. — We fatisfy our un-
derdanding with the fird things, and, thereby fatiated,
dothfully and drowfily fit down. Raleigh.

DROW'SINESS, f. Sleepinefs; heavinefs with fleep ;
difpofition to fleep. — He that from his childhood has
made rifing betimes familiar to him, will not wafte the
bed part of his life in drozufmefs, and lying a-bed. Locke.

In deep of night, when drowfinefs
Hath lock’d up mortal fenfe, then liden I
To the celedial fyren’s harmony. Milton.

Idlenefs ; indolence ; inaftivity. — It falleth out well, to
fliake off your drowfinefs-, for it feerned to be the trumpet
of a war. Bacon .

DROW'SY, adj. Sleepy ; heavy with deep ; lethargic,
— Men are drowfy, and defirous to deep, before the fit of
an ague, and do ufe to yawn and liretch. Bacon.

The

D R U

D R U

87

The flowers, call’d out of their beds.

Start and raife up their drowfy heads. Clcaveland.

Heavy ; lulling ; caufing fieep :

While thus die relied, on hSr arm reclin’d.

The hoary willows waving with the wind,

And purling dreams that through the meadow flray’d,

In drowfy murmurs lull’d the gentle maid. Addifon.
Stupid ; dull. — Thole inadvertencies, a body would think,
even our author, with all his drowfy reafoning, could ne¬
ver have been capable of. Atterbury.

DROW'SY-FLIGHTED, adj. Moving drowfily :
Gave refpite to the drowfy -flighted deeds
That draw the litter of clofe-curtain’d deep. Milton.

DROYE, a river of PrulTia, which runs into the Pre-
gel, four miles wed of Inderburg.

DROYS'ZIG, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, in Thuringia: lix miles fouth-ead of
Stoffen.

DRU, /. in Doomfday-book, a thicket or wood. A
man’s name.

To DRUB, v. a. [ druber , to kill, Dan.] Tothrefh ; to
beat; to bang; to thump; to thwack; to cudgel. A word
of contempt.— The little thief had been foundly drubbed
with a good honed cudgel. V Eflrange.

He that is valiant, and dares fight,

Though doubl'd, can lofe no honour by’t. Hudibras.

DRUB,/. A thump; a knock ; a blow. — By fetting
an unfortunate mark on their followers, they have ex-
pofed them to innumerable drubs and contufions. Addifon.

DRUCK'EB ACH, a river of Germany, in the Upper
Bavaria, which runs into the Inn, about three miles be¬
low Kuffflein.

To DRUDGE, v.a. [bpeccan, to vex, Sax. draghen ,
to carry, Dut.] To labour in mean offices ; to toil with¬
out honour or dignity; to work hard; to dave. — Ad¬
vantages obtained by indudry, directed by philofophy,
can never be expended from drudging ignorance. Glanville.
Proffering for hire his fervice at the gate,

To drudge, draw water, and to run or wait. Dryden.

DRUDGE, f. One employed in mean labour; a dave;
one doomed to fervile occupation. — The hard mader
makes men ferve him for nought, who rewards his drudges
and daves with nothing but fliame, and forrow, and mi¬
le ry . Tillotfon.

He is content to be their drudge.

And on their errands gladly trudge. Hudibras.

DRUD'GER, f. A mean labourer. An oider-fidier.
The drudging-box ; the box out of which flour is thrown
over meat. See Dredger.

DRUD'GERY, f. Mean labour; ignoble toil; diflio-
nourable work ; fervile occupation. — Paradife was a place
of blifs, as well as immortality, without drudgery , and
without forrow. Locke.

Even Drudgery liimfelf.

As at the car he fweats, or dufly hews

The palace done, looks gay. Thomfon.

DRUD'GING-BOX, f. Tin. box out of which flour
is fprinkled upon road meat, See.

But if it lies t®o long, the crackling’s pall’d,

Not by the drudging-box to be recall’d. King.

DRUD'GINGLY, adv. Laborioufly ; toilfomely. —
He does now all the meaned and triflinged things himfelf
drudgingly, without making ufe of any inferior or fubor-
dinate minider. Ray.

DRU'ENT, a town of the principality of Piedmont :
four miles foulh-wed of Turin.

DRUG,/. [ drogue , Fr.] An ingredient ufed in phy-
fic ; a medicinal fimple. See Materia Medica, and
Pharmacy. — In the names of drugs and plants, the mif-
take in a word may endanger life. Baker.

Judicious phyfic’s noble art to gain,

He ^rajrand plants explor’d, alas! in vain. Smith.
Bright Helen mix’d a mirth-infpiring bowl,

Temper’d with drugs of fov’reign ufe, t’alfuage
The boiling boforn of tumultuous rage- Pope,

It is ufed fometimes for poifon:

Mortal drugs I have; but Mantua’s law
Is death to any he that utters them. Shakefpeare.

And yet no doubts the poor man’s draught controll ;

He dreads no poifon in his homely bowl :

Then fear the deadly drug , when gems divine
Enchafe the cup, and fparkle in the wine. Dryden.
Any thing without worth or value; any thing of which
no purchafer can be found :

Each noble vice fliall bear a price.

And virtue fliall a drug become :

An empty name, was all her fame.

But now die (hall be dumb. Dryden .

A drudge. This feems the meaning here :

He from his fil'd fwath proceeded
Thro’ fweet degrees that this brief world affords,

To fuch as may the paflive drugs of it

Freely command. Shakefpeare.

To DRUG, v. a. To feafon with ingredients, commonly
medicinal. To tinCture with fomething offenlive:

Oft they affay’d,

Hunger and third condraining ; drugg'd as oft

With hatefuled difrelifli, writh’d their jaw's

With foot and cinders fill’d. Milton.

DRUG-DAMNED, adj. Infamous for poifons. — That
drug-damn' d Italy hath out-crafted him. Shakefpeare.

DRUG'GET, /. A flight kind of woollen duff :

In druggets dred, of thirteen pence a-yard,

See Philip’s fon amidfi his Perfian guard. Swift.

DRUG'GIST, f. One who fells phyfical drugs. A
dealer in medicine.

DRUG'STER, /. One who fells phyfical fimples. —
Common oil of turpentine I bought at the drugjlcr s„
Boyle. — They fet the clergy below their apothecaries,
the phyfician of the foul below the drug flees of the body.
Atterbury.

DRU'IA, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of
Wilna : fixteen miles north-eafi of Brallaw.

DRU'IA, a town of Ruflia, in the government of
Polotfk, on the Duna: fifty miles north-wed of Polotfk,
and 2 Go fouth-fouth-wefl of Peterfburgh.

DRU'IDAI, or Droium, a very ancient town, the
principal place of the Druids in Gaul : now Dreux. Here
they met annually, in a confecrated grove, according to
Caefar. The town was alfo called Durocafcs..

DRU'IDS, Druides, or Druidje, /. Priefis or mi-
niflers of religion among the ancient Celtte or Gauls,
Britons, and Germans. Some authors derive the word
from the Hebrew Q'trrri deruflim or druflim, which they
tranflate contemplatores . Picard, Celtopsed. lib. ii. p. 58,
believes the druids to have been thus called from Druis,
or Dryius, their leader, the fourth or fifth king of the
Gauls. Pliny, Salmafius, Vigenere, &c. derive the name
from oak; on account of their teaching in groves,
or under oaks. Menage derives the word from the old
Britifh drus, daemon, magician. Borel, from the old
Britifli dru, or derzu, oak, whence he takes fyoc to be de¬
rived ; which is the mod probable fuppofition. Becanus,
lib. i. takes druis to be an old Celtic and German word,
formed from trowis or truwis, “a doCtor of the truth and
the faith;” which etymology Vofliusadopts and approves.

The accounts we have of the druids, from different
writers, are extremely various and contradictory, mingled
with much childifh fuperdition and fable. The mod
rational conjectures relative to their e-dab Ii fitment and .
defignation, are to be collected from Julius Ctela r, Pliny,

Strabo,

DRUIDS,

Strabo, and Diodorus Siculus, They were divided into
different claffes, called bardi, or bards, eubages, vates,
fenmothei, farronides, and famothei. They were held
in the greateft veneration by the people. Their life
was auftere and reel ufe from the world, their drefs pe¬
culiar to theml'elves., and they generally appeared with
a tunic which reached a little below' the knee. The
chief power was lodged in their hands ; they punifhed
as they pleafed, and could declare w'ar and make peace
at their option. Their pow'er was extended not only
over private families, but they could depofe magiffrates
and even kings, if their actions in any manner deviated
from the law's of the ftate. They had the privilege of
naming the magiffrates which annually prelided over the
cities, and the kings were created only with their appro¬
bation. They were entruffed with the education of
youth, and all religious ceremonies, feftivals, and facri-
fices w'ere under their peculiar care. They taught the
doflrine of the metempfyehofis, or tranfmigration, and
believed the immortality of the foul. They were pro-
feftionally acquainted with the art of magic ; and from
their knowledge of affrology they drew omens, and fan¬
cied they faw futurity revealed before their eyes. In
their facrifices they often immolated human victims to
their gods, a barbarous cuffom which continued long
among them, and which the Roman emperors in vain at¬
tempted to abolifh. The power and privileges which
they enjoyed were beheld with admiration by their coun¬
trymen j and as their office was open to every rank and
every ftation, there wefe many who daily propofed them¬
selves as candidates to enter upon this important fundffion.
The rigour, however, and feverity of a long noviciate,
deterred many, and few were willing to attempt a labour,
T/hich enjoined them during fifteen or twenty years to
load their memory with the long and tedious maxims of
druidical religion.

There has been much abfurd controverfy concerning
ihejr origin, and the places of their religious ceremonies,
temples, altars, &c. but the mod rational conclufion is,
tint they uniformly officiated under the folemn fliades of
trees and groves. Mr. Pinkerton, in his Defcription of
Empires, Sec. publifhed in 1802, inveftigates this part of
the druidical hiftory, and detefts fome of the errors which
have crept into it. He fays, “ A radical miffake in the
ffudy of Englifh antiquities, has arifen from the confu-
iion of the Celtic and Belgic languages and monuments.
The druids have defervedly attracted much curiofity and
refearch ; but it would be erroneous to impute to them,
as is ufual, the whole of our earlieft remains. Cxfar
fpeaks of druidifm as a recent inffitution ; and fuch being
the cafe, it is probable that it originated from the Phoe-
sician factories, eftablilhed in wooden fortreffes on the
coaft, the ufual practice of commercial nations, when
trading with favage or barbarous races. The tenets cor-
refpond with what little exiffs of Phoenician mythology,
and the miffionaries of that refined people might be not
a little zealous in their diffufion. However this be, the
ancient authors, from whom we derive our foie authentic
information concerning the druids, minutely deferibe their
religious rites, but are totally filent concerning any mo¬
numents of Jlone being ufed among them. On the con¬
trary, they mention gloomy groves, and fpreading oaks,
as the only feenes of the druidic ceremonies. Yet our
antiquaries have inferred that Stonehenge is a druidic mo¬
nument, though it be fituated in an extenfive plain, where
not a veftige of wood appears, and where the very foil is
reputed adverfe to its vegetation.

“It might, perhaps, be a vain effort of inveftigation,
to attempt to diferiminate the remains of the earlieft in¬
habitants from thofe of the druidic period ; indeed, if
we fet afide the authorities of modern antiquaries, too
commonly vifionary and difeordant, there is no founda¬
tion whatever for any found or real knowledge on the
fubjeft. The following have been efteemed druid mo¬
numents by Borlafe; 1, Single ftones ereft, 2. Rock

idols and pierced ffonf ?. 3. &ockmg-fton6S ufed as

deals. 4. Sepulchres of two, three, or more, ftones. 5.
Circular temples, or rather circles of ereft ftones. 6.
Barrow'S or tumuli. 7. Cromlechs, or heaps of ftones.
8. Rock-bafons, imagined to have been ufed in druidic
expiations. 9. Caves, ufed as places of retreat in time
of war. But as moft of thefe relics may alfo be found
in Germany and Scandinavia, it becomes hazardous to
pronounce whether they be Gothic or Celtic ; and, as we
learn from ancient authors that the Germans had no
druids, to beftow the name of druidic upon fuch monu¬
ments, is the mere wantonnefs of conjefture. It is, how¬
ever, moft probable, that the earlieft inhabitants, as is
ever the practice in the infancy of fociety, made ufe of
wood, not Jlone , in their religious as well as in their do-
meftic erections. If we lurvey the various favage regions
of the globe, we ftiall feldom or never perceive the ufe
of ftone ; and it is certainly, juft to infer, that the favage s
of the weft were not more Ikilflil than thofe of the eaft ;
nor thofe of the old continents and iflands than thofe of
the new. A learned ignorance upon fuch topics, is pre¬
ferable to anaffumed and imaginary knowledge.

“ But as many of thefe monuments are found in Ger¬
many, Scandinavia, and Iceland ; and as the Icelandic
writers in particular, often indicate their origin and ufe,
which are unknown in the Celtic records, there is every
reafon to attribute them to a more advanced ftage of fo¬
ciety, when the Belgic colonies introduced agriculture,
and a little further progrefs in the rude arts of barbarifm.
The nature of this work will not admit a formal invefti¬
gation of fuch topics, but a few remarks may be offered
on Stonehenge, a ftupendous monument of barbaric in-
duftry. Inigo Jones, in attempting to prove that it is
Roman, only evinces that no talents can avail when fei-
ence is wanting, and that antiquities require a fevere and
peculiar train of ftudy. Dodtor Stukeley affigns Stone¬
henge to the druids ; while Dr. Charlton, perceiving'
that fuch monuments are found in Denmark, aferibed ic
to the Danes. If the latter had confidered that the Bel-
gte were a Gothic nation, of fimilar language and inftitu-
tions, he might with more juftice have extended its an¬
tiquity. From the Icelandic writers, we learn, that fuch
circles were called domh-ringr, that is, literally, doom-ring ,
or circle of judgment, being the folemn places where
courts were held, of all kinds and dignities, from the na¬
tional council down to the baronial court, or that of a
common proprietor of land, for adjufting difputes be¬
tween his villani and Haves. The magnificence of Stone¬
henge loudly pronounces that it was the fupreme court
of the nation, equivalent to the champs de Mars et de Mai
of the Franks, where the king and chiefs affembled in
the circle, and the men capable of arms in the open
plain ; nor is it improbable that the chiefs afeended the
tranfverfe ftones, and declared their refolves to the fur¬
rounding crowd, who, in the defcription of Tacitus, dif-
fented by loud murmurs, o’- applauded by clathing their
ffiields. This idea receives confirmation from the cir-
cumftance that the Belgae peculiarly fo called, as being
the chief and ruling colony of that people, were feated
in the furrounding province ; and Sorbiodunum, now Old
Sarum, was their capital city.

“ Similar circles of ftone, but far inferior in fize, are
found in many parts of Great Britain and Ireland; and
feveral undoubtedly as late as the Danifli inroads and
ufurpations, the practice being continued by that people
at leaft till their converlion to Chriftianity, in the tenth
and eleventh centuries. Some of the fmalleft, as we
learn from the northern antiquaries, were merely places
of family fepulture. At a later period the circles of
judgment, which had been polluted with human facri¬
fices, and other pagan rites, were abandoned ; and the
great courts were held on what ware called moot-hills, ox-
hills of meeting, many of which ftill exift in the Britifti
dominions, and in the Netherlands. They commonly
confift of a central eminence, on which fat the judge and

D R U

D R U

his affi Hants ; beneath was an elevated platform for the
parties, their friends, and conpurgators, who fometimes
amounted to a hundred or more ; and this plat-form was
furrounded with a trench to fecure it from the acce'fs of
mere fpeftators. Of the other monuments of this pe¬
riod, a more brief conlideration will (uffice. When a
monarch, or diftinguifiied general, was buried, a barrow
or hillock was erected to prefervehis name and memory to
future ages : the fize depending on the reputation of the
pcrfon, which attradled a l'maller or larger number of opera¬
tors. Such monuments are very ancient, and even to this

day, according to Dallaway, Morritt, and others, denote
the fepulchres of fome of the heroes of the Trojan war.
In later times a large Angle done erefted was efteemed a
fufficient memorial : Inch Angle (tones alfo fometimes
appear as monuments of remarkable battles, or merely
as boundaries.”

Dr. Bryant has endeavoured to (hew, that the religion
of the druids was the worfliip of the fun, which pre¬
vailed univerfally over all nations of the earth in thofe
primitive ages, when the people had apoftatifed from the
worfliip of the true God, and reforted to “ groves” and
“high places;” fo much deprecated in the holy fcrip-
tures. “ High groves, and ancient woods- of oak, (fays
this author,) were named faron ; and as oaks were filled
faronids , fo likewife were the ancient druids, by whom
the oak was held fo facred. Hence Diodorus Siculus,
fpeaking of the priefts of Gaul, (files them (piAoooipoi,
$£o\cy<n — 'ETEpi-flus b.v$ SAPDNIAA2 ovcy.a.tovc i.

This is oiie proof among many how far the Antonian re¬
ligion, or worlhip of the fun, was extended : and how
little we know of druidical worfiiip, either in refpedt to
its effence or its origin. The practice of (hewing a re¬
verential regard to huge (tones, and fragments of rocks,
which were particularly uncouth and horrid, prevailed
alio in many countries. It vvas ufual with much labour
to place one vaft (lone upon another for a religious me¬
morial. The (tones thus placed, they oftentimes poized
fo equably, that they were affected with the leafi external
force: nay, a breatli of wind would fome;imes make
them vibrate. We have many inftances in our own coun¬
try ; and they are to be found in other parts of the world :
and wherever they occur we may efteem them of the
highefi antiquity. All fuch works we generally refer to
the Celts, and druids ; under the fandtion of which names
we (belter ourfelves, whenever we are ignorant and be¬
wildered. But they were the operations of a very remote
age ; probably before the time, when the druids, or cel-
tae, were firfi known. I quefiion, whether there be in
the world a monument, which is much prior to the cele¬
brated Stonehenge. There is realon to think, that it was
ereited by a foreign colony ; one of the firft, which came
into the ill and. Here is extant at this day, one of thofe
rocking (tones, of which I have been fpeaking.

“The ancients difiinguifhed (tones eredtea with a reli¬
gious view by the name of amber-, by which was Agnified
any thing folar and divine. The Grecians called them
vflik i ayJofotriu. i ; and there- are reprefentations of fuch
upon coins. Stonehenge is compofed of thefe amber-
ltones : hence the next town is denominated Ambros-bury ;
not from a Roman Ambrofius, for no fuch perfon exifted ;
but from the ambrofas petra: , in whole vicinity it
(lands. Some of thefe were rockkig (tones ; and there
was a wonderful monument of this fort near Penzance in
Corns ‘Ml. It (till retains the name of main-amber , by
whicgfis Agnified the facred fones. The like myfteries,
according to Artemidorus, prevailed in one of the Bri-
ti(h iflands; in which, he lays, that the worfliip of Da-
mater was carried on with the fame rites as in Samothra-
cia. Strabo, I.4. I make no doubt, but that this hiftory
was true, and that thefe rites prevailed in many parts of
Britain, efpecially in the ifle of Mona, i. e. Anglefey ;
where, in aftertimes, was the chief feat of the faronides,
or druids. Monai lignifies infula felenites. It was fome-
times expreffed Menai : as is evident from the frith be»
Vol. VI.. No. 333.

so

tween tlieifland and the main land being (tiled Aber Menai,
at this day. Aber Men Ai Agnifies f return infula deiluni ;
which ifla.nd undoubtedly had this name from its rites..
The fame worfliip was probably extended to fome of the
Scottifli ifles, the Hebrides of the ancients, and particu¬
larly into that called Columbkil.” For a further eluci¬
dation, fee the articles Anglesey, vol. i. p.7oo; Bard,
vol. ii. p. 71 6 ; and Barrow, p. 758.

DRUl'DICAL, adj. Relating to the druids. — Any
druidical anecdotes I can meet with I will be fure to fend
yon. Gray.

DRU'IDISM, [ The religion of the druids. — It was
referved for Dr. Borlafe to lay open the whole lyftem of
druidifm. Gough.

DRUM, / \_trommc, Dan. dr mime, Erfe.] An inftru-
ment of military niuflc, confiding of vellum (trained over
a broad hoop on each Tide, and beaten with (ticks. — Kettle
Drums are in the (Rape -or form of large batons of copper
or brafs, rounded in the bottom, and covered with vel¬
lum or goat (kin, which is kept faft by a circle of iron
round the body of the drum. They are tifed among the
cavalry, and in concerts of mufic, &c. The drum is by
Le Clerc (aid to have been an oriental invention, and to
have been brought by the Moors into Spain. — Let’s
march without the noife of threatening -drums. Shakefpeare.

Now no more the drum
Provokes to arms, or trumpet’s clangor flirill
Affrights the wives, and chills the virgin’s blood. Philips.
The tympanum of the ear, or the membrane which per¬
ceives the vibration of the air, or of found. A fine fieve.
— A word once in vogue for a large alfembly of vifitors —
From the duchefs at her drum to the landlady behind her
bar. Fielding.

And oft though Juno begg’d (he’d come
To Mount Olympus, to her drum,

Yet (he refus’d. Mafon.

To DRUM, v. n. To beat a drum ; to beat a tune on
a drum. To beat with a pulfatory motion :

Now, heart,

Set ope thy fluices, fend the vigorous blood
Through every adtive limb for my relief;

Then take thy reft within the quiet cell,

For thou (halt drum no more. Dryden.

DRUM, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leitz-
meritz : three miles fouth of Leypa.

DRUM, mountains of Ireland, in the county of Water¬
ford : three miles fouth-weft of Dungarvan.

DRUM POINT, a cape of the American States, on
the north Aide of the Patuxen, at the mouth oppofite Ce¬
dar Point.

To DRUM'BLE, v. n. To drone; to be fluggifii . Man¬
ner.— Takes up thefe clothes here quickly : where is the
cowiftaff ? Look, how you drumble! carry them to the
landrefs in Datchet Mead. Shakefpeare.

DRUM'BOTE, a town in Ireland, in the county of
Monaghan, and province of Ulfter.

DRUMLANRI'G, a town of Scotland, in the county
of Dumfries, fituated on the Nith : thirteen miles north
of Dumfries.

DRUMMA'JOR,_/; The chief drummer of a regiment:
Such company may chance to fpoil the fwearing,

And the drum-major' s oaths, of bulk unruly,

May dwindle to a feeble — Cleaveland.

DRUM'MAKER, f. He who deals in drums. — The
drummaker ufes it, and the cabinetmaker. Mortimer.

DRUM'MER,y. He whofe office is 10 beat the drum.
— Drummer , (trike up, and let us march away . Shakefpeare .
Here rows of drummers (land in martial file,

And with their vellum-thunder (hake the pile. Gay.

DRUM'MING, part. adj. Beating a drum ; difearding
by beat of drum.

DRUM'MOND (William), an elegant Scottifli poetj,
A a fon

90 D R U

fon of fir John Drummond of Hawthornden, born in 1583.
He was educated at the high fchool, and afterwards at
the univerfity of Edinburgh. When he had finifhed his
academical (Indies, ■. he fpent four years in foreign travel ;
during part of which he refided at Bourges, for the ftudy
of the civil law. On his return 1,0 Scotland, in fie ad 'of
following the profeffion for which he had qualified him-
felf, he chofe to devote his time to mental improvement,
and the cultivation of polite literature. The affefting
circumftance of being deprived by a fever of a beautiful
young lady, to whom he was going to be married, threw
him into a melancholy, which rendered his home infup-
portable, and drove him for relief again to foreign travel.
He remained abroad eight year's, vifiting the principal
cities and univerfities of Germany, France, and Italy,
and cultivating an acquaintance writh men of letters.
Upon his return he employed himfelf in compoling his
Hiflory of the five Jamefes, Kings of Scotland, which
work did not appear till after his death. As his princi¬
ples were highly monarchical and epifcopalian, he was
much afflicted when his country broke out into civil war
againft Charles I. and he wrote many pieces in fuppcrt
of the regal and ecclefiaflical claims. The fatal event of
the conteff is thought to have fhortened his days. He
died in December, 1649, in his fixty-fourth year. From
the preceding narrative it appears that Drummond pof-
fefled that gentle and unambitious difpofition which fits
a man Tor the retired walks of life, and becomes a vo¬
tary of the mufes. It is almoft folely as a poet that
Drummond is now remembered ; and in that clafs he
may claim as high a rank as almoft any of his contempo¬
raries, without requiring any allowance for provinciality
of language. In fad!, his didtion is Englifh of the moft
cultivated kind then in ufe, and muft have been derived
to him from the ftudy of the beft models. The fweetnefs
and melody of his verfe in many inftances are fcarcely to
be exceeded ; and though in the thoughts there is a tinge
of the conceit of tire Italian fchool, yet much real beauty
©f imagery and truth of feeling are to be found.

DRUM'STICK, f. The llick with which a drum is
beaten.

DRUNK, adj. Intoxicated with ftrong liquor; ine¬
briated.— .We generally conclude -that man drunk , who
takes pains to be thought fober. Sp'iElator . — Drenched or
faturated with moifture. — I will make mine arrows drunk
with blood. Deut.

DRUNK'ARD,/! One given to exceftive ufe of ftrong
liquors ; one addicted to habitual ebriety. — God will not
take the drunkard' s excufe, that he has fo long accuftom-
ed himfelf to intemperate drinking, that now he cannot
leave it off. South.

DRUNK'EN,^’. Intoxicated with liquor; inebriated:
O monftrous bead ! how like a fwine he lies !

Sirs, I will pradtife on this drunken man. Shakefpeare.

• — Drunken men imagine every thing turneth round; they
imagine that things come upon them ; they fee not well
things afar off ; thofe things that they fee near hand, they
fee out. of their place, and fometimes they lee things dou¬
ble. Bacon.' — Given to habitual ebriety. Saturated with
moifture. — Then let the earth be drunken with our blood.
Shakefpeare. — Done in a (late of inebriation :

When your carters, cr your waiting vaftals-.

Have done a drunken (laughter, and defac’d
The precious image of our dear Redeemer,

You ftraight are on your knees for pardon. Shakefpcare.

DRUNK'ENLY, adv. In a drunken manner :

My blood .already, like the pelican,

Haft thou tapt out, and drunkenly carous’d. Shakefpcare.

DRUNK'ENNESS,y. Intoxication with ftrong liquor.
Every going off from our natural and common temper,
and our ufuai (everity of behaviour, is a degree of drunk-
tninefs. Taylor. — Habitual ebriety. — The Lacedemonians
drained up their children to hate drunkennefs , by bringing

D R U

a drunken man into their company. IVatts. — Intoxication
or inebrarion of any kind; diforder of the faculties. — •
Paffion is the drunkennfs of the mind, and therefore in its
prefent workings not controulable by reafon. Spenfer.

Drunkennefs, fays Mr. Paley, is a focial feftive vice,
the example of which, like an influenza', may corrupt
others, until a whole neighbourhood be infedted with the
contagion. .The fatal confequences of this vice cannot
be enough abhorred, nor fufficiently deplored : nor is it
eafy to imagine, after fo many (hocking inftances of re¬
vengeful cruelty and infamous conduft which (land upon
record as refulting from drunkennefs, how any human
being in thefe enlightened days, can fuftain the indignity
and folly of fuch a vice. Drunkennefs was the higheft
dilgrace to the court of Alexander the Great ; who, ac¬
cording to Seneca, died of a debauch. Being caroufing
with twenty guefts at table, in -the qity of Babylon, he
drank to the health of every perfon in company, and
then pledged them feparately. After this, calling for
Hercules’s cup, which held an incredible quantity, it
was filled, when he poured it all down, drinking to a
Macedonian, Proteus by name ; and afterwards pledged
him again, in the fame extravagant bumper. He had no
fooner fwallowed it, than he fell fenfelel's upon the floor.
“ Here, then, (cries Seneca,) this hero, unconquered by
all the toils of prodigious marches, expofed to the dan¬
gers of lieges and combats, to the moft violent extremes
of heat and cold; here he lies fubdued by his intempe¬
rance, and (truck to the earth by the fatal cup of Hercu¬
les.” In this condition he was feized with a fever, which,
in a few days, terminated in death. No one, fays Plu¬
tarch and Arrian, fufpected then that Alexander had
been poifoned ; the true poifon which brought him to
this difgraceful end was wine, which has killed many
thoufands befides Alexander.

The vice of drunkennefs fe feverely reprehended in the
holy feriptures. It is repeatedly forbidden by St. PauJ :
Be not drunk with wine, wherein is excefs. Let us walk honefly
as in the day, not in rioting and drunkennefs . Be not decerned;
neither fornicators, nor drunkards, nor revilers , nor extortioners,
fiall inherit the kingdom of God. Eph. v. 18. Rom. xiii. 13.
1 Cor. vi. 9. 10. The fame apoftle likewife condemns
drunkennefs, as peculiarly inconliftent with the Chriftian
profeffion: They that he drunken, are drunken in the night-,
but let us, who are of the day, be fober. 1 Theif. v. 7, 8. By
the law of England, drunkennefs is confidered as an ag¬
gravation rather than an excufe for any criminal beha¬
viour. A drunkard, fays fir Edward Coke, who is volun-
tarius daemon, hath no. privilege thereby; but what hurt
or ill foever he doth, his drunkennefs doth aggravate it :
nam omne crimen ebrietas, et incendit, et detergit. For the of¬
fence of drunkennefs, a man may be puniftied in the ec-
clefiaftrcal court, as well as by juftices of the peace. And,
by 4 Jac. I. c. 3. and 21 Jac. I. c. 7. if any perfon (hall
be convibted of drunkennefs by the view of a juftice, or
oath of one witnefs, &c. he (hall forfeit five (hillings for the
firft offence, to be levied by diftrefs and fale of his goods;
and for want of a diftrefs, (hall fit i ir the (locks fix hours :
and, for the fecond offence, he is to be bound with two
fureties in ten pounds each, to be of good behaviour, or to
be committed. And he who is guilty of any crime through
Iris own voluntary drunkennefs, (hall be puniftied for it as
if he had been fober. It has been held that drunkennefs
is a fufticient caufe to remove a magiftrate : and the pro-
fecution for this offence by the ftatute of 4 Jac. I. c. 5.
was’ to be, and (till may be, before juftices of petee in
their feflions by way of indictment. Equity will not re¬
lieve againft a bond, &c. given by a man when drunk,
unlefs the drunkennefs is occafioned through the manage¬
ment or contrivance of him to wdiom the bond is given.
Co. Lit. 247. 3 P. Wil.pt 30.

The baneful effects of drunkennefs-on the human frame
hnd conftitution are cor ftantly before our eyes, and yet
operate not at all in diminiftiing the evil. Vinous par¬
ticles abforbed into the fyitem muft diftend the blood in

the

D R U

the veins and finiifes, comprefs tlie medullary fubftance,
and difpofe to deep, and to a paralytic affeCtion of ti e
nervous fyftem. '

“ What fob'ernefs conceals, Drunkenness reveals.”
The'Latins fay ; Quad in cordefobrii, in lingua cbm : What
is in the heart of the fober man, is in thb tongue of the
drunkard; or, In vino veiritas. Gr. Ev oivu «?o)6eio:, In wine
is truth . Fr. L.e vin fait dine la veritc : When wine is in, the
wit is out. A proverb calculated to guard all men againfl
placing 'any confidence in drunkards.

DRUPACE'riE, / in botany, the thirty-eighth order
in Linnaeus's Fragments of a Natural Method: contain¬
ing thole trees which bear a drupe or plum.

DRUPA'CEOUS, adj. [ drupa , Lat. ripe fruit.] In
botar.v, trees bearing ripe fruit with a flefhy pericarpium.

DRUPE,/, [drupa, Lat.] In botany, a pulpy peri¬
carp or fruit without valves, containing a nut or (lone
with a kernel : as plum, apricot, peach, almond, olive,
cherry, &c.

DRU'RYD, a river of Wales, in the county, of Meri¬
oneth, which runs into the Irifli fea, about two miles
north-north-wed of Harlech.

DRU'SES, or Druzes, a remarkable nation in Palef-
tine, inhabiting between Mount Lebanon and the Medi¬
terranean Sea, and about Kefroan, under the fovereignty
of the grand emir of Deir al Camer ; and of whofe origin
and lridory a very entertaining detail is given in the writ¬
ings of M. Volney. The proper and didinCtive character
of the Drufes is a fort of republican fpirit, which gives
them mope energy than any other fubjefts of the Turkifh
government, and an indifference for religion, which forms
a finking contrail with the zeal of the Mahometans and
Chriftians. In other refpe&s, their private life, their
cuftoms and prejudices, are the fame with other orientals.
They may marry feveral wives, and repudiate them when
they choofe ; but, except by the emir and a few men of
eminence, that is rarely pra&ifed. Occupied with their
rural labours, they experience neither artificial wants,
nor thofe inordinate paflions which are produced by the
idlenefs of the inhabitants of cities and towns. The veil,
worn by their women, is of itfelf a. prefervative againfl
thofe defires which are the occafion of fo many evils in
fociety. No man knows the face of any other woman
than his wife, his mother, his filler, and fifters-in-law.
Every man lives in the bofont of his own family, and
goes little abroad. The women, thofe even of the lhaiks,
make the bread, road the coffee, wafh the linen, cook
the victuals, and perform all domeflic offices. The men
cultivate their lands and vineyards, and dig canals for
watering them. In the evening they fometimes affem-
ble in the court, the area, or houfe of the chief of the
village or family. There, feated in a circle, with legs
crolfed, pipes in their mouths, and poniards at their
belts, they difeourfe of their various labours, the fcar-
city or plenty of their harvefls, peace or war, the con¬
duit of the emir, or the amount of the taxes ; they re¬
late pad tranfaClions, difeufs prefent intereds, and form
conjectures on the future. Their children, tired with
play, come frequently to liden; and a ftranger is fur-
prifed to hear them, at ten or twelve years old, recount¬
ing, with a ferious air, why Djezzar declared war againd
the emir Youfef, how many purfes it cod that prince,
what augmentation there will be of the miri, how many
mufkets there were in the camp, and who had the bed
mare, This is their only education. They are neither
taught to read the p fa 1 iris as among the Maronites, nor
the koran lik<* the Mahometans. But if their mind be
deftitute of ufefirl or agreeable information, at lead it
is not pre-occupied by falle and hurtful ideas ; and, with¬
out doubt, fuch natural ignorance is worth all our artifi¬
cial folly. This advantage refults from it, that their
underdandings being nearly on a level, the inequality of
conditions is lefs perceptible. For, in fadt, we do not
perceive among the Drufes that great didance which, in
mod other focieties, degrades the inferior, without con-

D R U 91

tributing to the advantage of the great. All, whether
fliaiks or peafants, treat each other with that rational fa¬
miliarity which. iS equally remote from rudenefs and fer-
vility . The grand emir hi mfelf is not a different man
from the red : he is a good country gentleman, who does
not difdain admitting to his table the meaned farmer.

In a word, their manners are thofe of ancient times, and
of that' rudic life which marks the origin of every na¬
tion; and prove that the people among whom they are
dill found are as yet only in the infancy of the focial
date. According to Volney, they praflife neither cir-
cumcifion, prayers, nor fading ; they obferve neither fef-
tivals nor prohibitions ; they drink wine ; and allow mar¬
riage between brothers and fiders, but not between pa¬
rents and children, nor with drange women. They fub-
mit with implicit obedience to the government of their
emirs, and are faid to make the bed foldiers in the Turk¬
ifh empire. They are divided into a profane and a facred
cad, and make a didinclion between clean and unclean
food. They fvvear not at all ; and only corroborate their
affirmations with an “ I have faid it.” Their fabbath is
kept on the Friday. Their iman, or chief pried, is elqc-
tive. They are Unitarians ; but they acknowledge feven
holy law-givers, or prophets, Adam, Noah, Abraham,
Mofes, Jefus, Muhamed, and Sain. They maintain that
the fame celedial fpirit, divine mind, holy ghod, or an¬
gelic foul, was fucceffively incarnate in each of.thefe hu¬
man bodies. They believe the fouls of the four evange-
lids to have in like manner re-appeared among them, in
the forms of Ifmael, Alcolamoch, Ali, and Behardin.
They permit exterior conformity to the rights of other
feds, in thofe who travel ; but forbid the revelation of
their own tenets to the heathens. Their Muhamed flou-
rifhed in 1017, and was alfo called Druf, whence they
take their name ; but they value dill higher a later pro¬
phet, whom they not only call Sain, but Hamfa, and
whom they confider as the real Mediah. See C. W. Lu-
decke’s Defcription of the Turkifh Empire, 1780; and
Eichhorn’s Repertory, part xii.

DRUSIL'LA, [Gr. i. c. dewy eyes.] A proper name
of women.

DRU'SIUS (John), a protedant writer of great learn¬
ing, born at Oudenarde, in Flanders, in 1555. He was
defigned for the dudy of divinity ; but his father being
outlawed, and deprived of his ellate, they both retired
to England, where the' fon became profelfor of the orien¬
tal languages at Oxford : but, upon the pacification of
Ghent, they returned to their own country, where Dru-
fius was foon appointed profeffor of the oriental languages.
From thence lie removed to Friedand, where he was. ad¬
mitted Hebrew profeffor in the univerfity of Franeker ;
the functions of which he difeharged with great honour till
his death in 1616. His works fhew him to have been well
drilled in Hebrew ; and the dates-general employed him
to write notes on the mod difficult paffages in the Old
Tedament, with a penfion of 400 florins a-year : but, be¬
ing frequently didurbed in this undertaking, it was not-
publifhed till after his death. He held a vad correfpon-
dcnce with the' learned ; for,' befides letters in Hebrew,
Greek, and other languages, there were found 2300 La¬
tin letters among his papers. He had a fon John, who
died in England, aged only twenty-one, and was a pro¬
digy for his early acquifition of learning ; he wrote Notes
on the Proverbs of Solomon, with many letters and verfes
in Hebrew.

DRU'SUS, a valiant Roman, fon of Tiberius and Vip-
fania, who made himf?lf famous by his intrepidity and
courage in the provinces of Illyricum and Pannonia. He
was raifed to the greated honours of the date by iris fa¬
ther, but a blow which he gave to Sejanus, an audacious
libertine, proved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Livia.the
wife of Drufus, and in conjunction with her he caufed
him to be poifoned by an eunuch, A.D. 23. — A fon of
Germaiiicus and Agrippina, who enjoyed offices of the
greated trufl under Tiberius. His enemy Sejanus, how-
2 ever.

d r y

ever, effeffed liis ruin by liis infinuations ; Drufus was
confined by Tiberius and deprived of all aliment. He
was found dead nine days after his confinement, A.D. 33.
• — A fon of the emperor Claudius, who died by fwallowing
a pear thrown in the air. — M. Livius, a celebrated Ro¬
man who renewed the propofals of the Agrarian laws,
which had proved fatal to the Gracchi. He was mur¬
dered as he entered his houfe, though lie was attended
by a number of clients and Latins, to whom he had
propofed the privileges of Roman citizens, 190 years
before Chrift. Cic. ad Her. 4, c. 12. — Nero Claudius, a
Ion of Tiberius Nero and Livia, adopted by Auguftus.
He was brother to Tiberius, who was afterwards made
emperor. He greatly fignalized himfelf in his wars in
Germany and Gaul a gain'd the Rhxti and Vindelici, and
was honoured with a -triumph. He died of a fall from
liis horfe in the thirtieth year of his age, nine years be¬
fore Chrift. He left three children, Germanicus, Livia,
and Claudius, by his wife Antonia. The plebeian fa¬
mily of the Drufi produced eight confuls, two cenfors,
and one dictator. The fur name of Drufus was given to
the family of the Livii, as fome fuppofe, becaufe one of
them killed a Gaulifh leader of that name. Virgil , in
Ain. vi. B24, mentions the Drufi among the illuftrious
Romans, and that perhaps more particularly becaufe the
wife of Auguftus was of that family.

DRUS'WER, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate
of Wilna : fourteen miles weft of Braflaw.

DRUT'ISCHKEN, a town of Pruftian Lithuania, on
the Rominte : four miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Gumbinen.

DRUTZ, a river of Ruflia, which runs into the Dnie¬
per, at Rogatchev, in the government of Mogilev.

DRU'YN, or Drevin Petri, or Grand Drevin, a
town of Africa, on the Ivory coaft, at the mouth of the
river St. Andre. Lat. 5. N, Ion. 4. 5. W. Greenwich.

DRUYSK1 D' WAR, a town of Lithuania, in the pa¬
latinate of Wilna : eight miles north-eaft of Braflaw.

DRU'YE, a town of France, in the department of the
Yonne, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrict of St.
Fargeau : fixteen miles fouth of Auxerre.

DRU'ZENHEIM, a town of France, in the depart¬
ment of the Lower Rhine, on the Zorn, taken by the
imperial troops in 1704, and retaken by the French two
years after : four leagues and a half north-north-eaft of
Strafburg.

DRY, adj. [bp.i£, Sax.] Arid ; not wet; not moift. — .
If the pipe be a little wet on the infide, it will make a
differing found from the fame pipe dry. Bacon.

When God faid,

Be gather’d now, ye waters under heav’n.

Into one place, and let dry land appear ! Milton.

Not rainy. — A dry March and a dry May portend a' wltole-
fome fummer, if there be a fhowering April between. Ba¬
con. — Not fucculent ; not juicy. — 1 will drain him dry as
hay. Shakefpeare. — Wine that, by reafon of age, is pretty
well dephlegmated, or has loft much of its waterifh qua¬
lity. — Being without tears:

Dry mourning will decays more more deadly bring,

As a north wind burns a too forward fpring ;

Give forr.ow vent, and let the fluices go. Dryden.

Thirfty ; a-thirft :

Void of a bulky charger near their lips,

With which, in often interrupted fleep.

Their frying blood compels to irrigate

Their dry furr’d tongues. Philips.

Jejune ; barren ; plain; unembellifhed ; without pathos;
without flowers. — -As we fltould take care that our ftile
in writing be neither dry nor empty, we (hould look again
if it be not winding or wanton with far-fetched deferip-
tions : either is a vice. Ben Jon/on. — Hardjfevere. [ Dricn
anciently to endure ; dree, Scottilh.J

DRY

Hard dry ballings us’d to prove
The readied remedies of love;

Next a dry diet. . Hudihras.

“ He who drinks when he is not Dry, will be Dry
when he has no, drink.’’ That is, will confume his fub-
ftance in drunkennefs and folly, and thereby render him¬
felf incapable of providing for his common neceflities.

“ Dry bargains are feldom fuccefsful.” Spoken when
people are about a bargain, and propofe doing it over the
bottle or bowl. The Latins fay: Venalia, Jine vino , cx-
pediri non poffunt.

“To Dry fnow in an ove'n.” The Germans fay:
Soknee in ofen doerren. There are many proverbs to the
fame purpofe, calculated to (hew the folly of attempting
impoftibilities ; as, To wafh a blackmoor white ; To draw wa¬
ter in a fuve ; to kick againjl the pricks, &c.

To DRY, v. a. .To free from moifture ; to rarefy; to
exficcate.— Herbs and flowers, if they be dried in the
ftiade, or dried in the hot fun a fmall time, keep belt. Bacon.

The running ftreams are deep :

See, they have caught the father of the flock,

-Who (fries his fLece upon the neighbouring rock. Drydcn»
To exhale moifture :

’Twas grief no more, or grief and rage were one
Within her foul : at laft ’twas rage alone ;

Which, burning upwards in fucceflion, dries

The tears that flood confidering in her eyes. Dryden.

To wipe away moifture. — Then with herveft the wound
(lie wipes and dries. Denham. — To fcorch with third. — «
Their honourable men are famifhed, and their multitude
dried up with third. Ifaiak, v- 13. — To drain ; to exhauft s
Rafli Elpenor, in an evil hour,

Dried an immeafurable bowl, and thought
T’ exhale his forfeit by irriguous fleep,

Imprudent: him death’s iron fleep oppreft. Philips. ■

To Dry up. To deprive totally of moifture ; to take all
moifture away. — The water of the fea, which formerly
covered it, was in time exhaled and dried up by the fun.
Woodward.

To DRY, v. 72. To grow dry ; to lofe moifture ; to be
drained of its moifture.

DRY EXCHANGE, f. [cambium Jicclm,~L?it.'] A term
invented in former times for the.difguiling and covering
of ufury ; in which fomething was pretended to pafs on
both fides, v.-hereas nothing pafled but on one fide, in
which refpedt it was called dry : punifhed by flat. 3 Hen.
VII. c. 5.

DRY-FOOT, f. [a term of the chace.] Hunting by
the feent of the foot. — A hound that runs counter, and
yet draws dry-foot well. Shakefpeare.

DRY HARBOUR, a bay on the north coaft of the
ifland of Jamaica. Lat. 18. 30. N. Ion. 77. 16. W. Green¬
wich.

DRY-ROT, f. a term lately given by fome modern
furveyors to what is called “ an infeElious difeafe in tim¬
ber,” faid to arife from an infedtion in the ground, or
from the infedlioufnefs of old houfes. Others contend
that this decay of the timber in buildings, arifes from
nothing more than a conftant moifure or damp, either in¬
ternal or external, which encourages the growth of a
fpecies of fungus, or other cryptogamian plant, of which
the feeds are capable of taking root, on coming in contact
with the wood; and which, by drawing moifture front
the atmofphere, and conveying it inwardly by means, of
its infinuating and fpreading property, thus produces a de¬
cay. Analogous to this, a communication has been made
from Robert Batfon, efq. of Limehoule, near London, to
the Society for the encouragement of Arts, who have long
offered premiums for the difeovery and cure of the. dry-
rot in timber; and in which view Mr. Batfon dates to.
the fociety as follows ; “The dry-rot having taken place
, ia

DRY

DRY

in one of my parlours, in fuch manner as to require the
pulling down part of the wainfcot every third year, and
perceiving that it arofe from a damp ft'agnated air, and
from the moifture of the earth, l determined, in the
month of June, 1 7 S 3, to build a narrow clofet next the
wall through which the damp came to the parlour, which
had the defired effedt ; but, though it put a total (lop to
the rot in the parlour, the evil foon appeared in the clo¬
fet ; fungi of a yellow colour arofe, to a great degree, in
various parts of it. In the autumn of the year 1786, the
clofet was locked up about ten weeks ; on opening it,
numerous fungi were obl'erved about the lower part of
it, and a white mould was fpread by a plant refembling
a vine or fea-weed, and the whole of the infide, china, & c.
was covered with a fine powder of the colour of brick-
duft. It being then cleaned out, I foon perceived that the
evil had impregnated the wood fo far as to run through
every fhelf therein, and the brackets that fupported them;
it had alfo feized upon, and deflroyed, a moveable board
for breaking fugar on. I therefore, in the beginning of
the year 1787, determined to drip the whole clofet of
lining and floor, and not leave a particle of the wood be¬
hind ; and alfo to dig and take away about two feet of
the earth in depth, and leave the walls to dry, fo as to de-
ttroy the roots or feeds of the evil. When, by time, and
the admiflion of air, and good brufhing, it had become
fufficiently dry and cleanfed, I filled if, of fufficient
height for my joifts, with anchor-fmith’s afhes ; knowing
that no vegetable would grow in them. My joifts being
fawed off to their proper lengths, and fully prepared,
they and the plates were well charred, and laid upon the
afhes ; particular directions being given that not any
fcantling or board might be cut or planed in the place,
Jell any dull: or (havings might drop among the alhes.
My flooring-boards being very dry, I caufed them to be
laid clofe, to prevent the dirt getting down, which I
thought in a courfe of time might bring on vegetation.
The framing for lining the clofet was then fixed up, hav¬
ing all the lower pannels let in to be fattened with but¬
tons only; that, in cafe any vegetation (hould arife, the
pannels might with eafe be taken out to examine them.
This having now been done upwards of fix years, and no
vegetation or damp appearing, the whole of the pannels
and floor remaining in the fame (late as when fi rft put in,
I (hall have a fatisfatlion in taking a part of the floor
up, if the fociety think proper to appoint a committee to
examine the place.”

In confequei.ce of the foregoing letter, a committee was
appointed by the fociety, to examine and repoit the ttate
of the clofet, who met on the 15th of May, 1794; the
wainfcot being taken down, and the flooring-boards taken
up, they were all found entirely free from any appear¬
ance of the rot; and from all the circumttances then ob-
ferved, it was the opinion of the committee, that the
method advifed by Mr. Batfon, when fully and complete¬
ly put in execution, appeared to have anfwered every
intention mentioned in his letter ; and this opinion feented
the more juftly founded, as two pieces of wood (yellow
fir) which had been driven into the wall as plugs, with¬
out being previoufly charred, were affedted by the rot.

The fociety, however, appear not to feel latisfied that
the above experiment detects the radical caufe of the
evil; and therefore, in their TranfaCtions of the year 1802,
vol. xx. p. 32, they award “ To the perfon who (hall dif-
cover to the fociety the caufe of the dry-rot in timber,
and difclofe a certain method of prevention fiuperior to
any hitherto known, the gold medal, or thirty guineas.”

To DRY-RUB, v. a. To rub clean without wetting :
At twelve years old the fprightly youth is able
To turn a pancake, or dry-rub a table. Anon, in Dodjlcy.

DRY'ADES, nymphs that prefided over the woods.
Oblations of milk, oil, and honey, were offered to them;
and fometimes the votaries facrificed a goat. Virgil. —
They are ufually painted of a brown or tawny complexion,
hair thick like mofs, and their garments of a dark green.

Vol. VI. No. 333.

93

DRYAN'DR A, f. [fo named by Thttnberg fn honour
of his friend Jonas Dryander , M. A. a Swede, and mod
excellent botanift; now librarian to fir Jofeph Banks,
and the Royal and Linnasan Societies.] In botany, a ge¬
nus of the clafs dioecia, order tnonodelphia, natural or¬
der tricoccae, (euphorbiae, JuJJ.) The generic characters
are — I. Male. Calyx: perianthiunt two-leaved: divi-
fions ovate, acute, ttiorter than the corolla. Corolla five-
petalled ; petals obovate-oblong, from reflex patulous,
ungiticular. Stamina : filaments nine, united below into
one body, unequal, fhorter by half than the corolla; an¬
ther* minute. II. Female. Pericarpium: tricoccous or
tetracoccous, three-grooved or four-grooved, wrinkled,
flefhy. Seeds: folitary, oblong. What Thu nberg calls
the corolla, Juflieu names the calyx. — Ejfential Character.
Calyx two-leaved 3 corolla five-petalled ; (or, calyx five¬
leaved, refembling a corolla, furrounded by a two or
three-leaved calycle ;) ftamina nine ; fruit three or four¬
grained.

Dryandra cordata, or wrinkled dryandra. Stem arbo¬
reous, a fathom or more in height. Branches round, with
a wrinkled back, dotted, fmooth. Leaves at the ends of
the twigs, approximate, alternate, petioled, cordate,
acute, entire, five-nerved, the nerves branching, fmooth,
paler underneath, fpreading, ahand in length and breadth.
Flowers yellow. From the feeds they exprefs an oil for
lamps, and the table. The elasococca of Commerfon,
commonly called arbre d' Anile, or oil-tree, if not the fame
with this, is of this genus. By Thunberg obferved in
Japan, where it is called abrafm.

DRY'AS, f. [fo called by Linnaeus, from the Dryadest
or nymphs of the oaks ; the leaves bearing fome refem-
blance to thofe of the oak.] In botany, a genus of the
clafs icofandria, order polygynia, natural order of fenti-
cofae, (rofaceae, JuJJ.) The generic characters are— Calyxr-
perianthittm one-leafed, eight-parted; divifions fpread¬
ing, linear, obtufe, equal, a little ttiorter than the co¬
rolla. Corolla: petals eight, oblong, emarginate, fpread¬
ing, inferted into the calyx. Stamina: filaments nume¬
rous, capillary, Ihort, inferted into the calyx ; anther*
fmall. Pittillum : germs many, crowded, fmall ; ftyles
capillary, inferted into the fide of the germ ; ftigmas Am¬
ple. Pericarpium: none. Seeds: numerous, rounditti,
compreffed, furriifhed with extremely long woolly ttyles.
— Ejfential Character. Calyx five to ten-cleft ; petals five to
eight; feeds tailed, hairy.

Species. 1. Dryas anemonoides, or five-petalled dryas :
five-petalled ; leaves pinnate, with all the pin.nas diftinft.
This is a very fmall plant, native of Siberia; the radical
leaves are commonly ternate, compound, confittingofa
middle leaflet longer than the reft, and two lateral ones:
fometimes the leaves have more than three divifions;
they are of a bright green, and very fmooth ; the foot-
ftalk is round ; the (talk is terminated"by a iingle flower,
which is large in proportion ; the calyx is outwardly
green, and inwardly lanuginous, and of a filvery appear¬
ance ; the corolla is pale yellow, the petals ftriated ; the
ttamens are extremely numerous, and fhort; the germs
converge into a globe, and are coated with a white down.

2. Dryas oCtopetala, or eight-petalled dryas: eight-
petalled; leaves Ample. This delicate ever-green plant,
with its fnow-white blolibins, is a great ornament to al¬
pine heights. T. he ftalk and branches are woody and
perennial, lying flat upon the ground, and fpreading wide
about the root in tufts. Leaves ever-green, ovate, turned
back at the edge, ending very obtufely, gnd fometimes
emarginate, deeply and bluntly ferrate, or more properly
crenate, wrinkled on the upper fide, and hoary under¬
neath, having woolly foot-ftalks, and a large hulbert-
fhaped ttiptile to each, embracing the Hem. The ttrudture
of the ttipules renders this genus the connecting link be¬
tween rofa and the reft of the fenticolat. Viilars fays, it
has the leaves of germander, the petals and fruit of ane¬
mone, the calyx and ttamens of geuni, with which genus
it might be united. It foi*ns large tufts, like arbutus aL
pina, but the leaves are crenate and fmaller, and the
B b fiower*

94 DRY

flowers are very different. Native of high mountains in
Lapland, Denmark, Swifferland, where Rav obferved it
on Thuiri, one of the higheft points of mount Jura; the
Grifons, Savoy, Auffria, Carniola, Stiria, Garinthia, Ger¬
many, France, Italy, Siberia, Ireland, Scotland, and the
north of England; as between Gort and Galloway, where
it was found by Mr. Heaton, and near Sligo in Ireland ;
Breadalbanc, ille of Skye j Rofsfhire; Sutherland, and
Argylefhirc, in Scotland ; Arncliff Clowder in Litten-
dale, near Kilnfay ; and near Settle, in Yorkfhire. It
flowers in June. No cattle eat it.

Dryas pentapetal'a, mentioned by Sibbald as growing
in the den of Bethaick, four miles from Perth, is not now
to be found there; poilibly the potentilla argentea was
miffaken for it. See Gf.um Potentili.oides.

DRY'BURG, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Weftphalia, and biffiopric of Paderburn: feven miles
eaft-north-eaft of Paderburn.

DRY'DEN (John), one of the moft eminent of the
Britifh poets, born, as is fuppofed, in 1631, in the pari fit
of Aldwinkle-All- Saints, in Northamptdnfhire. His fa¬
ther, Erafmus Driden, (fo the name was then fpelt,) was
the third Ion of fir Erafmus Driden, bart. of Canons-
Affiby in the fame county. He polFefled a fmall eftate,
aCted as a juftice of peace during the ufurpation, and
appears to have been a prefbyterian. John, after fome
early education in the country, was fent to Weftrninffer
fchool, of which Bulby was matter, and was thence elect¬
ed to a fcholarlhip inTrinity-college, Cambridge, in 1650.
Neither at fchool nor at the univerfity does it appear that
he diftinguifhed himfelf for brilliancy of parts. In the
latter he took his degrees of bachelor and matter of arts;
but though he had written two fliort copies of verfes
about the time of his admiffion, his name is not found
among the academical poets of that period. His father
died in 1654, and John, as His eldeft fon, fucceeded to
the eftate. He removed to the metropolis, and made his
entrance into public life under the aufpices of his kinf-
man, fir Gilbert Pickering, a man of influence at that
time, one of Cromwell’s council and houfe of lords, and
Haunch in his religious and political principles to the
party then predominant. Dryden is faid to have been
his clerk or fecretaty ; and there is no reafon to fuppofe
that he did not voluntarily concur in the opinions and
practices adopted by his family. In the hiftory of the
changes of the human mind, few farts will appear more
extraordinary than that Milton fhould have been descend¬
ed from a catholic and loyalift family, and Dryden from
a fertarian and republican one. On the death of Oliver
Cromwell, Dryden joined the band of poets who cele¬
brated his memory ; and wrote on the occafton, Heroic
Stanzas, which are among the earlieft of his printed
verfes, and are ftrongly marked with the loftinefs of ex-
preftion and variety of imagery which characterised his
matured efforts. After the reftoration, Dryden loft no
time in endeavouring to obliterate former politics. He
greeted the king’s return with a poem intitled AJlrxa
Redux; and followed it up by A Panegyric on the Coro¬
nation, both written in drains of fervent loyalty. In 1662
he paid another homage, in fome lines addreffed to lord
chancellor Clarendon. It was probably oa account of
fome elegant verfes in praife of modern improvements in
philofophy, which he prefixed to Dr. Charleton’s treatife
on Stonehenge, that he was elerted a member of the
then newly-formed royal fociety. About this time he
appears as a writer for the ftage ; and his comedy of The
Wild Gallant was arted in February, 1663. It was un¬
favourably received by the public, notwithftanding the
patronage of Barbara Villiers, afterwards duchels of
Cleaveland, who, however, procured for it a kind recep¬
tion at court. He. then raifed his dramatic (train, and
wrote the tragi-comedy of The Rival Ladies, and the
tragedy of The Indian Emperor; and aflifted fir Robert
Howard in his Indian Queen. By thefe attempts, if he
did not prove himfelf a firft-rate favourite of the theatric

DRY

nittfe, lie difplayed a facility of harmonious verification,
and a Splendour of poetic diction. The fufpenfion of
dramatic entertainments, in confequence of the plague and
the fire of London, gave him leifure, in a rural retire¬
ment, to compofe an Eff.y on Dramatic Poery, which
proved him to be an elegant writer in profe, and an inge¬
nious critic. His marriage with lady Elizabeth Howard,
daughter of the earl of Berkfhire, is fuppofed to have
taken place during this interval, in 1665. Some circum-
ftances attended this connection which rendered it lefs
propitious to his advancement in life than might have
been experted from fo noble an alliance.

In 1667, Dryden published one of his moft lingular
poems, the Annus Mirabilis, the fubjerts of which were
the naval war with the Dutch, and the fire of London.
It is written in quatrains, or four-line ftanzas, or what is
now called the elegiac meafure ; but which at that time,
from the example of Davenant’s Gondibert, and other
pieces, feems to have been rather appropriated to heroic
topics. This piece could not fail of adding to the au¬
thor’s poetical fame, for it abounds in images of high
and genuine poetry, though intermixed with many extra¬
vagances. At this period of his life he became profef-
fionally a writer for the ftage ; for it appears that he en¬
tered into a contraft with the patentees of the king’s
theatre to furnifti them with three plays in a-year, upon
the condition of being allowed the profit of one fliare
and a quarter, out of twelve fhares and three-quarters,,
into which the theatrical ftock was then divided. This
is aflerted to have brought him in between 300I. and
400I. per ann. and was probably the principal part of his
income. Dryden feems never to have had, or to have
required, any other infpirer of his poetical exertions,
than either the call of party, or the regular demand of
pecuniary employment ; and he well deferves to be noted
as an illuftrious example of one who, poftefting the cha-
rarter of true genius, was yet able to reduce the labour
of his mind to a mechanical exartnefs, and could bring
all his intellertual powers into artion whenever he found
it neceffary. This neceffity, indeed, is fuppofed fre¬
quently to have rendered his productions lefs perfeft
than they might have been with the expenditure of more
time and attention ; and it is certain, that of the plays
written upon the contrart above-mentioned, a fmall pro¬
portion have kept their place on the ftage or in the
clofet. He did not, however, keep to his engagement as
to number; and it is computed, that during the greateft
vigour of his exertions he produced fewer than two dra¬
matic pieces within the year. On the death of fir W.
Davenant in 1668, Dryden obtained the port of poet-lau-
reat. Fie alfo obtained the finecure place of hiftoriogra-
pher ; and the joint falaries amounted to 200I. which,
however, in that needy reign do not feem to have been
paid with exartnefs. The tragedies written by Dryden
in his earlier periods were compofed in rhyme, as were
alfo thofe of feveral contemporary poets. This circum-
ftance probably contributed to that poetical rant by which
they were too much chararterifed, and which tended to
vitiate the dramatic tafte both of writers and auditors.
For the purpofe of correcting this fault, Villiers duke of
Buckingham, in conjunction with other wits, wrote in
1671 the celebrated burlefque drama, entitled The Re-
hearfal, of which Dryden, under the name of Bayes, was
made the hero. In order to point the ridicule, Dryden’s
drefs, phrafeology, and manner of recitation, were exartly
mimicked by the artor. But although the town enjoyed
the laugh raifed againft him, it does not appear that his
folid reputation as a poet was injured by the attack. He
had the candour to acknowledge that feveral of the ftrokes
in it were juft, and he wifely refrained from making any
direft reply to it. “ I anfwered not the Rehearfal, (fays
he,) becaufe I knew the author fat to himfelf when he
drew the picture, and was the very Bayes of his own farce :
becaufe alfo I knew that my betters were more concerned
than I was in. that fatire,” In fart, more of the parodied

paffages.

J OBTW TDKTZDEN,

JonJr/l T<'i>li;hol ,u thf .Lr iIu-(,-ts April i/f’uloj by J.lffikrt.

D R Y D E N.

pnffages and the instances of abfurdity are drawn from
other writers than from Drvden. In 1679, in conjunction
with lord Mulgrave, he published an Effay upon Satire,
in verfe. Some very fevere lines in this piece againft lord
Rochefter, provoked from that peer the retaliation of a
cudgelling inflicted upon Dryden by means of hired ruf¬
fians, as he was returning home one evening from the cof-
fee-houfe. The duchefs of Portsmouth is faid to have
joined in this outrage, in revenge of fome fatire beftowed
in the piece upon “the royal miftreffes.”

In 1681, at the king’s exprefs defire, as is aflerted, he
wrote his famous political poem, Abfalom and Achito-
phel, an adaptation of the incidents in the life of king
David to thole of the reign of Charles II. relative to the
duke o.f Monmouth and the earl of Shaftefbury. Its
poetry and Severity caufed it to be read with great eager-
nefs ; ami as it raifed«the author to high favour with the
court party, fo it involved him in irreconcileable enmity
with its opponents. This was Still embittered by his
Medal, a Satire on Sedition, written the fame year on oc-
cafion of a medal Struck by the whig party, when a grand
jury returned ignoramus to an indictment preferred againft
lord Shaftefbury for high treafon. The rancour of this
piece is not eafily to be paralleled among party poems.
It is laid to have been rewarded by the king with the gift
of a hundred broad pieces. A circumftance relative to the
Abfalom and Achitophel, has occafioned fome fruitlefs
Speculation. In the Second edition he added fome lines
to the portrait of Shaftefbury, liberally praifing him for
his judicial condudt in his capacity of chancellor. It has
been enquired what could have been the motive for a com¬
pliment which, according to the king’s opinion, injured
the poem 3 and a fuppofed presentation of a fcholarlbip
in the Charter-houl'e to one of Dryden’s fons, by Shaftef¬
bury, has been fuggefted. But Mr. Malone feems to have
proved that this presentation came from the king himfelf ;
and whether the compliment w’as a voluntary tribute to
candour, or a return for fome favour conferred, is ftill
undecided.

As he had Shewn his eminent powers in political fatire,
fo in 1682 he gave an admirable Specimen of literary fa¬
tire in his Mac-f’lecknoe, a Short piece ridiculing his
rival Shadwell. One of his mod ferious poems, the
Religio Laid, appeared in the fame year. Its purpofe is
to give a compendious view of the arguments for revealed
religion, and to afcertain in what the authority of revela¬
tion eSTentially confifts. Many of the Sentiments are can¬
did and judicious ; and though he dwells ftrongly upon
the difficulty of a right interpretation of the Scriptures,
and therefore admits the weight of early opinion and tra¬
dition, yet he -was at this time far from aifenting to the
exclufive claims of the Romifh church, as will appear
from the following lines refpecting the Papifts :

When want of learning kept the laymen low.

And none but priefts were authoris’d to know ;

When what Small knowledge was, in them did dwell.
And he a god who could but write and fpell j
Then mother church did mightily prevail:

She parcell’d out the Bible by retail ;

But Still expounded what She fold or gave.

To keep it in her power to damn or Save :

Scripture was fcarce, and to the market went j
Poor laymen took Salvation on content,

As needy men take money good or bad:

God's word they had not, but the priejl's they had.

In thole dark times they learn’d their knack fo well,
That by long ufe they grew infallible.

Soon after this he ceafed to write for the Stage. Pro¬
bably his dramatic vein was exhausted ; for the patentees
had already made complaints of his dilatorinefs, and de¬
murs had arifen about the payment of his- Salary. His
circumstances were diftreSTed ; and it is to this period that
Mr. Malone refers a letter written by him to Hyde earl of
Rochefter, in which, with modeft dignity, he pleads merit

5

&

enough not to deferve to Starve, and requefts fome fmall
employment in the cuftoms or excife, or, at leaft, the pay¬
ment of half a year’s penfion for his prefent neceffities.
“ I have (he fays) three fons, growing to man’s eftate.

I breed them all up to learning, beyond my fortune ; but

they are too hopeful to be negleCted, though I want - -.

I am going to write Somewhat by his majesty’s command ;
and cannot Stir into the country for my health and Studies,
till I fecure my family from want.” Such was the con¬
dition of this champion for loyalty under Charles II.
though lie was by no means an extravagant, and was cer¬
tainly an induftrious, man ! He never obtained any of
the requested places, and was doomed to find the booksel¬
ler's his belt patrons. The work to which he alludes is
fuppofed to have been a translation of Maimbourg’s HiStory
of the League, which was probably thought by the king to
afford an instructive parallel to the fanatical opponents of
his government. Some translations from the dallies, and
the publication of two volumes of Mifcellany Poems,
were his other literary occupations, till the king’s death,
in February, 1685. On that occalion he compofed
Threnodia Augujlalis, a funeral Pindaric Poem, which is
not one of his happieft eSFnfions.

A Short time after the acceffion of James II. Drydert
conformed to the religion of the new Sovereign. This
ftep has been the Source of much obloquy againft him on
the one fide, while, on the other, he has not wanted ad¬
vocates in favour of the Sincerity of his conversion. But
if the period of its taking place be contrasted with his
opinion of popery, declared in the lines above quoted,
and tlie bitter farcafms beftowed on its clergy in his Spa¬
nish Friar, it will furely require an uncommon Stretch of
candour to fuppofe that its immediate motive was any
thing more than interest. It may, indeed, be alleged,
that in changing his profeffion he encountered little dif¬
ficulty from his convictions. He had habitually treated
religion with very little reverence in his works ; and
where he confiders it ferioufly in his Religio Laid , he
feems wavering between different fyftems, .and not exclu¬
sively attached to any. It is therefore very credible that
he might regard the Roman. catnolic as a true -church,
and at lead of as good authority as any other ; nor, in
reality, is it ever to be wondered at, that one who is con¬
vinced of the duty of making reafon Submit to faith,
Should adopt that mode of faith which is Supported by
the moft Specious authorities. It is fuppofed that Dry¬
den’s lady had long been a catholic, as her brother the
earl of Berkshire was.' The adherence of the poet to
his new religion till the end of his life, notwithstanding
the inconveniences he afterwards underwent from it, can
Scarcely be adduced as a proof of his conviction, without
fuppofing him fo destitute of Shame, that he would have
been ready to recant a Second time. An additional pen¬
fion of iool. per annum was the reward he obtained for his
compliance ; and to this feems to have been annexed an
expectation that he Should employ his pen in the Service
of popery. He wrote a defence of a paper left at her
deceafe by Anne Hyde duchefs of York, Bating the mo¬
tives of her conversion ; and he appears, at the king’s re¬
commendation, to have undertaken a translation of the
HiStory of Revolutions in matter of Religion, by Varillas,
though the discredit of that author prevented it from
being given to the public. But the capital taSk which
he executed in the Same intention was his elaborate con¬
troversial poem of The Hind and Panther, the longeft
Single piece he ever compofed. This work, written upon
a very unpromifing fubjeCt, and on a plan of Signal ab¬
furdity, affords a Striking proof of the p-ower of Dryden’s
verfe. It was published in 1687, was read with avidity,
criticifed, ridiculed, and bore every mark of occupying
the public attention. At prefent, the admirers of Dry¬
den’s mule will probably concur in regretting that he
Should have employed the vigour of his mature faculties
on fuch a delign. The birth of a prince in June, 1688,
called forth a congratulatory poem, entitled Britannia Re. -

diviva} .

05 DRY

diviva , from the courtly hard, who ventured on the occa-
fion to ufe the poet’s privilege of prophecy, and foretold
a commencing era of profperity to the nation and the
chore li from this aufpicious event. It is fcarcely poflible
for the devotion of loyalty to be carried farther titan is
done in Dryden’s celebration of The Venerable Infant ;
indeed, the poetry (as is not unfrequent in his compofi.
tions) (ometimes trenches upon the piety, and his thoughts
borrow more from heathenifm than from Chriftianity.
But, equally to the confufion of the poet and his patrons,
the revolution took place within a few months, and the
hopes of the party were blalted for ever. Poor Dryden
was an early and levere fufferer from the change. His
polls and petitions were taken away, and to increafe the
mortification, the poetical laurel wras conferred upon his
infignificant rival Shadwell. T|he earl of Dorfet, it is
faid, would gladly have retained Dryden in his llation,
but this was impoffible. It would, however, have been
worthy of a government ellabliflied upon the principles
.of freedom, to have Ihewn fome generous regard to the
literary merit of fo diltinguilhed a perfon, notwithstand¬
ing his political demerits.

Dryden now, in advanced life, was to depend upon
his o.wn exertions for a fecurity from abfolute indigence :
for his .other refources appear to have been inadequate
ito a decent fupport. His faculties were equal to the exi¬
gence ; and it will furprife fome theorilts to be told, that
the ten concluding years of his life, in which he actually
wrote for bread, and compofed at a certain rate per line,
were thofe of the compofition of fome of the pieces which
have molt contributed to immortalize his name. Proba¬
bly, as one of the molt lucrative fpecies of writing, he re¬
fumed that for the Itage. In 1690, he brought out Don
Sebaltian, one of the belt of his tragedies, which was re¬
ceived with great applaufe. Cleomenes, written the next
year, underwent fome political obflacles in its way to the
Itage, but was at length acted. A tragi-comedy concluded
his theatric labours in 1693, and its unfavourable recep¬
tion mult have convinced him that he had lingered on
the Itage too long. In 1692, the production of an elegy
on Eleonora countefs of Abingdon, a lady whom he never
law, written at the requelt of a nobleman with whom
he had no perfonal acquaintance, attelled that facility of
mercenary praife, which lefs honoured his genius than it
degraded his moral character. He fliewed in the fame
year that he had been better employed, by the publica¬
tion of a tranllation of the fatires of Juvenal and Perlius,
of which three fatires of the firlt, and the whole of the
lalt, were executed by himfelf. He prefixed to the vo¬
lume a large difcourfe on fatire, dedicated to lord Dor¬
fet. We (hall pafs over fome other works, and proceed
to that great undertaking, the entire tranllation of Vir¬
gil. It feems to have been intended by his admirers that
this Ihould be a work of emolument to him, as well as of
reputation, and accordingly a fubfeription, at that time
an unufual thing, was entered into for its encouragement.
He began it in 1694, and it was fent to the prefs in 1697,
a period which mult be reckoned fhort for fuch a labour.
He himfelf has allerted, that “ it would require feven
years to tranllate Virgil exaCtly and it cannot be de¬
nied that his work in various refpeCts bears the marks
of halte. It neverthelefs maintains an exalted rank amid
the performances of this kind with which the Englilh
language is enriched, and lias greatly contributed to¬
wards the author’s poetical fame. The emolument he
derived from it is fuppofed to have been twelve or thir¬
teen hundred pounds. It is allerted that his fon, and
Tonfon the bookfcller, urged him to dedicate his tranf-
lation to king William, but he rejected the propolal.
Soon after the appearance of his Virgil, he was lolicited
by the Itewards of the mufical celebration of St. Cecilia’s
Day, to write a fecund ode for the purpofe : he had writ¬
ten the firlt in 1687, which did immortal honour to his
name. The next requelt produced his celebrated Alex¬
ander’s Feult, which Hands, perhaps, at the head of all

D E N.

the lyric poems in the Englilh language. Whether It
was, as fome alfert, “ Itruck off at a heat,” or whether
it occupied a fortnight in its completion, it is certainly
a wonderful proof of the fire of genius preferved in full
vigour to a late period of life. It appears that about
this time he meditated a tranllation of Homer, of which
he actually wrote the firlt Iliad ; but this delign gave
way to that of modernizing fome of Chaucer's tales,
which he undertook in 1698. He foon proceeded fo far
in the talk, as to venture upon a contract with his book-
feller, in 1699, to furnilh him with 10,000 lines for the
fum of 300I. a fpecies of bargain which may be deemed
as unpoctical as can well be conceived. Yeffo rich and duc¬
tile was the verlifying faculty of Dryden, that it produced
the collection called his Fables, which contains fome of
the molt entertaining and perhaps the molt truly poeti¬
cal pieces he ever compofed. Thefe are not taken from
Chaucer alone, but comprife Itories from Boccace, Ovid,
&c. This was the lalt of his great w’orks, for death cut
Ihort the time for writing more; otherwife, there was
ftill enough of the poet left in him to have made impor¬
tant additions to the lilt. His conftitution feems gradu¬
ally to have declined ; but the immediate caufe of his dif-
folution was an inflammation in one of his toes, termi¬
nating in a mortification, which, fpreading rapidly, put
an end to his life on the iltof Mav, 1700. Of a romantic
account of.liis funeral, publilhed by Mrs. Thomas, the
following fadts appear to have been the only foundation :
The corpfe was conveying in a private manner for inter¬
ment, at the expence of Mr. Montague, afterwards earl
of Halifax; when lords Dorfet and Jeffries, with fome
others, thinking the funeral unworthy of fo great a poet,
prevailed upon the attendants to fuffer the body to be
taken for embalment to an undertaker’s ; and in the mean
time applied to the college of phyficians for leave to fuf¬
fer it to be depofited in their hall till it Ihould be con¬
veyed to Weltminlter-abbey. It accordingly lay there
in Hate for ten days; after which period, a Latin oration
having been pronounced over the remains by Dr. Garth,
and the ode of Horace, beginning Exegi monumentum are
peremiius , having beenfung, a p.roceflion, very honourably
attended, fet out for the abbey, in which, with due fo-
lenmity, the body of Dryden was interred next to that
of Chaucer. The place was undiltinguilhed by a monu¬
ment, till a plain one, with his bull, was eredted at the
expence of Sheffield duke of Buckingham. The inferip-
tion, with good tafle, contains the name of the poet,
without addition or eulogy.

With refpedt to private charadter, Dryden feems to
have been of a cold and referved temper ; and, as lie
himfelf denominated it, pf a faturnine call. Yet, from
Congreve’s teftimony, he was friendly and humane, eafy
of accefs, and prompt to reconciliation after a quarrel.
He was backward in perfonal advances to the great, and
rather heavy in converfation. Though his pen was ex¬
tremely licentious, his manners appear to have been de¬
cently regular. He was domeftic in his habits, and af-
fedtionate towards his family. With a due fenfe of his
own fuperior merit, he was fenfible of his defedts, and
patient under criticifm. That he was capable of the ut-
moft bitternefs of party rancour, and unbounded in the
dillribution of venal praife, his writings too plainly tef-
tify. His real fentiments of men and things appear to
have been free, and it would be eafy to deduce from his
works Itrong exprellions of fcorn and indignation relative
to every fpecies of tyranny exercifed over mankind ; but
thefe are Angularly contralted by the dodtrines of pallive
fubmiilion, civil and religious, which it was his talk to
fupport. Few writers have fo much delighted in ap¬
proaching the verge of profanenefs ; whence it may be
fairly inferred, that, though religion was an interelting
topic of difeuilion to him, he had very little of its fpirit
in his heart. Yet he was not proof againlt fuperltitioir:
he w'as a believer injudicial altrology, and formed pre-
didtions from nativities call by himfelf. The character

D R Y

D R Y

of Dry den has been admirably drawn by Dr. John Ton in
iiis Lives of the Poets : it will here fuffice to (ketch an
outline. Dryden was a man of various and extenfive,
rather than of deep and accurate, learning. He had a
propenlity to difplay all that he pofleffed, whence he
abounds in allufions derived from every branch of fin¬
ance and fcholadic knowledge then cultivated. But his
copioulnefs of ideas furpalfed his judgment and fenfe of
propriety in the tile of them; and his erudition is often
ridiculous from the mouth which is made to utter it. In
tranflation he is frequently unfaithful to the fenfe of his
author; and, what is, perhaps, worfe, he fometimes de¬
viates widely from his character, and what may be called
bis coftume. As a dramatic writer, he has wit, force, and
majedy ; but net much of nature or propriety. He long
fupported the practice of writing tragedies in rhyme, and
forming them into what he called Heroic Plays, the model
of which was undoubtedly falfe and extravagant. Of
comedy, lie feems to have had' no juft idea, as maybe
judged by his depreciating every comic writer in compa-
rifon-of Jonfon. It has already been mentioned that few
of his plays furvivt ; perhaps the Spanifh Friar, Don Se-
baftian, and All for Love, are the only ones. The lad
of thele is regarded as his mafter-piece, and he has laid
that it was the only one which he wrote for himfelf ; but
it has lefs true character than Shakefpeare’s upon the
lame dory. As a general poet, he dands, perhaps, unri¬
valled in point of verdfication ; for though more correft-
nefs in the formation of rhyme couplet has (i nee been attain¬
ed, yet it is generally acknowledged that for fulnefs and
variety of harmony, for the free flow and reddlefs cur¬
rent of numbers, he lias never had an equal. The fenfe
often overflows to a third line with fine effedt ; and tri¬
plets and alexandrines contribute to vary the meafure,
though thefe, perhaps, occur with too much frequency.
The poetical character of the didtion is not lefs Ariking
than the harmony of the verfe; and more happinefs of
expreilion are found in Drydenthan perhaps in any other
poet. With great fplendour, there is alfo a fpirit and
familiarity of language, fometimes finking to coarfenefs,
but often conducing to wonderful drength. There is
fcarcely any fpecies of poetry in which lie has not ex¬
celled. Perhaps he was lead fitted for the pathetic. He
delights in the grand and fwelling, which fometimes de¬
viates into bombad, or lofes itfelf in rhapfody.

His dyle in piole deferves great praife. It is eafy,
elegant, and animated, full of variety and energy, and fo
far idiomatic as to afford perhaps the bed l'pecimen of
genuine Englidi. He chiefly exercifed it in the critical
effays prefixed to many of his works. Thefe are perform¬
ances of extraordinary vigour and comprehenfion of
mind, abounding in juft: thoughts beautifully elucidated,
but written hadiiy, and without the accuracy which would
now be required in iimilar compodtions. They are rather
eft'ufions than regular treatifes, but bear as drong a damp
of his own peculiar genius, as the mod elaborate of his
poems. They greatly contributed to the progrefs of cri¬
tical difeernment and juft fade in this country, .which was
only then beginning to fpeculate upon fuch topics. His
panegyrical dedications exhibit many graces of writing,
but the fulfomenefs of their praife mud difguft every
reader poffefl'ed of manly fentiments.

Dryden’s reputation has lod nothing by age, though
fome of his pieces, once popular, are now perhaps little
read, on account of the temporary nature of their fub-
jedts. He is dill one of the heroes of Englidi poetry,
which prefects fcarcely two or three names of greater
celebrity. The prefect age pardons him as a man, and
venerates him as a poet.

DR Y'DEN, a military townfliip of the American States,

the date of New York, having Ulyfles weft, and Virgil
on the ead; and on the foutli the town of Ovvego, in
Tioga county: eight miles from the foutli end of Cayuga
lake.

DRY'ER,yi That which has the quality of abforbing
Vol. VI. No. 334.

97

moidure. — The ill effedts of drinking are relieved by this
plant, which is a great dryer and opener, efpecially by
perfpiration. Temple.

DRY'EYED, adj. Without tears ; without weeping ;
Sight fo deform’d what heart of rock could long
Dryr.yed behold? Adam could not, but wept. Milton,

DRY'ING, part. adj. Making dry.

DRY'ING,;/. [from the part.'] The adt of making dry,

DRYLY, Without moifture. Coldly ; frigidly ;
without affedtion :

Wouldd thou to honour and preferments climb,

Be bold in mifehief, dare fome mighty crime,

Which dungeons, death, or bnnifliment deferves;

For virtue is but dryly prais’d, and darves. Drydcn.
Jejunely ; barrenly ; without ornament or embellidiment :
Some dryly plain, without invention’s aid,

Write dull receipts how poems may be made. Pope.

DRY'NESS,/. Want of moidure; fccity. — The mar¬
row fuppliesan oil for the inundtion of the bones and li¬
gaments in the articulations, and particularly of tiie liga¬
ments, preferving them from drynefs and rigidity, and
keeping them fupple and flexible. Ray.

Such was the difeord which did firft difperfe
Form, order, beauty, through the univerfe ;

While drynefs moidure, coldnefs heat redds,

All that we have, and that we are, fubflfts. Denham. .

Want of fucculence.— The difference of mufcular fleflv
depends upon the hardnefs, tendernefs, moifture, or dry¬
nefs, of the fibres. Arbuthiwt. — Want of embellidiment ;
want of pathos; jejunenefs; barrennefs. — Be faithful
where the author excels, and paraphrafe where penury
of fancy or drynefs of exprefiion afk it. Garth. — Want of
fenfibility in devotion ; want of ardour; aridity. — It may
be, that by this drynefs of fpirit, God intends to make us
the more fervent and refigned in our diredt and folemu
devotions, by the perceiving of our weaknefs. Tayl r.

DRY'NURSE,/! A woman who brings up and feeds a
child without the bread. One who takes care of another:
with fome contempt of the perfon taken care of. — Mrs.
Qmckly is his nurfe, or his drynurfe, or his cook, or his:
laundry, his waflier, and his wringer. Skakefpeare.

To DRY'NURSE, v. a. To feed without the bread:
As Romulus a wolf did rear,

So he was drynurs'd by a bear. Iiudibras.

DRYOPE'IA, an anniverfary day obferved at Afine in
Argolis, in honour of Dryops, the fon of Apollo.

DRY'OPES, a people of Greece, near Mount CEta.
They afterwards pafled into the Peloponneftts, where
they inhabited the towns of Afine and Hermione in Ar¬
golis. When they were driven from Afine by the people
of Argos, they fettled among the Meffenians, and called
a town by the name of their ancient habitation Afine.
Some of their defeendants went to make a fettlement in
Afia Minor, together with the Ionians. Herodotus.

DRY'OPIS, or Dryopida, in ancient geography, a
fmall country at the foot of Mount CEta in Theffaly. Its
true fituation is not well afeertained. According to Pliny,
it bordered on Epirus. It was for fome time in the pof-
felfion of the Hellenes, after they were driven from Hif-
tiaeotis by the Cadmeans. Herodotus.

D R Y OP' T E R I S, f. in botany. See Asplenium and
Poly podium.

DRY'PIS, f \_cctto rov tyvirrew, Gr. from its prickly
tearing quality. ] In botany, a genus of the clafs pentan-
dria, order trigynia, natural order caryophyllei. The ge¬
neric characters arc — Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, tu¬
bular, half five-cleft, permanent. Corolla: petals five ;
claws length of the calyx, narrow ; border flat ; plates
two-parted ; divilioiis, linear, obtufe ; throat crowned
with the two toothlets of each petal. Stamina: fila¬
ments five, length of the corolla; antherte Ample, ob¬
long, incumbent. Piftillum : germ obovate, compreffed;

C c ltyles

JD S A

9S

Ryles three, fnnple, patulous; digmas fimple. Pericar-
pium : capfule roundifh, covered by the calyx, one-cel.
led, fmall, clipped round. Seed: fmgle, kidney-form,
glolTy. — EJfential CharaSer. Calyx, five-toothed; petals
five ; capfule clipped round, one-feeded.

Drypis f'pinofa, a fingle fpecies. The Rems are pro¬
cumbent, four-cornered, brachiate ; the lad dichotomous
and flower-bearing. Frefh green branches pufh forth in
the fpring from, t lie dry ones of the former year, the ex¬
treme ones are dichotomous, and bear flowers. Biennial.
Native of Barbary, Italy, Iftriu, &e. It is named fperage
thijlle by Johnfon in Gerarde ; in Italy they call it erba
ciuccia, or afs-herb, becaufe that animal feeds freely on
it. See CtrcuBALUs and Salsola.

DRY S'D A LE (John), an eminent minifterof the churcji
of Scotland, born at Kirkaldy, in the county of Fife, April
29, 1718. He was the third fon of the rev. J. Dryfdale, mi-
nifler of Kirkaldy, and ot Anne Fergufon, daughter of
William Fergufon, e(q. provofl or chief magiftrate of the
fame town. He received the elements of clallical learn¬
ing at a fchool in the fame town, under David Miller, a
man who had alfo the honour of indrudting the celebrated
Adam Smith, and James Olwald of Dunikeir, perfons who
have reflected fo much luftre on their country, the one
as a philofopher and man of letters, and the other as an
eminent flatefman. While at fchool, John Dryfdale great¬
ly diftinguifhed himfelf as a clafiical fcholar ; infomuch
that he was fent very early to the univerfity of Edin¬
burgh. He there profecuted his dudies with great fuc-
cefs, and foon attracted the notice of the profeflbrs. Af¬
ter pafling through the ordinary courfes of languages and
philofophy, he engaged in the Rudy of divinity, the ulti¬
mate object of his repairing to the univerlity ; and, in
1740, he was employed as all; Rant minifler in the college
church at- Edinburgh. In 1748, he obtained a crown-
prefentation to the churcbof Kirklifton in Wefl Lothian.
Won -by his amiable manners, and fedulous to reward
profeflional piety and virtue, the marifchal'-college of
Aberdeen, without his felicitation or knowledge, confer¬
red on him the degree of doctor in divinity, by diploma,
bearing date the 15th of April 17 65: and the following
year, 1 lie death of Dr. John Jardine having produced a
vacancy in the Trcn church, Dr. Dryfdale was tranflated
thither ; and by royal warrant he was appointed one of
hismajefty’s chaplains, with one-third of the emoluments
o! the deanry ol the chapel royal, on the recommenda¬
tion of the late marquis of Rockingham. In 1773, Dr.
Dryfdale’s numerous friends thought it due time to raife
•him to the dignity, of moderator of the general aflembly ;
the greatefl mark of refpedl which an eccleftaflical com¬
monwealth can- bellow on any of its members; and, be¬
ing accordingly chofen without oppofition, he difcharged
the duties of the. office with great fatisfaClion to the ve¬
nerable court, and with infinite credit to himfelf. In
1784, Dr. Dryfdale was, by a very great majority of votes,
feated a fecond time in the moderator's chair. But he
did not long furvive this double honour; for he died on
the 1 6 1 h of June 1788 ; leaving behind him a mod valu¬
able collection of Sermons, publithed in London, in 1793,
in 2 vols. 8vo.

DRY'SKOD, adj. Without wet feet j. without tread¬
ing above the flioes in th.e water:

Has honour’s fountain then fuck’d back, the dream ?

He lias ; and hooting boys may dryjhod pafs,

And gather pebbles from the naked ford. Dry den.

To DRY'STITCH, v. a. in fttrgery, is when by means
of a piece of linen-cloth with ftpong glue, duck on each
fide a wound, its lips are drawn together.

DRYSWI'A i Y, a town of Lithuania, in the palati¬
nate of Wilna : fixteen miles fouth-wed of Brafiaw.

DRZEWIC'ZE, a town of Poland, in the palatinate
of Sandomirz : twenty-four miles wed-north-wed of San-
domirz .

BSAP'RONG, or Tchaprong, a town of Afia^ in the

D 6 A

country of Thibet, on the Lantchau : 343 leagues weft
of Lalfa. D

DSA'RIN, a lake of Thibet, about twelve leagues in
circumference. Lat. 32. 10. N. Ion. 95. 10, E. Ferro.

DSAT'CHOU, or Tsatch.ou, or Salchou, a river
of Alia, which rifes in Thibet, and pades into the Chi-
nefe province of Yun-nan, where jt changes its name to
I. ant-fan ; after eroding the province o-f Yun-nan, it takes
the name of Kiou-long.

DSEP'TONG, or Septong, a town of Ada, in Tin-,
bet : eight leagues wed-north-wed of Rimbou.

DSCHIK'KET AEI, or wild mule. See Eouus.

DSJAB'BE TAR, a fmall ifland of Arabia, in the
Red Sea, about forty miles wed-fouth-wed of Loheia.
Lat. 15. 32. N. Ion. 41. 33. E. Greenwich.

DSJAB'BEL, a fmall ifland in the Red Sea, about
eight leagues from the coad of Arabia. Lat. 14. 4. N„.
Ion. 43. 34. E. Greenwich.

DSJ A'LIE, a town of Arabia: twenty-four miles Youth-,
ead of Loheia.

DSJAR, a town of Arabia: eighty miles fouth-wed
of Medina.

DSJE'BI, a town of Arabia, in the country of Yemen ;
fifty-fix miles ead of Hodeida. Lat. 14. 44. N. Ion. 43.
40. E. Greenwich.

DSJEL'LEDI, a town of Arabia, in the country of
Yemen : twenty-four miles ead-fouth-ead of Chamir.

DSJOB el ALA, a town of Arabia, in the country of
Yemen: forty miles fouth-wed of Sana.

DSJO'BLA, a town of Arabia, in the country of Ye¬
men : fixty miles north-ead of Mocha.

DSOU'KIOAG, a lake ot Thibet, fifteen leagues in
circumference. Lat. 30. 30. N. Ion. 92. 10. E. Ferro.

DU'AL, adj. \_dualis, Lat.] Expreding the number
two. — ‘Modern languages have only one variation, and fo
the Latin ; but the Greek and Hebrew have one to fig.
nify two, and another to fignify more than two : under
one- variation, the noun is faid to be of the dual numlers
and under the other of the. plural. Clarke.

DUA'BOS (Los), a. town of the idand of Cuba : thirty-
fix miles ead of Villa del Principe.-

DUA'NESBURGH, atownfhip of the Aimerica-n States,
in Albany county, New York, containing 1470 inhabitants;
of whom 260 are electors.

DU'ARCHY, f. [of ova and apyyi, Gr.] A form of
government where two rule jointly.

DUA'RE, a town of Venetian Dalmatia, taken from
tire Turks in 1.646, and lod to them again foon after. It
was again taken by the Venetians in 1652: twenty miles
ead-north-ead of Spalatzo.

DUA'REN (Francis), an eminent French lawyer., born
near the beginning of the lixteenth century, at St. Brie.u
in Britany. He was an -intimate friend of the learned.
Bude, and acquired from him much knowledge of the
Greek tongue, and of Roman antiquities, which he re¬
paid by indrudting the children of Bude. He dudied the
civil law at Bourges under Alciatus, and afterwards prac-
tifed at the bar. of the parliament of Paris. At length lie
became profelTor of law at Bourges, w! ere he acquired
great fame as a teacher and writer. De Thou accounts
him the mod learned jurid of the age, next to Alciatus.
When advanced in life lie had to fudain a warm compe¬
tition from Cujas, then riling- into notice ; and the uni¬
verfity of Bourges was fo divided between their diici-
ples, that fe.rio.iis effects might have followed, had not
Cujas retired to Valence. Duaren had an indifferent
memory, fo that he was obliged to read his harangues,
which in fome meafure injured his reputation abroad.
His works were much efteemed, even by his rival Cujas;
though after bis death fome pieces, not meant for the
prefs, were injudicioafiy added from notes taken by his
fcholars. The principal are -. 1. Pro hbertate Ecclcfue Gal-
Hear adverfus Romanam, Defer, f>o Parifunfxs Curia. 2. DeJ'a-
crif Ecclcjics Minijlcriis ac Benfciis. 3.. Commentaries on
the Code and the Diged, Lite works, of Duaren were-

printed

DUB

printed together at Lyons, 2 vols. folio, 1578, and at Ge¬
neva, folio, 1603. He died about the age of fifty, in 1559.

DUARZE, a river of Spain, in the province of Gui-
pufcoa, which runs into the Orio, at Tolofa.

DU'AULT-QJJEl.IN, a town of France, in the depart¬
ment of the Not th Coafts, and principal place of a canton,
in the diftriCt of Roftrenen : three leagues north-weft of
Roftrenen.

To DUB, v. a. [bubban zo jiibejie. Sax. addubba till
riddara, Ilian, to dub a knight. Addubba, in its primary
fenfe, fignifies to Jfrike, knights being made by a blow on
the lhoiilder with a fword.] To make a man a knight.—
The king flood up under his cloth of ftate, took the lword
from the lord protestor, and dubbed the lord mayor ui
London knight. Hayward.

Knight, knight, good mother! Bafilifco like.

What! I am dubb'd-, I have it on my ilioulder. Shakcfp.
To confer any kind of dignity or new character. — A plain
gentleman, of an ancient family, is of better quality than
a new knight, though the reafon of his dubbing was meri¬
torious. Collier.

A man of wealth is dubb'd a man of worth ;

Venus fliall give him form, and Anftis birth. Pope.

DUB,/ A blow ; a knock :

As (kilful coopers hoop their tubs

With Lydian and with Phrygian dubs. Hudibras.

DUB'BA FETTE1E, a river of Hindooftan, one of the
branches of the Sinde.

DUBCHES'KI A1 A, a town of Ruffian Siberia, in the
government of Toboltk, on the Enifei : 164. miles 1101th-
north-eaft of Enifeifk.

DUB'DU, a town of Africa, in the country of Fez. It
was at one time an independent ftate, and governed by a
prince who took the title of king : eighty miles call of
Fez.

DU'BEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Saxony, and circle of Leipfic, on the Mulda : eighteen
miles north-north-eaft of Leipfic.

DU'BENINKEN, a town of Pruffian Lithuania : four
miles eaft of Goldapp.

DU'BEFOW, a town of the duchy of Courland : twen¬
ty miles fouth-eaft of Seelburg.

DU'BICE, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of
Wilna : twenty miles weft-north-weft of Lida.

DUBIEC'Z, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Lemberg : fifty-two miles weft of Lemberg.

DUBIN'KY, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of
Wilna : twenty-four miles north of Wilna.

DUBIO'SITY,/. A thing doubtful. Not vfed.— Men
often fwallow falfities for truths, dubiofities for certainties,
feafibil ities for poffibilities, and things impoflible for pof-
fible. Brown.

DU'BIOUS, adj. [dubius, Lat.] Doubting; not fettled
in an opinion. Uncertain ; that of which the truth is not
fully known. — No quick reply to dubious queftions make.
Denham. — Not plain ; not clear :

Satan with lefs toil, and now with eafe,

Wafts on the calmer wave, by dubious light. Milton.
Having the event uncertain :

His utmoft pow’r with adverfe pow’r oppos’d,

In dubious battle, on the plains of heav’n. Milton.

DQ'BIOUSLY, adv. Uncertainly; without any deter¬
mination. — Authors write often dubioujly , even in matters
wherein is expected a ftriCt definitive truth. Brown.

DU'BIOUSNESS, / Uncertainty ; doubtfulnefs.- — •
She fpeaks with dubioufnefs , not with the certainty of a
• goddefs. Broome.

DU'BITABLE, adj. \_duhito, Lat.] Doubtful; uncer¬
tain ; what may be doubted.

DUBITA'TION,/. \_dubitatio, Lat.] The aft of doubt¬
ing ; doubt. — Many of the ancients denied the antipodes 5

DUB 9f)

but the experience of our enlarged navigation can now
allert them beyond all dubitation. Brown.

DU'BITZA, a town and fortrefs of Croatia on the U11-
na : eleven miles north-eaft of Kaftanovitz.

DUB'KI, a town of Ruffia, in the government of Pe-
terlburg, on the gulf of Finland : fixteen miles north-
north-weft of Peterfburg.

DUBLIN, a county of Ireland, bounded on the north
by the county of Meath, on the eaft by t Ire Irilh lea, on
the fouth by the county of Wicklow, and on the weft by
the counties of Meath and Kildare ; twenty-five miles
in extent from north to fouth, and from nine to fixteen
broad from eaft to weft. It contains about 142,050 acres,
and, in the year 1790, 25,510 houfes, and 107 pari fires,
twenty of which are in the city of Dublin. 1 his coun-y
is in general flat, except towards the fouth, where it is
mountainous and rocky; towards tire lea it is broken into
bays and creeks, with feveral places of refort for lea-
bathing. The principal river is the Liffey.

DUB'LIN, the metropolis of Ireland, ranks as the fe-
cond city in the Britifh dominions, and the fifth tor mag¬
nitude in Europe, is (ituated in the province ot Leinfter,
in the county of Dublin, at the bottom of a large bay.
The river Liffey, which here difembogues itfelt into the
ocean, divides the town into nearly two equal parts.
Formerly the city of Dublin was confined to the loath
fide of the river, and was a place of great antiquity.
Ptolemy, who flotirifhed in the reign of Antoninus Pius,
about the year 140, fays, it was anciently called AJckcled.
In 155, Alpinus, whole daughter Auliana was drowned
in the Liffey, changed the name from AJdided to Auliana.
It was afterwards named Dublana, and Ptolemy calls it
Eblana. Dublana , whence comes Dublinum and Dublin, is
evidently derived from Dub-leana, “the place of tiie
black harbour or lake,” or rather “ the lake of the fea,”
the bay of Dublin being frequently fo called. This city
has had a variety of names. The Irilh call it Drom-dw/l-
coil, “the brow of a hazle wood ;” and in iSx,. Bogan
king of Munffer, being on a royal tour, paid a vifit to this
place, which was then called Alha CliatluDubb-Linc, “ the
paftage of the ford of hurdles over the black pool.”

The city of Dublin is feated in view of the fea on the
eaft, and a fine country which fvvells into gently riling
eminences on the north and weft, while it towers boldly
up in lofty mountains that bound the horizon on the
fouth. The city itfe.lf cannot be feen to full advantage
on entering the harbour : but the approach to it from
thence exhibits a fine profpeCt of the country for im¬
provement and cultivation, interfperfed with numerous
villas, that have a mod agreeable effect to enliven this
delightful feene, which, beginning at the water’s edge,
is continued all over the coaft to the northward of the
bay as far as the eye can reach, and is finely contrafted by
a diftant view of the W.icklow mountains to the fouth,
where the conical hills, called th z fugar-loaves, contribute
not a little, by the lingularity of their appearance, to
embellilh the landfcape, fo extenlive and picturefque as
mot to be equalled by any natural feenery in Europe, but
the entrance of the bay of Naples, to which it bears a
very ftriking refemblance. The form of Dublin is nearly
a fquare, a figure that includes the largeft area propor¬
tioned to its circumference. The length is two miles and
an half, and its greateft breadth is computed to be of the
fame extent : hence the city is about ten miles in circum¬
ference. It is laid to contain about 22,000 houfes,. whole
inhabitants are eftimated at 156,000.

The river Liffey is crofted by fix bridges ;, the fides are
embanked with fpacious quays, fo that veffels can load
and unload before the houfes of the merchants. The
bay is about feven miles broad, and unfafe in ftormy wea¬
ther, bitt the channel is confined for three miles on each
fide by a broad ftone wall, for the protection of (hips in
the road. Veliels which draw more than' feven feet can¬
not come up to the quay. A floating light has been
erected .on the north fide of the hat hour, to prevent ac¬
cidents.

100

DUB

cidents, and lighted every night ; and, in the day
time, a flag is conftantly hoifled from half flood to half
ebb. In this city are twenty parifhes, and eighteen
churches, fome chapels of eafe, belides the cathedral and
collegiate church. Dublin is the fee of an archbifhop,
ereded in the year 1152 ; it was a bifliopric in the fe-
venth century, and, in 1214, the bifliopric of Glanda-
lough, which was founded in the fixth century, was in¬
corporated with Dublin. The fee of Dublin has, there¬
fore, two cathedrals, both within the city : Chriflchurch,
founded for regular canons, and converted into a collegiate
church for a dean .and chapter by Henry VIII. in 1541 ;
and St. Patrick, for thirteen, now twenty-two, prebenda¬
ries. The univerfity was fir ft projected in 1311, but did
not flourifli till the reign of queen Elizabeth, who granted
it a charter. James I. endowed it with large eftates in
the province of Ulfter. Charles I. was like wile a bene¬
factor, and, in the year 1637, granted it a new charter and
ftatutes. It conlifts of a chancellor, a vice-chancellor,
provoA, vice-provolt, twenty-two fellows, and five royal
profefl'orlhips of divinity, common law, civil law, phyfic,
and Greek ; befides tlicfe, three others were founded by
fir Patrick Dun, of phyfic, chirurgery, and pharmacy;
there are likewife profeflbrfliips of mathematics, oriental
languages, oratory, hiftory, and natural philofophy : the
number of Undents is ufually about four hundred, includ¬
ing feventy on the foundation. Many other public build¬
ings and iaudable inllitutions decorate and dignify the
ci,ty of Dublin. The cuftom-houfe is a magnificent
ftrudure, It has four handfome fronts, all differing from
each other; the fouth, next the river Liffey, is of Port¬
land ftone, in the centre of which is ereded a cupola, of
very beautiful architecture, terminating upon the top by
a finely fculptured figure of commerce leaning upon her
bales and her anchor. Another elegant and well-con-
ftruded pile, contains the courts of public juflice, or, as
they are called, in Dublin, the fourcourts, i. e. the courtsof
chancery, king’s-bench, common-pleas, and exchequer, all
opening into a mod beautiful circular hall, richly deco¬
rated by architectural and Ituccoed ornaments, highly
pidurefque and emblematic of thofe courts of juftice.
The hall is covered by a dome, and above that rifes a
cupola, which, from its defign, forms an external elevation,
not only partially beautiful to the building, but generally
beautiful to the tout cnfcmble of the whole city. This edi¬
fice is enriched with fome flatues, excellently fculptured ;
the principal of which is a fine figure of Mofes, which
ftands upon the top of the pediment, over a very chafte
and beautiful inverted femi-circular colonnade, or portico,
of a fancied order, nearly Corinthian, in the aft of pro¬
mulgating the law. Immediately attached to this build¬
ing, are all the fubordinate offices dependent upon and
belonging to the refpedive courts. In Trinity college two
beautiful buildings have lately been erected, each having
a portico of columns in the Corinthian order. The one is
an amphitheatre for public examinations, in which are
fome excellent portraits of literary characters, painted
by eminent artifts, fome by the late fir Jofliua Reynolds ;
as alfo a very fine monument to the memory of the late
cioftor Baldwin, formerly provolt of this univerfity, ex¬
ecuted in Italy, by an Irifli fculptor, Hewetfon ; it pof-
fefles much animation, fpirit, and correCtnefs; the ex¬
pence was two thoufand guineas. The other building,
w hich (tands diredly oppofite, and which is exaCtly fimi-
lar externally, is a beautiful chapel. The library is fpa-
cious, grand, and valuable, adorned with many bultos in
white marble. Here is alfo what is called the anatomy-
houfe, a molt curious and wonderful production of human
ingenuity, of no lefs magnitude, labour, and fcience, than
a cabinet of wax models, large as life, and coloured as in
nature, reprefenting all the Itages of geftation, from con¬
ception to the birth of the child, molt exquilitely execut¬
ed, and long fanCtioned by the molt able profell’ors, as an
unrivalled production of excellence and illultration.
What is called the royal hofpital of Kilmainham, is a

L I N.

large, plain, brick building, forming a hollow fquare,
finely elevated, at the weftern extremity of Dublin, amidft
a well-planted piece of ground, inhabited by invalid of¬
ficers and foldiers; for whofe aid, together with a fmall
penfion from the crown, it was eltablillied and founded,
fimilar to Chelfea lmfpital. In a part of this building,
is a commodious fuite of apartments, occupied by the
commander in chief of tire army in Ireland (for tire time
being), at which place the chief governor, or lord lieu¬
tenant, was frequency entertained. Another capital cha¬
rity is the Blue-coat hofpital, founded fur the maintenance
and education of the fons of decayed free citizens of Dub¬
lin. Tire next hofpital which claims our notice is that
inflituted for the relief of poor lying-in-women. It was
founded by Dr. Mol's, and continues to be patronized by
almoft every benevolent lady in Ireland (Dublin in par¬
ticular), as well as by the humane public. Tire number
of women under this defeription relieved in this houfe,
has been, in forty years, 37,615; and tire number of
children born there iir that fpace of time, 38,291; viz.
2 o, oS 2 boys, and 18,209 girls. Of thefe women', 667 had
twins ; eleven had three, and one had four children at a
birth.

There are, befides, a great number of inferior charities
in this capital ; but their external appearance does not
claim the attention of travellers. There is, however,
one whofe inftitution is very recent, and whofe growth has
been wonderfully rapid, as if foftered by the providential
and merciful dew of heaven. This is the orphan-houfe
for defiitute female children, a receptacle of plain and
humble architedure. This inftitution was opened upon
the firft day of January 1790, in confequence of a truly
pious and charitable woman, who, in the daily habit of
feeking out wretchednefs for the purpofe of adminiftering
relief, difeovered a number of deftitute infants, at differ¬
ent times, expofed to perifh in ditches and upon dung¬
hills. With her own private purfe fhe began to form an
afylum againft fuch barbarity ; which was loon perfected
by the humane public. Here are, befides thefe, fourteen
other hofpitals, chiefly lupported by voluntary contri¬
butions. The churches in Du’ 1 in (which has each its
parochial fchool), exhibit no external beauty, nor yet
much internal decoration. St. Patrick’s cathedral, from
its antiquity, is worth invefligation ; and its fteeple is
much loftier than any of the others.

The city of Dublin lias been rapidly improving fince
the union of the lifter kingdoms. Within the laft two
years, there has been completed a very noble undertaking,
namely, docks of great magnitude, erected by the com¬
pany of undertakers of the grand canal. The two, or ra¬
ther one great floating-dock, (there being no lock dividing
them,) the only divifion being a drawbridge of a peculi¬
arly light, yet durable, conftrudion, is capable of con.
tabling eight hundred fail of merchant-lhips, and give
fufficient fpace for each to carry on their trade with am¬
ple room there are befides attached 10 this dock, three
graving docks for building or repairing fhipping ; the di-
menfionsof the largeft is 180 feet long by fixtyfeet wide ;
and they appear to be built upon the fame improved con-
ftrudtion as that of the great dock at Portfmouth, finiftied
about the year 1795. The walls which inclofe, or, in
other words, the embankments of thefe docks, are built
in the 1110ft perfed and durable manner, and refled: infi¬
nite honour upon the fpirit of the grand canal company
of Dublin. That inland navigation is now fo fur com¬
pleted, as to form a perfed water-carriage from St.
George’s Channel, or the Irifli Sea, on the eaftern fide of
Dublin, into the river Shannon, which empties itfelf in¬
to the Atlantic Ocean at the weftern fide of Ireland, and
thus completely interfeds the whole kingdom through
its centre. Thefe docks were opened, upon the 23d of
April, 1796, (being St. George’s day,) with much pomp
and ceremony.

The general appearance of the city of Dubli; , is ex¬
tremely beautiful, from the number of publifybuildings,

& c.

DUB

&c. the principal ftreets are well paved and lighted,
and the flagged way on either fide, with fome few excep¬
tions, is broad and tolerably clean. The places which
form fquares, are St. Stephen’s Green, in the centre of
which is an equeftrian ftatue of George the Second, finely
executed in copper, and elevated upon a large pedeftal ;
the ground in this fquare is one mile in circumference.
Merrion-fquare is delightfully fituated ; mod of the
houfes having a view of Dublin bay and Wicklow moun¬
tains ; the centre is inclofed by an iron palifado, eredted
upon a handfome cut-ftone plinth and bafe, and a neat
lhrubbery running round the whole, immediately within-
fide the railing ; the houfes-are all of a very large fize ;
much uniformity has been preferved in building them ;
and the appearance altogether is highly improved by
Leinfter-houfe, and lawn, forming the weft fide of this
-fquare. Rutland-fquare, from its lofty trees and hand¬
fome walks, fituated upon the declivity of a, hill, adds
much to the beauty of Dublin; and Mountjoy-fquare is
beautifully fituated, and commands various delightful
profpefts.

Hofpitality reigns throughout Dublin with as much
profufion as in the reft of the kingdom ; the people of
fafliion can no where be found more refined and fplendid.
The only public entertainment is a badly-attended thea¬
tre, open about eight months in the year. Vice feems
not to have arrived at that pitch of audacity in Dublin,
as in London; a courtezan would not be fuffered to mix
with the company in the lower boxes of the theatre,
they muft go aloft ; nor is the Cyprian tribe there cither
proportionably numerous, or alluring; the Irifli women
are charadteriftically induftrious and virtuous.

The Phcenix park, belonging to the crown, and which
takes its name from a lofty pillar in white marble, of the
Corinthian order, with a phoenix on the top, is fituated
at the weftern extremity of Dublin, extending weftward
upwards of three miles, and about two from north to
fouth ; in this park is the phcenix lodge, which was pur-
chafed by government about the year 1782, for the bum¬
mer residence of the lord lieutenants. And here a Ho is
the falute battery, on which is eredled twenty-two pieces
of cannon, which are fired upon all occafions of public
rejoicing ; and a little to the weftward is the magazine of
ammunition for his majefty’s forces, a ftrong fortification,
always occupied by an officer’s guard of the royal Irifli
artillery, and latterly confiderably augmented. In the
eaftern part of this park there has been, a few years fince,
erected a fimple but beautiful building, an infirmary for
the foldiery, which is 1110ft pleafingly fituated upon an
elevated piece of ground, and adds much to the tout en-
femble of this charming fpot. This extenfive place is the
Hyde Park of Dublin, being open to the public, and much
frequented by equeftrians, as well as pedeftrians ; and
here are performed all military reviews. '

The cal tie of Dublin is fituated nearly in the centre of
the city : it was not ufed as a palace, or refidence of the
viceroy, till the reign of Elizabeth, when it was repaired
and beautified by fir Henry Sidney, lord deputy. The
parliament houle, now difufed, is a magnificent building,
eredted between the years 1729 and 1739, at the expence
of 40,0001. The Royal Exchange coft likewife 40,0001.
and was ten years in building, from the year 1769 to the
year 1779. The royal college of phyficians was efta-
blillied in 1679; the royal college of burgeons in 1785;
the academy for the advancement of fciepce, polite lite¬
rature, and antiquities, in 1786. Other focieties are for
foldiers’ orphans; the marine fociety ; fociety for pro¬
moting the linen and hemp manufacture ; for improving
agriculture, &c. The houfe of induftry alfo merits re¬
gard, as being the belt regulated, and perhaps the mod
productive, in coming nearer the original defign, than
any other in Europe. The civil government of Dublin
is executed by a lord mayor, recorder, two flieriffs, twen¬
ty-four aldermen, and a common-council, formed of re-
prefentatives from the twenty-five corporations. The
Vol. VI. No. 334.

L I N. 101

mayor tries all offences, even capital ones, except murder
and treafon, and matters of property for any fum under
twenty pounds. A new police, lately'eftabliflied by aft
of parliament, under a chief and three affiftant comniif-
fioners and four divifional juftices, who are aldermen of
the city, conlifts of forty horfe, and four hundred foot,
well armed, trained, and clothed, ftationed in watch-
houfes, and patrolling the ftreets every night. Befides
the filk, woollen, and worfted, manufactures carried on in
that quarter of the fuburbs called tk% earl of Meath's li¬
berty, and confiderably improved within thefe few years,
other branches of ufefnl manufacture are eftabliftiing in
different parts of the metropolis ; and though the trade
in Dublin has heretofore confided chiefly in the importa¬
tion of foreign commodities, yet now that the reftriftion
of its woollenand 1110ft other goods are removed, it is ex¬
pected that the daily enlargement of the export trade
will caufe a proportional increafe of opulence. Dublin
is remarkably well (applied with provide) ns ; with coals,
chiefly from Scotland and Cumberland, and with water
from the Liffey, by machines curioufly conftruCted at
Itland-bridge on. the north, and from a fine refervoir on
the fouth. The atmofphere being chiefly moiftand wet,
contributes to give the ftreets a dirty appearance. Lat.
53. 21. N. Ion. 6. 1 5. W. Greenwich.

The vicinity of Dublin is rich in cultivation, and ma-
jeftically adorned with feats and noble manfions. From
the weftern gate of the Phoenix park, the approach com¬
mands a view of a rnoft beautiful valley, taking in the
villages of Chapel-izod and Palmerftown, through which
the river Liffey grandly glides, forming different cafcades,
and the whole terminated by the finely-lituated houfe of
lord Donoughmore. Proceeding to the top of Knock-
maroon hill, a village about three miles from Dublin,
we have a mod delightful, profpeft ; and, defeending
more to the weftward, we enter one of the mod beauti-
fully-lituated roads perhaps in the world, called the low
road to Lucan, being about four miles in length; it is
through a winding valley on the light hand of which is,
for the rnoft part, a very high hill, richly cultivated, and
from its fouthern afpeft is extenfively planted with ftraw-
berries, which fruit it produces in great abundance, and
in conftant fucceffion, from May until September, both
months inclufive. The road is ihadowed by plantations
of oak, elm, and afh trees ; and all along the left hand,
from Knockmaroon, is the river Liftey filently flowing
its courfe, the grandeur of which is fometimes interrupted
by mill-weirs crofting the river, but which amply com-
penfate the feaft of the eye, by the cafcades which they
form ; and hence it is that the navigation of the river
Liffey is in this part impeded. Farther to the left hand,
and to the end of this road, beyond the river, the ground
riles in a gradual afeent ; in fome parts next the water
are mills, in others bleach-greens for linens; but, for the
rnoft part, the fide of the hill prefents the highly deco¬
rated improvements of lord Leitrim, lord Carhampton,
and lord Pery, which- terminating by a bridge, we arrive
at the village of Lucan, fituated between fix and (even
miles weft from Dublin. Here is tire celebrated Lucan
fpa, much reforted to, and deemed extremely efficacious
in fcorbutic and nervous complaints; the fpa has lately
been decorated, and is now fiieltered by a building, form¬
ing a ninegon, neatly executed ; and upon the top of the
pump is placed a handfome urn. There is a rural
thatched feat for the water drinkers ; near which is Lucan
Houfe, finiftied in 1780, in an elegant ftyle, enriched with
medallions from the defigns of Angelica Kauffman.
About a mile to the weft is a neat and beautiful village,
called Leixlip, inhabited by an humble fet of people,
who, in addition to their induftry in lnifbandry, let lodg¬
ings in the fummer feafon, to fuch as refort there for the
benefit of the Lucan fpa. In a part of this demefne is a
rnoft grand water-fall, called the falmon leap, about eigh¬
teen feet high ; the top of the ridge is paffable when the
water is low, and with the afiiftance of a ruined arch, a
D d communication

102

DUB

BUB

communication is formed with the oppofite fide of the
river; the breadth of the whole is about 180 feet. In
floods which fall from the mountains, this cataraft’s
height is fometimes increafed to thirty feet. The falrnon
generally begin to run in March or April, and to return in
Auguft and September, when manyperfons frequent this
place to fee them leap. Soon as they arrive at the bot¬
tom of the fall, they rife j u ft above the water for near
half a minute, as if to obferve the height and diflance ;
then finking, they prefently dart ftraight up from the fur-
face, fhaking their fins and tails with a quick motion,
and often clear the leap at the firfl fpring ; but frequently
the force of the falling water throws- them back upon
the (helving rocks, from whence they leap back again,
and wait fome time before they make a fecond attempt.
On the 25th of Auguft, 1797, one hundred falrnon were
feen to leap this fall in the fpace of two hours. Thefe
fifli are taken in great abundance, and the citizens of
Dublin are at all times fupplied with falrnon at a very
low price. Upon a richly planted hill, oppofite the fall,
js eredted a very handfome Gothic temple, which com¬
mands a full view of the falrnon leap, and adds much to
the beauty of this charming fcene.

About eight miles from Dublin, is that grand promon¬
tory, the Hill of Ilowth, magnificently placed in St.
George’s channel ; this is the firfl land which appears
to the mariner when fleering diredt from Holyhead, Park-
gate, or Liverpool, for the bay of Dublin: upon the
fummit of this hill is eredted a very excellent light-houfe,
whofe brightnefs afFords much fafety to all the (hipping
fleering thither by night. Many perfons affert, that they
have feen the Welch mountains with the naked eye from
the fummit of this hill upon a clear day, being a diflance
of twenty-one leagues.

DUB'LIN, a townfliip of the American States, in
Chefnire county, New Hampfhire, on a branch of Aftiu-
elot river, and north of the Great Monadnock, contain¬
ing 901 inhabitants. It is twenty-eight miles fouth-eaft
of Charleftown, and eighty-two weft of Portfmouth : in¬
corporated in 1771.

DUB'LIN, a pleafant town of North America, in Phi¬
ladelphia county, Pennfylvania, ten miles north-eaft of
Philadelphia, and as far fouth-weft of Briftol. Alfo, a
townfliip in Huntingdon county, in Pennfylvania.

DUB'NO, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Vol-
hynia : twenty-four miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Lucko.

DUB'NO, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Belcz ; forty miles north of Belcz.

DOBO'JA, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of
Brzefc : ten miles weft-fouth-weft of Brzefc.

DUBOI'S. (William), an extraordinary example of
corrupt elevation ; the Ion of an apothecary at Brive-la-
Gaillarde, in Limofin. He was born in 1656, and re¬
ceived the rudiments of education in the fchool of his
birth-place. He early diftinguiflied himfelf for quicknefs
of parts and vivacity of temper, attended with a great
propenfity to f.tlfehood. He went young to Paris, and
entered into the college of St. Michael ; but fuch was his
indigence, that he was obliged for his fupport to ferve
the principal as his valet. After having acquired fome
knowledge of philofophy and the languages, he fuccef-
fively occupied the polls of preceptor in different fami¬
lies, till at length he was recommended to M. de Saint-
Laurent, fub-governor to the young duke de Chartres,
afterwards the regent duke of Orleans. This was the
circumftance which introduced Dubois to the path of
fortune. By his fupple and infinuating difpofition he in¬
gratiated himfelf with Saint-Laurent, who caufed him to
be decently clad, and then placed him with the young
prince as teacher of the elements of the Latin language.
Dubois performed his duty with credit, and at the fame
time acquired the favour of fome of the young nobles who
h.ad places about the prince ; fo that, upon the death of
Saint-Laurent, he was made preceptor and reader, with a
eonfiderable falary. He gave fatisfadtion at court by the

attention he paid towards bringing forward his pupil .in
his ftudies, and at the fame time he fecured an afcend-
ancy over his mind by corrupting his principles. He ac¬
companied the duke de Chartres in his campaigns in
Flanders, where lie difplayed eonfiderable intrepidity,
and rendered himfelf agreeable to the officers by dextrous
flattery and lively converfation. Such was his influence
over the duke, that he was the perfon chiefly employed
by the court in order to induce him to marry the king’s
natural daughter, madame de Blois ; and his fuccefs in
this negociation was rewarded by the abbacy of St. Juft.
In 1717 he was fent as ambaffador plenipotentiary into
England, where he figned the triple alliance. On his re¬
turn he was made minifter and fecretary of ftste for fo¬
reign affairs, and he acquired the entire management of
that department. The archbiftiopric of Cambray, one of
the richeft in the kingdom, becoming vacant, Dubois
wiflied to obtain it ; and he was confecrated archbifhop
in a pompous ceremony, at which the regent himfelf and
all his court aflifted. This fhameful profufion of court
favours was aggravated by his elevation to the cardinalate
in the next year, 1721, not without a long refiflance on
the part of pope Innocent XIII. whofe forced compliance
was thought to have fliortened his days. The cardinal
was admitted into the council of regency in 1722, and
foon after was declared firfl minifter of (fate. He alfo
thought it fuitable to his dignity to be admitted among
the members of the French academy, and his vanity led
him to make a point of being received by the title of
mon/eigneur , which had been given to no academician be¬
fore him. Thus arrived at the fummit of power and
place, rolling in opulence, and having feen every thing
great by rank and title crouch beneath his meannefs, he
was attacked by a fatal difeafe, the confequence of his
early debaucheries, which, after a painful chirurgical
operation, put a fpeedy end to his life. He died in Au¬
guft, 1723, at the age of fixty-feven. A mod magnificent
maufoleum (the mafter-piece of the fculptor Couftou)
was eredted for him in the church of St. Honore. After
the enumeration of all his titles and employments, the
infeription ends thus : “ What are all thefe titles and
honours but the changing bow of heaven, and the vapour
that melts into air ! Paffenger, intreat of Heaven, for the
deceafed, more folid and more fubftantial blefiings.”
Dubois was a man of parts, but not of abilities equal to
the great pofts he occupied. He was hafty and impa¬
tient, purfuing the bufinefs of the moment with an ar¬
dour which obliterated every thing elfe. His papers were
never kept in any order; fo that he ufed frequently, in
fearching after any thing he wanted, to fvvear exceflively.
One of his clerks told him, “ Your eminence had better
hire a man, to fvvear for you, and then you will gain fo
much time.” No man had ever a more corrupt heart;
and fuch was his contempt of virtue, that he fcorned to
pradtife hypocrify. Yet he had little enjoyment of his
wonderful elevation, and was ufed to fay to Fontenelle,
with whom he loved to converfe, “ I wifli I lived in a
fecond floor at Paris, with an old nurfe, and only five
hundred crowns a-year!”

DUBO'S (Charles-Francis), a French ecclefiaftic, born
in 1661, in the diocefe of St. Flour in Auvergne. He was
fent for education to Paris, where, after he had gone
through a courfe of claflical learning and philofophy, he
devoted himfelf to the ftudy of theology, and took his
degrees in the college of the Sorbonne, with uncommon
reputation. He became a favourite of M. Barillon, bi-
fhop of Liifon, who made him principal archdeacon of
his church. After the death of the bifhop, feveral other
prelates wiflied to attach him to their interefts, but he
chofe to continue his connection with the fee of Lujon;
and on a vacancy taking place in the deanery, he was
unanimoufly elected to that dignity by the chapter, un¬
der very honourable circumftances. In that fituation he
remained until his death, in 1724, in the (ixty-fourth
year of his age. He lived honoured and beloved by all

ranks;

103

DUB

tanks; and his lofs was muqh lamented by the poor, to
whom he had been a kind and aCtive benefaftor. He re¬
turned the publication of the celebrated Lticon Confe¬
rences, which had been commenced by M. Louis, fub-
dean of Lujon, but after the appearance of five volumes
was fufpended for about ten years. M. Dubos added
feventeen volumes to that collection, which were pub-
lilhed in izmo, at different periods, and left materials in
the hands of his executors for at lead fifteen volumes
more. He was alfo the author of “ A Sketch of the Life
of M. Barillon, Bifliop of Lufon,” publifhed in 1700,
nmo, to which are annexed fome fmall treatifes, the
productions of that prelate.

DUBO'S (John-Baptift), abbot of Refons, an effeemed
French writer, born in 1670, at Beauvais, of which place
his father was a merchant and magiflrate. He was fent
young to Paris for the ftudy of civil law, hiftory, and
politics. He made himfelf known in 1695 by his Hiftory
of the four Gordians proved and illuftiated by Medals,
i2mo ; in which he attempted to prove the exiftence of
a fourth of this imperial family, in addition to the three
ufually reckoned. But though he difplayed erudition
and ingenuity in fupport of this opinion, it has not been
received by the learned. He foon after attracted the no¬
tice of M. de Torci, minifter for foreign affairs, who took
him into his office, and employed him in various nego¬
tiations abroad. He was fent on a fecret miffion to Eng¬
land, in order to difpofe the nation to make peace with
France. For that purpofe he wrote a work intitled The
Inter-efts of England ill underftood in the prefent War,
Araft. 1704, which was much applauded by the French
miniftry, and was circulated with great induftry by the
Jacobite party, but made little impreffion upon the Eng¬
lish nation. It is remarkable for a prediction of the fu¬
ture reparation of the North-American colonies, in cafe
England ffiould become matter of that continent. In the
midft of his political engagements he found leifure to
publiffi, in 1709, a Hiftory of the League of Cambray
again!! the Venetian Republic, of which an improved
edition appeared in 172S, in two vols. nmo. an acute
and well-written work. His Critical Reflections on Poe¬
try and Painting, 1719, two* vols. i2ino. (feveral times
reprinted,) gained him high reputation as an elegant
writer and a man of tafte. It procured him an entrance
into’the French academy in 1720, and that body elected
him their perpetual fecretary in 1722, in the place of
Andrew Dacier. He next employed himfelf in elaborate
enquiries relative to early French hiftory, which pro¬
duced his Critical Hiftory of the Eftablifhment of the
French Monarchy in Gaul, three vols. quarto, i734; re¬
printed in x 7 43, with additions and corrections, in two
vols. quarto, and four vols. 121110. He died in March,
1742.

DUBOV'KA, a town of Ruffia, in the government of
Saratov, on the weft liae of the Volga: fixty miles foutli
of Kamifchin.

DUBOV'KA, a fort of Ruffian Tartary, in the govern¬
ment of Caucafus, on the Malwa: twelve miles weft of
Kizliar.

DU'BRAVITZ, a town of European Turkey, in the
province of Moldavia: thirty-fix miles north-weft of
Galatz.

DUBRAW', or Dubravius Scala (John), a Ger¬
man prelate, ftatefman, and hiftorian, in the fixteenth
century, born at Pilfen in Bohemia. Fie was educated in
Italy, where he received the degree of doCtor of laws;
and afterwards entered into the fuite of Staniflaus bifliop
of Olmutz in Moravia. After the death of Zanbeck
bifliop of Olmutz, he was raifed to that fee, which he
enjoyed about fix years. At different periods he was no¬
minated ambaffador to Silefia and to Bohemia, and he
was made prefident of the chamber appointed by the im¬
perial court to conduCt proceffes againft fuch perfons as
had joined in the proteftant league at Smalcalde. He
died in 1553. Dubraw was the author of various works ;

DUG

and, among others, of a Hiftory of Bohemia, in thirty-
three Books, publifhed in 1552, which is commended for
fidelity and accuracy. The belt editions of this hiftory
are, one publifhed by Thomas Jourdaine in 1574, with
the addition of genealogical tables, and chronological and
hiftorical notes; and another publifhed at Frankfort in
1688, accompanied with the Hiftory of Bohemia, by
JEneas Sylvius.

DU'BRIS, anciently a town of Britain; now Dover,
from the Dovoria of the lower age.

DUBRO'WA, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate
of Wilna: feventy-four miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Wilna.

DUBROWI'C A, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate
of Brzefc: forty-fix miles fouth-eaft of Brzefc.

DUC (Fronton du, in Latin Fronto Ducaiis), a learned
French Jefuit, born at Bourdeaux, in 155S. He entered
as a novice in the order at Verdun, in 1577, and foon re¬
commended himfelf to his fuperiors by the talents which
lie difcovered, and his indefatigable application to the
different ftudies which were aftigned him, particularly
the belles-lettres, and the Latin and Greek languages.
In 1597, he was fent to teach theology in the Jefuits”
college, at Bourdeaux ; and it was at this place that lie
began to communicate to the public the fruits of his la¬
borious ftudies. His firft production of importance was
a Latin tranflation of The Works of St. Chryfoftom, in
fix vols. folio, with notes. He was one of the moft learn¬
ed men and ableft critics of his day, and was at the fame
time unafluming, modeft, and pious. His correfpondence
was courted by the moft diftinguiffied literary characters
among the proteftants, as well as in his own communion,
and they entertained not only a great refpeCt, but a high
efteem, for his character. He died in 1624. Befides his
edition of Chryfoftom’s works already mentioned, and the
treatifes in a controverfy with M. Mornay du Pleffis, he
publifhed Bibliotheca Vcterum Patrum, feu Scriptorum Ecclcji-
ajlicorum , Graco-Latinus, &c. in 1624, in two vols. folio ;
V Hijloire tragique de la Pucelle de Dom-Remy, outrement d'Or .
leans, departie par Acles, &c. 1581, quarto; and a vaft
number of new editions of ancient authors, particularly
the Greek and Latin fathers, with notes and corrections,
of which a particular detail is, given in father Niceron’s
Memoirs.

DUC (Nicholas le), a French prieft, in the diocefe of
Rouen, at firft fettled on a benefice at Trouville en Caux,
which he quitted in order to remove to Paris. He was
for fifteen years vicar of St. Paul’s, in that city ; but in
1731, being accufed of Janfenifm, and interdicted by the
archbifhop from engaging in his clerical functions, he
devoted himfelf entirely to a ftudious life. To his labours
were the public indebted for a conliderable part of the
tranflation of Prefident de Thou’s Hiftory, in 16 vols. 4to.
Pfe was alfo the author of a work intitled V Annie Ecclcfi.
ajlique, in 15 vols. i2ino; of tranflations of fome of car¬
dinal Bona’s religious treatifes, &c.

DU'CA, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples,
and province of Bari : fix miles north-weft of Bari.

DU'CAL, adj. Pertaining to a duke : as, a ducal
coronet.

DUCA'PE, /. A fort of filk ufed for womens gar¬
ments. Bailey.

DUCA'REL (.Andrew Coltee), a diftinguiffied anti¬
quary, born in 1713, at Caen, in Normandy. He came
to England with his father at an early age, and was edu¬
cated at Eton fchool, whence he removed to St. John’s
college, Oxford. Pie took the degree of bachelor of
laws in that univerfity, and, after leaving it in 1742, be¬
came a member of the college of DoCtors’-commons in
1743. He made a tour in his native country in 1752, of
which he publifhed an account in 1754, afterwards re¬
printed in an enlarged form under the title of Anglo-
Norman Antiquities, folio, 1767. In 1755 he was elected
commiflary or official of the peculiar jurifdiCtion of the
collegiate church of St. Catharine, near the Tower of
London, He was made librarian of the palace of Lam¬
beth

104

D U C

beth in 1757; and in the next year was appointed com-
miflary and official of the city and diocefe of Canterbury.
He had been admitted into the fociety of antiquaries in
1737, and was one of the firft fellows nominated upon its
incorporation in 1755. To this body he addrefled A Se¬
ries of above two hundred Angdo-Gallic or Norman and
Aquitaine Coins of the ancient Kings of England, exhi¬
bited in fixteen Copper-plates, and illuftrated in twelve
Letters, quarto, 1757. In making this collection he had
the abidance of M. de Boze, keeper of the king of France’s
medals. He printed, in 1760, A Biographical Account of
Browne Willis, the Antiquary, read before the fociety.
Having been eleCted into the royal fociety in 1762, he
contributed to its memoirs a letter to prove that the chef-
nut is indigenous to England, and an account of the early
cultivation of botany in this country. In 1763 he was
appointed by the commiffioners of the treafury, in con¬
junction with fir Jof. Ayloffe and Mr. Adle, to methodife
the records in the date-paper-office in 'Whitehall, and in
the augmentation-office. He contributed to feveral anti¬
quarian works in the enfuing years ; and in 1779 he had
a large diare in the Account of Alien Priories, two vols.
8vo, printed by Mr. Nichols. In 1782 he publiflied The
Hidory of the Royal Hofpital and Collegiate Church of
St. Catharine, 410, with plates. He publiflied, in 1783,
Some Account of the Town, Church, and Archiepifcopal
Palace, of Croydon, 4to ; and in the Bibliotheca Topo-
graphica Britannica he gave The Hidory and Antiquities
of the Archiepifcopal Palace of Lambeth, from its Foun¬
dation to the Year 1785. He alfo contributed largely to
the Hidory of the Pariflt of Lambeth, publiflied in 1786.
He continued his application to his favourite dudies till
his death, which happened at his houfe in South Lam¬
beth, in May, 1785.

DU'CAS, a learned Greek, who wrote an hidory of
what palled under the lad emperors of Condantinople,
till the ruin of that city. This work, which is much
edeemed, was printed at the Louvre, in 1649, with the
Latin tranflation and notes of Boillaud.

DUCAS'SE (Francis), a celebrated French canonid,
native of the diocefe of LeiCloure. His fird ecclefiadical
promotion was the appointment of grand-vicar and official
of CarcafTone. Afterwards he became canon, archdea¬
con, and official, of Condom, where he died in 1706.
He is reprefented to have been profoundly {killed in fcrip-
tural learning, the writings of the fathers, and the works
of ancient and modern canonids; and in his conduct and
manners to have conducted himfelf with credit to his
character and profeffion. He was the author of two trea-
tifes, much edeemed by canon-lawyers; the fird intitled
De la Jurifditlion Ecclefiajlique contcnticufe, 8vo, 1695; and
the other De la JuriJdi Elion voluntairc, 8vo, 1697.

DU'CAT,/. [from duke .] A coin druck by dukes: in
diver, valued at about four fiiillings and fixpence ; in
gold, at nine {hillings and fixpence :

I cannot indantly raife.up the grofs

Of full three thoufand ducats. Shakcfpcare.

The origin of ducats is referred to Longinus, governor
of Italy; who, revolting againd the emperor Judin the
Younger, made himfelf duke of Ravenna, and called
himfelf Exarcha, i. e. without lord or ruler ; and, to fiiow
his independence, druck pieces of money of very pure
gold in his own name, and with his own damp, which
were called ducati, ducats.

DUCATOO'N,/. A filver coin, druck chiefly in Italy;
particularly at Milan, Venice, Florence, Genoa, Lucca,
Mantua, and Parma. They are valued at about four
fiiillings and eightpence derling. There is alfo a gold
ducatoon, druck chiefly in Holland : it is equivalent to
twenty florins, of one {hilling and elevenpence halfpenny
the florin.

DUCE, or Deuce,/, [deux, Fr. of duo, Lat.] The
two on cards or dice.

D U C

Duce take you, [probably from buey, Sax. a fpe&re.J
The devil take you.

DUCENA'RIUS, f. in antiquity, an officer in the Ro¬
man army, who had the command of two hundred men.
In the infcription at Palmyra, the word dacenarius, in
Greek ^aneva^oc, occurs very often.

DUCENTE'SIMA, /. in antiquity, a tax of the two
hundredth penny, exacted by the Romans.

DU'CES TE'CUM, f. in law, a writ commanding a
perfon to appear at a certain day in the court of chancery,
and to bring with him fome writings, evidences, or other
things which the court would view. So fubpcenas duces
tecum, are often fued out at common law, to compel wit-
nefles to produce, on trials at niji prius, deeds, bonds,
bills, notes, books, or memorandums, &c. which are in
their cudody or power, and which relate to the iflue in
quedion. But if they are in the pofleffion or power of
the adverfe party or his attorney, it is cudomary to give
notice to the attorney to produce them, and on proof
made in open court, before the judge of nifi prius, of
fuch notice, the court generally compels the attorney, or
his client, to produce the fame, if material. If not pro¬
duced, parol evidence may be given of their contents.

Duces tecum licet Languidus, a writ directed
to the dierifl', upon a return that he cannot bring his pri-
foner without danger of death, he being adeo languidus ;
then the court grants a habeas corpus, in the nature of a
duces tecutn licet languidus. But this is now out of ufe; for
where the perfon’s life would be endangered by removal,
the law will not permit it to be done.

DU'CEY, a. town of France, in the department of the
Channel, and chief place of a canton, in the didridt of
Avranchcs: one league and a half fouth-fouch-ead of
Avranches.

DU'CI-IAL (James), an eminent Irifii nonconformid
divine, born mod probably at or near Antrim, in 1697.
His collegiate dudies he purfued at the univerlity of
Glafgow, where he continued till he was of a proper
danding to take the degree of mafler of arts. Soon af¬
terwards he entered upon the work of the minidry, and
had his fird fettlement with a fmall congregation at Cam¬
bridge. To the diligence with which, during this pe¬
riod, he cultivated ethics and divinity, and other branches
of learning more immediately connected with his profef¬
fion, may in a confiderable degree be attributed the repu¬
tation by which he was afterwards didinguidied among
the Iriffi nonconformid divines. Whild he was at Cam¬
bridge he publiflied, in 1728, three valuable fermons,
intitled The PraCtice of Religion recommended, in 8vo.
Upon the death of Mr. Alaernethy, in 1740, he became
that gentleman’s fuccedor, and fettled with the protedant
diflenling congregation in Wood-dreet, Dublin. In 1752,
Mr. Duchal publiflied a very excellent collection of dif-
courfes, abounding in judicious and pointed reafoning,
found philofophy, and liberality of fentiment. It is inti-
tled Prefumptive Arguments for the Truth and Divine
Authority of the Chriflian Religion ; in ten Sermons: to
which is added, a Sermon upon God’s Moral Govern¬
ment, 8vo. Soon after the appearance of this work, the
author had the degree of doctor in divinity conferred
upon him by the univerfity in which he had been edu¬
cated. He died in 1761, deeply regretted by numerous
friends. His character appears to have been truly efti-
mable for piety, morality, modefty, candour, and bene¬
volence. Since his death three volumes of his fermons
have been publiflied, taken, for the greatefi: part, indif-
criminately from the vaft mafs which he left behind him.
Befides fermons, Dr. Duchal is faid to have been the
author of various occalional publications, both in Eng¬
land and Ireland, which molt probably related to the
theological controverfies of the times : and in the fecond
volume of The Theological Repofitory may be found two
eflays by him, one On the Obligation of Truth, and the
other On the DoCtrine of Atonement.

2 DUCHA'TS

D U C

DUG

105

DUCHA'T (Jacob le), an eflimable men of letters,
born at Metz, in 1 6 5 S . His father was a com miliary at
war, of a family from Troyes in Champagne, which had
become refugees on account of protedantifrri. Duchat
dudied law at Strafburg, and purfned it profellionally till
the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He then retired
to Berlin, where he was made counfellor of the upper
court of French judicature, and member of the Royal
Academy of Sciences. He lived in celibacy, devoted to
the purfuit of literature and the fociety of his friends,
and died in 1735. Duchat was well acquainted with the
old French authors who wrote previoufly to the reign of
Henry IV. He gave editions of feveral of them, enriched
with notes and anecdotes, of which the principal are : 1.
Confeffion Catholique- du Sieur de Saucy, 1693, 1720. 2. La

Satyre Mcnippe'e , 1696, 1714. 3. Les Oeuvres de Rabelais ,

5 vols. 8vo. 3 vols. 4to. 1715. 4. Les Aventures du Ba-

ron de Fcr/rfe, 1729. 5. Les Quinzc Joies du Manage, 1734.

6. U Apologie pour Herodote, 1735. After his death were
ptiblifhed Ducatiana, 2 vols. Svo, a compilation of his
remarks, & c.

DUCHE' de VANCY (Jofeph Francis) a French poet,
born at Paris, in <668. He was brought up to letters,
and wrote fome poems, which fo much pleafed madame
de M.iintenon, that fhe made choice of him to compofe
facred poems for the young ladies of St. Cyr. He was of
an amiable character, and cherifhed in fociety, which he
enlivened by an extraordinary talent for declamation. He
was admitted into the academy of inferiptions and belles,
lettres, and died in 1704, at the age of thirty-feven. He
compofed, in imitation of Racine, fome tragedies from
feripture fubjefts; of which his Abfalom contained fome
pathetic feenes, which gave it a permanent place on the
itage. He alfo wrote a collection of Edifying Hidories.
Of the pieces he wrote at an early period, the belt is his
Iphigenia in Tatiris, an opera in the grand fly 1 e, which,
according to Voltaire, affords a lively idea of the bell
parts in th ■ Greek tragedies.

DU'CHESS, or Dutchess, \_duchefc, Fr. ] The lady
of a duke. A lady who has the lovereignty of a duke¬
dom :

The gen’rous god who wit and gold refines.

And ripens fpirits as he ripens mines,

Kept drofs for duchejfes , tiie world fhall know it,

To you gave fenfe, good humour, and a poet. Pope.

The only remedy for thefe evils, was concluded to be
the efpoufals of the dutchefs of Britanny and the king of
France. Hume. — A title of dignity for a female :

What think you of a dutchefs? have you limbs
To bear that load of title > Shakefpeare.

DU'CHESS COUNTY, a county of the American
States, in the date of New York, on the ead fide of Hud-
fan river. It has the date of Connecticut on the ead,
Wed Cheder on the foutli, and Columbia county on the
north. It is about forty-eight miles long and twenty-
three broad, and contains fifteen townfiiips, of which
Poughkeepfie and Fifh Kill are the chief. It contains
45,266 inhabitants ; and fends feven reprefentatives to
the affembly of the date. In 1792, a remarkable cavern
was difeovered in this county, at a place called by the
Indians Sepafcot, at Rhynbeck. A lad, by chance, pair¬
ing near its entrance, which lies between two huge rocks,
on the declivity of a deep hill, on prying into the gloomy
recefs, favv the top of a ladder, by which he defeended
about ten feet, and found himfelf in a fubterraneous
apartment, more capacious than he chofe to invedigate.
He found, however, that it had been the abode of per-
fons, who, probably, during the American war, had taken
fhelter here, as bits of cloth and pieces of leather were
fcattered about its floor. Like many other caverns in
the United States, it poffefihs a petrifying quality ; and
the water, which is condantly percolating through the
Vol. VI. No. 334.

roofs of its apartments, has formed a variety of tranfpa-
rent and beautiful dalaftites. But what is mod to be
admired is the dceleton of a large fnakc, turned into folid
done by the petrifying quality of the water, yet having
all its parts as perfect and complete as in real life.

DU'CHESS (La), a town of Italy, in the kingdom of
Naples, and province of Abruzzo Ultra : eleven miles
fouth-fouth-wed of Aquila.

DU'CHY, f [ducke, Fr.] A territory which gives title
to a duke, or has a duke for its fovereign.

DU'CHY COURT, /'. A court wherein all matters be¬
longing to the duchy or county palatine of Lane .der are'
decided. See the article Chancellor of the Duchy
of Lancaster, vol. iv. p. 87.

DUCHOVTSCHLNA, a town ofRuffia, in the govern¬
ment of Smolendc : twenty-four miles north of Smolenfk,
and 30offouth-fouth-ead of Peterfburg.

DUCK, f [ duckcn , Dtit. to dip.] A water-fowl, both
wild and tame. See Anas, vol. i. p. 515.

The ducks , that heard the proclamation cry’d.

And fear’d a profecution might betide,

Full twenty mile from town their voyage take,

Obfcure in ruflies of the liquid lake. Drydcn .

A word of endearment, or fondnefs :

Will you buy any tape or lace for your cap,

My dainty duck , my dear-a > Shakefpeare.

A declination of the head ; fo called from the frequent
aiffion of a duck in the watci :

Back, diepherds, back ; enough your play
Till next funfhine holyday ;

Here be without duck or nod,

Other trippings to be trod. Milton.

A done thrown obliquely on the water, fo as to drikeit
and rebound. — Neither crofs and pile, nor ducks and
drakes, are quite fo ancient as handy-dandy. Arbuthnot.

To DUCK, v. n. To dive under water as a duck :

Let the labouring bark climb hills of feas

Olympus high, and duck again as low

As hell’s from heaven. Shakefpeare.

To drop down the head, as a duck :

When at a fkirmifli fird he hears
The bullets whidling round his ears,

Will duck his head aiide, will dart.

And feel a trembling at his heart. Swift.

To bow low ; to cringe. In Scottidi, duyk, or juyk, to
make obeifance, is dill ufed :

The learned pate

Ducks to the golden fool. Shakefpeare.

To DUCK, v. a. To put under water.

DUCK, a river of North America, in Tenneffee, which
rifeson the north-wed fide of the Cumberland mountain.
It runs a north-wed courfe, and empties into the Tenneffee
in north lat. 36. It is 200 yards wide five miles from its
mouth, which is fifty-feven miles wederly of Nafhville;
and is boatable ninety miles.

DUCK ISLAND, a finall ifland in the Atlantic, near
the coad of Main, in North America, belonging to the
American States. Lat. 44. 45. N. Ion. 67. 43. W. Green¬
wich.

DUCK’s-FOOT. See Podophyllum.

DUCK’s-MEAT. See Lemna.

DUCK'CREEK, a town of the American States, in
the date of Delaware, now named Salisbury.

DUCK'COY,/; Any means of enticing and enfnaring.
— Seducers have found it the mod compendious way to
their defigns, to lead captive filly women, and make them
the duckcoys to their whole family. Decay of Piety .

DUCK.'ER,y. A diver ; one that ducks another. A
cringer.

DUCK'INGSTOOL, f. A chair in which fcolds are
E e tied.

106

DUG

tied, and put under water. See the article Castica-
Tory, vo! iii. p. 884. — Reclaim the obdinately oppro¬
brious and virulent women, and make the duckingjlool
more ijfeful. Addifon.

DUCK'LEGGED, adj. Short legged:

Ducklegged, fir or t waided, fucli a dwarf fhe is,

That (he mud rife on tiptoes for a kifs. Dryden.

DUCK'LING, /. A young duck; the brood of the
duck :

Ev’ry morn

Amid the ducklings let her Ratter, corn. Gay.

DUCK'STEIN,/ [Germ.] A white calcareous (lone,
formed by the depofition of chalk from water, in which
it is diffufed. It is generally formed on branches or roots
of trees, and hones of different kinds, and differs from
tire dalaClites in its mode of formation, this laft being
depofited by water in tire adf of evaporation as it tran-
fudes through the roofs of caverns.

DUCK'TRAP, a town of the American States, in the
dihridt of Maine, where a poh-office is kept, in Hancock
county, containing 278 inhabitants ; twelve miles from
Belfaft, and thirty-two from Penobfcot.

DU'CLER, a town of France, in tire department of
the Lower Seine, and chief place of a canton, in the dif-
tridt of Caudebec : three leagues and a half wed-fouth-
tveh of Rouen.

DU'CLOS (Charles Dineau), an eminent French writer,
born in 1705, Ion of a hatter at Dinant in Britanny. He re¬
ceived a liberal education at Paris, where he foon made
hirnfelf known as a writer, and was admitted into the
academy of infcriptions in 1739, and into the French aca¬
demy in 1747. Of the latter- he was made perpetual fe-
cretary on the death of Mirabaud. His native place nomi¬
nated him its fird magidrate in 1744 ; and, when the king,
in recompence for the patriotic zeal difplayed by the pro¬
vince of Britanny, propofed to confer honours on fonre of
its members who lhould be recommended, Duclos was
unanimoufly nominated by the third ellate, and was in
confequence ennobled by letters patent. He was alfo
penfioned, and obtained the pod of hidoriographer of
France. It was faid of him, that he was at the fame time
droit & adroit , honed and dextrous. He W’rote feveral
novels, which are ingenious and intereding, though the
incidents and charadters are rather fanciful than natural.
The bed of thefe is, Con/ejfions du Comte de .... . His
Hidory of Louis XI. 3 vols. nmo. 1745; and Supple¬
ment, 1 vol. 1746, is a work of curious refearch, written
in a concife and elegant dile, but too much in the fen-
tentious manner of Tacitus. His moral work, intitled
Conji derations fur les Mceurs de cc Siecle, is much edeemed
for the truth and corredtnefs of its maxims, and the inge¬
nuity of its difcuOions. His Remarks on the Grammar
of the Port Royal, and feveral dilfertations in the Me¬
moirs of the Academy of Belles Lettres, do honour to
his judgment and erudition. He had a large (hare in the
Dictionary of the French Academy; and, iince his death,
there have appeared under his name, Secret Memoirs of
the Reigns of Louis XIV. and Louis XV. in 2 vols. 8vo.
1791, which are accounted authentic, and contain many
free and curious particulars of the periods treated of.
The following he recommends as the bed maxims of hu¬
man life : “ Mankind are fo much indebted to each other,
that they owe mutual attention ; they- owe each other a
politenefs worthy of themfelves, worthy of thinking be¬
ings, and varied according to the diderent fentiments that
thould dictate it. The politenefs of the great, therefore,
thou Id be that of humanity ; and that of inferiors grati¬
tude, if the great deferve it ; that of equals edeem and
mutual fervices ; far from endeavouring to encourage in¬
civility, it is much to be widted, that the politenefs arif-
ing from foftnefs of manners lhould '-be added to that
which proceeds from goodnefs ot heart.”

“■•The mod pernicious cftecl of the common politenefs

D U C

of the world is, that it teaches us to do without thofe
virtues which it imitates. Were we but taught by our
education to be humane and benevolent, we (hould either
podefs politenefs, or could do very well without it. We
(hould not, perhaps, have that politenefs which announces
itfelf by the graces, but we diould have that which
announces the honed man and the man of honour.
We diould then have no occafion to have recourfe to
mere appearances. Indead of being artificial to pleafe,
it would then be fufficient that we were goc-d men ; in¬
dead of being didemblers to flatter the weaknefs of
others, it would be enough for us only to be indulgent
to them. Thofe to whom we behaved in this manner
would neither be rendered infolent nor corrupted by it;
they would only be grateful and become better.”

It was- an obfervation of Duclos, “ That rogues always
leagued together, whild honed men kept themfelves ifo-
lated.” “ Impious and profligate writings (faid he) are
read once for their novelty, and, except on account o£
the bad principles they contain, they would never have
been taken the lead notice of; like thofe obfcure crimi¬
nals vvhofe names are known only by their crimes and
their punifhments.” Duclos died in 1772. He was a
man of much integrity, a faithful friend, and a patron of;
merit.

DUCT,/ \_duElus, Lat. ] Guidance; diredlion. — This
dodlrine, by fadening all our aftions by a fatal decree at
the foot of God’s chair, leaves nothing to us but only to
obey our fate, to follow the duB of the dars, or necellity
of thofe irony chains which we are born under. Hammond .
— A paffage through which any thing is conducted : a
term chiefly ttfed by anatomifls. — It was obferved that
the chyle, in the thoracic dudl , retained the original tade
of the aliment. Arbutknot.

DUCTABI'LITY, / Eafinefs of belief, the quality
of being eadly led.

DUC'TABLE, or Ductible, adj. [from the Lat. du~
co, to lead ] Eafy of belief, eafy to be led, dudtile.

DUG' FILE, adj. \_du£lilis, Lat.] Flexible; pliable:.

Thick woods and gloomy night
Conceal the happy plant from human flight :

One bough it bears; but, vvon’drous to behold!

The duElile rind and leaves of radiant gold. Dryden.
Eafy to be drawn out into length, or expanded. — All bo¬
dies duElile and tenfile, as paetals, that wdl be drawn into-
wires; wool' and tow, that will be drawn into yarn or
thread ; have the appetite of not difcontinuing drong.
Bacon. — Tra (Stable ; obfequious ; complying; yielding:

He generous thoughts indils
Of true nobility ; forms their duttile minds
To human virtues. Philips

DUC'TILENESS,/ Flexibility; duftility :

I, when I value gold, may think upon
The duBilenefs, the.application ;

The wholefomenefs, the ingenuity,

From rud, from foil, from fire, ever free. Donne .

DUCTI'LITY,/ Quality of fuffering extenfion ; flexi¬
bility. Obfequioufnefs ; compliance. — Yellow colour and
duttility are properties of gold: they belong to all gold,
but not only to gold ; for laffron is alfo yellow, and lead is
duElile. Watts. — This term is almofl exclufively applied to .
fluch bodies as are capable of being beaten, prefled, drawn, .
or dretched forth, without breaking; or by which they are
capable of great alterations in their figure and dimenfions, ,
and of gaining in one way what they lofe in another. Such
are metals, which, being urged by the hammer, gain in
length and breadth what they lofe in thicknefls ; or, being
drawn into wire through holes in iron, grow longer as they
become more llender. Such alfo are gums, glues, relins,
and (ome other bodies; which, though- not malleable,
may yet be denominated dudlile, in as much as, when
foftened by water, fire, or feme other mendruum, they
i may

DUCT

may be drawn into threads. Some bodies are dudtile
both when they are hot and cold, and in all circum-
ftances : fitch are metals, and efpecially gold and lilver;
other bodies are dudtile only when they have a certain
degree of heat ; fitch as glafs and wax ; others again are
ductile only when cold, and brittle when hot ; as feme
kinds of iron, viz. thofe called by workmen redfhot, as
all'o bra'fs, and fome metallic alloys.

The caufe of dud'tility is very obfeure ; as depending
much on hardnefs, a quality whole nature we know but
little about. It is true, it is ufual to account for hard-
nefs from the force of attradf ion betw een the particles of
the hard body ; and for dudtility, from the particles of
the dudtile body being, as it were jointed, and entangled
with each other. But without dwelling on any fanciful
liypothefes about dudtility, we may inform ourfelves of
fome truly amazing circumdances and phenomena of it,
in the inftances of gold, glafs, fpider’s webs, See. oblerv-
ing, however, that the dudtility of metals decreafes in the
following order: gold, lilver, copper, iron, tin, lead.

Gold is faid to be the molt dudtile of all bodies; of
which the gold-beaters and gold-wire-drawers furnifh us
with abundant proofs. Merlenne, Robault, Dr. Halley,
&c. have made computations of it ; but they trufled to
the reports of the workmen. M. Reaumur, in the Me-
moires de l' Academic Royale des Sciences, anno 1713, took a
furer way ; he made the experiment himfelf. A fingle
grain of gold, he found, even in the common gold-leaf,
ufed in molt of our gildings, is extended into thirty-lix
and a half (quare inches; and an ounce of gold, which,
in form of a cube, is not half an inch either high, broad,
or long, is beat under the hammer into a furface of 146
and a half Iquare feet ; an extent almolt double to what
could be done in former times. In Merfenne’s time, it
was deemed prodigious, that an ounce of gold Ihould form
1600 leaves ; which, together, only made a furface of 105
fquare feet. But the didenfion of gold under the ham¬
mer (how confiderable foever) is nothing to that which
it undergoes in the drawing-iron. There are gold leaves
in fome parts fcarcely the -3^5*050 Part an hich thick ;
but -jeoVoo Part of an inch is a confiderable thicknefs, in
compariion of that of the gold fpun on filk in our gold
thread. To conceive this prodigious ductility, it is ne-
ceffary to have fome idea of the manner in which the
wire-drawers proceed. The wire and thread we com¬
monly call gold-thread, Sec. (which is only filver-wire
gilt, or covered over with gold,) is drawn from a large
ingot of filver, ufually about thirty pounds weight. This
they round into a cylinder, or roll, about an inch and a
half in diameter, and twenty-two inches long, and cover
it with the leaves prepared by the gold beater, laying one
over another, till the cover is a good deal thicker than
that in our ordinary gilding; and yet, even then, it is
very thin ; as will be ealily conceived from the quantity
of gold that goes to gild the thirty pounds of filver : two
ounces ordinarily do the bufmefs; and, frequently, little
more than one. In effect, the foil thicknefs of the gold
on the ingot rarely exceeds or part ; and fome-
times not -j-^oo Part °f an inch. But this thin coat of
gold muff be yet vadly thinner : the ingot is fucceffively
drawn through the holes of feveral irons, each fmaller
than the other, till it be as fine or finer than a hair.
Every new hole lelfens its diameter ; but it gains in
length what it lofes in thicknefs; and, of’confequence,
increafes in furface : yet the gold dill covers it ; it fol¬
lows the filver in all its extenfion, and never leaves the
minuteft part bare, not even to the microfcope. Yet,
how inconceivably mud it be attenuated while the ingot
is drawn into a thread, whofe diameter is 9000 times lefs
than that of the ingot.

M. Reaumur, by exadb weighing, and rigorous calcu¬
lation, found, that one ounce of the thread was 3232 feet
long ; and the whole ingot 1,163,520 feet, Paris meafure,
or ninety-fix French leagues; equal to 1,264,406 Eng! ilh
feetj or 240 miles Englilh j an extent which far furpaifes

I L I T Y. 107

what Merfenne, Furetiefe, Dr. Halley, Sec. ever dreamt
of. Merfenne fays, that half an ounce of the thread is
100 toifes, or fathoms long; on which footing, an ounce
would only be 1200 feet; whereas M. Reaumur finds it
3232. Dr. Halley makes fix feet of the wire one grain
in weight, and one grain of the gold ninety-eight yards;
and, con-fequently, the ten thoufandth part of a grain,
above one-third of an inch. The diameter of the wire
lie found one-i86th part of an inch ; and the thicknefs of
the gold one-154, 500th part of an inch. But this, too,
comes fiiort of M. Reaumur; for, on this principle, the
ounce of wire would only be 2680 feet. But the ingot
is not yet extended to its full length. The greated part
of our gold-thread is fpun, or wound on filk ; and, be¬
fore it is Ipun, they flat it, by palling it between two
rolls, or wheels of exceedingly well polilbed fteel ; which
wheels, in flatting it, lengthen it by above one-feventh.
So that out 240 miles are brought to 274. The breadth,
now, of thele laminae, or plates, M. Reaumur finds, is
only one-eighth of a line, or one-ninety-fixth of an inch ;
and their thicknefs one-3072d. The ounce of gold, then,
is here extended to a furface of 1190 Iquare feet ; whereas
the utmofi the gold-beaters can do, we have obferved, is
to extend it to 146 fquare feet. But the gold, thus ex¬
ceedingly extended, how thin muft it be ! From M. Reau¬
mur’s calculus, it is found to be one-175, oooth of a line,
or one-2, 1 00,000th of an inch ; which is fcarcely o: e-thir¬
teenth of the thicknefs of Dr. Halley’s gold. But, he
adds, that this fuppofes the thicknefs of the gold every
where equal, which is no ways probable ; for in beating
the gold-leaves, whatever care they can bellow, it is im-
pollible to extend them equally. This we ealily find, by
the greater opacity of fome parts than others ; for, where
the leaf is thicked, it will gild the wire the thickeft.

M. Reaumur, computing what the thicknefs of the
gold mult be where thinneft, finds it only one-3, 150,000th
part of an inch. But what is the one-3, 150,000th part of
an inch ? Yet this is not' the utmoll ductility of gold ;
for, inllead of two ounces of gold to the ingot, which we
have here computed upon, a fingle one might have been
ufed ; and, then, the thicknefs of the gold, in the thin¬
ned places, would only be the 6,300,000th part of an inch.
And yet, as thin as the plates are, they might be made
twice as thin, yet Hill be gilt ; by only prefling them more
between the flatter’s wheels, they are extended to double
the breadth and proportionably in length. So that their
thicknefs, at laft, will be reduced to one-thirteen or four¬
teen millionth part of an inch. Yet, with this amazing
thinnefs of the gold, it is Hill a perfect cover for the fil-
ver : the belt eye, or even the belt microfcope, cannot
djfcover the lead chafm, or difeontinuity. There is not
an aperture to admit alcohol of wine, the fubtiled fluid
in nature, or even light itfelf, unlefs it be owing to cracks
occafioned by repeated drokes of the hammer. And, if.
a piece of this gold-thread, or gold-plate, be laid to dif-
folve in aquafortis, the filver will be all excavated, or
eat out, and the gold left entire, in little tubules. It
Ihould be obferved, that gold, when it has been druck
for fome time by a hammer, or violently compreffed, as
by gold-wire-drawers, becomes more hard, eiadic, and
did-, and lefs dudtile, fo that it is apt to be cracked or
torn : the fame thing happens to the other metals by per-
cuOion and compredion. But dudtility and tradtability
may be redored to metals in that date, by annealing them,
or making them red-hot. Gold feems to be more affect¬
ed by percuffion and annealing, than any other meta'lSi-

As to the dudlility of foft bodies, it is not yet carried
to that pitch. The reader, howdvef, mud not be fur-
prifed that, among the dudtile bodies of this clafs, we
give the fird place to the mod brittle of all other, glafs.
We all know that, when w'ell penetrated with the heat
of the fire, the workmen can figure and manage glafs like
foft wax ; but, what is mod remarkable, it may be drawn,
or fpun out into threads, exceedingly fine and- long. Our
ordinary fpinners do not form their, threads'o'ffijk, flax,,

JOS

DUD

or the .like, with half the eafe and expedition that glafs-
Iptnners do thread's of th.is brittle matter. We have fome
or them v fed in plumes for children’s heads, and divers
other works, much finer than any hair, and which bend
arid v.-ave like it with every wind. Yet nothing is more
fiinple and eafy than the method of making them : there
are two workmen employed ; the firft holds one end of a
piece of glafs over the flame of a lamp ; and, when the
heat has foftened it, a fecond operator applies a glafs
hook to tire metal thus in fufion; and, withdrawing the
hook again, it brings with it a thread of glafs, which (fill
adheres to the mafs: then, fitting his hook on tire cir¬
cumference of a wheel about two feet and a half in dia.
meter, he turns tire wheel as faft as he pleafes; which,
drawing out the thread, winds it on its rim ; till, after a
certain number of revolutions, it is covered with a (kain
of glafs-thread.

1 he mafs in fufion over the lamp diminiflies infenfibly:
being wound out, as it were, like a pelotoon, or clue of
filk, upon the wheel ; and the parts, as they recede from
the flame, cooling, become more coherent to thofe next
to them ; and this by degrees: the parts neareft the fire
are always the leaft coherent, and, of confequence, muff
give way to the effort the reft make to draw them to¬
wards the wheel. The circumference of thcfe threads is
ufually a flat oval, being three or four times as broad as
thick : fome of them feem no bigger than the thread of
a filk-worm, and are furprifingly flexible. If the two
ends of fuch threads be knotted together, they may be
drawn and bent, till the aperture, or fpace in the middle
of the knot, doth not exceed one-fourth of a line, or one-
forty-eighth of an inch diameter. Hence M. Reaumur
advances, that the flexibility of glafs increafes in pro¬
portion to the finenefs of the threads ; and that, proba¬
bly, had we but the art of drawing threads as fine as a
fpider’s web, we might weave fluffs and cloths of them
for wear. Accordingly lie made fome experiments this
way ; and found he could make threads fine enough, viz.
as fine, in his judgment, as fpider’s thread, but he could
never make them long enough to life in a loom. The
dmStility and finenefs of the fpider’s web, furpaftes all
that has been (fated above ; and fome of them are fo fine,
as fcarcely to be difeerned without. a microfccpe. See
the article Aranea, vol. ii. p. 31.

DUC'TION,y~. The aft of leading. Not much u fed.

DUD, a town of Africa, in the country of Mofam-
bique, where the king refides.

DU'D A, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Wil-
na : twenty-eight miles eaft-north-eaft of Lida.

DU'DAIM,/ in botany. See Cucumis.

DUD'DEN, a river of England, which runs into the
Irifli fea, about three miles fouth from Dalton, in Lanca-
ihire.

DU'DEN, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province
of Caramania : ten miles north of Satalia.

DU'DEN, a river of Afiatic Turkey, which runs into
the fea near Satalia.

DU'DENHOFEN, a town of Germany, in the circle
of the Upper Rhine, and county of Hanau Munzenberg :
feven miles fouth of Hanau.

DU'DERSTADT, a town of Germany, in the circle
of the Lower Rhine, and territory of Eichsfield ; con¬
taining three churches ; ceded to the debtor of Mentz
in 1 365, by Otlio, fon of Henry, duke of Brunfwick. The
principal trade is in beer and tobacco : forty-fix miles
north weft of Erfurt, and twenty weft of Nordhaufen.

DUD'GEON,y. [ dolch , Germ.] A fmall dagger:

It was a ferviceable dudgeon.

Either for fighting or for drudging. Hudibras.

Malice; fullennefs ; malignity; ill will. — The cuckoo
took this a little in dudgeon. L' EJlrange .

Civil dudgeon firft grew high,

And men fell out they knew not why. Hudibras.

DU'DITH (Andrew), a learned Hungarian prelate,

DUD

born at Buda in 1533. Being defeended from a noble
and opulent family, lie enjoyed all the advantages ofa
liberal education, and foon diftingu idled liimfelf by the
brightnefs of his parts, and the proficiency which lie made
in the different branches of literature. He was fent to
Breflau in Silefia, to-be initiated in clafiicai learning, and
to become acquainted with the German tongue. At
eighteen years of age he was removed to Verona, where
he made fuch a rapid progrefs in the Latin and Greek
languages, in the ftudy of eloquence, and in other de¬
partments of the belles-lettres, that he acquired very
high reputation among the Italian literati. From Italy
lie went to France, to make himfelf m after of the Hebrew
and the other oriental languages. From Paris he returned
again to Italy, and find ied for fome years at Padua. When,
in the year 1534, cardinal Pole was nominated papal le¬
gate to the court of England, Dudith was engaged by
him to become ene of his train, and recommended him¬
felf to the notice and efteem of queen Mary and her lifter
Elizabeth. Not l-ong afterwards he returned into his na¬
tive country, and was appointed provoft of Oberbaden,
and canon of Gran. Here he tranflated into Latin, The
Judgment of Dionyfius Halicarnaflenfis on the Hiftory of
Thucydides, and laid the foundation of fome other lite¬
rary works. In 1560, Dudith repaired to the court of
Vienna, where his merits occafioned his being appointed
one of the privy-councillors to the emperor Ferdinand II.
and were, in a fhort time, further honoured by his nomi¬
nation to the bifliopric of Tina in Dalmatia. In 1662,
hewasdepiued by the clergy of Hungary to be one of
their reprefentati ves in the council of Trent. The em¬
peror afterwards fent him his ambaffudor into Poland, to
the court of Sigifmund Auguftus ; and on his return
tranflated him to the bifhopric of five churches. After
the death of Ferdinand, his fon and fucceftbr, Maximi¬
lian II. who entertained the fame opinion of his charafter
and abilities with his father, fent him alfo as his ambaf-
fador into Poland. By this time Dudith had undergone
a revolution in his religious opinions, and was determined
to withdraw from the communion of the church of Rome.
This event drew on his h ad the thunders of the Vatican ;
but lie treated them with contempt, and, retaining ftill
the efteem and confidence of the emperor, was appointed
his refident in Poland, where he publicly profeiled the
proteftant religion. From hence he returned to Breflau,
where he died in 1589, i the fixtieth year of his age.
Dudith was unqueftionably one of the moft learned and
eminent men of the fixteemh century. His life was re¬
gular and virtuous, his manners polite and conciliating,
and his benevolence warm and unconfined. He was the
author of numerous treatifes in controverfy, phyfles, and
poetry. His Difcourfes pronounced at the Council of
Trent, An Apology for the Emperor Maximilian II. A
Treatife in Favour of the Marriage of the Clergy, toge¬
ther witli fome other pieces, and his Life by Reuter,
were publifhed in quarto, in 1610. The principal of his
other works are, A Treatife on Comets, with Diflerta-
tions on the fame Subject, 1579 ; Epijlota Medicinales, pub-
1 idled in the Epijlola Philofophica, Med/Ca , & Chymica, of
Laurence Scholzius, 159S ; Latin Poems, inferted in the
two volumes of The Beauties of German Poetry; Not#
Duplices in Faujli Socini DiJ'putationem de Baptifmo Aqua , &c.
1613, 8vo. and other controverflal pieces, letters, &c.

DUDLEY, an ancient town in Worcefterfliire, diftant
120 miles from London, with a market on Saturdays;
fairs May 8, Augufts, Oftober 2. The inhabitants have
an extenfive manufacture for nails and other iron-wares.
Here are three charity fchools, one for fifty boys, another
for fifty girls, and the other a free grammar fchool. At
a little diftance from the town are the ruins of Dudley
priory, built in 1160. It is fituated on the road from
Birmingham 10 Bridgnorth, ten miles from the former,
and fixteen from the latter. Dudley caftle is adjacent to
the town, though in the county of Stafford. It was ori¬
ginally built in the year 700, but was demolifhed by Hen¬
ry II.

DUD

yy IT. The modern cattle is a fpacious building, with
trenches hewn out of the rock, and ftands on a lofty hill,
having an extenfive profpeCt into five counties, and a
great part of Wales. Oldbury chapel is one mile eaft of
Dudley cattle, where Tame has its rife. Near it is a Ro¬
man camp, and the portway patted near it.

DUD'LEY, a townlhip of the American States, in
Worcetter county, Malfachufetts, containing 1 1 14 inha¬
bitants: eighteen miles fouthward of Worcetter, and
■fifty-five miles fouth-weft of Button.

DUD'LEY (Edmund), an eminent lawyer and ftatef-
man, in t he reign of Demy VII. who, with fir Richard
Empfon, another lawyer of the lame complexion, aflifted
in filling that rapacious monarch’s coffers by arbitrary
profecutions of the people on old penal ftatutes. They
w'ere beheaded on the acceflion of Henry VIII. to pacify
the clamours of the people for juftice.

DUD'LEY (John), duke of Northumberland, fon of
the above, a ftadman ; memorable in t he Englifh hiftory
for his unfuccefsful attempt to place the crown on the
bead of his daughter-in-law, lady Jane Grey, who fell a
victim to his ambition, was born in 1502, and beheaded
in 1553. Ambrcfe Ids eldett Ion was a brave general and
able (fatefman under queen Elizabeth ; and received the
appellation of the good carl of Warwick. Henry, the duke’s
fecund fon, was killed at the liege of St. Qjnntin. Ro¬
bert, the third fon, was created earl of Leicefter ; and
was one of queen Elizabeth’s favourites. His fourth fon
was the unfortunate lord Guildford Dudley, whole only
crime was his being the hufband of lady Jane Grey, for
which he was beheaded in 1554.

DUD'LEY (Robert), earl of Leicefter, third fon of
John duke of Northumberland, above-mentioned, born
anno 153?-. He was admitted early into the fervice and
favour of Edward VI. but with the reft of his family fell
into difgrace at the acceflion of Mary ; no fooner, how¬
ever, did Elizabeth fucceed, than he was received at
court as a principal favourite; in a fliort fpace he was
mailer of the horfe, knight of the garter, and privy-coun-
fellor, and was propofed by queen Elizabeth (though
probably not ferioufly) as a proper hufband for the queen
of Scots, an otter which was generally thought to have
been made, to afford Elizabeth an excufe for taking him
berfelf ; the death of Dudley’s lady at this period gave
rife to many dark fufpicions ; fine was conducted by her
hufband to the houfe of a domeftic at Cnmnor, in Berk-
fliire, where, as it was laid, after fome attempts to poifon
her had proved inefficacious, fhe was fir ft ftrangled, and
then thrown from a high Hair-cafe, that Ikc death might
appear to have been occalioned by the fall. I11 1564, he
was created baron Denbigh, and earl of Leicefter, and
elected chancellor of the univerfity of Oxford ; about
this time he married the dowager baronets of Sheffield,
but afterwards, fearing it would occalion the diminution of
his influence over Elizabeth, he exerted himlelf by va¬
rious means to induce his lady to delilt from her preten¬
tions ; finding her, however, immoveable, he recurred to
his former expedient of poifon, which the ltrong confti-
fcution of the lady fo far refilled as to enable Her to efcape
with the lofs of her hair and nails ; fhe had a fon whom
Leicefter called his bafe fon, but to whom lie left tiie bulk
of his fortune. In 1575, the queen paid him a viiit at
Kenilworth, where he entertained her feventeen days, at
the expence of lixty thoufand pounds. At this period
appeared a pamphlet written with great force, entitled,
A Dialogue between a Scholar, a Gentleman, and a Law ¬
yer, in which the whole of Leiceftet’s conduct wasinvef-
tigated with equal truth and bitternefs; the queen herfelf
caufed letters to Le written from the privy-council, deny¬
ing tiie charges, and vindicating her favourite’s innocence.;
the pamphlet, however, was not the fefs read nor cre¬
dited. In 1585, lie was lent as generaliliimo to the Low
Countries, where his conduct was Inch a tilfue of info-
ience and caprice, that he was recalled^ but loft nothing

Vol. VI. No. 335.

DUE IOJ

in bis miftrefs’s favour, who confulted liim on the arduous
affair of Mary, queen of Scots, and it is reported his ad¬
vice was fo have recourfe to his old expedient poifon.
He died in September 158S, after having been appointed
lieutenant-general under the queen, of the army aftembled
at Tilbury. With one of the blacked hearts, this man
attested great regularity in religious duties ; lie was tho¬
roughly converiant in the Latin and Italian languages,
fpoke well, and wrote at 1 e a ft equal to any man of histime.

DUD'LEY (fir Robert), natural fon of Robert earl of
Leicefter, mentioned in the preceding article, bi rn at
Sheen in 1573. He was educated at Chrift church col¬
lege, Oxford, and acquired the character of one of the
nioft learned and accomplilhed among the young men of
quality in England. His enterprifing difpolition prompted
him to undertake a voyage of adventure and difeovery ;
and he planned an expedition at his own expence to the
South Seas, with a final) fquadron under his own command,
in 1594, and failed up the river Oronoque ; in which ex¬
pedition he took and deftroyed feveral Spanilh fhips. An
account of it, written by himfelf, was publilbed in Hack-
luyt’s collection. He was prefent at the taking of Cadiz
in 1596, and diftjnguifhed his courage in that glorious ac¬
tion, fo as to 00 tain the honour of knighthood. He now
made an attempt to cftablilh the legitimacy of his birth ;
but was oppofed by the countefs-dowager of Leicefter,
who found means to put a flop to his proceedings. In
confequence of this difappointment, he refolved to take
up his relidence at Florence, where he was made chamber-
lain to the wife of the grand duke Cofmo II. lifter to the.
emperor Ferdinand. Through her intereft he was created
a duke of the holy Roman empire, and thereupon a (fumed
his grandfather’s title of Northumberland, and was after¬
wards enrolled among the Roman nobility. He is faid to
have been of great life to the duchy of Turcany, by means
of various projects for improving, navigation and conl-
merce ; and, in particular, the draining of. the morals be¬
tween Pifa and the lea, and the improvement of the port
of Livorno, or Leghorn, and railing it to a free port, is
imputed to him by the Englifh writers. He publilbed a
large work, entitled Del Arcano del Mare, &c. in two vo¬
lumes folio, Flor. 1630 and 1646, full of charts, plans,
and fchemes, and fuggefting a great variety of projects
relative to maritime affairs, which are (aid to dilplay
great extent of knowledge and fertility of invention. He
died at his feat near Florence in 1649, leaving a numerous
foreign pofterity. Among the various talents and inven¬
tions of this lingular character, he is faid to have been
the firftwho broke fetting-dogs.

DUD'M AN,/. A malkin, a fcare-crow ; a hobgoblin,
a fpright. Bailey.

DUE, adj. The part. pa(f. of owe-, [ du , Fr.] Owed ;
that which any one lias a right to demand in confequence
of a compact, or for any other reafon.— Mirth and cheer-
fulnels are but the due reward of innocency of life. More.
— There is a refpeCt due to mankind, which Ihould incline
even the vvifeft of men to follow innocent cnitoms. Watts.
— Proper ; fit ; appropriate. — Opportunity may be taken
to excite, in perlons attending on thole folemnities, a due
lenle of the vanity of earthly fatisfactions. Atterbury. —
ExaCt ; without deviation :

And Eve within, due at her hour, prepar’d
For dinner favoury fruits. Milton.

Confegutnt to, occafioned or effeCted by. Proper, but not
ufual. — fhe motion of the oily drops may be in part due
to fome partial (olution made by the vinous (pint, which
may tumble them to and fro. Boyle.

DUE, adj. ExaCtly ; directly; duly. The courfe is
due eaft, or due weft :

lake the Pontic fea,

Whofe icy current, and rompulftve courfe,

Ne’er feels retiring ebb, but keeps due. oil
To the Propontic and the Hellefpont.

F f

ShaheJl care.
DUE

110

DUE

DUE,/ That which belongs to one ; that which may
be juftly claimed. — The due of honour in no point omit.
Shakefpeare.

1 take tlais garland, not as given by youj

But as my merit and my beauty’s due. Dryden.

Right ; j ufl title :

The key of this infernal pit by due,

And by command of heaven’s all-powerful King,

I keep. Milton.

Whatever cuftom or law requires to be done.— -They pay
the dead his annual dues. Dryden. — Cuftom; tribute ; ex¬
actions; legal or cuftomary perquifites. — In refpeCt of
the exorbitant dues that are paid at molt other ports, this
defervedly retains the name of free. Addifon.

“ He who lofes his Due, gets no thanks.” Spoken
of thofe who unpardonably negleCt their own affairs, and
thus fuffer others to defraud or impofe upon them. The
Latins fay, Bona nomina male fiunt. , fi no)i cxigas. High
Germ. Eine gute fehuld verdirbt , die man nichtbald erwirbt.
The Spanifn fay, Ni tomes cohecho, ni per das derecho: Take
no bribe, nor lofe no due.

To DUE, v. a. To pay as due; penhaps for endow:
found only in this fingle palfage :

This is tire lateft glory of their praife,

That I thy enemy due thee withal. Shakefpeare.

DU'E CASTEL'LI, a town of the Italian republic, in
the department of the Mincio, on the river Molinella,
■where an obftinate battle was fought, in the beginning of
Septemper, 1 796, between a detachment of Auftrians, from
the city of Mantua, and the French republican army ;
the latter remained mafters of the field : five miles
north-eaft of Mantua.

DU'E TOR'RE, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of
Naples, and province of Bari : fix miles fouth-fouth-weft
of Bari.

DU'EFUL, adj. Fit:

All which that day in order feemly good ’

Did on the Thames attend, and waited well

To do their dueful fervice, as to them befel. Spenfer.

DUE'GNAS, or Duennas, a town of Spain, in the
province of Leon, on the Pifuerga, on the frontiers of
Old Caftile : three leagues fouth of Palencia.

DU'EL,/ [ ducllum , Lat.] In our ancient law this was
a legal fight between perfons in a doubtful cafe, for the
trial of the truth. See the article Battel, vol. ii. p.
S09. But this kind of duel is difufed ; and what we now
call a duel, is a fighting between two, upon fome quar¬
rel precedent; wherein, if a pcrfon is killed, both the
principal and his feconds are guilty of murder, whether
the feconds fight or not. Hawk. P. C. 47, 51. If two per¬
fons quarrel over night, and appoint to fight the next
day ; or quarrel in the morning, and agree to fight in
the afternoon ; or fuch a confiderable time after, by which
it may be prefitmed the blood was cooled ; and then they
meet and fight a duel, and one kill the other, it is in the
eye of law wilful murder. 3 Inf. 52. And whenever it
appears, that he who kills another in a duel, or fighting
on a fudden quarrel, was mafter of his temper at the time,
he is guilty of murder ; as if after the quarrel he tall in¬
to another difcourfe, and talk calmly thereon; or allege
that the place where the quarrel happens is not conve¬
nient for fighting; or that his flioes are too high, if he
fhould fight at prefent, See. Kel. 56. 1 Lev. 180. If one
challenge another, who refufes to meet him, but tells
him that he (hall go the next day to fuch a place about
bufmefs, and then the challenger meets him on the road,
and affaults the other ; if the other in this cafe kill him,
it will be only manftaughter ; for here is no acceptance
of the challenge, or agreement to fight : and if the per-
fon challenged refufeth to meet the challenger, but tells
him that he wears a (word, and is always ready to defend

DUG

himfelf ; if then the challenger attack him, and is killed
by the other, it is neither murder nor manftaughter, if
neceffary in his own defence. Kel. 56. See the article
Challenge to Fight, vol. iv. p. 76.

Duel isalfo ufed for any contention between two:
Victory and triumph to the Son of God.

Now ent’ring his great dud, not of arms.

But to vanquifh by wildom hellifh wiles. Milton.

To DU'EL, v. n. To fight a fingle combat. — He muff
at length, poor man! die dully at home, when here he
might fo fafhionably and genteely have been duelled or
fluxed into another world. South. — .The challenging and
fighting witlj a man is called duelling. Locke.

To DU'EL, v. a. To attack or fight with fingly :

Who fingle

DuelPd their armies rank’d in proud array,

Himfelf an army, now unequal match
To fave himfelf againft a coward arm’d.

At one fpear’s length. Milton.

DU'ELLA,/. The third part of an ounce. Scott.

DU'ELLER,/ A fingle combatant. — They perhaps
begin as fingle duellers , but then they foon get their troops
about them. Decay of Piety .

DU'ELLIST,/ A fingle combatant :

Henceforth let poets, ere allow’d to write,

Be fearch’d like duelhfs before they fight. Dryden.

One who profeffes to ftudy the rules of honour :

His bought arms Mung not lik’d ; for his firft day
Of bearing them in field, he threw ’em away ;

And hath no honour loft, our duellifts fay. Ben jfonfon .

DUEL'LO,/ [Ital.] The duel ; the rule of duelling.
— The gentleman will for his honour’s fake, have one
bout with you : he cannot by the duello avoid it. Shakcf.

DUEN'NA,/ [Span.] An old woman kept to guard
a younger. — I felt the ardour of my paflion increafe as
the feafon advanced, till in the month of July I could no
longer contain : I bribed her duenna, was admitted to the
bath, faw her undreffed, and the wonder difplayed. Ar-
buthnot.

DUE'REN, or Duren, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Weftphalia, and duchy of Juliers, one of the
handfomeft and richeft in the duchy# furrounded with
walls in 1124, and confidered as an imperial town. It
is a place of fome trade, and has a manufacture of cloth :
feven miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Juliers. Lat. 50. 52. N.
Ion. 24. E. Ferro.

DUE'RO, Douero, or Douro, a river which rifes
near Agreda, in Spain, and taking its courfe weftvvardly,
paffes Ofma, Aranda-de-Duero, Toro, Zamora, &c, in
Spain; reaching the borders of Portugal, it paffes by
Miranda, when, taking a direction fouth-weft, it fepa-
rates the province of Tra-los-Montes from Spain, till, a
little below Efpadacenta, it again takes a wefterly courfe
acrofs the kingdom of Portugal, having the province of
Tra-los-Montes, and Entre-Duero-e-Minho, on the north,
and Beira on the fouth, and difeharges its waters into the
Atlantic a little below Oporto.

DUE'ROZHOF, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Carniola : four miles eaft of Gurkfield.

DUE'SME, a town of France, in the department of
the Cote d’Or : ten miles weft of Chatillon fur Seine.

DU'ET,/ [from due, Ital. two.] A fong or air in two
parts.

DUF'FEL, a free town of Brabant, between Malines
and Liere : four miles from the latter.

DUF'HORN, a village of Germany, in the circle of
Lower Saxo-ny, and principality of Luneburg, having a
very celebrated medicinal fpring : three miles fouth of
Walfrode.

DUG, / [ deggia , Iflan. to give fuck.] A pap; a' nip-'
pie ; a teat : fpojjten of beafts, or in malice or contempt

of

DUG

DUG

111

of human beings.- — -They arc firfl fed and nouriflied with
the milk of a ftrange dug. Raleigh.

Then fhines the goat, whofe bruitifh dugs fupply’d
The infant Jove, and nurft his growing pride. Creech.

It feems to have been ufed formerly of the bread, with¬
out reproach :

As mild and gentle as the cradle-babe.

Dying with mother’s dug between its lips. Shakefpeare.

DUG, pret. and part. pajf. of dig. — They had often
•found medals, and pipes of lead, as they dug among the
rubbifli. Addifon.

DUFRES'NY (Charles Riviere), a man of various ta¬
lents, but chiefly known as a comic writer, born at Paris
in 1648. He puffed for a grandfon of Henry IV. and is
faid to have refembled him. He difplayed a general tafte
for the arts, without having fludied any. tie wrote and
fet longs, made curious landfcapes, and excelled in laying
out gardens ; which talent procured him from Louis XIV.
(to whom he was a fervant of the bed-chamber) the office
of comptroller of the royal gardens. He had alfo the pa¬
tent for the manufacture of looking-glades. Such, howe¬
ver, was hisextravagance, that he was reduced to fell all his
places and privileges. Dufrefny, after quitting the court,
began to write for the ftage in company with Regnard.
Though he did not attain to the excellence of this writer,
he compofed many pieces which agreeably entertained
the public. His reputation was high enough to have in¬
duced D’Alembert, in his academical eulogy of Def-
touches, to give a refined and elaborate comparifon of
his fubject and Dufrefny, with refpeCt to their comic
talents. He died poor, in 1724. His works were col¬
lected in 1731, in 6 vols. nnto. Belides his dramatic
pieces, they contain cantatas fet by himfelf, fongs, ferious
and comic axmi Cements, hiltorical anecdotes, &c. in all
which are fixokes of a lively and Angular imagination.

DUG'DALE (lir William), an eminent Englifh anti¬
quary, fon of a Warwickfhire gentleman of Shulioke near
Colefhill, where he was born in 1605. He was educated
at the free-fehool in Coventry, and received inftructions
in law and hi Tory under his father, after whofe death he
purchafed Blythe-hall in Shuftoke, and there fixed his
refidence. His acquaintance with fome gentlemen at¬
tached to antiquarian purfuits, engaged him in fimilar
fiudies, and he began to make collections for a hiftory of
his native county. In 163S he vifited London, and was
introduced to fir Henry Spelman, and other learned anti¬
quaries. Through their recommendation he obtained a
purfuivant’s place in the herald’s office, where he came
to refide in 1640. He made ufe of the opportunities this
afforded him, to enlarge his collections front the records
in the Tower and other repofitories. He fucceeded to
the place of Chefter-herald in 1C44. He continued at
Oxford till its furrender in 1646, where he employed
himfelf in fearching the Bodleian and other libraries,
and laying up materials for the Monafticon, in which he
was, engaged along with Mr. Roger Dodfworth. This
great work afterwards employed them both in London;
and Dugdale paying a vifit to Paris with lord Hatton in
1648, obtained the perufal of the collections of Andrew
du Chefne, whence he copied many things relative to
the priors alienin England. The fir ft volume of the Mo-
najlicon Anglicanum, or Account of all the Religious Hoitfes
in England, from their Foundation to their DiiTblution,
was pnblifhed in 1655, folio. This, and the fecond vo¬
lume, publilhed in 1661, were entirely written by Dodf¬
worth ; but Dngdale took great pains in methodizing
and digefting them. The third volume did not appear
till 1673. .We are told that the publication of the Mo¬
nafticon produced the effect of caufing many law-fuits,
in confequence of the old writings it brought to light ;
and th<r. it gave great alarm and offence to the puritans,
as tending to bring back popery. Two volumes of ad¬
ditions were printed by John Stephens in 1722 and 1723;

and Mr. Peck promifed another volume, which has never
appeared. The whole is a valuable collection of national
matter, and is now become fcarce. In 165 6, Dugdale
publilhed his Antiquities of Warwickfhire illuftrated,
folio, a work of twenty years labour, and characterized
by Mr. Gough as “ Handing at the head of all our county
hiftories.” A fecond edition of it by William Thomas,
D. D. appeared in 1730, in 2 vols. He employed his
refidence in London, during the printing of this work,
in collecting materials for a Hiftory of St. Paul’s cathe¬
dral in London, publilhed in 1638, folio. Upon the re-
ftoration he was advanced to the office of Norroy king of
arms. His induftry was next employed in the Hiftory of
Embanking and Draining of divers Fens and Marllies,
both in foreign Parts and in this Kingdom, 1662, folio,
He edited, in 1664, the fecond volume of Sir Henry Spel-
nian’s Councils, and the fecond part of his Glollary. A
compilation which he had made from his frequent exa¬
minations of records, &c. relative to the Englifh courts
of jultice, their forms, rules, and offices, with chronolo¬
gical tables of all the principal law offices, appeared in
1666, under the title of Origines Judiciales, folio : this is
recommended by bifltop Nicolfon as an ufeful introduc¬
tion to the legal hiftory of England. Another great per¬
formance in which he appeared as a genealogift and hif-
torian, was the Baronage of England, or an Account of
all the Families of Nobility, in 3 vols. folio, 1675, 1676.
This work has incurred fome fevere criticifms from Inis
brother antiquaries, on account of numerous miftakes and
deficiencies ; yet it is allowed by candid judges to polfefs
great merit as a foundation for an hiltorical peerage,
which after-refearches might render more perfect. In
1677, he was advanced to the high eft heraldic poft, that
of Garter principal king of arms; to which was joined
the honour oP'knighthood ; an honour, which the fmall-
nefs of his eftate rendered him unwilling to accept. He
proceeded in publifhing the fruits of his various enqui¬
ries ; of which were, 1. A fttort View of the late Trou¬
bles in England, with a perfect Narrative of the Treaty
of Uxbridge, 1 6 8 r , folio. 2. The ancient Ufage in beard¬
ing Arms, with a Catalogue of the Nobility, and of
Knights of the Garter and Baronets, 1681, 8vo. 3. A per¬
fect Copy of all Summons of the Nobility to the great
Councils and Parliaments, from 49 Hen. III. to the pre-
fent Times, 1685, folio. He compiled a number of other
volumes, which he left in manufeript to the univerfity
of Oxford, and the herald’s college. This very induf-
trious writer, who appears to have- had a conliderable
fhare of worldly trouble, died at his hotife of Blythe-
hall, in his eighty-firft year, in February 1686. He left
a fon, John, who alio belonged to the heraldic profefi-
fion, and was knighted. He had a daughter, married to
the well-known Elias Afhmole.

DUG'GA, or Tugga, a town of Africa, in the king¬
dom of Tunis : feventy miles fouth-weft of Tunis.

DUGIN'SKOJ, a cape of Ruffian Siberia, in the fea
of Ochotfkoi. Lat. 59. 15. N. Ion. 167. E. Ferro.

DU'GNY, a town of France, in the department of the
Meufe, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrict of Ver¬
dun : three miles fouth of Verdun.

DU'GUET (James Jofeph), a French prieft, much
efteemed among the favourers of the Junfenift tenets,
born at Montbrifon, near Lyons, in 1649. He early dis¬
covered an aftonilhing ftrength of memory and aptitude
at acquiring learning; and after palling through the ufnal
preliminary courfes, he was fent to Sautriur, to ftudy
theology. In 1671, he was appointed by the fathers
profeflbr of philofuphy in their college at Troyes; where
the admirable and fucceLful manner in which he dif-
charged the duties of that office, did ample juftice to the
difeernment of thole -who had feleCted him for it. It was
while he retained this profefforffiip that he eftabliflied his
celebiated ecclefiaflical conferences, wh-ic-h were attended
w ith crowded audiences, and procured him a high repu¬
tation for extend ve knowledge, judgment, .and piety.

D U I

ITS

He died at Paris in 1733, in the eighty-fourth year of his
age. The ftyle of his writings is commended in general,
for perfpicuity, purity, and elegance. Among the va¬
rious productions of his fertile pen, are, 1 . Comment. n ies
on the Works of Six Days, and on the Book of Genelis,
in fix vols. 121110. compofed at the requelt of the cele¬
brated Rollin. 2. An Expofition of the Book of Job,
in four vols. 121x10. 3. An Expofition of Seventy-five

Pfalms, in fix vols. 121110. 4. An Expofition of the Pro¬

phecies of Ifaiah, of Jonas, and Habakkuk, in (even vols.
itmo, 5. An Expofition of the Books of Kings, of Ef-
dras, and of Neherniah, in fe.ven vols. 121110. 6. An Ex¬

pofition of the Song of Songs, and of the Book of VVif-
dom, in two vols. 121110. 7. Rules for the Undei (landing

of the Sacred Scriptures, in i2mo. 8. Of the Education
of a Prince, in 4to. and in four vols. 121110. 9. Eccle-

fiaftical Conferences, in two vols. 4to. confiding of fixty-
feven diflertations on the writers, the councils, and the
difcipline, of the firft ages of the church. 10. A Trea-
tife on the Principles of the Chriftian Faith, in three vols.
121110. ir. A Collection of Letters on Piety and Mo¬
rality, in nine vols. 121110. Together with a va(t number
of religious and devotional tracts, controverfial pieces,
refolutions of cafes of confcience, &c.

DU'HAM, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bole-
flaw : twenty miles weft-north-weft of Jung Buntzlau.

DUKOKUN'D A, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of
Jemarrcw.

DUIL'LIA LEX,/ was enacted by M. Duillius, a
tribune, in the year of Rome 304. It made it a capital
crime to leave the Roman people without its tribunes,
or to create any new magillrate without a fufficient caufe.
Another Duillian law palled in 392, to regulate the inte-
reft for money lent.

DUIL'LIUS (C. furnamed Nepos), the firft Roman
who obtained a naval victory, was conful before Chrilt
260. After his colleague C11. Corn. Scipio had been
taken at lea by the Car liaginians in the (lift Punic war,
lie proc eded with a new-built Roman fleet to Sicily in
quelt of the enemy. Conlcious of the fuperiority of the
Carthaginians in naval lkill, he employed a machine in¬
vented by an engineer, called the corvus, or crow, by means
of which lie could grapple with the enemy's veflels as
they approached, and thus convert the combat into a fort
of land-fight. Through the aid of this contrivance he
entirely defeated the Punic fleer, taking eighty Ihips, and
deftroyirg thirteen. This victory was fo important, that
Duillius was received at Rome with the greateft applaufe,
and enjoyed a triumph. A naval column was erected in
the forum to his memory; which was (landing in Pliny’s
time, and was found again, with its infeription, in 1560.
Duillius alfo obtained from the people t lie diltinCtion of
being accompanied with torches and muli'c whenevei he
returned by night from an entertainment.

DUTNA, or Dona, a river of Ritflia, which rifes from
a lake, (ixteen miles north-eaH from Toropetz, in the
province of Plkov, palfes by Veliz, Suraz, Viteplk, Po-
lotik, Dinaburg, Riga, &c. and empties itfelf into the
Baltic at Riga. This river formed the boundaries be¬
tween Ruflla and Poland, as fetrled in the year 1773.

DUIN'GEN, or Duin, or Dudingex, a town of Ger¬
many, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and principality of
Calenberg : eighteen miles fouth-eall of Hameln.

DUI'i\G, or Doi.no, opTybein, a fea-port town of
Germany, in the duchy of Carniola : eight tubes north-
well of Triefte, and 1 74 fouth-fouth-weft of Vienna. Lat.
45.55.N. Ion. 31. 32. E. Ferro.

DU'JSBURG, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Weftphalia, and duchy of Cleves, fituated near the ealt
bank of the Rhine ; formerly imperial and Hanfeatic ; it
yet enjoys great privileges, and has a voice and feat at
the provincial diets. It contains two churches, three
convents, and an univerlity, founded for proteftants, in
1655. It is a (tuple for iron manufactures and cloth:

1

i U K

fourteen miles north of Duffeldorp, and twenty-nine
Couth ealt of Cleves. Lat. 51. 28. N. Ion. 24. 9. E.
Greenwich.

DU'ISBURG (Peter de), an ancient chronicler, native
ot the town of that name in the duchy of Cleves. He
flourillied towards the beginning of the fourteenth cen¬
tury, and was a pried of the Teutonic order in Pruflia.
He wro'e in Latin a Chronicle of Pruflia from 1226 to
1325, which has been continued by an anonymous writer
to 1426. The learned Hartknock gave an edition of the
original in 1679, Frankf. 4to. illuftrated by nineteen dif-
fertations, which throw great light upon the hidory of
Pruflia.

DU'ITZ, or Duytz, a town of Germany, in the circle
of Weftphalia, and duchy of Berg, on the eaft li de of the
Rhine, oppolite Cologn, chiefly inhabited by Jews, who
are not permitted ro dwell at Cologn, or even enter that
city, without permiflion.

DUKA'NA, a river of Ruflian Siberia, which, united
with the Ancha, forms the Juna.

DUKE,/ [due, Fr. dux, Lat.J One of the higheft
order of nobiliry in England, in rank a nobleman next to
the royal family. The tide of duke is originally a Roman
dignity, denominated a duccndo, leading or commanding.
Accordingly the (lift dukes, duces, were the duElores exer-
ciluum, commanders of armies. Under the emperors, the
governors of provinces in war-time were intitled duces.
In after-times the fame denomination was alfo given to
the governors of provinces in time of peace. The firft
•.governor under the name of duke was a duke of the
M irehia Rhaetica, or Grifons, whereof mention is made
in Caftiodorus ; and there were afterwards thirteen dukes
in the ealtern empire, and twelve in the weftern. The
Goths and Vund.ds, upon their over-running the pro¬
vinces of the weftern empire, abolilhed the Roman dig¬
nities wherever they fettled. But the Franks, &c. to
pleafe the Gauls, who had long been ufed to that form
of government, made it a point not to change any thing
therein : and accordingly they divided all Gaul into
duchies and counties ; and gave t he names fometimes of
dukes, and fometimes of counts, comites, to the governors
thereof. In England, during the Saxon times, as Cam*
den obferves, the officers and commanders of armies were
called dukes, duces, after the Roman manner, without
any other addition. After the Conqueror came in, the
title lay dormant till the reign of Edward III. who cre¬
ated his fon Edward, firft Called the Black Prince, duke
of Cornwall ; which hath ever fince been the peculiar in¬
heritance of the king’s eldeft Ion during the life of his
father; fo that he is dux natus, non creatus. After whom
there were more made, in fuch manner as that their titles
deicended to 1 heir pofterity. See the article Heraldry.

DUKE’s COUNTY, a county of the American States,
in Malfachufetts, comprehending Martha’-sViueyai d iiland,
Chabaquiddick iiland, Norman’s iiland, and the Elizabeth
illands; lituated on the f uth-ealt coaft of the (late. The
number of inhabitanfs by he cenlus of 1796, is 3265.
They fend three reprelentatives, and, in conjunction with
Nantucket ifland, one lenator, to the general court. The
chief town is Edgarton.

DUKE OF GLOUCESTER ISLAND, an ifland in
the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 19. 11. S. ion. 140. 1 1. W.
Greenwich.

DU'KEDOM, / The feigniory or polfeflions of a
duke. — i lie cardinal never religned his purple for the
prolpett of giving an heir to the dukedom or Tulcany.
Addifon. — The title or quality of a duke.

DUKE'E, or Dust, a town of Afia, in the country of
Candahar, in the r^ad from Candahur to Mouitan : 180
miles fouth-eall of Candahar.

DU'KLA, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of San-
domirz : fixty miles fouth-louth-vvell of Sandomirz.

DUKO'VA, a town of Lithuania, in the province of
Minlk: (ixteen miles lbuth-eall of Minlk.

DU'LAS,

113

D U L

DU'LAS, a river of Wales, in the county of Caer-
marthen, which runs into the Briftol Channel, four miles
fouth-eafl of Kidwelly.

DU'LAS, a river of Wales, in the county of Caer-
marthen, which runs into the Towy, about one mile and
a half fouth-fouth-weft of Langadok.

DU'LAS, a river of Wales, in the county of Breck¬
nock, which runs into the Wye, near Hay.

DU'LAS, a river, of Wales, in the county of Radnor,
which runs into the Ithon, near Llaiibeder.

DU'LAS, a river of Wales, in the county of Montgo¬
mery, which runs into the Severn, near Llanidios.

DU'LAS, a river of Wales, in the county of Montgo¬
mery, which runs into the Severn, near Newtown.

DU'LAS, a river of North Wales, in the ifland of An-
glefea, which runs into the Irifh Sea, forming a bay and
harbour at its mouth, with a village of the fame name :
ten miles north-weft of Beaumaris.

DULA'SHR, a river of South Wales, in the county
of Caermarthen, which runs into the Towy, feven miles
above Caermarthen.

DUL'BRAINED, adj. Stupid; doltifh ; foolifh :

This arm of mine hath chaftis’d
The petty rebel, dulbrain'd Buckingham. ShakcJpeare.

DULCAMA'RA, / in botany. See Solanum.

DULCAR'NON,/. [Arab.] A certain propofition,
found out by Pythagoras, upon the account of which he
facrificed an ox to the gods, in token of thankfulnefs.
Whence Chaucer, &c. ufq it to fignify any knotty point
or queftion. Bailey ..

To be at DULCAR'NON, v.n. To be nonplulfed ; to
be at one’s wits end .

DUL'CET, adj. [ dulcis , Lat.] Sweet to the tafte ; luf-
cious :

From fweet kernels prefs’d,

She tempers dulcet creams ; northefe to hold
Wants (he fit velfels pure. Milton.

Sweet to the ear ; harmonious; melodious;

I fat upon a promontory,

And heard a mermaid, on a dolphin’s back,

Uttering fuch dulcet and harmonious breath,

That the rude fea grew civil at her fong. Shakcfpcare.

DULCIFICA'TION, J. The a£t of fweetening; the
a£t of freeing from acidity, faltnefs, or acrimony. — In col-
cothar, the exadteft calcination, followed by an exquifite
dulcifi cation, does not reduce the remaining body into ele¬
mentary earth. Boyle.

To DUL'CIFY, v. a. [. dulcifier , Fr.] To fweeten ; to fet
free from acidity, faltnefs, or acrimony of any kind. —
Spirit of wine dulcifies fpirit of fait. Ar but knot.

DULCl'GNO, a town of European Turkey, in the
province of Albania, on the coaft of the Adriatic, con¬
taining about 7000 or Sooo fouls. The harbour ferves as
a retreat for corlairs : fifteen miles fouth-weft of Scutari.
Lat. 42. 23. N. Ion. 36. 42. E. Ferro.

DULCI'LOQUY, f. [from the Lat. dulcis , fweet, and
loquor, to fpe; k ] A loft and fweet manner of fpeaking,

DUL'CIMER, J. \_dolcimello, Skinner.] A mufical in¬
strument played by (triking the brafs wires with little
flicks. — Ye hear the found of the cornet, flute, harp,
fackbut, pfaltery, dulcimer, and all kindsof mufic. Dan.Vn.
5. — In Beverly minder is an elegant fcnlpture-example
of a female figure playing on the dulcimer.

DULCI'NOj [Ital.] A (mail kind of bafibon.

DULCI'NUS, a bold leader of a religious feet who op-
pofed the authority of the church of Rome in the four¬
teenth century, was a native of Novara, in the duchy of
Milan. The original founder of this feCt, who are fome-
tirties called by the name of the fedl of the Apafllcs, and
Sometimes by that of Du/cinifis, was Gerard Sagarelli,
who was burnt alive for his herefy at Parma, in the year
1300. Upon the cruel death of Sagarelli, Dulcinus be¬
came the head of his followers, and not only publicly
profeUed his opinions, hut took up arms to defend him-

Vol. VI. No. 33 5.

D U L

felf and fellow-believers againd their perfecutors. The
confequence was, a dreadful druggie for more than two
years, between the Dulcinids and the fupporters of the
papal intereds, which terminated in the overthrow of the
former, and the capture of their leader after he had fig-
nalifed his courage and intrepidity in feveral obdinate
and bloody battles. He was put to death at Vercelli, in
the mod barbarous manner, in the year 1307. The tra¬
gical end of Dulcinus was not immediately followed by
the entire extirpation of his fefl, of which there were
fome remains in France, in Germany, and in other coun¬
tries, until the beginning of the fifteenth century.

DUL'CIS R A'DIX, J. in botany. SeqGLYC yrrhiza.

DULCl'SONANT, adj. [ dulcifonans , Lat.] Sounding
fweetly.

DUL'CITUDE, f. \_dulcitudo, Lat.] Sweetnefs.

To DUL'CORATE, v. a. [from dulcis, Lat.] To
fweeten. — The ancients, for the dulcorating of fruit, do
commend fwine’s dung above all other dung. Bacon. — To
make lefs acrimonious. — Turbith mineral, as it is fold in
the fliops, is a rough medicine ; but, being fomewhat
dulcoratcd, fird procureth vomiting, and then falivation.
Wifeman.

DULCOR A'TION, f. The a6l of fweetening. — Malt
gathereth a fweetnefs to the tade, which appeareth in the
wort : the du/coration of thingsls worthy to be tried to the
full ; for aulcoration importeth a degree to nourifliment.
Bacon.

DUI/HEAD, f. A blockhead; a wretch foolifli and
dupid ; a dolt. — This people be fools and dulheads to all
goodnefs ; but fubtle, cunning, and bold in any mifehief.
Afcham.

DU'LIA, f. [oeAsta.] An inferior kind of adoration.
— Paleotus faith, that the fame worfhip which isgiven.to
the prototype may be given to the image ; but with the
different degrees of latria and dulia. Stilling fleet.

DULI'CHIUM, in ancient geography, an ifland of the
Ionian fea, oppofite the Achelous. It was part of the
kingdom of Ulyfles. Martial.

DUL'KEN, or Dulcken, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Wedphalia, and duchy of Juliers : twenty miles
north-north-weft of Juliers.

DULL, adj. \_dwl, Welih ; bole, Sax. dol, mad, Dut.]
Stupid; doltifh; blockith; unapprehenfive ; indocile;
flow of underftanding. — He that hath learned no wit by
nature, nor art, may complain of grofs breeding, or comes
of a very dull kindred. Shakefpearc.— Blunt; obtufe :
Meeting with Time, flack thing, faid I,

Thy feythe is dull ; whet it, for fhame. llerbert.

Unready; awkward. — Memory is fo neceflary to all
conditions of life, that we are not to fear it fhould grow
dull for want of exercife, if exercife would make it ftrong-
er. Locke. — Hebetated ; not quick. — This people’s heart
is waxed grofs, and their evirsare dull of hearing. Matt. xiii.
15. — Sad ; melancholy . Sluggifli ; heavy; flow of motion :
Thenceforth the waters. waxed dull and flow,*

And all that drunk thereof did faint and feeble grow’.

Spenjer.

Grofs; cloggy; vile:

She excels each mortal thing
Upon the dull earth dwelling. ShakcJpeare.

Not exhilarating ; not delightful : as, to make di&ionarics is
dull work. Not bright : as, the mirror is dull, the f. re is
dull. Drowfy ; fleepy :

I’ll not be made a foft and du/l-e yed fool,

To (hake the head, relent, and figh, and yield
To Chriftian interceffors. ShakcJpeare ,

To DULL, v. a. To ftupify ; to infatuate :

Thofe drugs fhe has

'Will ftupify and dull the fenfe awhile. ShakcJpeare,
To blunt ; to obtund. — Borrowing dulls the edge of in-
duftry. ShakcJpeare . — This entrance of the battle did whet
the courage of the Spaniards, though it dulled their fwords.

G g M aeon

m D U L

Bacon. — To ladders ; to make melancholy, To hebetate j
to weaken :

Now forc’d to overflow with brackifh tears,

The troublous noife did dull their dainty ears. Spcnfcr.

To damp ; to clog. — Prayers were (fort, as if darts thrown
out with a hidden quicknefs, left that vigilant and ereft
attention of mind, which in prayer is very necedary,
Ihonld be waded or du'lcd through continuance. Hooker.

• — To make heavy, cr flow of motion. — Ufury dulls and
damps all induftries, wherein money would be flirting, if
it were not for the tlug. Bacon. — To fully brightnel's. —
The breath dulls the mirror. Bacon.

DULLAB'RT (Heyman), a Dutch painter of merit,
born in 1636 at Rotterdam, where his father was a pitture-
ir.erchant. He early difplayed a lively genius, and made
a proficiency in languages and the fciences, but his pecu¬
liar turn was to painting. His father fent him to the
fcliool of Rembrandt, and he caught the manner and
fiyle of his mafler fo happily, that their works are fcarcely
diftinguifhable. Dnllaert painted with a free and bold
pencil, and in an admirable tone of colouring; but the
delicate ftate of his health would not allow him to apply
clofely, whence his pieces are rare. One of the fined is
a hermit on his knees, in Rembrandt’s bed manner. He
amufed himfelf with mufic and poetry, in both of which
he excelled. He died in 1684.

DUL'LARD,y. A blockhead ; a dolt; a flupid fel¬
low ; a dunce. — What! mak’fl thou me a dullard in this
adt ? ShakeJ'peare.

DUL'LY, ado. Stupidly ; doltifhly. — .It is not fuffi-
cient to imitate nature in every circumftance dully , lite¬
rally, and meanly ; but it becomes a painter to take what
is moft beautiful. Dryden. — Slowly; fluggilhly. — The
air, if it be rnoifl, doth in a degree quench the flame, and
hovvfoever maketh it burn more dully. Bacon. — Not vigo-
roiifly; not gaily ; not brightly ; not keenly :

Not that I think thofe pantomimes,

Who vary action with the times,

Are lefs ingenious in their art

Than thofe who dul/y aCt one part. Hudibras.

DUL'MEN, or Dolman, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Weltphalia, and billiopric of Munlter: thirteen
miles fouth-welt of IVIunfter.

DUL'NES3,y. Stupidity; weaknefs of intelledt ; in¬
docility : flownefs of apprehenfion. — Nor is the dulnefs of
the fcholar to extinguilh, but rather to enflame, the cha¬
rity of the teacher. South.

Shadwell alone my perfect image bears,

Mature in dulnefs from his tender years. Dryden.

Want of quick perception. — Nature, by a continual ufe
of any thing, groweth to a fatiety and dulnefs either of
appetite or working. Bacon. — Drcwlinefs ; inclination to
lleep :

Here ceafe more queflions ;

Thou art inclin’d to deep. ’T is a good dulnefs.

And give it way. Shakfpeare.

Sluggiflmcfs of motion. Dimnefs ; want of luflre. Blunt-
nefs ; want of edge.

DULO'CRACY, f. [of a fervant, and xgaroc,

power, Gr. ] A government where fervants and Slaves
have fo much licence and privilege, that they domineer.

DUL'VERT ON, a fmall town of Somerfetlhire, on the
borders of Devonlhire, with a bridge on the Dunfbrook,
near its fall into the Exe ; 169 miles from London, twen¬
ty-four from Barnftaple, and Pwenty-feven from Bridge-
water. It is a place of good accommodation ; and has a
market on • Saturdays, and fairs on July 10 and Novem¬
bers. There are fome lead-mines near this town; but
the ore is hard and barren, and the lead that comes from
it harder than that of the Mendip-hiils. Here is like¬
wise a manufactory of coarfe woollen cloth and blankets.

DULWICH, a delightful village of Surrey, in the pa-
of Camberwell, on the borders of Kent, live miles

D U M

from London, celebrated for its medicinal waters, called
the Sydenham wells. Here is alio a noble charity, called
Dulwich college, founded in 1614, by Mr. Edward Al¬
leyn, who named it the College of God's Gift. This gentle,
man was an adtor in the reign of queen Elizabeth, and
the principal performer in many of Shakefpcare’s plays.
He founded this college for a mafler and wardens, who
were always to be of the name of Alleyn or Allen, with
four fellows, three of whom were to be divines, and the
fourth an organifl ; and for fix poor men, as many poor
women, and twelve poor boys, to be educated by two of
the fellows. When the boys arrive at a proper age, they
are fent to the univerfities, or placed out apprentices.
Mr. Alleyn conflituted for vifitors, the churchwardens of
St. Botol; h, Bilhopfgate ; St. Giles, Cripplegate ; and
St. Saviour, Southwark; who, upon occaiion, were to
appeal to the archbilhop of Canterbury, before whom all
the members were to be fworn at their admifiion. To
this college belongs a chapel, in which the founder him¬
felf is buried.

The Dulwich waters are remarkably clear, obfcttrely
brackifh, and tafte a little bitter in the throat. A gallon
at one time yielded two, at another three, drams of folid
matter, containing a fmall portion of calcareous earth,
and a vitriolated magnefia, mixed with a portion of ma¬
rine fait. From one to two pints in a morning is a dole.

DU'LY, adv. Properly ; fitly ; in the due manner. — •
In the body, when the principal parts, as the heart and
liver, do their offices, and all the inferior fmaller veffels
adt orderly and duly, there arifes a fweet enjoyment upon
the whole, which we call health. South. — Regularly ; ex¬
actly :

Seldom at church, ’twas fuch a bufy life ;

But duly fent his family and wife. Pope.

DUM FU'IT IN'FR A JE'T ATEM, in law, a writ
whereby an infant who had made a feoff ment of his lands,
when he came of full age, might recover thole lands and
tenements which were fo aliened : and within age, lie
might enter into the land, and take it back again, and by
his entry he fliould be remitted to his anceftor’s right.
New Nat. Br. 426. If the hufband and wife alien the
wife’s land, during the nonage of both of them, the wife
at her full age after the death of the hufband, fhall have
a writ of dum fuit infra atatem. M. 14. Edw. III. By this
writ to the fheriff, he fhall command A. that he render
to B. who is of full age, two mefluages and lands, &c.
which B. demifed to him, while he was within age, as he
faith; or into which the faid A. hath not entered, but
by C. to whom the faid B. the famedemifed, &c. F. N. B .
477-

DUM NON FU'IT COM'POS MEN'TIS, in law, a
writ that lay where a man not of found memory aliened
any lands or tenements, again!! the alienee. And lie (hall
allege that he was not of fane memory, but being vifited
with infirmity, loft his diferetion for a time, fo as not to
be capable of making a grant, See. New Nat. Br. 449.

DU'M A, a town of Arabia: 240 miles weft of Cathem.

DU'MA, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft-
pha! ia, on a river of the fame name, which foon after
runs into the Wipper: fourteen miles fouth-loulh-eaft of
Dnlfeldorp.

DU'MAH, [from the Hebrew, fignifying filence.] A
city of Paleltine, in the tribe of Judah : lituated in the
mountains. Jofi . xv. 52.

DU'MAH, fjaiah xxi. n.) A city of the Iftunaelites,
fo named, it is thought, from Dumak, Ion of Ilhmael.
Gen. xxv. 14.

DU'MAL, adj. [from the Lat. dumus, a bufh.J Per-
taming to briars, bulky.

DU'M As (Hilary), a French ecclefiaffic and doctor of
the Sorbonne, in the fevenreenrh and beginning of the
eighteenth century. Although we ate ,ot furniftied with
any particulars refpedting his life and character, he is
entitled to this brief notice on account of his being tiie
author of a well-written Hiltory of the Five Proportions

D U M

»( Jan Tenuis, publifhed in 1702, in three volumes nms,
This work lias been attributed to the celebrated father
Tellier ; bat is diftinguifhed by greater temper and mo¬
deration than are difpluyed in any known writings of that
jefuit. Abbe Dumas was alfo the author of a tranflation
cf Thomas a Kempis’s treatile On the Imitation of Jefus
Clirid, and other pieces, in lefs eftimation th in his liidory.

DU'MARING, a town of the idand of Borneo, on
the eaff coaft. Lat. 2. 10 N. Ion. 1 17. 30. E. Greenwich.

DUMB, adj. [pi7, he was filent; dumbs, Gothic;
buirtbe, Saxon ; dum, Danifh ; dom, Dutch, dull. ] Mute;
incapable of fpeech. See the article Deaf and Dumb,
vol.v. p.627. — It hath pleafed himfelf f'ometime to un-
loofe the very tongues even of dumb creatures, and to
teach them to plead in their own defence, left the cruelty
of man Ihould perfid to afflifl them. Hooker.

They fpake not a word ;

But like dumb datues, or unbreathing Hones,

Star’d each on other. Shahefpeare.

Depriv’d of fpeech. — Some pofitive terms fignify a nega¬
tive idea : blind implies a privation of light, dumb a de¬
nial of fpeech. Watts.

They fung no more, or only fung bis fame ;

Struck dumb, they all admir’d the godlike man. Dryden.
Mute ; not ufing words. — Nothing is more common than
for lovers to complain, relent, languid), defpair, and die
in dumb diew. Addijon.

Her humble gelhires made the refidue plain,

Dumb eloquence perfuading more than fpeech. Rofcomm.

Silent ; refudng to fpeak :

The good old feer withdood
Th’ intended treafon, and was dumb to blood ;

Till tir’d with endlefs clamours, and purfuit
Of Ithacus, he Hood no longer mute. Dryden.

To DUMB, v.a. To filence. — Deep clerks die dumbs.
Pericles.

“ As Dumb as a fidi.” — A proverb founded on a fup-
pofition that lifh are mute and emit no found, the contrary
of which has been abundantly proved by modern ichthy-
ologids. The Latins fay : Magis mutus quam pifeis. The
Gr. ’Atpuno ToTEp©^ TUV lysdvwv. The Fr. Muct comme un
poijfon.

DUMB-DISCOUR'SI VE, adj. Silently pleading:
There lurks a dill and dumb-difeourfroe devil.

That tempts mod cunningly. Shahefpeare.

DUMBAR'TON, or Lenox, a county of Scotland,
bounded on the north by the counties of Argyle and Perth,
on the ead by the counlies of Perth and Stirling, on the
fouth by Lanerklhire and Renfrewdiire, and on the wed
by Argylefhire, from which it is for the mod part divided
by Loch Long, in the form of a crefcent, the horns lying
north and fouth, and the concave fide to the ead ; about
forty-five miles in length, and from fix to fifteen in
breadth. The eadern part is fertile in corn, the other
parts feed great flocks of fheep; hut the principal riches
arife from the fifheries in the lochs in and about its coads.
Loch Lomond, Loch Long, and Loch Garte are the chief ;
the principal town is Dumbarton. It fends one member
to the imperial parliament.

DUMBAR'TON, a town of Scotland, and capital of
Dumbartondiire, fituated on the north coad of the Clyde,
at the mouth of the Leven. It is ancient, large, but not
well built, and defended by a cadle, fituated dole to the
river, on a vad rock, formerly deemed impregnable, and
now the refidence of a garrifon. There is in this town a
confiderable crown and bottle glafs manufactory, which
employs upwards of one hundred hands. Extenlive
print-fields in the neighbouring pariflies alfo employ fome
of the inhabitants of Dumbarton. This town was erected
into a royal burgh by king Alexander II. in 1221 ; it has
a good harbour, w here large brigs lie fafe in all weathers.

D U M 115

About two thoufand tons of (hipping belong to this place,
which employ many feamen. The town is entirely free
cf all impods, or borough taxes; Lur is by no means in
a flouridling or increafing d ite, owing to the letters of
deaconry preventing drangers from working at their trades
without codly entries ; the number of fouls is about two
thoufand : thirteen miles wed of Glafgow, and eight
north-wed of Paifley. Lat. 55. 58. N. Ion. 1 . 27. W . of
Edinburgh.

DUMBLA'NE, a town of Scotland, in the county of
Perth, formerly the fee of a bilhop, founded by David I.
part of the cathedral, which yet remains, feives for a pa-
rifh church. In 1 715, a battle was fought near this town,
between t he troops of George I. under the command of
the duke of Argyle, and the troops of the chevalier
prince Charles, under the command of 1 1 1 e earl of Mar.
About five hundred were killed on each fide, but the
victory was doubtful : font miles north of Stirling, and
twenty-one fouth-wed of Perth.

DUMB'LY, adv. Mutely; filently ; without words.

DUMB'NESS, J. Incapacity to fpeak. Omiffion of
fpeech; mutenefs. — There was fpeec-h in their dumbnejs,
language in their very gedure: they looked as they had
heard of a world ranfomed, or one deftroyed. Shakejpeare.
Refufal to fpeak ; filence :

•Tis love, fai J (lie ; and then my downcad eyes,

And guilty dumbnejs , witnefs’d my furprize. Dryden.

Dumbnefs, or a total defect of fpeech, is the natural con-
fequence ofdeafnefs from infancy; and is the cattfe of
t hat want of intelligence or inexpanfion of the reafoning
faculty, obfervable in perfons who grow up in it. Lan¬
guage is not merely the expreflion ot thought, it is alio
the medium of thinking : without which man would
fcarcely be a rational being. Under the article Deaf
and Dumb, vol. v. p. 627, we have dated various me¬
thods adopted by different perfons for teaching fuch un¬
fortunate perfons to fpeak and read. And we there no¬
ticed a new and benevolent inflitution on a large fcale,
the Asylum, founded in 1792, at Bermondfey near Lon¬
don, for the fup'port and education of the deaf and dumb
children of the poor, who are admitted from nine years
of age till fourteen. The modes of indruction adopted
on this occalion, iiave been kindly communicated to us
by Mr. Watfon, mader and teacher in the above inditu-
tion ; the principles of which we fliall prelent to our
readers in his own words.

“ Sight, the moft noble and refined of all the exterml
fenfes, is not only of infinite importance for the correct
notions with which it furnifhes us of things from with¬
out, but is alfo, in a great meafure, capable, as far as
language is concerned, of fupplying the place of hearing ,
the fenfe next to it in refinement and importance, by ad¬
mitting, as that fenfe does, of arbitrary figns affociable
in the underdanding, with the impr (lions tranfmitted,
through its own medium, or the medium ot the other
fenfes to the fenforium, by external objects, or, with the
operations of the mind itfelf. Hence words, which are
the figns alluded to, are objedhs either of the eye or ear-,
for they are either vifible charablrs or audible founds, and
derive their fignification in either cafe from being affoci-
ated or linked with cur fenfations, or our ideas, by which
fort of connection the one fuggefts the other.

Children who hear, fird learn the meaning of a word in
this way, i. e. by hearing it frequently applied to Come
perfon or thing which had already attracted their notice;
and then, by imitation, learn to fpeak it. Thus it be¬
comes, as it were, a part of themfelves, and enlarges the
fphere of their conceptions ; and, by tiling it at g.leafure,
they difeover that t hey have not only the ready means. of
railing images in their own minds, hut alfo in the min is
of others. One dep leads on to another, and the- confi¬
dence and exertion of the little learners increale with
their fuccefs ; till they can imitate, aimed, any articula¬
tion as foon as they hear it. This is a lhea lketch of the

natural

n6 DUMB

natural procefs oflenrning a language by tliofe who hear:
with tliofe who are deaf, the procefs neceffarily differs ;
but, if properly managed, the refult will be the fame,
i. e. they will learn to imitate, not the articulations they
hear, but thofe they fee and feel . Children who hear,
learn words, as it were, en gros, while thofe who are deaf
mud pttrfue a more detailed method, and begin, not with
words, but with their condiment parts. Thus, infiead of
fhewing them words, and endeavouring to make them
pronounce or comprehend them, we begin with the mod
iivnple founds, and do not attempt to combine thefe till
the aCt of producing them feparately becomes familiar.

The fird dep in the procefs of teaching a deaf and •
dumb perfon to fpeak, is to obtain a clear and didinCl
found from the throat, as of a, heard in the word wall,
&c. To effect this, and to habituate the pupil to con¬
nect the found when he has learnt to produce it, with
the letter, from henceforth to be its reprefentalive, it is
didinCtly traced on paper, and he is made to obferve it
for a minute ; he then looks up with anxiety, as if he
would enquire what he is to do with it. The found is
then fully and dovvly pronounced, or uttered, and the
learner made to look attentively at the pofition and mo¬
tion of the mouth, and to feel the adriCtion of the muf-
cles of the larynx, by placing his hand upon the throat,
carefully making him perceive the beginning and con-
elufion of the found, which he can eaiily do by the vi¬
bratory motion excited in the parts during its continu¬
ance, and which of courfe ceafes with it. Having made
thefe obfervations for a fhort time, he will feldom fail to
attempt an imitation of what he has been obferving, and
that, tor the mod part, fuccefsfully. When the contrary
happens, nothing more is requilite than patient and good-
natured perfeverance ; for, if he perceive that his failure
has excited chagrin or dilappointment in his teacher, he
will make another effort with gfeat reluctance.

The found, once acquired, mud be praCtifed for a fuf-
ficient length of time, to avoid the danger of lofing it ;
great care being neceffary all through bis progrefs never
to proceed to a new found till the preceding has become
familiar, and unattended with doubt as to the manner of
producing it. A contrary practice would lead to confu-
fion and endlefs vexation; while too much pains cannot
be taken to keep the learner in good humour, and to
make him fuppofe that he is doing well beyond expecta¬
tion : nothing is more di Icon raging than to put him
back. In the fame manner we teach the other dmple
founds, which are but few in number, yet, by combina¬
tion, are fufceptible of great variety.

The vowels being acquired, we proceed to the confo-
nants, in their order, teaching only the powers of them ;
and that through the means of feeing and feeling, as in the
vowels, always applying the fcholar’s finger to the nuif-
cles concerned in their formati n, and employing his eyes
in alternately obferving the letter, and the pofitions and
motions of the external organs of fpeech. By thefe means
deaf and dumb perfons not only learn to fpeak themfelves,
hut acquire wonderful facility in knowing what others
fay, by the help of the eyes only.

The power of the confonants, it may be neceffary to
obferve, mean only the pofition and action of the organs
employed in their formation, without the addition of any
didinCt vocal found ; for, though it is neceffary to found
in the throat in the formation of many of them, yet the
found is fo confined by the pofition of the organs, as not
to partake of the nature of any of the open founds re-
prefented by the vowels. Thus, for in fiance, by clofing
the lips, founding gently in the throat, forcing them
afunder by the emiffion of the breath, and carefully
avoiding to let any of it pafs through the nofe, we have
the power of b. After the fame manner is formed the
power of p, but without found in the throat. Thefe
formations mud be (lowly and carefully pointed out to
the learner, with the precautions above noticed, till all
the confonants be gone through, and properly acquired.

N E S S. *

It is evident, when the power of a confonant is attained,
that it need only to be joined with the vowels to form
fyllables, as 6a, be, ab, cb, & c. thefe the learner will pro¬
nounce almod at fight. From the ealieft combinations
we proceed to the mod complex ; and, by practice, he
will foon acquire reactinefs in pronouncing the longed
polyfyllables.

This may ferve to convey a general idea of the method
purfued in teaching the dumb to fpeak ; a work of la¬
bour and nicety, it is true, on the part of the teacher;
and what has been faid may alfo obviate the mi flake in
a notion, taken up by fome uninformed perfons, that the
procefs is attended with pain on the part of the learner;
on the contrary it is an amufement to him ; and, were it
otherwife, the importance of the acquifition would well
repay hii*; for fome pains. The very habit of regarding
written or printed characters as the figns of certain me¬
chanical aCtions of the organs of fpeech, paves the way
for confidering combinations of thofe aCtions or charac¬
ters as the figns of things, i. c. fighificant words written
or articulate. We, who hear, confider words as founds;
the deaf, when taught to fpeak, regard them as aCtions.
In the inftruCtion of the deaf and dumb, fpeech is of the
utmod importance; it not only ferves them as it does
others, to communicate their thoughts, when they have
acquired a knowledge of language, hut it contributes
much to that acquifition, by greatly facilitating the re¬
tention of words in the memory.

The learner having attained the ufe of fpeech, in a cer¬
tain degree, which is to be carefully and daily improved
by practice : he is (hewn words of the mod familiar fort
at firlt ; that is to fay, only the names of perfons or things,
(nouns,) or of aCtions, (verbs,) that can readily be (hewn
with the words; as, for indance, the parts of the body,
and fuch common articles of furniture as furround him,
the names of the perfons of the family, and aCtions figni-
fied by the words walk, run, cat, play. Sec. Having got a
pretty good dock of fuch words, and the meaning of them
being perfectly underdood, we proceed to confider the
perfons, things, or aCtions, defignated by them in their
relations to other perfons or things, of the fame, or dif¬
ferent forts ; this furnilhes us with opportunities of de¬
clining or varying the words according to the relations
we perceive in the things they (ignify either by fome ad¬
dition or alteration in the word itfelf, or by fome other
word joined with it. This brings into ufe prepolitions,
conjunctions, adverbs, auxiliary verbs, Sec. Things have
attributes or qualities, (adjeCtives,) the table is round,
or fquare, one is large, another is final 1 ; an apple ts fweet
or four, &c. Thefe attributes are perceived by fome of
our fenfes as exiding in the fubjects ; hence we eafily
undeidand the words that defignate them.

There is a natural propendty in the human mind to
generalize and clafiify its perceptions : after a number of
examples of the application of the word fweet, for in¬
dance, to an apple, to an orange, ftigar, Sec. a perfon who
had been deaf and dumb will be prepared to under ftand
the word fweetnefs, having already begun to confider the
quality abdraCtedly, and fo on for other abdraCt terms,
as goodnefs, truth, judice, Sec. After this fimple and
natural manner are the deaf and dumb brought to fpeak,
read, write, and undeidand a language.

The fird year of a learner’s progrefa’is nearly confumed
in acquiring the pronunciation and orthography of words,
i. e. a vocabulary, confiding of a variety of nouns, or the
names of animals and things; andalfo verbs, all eafily (hewn
to him ; and their variations or declenfions. Where the
capacity is good, at the end of this period he will be fit
to enter upon the exemplification of the ufesand appli¬
cation of the words he has learnt, in the condruftion of
fuch (imple fentences as are neceffary to ex [ refs his rwde
thoughts. His reafon and his knowledge of language go
on expanding together, mutually unfolding each other,
till he becomes capable of taking fome part in the tranf.
aCtions and duties of that fociety, on which he originally

promife^

D U M

protnifed to be a heavy and helplefs burthen. Ilis mind
a flumes the appellation of rational ; for it is fitted for the
•reception and cultivation of useful knowledge ; and all
the confoling and exalted views that Chriftianity opens
to mankind, break i n upon his foul through the channel
that has been opened !”

The fuccefs which attends Mr. Watfon’s mode of in-
ftruftion, is beyond the conception of any one who has
not been an eye-vvitnefs of the readinefs of his fcholars,
who anfvver both by fpeech and writing- with wonderful
facility. If you afk one of them a que/Iion in a flow and
diftinbt manner, letting the deaf youth fee the motion of
your lips and mouth, you immediately receive ananfwer
in the fame manner, and without any fign or interference
from the matter. Sometimes they will imitate the mo¬
tion of your lips as you fpeak, and thus repeat the quef-
tion, as it were, to themfelves. Thofe who have been
fotne time in the fchool will open a book, and read dif-
tinitly any p adage you point out, as well and as diftindf ly
as fchoolboys in general do ; which was very fatisfadto-
rily obferved by the editor of this work. A gentleman
put his watch to the ear of one of the pupils. The youth
tliook his head ; he heard nothing. The edge of the
watch-cafe was then put againft his teeth. “ Now do
you hear it ?” fays the gentleman : “ I feel it,” replies
the boy. The children are of both lexes. Some pieces
are publicly recited by them at the anniverfary meeting
of the patrons of the inftitution. May fuch an inflitution
never want patrons !

DUM'DAI-I, a town of Hindooftan, in the Ruttunpour
country : fixty-fix miles fouth-weft of Ruttunpour, and
1 1 2 ea ft of Nagpour.

DUMEI'DSJ, a town of Arabia, in the country of Ye¬
men : thirty-lix miles north-north -eaft of Cliamir.

DUMFERM'LINE. See Dunfermline.

To DUM'FOUND, v. a. To confufe ; to ftrike dumb.

- — They had like to have dumfounded thejufti.ee; but his
clerk came in to his afliftance. SpeElator.

DUMFRI'ES, a county of Scotland, bounded cn the
north by the counties of Lanerk, Peebles, and Selkirk,
on the eaft by Roxburgfhire, on the fouth by the Frith
of Solway, which divides it from England, and the county
of Kircudbright, and on the weft by Airfliire. Tim coun¬
try is generally mountainous, with fome fertile valleys
on the Aides of the rivers called Nithjdalc, or Niddifdale ,
Annandale , and Emdale ; about fifty miles in length,
and from ten to thirty broad. The principal towns are
Dumfries and Annan; and the chief rivers are the Elk,-
the Annan, and the Nid. It fends one member to the
Imperial parliament.

DUMFRI'ES, a town of Scotland, and capital of the
county to which it gives name, fituated on an eminence,
near the river Nid, about terf miles from its mouth, in
the Solway Frith; with a refpedlable grammar- fchool,
and an infirmary. It is a royal borough, and afiifts, with
fome other towns, to fend a member to the Imperial par¬
liament. About eight or ten coafting veflels belong to
this town, befides feveral which are employed in the Bal¬
tic, and in the wine trade. Forty years ago, a confider-
able tobacco trade was carried on at Dumfries. At an
average of four years, 1250 hogfheads were then annually
imported. It is alleged, that the importation was con-
fiderably greater, and that in confequence of the detec¬
tion of fome attempts at fmuggling, the trade in this ar¬
ticle came to be difeouraged. The coafting veflels bring
in linYe, coals, and merchant goods of various forts ; they
export potatoes and grain. About a mile eaftward
from the town is a craig, or rock, curiou fly hollowed,
known by the name of the Maidenbozocr Crag. It is faid
to have been famous in the times of drui.difm ; and may
have received its name from being the feene of fome rites
p radii fed as a teft of virginity. The prefent population
of the town, as appears from an enumeration lately taken,
may be fairly eftimated at 5600 fouls-, twenty-one miles
north-eaft of Kircudbright, and fifty-three fouth-fouth-

Yol. VI. No. 335.

D UN 117

weft of Edinburgh. Lat. 53. S. N. Ion. 4. 25. W. Green¬
wich.

DUMFRIE'S, a port of entry and poll town of the
American States, in Virginia, and chief town of Prince
William county, fituated on the north fide of (Xuantxo
creek, four, miles above its entrance into the Potowmack,
and ten miles from Colchefter. Its public edifices are an
epifccpal church, a court-houfe, and jail. The exports
from this port for one year, ending the 30th of Septem¬
ber 1794, amounted in value to 85,635, dollars : twenty-
eight miles north by eaft of Fredericfburg, and 135 fouth-
weft of Philadelphia.

DUM'ME, a river of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Saxony, and marquifate of Brandenburg, which runs in¬
to the Jetze, at Wuftro.

DUM'MER, a townfhip of the American States, in
Grafton county, New Hampfhire, incorporated in 1773.
It is to the fouth-weft of lake Umbagog, on the waters
of Upper Amonoofuck and of Androfcoggin rivers.

DUM'MER SEA, a lake of Germany, in the circle
of Weftphalia, and county of Diepholz, about twelve
miles in circumference: four miles fouth of Diepholz.

DUM'MERSTON, a townfhip of the American States,
in Windham county, Vermont, north of Brattleborough,
containing 1501 inhabitants.

DUMMOO'D A, a river of Plindooftan, which runs into
the Hoogly, twenty-eight miles below Calcutta.

DUMO'NT (John), baron of Carlefcroon, an hiftori-
cal and political writer, after ferving fome time in France,
became a refugee in Holland, and was made hiftoriogra-
pher to his imperial majefty. He died about 1726. His
principal works are : 1. Memoires Politiques pour fervir a
l’ Intelligence de la Paix de Ryfwick, 4V0IS. 12010. 1699. 2.

Voyages tn France, cn Italic, cn Allcmagne, cn Malte, S3 en
Turquie, 4 vols. 121110, 1699. 3. Corps univerfel diploma¬

tique du Droit dcs Gens, 8 vols. folio, 172 6; this contains
all the treaties of alliance, peace, and commerce, front
the peace of Munfter to 1709. 4. Lcttres Hiftoriqucs, de-

puis Janvier, 1652 , jufqu'en 1710. He published feveral
other collections and compilations. His flile is flat and
incorredl ; but his works contain very ufeful matter.

DUMO'SiE,/ [from dumus, Lat, a biilli.] In botany,
the nineteenth order in Linnaeus’s Fragments ; and the
forty-third of the natural orders in his Genera Plantarum.

DUMO'SE, adj. [from the Lat dumus, a briar.] Full of
briars, full of bullies.

DUMO'SITM, f The ftate of being overgrown with
bufhes. Scott.

DUMP,/, [from dom, Dut. ftupid.] Sorrow ; melan¬
choly ; fadnefs ; a ditty or other fong :

Vifit by night your lady’s chamber window
With fome fweet confort ; to their inftrumerits
Tune a deploring dump: the night’s dead (iler.ee
Will well become fuch fweet complaining grievance.

Shahefpcare.

Play me fome merry dump to comfort me. Romeo and Ju¬
liet. — Abfence of .ntind ; reverie.- Locke ufes dump's Angu¬
larly. — ‘This fhame dumps caufes to well-bred people,
when it carries them away from the company. Locke.

DUMP'ISH, adj ■ Sad; melancholy; forrowful. — The
life which I live at this age is not a dead, dumpifh, and
four, life ; but cheerful, lively, and pleafant. Herbert.

DUMP'ISHLY, adu. In a melancholy manner.

DUM'PLING,/. [from du'mp, heavinefs.] A. fort of
pudding. — Pudding and dumpling burn to pot. Dry den.

DUM'PLING-E ATER, /. One that eats dumplings,
— Nor can he fail of cuftom, who has hung out a fign to
all tru z clumpling-eaters. Arbutknot.

DUN, adj. [bun, Sax.] A colour partaking cf brown
and black. — Such as might arife from a mixture of light
and darknefs, or from white and black; that is, a grey,
or dun, or ruflet brown. Newton. — Dark ; gloomy :

Come thick night !

And pall thee in the dunnejl (make of hell. Shakefpeare,
H h Te

y*

ms' DU N

To DUN, v. a. [bunan, Sax. to clamour.] To claim
a debt with vehemence and importunity. — Borrow of thy
back, and borrow of thy belly ; they’ll never atk thee
again. I (hall be dunning thee everyday. Bacon.

When thou dunn'Jl their parents, feldom they,

Without a fuit before the tribune, pay. Dryden.

DUN, f. A clamorous, importunate, troublefome,
creditor :

Thus, while my joylefs minutes tedious flow,

With looks demure, and filent pace, a dun ,

Horrible monfter! hated by gods and men,

To my aerial citadel afcends. Philips.

DUN, or Burgh, f The name of an ancient tower of
a circular form, common in the Orkney and Shetland
itles, the Hebrides, and northern parts of Scotland. The
latter term points out the founders, who at the fame
time bellowed on them their name of borg , a defence or
caflle ; and the Highlanders univerfally apply to thefe
places the Celtic name dun, fignifying a hill defended by
a tower. They are confined to the countries once fub-
je£l to the crown of Norway. With few exceptions, they
are built within fight of the fea, and one or more within
fight of the other; fo that, on a fignal by fire, by flag,
or by trumpet, they could give notice of approaching
danger, and yield a mutual fuccour. Along the Orkney
and Shetland (hores, they almofi form a chain ; and by
that means not only kept the natives in fubjedlion, but
were fituated commodioully for covering the landing of
their countrymen, who were perpetually roving on pira¬
tical expeditions. No buildings fimilar to thefe are to be
found, except in Scandinavia. On the mountain Swal-
Berg, in Norway, is one; the Stir-bilkop, at Upfal in
Sweden, is another; and Umfeborg, in the fame kingdom,
is a third.

DUN, a town of France, in the department of the
Meufe, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridl of Ste-
nay, on t he Meufe : five leagues north-north-weft of Ver¬
dun, and two fouth of Stenay.

DUN PALLETEAU', a town of France, in the de¬
partment of the Creuze, and chief place of a canton, in
the diftridt of La Souterraine : four leagues north-weft of
Gueret.

DUN LE ROY, a town of France, and feat of a tribu¬
nal, in the department of the Cher, on the Auron. It
contains about 1500 inhabitants: fourteen miles fouth-
fouth-eaft of Bourges, and fifteen weft of Sancois.

DU'N A, f. in old records, a bank of earth thrown out
of a ditch .

DU'NAMOND, a town of Ruflia, in the government
of Riga, fituated at the mouth of the Duina : it formerly
belonged to the duchy of Courland, and was taken by
the Swedes, commanded by count Mansfield, during their
war with the Poles. It was again taken by the Swedes,
in 1618, while Sigifmond, king of Poland, and by birth¬
right kimT of Sweden, was contending with Guftavus
Adolphus” who had been called to the throne by the
voice of the fenate. In 1700 it was taken by the Poles,
commanded by general Flemming; but the next year
the Swedes, commanded by their king, Charles XII.
took it after a long fiege. The czar, Peter the Great,
after taking Riga, in 1710, made himlelf mafter of this
place : fifteen miles north-weft of Riga, and twenty north
of Mittau. Lat. 57.5. N. Ion. 41.27. E. Ferro.

DU'NAN POINT, a cape on the fouth-weft coaft of
the id and of Skye. Lat. 57.9. N. Ion. 3.5. W. Edin¬
burgh.

DUNBAR', a fea-port town of Scotland, on the north-
eaft coaft of the county of Haddington, on the German
fea, with a good harbour: the chief trade of the place is
the’ Greenland and herring fifhery ; formerly defended
by a caftle, fituated on a cliff above the fea, but now in
mins, to which Edward II. fled after his defeat at Ban¬
nockburn ; but, being purfued, he was compelled to pro-

D U N

ceed to Berwick in an open boat. In 1297, the Scots
were defeated near Dunbar by the Englifh, under the
command of earl Warenne, with great (laughter. In
1650, the troops of Charles II. were defeated near this
town by Oliver Cromwell : twenty miles weft of Edin¬
burgh. Lat. 56. N.

DUNBAR' (William), an early Scottifh poet of con-
fiderable merit, born, probably, about 1465, at Salton in
Eaft Lothian. He feems to have travelled in his youth
in the quality of a preaching friar of the Francifcan order.
He returned to Scotland about 1490, and diftir.gniflied
himfelf as a poet; and died about 1330. He wrote a
number of pieces, ferious and comic, in which he dif.
played facility of invention, and great force and richnefs
of defcription. One of his principal poems is the Thiftle
and Rofe, a kind of vifion, the fubjedt of which is the
marriage of James IV. of Scotland with Margaret daugh¬
ter of Henry VII. of England. The Golden Terge, a
moral allegory, in which the (hieldof reafon is employed
to refill the attacks of the amorous pallion. Another of
his longer pieces is the Daunce, which is a vifion of
heaven and hell in a comic (lile of painting. There are
many more, printed in the colletlion of ancient Scottilh
poems by fir David Dalrymple, 1770.

DUNBAR'TON, a townfliip of the American States*
in HilKborough county, New Hampfhire, incorporated in
1765, and containing 917 inhabitants: nine miles fouth
of Concord, and fifty-three weft of Portfmouth.

DUNBE'ATH, a river of Scotland, in the county of
Caithnefs, which runs into the German ocean, eight
miles north-eaft from the Ord of Caithnefs.

DUN'CAN (William), a learned Scotch profeffor of
philofophy, born at Aberdeen in 1717. His grammatical
education he received in his native town; and, in 1733,
he entered a pupil at the marifchal college of Aberdeen.
He left the univerfity in 1739, and removed to London,
where for feveral years he was chiefly employed in dif¬
ferent literary undertakings. The firft is a well-executed
tranllation of thofe feledl orations of Cicero which occur
in the common Dauphin edition, accompanied with fliort
but judicious explanatory notes. Another work, which
has defervedly met with a favourable reception, is, The
Elements of Logic, originally written to form a part of
Dodlley’s Preceptor, publifhed in 1748. Thefe elements
are drawn up with that judgment, perfpicuity, and con-
cifenefs, that juftly entitle them to be recommended as
one of the belt introductions to the ftudy of philofophy
and the mathematics in the Englifh, or perhaps any
other, language. The laft production of Mr. Duncan is
a tranllation of Caefar’s Commentaries, which was firft.
publilhed in 1752, in one volume, folio, adorned with a
variety of beautiful illuftrative engravings; and has fince
appeared in oCtavo. In the fame year Mr. Duncan was-
appointed by the king profeffor of philofophy in the ma¬
rifchal college of Aberdeen. Owing to increafing infir¬
mities, and the duties of his profefforfhin, he was pre¬
vented from completing Come works which he had un¬
dertaken ; among which was a new tranllation of Plu¬
tarch’s Lives, and the continuation of Dr. Blackwell’s
Court of Auguftus. He died in 1760, in the forty-third
year of his age.

DUN'CAN BAY, a bay on the north coaft of the ifland
of Jamaica. Lat. 18. 31. N. Ion. 77. 23. W. Greenwich.

DUNCAN'NON, a fort and village of Ireland, in the
county of Wexford, on the eaft coaft of Waterford har¬
bour : feven miles ealt fouth-eall of Waterford.

DUN'CANSBOROUGH, a townfliip of the American
States, in Vermont, on the w ell lide of lake Memphre-
magog.

DUN'CANSBY HEAD, a cape of Scotland, at the
north-eaft extremity of Great Britain, in the county of
Caithnefs. Lat. 58. 33. N. Ion. o. 19. E. Greenwich.

DUNCE, J'. [A word of uncertain etymology; per¬
haps from dum, Dutch, ftupid.] A dullard; a dolt; a
thickfcull ; a (lupid, indocile, animal. — I never knew

this-

4

DUN

DUN

tills town without dunces of figure, who had credit enough
to give rife to fome new word. Swift.

Dunce at the be ft, in ftreets but fcarce allow’d
To tickle, on thy ft raw, the ftupid crowd. Dry den.

DUN'CHURCH. See Dimchurch.

DUN'COMBE (William), an ingenious writer, born
in London in 1690. After a fchool education, he was
entered at fix teen as a clerk in the navy-office. He had,
however, acquired a tafte for literature, and made his firft
appearance in a tranfiatiori of an o ;e of Horace, printed
in the Wit’s Horace. He next publilhed feparately a
verlion of the Carmen Seculare, which was foon followed
by one of Racine’s Athaliah. In 1725 he quitted the
navy-office, and thenceforth devoted himfelf to a life of
literary leifure and domeftic friendfhip. He married in
1726 t lie fifter of Mr. Hughes, the poet, of whofe works
he afterwards became the editor. It is needlefs ro par-
ticularife all the pieces written by Mr. Duncombe, con¬
fiding of letters, elfays, trarflations, & c. printed in the
public papers and other colleftions, or feparately. One
of his principal performances was the tragedy of Lucius
Junius Brutus, chiefly taken from Voltaire, but with ma¬
terial alterations. In 1757 and 1759 he publiftied, with
the afliftance of his fon, an entire verfion of Horace, with
notes, in two volumes: of this, an improved edition ap¬
peared in four volumes, tamo. 1764. After a long life
calmly fpent in virtuous and innocent purfuits, he died
in 1769.

DUN'COMBE ( John), only fon of the preceding, born
in 1729. He was entered of Corpus-chrifti-college, Cam¬
bridge, in 1745, and diftinguifhed himfelf by a great pro¬
ficiency in polite literature. 'He became fellow of his col¬
lege, and afterwards took orders, and obtained a redtory
in the city of Canterbury. In 1766 he obtained a preach-
erfhip in the cathedral of Canterbury, and was appointed
mafter of St. Johrfts hofpital in that city, and that of St.
Nicholas, Harbledow ; and was afterwards prefented to
the vicarage of Herne, near Canterbury. He wrote a very
confiderable number of poems, which have appeared in
various collections, as thofe of Dodfley, Pearch, and
Nichols; and feveral in a feparate form. Of tliefe, one
of the beft known is The Feminead, a commemoration of
female excellence. Their general character is eafe and
elegance, with a fprightly vein of humour when the fub-
jedt called it forth. 1-le wrote alfo a variety of profe
elfays in periodical works. Befide his (bare in the tranlla-
tion of Horace, he publilhed three fermons, and fome
antiquarian papers in the Bibliotheca Topographica. He
alfo edited various works; of which were The Corrc-
fpondence of John Hughes, Efq. The Earl of Corke’s
Letters from Italy ; and Archbiffiop Herring’s Letters.
He clofed his ufeful and benevolent life in 1785.

DUNDA'LK, a fea-port town of Ireland, in the county
of Louth, fituated on a bay of the Iriffi Sea: manufactures
of mullin and linen have been eftabliihed here, and are
in a flouri filing ftate. It is an ancient borough; thirty-
nine miles north of Dublin. Lat. 53. 5.9. N. ion. 6. 23.
W. Greenwich.

DUNDE'E, a large and flouri thing fea-port town of
Scotland, in the county of Angus, fituated on a river on
the north fide of the Frith of Tay, which is here between
two and three miles wide. The harbour is good, and ca¬
pable of receiving veflels of 300 tons ; in 1792, there were
n6 veflels belonging to the port, navigated by 698 men,
and meafuring 8550J tons. Of thefe, thirty-four were
employed in the foreign, and feventy-eight in the coaft-
ing, trade, and four in the whale filhery. The chief
manufactures are glafs, coarfe linen, fail-cloth, cordage,
thread, buckram, tanned leather,, flioes, hats, & c. A
fugar-houfe has lately been ere died, with confiderable
fnccefs. The number of inhabitants is about 22,000. In
the latter end of Augult, 1651, Dundee, which was held
by the royalilts, under the command of general Ltimf-
daine, was fummoned to furrender by general Monk, who

119

commanded the parliament forces; and, on the gover¬
nor’s refufal, was taken by ftorm on the id of Septem¬
ber. According to the account publilhed at the time,
the governor was killed, with between feven and eight
hundred foldiers and townfmen, and fourfeore women.
The town was given up to be plundered by the foldiers
and fenmen. There were at the time about one hundred
fhips in the harbour, about forty pieces of ordnance, many
arms, and (lore of ammunition : thirty miles north of Edin¬
burgh. Lat. 56.27, N. Ion. 3. 3. W. Greenwich.

DUNDUKU'VA, a fettlement of Ruffian Siberia, in
fbe government of Tobollk: 300 miles north-north-eaft:
of Turuchanfk . Lat. 70. 16. N. Ion. 113.E. Ferro.

DU'NES, a town of France, in the department of the
Lot and Garonne, and chief place of a canton, in the
diftridt of Valence : three leagues fouth-eaft of Agen.

DUNFERM'LINE, a town of Scotland, in the county
of Fife, wi:h fome confiderable manufactures of linen;
and contains about 5000 inhabitants. It is remarkable
for a royal palace, in which Charles I. king of England
was born, and the princefs Elizabeth, Iris fifter, mother
of the princefs Sophia, from whom the prefent royal fa¬
mily of Great Britain derive their delcent : thirteen miles
north-weft of Edinburgh. Mr. Campbell, in his Jour¬
ney from Edinburgh, &c. piiblifTied in 1802, gives a very
plealing account of the ftrictnefs with which the fabbath
is obferved in this town ; and of the general piety and
longevity of its inhabitants.

DUNG, f. [oine^. Sax.] The excrement of animals-
ufed to fatten ground. — For dung , all excrements are the
refufe and putrefadlions of nouriffiment. Bacon. — See the:
articles Husbandry and Manure.

To DUNG, v.a. To manure with dung:

There, as his dream foretold, a cart he found,

That carried compoft forth to dung the ground. Dryden .

DUN'GALAy or Donkala, a kingdom of Africa,
fituated chiefly on tire weft fide of the Nile, in the coun¬
try of Nubia. It owes its name to a populpus town built
on the river Nile, faid to contain 10,000 houfes of wood.
Lat. 2*o. 20. N. Ion. 3.0. 37. E. Greenwich.

DUNG AN'NON, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Tyrone, near which are coal-mines : twenty-five miles
north-north-weft of Nevvry, and thirty-fix fouth-fouth-eaft
of Londonderry.

DUNGAR'VAN, a" fea-port town of Ireland, on the
fouth coaft, in the county of Waterford, fituated in a bay
of the Atlantic, to which it gives name : twenty-one miles
weft-fouth-weft of Waterford. Lat. 52. 5. N. Ion. 7 . 39 --
W. Greenwich.

DUNG'CART, f. A cart to carry dung.

DUNGF.NF/SS, a cape of England, on the coaft of
Kent, in the Englilh Channel. Lat. 50. 55. N. Ion. o.
47. E. Greenwich.

DUNGENE'SS POINT, a cape in the eafiern entrance
in the Straits of Magellan. Lat. 5.2. 28. S. Ion. 68. 2S.W.
Greenwich.

DUN'GEON, f. [from donjon, the tower in which pri-
foners were_ kept,, whence all prifons eminently ftrong.
were in time called dungeons. ] A dole prifon: generally
fpoke of a prifon dark or fubterraneous :

Now from the north

0& Norumbeque, and the Samoed ffiore,

Burfting their brazen dungeon, arm’d with ice.

And fnovv, and hail,, come ftormy guft and flaw. Milton .

DUNG' FORK,/! A fork to tofs out dung from fta-
bles. — Dungforks and paddles are common every where..
Mortimer.

DUNG'HILL, f. An heap or accumulation of dung.
— Two cocks fought a duel for the maftery of a dunghill..
L'EJlrange. — Never enter into a league of friendlhip with,
an ingrateful perfon ; that is, plant not thv friend Ill i p
upon a dunghill: it is too noble a plant for fo bafe a foil..
South. — Any mean or vile abode j.

Perhaps-

120

DUN

Perhaps a thoufand other worlds, that lie
Remote from us, and latent in the fky,

Are lighten’d by his beams, and kindly ntirft:,

Of which our earthly dunghill is the word. Dry dm.

Any fituation of meannefs:

The poor he raifeth from the dud,

Ev’n from the dunghill. lifts the juft. Sandys.

A term of reproach for a man meanly horn. — Out, dung-
kill! dar’ft thou brave. a nobleman ? Shakrjpeare.

DUNG'HILL, adj. Sprung from the dunghill; mean;
low; bale; vile; vvorthlefs:

His dunghill thoughts, which’ do themfelves enure
To dirty drofs, no higher dare afpire. Spcnfcr.

DUNG'ING, part. adj. Manuring; making rich with
dung; voiding excrements.

DUNG'MEER, y. A pit, where dung, weeds, &c,
are mixed to lie and rot together fome time, for improve¬
ment in hufbandry.

DUNG'Y, adj. Full of dung; mean; vile; bafe; low;
odious; worthlefs:

We need no grave to bury honefty:

There’s not a grain of it, the face to fweeten

Of the whole dungy earth. Skakefpeare.

DUNG'Y ARD, /. The place of the dunghill.— Any
manner of vegetables caft into the dungyard. Mortimer.

DU'NIO,/ in old records, a double, a fort of bafe
coin lefs than a farthing.

DUNK, an ifland on the north-eaft coaft of New Hol¬
land. Lat. 17.20. S. Ion. 145. 30. E. Greenwich.

DUN'KELD, a town of Scotland, in the county of
Perth, feated on the river Tay, in a fituation truly ro¬
mantic, under and among very high and almoft inaccef-
fible Graggs, part naked and part wooded. It is the chief
market town of the Highlands, and lias been greatly im¬
proved witli buildings by the dukes of Athol. It is a
place of great antiquity, and was the capital of ancient
Caledonia.

DUN'KIRK, or Dunkerque, [from dun, a hill, and
kirk, a church.] A fea-port of France, in the department
of the North, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt
of Bergues. It is the mod eafterly harbour on that (ide
of France which is oppolite to Great Britain. It was
only a fmall village, inhabited by fifhennen, till St. Eloy,
bifliop of Noyon, built a church there in the feventh cen¬
tury. In 9S0, it was furrounded with walls, by Bald¬
win III. furnamed the Young, count of Flanders, and many
inhabitants induced to refide there by particular privi¬
leges and immunities granted them by him and his fuc-
celfors. In 1388, it was attacked and burnt by the Eng-
lifh . The Spanilh emperor Charles V. who held it as a
part of Flanders, erefted a caftle for its defence. In 1558,
it was taken by the French, but retaken by the Spaniards
in 1585. In the year 1646, it was taken by the French,
a (lifted by the navy of Holland, commanded by Van
Trump. In 1 655, a league being made between the pro¬
testor Cromwell and the French, againft the Spaniards,
twelve Englilh men of war blocked up the port ; but to
little purpofe, as the privateers continued to fail out and
in, and to make many rich captures. Two years after,
the two courts having determined to undertake the fiege
of this obnoxious place, Cromwell lent over 6000 men
to reinforce the French army under marftial Turenne.
Mardyke was taken in Oftober, 1657, and delivered up
to the Englifti commiffary, who placed a fufficient garri-
fon in it. Not long after, the marquis of Caracena, at
the head of 6000 Spaniards, attempted to retake it; but
met with fo warm a reception, that he was obliged to
retire with the lofs of one-fixth of his force. Next fpring,
Lockhart arrived with frefti troops from England to join
Turenne, and the fiege of Dunkirk was opened by 22,000
men on the ift of June, 1658. The lines of circumval-
latioti and countervallation began on the weft at the.fea,

DUN

and continued to the ftrand on the eaft fide, which being
left dry at low tide, was defended by pallifadoes. Crom¬
well took care alfo to prevent all fuccour from the fea
by means of a powerful fleet. The marquis of Ley.da
commanded the Spanifh garrifon in the town, and don
John of Auftria, and the prince of Conde, then in re¬
bellion, were encamped at Furnes. The trenches were
opened on the 4th of June, by two feparate attacks, one
on the fide of the gate of Nicuport, by the French ; the
other near Fort Leon, by the Englilh : the garrifon made
feveral bold, but unfuccefsful, forties; and the befiegers
puflied their works with fuch vigour, that in five days
they made a lodgment in the covert way. As this place
was of the utmoft importance to the Spaniards, they de¬
termined to relieve it, if poftible, by attacking the enemy
in their intrenchnients. To this effeft their army ap¬
peared in fight on the 13th of June, and, although it was
unprovided with artillery and tools for an encampment,
pitched its tents within two cannon (hot of the French
lines. Turenne perceiving clearly what their intentions
were, and being informed by deferters of their want of
cannon, took all neceftary precautions againft the garri¬
fon, and marched out of his intrenchnients before day¬
break to attack the Spaniards with a fuperior force. His
infantry amounted to 9000 men, his cavalry to 6000; the
Spaniards had only 6000 of each. After the French had
cannonaded the enemy, the Englifti began the attack with
great intrepidity, and routed the whole left wing; foon
after the marftial, at the head of the French corps, to¬
tally defeated, and drove out of the field, the reft of their
army, notvvithftanding all the valour and efforts of the
great Conde. Though deprived of all hopes of relief,
the garrifon held out, with great obftinacy, for ten days.
Louis XIV. came from Mardyke to fee i t march out, and
after taking polfelfion, delivered up the city to the Englifti ;
fo that, by a lingular combination of circumftances, Dun¬
kirk belonged in the fame day, at different times, to the
three greateft powers of Europe. The Englifti being peace¬
able pofleflors of Dunkirk by the peace of the Pyrenees,
fet about repairing the fortifications without lofs of time.
They began to build a citadel on the (ite of Fort Leon,
a crown-work on the eaft fide, and feveral other works
were planned. But Louis XIV. whole mi 'lifters were
too folicitous for the profperity of French commerce to
let any opportunity (lip of increafing or fecuring it, or¬
dered his ambaffador, the count de Eftrades, to treat with
lord Clarendon for the purchafe of Dunkirk. After
fome dirty bartering, Claries II. confented to yield it up,
with all its appurtenances, ammunition, and artillery, for
5,000,000 livres Tournois. Thus, in 1662, did Dunkirk
pafs for ever under the dominion of the French monarchs.
Louis XIV. now made it one of the ftrongeft places in
Europe, and rendered the harbour commodious. By an
article of the treaty of peace figned with the Englifti at
Utrecht, it was agreed, that all the fortifications ftiould
be demolifhed, and the harbour filled up. This article
was renewed in every fubfequent peace, till the peace of
1783, after the American war. Since that time the. har¬
bour has again been cleared, and the fortifications re¬
paired. In 1694, fir Cloudefly Shovel bombarded Dun¬
kirk ; but after having thrown in 1200 bombs, retired
without having done any confiderable damage. In 1793,
the Englifti army, under the duke of York, attempted to
befiege it, but were compelled to retire. It is the 1110ft
important town and harbour on the whole coaft ; and,
having been declared a free port, had a great deal of
commerce. By means of a fluice forty-two feet wide,
the bafon within the town will hold forty (hips of the
line always floating. Dunkirk is divided into Old and
New Town. The city is large and commodious, well
fupplied with provifions of all kinds; the buildings fpa-
cious, and laid out in feveral elegant fquares. The num¬
ber of inhabitants is eftimated at 25,000. It is thirty-fix
pofts and three-quarters north of Paris. Lat. 51. 2. N.
Ion. 20. 2. E. Ferro.

DUNLA'VIN,

DUN

D U N

121

DUNLA'VIN, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Wicklow : ten miles north-eaft of Athy, and twenty wed
of Wicklow,

DUNLE'ER, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Louth ; an ancient borough : feven miles north of Drog¬
heda.

DUNMAN'AWAY, a town of Ireland, in the county
of Cork: twenty-three miles fouth-wed of Cork.

DUNMAN'NUS BAY, a bay of the Atlantic, on the
fouth-wed coad of Ireland, in the county of Cork, about
fourteen miles in length, and from one to three broad,
fou th of Bantry Bay, affording a fafe harbour. Lat. 51.
30. N. at its mouth. Ion. 9. 40. W. Greenwich,

DUNMO'RE BAY, a bay of the Atlantic, on the
wed coad of Ireland, in the county of Clare. Lat. 52.44.
N. Ion. 9. 35. W. Greenwich.

DUNMO'RE HEAD, a cape on the wed coad of Ire¬
land, in the county of Kerry. Lat. 52. 6. N. Ion. 10. 10.
W. Greenwich.

DUN'MOW, a pleafant healthy town in the county of
Effex, didant from London thirty-feven miles. It has a
market on Saturdays for corn and other articles, and two
annual fairs, on the 6th of May and '8th of November. It
is a borough, chartered by Philip and Mary, and Eliza¬
beth, governed by a bailiff and twelve burgeffes ; but
fends no members to parliament. The church is a fpa-
cious Gothic building, and exhibits a chade fpecimen of
that dyle of architecture. In the town is a manufacture
ef baize. Dunmow is very ancient, fuppofed to be the
old Ctefaromagus, and in the road from hence- to Col-
cRefter, are the remains of an old Roman can fey. Here
vvas formerly a priory, founded in 1104, by lady Juga,
who built a church alfo. The collegiate church was a
large dately fabric, the roof fudained with rows of co¬
lumns, whole capitals are ornamented with oak-leaves,
elegantly carved, l'ome of which dill remain. The part
which now makes the parifli-clnirch, was the ead end of
the choir, with the north .aide. Under an arch in the
fouth wall, is an ancient tomb, faid to contain the body
of the foundrefs, lady Juga. Near the fame fpot is a mo¬
nument of Walter Fitzwaker, a powerful baron in the
reign of Henry III. who died in 119S. The much-cele¬
brated cudom indituted at Dunmow by him, relative to
giving away a flitch off bacon to any pair who married
without repenting, in any part of England, is now dif-
continued j but, for the fatisfaction of the curious, we
(hall here preferve the fubdance of the oath which ufed
So be taken on thofe occafions :

You fhall fwear by the cudom of your confeflion.
That you never made any nuptial tranfgrefiion,

Since -you were married man and wife,

By houfehold brawls or a contentious drife ;

Or otherwife, in bed or at board,

Offended each other in deed or in word ;

Or, fince the parilh-clerk faid amen,

Wifh’d yourfelves unmarried again;

Or, in a twelvemonth and a day,

Repented not in thought any way ;

But continued true and in defire,

As when you join’d hands in holy chpir.

If to thefe conditions, without all fear,

Of your own accord, you will freely fwear,

A gammon of bacon you fhall receive,

And bear it hence with love and good leave.

The flitch was exprefsly the reward of this uncommon
connubial agreement ; though 'gammon is put in the for¬
mula, perhaps as more Ratable to the doggrel verles.
The fl-itch was for many years, at different times, claimed
and received ; but being eventually found to produce
falfe Rvearing, id ten efs, and diforder, it was judged pru¬
dent to abolilh the ctiftom.

in the vicinity of Dunmow is Felffead charity-fchool,
for eighty children of the county of Effex, and an alms-
houfe for poor people, with handfome weekly allow-
Vofc.VJ.- No. 336.

ances of malt, meat, and money, fewel, paflure for fix
cows, &c. Every year fuch poor of this pari fli as received
not collection, have fix barrels of white herrings, befides
fome cades of red. The fchool has produced feveral
eminent {cholars, and is in a flourilliing Rate.

DUN'NER, f [from dun.] One employed in foliciting
petty debts.— They are ever talking of newfilks, and
ferve the owners in getting them cu ftomefs, as their com¬
mon dunners do in making them pay. Spcttalor.

DUN'NET, a town of Scotland, in the county of Caith-
nefs, fituated on the ea(t fide of a bay, to which it gives
name. In 1791, the number of inhabitants was about
1400. Dunnet-bay affords excellent flounders and had¬
docks; and is fometjmes frequented by flioals of herrings
in July and Augud. But their continuance in the bay,
or even their coming to it, has hitherto been reckoned lo
uncertain, that no extenfiv’e fifhery has been attempted :
five miles eaft of Thurfo. Lat. 58. 32. N. Ion. o. i.W.
Edinburgh.

DUN'NET HEAD, a cape on the north coad of Scot¬
land, and county of Caithnefs. It confifts of feveral hills,
with fome bold rocks towards the fea, from one hundred
to four hundred feet high : three miles and a half north
of Dunnet.

DUNNO'SE, a cape or-promontory on the fouth-eaft
coalt of the I lie of Wight, in the Englilh Channel : about
leventeen leagues welt from Beachy-head. Lat. 50. 33. N.
Ion. 1. 14. W. Greenwich.

DUNNOT'TAR, a village of Scotland, in the county
of Kincardine, where are the remains of a cattle, fituated
on a rock near the lea, fuppofed to have been built during
the conteft between Baliol and Bruce ; before the rite ot
artillery, fujSpofed to have been impregnable. In 1661,
the regalia of Scotland were depollted here, to preferve
them from the Englilh army; and a garrifon, with fuit-
able ammunition, obtained for their defence by earl Ma-
rifchal, proprietor of the cattle ; the command of the gar¬
rifon was intruded to Mr. Ogilvie, of Barras, as the earl
had joined the king’s forces in England. The fiege was
turned into a blockade, and, though frequently fummon.ed,
the governor held out for feveral months; till prelfed by
famine and the mutiny of the garrifon, he found means to
convey the regalia to a place of fecurity, and then capi¬
tulated on honourable terms. In 1685, this cadle was
employed as a prifon for a body of pretbyterians, and a
number of them confined during the warmed feafon of
the year in ’one vault, which is dill to be feen, called the
ni/iigs’ vault. A grave-done in the church-yard of Dun-
nottar is placed over a number of them who died under
the confinement about a mile fouth-wed from Stone¬
haven.

DUNROSSNESS', a town of Scotland, fituated in the
fouthern part of the Eland of Shetland: twenty-eight
miles fouth of Lerwick.

DUNS (John), commonly called Duns Scotus, a celebrated
fcholadic divine, who flourilhed towards the clofe of the
thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth century,
fuppofed to have been born at Dundance, near Alnwick,
in Northumberland. When young, he was admitted into
an inditution belonging to the Francifcan friars at New-
cadle ; whence he was fent by them to Merton-college,
Oxford. In that feminary, of which he was afterwards
made a fellow, he applied himfelf with uncommon dili¬
gence to his dudies, and acquired a high reputation for
his proficiency in fcholadic theology, -civil and canon law,
logic, metaphyfics, and the diderent branches of mathe¬
matical learning. About the year 1301 he was appointed
to the divinity chair in the univerfity of Oxford; and, by
the fame of his great learning and talents, attracted pro¬
digious crowds of fcholars from all parts to attend his
lectures. About the year 1304, he was fent by his fupe-
riors to Paris, where he wag admitted to the higheft ho¬
nours in the univerfity of that city, and appointed pro-
felfor and regent in the theological fchool. In that litti-
ation he didinguithed himfelf io much by his great acutc-
I i nefs

122

DUN

refs in deputation, that lie acquired the title of the mojl
fubtle doEtor. At fir ft- Duns Scotus was a follower of
Thomas Aquinas ; but differing from his matter on the
fubjedl of divine grace, he formed a difiindl feel, which
foon became numerous, particularly among the members
of the order to which he belonged. By this fepafation,
the catholic fchoolmen became clafled under the denomi¬
nations of Thomifts and Scotids, who maintained the opi¬
nions of their refpe ctive heads with wonderful ardour and
virulence of controverfy. One of the ditlinguithing tenets
of which Duns Scotus was a drenuous advocate, if not
the firft pro; ounder, was that of the immaculate concep¬
tion of the Virgin Mary ; which the Dominicans, and the
other adherents to the fchool of Aquinas, confeded with
as much heat and bitternefs as they ever difplayed againd
the mod obnoxious and heretical dogma. The Fran-
eifeans, on the contrary, and the other Scotids, fupported
that dodtrine with equal warmth and unchriftian animo-
lity towards their opponents. In 1308, Duns Scotus was
lent by the head of his order to teach theology at Co¬
logne-; at which city he was received with the mod fo-
lemn pomp and high-raifed expectations. He did not,
however, live to gratify thefe expectations, being cut off,
moft probably by a (broke of apoplexy, according to fome
writers in the forty-third, but according to others in the
thirty-fourth, year of his age. Paul Jovius, and fome
other writers, relate a (hocking talc concerning him : that
he was buried while in a fwoon, and died miferably, after
having recovered (trength fufficient to turn himfelf in his
grave. But the bed hidorians confider this account to
be fabulous. He left behind him numerous wmrks, fome
of which were printed feparately, at different periods;
but the mod complete collection of the whole, together
with the life of the author, was publiflied by Lucas Wad-
dingus, at Lyons, in 1639, in 12 vols. folio.

DUNSE, a town of Scotland, in the county of Berwick,
containing 2324 inhabitants. About a mile from the town
is a medicinal fpring, called Dunje Spaw, fird difeovered
in 1747, and lately repaired at the expence of a gentle¬
man who was cured of a complaint in his domach : ten
miles wed of Berwick, and twenty-nine fouth-ead of
Edinburgh.

DUN'SETS, /. in old records, a people that dwell on
hilly places.

DUN'SICAL, adj. Dull; dupid ; incapable of learn¬
ing. Scott.

DUN'SICALLY, adv. In the manner of a dunce. Scott.

DUNS'KERRY, a fmall ifland near the north coad of
Scotland : four miles ead-fouth-ead of Farout Head.

DUN'STABLE, a pleafant town of Bedforddiire, thir¬
ty-three miles from London, the fame from Northamp¬
ton, eighteen from Newport Pagnel, and nine from Wo¬
burn. It dands on a chalky hill, at the entrance of the
Chiltern, where the old Roman Watling-dreet is eroded
by the Ickneld-dreet. Not far from it alfo, on the de-
feent of the Chiltern-hills, is an area of nine acres, with
a deep ditch and rampart round it, faid to be a Danilh
work, called Maiden-bower. This towm, having been
•ruined by the Danes, was rebuilt by Henry I. who made
it a royal borough ; but it never fent members to parlia¬
ment, though once fummoned. Edward I. erebted a crofs
here, in memory of his queen Eleanor. Several of the
Lollards were martyred here in the reigns of Henry V.
and VII. The church is part of a priory, built in 1132 ;
and archbidiop Cranmer was the lad prior, who here pro¬
nounced the fentence of divorce againd queen Catherine.
Here is a good charity. fchool. The town is populous,
abounding with excellent accommodations, it being a great
thoroughfare to the counties in the north and north-w’ed,
and confequently to Scotland and Ireland. This place
was once famous for brewing ; and, at this time, the wo¬
men carry on a great manufadlure of hats, and utendls
made of draw, in which, it is faid, they excel all the
world. This part of the country was formerly very woody,
and, with the fadnefles in the Chilteru-hills, was a har-

D [J N

bour for great gangs of highw’aymen ; to curb whom,
Henry I. built Kingfbury, promifing great privileges to
fuch of his fubjedts as were willing to come and fettle
here. In the reign of Henry VII. William Tillfworth
was burnt here. for denying the pope’s fu premacy ; with
this remarkable cirCumda ce of cruelty, that his only
daughter was compelled to fet fire to the faggots. The
market is on Wednefdays, for corn, draw, plat, arid hats.
There are four fairs, viz. Afb-Wednefday, 2zd of May,
1 2th of Augud, and 12th of November ; for horfes, and
all forts of cattle.

DUN'STABLE, a townfhip of. the American States,
in Hillfbofough county, New Hampfhire, on the wed fide,
of Merrimack river, below the town of Merrimack, and
feparated by the date line from Pepperel and Dunltable
in Middlefex county, Maflachufetts. It was incorporated
in 1746, contains 632 inhabitants, and lies about forty
miles north-wed of Boflon.

DUN'STABLE, a townfhip of the American States, in
Maflachufetts, in the northern part of Middlefex county,
and on the fouthern bank of Merrimack river : thirty-
feven miles north-wederly of Bodon.

DUN'STAN, [of bun, a hill, and p’tan, a done, Sax.]
A proper name.

DUN'STAN, a faint in the Romifh calendar, arch¬
bidiop of Canterbury in the tenth century, born at G)af.
tonbury in tSomerfetdiire, in 925. He was the nephew
of Athelm archbilhop of Canterbury, who took care to
have him educated in the bed literature of his time;
and, when he had finifiied his ftudies, recommended him
to the patronage of king Atheldan, by whom he was
fent for to court. He obtained fuch favour with the
king, that he prefented him with fome lands near Glaf-
tonbury ; and, in the reign of Edmund, the fuccefior of
Atheldan, was made abbot of that monadery. In the
reign of Edred, the fuccefior of Edmund, Dundan’s fil¬
tered at court confiderably increafed, until. he became
prime minider, favourite, and confeflor to the king, who,
to gratify him, undertook the rebuilding of Gladonbury
church and monadery, in a very fumptuous and magni¬
ficent dyle. In the mean while Dundan, who was a true
monk in fpirit as well as intrigue, left no meafures un¬
tried to promote the' intereds of his fraternity ; and, by
his credit with the king, procured the appointment of
feveral of that order to ecclefiadical benefices, to the
prejudice of the fecular clergy. This conduct expofed
him to the refentment of that body, in which they wrere
joined by many of the courtiers, who were provoked by
the haughty and overbearing demeanour which he a f-
fumed. The king’s countenance, however, fupported
his favourite againd the effects of their enmity ; and the
idle tales of the monks obtained for him, among the cre¬
dulous populace, the reputation of a great faint, who
was frequently favoured with divine revelations. In thefe
circumdances, when the ecclefiadical patronage in the
kingdom was wholly in his power, the king fu’ddenly
died, and Dundan’s ambition met with a levere difap-
pointment. On the accefiion of Edwy, his council deter¬
mined to reverfe what had been done in favour of the
monks, who filled the country with the bittered invec¬
tives, and excited in the populace an apprehenfion that
religion was in danger. Whether Dundan was the prime
mover of thefe complaints is not now apparent; but they
were made the fubjedl of a charge againd him, and he
was banfihed the kingdom. He retired to a monadery in
Flanders, where he availed himfelf of the influence of
the monks over the minds' of the Englifh populace, and
the general opinion of his great fandlity, to excite infur-
rebtions againd the government of Edwy. Indigated by
their intrigues, and the reprefentations which they pro¬
pagated againd the moral and religious charadter of the
king, great numbers of malcontents colledted together,
of whom Edgar, the king’s brother, who maintained a
clofe connedlion with Dundan, was declared the head and
protedtor. By their means Edgar was foon enabled to

conquer

D U N

D U P

conquer the greateft part of England north of the Thames ;
and on the death of Edvvy, which took place in a fhort
time afterwards, to become mailer of the whole of his
dominions. No fooner was Edgar in pofl'eflion of kingly
power, than he recalled Dunltan, and promoted him to
the fee oPWorcefter. Some time afterwards he inverted
him with the management of the bifhopric of London;
and upon a vacancy taking place in the archiepifcopal fee
of Canterbury, about the year 959, procured his election
to that dignity. As, however, there were circumrtances
attending his eleftion which rendered it not perfectly
canonical, Dunftan was lent to Rome, to receive the
fanftion of the pope to his appointment, and to be in¬
verted there with the pall. The pope, who was fully
apprifed of his influence at the court of Edgar, and fatis-
fied with the proofs which he had given of his devotion
to the interefts of the church of Rome, and his zeal in
the caufe of the monks, readily confirmed his election,
and conftituted him his legate in England. Armed with
this power, he returned to his native country, where the
king committed to him and his chofen friends the ma¬
nagement of all the ecclefiaftical affairs of England, and
thus enabled him to give to the Rornilh fee an authority
and jurifdiftion of which the Englifh clergy had been
before in a conliderable degree independent. The mea-
fures to which he had recourfe for this purpofe were,
his former practice of placing monks in the vacant eccle-
flartical benefices, in the room of the fecular clergy, and
the ejection of many of the latter from their livings, in
order that lie might beftow them on his tried adherents.
Among, his pretences for thefe meafures he alleged the
fcandalous lives of the fecular clergy, of which there was
too much reafon for complaint, and the opportunity that
would be afforded of introducing a reformation into the
church, by placing it under the government of men who
by their profeflion were folely devoted to objefts of fpi-
ritual concern. But one principal motive which influ¬
enced him was, that of rendering the papal power para¬
mount and ablolute in the Englifh church ; for it fhould
be mentioned that, at this period, the Englifh clergy had
not yielded implicit fubmiflion to the pretended fucceffors
of St. Peter. For thefe fervices the church of Rome and
the monks have been unbounded in the commendations
which they have bellowed upon Dunftan; and they have
invented tales of numerous miracles faid to have been
wrought by him, or in his favour, in order to raife the
opinion of the excellence and fanftity of his character.
Dunftan maintained his interefl at court during the whole
of the reign of Edgar; and on the death of that prince,
in 975, by his influence raifed his fon Edward to the
throne, in oppofition to the wiflies of many of the nobles,
who were inclined to choofe his fun Ethelred. As Ed¬
ward was in his minority, Dunftan affumed to himfelf
the regency of the kingdom, and afted with uncontrolled
authority in church and (late, until the murder of the
king, in 979. On that event, Ethelred, who was the
only furviving prince of the royal family, was called to
the throne, and crowned by the legate. Under the reign
of this prince, Dunftan appears to have enjoyed little
credit or influence ; and he is reported to have been fo
much mortified by the contempt in which his threalen-
ings of divine vengeance were held by the king, in the
inflance of a difpute refpedting the privileges of the
church, that he retired to his archbilhopric, where he
died of grief and vexation in the year 988.

DUNS'TANG, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate
of Wilna : twenty-eight miles north-eafl of Wilkomierz.

DUNS'TER, a fmall market-town in Somerfetlhire,
fituated about two miles fouth-eaft of Minehead, twenty
from Taunton, and 164 from London ; formerly a borough,
and of conflderable trade in the clothing branch ; but its
only manufacture now is kerleys. The church, which is
large, with a handfome tower, was built in the reign of
Henry VII. Adjacent to the town (lands on an eminence,
that ancient and delightful feat, Dunlter-caftle, the reft-.

2

dence of Ralph lord Mohun, in the reign of William the
Conqueror, being then one of the fix great baronies, in
which family it remained for feveral centuries. The
caftle confiftsof two wings and three towers, commanding
a fine profpect of a vale bounded by the Severn. The
market is on Fridays, and one fair on Whit-Monday.

DU'NUM, f. A Celtic term, denoting a hill or emi¬
nence, and which often concurs to form the names of
towns, to (ignify their high fituation, places of ftrength
or citadels, hills or eminences, &c. See Dun.

DU'NUM, anciently a town of Ireland; now thought
to be Down- Patrick, in the county of Down.

DUN'WICH, an ancient town in the county of Suffolk,
fituated on the fea coaft, ninety-eight miles from London,
eleven north-eaft of Saxmundham, and four fouth-eaft of
Blythburgh. Its (cite is extremely pleafant, having an
extenfive view of the German ocean. Tills place however
is greatly reduced by the encroachment of the fea, feven
of its parifhes out of eight having been deftroyed : and the
encroachment ftill making, will probably in a few years
oblige the conftituent body to betake themfelves to a boat,
whenever the king’s writ (hall fummon them to the exer-
cife of their elective funftions ; for the right of eleftion
is in the freemen, inhabiting within the remains of the bo¬
rough. It fent members ab origine. The corporation con-
fifts of two bailiffs, and twelve capital burgeffes. Dun-
wich, though now a poor place, is of the moft early note
of any town in Suffolk. In 630 it was an epifcopal fee,
afterwards divided into two fees, namely, one here, the
other at North-Elmham ; but William the Conqueror
transferred them firft to Thetford, then to Norwich. From
the coins, 8c c. found here, particularly an urn dug out of
the cliff in 1786, with fragments of other urns, it is (up-
pofed to have been a Roman ftation ; but, though fir Henry
Spelman mentions a report that here was once fifty-two
churches and monafteries, yet the fea has (wallowed up
all except All-Saints. In the (ixteenth century it was a
populous place, and had a mint. The free-burgeffes
gave king John 300 marks of filver for his charter, be-
lides ten falcons and five gerfalcons ; and they alfo gave
him 200 marks and 500 eels for the grant of wrecks. The
remains of the above-mentioned church, an old chapel,
and an old palace, are the only marks now left of its
former greatnefs. Here is one fair on the 23th of July ;
and a market on Saturdays.

DU'O, f. in mufic, a long or compofition, to be per¬
formed on two parts only, one fung, the other played on
an inftrument, or by two voices. Duo is likewife wdien
two voices Ting different parts, as accompanied with a
third, which is a thorough bufs. It is feldom that uni-
fons and oftaves are ufed in duos, except at the begin¬
ning and end.

DUODE'CIMAL, adj. Belonging to crofs-multipli-
cation.

DUODE'CIMALS, f. The rule of crofs-multiplica-
tion, by which builders’ work is calculated. See Arith¬
metic, vol. ii. p. 1 8 1 .

DUODE'CIMO, adj. [ duodccimus , Lat.] Belonging to
the number twelve.

DUODE'CIMO, f. A book in which one flieet is fo
folded as to make twelve leaves, or twenty-four pages.

DUODE'CUPLE, adj. [r/jnrand decuplus, Lat,. ] Con¬
fiding of twelves. — Grifepfius, a learned Poiander, en¬
deavours to eftablifh the duodecuple proportion among the
Jews, by comparing fome paffages of fcripture together.
Arbuthnot.

DUODE'NA,yi in old records, a jury of twelve men.

DUODE'NUM, [from duodemts, Lat. confiding of
twelve,. J An inteftine fo named, becaufe it was fuppofed :
not to exceed the breadth of twelve fingers ; but as the
ancients dilfeCted only animals, this is probably not very
ex aft. See the article Anatomy, vol. i. p. 613.

To DUP, v. a. To do up : thence to open by lifting
up any thing. — Will they not duj the gate to-day ? Da¬
mon and Pythias.

Their-

124

i> U P

Then np he rofe, and don’d his cloths,

And dupt the chamber-door :

Let in the maid, that out a maid

Never departed more. Shakefpeare.

DUPA'GF,, a lake of North America, on the foulh-
ead fide of Plein river, or rather an enlargement of the
channel of that river, five miles from its mouth. Plein
and Theakiki there form the river Illinois.

DUPA'TY, a didinguifhed magiflrate, and a man of
letters, born at Rochelle, was fir ft advocate-general to
the parliament of Bourdeaux, and afterwards prefident-
arinortier. He acquired great honour by his firmnefs and
eloquence at the revolution in the magiftracy which took
place in 1771. He defended with fuccefs three criminals
of Chaiimont, who had been condemned to be broken on
the wheel, and publiflied a memoir on this occafion,
which was much admired for its ftrength and feeling.
F.: s Hidorical Reflections upon Criminal Laws difplay a
humane and enlightened mind. He 'vas long occupied in
promoting a reform in this point, and contended with
ze al againft the obftacles which ancient prejudice threw
in his way. He fpent the latter part of his life at Paris,
and .made himfelf known as a man of letters by his Aca¬
demical Difcourfes, and his Letters on Italy. He died in
1 7SS.

DUPE, f [dupe. Fr. from duppe, a foolilh bird, eafily
caught.] A credulous man; a man ealily tricked. — An
u furping populace is its own dupe, a mere underworker,
and a purchafer in truft for fome (ingle tyrant. Swift .

1 Firft (lave to words, then vaffal to a name,

Then duple to .party ; child and man the fame. Dunciad.

To DUPE, v. a. To trick ; to cheat :

The throne a bigot keep, a genius quit ;

Faithlefs -through piety, and dup'd through wit. Pope.

DUPIN' (Louis Ellis), a French pried, and celebrated
eccleda dical hidorian, born at Paris, in 1657. After be¬
ing initiated in the elements of grammar, he was placed
under the tuition of M. Lair, reftor of the univerfity of
Paris, and foon didinguifhed himfelf by his attachment
to the dudy of the belles-lettres, and the fciences. Hav¬
ing gone through the courfes clallical learning and of
philofophy in the college of Harcourt, he was admitted
to the degree of mader of arts in 1672 ; on which occa¬
fion lie particularly recommended himfelf to notice by
the able manner in which he performed the cudomary
collegiate exercifes. Soon afterwards he determined on
embracing the ecclefiadical profefiion, and to prepare
himfelf for it diligently attended the courfe ot theologi¬
cal leCtures at the Sorbonne. When he had finiflied that
courfe, he.clofely applied himfelf to the dudy of the hif-
tory of the councils-, and the works of the Greek and
Latin fathers. I11 1680, he took his degree of bachelor
of the Sorbonne, in his examination for which he had the
honour of danding in the highed rank of meritorious
candidates ; in the fame year he was licenfed to officiate
as a pried ; and was afterwards appointed profelfor in
the College Royal. In 16^4 he received the bonnet of
doctor of "the Sorbonne, and immediately afterwards em¬
ployed himfelf on the production ©f his grand and valu¬
able work entitled Bibliotheque univerjelle des Auteurs Eccle-
fiajliques, &c. or, Kidory of Ecclefiadical Writers: con.
raining an Account of the Authors of the feveral Books
of the Old and New Tedaments; and the Lives and
Writings of the Primitive Fathers, &c. This work has
undergone a ’variety of impreflions in France, Holland,
and England, in octavo, quarto, and folio, and will always
be confulted with great’advantage by the Undent in ec¬
clefiadical hidory. Having joined with thole doctors of
the Sorbonne who fubferibed to the celebrated Cafe of
Confcience, relative to the difputes concerning the opi¬
nions of Janfenius, he expofed himfelf to the refentment
of the pope, and of the court Of France. The confe.
quence was/ that in 1703, he was deprived of his profefi.

D UP

forfh'p, and banifited to Chatellerant ; whence he was
not permitted to return to Paris before he had retraCted
the' meafure which lie had taken ; and even then was not
reinflated in his profefibrfhip. He met with much trou¬
ble, on account of the correfpondence which he held
with Dr. Wake, archbifliop of Canterbury, relative to a
projefb for uniting the churches of England and France-
In the beginning of the year 1719, his papers were feized
by order of the government, and innumerable calumnies’
were propagated to his prejudice; but as no charge
could be edablifhed againd him, excepting that of great,
candour and moderation, aqd a defire to heal the divi-
fions in the Chridian world, his enemies were difap.
pointed, and he was permitted to fpend his few remain,
ing days in peace. He died at Paris in the fixty-fecond
year of his age, deeply regretted both by his friends and
the public in general, Befides his grand work already
mentioned, M. Dupin was the author of, 1. Prolegomena,
to the Bible, in 3 vols. 8vo. 1699. 2. De Antiqua Eccle -

ft <z Dijaplina Difertationes Hijloric#, 4to. 1686. 3. Liber

Pfalmoru'm, cum Notis qitibus eorum fenj'us literalis exponitur,
Svo. 1697. 4. The Book of Pfalms tranflated into French
from the Hebrew, with Notes, nmo. 1691. 5. Nctee in

Pentatcuchum, 2 vols. 8vo. 1701. 6. Hidorical, Chrono¬

logical, and Critical, Diflertations on the Bible, Svo.
1711. 7. SanBi Optati Afri, Milcvitani Epifcopi, Opera, fo¬

lio, 1700, witl| a preface, notes, the hidory of the Do-
natifts, the facred geography of Africa, &c. by M. Du¬
pin. 8. Joannis Gerfoni DoBoris & Cancellarii Pari/ienfis
Optra, &c. 5 vols. folio. 9. A Bibliotheque of Hirfo-
rians, after the manner of the Bibliotheque of Ecclefiaf-
tical Writers, 2 vols. Svo. 1707. 10. An Abridgment of

the Hidory of the Church, from the Beginning of the.
World, 4 vols. 1 21H0. 1712. 11. Profane Hidory, from

the earlieft Date to the prefent Time, 6 vols. 121110.
1714 and 1716. 12. The Kidory of the Jews, 7 vols.

121110. 13. An Hidorical Treatife on Excommunica¬
tions, & c. 2 vols. izmo. 1715. 14. A Defence of the

Monarchy of Sicily, with illudrative Documents and
Proofs, 121T10. 1716. 13. A Philofophical and Theolo¬

gical Treatife on the Love of God, Svo. 16. A Philo-
fophical and Theological Treatife on Truth, 121110. pub.
lilhed after the author’s death, in 1731. Befides the
works above-mentioned, and other leffer traCts, M. Du¬
pin had a confiderable fiiare in the editions of Moreri’s
Dictionary, which appeared in 1712 and 1718.

DUPI'NO, or Dublin, a. town of Poland, in the pa¬
latinate of Pofnania : forty-four miles fouth of Pofe-n.

DU'PLE, adj\ [ duplus , I,at.] Double; one repeated.
In arithmetic a duple ratio is that in which the antecedent
term is double the confequent ; or, where the exponent
of the ratio is 2. Thus, 6 to 3 is in a duple ratio. Sub*
duple ratio, is that in which the confequent is double the
antecedent ; or, in which the exponent of the ratio is a.
As in 3 to 6, which is in fub, duple ratio.

DUPLE'IX (Scipio), a French hidorian, born in 1369,
at Condom. He became known to queen Margaret of
Navarre, who brought him to Paris in 160-3, and made
him her mader-of-requeds. He afterwards obtained the
pod of hidoriographer of France, and laudably employed
many years in refearches into the ancient records of his
country. The fruits of thefe were, his Memoirs of the
Gauls, 4to. 1619, a work in confiderable edeem for its
matter, though ill written. This condituted the firft
part of his Hidory of France, of which there are two
editions ; the fil'd of five volumes folio, the fecond of
fix volumes. The narration is brought down to the year
1643. He wrote alfo a Roman Hiftory, 3 vols. folio ; a
Courfe of Philofophy ; and the Liberty of the French
Tongue. He died in 1661, at the age of ninety-two.

To DU'PLICATE, v. a. [duplico, Lat.J To double j
to enlarge by the repetition of the fird numbef or quan¬
tity. — And fome alterations in the brain duplicate that
which is but a fingle objeCt to our undidempered fentri
ments, Glanville. — To fold together,

DU'PLICATE,

r> u p

'DUPLICATE, adj. Duplicate ratio is the proportion
•»f fquares. Thus, in a rank of geometrical proportions,
the firft term to the third is faid to be in a duplicate ratio
of the firft to the fecond, or as its fquare is to the fquare
of the fecond : fo in 2, 4, S, 16, the ratio of 2 to 8 is a
duplicate of that of 2 to 4, or as the fquare of 2 to the
fquare of 4. Phillips. Harris.- — It has been found, that the
attraction is aimed reciprocally in a duplicate proportion
of the didance of the middle of the drop front the con-
courfe of the glajfes, viz. reciprocally in a fimple pro¬
portion, by realon of the fpreading of the drop, and its
touching each glafs in a larger furface ; and again reci¬
procally in a fimple proportion, by reafon of the attrac¬
tions growing Stronger within the fame quantity of attract¬
ing furface. Newton.

DU'PLICATE,y; Another correfpondent to the fird;
a fecond thing of the fame kind. — Nothing is more need¬
ful for perfecting the natural hidory of bodies, than the
fubjeCting them to the fire; to which end I have re-
ferved duplicates of the mod confiderable. Woodward.

•DU'PLICATE, f. in law, is ufed for the fecond let-
ters-patent, granted by the lord chancellor, in a cafe
wherein he had before done the fame ; which were there¬
fore thought void. But it is more commonly a copy or
tranfcript of any deed or writing, account, & c. or a fe¬
cond letter, written and fent to the fame party and pur-
pofe as a former, or a copy'of difpatches for fear of a
mifearriage of the fird, or for other reafon's. 4 Car. II.
c. 10. It is alfo the name of the difeharge, given by the
quarter fedions, &c. to an infolvent debtor, who takes the
benefit of an act, for relief of infolvent debtors, with r.e-
fpeCt to th.e imprifonment of their perfons.

DUPLICA'TION, f. The a<5t of doubling. — What
■ great pains hath been taken concerning the quadrature of
a circle, and the duplication of a cube, and fome other ma¬
thematical problems! Hale. — The aft of folding together.
A fold ; a doubling.— The peritonaeum is a (trong mem¬
brane, every where double ; in the duplications of which
ail the vifeera of the abdomen are hid. Wijeman.

The duplication of a cube, is finding out the fide of a
cube that fhall be double in folidity to a given cube:
which is a celebrated problem, cultivated by the ancient
geometricians upwards of 2000 years ago. It was firft
propofed by the oracle of Apollo at Delphos; which,
being confulted about the manner of ftopping a plague
then raging at Athens, returned for anfwer, that the
plague fliould ceafe when Apollo’s altar, which was cu¬
bical, (hould be doubled. Upon this they applied them-
felves in good earned to feek the duplicature ot the cube,
which from thence was c. lled the Delian problem. This
problem cannot be effefted geometrically, as it requires
the folution of a cubic equation, or requires the finding
of two mean proportionals, viz. between the fide of the
given cube and the double of the fame, the firft ot which
two mean proportionals is the fide ot the double cube,
as was firft obferved by Hippocrates of Chios. For, let
a be the fide of the given cube, and z the fide of the
double cube fought ; then it is z3 = 2a3, or a2 : z3 :: z :
2a ; fo that, if a and z be the firft and fecond terms- of a
fetof continued proportionals, then a2 : z2 is the ratio of
the fquare of tire firft to the fquare of the fecond, which,
it is known, is the fame &s the ratio of the firft term to
the third, or of the fecond to the fourth, that is, of z to
2 a; therefore z being the fecond term, za will be the
fourth. So that z, the fide of the cube fought, is the
fecond of four terms in continued proportion, the firft and
fourth being a and 2 a, that is, the fide of tire double cube
is the firft of two mean proportionals between a and 2 a.
Eutocius, in his Commentaries on Archimedes, gives fe-
vefal ways of performing this by the mefolabe. In Pap¬
pus, too, are found three different ways ; the firft accord¬
ing to Archimedes, the fecond according to Hero, and the
third by an inftruntent invented by Pappus, which gives
all the proportions required. The lieur de Comiers has
Jikewifc publiftted a demonftration of the fame problem,

Vop. VI. No. 336.

d u p m

by means of a compafs with three legs. But all thefe
methods are only mechanical. See Valerius Maximus, lib.
viii. alfo Eutocius' s Com. on lib. ii. Archimedes de Sphnra,
& Cylindro-, and Pappus, lib. iii. prop. 5. and lib. iv.
prop. 22.

DU'PLICATURE,yi A fold ; any thing doubled'.—
The lymphedufts, either dilacerated or obftrufted, exo¬
nerate themfelves into the foldings, or’between the duplL
catures of the membranes. Ray.

DUPLPCITY, f. iduplicis, Lat.] Doublenefs ; the
number of two. — Do not ailed! duplicities nor triplicities.,
nor any certain number of parts, in your divifion of things.
Watts. — Deceit ; doublenefs of heart or of tongue.

DU'PLIN, a county of the American States, in Wil¬
mington diftrift, North Carolina, bounded eaft by- On¬
flow, and fouth-weft by Sampfon. The number of in¬
habitants 5662. The chief town is S are ftp', on the north-
eaft branch of Cape Fear.

DUPON'DIUS,/! in antiquity, a weight of two pounds,
or a money of the value of two affes. See As, vol. ii.
p. 249.

DUP'PA (Brian), a refpeftable Englilh prelate, born
at Lewilham in Kent, in 1588-9. He was educated at
Weftminfter fchool ; whence he fvas elefted ftudent of
Chriftchurch college, Oxford, in 1605. He took his
degree of bachelor of arts in 1609; and in 1612 vvqs
chofen a fellow of All-Souls college. In 1619, he was
chofen one of the proctors to the univerlity of Oxford,
which office lie palled through with reputation and ge¬
neral refpett. He was made chaplain to the earl of Dor-
let, by whole intereft with the king he was appointed
to the deanery of Chriftchurch, Oxford, in 1629. To, this
church and college he was, during his relidence in it,
and at his death, a liberal benefadtor. In 1634, he was
conftituted chancellor of the church of Sarum, and loon
afterwards made chaplain to Charles I. who, in 163S, ap¬
pointed him tutor to Charles prince of Wales, and after¬
wards to his brother the duke of York. In 1638, Dr.
Duppa was prefented to the reftory of Petworth in
Suffex, and in the fame year nominated to the bifhopric
of Chichefter. In 1640, he was tranflated to the fee of
Salt (bury ; but was .prevented from deriving any benefit,
from it by the civil war of Charles I. Bifhop Duppa
joined the king at Oxford, and frequently attended him
during his imprifonment in the Ifle of Wight. Accord¬
ing to fome writers lie was not only privy to the compo-
lition of the Eikon Bafilikc, but alfo contributed his aid
towards it. It is certain that great confidence was placed
in him by the king, who entrufted him with the delicate
bulinefs of fupplying the vacant bifhoprics ; which office
he retained under Charles II. After the reftoration, his
fteady loyalty was rewarded by a tranftation to the rich
bilhopric of Winclfofter, in 1660. He was alfo made lord
almoner, and appointed one of the vifitors of the univer-
fity of Oxford. About the year 1661, he began to ereft
an hofpital for th.e maintenance of poor people at Rich¬
mond ; and projected other works of piety and charity,
which he was prevented from completing by his death,
which took place in 1662, in the feventy-fourth year of
his age. He was the author only of a few fermons and
devotional pieces ; and of a collection of veries in praife
of Ben Jonfon and hisAvorks.

DUPRATC See Prat.

DUPRE' de St. MAUR (Nicolas Francis), born at
Paris about the clofe of the feventeenth century, brought
up for the long robe, and obtained a place of matter of
accompts. He was greatly relpefted, as well for his of¬
ficial conduft, as for his literary talents and focial quali¬
ties. He was one of the firft of the French men of let¬
ters who acquired a tafte for Englilh literature, and en¬
deavoured to promote it among their countrymen. For
this purpofe he undertook a tranftation of Milton’s P&-
radife Loft in profe, the fpirit and elegance of which ren-
dered it popular, though doubtlefs it could convey but
a very imperfedt idea of the great original. This, work
K k gained

126

DUR

gained him admilfion into the French academy in 1733.
He alfo wrote an E flay on the Monies of France, 4to.
1746, containing many curious refearches, and much ef-
teemed. Inquiries into the Value of Monies and the
Price ot Corn, nmo. 17C1 ; an ufeful performance. M.
Dupre died in 1775, at a very advanced age.

DUQUEL'LA, a province of Africa, in the empire of
Morocco, about twenty-five leagues in length, and twenty
broad ; exceedingly fertile in corn and paftures.

DUQUE'SNE, a river of the ifiand of Grenada, which
runs into the fea, in a bay to which it gives name.

DUQUE'SNE POINT, a cape on the weft coaft of the
ifiand ot Grenada. Lat. 1-2. 17. N. ion. 61. 29. W. Green¬
wich .

DU'RA, [from the Heb. fignifying duration .] The
name of a place, fituated in the province of Babylon,
where king Nebuchadnezzar fet up his golden image.
Dan. iii. 1.

DU'RA MA'TER,/! [from durus, Lat. hard, and ma¬
ter a mother.] A membrane furrounding the brain, and
called dura, from its comparative hardnefs with the pia
mater , and mater from its being the fource of all the other
membranes. See Anatomy.

DUR A B r'LITY, J. [_durabilis, I.at.] The power of
lafting; continuance; endurance. — Stones, though indig¬
nity of nature inferior unto plants, yet exceed them in
firmnefs of ftrength, or durability of being. Hooker. — Our-
times upon the earth have neither certainty nor durability.
Raleigh.

DU'RABLE, adj. [ durabilis , Lat.] Lafting ; having
the quality of long continuance. — The glories of her ma-
jefty’s reign ought to be recorded in words more durable
than brafs, and fuch as our pofterity may read a thoufand.
years hence. Swift. — Having fucceffive exiftence :

Time, though in eternity, applied

To motion, meafures all things durable

By prefent, paft, and future. Milton.

DU'R ABLENESS, J. Power of lafting ; continuance.
*— A bad poet, if he cannot become immortal by the
goodnefs of his verfe, may by the durablaiejs of the metal
that fupports it. Addifon.

DU'RA BLY, adv. In a lafting manner. — There indeed
he found his fame flouri filing, his monuments engraved in
marble, and yet more durably in men’s memories. Sidney.

DURA'KA, a fmall ifiand of Arabia, in the Red Sea,
about four leagues from the coaft. Lat. 16. 48. N. Ion.
41.31.E. Greenwich.

DURAKO'VA, a town of Ruffin, in the government
of Archangel, on the coaft of the White Sea : fixty-eight
miles weft of Archangel.

DURAMPOU'R, a town of Hindooftan, in the country
of Guzerat, forty-five miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Surat,
and ninety-fix north-north-eaft of Bombay. Lat. 20. 32.
N. Ion. 73. 14. E. Greenwich.

DU'RANCE, f. [from clurejfe , Law Fr.] Imprifon-
ment ; the cuftody or power of a jailor; a prifon. — A
poor, innocent, forlorn, ftranger, languifhing in durance ,
upon the falfe accufations of a lying, infolent, woman.
'South. — Endurance; continuance; duration:

Sick nature at that inftant trembled round,

And mother earth figh’d as fire felt the wound :

Of how ftiort durance was this new made ftate ;

How far more mighty than heav’n’s love, hell’s hate.

Dry den.

DURAN'CE, a river of France, which rifes on the
borders of Piedmopt, paffes near Embrun, Sifteron, Ma-
nofque, Pertuis, Cavaillon, &c. and runs into the Rhone,
a little below Avignon.

DURA'ND (William), an eminent jurift, born in 1237
■at PuyinoilTon in Provence. He went young to Bologna,
where he ftudied the canon law under Bernardo du Parma.
After taking his dodlor’s degree, he began to teach, firft
at Bologna, and then at Modena, At the age of thirty.

DUR

four he publilhed li is famous work entitled Speculum Juris,
w'hich was fo much efteemed that it acquired him the
furname of Speculator. The learned Baldus ufed to fay,
that without pofteffing that book a man could not deferve
the name of a lawyer. The cardinal of Oftia took Du¬
rand as his afteftbr in deciding caufes, and made him fo-
advantageoufty known at the court of Rome, that he was
employed by pope Clement IV. and four fucceeding pon--
tiffs, in important and honourable charges. Gregory X.
made him his legate at the council of Lyons in 1274.
He fuftaineu various governments in Italy, and was railed
to the dignity of count of Romagna. In 12S5, Hono-
rius IV. appointed him to the fee of Mende, but he was
prevented by bufinefs from taking pofteflion of his bi-
thopric till 1290. Four years afterwards he- -was recalled
into Italy, .and made marquis of the march of Ancona,
and again count of Romagna, which provinces he go¬
verned during the tumults of tire Guclf and Ghibeliine
factions* He died at Rome in 1 296, and a magnificent
monument was eredted to his memory in the church of
St. Maria s. Minerva. Befides his Speculum, he wrote
Rationale Divinorum OJjiciorum, a work of celebrity in its
time ; and alfo a Commentary o-n the Canons of the
Council of Lyons; and an Abridgement of the Glofles
and Text of the Canon Law.

DURA'ND (William), nephew of the preceding, was
made archdeacon of Mende, and became biftiop of that
fee, in which he remained until his death, in 1328. His
name is now chiefly recolledted on account of his being
the author of a work highly efteemed in the catholic
world, which treats “ of the manner of lidding a general
council,” and prefents us with a vaft number of regula¬
tions made by councils, and the fathers, for reforming the
abufes and diforders of the popes and court of Rome, of
the prelates, the ecclefiafjacs, and religious orders. It is
fpoken of as a very ufeful work, on account of the infor¬
mation which it conveys, and the valuabLe advice which
it fuggefts.

DURA'ND de St. POURCAIN (William), a learned;
French prelate, in the fourteenth century, born in the
town indicated by his furname, in the diocefe of Cler¬
mont. He acquired very high reputation by the profi¬
ciency which he made in theological and philofophical
ftudies. In 1313 he was created doftor in divinity by
the univerfity of Paris, and fome time afterwards obtained
the fituation of mafter of the facred palace at Rome,
where his office called him to deliver public lectures on
facred literature. In 1318 he was nominated biftiop of
Puy ; and in 1326 tranflated to the bifhopric of Meaux,
by pope John XXIL He made himfelf fo famous by
his acutenefs and perfeverance in difeufling the 1110ft
crabbed and difficult topics in fcholaftic theology, that
he obtained the title of the mrjl refolute doHor. At firft he
was a follower of Thomas Aquinas, but lie afterwards
adopted the opinions of the Scotifts, which he defended
with equal abilities and zeal. He was the author of
Commcntaria fuper Libros IV. Sententiarum, of which the beft
edition was publifhed in folio, in 1571; Liber de origine
JurifdiHionum, Jeu de ecclcfiajlica JuriJd.iH.ione, & TraHatusde
Legibus, printed in 4to. in 1571 ; and other treatifes, many
of which are to be met with in a collection of his works
publilhed under the care of Dr. Merlin, in 1515.

DURAN'GQ, a town of North America, in the pro¬
vince of New Bifcay, the fee of a biftiop, fuffragan of
the archbiftiop of Mexico. The air is healthy, and the
land about it fertile in corn, maize, and fruit : 335 miles
north-north-weft of Mexico. Lat. 24. 10, N. Ion. S7. 15,,
W. Ferro.

DURAN'GO, a town of Spain, in the province of Bif¬
cay : about three leagues from the fea coaft, and four eaft
of Bilboa.

DURAN'TA,y. [fo named by Linnaeus in memory of
Caftor Duranles, phyfician to pope Sixtus V. He pub¬
lifhed Herbarium, 1584. Plumier named tliegenusCa)?orei2. ]
In botany, a genus of the clals didynamia, order angiol-

permia^

D U R

I) U R

127

pernua, natural order perfonatas, (vitices, Jiff.) The ge¬
neric characters are — Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, ta¬
bular, fomewhat truncated, five-cleft. Corolla: one-pe-
tal led ; tube longer than the calyx, fomevvhat curved ;
border patulous, five-parted, nearly equal, rounded.
Stamina: filaments four, the two longer ones within the
tube; antherse roundifh. Piftillum : germ inferior,
roundifh ; fly les filiform, length of the ftamens ; fligma
thickilh. Pericarpium : berry roundifh, covered by the
calyx. Seed: kernels four, two-celled. — EJfcntial Cha-
raElc. Calyx, five-cleft, fuperior ; berry four-feeded ;
feeds two-celled.

Species, i. Duranta Plumieri, or fmooth duranta:
fruiting calyxes twilled. This growls fifteen feet high,
with alternate branches, ereft or reclining ; fpines awl-
fhaped, oppofite, but very frequently wanting; leaves
lanceolate, fihooth,. two inches long; flowers fii htly
fweet-fmelling, very many, blue,. on very fliort peduncles;
fruit yellow ; the calyx alfo then becoming yellow, and
like a berry, the whole being changed, and different from
its former fhape.

Linnaeus originally made two fpecies of this, and Mil¬
ler continues them diftinft, adding a third, under the
name of Durantia trcEla , which is probably our fecond
fpecies D. Ellifia., Native of South America, and the
Weft-India iflands.

2. Duranta Ellifia, or Brown’s duranta : fruiting ca¬
lyxes ereft. This fhrub is a fathom in height or more,
branched, and even. The fpecific character of this and
the preceding, taken from the contorfion of the calyx
above the fruit, is vague and infufficient ; fince the dif¬
ferences occur frequently in the fame raceme. They are
therefore in all probability not fpecifically diftinft:. Jac-
quin alfo remarks, that it is extremely like the firfl fpe¬
cies, except that the fruiting calyx is not twilled in the
tipper part, but continues convergent and ereft:. Not-
withftanding this approximation, Br. Patrick Browne
made it a diftinft: genus, under the name Ellifia , from Mr.
Ellis the ingenious author of a treatife on Zoophites, or
plant-like marine produftions of an animal nature. He
fays that this fhrub rifes frequently to the height of fix
orfeven feet ; that the leaves are very like thole of green
tea; and that the branches, though fometimes befet with
thorns, are often otherwife. Native of the Weft Indies.
In Jamaica frequent in hedges, between Kingflon and St.
Jago de la Vega..

3. Duranta Mutifii, or Mutis’s duranta : leaves ellip¬
tic, quite entire. This differs no otherwife from the two
other fpecies than in the leaves. Native of South Ame¬
rica, and found there by Mutis.

Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants, being natives of
warm countries, require a ftove to preferve them in Eng¬
land ; they are propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fown in fmall pots, and plunged into a hot-bed of tan¬
ner’s bark ; and when the plants are fit to remove, they
mufl be planted each into a feparate fmall pot filled with
light earth, and plunged into the hot-bed again, obferv-
ing to fhade them till they have taken new root, then they
mud be treated in the fame manner as other plants from
the fame country. They may alfo be increafed by cut¬
tings, which put out roots very readily. They thrive
bed during winter in a temperate heat ; for when they
are too tenderly treated, their fhoots are apt to be weak,
and then they are attacked by vermin. In hummer, place
them in a warm fiieltered fituation in the open air.

DURAN'TE ABSEN'TIA Adminijlration, f. in law,
is an adminidration granted when the executor is out of
the realm, to continue in force until his return. And,
Durante Minore Estate Adminijlration, is becaufe an
infant cannot aft as executor until heventeen, during
which minority this adminidration is granted. See the,
article Executor.

DURAN' IT (John Stephen), an honourable martyr
to the violences of the league in France, fon of a coun-
fellpr of the parliament of Touloule, He was brought

up to the bar, and didingtlifhed himfelf by his eloquence.
In 1563 he was made capitoul, orfird magidrate. He af¬
terwards became advocate-general ; and in 1581 was no¬
minated by the king prefident of the parliament of Tou-,
loufe. He was warmly attached to the royal caufe ; and
when the maflacre of the duke and cardinal of Guile in
1589 had inflamed the rage of the leaguers, efpecially at
Touloule, he employed all the force of his eloquence to
appenfe the people. The rage of the crowd was for a
moment checked, and a profound (Hence enftted ; when
a villain fired a mufquet at him, which brought him
down; and while his hands were railed in prayer for his
murderers, the mob rallied upon him, and pierced him
with a thoufand wounds. Such was his unhappy end, at
the age of fifty-five, in February, 1589; andthuswashe
rewarded for the pains he had taken at his own hazard to
free Touloufe from the plague ; for his conftant oppofi-
tion to herefy ; and for numerous benefits which he had
conferred upon the religious orders, and upon the poor
of the city. He was a great friend to letters, and had
collefted a fine library, which was difperfed after his
death. He is confidered as the real author of a learned
and excellent work De Ritibus Ecclefire, which has been at¬
tributed to Peter Danes, hilltop of Lavaur.

DU'RAS, a town of France, in the department of the
Lot and Garonne, and chief place of a canton, in the dif-
trift of Marmande, on the Drot : three leagues and a
half north of Marmande.

DURA'TION,yi \_duratio, Lat.] A fort of dillance or
length, the idea whereof we get, not from the permanent
parts of fpace, but from the fleeting and perpetually pe¬
ri filing parts of luccefiion. Locke. — Power of continuance.
— Duration is a circumltance fo elfential to happinefs, that
if we conceived it poflible for the joys of heaven itfelf to
pals from us in an inftant, we lhould find ourfelves not
-much concerned for the attainment of them. Rogers. — •
Length of continuance. — Arillotle, by greatnefs of ac¬
tion, does not only mean it lhould be great in its nature,
but alfo in its duration. AddiJ'on.

DURATO'N, a river of Spain, which runs into the
Duero, near Penafiel.

DURAZZA'NO, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of
Naples, and province of Lavora : fixteen miles north-eaft
of Naples.

DURAZ'ZO, a feaport town of European Turkey, in
Albania, anciently named Epidamnus and Dyrrachium,
llrong and populous, with a good harbour; the fee of a
Greek bilhop : eighty-eight miles fouth-fouth-eall of Ra-
gufa. Lat. 41.42. N. Ion. 37. 2. E. F'erro.

DUR'BAN, a town of France, in the department of
the Aube, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrift of
La Grade : four leagues and a half fouth-wellof Narbonne.

DUR'BEN, a*townof the duchy of Courland : twenty-
four miles. fouth-fouth-weft of Goldingen.

DURdBION, a river of France, which runs into the
Mofelle, near Chatel fur Mofelle, in the department of
the Vofges.

DURBUN'GA, a town of Hindoollan,. in the country
of Bahar : forty-eight miles north-eall of Patna, and
fifty-eight fouth-weft of Amerpour.

DUk'SUY, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy
of Luxembourg, and capital of a county of the fame
name, on the river Ourte, taken by France, in the year
1681 , but rellored in 1692 : twenty miles north ot Baltogne.

DURCK'HEIM, oiT'urckheim, a townof Germany,
in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and county of Linange :
fourteen miles well of Manheim, and fourteen north of
Landau.

DUR'DEN, f. in old records, a copfe, a thicket in a
valley.

To DURE, v. n. \_duro, Lat.] To lad ; to continue ; to
endure.— The delights and pleafures of the world are mod
pleading while they dure. Raleigh.

DU'REFUL, adj. Lading; of long continuance ; dura~-
ble. Not rnufa

D U R

}£S

The dureful oak, whole fap is not yet dry’d,

Is long ere it conceive the kindling fire ;

But when it once doth burn, it doth divide
Great heat, and makes his flames to heaven afpire. Spenf.

DU'RELESS, adj. Without continuance; fading; tran-
fitory; fnort. Notinvfe. — Yet were that aptitude natu¬
ral, more inclinable to follow and embrace the falfe and
durekfs pleafures of this ftage-play world, than to become
the Shadow of God. Raleigh.

DURELL' (John), a learned divine of the church of
England in the feventeenth century, born at St. Heller’s,
in the ifle of Jerfey, in 1626. He was entered at Merton
college, Oxford, in 1640, and continued there two years,
When the interruptions arifing from that city’s being made
a garrifon during the civil wars, induced him to retire
into France, and to become a member of the Sylvanian
college at Caen in Normandy. At that place he took the
degree of matter of arts in 1644. Afterwards he aflidu-
oufly applied hintfelf to the ftudy of divinity at Saumur,
under the celebrated Mofes Amyrault, profeffor of theo¬
logy in that proteflant univeffity j and, in 1647, returned
to his native country, where he remained for fome time
among his relations. Upon’ the refloration of Charles II.
he came to England, and was instrumental in procuring
the eftablifliment of the new epifcopal French church at
the Savoy, London, in which he firft preached in 1661,
and continued to officiate there for fome years with great
.acceptability and applaufe. In 1663 he was made a pre¬
bendary in the cathedral church of Salifbury ; and in
the following year was appointed. to a canonry of Wind-
for. In 1668 he was installed into the fourth prebend of
Durham, and was befides prefeiVted with a rich donative.
In 1669-70 he was created dobtor in divinity by the uni¬
veffity of Oxford ; which was fucceeded by a prefentation
•from the crown to the deanery of Windfor in 1667, and
to the valuable living of Witney in Oxfordthirei He
died in 1683, in the 58th year of his age. Dr. Durell
publiflted, among other things, 1. Theoreinata Philofnphia
ratioraiis , moralis, naturalis, & fupernaturalis, &c. 4(0. 1664.
2. A French and Latin Translation of the Common-
Prayer Book, upon the Review of it at tiie Refloration.
.3. The Liturgy of the Church of England aflerted, in a
Sermon, preached (in French) at the Chapel of the Sa¬
voy, and tranflated into Englifh, 4to. 1662. 4. A View

of the Government and Public Worfnip of God in the
.Reformed Churches of England, 410. 1662; and 5. A
Vindication of the Church of England againfl the unjuft
Accufations of the Schifmatics, 4to. 1669.

DURELL' (David), a learned divine of the church of
England, born in the i ft and of Jerfey in 1728. After
palling through the ufual courfe of grammar learning, he
was entered of Pembroke college, Oxford, where he took
his degree of matter .of arts in 1753. Being afterwards
chofen a fellow of Hertford coliege, he removed thither,
and became principal of the lame on the refignation of
Dr. William Sharpe, in 1757. In 1760, Mr. Durell was
admitted to the degree of bachelor in divinity; and in
1764, to that of debtor in the fame faculty. In the year
before that in which he took his laft degree he published,
his firft learned work, entitled The Hebrew Texts of the
parallel Prophecies of Jacob and Mofes relating to the
Twelve Tribes, with a Tranflation and Notes, and the
various Sections of near forty Manufcripts, to which are
added the Samaritan- Arabic Verfion of thofe paflages,
and part of another Arabic Vertion, made from the Sama¬
ritan Text; a Map of the Land of Promife; and an Ap¬
pendix, containing four differtations on points connebted
with the fubjebt of thefe prophecies, ato. In this work,
the author’s proficiency in orient d literature, and his abi¬
lities and judgment in elucidating the fenfe of the Sacred
Scriptures, were difplayed in a manner that reflected great
honour on his talents and induivry, and railed high the
expectations which were formed of his future fervices in
the province of biblical criticifm. In 1767 Dr. Durell
was appointed to a prebend in the metropolitan church

D U R

of Canterbury, which, excepting his prefentation to the
vicarage of Tycehurft in Sulfex, was the laft preferment
that he lived to receive. In 1772 he again gratified the
theological world by the publication of fome learned and
valuable Critical Remarks on the Books of Job, P.falms,
Ecclefiaftes, and Canticles, in 4to. after which lie died in
1775, only in the 48th year of his age.

DU'REN. See Dueren.

DU'RER (Albert), a painter of diftinguiftied genius,
born at Nuremberg in 1471, the foil of a goldfmit.ii of
that city. I-Iis father wiihed to bring him up to his own
profeflion, but his decided inclination for painting pre¬
vailed, and he was entered as a pupil of Michael Wolge-
muth. He alfo received inftruction in engraving; and
he was Well verled in the collateral ftudies of geometry,
anatomy, and architeblure. For improvement he tra¬
velled through Germany, Flanders, and the Venetian
Hates ; but he had not the advantage of ftudying the
choice remains of ancient art in Rome and Florence, and
his ftyle never ceafed to indicate this deficiency. He fol¬
lowed no particular model, but formed a manner for him-
felf. His imagination was fertile, his composition grand,
his drawing correbt, his execution delicate and finillied,
but he wanted grace, and retained fomevvhat of the Gothic
hardnefs. He was alfo negligent of the coftume, and in¬
troduced German dreffes and figures on all occafions.
His works acquired him great diftindtion, and he po defied
the favour of the emperors Maximilian, Charles V. and
Ferdinand. He was alfo well known to the learned ; and
Erafmus has mentioned him with honour. He was him-
felf a writer, and publifhecl valuable works on geometry,
perfpebtive, fortification, and the proportions of the hu¬
man body. The Italians esteemed him, and improved by
him, and Raphael interchanged portraits with him. He
was a member of tile council of Nuremberg, where he
died in 1528. His principal works are in the different
cabinets of Germany, and at his native city. A bearing-
of tire crofs, in which he lias introduced portraits of the
fenators of Nuremberg, is much admired ; as likewife
the firft battle of Alexander and Darius, a piece of moft
finifhed execution Albert Dtirer was alfo an excellent
engraver, and is more known by his prints than his pic¬
tures. Several of thefe were copied by Marc-Antonio
of Venice, who counterfeited his name, an injury of which
lie complained to the Venetian fenate.

DU'RESS, f. [ dureffe , Fr. durities, Lat. conftraint.] Im-
prifonment 5 feverity ; compulfion. In law, whatever is
done witli a view to fave either life or limb, is confidered
as done by the higlieft neceflity and compulfion. There¬
fore if a man through fear of death or mayhem is pre¬
vailed upon to execute a deed, or do any other abb,
thefe, though accompanied with all requifite Solemnities-,
may be afterwards avoided, if forced upon him by a w ell-
grounded apprehenfion of lofing his life, or even his limb,
in cafe of non-compliance. 2 ln/1. 483. And the fame is
alfo a fufficient excufe for the com mi Hi on of many mif-
demeanors. The conftraint a man may be under in thefe
circumftances, is of two forts, dure/s of imprijbnment, where
a man actually lofes his liberty ; and durefs per minds, (by
.threats,) where the hard Hi i p is only threatened and im¬
pending. If a man be" under durefs of imprisonment, or
illegal reftraint of liberty, until he feals a bond, he may
allege this durefs, and avoid the extorted bond. But
if a man be lawfully iinprifoned, and either to procure
his difeharge, or on any other fair account, feals a bond
or deed, this is not by durefs of imprisonment, and lie
is not at liberty to avoid it. 2 Injl. 4S2. Durefs per mi-
nas, is either for fear of lofs of life, or elfe for fear of
mayhem, or lofe of limb. And this ffear muft be upon
fufficient reafon. A fear of battery, (or being beaten,)
though never So well grounded, is no durefs ; neither is
the fear of having one’s houfe burned, or one’s goods
taken away and deftroyed ; becaufe in thefe cafes, (hould
the threat be performed, a man may have fatisf action by
recovering equivalent damages; but no luitable atone
4 m'enfc

D U R

D U R

merit can be made for the lofs of life or limb, i Comm.
13I>

In time of war or rebellion, a man may be jollified in
doing many treafonable adts by compulfion of the enemy
or (‘ebels, which would admit of no excufe in time of
peace, i Hal. P. C. 50. This, however, feems only, or
at lead principally, to hold as to pofitive. crimes, fo cre¬
ated by the laws of fociety ' and which therefore fociety
may excufe ; but not as to natural offences fo declared
by the laws of God. Therefore though a man may be
violently affkulted, and hath no other poffible means of
efcaping death, but by killing an innocent perfon ; this
fear and force (ball not acquit him of murder, for he
ought rather to die himfelf than efcape by fuch means.
But in fuch a cafe he is permitted to kill the affailant ;
for there the law of nature and felf-defence have made
him his own protestor. 4 Comvi. 30.

It has been adjudged, that if a man makes a deed by
durefs done to him by taking of his cattle, though there
be no durefs to his perfon, yet this fnall avoid the deed,

2 Danv. Abr. 686. If a perfon threaten another to make
a deed to a third perfon, it is by durefs, and void ; as if
fuch third perfon had made the threatening. 2 Injl. 482.
And where a man is imprifoned until he makes a bond
at another place ; if afterwards he doth it when at large,
the bond is by durefs, and void. If a perfon be arretted
upon an adtion at the fu it of another, and the caufe of
adtion is not good, if he make a bond to a ftranger, it is
not durefs-; though if he make it to the plaintiff, it is,
and being fued upon the bond, he may plead it was made
by durefs, and avoid it : alto the party fhall have an ac¬
tion for the falfe imprifonment. x Lil. Abr. 494. If the
arreft is under colour of legal procefs, the adtion mutt be
fpecial adtion on the cafe, not an action of trefpafsw'ctarrafs.

It one imprifoned make an obligation by durefs, and
.after he is at large takes a defeafance upon it, this will
ettop him to fay it was made per durefs. And where A.
and B. by durefs to B. feal a bond or deed, it may be
good as to A. that was never threatened. 3 Hen. VI. 16.
tr^Edw. III. 10. 2 Danv. 686. A man fhall not avoid a
deed by durefs of a tlranger ; for it hath been held that
none fhall avoid his own bond for the imprifonment or
danger of any other than of himfelf only. Cro. Jac. 187.
Yet a fon fhall avoid his deed by durefs of the father :
and the hutband fhall avoid a deed made by durefs of the
wife ; though a fervant fhall not avoid a deed made by
durefs of his matter, or the matter the deed fealed by du¬
refs of his fervant. 2 Danv. 686. If a man is taken by
virtue of a procefs itfuing out of a court that hath not
power to grant it ; or in cuttody on a falfe charge of fe¬
lony, and for his enlargement and difcharge gives bond,
this may be avoided, as taken by durefs. 4 /«/?. 97.

A ftatute merchant may be avoided by audita querela ,
becaufe it was made by durefs or imprifonment. A will
fhall be avoided by durefs or menace of imprifonment.
A feoffment made by durefs is voidable, but not void.
But no averment fhall be taken againft a deed inrolled,
that it was made' by durefs. 2 Danv. 685. A marriage
had by durefs is voidable; and, by 31 Hen. VI. c. 9.
obligations obtained of women by force, to marry the
perfons to whom made, or otherwife, unlefs for a juft
debt, are declared void. If a perfon executes a deed by
durefs, he cannot plead non eft faBum, becaufe it is his
deed ; though he may avoid it by fpecial pleading, and
judgment fi aBio, &c. 5 Rep. 119. Records may not re¬
gularly be faid to be made by durefs, and therefore fhall
not be avoided by this plea or pretence. 2 Shep. Abr. 319.

DU'RET (Louis), a learned phytician of the fixteenth
century, native of Burgundy. He ftudied at Paris, and
became phyfician to the king, and profeflbr-royal ; and
died at Paris in 1586, at the age of fifty-nine. Duret dif-
tinguifhed himfelf by his zeal for the dodtrines of Hippo¬
crates, and his learned explanations of the works of that
father of medicine. He publifhed. Adverfaria f. Scholia in

Vol, VI. No. 336.

129

jfacobi Hollerii l. de morbis internis, 1571, Svo. His princi¬
pal work did not appear till after his death : its titl • is,
Hippocrates Coaca Pranotiones interprete & cnarrantc L. Dureto,
Par. 1588, folio. He wrote alfo, In Magni Hippocrates l.
de Humoribus purgandis, & in l. Hi. dc Diceta Acutorum Com -
mthtarii, publifhed by P. Giradet in 1631, 8vo.

DUR'FORT, a town of France, in the department of
the Gard : feven miles fouth-weft of Alais.

DUR'FORT, a town of France, in the department of
the Aude : feven miles fouth-weft of Caftlenaudary.

DUR'FORT, a town of France, in the department of
the Arriege : five miles north-weft of Pamiers.

DUR'GAN, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province
of Natolia : forty-eight miles fouth-eaft of Caftamoni.

DUR'GEN, f. [bpeojrj, Sax. j A dwarf; a little,
thick, fhort, perfon. Bailey.

DUR'GUT, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province
of Natolia : eighteen miles eaft of Smyrna.

DUR'HAM, a maritime county of England, with the pri¬
vileges of a palatinate ; bounded on the north by North¬
umberland, on the eaft by the German Sea, on the fouth by
Yorkfhire, from which it is divided by the river Tees, and
on the weft byWeftmoreland and Cumberland. Its ftiape is
triangular ; and, during the Saxon heptarchy, this county
made part of the kingdom of the Northumbrians. It is
forty miles long from eaft to weft, thirty-five broad from
north to fouth, and 160 in circumference ; containing 920
fquare miles, or 588,800 fqtiare acres ; divided into four
wards, having 120 parifties, twenty-one vicarages, 223
villages, one city, and nine market towns ; the whole
fuppofed to contain about 100,000 inhabitants. It is ufu-
ally called the Biftiopric of Durham , or the Comity Palatine of
Durham , from the great power poflefted by its biftiop.
When he comes in perfon to any of the courts of judica¬
ture, he fits chief in them, thofe of aftize not excepted,
and even when judgment of blood is given ; though the
canons forbid any clergyman to be prefent, the bifhops
of Durham did and may fit in their purple robes on the
fentence of death. All dues, amercements, and forfeited
recognifances, in the courts of the palatinate, and all deo-
dands, belong to the biftiop. If any forfeits are made,
either of war or by treafon, outlawry or felony, even
though the foil be the king’s, they fall to the biftiop here,
as to the king in other places. All the tenures of land
here originate from the biftiop, as lord paramount in chief.
Hence he grants charters for eredting boroughs and incor¬
porations, markets, and fairs ; inclofing forefts, chaces,
and warrens ; licences to embattle caftles, build chapels,
found chantries and hofpitals, and difpenfations with the
ftatute of mortmain. All inclofed eftates, as well as
moors, or waftes, to which no title can be made, efeheat
to him. He grants the cuftody of ideots and lunatics,
and had the cuftody of minors while the cuftom of wards
and liveries fubfifted. Befides the dependance of leafe.
hold or copyhold tenants on him, if any freeholders ali¬
enated their land without his licence, they were obliged
to fue out his patent of pardon ; and all money paid for
fuch licences belongs to him. In the article of military
power, the biftiop of Durham had anciently his thanes,
and afterwards his barons, who held of him by knight’s
fervi'ce, as the reft of the haihverk folk held of them by
inferior tenures. On alarms he convened them as a par¬
liament, with advice to aflift with their perfons, depend¬
ants, and money, for the public fervice at home and
abroad, and all levies of men or money were made by
the bilhop’s commiftion, or by writs in his name out of
the chancery at Durham ; for he had power both to coin
money and levy taxes, and raife and arm foldiers in the
bifhopric from fixteen to fixty years old. But now the
militia of this county has been long on the fame footing
with the reft of the kingdom, under the lord-lieutenant.
The only difference here is, that that office has generally,
though not always, been borne by the biftiop. The ad¬
miralty jurifdidtion in this county belongs a)fo to the bi-
L 1 ftiop,

130

D U II II A M.

(hop, who holds the proper courts' by his judged, and ap¬
points by his patents a vice-admiral, regifter, and marfhal,
or vvater-bailif, and other officers, and has all the privi¬
leges, forfeitures, and profits, incident to this power, as
royal fiffies, fea wrecks, duties for fhips arriving in his
ports, &c. This county, for its fize, is, perhaps, one of
the. moft’ hilly in the kingdom ; tire hills are, in general,
covered with verdure to the top, and have not been un¬
aptly called the. . Apennines of England. Many of them con-
. tain lead and iron ores, coals, lime-ftone, free-done, mar¬
ble, &c. The ead and north-ead parts of the county
are particularly rich in coal-mines, lying in horizontal
drafa from three to fix feet thick, and extending many
miles through the country. Near Wolfingham are found
beautiful black fpotted marble, and the large grey mill-
done for grinding corn. Grind-dones are found a little
to the fouth of the river Tyne, and not far from Nevv-
cadle ; thefe form an article of exportation to mod parts
©f the habitable globe. There are alfo feveral quarries
of fire-done, immenfe quantities of which are exported
to be ufed in ovens, furnaces, &c. Near the river Tees
the land is rich, confiding of a loamy clay, and is gene¬
rally fertile near the other rivers ; but the other parts
are not fo good. The climate is very uncertain, and the
harved hazardous ; wheat, barley, oats, peafe, mndard,
are the chief productions ; beans are feldom raifed in the
weftern part of the county. The principal manufactures
are tammies, carpets, huckabacks, cotton in various
forms, fail-cloths, fait, deel, glafs, ropes, pottery, iron
works, iron founderies, copperas, paper, &c. Durham
is the capital. The towns are Stockton, Sunderland,
Barnard Caftle, Darlington, Stanhope, Hartlepool, Bi-
diops Auckland, Walfingham, and Sedgefield. The prin¬
cipal rivers are the Tees, Tyne, Were, Tame, Lune,
Durwent, Gaundlefs, and Skern. The mod noted places
are, Sunderland Point and Hartlepool Point ; the Tees
Mouth and Tynemouth Harbour and Bar ; the Lune and
Teeldule Forefts ; Oxenhall Pits, with the Cataract of
the Tees river. It fends only fiur members to parlia¬
ment, viz. two for the county, and two for the city. The
air of the county is healthy, but feverely cold in winter.

The mod remarkable feats in this county are, A x well
Park, near Newcadle ; Bidiop Auckland Park ; Brance-
beth Cadle, near Durham ; Gatefhead Park, near New¬
cadle ; Gibfide, near Newcadle ; Hardwick, near Sedge-
field ; Helton le Hale ; Hilton Cadle, near Sunderland.
Lambton Houfe, near Durham ; Lumley Cadle, near
Durham ; Raby Park, near Staindrop ; R.avenfsvorth
Cadle, near Newcadle. Stanhope Cadle. Streatham
Cafile, near Barnard Cadle. Whitworth, near Bifhop
Auckland, Windledon, near Bidiop Auckland ; and Wil¬
ton Cadle, near Bidiop Auckland.

The bifhopric of Durham was difiblved, and the king
to have all the lands, &c. by 7Edvv. VI. But this atl
was afterwards repealed, and the bidiopric newly eredted,
with all jurifdidlion ecclefiadical and temporal annexed
to the county palatine. The juftices of the county pala¬
tine of Durham may levy fines of lands in the county :
and writs upon proclamation, &c. are to be diredfed to
the bidiop. $Eliz. c. 27. 31 Eliz. c. 2. Writs to eledt
members of parliament in the county palatine of Dur¬
ham flail go to the bidiop or his chancellor, and be re¬
turned by the ffieriff, &c. 2 5 Car. II. c. 9. The courts
called palatine, were extended to two other counties be-
ddes Durham, as well as the royal franchife of Ely ; and
are a fpecies of private courts of a limited local jurifdic-
tion, having at the fame time an exclufive cognizance of
pleas in matters both of law and equity. Finch R. 452. In
ali thefe, as in the principality of Wales, the king’s ordi¬
nary writs ilfuing under the great feal out of chancery do
not run ; that is, they are of no force. For as originally
all jura regalia were granted to the lords of thefe coun¬
ties palatine, they had of courfe the foie adminiftration of
juftice by their own judges appointed by themfelves, and
not by the crown. It would therefore be incongruous

for the king to fend his writ to diredl the judge of ano¬
ther’s court in wdiat manner to adminiller jufiice between
the fuitors. But when the privileges of thefe counties
palatine were abridged by 27 Hen. VIII. c. 24. it was alfo
enadted, that all writs and procefs ffiould be made in the
king’s namef but fliould be tefred or witneffed in the name
of the owner of the franchife. Wherefore all writs
whereon actions are founded, and which have current au¬
thority here, mull be under the feal of the refpedlive
franchifes ; the two former of which, Chefter and Lan-
cafter, are now united to the crown, and the two latter,
Durham and Ely, under the government of their feverat
bilhops. And the judges of affife who fit therein, fit by
virtue of a fpecial commiffion from the owners of the fe¬
veral franchifes, and under the feal thereof, and not by
the ufual commiffions under the great feal of England.
See the article County, vol. v. p. 2S9.

DUR'HAM, a very ancient city, capital of the county
of the fame name, fituated on feven hills, and furrounded
by others more lofty. It has been whimfically compared
to a crab, the body being reprefented by the centre of
the town, the cathedral, &c. and the daws, by the feveral
fireets branching every way, in curve lines. Its name is
faid to be derived from its fituation : it is called in Latin
Dunelmum , which has a plain reference to the Saxon word
Dunholm, and which is derived from dun, an hill, and he line
or holm, a plain furrounded with water. In after-times
it was called Durefme, and more modcrnly Durham. It
is fituated near the centre of the county, in latitude 54
deg. 50 min. N. and 1 deg. 27 min. W. longitude from
Greenwich : 239 miles north from London, fixty-fix north
from York; fifteen fouth- from Newcaftle-upon-Tyne ;
and 121 fouth from Edinburgh. The diocefe is deemed
the richeft in the kingdom ; and the prebends are fre¬
quently fri led the Golden Prebends of Durham. The fee
contains the whole counties of Durham and Northum¬
berland, except the jurifdiflion of Hexham in the latter.
It hath alfo one parifh in the county of Cumberland.
This fee hath given to the church of Rome eight faints
and one cardinal ; and to the Englith nation one lord
chief jufiice, five lord chancellors, three lord treafurers,
one principal fecretary of irate, one chancellor to the uni-
verlity of Oxford, and two mailers of the rolls.

The origin of this city is generally allowed to have
been about the year 995, when the monks of Landisfarne,
after having been harrafled by the invafion of the Danes,
and forced to wander up and down with the relics of St.
Cuthbert, were induced to fix upon this fpot for a per¬
manent refidence ; perhaps the natural ftrength of the-
place was their principal inducement : “The topography
of Dunholme, (fays the legend,) at that tyme was more
beholding to nature for fortification than fertilitie ; where
thick woods hindered the ftarres from viewing the earth,
and the earth from the profpeCt of heaven.’’ Another
old author fays, “All the people, following the corpfe
of our holy father Cuthbert, came to Dunholm, a place
ftrong by nature but fcarce habitable, enclofed quite
round with a very thick wood, and in the middle only a
fmall plain, which they ufed to plough and fow. The
faid prelate, therefore, with the help of the people, and
the affiftance of Uthred earl of the Northumbrians, felled
and grubbed up the wood, and, in a fiiort time, made the
place habitable ; which done, every one, as his lot fell,
had a houfe afiigned him.” The foundations of this city
being thus laid, its ftrength, and the number of its inha¬
bitants, increafed rapidly. “ The people being thus fet¬
tled, (continues the fame author,) the faid Aldwin, out
of zeal to Chrift and St. Cuthbert, began to buiid a
handfome large church, in the place where they had de-
pofited the body of that holy man ; and, by the zealous
application of the people to fo good a work, foon per¬
fected the fame, dedicating it to St. Cuthbert.” This
ftruCture was called White Kirk , and was dedicated by
biftiop Aldwin, September 4th, 999, at leaft the chapel
or fuch part of it as was then finiihed ; into which the

London 'Published as die Act directs April 16.2803 . by J. Wilkes.

131

D U R

body of St. Cuthbert was tranflated with much folemnity.
The remainder of the life of this pious prelate was fpent
in promoting the eredtion of the edilice, in which he
fpent eighteen years ; and, at his deceafe, left the we(i-
ern tower to be finifhed by his fuccelfor, who alfo confe-
crated it. Under the fucceeding prelates, benefadtions
and riches continued to flow fo rapidly to St. Cuthbert’s
flirine, that William de Carilepho, the fixth in fucceflion
from Aldwin, thinking this church not magnificent
enough for the remains of lb great a faint, and having
brought over from Normandy the plan of a new church,
he pulled down the old one, feventy-fix years after its firft
eredtion ; and in its (lead began the prefent Itrudture ; the
foundation (tones of which were laid by Malcolm king of
Scotland, bifliop Carilepho, and Turgot the prior, on the
1 1 th of Auguft, 1093; and fo great was the progrefs
made in this work, that his fuccelfor, Ralph Flambard,
who died in 1128, lived lo fee the building carried nearly
up to the roof. Other benefadtors to this fabric were,
bifliop Hugh Pudfey, who began a new work at the eaft
end, but, being by force means prevented from complet¬
ing it, lie eredted the Gallilee at the weft end, before the
year 1194; which is fuppofed to have been either re¬
built, or at leaft confiderably altered, by cardinal Langley
before 1438. Prior Melfonby, who was eledted in 1233,
built the fteeple, then called the lantern, as high as the
gallery ; and prior Hugh of Darlington, who was eledted
in 1238, finiftied the work, by eredting the upper tower,
in which the bells are now hung. The eaftern tranfept,
generally called the nine altars, is fuppofed to have been
finifhed by prior Horton, who acceded to the priory in
1289, who alfo placed the roof on the choir. The body
of the church was vaulted with ftone about 1242, by bi¬
fliop Farnliavn and prior Melfonby. Adjoining the fouth
aide of the choir, is the veftry, built by Henry de Luceby
about 1300. The whole length of this venerable pile,
which is a more regular edifice than is generally to be
found in ftrudhires of the like' age, excluliveof the Gal¬
lilee, is 411 feet ; the length of the nave is 200 feet, its
width fcvei ty-four feet, cf which the centre aide is twen¬
ty-eight feet : at the weft end of the nave is a fliort crofs
aide or tranfept, in length ninety feet, and eighteen feet
wide from the centres of the columns; over the end. of
which rifes the weft towers ; and by a late mealtirement
found to be 13s feet in height. The middle aide of the
nave is fixty-nine feet 'and a half high : the great crofs
aide, or middle tranfept, has an aide towards the eaft at
both ends, and is 170 feet in length and fifty-feven in
width, including the aide. The height of the middle
tow'er is 214 feet; the choir is 120 feet long, and equal
in width to the centre aide of the nave : the eaft tranfept,
commonly called the nine altars, is 1 30 feet in length,
and in width fifty-one feet : the Gallilee at the weft end
is from eaft to weft fifty feet, from north to fouth eighty
feet wide. The fit nation of this cathedral is extremely
grand, the building ftretchiiig along the crown of an emi¬
nence, above eighty feet perpendicular from the furface
of the river, which wadies its bale: on the weft, this
church rifes on the points of recks, which (hew them-
felves on the fummit of the mount, and almoft overhang
the ftream ; from the palace-green the whole north front
appears at once : on entering the great north door, the
vilitor is (truck with an awful folemnity. In the infide
is preferved much of the clumfy yet venerable magnifi¬
cence of the early Norman (tile: the pillars are valt cy¬
linders, twenty-three feet in circumference, feme adorned
with crofs-cut furrows ; others lozenge-fliaped, with nar¬
row ribs or with fpiral ; above are two rows of galleries,
each with round arches or openings : a row of fmall pi-
laftresrun round the lides of the church, with rounded
arches interfedling each other: the windows are all ob-
tuiely pointed. In 1778, upon a furvey of this church,
it was found to be in great want of repair, when the dean
and chapter immediately began the coftly work, which
occupied almoft twenty years; and by which this noble

II A M.

fabric is now reftored to its priftine beauty and grandeur
The whole expence of this magnificent undertaking,
which coft above 25,000!. was paid out of the chapter
trealury ; an adt of public magnificence refledling the
higheft honour on that venerable and opulent body.

Befides the cathedral, here are fix pari(h-churclies,wiz.
St. Ofwald’s, fltuated at the head of Nevv Elvett-ftreet ;
St. Nicolas’s, fltuated at the lower end of the market¬
place ; the church. of St. Mary-le-Bovv, fltuated on the
eaft fide of the Bailey ; St Margaret’s in Crofgate ; with
St. Giles’s, and Little St. Mary’s.

Durham caftle is generally allowed to have been built by
William the Conqueror, who, in 1072, ordered afor fret's
to be eredlCd here, at once to fecure the governor cf this
provi nee from tu mu its and infurrepions, and alfo to protect
the bifliop and his church. A part of this caftle was burnt,
but was foon repaired by bifliop Pudfey, in 1153. Bifliop
Tunftall, in 1530, built the gallery and chapel adjoining
to it ; he alfo erected the prefent gateway and tower, and
flanked it with a ftrong wail on either fide ; he alfo built
the conduit, and fupplied the caftle with water. The
great tower of this caftle (lands upon a mount forty-four
feet from the level of the palace-green, and is an odtagon
of irregular Tides ; the diameter, in the wideft part, is
fixty-three feet four inches ; the narrowed, lixty-one feet.
It contained four tier of apartments, excluftve of the
vaults. Nothing now remains but the mount, vaults,
and a part of the (hell ; the upper part, having become
very ruinous, was ordered to be taken down by bifliop
Thurlow in 1 789.

The firft charter of incorporation was granted Jan. 30,

1 565, by bi (!i op Pilkington, by which the city was incor¬
porated by the name of an alderman and burgeffes within
the city of Durham and F'ramwell-gate. Under this the
city was governed, till bifliop Matthews granted a new
charter, dated 1602, whereby the burgeffes and inhabi¬
tants were conftituted a body politic and corporate, con¬
fiding of a mayor, twelve aldermen, and commonalty,
with divers privileges. This charter was confirmed by
James I. Feb. 15, 1606, and continued in force till 1684,
when it was furrendered to bifliop Crew, who granted im¬
mediately a new charter of incorporation, dated March 7,
1684, but fome informality having been uifeovered in the
form of furrendering up the old charter, it was deemed
illegal, and the corporation dill fubfifted under Mat¬
thews’s charter till 17 66, when informations having been
filed in the court of king’s-bench againft feveral of the
aldermen as being non-re(idents, or not legally qualified
at the time of their election, they were oufted from their
offices. Some irregularities had alfo been committed,
both on the election of the commoncouncil, on the 3d
of Odlober, 1766, which affedled the title of the mayor
to his office, to which he was eledted the day following,
and from which he was ejedled by the judgment of the
court of king’s bench foon after. From the above caufes,
as well as the natural deaths of fome of the old aider-
men, the number of aldermen was Co reduced as not to
be able to conftitute a court ; in confequence, the charter
became vacated, and the city continued under the go¬
vernment of a bailiff till x 780, w hen a new charter, dated
Odlober 2, was granted by bifliop Egerton, in which the
defects of the old charters were remedied, and the powers
and privileges of the corporation and citizens confirmed.
Under this charter the city is now governed. The mem¬
bers of this corporation are, a mayor, recorder, twelve
aldermen, a town-clerk, twenty-four common-councilmen,
an indefinite number of freemen, and two ferjeants at
mace. The common-council are chofen from the twelve
incorporated companies. The number of houfes in Dur¬
ham are calculated at about two thou (and, and the num¬
ber of inhabitants nine thoufand.

Many public charities dignify this city ; among others,
bifliop Crew left by his will, dated June 24, 1720, one
hundred pounds per annum for putting out poor boys ap¬
prentices. Dr. Hartwell, in 1724, left twenty pounds

per

132 D U R

per annum to be given to two tradefmen of the eftablifhed
church, who may want a (Ti fiance to begin bnfinefs. Bifhop
Wood, of Litchfield, gave twenty, pounds per annum for
ever, to be difpofed of for the releafe of poor debtors
from the goal of Durham, whofe debts do not exceed
five pounds. He alfo gave one hundred pounds to be
laid out upon a renr-charge, toward the maintenance of
the poor of the corporation for ever. There are feveral
fmaller charities. But the principal one was that of Mr,
Henry Smith, who, by his will, dated July 20, 1598, be¬
queathed his coal-mines, then worth one hundred pounds
a-year, belides a very confiderabie perfonal eflate, to the
corporation of this city, “that fome good trade may be
devifed for fetting of the youth and other idle perfons to
work, as fhall be thought moft convenient, whereby fome
profit may arife to the benefit of the laid city, and relief
of thofe that are paft work.” This charity was foon af¬
ter employed in eftablifhing a cloth manufactory, from
which fome thoufands derive their bread ; and in which
are made all kinds of calimancoes, {balloons, vvildbores,
durants, tammies, plain and figured fluffs, ferges, Jerfeys,
kerfeys, flannels, & c. They alfo make carpets, which
are brought to a very great degree of perfection.

There are feveral coal-works in the vicinity of the
city, whence the inhabitants are plentifully fupplied at
reafonable rates. The market is held every Saturday,
and is extremely well fupplied with all kinds of corn,
butcher’s meat, poultry, fifli, vegetables, and all other
provifions. Here are three fairs every year, which u fin¬
ally continue three days each ; the firft day for horned
cattle, the fecond day for fheep and fvvine, and the third
for horfes: they begin the 31ft of March, Whit-Tuef-
day, and September 13. On tliefe occafions the court of
Pye Powder is always held by the corporation. Within
thefe laft twenty years, the fair in March has been much
reforted to by the principal horfe-dealers from the fouth,
on account of the great number of excellent horfes which
are bred in the adjacent country, and which are ufually
brought in for fale at this time.

In approaching the city of Durham from the fouth,
the traveller is (truck with the elegance of its fituation,
and the venerable appearance of its principal buildings.
The cathedral and caftle are fituated upon an eminence,
girt by the north and fouth Baileys, enclofed with the
remains of the old city walls, and (kirted with hanging
gardens defcending to the river Were, which furronnds
this part of the city, in the form of an horfe-flioe. On
the oppofite fide of the river, the banks are high, rocky,
and fcattered over with trees; along the brink of which
the ftreet of New Elvett is extended, and terminated by
the church of St. Ofwald ; at the bottom runs Old El¬
vett. Acrofs the bridge are the ftreets of Claypeth and
St. Giles, which climb the more diftant eminence ; the
church terminating the line of buildings. The (lopes of
the hills are beautified with hanging gardens and rich
meadows. Newton Hall, one of the feats of the late fir
H. G. Liddle, bart. with its adjacent plantations, fills the
nearer back ground ; behind which a fine cultivated
country is dilcovered, lengthening the profpeCt to the
diftance of ten miles, on which Penfher or Pain (haw Hill,
with its peaked brow, is a beautiful objeCt. To form the
left wing, the banks oppofite to the cathedral andcaftte are
clothed with wood and fruit-trees; 'and Sourh-fireet
ftretches along the fummit. The long canal which the
river exhibits to the eye in this part, is eroded by Fram-
welgate-bridge, which has two elliptic arches. On the
banks of the river is Crook Hall, the feat of Mrs. Hopper,
with the woodlands of Newton Hall on the more diftant
ground ; to the left of which is Aycliffe Heads, the neat
villa of Francis Johnfon, efq. Approaching this city
from the eaft, down the ftreet of St. Giles, a noble prof-
peCt prefents itfelf: in froYit the river Were forms a fine
canal through a rich vale, eroded by Elvett-bridge of five
wet and many other land arches. The town crowds the
fiwift rifings of the hill, pile upon pile; while the caftle
2

D U R

and cathedral crown the fummit of the eminence. To
the left are feen the banks of Elvett and the church,
flanked by the diftant foreft of oaks and groves which
hang on the margin of the river. On the right is a fine
view of Newton-hall. From the north the appearance
is rather more romantic. In (liort, whoever has a tafte
for beautiful profpects will find themfelves highly grati-
tified by the variety which prefent themfelves from
the different hills with which this city is furrounded, as
well as from the different avenues leading to it.

Beddes the many liberal charities founded in Durham,
there is a very noble one in the eaftern vicinity of the
city, called Sherburn hofpital, founded about 11S0, by
bifhop Pudfey, for the reception of fixty-five lepers, with
a matter and other officers. This hofpital is placed in a
remarkably healthful fituation, and continued under its
old government till 1584, when an aCt of parliament
paffed whereby it was re-incorporated by the name of the
Mafter and Brethren of Chrift’s hofpital, in Sherburn,
near Durham. In this hofpital are now maintained fif¬
teen in-brothers, who are well accommodated with every
one a neat little room, a fufficiency of good and vvhole-
fome diet, a fuit of clothes annually, and forty (hillings
in money. They attend divine fervice in the chapel
twice every day, where the prayers are read by the chap¬
lain. There are alfo fifteen out-brothers, who are allowed
forty {hillings each annually ; with a very pleafant houfe,
and beautiful gardens, belonging to the mafter. On t lie weft
of the city is an old crofs, ereCted by Ralph lord Nevill,
in memory of a remarkable battle fought here on' the
17th of October, 1346, between the Englifh and Scotch
armies, in which the latter fullered a total defeat, with
the lofs of fifteen thoufand men killed, and feveral nobles,
and their king' David II. taken prifoner.

DUR'HAM, a townfliip of the American States, in
Cumberland county, diftriCt of Maine, on the fouth-weft
bank of Androfcoggin river, which feparates it from
Bowdoin on the north-eaft. It was incorporated in 1 789,
contains 724 inhabitants, and lies 145 miles north-eafterly
of Bofton.

D’JR'HAM, a pod town of the American States, in
Strafford county, New Hampftiire, on Oyfter river, near
where it joins the Pifcataque ; fixteen miles weft of
Portfmouth. It was incorporated in 1633, and contains
1247 inhabitants. It was formerly a part of Dover,
which adjoins it on the north, and was called Oyfter ri¬
ver. On the top of a hill in this town is a rock, com¬
puted to weigh (ixty or feventy tons, fo exaCtly poifed on
another rock as to be eafily moved by the finger.

DUR'HAM, a townfliip of the American States, in
New Haven county, Connecticut, fettled from Guildford
in 1698, andincorporated in 1 708 : twenty-two miles fouth-
weft of Hartford, and eighteen miles north-eaft of New
Haven. It was called Cagingchague by the Indians ; which
name a fmall river that chiefly rifes here, dill bears.

DUR'HAM, a townfliip of the American States, in
Bucks county, Pennfylvania.

DU'RING, prep. [This word is rather a participle,
from dure-, as, during life-, durante vita, life continuing ;
during my plcaj'ure, my pleafure continuing the fame.] For
the time of the continuance of ; while any thing lafts. —
If during his childhood he be conftantly and rigoroufly
kept from drinking cold liquor whilft he is hot, forbear¬
ance grows into a habit. Locke.

DU'RIO,/: in botany, a genus of the clafs polyadel-
pliia, order polyandria, natural order putamineae, (cap-
parides, JuJf.) The generic characters are — Calyx : peri-,
anthium one-leafed, pitcher-fhaped, five-lobed ; lobes
rounded; deciduous. Corolla: petals five, added to the
calyx, and leTs than it, concave. Stamina: filaments in
five bodies, divided into feven, fubulate, longer than the
corolla; antherte tvvifted ; (or, according to Juffieu, fila¬
ments five, flat at the bafe, feven or eight-cleft at the
top ; the divilions connate, fubulate, bearing thirty-five
to forty twifted anthers. Piftiilum-. germ rpundifh, fti-

pitate 5

133

D U R

pitate ; ftyle bridle-form, length of the ftamens. Peri-
car pi it m : pome ronndifh, on all parts muricated witli
many-fided dagger points, five-celled, gaping open in five
directions; cells pne to five feeded. Seeds : large, ovate,
involved in a tmicofe pulp, in a membranaceous aril. —
EJJential CharaElcx. — Calyx, five-cleft, pitcher-ftiaped, in¬
ferior; cor 11a, five-pelalled, fmall ; ftyle,one; ftamina,
in five bodies;- pome, five-celled.

Dario Zibethinus, a Angle fpecies ; it is a lofty tree
•with flowers below the leaves, which are alternate. Na¬
tive of the Eafl Indies. The leaves referable thofe of
the cherry, but are not dented at the edges, and are there¬
fore in reality more like nutmeg leaves ; the flowers are
borne in loofe heads; they are large, and of a pale yel¬
low-white colour. The fruit is the fize of a man’s head,
and round or oblong ; refembling in forne degree a rolled-
lip hedge-hog, with a hard bark or rind ; lhe flefliy part
of the fruit is of a creamy fubftance, and of a delicate
tafte ; but of an unpleafant heavy finell, fomewhat re¬
fembling that of rotten onions; and the fmell of the
breath of thofe who eat it is infected alfo jn a high de¬
gree ; but when once a perfon has acciiftomed himielf to
eat this fruit, he generally confiders it as the molt excel¬
lent of all others.

DU'RfTY, f. [ durete , Fr. durns, Lat.] Hardnefs ;
firmnefs- — Irradiancy or fparkling, found in many gems,
is not cnfcoverable in this ; for it cometh fliort of their
compadtnefs and durity. Brown.

DUR'KO, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province
of Natolia : forty-two miles fouth-weft of Amalich.

DUR'LA.CH, a tsvvn of Germany, in the circle of
Swabia, which gives title to one of the branches of the
iioufes' of -Baden, called margrave of Baden Durlach, (i-
tuated on the Pfinz. It contains a cattle, with a mint, a
Latin' fchool, manufa6tures of china-ware, cloth, and
fluffs; the environs tire fertile, efpecially in fruit and
wine : fixteen miles fouth of Spire, and thirty-two weft-
north-weft of Stuttgart. Lat. 48. 59. N. Ion. 26. 9. E.
Ferro.

DURN'BERG, a mountain of Germany, in the circle
of Bavaria, and archbifliopric of Saltzburg : two miles
ibuth-fouth-w.eft of Hallein.

DUR'NESS, a town of Scotland, in the county of Su¬
therland, near the north coaft, at the bottom of a bay,
formed by a river of the fame name, called the Kyle of
Durncfs : forty-fix miles north-north-weft of Dornoch.
Lkt. 58. 33. N. Ion. 1.21.W. Edinburgh.

DUR'NESS, a river of Scotland, which runs into the
North Sea, a little to the weft of Faro.ut Head, forming a
bay at its mouth, called the Kyle of Durnefs.

DURN'ISH, a town of Scotland, on the weftern coaft
of the ifland of Skye.

DUR'NIUM, or Durnovaria, anciently a town of
the Durotriges in Britain : now Dorchefter.

DUROBRI'VHJ, anciently a town of the Catyeuchlani
in Britain: now in ruins, which lie on the Nen, between
Cafter and Dornford, in Northamptonfliire, on the bor¬
ders of Huntingdon.

DUROBFH'VZE, or Duro.cobri v^;, a town of the
Trinobantes, in Britain ; whole ruins are fituated between
Flamftead and Redburn, in Hertfordftiire.

DUROBRI'VIS, anciently a town twenty-five miles
to the weft of Durovernum, or Canterbury, from which
it appears to be Rochefter, confirmed by the charter of
foundation of the church, in which it is called Durobrevis.

DUROCA'SES, Durocassium, or Durocass^, an¬
ciently a town of the Carnutes, in Gallia Celtica; now,
Dreux.

DUROCh'SKOI, a town of Ruffian Tartary, in the
government of Irkutfch, on the borders of China, near the
river Argunia : t6omiles fouth fouth eaft of Nertchintfk .

DUROCORNO'VIUM, anciently a town of Britain;
now Cirencefter, in Gloucefterfhire^ called Corinium by
Ptolemy

DUROCORTO'RUM, or Duricortop.a, anciently
a town of t he Rhctni iu Belgica ; now Rheims.

Vol. VI. No. 337,

D U R

DUROPA, f. [fo named in memory of Jo. Phil. Du Roiy
a phyfician at Brunfvvick, author of Obfervationes Bota-
nicae, and Hortus Harbeccenfis. ] In botany, a genus of
the clafs hexandria, order monogynia, natural order ru-
biaceae, ( JnJf. ) The generic characters are — Calyx: pe-
rianthium one-leafed, cylindric, truncate, contradted,
very fhort, fuperior. Corolla: ntonopetalous ; tube cy¬
lindric ; border length of the tube, fix-parted ; divifions
ovate, fpreading. Stamina : filaments none ; antlierre
fix, oblong, within the tube. Piftillum : germ inferior;
ftyle filiform, the length of the tube ; ftigmas two. Pe-
ricarpium : pome, globular, umbilicate, covered with
erebl hairs. Seeds very many, neftling, oval, flat, very
fmooth, incumbent, in a double row. — EJJential CharaElcr.
Calyx, cylindric, truncate ; corolla, fix-parted ; filaments
noile ; pome hifpid.

Duroia eriopila, the only fpecies, is a tree with thick
unequal branches, hirfute at the end ; leaves terminating,
oppofite, approximating, many, fubpetioled, a fpan in
length, ohovate, quiteentire, obtufifh, rib. ed, pubefcent
above, netted underneath. The flowers are frequently
abortive ; nay, there are fome genuine male flowers with-
out any germ. It fliould therefore be referred rather
to the clafs polyga'mia. Fruit fomewhat larger than
a turkey’s egg, fpherical, covered very thick with erect
brown hairs ; it is well-flavoured, and much efteemed at
Surinam, of which it is a native.

DUROLE'NUM, anciently a town of the Cantii in Bri¬
tain ; now Lenham, in Kent.

DUROLl'TUM, anciently a town of the Trinobantes ;
now Leiton, on the Ley, in EfTex.

DU'ROT, a bay on the north fide of the fouth penin-
fula of the ifland of St. Domingo.

DUROTRI'GES, anciently a Britifti nation, feated in
that part of the country which is now called Dorfetfhire.

DUROU'R’s ISLAND, an ifland in the eaftern Indian
ocean. Lat. 1.44. S. Ion. 143. 21. E. Greenwich.

DUR'ROW, a tow'nof Ireland ; fee Castle Dumtow,

DUR'SEY, an ifland in the Atlantic, about two miles
long, and half a mile broad, fituated near the fouth-w eft
coaft of Ireland. Lat. 51. 33. N. Ion. 10. 4. W. Green¬
wich.

DUR'SLEY, a fmall town of Gloucefterfliire, formerly
remarkable for its extenfive broad-cloth manufactory ;
and it ft i 1 1 carries on a confiderable trade in that branch
of bufinefs, and alfo in card-making. Ir is a borough of
very great antiquity, being one of the five boroughs re¬
turned by the fheriff of the county in the reign of Ed¬
ward I. but it has long loft the privilege of fending mem¬
bers to parliament. It is now governed by a bailiff cholen
annually. The town gives the title of vifcount to earl
Berkeley. Here is a handfome market-houfe built in
1738, of free-ftone ; market on Thurfdays ; and fairs on
the 6th of May, and 4th of December. The church is
large, and very ancient, with two aifles and a tower.
Contiguous to the town is a rock of ftohe, remarkable for
its extreme durability: the exterior walls of the noble
caftle of Berkeley were built with it ; and, although up¬
wards of fix centuries have pafled fince their erection,
they do not Ihew the leaft appearance 'of decay .

Kingfcot, on the eaft fide of Dudley, is a chapel of
eafe. Here i.s fuppofed to have been a Roman ftation,
from a multitude of Roman coins ploughed up (ome years
ago, befides a large ftatue of ftone, and a Fibula Vjiaria
of lilver, chequered and enamelled. Ozelworth is on the
fouth-eaft fide of Dudley ; it is remarkable for the num¬
ber of foxes killed in one year, in the' reign of queen Eli¬
zabeth, which amounted to 231. Slintbridge is a parifh
contiguous, twenty miles in contpafs, bounded with the
Severn and Cam. It poflefles the lingular merit of hav¬
ing about 1000 acres of land gained from the Severn.

DURST, the preterite oi dare. — The Chriftians durjl
Ijave no images of the Deity, becaufe they would rather
die than defile themlelves with fuch an impiety, Stillingjl',

DUR' i AL, a town of France, in tiie department of
the Mayne and Loire, and chief place of a canton, in the
M/m diftricb

’ 134

DUS

did: riel of Chateau-neuf : the houfes are generally built
of done, and covered with date; tanning is the chief
trade : five leagues and a half north-ead of Angers.

DURVES, a town of Alia, in the country of Candahar :
130 miles fouth-ead of Candahar.

DU'RY (John), a learned Scots divine, in the feven-
teenth century, early educated to the minidry in his na¬
tive country. Reflefting on the divilions which exided
in the reformed churches, he conceived it po.fliblc to re¬
unite the Lutherans and the Calvinids in the fame tenets.
He obtained the approbation of the archbifhop of Can¬
terbury, and was countenanced by Bedell bilhop of Kil-
more, and Hall bilhop of Exeter. He foon publilhed
his plan for a re-union, which was-difperfed overall pro-
tedant Europe ; and opened a correfpondence with learned
men in different churches. Afterwards he fet out on his
travels to try the effeff of his perfonal labours, and held
conferences with the divines of the German evangelic
union at their affembly at Frankfort, in 1634. He after¬
wards treated with the divines of Sweden and Denmark ;
traverfed Holland, Germany, and Swifferland ; applied
to the crowned heads and princes as well as divines ; con-
fulted the univerfities., and communicated their anfwers ;
and fpared no pains during innumerable journeys which
he took until the year 1631, when he had the mortification
to find that the project which lie had undertaken was as
far as ever from its completion. He was not difeouraged,
however, but.ftill determined to perfevere in his delign.
It was fome time during the year 16.61, that Mr. Dury
publifiied at Arrifterdam, his work entitled Johlannis Du -
rai Irenicorum TraElatuurn prodromus, in quo praliminarcs con-
tinentur TraElatus de I. Pads ecclejiajlica Rcinoris e ricdio tol-
lendis.AII. Concordia Evangelic a Fundamentis Jufficienter jaElis,
(3c. After the appearance of this work, he again fet
about his grand delign, and laboured incefiantly at pro¬
moting an union among the proteflant churches, until the
year 1674, when he appears to have been difheartened at
the failure of all his former plans, and had recourfe to a
new expedient, which was to. re-unite all Chriftians.
This was to labour on a new explication of the Apoca-
lypfe, which he publilhed at Frankfort in 1675. On the
dreams and chimeras to which this new expedient gave
rife, he appears to have dwelt at a pleafant retreat pro¬
vided for him'' in the country of Heife, by Hedwige So¬
phia, the landgrave’s confort, who had the regency of
the country, and who generoully fupplied Dury with a
maintenance till the time of his death, the prccife time
of which feerns not to be known.

DUSK, adj. [duyjler, Dut.] Tending to darknefs. See
Dusky, Tending to blacknefs ; dark-coloured:

The hills, to their fupply,

• Vapour and exhalation, dujk and moift.

Sent up amain. ‘ Milton.

DUSK,/ Tendency to darknefs ; incipient obfeurity.
.* — I will wait on you in the dujk of the- evening, with my
fhow upon my back. Spectator. — Darknefs of colour ; ten¬
dency to blacknefs :

Some fprinkled freckles on his face were feen,

Whofe dujk let off the vvhitenef's of the fkin. Dryden.

To DUSK, v. a. To make dufkifli.

To DUSK, v. n. To grow dark ; to begin to lofe light
or brightnefs ; to have luffre diminifhed.

DUSK'ILY, adv. With a tendency to darknefs or
blacknefs.

DUS'KINESS, / Tendency to darknefs. — The dujlii-
nejs and dews of the evening had rendered his walk un¬
comfortable. Shcnjlone.

DUS'KISH, adj. Inclining to darknefs ; tending to ob¬
feurity :

From hrs infernal furnace forth he threw
Huge flames, t hat dimmed all the heaven’s light,

^Enroll’d in dyjhijk imoke, and brimftone blue. Spenfer.

■DU S

Tending to blacknefs ; dark-coloured. — Sight is- not -con¬
tented with hidden departments frorp one extreme to ano.
ther ; therefore rather a dujkijli tindhire than an abfolute
black. Wotton.

DUS’KISHLY, adv. Cloudily; darkly. — The faw-
duft burned fair, till part of the candle conhnned : the
duft gathering about the fnaft, made the fnaft to burn

dujliifhly. Bacon.

DUSKY, adj. [from dujk ; duyjlcr, Dut.] Tending to
darknefs; obfeure; not luminous :

Through the plains of one continual day,

Six fliining months purfue their even way ;

And fix fucceeding urge their dujhy flight,

Obfcur’d with vapours and o’erwiielm’d in night. Prior.

Tending to blacknefs ; dark-coloured; not clear; not
bright. — It is not green, but of 51 dujky brown colour.

Bacon.

When' Jove in dufny clouds involves the fkies,

-And the faint crefcent Atoots by fits before their eyes.

Dryden.

Gloomy ; fad ; intellectually clouded. — While he conti¬
nues in iife, this dujky feene of horror, this melancholy
profpeft of final perdition, will frequently occur to his
fancy. Bentley.

Umbriel, a dujhy, melancholy fprite.

As ever fu 1 lied the fair face of light,

Down to the central earth, his proper feene,

Repairs to fearch the gloomy cave of fpleen. Pope.

DUSK'Y BAY, a bay on the fouth-weft coafi of the
fouthernmoft ifland of New Zealand. Lat.45.40. S. Ion.
166. 18. E. Greenwich.

DUS'RACH, a town of Perfia, in the province of Ker¬
man : 156 miles fouth of Sirgian.

DUS'SAC, a town of France, in the department of the
Dordogne, and chief place of a canton, in the diltriCt of
Exideuil : four miles north of Exideuil.

DUS'SEL, a river of Germany, in the circle of Weft,
phalia, which runs into the Rhine at Duffeldorp.

DUS'SELDORP, a city of Germany, in the circle of
Weftphalia, and duchy of Berg, fituated on the river
Duffel, at its conflux with the Rhine; ftrong and well-
built : it contains about ten thoufand folds. The palace
belonging to the elector-palatine is a noble edifice. This
town was taken by the French revolutionifts, on the 10th
of September 1795, foon after which the whole duchy of
Berg fubmitted to the troops of the republic. Lat.51.
15. N. Ion. 28.10. E. Ferro.

DUS'SEMONT, a village of Germany, in the circle
of the Upper Rhine, and county of Veldentz, on the
Mofelle; celebrated for its excellent wine : four miles
north-weft of Veldentz.

DUST, / [bup?, Saxon ; dunjl, Erfe.] Earth or other
matter reduced to fmall particles. — Dujl helpeth the fruit*
fulnefs of trees, infomuch as they caft dujl upon them.
Bacon. — The grave ; die ftate of diffolution :

The feeptre, learning, phyfic, mud

All follow this, and come to dujl. Skahefpeare.

A mean and dejedled ftate. — God raifeth up the poor out
of the dujl, to fet them among princes. 1 Sam. ii. S.

To DUST, v . a. To free from duft. To fprinkle with
duft

DUST'CART, /. A cart in which duft is carried out
of the (beets.

DU'STEDj^arL Sprinkled with duft, cleaned from duft.
LUS' F1NESS, / The ftate of' being dufty. Scott.
DdS'TIN G, part. adj. Sprinkling with dull ; cleaning
from duft.

DU'STMAN, / One whofe employment is to carry
away the duft :

The dujl.man' s cart offends thy clothes and eyes,

When through the ftreet a cloud of allies flies. Gay.

DUS'TUCK,

D U T

DUS'TUCK,/! [Indian.] A term ufed in Hindooftan,
for a paffport, permit, or order, in the Englifh Eaft India
Company’s affairs. It generally means the permit under
their feal, which exempts goodsfrom the payment ofduties.

DU'STY, adj. Filled with duft ; clouded with duft :

Arms and the dujly fields I lefs admire,

And foften ftrangely in Come new defire. Dryden.

Covered or fcattered with cluft :

Even Drudgery himfelf.

As at the car he fweats, or dujly hews

The palace ftone, looks gay. Thomfon.

DUSZ'MIANY, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate
of Troki : twenty miles fouth-fouth-weft of Troki.

DUTCH, the inhabitants of the Seven United Pro¬
vinces; now the Batavian republic. For their hiftory,
fee the article Holland.

DUTCH, f. [the adjective, by ellipfis, for] The
Dutch language :

Thy plays are fitch

I’d fwear, they were tranllated out of Dutch. Dorfet.

DUT'CHESS, f. See Duchess.

DUTCH'MAN’s BAY, a bay on the north coaft of the
ifland of Antigua.

DUTCH'MAN’s ISLAND, an ifland of America, in
the Potomack river, fourteen miles above Wafliington.
DUT'CHY,/ See Duchy.

DU'TEOUS, adj. Obedient; obfequious ; refpedtful
to thofe who have natural or legal authority :

A female foftnefs, with a manly mind ;

A duteous daughter, and a fifterkind ;

In ficknefs patient, and in death refign’d. Dryden.
Obfequious ; obedient to good or bad purpofes: with to:
I know thee well ; a ferviceable villain!

As duteous to the vices of thy miftrefs,

As badnefs would defire. Shakcfpeare.

Enjoined by duty ; enforced by the relation of one to ano¬
ther. This fenfe is not now ufed :

With mine own tongue deny my facred right,

With mine own breath releafe all duteous ties. Shakefp.

DU'THILL, a town of Scotland, in the county of In-
vernefs : twenty miles fouth-eaft of Invernefs.

DU'TIFUL, adj. Obedient ; fubmiflive to natural or
legal fuperiors ; reverent.— She died in an extreme old
age, without pain, under the care of the moft dutiful fon
that I have ever known or heard of. Swift. — Exprcflive
of refpedt ; giving token of reverence ; refpectful ; re¬
verential. — There would fhe kifs the ground, and thank
the trees, blefs the air, -and do dutiful reverence to every
thing (lie thought did accompany her at their firft meet¬
ing. Sydney.

DU'ITFULLY, adv. Obediently ; fubmifiively. Re¬
verently ; refpeclfully :

He with joyful, nimble wing,

Flew dutifully back again,

And made an humble chaplet for the king. Swift.

DU'TIFULNESS, f. Obedience; fubmiftion to juft
authority. — Piety, or dutfulncfs to parents, was a moft po¬
pular virtue among the Romans. Dryden. — Reverence ;
refpedt. — It is a ftrange kind of civility, and an evil duti-
fulnefs in friends and relatives, to fuffer him to perifti with¬
out reproof or medicine, rather than to feem unmannerly
to a great tinner. Taylor.

DUTKl'NA, a town of Rullian Siberia, in the govern¬
ment of Irkutfch, on the Lena: lixteen miles loath of
Orlenga.

DUTLIN'GEN, or Tutlingen, a town of Germany,
in the circle of Swabia, on the Danube, over which is a
bridge, belonging to the duchy of Wurtemberg, though
not joined to it, furrounded with walls in 1 274.. In the
year 1132, or, according to -others, in 1364, Louis, count
of Pfulendorf, and abbot of Reichenaw, was murdered

D U V 135

in the church of Dutlingen, dreffed in his facerdotal ha¬
bit, by his own domeftics : twenty-five miles north-weft
of Conftance. Lat. 47. 55. N. Ion. 26. 26. E. Ferro.

DU'TY,yi That to which a man is by any natural or
legal obligation bound. — When ye (hall have done all
thofe things which are commanded you, fay, We are un¬
profitable fervants : we have done that which was our
duty to do. Luke, xv ii. 10. — Adis or forbearances required
by religion or morality. In this fenfe it lias a plural ;

Good my lord,

You have begot me, bred me, lov’d me : I
Return thofe duties back, as are right fit ;

Obey you, love you, and moft honour you. Shakefpeare.
Obedience or fubmiftion due to parents, governors, or fu¬
periors ; loyalty ; piety to parents. — God’s party will
appear fmall, and the king’s not greater; it being not
probable, that thofe fliould have fenfe of duty to him that
had none to God. Decay of Piety . — Adi of reverence or
refpedl :

They both atone,

Did duty to their lady as became. Spcnfer.

The bufinefs of a foldier on guard.. — The regiment did
duty there punctually. Clarendon. — The bufinefs of war ;
fervice. — The night came and fevered them, all par¬
ties being tired with the duty of the day. Clarendon.

See how the madmen bleed 1 Behold the gains
With which their mafter, love, rewards their pains!

For feven long years, on duty ev’ry day, •

Lo ! their obedience, and their monarch’s pay ! Dryd.
Tax ; import ; cuftom ; toll. — All the wines make their
way through feveral duties and taxes, before they reach
the port. Addijon.

The duties of civil life may be confidered as the ce¬
ment of fociety. Allegiance is the duty of the people,
protection the duty of the magiftrate ; yet they are reci¬
procally the rights, as well as duties, of each other. Al¬
legiance is the right of the magiftrate, and protection the
right of the people.

DU'VAL (Valentine Jameray), imperial librarian,
and keeper of the cabinet of coins at Vienna, born at
Artonay, in Champagne, in 1695. At the age of ten
he loft his father and mother, peafants in poor circum-
ftances, who left a numerous family in a ftate of the
utmoft indigence. Two years after he wandered into
Lorraine, where he was feized with the fmall-pox, and
muft have periftied for W'ant of bread, had not a poor
ftiepherd taken him to his Iheep-cot, where he had no
other bed than the dung upon the ground. His hardy
conftitution got the better of the difeafe, and he was
afterwards employed by the hermits of St. Anne, near
Luneville, to watch their cattle. Among thefe hermits
he learnt to read, and a few pamphlets which here fell
into his hands, excited his anxious mind to a love of
books. He often fought out in the neighbouring woods
home folitary corner, where he fpent the greater part of
the fummer nights contemplating the heavens, and
endeavouring to make himfelf acquainted with the
celeftial bodies. To aflift him in this purfuit, he con-
ftructed, in the top of an oak, a kind of feat of wild vines
and willow twigs interwoven. He purchafed at Lune¬
ville a celeftial chart, and a few maps of different
countries: He now ftudied geography and aftronomy

ainidll: fo many difficulties that it muft appear wonderful
how he was able, by the happy impulfe of genius alone,
to overcome the moft abftrufe ftudies, and to acquire a
knowledge of the lublimeft fciences. In order to obtain
books, he laid fnares for wild cats, foxes, and other
animals ; hunted many of them at the hazard of his life,
and fold their Ikins, by which he raifed money to gratify
his third for knowledge. An accident procured him the
protection of an Englifhman at Luneville, the celebrated
naturaiift Forfter, through whofe alliftance the number
of his books food increaled to four hundred volumes.
While engaged one day in deep meditation, under a tree.

]J6 D U V

and furrounded with charts, lie was fuddenly accofted
by the young princes of Lorraine, Leopold, Clement,
and Francis, afterwards the emperor Francis I. who had
been out on a hunting excurfion, and loft their way.
Through their munificence the young literary peafant
was removed to the Jefuits’ college at Pont-a-Mouffon ;
and thus Duval, at the age of twenty-two, left the
hermitage in which he had redded four years. His
ardent paflion for ftudy, animated by a defire to anfwer
the expectation of his generous patrons, made him re¬
double his diligence. He applied chiefly to hiftory,
geography, and antiquities, until at length duke Leopold
appointed him his librarian, and profeflbr of hiftory in
the high fchool. Though he had his lodging and table
at court, he lived in a ftate of perfedt freedom. His
leftures on hiftory and antiquities were received with
great approbation, and attended by many Engliflimen of
diftindtion, then at the court of Luneville, invited thither
by Duval’s high reputation. The great liberality he
experienced from molt of his fcholars, and his habitual
economy, foon enabled him to give a public teftimony of
his gratitude to the hermits of St. Anne, which confifted
of an elegant houfe, built of ftone, with a chapel, and
a large tradt of land. In 1 738, when duke Leopold died,
and the well-known change took place in regard to
Lorraine, Duval removed to Florence, and became
keeper of the ducal library, which had been tranfported
thither from Luneville. Numifmatics were one of his
favourite purfuits, and excited in him a defire to colledt
ancient coins. While engaged in this plan, the emperor
Francis I. formed a refolution of eftabliftiing a cabinet
of ancient and modern coins at Vienna, and of combining
with it a colledlion of all the coins current in every part
of the world. For this purpofe he invited Duval to
that capital, and entrufted him with the infpection and
arrangement of his new cabinet. A houfe was alfigned
to him in the imperial quarter near the palace, and lie
generally dined at the emperor’s table once a-week. By
the air of a court, however, his difpolition was in no
manner corrupted; truth and fincerity ftill continued to
be the diftinguifhing features of his character ; and in
1751 he was appointed bub-preceptor to Jofeph II.
During a tour which he made to Paris in 1752, he re-
bolvcd to convert the cottage in which he had been born
into a neat ftone building, and to allign it for ever as a
habitation for the pariih fchoolmafter. He alfo caufed <
wells to be dug at his own expence, as the village was
very ill fupplied with water. Duval remained free from
the infirmities of age till his feventy-ninth year, and died
in 1775, in the 81 ft year of his age. It may be faid,
without exaggeration, that he was one of thofe extra¬
ordinary men who fometimes appear in the world, and
who, notw ithftanding the difadvantages of low birth,
and every other obftacle, emerge from obfcurity by the
natural force of genius. After his death, M. de Koch,
fecretary of legation at Peterfburgh, colledted and pub-
1 i (lied his works, which one cannot read, tyid particularly
the account of his life, written by himfelf, without
entertaining great efteenl and attention for the benevolent
and candid author. They are entitled, Oeuvres de
Valentin Jurncray Duval, prece'de'es dcs Mcmoircs fur fa Vie,
Avec figures . 2 vols. 1784-8.

DUVAL' (Andrew), a native of Pontoife, admitted
a d'odtor of the Sorbonne in 1594, and the firft profeflbr
of the new theological fchool, eftablifhed by Henry IV.
in 1596- He died in 1638, at the age of feventy-four
years, when he was the fenior member of the college,
and dean of the faculty of theology at Paris. He was a
flrong advocate for what were called the ultramontane
principles, which were intended to bind the French
clergy in a clofe and fubmiflive dependence on the court
of Rome. Influenced by thebe principles, he proved a
bitter perfecutor of the celebrated Edmund Richer,
who was a fpirited opponent of the unbounded eccle-
ialtical and political power which the popes aflumed,

4

DUX

and wrote againft him a Work, entitled, ElauJius Libtlli
de ccclefafica & politka potefate. He alfo wrote another
work, entitled, De Suprcma Romani Pmtifcis in Ecclfiam
potefate, 4to. 1614; a treatife againft the pi oteftant minifter
Du Moulin, with this ftrange title, The Fire of Elias to
dry up the Waters of Siloah, 1603; Commentaries on
the Theology of St. Thomas Aq’uinas, 2 vols. folio, 1636.

DUVAL' (Peter), geographer-royal in France, born-
at Abbeville. He was the nephew of the famous
geographer Sanfon, and taught the bcience in which his
unde excelled, with confiderable fuccels. He died at
Paris in 1683, at fixty-five years of age. He was the
author of various geographical "treatifes, charts, and
maps, now moftly buperfeded by later and more accurate
works of the fame kind. That which ftill . maintains its
reputation, bears the title of La Geographic Fran fife,,
con tenant les Dcfcripticns, les Cartes , £3 ties Blafcns, de France ,
£?c. He alfo publiflied borne ufeful chronological tables,
and borne articles in genealogy and heraldry, in qto.
and 1 2tno.

DUUMVI'R ATE, f. the office or dignity of the du¬
umviri.

DUUMVI'RI, f two noble -patricians at Rome, firft
appointed by Tarquin to keep, the Sibylline books, which,
were fuppobed to contain the fate of the Roman empire.-
Thefe facred books Were placed in the capitol, and
fecured in a cheft under the ground. They were con.
fulted but feldom, and only by an order of the fenate,
when the armies had been defeated in war, or when
Rome feemed to be threatened by an invafion, or by
fee ret feditions. Thefe priefts continued in their original
inftitution till the year of Rome 38S, when a law was
propobed by the tribunes to increafe the number to ten,
to be chuben promifeuoufly from patrician and plebeian
families. They were from their number called Decem¬
viri, and fome time after Sylla increafed them ,to fifteen,
known by the name of Qtiindecemviri. — There were albo
certain magiftrates at Rome, called Duumviri perduelliones
five capitalcs. They were firft created by Tullus Hoftilius,
for trying fuch as were accufed &f treafon. This office
was abolifhed as unneceflary, but Cicero complains of
their revival by Labienus the tribune. Some of the-
commanders of the Roman veflels were albo called
Duumviri, ebpecially when there were two together.
They were firft created in the year of Rome, 542. There
were alfo in the municipal towns in the provinces, two
magiftrates, called Duumviri municipals. They were
chofen from the centurions, and their office was fimifar
to that of the two conbuls at Rome. They were botne-
times preceded by two iitborS with the fabces. Their
magiftracy continued for five years, on which account
they have been called' Quinquennaks magifratus.

DUX, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leitmeritz ;
fifteen miles weft-north-weft of Leitmeritz.

DUX'BOROUGH, a maritime townfhip of the Ame¬
rican States, in Plymouth county, Maffacliufetts, in¬
corporated in 1637. It is a healthy town, abounding
in maritime veflels, and contains about 1460 inhabitants..
It lies fouth by eaft of Plymouth, three miles acrobs
Plymouth bay by water, and eight round by land, and
thirty-eight fouth eaft by fouth of Bofton. Within the
harbour* are Clarke’s ifland, confiding of about one
hundred acres of excellent land, and Sauquifli ifland,
which was formerly joined to the Gurnet, by a narrow
piece of band ; but the water has infulated it. The
Gurnet is an eminence at the bout hern extremity of
the beach, on. which is a light-houfe, built by the ftate.
The Indian name of the town was Matiakeefet, or Na-
makeefet. It was fettled by Capt. Standiftv and his
aflbeiates, in 1620.

DUX'BURY, a townfhip of the American States,
in Hillfborough county, .New Hampffiire,. incorporated
in 1763; firft called Dantzick, and joined with Sutton
in the enumeration of 1775.

DUX'BURY, a townfhip of the American States, in

Chittenden

D W A

D W A

Chittenden county, Vermont, twenty miles fquth-eaft of
Burlington.

DUY'VELAND, an i Hand of Zealand, feparated from
the fouth-eaft part of Schouwen, by a narrow paflage ;
its dimenfions about three leagues by two.

DUZ'DEH, a town of Aliatic Turkey, in the province
of Natolia : twenty-eight miles weft of Eregri.

DU'ZEY, a town of France, in the department of the
Meufe, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriet of
Eftain : three leagues north of Eftain.

DWALE,A in botany. See Atropa.

DWARF, f [bpeopjt;, Sax. dwerg, Dut.] A man
below the common fize of men :

They, but now who feern’d
In bigneF to furpafs earth’s giant fons,

Novv lefs than fmalleft dwarfs , in narrow room
Throng numberlefs. Milton.

Any aniipal or plant below its natural bulk. — Saw off the
flock in a fmooth place ; and for dwarf trees, graft them
within four fingers of the ground. Mortimer. — An attend¬
ant on a lady or knight in romances :

The champion flout,

Eftfoones difmouuted from his courier brave,

And to the dwaf awhile his needlefs fpcar he gave.

Spenfer.

It is tiled often by botanifts in compofition ; as, dwarf.
elder, *fzr;«>y'-honey-fuckle, See.

The Romans were paffionately fond of dwarfs, whom
they called nani or nanee, infomuch that they often ufed
artificial methods to prevent the growth of boys de-
figned for dwarfs, by inclofing them in boxes, or by the
ufe of tight bandages. Auguftus’s niece, Julia, was
extremely fond of a dwarf called Sonopas, who was only
two feet and an hand-breadth high. There are many
curious accounts of human dwarfs, which certainly de-
ferve the attention. of the phyfiologift, the philofopher,
and anatomift. Jeffery Hudfon, the famous Engliflf
dwarf, is a ftriking inftance of the kind. Fie was born at
Oakham, in Rutlandihire, 1619; and about the age of
fever, or eight, being then but eighteen inches high, was
retained in the fervice of the duke of Buckingham, at
Burleigh. Soon after the marriage of Charles I. the
king and queen being entertained at Burleigh, little
Jeffery was prefented by the duchefs to the queen, who
kept him as her dwarf. From feven years of age till
thirty, he never grew taller ; but after thirty, he grew
up to three feet nine inches, and there fixed. Jeffery
became a confiderable part of the entertainment of the
court. Sir William Davenant wrote a poem, called
fffreidos, on a battle between him and a turkey-cock ;
yet Jeffery was employed on an embaffy to France, from
the queen of England, to her mother, Mary de Medicis ;
and on his return he was taken by the Dunkirkers.
Jeffery, 'hits made of confequence, began to think him-
lei f really fo ; for, feeling himfejf infulted by Mr. Crofts,
a young gentleman of family, a challenge enfued : and
Mr. Crofts coming to the rendezvous armed only with a
fquirt, the high-minded little creature was fo enraged,
that a real duel enfued ; and the appointment being on
horfeback with piftols, to put them more on a level,
Jelfery, with the fir ft fire, (hot his antagonift dead. This
happened in France, whither he had attended his miftrefs
in the troubles. He was again taken prifoner by a
Turkifh rover, and fold into Barbary. He probably
did not remain long in flavery: for at the beginning of
the civil war, he was made a captain in the royal army ;
and in 1644 attended the queen to Frande, where he
remained till the reftoration. At laft, uponTufpicion
of his being privy to the Popifli plot, he was feized in
j.682, and confined in the Gatehoufe, Weflminfler, where
he ended his life, in the 63d year of his age.

In the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences,
a relation is given by the count de Treflau, of a dwarf
called Bebe , kept by the late Staniflaus, king of Poland.
Vot. VI. No, 337,

V37

and who died in 1764, at the age of twenty-three, when
he meafured only thirty-three inches. At the time of
his birth, he meafured only between eight anti nine
inches. But that the fize and ftrength of the intel¬
lectual powers are not aft'etted by the diminutivenefs or
tenuity of the corporeal organs, is evident from a Hill
more ftriking inftance of littlenefs, deferibed by the fame
nobleman, in the perfon of M. Boruluwfki, a Polilh
gentleman, whom he faw at Luneville, and who, at the
age of twenty-two, meafured only twenty-eight inches.
Yet this miniature of a man was in no refpett deficient,
at that age, in mental powers and attainments ; but is
deferibed by the count as pofleftin’g all the graces of
wit, united with a found judgment and an excellent
memory. He continued to grow till he was about thirty,
when he attained the height of three feet two inches.
At forty-one years of age, he married a woman of the
middle fize, and had three children, neither of them
dwarfs.

Dr. Guthrie, in his Antiquities of Ruflia, gives the
following remarkable defeription of a dwarf. “ One
woman, in the houfe of a venerable nobleman, formerly
attached to Peter the Great, and whom I have the
honour of frequently feeing, particularly engaged my
attention. The emperor took pleafure in viewing this
dwarf, and ufed to call her his puppet, which the little
creature is ftill proud of relating. From an infcrfption
under her portrait, in the pofleflion of her prefent ntafter,
it appears that the was firft made prifoner of war in
Poland by prince Mentchicoifi; after whole difgrace (lie'
came into the hands of the princefs of Hefle-Homburg ;
and, when [he died, general Betlkoy, the princefs’s heir,
took her as a part of his inheritance. The infeription
fhews her to be nearly a century old. She is ftill brilk
and lively, having the full ufe of her eyes, legs, and
teeth, with an infantine voice when flie cries, which often
happens to her at the recollection of her antient court
drefs, which flie regrets exceedingly. Seen from behind,
flie would be taken for a child of five or fix years old,
an age that her ftature indicates. She is at this day,
(October 15, 1794,) without any infirmity of age, after
an abode of eighty years in Ruflia.”

A few years ago there was feen at Batavia, a native of
the ifland of Bali, named Kitip, who was fo frnall, and at
the fame time diminilhed in fo fymmetric a manner,
that he deferves to be confidered as one of the rareft
phenomena in the animal ceconomy of nature. His'
whole length amounted only to two feet eleven inches
Englilh meafure ; and the reduction of his body
on both iides fo regularly alike, that the opinion of
Button relpeCting the power of Ample parts acting on
both Tides with equal force, from which arife the double
parts on the expanfion of the animal body, feems to be
fully confirmed. The head, though by far too large for
the body of this dwarf, and which might have fuited one
of fix feet, exhibited in other refpeCts nothing remark¬
able. His hair was long and black, but here and there
a little grey, becaufe he had already attained to the
fortieth year of his age. Like ntoft of his countrymen,
he had no beard. His (kin was of a brownifh colour.
His (boulders were broad, and his cheft ftrong ; the belly
had the ufual form, only that it was too much contracted
towards the lower part. His arms were too long in
proportion to the body, and a little twilled or turned
outwards ; the lower part of the arms was only half as
long as that above the elbow : the hands were (hort,
broad, and of a round form before. The fingers confided
of round (tumps, which were totally loofe, without being
ftrongly connected with the bones of the hand behind,
and which were capable of no movement. They were
furniftied with nails, and confided of the third row only
of the finger joints, as the firft and fecond were totally
wanting. Each hand had fix of thefe (hapelefs fingers ;
two (landing clofe together in the place of the little
finger, and the other four in the place of the thumb, the
N11 i forea

-)

138

D W A

fore, middle, and ring, finger. The bones of the hand
were bent a little outwards, by which means the fift
appeared round, and the back of it fomewhat hollow.
J his final 1 cavity was ot great fervice to little Kitip, on
account ot the lliortnefs and immobility of his fingers,
especially at the time of his meals, as he ufed the back
ot his hand inftead of a fpoon, in order to convey rice
and other tood to his mouth. His legs were remarkably
fliort ; the leet feemed to have grown out from them
quite folid ; for, though their motion gave reafon to
fuppofe the exiftence of the bone of the leg and ifchia,
there was, however, no external appearance of them.
Tl'.e knees were entirely wanting. The'feet Were thort
and broad. Each foot had fix toes, fimilar in form to
the fingers, and which had grown out in the like manner,
but with this difference, that they were connected with
the feet by a fmall part of their round furface, and that
the two which flood in the place of the little toe adhered
fomewhat to each other. This dwarf was born of well-
proportioned parents at Squoati, in the ifiand of Bali, in
the year 1740. He never had the fmallefl interqourfe
with the female fex, nor fhowed the lead inclination for
it. It appeared, however, that he was far from having
been negleCted by nature in this refpedl, and that his
continence arofe rather from an opinion he entertained,
that if he denied himfelf the gratification of intercourfe
with the fex in this world, he fliould obtain a more
perfeCt body in the next.

C alvin Philips, an American dwarf, has lately been
exhibited at New \ ork. At the age of eight, his height
was twenty-fix inches and a half, and his weight twelve
pounds, including his clothes. This phenomenon was
born at Bridgewater, in the flate of Maffacliufetts, on
the 14th of January 1791. His father, who is about the
middle (ize, was twenty-four years of age when the child
was born ; and his mother, rather above the ordinary
fize, was twenty-fix, both found and healthy. They
have had five other children, two before and three fince
the birth of the dwarf, all of them healthy, and of the
ufual fize. All tire circumftances of geftation and par¬
turition in the cafe of this dwarf were natural : he was
fo fmall at his birth as fcarcely to weigh two pounds ;
his thigh was not thicker than a man’s thumb, and all
the other parts of his body were in proportion. His
mother, who is a poor woman, ufed to carry him in her
bofom while fhe was fpinning. Notwithflanding his
diminutivenefs, he was always while a child extremely
healthy, had a good appetite, and was exempt from all
the. difeafes of infancy, except the whooping cough,
which was very favourable. He was weaned at feven
months, began to creep at nine months, and to walk at
eighteen months, but he did not begin to fpeak till he
was four years of age. He got his fil'd teeth at ten or
eleven months, without pain or difficulty, and has fince
had the common number. From his birth, till two years
old, . he grew very (lowly, afterwards more perceptibly
till five, and fince that period has altogether ceafed to
grow, which is afcertained both by his weight, and by
the fize ot his clothes, worn four years ago. He is
aitive, playful, fprightly, and very irafcible, and is com¬
monly occupied in the (ports of children, to which he is
devoted in a remarkable degree. On infpeffion of his
body undreffied, no deformity or deficiency appears ; on
the contrary, he is every way formed with the greateft
fymmetry. His figure difplays a pleafing and elegant
proportion, and his face, though thin and long, is made
of regular and agreeable features, correfponding to his
age rather than fize, and indicating a degree of maturity,
in point of evolution, much beyond his years. His
complexion and hair are light, his eyes blue, and his
general afpefl is delicate. His voice is ffirill, and lefs
articulate than is common at his period of life. He is
referved to Grangers ; but already appears to (hew figns
of fexual propenfity. His mental attainments appear to
fall rather (hort of the ordinary (tandard at his age ; but

D W £

his fituatlon, in a variety of refpecls, has been unfavour,
able to improvement; and it is to be wifiied that proper
attention may be paid to the cultivation of his under-
(landing, in order to afcertain the comparative powers of
his mind. In His travels, as a curious fpedtacle, this
dwarf is under the charge of his maternal grandfather
and grandmother. The former is a large and robuit
man, aged fiftv-fix, and the latter is about the middle
fize, and aged fifty-four. They fay that the boy never
fuffered any injury by blows, falls, or other accidents,'
whether before or after his birth, and that they are un¬
acquainted with -any caufe to which His diminutive fize
may be aferibed.

To DWARI;', v. a. To hinder from growing to the
natural bulk; to iefFen ; to make little. — It is reported
that a good (Irong canvafs, fpread over a tree grafted
low, foon after it putteth forth, will dwarf it, and make
it fpread. Bacon.

DWARF'ISFJ, oJj. Below the natural bulk; low;
fmall; little ; ' petty ; dcfpicable. — We (hould have loft
oaks and cedars, and the other tall and lofty fons of the
foreft, and have found nothing but dwarfjk fhrubs and
creeping mofs, and defpicable muffirooms. Bentley.

This unheard faucinefs, and boyilh troops,

The king doth (mile at ; and is well prepar’d
To whip this decaff 1 war, thefe pigmy arms,

From out the circle of his territories. Skakcfpeare.

DWARF'ISHLY, adv. Like a dwarf.

DWARF'ISHNESS,yi Minutenefs of (lature ; little-
nefs. — ’Tis no wonder that fcience hath not outgrown the
dwarf Jhncfs of its priftine ftature, and that the intellectual
world is fucli a microcofm. Glanville.

To DWAULE, v. a. [bpelian, Sax. to wander; dwat-
len, Dut.] To be delirious : a provincial term.

To DWELL, v. 7i. pret. dwelt , ox dwelled, \_dualla, old
Teut. is Jlay, delay, duelia , Iflan. to (lay, to (land dill,]
To inhabit; to live in a place; to refide ; to have an
habitation. — If thy brother that dwelleth by thee be waxen
poor, and be fold unto thee, thou (halt not compel him
to ferve as a bond fervant. Lev. xxv. 39. — He (hall dwell
alone, without the camp (hall his habitation be. Lev.
xiii. 46. — To live in any Form of habitation. — Abraham
fojourned in tHe land of promife as in a ((range country,
dwelling in tabernacles. Heb. xi. 9. — To be in any (late or
condition :

’Tis fafer to be that which we deflroy,

Than by deftruCtion dwell in doubtful joy. Shakefpcart .

To be fufpended with attention ; to hang upon with care
or fondnefs :

Such was that face, on which I dwelt with joy,

Ere Greece aftembled ftemm’d the tides to Troy. Pope.

To continue long fpeaking.' — We have dwelt pretty long
on the confiderations of (pace and duration. Locke.

He preach’d the joys of heav’n, and pains of hell, •

And warn’d tHe (inner with becoming zeal j

But on eternal mercy lov’d to dwell. Dry den.

To DWELL, », a. To inhabit. Not ufed:

. I faw and heard ; for we fometimes

Who dwell this wild, conftrain’d by want, come forth

To town or village nigh. Milton.

DWEL'LER,/. An inhabitant; one that lives in any
place :

Their cries foon waken all the dwellers near;

Now murmuring noifes rife in every ftreet. Dryden.

DWEL'LING, /. Habitation ; place of refidence ; a-
bode. — Hazor (hall be a dwelling for dragons, and a defo>
lation for ever. Jer. xlix. 33.

- God will deign

To vifit oft the dwellings of juft men. Mil ten.

2 Ths

f

DYE

The force of fire afcended fir ft on high.

And took its dwelling in the vaulted Iky. Dry dev.

State of life ; mode of living. — My dwelling fliall be with
the beads of the field. Daniel.

DWEL'LINGHOUSE, f The houfe at which one
lives. — A perfon ought always to be cited at the place
of his dwcllinghoufe, which he has in refpect of his habita¬
tion and ufual refidence; and not at the houfe which he
has in refpedt of liis eftate, or the place of his birth.
Ayliffc. •

D WEL'LINGPLACE, f. The place of refidence. — ■
People do often change their dwelling-places, and lbme muft
die, whilft other fome do grow up into firength. Spenfer.

DWIN, a town and cattle of Hungary : fourteen miles
ealt of Schemnitz.

DWI'NA, a river of Ruflia, which rifes in the fouthern
part of the government of Vologda, and runs into the
White Sea, a little to the north of Archangel, after a
courfe of about 5000 miles.

To DWIN'DLE, v. n. [bpinan, Sax.] To fiirink ; to
lole bulk ; to grow little. — Thy dwindled legs feem crawl-
ing to the grave. Dryden.

Our drooping days are dwindled down to nought,

Their period finifli’d ere ’tis well begun. Thomfon.

To degenerate ; to fink. — Religious focieties, though be¬
gun with excellent intentions, are faid to have dwindled
into factious clubs. Swift. — To wear away; to lole health;
to grow’ feeble. — We fee, that fo me final 1 part of the foot
being injured by a wrench or a blow, the whole leg 01-
thigh thereby lofes its ftrength and nourifhment, and
dwindles away. Locke.

Phyficians, with their milky cheer,

The love-fick maid, and dwindling beau, repair. Gay.

To fall away ; to be diminifhed ; to moulder off. — Under
Greenvil, there were only five hundred foot and three
hundred liorfe left ; the reft were dwindled away . Claren.

DVVOR'ZEC, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate
of Novogrodek : eight miles fouth of Novogrodek.

DWOR'ZYSZCE, a town of Lithuania, in the pala¬
tinate of Wilna : twenty miles fouth of Wilna.

DYE. See Die.

DYE,/, in architecture, the trunk of the pedeftal, or
that part between the bafe and the cornice, being fo
called, becaufs it is often made in the form of a dye or
cube.

DY'ER,/. One who follows the art or profefiion of
dying cloth, &c.

DY'ER (fir James), an eminent lawyer and judge,
born about 1511, at the feat of his father in Somerlet-
fhire. He received his academical education at Broad-
gate-hall, Oxford, whence he removed for the ftudy of
the law to the Middle-Temple. He rofe through dif¬
ferent offices in his profelfion to that of chief juftice of
the common pleas in the reign of queen Elizabeth, which
he held for upwards of twenty-two years with a high
character for integrity and ability. Llis temper was pla¬
cid and ferene, and he was free from that rudenefs and
violence of inveCtive which too often dilgface great cha¬
racters on the bench. He died at his eftate of Howton
in Huntingdonfhire, in 1581. Sir James Dyer was the
author of a valuable Book of Reports, in folio, contain¬
ing cafes and decifions occurring in the reigns of Henry
VIII. Edward VI. Mary, and Elizabeth. It was firft
printed in 1601, and has been feveral times reprinted,
the belt edition being that of 1688, It is much efteemed
for concifenefs and folidity. He alfo wrote A Reading
upon Stat. 32 Hen. VIII. c. 1. of Wills, and upon two
others for its Explanation, 4to. 1648.

DY'ER (John), a refpeCtable Englifh poet, fon of an
eminent folicitor at Aberglafney in Caermarthenfhire,
born in 1700. He was brought up at Weftminfter fchool
under Dr. Freind, and was defigned by his father for his
awn profelfion ; but, being atliberty, in confequence of

D Y I 159

his father’s death, to purfue his own inclination, he in¬
dulged in a natural tafte for painting, and became a pu¬
pil to Mr. Richardfon. He afterwards wandered about
South Wales and the adjacent counties as an itinerant
artift; but it does not appear that he ever attained dif-
tjnClion in that profefiion. In 1727, he made himfelf
known as a poet, by the publication of his GrongarHill,
which became one of the mod: popular of deferiptive
poems, and has been admitted into numerous collections.
After the publication of this piece, Dyer travelled to
Italy for profeilional improvement. If he did not ac¬
quire that in any confiderable degree, he certainly im¬
proved his poetical tafte, and laid in ar-ftore of new
images. Thefe he difplayed in a poem of fomc length,
written in blank verfe, and publilhed in 1740, intitled
The Ruins of Rome. It conlifts of a fimilar combination
of defeription and fentiment with his Grongar Hill, but
both in a more elevated and varied ftile, proportioned
to the fuperior magnitude of the fubjeCt. Dr. Johnfon
fays of it, that “ the title raifes greater expedition than
the performance gratifies.” This, upon the whole, may
be the fa£t ; yet it contains many paltages truly poetical,
•and the ftrain of moral and political reflection is that of
a benevolent and enlightened mind. The author being
in a delicate flate of health, and by character apparently
not calculated to make his way in bufy life, was adviled
by his friends to take orders; his liberal education and
irreproachable manners rendering fuch a change not un-
luitable. He was accordingly ordained by Dr. Thomas,
bifliop of Lincoln; and entering into the matrimonial
flate, he fat down on a fmall living in Leiceflerfhire.
This he exchanged for one in Lincolnfhire, to which a
iecond benefice was loon added. His place of refidence
was Coningiby in Lincolnfiiire ; but the fenny country
did not agree with his health. In 1757, he publilhed
his largeft work, The Fleece, a didaCtic poem, in four
books. Its propoled theme is, “ the care of fheep, the
labours of the loom, and arts of trade ;” the firft part paf-
toral, the fecond mechanical, the third hiflorical and
geographical. The compafs, therefore, is large; but
many of the topics are not very well adapted to poetry.
The author did not long furvive its publication. He
died of a gradual decline in 1758, leaving behind him,
befides the reputation of an ingenious poet, the charac¬
ter of an honefl, humane, and good man. His poems
were printed together in one volume oCtavo, 1761. He
was the author of a few fmaller pieces befides thofe
above-mentioned.

DY'ER’s ISLAND, a fmall ifland of America, in
Narraganfett Bay.

DY'ER’s WEED. See Genista and Reseda.

DY'ING, the part, of die. Expiring; giving up the
ghoft. Tinging ; giving a new colour.

DY'ING,/. The art of fixing or communicating any
given colour to the fabric of cloth, filk, cotton, linen,
&c. Some lexicographers include, as part of the mean¬
ing of this word, a developement of the nature and pro¬
perties of thofe colours which conflitute the dye ; but
this evidently forms one of the departments of chemiftry :
thofe, therefore, who would excel in the profefiion of a
dyer, ought to ftudy with due attention the elements of
that invaluable fcience. The French nation, always our
mod powerful rival in commerce and manufadtures,
juftly appreciating the high importance of the dying art,
hath wifely inftituted rewards to thofe who make ufeful
difcoveries in it ; and fucceflively appointed thofe
eminent chemifts Dufay, Hellot, Macquer, and Ber-
thollet, to inveftigate and improve the then imperfect
knowledge of the properties of all the dying ingredients,
fo intimately connedted with chemiftry. Hencesthe 1 <te
improvements in the art of dying, in the permanency o.r
colours, in the beauty of tints, and facility of execution,
are to be attributed in a great meafure to the indefati- ^
gable refearch of the French chemifts. And hence, in
4 modern Treatife of Dying, a reference to thefe im-

provements^

140

D Y I

provements, and to the native qualities of the ingredients
to be ufed, become as much a fnbjeft of our enquiry, as
the practical modes of operation.

The origin of the art of dying appears to be much
anterior to every ancient writer with whom we are ac¬
quainted ; consequently whatever is offered upon that
fubjedft mud proceed from conjedture. The colours
accidentally produced by the juices of fruits and flowers,
or by the (fains of blood, might have fuggefted the firft
idea of this art ; after which a Spirit of emulation would
naturally excite to further trials, Such as imitating the
blue enamel of the fky, the rich and glowing tints on
the plumage of birds, the beautiful colours of the infedt
tribes, and of many Species of Serpents, fillies, (hells, &c.
But it would Soon be obferved that this beauty was of
fliort duration, and that it was neceflary to renew the
tints by a frefli application of the colouring Subffances,
until Some experiments which mankind might eafily
make while they lived under the freedom of the early
ages, or perhaps fome fortunate accident, may at length
have taught them how the colours could be fixed, by
the agency of falts, and other Similar Subffances.

As mankind began to multiply, new wants would be
created, employments would be increafed, and thofe
devoted to the Service of religion would require to be
diftinguiflied from the other dalles of Society. Hence
arofe particular ranks and conditions, to which certain
marks were to be afligned according to their funftions ;
and for this purpofe no better or more certain means
could be found than diverfity of drefs. In the earlieft
ages, therefore, particular colours were allotted to the
leaders of armies, judges, and priefts ; and for feffivals,
funerals, and religious ceremonies. Thus, in procefs of
time, dying would not be confidered as an art merely
calculated to gratify vanity, but as an invention of the
utmoff utility to fociety.

The firft dye concerning which we have any authentic
information, is the much-celebrated Tyrian purple.
Almoft all the ancient authors who fpeak of this inven¬
tion, afcribe it to the hunger of a fhepherd’s dog, blended
with the force of love. The dog happening to take in
his mouth a fhell-fifh, which he found on the fea fide,
his mouth became coloured with the purple juice it
emitted. The fhepherd’s Sweetheart noticing the colour,
was So (truck with it, that (lie importuned her lover to
procure her a drefs dyed of that fame colour. The
fhepherd foon found out the fubftance which had pro¬
duced fo beautiful a tint, and by thefe means difcovgred
the art of dying purple. Some, however, afcribe this
invention to a Tyrian named Hercules, who prefented
the refult of his firft experiment to the king of Phoenicia,
who was fo captivated with it, that he made purple one
of his principal ornaments. The laft opinion appears to
be the more probable, as the former fable may have
originated from a play on words ; for, according to Bo-
chart, as dog and colour are exprelfed in the Syrian
language by the fame word, the Greek writers, who
borrowed this ftory from the Syrians, and the Romans
who copied from the Greeks, might eafily have been led
into an error. That a Tyrian was the inventor, is
unanimoufly afferted by all writers ; but they diff er in
regard to the time. Some place the invention under
PiVcenix, the tenth king of Tyre, or about 1500 years
before the birth of Chrifl ; others, in the time when
Minos reigned in Crete, or about the year 1439 before
the Chriftian .xra. The fubftance employed for making
this expenfive colour, was the liquor of fhell-fifh, called
by the Hebrews argaman, by the Greeks •zroptpupa, and by
the Romans purpura , murex , and ojlrum , described in the
article Conchologv, with figures of the (hells, vol. v.
p. 28.

The Tyrians gave the firft ground of their purple dye
by the unprepared liquor of the purpura , and then im-
roved or heightened it by a liquor, made much ftronger.
a this manner they prepared their double dyed purple.

N G.

purpura dihabha , which was fo called either becaufe it was
immerfed in two different liquors, or becaufe it was firft
dyed in the wool, and then in the yarn. The Greeks,
according to the account of Democritus, poured the
liquor as it came from the fire into a veffel, immerfed
the wool in it, and fuffered it to remain in that (late a
day and a night. Between this method and that of the
Romans there feems to be no efl'ential difference. The
latter, according to Pliny, fuffered the wool to remain in
the liquor five hours, after which they dried it ; they
then immerfed it in the liquor again, and continued in
this manner till it had imbibed all the dye. By thefe
means the wool acquired a colour like that of the ante,
thyff, and thence it was denominated color ametkyjlinus .
The colour called conchylium, or hyacinthine, was dyed
almoft in the fame manner, only that half as much of the
liquor of the purpura was ufed as in the former cafe :
and that it was mixed with one half urine and water.
This colour, therefore, was brighter and cheaper than
the other. Befides thefe, the ancients were acquainted
with the method of dying with kermes, (qraines d'ccar-
iatc,) a fcarlet colour, called in the Bible tholaat fchani
(1 eolorem coccineum), which they held in high eftimation.
Whether the fcarlet of the ancients was the fame as
ours, cannot be determined, but we are told by Pliny,
that it was a very agreeable rofe colour. All thefe dyes
are frequently confounded by ancient authors, who often
give the name of purple to red colours ; and from this
circumftance, and from that of various other colours
being produced by the mixture of the before-mentioned
four kinds of dye, the uncertainty which prevails on
this fubjeft feems to have arifen,

Befides Tyre there were other places celebrated either
on account of their purple fhell-fifh, or their method of
preparing the dye. The following are often mentioned
in the works of the antients : the Gxtulian purple , for
which the fhell-fifh found on the Gaetulian coaft were
employed. A great deal of cloth, See. was dyed in par¬
ticular in the ifland of Madura and Porto Sancto, which
on that account were by the antients called the Purple
Illands, ( Inf da Purpurina.) Alfo the Lacedemonian
purple, and the Tarentine. At firft thefe kinds of purple
were exceedingly rare at Rome, but under Augufius
they became the fafhionable colours ; though a pound
of Tyrian purple wool could not be procured for lefs
than a thoufand denarii, fomewhat more than thirty-two
pounds fterling. The almoft incredible prices at which
this purple was fold among the ancients, is to be under-
ftood, in general, as applicable to this kind, as the others
were much cheaper. The hyacinth colour, ( color con¬
chy lius, ) is called in the Bible thechclet, from which the
Latin word conchylium is faid to be derived. As this
colour did not require fo much purple liquor, it was not
fo dear as the former colours ; and in the time of Julius
Csefar, a pound of it coft only one hundred denarii, five
pounds fterling. It, however, was not dark rsd, but
had a blueifh caft. Pliny mentions three (hades of it,
one of which he compares to the night-violet, viola
Jerotina. The Color Tyriamethyjlus , was a mixture of the
Tyrian purple with the amethyft colour, as the name
indicates. Thp Color hyjgi'nus, was compofed of the
fcarlet and Tyrian purple colours. As no fpecimens
have been prel'erved of thefe colours, we muff be con¬
tented with the deferiptions given by Pliny and others ;
for it would now be fruitlefs to attempt to obtain a more
accurate knowledge of them. Of their durability,
Plutarch gives a remarkable inftance in his life of
Alexander. This prince, it is faid, found in the treafury
of the Perfian monarch a large quantity of purple, °i8o
years old, which ftill retained all its beauty; and the
caufe, according to Plutarch, was, that it had been pre¬
pared with honey.

As the ancients had no colour equal to the purple in
beauty, durability, and coftlinefs, it is not f’urprifing
that they ennobled it by the particular purpofes to which

it

D Y I

ft was deftined. As the power and refpeft of kings in-
creafed, it was made a fymbol of majefty ; and this was
carried fo far, that in the time of the emperors it was
confidered as a particular right belonging to the princes
of the imperial houfe ; fo that immediately after their
birth, they were wrapped in purple fwaddling-clothes,
and by thefe means obtained, as it were, a title to the
empire. Nay, it was confidered as an almoft indifpen-
fable ceremony in the choice of an emperor, that the
fuccefsful candidate fhould be clothed in purple ; and
we have inftances of the foldiers, when nothing elfe was
at hand, tearing the purple from their ftandards, and
wrapping it round the newly-chofen emperor. In free
republican dates this colour was a mark of the higheft
official dignity. Thus the fupreme magiftrates at Rome
were diftinguifhed by broader or narrower purple (tripes,
with which their clothes were bordered behind and
before. Hence it happened that purple, which every
one had been before at liberty to life, was by the em¬
perors made a regality; and when affirmed by private
perfons, was puniffied with death, as a kind of high
treafon. Many attempts have been made, with tolerable
fuccefs, to reftore the ancient Tyrian purple dye to
modern practice, and numbers of (hells of the buccinum
genus have been colledted for this purpofe ; but the
perfection to which other dyes have been recently
brought, and the beautiful purples of modern times,
render the Tyrian method unneceflary.

The Greeks, about the period of Alexander the Great,
and under his fucceffors, firft began to render black,
dark blue, yellow, and green, dyes, more beautiful, and
to learn the art alio, of fixing them on linen. We find,
among the various companies eftablilhed by Numa at
Rome, a dyers’ company, called collegium tinElorum.
Afterwards the art of dying continued to in create among
the Romans, and they began to divide colours into
general and particular, according as they were ufual
among both fexes, or were exclufively worn by either.
Thus the ancient authors frequently fpeak of the colours
by which the four different parties at the Circenfian
games were diftinguifhed from each other, and which, on
that account, were called the colores circenfcs. Thefe
were green, aurora colour, afh colour, and white. This
colour afforded employment in particular to the fu/lones,
who walhed and fcoured white as well as coloured
clothing. For this purpofe they employed urine, chalk,
faltpetre, and fumigation with fulphur. The procelfes
to be ufed were prefcribed by a peculiar law ( Lex Me-
tellana ) iffued by the tribune Metellus, in the year of
Rome 354. They were required, in the firft place, to
wadi the clothes with Sardinian earth, then to expofe
them to the vapour of fulphur, and to fcour them with
unadulterated Cimolian earth, (from Cimolus, one of the
iflands called the Sporades,) which reftored the fplendour
of the colour that had been deftroyed by the fulphur.
In the laft place, they fmoothed the pile of the cloth
with the (kin of a hedge-hog, or the fuller’s thiftle, and
then preffed it. A paffage in St. Mark ix. 3, alludes
to this procefs. Luther tranflates the word yveetpev^
( fullo ) improperly, by making it lignify a dyer.

But the art of dying was not confined merely to the
Phoenicians, Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans ; it vl as
foon communicated to other nations, each of which em¬
ployed for this purpofe fuch minerals and plants as their
different countries produced. According to the account
of Pliny and other authors, the Gauls who inhabited
beyon^ the Alps dyed the moft beautiful purple and
other colours with herbs ; but they were not acquainted
with a method of fixing them. We are told alfo by
Tacitus, that the German women manufactured linen
drelfes, and dyed them of a beautiful purple red colour.
Pliny gives a defeription of an ingenious mode of dying,
w’hich has a near refemblance to our cotton printing,
then practifed by the Egyptians. They applied to the
white cloth certain tinctures, more or lels capable of
V01. VI. No. 237.

N G. 41

imbibing the dyes, (colorem / orient lb us medicament Is,) and
which were not vifible. The cloth was then put into a
boiler, containing the dye or colouring conipofition, and
after it was taken out, it appeared as if painted with
various colours. Thefe colours never faded ; and the
cloth, by the boiling, was rendered more durable.
Something of the fame kind is related by Herodotus,
who informs us, that certain people, who lived near the
Cafpian fea, by means of the leaves of trees, which they
bruifed, and fteeped in water, could form on cloth the
■figures of animals, dowers, &c. which were as lading as
the cloth itfelf. The art of dying was alfo in great
efteem among the Perfians at a very early period.
Among the Chinefe, too, Hoang-ti, one of their earlieft
emperors, was, according to Martini, the firft who wore
a blue drefs, as being the colour of the heavens, and a
yellow one, as being the colour of the earth. He alfo
caufed dreffes of different colours to be made in imita¬
tion of flowers and birds, that they might ferve as marks
of diftinction to the high and the low, the rich and the
poor, in his empire,

It has been a queftion of much doubt, whether the an¬
cients, in their modes of dying, employed what are callejd
mordants. Pliny, when fpeaking of the fpecies of dying
peculiar to the Egyptians, exprefsly fays't'hat the work¬
men began by rubbing the (tuffs which they intended to
dye, and afterward applied drugs which did not leave any
(tain, but had the property of powerfully imbibing the
colours fubfequently to be employed. It cannot there¬
fore be doubted that the fubftances thus employed a£ted
as mordants. The ancient Greek chemifts, (whofe ma-
nuferipts are fcarcely known but by their titles, given by
Fabricius,) explain with much perfpicuity the necefiiry
of fixing colours by mordants. They notice the fugitive
and permanent colours, <pevy.ru , and ycniyuru

ccpEvy.T u • Many other equally forcible expreffions occur ;
among which we may notice the term ^y.ny.u, correfpond-
ing exaftly with the word mordant, being derived from
the verb S'rry.u, mordco. The Greek chemifts moreover ob-
ferve that fometimes the mordants were firft applied,
(vorcGatprov, or wjr&vpri ,) and afterward the colour: but
at other times the mordant and colour were mingled to¬
gether : and the application of the mordant was regarded
as fo very e.ffential by the Greeks, that the term denoting-
it ( eri vtpem) was frequently employed to fignify the opera¬
tion of dying ; of which Diofcorides furnifhes many ex¬
amples.

The ancients were acquainted with but few metallic
falts; native fulphat of iron and of copper were, how¬
ever, certainly uled by them in dying ; and the colours
were formed and fixed by the gall-nuts, or by the feeds
of a fpecies of acacia peculiar to Egypt,. or by the rind
of pomegranates. Some fubftances poffefs the properties
of a mordant as well as of a colouring principle ; and fe-
veral of thefe, fuch as the root of the oak, and a fpecies
of lotus, called by Pliny faba Graca, were known and
employed. The ancients alfo made ufe of various fub¬
ftances which by modern dyers are called alteratives, and
which produce certain changes in many dyes or colours.
Muriat of ammonia, or fal ammoniac, was known to the
ancients, and Pliny relates the mode by which it was pre¬
pared : .but it is uncertain whether or not it was employed
in dying. Even fuppofing it not to have been ufed, (fill
its place was fupplied by urine.; and, according to Pliny,
this laft fluid was commonly employed to form the purple
dye in the manner of an alterative. Lime was alfo pro¬
bably ufed by the ancients, who prepared it from marble
and (hells.'

The Greeks an,d the Saracens were for a long time the
exclufive poffeffors of this art, and furuillied the weftern
world with dyed (tuffs, and particularly purple ; which,
according to fome authors, was prepared by them of a
beautiful colour in the eleventh century. The public
tafte, however, was at length changed, and people began
to fee as great a value on the fcarlet as upon purple, and
O o at

142

D Y

at length to prefer it ; and on this account, in the twelfth
century, the art of dying purple in the eaft was almoft
forgotten. And, in conlequence of the crufades in the
eleventh and following centuries, this art began to be re¬
vived in the weft ; as the Chiiftian princes who went on
thefe expeditions brought back with them a great many
Greek dyers. Soon after, the Italians made confiderable
progrefs in this art : for, as the crufaders were conveyed
to the Holy Land, and brought back from it, chiefly in
Italian fhips, the Italians had the belt opportunities either
of learning the art of dying beautiful colours themfelves,
or of bringing back expert dyers, whom they mud have
found very neceffary to their manufactures, which weie
then in high eftimation. Indeed, fo early as the year
1338, there were in Florence 200 cloth manufactories,
which manufactured annually from 70 to 80,000 pieces of
cloth, valued at 1,200,000 florins. A Florentine mer¬
chant, who about the year 1300 traded in the Levant,
happening to make water on a rock covered with mofs,
he obferved that the green colour of the mofs was in-
ftantly changed to a beautiful blueilh colour. Reflecting
on this circumftance, he found, after feveral experiments
that when mixed with urine and other things, it com¬
municated to cloth a columbine colour. This procefs,
he kept fecret, and acquired by it a great deal of money.
The invention at that period was fo profitable to the
Florentines, and excited fo much wonder, that the family
of the inventor, which ftill exifts in Italy, were called
Rncellai, from the name of the mofs, which in Spanifh is
diftinguiflted by the appellation of orciglia , and the dye
made from it is called orchilla.

After this period the manufactures in Italy increafed
fo much, that the attention of the different governments
was particularly directed to the art of dying. In 1429
there were publifned at Venice fome regulations refpeCt-
ing dying, (Mariegola dell ’ Arte dei Tintori ,J in which cer¬
tain precepts were given, according to which dyers were
to exercife their art. Thefe regulations were renewed
in the year 1510, with a great many improvements ; when
John Ventura Rofetti, finding thefe precepts too itnper-
feCt,' made a tour through Italy and other countries to
procure further information refpefting the art of dying,
and on his return wrote, under the affumed name of
PliCtho, a book on it; the firft, perhaps, that ever ap¬
peared on this fubjeCt, and which undoubtedly laid the
foundation for the improvements in this art which after¬
ward took place. The tide of this work, exceedingly
fcarce even in Italy, an original edition of which is pre-
ferved in the royal library at Gottingen, is as follows :
PliCtho’s Art of Dying; which teaches how to give to
Cloth, Linen, Cotton, and Silk, real and beautiful as
well as falfe and common Dyes. Venice, 1548. 4to. This
author was not acquainted either with indigo or cochi¬
neal^ but he fpeaks of Brazil wood, which he calls ver.
zino , a name ftill given to it in Italy, and from which the
w ord brajilis has been derived. Thus PliCtho was the
firft who exhibited this art in its full luftre, and excited
the French, Englifh, and Germans, to apply in earneft,
in their different countries, to the improvement of fo ufe-
ful and extenfive a branch of manufacture.

In France, fome progrefs towards this objeCt had been
already made by Giles Gobelin, who had learned from a
Gentian the art of dying fcarlet ; and wifhing to eftablifh
it in that country, he erected a dye-houfe, in the fuburbs
of Paris, on a frnall ftreani called t lie Bievre. This un¬
dertaking was at firft eonfidered to be a work of fo much
difficulty, that 110 one believed he would be able to com¬
plete it, and for that reafon his dye-houfe was called La
Folk Gobelin , or Gobelin’s Folly. Gobelin, however,,
continued his bu finds; and fcarlet dyed after his manner
is to this day, in commerce, called Gobelin's fcarlet. Not-
withftanding this, dying continued 111 a very imperfect
ftiite until Colbert, the great minifter of Louis XIV. in
1669, undertook its improvement. With this view he_
examined the eltablillimyut and defects of the French

I N G.

dyers; and M. d’Albo, at his defire, compofed a fet of
regulations refpeCting dying, which were publiflied at
Paris in 1669, and 1672. The introduction to this book
contains a proof of Colbert’s regard for this art: — “If the
filk, woollen, and linen manufactories, (fays he,) are
thole which contribute molt to the fupport and advance¬
ment of trade and commerce, dying, which fupplies that
variety of colours by which the molt beautiful things in
nature are imitated, may be eonfidered as the foul of it,
without which the body would be animated only by feeble
life. Wool and filk in their natural colours, formerly
raw articles of little value, now find fale in the country,
when they have received from the dyer thofe attractions
which render them valuable and agreeable to the mod
favage nations.” About this time the dying ingredients,
brought to Europe from the newly difcovered countries,
efpecially indigo and cochineal, began to be employed
with great advantage. The Netherlanders, in particular,
by means of them, produced more durable and livelier
colours; for though they had begun, almoft at the fame
time as the Italians, to apply to the art of dying with
great- zeal, and to take advantage of the troubles in the
eaft, they had never been fo fortunate, notwithftanding
all their exertions, as to make any great progrefs in it.
At laft a Flemifh painter named Peter Kloeck, who,
during his long travels in various parts of the eaft, had
learned the art of giving the moft beautiful colours to
filk and woollen (tuffs, as well as of dying fcarlet, re¬
turned to his own country, and excited as much attention
by his method as Gobelin had done at Paris.

Dying feems alfo to have been praftifed in England at
a very early period ; for in the fourteenth century Ed¬
ward III. brought a great many dyers from Flanders.
Under Edward IV. dyers were fo numerous in London,
that in 1472 they were firft eftablifhed into a company.
After the difeovery of America, the new dye-ftuft's began
to be ufed alfo in England ; but here people were at firft
fo miftruftful of them, that under queen Elizabeth dying
with indigo was not only limited, but the ufe of logwood
was entirely prohibited, and it was burnt wherever it was
found. This prohibition was afterwards repealed, and
annulled under Charles II. in 1661. But, notwithftand-
ing the attention thus paid to dying by the government,
it remained in a languifhing ftate till the year 1643, when
a German, named Kephler, firft brought to England his
new method of dying fcarlet; andbecuufe he eftablifhed
a dye-houfe at the village of Bow, the fcarlet he dyed
was called the Bow dye-. At length a Fleming, named
Brauer, who in 1667 came to England with his whole fa¬
mily, brought the art of dying woollen cloth to fuel', per¬
fection here, that it has ever fince retained its acknow¬
ledged reputation, and to this day challenges a fuperiority
in every foreign market.

APPARATUS of the DYE-HOUSE.

The moft commodious fituation for a dye-houfe is on
the lide of a running ftream, with a floor made of a mix¬
ture of lime and cement, inclining towards the ftream,
that all wafhings, rincings, filth, and wafte water, may
fpeedily run off. The principal veffels are the vats,
which in large manufactories are various; fuch as the
woad vat, the indigo vat, the paftel vat, &c. The woad
vat is ufually from ten to twelve feet in diameter, and fix
or feven feet high; they are made of (laves fix inches
broad, and two inches thick ; are bound with iron hoops,
about two or three feet afunder, and are funk in the
ground, for the conveniency of managing their contents ;
which is done by means of hooks fattened to the end of a.
ftaff, of a proper length, according to 1 1 1 e diameter of the
vat. The bottom ot thelc velfels is made with limcand
cement ; but this however is nut eftentiaf, and ts praCtiled
only where it vvouid be cufficuit to make a wooden bottom
It rung enough to iupport the contents of fo large a vctisl.
For dying wool or dull, there is fulpeiided within the
veffel aii ,r.).i hoop, with a net faltened to it, the inelhes

about

D Y

about an inch fqnare. This is called a crofs, and is ufed
to prevent the wool or fluff from falling and mixing with
the grounds at the bottom. Another utenfil called a
rake , is made of a (trong femicircular piece of wood, with
a long handle, and is ufed for ftirring the vat ; that is,
for mixing the grounds with the liquor, and for raifing
the fediment from the bottom. It is alfo ufed for dafliing
or plunging the vat, that is, to pufh the furface quick
and forcibly towards the bottom, which by introducing
the air, forms little bubbles, or a kind of froth, by which
the date of the mixture or dye is to be judged of previous
to the operation.

The indigo vat is generally five feet high, and at the
top two feet in diameter. It grows narrower downwards,
and meafures only eight or ten inches at the bottom. - It
is funk a foot or a foot and a half in the floor, for the
conveniency of working. There is a cylindrical wall
built round it, as high as the vat, upon which the edge
of the vat is fupported. This wall being perpendicular,
and quite flraight at the inflde, confequentlv cylindrical,
and the vat which it furrounds being of a conic form, it
is evident there rauft be a fpace at the bottom. In this
fpace the coal and cinders, requifite for keeping the vat
properly heated, are depofited, and for this purpofe there
is a little door or opening to put in the coal which is
puflted all round the vat, to preferve, as much as poflible,
an equable degree of heat. The indigo' immediately
falls to the bottom ; but by this method of fetting the
vat, the fire is conftatuly above the indigo, fo that it can
neither burn, nor lofe any of its quality. The fame pre¬
caution flrould be obferved with regard to the Dutch
paftel vats. As the fire muft not be extingui filed too
fuddenly, there is fixed an iron or (tone funnel where the
coal is depofited, reaching from the bottom to the top of
the vat. This funnel, for the greater conveniency, fhoulcl
be carried along the wall, againft which the vat is com¬
monly fupported. For ftirring the liquor of this vat,
there is a rake, of a fmaller fize than that ufed for the
paftel vat. It may alfo be ufed with or without a crofs,
fimilar to that above mentioned. The paftel vats are
managed precifely in the fame manner.

Betides the vats, there is a feries of boilers or cop¬
pers, of different fizes, according to the quantity of work
that is intended to be performed. They may be made
either of copper or brais ; but the copper is preferable,
being lefs apt to fpot where it touches, or when the wool
or fluff is fuffered to remain in it for any length of time.
It is alfo advifeable to have a pewter vefiel for fcarlet,
becaufe in pewter, the worded or fluffs never fpot, whereas
the contrary is much to be dreaded from a copper boiler.
The dyers who make ufe of the latter for fcarlet, take
care to have a net of cords, or an open wicker bafket, in
the infide, to prevent the fluffs from touching the copper.
The diameter of the net or bafket, being much fmaller
than the diameter of the cauldron, there confequently
remains a confiderable diftance between them. But not-
withflanding all thefe precautions, many are of opinion,
that fcarlet dyed in copper, is neither fo bright nor fo
lively as when dyed in a pewter vefiel. Thefe coppers
fhould be fixed contiguous to each other, and, as nearly
as poflible, of the fame height, fo that the deeped vefiel
fhould be funk the lowed. They fhould Joe furrounded
by a wall made of brick and clay, the outfide of which
fhould have a coat of plafter ; and, to preferve the whole,
the wall fhould be coped with wheel-felloes, held toge¬
ther by iron cramps. The flat edge of the cauldron
fhould be nailed to the felloes with brafs nail's, becaufe
iron nails would fpot the fluffs. Thefe felloes ferve alfo
to prevent the water, when it boils over, from carrying
dirt into the copper. For the fame reafon a plank fhould
be fixt between the coppers, that, when two are employed
at the fame time, the liquor of the one may not fall into
the other. But this caution will be needlefs where there
is room enough to place the coppers at a tolerable diftance
from each other. Thefe cauldrons are heated uuder-

N • G. 143

neath ; and for the greater conveniency, the hearths of
all the coppers, as well as the flues, are inclofed under
the fame chimney. The flues are openings, by which
the fmoke and part of the flame is carried off ; the fize
of thefe openings, that of the hearth, and the depth of
the furnace (viz. the diftance of the bottom of the cop¬
per from the hearth where the fire is made), are deter¬
mined by the fize of the coppers ; but the mantle-piece
of the chimney fhould always cover every opening, and
fhould project to the edge of the copper, in order to re¬
ceive all the fmoke, fo that none may remain in the dye-
lioufe.

For the purpofe of dying a whole piece of fluff, or feve-
ral pieces at a time, a winch is made ufe of. This is a
wooden axis with a handle, upon which axis are fafteried,
four flat pieces of wood, at equal diftances. This machine
is turned with the hand, refling the two extremes of its
axis on two iron forks, fixed into holes in the wooden
felloes by which the edge of the copper is fupported.
The piece to be dyed is rolled round this winch or reel,
and when the whole is wound on, it is to be turned the
contrary way, rolling off the fluff, into the copper or vat,
till the whole is dyed as even as poflible. If there arc
many pieces to dye of the fame colour, the ends are fewed
together, and the reel is put through the middle, and
turned as above-mentioned . To dye wool before it be
fpun, there is a kind of wooden ladder, or barrow, very
broad, and as long as the diameter of the copper. The
crofs-bars of this utenfil fhould be very near each other.
On this barrow, placed upon the copper, the wool is put,
in order to drain, or to change the liquor. It were need¬
lefs to mention the neceflity of keeping this barrow and
reel very clean. The fame attention muft be obferved
with regard to the coppers, and to all the different uten-
fils ufed in the art of dying; for without this attention
the work will be conftantly foiled, and the brightnefs of
the colour tarnifhed.

A dye-houfe was eredted in the year 1S00, by Meffrs.
Gott and company at Leeds, on a noble and much im¬
proved plan, which not only reflects the high eft reputa¬
tion on the profellional abilities of the proprietors, but
does honour to the age and country in which we live.
In this extenfive manufactory the coppers are very nu¬
merous, and of different fizes ; and as thefe veffels, fome
of which are very large, are diftiibuted promifeuoufiy
about, apparently without any order in their arrange¬
ment, in two fpacious rooms, (each copper appearing to
be infulated, and to have no connection whatever with
the others,) all of them together form a very ftriking ap¬
pearance. The rooms are paved with flat (tones, and the
brims of all t lie coppers, great and firiall, are placed at
tire fame height, about three feet, above the pavement.
Some of thefe coppers contain upwards of 1800 gallons ;
and they are all heated by fleam from only one fleam-
boiler, which is fituated in a corner. of one of the rooms.
The horizontal tubes, which ferve to conduct the fleam
from the fleam-boiler to the coppers, are fufpended juft
below the ceiling of the rooms : they are made, fome of
lead, and fome of caft iron, and are from, four to five
inches -in diameter. The vertical fleam-tubes, by which
the fleam paffes down from the horizontal fleam-conduc¬
tors into the coppers, are all conitruited of lead, and are
from three quarters of an inch to two inches and a half
in diameter ; being made larger or fmaller according to
the fizes of the coppers to which t hey belong. Thefe
fleam-tubes all pafs down on the outfides cf their cop¬
pers, and enter them horizontally at the level of their
bottoms. Each copper is furniflied with a brafs cock for
letting off its contents ; and it is filled with water from a
ciftern at a diftance, which is brought to it by a leaden
pipe. The coppers are all furrounded by thin circular
brick walls, which ferve not only to fupport the coppers,
but alfo to confine the heat. The rapidity with which
thefe coppers may be heated, by means of fleam, is trffy
aftonilhing. One of the larged of them, containing

D Y I N G.

144

wards of 1S00 gallons, when filled with cold water from
the ciftern, requires no more than half an hour to heat it
■till it actually boils ! By the greateft fire that could be
made under fuch a copper, with coals, it would hardly
be poll’ble to make it boil in lefs than an hour. It is
eafy to perceive that the laving of time which refults
from the adoption of this new mode of applying heat,
will be very great ; and it is likewife evident that it may
be increafed, almoft without limitation, merely by aug¬
menting the diameter of the (team-tube ; care being taken
that the boiler be fufficiently large to furnifh the quanti¬
ties of (team required. The having of fuel is alfo very
confiderable ; for, from the belt calculation, it amounts
to near two-thirds of the quantity expended, when each
copper was heated by a feparate fire. But tliefe favings
are far from being the only advantages derived from the
introduction of thefe improvements in the management
of heat : there is one, of great importance indeed, which
alone mult be fufficient to recommend the general adop¬
tion of them. As the heat communicated by fleam can
never exceed the mean temperature of boiling water by
more than a very few degrees, the fubftances expofed to
it can never be injured by it, as is too often the cafe in
manufactories where coal only is ufed.

On the PERMANENCY of DYED COLOURS.

No objeCt in the art of dying is perhaps of fo much im¬
portance as the permanence or duration of colour ; for of what
avail are the moft beautiful tints, whether communicated
to wool, filk, cotton, or linen, or ever fo elegantly diver-
fified in figured calicoes, if thofe tints are fugitive, and
liable to fade or vanilh by mere expofure to light and air ?
It is therefore highly expedient to inveftigate the nature
and quality of all colouring matters, and of every mate¬
rial employed in the operation of dying, before they are
committed to the vat. Thefe colouring matters are com¬
monly called dyc-Jhjfs, are extracted from animal, vege¬
table, and mineral, fubftances, and are found to poll'efs
very peculiar chemical properties; for befides their fe-
veral affinities with particular rays of light, they have
others which render them fufceptible of being aCted
upon, and modified by a variety of chemical agents. But
in refpeCt of thefe affinities, colouring matters alfo difter
eftentially from each other, and mu ft therefore be applied
in different ways, and with very different means, to pro¬
duce permanent colours on all occafions. The art of dy¬
ing is founded upon a knowledge of the particular pro¬
perties and affinities of thefe matters, not only as far as
, they relate to the fubftances intended to be dyed, but
alfo as far as they are connected with the operations of
other agents, by which they are liable to be aCted upon
either during the procefs of dying, or afterwards. Many
fpecies of animal and vegetable colouring matters fuffer
nearly (imilar changes from the adtion of acids, alkalies,
and other chemical agents ; from which it may be pre¬
fumed, that there is fomething of a common or (imilar
nature in the conftitution of many of them. But though
it would be highly ufeful to eftablifti general principles
and concluftons on this fubjeCt, we are not yet furnilhed
with the neceffary information requifite for fuch a purpofe.

Sir Il'aac Newton fuppofed coloured matters to reflect
the rays of light ; fome bodies reflecting the more, others
the lefs, refrangible rays moft copioufly ; and this he con¬
ceived to be the true, and the only reafon of their co¬
lours. See the article Colour, vol. iv. p. 789. Mr.
Delaval, however, has maintained, in the fecond volume
ef the Memoirs of the Philofophical and Literary So¬
ciety of Manchefter, <£ that, in tranfparent coloured fub¬
ftances, the colouring matter does not refleCt any light ;
and that when, by intercepting the light which was tranf-
mitted, it is hindered from pafljng through fubftances,
they do not vary from their former colour to any other
colour, but become entirely black and he inftances a
confiderable number of coloured liquors, none of them
•endued with reflective powers, which, whenfeen by tranf-

mitted light, appeared feverally in their true colours y
but all of them, when feen by incident light, appeared'
black: which is alfo the cafe of black cherries, black
currants, black berries, &c. the juices of which appear
red when fpread on a white ground, or otherwife viewed
by tranfmitted, inftead of incident, light ; and he con¬
cludes, that bleached linen, &c. “when dyed or painted
with vegetable colours, do not differ in their manner of
affting on the rays of light, from natural vegetable bo¬
dies ; both yielding their colours by tranfmitting through
the tranfparent coloured matter the light which is reflect¬
ed from the white ground it being apparent, from dif¬
ferent experiments, “ that no reflective power refides in
any of their component parts, except in their white mat¬
ter only,” and that “ tranfparent coloured fubftances,
placed in fituations by which the tranfmiffion cf light
through them is intercepted, exhibit no colour, but be¬
come entirely black.” If the cloth be black, it is clear
that we cannot dye it any colour whatever ; becaufe, as
no light is in that cafe refledted, none can be tranfmit¬
ted, whatever dye-ftuff we employ. If the cloth were
red, or blue, or yellow, we could not dye it any colour
except black; becaufe, as only red, or blue, or yellow,
rays are reflected, no other could be tranfmitted. The
art of dying, therefore, according to Mr. Delaval, con-
fids principally in covering white fubftances, from which
light is ftrongly reflected, with tranfparent coloured me¬
dia, which, according to their feveral colours, tranlmit
more or lefs copioufly the feveral rays reflected from the
white fubftances, fince the tranfparent media themfelves
refleCt no light ; and it is evident that if they yielded
their colours by reflecting, inftead of tranfmitting the
rays, the whitenefs, or colour of the ground on which
they are applied, would not in any wife alter or affeCt
the colours which they exhibit. For a complete view of
this doctrine of light and colours, fee the article Chro¬
matics, vol. iv. p. 528, &c.

Such is undoubtedly the faCt, fo far as relates to tranf¬
parent colouring matters, when applied to wool, filk, &c.
without the interpofition of any earthy or metallic bafts or
mordant. But when any fuch opake bafts is interpofed,
the reflection is doubtlefs made by it, rather than by the
fubftance of the dyed wool, filk, &c. and more efpecially
when the bafis or mordant confifts of the white earth of
alum, or t he white oxyd of tin; which by their ftrong
refleCtive powers greatly augment the luftre of colours.
There are, moreover, fome opake colouring matters,
particularly the acetous and other folutions of iron, ufed
to (tain linen, cotton, &c. which mu ft necefl'arily them¬
felves refleCt, inftead of tranfmitting the light by wdiich
their colours are made perceptible.

When the rays of light are feparated from each other
by the prifm, in confequence of their different degrees of
refrangibility, they- produce a perception of feven dif-
tinct colours, with their intermediate (hades; which are
all equally fimple and primitive. There is, however, this
peculiar property belonging to the red, yellow, and blue,
colours, whether prifmatic or permanent ; that' they are
incapable of being produced, like all the reft, by the
combination of any other colours. Blue and red will
compofe a purple ; blue and yellow, a green ; red and
yellow, an orange, See. but none of tliefe, by any artifice
or compofition, will produce either the blue, yellow, or
red : thefe laft, therefore, are in all cafes fimple or un¬
compounded ; but all the others may be, and in reality
are, fometimes fimple, and fometimes compounded ; not
only thofe which are merely prifmatic colours, but thofe
which exift naturally in bodies, or are communicated by
painting, dying, &c. Iron, as has been already mention¬
ed, will, by different degrees of oxydation, produce all
poflible varieties of colour ; and thefe colours will be all
fimple or uncompounded ; and fo will the purple of gold,
the green of copper, ahd the other colours found in the
feveral oxyds of metals. This is alfo the cafe of the
violet and purple dyed from logwood; of the green co-
4 louring

14 5

D Y I N G.

louring matter of the leaves, flowers, See. of vegetables;
of the green inner bark of elder, the green juice of the
berries of the rhamnus catharticus, and of the orange
dyed from the quercitron bark. Arid among animal co¬
lours, numeroivs inftances may be alleged of fimple or
uncompounded greens, oranges, purples, and violets:
even the liquor of thev purpura, from which the Tyrian
purple was produced, pafies quickly through all the
(hades of yellow, green, violet, and purple, upon being
expofed to the fun in atmofpheric air; and thefe mult
neceiTarily be deemed fimple, not compound colours,
but on the oilier hand, dyers, painters, Sec. daily pro¬
duce, orange, green, purple, and violet, by mixtures of
the blue, yellow, and red.

The colouring matter with which cloth is dyed, does
not cover every portion of its furface ; but its particles
attach themfelves to the cloth at certain difiances from
each other ; for cloth is dyed different (hades of the fame
colour, lighter or darker, merely by varying the quantity
of colouring matter. With a final I quantity the (hade is
light ; and it becomes deeper as the quantity is increafed.
Now this would be impolTible, if the dye-liuff covered
the whole of the cloth. Newton has demonftrated, that
colours are rendered faint when the rays of light which
occalion them are mixed with white rays. Consequently,
from cloth dyed of a light (hade, a contiderable quantity
of white rays pafies off unchanged : but this could not
be the cafe if the (luff were covered with coloured mat¬
ter ; becaufe all the white rays would be decompofed as
they pafs through the coloured matter. Therefore, in
light (hades, the colouring matter does not cover the
cloth ; its particles adhere to it, at certain difiances from
each other; and from every part of the cloth which is
uncovered, the white rays pafs off unchanged. Even
when the (hade of colour is as deep as poflible, the co¬
louring particles do not cover the whole of the cloth,
but are at a certain diftance from each other. This dis¬
tance, undoubtedly, is diminifhed in proportion to the
deepnefs of the fhade : for the deeper the (hade, the
fmaller is the number of white rays which efcape unde-
compofed ; the more, therefore, of the furface is cover,
cd, the fmaller is the diftance at which each of them is
placed. A fhade may be even conceived fo very deep,
that not a particle of white light efcapes the adfion of
the colouring matter ; in which cafe, the diftance between
the particles of colouring matter could not exceed dou¬
ble that diftance at which a particle of matter is able to
aft upon light.

That the particles of colouring matter, even when the.
fhade is deep, are at fame diftance, is evident from this
well-known faff, that cloth may be dyed two colours at
the fame time. All thofe colours to which the dyers
give the name of compound ', are in fact two different co¬
lours applied to the cloth at once. Thus cloth gets a
green colour, by being firft dyed blue, and then yellow'.
The rays of light that pafs from green cloth thus dyed
are blue and yellow ; by the mixture of which it is well
known that green is produced. In this cafe it is clear,
that each of the colouring matters perforins the very fame
office as if it were alone ; and that the new colour is not
produced by the combination of the two colouring mat¬
ters. That part of the white light, reflected from the
cloth, which pafies through the blue colouring matter,
is decompofed, and the blue rays only tranfmitted ; and
that part of the white light which paffes through the
yellow colouring matter is alfo decompofed, and only the
yellow rays tranfmitted. It is clear, therefore, that both
of the colouring matters equally cover the naked fibres
of the cloth ; confequently the one mud be placed in the
intervals of the other: wherefore the panicles of each
of the colouring matters are at fome diftance. Now the
fame eft'eft happens how deep foever the fhade be ; and
it makes no difference which of the two dyes be firft
given. Nay, if one of the dyes have a ftrong affinity for

VOL. VI. No. 338.

the cloth, and the other only a weak affinity, the latter
will foon difappear, and leave the cloth of the colour
which the firft dye gives it. The difference, then, in the
fliades of colour, and alfo the compound colours which
cloth may receive, depend entirely upon the diftance be¬
tween the particles of the colouring matters attached to
the cloth, and the poffibility of partly filling up the in¬
tervals, either with the fame colouring matter, or with a
different one.

Several attempts have been made to arrange and clafs
the different fpecies of colouring matters employed for
dying and callico printing ; but none feems to accord
with, or give any juft ideas of, their feveral natures and
properties. Mr. Berthollet, indeed, alleges many rea-
fons for not dividing thefe matters, as Mr. Macquer did,
into extractive and refinous, and alfo for not making their
effefts depend, as Mr. Poerner has done, upon the muci¬
laginous, earthy, faline, refinous, or oily, parts, of which
they were fuppofed to be compounded ; yet without
propofmg any fuitable arrangement of his own : nor does
it appear at all neceffary, fince the colouring matters fall
of their own accord under two general and diftinCt claffes ;
the firft including thofe colouring matters which, when
put into a ftate of folution, may be permanently fixed,
and made fully to exhibit their colours in or upon the
dyed fubftance, without the interpolation of any earthy or
metallic bafis or mordant ; and the fecond, comprehend¬
ing all thofe colouring matters which are incapable of be¬
ing fixed, and made to difplay their proper colours with¬
out the mediation of fome fuch bafis or mordant. The firft;
clafs, indeed, appears to confift of very few articles; fince
it is much to be queftioned whether any other dye-ftuff
at prefent known, except the liquor of the purpura and
fome other fhell-filh, the genuine indigo, and paftel or
woad, will communicate a permanent dye to any kind of
material, without the aid or adtion of fome chemical
bafe. Every other colouring matter belide the ahuve,
mu ft therefore rank in the fecond clafs, and be confidered
as fugitive colours. Hence the technical phrafes adopted
in the dye-houfe, of great, and little, dye. That com¬
pounded of the firft clafs of colouring matters is called
the great or permanent dye ; and colours communicated
by it are faid to be fajl, or in grain. That compounded
from the fecond clafs, without the agency of a chemical
bafe, is termed the little or falje dye : a prohibition of
which, by the interference of the legiflature, might an-
fwer a very defirable purpofe, by preventing the frauds
and impofitions of thofe who fell piece-goods manufac¬
tured with the falfe dye, for that of the permanent. This
evil calls the more loudly for a remedy, becaufe, fince
the difeo^ery of fo many effectual chemical bafes or mor¬
dants, there feems now to be fcarcely any colour, either
fimple or compound, but what may be rendered periga- »
nent through their agency : the mo ft important part of
dying feems therefore to depend on a complete know¬
ledge and judicious application of thefe bafes.

Of MORDANTS.

All thofe earthy and metallic fubftances ufually em¬
ployed in a ftate of folution or combination with acids,
were, from that circumftance, called by the French dyers,
mordants , i. e. biters or corroders ; and from them the
term has been adopted in other countries. Some mo¬
dern writers, however, prefer the term bafe, or bafis ;
w hi 1ft others indifcriminately make ufe of both. Almoft
the only fubftances 11 fed as mordants are, earths and me¬
tallic oxyds. Of earthy mordants., by far the mo ft im,
portant and mod generally ufed is alumina. It was ufed
as a mordant in very early ages, and feems indeed to
have been the very firft fubftance employed for that pur¬
pofe. Alumina has a very ftrong affinity for wool and
for filk ; but its affinity for cotton and linen is a good
deal weaker. It is ufed as a mordant in two ftates ;
either in the ftate of alum, in which it is combined with
P p fulphuric

146

D Y I

fulphuric acid and a little potafh ; or in the ftate of ace-
tite of alumina, in which it is combined with acetous
acid. Acetite of alumina has only been introduced into
dying fince the commencement of the eighteenth cen¬
tury. This mordant is now prepared, by pouring ace¬
tite of lead into a folutiori of alum : a double decompo-
fition takes place, the fulphuric acid combines with the
lead, and the compound precipitates in the form of an
infoluble powder; while the alumina combines with the
acetous acid, and remains dilTolved in the liquid. This
.mordant is employed for cotton and linen, which have a
weaker affinity than wool for alumina. It anfwers much
better than alum, the cloth is more eafily faturated with
alumina, and takes, in confequence, both a richer and a
more permanent colour. Befides alumina, lime is fome-
times ufed as a mordant. Clothriias a ftrong affinity for
it ; but in general it does not anfwer fo well, as it does
not give fo good a colour. It is ufed either in the ftate
of lime-water, or of fulphat of lime dilTolved in water.

Almoft all the metallic oxyds have a ftrong affinity for
doth ; yet only two of them are extenfively ufed as mor¬
dants, namely, the oxyds of tin and of iron. The oxyd
of tin has enabled modern dyers greatly to furpafs the an¬
cients in the finenefs of their colours : by means of it
alone, fcarlet, the brighteft of all colours, is produced.
The method of producing the celebrated Tyrian purple
dye is underftood at prefent, and the ffiell-fifh which
yield the dye-ftuff are found abundantly on the coafts of
Britain and France ; but no perfon thinks of putting the
ancient mode in practice, becaufe colours equally beauti¬
ful can be produced at a fmaller price. This is owing
to the employment of the oxyd of tin, which is ufed as
a mordant in three ftates ; dilTolved in nitro-muriatic
acid, in acetous acid, and in a mixture of fulphuric and
muriatic acids. Nitro-muriat of tin is the common mor¬
dant employed by dyers. They prepare it by dilTolving
tin in diluted nitric acid, to which a certain proportion
of nmriat of foda, or of ammonia, is added. Part of the
nitric acid decompofes thefe falts, combines with their
bafe, and fets the muriatic acid at liberty. They pre¬
pared it at firft with nitric acid alone ; but that mode
was very defective ; becaufe the nitric acid very readily
converts tin to white. oxyd, and then is incapable of dif-
folving it. The confequence of which was, the precipi¬
tation of the whole of the tin. To remedy this defeft,
common fait, or fal ammoniac, was very foon added ;
muriatic acid having the property of dilTolving white
oxyd of tin very readily. A confiderable laving of ni¬
tric acid might be obtained, by employing as much ful-
phurie acid as is juft fufficicnt to faturate the bafe of the
common fait, or fal ammoniac, employed. When the
nitro-muriat of tin is to be ufed as a mordant, it is dif-
folved in a large quantity of water, and the cloth is dip¬
ped in the folution, and allowed to remain till fufticiently
laturated. It is then taken out, and walked and dried.
Tartar is ufually dilTolved in the water along with the
nitro-muriat. The confequence of this is a double de-
compofition ; the nitro-muriatic acid combines with the
potafh of the tartar, while the tartarous acid dilfolves
the oxyd of tin. When tartar is ufed, therefore, in any
confiderable quantity, the mordant is not a nitro-muriat,
but a tartrite of tin.

Mr. Haulfman, to whom the art of dying lies under
numerous obligations, has propofed to fubftitute acetit
of tin for nitro-muriat as a mordant for cotton and linen.
It may be prepared by mixing together acetit of lead and
nitro-muriat of tin. This mordant is preferable for thefe
Huffs; becaufe it is much more eafily decompofed than
the nitro-muriat. Dr. Bancroft has propoled to fubfti¬
tute a folution of tin in a mixture of fulphuric and mu¬
riatic acid, inftead of nitro-muriat of tin, as a mordant
for wool. This mordant, he informs us, is much cheaper,
a’nd equally efficacious. It may be prepared by dilTolv-
ing fo me what lefs than one part of tin in two parts cf

N G.

fulphuric and three of muriatic acid, at the degree of
concentration at which they are commonly fold in this
country. This mordant, like the others, muft be diffolv-
ed in a ftifficient quantity of water, in .order to be ufed.

Iron, like tin, is capable of two degrees of oxydation ;
but the green oxyd abforbs oxygen fo readily from the
atmofphere, that it is very foon converted into the red
oxyd. It is only the red oxyd which is really ufed as a
mordant in dying. The green oxyd is, indeed, fometimes
applied to cloth ; but it very foon abforbs oxygen, and
is converted into the red oxyd. This has a very ftrong
affinity for all kinds of cloth. The permanency of the
iron fpots or moulds on linen and cotton is a ftifficient
proof of this. As a mordant, it is ufed in two ftates;
in that of fulphat of iron, and acetit of iron. The firft
is commonly ufed for wool. The fait is diffolved in wa¬
ter, and the cloth dipped in it. It may be ufed alfo for
cotton ; but in mod cafes acetit of iron is preferred. It
is prepared by diffolving iron, or its oxyd, in vinegar,
four beer, &c. and the longer it is kept, the more is it
preferred. The reafon is, that this mordant fucceeds
beft when the iron is in the ftate of red oxyd. It would
be better then to oxydate the iron, or convert it into ruft,
before ufing it ; which might eafily be done, by keeping
it for fome time in a moift place, and fprinkling it occa-
fionally with water. Of late, pyrolignous acid has been
introduced inftead of acetous. It is obtained by diftilling
wood or tar.

That fpecies of mordant called the ajlringent principle ,
is derived from tan or nut-galls. It has a very ftrong
affinity for cloth, and for feveral colouring matters : it
is therefore very frequently employed. An infufion of
nut galls, or of fumach, or any other fubftance containing
tan, is made in water, and the cloth is dipped in this in¬
fufion, and allowed to. remain till it lias abforbed a
fufficient quantity of tan. The French dyers call this
operation cngallage. Silk is capable of abforbing a very
great proportion of tan, and by that means acquires a
very great increafe of weight. ManufadTurers fometimes
employ this method of increafing the weight of (ilk.
Tan is often employed alfo, along with other mordants,
in order to produce a compound mordant. Oil is alfo
ufed for the fame purpofe in the dying of cotton and
linen. The mordants, with which tan moft frequently
is combined, are alumina and oxyd of iron. Befides
thefe mordants, there are feveral other fubftances fre¬
quently ufed as auxiliaries, either to facilitate the com¬
bination of the mordant with the cloth, or to alter the
fiiade of colour. The chief of thele are, tartar, acetit
of lead, common fait, fal ammoniac, fulphat, or acetit
of copper, &c.

Mordants not only render the dye permanent, but
have alfo confiderable influence on the colour produced.
The fame colouring matter produces very different dyes,
according as the mordant is varied. Suppofe, for in-
ftance, that the colouring matter be cochineal ; if we
ufe the aluminous mordant, the cloth will acquire a
crimfon colour ; but the oxyd of iron produces with it a
black. Thefe changes, indeed, might naturally have
been expected: for fince the colour of a dye fluff de¬
pends upon its affinity for light, every new combination
into which it enters, having a tendency to alter thefe
affinities, will naturally give it a new colour. Now, in
all cafes, the colouring matter and mordant combine
together : the colour of the cloth, then, muft be that
which the particles of the dye and of the mordant, when
thus combined together, exhibit. Indeed fome mor¬
dants may be confidered in the light of colouring matters
alfo, as they always communicate a particular colour to
cloth. Thus, iron communicates a brown colour, and
iron and tan together conftitute a black. In dying, then,
it is not only neceffary to procure a mordant, which has
a fufficiently ftrong affinity for the colouring matter and
the cloth, and a colouring matter which poffeffes the

v illied o

D Y I

wifhed-for colour In perfection, we mud procure a mor¬
dant and a colouring matter of fuch a nature, that when
combined together they (hall poffefs the wiflied-for colour
in perfection. It is evident, too, that a great variety of
colours may be produced with a fingle dye fluff, provided
\ve can change the mordant fufficiently.

Every thing which tends to weaken the affinity be¬
tween the mordant and the cloth, or between t he mor¬
dant and the colouring matter, and every thing which
tends in any way to alter the nature of the mordant,
mud injure the permanency of the dye : becaufe, when¬
ever the mordant is dedroyed, there is no longer any
thing to caufe the dye duff to adhere; and when its
nature is altered, the colour of the dye mud alter at the
fame time. All the obfervations, then, which can be
made, concerning the nature of colouring matters, and
the changes to which they are fubjedt, apply equally to
mordants. Thefe fubdances, indeed, are f'carcely liable
themfelves to any alteration. They are of a much more
fimplc nature, in general, than dye-duffs; and therefore
not nearly fo liable to decompofition. But when the
colouring matter itfelf is altered, it comes to the fame
thing : its affinity for the- mordant being now' dedroyed,
there is nothing to retain it. As the permanency of a
dye depends upon the degree of affinity between the
mordant and the colouring matter, it is clear that a dye
may want ■ permanency, even though it refid the oxy-
muriatic acid, and all the other faline teds propofed by
chemids. Thefe fubdances may happen to have very
little aCtion on the dye duff, and therefore may not affeCt
it ; yet it may foon difappear, in confequence of its
want of affinity for the mordant.

A very ingenious abftradt of this theory is given by
Berthollet : According to the attraction which the
colouring particles have for wool, filk, cotton, and linen,
they unite more or lefs readily, and more or lefs inti¬
mately with each of thofe fubdances ; and thence arifes
the fird caufe of variation in the procedes employed,
according to the nature of the duff, and of the colouring
fubftance. By the attraction which the colouring par¬
ticles have for argillaceous earth and metallic calces,
they form compounds with thefe fubdances, in which
their colour is more or lefs modified, becomes more
fixed, and more difficultly affeCted by external agents,
than before. This compound being formed of principles,
which have feparately the power of uniting with vege¬
table fubdances, and more efpecially with animal fub¬
dances, preferves this property, and forms a triple com¬
pound with the duff ; and the colour which has been
again modified by the formation of this triple union,
acquires a greater degree of fixity, and-of indeftruCtibility,
by external agents. The colouring panicles have fre¬
quently fo great an attraction for clay and metallic calces,
that they feparate them from acids which held them in
folution, and fall down with them ; but the attraction of
the ftuff is fometimes neceffi-ry, in order to produce this
feparation. The metallic calces which combine with
the colouring particles, modify their colours, not only
by their own, but alfo by adting upon their compofition
by means of their vital air. The change which the
colouring particles thereby fuffer, is fimilar to that
occafioned by the air, which injures all colours more or
lefs. Of the two principles which compofe the air of
the atmofphere, it is only the vital air, or oxygenous
gas, which acts upon the colouring particles : it com¬
bines with , them, weakens their colour, and renders it
aler ; but its aCtion is principally exerted on the
ydrogen, or inflammable air, which enters into their
compofition, and it then forms water. This effect ought
to be coplidered as a true combuftion, whereby the
charcoal which enters into the compofition of the colour¬
ing particles becomes predominant, and the colour
commonly changes to yellow, fawn colour, or brown ;
of the injured part, by uniting with what remains of the
original colour, produces other appearances. Light

N G. I47

favours the combination of the colouring particles,
which frequently cannot take place without its aid ;
and it is thus that it contributes to the deftruCtion of
colours. Heat promotes it alfo, but lefs powerfully than
light, unlefs it has a certain degree of intenfity. To a
fimilar combuftion are to be attributed the effects of the
pale nitrous acid, of the oxygenated or aerated muriatic
acid, and even' of the iulphuric acid, when they make
the colour of the fubflances upon which they aCt pafs
to a yellow, and even to a black. The efieCts of com¬
buftion may however be concealed by the vital air com¬
bining with the colouring particles, without adting par¬
ticularly on the inflammable air. Colours are therefore
more or lefs permanent, or more or lefs fixed, according
to the greater or lefs difpofition of the colouring par¬
ticles to undergo combuftion, and to allow it to go on
to a more or lefs advanced ftage. Some fubflances are
alfo capable of adting on the colour of (tuffs by a fupe-
riority of attradtion, or by a folvent power; and in this
confifts the action of acids, alkalis, and foap. A fmalL
quantity of thefe agents, however, may fometimes form
fupra-compounds with the ftuff, and thereby change its
colour. Metallic calces produce, in the colouring par¬
ticles with which they unite, a degree of combuftion,
proportioned to the quantity of vital air which can be
taken from them by thefe particles. The colours which
the compounds of metallic calces and colouring parti¬
cles aflume, then, are the product of the colour peculiar
to the colouring particles, and of that peculiar to the
metallic calx ; but the colouring particles and metallic
calces mu ft be confidered in that ftate to which they
have been reduced by the diminution of vital air in the
calx, and the diminution of hydrogen in the colouring
particles.

Hence it follows : Firft, That the metallic calces to
which the vital air is only (lightly attached, are not fit
to ferve as connecting mediums for the colouring par¬
ticles, becaufe they produce in them too great a degree
of combuftion ; fuch are the calces of filver, gold, and
mercury. Second, That the calces which undergo con-
fiderable changes of colour, by giving off more or lefs of
their vital air, are alfo bad intermediums, efpecially for
light (hades, becaufe they produce changeable colours ;
fuch are the calces of copper, of lead, and of bifmuth.
Third, That the calces which ftrongly retain their vital
air, and fuffer very little change of colour by the lofs
of a part of it, are beft fitted to anfvver this purpofe :
fuch is particularly the calx of tin, which quits its
menftnmm eafily, which has a ftrong attraction for the
colouring particles, and which affords them a bails which
is very white, and proper for giving a bright nefs to
their (hades, without altering them by the admixture of
another colour. The calx of zinc polfelfes fome of
thefe qualities.

In order to account for the colours which refult from
the union of the colouring particles with the bails which
a mordant gives them, we mull attend to the proportion
in which the colouring particles unite to that bafis :
thus the folution of tin, which produces a very copious,
precipitate wuh a folution of colouring particles, and
thereby proves that the calx of tin enters in a large
proportion into the precipitate, has a much greater
influence on the colour of the precipitate, by the white-,
nefs of its bafis, than the folution of zinc or that of
alum, which generally produce much lefs copious pre¬
cipitates. The precipitates produced by thefe two 1 aft
fubflances retain very nearly the natural tint of the
colouring particles. We mull then diftinguiffi, in the
action of mordants, the combinations that may take
place by their means between the colouring particles,
the fluff, and the intermedium; the proportions of the
colouring fnbflance and intermedium ; the modifications,
of colour, which may arife from the mixture of the
colour of the colouring particles, and of that of the
bafis to which they are united; and finally, the changes
3 which.

148

D Y I N 0.

which the colouring particles may fuffer from the com-
buftion that may be produced by the intermedium.

Aftringents do not derive their characteri die prdperty
from an acid, or from any other individual principle
which is always the fame, but from the property which
they potfefs of uniting with the calx of iron, of re¬
ducing it to the date of black calx, and of acquiring
themfelves a dark colour, by the combuftion they
undergo. Tan or galls, which. are to be confidered as
the reprefentatives of all aftringents, readily undergo a
flight combuftion, which gives them a deep brown co¬
lour; but this combuftion, which requires but a fnutll
quantity of vital air, foon ceafes without injuring their
properties. Galls owe their (lability to the large pro¬
portion of charcoal they contain ; and as they have the
property of combining with fonie vegetable fubftances,
with feveral colouring matters, and particularly with
animal fubftances, they ferve as intermedium for them,
and impart to them their own firmnefs of colour. For
more on the chemical properties of mordants, and for
an explanation of the modern chemical terms in dying,
fee the article Chemistry, vol. iv. p. 14.8 — 343.

Of DYING WOOL, and WOOLLEN GOODS.

The value of wool, and its titnefs for the different
kinds of manufacture, depend on the length and finenefs
of its fibres. Thefe fibres poffefs a considerable degree
of elallicity, but are by no means fmooth. Their external
conformation appears to be made up either of f'mall
lamina placed over each other, in a flaming direction,
from the root towards the end or point of each fibre,
like the feales of fifh, lying one over the other, in
fucceftion, from the head to the tail ; or of zones, placed
one upon another, as in the horns of animals; from
w hich ftruCture each fibre, if drawn from its root towards
the point, will pafs fmoothly through the fingers; but
if it be drawn in a contrary direction, from the point
towards the root, a fenfible refiftance, and tremulous
motion, will be felt by the fingers. This conformation
difpofes the fibres of wool to catch hold of each other,
and as they cannot recede, when aCted upon by other
bodies, they naturally advance, by a progreftive motion,
towards and befide each other, from the end towards
the root : a difpofition which is very inconvenient to
fpinning, and therefore the wool is greafed, that the
afperities arifing from this ftruCture of its fibres may be
thereby covered, or Iheatbed, as a covering of oil fheaths
thofe of a fine file. But the wool being manufactured,
and the greafe no longer ufeful, it is removed by
fcowering, not only for the fake of cleanlinefs, but that
it may not fruftrate the procefs of dying. The cloth is
therefore carried to the fulling mill, and there fubjeCted
to the aCtion of large beetles, with fullers earth and
water, by which the cloth is not only fcowered, but its
fibres, in confequence of the ftruCture juft deferibed,
being made to conjoin, and advance toward and befide
each other, become Pnorter, and more clofely connected,
or felted together, the warp and woof lofing in extent,
but gaining proportionably in thicknefs.

The lamina, or zones, above deferibed, afford many
interftices in the fibres of wool, fuited to receive and
contain the particles of colouring matters, when applied
to them in the operation of dying ; but thefe interftices
being Anall, and the fibres of the wool naturally elaf-
tic, no colour can be conveyed into thefe cavities, until
they are diluted by hot or boiling water ; whereas filk,
cotton, and linen, are made to receive colours without
heat, as permanently as with it. And this difference
manifeftly arifes from the fmallnefs of the intcrfticqs in
which the colouring particles are depofited in wool, and
the elafticity of its fibres, which make it neceffary to
dilate them by hot or boiling water ; and as the colour¬
ing particles are only made to enter and depofit them¬
felves by an artificial dilatation, it follows that, when
Shis ceafes, the filaments will again contract to their

former fize, upon the colouring matters fo introduced,
and hold them much more ftrongly than they are likely
to be held in other fubftances whole interftices are larger
enough to receive colouring particles without being
dilated, and which, therefore, cannot be fuppofed ever
to contract and comprefs them in the fame way : and
tills difference, joined to the fuperior chemical attrac¬
tion of animal fibres for colouring matters, will fuffi-
ciently explain why many colours dyed upon wool and
hair, prove fo much more durable than upon cotton or
linen. Wool, as is well known, is the hair of fheep,
and differs from common hair merely in finenefs and
foftnefs. It is naturally covered with a kind of oil,
which would obftrutt the procefs of dying, and is there¬
fore to be removed, by what is called fcowering ; an
operation fufficiently known. Wool, when dyed in the
fleece, takes up much more colouring matter than when
fpun, and much more than when wove into cloth. It
is alfo more or lefs penetrated, according to the finenefs
of its own texture, and the particular nature of the
colouring matter with which it is dyed. The very
coarfe wool taken from the thighs and tails of forne
rams and fheep, being never made to receive colours
without difficulty ; and indeed the very fineft cloth is
never thoroughly dyed fcarlet, it being always found
white within when cut. Wool taken from different
breeds of fheep, in various countries, is naturally of
different colours ; as white, yellow, reddifli, and black.
Formerly all the flocks in Spain, excepting thofe of
Andalufia, were of this laft colour, it having been pre¬
ferred f.-r wearing by the native Spaniards; and this
natural brow’nifh black is even at this time manufadtured,
and worn conftantly by foiue religious orders in Roman
Catholic countries. The white wool, however, is now
almoft univerfally preferred to every other, as being
fufceptible of receiving better colours by dying, than
any of thofe which are natural. Manufactures of wool,
though fuperfluous to man in a ftate of nature, feem
to be, of all others, the moft important in civilized
fociety.

Dyers ufually confider five colours as primary , or fmple,
viz. blue, yellow, red, black, and brown; becaufe from
thefe they foriin all their compound colours, and they are
confequently the foundation of all their other proceffes.

Of BLUE.

The only colouring matters employed in dying blue
are woad, and indigo : attempts, indeed, have been made
to dye with pruffat of iron, but they have hitherto failed.
The ifatis tinBoria, or vvoad, is a plant commonly culti¬
vated in this kingdom, and even found wild in many parts
of England. Some perfons think that it was this plant
with which the ancient Britons ftained their bodies, to
make them appear terrible to their enemies. When ar¬
rived at maturity, this plant is cut down, wafhed, dried
huffily in the fun, ground in a mill, placed in heaps, and
allowed to ferment for a fortnight; then well mixed to¬
gether, formed into balls, which are piled upon each
other, and expofed to the w’ind and fun. When it has
continued for a fufficient time, the woad is allowed jo
fall to a coarfe powder ; and in this ftate it is fold to the
dyers. The ftrongeft kind of vvoad is called pafd.

Indigo, is a blue, extracted from the indigofera tmBoria,
and from feveral other fpecies of the fame genus of plants,
which are cultivated in the Eaft and Weft Indies. When
the indigofera has arrived at maturity, . it -is. .cut a few
inches above ground, placed in ftrata in aTarge veffel,
and covered with water. The plants foon acquire heat,
ferment, and difeharge abundance of carbonic acid gas.
When the fermentation is far enough advanced, the li¬
quid, now of a green colour, is decanted into large flat
veffels, where it is conftantly agitated till blue flocculae
begin to make their appearance. Lime water is now
poured in, which caufes the blue flocks to precipitate.
The colourlefs liquid is decanted off, and the blue fedi-

ment

r

D Y I N G.

mcnt poured into linen bags. When the water has
drained from it fufticiently, ir is formed into fmall lumps,
and dried in the lhade. In this (late it is fold to the dyer
under the name of indigo.

Dr. Roxburgh, who firft: drew the attention of manti-
fafturers to the neriufn tmff.orium, a bay-tree very common
in Hindooitan, from the leaves of which indigo may be
extrafted, has given a very (hurt method of obtaining
that pigment. The leaves are kept in a copper full of
water, fupported at the temperature of i6o°, till they
affume a yellowifh hue, and the liquid acquire a deep green
colour. The liquid is then to be drawn off, agitated in
the ufual manner, till the blue flocculce appear; and
then the indigo is to be precipitated with lime water.
This procefs, which fucceeds equally well with the in-
digofera, indicate that the plants, from which indigo may
be extratfed, contain a peculiar green pollen, fallible in
water. The intention, both of the fermentation of the
common method, and of the Raiding, according to Dr.
Roxburgh’s method, is merely to extraft this pollen.
Mr. Hauffman firft lhewed, that this green balls of indigo
has a ftrong affinity for oxygen ; and the fubfcqtient ex¬
periments of Drs. Roxburgh and Bancroft have confirmed
hisobfervations, and put them beyond the reach of doubt.
It gradually attrafts oxygen from the air ; in .conlequence
of which, it acquires a blue colour, and becomes infoluble
in water. The agitation is intended to facilitate this ab-
forption, by expofing a greater fiirface to the aftion of
the air. The lime water, by abforbing a quantity of
carbonic acid, with which the green pollen feems to be
combined, greatly facilitates the feparation of the indigo.

The method of preparing indigo, and of applying it to
the purpofes of dying, feems to have been very early
known in India. But in Europe, though it had beenoc-
cafionally ufed as a paint, its importance as a dye-fiuff
was not underffood before the middle of the fixteenth
century. The Dutch were the people who firft imported
ir from India, and made its importance known in Europe.
It was afterwards cultivated in Mexico and the Weft In¬
dies with fuch fuccefs, that the indigo from thofe coun¬
tries was preferred to every other. In confequence of
this preference, they fupplied almoft the whole of the
European market. But within thefe few years, the Eaft
Indian indigo, owing entirely to the enlightened exertions
of fome of our countrymen, has recovered its character,
and is now imported, in very confiderable quantities, into
Great Britain. For the chemical properties of indigo,
fee the article Chemistry, vol. iv. p, 344.

Indigo has a very ftrong affinity for wool, filk, cotton,
and linen. Every kind of cloth, therefore, may be dyed
with it, without the affiftance of any mordant whatever.
The colour thus induced is very permanent ; becaufe the
indigo is already faturated with oxygen, and becaufe it is
not liable to be decompofed by thofe fubftances, to the
aftion of which the cloth is expofed. But it can only
be applied to cloth in a date of folution; and the only
folvent known being fulphuric acid, it would feem at firft
fight that the fulphuric acid folution is the only ftate in
which indigo can be employed as a dye. The fulphat of
indigo is indeed often ufed to dye v’ool and filk blue ;
but it can fcarcely be applied to cotton and linen, becaufe
the affinity of thefe fubftances for indigo is not great
enough to enable them readily to decompofe the fulphat.
The colour given by fulphat of indigo is exceedingly
beautiful : it is know-n by the name of Saxon blue ; be-
eaufe the procefs, which was difeovered by counfellor
Barth in 1740, was firft carried on at Grofftnhayn in
Saxony. The method of the original inventor was very
complicated, from the great number of ufelefs ingredients
which w ere mixed with the fulphat. But thefe ingre¬
dients were gradually laid afide, and the compofition fim-
plified by others, after the nature of it, which was for
lome time kept fiecret, became known to the public.
The beft procefs is that of Mr. Poerner : viz. One part
of indigo is to be diffolved in four parts of concentrated
Vol, VI. No. 338.

149

fulphuric acid ; to the folution one part of dry carbonat:
ol potafli is to be added, and then it is to be diluted with,
eight times its weight of water. The cloth muft be
boiled for an hour in a folution, containing five parts of
alum and three, of tartar for every Thirty-two parts of
cloth. It is then to be thrown into a water'bath, con¬
taining a greater or linaller proportion of the diluted ful¬
phat of indigo, according to the fhade which the cloth is
intended to receive. In this bath it muft be boiled tiil
it has acquired the wifhed-for colour. The alum and
tartar are not intended to aft as mordants, but to facili¬
tate the decompolition of the fulphat of indigo. Berg¬
man afcertained that alum poffeffes this property. The
alkali added to the fulphat anfwers the fame purpofe.
Thefe fubftances, alfo, by faturaling part of the fulphu¬
ric acid, ferve, in fome meafure, to prevent the texture
of the cloth from being injured by the aftion of the acid,
which is very apt to happen in this procefs.

But fulphat of indigo is by no means th‘e only folution
of that pigment employed in dying. By far the rnoft com¬
mon method, and indeed the only method known before
1740, is to deprive indigo of the oxygen to which it owes
its blue colour, and thus to reduce it to the ftate of green
pollen; and then to diflblve it in water by means of al¬
kalies, or alkaline earths, which in that ftate aft upon it
very readily. Indigo is precifely in the ftate of green pollen
when it is firft extrafted from the plant in the Raiding
procefs delcribed by Dr. Roxburgh. If, therefore, there
were any method of flopping fliort here, and of feparat-
ing the pigment while it retains its green colour, it would
be precifely in the ftate beft adapted for dying. Nothing
more would be neceftary but to diffolve it in water by
means of an alkali, and to dip the cloth into the folu¬
tion. But as indigo is not brought home to us in that
ftate, the dyer is under the necellity of undoing the lad
part of the indigo-makers procefs, by l'eparating again
the oxygen, and reftoring it to its original green colour.
Two different methods are employed for this purpofe.
The firft of thefe methods is to mix with indigo a folu¬
tion of fome fubftance which has a ftronger affinity for
oxygen than the green bafis of indigo. Green oxyd of
iron, for inftance, and different metallic fulphurets. If,
therefore, indigo, lime, and green fulphat of iron, be
mixed together in water, the indigo gradually lof'es its
blue colour, becomes green, and is dilfolved, while the
green oxyd of iron is converted into the red oxyd. The
manner in whkh thefe changes take place is obvious.
Part of the lime decompofes the fulphat of iron ; the
green oxyd, the inftant that it is fet at liberty, attrafts
oxygen from the indigo, decompofes it, and reduces it
to the ftate of green pollen. This green pollen is imme¬
diately difiblved by the aftion of the reft of the lime. In
like manner indigo is dilfolved, when mixed in water,
with pure antimony and potafh, or with fulphuret of
arfenic and potafh. The fecond method is to mix the
indigo in water with certain vegetable fubftances which
readily undergo fermentation. During this fermentation,
the indigo is deprived of its oxygen, and diffolved by
means of quicklime or alkali, which is added to the fo¬
lution. The firft of thefe methods is ufually followed
in dying cotton and linen ; the fecond, in dying wool and
filk.

In the dying of wool, woad and bran are commonly
employed as vegetable ferments, and lime as the folvent
of the green bale of the indigo. Woad contains a colour¬
ing matter precifely fimilar to indigo ; by following the
common procefs, indigo may be extrafted from it. In
the ufual ftate of woad, when purchafed by the dyer,
the indigo which it contains is probably not far from the
ftate of green pollen. Its quantity in woad is but fmall,
and it is mixed with a great proportion of other vegetable
matter. Before the introduftion of indigo into Europe,
woad alone was employed as a blue dye ; and even as
late as the feventeenth century, the ufe of indigo was re-
ftrifted in different countries, and dyers obliged to em-
Q q " ploy

1.50

DYING.

ploy a certain quantity of woad. But thefe abfurd re-
ftrittions were at lad removed, and woad is now fcarcely
tiled in dying, except as a ferment to indigo. The blue
colouring matter, however, which it contains, mud, in
all cafes, contribute confiderably to the dye.

A diffident quantity of woad, mixed with bran, is put
into the vat, filled with warm water, whofe temperature
is kept up diffidently to endire fermentation. After¬
wards quicklime and indigo are added. The indigo is
deprived of its oxygen, and diffolved by the lime. When
the. folution is .complete, the liquid has a green colour,
except at the furface, where it is copper-coloured, or
blue, becaufe the indigo at the furface abiorbs oxygen
from the air, and a (dimes its natural colour. The wool,
or woollen-cloth, is dipped in, and palled through the
liquid as equably as poffible ; thofe pieces being firlt
dyed which are to aldime the. deeped (hade. Dyers ufu-
ally enumerate thirteen different fliades of blue cloth,
acquired by the different gradations of the colour in the
vat. No part of the cloth lliould come in contaft with
the fediment, which would fpoil the colour. When the
cloth is tirff taken out of the vat, it is of a green colour ;
but it foon becomes blue, by attracting oxygen from the
air. It ought to be carefully waffied, to carry off the
uncombined particles. This folution of indigo is liable
to two inconveniences : i. It is apt fometimes to run too
fait into the putrid fermentation : this may be known by
the putrid vapours which it exhales, and by the difap-
pearing of the green colour. In this date it would foon
dedroy the indigo altogether. The inconvenience is re¬
medied by adding more lime, which has the property of
moderating the putrefcent tendency. 2. Sometimes the
fermentation goes on too languid. This defect is reme¬
died by adding more bran or woad, in order to diminifh
the proportion of quicklime.

Of YELLOW.

The principal colouring matters employed to dye yellow,
are weld, fujiic, and qucycitron bark. The rej'cda luteo/a, known
in this country by the name of weld, is a plant which grows
wild in mod European countries. Cultivated weld has
a more (lender dem than the wild kind, but it is more
valuable, becaufe it is richer in colouring matter. It is
an annual plant, of a yellowifh green colour, furnifhed
with a great number of final 1 leaves. Vt£hen ripe it is
pulled, dried, tied up in parcels, and in that date fold to
the dyer. Weld readily yields its colouring matter to
water. The faturated decoction of it is brown ; but when
fufficiently diluted with water it becomes-yellow. Acids
render its colour fomewhat paler, but alkalies give it a
deeper (hade. When alum is added to it, a yellow colour¬
ed precipitate falls down, confiding of alumina combined
with the colouring matter of weld. The affinity, there¬
fore, of this colouring matter for alumina is (o great, that
it is able to abftradt it from fulplutric acid. Its affinity
for oxyd of tin is at lead equally great ; for muriat of tin
caufes a copious bright yellow precipitate, compofed of
the colouring matter and the oxyd combined. Mod of
the metallic falts occalion fimilar precipitates, but vary¬
ing in colour according to the metal employed. With
iron, for indance, the precipitate is dark grey, and with
copper brownifh green.

The morus tinEloria is a large tree which grows in the
Wed-India iflands. The wood of this tree is of a yellow
colour, with orange veins. The French call it yellow
wood, ( ben's jaune ■,) but the Englifh dyers have given it
the name of fujiic. This wood has been introduced into
dying linee the difeovery of America. The precife time
is not known ; but that it was ufed in England foon af¬
ter the middle of the feventeenth century, is evident front
fir William Petty’s paper on Dying, read to the royal l'o-
ciety foon after its inditution. Fudic gives out its co¬
louring matter with great facility to water. The faturated
decoftion of it is of a deep reddifh yellow colour; when
fufficiently diluted, it .becomes orange yellow . Acids

render it turbid, give it a pale yellow colour, and oc-
cafion a flight greenilli precipitate, which alkalies re-dif-
folve. Alkalies give the decoftion a very deep colour,
inclining to red ; fome time after they have been added,
a yellow matter feparates from the liquid, and either
fwims on the furface, or adheres to the fides of the vef-
fel. Alum, fulphat of iron, of copper, and of zinc, pro¬
duce precipitates compofed of the colouring matter com¬
bined refpeCtively with the bafes of thefe different falts ;
and the colour varies according to the fubftance with
which this colouring matter is combined. With alumina
it is yellow ; with iron, yellowifh brown; with copper,
brownifh yellow ; and with zinc, greenifh brown.

The quercus nigra, to which Dr. Bancroft has given the
name of quercitron , is a large tree which grows Cpontane-
oully in North America. Dr. Bancroft difeovered, about
the year 1784, that the bark of this tree contains a great
quantity of yellow colouring matter, and fince that time
it has been introduced into dying with much advantage.
To prepare it fqr the dyer, the epidermis is fhaved off,
and then it is ground in a mill. It feparates partly into
flringy filaments, and partly into a fine light powder.
Both of thefe contain colouring matter, and therefore are
to be employed ; bj.it, as they contain unequal- quanti¬
ties, they fliould be ufed in their natural proportions.
Quercitron bark readily gives out its colouring matter
to water at the temperature of 100°. The infufion has a
yellowifli brown colour, which is rendered lighter by
acids, and darker by alkalies. Alum occafions a fcanty
precipitate of a deep yellow colour; muriat of tin, a co¬
pious bright yellow precipitate ; fulphat of tin, a dark
olive precipitate; and fulphat of copper, a precipitate
of a yellow colour inclining to olive.

Befides thefe yellow dye-fiuffs, there are others occa-
fionally ufed by dyers. The following are the mod re¬
markable : Cenijla tinEloria, or dyers broom : yields a very
inferior yellow, and is only ufed for coarfe woollen (luffs.
Serratula tinEioria, or faw-wort : yields a yellow. nearly of
the fame nature with weld ; for which, therefore, it is a
good fubftitute. Juglans alba, or American hiccory : the
bark of which yields a colouring matter fimilar to that
of quercitron bark, but much (mailer in quantity. Anotta
is a name given to a red pafie formed of the berries of
the bixa orellana, a tree which is a native of America.
This pafie yields its colouring matter to a folution of alkali
in water. The folution affords an exceedingly beautiful
yellow dye, but very fading, and incapable of being fixed
by any known mordant. Turmeric is the root of the
curcuma longa, a plant which grows both in the Eafi and
Weft: Indies. It is richer in colouring matter than any
other yellow dye-ftuff. It yields very beautiful yellows,
but too fading to be of much life, and no mordant has
any influence in contributing to their permanence.

Yellow colouring matters have all too weak an affinity
for cloth, to produce permanent colours without the life
of mordants. Cloth, therefore, before it be dyed yel¬
low, is always prepared by combining fome mordant with
it. The mordmt moft commonly employed for this pur-
pofe is alumina. Oxyd of tin is fometimes ufed when
very fine yellows are wanted. Tan is .often employed as
a fublidiary to alumina, in order to fix it more copioufly
on cotton and linen. Tartar is alfo ufed as an auxiliary
to brighten the colour; and muriat of foda, fulphat of
lime, and even fulphat of iron, in order to render the
(hade deeper. The yellow dyed by means of fuftic is
more permanent, but not fo beautiful as that given by
weld or quercitron. As it is permanent, and not much
injured by acids, it is often ufed in compound colours
wliere a yellow is required. The mordant is alumina.
When the mordant is oxyd of iron, fuftic dyes a good
permanent drab colour. Weld and quercitron bark yield
nearly the fame kind of colour ; but, as the bark yields
colouring matter in much greater abundance, it is much
more convenient, and, upon the whole, cheaper .than
weld. It is probable, therefore, that it will gradually

iuperfede

151

D Y 1

fuperfede the ufe of that plant. The method of ufing
each of thele dye-lhiffs is nearly the fame.

Wool may be dyed yellow by the followin gprocefs :
Let it be boiled for an Hour, or more, with about one-
iixth of its weight of alum, dilfolved in a fufficient quan¬
tity of water. It is then to be plunged, without being
rinced, into a bath of warm water, containing in it as
much quercitron bark as equals the weight of the alum
employed as a mordant. The cloth is to be turned
through the boiling liquid till it has acquired the in¬
tended colour. Then a quantity of clean powdered chalk,
equal to the hundredth part of the weight of the cloth,
is to be ftirred in, and the operation of dying continued
for eight or ten minutes longer. By t his method a deep
and lively yellow may be given, fully as permanent as
weld yellow.

For very bright orange, or golden yellow, it is necef-
fary to have recourfe to the oxyd of tin as a mordant. A
fine orange yellow may be given to woollen cloth, by
putting, for every ten parts of cloth, one part of bark
into a fufficient quantity of hot water; after a few mi¬
nutes, an equal weight of murio-fulphat of tin is. to be
added, and the mixture well llirred. The cloth acquires
the wifhed-for colour in a few minutes when brilkly turn¬
ed in this bath. The fame procefs will ferve for pro¬
ducing a bright golden yellow ; only fome alum mull be
added along with the tin. For the brighteft golden yel¬
low, the proportions fufficient for dying one hundred parts
of cloth are, ten parts of bark, feven parts of murio-ful¬
phat of tin, and five parts of alum. All the poffible
lhades of golden yellow may be given to cloth merely by
varying the proportion of the ingredients according to the
ffiade.

lit order to give the yellow that delicate green fliade
fo much admired for certain purpofes, the fame procefs
may be followed, only tartar mull be added in different
proportions according to the (hade. Thus to dye one
hundred parts of cloth a full- bright yellow, delicately
inclining to green, eight parts of bark, fix of murio-ful¬
phat, fix of alum, and four of tartar, are to be employed.
The tartar is to be added at the fame time with the other
mordants. If the proportion of alum and tartar be in-
creafed, the green ffiade is more iively : to render it as
lively as poflible, all the four ingredients ought to be
employed in equal proportions. As tliefe fine lemon-
yellows are generally required only pale, ten parts of
each of the ingredients will be fufficient to dye about
three hundred parts of cloth. By adding a fmall pro¬
portion of cochineal, the colour may be railed to a fine
orange, or even' an aurora.

Of RED.

The principal colouring matters employed in dying
red are, kermes, cochineal, archil , madder, carthamus.
and Brazil wood. In different parts of Alia and the 1'outh
of Europe, there grows a fmall fpecies of oak, to which
Linnaeus gives the name of quercus cocciferci. On this oak
relides a fmall infeef, of a reddilh brown colour ; in com¬
merce it is known by the name of kermes. This inlett is
a fpecies of coccus : Linnaeus called it coccus ilicis. Thefe
infeeds are gathered in the month of June, when the fe¬
male, which alone is ufeful, is levelled with eggs. They
are lleeped for ten or twelve hours in vinegar to kill the
young infefts contained in the eggs, and afterwards dried
on a linen-cloth. In this ftate they are fold to the dyer.
Kermes readily gives out its colouring matter to water
or alcohol. It was much uled by the ancients in dying ;
the colours which it produced were highly elteemed, be¬
ing inferior in price only to their celebrated purple. The
colour which it communicates to cloth is exceedingly
permanent, but being far inferior in beauty to thole
which may be obtained from cochineal, it has been but
little employed by dyers lince that Iplendid pigment
came into common ufe.

Cochineal is likewil'e an infe£J, a fpecies of coccus.

N G.

Linnaeus diftinguiffies it by the name coccus caSli. It in¬
habits different fpecies of cadti, but the mod: perfect va¬
riety is confined to the cactus coccinillifcr . The cochineal
infect was firlt dil'covered in Mexico ; the natives had
employed it in their red dyes before the arrival of the
Spaniards. It became known in Europe foon after the
conqueffiof Mexico ; and thrtbeauty of the colour which
it communicates to cl-oth very foon artradted general at¬
tention. For many years it was miftaken for a vegetable
production, as had been the cafe alio with the kermes.
Different accounts of its real nature had indeed appeared
very early in the Philofophical Tranfadtions ; but the
opinion of Pomet, who infilled that it was the feed of a
particular plant, gained fo much credit, that it was not
entirely deltroyed till the publication of Mr. Ellis’s pa¬
per, in the fifty-fecond volume of the Philofophical Tranf-
adtions. For figures of the cochineal infedt, the mode
of cultivating it, and the plant on which it propagates,
fee the article Coccus, vol. iv. p. 721, &c.*

The quantity of cochineal difpol'ed of in Europe is very"
great. Bancrott informs us, that the Spaniards annually
bring to market about 6oo,oooibs. of it. Hitherto the
rearing of the infe'dts has belonged almolt excltifively to
that nafion. Other nations have indeed attempted to
fhare it with them, but without any remarkable fuccefs ;
as the Spaniards.uie every precaution to confine the true
cochineal, and even the fpecies of cadtus on which it
feeds, to Mexico. Mr. Thiery de Menonville Was for¬
tunate enough to procure fome fpecimens of both, and
to transfer them in fafety to St. Domingo ; and feveral
fpirited Britilh gentlemen have lately contrived to pro¬
cure the infedt ; and vigorous efforts are making to rear
it in the Ealt Indies.

Cochineal readily gives out its colouring matter to
water. The decodtion is of a crimfon colour, inclining
to violet : it may be kept for a long time without putri-
fying or lofing its tranfparency. Sulphuric acid gives it
a red colour inclining to yellow, and occalions a fmall fine
red precipitate. Tartar gives it a yellowifh red colour,
which becomes yellow after a fmall quantity of red pow¬
der has fubfided. Alum brightens the colour of the de-
codlion, and occafions a crimfon precipitate. Muriat of
tin gives a copious fine red precipitate ; fulphat of iron,
a brownilh violet precipitate; fulphat of zinc, a deep
violet ; acetit of lead, and fulphat of copper, violet pre¬
cipitates. Water is not capable of extracting the whole
ol the colouring matter of cochineal ; but the addition of
a little alkali, or tartar, enables the water to extradt the
whole of it. See the article Chemistry, vol. iv. p. 345;
and Cochineal, p. 730, of the fame volume.

Archil is a pall^, formed of the lichen roccella, pound¬
ed and kept moilt for fome time with Hale urine. It gives
out its colouring matter to water, to alcohol, and to a
folution of ammonia in water. The tindture of archil is
ufed for making fpirit of wine thermometers. It is a lin¬
gular fadl, that this tindture becomes gradually colour-
lefs when excluded from the contact of air, and that it
again recovers its colour when expofed to the atmo-
fphere. The phenomenon was firlt obferved by the abbe
Nollet, and deferibed by him in an ell'ay, publilhed among
the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences for 1742. The
lichen roccella grows abundantly in the Canary Elands,
from which it is imported and fold to the dyers. Other
lichens are likewil'e ufed to dye red, efpeeially the parel-
lus, from which the pigment called litmus , and by che-
milts turnfolc, is prepared ; the oniphalodes and tartareus,
which are often employed ip this country to dye coarl'e
cloths.

The rubia tinEloruui is a fmall well-known plant, cul¬
tivated in different parts of Europe for the lake of its
roots, which are known by tile name of madder. They
are about the thicknefs of a goole quill, lomewhas
tranfparent, of a reddilh. colour, and a ftrong 1’mell.
They are dried, cleaned, ground in a mill, and in that
ftate ufed by dyers. Madder gives out its colouring
3 mattes-

152 '

D Y I N G.

matter to water. The infufion is of a brownifh orange
colour; alum produces in it a deep brownifh red preci¬
pitate; alkaline carbonats, a blood-red precipitate, which
is re-diiTblved on adding more alkali. The precipitate
occalioned by acetite of lead is brownifh red ; by nitrat
of mercury, purplifh brown; by fulplut of iron, a fine
bright brown. After the red colouring matter has been
extracted from madder by water, it is ftill capable of
yielding a brown colour.

Carthamus tinElorius is. an annual plant, cultivated
in Spain, Egypt, and the Levant, for the fake of its
flowers, which alone are ufed in dying. After the
nice has been fqueezed out of thcl'e flowers, they are
waffled repeatedly with fait water, prefTed between
the hands, and fpread on mats to dry. Care is taken
to cover them from the fun during the day, and to
expofe them to the evening dews, in order to prevent
them from drying too faff. Such is the method followed
in Egypt. The flowers of carthamus contain two
colouring matters; a ..yellow, which is foluble in water,
and a red, infoluble in water, but foluble in alkaline
carbonats. The method of preparing them above de¬
fended, is intended to carry off the yellow colouring
matter, which is of no ufe, and to leave only the red.
After the flowers are thus prepared, they are of a red
colour, and have loft nearly one-half of their weight.
An alkaline ley readily extracts their colouring matter,
which may be precipitated by faturating the alkali with
an acid. Lemon juice is comtnoniy ufed for t his pur-
pofe, becaufe it does not injure the colour of the dye.
Next to citric, fulphuric acid is tube preferred, provided
too great a quantity be not ufed. The red colouring
matter of carthamus, extracted by carbonat of foda, and
precipitated by lemon juice, conftitutes the rouge em¬
ployed by the ladies as a face-paint . It is afterwards
ground with a certain quantity of talc. The finenefs of
the talc, and the proportion of it mixed with the car¬
thamus, occafion the difference between the cheaper and
dearer kinds of rouge.

Brazil wood, or fernambouc, as it is called by the
French, is the wood of the ccefalpinia crifia, a tree which
grows naturally in America and the Welt Indian iflands.
It is very hard ; its fpecific gravity is greater than that
of water; its tafte is fweetilh : its colour, when frefli
cut, is pale ; but after expofure to the atmofphere, it
becomes reddifh. Brazil wood yields its colouring
matter to alcohol, and likewife to boiling water. The
decoftion is of a fine red colour. The mineral acids
make it yellow, and occafion a reddifh brown precipitate.
Oxalic acid caufes an orange red precipitate. Fixed
alkali gives the decoction a crimfon colour, inclining to
brown ; ammonia, bright purple. Alum occafions a
copious crimfon precipitate, efpecially if alkali is added
at the fame time. Sulphat of iron renders the decoftion
black. The precipitate produced by muriat of tin is
rofe-coloured ; that by acetite of lead of a fine deep
red. The decoftion of Brazil wood is fitter for dying
after it has flood fome time, and undergone a kind of
fermentation.

None of the red colouring matters has fo flrong an
affinity for cloth as to produce a permanent red, without
the afliftance of mordants. The mordants employed are
alumina and oxyd of tin ; oil and tan, in certain pro-
celfes, are alfo ufed; and tartar and muriat of foda are
frequently called in as auxiliaries. Coarfe woollen fluffs
are dyed red with madder or archil ; but fine cloth is
almofl exclufively dyed with cochineal ; though the
colour which it receives from kermes is much more
durable. Brazil wood is fcarcely ufed, except as an
auxiliary; becaufe tire colour which it imparts to wool
is not permanent. See further, on dying fubftances, in
the article Chemistry, vol. iv. p. 343, &c.

Wool is dyed crimfon, by firfl impregnating it with
alumina, by means of an alum bath, and then boiling it
in a decodtion of cochineal till it has acquired the wifhed-

for colour. The crimfon will be finer, if the tin mor¬
dant be fubflituted for alum : indeed it is ufual with
dyers to add a little nitro-muriat of tin when they want
fine crimfons. The addition of archil and potafli to the
cochineal, both renders the crimfon darker, and gives it
more bloom; but the bloom very foon vanifhes. For
paler crimfons, one-half of the cochineal is withdrawn,
and madder fubflituted in its place. Wool may be dyed
fcarlet, the molt fplendid of all colours, by firfl; boiling
it in a folution of murio-fulphat of tin ; then dying it
pale yellow with quercitron bark, and afterwards crimfon
with cochineal : for fcarlet is a compound colour, con¬
fiding of crimfon mixed with a little yellow. This
method was fuggefted by Dr. Bancroft, who firfl ex¬
plained the nature of the common method. The pro¬
portions which, lie gives are eight parts of murio-fulphat
of tin for one hundred parts of cloth. After the cloth
has been boiled in this folution for a quarter of an hour,
it is to be taken out, and about four parts of cochineal*
and two and a half parts of quercitron bark, are to be
thrown into the bath. After thefe are well mixed, the
cloth is to be returned again to the bath, and boiled' in
it, till it has acquired the proper colour.

The common procefs for dying fcarlet is as follows :
Twelve parts of tartar are dilfolved in warm water;
then one part of cochineal is added, and foon after ten
parts of nitro-muriat of tin. When the bath boils, one
hundred parts of cloth are put in, turned brifldy through
the bath, boiled in it for two hours ; then taken cut,
aired, waffled, and dried. Into another, batli eleven
parts of cochineal are put ; and after its colouring matter
is fufficiently extracted, twenty-eight parts of nitro-
muriat of tin are added. In this bath the cloth is boiled
for an hour, and then waffled and dried. Every pre¬
ceding writer on dying took it for granted, that the
yellow tinge necelfary for fcarlet was produced by the
nitro-muriat of tin, or rather by the nitric acid of that
compound, and that the tartar was only ufeful in en¬
livening the colour. But Dr. Bancroft afeertained, by
aftual experiment, that nitro-muriat of tin has no fuch
effect ; that cloth, impregnated with this or any other
tin mordant, and afterwards dyed with cochineal, ac¬
quires only a crimfon colour, unlefs tartar be added;
that the tartar has the property of converting part of the
cochineal to yellow ; and therefore is the real agent in
producing the fcarlet colour. Good fcarlet, indeed,
cannot be made without tin ; becaufe every other
mordant fullies the colour, and renders it dull.

Or BLACK.

The fubflances employed to give a black colour to
woollen cloth, are red oxyd of iron and tan. Thefe two
fubftances have a ftrong affinity for each other ; and
when combined, affume a deep black colour, not liable
to be deftroyed by the a6tion of air and light. Logwood
is ufually employed as an auxiliary, becaufe it com¬
municates luftre, and adds confiderably to the fulnefs
of the black. It is the wood of the tree called by
Linmeus htemaloxylum campechianum, which is a native of
feveral of the Welt India iflands, and of that part of
Mexico which furrounds the Bay of Honduras. It yields
its colouring matter to water. The decoition is at firfl
a fine red bordering on violet, but if left to itfelf it
gradually affumes a black colour. Acids give it a deep
red colour ; alkalies a deep violet, inclining to brown.
Sulphat of iron renders it as black as ink, and occafions
a precipitate of the fame colour. The precipitate pro¬
duced by alum is dark red ; the fupernatent liquid
becomes yellowifli red.

Cloth, before it receive a black colour, is ufually
dyed blue. This renders the colour much fuller and
finer than it otherwife would be. It the cloth be coarfe,
the blue dye may be too expenfive ; in that cafe a brown
colour is firfl given by means of walnut peels. Wool is
dyed black by the following procefs. It is boiled for

two

DYING.

two hours in a decodtion of nut-galls, and afterwards
kept for two hours more in a bath compofed of logwood
and fulphat of iron, kept during the whole time at a
fcalding heat, but not boiled. During the operation it
mult be frequently expofed to the air ; becaufe the green
oxyd of iron, of which the fulphat is compofed, nut ft. be
converted into red oxyd by abforbing oxygen, before the
cloth can acquire a proper colour. The common pro¬
portions are five parts of galls, five of fulphat of iron,
and thirty of logwood, for every one hundred of cloth. A
little acetit of copper is commonly added to the fulphat
of iron, becaufe it is thought to improve the colour.

Of BROWN.

That favourite brown colour, with a caft of yellow,
which the French call fauve, and to which the Englifli
writers on dying have appropriated the word fawn ,
though in fadt a compound, is commonly ranked among
funple colours ; becaufe it is applied to cloth by a fingle
procefs. The fubftances employed to produce this co¬
lour are numerous; but walnut-peels are now confidered
the belt. When firft feparated from the nut, they are
white internally ; but foon affume a brown, or even a
black colour, on expofure to the air. They readily yield
their colouring matter to water. They are ufuall^ kept
in large calks, covered wirh water, for above a year,
before they are ufed. To dye wool brown w'i'h them,
nothing more is neceffary than to fteep the cloth in a de¬
codtion of them till it has acquired the wifhed-for colour.
The depth of the fh.tde is proportional to the ftrength of
the decoction. The root, as well as the peel of the
walnut-tree, contains the fame colouring matter, but in
fmaller quantity. The bark of the birch, alio, and
many other trees, may be ufed for the lame purpofe. —
It is very probable, that the brown colouring matter is
in tliefe vegetable fubftances combined with tan. This
is certainly the cafe in fumach, which is often employed
to produce a brown. This combination explains the
reafon w hy no mordant is neceffary ; the tan has a (Hong
affinity for the cloth, and the colouring matter for the
tan: fo that the dye (tuff and the mordant are already,
in fact, combined together. In cloths, the oeepelt (hades
are commonly dyed firft, and the lighter ones afterwards ;
but for woollen yarn, the light ihades are generally dyed
firft, and the deeper ones afterwards, frefh peels bemg
added for each parcel. Cloth and yarn thou Id be fimply
moiltened with warm water befoie they are put into the
copper, where they are carefully ftirred until they have
acquired the proper fhade, unlefs they have before had
an aluming.

Mr. Berthollet has dyed different patterns of wool with
decodtion of walnut-peels, adding to one, oxyd or calx
of tin, to another, oxyd or flowers of zinc, to a third,
femivitrified oxyd of lead or litharge, to a fourth, oxyd
of iron. The quantity of decodtion, weight of the pat¬
tern, time of boiling, and ail other circumftances, were
equal, both with reipect to tliefe, and a pattern which
was dyed as above, without any addition, and intended
to ferve as a ftandard of comparifon ; the oxyd of tin
gave a more clear and bright fawn colour, than that of
the ftandard ; the oxyd of zinc a colour ftill more clear,
and approaching to an afti-coloured grey ; the oxyd of
lead, a colour with more of an orange caft ; and by the
oxyd of iron, a greenilh brown colour was produced.

Sumach, when employed alone, gives a fawn colour
inclining to green. Red faunders gives a fawn colour
with a brow nidi caft inclining to red ; of itfelf however
it affords little colour, and it is faid to make the woul
harfh ; but its colouring matter diffolves better when it
is mixed with other fubftances, Inch as walnut-peels,
fumach, and galls; belides, the colour which it gives is
durable, and modifies tlmfe of other fubftances with
which it is mixed very conveniently. Soot is likewile
ufed to give wool a fawn colour, or a brown, which is
more or lefs deep, according to the proportion of that
Vol.VI. No. 338.

J 53

fubftance which is employed ; but foot gives a fading
colour, becaufe it only attaches itfelf feebly to the wool
infteud of combining with it ; it renders it harfh, and
leaves a difagreeable fmell : it is ufed however for
browning certain colours in fonte very extenftve manu-
fadtories.

Of COMPOUND COLOURS.

Compound colours are produced by mixing together
two Ample ones ; or, which is the fame thing, by dying
cloth firft of one fimple colour, and then another. The
refult is a compound colour, varying in fhade according
to the proportions of each of the fimple colours em¬
ployed. Hence compound colours are exceedingly
numerous,- varying- almoft to infinity, according to the
proportions of the ingredients employed.

Mixtures of BLunand Yellow, or Green. — Dyers
make green by the admixture of blue and yellow, and
it is diftinguifhed into a great number of different (hades ;
but it requires addrefs and experience to obtain this
colour uniform and without fpots, efpecially in the lighter
(hades of it. It is poffible to produce green by beginning
either with the yellow or the blue dye : but the firft
method is attended with fome inconveniences ; for the
blue foils the lir.en, and a .part of the yellow being
diffolved in the vat, changes and makes it green ; the
fecond method is therefore preferable. It is common to
employ the paftel vat, but for fome kinds of green, folu-
tion of indigo in the fulphuric a, id is ufed; and then,
the blue and yellow are either dyed feparately, or all
the ingredients are mixed together, to dye by a fingle
operation. Solutions of copper with yellow fubftances
may however be employed. The proceifes are thefe :
It is neceffary that the blue ground be proportioned to
the green which is defired ; thus for the green like that
of a drake’s neck, a ground of deep royal blue is given ;
for parrot green, a ground of fky blue ; for verd naiffant ,
a ground of light blue. After the cloths have received
the proper ground, they are waffied in the fulling-mill,
and boiled as for common welding, but for the light
(hades the proportion of falts is diminiflted. Mod com¬
monly the cloths intended for the light (hades are boiled
fir It ; and when thefe are taken out, tartar and alum are
added ; and this pradlice is purfued until we come to the
cloths intended for the darkeft (hades, more and more
tartar and alum being conftantly fupplied. The procefs
of welding is condudted in the fame manner as for yel¬
low ; but a larger quantity of weld is employed, unlefs
for the lighter (hades, which, on the contrary, require a
ftill fmaller proportion. For the molt part, a fucceffion
of (hades, from the deepeft to the lighted, is dyed at the
fame time, beginning with the deepeft, and proceeding
to the lighted : between each dip, which lads half an
hour, or three quarters, water is added to the bath.
Some dyers give each parcel tw o dips, beginning the firft
time witli the deep (hades, and the fecond with the light
ones ; in that cafe each parcel fttould remain a (liorter
time in the bath : for the very light (hades, care (hould
be taken that the bath does not boil. A browning with
logwood, and a little fulphat of iron, is given to the
very deep greens.

But the green obtained by means of a folution of indigo
in fulphuric acid is known by the name of Saxon green ;
and it has more brightnefs, but lefs durability, than that
above defcribed. In the procefs for it a boiling is given
as for welding, and the cloth is then waffled, fuftic in
chips encloied in a bag is put into the fame bath, and
boiled for an hour and a half, then taken out, and the
bath cooled to a temperature which the hand can (up-
port ; nearly a pound and a quarter of the folution of
indigo for each piece of cloth of eighteen ells-which is to
be dyed, is then added; at firft it is to be turned with
rapidity, and afterwards (lowly: the cloth is to be taken
out before the bath boils. It is a proper practice to
put in only two-thirds of the folution at firft, to take
R r out:

DYING.

m

out the cloth after two or three turns, and then to add
the lad: third ; the colour is thus rendered more uniform :
if it be obferved that the colour does not take well, a
little calcined alum reduced to powder is added. Dr.
Bancroft recommends the following method for Saxon
blue ; which many dyers prefer to the above : Six or
eight parts of quercitron bark, tied up in a bag, are .to
be put into the dying veftel, which fhould contain only
a fmali quantity of warm water. When the water boils,
iix parts of murio-fulphat of tin, and four parts of alum,
are to be added. In a few minutes, the dying veftel
fhould be filled up with cold water, till the temperature
is reduced to about 1300. After this, as much fulphat
of indigo is to be poured in as is fufficient to produce
the intended (hade of green. When the whole has been
fufficiently ftirred, a hundred parts of cloth are to be
put in, and turned brifkly for about fifteen minutes, till
it has acquired the wilhed-for (hade. By this method,
a much more beautiful colour is obtained than is given
by the ufual procefs with fufiic. The Saxon apple-
green is dyed in the bath which has ferved for Saxon
green, after one-third or one-half of it has been taken
out, and after it has been cooled ; the cloth is turned
in it until it be on the point of boiling. Hence it is
evident that a great variety of greens may be produced,
not only according to the proportions of the indigo and
yellow dye employed, but according to the nature of the
yellow fubfiance, which may affedl the green, both as to
fhade and fixity ; and the colour may be ftill further
modified by reatlives of different kinds.

Mixtures of Red and Blue. — The mixture of red
and blue -produces violet, purple, dove-colour, panfey,
amaranth, lilac, mauve, and a great number of other
fhades, determined by the nature of the fubftances, the
• red colour of which is combined with the blue, by the
proportion of thefe fubftances, and the different fteps of
the procefs which is employed. Hellot obferves that
fluff which has been dyed fcarlet takes an unequal colour
when blue is to be united with it. The blue is therefore
given firft, which, even for violet and purple, ought not
to be deeper than the (hade diftinguifhed by the name of
fky-blue; a boiling is giveipwith alum mixed with two-
fifths of tartar; the fluff is then dipped in a bath com-
pofed of nearly two-thirds as much cochineal as for fcar¬
let, to which tartar is always added. The circumftance
which diflinguifhes the procefs for purple from that for
violet, is, that for the former a lighter blue ground is
given, and a larger proportion of cochineal is employed.
Thefe colours are frequently dyed after the reddening for
fcarlet, fuch quantitiesof cochineal and tartar being added
as are neceflary : the operation is managed in the fame way
as forfcarlet. But lilacs, pigeon’s necks, mauves, &c, are
commonly dipped in the boiling which has ferved for violet,
after alum and tartar have been added to it: the blue
ground having been proportioned to the fhade required,
the quantity of cochineal is alfo adjufled in a fimilar man¬
ner : a little folution of tin is added for fome reddifh fhades,
fuch as peach blolfom. It is to be obferved, that though
the quantity of cochineal is diminilhed according to the
lightnefs of the fhade required, the quantity of tartar is
not leffened, fo that the proportion of it, compared witli
that of the cochineal, is fo much the greater, as the co¬
lour required is lighter. Mr. Poerner is of opinion, that
to procure the colours compofed of red and blue, it is
advantageous to employ the folution of indigo in ful-
phuric acid, becaufe a great variety of fhades is thus
more eafily obtained, and the procefs is fhorter and lefs
expenfive. The colours obtained in this way are indeed
much lefs durable than when the blue vat is employed ;
but he afferts, that they poffefs durability, when folution
of indigo to which alkali has been added is made ufe of.
He prepares a pound of cloth with three ounces of alum,
by boiling it for an hour and a half, and leaving it all
night in the liquor after it is cold. The bath is made
with an ounce and a half of cochineal, and two ounces
aof tartar, boiling it for three quarters of an hour, and

then adding two ounces and a half of folution of indigo :
it is (lined and made to boil gently for a quarter of an
hour ; and by this means a very beautiful violet is pro¬
duced.

Mixtures of Red and Yellow. — The colour natu¬
rally refulting from the admixture of red and yellow, is
orange: but its (hades may be infinitely varied by the
different proportions of the ingredients, by the yellow
fubftances made choice of, by the preparations given to
the cloth, and by the mordants added to tlie dye bath.
Mr. Poerner defcribes a great many varieties, which he
obtained by tiling weld, faw-wort, dyers-weed, and other
yellows, and by employing in the preparation of the
cloth, or in the bath, tartar, alum, fulphat of zinc, or
fulphat of copper. Various colours may alfo be obtained
from madder united witli yellow fubftances. It is in this
way, that mor-dore and cinnamon colours are produced ;
thefe colours are commonly made in two baths. We
begin by the maddering, preceded by a boiling with alum
and tartar, as for tlie common maddering, and give a
weld bath afterwards. But for cinnamon colours, the
maddering is weaker, and a bath which has ferved for
mor-dore is generally employed. Tlie proportions are
varied, according as the red or yellow is to prevail ;
fometimes galls are added, and fometimes the colour is
darkened by means of a browning. Mr. Poerner has ob¬
tained many colours from madder mixed with faiv-wort-;
he prepares the cloth with different mordants, but more
efpecially with alum and tartar; he alfo adds alum and
tartar to the bath. When the quantity of eitherof thefe
falts is confiderable, the colour has a deep orange call,
becaufe acids give the colour of madder a yellow hue ;
but if their quantity be but fmali, a reddifti yellow is
obtained. He has procured reddifti brown colours, by
putting fulphat of zinc or white vitriol into the dye.
It is alfo cuftomary to employ brazil-wood with yellow
fubftances, and fometimes it is mixed with cochineal
and madder. But when, inftead of weld or other yellow
fubftances, walnut-tree root, walnut-peels, or fumach,
are employed, fnu(f, chefnut, mu(k colours, &c. are pro.
duced.

Mixtures of Black with other Colours, and of
Brownings. — To give cloth what is termed a browning ,
the (luff which lias been juft dyed is dipped in a folution
of fulphat of iron, to which an afti ingent has been added,
and which confequently forms a black bath; more fre¬
quently, a fmali quantity of folution of iron is mixed
with a bath of water, and more is added, till the dyed
(tuff dipped in it has attained the (hade required : more
rarely, fulphat of iron is added to the dye bath, but the
delired effect is obtained with greater precifion by dip¬
ping the dyed fluff in a folution of fulphat of iron. Mr.
Poerner often foaks the (tuff in a folution of fulphat of
iron, to which he fometimes puts other ingredients, and,
when taken out of this mordant, it is dipped in the dye
bath. The fil'd mode is ufed for marones, coffee, da-
mafcene colours, and other (hades of browns of the com¬
mon dye ; a more or lefs deep colour is given them, accord¬
ing to the fhade to be obtained by the browning; a bath
is then made with galls, fumach, and alder bark, with
tlie addition of fulphat of iron. The fluffs intended for
the lighted lhades are dipped firft ; and when they are
finilhed, the browner ones are dipped, fulphat of iron
being added in proper proportion in each operation. It
may be obferved, that the other brownings have nothing
peculiar in the procefs. To produce feveral kinds of
grey, a (light blue ground is firft given. Mr. Poerner
makes bluifh greys, by employing the folution of indigo
in fulplniric acid, which be adds to a mixture of decoc¬
tion of galls and fulphat of iron, varying the (hades by
the different proportions of thefe three ingredients : and
he procures other lhades by adding fulphat of iron to a7
bath conftituted of cochineal, fuftic, and galls. Dr. Ban¬
croft produces livelier greys by fubftituting the querci¬
tron bark for the fuftic. But marone, and the colours
which border upon itp are made with faunders, galls, and

a browning

DYING.

155

a browning, and foretimes logwood is added : thefe co¬
lours are l'ometimes made to incline towards purple and
erimfon, by dying them in the remains of a cochineal
bath, or by putting a little madder or cochineal into the
bath ; by a little tartar the colour is rendered lighter.
For hazel colours, galls, fultic, and logwood mull be
mixed, and more or lefs madder, with a little alum, are
to be put in.

To produce a violet colour, Mr. Guhliche alums a
pound of woollen duff in a folution of two ounces of
alum; he makes a bath with, an ounce of cochineal, and
adds an equal quantity of folution of iron, in which he
keeps the fluff until it has acquired a proper fhade. Li¬
lacs may be dyed with the remainder. If a colour with
lefs of a brown call be required, a fmall quantity of folu¬
tion of iron is employed, and an ounce of nitre mud be
introduced. Brazil-wood, the colour of which has been
extrafted by means of the aceto-citric or nitro-muriatic
acid, may alfo be employed in the fame manner.

A puce colour may be obtained from madder, giving a
pound of woollen duff a boiling in a mixture compofed
of two ounces of alum, a certain quantity of vinegar,
and folution of iron. After a quarter of an hour’s ebul¬
lition, it is left twelve hours in the mordant. A bath is
made with the deception of two ounces pf white galls
poured off clear from the fediment, in which four ounces
of good madder are' mixed ; and when it begins to grow
hot, the dud’ is dipped when taken out of the mordant,
and fud’ered to remain there, gradually increafing the
heat, until it has taken the defired colour ; It is then
boiled for two minutes, walked and dried in the fun.
The colour obtained by this procefs is very durable. If
the alum and vinegar of the mordant be omitted, a deeper
brown is produced :f after thefe colours the lighter (hades
are dyed. It is alfo found, that brazil and logwood em¬
ployed in equal quantities, or in other proportions, give
different brown colours of tolerable durability, when
more or lefs folution of iron is mixed with a decottion of
them, and the wool previoudy alumed and galled, is
dyed in it ; thefe colours have not, however, the dura¬
bility of the former. Various (hades of mor-dore and
capucine may be given to the above colours, by dipping
them, as foon as taken out of the dye, in a bath compofed
of annotta.

Of DYING SILK.

The fibres of filk are naturally covered with a kind of
varnifh, or gummy fubftance ; and almoft the whole of
what we know in Europe is tinged of a yellow colour,
which it is neceffary to remove, as well as the vamifh,
for mod of the purpofes to which filk ps applied. This
is commonly done by fubmitting it to the aftion of foap,
in circumftances which are already fufficiently known.
When filk has been freed from both its gummy varnifh
and its yellow colour, it is fometimes neceffary to whiten
it dill farther, by the fumes of fulphur applied to it, and
confined in a dove. But though fulphureous acid gas,
applied in this way, readily whitens the filk, and thereby
renders it more fit to exhibit lively colours, a portion of
fulphur adheres to it, which mud be removed by foaking
and agitation, for a conliderable time, in warm water,
that it may not tarnifh the colours intended to be given
by dying; an effett which fulphur generally produces,
both to thofe of wool and filk. The ludre fo much de¬
fired in colours dyed upon filk, feems, in a great degree,
to refu It from the glofs and polidt of its furface, which
acids, alkalies, and other chemical agents (particularly
the folutions or oxyds of tin), contribute to impair, and
are therefore to be fparingly ufed. Silk, in its difpofition
to receive and retain colours for dying, feems to partake
of a middle nature between that of the animal and vege¬
table fubdances: by its abundance of azot and hydro¬
gen, it polfeffes, like wool, a drong attraction for colour¬
ing matters; but its fibres having neither a fimilar orga¬
nization, nor an equal degree of elafticity, it is capable

of imbibing colour?, like linen and cotton, without any
previous dilatation of its pores by hot water, but, like
them, it parts with the colours fo imbibed the more eafily,
-in confequence of this natural opennefs, or the want of
contraction, in its pores; though, upon the whole, co¬
lours dyed in filk are more lading than when dyed in linen
and cotton, on account of its greater affinity with colour¬
ing matters, refulting from its animal nature.

Blue Silks are ufually dyed by the following procefs :
Six parts of bran, and fix of indigo, with nearly one pars
of madder, are dirred into a fufficient quantity of water,
in which fix parts of common potalh of commerce is dif-
folved. The liquid is kept at a temperature proper for
fermentation. When the indigo, deprived of its oxygen
by the fermentation, is diffolved by the potafli, the liquid
alfumesa green colour. The filk, previoudy well fcoured,
is put into the folution in fmall quantities at a time;
then wrung out of the dye, and hung up in the open air,
till the green colour which it has at fil'd is changed into
blue. Some dyers ufe the vats when grown weak to dye
lighter (hades : but the blue obtained in that cafe is lefs
beautiful, and lefs permanent, than when fredi vats con¬
taining a fmaller quantity of indigo are made ufe of: but
indigo alone is incapable of giving filk a deep blue : there¬
fore, when this is required, it is neceffary to prepare it
by previoudy giving it a ground colour. For the Turkey
blue, which is the deeped, a very drong archil bath is firft
prepared ; and for the royal blue one of the fame kind,
but weaker. All light blues are dyed without any
ground being previoudy given. There is, however, a
blue made as depp as the royal blue, for the ground of
which cochineal is ufed indead of archil, in order to ren¬
der it more permanent, whence the title bleu fin has been
given it : a blue of little durability may be given to (i lie
by means of verdegris and logwood ; but it might be
made more lading, by fird giving it a lighter (hade than
is intended in a bath of this kind, afterwards dipping it
in an archil bath, and in the vat after that.

Yellow Silks, of many did'erent (hades, are dyed
either by weld, or quercitron bark, but the lad is the
cheaped of the two. The proportion diould be from one
to two parts of bark to twelve parts of filk, according
to the (hade. The bark, tied up in a bag, ffiould be put
into the dying veffel while the water which it contains
is cold, and when it has acquired the heat of about one
hundred degrees, the filk, previoudy alumed, (hould be
dipped in, and continued till it affumes the wifhed-for
colour. When the (hade required is deep, a little chalk
or pearl-afh diould be added towards the end of the ope¬
ration. When a very lively yellow is wanted, a little
murio-fulphat of tin (hould be added, but not too much,
becaule tin always injures the gloffinefs of filk. The
proportions may be four parts of bark, three of alum,
and two of murio-fulphat of tin. Silk is dyed fine
orange, jonquille, and aurora, colours by annotta. The
procefs is merely dipping the (ilk into an alkaline folu¬
tion of annotta. To produce the orange (hade, the alkali
is faturated with lemon juice. The colours thus pro¬
duced are exceedingly beautiful, but they are apt to want
permanency.

A very bright, (tuning, and durable yellow dye, very
convenient for filk, has been lately extradited from yellow
muflirooms. Thefe are pretty large, and grow commonly
under walnut and apple-trees. Its colouring matter is
contained in abundance, not only in the tubular part, but
alfo in the parenchyma of the body of the mufnroom.
In order to extract it, the muffiroom is pounded in a
mortar, and the liquor thence obtained is boiled fora
quarter of an hour in water. An ounce of liquor is fuf¬
ficient to communicate colouring-matter to fix pounds of
water. When the liquor has been (trained, the (tuff to
be dyed is put into it, and boiled for a quarter of an hour.
All kinds of (tuff receive this colour and retain it, but on
linen and cotton it is lefs bright. This colour may be
modified, in a very agreeable manner by the effect of

mordants.

256

DYING.

mordants. The procefs fucceeds bell on filk. When
this fubftance, after being dyed, is made to pafs through
a bath of foft foap, it acquires a lhining golden-yellow
colour, which has a perfedt refemblance to the yellow of
that filk employed to imitate embroidery in gold, and
which has hitherto been brought from China, and fold
at a dear rate, as the method of dying it is unknown in
Europe.

The Rottlcra tinEloria , a plant lately difcovered by Dr.
Roxburgh on the coaft of Coromandel, alfo affords a dye
extremely elegant for yellow filk. The red powder
which covers the capfules conftitutes a confiderable
branch of commerce from the Circars, chiefly with the
merchants of Hydrabad, and other interior parts of Hin-
dooflan. When the capfules are ripe, they are gathered,
and the red powder is carefully collected for fale. This
powder dyes filk a deep yellow ; or a durable orange
flame-colour, of very great beauty, according to the in-
tenlity of the mixture : alkaline falts enable water to ex-
traiSt from it a very deep blood red; and the addition of
alum renders the colour brighter and more permanent.

Red Silks are ufually dyed with cochineal, or car-
thamus, and fometimes with Brazil wood. Kermes does
not anfwer for filk ; madder is fcarcely ever ufed for that
purpofe, becaufe it does not yield a bright colour. Ar¬
chil is employed to give filk a bloom ; but it is fcarcely
ufed by i t f elf, unlefs when the colour wanted is lilac.
Silk may be dyed crimfon by fteeping it in a folution of
alum, and then dying it in the ufual way in a cochineal
bath. But the common procefs is to plunge the iilk,
after it has been alumed, into a bath formed of the fol¬
lowing ingredients : Two parts of white galls, three parts
of cochineal, three-fixteenths of tartar, and three-fix-
teenths of nitro-muriat of tin, for every fixteen parts of
filk. The ingredients are to be put into boiling water
in the order they have been enumerated ; the bath is
then to be filled up with cold water ; the filk put into it,
and boiled for two hours. After the bath has cooled,
the filk is ufually allowed to remain in it for three hours
longer.

The colours known by the names of poppy, cherry,
rofe, and fleth-colour, are given to filk by means of car-
thamus. The procefs confifts merely in keeping the filk,
as long as it extracts any colour, in an alkaline folution
©f carthamus, into which as much lemon juice as gives
it a fine cherry colour has been poured. To produce a
deep poppy red, the filk muft be put fucceflively into a
number of fimilar baths, and allowed to drain them.
When the filk is dyed, the colour is brightened by plung¬
ing it into hot watqr acidulated with lemon juice. The
filk ought to be previoufly dyed yellow with annotta.
Cherry red is produced the fame way, only the annotta
ground is omitted, and lefs colouring matter is neceffary.
When a flefh colour is required, a little foap fhould be
put into the bath, which foftens the colour, and prevents
it from taking too quickly. To lefi'en the expence, forne
archil is often mixed with carthamus for dark fhades.
The fame fhades may be dyed by means of brazil wood,
but they do not ftand.

Silk cannot be dyed a full fcarlet ; but a colour ap¬
proaching to fcarlet may be given it, by firfl: impregnating
the fluff with murio-fulphat of tin, and afterwards dying
it in a bath compofed of four parts of cochineal and four
parts of quercitron bark. To give the colour more body,
both the mordant and the dye may be repeated. A colour
approaching fcarlet may be alfo given to filk, by firfl
dying it crimfon, then dying it with carthamus, and laftly
yellow without heat.

Black Silks are dyed nearly in the fame manner as
wool and cloth. Silk is capable of combining with a
great deal of tan ; the quantity given is varied at the
pleafure of the artift, by allowing the filk to remain a
longer or fhorter time in the decodtion. After the galling,
the filk is put into a folution of fulphat of iron, which
js ufually mixed with a certain quantity of iron filings

3

and of gum. It is occasionally wrung outof the bath, ex.
pofed for fome time to the air, and again immerfed.
When it has acquired a fufficiently full colour, it is walhed
in cold water, and afterwards fleeped in a decodlion of
foap to take off the harfhnefs, which filk always has after
being dyed black.

Green Silks are ufually dyed yellow firfl, by means
of weld, according to the procefs defcribed for wool ; af¬
terwards it is dipped into the blue vat, and dyed in the
ufual manner. To deepen the (hade, or to vary the tint,
decodtions of logwood, annotta, fuftic, &x. are added to
the yellow bath. Or filk may be dyed at once green, by
adding fuitable proportions of fulphat of indigo to the
common quercitron bark bath, compofed of four parts of
bark, three parts of alum, and two parts of murio-fulphat
of tin. Purple is firfl: dyed crimfon, by means of cochi¬
neal, in the ufual way, excepting only that no tartar, nor
folution of tin, is to be employed. It is then dipped
into the indigo vat, till it has acquired the wifhed-for
fhade. It is often afterwards paifed through an archil
bath, which greatly improves the beauty of the colour.
Arch.il is often employed as a fubflitute for cochineal.
The filk firfl receives a red colour, in the ufual way, by
being dyed in an archil bath ; afterwards it receives the
proper fhade of blue. The vioiet, or purple, given by
this procefs is very beautiful, but not very lading. Silk
may be dyed violet or purple at once, by firfl treating it
with a mordant, compofed of equal parts of nitro-muriat
of tin and alum, and then dipping it into a cochineal
bath, into which a proper quantity of fulphat of indigo
has been poured. But this dye is fading ; the blue colour
foon decays, and the filk becomes red. Marrones, cinna¬
mons, and all the intermediate fhades, are given to filk,
by logwood, bra (il, and fuftic, for which the filk is fcoured
as ufual, alumed, and a bath prepared, by mixing de¬
coctions of the three above-mentioned woods made fepa-
rately ; the proportion of each is varied according to the
fhade required, but that of the fuftic ought to prevail :
this bath fhould be of a moderate temperature. The filk
is turned on the fkein flicks in the bath ; and when it is
taken out, if the colour be uniform, it is wrung and dip¬
ped in a fecond bath of the three ingredients, the propor¬
tions of which are regulated according to the effedi of the
firfl bath, in order that the defired fhade may be procur¬
ed. By any of thefe fimple and eafy preparations, ladies
who refide in the country, or live remote from a filk-dyer,
may with great facility and certainty dye any pieces of
filk, ribbons, gauzes, &c. fo often required for domeftic
purpofes.

Of DYING COTTON.

Cotton is a thread produced by a great number of her¬
baceous annual plants ; and by fome perennial fhrubs or
trees ; but they differ from each other in the length, fine-
nefs, foftnefs, flexibility, and colours, of the cotton which
they feverally produce. The climate is alfo fuppofed
to have confiderable influence on the texture and quality
of the different fpecies of cotton ; that which grows
neareft the equator being generally the mod efteemed.
There are two fpecies which feem to have belonged ori¬
ginally to Siam ; the firfl: is white, and of a long fine
flaple, capable of being fpun into very fine threads: this
fpecies has been tranfplanted to the Weft Indies a confi¬
derable time ; the other is naturally of that brownifh buff
colour which it retains in the pieces of cloth manufac¬
tured from it, and denominated nankins. The cottons of
Cyprus, and other parts of the Levant, are generally
whiter, and their filaments more dry and elaftic, than
thofe of other countries ; and thefe peculiarities have
been fuppofed to render the former particularly fuited to
refledt, and permanently retain, what is called the Tur¬
key red. See the article Cotton, vol. v. p. 263.

The ftrudlure of the fibres of cotton feems not to have
been well afcertained. Levvenhoeck, by microfcopical
examinations, found each of them to have two fliarp

fides j

DYING.

fides ; and it feems to be owing to this clrcumfiance, or
to their poffeffing fome alperities like the filaments of
wool, that cotton greatly irritates and inflames wounds,
ulcers, Sec. if applied to them inftead of lint, from which
they differ totally in this refpeft; and perhaps the parti¬
cular flrudture which occafions this difference, alfo oc-
cafions fome in the conformation and number of their
pores, to which alone can be aferibed the difpofition
which cotton manifefts to admit and retain colours better
than linen, though not fo well as wool and (ilk, becaufe
its vegetable nature does not afford it equal attraction for
colouring matters. M. le Pileur d’Apligny endeavoured
to explain the caufe why colours are lefs durable when
dyed in filk, cotton, and linen, than in wool, by fuppofing
that the pores of the three firft of thefe fubdances were
fmaller than thofe of wool ; and that therefore colouring
particles could not enter into them fo eafiiy and freely
as into thofe of wool. But the very reverie of this fiup-
pofition feems true, there being little difficulty in making
filk, cotton, or linen, imbibe colours, even when topi¬
cally applied cold, without any artificial dilatation of
their pores, which is neceffary in the dying of wool. The
real difficulty, therefore, is not in making them imbibe,
but in making them retain , the colouring particles when
imbibed; becaufe, being admitted fo readily into their
undilated pores, they cannot be afterwards compreffed
and held therein by any contraction of thefe pores, as is
done in thofe of wool. We know that it requires twice
as much cochineal to produce a crimfon on filk, as on
wool ; which is a proof that it can take up a greater
quantity, and confequently that its pores are at lealt dif¬
fidently large and acceffible : we know alfo, that un¬
bleached cotton is always preferred for dying the Turkey
red, it being found to retain the colour mod permanently ;
doubtlefs becaufe its pores or interftices are lefs open be¬
fore than after the operation of bleaching. This is alfo
the cafe of raw or unfeoured filk, which, as the ingenious
Mr. Henry of Manchefter obferves, is more eafiiy and
permanently dyed than that which has palled the procefs
of whitening1 and fcouring: and indeed the opennefs of
the pores of cotton and linen, and their confequent readi-
nefs to imbibe, both colouring particles, and the earthy
or metallic bafes employed to fix mod of them, are cir-
eumdances upon which the art of calico-printing is in a
great degree founded. To prepare and difpofe cotton
for receiving colours by dying or calico-printing, it is
u finally boiled in water, with a portion of vegetable or
foffil alkali, for about two hours, and afterwards rinced
in clean watery or it may be foaked in water, acidulated
with about one-fiftieth of its weight of fulphuric acid,
and afterwards rinced thoroughly in a clear dream of
ivater.

It appears, however, that what is now termed animali-
fation, or immerfing the cotton or thread in a preparation
faturated with fome kind of animal matter, is by far the
bed means of inducing thofe fabrics to receive and retain
the dye. A proof of this has been recently given by
Giobert to the academy of Turin, in his memoire “ on
the animalifation of flax and cotton;” and another in¬
dance has been adduced by Van Mons, who dates, “ that
he boiled fome potalli and lime, in order to whiten fome
linens, into which he accidentally put a few oyjler-fhdls ;
when, to his furprize, he found that thofe pieces of linen
immediately took a permanent dye, from colours which,
without the agency of the oyder-ffiells, would have been
carried off by mere waffiing in cold water.”

Cotton may be dyed Blue by the following procefs :
one part of indigo, one part of green fulphat of iron, and
two parts of quicklime, are flirred into a fufficient quan¬
tity of water. The folution is at fird green, but it gra¬
dually affumes a yellow colour, and its furface is covered
with a Alining copper-coloured pellicle. The cloth is
to be allowed to remain in the folution for five or fix
minutes. When taken out it has a yellow colour; but,
on expofure to the atmofphere, it foon becomes green,

Vol. VI, No. 339“

157

and then blue, ip confetjuence of the abforption of oxy¬
gen. The indigo, in this procefs', feems to be deprived
of a greater quantity of oxygen than is neceflary to reduce
it to the date of green pollen. Mr. Hauflman has ob-
ferved, that the cloth acquires a much deeper colour,
provided it be plunged, the indant it is taken out of the
dying vat, into water acidulated with fulphuric acid. It
is ufual to dip the cloth into a fucceffion of vats, varioufly
charged with colouring matter; beginning with the vat
which contains lead colouring matter, and palling gra¬
dually to thofe which contain mod. By this contrivance
the cotton is dyed more equally than it probably would
be, if it were plunged all at once into a faturated folution
of colouring matter. To give cotton a very beautiful
blue colour, the cold vat of Mr. Guhliche is much re¬
commended. This vat is compofed of a pound of indigo,
three pounds of quicklime, three pounds of Englifh vi¬
triol, and a pound and a half of orpiment. The indigo
Ihould fird be carefully ground and mixed with water,
put into a wooden vat and diluted with water to a proper
degree, according to the intenfity of the colour defired ;
the lime is then to be added, and the mixture well flirred,
covered up, and left at red for fome hours, when the vi¬
triol reduced to powder is to be added, the whole well
flirred, and the vat covered ; fome hours after, the orpi¬
ment in powder is to be thrown in, and the whole again
left at red for fome hours ; after this, the mixture is to
be flirred, and left to fettle until the fupernatant liquor
appears clear, when the flower which covers it is put
afide ; the cotton is then dyed, after having been pre-
vioufly dipped in warm water. When taken out of the
bath, it is waflied in a dream of water and dried. When
the bath becomes turbid, it is left to fettle till it grows
clear, a precaution effentially neceflary for lighter fliades ;
and when it begins to be exhauded, one-third of the in¬
gredients are added, proceeding as at fird. In proportion
as the vat is exhauded, the fliades become lighter. This
vat lerves equally well for filk and thread.

To dye cotton Yellow, it is neceffary to begin by
fcouring it in a bath prepared with the ley of the allies
of green wood ; it is then waflied, dried, and alumed w ith
one-fourth of its weight of alum; after twenty-four hours
it is taken out of the aluming, and dried without being
waflied. A weld bath is then prepared, with the pro¬
portion of a pound and a quarter of weld for each pound
of cotton : in this the cotton is dyed, by being turned
and wrought in it until it has acquired a proper fliade ;
it is taken out of this bath to be foaked for an hour and
a half, in a folution of fulphat of copper or blue vitriol,
iii the proportion of one-fourth of the weight of the cot¬
ton ; it is then thrown, without being waflied, into a
boiling folution of white foap made with the fame pro¬
portions ; after being well flirred, it is boiled in it for
nearly an hour, then waflied and dried. But if a dill
deeper yellow be required, the cotton is not alumed, but
two pounds and a half of weld for each pound of cotton
are employed, to which a drachm of verdegris mixed
with a part of the bath is added; in this, the cotton is
dipped and worked, until it have acquired an uniform
colour ; it is then taken out of the bath, that a little ley
of foda may be poured in ; returned into the bath and
kept there for a full quarter of an hour, when it is taken
out, wrung, and dried very carefully. A lemon colour
is dyed by the fame procefs,. except that only one pound
of weld is employed for each pound of cotton, and that
the proportion of verdegris may' alfo be diminiflied, or
even entirely omitted, aluming being fubdituted in its
dead. The fliades of yellow may thus be varied in many
different ways. For an orange colour, anotta is ufed ;
this fubdance mud be ground while it is kept moiflened,
boiled in water with double its weight of alkali, left to
fettle for half an hour, and the clear liquor put into a
heated veffel ; in this the cotton is to be immerfed, when
it will receive an orange colour. A hot folution of tar¬
tar is then to be poured into the bath, fo that it may be-
S f come

i.53 D Y

come weakly acidulated : it is to be again turned in it on
the Ikein dicks, or wound upon the winch when in the
piece; in this way the -colour becomes more lively, and
fixes better ; the cotton ntuft then be walked flightly, and
dried by means of a dove.

The new method of dying cotton yellow, as recom¬
mended by Dr. Bancroft, is much more advantageous,
and yields permanent and beautiful colours at a finaller
expence. The mordant he ufes is acetit of alumina,
prepared by diflolving one part of acetit of lead, and three
parts of alum, in a diffident quantity of water.' This
folution ffiould be heated to the temperature of ioo°, the
cloth diould be foaked in it for two hours, then wrung
out and dried. The "foaking may be repeated, and the
cloth 3gain dried as before. It is then to be barely wetted
with lime-water, and afterwards dried. The foaking in
the acetit of alumina may be again repeated ; and if the
ffiade of yellow is required to be very bright and durable,
the alternate wetting with lime-water, and foaking in the
mordant, may be repeated three or four times. By this
contrivance a fufficient quantity of alumina is combined
with the cotton, and the combination is rendered more
permanent by the addition of lime. The dying bath is
prepared by putting twelve or eighteen parts of querci¬
tron bark, (according to the depth of the lhade required,)
tied up in a bag, into a fufficient quantity of cold water.
Into this bath the cotton is to be put, and turned round
in it for an hour, while its temperature is gradually raifed
to about 120°. It is then to be brought to a boiling heat,
and the cotton allowed to remain in it after that only a
few minutes. If it be kept long at a boiling heat, the
yellow acquires a ffiade of brown.

Another way of dying cotton very permanent yellows,
would be to imitate the method adopted for dying cot¬
ton in the eaft. That method is indeed exceedingly
tedious, but it might be very much fliortened by care¬
fully attending to the ufes of the ingredients. The e.Ten-
tial part of the procefs is to caufe thS alumina to com¬
bine in fufficient quantity with the fabric, and to adhere
with fufficient firnmef’s to enfure a permanent colour.
This is accompliffied by ufing three mordants; firft oil,
then tan, and laftly alum. The combination of thefe
three fubftances produces a mordant which enfures a very
permanent colour. The cotton is firft foaked in a bath
conipofed of a fufficient quantity of oil, and mixed with
a weak folution of foda. Animal oil feems to anfwer bed
for the purpofe. Vogler found that glue anlwered ex¬
tremely well. The foda ffiould be cauftic: in that date
it combines with the oil, and enables the cotton to abforb
it equally. It is then, after being walked, put into an
infufion of nut-galls, (the whiter the better.) The tan
combines with the oil, while the gallic acid carries off
the alkali that may remain attached to the cloth. The
infufion ought to be hot; and the cotton, after coming
out of it, ffiould be dried as quick as podible. Care ffiould
be taken that the quantity of galls do not exceed a jud
proportion compared with the oil, otherwife the colour
will be darkened. The cotton, thus prepared, is to be
put into a folution of alum. There is a drong affinity be¬
tween tan and alumina ; in confequence of which, the
alum is decompofed, and the alumina combines with the
tan in fufficient abundance. The cotton, thus prepared,
is to be dyed, as above deferibed, with quercitron bark.

Mr. Chaptal, whole ingenious labours have contributed
exceedingly to elucidate the theory of dying, has pro-
pofed an exceedingly dimple and cheap method of dying-
cotton a fine permanent nankeen yellow. His procefs is
as follows : Cotton has Co drong an affinity for oxyd of
iron, that if put into a folution of that oxyd in any acid
whatever, it decompofes the fait, abforbs the iron, and
acquires a yellow colour. The cotton to be dyed is
to be put into a cold folution of fulphat of iron, of the
fp. gr. 1-020; it is then wrung out, and put diredtly into
a ley of potafh, of the fp. gr. i-oio, into which a folu¬
tion of alum has been poured till it was faturated with

I N G.

it. After the cotton has remained in this bath four or
five hours, it may be taken out, walked, and dried. By
this procefs cotton may be dyed all the different lhades
of nankeen, by varying the proportion of the fulphat of
iron. This colour has the advantage of not being in¬
jured by walking, and of being exceedingly cheap.

To dye cotton Red, madder is the principal ingre¬
dient, as well as for giving many other colours by dif¬
ferent admixtures. The madder red on cotton is dif-
tinguiflied into two kinds ; the one is called fimple
madder red ; the other, which is much brighter, is called
Turkey or Adrianople red, becaufe it comes from the
Levant, and has feldom been equalled in briglitnefs or
durability. The reds introduced by madder differ very
much in briglitnefs and permanency, according to the
proceffes employed. The great difficulty conliffs in the
application of the mordant, which is by far the moll
complicated of any in the whole art of dying. We are
indebted to Mr. Vogler, of Weilburg, for fome very in-
terefting experiments on this fubjedt. He firft confiders
the bales or mordants, and afterwards the preparation
of the madder bath. The firft mordant that was tried
confided of a folution of three drachms of Roman alum
in fourteen ounces of water. Cottons boiled for fome
minutes in this folution, and afterwards paffed through
the different madder baths, took a flight poppy-coloured
red. The author obferved in this, and many other
experiments, that Roman alum was much better than
common alum, and gave greater briglitnefs to the colours.
The addition of the fmalleft quantity of any kind of acid
rendered it paler; the addition of arfenic produced no
eft'eiffi ; fiieep and cow dung, and album grecuvi , added to.
the mordant, as alfo urine employed inftead of water to
dilfolve the alum, contributed to ftrengthen the colour.
Muriat of foda and ammoniacal muriat had more effect,
but thefe falts rendered the colour more dull ; lime-
water.adted very much in the fame way. The fubftances
which had the belt eft'eft were gum arabic, (larch, fenu¬
greek-feed, and, above all, glue. The gaftric juice, and
the ferous part of the blood of animals, aft in a manner
fi ni i lar to glue, and ferve to aniitialife the cotton. Thread
and cotton may be foaked alternately in a folution of glue
and a folution of alum, or the glue may be dilfolved
with the alum, in the proportion of from one drachm
and a half to four drachms, with the quantity of alum
direfted. It is neceffary to choofe fine glue. This fub-
ftance ufed with alum produces a more faturated colour,
but without alum the red is of a dufky colour. It is
alfo found that muriat and nitrat of alurrrincffiot only pro¬
duce a more intenle and durable red than alum, but the
tint is pleafanter, more efpecially when the nitrat is em¬
ployed. In general, muriats render the colour darker,
more faturated, and more durable. Corrofive mercurial
muriat produces an effect of a fimilar kind. Having dif-
folved in a ftrong ley of pot-afh as much powdered while
arfenic as it would take up with the affiffance of heat,
and having mixed this folution, which had been diluted
with two parts of water, with a faturated folution of
alum, the mixture became turbid, and of the confidence
of jelly; it recovered its transparency on a folution of
alum being gradually added. It was found that thread
and cotton foaked for twelve hours in this mordant, when
waffled and dried, received from madder a beautiful red
colour. Thread and cotton which had been for lix hours
in nitro-muriatic acid, and afterwards waffled and dried,
took from madder a more beautiful and durable colour
than that which dyers obtain from anotta ; even da¬
maged madder, by means of this mordant, afforded a yel-
lowilh brown, that had a ffiade very agreeable.

This colour is capable of being changed into a poppy-
coloured red, which may vie with the moll beautiful co¬
lours of this line obtained from Braiil-wood and cochi¬
neal, by firft foaking the fluff in a folution of alum and
common fait, and boiling it a fecond time with madder.
Mr. Vogler macerated for a night three drachms of pot-

DYING.

afh with an equal quantity of common madder in a pound
of water; he then applied a boiling heat, and gut into it
fome thread and fome cotton ; and after half a quarter of
an hour’s boiling, he took it out, rinfed and dried it,
then foaked it in a folution of alum and common fait;
after which he paffed it through a folution of glue, and
at laft dipped it in a madder bath ; when it took a full
red, which was very tine. If to this preparation fome
anotta be added, a beautiful orange colour will be pro¬
duced ; and it is thus that the dyers in many places pre¬
pare that colour: but it is not durable.

Tan or galls difpofe cotton readily to receive the mad¬
der colour. Mr. Vogler’s preparation for galling coil-
lifted of five drachms of black galls, kept for twenty-four
hours in a pound of water, which was then boiled for ten
minutes, and fometimes he added fix drachms of common
fait. The galled cotton, after having received the mor¬
dants of alum and fait, took with the madder a perfectly
faturated colour, but which was of a dark red. Cotton
fucceflively impregnated with a folution of tin and glue,
Iteeped in an infufion of cochineal and galls, walked, and
dried, and afterwards impregnated with the alum and
fait mordant, and laft of all dyed in a madder bath, re¬
ceived an uncommonly beautiful colour, which was very
bright and confiderably durable. The mordant of alum
ancfcorrofive nmriat of mercury, and that of alum and
fait, gave a colour of a deeper caft.

The fame gentleman was equally fuccefsful when in-
ftead of galls, he ufed feveral other vegetable aftringents,
fuch as the ground bark of the alder and oak, the pow¬
dered bark ofwalnut-tree root, flowers and barkot pome¬
granate, the leaves, bark, and tops, of the lumach. But
the beft fubftitute for galls is unqueftionably the myro-
balans, i.e. the Phyllanthus emblica ot Linnaeus. 1 his is
now commonly ufed at Manchefter, inftead of galls, not
only in preparing the Turkey red dye, but lor the aftrin-
gent principle in many other cafes. He made many ex¬
periments with metallic and earthy falts, all ot which,
except the aluminous and the folution ot tin, appeared
to him to be but little adapted or entirely hurtful in the
dying of red. The principal refults are the following :
A folution of nitrat of lead employed as a mordant, pro¬
duced a very dirty red, inclining to brown. In general,
folutions of lead ufed as mordants tor thread and cotton,
difpofe them abundantly to receive colours from all ve¬
getable colouring fub fiances', but they have always a
dark and dirty appearance. Thefe mordants may- be em¬
ployed for brown or black colours ; the bad brown juft
mentioned, for infiance, will change to a perfedl brown
of a very beautiful fhade, if palled through a mordant of
alum and fait, and boiled a fecund time with madder. A
very fine black, by galling thread and cotton impregnated
with fait of lead, and then putting them into a folution
of fulphat of copper, and boiling them in a logwood bath .
Cobalt diffolved in the nitro-muriatic acid produced a
very pleafant colour, nearly refembling a faturated violet.
A folution of fulphat of copper gave a bad lilac, and
verdegris diliblved in vinegar produced the fame effect ;
but the nitrat of copper produced a much more beautiful
and faturated colour.

Cotton that has received the mordant of fulphat of
copper or iron, takes in the madder bath a dirty dull
violet colour. Mr. Vogler having added the alkaline fo¬
lution of arfenic juft mentioned, to a moderately faturated
foldtion of fulphat of copper or iron, produced a turbid
mixture which cffervefced, and he rendered it tranfparent
by adding fulphat of iron. Thread and cotton impreg¬
nated with this preparation received a beautiful faturated
puce colour, which penetrated them in a deep manner.
But the nitrat and muriat of iron produced a better effect
than the fulphat and acetit, they afforded a beautiful
well faturated violet colour. The alkaline folution of
arfenic, mixed with earthy and metallic falts, generally
render them better mordants for all colours. This like-
wife renders the effect of the mordants into which it en-
2

159

ters more lading, fo that the fluff impregnated with it
many years before, may be dyed without difadvantage ; a
circumftance we do not remark refpeCting any other mor¬
dant, excepting a folution of tin.

The madder bath is prepared in different ways by Mr.
Vogler. He puts three drachms of madder into from
flxteen to eighteen ounces of water ; he macerated it for
twenty-four hours, then boiled it for a quarter of an
hour, introduced thread and cotton, and boiled them for
half a quarter of.an hour ; lie afterwards waffled them in
two or three waters, and then dried them in the fhade;
he remarks that by long boiling the colour of the (fuff is
taken away and entirely deftroyed. If frefh urine be fub-
flituted for water, it affords more lading colours; but in
fummer it is liable to become putrid foon, fo as to render
the infufion incapable of giving the dye. A drachm of
fheep’s dung, or album grecum, produced the fame effect
as the urine ; and three drachms of muriat of foda, or
one drachm of ammoniaeal muriat, produced a fuller but
lefs bright colour. Sulphat of pot-alh and nitre had no
effect whatever. Three drachnls of white fugar afforded
a more beautiful and .faturated colour ; on four drachms
of long pepper being added, it was found to have become
more capable of refilling the nitric acid. A drachm or a
drachm and a half of ftarch or gum arabic thrown into
the bath juft as it begins to boil, and before the cotton
is put in, gives a finer and more faturated colour ; one
drachm of fenugreek feed produced very nearly the fame
efteCt. If from one ounce to one ounce and a half of
glue, in the ftate of jelly, be thrown into the liquor as
the ebullition commences, it affords a particularly full
colour, and the addition of three drachms of common fait
not only renders the colour more lafting, but preferves
the infufion from running into the putrid ftate. But the
mod beautiful of all common reds upon cotton is obtained
by mixing four drachms of ox-gall with the decoction :
at the fame time it fhould be obferved, that this colour
is more eafily deftroyed than any other by the nitric acid.
After all, Mr. Vogler confeffes, that by his numerous
procelfes, he has not been able to obtain a red of a degree
of permanency equal to that of the Adrianople, though
he has much excelled in this refpedt the falfe Adrianople
reds ufed for Siamefe and other red fluffs.

Of ADRIANOPLE, or TURKEY RED.

That beautiful red dye given to cotton in the Ottoman
empire, is known in Europe under the name of Turkey
red, Levant red , or Adrianople red. Many attempts have
been made both in France and England to imitate this
fplendid dye, and much has been written upon it. The
abbe Mazeas has publilhed fome experiments which af¬
ford considerable information; but his procefs has not
fucceeded. Mr. Henry, of Manchefter, has unqueftion¬
ably approached the neareft to perfection in England ;
and Mr. Gren, in the German manufactories, lias fuc¬
ceeded in a very clofe imitation. Thefe procelfes have
already appeared in the numerous Englifh books on dy¬
ing : the beft information, therefore, left for us to give,
is the genuine method and procelfes adopted in the Gre¬
cian manufactories, where this dye firft had its rife, and
where it is now carried on' with t he utmoft celebrity.
We are indebted for this information to M. C. Felix,
who made a journey into the Levant on purpofe, and fuc¬
ceeded in bringing away the entire procefs; and this he
has publilhed in the Annales dc Chime, No. 92. In thefe
Grecian manufactories the workmen dye at one time a
null’s of (keins weighing thirty-five oecas ; each occa be¬
ing equal to about fifty ounces. The firft thing to be
done is that of cleaning the cotton, for which purpofe
three leys are employed ; one of foda, another of alhes,
and a third of lime. The cotton is thrown into a tub,
and moiltened with the liquor of the three leys in equal
quantities; it is then boiled in pure water, and walhecl
in running water. The fecond bath given to the cotton
is cpmpoled of foda and Iheep’s dung dilfo.lved in water.

To

160 D Y :

To facilitate the folution, the foda and dung are pounded
in a mortar. The proportions of thefe ingredients are,
one occa of dung, fix of foda, and forty of water. When
the ingredients are well mixed, the liquor expreffed from
them is (trained, and being poured into a tub, fix occas
of olive-oil are added to it, and the whole is well (tirred
till it becomes of a whitifli colour, like milk. The cot¬
ton is then fprinkled with this water, and when the fkeins
are thoroughly moiftened, they are wrung, preffed, and
expofed to dry. The fame bath mult be repeated three
or four times, becaufe it is this liquor which renders the
cotton more or lefs apt for receiving the dye. Each bath
is given with the fame liquor, and ought to continue five
or fix hours. It is to be oblerved that the cotton, after
each bath, mud be dried without being wafhed, as it
ought not to be rinfed till after the la ft bath. The
cotton is then as white as if it had been bleached in the
fields.

The bath of (keep’s dung is a practice long peculiar
to the Levant. It may be fuppofed that the dung is of
no utility for fixing the colours ; but it is known that
this fubftance contains a great quantity of volatile alkali,
in a difengaged ftate, which has the property of giving a
rofy hue to the red. It is therefore probable that it is
to this ingredient that the red dyes of the Levant are in¬
debted for their fplendour and vivacity. This much, at
any rate, is certain, that the Morocco leather of the Le¬
vant is prepared with dog’s dung; becaufe it has been
found that this dung is proper for heightening the co¬
lour of the lack. The bath of dung is followed by the
procefs of galling. The galling is performed by immerf-
ing the cotton in a bath of warm water, in which five oc¬
cas of pulverifed gall-nuts have been boiled. This ope¬
ration renders the cotton more fit for being faturated
with the colour, and gives to the dye more body and
ftrength. After the galling comes aluming, which is
performed twice, with an interval of two days, and which
confifts in dipping the cotton into a bath of water in which
five occas of alum have been infufcd, mixed with five
occas of water alcalifed by a ley of foda. The aluming
mud be performed with cave, as it is this operation which
makes the colouring particles combine beft with the cot¬
ton, and which fecures them in part from the deftruiitive
aCtion of the air. When the fecond aluming is finifiied,
the cotton is wrung ; it is then preffed, and put to foak
in running water, after being inclofed in a bag of thin
Cloth.

The workmen now proceed to the dying. To compofe
the colours, they put in a boiler five occas of water and
thirty-five occas of a root which the Greeks call ali-zari ,
or painting colour, and which in Europe is known under
the name of madder. The madder, after being pulve¬
rifed, is moifiened with one occa of ox or (beep’s blood.
The blood (Lengthens the colour, and the dofe is in-
creafed or lelfened according to the (hade of colour re¬
quired. Thus the (keep’s dung and the blood a£t as
an animalifation of the cotton. An equal Tieat is main¬
tained under the boiler, but not too violent ; and, when
the liquor ferments, and begins to grow warm, the (keins
are then gradually immerfed before the liquor becomes
too hot. They are then tied with packthread to fmall
rods, placed croffwife over the boiler for that purpofe,
and when the liquor boils well, and in an uniform man¬
ner, the rods from which the ikeins were fufpended are
removed, and the cotton is fuffeyed to fall into the cop¬
per, where it muff remain till two-thirds of the water is
evaporated. When one-third only of the liquor remains,
the cotton is taken out and walked in pure water.

The dye is afterwards brought to perfection by means
of a bath alcalifed with foda. This manipulation is the
1:10ft difficult and the mod delicate of the whole, becaufe
it is that which gives the colour its tone. The cotton
is thrown into this new bath, and made to boil over a
fteady fire till the colour afi'umes the required tint. The
whole art confifts in catching the proper degree ; a care-

N G.

fill workman, therefore, muff watch with the utmoft at¬
tention for the moment when it is neceflary to take out
the cotton, and he will rather burn his hand than mifs
that opportunity. It appears that this bath, which the
Greeks think of fo much importance, might be fupplied
by a ley of foap ; and it is probable that faponaceous
water would give the colour more brightnefs and purity.
When the colour is too weak, the Levantines knoiv how
to (Lengthen it by increafing the dofe of the colouring
fubftances ; and, when they wifli to give it brightnefs and
fplendour, they employ different roots of the country,
and, in particular, one named fajfari, fpecimens of which
have been fent to France.

The ali-zari, which is tine principal colouring matter
employed in the Greek dye-houfes, is collected in Na-
tolia, and is brought to Greece from Smyrna: fonre of
it comes alfo from Cyprus and Mefopotamia. The fu-
periority of this Levantine plant to the European mad¬
der, is acknowledged by all thofe acquainted with the
art of dying, and may arife from two caufes ; the manner
in which it is cultivated, and the method employed for
its deficcation. As the ali-zari appears to be of a weaker
conftitution than the common madder; as its branches
are more delicate, its leaves fmoother and tenderer, and
its ftem more fragile, it is fupnorted by fticks, as peafe
are among us. A well-nouri(hed ftem acquires in this
manner more confidence, and fends forth more roots. It
is the woody part of the roots which affords the greateft
quantity of colouring particles. The ali-zari is not col¬
lected till the fifth or lixth year, that is to fay, when it
has acquired its full ftrength ; while in France and Zea¬
land, where land is of more value than in the Levant, the
inhabitants wifli to reap too foon, and colleCt the madder
before it comes to complete maturity.

The method employed in the deficcation contributes
alfo to improve the quality of the ali-zari. The Levan¬
tines dry it in the open air; and this operation is eafy in
a country where great drynefs prevails in the atmofphere,
while, in our damp climates, we are obliged to dry the
madder by ftoves. Hence it happens that the fmoke,
which mixes itfelf with the cold air, and penetrates the
roots, impregnates them with fuliginous particles, which
alter the colouring fubftance ; an accident which does
not take place when the madder is dried without the af-
fiftance of fire. It is, however, pofiible, that the ali-zari
and madder may never produce the fame tone of colour,
notwithftanding all the care that may be employed in
the culture and drying of the latter; becaufe there may
be as much difference between thefe t,wo plants, fo like
to each other, as between the goats of Wales and thofe
of Angola. It is probable, alfo, that the fuperiority of
the ali-zari over madder may arife only from its ftem be¬
ing tenderer, and by its confequently having a greater
difpolition to transform itfelf into fueculent roots. In
that cafe, feveral plants of the family of the rubiae might
be fubftituted in its place with advantage ; fuch as the
gallium luteum and gallium flore alio, found in abundance
on the hills of Poitou, and the madder, which grows on
both fides of the Alps, and which has been diftinguiftied
by the name of rubia l a: vis Tourinenfium. All thefe plants
give a red as beautiful and as mire as the beft madder;
but whether the quantity of their colouring matter is
equal to their beautiful quality, remains yet to be en¬
quired.

The chief manufactories for dying fpun cotton a Tux
key red, are in Theflaly. There are fome at Baba, Rap-
fani, Tournavos, Lariffa, Pharfalia, and in all the villages
fituated on the fides of Ofl'a and Pelion. Thefe two moun¬
tains may be confidered as the alembics that diftil the
eternal vapours with which Olympus is crowned, and
which diftribute them throughout the beautiful valleys
fituated around them. Of thefe valleys, that of Tempe
has at all times been diftinguiftied by the beauty of its
(hady groves and of its ftreams. Thefe dreams, on ac¬
count of their limpidnefs, are very proper for dying, and

fupply

DYING.

lGl

flip ply water to a great number of manufactories, the
mod celebrated of which are thofe of Ambelakia. This
village, by its indiiftry, communicates life and activity
to all the neighbouring country. Its population, which
has been tripled within thefe fifteen years, amounts at
prefent to four thoufand, and all thefe people live by dy¬
ing. Aqua fortis, or dilute nitric acid, is the belt and
molt expeditious tell for diftinguilhing the true Adriano-
ple red from the falfe. If we ini merle a thread of the
latter dye in it, it foon become pale, and in lefs than a
quarter of an hour white'; while the true Adrianople red
will remain in it for an hour without any alteration, and,
indeed, never entirely lofes its colour, but acquires an
orange hue or calf. A fcarlet colour may be given to
cotton by means of murio-fulphat of tin, cochineal, and
quercitron bark, ufed as for filkj but the colour is too
fading to be of any value.

In order to dye cotton Black, it mull be previoufiy
dyed blue, and fteeped for twenty-four hours in a
decoCtion of nut-galls. A bath is prepared, containing
acetit of iron, formed by faturating acetous acid with
brown oxyd of iron. Into this bath the cotton is put
in final 1 quantities at a time, wrought with the hand lor
a quarter of an hour, then wrung out and aired, again
wrought in a frelh quantity ol the bath, and afterwards
aired. Thefe alternate precedes are repeated till the co¬
lour wanted is given. A decottion of alder bark is ufu-
tilly mixed with the liquor containing the nut-galls. It
would probably contribute to the goodnefs and perma¬
nence of the colour, if the cotton, before being galled,
were impregnated with oil, by being fteeped in a mix¬
ture of alkaline ley and oil combined, as is practifed for
dying cotton red-.

To give a Green colour to linen and cotton, they are
firft fcoured, dyed in the blue vat, cleanfed, and dipped
in the weld bath. The ftrength of the blue and the yel¬
low is proportioned to the colour to be obtained. As it
is difficult to dye cotton velvet uniformly in the com¬
mon blue vat, it is firft dyed yellow with turmeric, and
finilhed green with the folution of indigo in the fulphu-
ric acid. But it is a matter of indifference whether the
yellow or the blue be begun firft. A procefs for dying-
cotton velvet, or fkeins of cotton, of a fea or apple green
in a fingle bath, is deferibed by M.d’Apligny. In it
verdegris is mixed with vinegar, and the mixture kept
well flopped fifteen days in a Itove ; four hours before
tiling it, a folution of a quantity of cendres gravele'es, equal
in weight to that of the verdegris, is added, and the mix¬
ture is kept hot. The cotton, thread, or velvet, are
prepared by being foaked in a warm folution of alum,
made in the proportion of one ounce of fait and five
quarts of water to the pound : they are then taken out,
and the verdegris mixture added to the bath, into which
they are returned in order that they may be dyed. The
different fhades of olive, and drake’s-neck green, are made
by giving the cotton a blue ground, galling it, and dip¬
ping it in a weaker or ftronger bath from what the dyers
call the black cajk , then in the weld bath with the verde¬
gris, and afterwards in the bath with the fulphat of cop¬
per ; and the colour is afterwards brightened by means
of foap. Different fhades will be produced by the fame
ingredients, in the formation of Saxon green, according
to the procefs which is employed : if a Saxon blue be
firft given, and afterwards the yellow colour, leparately,
the effects will be fimilar to thofe above-mentioned ; but
if the folution of indigo be mixed with the yellow ingre¬
dients, other refults are obtained, for then the fulphuric
acid aCts on the colouring particles, and the intenfity of
the yellow is diminiflied. If a lucceffion of fhades be
dyed in a bath compofed of yellow and the folution of
indigo, the laft approach more and more to yellow, be-
caufe the particles of indigo become attached to the ftuff
in preference to the yellow ones, which therefore become
, predominant in the bath.

The general method of dying thread and cotton a pur-
Vol. VI. No. 339.

pie or violet colour, is firft to give them a blue ground
in the vat, proportionate to the (bade wanted, and to dry
them ; they are then galled, in the proportion of three
ounces of galls to a pound : they are left for twelve or
fifteen hours in this gall-bath, after which, they are
wrung and dried again. The thread and cotton are
then pafled through a decoction of logwood, and when
well foaked are taken out, and two drachms of alum and
one drachm of diffol ved verdegris for each pound of thread
and cotton, are added to the batli ; the fkeins are then
re-dipped on the fkein flicks, and turned for a full quarter
of an hour, when they are taken out to be aired; after
which they are to be again completely immerfed in the
bath for a quarter of an hour, then taken .out and wrung.
Then the vat which has been employed is emptied ; half
of the decoction of logwood which had been referved is
poured in, two drachms of alum are added, and the cot¬
ton dipped afrefli, until it is brought to the (hade re¬
quired. The decoCtion of logwood ought to be ftronger
or weaker according to the (hade we want : this violet
Hands the “action of the air tolerably well, but cannot be
compared in durability to that obtained by means of
madder. In the production of violet by means of cochi¬
neal, it may be obferved, that the woollen ftuff has been
difpofed to take a crimfon, by the bath, which contains
alum ; but the tartar added to the dye-bath, brings the
colour back to red ; this is a general property which
acids poffefs. For purple, the red is rendered a little
more predominant, by increafing the quantity of the co¬
chineal, and diminifhing the intenfity of the blue ground.
But the fhades bordering on thefe two colours fhould
have a diftintt red, and the fame proportion of tartar is
preferved, though that of cochineal and the depth of the
blue ground be leffened.

The cinnamon and mor-dore colours are given to thread
and cotton, by beginning the procefs for dying them with
verdegris and weld ; they are then dipped in a folution
of fulphat of iron, wrung and dried. When dry, they are
galled in the proportion of three ounces of galls to the
pound, dried again, alumed as for red, and maddered.
When dyed and wafiied they are put into very warm foap-
fuds, and turned until they are fufficiently brightened;
in the aluming, decoCtion of fuftic is fometimes added.
For fome colours, blue is combined with red and yellow ;
it is thus that olives are made. A blue ground is firft
given, then the yellow dye ; and, laftly, a (light madder-
ing. The (hade which refults from this operation de¬
pends on the proportion of the three colours of which it
is compofed : a browning is given with a folution of lul-
phat of iron, for the more deep fhades. Mr. Poerner
combines blue with yellow and red, by ufing the folu¬
tion of indigo in the fulphuric acid, to which lie adds
alkali. He prepares a bath with cochineal and fuftic,
adds the folution of indigo, and dyes the cloth in it after
it has been alumed. He alfo makes a bath with fuftic
and Brazil-wood, to which he adds tartar or alum, and
in this way obtains different colours inclining more or
lefs to blue, red, or green. A fine olive is given to thread
and cotton, as M. d’Apligny has obferved, by boiling
four parts of weld and one of pot-affi in a fufficient quan¬
tity of water; Brazil-wood, which his been fteeped over
night, is boiled leparately with a little verdegris ; , thefe
two folutions are mixed in different proportions, accord¬
ing to the fliade required, and the cotton or thread after¬
wards dipped into the liquor.

Of DYING LINEN and THREAD.,.

Flax and hemp, which produce 11s thread and linen,
exhibit the fame properties with regard to dying : and if
cotton is an important objeCt of indiiftry, flax and hemp
deferve particular attention, both as a national produc¬
tion, and as the mo.ft extenfiv.e fource of labour for the
poor. It is a manufacture adapted to every part of the
country ; which admits of. lubdivifion from the fabrica¬
tion of cordage to that of cambrics ; which collects rural
T t families.

DYING.

1 G2

families together in the intervals from other labours, and
affords them, in fome meafure, the fweets of fociety,
which prefects an opportunity of habituating infancy to
labour, and of acquiring a means to render old age com¬
fortable. At a time when we are every where employed
in draining and inclofing land, and when the number of
fmall additional trails of land mud by thefe means every
day increafe, it is a circumftance meriting attention, that
the foil fitted for the culture of hemp is that from which
the waters have been recently drained, and that this pro¬
duction is peculiarly adapted for the employment of fmall
cultivators.

Flax ought to undergo feveral preparations before it
is fit to receive the dye. The fird is deeping ; by this
the bark, which is afterwards to ferve for fpinning, is
difpofed to feparate. The deeping is an operation of fo
great importance, both with regard to its influence upon
the quantity and quality of the produil, and the delete¬
rious qualities it may communicate to the air, that it
may not be improper to give an idea of the principles on
which it may be conducted.

It appears that, in deeping, a glutinous liquor that
holds the green colouring part of the plant in folution,
and which unites the cortical with the ligneous part, un¬
dergoes a degree of putrefaction greater or lefs according
to the method we employ; for, as M. Rofier has obferved,
carbonic acid, and inflammable gas, are difengaged. This
fubltance appears to refemble greatly the glutinous part
which is diliblved in the juice exprefled from green
plants, which feparates from the colouring particles when
it is made to undergo a heat approaching to boiling,
which putrefies and affords ammoniac by difiillation.
Although this fubdance be held in folution in the juice
exprefled from plants, it appears, however, that water
alone cannot feparate it from the cortical part ; but it is
on this account that hemp which has been deeped in a
rapid dream, is deficient in flexibility and foftnefs. If
the deeping be performed in dagnant and corrupted wa¬
ter, the hemp acquires a brown colour ; but beddes this,
it lofes its folidity, and exhales vapours which produce
fatal diforders. It appears, then, that the deeping is
mod advantageoufly performed in pools planted at the
fides of rivers, fo that the water maybe eafily renewed
to prevent the putrefaction from being hurtful to the
hemp or injurious to health, and yet not fufficient to pre¬
vent the degree neceffary to render the gelatinous fub-
fiance foluble in Water. M. Rofier found that the deep¬
ing would be performed when the hemp is covered with
a layer of earth, and lie advifes that method; M. Pro-
zet has propofed to diffolve a fmall quantity of caudic
alkali in the water in which it is periormed, to increafe
its folvent power, and prevent putrefaction ; but it ap¬
pears from the experiments of Dr. Home, that the alkali
retards the operation of deeping, and renders the flax
brittle.

While flax is deeping, and during the drying which
ought to precede and follow it, the green colouring par¬
ticles undergo a change fimilar to that obferved in the
green fubdance of plants which are expofed to the ailion
of the air and of light ; the colour changes to a yellow,
to a fawn, and even to a brown, in confequence of the
combudion which is induced. A great part is then fo¬
luble in alkalies, without requiring to be any further
oxygenated; fo that by treating it with an alkaline folu¬
tion, we can feparate from it a confiderable portion of its
colouring panicles, which remain, perhaps, combined
with a part of the gluten. It is upon the folution of
thefe colouring particles that the procefs publifhed by
the prince of St. Sever for obtaining fine lint from hemp
is founded. He orders the hemp to be lixiviated with a
folution of two parts of foda to one of lime, afterwards
to impregnate it with foap to keep it in digedion, to wadi
it well, and afterwards to comb it. Berthollet defcribes
an excellent procefs for obtaining fine lint from hemp,
which is the invention of a clergyman. He deeps the

hemp as foon as it is taken from the earth : after deep¬
ing he feparates the bark by a particular manipulation,
and by dipping it in a folution of black foap ; he wadies
it with great care before drying ; the colouring part,
which is foluble only in alkalies, may dill be diffolved
and carried away by the water adided by a little foap ;
the lint then becomes much whiter; it divides more
readily without doing fo too much ; and we have the
lixiviations which ought to precede the bleaching.

Ordinary thread and cloth that is woven contain a co.
louring fubdance which may be feparated by dmple lixi¬
viations ; but there is a portion of this fubdance that is
truly combined with the vegetable fibres, and which can
only be feparated by decompofing it by the combudion
it undergoes in combining with oxygen. Thread lofes
by the operation of bleaching from a fourth to a third
part of its weight. In order to difpofe thread to take on
the dye, it is made to undergo the feveral operations of
dreding, aluming, and galling, deferibed under the arti.
cle cotton ; mod, if not all, of the dyes prepared for which,
may be communicated by the fame proceffes to linen and
thread, taking care to have them fird well cleaned and
bleached.

Of all colours, the dyers experience the greated diffi¬
culty in communicating a full, rich, and durable black,
to linen, and cotton ; or at lead fuch as will redd the
foap in wafhing. To dye linen or thread black, a folu¬
tion of iron is ufed, which is kept in a calk called the
black cajk. This folution is prepared with vinegar, fmall
beer, or fmall wine made from the grapes after they have
been preffed by adding water to them, which is loured
with rye-meal, or fome other ingredient, in order to pro¬
cure an acid liquid at a low price. Pieces of old iron
are thrown into this liquor, which is left to dand till
wanted, but never ufed in lefs than fix weeks or two
months. To this bath adringents are frequently added,
particularly the decodlion of alder bark, which of itfelf
lias the property of diffolving the oxyd of iron in a pretty
large proportion. The method followed at Rouen, for
dying linen and thread black, as deferibed by M. le Pileur
d’Apligny, is this : They are fird dyed fky-blue in the vat,
then wrung out and dried. They are next galled, tiling
four ounces of galls to every pound of thread, and leav¬
ing them twenty-four hours in the gall-liquor, after which
they are wrung out, and then well dried. The liquor of
the black calk, in the proportion of about five quarts for
every pound, is then poured into a tub, in which the
thread is worked with the hand, pound by pound, about
a quarter of an hour, when it is wrung out and aired.
This operation is repeated twice, adding each time a frefh
quantity of the black bath, which ought to be carefully
feummed. After this it is again aired, wrung out, waffled
at the river to cleanfe it well, and then dried carefully at
the time. When this thread is to be dyed, a pound of
alder-bark for every pound of thread is boiled for an hour
in a fufficient quantity of water. About half the bath
that ferved for the galling, and half as much fumach as
alder-bark are then added, and the whole boiled together
for two hours, and then drained through a fieve. When
the liquor is cold, the thread is put into it on the (ticks,
and well worked, airing it from time to time : it is then
let down into the bath again, left in it twenty-four hours,
wrung out, and dried as before. For the purpofe of foft-
ening this thread when it is dry, it is cuftomary to foak
and work it in the remains of a weld-bath that has been
ufed for other colours, adding to it a little logwood.
From this it is taken out and wrung, and inftantly put
into a tub of warm water, into which has been poured
an ounce of olive-oil for every pound of thread. It is
then wrung out and dried carefully.

The fame author defcribes a procefs in which he em¬
ploys madder alfo for giving linen and cotton-thread a
black colour, and which lie confiders as a very fine and
durable black. In this procefs the thread is firfl: to be
feoured as ufual, galled, then alumed, and afterwards

dipped

DYING.

dipped in the weld-bath. When taken out of this bath,
it is to be dyed in a decoCtion of logwood, to which a
quarter of a pound of fulphat of copper has been added
for every pound of thread. After this it is to be waflied
in the river, and wrung feveral times, but not too hard.
Finally, it is dyed in a madder-bath, in the proportion of
half a pound to each pound of thread. That the black
may not be liable to be difcharged, the thread mu ft be
dipped in a bath of a folution of foap.

Mr. Wilfon has defcribed the method which is followed
at Manchefler for dying linen and thread black. A galling
is made with galls or fumach ; after which the fluff is
dyed with the liquor of the bath, confiding of a folution
of iron in vegetable acid, frequently compofed of alder-
bark and iron, and then dipped in a decoCtion of logwood
with a little verdegris. This procefs is repeated till a
deep black is obtained ; and it is neceffary to wafli and
dry after each of thefe different operations.

But the mod recent, and apparently the mod effectual,
mode of dying linen and cotton thread black, is the fol¬
lowing, invented by M. Vogler, at Weilburg. Take a
quart of pure foft water, and mix with it two ounces, or
two ounces and a half, of common aquafortis ; then throw
in gradually, two ounces, or two ounces and a half, of
litharge. The bottle, after being flightly corked, mud
be fet in a warm place, and diaken from time to time.
After a few days, the clear liquor may be poured off from
the fediment, into a deep earthen, leaden, or pewter,veffel.
In this clear folution of litharge in nitrous acid, the cot¬
ton or linen intended to be dyed, is to be intmerfed, and
is to macerate or foak therein for the fpace of ten or
twelve hours. It may then be taken out, and, after be¬
ing three times waflied in pure cold water, wringing it
each time, it is to be dipped in a folution of glue in water.
Being then again wrung, it mud be put to dry in the
fhade ; taking care that the glue-water is only w'rung out,
not waflied out. Raw, unbleached, and loofely-fpun,
linen thread, or cotton yarn, that has already been deeped
in warm ley, and afterwards well walhed in cold water,
is more proper for the prefent purpofe, and takes the ap¬
plication of the mordant, and that of the colour, more
readily than the fame materials after they are knit or
woven. Each flcein is to be tied with two loofe and
broad Arings, of tape or binding; by the help of which,
the flteins, if they Ihould happen to be entangled, during
their maceration, or dying, may be feparated, and brought
into order again.

The glue-water, in which the linen or cotton (after
it has been deeped in the folution of litharge) is to be
dipped, maybe prepared by reducing common carpenter’s
glue into a jelly or fize, by boiling it in a pan with a
fmall quantity of water, and then diffolving, in boiling
water, fuch a proportion of the jelly as will give to the
water a dicky or glutinous confidence, leaving it, at the
fame time, Yufficiently thin and fluid. Take three quar¬
ters of an ounce of galls, well bruifed, and boil them in
a quart, or rather more, of pure water. When they have
boiled for the fpace of feven or eight minutes, throw in
three quarters of an ounce of common fait ; and, when
that is diffolved, put in the linen or cotton duff that is to
be dyed, and that has already been foaked in the folution
of litharge in aquafortis, and dipped in the glue-water.
When the duff has been boiled in the liquor feven or
eight minutes, it may be taken out ; it is then to be three
times wafhed and wrung, as before, in clean cold water,
and afterwards dried in a fhady place. The linen or cot¬
ton duff, which before was wliite, will be found to have
acquired, from the foregoing operations, a dark grey co¬
lour, with a fliade of yellow ; this may be confidered as
a good ground for a black colour.

In the place of galls, for the adringent principle, oak-
bark, in powder, may be ufed ; alfo the thin rind of the
alder tree, the rind of the root of the walnut-tree, the
flowers or the fliells of pomegranates, fumach, ( Rhus coria-
ria,J the leaves of lormentil-cinquefoil, ( Potentilla argen*

153

tea, J and tormentil roots; all of which may be ttfed in
the fame proportion as the galls. Common fait alfo pof-
feffes the power of rendering the colour more deep and
permanent; but it Ihould be added when tiie boiling ot
the duds in the decoCtion of galls is nearly finidied, as it
might othervvife impede the extraction of the colouring-
matter from the galls, or render the penetration of the
laid matter into the fubdance of the duffs lefs drong.
Take three quarters of an ounce of common copperas or
vitriol of iron, and the fame quantity of common fait, and
diffolve them in a quart of clean hot water. Let the
duffs, prepared in the manner before defcribed, with galls,
or other adringent vegetable fubdances, and which have
already acquired a blackifli colour, be imnterfed in this
liquor. After eight or ten hours, they may, be taken
out ; wafhed and wrung three or four times in clean cold
water, and then dried in the fliade. The advantage ari-
fing from the mixture of common fait, in this folution of
copperas, is, not only that lefs of the ground colour is
taken away, but alfo, the tints which are afterwards to
be given to the duff, enter them more deeply, and pro¬
duce a better colour.

Boil three quarters of an ounce of campeachy or log¬
wood, in rather more than two quarts of rain or river wa¬
ter. When it has boiled feven or eight minutes, add to
the decoCtion a quarter pf an ounce of white darch ;
which, that it may not be clotted or lumpy, mud be fird
well mixed in a tea-cup with a little frefli water. When
this, by boiling a few minutes, is diffolved in the liquor,
the linen or cotton dud’, already prepared by means of
the folution of copperas, & c. is to be put into the liquor.
After it has boiled therein for feven or eight minutes, it
may be taken out ; and, being fird waflied and wrung
two or three times in clean cold water, as before, may be
dried in the fliade. If, when the fluff is dry, its colour
appears to be too faint, that is, if it fliould not be of a
deep and fine black colour, it mud be again foaked in
the folution of copperas, and then boiled once more in
the decoction of logwood : it cannot then fail to be of
the wiflied-for fine full black : but this colour is not yet
lo fixed as to bear being waflied in ley, or even in foap
and water. In order to bring the colour to this degree
of perfection, the dyed duff mud, in the lad place, be
treated in the following manner.

One ounce of galls, well bruifed, or the fame quantity
of any of the adringent vegetable fubdances above-men¬
tioned, and a full quart, or rather more, of glue-water, of
fuch a confidence as to feel clammy between the fingers,
are to be put over the fire : when the mixture has boiled
feven or eight minutes, one ounce of copperas or vitriol
of iron is to be added ; and, when it is diffol ved, the liquor
may be taken off the fire. In this decoction, as foon as
it is cold,_the linen or cotton, prepared in the manner al¬
ready defcribed, is now to be imnterfed. After remain¬
ing therein for the fpace of an hour, it may be taken out ;
and, having fird been preffed or wrung, but not waflied,
may be hungup to dry in the fliade. Here it may be left
quiet for feme time, in order that the dye may incorporate
with the fluff, and become fixed therein.

The decoction of logwood may be kept for feveral
weeks after it is made, even until it has acquired a bad
frnell ; as it does not thereby lofe, in the fmalleft degree,
its colouring property, but, on the contrary, becomes
more fit for ufe: The addition of white darch to the de¬
coCtion of logw'ood, promotes, in a remarkable manner,
the folution and extraction of the colouring particles of
that wood : it alfo aflids in giving to the linen or cotton
a deeper and more beautiful colour. For boiling the in¬
gredients, and macerating the duffs, veifels of earth, ot
brafs, or of copper, may be made ufe of : they fliould not
be too wide, but the deeper they are the better, as, in
fuch, the duffs to be dyed may be more conveniently im-
merfed, without being liable to rife up to the furface of
the liquor.

The bath which is didinguidied by the name of black.

4- c a ik 9

1(4

D Y

cafk, is employed to give thread a great number of dark
colours. In order to give a durable violet to thread, a
mordant is prepared, compofedof two parts of the bath
of the black calk, and four quarts of water for every
pound ; this is made to boil, and the feum which forms
on its furface is removed ; when no more appears, the li¬
quor is poured into a vat, and when it is juft warm, four
ounces ot fulphat ot copper and an ounce of falt-petre
are d’.ffolved in it; the lkeins are then left in it to foak
tor ten or twelve hours, wrung and dried. When they
are to be maddered, they are carefully wafhed and dipped
in a madder bath. If a deep violet be required, two
ounces of verdegris are added to the bath ; the colour is
rendered (till deeper by galling the thread more or lefs,
before it is put into the mordant, and by omitting the
falt-petre. But, if the proportion of this lad be in-
created, and that of the fulphat of copper be diminifhed,
the violet inclines more to lilac. This is ufed likewife
for cotton thread ; both fabrics being dyed with the fame
ingredients, and in the fame manner.

Among tlie many recent inventions for facilitating and
improving the art of dying, we think it right to notice
the following. Mr. Robert Frith, of Selford, in the
county of Lancafter, obtained a patent dated May 25,
1798, for a new method of dying different permanent co¬
lours upon cotton, linen, woollen, and filk . We lhall
give the proceffes in his own words : “ I Robert Frith
do declare, that my new-invented chemical method of
dying different permanent colours upon all the above-
mentioned fabrics, is performed in manner following ;
that is to fay : To dye a permanent draw or yellow co¬
lour upon cotton, linen, woollen, and filk, I take one
pound of the beft blue galls, and boil them in one gallon
of water; if the galls be of an inferior quality, I boil
one pound and a half to one gallon of water, and fo in
proportion to their quality, until I have a fufficient
quantity of liquor; or I dilute this liquor with water,
according to the firength or fulnefs of colour I want to
dye. I work the goods in this liquor very well ; after
which I pafs them through aqua-fortis, killed with block
tin, as follows. I Jake one pint of water, with one ounce
of fal-ammoniac diffolved in it, to which I put one pint
of aqua-fortis, and add to them one ounce and a half of
block tin ; to this preparation I mix five or fix times its
quantity of warm water, or I pafs them through fpirits of
faits, killed with block tin only, and diluted with the
fame quantity of water; -then I wadi them well in clear
water, and, if the colour is not fufficiently full, I repeat
as before, until it is, and then wafh them off in foap and
warm water, and dry them.

Another method of dying the fame colours. — After
working the goods or cloth through the gall liquor pre¬
pared as above, I pafs them through a liquor made from
a(h wood or bark, ground or rafped, or from American
oak wood or bark, ground or rafped, or from crab-tree
wood or bark, or from apple-tree wood or bark, or from
a liquor made from \v Quids, or from fumach, or from two
or more of the above woods or barks, or from all of them
mixed together, according to the (hade orfullnefs of the
colour wanted, as it is inipofiible to fix an exafl quantity
of woods and barks for the above liquor. They mu ft be
regulated according to the gcodnefsand ftrgngth of them,
and the different (hades of colour 1 want to dye, making
it rtronger or weaker, as I fee occafion ; after which I
pafs them through aqua-fortis, or fpirits of faits, killed
with biopk tin as before, and diluted with water; then
wafii them well in water. After which I wafh them in
foap and warm water, and dry them ; or I add the aqua¬
fortis, or fpirits of lalts, prepared as before, to the liquor
made from the woods, or barks, till I can tafte the fpirit
perfectly in the liquor, in which 1 work the goods ten or
fifteen minutes, and then wafh them as before, and dry
them.

Or another way to clye the faid colours. — I pafs the
goods through the gall liquor, prepared as before j then

I N G.

I add to the fame liquor aqua-fortis, or fpirit of faits,.
prepared as before with block tin, until I can tafte the
fpirits perfe&ly in the liquor; then 1 work them ten or
fifteen minutes through this liquor again, after w^jch I
wafh them off, and dry them as before. To dye a per¬
manent nankeen colour on cotton, or goods made of cot¬
ton, linen, woollen, and filk; inftead of running the
goods through a liquor made from alder wood, or bark,
or mahogany wood or bark,. ground or rafped, and then
through aqua-fortis, killed with block tin, and diluted
with water; which method of dying this colour I found
out, and have praCti fed, for thefe ten years part, but which
colour had not fufficient firength to refill the aClion of the
air upon it ; I now dye it as follows, which produces as
permanent and beautiful a colour as any that is dyed in
the tuft Indies, and capable of refilling the effects of the
air upon it. I now pafs the goods through the gall li¬
quor, prepared as before dated, for the other colour, or
diluted with water, according to the colour wanted ; then
through a liquor made from alder wood or bark, ground
or rafped, or mahogany wood or bark, or doe-tree wood
or bark, or walnut-tree wood or bark, or from elm-tree
wood or bark, or from poplar wood or bark, ground or
rafped, or from tea, or from any two of thefe woods or
barks, or tea, or from all of them. The quantity of in¬
gredients and firength of the liquor, to be proportioned
to the (hade or fulnefs of the colour I have to dye ; or 1
mix the gall liquor with this liquor, prepared from the
woods and barks, in proportion of half a pint or more,
according to the colour, to one gallon of the wood or
bark liquor ; after which I run them through aqua-fortis,
or fpirit of faits, killed with block tin, as before, and di¬
luted with five or fix times its quantity of warm water j
then waft) them in clear water, after that in foap and wa¬
ter, and then dry them.

Another method of dying the above colour. — I pafs
the goods firft through the liquors prepared from the
woods or barks, or tea, as before ftated, or any two or
more of them; then through aqua-fortis, or fpirit of
faits, killed with block tin, as before ; after which I wafh
them well in water, and then run them through the gall
liquor, made as before, and diluted with water, accord¬
ing to the (hade the colour is wanted; then through the
aqua-fortis or fpirit of faits again, or ftrong alum water,
or a mixture of thefe together ; after which I wafh them
well in clear water, then through foap and warm water,
and dry them.

To dye a permanent buff colour on cotton, or goods
made of cotton, linen, woollen, or filk, I pafs the goods
through the gall liquor, made as before for the other co¬
lours ; then I work it through a liquor made from Eng-
1 i Ill oak bark, or Englifh oak wood, ground or rafped, or
from American oak bark or wood, or from alder bark or
wood, or from crab-tree bark or wood, or from apple-tree
bark or wood, ground or rafped, or from fumach, or from
two or more of them, mixed together, according to the
fhade or fulnefs of colour wanted; then I take out the
goods, and add to the liquor aqua-fortis, or fpirit of faits,
k'lled with block tin, as before, till I can tafte the fpirits
perfectly in the liquor ; then I pafs or work them well
through this liquor again, for ten or fifteen minutes, after
which I wafh them well in water, and, if the colour is
not fufficiently ftrong, I repeat the fame operation over
again, until it is, and then wafh them off in warm water
and foap, and dry them.

Another way to dye the fame colour.— I pafs the goods
through the gall liquor, made as before, or diluted with
water, according to the colour I want to dye; then L
work them through the liquor made from the different
woods or barks, as before (fated ; then. I pafs them
through aqua-fortis, or fpirit of faits, killed with block
tin, as before, and mixed with five or fix times its quan¬
tity of warm water; after which I wafh them well in
clean water, and, if the colour is not fufficiently- ftrong,
I repeat the fame method over again until it is ; then I

wafh

165

D Y

waft) them off through warm water and (cap, and dry tliem.
To dye a permanent nmd, dove, or drab colour. — I
take half a pint of aqua-fortis, and half a pint of clear
water, in which I diffolve one ounce of fal-ammoniac,
and mix them together, to which I add, by degrees, two
ounces of (liver; then 1 take, of the gall liquor, or tea,
prepared as for the other colours, or diluted with water,
according to the fulnefs of colour I with to dye, twenty
parts tQ one of the above fpirits, and mix them together
with a few drops of copperas water, or oil of vitriol, killed
with iron and water. I work the goods through this li¬
quor, then dry them, after which I rince them through
ftroitg. American pot or pearl-afhes or leys, or from leys
madeTf lime, or lime and allies mixed together; after
which I wafli them well in water, and dry them.

Another way to dye the above colours. — I take half a
pint of aqua-fortis, and put to it half a pint of water, to
which I add two ounces of quickfilver; then I take from
ten to twenty parts of the gall liquor, prepared as for
the other colours, to one part of the above fpirits, adding
to it a few drops of copperas water, or oil of vitriol, killed
with iron and water, or aqua-fortis, killed with common
tin or iron. I work the goods through this liquor, then
dry them : after which. I rince them through American
pot or pearl-afh leys, or lime leys, or through leys made
from lime and allies mixed ; after which I walh them
well through clear water, and dry them.

Another method of dying the abovefaid mud, dove, or
drab, colours, upon cotton, or goods made of cotton, li¬
nen, woollen, or (ilk. — I take half a pint of oil of vitriol,
and add to it half a pint of water, in which I mix, by de¬
grees, one pound of common fait, and half a pound of
manganefe ; then I take gall liquor, prepared as before
for the other colours, five parts to one of the above fpi¬
rits, or more or lefs, according to the colour I want to
dye ; then I add to ten or twelve parts of the above li¬
quor, mixed, one part of theaqua-fortis, killed with (liver,
as before (fated, or three parts of that killed with quick¬
filver, or in proportion as I want it for ftrength or fulnefs
of colour. I work the goods through this liquor, then
dry them : after which I rince them in American pot or
pearl-afhes, or leys made from lime, or lime and afhes
mixed together; then I wafh them well, and dry them.

To dye a permanent brown colour on cotton, or goods
made of cotton, linen, woollen, or (ilk. — I pafs the goods
through the gall liquor, prepared as for the other colours,
or I dilute it with water, according to the colour I want
to dye ; then I run them through the fpirits made from
oil pf vitriol, common fait, and the manganefe, as (fated
before ; after which I pafs them through ftrong afit leys,
and then through a (lender liquor, made from the oxyge¬
nated muriatic acid, di (filled front fpirit of falts, manga¬
nefe, and afhes, or from oil of vitriol, common fait, and
manganefe ; after which h wafh them well through clear
water, and dry them.'’

Another ingenious invention is that of Mr. Samuel
Gratrix, of Hulvne, near Manchefter, which confifts in a
new method of dying and (faining colours upon cotton
cloth, linen cloth, and cotton and linen cloth mixed.
For this invention a patent was obtained, dated July 1,7,
1799 ; the procefs is as follows, in the words of the pa¬
tentee. “ I the faid Samuel Gratrix do declare, that my
new-invented method of dying and (faining different co¬
lours upon cotton cloth, linen cloth, and cotton and linen
cloth mixed, is performed in the manner following ; that
is to fay : To dye a black upon cotton cloth, linen cloth,
and cotton and linen cloth mixed, I take tar, iron liquor
of the very bed quality,, adding to each gallon thereof
three quarters of a pound of fine flour, and by boiling bring
it to the confiffency of a thin pafte. I put the liquor or
pafte into a tub belonging to the machine ufed in this pro¬
cefs, a plan of which is hereunto annexed. The goods
intended to be dyed are wound upon a roller, and palled
through the liquor or paffe above-mentioned, betwixt the

Vol. VI. No, 339.

I N G.

two other rollers, thereby completely (faining or dying
t lie whole mafs or body of the cloth. I pafs them into
a very hot (love or drying-houfe till dry. I take cows’
dung, put it into a large copper of water about fcalding
hot, and mix it well together, through which I pafs the
piece of cloth until it be thoroughly foftened. The quan¬
tity of dung, and the time neceflary in this procefs, de¬
pend upon the fubffance of the cloth, and the quantity of
the paffe or liquor imbibed in it. I then wafh the goods,
fo dunged, extremely well in water. I take a quantity
of madder, or logwood, or fumach, or any two of them,
or all of them mixed together, as the firength of the
cloth and nature of the colour may require, and put
them into a copper, or tub of hot water : then enter the
goods before mentioned into this liquor, and keep rincing
or moving them therein, until 1 have brought them up to
the ftrength of colour required. I have the goods again
well wafhed and dried. For dying black, it will be pro¬
per to pafs the goods a lecond time through the above
operations; adding more or lefs of the dying woods as be¬
fore. If, after the above operations and the fhade of
colour is too full, or too much upon the red hue, it will
be neceflary to give them a little fumach, and then run
them through a liquor made from iron and alder bark.
Another method of dying black : I take common iron
liquor, and add three quarters of a pound of fine flour;
and, by boiling, bring it to the confiffency of a thin paffe,
or, inffead of flour, I add glue or linfeed, or gum, or any
two, or all of them mixed together, till it is brought to
a proper thicknefs. 1 then pafs the goods through the
machine, and follow the before-m^itioned operations.
To dye olives, bottle-greens, purples, browns, cinna¬
mons, or fnuffs, I take common iron liquor, or common
iron liquor with alum diffolved in it, or common iron li¬
quor with alum and facchariim faturni diffolved therein,
in quantity of each, according to the fhade of colour
wanted, made into a -pafte or liquid, by adding flour,
gum, glue, linfeed, or one or more of them as before. I
then put the liquor or paffe above-mentioned into the
tub belonging to the machine hereto annexed, and pafs
the goods fo intended to be dyed through the machine in
the fame manner I have deferibed for dying black. I
take them from the machine, and hang them up in a very-
cool room, where they remain till thoroughly dry. I
take cow-dung, put it into a large copper of hot water,
and mix it well together ; through which I pafs the cloth
or goods until thoroughly foftened, the quantity of dung
and time requifite being proportioned as before. The
goods after this procefs being well walked, I take a
quantity of liquor made from madder, logwood, fumach,
fuffic, brazil, wolds, quercitron bark, peach wood, or
other woods, to produce the colour wanted, or any two
or more of them ; and, in cafe I fee it neceflary, I dilute
this liquor with water, acccording to the fhade or fulnefs
of colour I want to dye. I then work the goods through
this liquor; after which I pafs them through cold or
warm water, according to the colour, the proper applica¬
tion of which is well known to dyers, adding a little alum,
copperas, or Roman vitriol, or two or more of them,
firft diffolved in water. I then wafh them off in warm
water, and dry them. If the colour is not fufficiently
full, I repeat the fame operations, till it is brought to
tl'.e fhade required. To dye crimfon, red, orange, or
yellow : I take red liquor, fuch as is generally made
from alum, faccharum faturni, or fuch-like ingredients,
and dilute it with water, according to the ftrength or
fhade of colour I want to dye, bringing it t6 the con-
fiftency of a pafte or liquid, as before deferibed. Then
pafs the cloth through the machine, which being dried in
a cool room, pafs it through the operations of dunging
and wafhing as before. I take a quantity of liquor, made
front cochineal, madder, peach wood, brazil, logu ood,
wolds, fuftic, fumach, or any two or more of them pro¬
portioned in ftrength to the (hade of colour I want to dye,
U u and

*

166 D Y I

and work the goods through this liquor, till I have
brought them to the fhade of colour required ; after
which I walk them iu cold or warm water, and dry them.”

The parts of the machine are as fellow: fig. i, the
frame. 2, The cloth or hatting which conveys the parte
or liquor to the piece of cloth intended to be dyed. 3.
The tub made to contain the parte. 4, Another tub,
which receives the fuperfluous liquor or parte from the
piece. 5, 6, 7, Three rollers, round which the hatting
runs through the tub of liquor in order to pafs it. 8,
and 9, Two ferews, for the pnrpofe of tightening the
hatting. 10, and 1 1, Two ferews which prefs the roller 7,
againft the roller 12, betwixt which the piece partes.
12, A roller on which the fly-wheel is fixed, which puts
the machine in motion. 13, Tiie fly-wheel. 14, The
roller on which the piece is wound. 15, The piece pars¬
ing through the liquor, and betwixt the rollers. 16, A
roller which draws the piece from the machine by a ftrap
worked from a, pulley.

A further improvement in the art of dying has been
made by Mr. Jofeph Lewis, of Brimfcomb, in the county
of Gloncefter, by means of a new method of cooling the
cloth, and other piece goods, (particularly in dying
black;) and a new mode of applying the fire for the pur-
pofe of heating the boiler, or other vertels. This inven¬
tion is fanftioned by a patent, dated January 1 6, 1802.
Procefs as follows : “ I the faid Jofeph Lewis do declare,
Firrt, that my new method of cooling cloth, and other
piece goods, confifts in palling the cloth from the boilers
over cylinders, or rollers, ereiled on a ftage adjoining or
near to the boiler, and is performed in the following man¬
ner. Immediately oppofite the roller over which the cloth
turns in the boiler, a ftage is eredted of a proper width
for the goods intended to be dyed. This ftage is fo high,
that, when covered with lead, tiles, or any other ma¬
terial, the gutters which are placed under the eaves may
be fufficiently elevated to convey the liquor, which drops
from the cloth while turned over it, back again into the
boiler. At each end of the ftage is a trough of dimen-
fions fufficient to contain the whole of the goods intended
to be dyed at one time, and which troughs muft difeharge
the liquor, which runs from the cloth into them, into the
faid gutters. The trough neareft the dye-houfe may be
placed fo near the wall as to prevent the liquor from
dropping between it and the wall. At each end of the
ftage a roller with a winch or handle is placed fo high
above the troughs as to admit of the troughs holding the
whole of the goods eafily ; and between the faid rollers,
with winches or handles, other intermediate rollers ex¬
tend over the width of the faid ftage, at about three feet
diftance from each other. The rollers with winches or
handles are about thirty inches diameter, and it will be
better if the intermediate rollers approach nearly to the
fame fize, as in proportion to their fize the cloth is more
eafily and expeditioufly wound from one extremity of the

N G.

ftage to the other ; though rollers fo fmall as to be only
about four inches diameter may be ufed, where the ftage
is but ftiort, though with manifeft disadvantage. An
opening is made through the wall of the dye-houfe be¬
tween the roller over the boiler and the ftage; and a
fmall roller is placed in that opening, to prevent the
cloth from dragging on the wall ; and another fmall roller,
(which may be removed at pleafure,) between the roller
over the boiler and the wall. A cord is tied or fattened
to the roller with a winch at the extremity of the ftage,
oppofite the dye-houfe, fufficiently long fo reach to the
roller above the boiler ; it is fattened by a noofe to tire
goods, which are then wound over the roller at the end
of the ftage neareft to the boiler, and likewife ^ver all
the intermediate rollers, till it comes to the roller round
which, by turning, the cord is wound. Tire noofe is
then (lipped, and the end tied to the faid roller; the
goods are then wound on into the trough under that
roller, till the whole is out of the boiler ; they are then
wound back into the trough at the other end of the ftage,
and fo on backwards and forwards till the cloth is cool.
A (loping board, or frame of boards, is placed between
the wall of the dye-houfe and the boiler, to fave the
liquor ; but this, as well as the fmall roller placed in the
lame fituation, muft be moveable, to. allow the work¬
men room to keep the cloth abroad while turning in the
boiler. A moveable gutter is likewife placed between
the wall and the boiler, to convey the liquor which runs
from thofe under the eaves into the boiler. Three work¬
men are employed in dying. One of thefe is placed, when
the goods are cooled, at each winch on the ftage ; and
the other keeps the cloth abroad while coming out of
the boiler. It is univerfally allowed that repeated cool¬
ing, is eflential in the dying of black; to accomplifh this
effectually and expeditioufly, and likewife to fecure the
cloth from the pofllbility of being heat-wrinkled, is the
objebt of this part of the invention.

Secondly, My mode of applying the fire, for the pur-
pote of heating the boiler, is founded on the idea, that
the rtronger the draught, (that is, the greater the quan¬
tity of air that can be made to pafs through the fire,) the
greater will be the effedt of the fire on the liquor, pro¬
vided the heat fo generated impings in the beft poflible
direction againft the boiler. 'Fo gain this advantage I
place a grate exactly under the center of the boiler pro¬
portioned to its fize, aitd the expedition with which it is
required to boil. Brick-work is raifed about eight inches
round the grate, to contain the fuel ; and a diftance of
about four inches confequently remains between the flat
brick-work and that part of the bottom of the boiler
which is larger than the grate. The boiler is fupported
by three half-bricks, forming a triangle, on the flat brick¬
work, giving a diftance of about tvtelve inches from the
grate to the bottom of the boiler. The whole of the
fides of the boiler are likewife fet four inches at bottom
and three inches at top from the brick-work which fur-
rounds it up to the clofing, which doting is (even or
eight inches below the top of the boiler. At the clofing
are four flues, at equal diftances, taking at their entrance
the form of the boiler, which (to induce the flame to
fpread) are there thirty inches by about three inches, in
a boiler intended for dying, and which is fix feet dia¬
meter at top, and as they rife gradually become lets than
thirty inches and more than three, till they come each of
them to a fquare flue, or rather chimney, of about eight
inches diameter, through which the firnoke iflues; or two
of them may be brought into one at a convenient height,
(about fix feet above the boiler.) It may here be ob-
ferved, that the flues or chimneys thoiild rife imme¬
diately from the boiler, as perpendicularly as poflible ;
that is, the thirty inches thould be reduced as gradually
as the neceflity of allowing fufScient room for the cloth
to pafs between the chimney to the cooling apparatus
will permit. But where the boiler is not intended for
dying, or the nature of its ufe will permit, the flues may

D Y

Tbe more than thirty inches- at their opening, the more
the better, and Ihould rife as perpendicularly as conve¬
nient. The number of flues or chimneys is immaterial ;
provided they are fo difpofed as to caufe an equal diftri-
bution of heat round the boiler. It is very eflential that
thefe flues or chimneys Ihould be exafl !y of a fize, or
they will draw unequally. Where the apparatus for
cooling is not ufcd, there will be room for the dyer to
throw the cloth from the roller, notw ithftanding the
chimneys; but, if the Situation of the chimneys fhould
prove inconvenient, an additional roller, made very flight,
may be put up occafionally a fmall diftance from the
boiler ; over which the cloth may be conveyed and drop
at once on the utenfil tifed for carrying the cloth from the
boiler. By the mode above defcribed, you have nearly
a perpendicular draught, and the flame impings with afto-
nifhing force againft the bottom of the boiler, inftead of
being drawn horizontally upon the fire, as is the' cafe
where the flame paffes into a flue immediately oppofite
the furnace door ; and as it leaves the bottom clafps its
Tides. The whole of the boiler is thus expofed to the
ftrongeft poffible draught, and in the beft pofiible direc¬
tion, being completely enveloped in flame. The faving
in fuel, and (what is often of more confequence to the
dyer) in time, I have found to be front one-third to one-
half over any other mode.”

Of DYING figured CHI NTS, called CALICO-
PRINTING.

It has been long a queftionof confiderable doubt, whe¬
ther theEgyptians borrowed this ingenious art front t belli n-
doos and other inhabitants of India, or whether the latter
borrowed it front the Egyptians. But if we confider the
many reafons for believing that this art has been praCtifed
over the greateft part of India during a long fucceffion
of ages ; that irot only the art itfelf lubfifted there, but
that the colouring, and other materials for exerciling it,
were the natural and peculiar productions of that coun¬
try rather than of Egypt ; that the Indians were highly
civilized at 1 ea ft twenty-two centuries ago, during which
fpace of time their manners fuffered little or no change,
and that their trades were carefully perpetuated in parti¬
cular families; and alfo that among thefe their manufac¬
tures were undoubtedly of very great antiquity, whilft
many obvious ways exified by which they could eafily
be extended to Egypt, and other countries ; all thefe
eonfiderations feem to decide the honour of the invention
in favour of India. Major Rennel obferves, that “a
paflitm for Indian manufactures and products has actuated
the people of every age, in lower Alia, as well as in the
civilized parts of Europe. The delicate and unrivalled,
as well as the coarfGr and more ufeful fabrics of cotton of
that country, particularly fuited the inhabitants of the
temperate regions along the Mediterranean and Euxine
feas. To this tradb the Perfian and Arabian Gulfs opened
an eafy paliage ; the latter particularly, as the land car¬
riage between the Red Sea and the Nile, and between
the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, took up only a few
days. It is highly probable, and tradition in India war¬
rants the belief of it, that there was from time immemo¬
rial an intercourfe between Egypt and Hindooftan, at
leaft the maritime parts of it; (imilarity of cuftoms in
many inftances, as related of the ancient Egyptians by
Herodotus, exifted in the two countries. It appears,
that under the Ptolemies the Egyptians extended their
navigation to the extreme point of the Indian continent,
and even failed up the Ganges to Palibothra,” from
whence they borrowed the Indian arts and manufactures.

Monf. du Fay, and the abbe Mazeas, firfl: communi¬
cated to the academy of fciences in Paris, the manner in
which this operation was performed by the. Indians. From
thefe accounts it appears, that the cotton cloths, when
brought from the weavers, were worn next to the Jliin by
the dyer and all his family , during the fpace of eight or ten

[ N G. 1 67

days; after which they underwent feveral macerations in
water with goats’ dung, accompanied with frequent in¬
termediate beatings, w a firings, and dryings, in the fun-
Ihine. Afterwards they were foaked in a mixture of the
mucilaginous aftringent fruit of the yellow rnyrobalans,
well bruifed, and of curdled buffaloes milk ; and being
thoroughly penetrated and impregnated therewith, they
were taken out, and the bquor being well fqueezed from
them, were dried by expofure to funflrine, and afterwards,
by preffure and friCtion, made fmooth enough for being
drawn upon by the pencil, with the different mordants.
The firfl of thefe was an iron liquor, fimilar to that fince
employed by the calico-printers of Europe, excepting
only that, inftead of vinegar or alegar, the iron was dif-
folved by a mixture of four palm-wine, and of water in
which rice had been boiled. This liquor wras applied to
the figures or fpots intended to become black, and after¬
wards the aluminous mordant was applied, commonly by
children, with the pencil, to the parts intended to be
made red. To prepare this mordant, two ounces of alum
were diffolved in two quarts of water, and evaporated till
it left only a refiduum of eleven grains of fea fait. To
colour this folution, fo that the (Irokes of the pencil in
applying it might be vifible, a little fappan wood, ( cafal -
piuia fappan of Lin.) in powder, was fteeped in the folu¬
tion, which being afterwards drained, was thickened with
gum, and applied as before-mentioned ; after which the
cotton fo penciled was expofed to the hotted funflrine,
in order that the parts to which the mordants had been
applied might be dried as much as poffible; and then
the cottons were thoroughly foaked in large pits of wa¬
ter, to cleanfe them from the fuperfluous parts of the
different mordants, as well as from the buffaloes milk,
See. and this being done, they were dyed in water, with
certain roots anfwering nearly in their effeCts to thofe of
madder. Of thefe there are feveral forts ufed for dying-
red in different parts of India; that above-mentioned is
a fpecies of gallium, called on the coafts of Coromandel
and Malabar by the names of chaia, chayaver, and rayt de
chaye. The cottons thus penciled, and gradually made
to boil in water with a fuitable quantity of this root,
were dyed red, where the folution of alum had been ap¬
plied, and black in thofe parts on which the iron liquor
had been penciled; and after being dyed, the cottons un¬
derwent three different walkings with goats’ dung, foap,
Sec. were then bleached by being expofed to the fun,
and watered occafionally, to remove the fiain on the parts
intended to remain white.

It appears, that in this operation the buffalo’s milk,
and more efpecially the aftringent juice of the myrobu-
lans, produced very important effects, by their attraction
for the aluminous earth, by which they contributed great¬
ly to decompofe or feparate it from the fulphuric acid,
and confequently to fix it more firmly in the cotton ;
and, being fo fixed, it was enabled more ftrongly to at¬
tract and retain the colouring matter of the chaia root
whilft in the dying veffel, and thereby to produce a more
permanent red in the different fpots, figures, or defigns,
where the alum liquor had been applied. A mixture of
this and of the iron liquor, aCting and applied in the
ways before-mentioned, produced alfo a durable purple,
in the fame dying veffel, upon the pabts impregnated
therewith ; and confequently one dying with the colour¬
ing matter of a Angle root, produced at the fame time
reds, purples, and blacks. The Eaft-Indian method of
dying blue from indigo, by covering over the ground
with wax, is to prevent the aCtion of the blue upon the
white parts ; becaufe, from its fixed nature, it cannot be
removed or bleached out. The yellow colour employed
for calico-printing in that country is undeferving of no¬
tice, it being compofed only of a decoction of cadouc&i-
pou, a fpecies of galls, produced on the yellow myroba-
lan tree, (which give a dull yellow,) and of a fuitable
portion of alum, which, being thickened with gum, and

168 D Y I

penciled over blue figures or defigns, produces a green,
and on white parts or grounds, a yellow colour; neither
of which is fufficiently durable.

The art of calico-printing, (ince its introduction to
Europe, has been diverted of many tedious operations
and manipulations, which would have proved infupport-
ably expenfive here, on account of the higher price of
labour, and of almoft every thing neceffary to human
fubfirtence. But the greateft European improvement in
this art refpefts the aluminous mordant, and depends
on the employment of fugar or acetit of lead, or the
oxyd of that metal diffolved by diftilled vinegar, and
cryftallized ; which, within the memory of man, has been
gradually brought into ufe, without any theory or even
fufpicion of its true effect, or of the way in which it
proved fo highly ufeful. This improved aluminous
mordant is now generally made for calico-printing, by
diffolving three pounds of alum in a gallon of hot water;
then adding one pound, or in fome particular cafes one
pound and a half, of the acetit or fugar of lead, (lining
the mixture well during two or three days, and after¬
wards adding to it about two ounces of pot-alh, and as
many of clean powdered chalk, called carbonat of lime.
The mixture being thus made, and the clear liquor de¬
canted from the fediment, it is afterwards thickened with
flour, if intended to be printed or applied by the block,
and with the gum of the Mimofa Nilotica, gum Arabic ;
or of the Mimofa Senegal, gum of Senegal, if it be intended
for pencilling ; and being applied in either of thefe ways
to linens or cottons, it is afterwards very thoroughly
dried in a room artificially heated, and then the pieces
of linen or cotton, fo printed or penciled with the mor¬
dant in queftion, are cleanfed as perfectly as poflible, by
foaking and working them in a ciftern with warm water
and cow-dung, and afterwards rincing them in clean wa¬
ter to dilTolve the gum or flour, and feparate the fuper-
fiuous or loofe parts of the mordant, which otherwife
would in the dying veffel combine with the colouring
matter, and greatly ftain the grounds, or parts intended
to be prelerved white. This will indeed unavoidably
happen in fome degree, notwithrta-nding the molt perfect
cleanfing. But as the colouring matter which thefe
grounds or parts abforb from the dying liquor will not,
when the clo'ths have been thoroughly cleanfed, be re¬
tained or fixed by any bafis, they are fpeedily whitened,
by being boiled in water with bran, and expofed upon
the grafs with the wrong fide upward.

When the practice of calico-printing was firft intro¬
duced into Europe, a confiderable number of ufelefs re¬
cipes for making the feveral mixtures employed as mor¬
dants were introduced with it. The calico-printers,
without any fyftem or reafonable motive, appear in dif¬
ferent inftances to have ufed verdegris, arfenic, corroftve
fublimate, blue vitriol, litharge, and white lead. Find¬
ing at length that only ffie two laft were of any ufe, it
happened that fome dyers began to omit one, and fome
another, of thefe ingredients, until at 'length all the ufe¬
lefs ones were laid afide, though without the aid of any
chemical knowledge, and without any one ever fufpedt-
ing, as indeed few of them do at this day, that the lead
which they continued to employ occafioned any decom-
polition of the alum, or that the mordant fo produced,
did- not really contain all the ingredients ufed in pre¬
paring it.

If cottons printed with the above-mentioned acetated
aluminous liquor be dyed with weld or quercitron bark,
inrtead of madder, this bafis will attract their colouring
particles in the fame manner, and produce permanent
yellows upon the figures where the alumine was previ-
oufly fixed ; the other parts, being but flightly tinged,
are afterwards eafily bleached or whitened, becaufe there
is no mordant to hinder the fepar3tion or deftrudtion of
the colouring matter of thefe dying drugs. The dying
of yellows, however, in this way, is an European inveu.

N G.

tion ; the people of India having Only- given them, as
already mentioned, by a mixture of the decodtion of the
galls of mirobalans with alum. And, indeed, this prac¬
tice was followed here for fome time after the introduc¬
tion of the art into Europe, excepting that inrtead of the
galls of the mirobalan tree, a decoction of French ber¬
ries was employed ; by which, indeed, a very full bright
yellow was at firft communicated, but of fo fugitive a
nature, that the ufe of thefe berries, which in fome de¬
gree ftill fubfifts, ought to be prohibited ; it being im-
poflible, by any means yet known, to obtain from them
a colour fit for any other purpofe than that of deception.
If, inrtead of the aluminous bafis, cottons or linens be
impregnated with iron-liquor (acetit of iron) of different
degrees of ftrength, and dyed with madder, they will re¬
ceive permanent dark browns of different rtuides, and even
a full black : and if, inrtead of iron liquor alone, it be
mixed in different proportions with theacetit of alumine,
the mixture will produce with madder all the (hades of
flea-colour, purple, violet, See. But when, inrtead of
madder, cottons or linens are printed with iron-liquor,
and dyed with weld or quercitron bark, they receive a
variety of olive-brown, drab, and dove colours; and if,
inrtead. of iron-liquor alone, a mixture of it, with acetit
of alumine, be ufed as a mordant, they will take various
(hades of olive, olive-green, See. And, indeed, by the
help of thefe two mordants only, (from iron and alu¬
mine,) ufed feparately, as well as mixed in various pro¬
portions, and afterwards combined with the colouring
matters of madder and of weld, or (inrtead of the latter)
of quercitron bark, aided by indigo, nearly all the pof-
fible varieties and (hades of colour are now given in the
way of calico-printing.

Hitherto the art of calico-printing has been confined
almoft folely to linens and cottons, which are fuited to
it, by being 'made fufceptible of a permanent union with
colouring matters, and efpecially with f heir bafes, by
only the common warmth of the atmofphere : and as this
is alfo the cafe of filk, there can be no doubt but this
might alfo be made the fubjedt of new and beautiful em-
bellifhments in that way, which, if properly executed,
would undoubtedly become a Entree of gratification to
the public, and of profit to individuals. And lately, a
fpecies of dying or ftaining, very much refembling fome
parts of calico-printing, has been ingenioufly applied to
woollen duffs, particularly to thofe called kerfemeres,
for vaiftcoat patterns, &c. The colours are made to
penetrate and unite with the wool, by placing the fluff
fo to be printed, in the (team of boiling water, for a fuf-
ficient length of time.

It now only remains to deferibe the manner in which
calico-printers perform the work. Some calicoes are only
printed of one colour, others have two, others three, or
more, even to the number of eight, ten, or twelve. The
fmaller the number of colours, the fewer are the procef-
fes. r. One of the mod common colours on cotton-prints
is a kind of nankeen yellow, of various (hades, down to a
deep yellowifh brown or drab. It is ufually in (tripes,
flowers, or fpots. To produce it, the printers' befmear
a block, cut out into the figure of the print, with acetit
of iron thickened with gum or flour ; they apply it, thus
charged, to the cotton; which, after being dried and
cleaned in the ufual manner, is plunged into a pot-afh
ley. The quantity of acetit of iron is always propor¬
tioned to the depth of the intended (hade. 2. For yel¬
low', the block is befmenred with acetit of alumina. The
cloth, after receiving this mordant, is dyed with quer¬
citron bark, and then bleached. 3. Red is communicated
by the fame procefs, only madder is fubftituted for the
bark. 4. The fine light blues, which appear fo often on
printed cottons, are produced, by applying to the cloth
a block befmeared with a compofition, confiding partly
of wax, which covers all thole parts of thq cloth which
are to remain white. The cloth is then dyed in a cold

indiga

D Y 1

indigo vat} and, after it is dry, the wax oompofition is
removed bv means of hot water. 5. Lilac, brown, and
blackifli brown, are given by means of acetit of iron;
the quantity of which is always proportioned to the depth
of the (hade. For very deep colours, a lit 1 e fumach is
added. The cotton is afterwards dyed in the ufiial man¬
ner with madder, and then bleached. 6. Dove-colour
and drab, by charging the blocks with acctit of iron and
quercitron bark.

When different colours are to appear in the fame print,
two or more blocks are employed, upon each of which
that part of the print only is cut or engraved, which is
to be of fome particular colour. Thefe are befmearcd
with different mordants, and applied to the cloth, which
is afterwards dyed as ufual. Suppofe, for inftance, that
three blocks are applied to cotton; one with acetit of
alumina, another w ith acetit of iron, a third with a mix¬
ture of thefe two mordants, and that the cotton is then
dyed with quercitron baik, and bleached. The parts im¬
pregnated with the mordants would have the following
colours :

Acetit of alumina . . . Yellow,

iron . Clive, drab, dove,

The mixture . Olive-green, olive.

If the cotton be dyed with madder inffead of quercitron
bark, the print will exhibit the following colours:

Acetit of alumina . Red,

iron . Brown, black,

The mixture . Purple.

When a greater number of colours are to appear ; for
Inftance, when thofe communicated by bark and thofe
by madder are wanted at the fame time, mordants for
part of the pattern are to be applied ; the cotton is then
to be dyed in the madder-bath, and bleached ; then the
reft of the mordants, to fill up the pattern, are added,
and the cloth is again dyed with quercitron bark, and
bleached. This f'econd dying does not much aft'eCt the
madder colours; becaufe the mordants, which render
them permanent, are already faturated. The yellow
tinge is eafily removed by the fubfequen-t bleaching.
Sometimes a new mordant is alfo applied to fome of the
madder colours ; in confequence of which they receive a
new permanent colour from the bark. After the laft
bleaching, new colours may be added by means of the
indigo liquor. The following table will furnilh an idea
of the colours which may be given to cotton by thefe
somplicated procefles :

I . Madder dye. Colours.

Acetit of alumina . Red,

iron . Brown, black.

Ditto diluted . Lilac,

Both mixed . Purple.

IT. Bark dye.

Acetit of alumina . Yellow,

iron ....... Dove, drab.

Lilac and acetit of alumina . Olive,

Red and acetit of alumina . Orange,

III. Indigo dye.

Indigo . Blue,

Indigo and yellow . Green.

Thus no lefs than twelve colours may be made to appear
together in the fame print by thefe different procefles.
It it were poftible to procure colours fufficiently perma¬
nent, by applying them at once to the cloth by the block
or the pencil, as is the cafe with the mordants, the art
of calico-printing would be brought to the greateft pof-
fible fimplicity : but at prefent this can only be done in
one cafe, that of indigo ; every other colour requires dy¬
ing. Compoiitions, indeed, may be made by previoully
combining the dye-ftuif and the mordants. Thus yellow
may be applied at once by employing a mixture of the
infufion of quercitron bark and acetit of alumina ; red.
Vol. VI. No. 340.

D Y N .109

by mixing the fame mordant with the decodlion of alu¬
mina, and fo on. Unfortunate ly the colours thus com¬
municated are far inferior in permanency to thofe pro¬
duced when the mordant is [ revioufly combined with the
cloth, and the dye-ftuft' afterwards applied feparately. In
this way, therefore, are applied almoft all the fugitive
colours of calicoes, which waffling, or even expofure to
the air, fo commonly defttoys ; but which an act of the
legiftature might in future prevent, by prohibiting, un¬
der a high penalty, the ufe of falfe and fugitive dyes.

The following are the prefent exifting laws which re¬
gulate the trade of a dyer : By 3 & 4 Edw. VI. c. 2. no
dyer may dye any cloth with orchel, or with Brazil, to
make a faife colour in cloth, wool, &c. on pain of twenty
{hillings. By 23 Eiiz. c. 9. dyers are to fix a feal of lead
to cloths, with the letter M. to fnew that they ate well
mathered, &c. or forfeit three fliiTlings and four-pence
per yard . By 23 Geo. III. c. 15. feveral penalties are in-
fl idled on dyers, who dye any cloths deceitfully, and not
throughout w ith vvoad, indigo, anti mather ; dying blue
with logwood to forfeit tWenty pounds. Dyers in Lon¬
don are fubjecl to the infpetlion of the dyers company,
who may appoint fearchers ; and out of their limits, juf-
tices of the peace in feftions to appoint them: oppofing
the fearchers, incurs ten pounds penalty.

DYKE-REED, rather Dyke-Reeve,/! An officer that
hath the care and overfight of the d)kes and drains in
fenny countries; as of deeping-fens, &c. 16 & 17 Car. II.
c, 11.

DYLF,, a river of the Netherlands, which rifes on the
north-weft of Namur, and joins the Scheld above Niel,
after receiving front the eali the waters of the Dermer,
the Nette or Nethe from the north, and the Senne from
the loath.

DY'MAS, a Trojan, who joined himfelf to cEneas
when Troy was taken, and was unfortunately killed by
his countrymen, w ho took .hint to be an enemy, becaufe
he had drefled l.imfelf in the armour of one of the Greeks
he had (lain. Virgil.

DY'NAMIS,^. [from Siita-peu, Gr. to be able.] With
phyficians, t lie power by which any medicine operates,
or front 'whence any atftion proceeds.

DYNA'MICS.y^ \dynamique , Fr. of Swapii;, Gr. power,
force, cYc. ] That department of mechanics which relates
to the motion of bodies ; as ftatics relates to the equili¬
brium of bodies, or where no motion is produced : the
two grand divisions of mechanics being Jlatics and dyna~
mics ; the former relating to quiefcence, and the latter to
moving forces. See the article Mechanics.

DYNANO'METER, J. an ingenious inftrument for
afeertaining the relative ftrength of men and animals. — >
When Sanftorius invented hjis balance, he taught us
what we lofe by infenfible perfpiration ; and no one,
without this difcovery, would perhaps ever have ima¬
gined that the matter thrown out from the body is more
than half what we receive as nourifhment. Knowledge
no lefs important might be acquired, had we the eafy
means of afeertaining, in a comparative manner, our re¬
lative ftrengths at the different periods of life, and in
different dates of health. With this view a dynanome-
ter was firft invented by Graham, and improved by
Dr. Defaguliers, at London; but this machine, conftruft-
ed of wood, was too bulky and heavy to be portable ;
and, belides, to make experiments on the different parts
of the body, feveral machines were necelfary, each fuited
to the part required to be tried. The next improvement
was the dynanometer of Cit. Leroy of the academy of
fciences at Paris. It confided of a metal tube, ten or
twelve inches in length, placed vertically on a foot like
that of a candleftick, and containing in the infidea fpiral
fpring, having above it a graduated (hank terminating in
a globe. This (hank, together with the fpring, funk into
the tube in proportion to the weight adding upon it, and
thus pointed out, in degrees, the ltrength of the perfon.
who preffed one the ball with his hand.

X x

This

170 DYNANOMETE R.

Thisinftrument, though very ingenious, has not proved
adequate to the purpofe intended. Therefore, to remedy
its defeats, an improved dynanometer has been recently
invented by M. Regnier, of the Polytechnique (drool.
Belides the ufe which an enlightened naturalift may make
of this machine, it may be poffible to apply it to many
other important purpofes. For example, it may be em¬
ployed with advantage to determine the ftrength of
draught cattle ; and, above all, to try that of lrorfes,
and compare it with the flrength of other animals. It
may ferve to make known how far the alTifhnnce of well-
conftrulled wheels may favour the movement of a car¬
riage, and what is its vis inertia in proportion to the load.
We might appreciate by it, alfo, what refinance the Hope
of a mountain oppofes to a carriage, and be able to judge
whether a carriage is fufficiently loaded in proportion to
the number of horfes that are to draw it. In the arts, it
may be applied to machines of which we wifh to afeertain
the refiftance, and when we are defirous to calculate the
moving force that ought to be adapted to them. It may
ferve, alfo, as a Roman balance to weigh burdens. In
lhort, nothing would be more eafy than to convert this
machine into an anemometer, to difeover the abfolute
force of the wind, by fitting to it a frame of a determined
lize, filled up with wax cloth; and it would not be im-
poflible to afeertain by this machine the recoil of fire
arms, and confequently the flrength of gunpowder.

This dynanometer, reprefented at C, in the annexed
engraving, confifts of a fpring twelve inches in length,
bent into the form of an ellipfis; from the middle of
"which arifes a femicircular plate of brafs, having en¬
graved upon it the difi'erent degrees that exprefs the force
of the power ailing on the fpring. The whole of this
machine, which weighs only two pounds and a half, op¬
pofes, however, more refiftance than may be neceffary to
determine the altion of the ftrongeft and moft robuft
Jiorfe. The fimplicity of its mechanifm will be better
illuftrated by the following defeription : A, an elliptical
fpring, feen in perfpeltive, covered with leather, that it
may not hurt the fingers when ftrongly prefl'ed on with
the hands. This fpring is compofed of the beft Reel,
well welded and tempered, and afterwards fubjelled to a
ftronger proof than is indicated by its graduation, in order
that it may not lofe any of its elafticity by life. B, a
piece of fteel ftrongly fattened to the fpring by means of
a claw and ferews, in order to fupport the femicircular
plate of brafs C, mounted on the fpring, feen geometri¬
cally. On this plate are engraved two arcs, one divided
into myriagrammes, and the other into kylogrammes..
.Each of thefe arcs is (till farther divided by points,
which exprefs the weight in pounds de marc ; and all thefe
degrees having been exaltly valued by accurate weights,
it thence refults that all dynanometers of this kind may
be compared with each other. D, a fmall fteel fupport,
adj lifted like the former to the other branch of the fpring,
and having a cleft towards its upper extremity to receive
a fmall copper lever E, which is kept in its place by a
fmall fteel pin a. The whole of this mechanifm is feen
at H, of its full fize. F, a fteel index, very light and
elaftic, fixed upon its axis by a ferew in the centre of the
brafs femi circle. This index has a fmall bit of leather
or cloth glued upon the fmall circular part G, in order
r.o render the friction on the plate eafy, uniform, and al-
moft infeufible. It is to be obferved, that this index is
terminated by a double point- adapted to the divifions on
both the femicircular arcs. The firft, divided into my-
riograinmes and points, exprefimg ten pounds de marc ,
ferves for all experiments which oblige the fpring to be
elongated in the direction of its greater axis, as is the cafe
in trying the ttrength of the body : in a word, for all
trials where it is weceifary to draw the fpring by the two
ends. Thefecond, divided into kylogrammes and points,
exprefimg pounds de marc, is deftined for experiments
which compreJ% the two lidesof the fpring, as in trying the
force of the hands. I, a fmall plate of brafs which co¬

vers the mechanifm, to prevent it from being injured.
This fmall. plate has on it alfo a divided arc, the degrees
of which correfpond with tho(e of the firft arc of the
machine ; and by the play of a fmall index b, which is
under the plate, the movements of the fpring may be af-
certained. K, an aperture in the covering plate, through
which may be introduced a fmall turnferew, for the pur-
pofe of tightening or eafing the index as may be necef¬
fary. L, a pallet of brafs, with a ferew, having a cap
like that on the needle of the mariner’s compafs, in
which the lower pivot of the lever, that putties round
the index or handle, is made to play. This pallet, ail¬
ing as a fpring, yields to any bidden fltock, and prevents
the derangement of the mechanifm. M, a focket ri¬
veted on the plate I, in which the upper pivot of the
lever turns. N, N, N, fmall cylindric pillars that fup.
port the covering plate, which is fixed to them by three
ferews. O, an iron rack, on the lower part of which the
feet mull be placed when it is intended to try the flrength
of a perfon’s body. P, a double handle of wood, with
an iron hook, to be held at the fame time in the two
hands. Q, a double hook made of iron, one end of which
is to be hooked to the end of the fpring, and the other
to a rope fattened to a poft, as at c, when experiments are
to be made on the ftrength of horfes, or others, that re¬
quire the dynanometer to be lupported by hooks. R, the
manner of holding the dynanometer by perfons who wifh
to afeertain the ftrength of the hands. S, pofition of a
man when trying the ftrength of his body. T, difpofition
of the dynanometer to try the ftrength of a horfe, or any
other draught animal.

The effelts of this machine may be thus explained;
If a perfon preftes on the fpring with the hands, or draws
it out lengthwife, by pulling the two extremities in a
contrary dire&ion, the two lides of the fpring approach
each other ; and in proportion as they are brought nearer,
the fmall lever of the mechanifm pufhes before it the
index, which, by the tightnefs with which it is fere wed
in its place, will remain at the point to which it has been
brought by the pin d, in confeqttence of the force ailing
on the fpring. The mufcular force of the arms, or rather
the ftrength of the hands, may be tried by laying hold of
the two fides of the fpring neareft to the centre, as may
be feen in figure R; fo that the arms may be a little
ftretched, and inclined downwards, almoft at an angle of
forty-five degrees. This pofition, which appears the
moft natural, is alfo the moft convenient for a man to all
with his full force. It is to berecol Idled, that the lower
arc ofdivifion, divided into kylogrammes, is that which
ferves to exprefs the force of the hands, and of all the
allions which pre/s the two fides of the fpring. The
ftrength of the hands may alfo be tried one after the
other; and if an account be kept of the degree of prefi.
fare of the right hand, and then' of the left, and thefe
two fums be added together, it will be found that the
fum-total is, in general, equal to the ftrength of both the
hands when acting together.

To try the ftrength of the body, the perfon mutt place
his feet on the bottom part of the rack O ; one of t lie
ends of the fpring is then to be placed in one of the
hooks of the rack ; and the hook P is to be put into the
other end. In this pofition the body is perpendicular $
the lhoulders only being inclined a little forwards, to be
able, in throwing back the body, to pull the fpring with
all the force which a perfon is capable of exerting. In
this lituation, reprefented by S, a man may ra’ife a great
weight without being expefed to thofe accidents which
might be occafioned by an effort made in a more coa-
ftrained pofition.

Nothing can be more convenient than this dynanometer
to afeertain and compare the ftrength of horfes, and that
of all draught animals. The apparatus at T, (hews in a
fufficient manner, the difpolitions neceffary for experi¬
ments of that kind. The trials made by the inventer
ferve to give a very juft; idea of the abfolute force of

.horfes

D Y S

Kories of middling ftrength. For this purpofe, four
horfiss of middle lize, in good health and well-condi¬
tioned, were fubje<5Ied feparately and in fucceflion to the
fame trial. The fit ft drew equivalent to thirty-fix myria-
gra mines ; the fecond thirty-eight and an half ; the third
twenty-fix and an half ; and the fourth forty-three. The
fum of all thefe is 144 rnyriagrammes ; and if we take
the mean of this fum, we fhall have, for the ftrength of
ordinary horfes, thirty-fix rnyriagrammes, or 736 pounds
dt marc.

DYNAS'TICAL, adj. Relative to mode of govern¬
ment. — The Hiftory and Antiquities of Harwich and Do-
ver-conrt, topographical, dynajlical , and political. Title
to Dale's Harwich.

DY'NASTY,/i [ouvacrUix of bwodlvv, Gr. to be power¬
ful, or king.] A race or fucceflion of kings of the fame
line or family. Such were the dynafties of Egypt, of
China, &c.

DYNDYME'NE, in heathen mythology, one of the
names of the goddefs Vefta.

DY'NISH, a fmall inland in the Atlantic, near the weft
coaft of Ireland, and county of Gahvay. Lat. 53. 1 6. N.
Ion. 9. 44. W. Greenwich.

DYP'TYCHA, f. [Gr.] A kind of public regifter
among the ancients.

DYR'NITZ, or Tyrnitz, a town of Germany, in
the archduchy of Auftria : feventeen miles fouth of St.
Polten.

DYRRA'CHIUM, anciently a town on the coaft of
Illyricum, before called Epidamnum , or Epidavinvs ; origi¬
nally built by the Corcyreans. A Roman colony. Pliny.

DY'SAE,/! Inferior goddefles among the Saxons, being
the meflengers of the great Woden, whofe province it was
to convey the fouls of fucli as died in battle to his abode,
calle^ V alkali, i. e. the hall of (laughter.

D YSAESTHE'SI A , f. [from 3vs, Gr. difficulty, and
ecio-0avo(xai, to feel or perceive.] A dulnefs of fenfation,
or difeale called a faulty fenfe, from fume defect of the
external organs.

DY'SART, a town of Scotland, in the county of Fife,
with a fmall harbour on the north fide of t he Frith of
Forth ; the principal trade is in coals: eleven miles north
of Edinburgh. Lat. 56. 7. N. Ion. 3. 8. W. Greenwich.

D Y-SCINE'SI A,y. [from ovc, Gr. and y.meco, to move. ]
A difficulty of motion. Alio a defeat of fome of the
limbs.

DYSCOPHO'SISjyi [from $v(, Gr. with difficulty, and
xoCca, to be deaf.] A defect in the fenfe of hearing.

DYSECG£'A,yi [from hjs, Gr. with difficulty, and
tooew, to hear.] The medical term for deufnefs.

D YS'CR AS Y, f. [from hoc,, Gr. difficulty, and y.epa-v-
to mix.] An unequal mixture of elements in the
blood or nervous juices ; a diftemperaturg, when fome
bad humour or quality abounds in the body. — In this
pituitous dyfcrafy of blood, we muft vomit oft' the pitui-
4a, and purge upon intermi (lions. Floyer.

DYSEN' TERIC, adj. Belonging to a dyfentery, tend¬
ing to a dyfentery, attended with a dyfentery.

DYSEN' TER Y ,f. [dyfenterie, Fr. from Gr.]

A loofenefs or flux of the bowels. See the article Me¬
dicine. — From an unufual inconftancy of the weather,
and perpetual changes of the wind from eaft to weft, pro¬
ceed epidemical dyfenlerics. Arbuthnot.

DYSLO'CHIA, f. [from 3vs, Gt>. difficultly, and Xo-
yix, the lochia.] A morbid fuppreflion of the lochia, or
menftrual difcharge.

DYS'NOM Y, J. [from S'vc, Gr. bad, and a law.]
The aft of conftituting bad laws'.

DYSG'DES,/. [front 3vc, Gr. bad, and of«, to fmell.]
The difeafe called a foetid or finking breath. Fcefius fays,
that in Hippocrates we are to underftand by this word,
a fetid diforder of the fmall inteftines. Dr. Percival
calls it dyjodes pulmmiica , to which, he fays, perCbns with
a narrow chert and fcorbutic habit are peculia, ly incident.
He obferves, that it feems to originate from a want of

D Y T 171

power to make- a full expiration, by which too much
perfpirable matter is retained, and corrupted by ftagna-
tion in the veficles of the lungs. In fuch cafes be hath
found the moft falutary effects from the life of myrrh and
fixed air, internally adminiftered. Thefe antifeptic fub«
fiances are probably carried to the lungs, and difcharged
together with the offenfive vapour, which correct, at the
fame time that they invigorate, the fmalleft ramifications
of the bronchia?.

DYSO'PIA,y [from Svc,, Gr. difficultly, and o7rrof4«»,
to fee.] An indiftinfl and difficult vifion, occafloned by
fome natural or acquired defeCt in the eye. We are told0
in vol. iv. of the Memoirs of the Medical Society of Lon¬
don, 1795, that this complaint is known in Ruflia by a
name (ignifying hen blindnefs. The patient lofes his fight at
fun-fet, and does not recover it till fun-rife ; and is blind
even during the lighted nights of fummer. The difeafe
is chiefly among the peafants during the hay-harveft,
when they generally work all night, to avoid the fultry
heat of day, and when they lleep lefs than ufual. M,
Guthrie, M. D. at Peterfburgh, attributes the caufe to
an exhauftion of the irritability of tire retina, by excefs
of light. This temporary amaurofis goes off fpontane-
oufly ; but they ufe a decoction of blue-bottle, centaurea,
cyanus, Lin.

DYSOREX'I A, f. [from $v;, Gr. bad, and ap.

petite.] A bad or depraved appetite ; a loathing of food.

DYSPEP'SI A, f. [from 3 vs, Gr. difficultly, and irow-
tb, to concoCt. ] A difficulty ofidigeftion ; a weaknefs of
the digeftive organs.

DYSPERMATIS'MUS,/ [from 0V, Gr. difficultly,
and cnrspy.a ra, to procreate.] An inability to beget chil¬
dren ; an infirmity of the procreative members.

DYSPHO'NI A,y. [from 3vs, Gr. difficultly, and (peon j,
the voice.] An impeded voice; a difficulty of fpeecli ;
a defect of utterance.

DYSPNCE'A, [from 3vs, Gr. difficultly, and
to breathe.] A difficulty of breathing; an impeded re-
fpiration ; a ftate of afthnra.

DYSTHY'MIA, [from Sue, Gr. bad, and Svuos, the
mind.] Infanity ; a diforder of the mind; a ltate of
phrenzy.

DYSTI'CLII A, f. [from 3W, Gr. and s-iya.', a row. ]
A double row of hairs on tha eyelids.

DYSTO'CHIA, [from Gr. difficultly, and r<x-
t 10, to bring forth.] A difficulty of parturition ; a linger¬
ing and unnatural labour.

DYSTRY ACHl'ASIS, f. [Gr.] A continued de¬
fluxion of tears occalioned by the lhort points of the
hairs growing under the eyelids.

DY'SURY, f. \_dyfuria , Lat. from 3vc, G r. painful,
and l’[ov, urine.] A difficulty of voiding the urine, com¬
monly called frangury. For the caufe and cure, fee the
article Medicine.

DYTIS'CLS, f. the water-beetle; in entomology, a
genus of infeCts belonging to the order of coleoptera ;
the antennas are fienderand Cetaceous ; they have fix fili¬
form palpi or feelers ; the hind feet are hairy, and formed
for fwimming ; and are alfo furnilhed with claws; the
under fide of the fore feet of the males is hemifpherical ;
the elytra of the female are moftly furrowed. Prom the
indefatigable refearch of modern entoinologifts, no lefs
than one hundred and forty-feven fpecies are now afeer-
tained, diftinguifhed chiefly by their antennae, the colour
of the elytra, &c. The larvae of the dytifeus are oftea
met with in water. They are oblong, and have fix fcaly
feet. Their body confifts of eleven fegments. The head
is large, with four filiform antennas and a ftrong pair of
jaws. The laft fegments of their body have rows of hairs
on the fides ; and the abdomen is terminated by two
fpines charged with the like hairs, forming a kind of
plumes. Thefe larvae are frequently of a greenilh varie¬
gated brown : they are lively, aCtive, and extremely vo¬
racious : they devour and feed upon other water-infeCts,
and often tear and deftroy each other. The perfeCl in-

f«a

E

172

feft is little inferior to its larvse in voracioufnefs, but it
can only exercife its cruelty on the larva? ; the perfect
infedfs, like himfelf, being fheltered by the kind of I'caly
cuirafs with which they are armed. This creature muff
be touched cautioufly ; for, betides its power of giving
a fevere gripe with its jaws, it has, under the thorax,
another we pen, a long (harp fpine, which it‘wi!l drive
into one’s fingers by the effort it makes to move back¬
ward. The eggs' of the dytifeus are rather large, and are
inclofed in a kind of filky dufkilh bag, of a ftrong and
thick texture, in form round, and terminated by a long
appendix or flender tail, of the lame fubftance. T-hefe
bags are often found in the water, and from them are
brought forth the eggs and larva? of the infect. Many
fpecies of the4 perfect infedt are commonly feen in flag¬
rant waters, which they quit in the evening to fly about.
They fwim with incredible agility, making ufe of their
hinder legs after the fafhion of oars. The elytra of the
females are in general furrowed, and thofe of the male
plain : when they firft arrive at their perfect ftate, their
elytra are almoft tra.nfparent, and in many fpecies of a
beautiful dun or fire colour, mingled with fhades of a
greenith brown, or punCt ulated, or banded, grooved, or
ftriated. Five fpecies ..are delineated in the engraving,
common to different parts of Europe, and found in this
country, viz.

Fig. i. the marginalis : colour above fhining raven
grey, except the outward edge of the thorax and elytra,
and the fore part of the head, which has a tranfv^erfe
ftreak or band of a dun colour, fituate on the upper lip ;
the under part of the body is a mixture of yellow and
brown. The elytra are exceeding fmooth and glaffy,
With obfeure fpots or lines, forming two longitudinal
bands on the edge of each of the elytra. The flernutn
underneath is forked and blunt. The legs have no other
articulation than that which refembles a hinge. The
four anterior feet are fingularly fliaped in the males. The

E A C

four firft articulations of the tarfi are very fhort and broad,
with brulhes underneath, which form a round fcoop, with
which the infect lays hold of his female. The laft joint
of thofe tarfi is long, and bears the nails. The hinder
feet have their tarfi flat, bearded, fhaped like fins, and
the claws of thofe feet are ftraight and nowife hooked.
The antennae and palpi are dun coloured. This ranks
among the larged of the fpecies. Fig. 2, reprefents the
female of the fame infedt ; the elytra fubftriated and
brown, and black at the ends. Fig. 3, the uliginofus ;
with dark polifhed fhining elytra ; antennae, legs, and
body, ferruginous. Fig. 4, the bipuftulatus : dark and
fhining, with two red dots on the head behind, but fcarce-
ly vifible to the naked eye. Fig. 5, dytifeus Hermanni:
body gibbous ; head, thorax, and bafe of the fhells, fern
ruginous red; elytra truncate ; native of Alface. Fig. 6,
the maculatus : thorax with a palifh brown band ; body
black ; elytra variegated with fpots or ftreaks. The
males in general refemble molt the dermeftides, and the
females t he carabi.

DYVO'URjy. otherwife Bare-man : a Scotch term
for a perfon involved in debt, and unable to pay his cre¬
ditors : fynonymous with the word Bankrupt

DZAR GURBAN, a river of Ruffian Tartary, which
runs into the Irtifch, twenty miles eaft of Semipolatnoi.

DZI EVVIENISZ'K I, a town of Lithuania, in the pa¬
latinate of Wilna : thirty miles fouth-foufh-eaft of Wilna.

DZ I W ATO'W, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate
of Wilna : four miles weft of Wi'lkomierz.

DZONMU'REN, a river of Rulfia, which runs into
Angara: twenty-four mile’s north of Irkutfch.

DZU'RA, a Tartarian village of Rtiffian Siberia, in
the government of Irkutfch. Lut. 56. 4. N. Ion. 342. 10.
E. Ferro.

DZWING'ROD, a town of Poland, in the palatinate
of Kaminiec t twenty miles fouth-wefr ot Kaminiec,

E.

ETHE fecond vowel, and fifth letter of the alpha-
- bet, poflelles two founds; long, as in Jcene, and
ihonf as in men. It is alfo the mod frequent vowel in
the Engliih language; for it not only is tiled like the
reft in the beginning or end of words, but has the pecu¬
liar quality of lengthening the foregoing vowel ; as, can,
cane ; man, mine ; gap, gape-, glad, glade ; bred, bride ; chin,
chine-, wlp, zidpe ; thin, thine.-, nod, node-, tun , tune ; plum,
flume. Yet it fometimes occurs final, where yet the fore¬
going vowel is not lengthened ; as, gone, knowledge, edge,
glue. Anciently almoft every word ended with e, as for
can, came-, for year, yeare ; for great, greate-, for need,
rteede ; for jloek, Jlocke . It is probable that this e final had
at firft a foft found, like the female e of the French ; and
that afterwards it was in poetry either mute or vocal, as
the verfe required, ’till at laft it became univerfally fi-
Jent. Ea has the found of e long: the e is commonly
lengthened rather by the immediate addition of a than
by the appotition of e to the end of the word; as men,
mean ; sel, slal ; met, meat ; net, neat.

The Greeks have the long and fhort e which they call
'< pfilon and eta. The French have at lead fix kinds of e’s -.
the Latins have likewife a long and fhort e; they alfo
write e inftead of a, as dicem f6r dicam, See. and this is no
doubt the reafon why a is fo often changed into e in the
prefer tenfe ; as, ago, egi ; facio, feci, &c. As a nume¬
ral, E Hands for 250, according to the verfe,

E, quoque ducentos et quinquaginta tenebit .

h\ mufic it denotes the tone e-la-mi* In the kalendaf

it is the fifth of the dominical letters. And in fea-chartS
it diltinguifhes all t he eafterly points : thus, E. alone de¬
notes eaft ; E. by S. means eaft by fouth ; and E. by N.
eaft by north.

EACH, pron. [elc, Sax. elch, Dut. ilk, Scot.] Either
of two :

Though your orbs of ditf’rent greatnefs be.

Yet both are for each other’s ufe difp.os’d ;

His to inclofe, and your’s to be inclos’d. Dryden.

Every one of any number. This fenfe is rare, except in
poetiy :

Wife Plato faid, the world with men was ftor’d,

That fuccour each to other might afford. Denham.

To each the correfpondent word is other, whether it be
■ufed of two, or of a greater number — Let each efteem
other better than themfelves. Phil. ii. 3.

Lovelieft of women ! heaven is in thy foul ;

Beauty and virtue fhine for ever round thee,

Bright’ning each other! Addifcn.

E ACH' ARD (John), an ingenious divine of the church
of England, a delcendant from a refpectable family in
Suffolk, born about 1636. After receiving a clafiical
education, he was fent to Catharine-hall in the univerfity
of Cambridge, where he took the degree of bachelor of
arts in 1656, was ele&ed fellow of his college in 1658,
and was admitted to the degree of matter of arts in 1660.
He publithed a treatife, intitled The Grounds and Rea-
fons of the Contempt of the Clergy and Religion en.

4 quired

DUROIA,A¥D dytiscus

1 7a

E A &

«jvm-cd into, 167*. This contempt he proves to be the
improper felection of young men who are intended for
the ministerial office, the defe&ive fyftems purfued in
their education, and the wrong motives which determine
many parents to educate their children for the- church.
He blended his ferious remarks with So much wit and hu¬
mour, that his treatife drew very general attention, and
paffed through many editions. In 1671, he publilhed
Mr. Hobbes’s State of Nature considered, in a Dialogue
between Philautusand Timothy, See. and foon afterwards
he publilhed fome farther remarks on the writings of
Mr. Hobbes, in A Second Dialogue between Philautus
and Timothy. In thefe dialogues he did Rot attempt to
confute the Philofopher of MalnreSbui^ by ferious argu¬
mentation, but endeavoured to-expofe his fyStem to ridi¬
cule by keen raillery, and lively Tallies of humour. In
5675, Mr. Eachard was chofen matter pf Catharme-hall ;
and in the year following was created dodtor of divinity
by foyal mandamus. It does not appear that he after¬
wards produced any literary work. He died in 1697.
The mott complete edition of his works was published
in 1774, in 3 vob. umo.

EAD, \_<ed, ed,~] in compound, and eadig in fimple
names, denotes happinefs, or bleffednefs. Thus End-ward
is a happy preferver ; Eadulpk, happy aSli Stance ; Eadgur,
happy power; Eadzoin, happy conqueror; which Maca¬
rius Eupolemus, Favjia , Fortunatus, Felicianas, See. do in fome
meafure refemble. Ead may alfo in fome cafes be de¬
rived from the Saxon eath, which fignifies eafy, gentle,
mild. Gibfon'i Camden.

EA'GER, adj. [eajojt, Sax. aigre, Fr.] Struck with
defire ; ardently wifhing ; keenly defuous ; vehement'in
defire ; hotly longing :

With joy th’ ambitious youth his mother heard,

And, eager , for the journey foon prepar’d ; *

He longs the world beneath him to furvey,

To guide the chariot, and to give the day. Dry den.

Jt is ufed Sometimes with of, fometimes with for, fome-
times with on or after before the thing fought. Hot of
difpofition ; vehement; ardent; impetuous. — A. man,
charged with a crime of which he thinks himfelf inno¬
cent, is apt to be too eager in his own defence. Drydcn. — ■
Qmck ; bufy 5 eafily put in adlion :

His Mumidian genius

is well difpos’d to mifehief, were he prompt

And eager on it, but he muft be fpurr’d. Addifon.

"Sharp ; four ; acid ;

With a bidden vigour it doth poflet
And curd, like eager droppings into milk,

The thin and wholeSome blood. ' Shakefpeare.

Keen; fevere ; biting. — The fleSh Shrinketh, but the
~bone reSifteth, whereby the cold becometh more eager.
Bacon. — Brittle; inflexible; not dudtile. A cant word
of artificers. — Gold will be fometimes fo eager, as artifls
call it, that it will as little endure the hammer as glals
jtfelf. Locke.

EA'GERLY, adv. With great ardour of defire ; with
impetuosity of inclination. — To the holy war how faSt
and eagerly did men go, when the prieSt perfuaded them
that whofoever died in that expedition was a martyr. South.
How eagerly he flew, when Europe’s fate
Did for the feed of future adtions wait. Stepney.

Ardently ; hotly :

Brutus gave the word too early,

Who having fome advantage on Odlavius,

Took it too eagerly-, his Soldiers fell to Spoil,

Whilst we by Antony were all enclos’d. Shakefpeare.
Keenly ; Sharply. — Abundance of rain froze fo eagerly as
it fell, that it feemed the depth of winter had of a ludden
been come in. Knolles.

EA'GERNESS, f. Keennefs of defire; ardour of in¬
clination :

Vol. VI. No. 340.

E A G

She knew her distance and did angle for mc,^

Madding my eagernefs with her restraint. Shakefpeare.
The eagernefs and Strong bent of the mind after know*
ledge, if not warily regulated, is often an hindrance to it,
Locke .

Juba lives to catch

That dear embrace, and to return it too,

With mutual warmth and eagernefs of love, Addifon „

Impetuofity; vehemence ; violence:

I’ll kill thee with fuch eagernefs of haSte,

As fiends, let loofe, would lay all nature wafte. Dryden.

EA’GLE, f. \_aigle, Fr. aquila, Lat. taller, Erfe.] A
well-known bird of prey, for the natural h i Story of which
fee the article Falco. The eagle, from being considered,
in the heraldic .fcience, as an emblem of royalty or ma-
jeSty, has been borne as an enfign or Standard by Several
nations. According to Dr. Bryant it was one of the in¬
signia of Egypt ; and it was alfoaSTumed by tlve Perlians.
It was adopted by the Romans in the fecond year of the
confulate of C. Marius. ConSlantine is laid to have fir ft
introduced the eagle with two heads, to intimate, that
though the empire feemed divided, it was yet only one
body." Others fay, that it ♦as Charlemagne whoafiumed
the eagle as the Roman enfign, and added to it a Second
head; but that opinion is destroyed, by an eagle with
two heads, noted by Lipfius, on the Antonine column;
as alfo bv the eagle’s-only having one head on the feal of
the golden bull of the emperor Charles IV. The con¬
jecture, therefore, of F. Meneftrier appears more proba¬
ble, who maintains, that as the emperors of the eaft, when
there were two on the throne at the fame time, Struck
their coins with the impreflion of a crofs, with a double
traverfe, which each of them held in one hand, as being
the fymbol of the Christians ; the like they did with the
eagle in their enfigns ; and inftead of doubling their
eagles, they joined them together, and represented them
with two heads. The eagle on medals, according to M.
Spanheim, is a fymbol of divinity and providence; and,
according to all other antiquities, of empire. The princes
on whofe medals it is molt ufually found, are the Ptole¬
mies and the Seleucides of Syria. See Heraldry.

EA'GLE, f in afironomy ; a constellation of the
northern hemilpj^re, having its right wing contiguous
to the equinoctial. See Aquila, vol. i. p. 841. There
are alSo three Stars, called by the Arabian astronomers,
nafr, i.e. eagle. The firft, nafr fohail, the eagle of cano-
pus, called alfo fitareh jemen, the (tar of Arabia Felix,
over which the Arabians fuppefe it to preside ; the Se¬
cond, nafr althair, the flying eagle; and the third, nafr
alvake, the resting eagle.

White Eagle, a PoliSh order of knighthood, instituted
in 1325, by UladiSlaus V. on marrying his Son Cafimire
with a daughter of the duke of Lithuania. The knights,
of this order were distinguished by a gold chain, to which
was appended a Silver eagle crowned.

Black Eagle, an order of knighthood instituted in 1701,
by the eledtor of Brandenburgh, on his being crowned
king of Pruflia. The knights of this order wear an
orange-coloured ribbon, to which is fufpended a black
eagle.

EA'GLE-EYF.D, adj. Sharp-Sighted as an eagle. —
As he was quick and perfpicacious, fo was he inwardly
eagle-eyed, and verfed inthe humoursof his fubjedts. Howet.
Every one is eagle-cy’d to fee

Another’s faults and his deformity. Dryden.

EA'GLE-FLOWER, /. See BalsAMine.

EA'GLE-ISLAND, an island in the Atlantic, near
the western coaSt of Ireland, and county of Mayo. Lat.
54. 17. N. Ion. 9. 54. W. Greenwich.

EA'GLE-ISLAND, an ifland en the north-eaSt coaSt
of New Holland ; low, Tandy, and covered with trees.
Lat. 14. 32. S.

EA'GLE-SIGHTED, adj. Witha fight like an eagle’s :

Y v What

174 E A m

What peremptory eagie-fg'htad eye
Dares look upon the heaven of her brow,,

That is not blinded by her msjefty f Shakefpeare.

E A'GLB-SPEED, f. Swiftnefs,. like tliat of an eagle :
Abrupt, with caglc-Jpeed (lie cut the Iky,

Inftant invifible to mortal eye. Pope.

E A'GLE-STONE, f A fpecies of argillaceous iron
ore, fancifully faid to be found at the entrance of the
holes in which the eagles make their nefts, and affirmed
by the ancients to have a particular virtue in defending
the eagle’s neft from thunder. — The eagle-Jlone contains,
in a ca-vity within it, a fmall loofe (lone, which rattles
when it . is ffiaken ; and every foffil, with a nucleus in it,
has obtained this name. The analogy between a hone,
thus containing another within it, or, as the fanciful wri¬
ters exprefs it, pregnant w ith another, and a woman big
■with child, led people to imagine that it muff have great
virtues and etfeCts in accelerating or retarding delivery ;
fo that, if tied to the arm of a woman with child, it pre¬
vents abortion ; and if to the leg, it promotes delivery.
On fuch idle and imaginary virtues was raifed all the cre¬
dit which this famous foil'll poffe fifed for many ages. Hill.
-See the articles TEtites and Mineralogy.

EA'GLE-WINGED, qdj. With the wings of an eagle :

At his right hand Victory

Sat eagle-wing' d. Milton.

EA'GLE-WOOD, f. See Egle.

EA'GLES, a town of the American States, in North
Carolina, on the weft fide of the river Clarendon, or
Cape Fear, oppofite Wilmington.

EA'GLET,^. A young eagle. — This treafon of his
fons did the king exprefs in an emblem, wherein was an
eagle with three eaglets tyring on herbreaft, and the fourth
pecking at one of her eyes. Davies.

EA'GRE, f. larger, in Runic, is the ocean : eggia, in
Ifiandic, is to agitate, to incite.] A tide fwelling above
another tide, obfervable in the river Severn :

For as an eagre rides in triumph o’er the tide,

The tyrant paffions hope and fear,

Did in extremes appear,

And flafh’d upon the foul with equal force. Dryden.

EAK, /. \_oGfolcte pfrom the Sax . aeak. ] Eternity. Scott.

E AL'DERM AN, f. [ealbejiman, Sax . ] Thenameof
a Saxon magillrate ; alderman. — Ealderman among the
Saxons was as much as earl among the Danes. Termes de la
Ley.

EAL'HORDA, y. [from the Sax. ] The privilege of
aflizing and felling beer. Scott. Obfolete.

EAME, J. [earn, Sax. com, Dut.] Uncle; a provincial
word, ftill ufed in fome parts of Staffordftiire.

Daughter, fays (lie, fly, fly; behold thy dame
Forelhews tlije treafon of the wretched camel Fairfax.

To EAN, v. n. now fpelt Yean ; [from eanian, Sax.]
To lamb :

He ftuck them up before the fulfome ewes,

Who, then conceiving, did in eaning time,

Fall party-colour’d lambs. Shakcfpcare.

EAN'LING,y. A lamb juft dropped :

That all the eanlings, that were ftreak’d and py’d,

Should Tall as Jacob’s hire. Shakefpeare.

EAOO'WE, orEooA, or Middelburg, one of the
Friendly iflands, in the South Pacific Ocean, which
abounds with groves of fruit, and othertrees, imerfperfed
with traCls covered with grafs. It wasfirft dilcovered by
Tafman, who called it Middleburg. Lat.21.24. S. Ion-
174. 30. W. Greenwich.

EAR, /, [eajrc, Sax. oor, Dut.] The organ of hear¬
ing. See Anatom y, vol . i. p. 601, 2. — His ears are open
unto their cry. PJalmxxx iv. 13.

What fire is in my ears? Can this be true ?

Stand 1 condemn’d ! Shakcfpcare.

e a n

That part of the ear that (hinds prominent.-— His mafrgT
Th all bore his ear through with an awl. Exodus. — Power
of judging of harmony ; fenfe of difcriminating the notes
in mufic. — She has a delicate ear , and her voice is mafic.
Richardfon. — The head ; or the perfon : in familiar lan¬
guage. — Better pafs over an affront from one fcoundrel,
than draw the whole herd about a man’s cars. L' EJl range.
— The higheft part of a man; the top— A cavalier was
up to the ears in love with a very fine lady. L’ Eflrange. — .
The privilege of being readily and kindly heard; favour.
— Ariftipptts was earned: fuitor to Dionyfius forfome grant,
who would give no ear to his fuit. Bacon.

They being told there was fmall hope of eafe,

Were willing at the firft to give an ear
To any thing that founded liberty. Ben Jonfon.

Difpofition to like or diflike what is heard ; judgment ;
opinion; tafte. — He laid his fenfe clofer, and in fewer
words, according to the ftyle and car of thofe times. Den¬
ham. — Any prominences from a larger body, raifed for the
fake of holding it. — There are fome veftels, which, if
you offer to lift by the belly or bottom, you cannot ftir
them: but are foon removed, if you fake them by the
ears. Taylor. — The fpike of corn ; that part which con¬
tains the feeds. — From feveral grains lie had eighty
ftalks, witl) very large ears, full of large corn. Mortimer.

The leaves on trees not more,

Nor bearded ears jn fields, nor lands upon the fhore.

Dryden.

To be by the Ears ; or, to fall together by the Ears. To
fight ; to fcuffie ; to quarrel. In Dutch oorlogen. A fa¬
miliar phrafe. — Fools go together by the cars , to have knaves
run away with the flakes-. V Ef range.

All Afia now was by the ears,

And gods beat up for volunteers. Prior.

To fet by the Ears. To make ftrife ; to quarrel; low
language. — She ufed to carry tales from one to another,
’till fhe had fet the- neighbourhood together by the ears.
Arbuthnot.

Lofs of one ear is a puni fitment enabled by 5 and 6
Edw. VI. c.4. for fighting in a church-yard ; and by 2
and 3 Edw. VI. c. 15. for combinations to raife the price
of provifions, labour, &c. if it be the third offence, be-
fide pillory, and perpetual infamy, ora fine of 40I.

To EAR, v. a. [ aro , Lat.] To plough ; to till. Obfo.
lete. — A rough valley, which is neither eared nor fown,
Deuteronomy . — Five years, in the which there fttall neither
be earing nor harveft. Gen. xiv. 6. — The field of love,
with plough of virtue ear'd. Fairfax.

To EAR, v. n. To (hoot into ears.

“ Wide Ears and a ffiort tongue.” — The Latins fay :
Audi multa, loquere tempejliva. The Germans fay : More
allca, lerne vie/, Jage wenig : Hear all, learn much, and fpeak
little. To hear, fee, and fay little, are evident marks of
prudence, fagacity, and good fenfe ; which it is the in-
tent of this proverb to inculcate.

“In at one Ear and out at the other.” In Italian,
Dcntro da un orecchia & fuore dall' altra. The Italians fay
likewife: Havere orecchie diniercante : 'Fo have a merchant’s
or tradefman’s ears. This is either fpoken of thofe care-
lefs and inattentive perfons, who in receiving admoni.
tions, orders, or inftniCtions, are too apt to forget or dis¬
regard them ; or, it is a letfon to perfons in trade, not to
notice the faults and reflections caft upon them by petu¬
lant cuftomers, who are looneft overcome by civility and
attention.

EAR-ACH, f. A pain in tire ear.

EAR-KISSING, adj. Heard in a whifper. — You have
heard of the news abroad ; I mean (he whifpered ones j
for they are yet but car-ki/fing arguments. Shakcfpcare.

EAR-PICK, J. an inftrument of ivory, lilver, or gold,
fomewhat in form of a probe, for cleanfing the ear. Sir
Hans Sloane obferves,. that the ufe of this inftrument
mull be very prejudicial to fo delicate an organ, by bring¬
ing too great a flow of humours into it.

EAR-

EAR

® AR-PIERCING, adj. Having a fkriVl founfi. — Th’
tar-piercing fife. Shakefpeare .

EAR-RING, f. Jewels fot in a ring, and worn at the
ears ; ornament of a woman’sear :

With gold and filver they increafe his (lore,

And gave the precious ear-rings which they wore. Sandys.

EAR-SHELL, f. A fpecies of fliell refembling the
form of the ear.

EAR-WAX,/! The cerumen or exudation which lu¬
bricates the inlide of the ear. — The ear being to (land
open, becaufe there was forne danger that infefts might
creep in thereat ; therefore hath nature loricated or
plaiflered over the dues of the hole with ear-wax, to en¬
tangle infeCts. Ray.

EAR'ABLE, adj. Arable ; fit to be ploughed ; tilla¬
ble. Scott.

EARCH, a river of North Wales, which runs into the
Lea, near Pvvllhely, in Caernarvonfliire.

EAD'ORBURG, /. [from the Sax.] The metropolis ;
the chief city. Obfolcte.

EA'RED, adj. Having ears, or organs of hearing.
Having ears, or ripe corn.

The covert of the thrice-earV field

Saw (lately Ceres to her pafiion yield. Pope.

Tilled ; ploughed. Dent. xxi. 4.

EAR'ING, f. The a£t of (hooting out in ears ; the aft
of tilling the ground ; the act of gathering the ears of
corn. In fey-affairs, that part of the bolt rope which is
left open at the corner of the fails in form of a ring.

E AR'ING-TIME, f. The time of harveft.

EARL,/, [cojrl, Saxon ; eoryl, Erfe.] A title of no¬
bility, formerly the higheft of this nation, now the third :

Thanes and kinfmen,

Henceforth be earls , the firft that ever Scotland
For fuch an honour nam’d. Shakefpeare.

This title feems to have originated with the Saxons,
and is the mod ancient of the Englifh peerage, there
being no title of honour ufed by the prefent nobility
that was likewife in life by the Saxons, except this of
earl, which was ufually applied to the fird in the royal
line. Verdegan derives this word from the Dutch ear ,
i. e. honour, and ethel which dignifies noble : but wlience-
foever it is derived, the title earl was at length given to
thofe who were affociates to the king in his council and
(martial aCtions ; and the method of fnvediture into that
dignity was per cinBuram gladii, -without any formal char¬
ter of creation. Dugdale’s Warxoickjh. 302. William the
Fird, called the Conqueror, gave this dignity in fee to
his nobles, annexing it to this or that county or province ;
and alloting them for the maintenance of it a certain por¬
tion of money ariling from the prince’s profits, for the
pleadings and forfeitures of the provinces. Camd. And
formerly one earl had divers fliires under his government,
and had lieutenants under him in every (hire, fuch as are
now (heriffs ; asappearsby diversof ourold datutes. Cuwel.

But about the reign of king John and ever fince, our
kings have made earls of counties, See. by charter; giv¬
ing them no authority over the county, nor any part of
the profits arifing out of it ; only fometimes they have
had an annual fee out of the exchequer, &c. An earl,
comes, was heretofore correlative with cbmmitatus ; and an¬
ciently there was no earl but had a fiiire or county for his
earldom ; but of late times the number of earls very
much inqreadng, feverat of them have chofen for their
titles fonte eminent part of a county, confiderable town,
village, or their own feats, &c. Belides thefe local earls,
there are fome perfonal and honorary ; as earl-mardtal of
England ; fee titles Constable, Court of Chivalry ;
raid others nominal, who derive their titles from the
names of their families. Lex Confitutionis, p.78. Their
place is next to a marquis, and before a vifeount : and
as in very ancient times, thofe w ho were created counts
®r earls, were of the blood royal, out Britifh monarchs to

E A U 175.

this day call them in all public writings, x< Our mod dear
coufiti they alfo .originally did, and (fill may, u(e the
dyle of nos. See Count, Peers, Sheriff.

EARL, a townfhip of the American States, in Lan-
cader county, Pennfylvania,

EARL-MARSHAL,/ He thatTias chief care of mi¬
litary folemnities :

The marching troops through Athens take their way ;

The great earl-marjhal orders their array. Dryden.

EARL'DOM, /. The feigniory of an earl ; the title
and dignity of an earl. — The duke of Clarence having
married the heir of the earl of UTder, and by her haying
all the earldom of Ulder, carefully went about redreffing
evils. Spevfer.

When I am king, claim thou of me

The earldom of Hereford. Shakefpeare.

EARLE (V/illiam Ber.fon), a gentleman of lingular ■
benevolence and philanthropy of mind, defeended from
an ancient family long fettled at Newton-Toney in Wilt-
diire. He was born at Grately in Hampfhire ; but redded
long in the Clofe, Salifbury. Poffeffed of literary en¬
dowments of the highed order ; well verfed in the whole
circle of the belles lettres, but particularly blelfed with
a mod exquidte tade for mude, his time and talents
feemed devoted to thefe engaging purfuits ; yet, amidd
them, he forgot not the humble and lowly among men,
but was ever relieving their necedities, and letfening
their wants. The following bequeds will evince the ge-
nerodty and goodnefs of his heart. To the 'matrons of
bidiop Seth Ward’s college, in rhe Clofe, Salifbury, he
bequeathed the Aim of two thoufand guineas ; to St.
George’s hofpital, Hyde-park-corner, to Hethei ington’s
charity for the relief of the blind, to the Philanthropic
fociety, and to the fund for the relief of decayed muli-
cians, a contingent legacy of one thoufand guineas each ;
to the three hofpitals edablidied at Wincheder, Salifbury,
and Bridol, one hundred guineas each ; to the refp.eCtive
parilhes of the Clofe, St. Edmund, St. Thomas, and St.
Martin, in Salidniry, fifty guineas each ; for different
charitable purpofes in the paridi of Grately, Plants, the
Aim of four hundred guineas ; and to the poor cottagers
in Grately, his tenants, the fee fimple of their cottages ;
and to the paridi of North Stoke, in Somerfetdiire, thirty
guineas. As a man of literature, and a friend to the arts,
he bequeathed to the royal fociety two hundred guineas ;
to the fociety of antiquaries two hundred guineas ; and
to the prefident of the fociety for the encouragement of
arts, manufactures, and commerce, two hundred guineas,,
for the purchafe of books for the public libraries of thofe
three refpeCtable .focieties ; to the Bath agricultural fo¬
ciety one hundred guineas. Widiing to add a beauty to
the many which now adorn one of the fined Gothic druc-
tures in the world, he bequeathed the fum of four hun¬
dred guineas for erecting a window of painted glafs in the
great wed nave of Salidniry cathedral, which has fince
been magnificently completed. To encourage the art he
loved, and give a grateful tedimony of his partiality to
the Salifbury concert, he has left an annual iubfeription
of five guineas for ten years, towards its fupport ; and a
farther fum of 150 guineas for the three next triennial
mufical fedivals at Salifbury after his deceafe. Befides
the above public legacies, he amply remembered his
friends ; and bequeathed many others, with a view to en¬
courage merit, and to reward indudry and goodnefs. He
died at Salidniry, on the 21b of April, 1796 ; and on the
30th his remains were privately interred in the paridi-
church of Newton Toney, near thofe of his anceftcrs*.

EA'RLESS, adj. Without any ears

Earlefs on high hood unabaYh’d Defoe,.

And Tutchin flagrant from the fc.ourge below. Pope.

E AR'LINESS, f Qukkoefs of any aCtion with re-
fpeft to fomething elfe : as, earlinefs in the morning, the
act of rifing fcon with refpedt to the fun ; 'earlinefs of

growth.

EAR

1-75 EAR

growth, the aft of growing up foon in comparifon with
other things of the fame kind. — The goodnefs of t lie
crop is great gain, if the goodnefs anfwer the earline/s of
coming up. Bacon.

E ARL'STON, or Earsilton, a town of Scotland, in
Berwickfhire, feated on the river Leader, thirty-five miles
fouth-eaft of Edinburgh. It is the birth-place of the ce¬
lebrated- Thomas the Rhymer, whofe real name was
Thomas Lermont : the ruins of the little tower lie pof-
feffed, hill remain at the wed end of the town. A little
helow Earlfton, on a rocky bank overlooking the Leader,
Hands Cowdenknows, an ancient building, now fomevvhat
modernized ; and on the adjacent knolls may be feen the
remains of its br-oom, fo renowned in Scottifh lore.

EAR'LY, adj. [aejt, Saxon, before. ] Soon with refpeft
to fomething eife : as, in the morning, with refpeft to the
fun in time, with refpeft to creation ; in tire feafon, in
comparifon with other produfts. — Sicknefs is yarly old
age : it teaches 11s diffidence in our earthly ftatbj and in-
fpires us with thouglits of a future. Pope.

I am a tainted wether of the flock,

Meeted for death : the weakeft kind of fruit
Drops earlkfl to the ground, and fo let me. Shahefpearc.

EAR'LY, aA. Soon; betimes. — The princefs makes
he’r ifliie like herfelf, by indilling early into their minds
religion, virtue, and honour. Addfon.

None in more languages can (hew

Thofe arts, which you fo early know. Waller.

“ Early to bed, and Early to rife,

Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wife.”

This proverbial didich is addveffed to every clafs of in¬
dolent perfons ; and efpecially to thofe nocturnal revel¬
lers, ganieders, and drunkards, who convert the night
into day, and finally bring upon them mental imbecility,
poverty, and difeafe.

“The Early bird catches the worm;” or, The cow
that’s fird up gets the fird of the dew. Or, “Early
fow, Early mow.” — Thefe proverbs are fo many admo¬
nitions to rifing early, and well-fpending the day.

“ It EarlY pricks that will be a thorn.” — Spoken of
the inclinations and tendencies of children which are foon
to be difcovered, and confequentiy eafy to be provided
againd, if attended with an earned, deady, and philan¬
thropic, mind. The Latins fay : Protinus apparct, qui ar.
bores frugifera; futura.

To EARN, v. a. [eajiman, Sax.] To gain as the re¬
ward or wages of labour; or any performance. — Thofe
that have joined with their honour" great perils, are lefs
[object to envy; for men think that they earn their ho¬
nours -hardly. Bacon. — The great expence of the poor
takes ifp almodall their earnings. Locke. — To obtain, as a
confequence of aftion :

To do the aft, that might th* addition earn,

Not the world’s mafs of vanity could make me. Shakefp.
EARN, a river of Scotland, which fifes in Loch Earn,
nd joins the Tay, a little below Perth.

EARNE, a lake of Ireland, in the county of Ferma¬
nagh, thirty miles in lefigth. It is qarrovv in. the middle ;
and in tfiis part is an ifland on which dands Innilkilling.

To EARNE, v. n. now Yearn ; [from gyjrnan, Sax.]
To have a great longing ; to feel great anxiety. Spenjer.

EAR'NEST, adj. [e opine y”c, Sax. ] Ardent in any af¬
fection ; warm ; zealous ; importunate. — He which pray-
eth in due fort, is thereby made the more attentive to
hear ; and he which heareth, the more earnejl to pray.
Hooker. — Intent; fixed; eager;

On that profpeft drange

Their earnejl eyes they fix’d ; imagining, /

For one forbidden tree, a multitude
Now ris’n, to work them further woe or fiiame. Milton.
Serious ; important. Some fay in earnejl, not in jejl. —
They whom earnejl lets do often hinder from being par-
„ ' 4

takers of the whole, have yet this the length of div'ne
fervice, opportunity for accefs unto fume reafonable part
thereof. Hooker.

EAR'NEST, f. Serioufnefs; a ferious event, not a
jeft; reality; not a feigned appearance. — The main bu-
finefs and earnejl of the world is money, dominion, and
power. L’ EJlrangc.

Nor can I think that God, Creator wife!

Though threal’ning, will in earnejl fo deftroy
Us, his prime creatures. Milton.

\_Ernitz penge, Dan. arm, Fr.] Pledge;, handfel ; fir ft
fruits ; token 6f fomething of the fame kind in futurity.
— The apoftles term it the handfel or earnejl of that which
is to come. Hooker. — It may be looked upon as a pledge
and earnejl of quiet and tranquillity. Smalridge.

Which leader ffiall the doubtful vift’ry blefs,

And give an earnejl of the war’s fuccefs. Waller .

' EAR'NEST, f. in law, money paid in part of a larger
fum, or part of the goods delivered, on any contraft, See.
which being done by way of earned, the property of the
goods is abfolutely bound by it : and the buyer may re¬
cover the goods by aftion, as well as the vendor may the
price of them. And by the datuteof frauds, 29 Car. II.
c.3. no contraft for fale of goods, to the value of ten
pounds or more, to be valid, unlefs inch earned is made
or given.

E AR'NESTLY, cdu. Warmly; affeftionately ; zeal-
oufiy ; importunately ; intenfely. — Earvcjlly Evoke the
goodnefs and power of an .ill-merciful and almighty God.
--Eagerly ; deliroufly :

Mv foul, more family releas'd

Will outdrip her’s ; as bullets flown before,

A latter bullet may o’ertake, the powder being more.

Donne.

EAR'NESTNESS, f. Eagernefs ; warmth ; vehe¬
mence ; impeiuofity :

Marcus is over warm ; his fond complaints
Have To much earnejlnefs and paffio-n in them,

I hear him with a fecret kind of horror,

And tremble at his vehemence. Addifon.

Solemnity; zeal; ferioufnefs. — There never was a charge
maintained with fuch a fliew of gravity and earnejlnefs ,
which had u (lighter foundation to fupp'ort it. Atterbury.

. — Solitude ; care ; intenfenefs. — Withoverdraining, and
earnejlnj's of fuddling their pieces, they often did them
more harm than good. Dryden.

EARSH, /. [from err, to plough.] An arable field,
fro hi which the corn has been cat and carried, and the
ftubble only remains. See Stubble.

Fires oft are good on barren earjhes made,

With crackling flames to burn the ftubble blade. May.

EAR'SHOT,y. Reach of .the ear ; fpace within which
words may be heard. — Gomer^dand you out of earfnet :
I have fomething to fay to your wife .in private. Dryden .

EARTH, J'. [eojYC, Sax.] Soil; terrene matter :

The fmiling god is feen ; wh-ile- water, earth,

And air, atted his bounty. Thomfon.

The terraqueous globe ; the world. — This folid globe
we live upon is called the earth ; which word, taken in
a more limited fenfe, dignifies fuch parts of this globe as
are capable, being expofed to the air, to give rooting
and nouriffiment to plants, fo that they may dand and
grow in it. Locke.

Nought fo vile that on the earth doth live,

But to the earth fome fpecialgood doth give. Shakefp.
Different modification of terrene matter/ In this fenfe it
has a plural ; as in the different genera of earths, viz.
boles, clqys, marls, ophers, Sc c. — Earths are opake, in-
fipid, ana, when dried, friable, or confiding of parts eafy
to feparate, and foluble in water; not difpofed to burn,

flames

E A R T II.

177

flame, or take fire. Woodward. — This world oppofed to
other fcenes of exigence :

What are tliefe.

So wither’d, and fo wild in their attire,

That look not like th’ inhabitants o’ th’ earth.

And yet are on’t ? Shakefpeare.

The inhabitants o-f the earth. — The whole earth was of
one language, Gen. xi. i. — Country ; diftinct region :

In ten fet battles have we driven back
Thefe heathen Saxons, and regain’d our earth,

As earth recovers from the ebbing tide. Dryden.

The aft c-f turning tip the ground in tillage, [trout ear,
to plow . ]

Such land as ye break up for barley to fow,

Two earths, at the lead, ere ye fow it, bellow. Tujer.

To EARTH, v. a. To hide in earth.— The fox is earth¬
ed-, but I fit all fend my two terriers in after him. Dry-

dei _ To cover with earth. — Earth up with frelh mould

the roots of thofe auriculas which the frofi may have un¬
covered. Evelyn.

To EARTH, v. a. To retire under ground :

Hence foxes earth’d, and wolves abhorr’d the day,

And hungry churls enfnar’d the nightly prey. Tickcl.

For the natural hillory and habitudes of ,the different
earths, ores, Hones, and other fubftances, of which our
globe appears to. be compounded, as far as at prcjcnt
known, fee the articles Chemistry and Mineralogy'.

For the magnitude, rfiotion, figure, denfity, magnetifm,
feafons, and other phenomena, of the Earth, eonfidered as
a planet; with the theories of Defcartes, Burnet, Steno,
Woodward, Whifton, and Buffon, as to its primordial
and prefeat date; fee the article Astronomy, vol. ii.
p. 361—370.

But the “ Theories of the Earth,” erected by_ the
above-mentioned able philofophers, having, in many re-
fpefts, been found defective, later writers have endea¬
voured to fatisfy inquifitive minds on this important fub-
jedt, by propofing feveral new hypothefes, lupported by
great depth of relearch, and equal learning and ability.
The fir ft who ventured on this devious ground, is Dr.
James' Hutton, who publiftied his New Theory of the
Earth, in the firft volume of the Philofophical Tranfac-
tions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. This theory
loon attraCred the notice of other ingenious men, and be¬
came a fubjeft of the mod interefting inveftigation. Dr.
Hutton’s fyftem may be comprifcd under four general
propofitions : ill. That our prefent continents, rocks,
and ftrata, have been formed by fubiidence, under the
waters of a former ocean, from the decay of a former
earth, carried down to the fea by land-floods, torrents,
and tempefts. 2d. That the ftrata formed at the bottom
of the ocean are brought into fufion, and confolidated,
by fubterraneous fire. 3d. That the ftrata, thus melted
and confolidated under the waters of the ocean, are forced
up by fubterraneous fire, to form new continents, moun¬
tains, and iflands. 4th. That the three foregoing ope¬
rations of nature, viz. the wafte of the old land, the for¬
mation of new under the ocean, and the elevation of the
ftrata thus forming under the waters for future dry land,
are a progreftive work of nature, which always did, and
always will, go on forming world after world in perpe¬
tual fucceftion.

The firft who lias ventured to combat this theory, is
the learned and ingenious M. de Luc. This able philofo-
pher lias alfo propofed a theory of his own ; nearly the
lame in principle with that of Dr. Hutton, but extremely
different in its mode of operation. Both the theories
have been clofely inveftigated and compared, in letters
from M. de Luc to Dr. Hutton, publiftied in the Month¬
ly Review, and commencing June 10, 1790. 'And as this
correfpondence develops a confiderable portion of new
and interefting information in geology, we think it right
to prefent our readers w ith the fubliance of it, in M. de

Vol. VI 1 No. 340.

Luc’s own words, who addreftes Dr. Hutton as follows:

“ We fet out, on botli Tides, from this indubitable fact ;
that our continents have been once th c bottom of the fea.:
which is the grand phenomenon to be explained in a
Theory of the Earth. Yours is 00 mpofpd oir three funda-
• mental hypothefes: ift. That no feljijQlratumfbf the earth
can have been formed, but by its fubftance .having been
firft melted , and then cooled. 2d. That the fame heat, by
which our firata have been melted, has railed them above
the level of the fea. 3d. That new continents, fimilur to
ours, are now forming at the bottom of the ocean, of t|ie .
materials of the prefent ones, as thefe have been formed
of the materials of former continents ; and that the conti¬
nents now forming, will rile alfo, when ours lhall be en¬
tirely wafed.

1 ft Hyp. No fiolid firahnn of the earth, can have been
formed, hut by its Jubfance having been firfi melted, and then
cooled. — The prefent difquifttion having Jo/ids for its ob¬
ject, I mull premife what I underhand by Jhlidity. 1 de¬
fine a jolid, a body wliofe condiment parts, have been
brought, by whatfoever catife, into- fo clofe a contact,
that they remain united by cohefion ; the caufe of which
is not our objett. Two principal caijfes may bring in¬
coherent particles into clofe contaa ; either fufion, or the me¬
dium of a liquid-, but the final effeift is the fame ; the par¬
ticles adhere to one another by cohefion. You mention both
thefe cauies; but you fix excluliveiy on the firft. Now,
fiolids fornled by thefe two different mediate cauies, rnull
have different charafters ; and from thefe we may firft
determine which of the two caufes has confolidated our
firata. The diftkiftive characters of Jo lids produced by
fufion are, that fuch fiolids may be melted again by mere
heat-, and that, after cooling, they (lull be the (a rife, or
nearly fo, as before: but of all the fiolid firata of our con¬
tinents, lavas only are of that nature ; confequentlyj^r.Qne
of the other ftrata have been melted. The fame conclulion
may be drawn from a more remote theory. Fufion is an
operation of fire, by which a liquid is produced of fub¬
ftances which, before, were not in that Hate: but the
procefs of liquefiaElion is very different, when fubftances
have been already melted, from what it is when they have
not; and from that difference, we may alfo judge your
hypothefis, by premifing fome principles. A liquid, is a
fubftance compofed of homogeneous particles, either fim-
plc or mixed-, which particles are in a certain combination
with fire , from which refult thefe two charadleriitic pro¬
perties ; that the condiment particles of fuch fubftances
have but very little adherence together; but that, how¬
ever, they have a tendency towards one another at a fen-
fible difiance. It is from the firft of thefe properties, that
particles of liquids fubmit fo readily to the law of gravi¬
tation in their mafs itfelf, fo that their furface is always
horizontal; and from the latter, that the fmall maftes of
liquids tend to aflurne a fpherical form. Now', from thefe
properties alfo it is, that a liquid confolidates by a certain
degree of cooling ; and that the fiolid produced has a pe¬
culiar character. For, while the fubftance was liquid ,
its condiment particles, from their tendency to one ano¬
ther, were come to the clofeft poftible contabl ; without
yet adhering, becaufe of their combination with fire : but
when that combination ceafes by a fufficient degree of
cooling, their adheficn inftantly takes place.

Let us now examine, from thefe principles, what mult
be the procefles of fufion, in the two claftes of fiolids above
diftinguifhed. Fragments or powders of fubftances which
have been already melted, are immediately liquefied again
by a fufficient degree of heat ; their condiment particles
having been brought before to homogeneity and to the
faculty of combining immediately with fire-, from which,
when they cool, they produce fiolids fimilar to thofe
which have been melted: but the cafe is very different'
with fiolids which are known to be produced by > o Ai r
caufes than fufion - as for inltance, mortar, concretion. o*riade
by fome waters, the Jolid parts of animals and vegflbles,
beftdes many others controverted between us. Cofufiou,
or its modification called affinity , is alio the immediat
Z .a; «au&

/

Jt

178 EARTH.

caufe of the covjolidation of thofe bodies; but not one of
them can be liquefied by fire j without undergoing great
alterations in its constituent parts. If fuch a fiolid is
c.ompofed of heterogeneous particles, thefe muft firft com¬
bine together and with other particles, fo as to become
homogeneous: they muft alfo be reduced to fuch a ftate,
as to combine with fire Li the manner which produces
liquidity: and it is known by experience, that thefe com¬
binations are produced by more or lefs alterations in the
very ingredients of the fubftance ; either by the lofs of
fonte of thefe ingredients, or by the addition of new ones,
or by both. From which caufes, the new fiolid afterwards
produced by cooling, bears hardly any refentblance to the
fiolid melted, and frequently none at all. Now, fuch is
the cafe of all our firata, (volcanic produEls excepted;)
and this, as I have faid before, is an immediate and evi¬
dent proof, that they have not been confiolidated by fiufiion.

I might confine myfelf to that general demonftration ;
but I will examine fome of the facts you allege for the
fupport of your hypothefis. You fay, p. 237, “ I fhall
only mention one fpecimen, which muft appear more de-
efive ofi the quefiion .... In this fpecimen, pctro-fvUx, py¬
rites, and cinnabar, are fo mixed together and cryftallized
upon each other .... that it is impoffible to conceive any
one of thofe bodies to have had its fluidity and concretion
from a caufe which had not affedted the other two.”
This is, indeed, a decifive fadt, but againfil you: for, if that
aggregation of various fubftances had been melted, they
would not have remained as they are ; you may try it.
You fay alfo, p. 232, “ It may be aflerted, that no filiceous
body, having the hardn'efs of flint, nor any cryjlallizalion of
that fubftance, has been formed except by fired’ What
may be afijerted in that refpedf, is, that no known opera¬
tion of fire has ever produced, either flint, or any cryflal-
iization of that fubftance. Flint, and other hard fubftances
of that kind, appear to be your great object ; therefore
J (hall confine myfelf to them. You fay, that the ac¬
tual form in which flinty mafifes are found, demonftrates
that they have been introduced among the firata in 'A fluid
ftate, by injeElion from fome other placed’ and you “ refer
thofe who would enquire more minutely into the fubjeCt,
to examine the chalk countries of France and England.”
Jf you have examined thofe countries with as much at¬
tention as I have done, we may fpeak from recollection.
Snppofe then that we have before us tome of the high
chalk cliffs along the Thames, or on the fea coaft. We
fee there a number of firata, as diftintft and regular as the
lows of cut (tones in buildings. Each of tiiofe firata,
from the loweft to the higheft, is imerfperfed, in its malfes,
with flints of all fixes. Thofe, now diftinCt bodies, are
not in the chalk , as knots in the wood, round which t lie
fibres are bent; or as nodes in fialaclites, which alfo have
ratified inflections in t he coatings of the dominant fub¬
ftance ; they lie in the chalk, as would equal and (imilar
pieces of the chalk itfelf, v ithout any alteration or dif-
t-urbance in the chalk round them. Now, fir, was each of
thofe firata, from the loweft to the uppermoft, injeEled
while it was forming ? If fo, the melted flint ought to
have come from the water above ; but this is impofiible.
Or did the injedion continue from below > But why were
not fuch injetlions (topped in the lower firata, inltead of
being fo equally difteminated in them all } Where did
the chalk retire that was difplaced by thefe new malfes ?
Where are the traces of their palfage through the chalk ?
What was the power that foot thole malfes through fuch
a refilling medium, in which, as in all others, the refin¬
ance would have been as the fquares of the velocities;
Why was that power intermittent r Thele are queftions,
to which I cannot find any anfwer for you. After this
external inlpection o i flints difteminated in chalk firata,
■let us come to fome of their particulars. In breaking
m.rny of them, we find them hollow, and filled with un-
'alV,:d chalk: many round pieces have only a Jlintfihcll,
autVahe infide is chalk. Ilow can it be conceived, that a
mfiud matter has been thrown up in bubbles through the
■t ' '

chalk, and filled with it ? Great quantities of marine bo¬
dies are found in thofe firata , fome of which (the echini of
various fpecies) are like cggfihells, both in fiiape and fra¬
gility, and they have only one or two very fmall aper¬
tures. Thefe fhells are moftly filled with chalk .- but a
great many, which, by their external appearance and
their fituaiion in the chalk, are abfolutely limilar to the
others, are filled with flint. How could you conceive,
that injeEtions of melted flint made through the firata have
met exactly, not only thofe fhells , but their fmall aper¬
ture, in whatever fituation it happened to be in the chalk ?
And how could the chalk that was in before, come out by
the fame fmall hole through which the meltedflint was intro¬
duced ? I cannot doubt, that if you had examined, as I
have done, thefe and a great many other ftriking fafts,
you would have alfo thought, as I do, that flint is only a
particular modification of the chalk itfelf. The manner,
indeed, is unknown; but we know of no particular pro-
cefs that can produce flint-, and every circumftance be¬
longing to its malfes in the chalk , leads to that general
opinion alone.

You quote, alfo, as a proof of your hypothefis, fcfflwood,
found in loofe firata, impregnated with hard fubftances,
as fpar, pyrites, flint, and agate ; and the refult of your ob-
fervations on that foffil is, p. 234, “ that however little
of the wood is left impenetrated, the divifion is always
diftinft between the injcFled part and that which is not
penetrated by the fluid flint -.” but, again, how can you
conceive, that fuch denfe and hot fluid would be injeEled
into a clofe fubftance compofed of combuflible fibres? I
have myfelf found in many forts of firata ,• petrified pieces
of wood of all the forts you deferibe, and of many others;
and they contradict your hypothefis by every one of their
various appearances, a few of which I fitall mention. In
firata of loofe fand, I have found pieces of wood, fo hard,
as to ftrike fire with Heel , though impregnated only with
fine concreted fand ; and the fame firata contain alfo con¬
cretions of mere fand, in various (hapes, very limilar to
thofe of flints. In clayey ftrata I have found pieces of wood,
hardened by a penetration of clay, that was afterwards
concreted: they are generally involved by a concretion of
the fame fubftance ; and limilar concretions are found in
the fame firata, either round other extraneous bodies, or
in homogeneous malfes, either fiolid, or cracked, and fill¬
ed with Jpar. In firata, where precedes of agatizaticn
have taken place, I have found pieces of wood penetrated
with agate-, and in one of thele pieces the agatization has
been fo gradual, that fome cf the fibres may be feraped
with the nail, and are frill combuflible , though between
other fibres fixed and hardened by imperceptible agate.
I did not find any fepaiate malfes of agate in thofe ftrata,
as feparate malfes. of flint are found in the chalk ones ; but
all t lie extraneous bodies were either impregnated or
filled with that fubftance. Many fea-fhells of the ferew
kind are thus circumftanced : fome are involved by a
concretion of the furrounding fubftance, fome are loofe
in it. If thefe fhells are put into an acid, they are dif-
folved, and a nucleus only remains, which (hews all the
lhades of agatization . In the wideft revolutions of the
fihell, where the fubftance of the Jlratum had been firft ad¬
mitted, this has remained opaque ; but it is hardened,
and has a glolfy furface. Farther in, the agate is (till
mixed with the fubftance of the Jlratum-, but it begins
to have fome tranfparency ; and in the deepeft and nar¬
rowed revolutions, the agate is almoft as tranfparent as
glafs. Now, if a rnafs of melted agate had been injeEled in
thofe fhells, the appearance would have been ablolutely
reverled; t lie opaque part would have been in the bot¬
tom of the fhells, where the fand would have been forced ;
and the pure agate W'ould be in the outward revolutions.

'You mention, *>. 233, the pudding-flones of England,
which, you fay, you have not feen in their natural fituation :
but, fir, this is only a particular phenomenon belonging
to a numerous clafs, confiding of concretions of large and
dillinct materials mixed with land, formed in loole firata

EARTH. 170

•T the fame fort. You look upon fuch concretions as
being inexplicable by any other caufe than “ If it

is, (you fay, p. 230,) by means of heat and fufon that the
loofe and porous ftruffure of Jlrata (hall be fuppofed to
have been confolidated, then every difficulty ... is at once
removed. The loofe and difcontinuous body of a Jlratun
may be clofed by means of foftnefs and comprejfon .” I have
found a great variety of thofe groups in their natural Jtua-
tion , and among thefe the puddingfones you mention ;
and I will defcribe their general characters. The groups
properly calied puddingflone by lapidaries, are found in
loofe gravelly Jlrata of pebbles , fuch as compofe them ;
and they only differ from the reft of the Jfatum, by the
fund being concreted in that particular mafs. Similar con -
crelions, but not worth the attention of lapidaries, are
found in the Jlrata of the common flinty gravel ; and nei¬
ther in thefe, nor in the former, is there any fign of com¬
prejjion upon foft materials: the gravel of which they are
formed has its natural fliape. The general caufe of fuch
diftinft groups in loofe Jlrata , is the covfolidation of the
fund between larger materials; which fand, from the be¬
ginning of the fratvm, filled up the interftices between
?hofe materials. I have feen, in various countries, hills
formed of loofe /and, in which were Jlrata almoft entirely
eompofed of fea Jkells, mixed with fand; and in thefe
Jlrata I have found pudding-J'ones formed of thofe Jells- in-
‘ftead of gravel-, the fand between them was concreted.
In other /and Jlrata, where concretions have been only pro¬
duced between or round fcattered Jbeil's, I have found
many fuch groups, in which the Jkells ftill retained their
native colour. Laftly, I have feen, in Jlrata of gravel
mixed with Jkells, pudding-Jone containing thefe two forts
of bodies ; and the Jkells alfo had their native colours.
All thefe fads are fo contrary to fuppofitions of heat,
fufon, and foftnefs, that I am fure you would never have
formed your hypothefis, had you had more opportuni¬
ties of ftudying, in their natural pojition, the fpecimens
you have in your cabinet. The fea Jhells, mentioned in
many of the above examples, lead me to a more general
objection againft your hypothefis. It would be fufficient
to examine thofe bodies, to be convinced, that the con¬
cretions in which they are found did not undergo a melt¬
ing-heat ; but, moreover, bow could you conceive, that
the animals themfelves, of which thefe are the relitls,
could have lived upon thefe very Jlrata, which you fup-
pofe to have been fucceffively confolidated by fufion ? Here
ends every appearance of poffibiiity: and 1 might have
confined myfelf to this Tingle objection, had I not thought
it more convenient, to follow all the arguments you have
adduced in favour of your own hypothefis.

Since the ftrata of our continents have not been confoli-
dated by fire, it muft be by feme procefs of zuater ; for
you agree that their confolidation muft have been the effeCt
of one of thofe two caufes: but you objeCt againft the
laft, and I muft now examine your objections. We have
feen that it is fufficient for the confolidation of loofe mate¬
rials, that any vehicle can help minute particles to infert
themielves between larger ones, fo as to multiply the
points of dole contaEl in the mafs; and water is fit for
that purpole, Againft this you allege, p. 227, firft, the
difficulty of finding corfolidating matters; and that alfo,
of explaining, “ whence came the matter with which the
numberlefs cavities in thofe maffes w'ere to be filled.” I
fliall anfwer to thefe difficulties by a faCt. If we take
proper lime and fand, we produce mortar-, if we mix it
with Jones, we form a wall: if this be built in a place
®liat (hall be afterwards covered with water, it will in
time conjolidate , not only as well as in the air, but better.
Now, fir, if your firft objection, that of. finding confo/i-
dating matters, relates to lime f one, fand f one, or other ho¬
mogeneous folid Jrata, I anfwer, that thofe matters were
originally in the Jrata themfelves, as they are in mortar ;
and if. you fpeak of Jrata eompofed of diftinCt large ma¬
terials, with other iubftances between them, as Jrata of
granite, pudding-flone, or of feme broken hard bodies now

confolidated together, thefe Jrata have been confolidated.
as walls, becatife of the intervals between the large ma¬
terials being filled with other fubftances which could
conjolidate. Here, fir, there is a circumftance which is
again decifive between your theory and mine. In yours,
where fufion is to be the conjolidating caufe, it is impoffible
to conceive, that Jrata of limefonc could be found upon
loofe marie ; or JandJ one and petrojlex, upon loofe fand ;
which, however, is common: for, how could the upper-
moft Jrata be melted, while thofe under them remained
unaltered ? but that faCt is eafily explained in my theory ;
for, as improper mortar would not conjolidate in water, fo
all our Jrata which did not contain proper particles for
their confolidation in the bottom of the fea, remain loofe,
either wholly, or in part.

You fay again, p. 227, “ Without fome power by which
water .... fiiould befeparated .... it is inconceivable
how thofe mafl’es (our Jlrata) fhould be abfolutely confo¬
lidated without a particle of fluid water in their compcfi-
tion.” You are ntiftaken, fir; the moft part of our ftrata
are ftill capable of imbibing water, in the fame manner as
they contained it when they were confolidated ; as does
mortar, either confolidated in water or in the air : and we
have in the JalaElites, and in concretions made in water, in-
ftances of more compaCt bodies confolidated in that man¬
ner. But another of your objections will bring 11s to a
difquifition of greater importance: it is at p. 228, where
yon fay, “ If water has been the merfiruum by which tire
conjolidating matter was introduced into the interftices of
Jrata, malles of thofe bodies could only be found confoli¬
dated with fuch fubftances as water is capable of diffolv-
ing.” This argument is again contradicted by mortar
and plajer ; which, though confolidated by the medium of
water, are not Joluble in it : but I fliall now take a larger
field, and maintain, not only the precipitation of conjoli-
dating fubftances, but that of the whole of our Jrata
themfelves; and, firft, of what water do you mean to
fpeak: is it dijilled water, rain-water, or any particular
Jpring-water ? Here you have already fome forts of waters,
different in their faculty of diffolving -. but, in general,
what are all our menfrua, if not water impregnated with
fuch fubftances as make it capable of diffolving certain
other fubftances? and how fhort is our knowledge of the
power of nature, in refpeCi: of the compofition of menfrua ,
by previous folutions in that primary liquid, which is
common to every menjruum?

To prove fo you the neceffity of having recourfe to
precipitation for the explanation of our Jrata, I fliall begin
by pointing out the chafm you have left in your theory,
by too fuperficial an examination of our continents. They
are entirely formed of Jrata: confequently that fort of
compofition muft have a common general origin ; and to
difeover this, our attention muft be firft fixed upon the
lowermoft of iheiz Jrata. However, you fay,p. 256, “The
nature of granite is too intricate a fubject to be confider-
ed where we have only to prove the fufon of fubftances
from the evident marks which are to be obferved in a
body.” This, is not applicable to granite, which furely
bears no mark of fufon: and, in the mean time, it is the
opinion of the moft informed naturalifts, that granite, or
fome other fuch hard rock, forms the low ermoft Jrata
of our continents. Perhaps that clafs of ftrata has the
more embarraffed you, becaufe of a very important cir¬
cumftance, viz. that thofe lowermoft Jrata contain no re¬
licts of marine animals: but immediately above the Jrata
of granite, there is an immenfe mafs of other Jrata, alfo
without marine bodies : thefe are formed of grey rock, in¬
termixed with the (hivering Jrata of fchijus. What then
became of the animals of a former fea, during the accumu¬
lation of thofe fubftances in their future abode? Whence
came the materials of thofe two primary fets of did inti
Jrata, fo generally fpread at the bottom of the ancient
ocean ? Why did their, fo different, fubftances, come at
diftinft periods ? Where was the fire kindled, that confo¬
lidated them, before the exiftence of the ftrata accumu-
v lated

ISO

E A

la ted over them ? Immediately after thole two primary
lets of Jr at a, we find, all over our Continents, frata form¬
ed of- calcareous fubftances. With thefe you do not appear
embarrailed : you think it fo certain that they were
formed from the relicts of fra animals, jhat you lay this
down as a .f .cl not nece'Fary to be proved: but, fir, are
thole pretended animal relicts the accumulated product uf
that fucceflion of changes of fea into land, and (and into
Jca, m which co.nfifts the peculiarity of your hyporliefis ?
or, haye all thefe fubftances been produced in that -fea
which has immediately preceded the prefent? I (hall
anfwer, iff. f hat, we fee no pure calcarccvs fubftance mi¬
grating from our continents toward tire f a, to form there
calcareous Jtrata finiil'ar to ours ; and that, confequ.ently,
Inch a (uppofition would he gratuitous, zd. That the
general idea, of a feparate migration from the land of dif¬
ferent unmixed materials, keeping again feparate in the
Jca, though accumulating upon one another in diftinft
Jlrata, is abfi lately chimerical. It would at firft appear
lets improbable, that tl’.e whole of our calcareous Jlrata
had been produced in the former fea: however, this alfo
is contrary to all phenomena of that ejafs. iff. Why are
thofe pretended rclitis of fea animals depofited in fo many
frata, infteadof forming only one mafs ? 2d. Why
do we find as great accumulations o f marine bodies, in frata
not calcareous , as in the calcareous ones ? 3d. How were

the calcareous jlrata accumulated all over the bottom of
the former J'ea, unmixed with any other fubftance: while
the land is fuppofed to have furnifhed, at the fame time,
the materials of the other forts of frata accumulated over
thofe? Thefe remarks are only general ideas, which I
offer to your meditation ; and 1 am fure, that when you
come to examine attentively fotne of the parts of our
continents which exhibit fucceffive and diftinCl claftes of
Jrata, you will, yourfelf, be glad to find, in the follow¬
ing pages, a twilight fpread on that grand phenomenon,
by the theory of diJJblution and precipitation , which at firft
appeared to you fo abfurd.

It is a very common facl, that water may depofite con¬
crete fubftances, which afterward it cannot dijfolve . This,
principally, is the effect either of the emijfiqn of fome
elafic jlu id, whofe ingredients, previoufiy dfjblvcd by wa¬
ter, had enabled it to dijfolve the fubftances now precipi¬
tated ; or of water, at the time of that precipitation, dif-
folving fome other fubftance. Thofe are operations per¬
formed in many ways, fpontaneoufty upon our continents,
and artificial in our laboratories : and by analogy to thofe
known operations, I (hall undertake to fhew, that the
whole of our ftrata has been produced by precipitation.
We clearly perceive in th tjucceffion of our Jlrata a variety
of diftincl operations, nearly the fame, in every refpedt,
all over our continents; which, in the firft place, mu ft
have been performed (hiring periods diftindt from each
other, not only in point of time, but by elfential diffe¬
rences in the productive caufes ; and which alfo mu ft
have begun at a diltinCt epocha of the exiftence of our
globe. Thefe are undoubtedly in the number of the
moft important circumftances to be explained in a Theory
of the Earth ; and, in the mean time, the^ point out preci¬
pitation , not merely as a vague caufe, but as the caufe
which affords the cleared idea of a beginning, and is the
moft fufceptible of modifications adequate to that variety
of diftindl effects. We are frill, no doubt, too ignorant
in natural hiftory and chenriftry, to form a fixed and pre-
cife theory of thofe-operations ; but we can trace their
out-lines; and this I fh all attempt. In this (ketch of tire
hiftory of the earth, prior to its prefent ftate, I fix upon a
very remote, but diftindt, epocha, from which I (hall
come down to the complete formation of our continents.
At that time, light did not exift : but, that fubftance
excepted, our globe contained all the ingredients from
which were to refult its prefent ftate, and that of its at-
vicfphere. In the number of thofe ingredients, were the
condiment particles of water, and another fubftance,
which, with light, forms Jire, Ho’ liquid exifled in that

R T FT.

ftate of the earth, becaufe fire, which is a neceffary part
of their compofi tioh, did not exift. This is a moft ma¬
terial point, not only in the hiftory of the earth, but in
natural philofophy ; and, from the general principles of
that fcience, together with indubitable facts, I have
fhewn, (in my work, Ideesfur la Metedrofogie,) that light is
one of the condiment parts of Jire, as certainly, as this is
a conftituent part of water, of aqueous vapour, of aeriform
fluids, and of numberlefs other elafic and non-clafic lub-
ftances. To thefe propofitions I here refer; and, from
that determined ftate, in which our globe was once, I
propole to trace the operations which have produced our
continents.

First Period. — A great event changed that primor¬
dial ftate of the earth, which, elfc, had exifted everlast¬
ingly ; this was the addition of light to the confufed mafs
of its ingredients; and the following were the immedi¬
ate confequenees of that addition : ift. From light, united
to one of the ocher fubftances, fre was compofed, and the
various effects of heat began. 2d. The moft immediate
effedt of the exiftence of fire, was iA union with the con¬
ftituent particles of water: from which that univerfal li¬
quid was produced. 3d. From fire alfo, and front fepa¬
rate light, the production of all the atmofpherical fuids
took place in determined circumftances. 4th. Water dif-
folved fucceffivelyya variety of fubftances; being unable
to perform fome of thofe dijfolutions by antecedent ones.-
3th. A number of other fubftances, fome of a difficult
fojution, fome infoluble in that firft ftate of the liquid^-
fubiided in it, and promifeuoufiy formed the unliquefied
part otpur globe. 6th. When foftnefs had been thus pro¬
duced in the mafs of our globe, it aflumed, lay gravity
and by its rotatory -motion, the form that it now wears.

Second Period. — An original liquid being" thus com¬
pofed, it began to diffpToe fome of the fubftances which,
at firft, had fubfided ; and that diJMutidn, together with
t he emifiion of various elafic fuids, occafioned, in the
great'eft part of the liquid, the funultaneous ^rav^zhz-,
tions of two forts of cryftallized fubftances, of mica and of
other powders, which, altogether, compofe granite. In
other partsjaf the liquid, different fubftances, partaking
of the nature of the former, were promifeuoufiy precipi¬
tated-, and, laflly, in fome parts, a pure quartzeous powder.
That firft general precipitation, and all the following ones
of other kinds, were intermittent ; becaufe of the How.
nefs of the communication of the precipitating fubftances
from the bottom to higher parts of the liquid, and of
the flow nefs alfo of the emifiion of elafic fuids from its
fnrface downward. To thofe intermifllons were owing
diftinCt frata, formed in the courfe of each diftincl preci¬
pitation. A mixture of proper particles, both in fize and
in form, precipitated together in a liquid, is an adequate
caufe to produce the multitude of points of clofe conta£lr
necelfary to ccnfo/idate a mafs by cokfon : and that circum-
ftance having exifted in a high degree in thofe firft frata ,
they formed a very hard and thick crufi at the bottom of
the liquid all over the globe. The fame caufe, but
with different combinations, produced various degrees of
folidiiy in mod parts of the fubfequent frata. During
that period, the liquid emitted a great abundance of
aqueous vapour and of other elafic fluids, which formed a
firft atmofphere round the globe.

Third Period. — The formation of granite and of other
quartzeous frata, was fuccceded in the liquid, by very
different precipitations. To this feriod belongs, efpe-
cially, the grey rock intermixed with the {Vwcting frata
called fchifus, which, all over our continents, appears -as
having formed immenfe frata over the granite. At fome
part of this period, a great effect was produced, which,
by its repetitions in the following periods, has been the
immediate caufe 'of all the revolutions undergone by our
frata-, and the following was its firft caufe. After the
Jblid cruf had been produced on our globe, the loofe fub¬
ftances on which it was laid, having continued to (brink
in many parts, by gravity, and by a more intimate com.

4 ’ * biaation

E A

Inflation between themfelves, vaft cavities were formed
under that cruft. The firft great event depending pn that
caufe, fixes the end of this period: this was the fink¬
ing at once of a great part of the cruft, and the accumu¬
lation of the liquid over that funken part. Thus dry
lands of various fizes were produced, on which vegetation
began.

Fourth Period. — It is only from that fil'd revolution
in the bottom of the liquid, that we may feparately
confider our continents as being then the bed of the fea.
That great alteration in the combinations of caufes, both
in tire now broken bottom of the liquid, and in the li¬
quid itfelf, together with an increal'e.of light, prepared
new events. The bed of the fea, though formed of funken
frata, was not yet fo broken, nor thole frata fo diflo-
cated, as they became afterward, from a continued re¬
treat of the loofe fubftances under them: but they were,
in many parts, covered with fragments of their fubftances,
which, mixed afterward with various ' powders, either
gathered or precipitated, were confolidated in diftinCt
Jlrata. To this period I aferibe the beginning of the phof-
phoric decompofition by which our fun emits light, and
from which.smr globe then began to receive a conftant
fupply of that fubftance.

Fifth Period. — Many great events belong to this
part of the exiftence of our globe ; the fir ft of which is, that
the fea began to be peopled with animals. They had not
exifted before ; for we find none of their relids in the
former frata, and their firfl appearance is in fome frata
of fckifus, which were (fill forming: but a little after,
probably by a new and conftant fupply of light, the li¬
quid was difpofed to the diftinCt: precipitation of calcareous
fubftances, and all the former precipitations were flopped.
Intmenfe calcareous frata, of various forts, were then
formed all over the bottom of the liquid, by which
the primary frata were covered. In fome of thefe fecon-
dary frata, either in the fame fets, or in different parts
of the fea, a great quantity of relids of fa animals were
buried ; but in many other frata of the fame kind, even
in the fame fets, there were few br none depofited. The
fame difference, refpecting the exuviae of fa animals , hap¬
pened in fome of the io\\ow\ng frata : fome have none ;
and fome-, in which no calcareous fubftance was depofited,
excepting thofe exuvia themfelves, contain a prodigious
quantity of them. Among the fa animals, whofe relids
are depofited in thofe calcareous frata, were many fpecies
which difappeared when that kind of precipitation was
at an end. During that diftinct precipitation a new fort
of revolution began in the bottom of the fa, by volcanic
eruptions:, and many volcanic cones were furrounded, as
lavas covered by calcareous frata. Towards the end of
this period, other great revolutions of the firfl clafs
took place, by partial falls of the bottom of the fea, in
its whole extent, owing to the continued retreat of the
loofe materials under the folid frata. In thofe falls,
fome of the deeply broken frata being turned up,, in
falling more on one fide than on the other, and fome
parts of them being prevented from falling, by the re-
ti fiance of concreted fubftances under them, vaft ridges of
different forms were produced on the furface of our
future continents. To this only it is owing, that tha
lowermoft frata of our land happen to be under our
infpedtion : we fee them dearly turned up in the center
of our great ridges of mountains ; and, diredted by that
immediate information, we difeern them in fmaller ridges,
and in their fragments fcattered over many parts , of the
uppermolt frata. In thofe revolutions, alfo, many
ijlands which had remained up in the third period, and
on which vegetation had produced great accumulations of
peat, funk for the firfl time, and were afterward covered
with other kinds of frata. At that time, however, the
bed of the fea was the only theatre of revolutions ; a
great mafs of land remained, which had not yielded to
the retreat of the loofe fubftances under it.

Vob. VI. No. 341.

R T H. . 181

Sixth Period. — Another great alteration happened
now in the fea. Not only the precipitation which had
produced Jolid calcareous frata ended in mod parts of the
liquid ; but this was rendered capable, perhaps by the
volcanic eruptions continuing with violence, of di/Jolving
many calcareous frata of the chalk kind, of which remains
only the finty gravel found in fo many parts of our con¬
tinents. The origin of that gravel is. manifefted by the
fame marine bodies which exift in our chalk frata, and
fometimes by chalk itfelf being found in its maft'es.
Many forts of frata belong to this Feriod ; the firfl of
which proceeded from a precipitation of [and, which, in
many parts of the fea, was confolidated in frata over thofe
of lime-fonc. After this, and fome other precipitations,
new revolutions happened in the bed of the fa, by which
the J'and and calcareous (trata were broken and diflocated ;
as were the particular fets which contain our coals. As
all thefe revolutions had for their common caufe the
finking of new parts of the bottom of the fa, the level
of the fa itfelf funk alfo more and more; and then the
upper parts of the high ridges, which had remained be¬
tween 'fallen parts, appeared as funds over that level,
and began to be covered with vegetation. In the latter
part of this period, many new forts of frata were formed
over the ruins of the former: thefe are ftrata of clay ,
marie, J'and with gravel, and ftrata of various forts of pure
find. The molt parts of thofe frata were fuch as could
not confolidate, except partially. The fa animals, which,
notwithftanding the above revolutions, continued to pro¬
pagate in many parts of the fa, became nearer and nearer
the fpecies which inhabit t tie prefent Jiea, and their relids
were depofited in great abundance in many of the new
frata: fome are not very ancient, for we find them ftiil
with their native colours , which have vanifhed in the more
ancient ones : however, among the more recent, there
are fome whofe fpecies now exift only in very remote
parts of our fea. Thefe remains of the lateft inhabitants
of the ancient /ra are often found mixed with remains of
animals and vegetables proceeding from a continent, which
then Hill exilted: or rather, this faCt proves rite exift¬
ence of that continent, and that it was then peopled with
animals. We are now Come near another revolution, of
which I am not to (peak in this place, having here only
to trace the formation of our continents under the fea. The
revolutions which produced their charaCteriftic form were
moftly at an end, by the loofe fubftances under them be¬
ing fettled ; confequently tiiey were nearly the fame as
we fee them now. The continent, on which the animals
lived, whofe exuvitz were carried to fome parts of the Jea ,
ftili exifted ; being, by its folid*compofition, fupported
over the cavities formed by the retreat of the loofe fub¬
ftances under it : however, in that ftate, it was expofed
to the fame fort of revolution which had happened over
the reft of the globe.

I confine myfelf, fir, within thofe narrow limits, in re-
fpeCt of the operations and revolutions that happened
on our globe, prior to the. retreat of the Jea from our con¬
tinents : but, in that mere fketcli, I have pointed out a
fucceffion of caufes, whofe' churaCteriftic effeCts are dif-
tinCtly marked on the liirface of thofe continents : and this
I think fufficient to flievv, that the theory of precipitation
is the only one that can bear to be examined compara¬
tively with t he prefent ftate of our frata. The only
argument which you have oppofed to that theory is, that
Jubfances precipitated in a liquid, ought to be ftiil foluble by that
liquid : but a moment’s reflection would have made you dif-
cover, that, on the contrary, no fubftance can b e precipitated
in a liquid, while that liquid (till retains the faculty oidijjolv-
ing it ; and, in general, that the very modifications which
produce the precipitation of fubftances in a liquid are the
caufe of its incapacity of dilfolving them again. As for
the admiflion of an original liquid, fuch, as I have Ex¬
plained it, if it gives a clear, though not a precife, idea,
of the great phenomena obferved on the furface of our
3 A globe*

182 E A R T II.

globe, of the intricate compound of the liquid called flea-
water, and of the no lefs intricate atfemblage of elaflic
fluids which now forms our atmofphere , I think you will
not oppofe to it, our incapacity of producing fuch a li¬
quid. I have faid before, that we are too little advanced
in general, precife, and vvell-direfted, obfervations, to
determine exactly thofe phenomena: it will be then, par¬
ticularly, to eftablifh, from a number of new obferva¬
tions, the charadleriftic facls, from which I have drawn
thefe out-lines. I come now to your fecond hypothefis,
in the examination of which, new proof will occur of
what I have hitherto {fated.

2d. Hyp. The fame heat that has melted our folid
Jlrata has been capable of raifing them. — According to this
hypothefis, when our frata had been produced by a pre¬
tended fujion , they were raifed by the fame heat that had
melted them. On this I mud quote your own words:
“ There has been, you fay, p. 263, an extreme degree
of heat below the Jlrata formed at the bottom of the tea ;
and this is prccifely the afiion of a power required for the
elevation of thofe healed bodies into a higher place.” In
explanation of this, I rind only thefe few words, which
are in the fame paragraph : “ The power of heat for ex¬
panding bodies, is, fo far as we know, unlimited.” Being
deprived of more explanation from you, I muff fuppofe,
what only can give the idea of an adequate power of that
kind; and this would be, the hidden and copious pro¬
duction of fome elaflic fluid-, but, fir, if you had taken
notice of what I have faid, refpedting that idea, in my
Letters on the Theory of the Earth, you would not have
renewed that ancient hypothefis. When that fuppofed
operation took place, the (Irata which were to form our
continents , were either in their fird date of fujion, or confo-
lidaied by cooling. In the firfi cafe, the expanding fluid
would have raifed an immenfe bubble , the middle of which
would have foon burfl, by the foft matter falling down
its fides; or if the Jlrata had been before ccnfohdated,
they would have been broken to pieces: and in both
cafes, the elaflic fluid having made its efcape, the raifed
materials would have funk again. To prove that our
continents have been raifed by the expanfion of fome fub-
ftance below them, you fay, p. 271, “ One thing is de-
monftrable, from the infpection of the veins and their
contents ; this is the fucceflive irruptions of thofe fluid
fubftances, breaking the folid bodies which they met, and
floating thefe fragments of the broken bodies in the vein.”
This is unintelligible to me: for you here fuppofe a very
denfe liquid, lince it is to float fragments oi flours -, but
fuch a tubflance cannot afford the fmalleft idea of an ex¬
panfion fuch as you want it : however, let us go on. “ It
is very common, you fay, to fee three fucceflive Jeries of
thofe operations; and all thefe may be perceived in a
fm'all fragment of done, which a man of Jcience may exa¬
mine in his clq/ct often better than defcendifig the mines ...”
But fird, if an expanded matter had broken through our
Jlrata, would it have only filled up the fiffures ? would
it not have rufhed out in torrents? However, no exu¬
berance of the fubftances of veins is found any where. On
the other hand, you give afterwards lavas as a proof of
thofe irruptions of melted fubflances : we ought then to find
it in veins-, and none of them contain lava. Thus, the
phenomenon of bur veins, which you thought fo favour¬
able to your hypothefis, is abfolutely againd it. You do
not fay what is that f mall fragment of flone which is to in¬
form a man of fcience ; but I have defcaided into various
mines, and there I have feen a variety of quite diderent
fubdances laid over one another, either regularly or pro-
mifeuoudy. Many forts of metallic ores form their didinft
layers, between other mineral fubdances; and en¬
tirely different from each other are found, at but a little
didance, in the fame ridges of mountains. Thefe, and
many other circumdances, which you would have feen
better in the mines, than in a fmall fragment of flone, would
have led you to think, that if a liquid fubflance had been

forced, from fome furnace, through our Jlrata, and had
filled up the fiffures, it would have been an homogeneous
fubdance, as lavas are, and not fuch a variety of diltindl
fubdances.

In order to determine the power exerted in your fup¬
pofed operation, you fay, p. 271, “ Let us confider what
power could be required to force up, from the mod un¬
fathomable depth of the ocean, to the Andes or the Alps ,
a column of fluid metal or flone s : this power cannot be mrrCh
lefs than that required to elevate the highefl land upon the
globe.” As you allude afterwards to the columns of lava
forced up to the top of high volcanos, I will apply to them
your argument, for fhortnefs fake; a-nd I Avail fuppofe,
that the principle on which you depend is, that a liquid
column, whatever be its diameter, preffes upon its bafe,
in proportion to its height: but, fir, if the vaults, a'gainfl
which the liquid column preffes upwards, were to give way,
the column would indantly fubfide ; and in the cafe you
want to explain, the vaults againd which th c power was to
exert itfelf were our whole continents-, which were to be
raifed, and fo to give way. I do not think that you have
given a fufficient degree of attention to that pretended
analogy. You quote an example of fuch an operation;
and, as the cafe is real, the above argument will thereby
be exemplified. “ It mud be evident, you fay, p. 273,
that in the cafe of the new-ifland near Santorini, had the
expanfwe power been retained, indead of being difeharged,
much more land might have been raifed above the level
of the ocean.” My propofition is, that no land can be
raifed in that manner, becaufe the expanfwe power mud
be difeharged: and this is an indance of it; for no band
was raifed. I have examined that event, with that of a
new hill formed near Naples: in both, the dijeharge of the
power was the fird and condant fymptom obferved ; and
the blad itfelf was the caufe of the new exuberances
formed on the furface of the ground: not by 'railing a
land, by which mud be underdood whole Jlrata, but by
heaping up melted and broken materials. Thefe, in
fliort, were only two volcanic cones, fimilar to all thofe
which, in the1 fea, form iflands and mountains on our con¬
tinents. s

The common mole-hills give us a clear and precife idea of
the mechanic operations by which fuch heaps are formed
upon the folid ground-, thofe operations being of the fame
general kind, from the little difregarded excrefcence made
by the mole, up to the Etna, and to the volcanic cones of the
Andes. A fird opening is made at the furface of the ground,
by the power which is to perform the whole mechanic
operation. The ground afterwards is undermined, and
the power throws-up the loofe materials, which accumulate
round the opening. In the formation of a mole-hill, the
whole operation is mechanic ; the animal is, in the mean
time, the miner and the hcaptr. In the formation of vol¬
canic cones , there are alfo chemical operations, by which,
fird, a great heat is produced, that melts certain mineral
fubdances, which I have fome reafons for fuppofing to
lie under all the frata: at the fame time, elaflic fluids,
efpecially fleam, are produced; and thefe form the me¬
chanic power. The fird effect of that power is, to bin d
the Jlrata above. If, then, the melted matter obdrudls the
paflage to thofe condantly forming elaflic fluids, they force
it up through the opening , mixed with maffes of the broken
Jlrata: whence the accumulation of thofe materials, on
the outfide, in the uniform fhape of a cone. The condant
rudiing out of the elaflic fluids, keeps a channel open in
the axis of the cone, through which, from time to time,
are forced up lavas, either compact, or frothy ; thefe
are the pumice Jlones. At other times, when the liquid
matter is not fufficient to fill up the channel, the b-lajl
burds through it, and drives along, even at a great height
above the crater, fliowers of red-hot maffes of that liquid ;
thefe are the volcanic cinders. When thofe fbowers are
thrown up from a great depth, part of the snelted matter
confolidates againd the fides of the channel in its cooler

parts.

183

E A R T H.

parts, by which at lad it is obflruCted. Then a threaten¬
ing quiet takes place, during which the melted matter and
the elajlic fluids are accumulated ; and at lad thefe burft
open the cone in fome weak part, whence a lava flows,
follovved fometimes by (bowers of cinders, and broken
pieces of t lie flrata, from which a new cone is formed on
the fide of tire main one. Such are the operations by
which volcanic iflands and mountains are formed : we
fee thofe operations in the few volcanoes which are (fill
in aCtion ; but they are very inconfiderable, compara¬
tively to fimilar operations, which, having taken place in
the bottom of the ancient flea, have formed there the vol¬
canic mountains now found every where upon our conti¬
nents, many of which are partly buried under flrata of
lime and fand (tones. Some of the cones produced at
that time have been immenfe, as we may judge from the
lkirts of their bafes, exifting now under the form of cir¬
cular ridges of hills : the cones themfelves have funk into
caverns over which they were heaped ; and the circular
ridges of hills, feemingly formed of a feries of cones, are
only the fe&ions of lavas, which had flowed from and
around the immenfe funken cotie. Many of thofe circular
ridges I have called volcanic crowns, (couronnes volca-
niques -,) and it feems probable that the fame events have
happened on the furface of the moon.

Now, fir, if you read the defcriptions given by con¬
temporary authors, of the rifing of the Ifola-nuovo, near
Santorini, in the year 1707, and of the formation of the
Monte-nuovo, in fight of the inhabitants of Naples, in
1 538, you Will find, that thofe events anfwer perfectly to
the theory I have (fated above. There was no land raifed,
but only broken materials thrown up. In the nevs ifland,
thofe materials came out from many openings 5 in the nevj
hill there was only one opening, through which came out
fucli a quantity of broken and melted materials, as to
form, in a fhort time, a cone of three miles in circumfe¬
rence, and of a proportionable height. Thefe examples,
confequently, indead of fupporting your hypothefis, are
evident indances in favour of the arguments by which I
have (hewn its impodibilify. You yourfelf complete the
proofs againd that hypothefis, in the clofe of that article,
where you fay, p. 285, “How that land is preferved in
its elevated fituation, is a fubjedt. on which we have not
even the means of forming a conjecture but, fir, the ab-
folute impofiibility of fuch pieces of land as our continents
remaining in that elevated fituation, after having been
heaved up, and thereby bioken to pieces, is precifely what
I oppofe againd that hypothefis; and your acknowledging
that we have not even the means of forming a conjecture for
its explanation, is giving it up entirely.

Since our continents, though notv dry, have evidently
been covered by the fea, and .fince, as 1 have fhetvn, they
cannot have been raifed from its bottom, the fea mud
have funk, and retired to that part of the globe where it
now is. You admit that dilemma-, but having adopted
the fird of thofe operations, you object againd the lad ;
and this is one of your arguments, p. 264: “ If the pre-
fent land has been difeovered by the fubflding of the wa¬
ters, there has not been a former land from whence the
materials had been produced for the condruftion of the
prefent, when at the bottom of the fea-, for there is no
vedige remaining of that land." 1 do not underdand the
argument. We both admit a former land, from an evi¬
dent fymptom, which is, the relics of land animals and
vegetables found in our flrata. We both alfo acknow-'
ledge, that there is no veftige remaining of that land, it
being now covered by the ocean. As for the necefiity of
a former land, to provide materials for the prefent, it is
what I am far from admitting, as you have feen above,
in this rel'peCt, you add in the fame place: “Neither
could the natural productions of the fea have been accu¬
mulated in the Jhape we now find them on the furface of
the earth ; for how (hould the Alps and Andes have been
formed within the fea, from the natural production of
the water ? Confequently this is a fuppofition inconfident

with every natural appearance." I have explained before,
how thole ridges have been formed: but what, in that re-
1'peCt, is contrary to every natural appearance, is, that in
any vvay, our mountains can have been formed in the fiape
in which we now flnd them. The highed parts of the Alps ,
as well as the lowed hills, are formed of flrata ; but in
thefe fird huge mafles, and in the parallel ridges that
follow them, the mod parts of the flrata are broken and
turned up. This you may have feen clearly defined in M.
de Saussure’s Voyages dans les Alpes. The fame fituation
of the flrata is obferved in many parts of every ridge of
mountains, and even in hills ; and it is evident that they
are now the highefl parts of the ground, only becaufe the
other parts ha ve funk round them.

You fay again, p. 2 6p, “ The finking the body of the
former land into the folid globe, fo as to fwallow up the
greated part of the ocean after it, if not a natural im-
pofiibiiity, would be at lead a fuperjluous exertion' of the
power of nature. Such an operation would difeover as lit¬
tle wifdom in the end elected, as in the means appropriated
to that, end." Certainly it would be an odd attempt of
any power, to fink the body of the former land into the folid
globe ; and I do not know who has thought of it. That
land had cavities under it, as I have explained above ; and
it required very little exertion of power to fink it into them j
and here, your objection of an unwife exertion of power,
which does not affect my theory, is again entirely againd
you ; according to your theory, the revolution by which
our land, formerly under the fea, is now above its level,
is only one, in a feries of alternate revolutions, fome al¬
ready pad, fome to come, in which the fame parts of the
globe have been fometimes fea, at other times land. The
firfl land that rofe from the bottom of the water, dood
already upon a fird cavity. The materials of that land
went into the fea, to form there a fecond land ; which rofe,
and driving the fea over the firfl land, remained dry in
that manner. Upon the Jirfl land, then become again
the bottom of the fea, new materials , coming from the fecond
land, were accumulated ; and, at a proper time, a third
land rofe, either the firfl land newly docked, or only the
flrata formed upon it. In the fird cafe, the cavity under
the Jirfl land was double the fize of what it was before,
and confequently that land had been again flretched in
proportion to the cavity under it : in the latter cafe, a
new vault, of the lize of a continent, was to fwell over
the fird, and fo to leave a fecond cavity. I cannot go any
farther ; I am overwhelmed by the weight of thofe broken
materials, forming,, however, a fucceflion of vaults over
vaults, in an indefinite feries; and I am fure, that when
you come to conlider thefe confequences of your theory,
you will be perfuaded to abandon it.

I now come to your opinion, “ that our continents are
wearing away." This is a very material object of enquiry,
both in its nature, and by its connections with the whole
of your Theory. It is important by its nature, becaufe
every quedion relating to it is to be determined by im¬
mediate faCts ; which renders it fufceptible of an abfo-
lute decifion : it is fo by its connection with the whole
of your Theory ; for, if it is demondrated that our conti¬
nents are not decaying, other continents cannot have been
deflroyed by the caufes you afcribe to the pretended decay
of ours ; nor confequently could thefe have been formed
from the materials of decayed continents. The whole,
then, of your Theory will depend on this quedion, to be
decided by immediate faCts : Are our continents in a flate
of decay ; fo that it might be forefeen, that, in time, they will,
be deflroyed, and their materials returned into the fea ?

The following is the manner in which you introduce
this new fubject : “ Our land, you fay, p. 296, has two
extremities ; the. tops of the mountains on one hand, and the
Jea-Jhores on the other: it is the intermediate fpace be¬
tween thefe two, that forms the habitation of plants and
animals. While there is a fea-fliorc , and a higher ground,-
there is that which is required in the fydem of the world : r
take that away, and there would remain an aqueous globe, 1

184

E A R T H.

in which til -2 world would perifh.” On this there is
jio queftion. “ But in the natural operations of t lie world,
the land is perijbing continually ; and this is that which
now vve want to underhand.” In this, no doubt, confifts
the general queftion. “ Upon the one extremity of our
land, there is no increafe, or there is no acceflton of any
mineral fubftance. That place is the mountain-top, bn
which nothing is obferved but continual decay .” This is
much too generally exprelled : for there are many tops
of mountains which do not decay, but, on the contrary,
receive fome increafe by the accumulation of •: vegetable
earth. However, to avoid particular queftions, I grant,
that, upon the whole, the mountain-tops may be confidered
as beiii^ in a ftate of decay.

'The fragments of the mountain are removed in a gra¬
dual fucceflion, from the highef fituation to the lowefe. Being
arrived at the Jbore, and having entered the dominion of the
waves, in which they find perpetual agitation, thefe hard
fragments, which had eluded the refolving powers natu¬
ral to the furface of the earth, are incapable of refilling
the powers here employed for the dejlruchon of the land.
By tile attrition of one hard body upon another, moving
hones and rocky ftiores are mutually impaired. And that
Jolid mafs, which of itfelf had potential (lability againft
the violence of the waves, affords the inftruments of its
own deferuBion ; and thus gives occafion to its actual in-
/lability." This I do not grant in any refpeft. As to
the manner of treating this fubjeft, it is determined by
one of your own remarks. “In the defer uBion of the
prefent earth , you fay, p. 297, we have a procefs that is
performed ‘ within the limits of our even obfervation : there¬
fore, in knowing the meafure of this operation, we fhall
find the means of calculating what has pafled on a for¬
mer occafion, the JeJiruBion of former continents .” There¬
fore I fhall neither ufe, nor admit, any argument, which
is not founded on immediate obfervation.

You afiert in thefe few words, the deferuBion of our
continents , in fetting out from the mountain-top. “ The
fragments of the mountain are removed in a gradual (uc-
ceflion, from the highefe feation to the lowefe. Here, furely,
the procefs is within the limits of our obfervation. But in-
flead of adducing prefent and oblervable fads, you have
recourfe to ancient fuppofed ones. You mention the
materials of which our continents are compofed ; and, taking
for granted that thofe materials proceed from former con¬
tinents, you make that mere hypothefts the foundation of
your proofs of the prefent deflrudion of ours. This will
appear from the following examination: “Gravel, you
fay firft, p. 289, forms u part of the materials which com-
pofe our Jolid land. But gravel is no other than a collec¬
tion of the fragments of (olid ftones worn round, or hav¬
ing their regular form deftroyed by agitation in water,
and the attrition upon each other, or upon fimilar hard
bodies. Confequently,, in finding maffes of gravel in the
compofition of our land, we muft conclude that there had ex-
ifted a former land, on which there had been tranfacted
certain operations of wind and water, fimilar to thofe which
are natural to the globe at prefent, and by which new gravel is
confeantly prepared .” Then, inverfely, if I demonftrate,
by actual obfervation, that the operations of wind and water
v.pon onr continents do not prepare any gravel for future
ones ; I fhall have proved that the whole of your Theory
is without foundation.

“ Sand (you fay alfo) is the material which enters, per¬
haps, in greatefe quantity, the compofition of, our land. But
fa nd is no other titan J'mall fragments of hard bodies, worn
or rounded, more or lefs, by attrition. Confequently , the
fame natural hifeory of the earth which is ir.vcjiigated from
the maffes of gravel, is alfo applicable to thofe maifes of
fund which we find forming fo large a portion of our land
throughout all the earth.'" You agree here to a fa£t, which
is veiy important in more than one refpeCt, viz. the im-
menfe quantity of fand throughout all the furface of the
earth. As for your conclufion, you will agree alfo, that
A no gravel goes to the fa from our continents , the fand

cannot proceed there front its attrition. But, previottfly,
that definition of fund, which you here intend as a foun¬
dation for your argument, is in itfelf a mere hypothefis.
In your Theory, you fometimes accumulate materials on
the bottom of the f a, there to form ferata-, then you
fpbak of railed ferata, vvhofe materials return to the feet.
But before introducing thofe alternate operations, it was
incumbent on you to explain the origin of thofe materials.
For, you undertake to explain the general fact of the
Jl ratification of our continents-, a leading one in the former
liiftory of the earth : and in that undertaking it anfwers.
to nothing, to fuppofe, on whatever foundation, that new
ferata are formed of antecedent ferata-, as it would be no¬
thing towards explaining the origin of vegetation, to fhew
how a plant proceeds from another plant. You were then
to explain, whence came the materials of which t-h ofrjl
of all ferata were formed, before you could fay witli any
foundation, that fand is no other than f mall fragments of for¬
mer hard ferata: for it may be, and I think it is, a fub¬
ftance which has formed ferata by precipitation in a liquid.
You fee, then, that you ufe controvertible arguments s
while, the procefs being within the limits of our obfervations ,
you ougli/t to have proved, that both gravel and fand are
carried from our continents to the fea: which, on the con¬
trary, I (hall prove not to be cafe.

You come next to clay-, and, as this fubftance bears a
greater appearance of having been floated in water, if
teems at firft more probable that our ferata of clay might
have proceeded from the decay of former continents. I
could fliew you, however, even by following direCtly the
operations from which you fuppofe our day to have been
formed, that its phenomena do not anfwer to that de-
feription. But fucli a difquifition would be here uie-
lefs, fince, what we have now to find out, and that by
actual fad, is, whether or not ov.r continents are wearing ;
away.

You fpeak, laftly, of calcareous fubfiances ; and, continu¬
ing to follow your method of proving the exiftence of pre¬
fent operations by fuppofed pafi ones, you fay, firft, p. 2S8,
“ We have already obferved, that all the ferata of the
earth are compofed either from calcareous reliBs of fea
animals, or from the collection of fuch materials as we
find upon our /bores and, after having fo taken for grant¬
ed, that our calcareous ferata are the reliBs of fea animals,
you enter into a long (peculation on vegetation and animal
Ufe, to prove that our continents mufi wear away, to feed
the prefent fea animals. But I have proved above, that
our calcareous ferata cannot be fuppofed to be the relifts
of fea animals and, by proving to you now, that our con¬
tinents do not decay, I fir a 1 1 anfwer, in the mod incontro¬
vertible manner, to the reft of your fpeculation. In that
demonstration I (hall follow a plan that you have laid
yourfelf. Before you entered into thefe fpeculative dif-
quifitions, you had ufed an argument, a priori, from
which you firft concluded, that it was neceflary that our
continents fliould he deftroyed. There you trace opera¬
tions which ought to have been proved ; and I fhall fol¬
low the fame order, to prove that thofe operations do not
exift: “ A folid body of land, you fay, p. 214, could
not have anfwered the purpofe of a habitable world ; fora
foil is neceflary to the growth of plants: and a foil (ift.
Hyp.) is nothing but the materials collided from the defer ac¬
tion of the folid laud. Therefore (2d. Hyp.) the furface of
this land, inhabited by man, and covered with plants and
animals, is made by nature to decay, in dilfolving from the
hard and 'com pact ftate in which it is found below the foils
and this fail (3d. Hyp.) is neceffarily vjafhed away, by the
continual circulation of the water running from the lum-
mlts of the mountains towards the general receptacle of
that fluid. (4th. Hyp.) The heights of our land are thus
levelled with the Jhores : our fertile plains are formed from
the ruins of the mountains 5 and thofe travelling materials
are (till purfued by the moving water, and propelled along
the inclined furface of the earth. (5th. Hyp.) Thefe
moveable materials delivered into the fea, cannot for a

185

EARTH.

long continuance, reft upon the ffiore ; for, by the agita¬
tion of the winds, the tides , and the currents, every move¬
able thing is carried farther and farther along the J, helving
bottom of the fea, toward the unfathomable regions of the ocean."
I fhall follow the fame order in proving, from facts, the
contrary of every one of thefe Hyfotkefes.

i ft. Hyp. A foil is nothing but the materials colie Sled front
the deJlmBion of folid flrata. — You have yourfelf con¬
tradicted that affertion, in acknowledging “ that fand is
the material which enters, perhaps, in greateft quantity
the compofition of our land .... throughout all the
earth.” For it does not appear that you look upon that
fand as proceeding from the defirufdion of the folid Jirata be¬
low it ; or in cafe you did, I am going to prove that it is
not fo. i ft. That foil is found in frata of various forts,
laid over one another; they may be alternately mixed or
unmixed with gravel, more or lefs loamy, and fome times
of pure clay: which is abfolutely contrary to the idea
that it is a foil formed there, from the decompofttion of
hard fubflances. 2d. That foil is fometimes fo thick, that no
bard fubflance is found in finking deep wells into it. This
alfo is contrary to the idea of a decompofttion of hard
fubfances , fuch as are below, for, in the few inftances
(comparatively to the whole) where a foil proceeds really
from fuch a deftrudion, the Joltd flrata are found at a
little depth. 3d. When folid flrata are found under that
almoft general foil , their nature bears feldom any refem-
blance to it ; which, however, ought to be the cafe, if
it proceeded from their decompofttion. 4th. There are
fome inftances of fandy foils proceeding from the decom-
pofltion of the fame fand-flone which is found below them ;
and then there is no difference between the foil and the
Jlone, except in hardnefs ; but in many more cafes, appa¬
rently fimilar, notwithftanding a great refemblance be¬
tween the fand above, and the fand-flone belo v, there are
evident proofs that the firft is not a decompofttion of
the laft. For inftance: fand lying over fand-flone very
like it, contains often a flinty graves, which is not found
in th t jlone, nor in any folid Jirata in the whole country.
Whatever then be the origin of the fand that we find
laid in Jirata almoft all over the furface of our continents,
there cannot be any doubt that it came out of the lea
with them, loofe as it is: and confequently there was no
need of a deflruSlion of folid Jirata, to produce a firft Joil
upon them.

2d. Hyp. . The furface of our continents has been made by
nature to decay., for the growth of plants.- — Y ou are anxious,
fir, to produce a foil fit for vegetation, though there was
difoil ready upon our continents ; and you never mention
how vegetation began upon the foil you think to have
been produced afterwards. According to your Theory,
bard and hot ftrata role from the bottom of the fea, when
the continents which’ exifted before were wafted. But by
a neceffary confequence of that operation, the fea was to
be repelled upon the decayed continents. You think
that they were formed in fuceeftion: but whenever a fet
of continents rofe from the unfathomable bottom of th 0 fa,
it could not but drive the water upon thofe that exifted.
Then the plants and their feeds were to be fubmerged ;
and if any of thefe laft had come by chance to the fliore,
they muft have been unfit for vegetation, before the
fcorching beat of the new continents could be diflipated,
and a foil produced by the decay of thofe hard Jirata.
After a iatisfadory explanation of the manner in which
our continents were abandoned by the fea, one of the
moft important points in a theory of the earth, is to give a
clear and diftind account of the beginning of vegetation
upon them: I find none in yours, but you have it in
mine. I have explained how the tops of our mountains
were become, in the former fea, ij. lands or peninfulas ,
which had been covered with vegetation and flocked with
animals. Thence, when they were become the high
grounds of our land, proceeded the feeds by which vege¬
tables were produced upon the foil, ready to receive them.
The feeds of modes, ferns, gramina, heath, and many

VOL. VI. No. 341.

other fmall plants, were carried every where by winds ;
and thofe were the vegetables that firft covered the ori¬
ginal Joil all over the continents. Many trees and other
vegetables have winged feeds', by which form, though
heavier, they were alfo carried by winds : from them
proceeded the firft forejls, and a variety of dominant ve¬
getables, according to the foil. Birds and other vehicles
iropagated other forts of plants. From that theory, we
lave upon the new continents a foil covered with vegeta¬
tion ; while the hypothefis of our land bavins’ been made
by nature to decay for the growth of plants, explains nothing
in that refped.

3d. Hyp. A Soil is necejfarily wajhed away. — -This is
completely contradicted by a general fad. An immenfe
part of our continents, ftill in the hands of nature, is left
to its fpontaneous produds. I have feen vaft extents of
thofe grounds, and received informations of many more
of Europe and Alia ; and the following is their general
Hate : In every part where the winds have not difturbed
vegetation , or moifture forwarded it to peat, thofe grounds
are covered witli a ftratum of vegetable earth, produced
from the remains of decayed vegetables. That Jbatum is
as diftind from the original foil, as oil-paint from cloth,
wood, or metal, over which it is laid : it is compofed
upon every foil, of a black powdery fubfhmce, mixed
with roots, under which are found fands of all forts,
either pure, or mixed with gravel, loam, and even hard
rock very little impaired. This is an evident proof that
the foil is not wajhed away, for, if it had been the cafe,
in refped of thofe grounds, the vegetable earth had not
gathered over them.

Perhaps you thought only of culture, and fo accufed
man of the deflrudion of his own dwelling : but I can
vindicate him, both by the nature of the procefs, and by
the fad. In refped of the procefs, it is one of my ob-
jeds to fliew the care taken by the hulbandman, to col¬
led in ditches w’hat comes out of his fields by rain, and
to lay over it as manure, what he does not eat of his crop,
with the produd of the unmoved furface of his grafs fields,
and of the neighbouring uncultivated grounds. This ex¬
tends to all forts of cultivated lands; but here I fpeak
only of the plains: and as a proof of the efficacy of thofe
procelfes, I may quote alfo a general fad. All the un¬
cultivated lands I have obfei ved, are more or lefs inter¬
mixed with cultivated ones, and fome from a time imme¬
morial ; and l have never found (without fome particu¬
lar reafon) the level of the laft, lower than that of the
firft ; on the contrary, I have found it often higher. Con¬
fequently, the original foil of the plains and of rounded
hills, has not been, and is not to be, walhed away.

4th. Hyp. The heights of our land are levelled with the
Jhore, by the continual circulation of water , running from the
fummits of mountains towards the fea. — The examination
of this hypothefis will take in again the whole of your
fpeculations ; for it will lead us to the fea, in purfuit of
the rivers, loaded with the depredations of all the moving
waters upon our land. But as precipitation only can
have been the caufe of fome natural philofophers mif-
taking the nature of the operations which take place on
the furface of our globe, we muft follow them ftep by
ftep. At the beginning of our continents, they had a
quantity of fteep grounds ; and Jlreams began to flow in
every part of their furface. But this is too large a field
to be traced in all its particulars; therefore I (hall pro¬
ceed at once to the tops of the Alps, and thence follow
the courfe of 'natural caufes down to the fea. That part
of the inveftigation will fupply the whole ; for what I
fhall eftablilh upon that great fcale, will be applicable
to the fame proceffes on fmaller ones. I fhall not, how¬
ever, here ftop at thofe high parts of the central ridge of
the Alps, where ice covers the ruins cf tumbling rocks ;
it being fufficient for our prefent purpofe to obferve,
that no frag?nent of thofe rocks can come out of then-
high region, but by coming to mix with thofe of the
lower ones, of which I ihall follow the courfe. Our pre-
3 B fenfc

E A R T H.

180

feat object will be only thofe parts of the Alps where a
fnfficient vegetation can reach, and which inclofe com-
pletely that part which I fet afide for the prefect. It is
certain that every fieep rock is falling down fader or flower;
and thefe are the fragments which you think ar e propeltid
along the inclined furface of the earth , to be delivered into the
lea by the moving vjater : let us then follow their courfe.

It is evident, that the fragments of tumbling rocks nntft
fir ft accumulate under them, and rife there in a flope,
which I Hi all call talus ; a word ufed in fortification, for
that fort of doping grounds which have the 'natural de¬
clivity of loofe materials rolling over one another. Ta-
lufes of that fort are found now- on. all the fides of every
ridge of the Alps-, and they may be divided into three
claffes, in refpedt of their forwardnefs. The firft clafs is
under rocks , ftill very high, and decaying very faft.
Thefe talufes are almoft barren ; the conftant fall of new
rubbifh prevents vegetation from covering them : they
are known to increafe both in extent and in height, and
by increafing in this laft dimenfion, they tend to cover
the fteep furface of their rocks. The fecond clafs is un-
dei rocks which, either originally were only fteep at their
upper part, or were much difpofed to crumble down.
Thefe talufes, though ftill barren towards the top, are,
more or lefs, covered with vegetation in their lower parts ;
for here the acceflion of new materials is lefs frequent,
the larger fragments only roll down, and by their ac¬
quired velocity, they extend the bafe of the talus. There
the fliade produced between the large materials, preferves
more moifture ; mofs begins to cover them, and it be¬
comes the receptacle of the feeds of other plants, whole
decay forms a firft ftock of vegetable earth between the
ftones. Then ligneous plants alfo begin to grow ; and,
•when vegetation is fo eftablifhed, it fights its way up, co¬
vering and binding fitcceflively the new falling materials.
Laftly, a third clafs of talufes is found under rocks, whole
decay is nearly, or entirely, at an end. Here vegetation
lias got up to the remaining veftiges of the rocks-, which,
if no longer decaying, are themfelves covered with mofs.
There are frequently many rows of thofe talufes at dif¬
ferent heights on the fame fides of high mountains: in
that cafe the upper ones undergo the fate of the rocks
over which they are forming. Sometimes the operation
ends in a fuccelfion of Jlopes. and terraces ; and, in fome
ether cafes, the whole fide of the mountain is reduced to
one Angle Jlupe. Various forts of vegetations cover thofe
talufes; under Ihiveritig rocks they are generally covered
with grafs and a few llirubs : if their materials, though
fmall, are not in flakes, they are moltly covered with
flirubs ; and, where the materials are larger, trees are the
dominant products of the foil. In the immenfe talufes of
the Alps, there are frequently three diftinft zones, deter¬
mined by their elevation, and alfo by the flze of the ma¬
terials ; the lowermoft are forefts, the middle ones are
thickets, and the uppermoft are paftures. That operation
is, either finifhed or going on, within and all round fteep
mountains; and, when it is completed, both in the large
valleys and in the external parts, it produces an ever-
lafting fecuri ty againft further demolitions by vuind and
rain. For the whole of that ground is covered by vege¬
tation, and flocked with vegetable earth-, and this ought
to be torn oft’, before any of the fragments under it could
be moved : while, on the contrary, the quantity of that
earth is conftantly increafing by the decay of plants,
whofe roots, in the mean time, bind the materials more
and more. Thefe talufes, to which every fteep mountain
has been, or tends to be, reduced, cannot have then any
aggrelfors but men and f reams-, and I will examine the
operations of both.

The inhabitants of the mountains , both w ithin and round
them, make great ufe of the lower parts of thofe talufes,
when they are compofed of an arable foil ; and this is in¬
evitably brought down by culture. If the hufbandman
has a fnfficient fpace at the bottom of the Hope, he does
«ot trouble himieif with that effect of his work : for the

parts of the flope which lie does not cultivate, as being
too high, follow by degrees the parts that lubflde by cul¬
ture : and the only confequence of the operation is, that
the whole talus tends to acquire a fmaller degree of de¬
clivity. But if, either by other proprietors, or for want
of room in the bottom, the cultivator is confined to a
certain fpace, then begins his care for the prefervation of
the foil : he flops the fmaller materials by ditch.es, and
the larger by walls. In vineyards, where the culture
has the greateft tendency to level the Hope, the vine-dref,
fer extends further his care : his yearly work in winter
is to bring up on his back the foil that he has brought
down by digging downwards. Through thefe precau¬
tions, prompted to each individual by felf-intereft, thofe
bulwarks of mountains are as fafe in the hands of men as
we have feen them in the hands of nature.

Streams will at firft appear more powerful agents for
the deftruftion of mountains ; but let us fo.llow their
operations, and begin from the high valleys, where Hid¬
den torrents are formed, at every heavy rain, and great
thawing of the fnow. Thefe violent freatns dafh againft
every talus, which, in extending itfelf, has reached their
bed. As long as a torrent can bend its courfe round fuch
projections, it is only repelled ; but by their increafe
there comes a moment when, falling upon them with
great violence, it undermines them, and produces at
once a great Aiding down of the furface of the talus, even
though fometimes already covered with trees. Thefe
momentary dams force the water to rife ; but its increaf¬
ing weight at laft breaks them ; and the impetuofity with
which it falls, favoured by the ufiially great declivity of
thofe narrow valleys, gives it the power of driving along
the moft part of thole materials which had been accu¬
mulated gradually within its reach. Here, fir, you might
fay with reafon, “ the .travelling materials are purfued hy
the moving water, and propelled along the inclined fur-
face of the ground: ” but they only travel for a Ihort time:
in every hollow place, or in any part where the torrent
can fpread, it lofes the power of driving them ; thereby
are filled up all the deep parts of its bed, and all the fi-
nuofities of the valley through which it runs; and if,
when every part of that valley is levelled in its breadth,
and reduced to an equal declivity, the talufes are not yet
retired to a proper di (lance and fettled there, the new ac¬
cumulated materials are propelled by the torrent down
to fome large valley, where at laft they are flopped ; for
there the torrent can fpread without bounds. At the be¬
ginning of thofe operations, cafcades were formed in many
of thofe outlets frorrunarrow valleys into large ones ; but
now, in moft parts, the materials brought down by the
torrents, which have been accumulated there in the form
of very obtufe femi- cones, reach the entrance of the defiles,
and the torrents flow over them. Not one of the frag¬
ments of the high parts of the mountains comes out of
them but through fuch a pallage ; confequently we have,
in thofe femi-cones, the whole of the rubbifh that does
not remain in the upper parts ; and we fhall not lofe fight
of it, nor even of the dufr, which is carried away at firft
by the torrents.

Thefe fecondary accumulations of fragments, proceed¬
ing front the high regions of great mountains, are very
confpicuous in their large valleys; and they are now of
the three claffes already deferibed in refpeit of the prir
mary talufes. In the parts where the torrents continue to
produce great havoc above, the femi-cones are ftill barren;
a continual recruit of new materials, in times of great 5
floods, prevents vegetation. When the great demolitions
above are become rare, vegetation begins to take poffef-
fion of t lie parts which the torrent, by dividing itfelf in
many branches upon the flope, has abandoned. Laftly,
in many places, where every great revolution in the up¬
per valleys is at an end, the torrent, .confined in various
furrows that it has formed, leaves full fcope to vegeta¬
tion, upon a foil which yields to all forts of culture.
There hamlets and villages are built, near the lefs tur-
z bulentj

E A

T'ulent, anti now embanked, rills of the fame torrent w hich
formerly would have appeared threatening the whole
mountain with definition.

Our fragments, fo gathered in the lower vallies, are not
all yet at their lad (tage, but I mull leave them for a
moment, in order to examine the effects of vegetation.
I had already deferibed thofe effects; and I mufl l'uppofe
that you had not given attention to them, when you af-
ferted that the heights of our land were to be levelled with
the fore ; therefore, to fliew you that the preferving
power of v get ation is a fadt, not only general, but finking
to every attentive obferver, I will tranflate here a pafiage
of one of the mod interefling works upon mountains,
(Obfervations fur les Pyrenees,) publifhed lately by M.
Ramond de Char Conniere, who had before given
fome obfervations on the Alps, in a tranfl ation of Mr,
Coxe’s infiructive Letters on Swifferland. “ In tracing up
(he fays) the fucceflive caufes of the fertility of the val¬
ley of Camp an, one of the high valleys of the Pyrenees, it
is to the crefl of Tourmalet, between the pointed rocks of
the valley of Baflon, and the blunted rocks of the Efca-
lette, that I fhall tranfport the obferver. I (hall fliew
him, on one fide, the Gave, ftill jrolling the fragments of
the tumbling hills; while on the other, the Adour now
ipares even a blade of grafs. We (hall follow this lively
but beneficent dream, we fhall view his meanders traced
by the turf and by rocks covered with mofs : we fhall
behold him at Trames-aigues, falling in a magnificent caf-
cade, between rocks covered with flowers. The firs will
foon embellifh with their vigorous and pidlurefque tufts,
his bold, but inoffenlive, falls : for now he has forgotten
his ancient fury, and vegetation approaches with confi¬
dence. The mountains are tumbled ; he has levelled
their fragments; the declivities are foftened ; nothing
now irritates him; every thing favours his deftination :
and to the obferver, who never beheld a torrent thus at
peace with nature, the apparent tumult of his waters
.forms a furprifing contrail with the tranquillity of his
banks.

“ It is from the lowering of deep rocks and the level¬
ling of ragged declivities, that the valley of Carnpan is
now one of the mod delicious recedes of padoral life. It
was-before a deep furrow, between the foot of the Pic-de-
Midi, and the calcareous rocks which lean againd it.
There the fird torrents were impetuous in proportion to
the deepnefs of the declivity, and boifterous from the
afperity of the forms (ketched by the ancient ocean. But
the tops of the lofty fummits are come to fill up the bot¬
tom of thofe precipices ; the running waters have incef-
fantly tended to level the foil ; the accumulated rubbifh
has been fpread : a red has fucceeded to long convul¬
sions, and vegetation has covered thefe heaps of ruins.
The valley of Campan is then an anticipated picture
of the future date of the whole earth ; it indances that
date of calm announced and determined by M. de Luc.
Such will be all the valleys of the Alps and Pyrenees, of
Caucafus, Atlas, and the Andes ; when the powers which
tend to preferve (hall be in equilibrium with thofe which
tend to dedroy ; when the fummits fliall ceafe to defeend
towards the foundations, and the foundations to rife to¬
wards the fummits; when the declivities (hall have ac¬
quired that degree of inclination which prevents any far¬
ther rolling down of materials; when active vegetation,
fo ready to take pofl’eflion of every lurface as is for a (hort
time at red, after having often been repulfed by the lad
agitations of thefe expiring giants, fliall fit in peace upon
their mouldered limbs.” This, fir, is a true picture of
numberlefs valleys in the high ridges of mountains : and
if fudden falls of deep rocks continue dill for a time to
didurb their peace, they only protract thofe necelfary
operations, which will fecure eminences upon our fettled
plains, as long as the known natural caufes (hall remain
fuch as they are.

Let us now return to the low and large valleys of the
Alps, in which we have gathered all the fragments that

R T H. 18?

have either fallen immediately from their fides, or de-
feended from the upper parts by the impulfe of the tor¬
rents. Every accumulation of that rubbifh which remains
at a fufficient didance from the bed of the gathered waters
in the valley, is perfectly fecured by vegetation ; a certain
criterion ot ref, and a fafeguard againd wind and rain.
But this is not yet the cafe with all thofe accumulations ;
fome have advanced up to the banks of the river, which,
in great floods, undermine them. There new falls hap¬
pen, and we have again travelling materials -, for the river
rifes againd that rubbifh ; but again it is only to level it :
it remains in every part of the valley where the river can.
fpread, and the large fragments are there buried in the
duf that had been produced at their fird falling from the
rocks. This lad tumultuous operation in mountains pro¬
tracts the fettling of their whole mafs ; for this will not
be completed till every talus of the fides of the low val¬
leys, and every femi- cone formed there by torrents, (hall be
fettled at a proper didance from the river-, and with this,
circumdance are, more or lefs, connected all the opera¬
tions in the upper parts of the mountains. Such a river
w ill continue to attack fome part of its banks, as long as
the above-mentioned caufes fliall bring materials along
them ; and the bafes of the talufes being fo impaired, it
gives occadon to new Hiding down of materials. But
when all thofe operations fliall be completed, and the
fmoothing work of thofe rivers finifiied, they will flow as
harmlefsly as the Adour in the valley of Campan.

So far we are fare not to have lod fight of one of the
fragments that, fince the origin of our continents, are fallen
from any of the rocks in the Alps-, they were all to pafs
through fome of the large valleys before they could come
out of their boundaries; and what I am now going to
prove is, that they have only raifed and levelled the
bottom of every valley , without one of them being, either
come, or to come, out of thofe boundaries. We could
not choofe any field of obfervation larger than this ; fince
the greated rivers of Europe proceed from the Alps.
When the various original branches of thofe rivers began
to flow in the hollow parts of that vad ridge of mountains ,
they found numberlefs cavities, which they fird filled
with water, and where they depofited the rubbifh they
drove before them in every part where they were con¬
fined ; and a great number of thofe cavities are dill lakes ,
fome of which are large enough to appear in the maps.
Now, before one Angle fragment of the Alps could come
out of their boundaries, thefe lakes ought to be filled with
rubbifh ; and they are not. This is a complete demon-
dration for pad events ; and the following will anfwer for
thofe to come.

The larged lakes receive immediately the waters of the
wided valleys, in which unite the fmall branches of the
rivers. There alfo ought to unite all the fragments , be¬
fore they could proceed any farther : but thofe fragments
do not even reach there ; they all remain in the valleys »
and duf only is depodted in thofe lakes, except by fome
torrents falling immediately from the mountains round
them. It is a curious object in time of flood, to fee,
from fome high ground, the turbid water pi the river,
fird forcing its way through the limpid water of the lake,
and by degrees becoming limpid itfelf, by depofiting the
minute materials which it carries fo far, but no farther.
Confequently, fince, even at this period when the moun¬
tains are not yet fettled, nothing but fuch inconfiderable
materials arrive in thofe lakes , no gravel will ever come
out of the Alps.

When, however, thefe very rivers, which glide out of .
the lakes as limpid as the rain fallen on the mountains, are
obferved flowing in the plains , we often fee gravel in
their bed. This faCt, which cannot contradict the for¬
mer, leads us to enquire into the origin of the gravel fo
generally found in the bed of almod every river; and the
following are the general faCts relating to'that interefling
phenomenon: id. The gravel of a river flowing in a
plain, is conflantly the fame tha( is found in the adjacent
* land.

A R T H.

land.) 2d. A river may have much gravel in its bed,
though the land near it has very little: but the bed of
fuch river is much below the fitrface of the land, and
the gravel it contains is no more than might be contained
in the mafs of the land that has been dug away. 3d. The
gravel of many rivers bears no refemblance to any of the
hard f rata that it has pervaded in its courfe : it is fome-
times a gravel of flint, though there are no chalk Jlrata on
its banks ; it is frequently of primordiary fones, even in
large blocks, though there are no mountains nor Jlrata of
th 6feJ2ori.es even to a great diftance : but the fame gravels
and blocks are in the adjacent land. 4th. The bed ot fome
rivers is gravelly in fome parts, and without gravel in other
parts, alternately ; and this again is found in the grounds
correfponding to thefe different parts of the river. The
confeqttences of thefe fafts are as obvious in themfelves,
as great in the theory of the earth, iff. It is evident, that
the gravel depofited in the bed of rivers flowing in the
plains was before in that part of the ground which they
have furrowed in forming their channels. 2d. Since
thofe rivers have no other gravel but what proceeds from
the plains themfelves, it is evident alfo, that the plains
cannot have been formed from the ruins of mountains', for
thofe ruins ought to have been fpread over them by thefe
very rivers which, on the contrary, rob them in cutting
their channels. 3d. Confequently all the gravel of the
plains is come out of the fea, as well as every other of
their jirata, when our continents were left dry. 4th. But
no gravel goes to the fea from our continents; fince rivers,
which have gravel in fome parts of their bed, do not even
move it along with their whole courfe. This laft confe-
quence, which relates to the main objeft of all our pre-
fent enquiries, will be more and more afcertained, by the
following confiderations and fadts.

When water has a free paffage along or above fome
obftacles, without bending much its courfe or rifing fen-
fibly, a part of it remains ftagnant between thofe ob¬
ftacles, and the reft glides over it as it would upon a folid
and fmooth body. This is the reafon why, in following
the courfe of moving water from the tops of the mountains,
we have feen it driving materials before it, when it was
obliged to rife ; and leaving them on its bottom wherever
it could fpread: it is alfo the reafon why, when a river
which flows in a plain, happens to drive /and and gravel
from fome narrow path, thefe fubfide in wider parts, and
the gravel is buried in the fand. The refiftance found
by water, in a well-fettled bed, from its flowing over a
nearly horizontal plane, is fufficient to determine its
principal current in the parts above ; and the growth of
aquatic plants upon the bed of fuch rivers is a clear
proof that they do noffeven drive the fand which lies on
that bottom. But there are few rivers which do not ftili
drive fome fand in fome parts of their courfe ; and this
proceeds from their having cut deeply fome parts of the
ground, when they firft formed their beds. There the
rivers cannot fpread : in floods they attack thofe fteep
banks; and, at every fall of new materials, either by
thefe attacks, or by the waters filtrating in the ground,
they rife againft them, and drive them along, till they
find a fpace to fpread, where all thofe materials fink and
remain. But in time thofe feep banks will give way, the
rivers will find fpace to fpread along their whole courfe,
their fmoothed banks will be covered with vegetatun , and
in their very floods they will, as the Adour , even Jpare a
blade of grafs !

Let us now go to the fea, to meet there the rivers loaded
with the whole of the depredations made upon our con¬
tinents by every moving water. ‘‘We never fee, you fay,
p. 295, a river in a flood, but we muft acknowledge the
carrying away of part of our land.” This is true; but
we are now enabled to eftimate that part, and to deter¬
mine how far it may favour your theory of the earth. If a
river , at its coming into the Jea, does not meet on the
toaf with a gravelly and fandy ground, the only materials
that it brings out of our continent, as the total refult of

all the caufes which aft upon the grounds whence its
waters proceed, are nothing but mere duf, as may be cer¬
tified by the inhabitants of the coafts near the mouth of
every river. No gravel, nor even fand, is gathered there,
but what proceeds from the coaft itfelf ; and we have
feen the reafons of that fadft, in following the moving wa¬
ters from the higheft to the lowjl grounds. Duf then is
the only foi't sf material that our continents could furnifh
to future ones, from the waters moving on their furface ;
and that provifion, inconfiderable as it is even now, is
temporary : it proceeds only from the beds of the rivers
not being yet wide enough in every part, nor their banks
fo fmoothed, as to prevent their ftili hurting the ground
in fome parts of their courfe. But thofe very demoli¬
tions are the work of rivers for fettling their bed ; which
operation fhall be completed without a fenfible lofs of
the mafs of our continents ; and a time will come, when
the lofs of fome duf, that they may continue to undergo
in great floods, will be more than compenfated, by the
acquifition they conftantly receive all over their furface,
from the increafe of vegetable earth, a product in which
water and air enter as ingredients. From that collection
of fafts, which are within the limits of our infpeElion, it is
evident, that no materials can be expefted from our con¬
tinents for new ones, by the natural caufes adding over their
furface. What remains then to examine is, the imme¬
diate effeft of the fea in that refpeft ; a part of which,
in your opinion, is contained in the laft of the hypothefes
which I have enumerated before.

5th. Hyp. The moveable materials delivered into the fea are
there by the agitation of the water, carried farther and farther
along the fielving bottom of the fea, towards the unfathomable
regions of the ocean. — The propolition I am going to efta-
blifh in that refpeft, from theory, and from facds, is, that
upon every fielving fore, where the declivity is fmall,
the agitation of the water, inftead of carrying materials
from the coaf towards the bottom of the fa, carries them, on
the contrary, from the bottom of the fea towards the ccaf ; and
that there is a degree of declivity in which there is no ten¬
dency to alteration. You mention three forts of agita¬
tions of the fea ; the tides, the current, and the waves : the
firft of which, however, will, 1 think, appear to you in¬
capable of any immediate erfeft, if' you conlider how
flow the water rifes and falls upon open (helving (bores :
in the firft of thefe motions it brings along fome fea-
weeds floating in the water, and it leaves them moftly on
the (hore. 1 think it then fufficient to examine the ope¬
rations of the currents (another effeft of the tides J and of
the waves.

Currents never reach fuch fores with any perceivable
degree of aftion, except againft capes , which they only
tend to round : and when thofe projeftions have acquired
a fufficient degree of obliquity, the currents move nearly
in a parallel direction with the coafl, at fome diftance
from the (hore, having no other effeft than that of tend¬
ing conftantly to fmooth it. The whole aftion of the fea
upon the coafs is then concentrated in the waves: it is
almoft only by their means that the tides and currents
have fome influence in that aftion; and this is, becaufe,
when the water is higher, the waves reach farther upon
the (hore. Let us then confider the effeft of that caufe.
If the wind blows from the coaft, the fea is not agitated
near it; there are hardly any waves: and if it blows
againfi the coaft, the impulfe of the waves being in that
direction, tends to roll the materials from the bottom towards
the fore; by which foals are firft produced, and the fraud
extends by degrees. This is known upon every fielving
(hore; and I will give you fome inftances of that opera¬
tion. It is by the fea-fand carried up in that manner, that
the formerly main branch of the Rhine, which paffed
through Holland, has been flopped. It is by the fame
operation that the accefs of moft part of the fea-ports,
along the coaft of the North Sea, and of many others,
would be flopped, if roads were not kept open by great
labour. In the fame manner are the fediments of the rivers

accumulated

E A

accumulated againf fuch Shores: and when thefe Jediments
do not come to bind the light J'and of the fea, belides its
accumulation againft the (bore, it is railed by the winds
at fome diftance, and forms thereby fuccefljve rows of
Jand- hills, fometimes very high. Thefe are natural and
certain effects of the waves upon every Jhore, either origi¬
nally /helving,, or reduced to that form by the operations
I (hall deferibe hereafter: and its maximum takes place,
when there is fuch a declivity , as to produce an equilibrium
between a greater impulfe of the advancing waves, but
along an afeending plane, and the fmaller impulfe of the
retreating waves, but on a descending plane. When that
equilibrium is produced, nothing more .can happen, nor in
fact happens, upon any coaf, but fm'all alternatives of
par i d iiureafes and decreafes, according to variable cir¬
cumstances.

I come now to the remarkable reftilt of your enquiries
on the defeuplion of our continents. “ Every revolution of
the globe, you fay, p. 29S, wears away fome. part of fome rock
upon fome coaf ; but the quantity of that decreafe, in mca.
fired time, is not a mcafurable thing . . . the age of man
does no more in that Cftimate, than a Tingle year ....
But man is not confined to what he fees ; he has the ex¬
perience of former men. Let us then go to the Romans
and the Greeks in Search of a mcafure of our coafs, which
may be compared with the prefent (late of things.” Af¬
ter that enquiry, you acknowledge, p. 301, “ that this
decreafe of the coafs in general has not been obferved ; and
that it is as generally thought that the land is gaining upon
the fea, as that the fea is gaining upon the land.” However,
you conclude in this manner : “ To Sum up the argu¬
ment, we are certain that all the coafs of. the prefent conti¬
nents are wafed by the Jea, and conftantly wearing away
upon the whole.” This is a very pofitive decifion again!!
acknowledged fadfs; and it would require very Itrong
arguments to Support it : however, you adduce none but
thofe which I have quoted above, to w hich I (hall an¬
swer, in continuing to deferibe the operations of the Jea
Upon the coafs.

When our continents firft appeared above the level of
they«z, their coafs were not all of that /helving form on
which I have proved that the fea lias no deftnfotive
power? fome were abrupt, and there began an apparent
definition. The cliffs, compoled of loofie materials, fell
down apace, the currents drove along the Shore a great
part of the light materials, but the gravel, and the coarfe
Jand, funk and remained under the cliffs. In that manner
have been formed thofe frauds and beaches which we find
now along every Sleep coaf, and over many of which we
fee already the inoffenfive Surge of the Jea, dying away,
in rolling fome gravel backwards and forwards, or Smooth¬
ing the /anrf. This is the attrition cf one hard body upon
another , which, p. 296, you fuppofe to give occafon to the
inf ability of our continents. But the duf produced thereby
does not vanifii : in falling between the large materials,
it concurs with the Jand of the cliffs to give them f ability ;
for, in that manner, a folid bottom. is produced, that riles
by degrees, and on which the new gravel only continues
to be rolled by the waves.

I have had many opportunities of Studying thofe f rands
and beaches along various fieep coafis : very few of thefe
are ft ill attacked by the fea itfelf ; they are moftly im¬
paired by the land-water filtrating in them, which, in
loofening the materials, brings down Sometimes large
rnaffes of them within the reach of the waves. Then
the agitation of the fea carries away again the minute ma¬
terials, but leaves the large ones upon the beach, which
thereby rifes more and more. I have feen thofe grow¬
ing outworks of our land in all their degrees. In fome
parts, where the quantity of large materials is but Small
in the land, the fea (bill over-runs the beach every tide :
in other parts, it only rifes over it in Spring-tides With
high winds; and in many parts, the cliffs are already re¬
tired at a diftance, and reduced in a loft Slope covered
with vegetation. There ends all deftruitive power of the
fea for it reaches no more fuch coafs , being Separated
Vol. VI. No. 341.

r t it. m

from them by the f rand. Thofe coafs, then, are in tire
cafe of continental grounds, which are preferved when
covered by vegetation ; and the fraud itfelf has acquired
that degree of declivity, which renders it unimpairable by
the waves. Now, fir, by the obfervahle gradation of thofe
effedls of known caufes, we are irrefiftibly led to conclude,
that, in time, our land will, in the fame manner, be every
where absolutely inattackable by the fea.

In your Speculative fyftem of decay of our continents,
you had not considered any of thofe objefts; for you
Speak only of the wearing away of fome part of fome rock upon,
fome coaf, by every revolution of the globe. In this refpett,
not having found any certain diminution of any known
rocks, from the times of the Greeks and Romans, you
think, with reafon, that this proceeds only from tire want
of an exnrfl measurement of thefe rocks in ancient times:
but this remark does not imply that thefe rocks will
covfantly wear away ; and I am going to prove to you
that they will not. If a rocky coaft is of fuch a nature
as not to he ealily deftrutSlible by the weather, it is co¬
vered wit hfea-weeds to the reach of the waves, and above
with mofs: a cldar proof that fuch a coaf is not wearing
away. But if the rocks come t.o fall in large' maffes, or
in general, when any of them decay, the fragments are
accumulated in tire water under them, and the preserv¬
ing beach is formed. Then the remaining rocks’them-
felves differ no more, for preservation, from thofe of our
mountains. .

Let 11s now Sum up all the operations which are going-
forward along our coafs-, and firft, thofe by which our
continents acquire more extent. The land uief cafes, ill.
In the places where the original declivity of the Jhore was
fuch, that the motion of the waves, in bringing J'and from
the bottom of the fea, has extended the fraud. 2d. Near
the mouth of rivers, where the motion of the waves has
alfo accumulated their fedments along the coafis. 3d. Near
every part where loofe cliffs have been, or are Hill, falling ;
where every creek has received, by the currents, all the
minute materials So fallen ; becaufe the currents lofe their
rapidity in thofe recedes. Thofe are the well-known and
very great acquiftions of our continents-, which have no
other compensation by real Ioffes, hut from the retreat of
ferp coafs ; fo fmall in itfelf that it can hardly he re¬
corded any where elfe, but on each Spot, and which is to
have an end. There is another fort of lofs of our conti¬
nents, which has been much infilled upon by thofe au¬
thors who have thought, like you, that the fea threatened
the land-, but that lofs is not real. The new grounds along,
the coafis are in general very fertile ; and fome have been
early inclofed : but when that has been done before the
ground has acquired a Sufficient Solidity, it has funk by
drying. Storms, then, in a high fea, have broken the
dikes, and the waves have dallied away the foil ; which
thereby has been transported to other parts of the coaft.
This has been the cafe in a manner very dreadful and fa¬
tal for thoufands of inhabitants of the coafts of the North
Sea, but very inconfiderable, comparatively with the
whole of the acquisitions of thofe coafts.

From the oppolite operations it is, that, in. confulting
only hiftorians, you have concluded, “ that it is as gene-
rally thought that the land is gaining upon the fea, as that
the fea is gaining upon the land.” But if thefe oppolite de¬
cisions are meant to exprefs continuance, they are both
without foundation: for each of thofe effects has, in its
nature, a maximum whicli I have explained ; and when it
ftiall be produced, every coajl, upon the whole, will be
at ref i I might flop here, in the examination of your
Theory of the Earth-, for, if our continents cannot be dcjlroycd
by the known caufes aiding -upon them, they cannot have
been formed of the materials of other continents deftroyed
in that manner. However, as it would be difficult to de-
monftrate, that the duf that probably will continue, in.
fon.ie meafure, to go out of our continents, (hall be com¬
pensated by the increafe of the vegetable earth ; it might
remain in your mind, that e nr land, though thereby gain¬
ing in extent, may in. time be levelled with the fore. But 1
3 C ihall

1'jO E A R T H.

Thall render that difquifition ufelefs to om' prefent pur-
pofe. If the natural operations which, according to your
opinion, are to deftroy our continents , go on fo (lowly
1 hat there is no trace upon the furface of the earth, nor
any record in the memory of man, by which we may
judge when thofe operations began, their beginning mu ft be
very remote ; and you think it (o. But 1 will (hew you,
that we have both thefe forts of documents, by which it
is demonftrated that our continents are not old ; which dc-
monlhation will render it ufelefs, in refpedt of your the-
ory, to determine how long thefe continents will lad.

This brings me to a different kind of furvey of our
continents, which I (hall introduce by your own expref-
bons. “ We are inveftigating, you fay, p.297, the age
of the prefent land, from the beginning of that body which
was in the bottom of the fea .” Having thus announced the
objedt of your inveftigation, we were to Qjcpedt a conclu-
fion relating to time pajl ; but in the clofe of your in¬
quiry, we find its objedl entirely different ; the conclu-
fion relates to future timet “ It is in vain, you fay, p. 293,
to meafure a quantity which efcapes our notice, and
which hiftory cannot afeertain : we might juft as well
attempt to meafure the diftance of the ftars without a
parallax, as to calculate the dcfruElion of the folid land
without a meafure correfponding to the whole.’' Permit me
to reprefent to you, that with the view of inveftigating
the age of the prefent land, an inquiry refpedling the time
in which its dcfruElion (hall be completed, was far from
your purpofe. It is not furprifing that you find no means
of calculation in this refpedf, fince the operation that you
fuppofe going on, does not exift ; our continents are cer¬
tainly not defraying : but you might have acquired, by
various means, a diftindl idea of their age ; for we fee
on them many forts of (ffeEls, which, from the nature of
their caufes, inuft have had their origin at the beginning
bf that body which , before, was in the bottom of the fea ; and
diftindl parts of thofe ejfeEls, produced in known times, are
comparable to the whole. This new inquiry will relate to
fome of the fame diffindtive parts of the furface of our
continents, as were the objedls of the former; continued
changes tending to a maximum , are their charadleriftics. I
isave already proved that tendency, as relating to future
time-, and now I (hall examine the fame changes , in their
correfpondence with time paf.

In returning, for the prefent purpofe, to the tops of
©ur mountains, I (hall begin a ftep higher than in the for¬
mer difquifition. I had then only to colledt, without
any pofiibility of lofs, all the fragments feparated from
thofe high grounds by natural caufes : therefore I pafted
over the central ridges of their great chains ; it being
fufficient to take notice of thofe fragments , by meeting
them in certain . padages, where they muft firft gather,
before they fall into the beds of the main ftreams ; the
only conveyance for them out of the mountains : but we
(hall have a number of interefting objedls to ftudy in
thofe high regions, where the characters of decay l'eem
fo ftrongly imprefted, that to thofe who arrive there un¬
informed, they muft appear as the tomb-ftones of our
continents. However, from thofe towering monuments
of devaftation, to tire deep hillock rifing over a fmooth
plain, there is no difference, either in the general caufes
of their definition, or in the inference that may be drawn
from them, to determine the age of our continents : all
thofe grounds came out of the fea in a much more rugged
(late than that in which they now appear ; which (late
has been the original caufe of their decay, and whatever
be .their height, if they are (fill abrupt, the operation
which tends to fmooth them is not finiihed.

It is unn'eceirary to enlarge on the proof, that all the
fteep high grounds of our continents came out of the fea in
tiie fame decaying (lute in which they now are. Abrupt
Tides of mountains, fometimes many thoufand feet high,
exhibit the Jc Elions of numberlefs frata, the molt part of
which are c.onfiderably out of the horizontal pofition in
which they muft have been formed. Confequently, thofe

feElions, and a fortiori thofe of 1 efs magnitude, but having
the fame charadlers, muft have been the effedt of fome
caufe- which had the power of overturning the whole
mat's of the frata themfelves. So far we cannot but
agree ; for your theory on the formation of our continents
is founded, as well as mine, on caufes which muft have
produced fuch a diforder ; and in refpedt of the continents
once dry, we agree alfo, that no other caufes of altera¬
tion can be admitted, than thofe which are (till in adtion.
This then ought to be fufficient to eftablifti, thafi the
great chafms of our continents exifted at their origin ; but
as many other queftions depend on that primary one, I
muft treat it more particularly.

The huge ruins of high mountains inclofe, in the molt
chaotic manner, immenfe fpaces, now vacant, though
they muft have been filled, formerly, with the continua¬
tion of the fame frata, the remains of which now fur-
round them. This is a very ftrong feature of our conti¬
nents, which muft ftrike every beholder capable of feeling
aftoniftiment at the wonders of nature ; and he will a(k
himfelf, “ What is become of the immenfe bulk of ma¬
terials which are miffing in thofe vacancies ?” This then
is the firft and precife object which muft excite the at¬
tention of the curious, with refpedt to geologic fy (terns ;
but at the fame time it muft create a juft diffidence of
every fyftem which does not give a clear and fatisfadtory
account of fuch finking monuments of revolution. It is
not even neceffary to travel in mountains, in order to re¬
ceive the impreffion of thofe wonderful objedts: landfcape
painters and et»gravers have fpread their pidtures in every
clafs of dwellings, from the fumptuous palace to the hum¬
ble cottage ; fteep mountains, threatening rocks, deep¬
winding valleys, waterfalls, tumultuous torrents, foam-
ng between tumbled mafies of impending caves, are the
objedls which they commonly intermix with fofter feenes,
for pidlurefque effedt ; and far from ever exceeding na¬
ture in that ruinous appearance of fome parts of our land,
they muft ever remain much below the ftupendous feenes
which they attempt to reprefent.

If it were not for the vague idea of fome geologifts,
that the running waters, working, ages* after ages, on the
furface of our continents, have ploughed down their deep-
eft valleys, and have formed the hills , either by fcooping
the foil round them, or by raifing heaps of rubbifh, every
attentive man would confider thofe objedls with a. cu¬
rious eye ; and finding on every feep ground evident marks
of a continued decay, it would naturally occur to his mind,
that fuch an operation muft have had a beginning, not im-
poffible to be determined ; and that its difeovery might
lead to fome great event in the hiftory of our globe. I
(hall then firft remove that caufe of incuriofity, by prov¬
ing, that the land-waters, thofe which have run over the
furface of our continents ever fince they exifted, have had
no (hare whatever in the produdlion of the ruinous ap¬
pearance of fo many of their parts, except along the im¬
mediate channel of fome ftreams : for if that queftion is
once determined beyond the power of difpute, the phe¬
nomena which I have deferibed, will re-aflume the power
that they ought to have had long fince on thofe who
think nature worth obferving : and that attention will
anfwer a greater purpofe than is commonly thought ;
which I will explain when all the previous queftions
have been thoroughly examined.

The icy valleys of the Alps are now known to moft cu¬
rious travellers ; it is become the fafliion to vifit them :
let then fajhion be, in this inftance, ufeful to mankind,
by afeertaining fome fadts, the light of which, being
fpread over all the phenomena of the fame kind, will
render them equally great in their confequences. To the
vilitors of the Alps then, I appeal, for the exactnefs of
what I am going to deferibe ; and from fome of them I
expedt, that by their example, they will excite curiofity
and attention to numberlefs objecls, not fo ftupendous,
but equally important in the hiftory of the earth. Lofty
and abrupt ranges of pyramidal rocks are the wonderful
4 borders

KART H. IM

borders of the icy valleys of the Alps-, and every part of
them is in continual decay. If decay and propulfion of via-
'tcrials' by running waters had -been the caufes of the vaft
excavations manifefted by the feflions of the Jlrata all
around, every channel of the waters thence proceeding
would be levelled with rubbifli : for, the neceffary effedt
of running waters propelling broken materials, is to fill
up -with them every hollow place, till all the grounds
which they pervade, being reduced to a regular flope,
they wander promifcuoufly over thofe fpread materials.
Let us then confult attentively the phenomena on that
firft leading queftion.

There is hardly any water that runs in thofe immenfe
high valleys of the Alps: the waters that come down their
fteep Tides, from rain or thaw of fnow, pafs immediately
under the accumulated ice which fills them ; where, con-
ftantly flopped in the points of bearing of the ice upon
the ground, they filtrate more than they run. This is a
firft view of the objedt, which, in the very theatre of the
greateft pafl devaftations, excludes completely the idea
that they have been produced by running waters ; and the
other following fadts will only illuftrate that peremp¬
tory exclufion. iff, A part of the waters that come out
of thofe valleys, falls in cafcadcs , from the edges of fteep
rocks, over lower grounds : if waters, thus ifluing from
under the ice , had contributed to produce the vacancies
now exifting between the upper ridges, the rubbifh car¬
ried off, accumulating up to thofe rocks, would have
^ long ago prevented cafcades, as it has happened in many
parts of thofe mountains, where rubbifh is really carried
down, adly, In the lower outlets of the icy valleys, the
water comes out of the ice in the fame manner as forne
celebrated ftreams, Arethufa, Vauclufe, and others, come out
at once from under fome rock or hillock ; that water has
no open channel, till it has cleared the ice, and being
firft filtered through its crevices, it never brings out any
other materials than coarfe fund : furely, the immenfe
quantity of materials miffing in the upper parts, cannot
have been carried away through fuch channels. 3dly,
When thofe waters, being united in the firft lower val¬
leys, begin to form torrents, they often meet with narrow
cuts, where they ftill undergo repeated falls between
broken rocks ; and thefe are the only paflages through
which any water can have come out of the fame extent
of high grounds, ever fince the exiftence of our continents:
now, if the materials miffing in the upper valleys had
been carried away by waters, that immenfe quantity of
rubbifh would have either (lopped or widened thofe paf-
fages, and reduced the whole length of the channel to
an equal declivity. Laftly, if it were objedted, that the
rubbifli has been carried down by degrees to wider places,
we (liould then come to a decifive proof of the contrary,
from a fadt already ftated : many hollow places, now
lakes, are pervaded by fome of thofe accumulated waters
ever fince they ran; there the whole quantity of the rub¬
bifh which they have propelled, has remained, and it
amounts to nothing, compared with the vacancies above.

I have begun this particular furvey of our continents,
by diltindt and well-known parts ef the great feene of
ruin and devaftation exhibited in the Alps ; not on ac¬
count of their great vacancies between eminences compofed
of broken aqd mouldering Jlrata, which is a common
phenomenon on the furface of our continents ; but be-
caufe of the peremptory proofs which we have in thofe
parts, that running waters have had no (hare in the ruin¬
ous ftate of our mountains-, and that confequently their
chafms exifted, from the beginning of the .prfent land, 'which
was before in the bottom of the fca ; and now I fliali give a
iimilar demonftration, in rd'pedt of abrupt eminences. None
of the deeply diffedted tops of the immenfe ridge of the
Alps, can be aft'edted by any water, except that of imme¬
diate rain or thaw of fnow, which, trickling down the
fifing grounds in a thoufand rills, never unites on them
in any ftream capable of difturbing large or weighty ma¬
terials; and confequently, the operations of the various

caufes defigned by the colledlive word weather, may be
obferved there unmixed with any fenfible eftedt ariftng
from the impulfe of running waters. Now, fir, thofe im¬
menfe obelifks, which no continental caufe can have pro¬
duced, are as fhattered as any part of the valleys where
torrents are raging ; and the only alteration produced on
them by the weather , an alteration which ftill continues
at a great rate, is that of foftening their abrupt furfaces,
without any fenfible lofs of their materials, which accu¬
mulate round the fteep grounds whence they fall.

When a long-continued inattention to certain objedts
of nature, has rendered man infenfible to them, he com¬
monly remains fo, till fome objedt of the fame clafs, but
of a great magnitude, roufes his attention. Our foft
vales, their rich meadows, their rifing grounds covered
with verdure up to pidturefque rocks, have been in all
ages attracting fpots for men ; there were the firft fettle-
ments, and there ftill the traveller flackens his pace: but
we do not expedt to receive any important inftruftion
from thofe objects, and, not being confulted, they remain
filent. If the decaying ornaments of the bordering hills,
thofe rocks boldly projecting with endangered trees over
them, excite fome degree of aftoniftiment, it is foon diffi-
pated by the vague idea, that time pajl has no bounds ;
and if fome attention is given to caufes, without which,
time effects nothing, the innoxious ftream, meandering ir»
the vale, is charged with devaftations, from- which the
vale itfelf is fuppofed to have proceeded : nothing, in
that curfory manner of ftudying nature, flops the fpirit
of fyftem ; the fpace is wide open before the prefumed
thief; and his accomplice, as receiver of the boundlefs
fucceffion of thefts, isnolefsthan the ocean-, but in the
great ridges of mountains, there are immenfe excavations ,
bordered alfo by ruin-like eminences ; and we are abfo-
lutely fure, that the materials miffing in thofe valleys ,
have not been carried into the ocean. Here imagination
is flopped, and the aftoniftiment of reafon begins. I (hall
now fuppofe, that fome attentive men, roufed by that
firft faCt, and conceiving great doubts on what has been
maintained by fome geologifts on the operations of running
waters, is refolved to obferve for himfelf.

Our obferver comes firft into one of thofe vales, fo nu¬
merous on our continents, where rapid ftopes, covered with
verdure and furmonnted by abrupt rocks, are the winding
borders of a fpace, the bottom of which is levelled and
pervaded by a clear ftream. Nothing in that quiet feene
raifes the idea of devaftation; but our obferver knows,
that the now pacific water, fometimes fwells, becomes
turbid, overflows the meadows, and that, in fome of its
floods, it has produced great havock in the neighbouring
grounds; and as this is the caufe referred to by fome
geologifts, he will not form' any judgment on its effeCts,
till he has fome opportunity to fee it at work. This may
happen in autumn, when all the furrounding grounds
having been foaked by a long continuance of heavy rain,
the flood is greater than ufual : rapid and turbid torrents
rufh out from all tides ; the clear river is changed into a
muddy pool, which covers the bottom of the vale-, and
trees carried down by the ftream, are figns of a violent
attack on fome parts of the neighbouring grounds. Thofe
unwelcome changes of feene may have lodged in many
minds a prejudice which they might remove : nobody is
fond of going in queft of knowledge, during fuch an in-
aufpicious ftate of the elements : but our obferver is re-
folute ; and notwithftanding the inclemency of the wea¬
ther, and the badnefs of the roads, he approaches the
feene, where the wet and weakened grounds are attacked
by the raging waters. In going up the main inundation
he meets with, muddy torrents, milling from receffes of
the vale-, and there being flopped, he climbs by the lides
of thofe waters, in order to examine their operations, and
to find a paffage higher up. There he firft obferves, that
thofe fwoln rdls are only made turbid, becaufe their chan¬
nels are ftill too narrow for the quantity of water gathered
in them: for, the Tides of the fort of trough in which

thole

R A

tliofe channels confift, are /lopes, formed of loofe mate¬
rials fallen from the abrupt incumbent rocks ; and the
uimfual bulk of the rapid water which now pit lies In that
trough, caufes tjie bafe of tliofe Hopes to be attacked, -
and fo me of their materials to be carried away. There
alfo he obferves, that all the trees now Handing on the
upper parts of tliofe Jlopcs, muft tumble down fuccelfive-
ly : for the looie grounds on which they have grown are
undermined’; and the fteep fedtions' of tliofe grounds,’
though out of the reach of the torrents, are gradually
deniolidied by the weather; thereby forming new Jlopcs
under tliofe which are now decaying. It is efpecially
from thole attacks of the water on loofe grounds, that it
is mad c turbid-, but at the fame time lie obferves, that
all the gravel, fo torn, fubfides as foon as the water comes
to wider and lefs inclined parts of the channel, and that
Hiere duft is carried down into the main flood. Laftly,
in Ionic widened parts .of tliofe channels, he obferves,
that tiie new Japes formed under the ruinous ones, are,
even in that extraordinary weather, out of the reach of
the torrents; and he may judge, that, when every other
part of the bottom of thole troughs fh all be made wide
enough to contain the fame quantity of water in a fixed
bed, the fopes , covered again with Verdure, will remain
unimpaired. Tliele fide torrents are the feeders of the
main flood below, and the fame operations take place
along the courfe- of every, one. of them, up to the re-
nioteft rill, which is then alfo become a torrent.

Our obferver has now entered on a diftindt /rc/d; or
what I fliall call a diftindt fyjlem of grounds ; in which lie
is fare, that, ever (ince the origin of our continents, all
the rain-water that lias not immediately funk into the
foil, muft have followed the fame courfe which it now
purfues. He knows every part of that fet of grounds
where the rain-water, by gently following oppolite decli¬
vities, divides itfelf between that fyjlem and the next
grounds which feed other Rivers, Without any power of
altering their original boundaries ; and thence he traces
in his mind, the ftrft gathered rills, the forms of their
various channels, the places of their meeting, many (’pots
where they fall abruptly, and many where they abate
their courfe. Comparing, then, what lie has now ob-
ferved of the effects of -a heavy and lading rain in that
area, with its effects on other high grounds of equal ex¬
tent, but wliofe- declivities are regular and finooth, lie is
ftruck with th;e idea, that the ftrft fmall rills produced
by the firft rain which fell on his fyfiem, could not have
gathered, fo as to form, tliofe diftindt Ji reams which lie has
obferved, if that area had not previou/ly been interfedted
by deep furrows tending to a lower place: for, rain-water ,
the fouree of all our continental waters, has not the power
of driving heavy materials, till it has acquired bulk and
velocity; and being once fettled in a channel, it cannot
have any materials to drive along, except what may fall
in its way. Now, the firft of thole circumftances muft
arife from previou/ly wide and deep interfedtion of the
ground, which alfo muft have a great declivity ; and the
laft can only proceed from originally abrupt and decay¬
ing Hides of thole excavations. ’ Thence the prelect re¬
gular flare of lb many high grounds, which, though looje ,
arc not interfedted by chafms on any of their declivities :
their furface was originally even, and the firft fmall rills
of the rain-water, remaining ccnftantly feparate on that
furface, have never acquired the power of digging daks
and vales bordered with fteep (ides. Such is the firft ge¬
neral confequence derived by our obferver, both from
his prefect remarks, and from all the fadts which they
recall to his mind ; and on that previous point he con¬
cludes finally, that attributing the deep channels which
interfedt his fyjlem of grounds, to the waters which are
now feen pervading it, would be, taking for the eJfeEl of
J 'breams , the very cauje of alnioft every diftindt fl ream
o-n our continents from their beginning ; namely, original
hollow tracks.

A firft fettled point in fuch inquiries is a firft ftep that

R T fl.

may lead farther. Our obferver now intends to examine,
what has been the real elfiedt of running-waters, for-alter¬
ing the original form of his fyjlem ; and in that inquiry he
firft compares the [ides of the vale with its lower ground.
The inundation which he has obferved, notwitliftandino-
its excels, did not reach the fopes of loofe materials,
formed on the fides of that vale, under the vertical fcEtions
of the upper grounds ; confequently, ih d fr earns cannot
have had any fnare in the form of tho le files \ they were
originally fteep and crumbling, and their rubbilh has
fucceftively formed tliofe fopes now covered with verdure:
but fince tliofe fdes were originally abrupt, it is not in the
nature of things- that they could then inclofe an horizon -.
tal ground : fuch a chafm Was to have an irregular bot¬
tom, and muft have extended below the prefent level ;
confequently, that horizontal ground, extending from hill
to hill in the bottom of the vale, muft coafift of loofe
materials carried down by the fide for rents. When our
obferver forms that conjecture, the f ream is confined in
its ufual bed, and much reduced by long dry weather :
from that circumftance, a de<?p fedtion of the ground is-
left uncovered on the banks of the ftream, and there his
conjedture is confirmed ; for the upper part of that ground
is mere fand, and the fragments of the fony frata which
compofe the neighbouring hills, are feen in the lowed
parts of the fedtion.

That Jvccr/fton in the fediments compofing the horizontal
ground of the vale, points out to our obferver a fort of
chronometer ; by comparing that fuccelfive work of the
f reams, with the ftate of til e fopes and f cep grounds, in the
channels of the fide torrents-, which channels, hereafter, I
fliall call dales. In a new furvey of tliofe, now quiet
palfages of mere rills or rivulets, he finds firft, that many
of them are furmounted, like a vale itfelf, by abrupt
fedtions of the upper grounds ; and a greater proximity
of their fides permitting an immediate comparifon be¬
tween them, he obferves, in many places, that the\xfrata-
liave no correfpondence, either in dire ft ion , ftuation, or
height : which is a new proof that all thefe chafms have
been the effects of eonvulfions, antecedent to the prefent
ftate of our continents. He alfo remarks charadteriftic
differences between mod part of the dales and the vale ;
from which differences muft have refulted tiiofe which
are obferved -in the effedts of running-waters. The vale
was a wide and deep chafm ; the dales were narrow crevices,
branching from that main one. The rubbifh, which,
from the beginning, has fallen from the abrupt fides of
the vale, has never been carried off by any external caufe;
the bottom of that wide chafm became firft a fort of lake,
along which the accumulated rubbifh remained undif-
turbed ; but in the narrower and rapid dales, the firft
fragments falling from the fteep fides, met together in the
bottom of the trough ; and the torrents, whenever they
were formed by heavy rains, drove them down to the
vale ; where they were fpread by the united waters. None
of tliofe fragments could remain in the rapid parts of the
troughs, except wliat filled their hollow parts, and le¬
velled fiome wide f'paces ; but every fragment carried
farther, remained in the vale, where the water, from the
extent of the f'pace, could not have any fenfible degree
of rapidity. All the hollow parts of the bottom of the'
vale were then to be filled and levelled, before any frag¬
ment could proceed farther: that operation, begun with
fragments, has been finifhed with fand-, fince fand only is
found at Home depth in the horizontal ground: confequent-
ly, nothing but fand can ever have been carried out of
that vale, by the waters palling through it.

The prefent ftate of the dales affords inftances of the
fame phenomenon, and points out its caufe. In going
up forne of tliofe palfages, our obferver finds, at fuccef-
fively higher levels, fume horizontal grounds, whole fcflions
on the banks of the contradted rivulet, exhibit the fame
order of materials that is obferved in the horizontal foil
of the vale-, no large fragments are perceived in tliofe
feci ions, but in the lowed parts j and confequently, none

EAR

of thofe proceeding from higher grounds, have palled
farther. Thefe grounds lie in wide parts or the dales,
which parts originally were hollow ; and there alfo, as
jn the vale, the /lopes, produced by the decay of the (ides,
defeend without interruption, from the upper abrupt
parts (if any remain) down to the horizontal foil: thofe
fopes were formed originally round ('mall lakes, in which
the fpread water had no power to difturb them ; and
thofe lakes have been filled, firft with fragments, and then
with fand-, the- whole proceeding from above: but in
greater declivities and narrower pafiiiges, many of the
Jlopes are divided in their height by abrupt fedtions ; the
diigh eft and vnoft ancient parts being in decay, and new
fopes having been formed under them. This is found
in very deep parts of the chafm, which receive a great
abundance of water in times of flood, and are much wider
xiverhend than in the bottom. In fitch parts of the dales,
the firft fopes produced by their decaying fides could
only be preferved fo long as they did not obftrudt the
courfe of the water : for when they came to meet, from
fide t® fide, they were foon deftroyed, and their materials
were carried away by the dream. Such demolitions were
frequent, as long as the trough remained too narrow to
contain a moderate quantity of water: but thereby the
decay of the Tides was more rapid, as they remained un¬
covered with jlopes ; and the paflage widened : but when,
by thofe repeated deriiol i i ions of the Jlopes , they were re¬
tired to fuch a diftance, as to be out of the reach of com¬
mon floods, they rofe againft the decaying rocks, and
vegetation binding their furface, it tvas no longer fufeep-
tible of Aiding down. However, thofe firft fettled fopes
•were not yet fafe ; in extraordinary floods they were at¬
tacked at the bottom, and afterwards, while they were
increafing in height, from the continued decay of the
rocks above, their abrupt fections mouldered by the
weather: tltence fopes under fopes, the lowed of which
were from time to time attacked by great torrents , till
they were removed out of their reach.

Such are the general claftes of fucceflve operations,
which our obferver clearly traces on the Tides of his
dales ; and their varieties in different parts, may gene¬
rally be affigned to determinable differences in the origi-
nal fate of thofe parts. Some rocks, for inftance, peep¬
ing here and there out of the (loping grounds, betray the
original ruinous date of thofe fides, and (hew evidently
that the chafm has been the effeift of a convulfion : im-
menfe pieces of rock were, at firft, either projefting out
of the broken (ides, or heaped againft them ; and now
they are almoft buried in a quantity of rubbifh, which is,
or will be in time, bound together by vegetation. In every
part where thofe (loping grounds have already their bale
out of the reach of torrents, they are covered with ver¬
dure: the rain, which they can only receive from the
air, finks into their porous foil ; and being collefted in
millions of internal channels, it only helps to feed the
fprings. The moift part of thofe grounds, though from
a long time covered with vegetation , ftill receives rubbifh
from the deep upper parts; but mofs, herbaceous plants,
and fhrubs, bind fucceffively thofe layers of new foil into
a tenacious cruft, unimpairable by the weather. This is
the caufe why fo few large fragments of the ftill decaying
parts of the dales are now carried down to the general
receptacle : the fragments which, in their firft fall, attain
the bed of the torrents, or thofe which are ftill torn by
thefe from their banks, if- propelled as far down as the
vale, fttbfide there, forming promontory-like accumula¬
tions over the general level. Nothing then, bat fand, is
now, in thegreateft flood, floated by any of the f de-torrents,
when they meet together in the vale ; and the whole
quantity of that fand, which cannot remain fufpended in
water that moves (lowly, as does that of the vale, is de-
polited on the overflowed grounds.

Our obferver has now accompli (hed the different pur-
pofes for which he had undertaken that exaft furvey of
a certain extent of grounds, which, from the origin of
Vol. VI. No. 342.

T H. 193

our continents, mud have been drained by the f.me'fet of
channels. The firft of ihofe purpofes was to dilcover, from
the prefent (late of thofe grounds, and the caufe aiding
on them, the date in which (hey were when they came
out of the fea ; and he has found that they were to be in¬
terfered by great chafms, the (ides of which weie abrupt,
and fufceptible of decay by the natural caufes acting on
our continents. His fecond purpofe was, to af cert a in the
real effects of running waters in that area, and to diftin-
guifh them from thole which may col!e£tivelv be affigned
to the vjeather ; and in this refpeft he has found, id.
That a great impetuofity is necelfary for f reams to carry
along any materials heavier than fand. 2dly. That a
great declivity is required to produce that impetuofity.
3dly. That thofe waters being the refult of collected
rain, become only impetuous by being allembled in fettled
channels. 4thly. Tlvat before thofe firearm, once fettled,
can propel any loofe materials, thefe mud fall in then-
way, by caufes foreign to their own impulfe. 5 1 h 1 y .
That loofe materials can only come into the beds of
f reams, by falling from feep grounds lying along them.
6thly. That when, either at firft or in time, the falling
fragments of feep grounds find a fuitable fpace for accu¬
mulation, they form fopes, which rife againft the abrupt
furfaces, and at lad ((op their decay. 7 1 h 1 y . That if, for
want of a proper fpace, thofe fopes are at firft deniolifhed
by f reams, they themfelves, with the decaying grounds,
retire thus by degrees to greater diftances, till, placed at
lad out of the reach of their aggreffors, they are covered
by vegetation. Laftly, That it is only during that fettling
of the fides of their channels, that impetuous f reams have
loofe materials to drive along; that thofe materials, pro¬
pelled in great declivities, fubfide in every hollow place,
or are fpread in wide fpaces which have lefs declivity ;
and that the fe £1 ions of thofe f dirnents exhibit at prefent
the fucceflive work of running waters in time pad.

The third and fundamental purpofe of our obferver,
in analyfing thofe operations, was to difeover whether it
were poffible, by their help, to go back, with fonte degree
of certainty, to the time when they began , and confe-
quently to the origin of our continents-, and he is now
fatisfied that this view may be attained by a general for¬
mula, whofe conditions, as pointed out by his fyfian of
grounds, are the following: id. A certain original fate
of things, to be traced up from the known caufes which
could alter it. 2dly. A meafurable quantity of alteration,
already produced by thofe caufes. 3d 1 y . Continued altera¬
tions produced by the fame caufes, the quantity of which, in
the life of a man, may be meafurable. Laftly, (as a check
over thofe points, when it is in the nature of the object,)
a certain quantity of alteration, ftill to be performed in
feme parts, to reduce them to the fame unalterable (late
already produced in other parts. This he conceives to be
an incontrovertible manner of inquiring into the age of our
continents : and though he finds it (till difficult to deter¬
mine, with a certain degree of accuracy, thofe quantities,
which are to ferve as co-efficients in his formula-, yet lie
conceives clearly, from the date of things in that refpetft,
as exhibited in every part of his fyflem of grounds, that
what has vaguely been alleged for afligning a very great
antiquity to our land, is void of any fort of foundation.

The only certain way of finding general laws in a clafs
of phenomena, is to begin by fixing on a well-determined
phenomenon of the clafs, and then analyfing it accurately.
This our obferver has done ; and thereby he finds him-
felf warranted to conclude, that all the diftinT congeries
of channels, interfering every fyfem of grounds, of what¬
ever extent, whofe waters proceed at lad to the fea in
one fream, were, like that of his fyjtem , original feries of
chafms, or of other forts of hollow tracks ; and that, in the
fame circumftances, the fame operations .-which he has
obferved, mud have taken place in thofe fyflems: for a
great river is only a congeries of lefs ones, fimilar to
that which came out of his vale-, and the private fyfiems
of grounds .whence thefe fmall rivers proceed, are to the
3 D grounds

m EARTH,

grounds pervaded by the great river, as the dales are to
the vale in the fyftem which he has furveyed. Confe-
quently, all thofe Jlreams have fixed channels, determined
by the original form of the furface of our continents ; and,
fince natural caufes aft always in the fame manner, by the
fame circumflances, he cannot doubt that clear data for
the calculation of the age of our continents, are to be found
along many of thofe Jlreams.

In the courfe of his furvey, our obferver has taken
notice of another clafs of phenomena, which appears to
him clearly expreffive of the little age of our continents.
He has found, in the upper parts of his Jyfiem, fcattered
eminences, confiding of deep decaying rocks, which, from
their fituation, mud have condantly been out of the reach
of every podible Jlream, ever fince their origin as dry land ;
along which he has found undidurbed Jlopes, formed of
fallen materials, and rifing againd their abrupt and dill
decaying fides. That obfervation recalls to his mind
many elevated plains, which alfo, ever fince they have
exided, mud have been above the level of ev ery Jlream ;
and on which, however, rife inhibited hills or hillocks,
compofed of Jlony firata, which, dipping one fide into the
ground, prefent their abrupt feftio'ns on the oppofite fide.
That clafs of phenomena drikes him as a very important
one: for tho fe -eminences mud have exided in a date of
decay from the origin of our continents ; and the rubbiih
accumulated under their deep furfaces fometimes bears
no refemblance to the furrounding foil. There then pro-
grrffes of cffcEls may be obferved, unmixed with, foreign
caufes of any importance ; and the above general formula ,
for finding time pajl by lajling operations , may be applied
to thofe grounds with more accuracy than Aong Jlreams.
The fpirit of drift analyfis being thus raifed in our ob¬
ferver, he conceives ladly this general idea, that all the
caufes which have afted on the furface of our continents,
ever fince they have exided, being known, and the nature
of their effefts being alfo determined, thofe ejfeEls mud be
cafily didinguilhed from what exided before they took
place ; and that confequently, a number of fitch effefts ,
(not only of different natures, as proceeding from diffe¬
rent caufes, but even without any conneftion with each
other, excepting that of time,') might afford didinft chro¬
nometers, which, by their reunion, would lead to a natu¬
ral chronology, overlooked till now, from a precipitate
decifion that it was not to .be found.

J have now, fir, under the affumed charafter of an
obferver, given you a (ketch of my own hidory, in a
courfe of condant obfervation for -above forty years. I
conceived, very early, the importance of an exact deter¬
mination of the changes which have happened to our con¬
tinents, from the time of their exidence as dry land-, and
very foon alfo I perceived, that curfory obfervations
could not afford any certain refults in that refpeft. I
then began to fix my attention on thofe parts of the
mountains, or other high grounds, which, from their
.elevation above every podible (either pad or prefent)
Jlream , could not iiave been affefted, at any time, but by
the direft aftion of rain or fnovj, and by their immediate
confeqtiences. There, however, frequently finding the
fame great excavations, which, in lower grounds, are
vaguely attributed to running waters, the fallacy of this
lad idea druck me ; and I fird concluded, that thofe ex¬
cavations exided from the origin of one- continents. There
alfo I could dudy, without any podible midake, the ef-
feftsof all the immediate caufes which have afted on the
abrupt parts of the furface of our continents, ever fince
they have exided ; namely, the tendency of thofe parts
to moulder down by the effefts of the weather-, the pro-
grefs of that decay ; its tendency to an end, when the rub-
bi fh is undidurbed ; the caufes that can didurb it ; and
the maximum of their effefts. That preliminary dudy
enabled me, afterward, to didinguifli, in other places,
the real effefts of running waters , from the effefts of
other caufes, which are only rendered effeftual by certain
original dates of the grounds, eafily traced back ; and from

that fingle diferiminatioft of caufes, light fucceeded to
the obfeurity in which the phenomena of the furface of
the earth had been involved by forne geologids : for then,
rendered attentive to origins and progrejfes of natural ope¬
rations on our dry land, 1 found many different claffes of
them, which fix its origin at a time not very remote.

The importance of the final refult of thofe obferva¬
tions has made me defirous to facilitate them to others,
by fketching a plan of refearches, and pointing out the
objefts which are to be examined. That dudy is, in a
great degree, almod within the reach of every man; for
there is hardly any country which does not afford-fome
of the claffes of phenomena, which may lead to the age
of our continents ; and I have known from experience,
what intered fuch a fixed and endlefs object of obferva¬
tion can fpread on the fuppofed lod hours of travelling or
airing. After a little pradtice in that kind of obfervation,
the effefts of the principal caufes which have afted on
every part of our land, may eafily be didinguilhed : the
effefts produced by each of thofe caufes, in former times,
have left clear monuments : their prefent operations are
fee n ; and the whole together affords various meafures of
time, which I (hall next explain.

The following-are the principles of invedigation which
may enable us to difeover the time when our continents
began to ex id. — id, To find out fuch effefts as could only
begin at that time, but mud neceffarily have begun then.
— 2d, To determine the mode of aftion of the caufes which
produce thofe effefts. — 3d, Toexamine, whether the whole
of the operations thus determined, may be known ; by en¬
deavouring to difeover what was the date of things in
thofe parts of our continents at their origin. — 4th, To com¬
pare the parts oi thofe effefts which have been performed
within the memory of men, with the whole of what lias
been produced .—5th, To direft the fame inquiry to vari¬
ous claflesof effefts having thofe determined charafters, in
order to find out whether the feparate deduftions drawn
from them, coincide in refpeft of the tiyie when their va¬
rious caufes began to aft on our new-born continents.

Whatfoever be the clafs of geological phenomena which
we examine with that view, the principles of enquiry are
the fame. It is evident, for indance, that all the waters
which unite in one main fream, arriving ladly at the fea,
proceed from a fet oj grounds, whofe declivities tend to¬
wards that common receptacle : and that no material al¬
teration can have happened to that fet from the beginning ;
fince, for the production of any change in that refpeft,
the original high boundaries of the various fyjlems of
grounds, thus didinguilhed, ought fird to have been de-
ftroyed; while thofe high lands are the very parts of our
continents where the aftion of running waters is at its mi¬
nimum, and confequently incapable of producing any ef-
fential alteration in thofe boundaries. That incontrover¬
tible propofition puts a dop to all wandering conjeftures :
each of the various fyjlems of grounds whence a main
Jlream proceeds, is the fame that it was at the origin of
our continents : and by fetting out from that fird relult of
theory and obfervation, I have clearly determined two
didinft caufes of alteration in the original fate of thofe
fyfiems ; one proceeding from the decay of their feep parts ;
the other from the aftion of running waters. The effefts
of thofe two only caufes of dedruftion, are as didinft
as the caufes themfelves ; their accumulation, from the
time when they began, is very confpicuous ; and their
progrefs in a given time, is traced by monuments. From
thofe very intelligible phenomena, I have already demon-
drated that our continents have undergone but very linall
and well-determined alterations ; and in my prefent en¬
quiry into their age, I (hall begin by the fame phenome¬
na, in which we (hall find various kinds of chronometers.

Let us return to the highed boundaries between feparate
fyfems of running waters on our hemifplrere ; namely, the
tops of the Alps. There we find immenfe ruins of firata ,
the mod part of which, being turned up, form the tow¬
ering fummits of thofe mountains. The chaotic date of

thofe

EARTH. 195

thofe high grounds mnft have exided at the time when
all the known caufes adling on our continents began their
adtion : for, not only the power of Ji reams is there at its
minimum, but thofe high valleys are filled up with ice,
which prevents the propulfion of any large materials by
< waters : and as for the duji and fmall gravel, which fome-
times come out from under that ice, they have been flop¬
ped in hollow places, not yet filled with them ; and their
very didindl mafs cannot account for any fenfible part of
the cavities obferved above. However, the broken Jirata
which furround thofe cavities are conflantly mouldering
down : but the falling materials accumulate under them
in the form of Jlopes, which fhew fenfibly the quantity of
that effefl from its beginning, coeval with our continents.
Confequfently, the degree of rapidity in the decay of thofe
fummits, may give us a firfl idea of the time when all the
continental caufes began to adt. On that particular, I
fhall only ufe the expreflions of a celebrated obferver of
the Alps, M. De SaufTure. Among other material obfer-
vations which he has publifhed from a fortnight’s flay, in
July 1788, on the Col-du geant, a fummit of thofe moun¬
tains elevated 1880 fathoms above the level of the fea,
is the following: “The water proceeding from the
thawing of fnow, filtrates conflantly in the crevices of the
inclined Jirata of thofe fummits, and being expanded by
frofl, it fplits them afunder. It is well known by all who
frequent thofe mountains, that their rocks are cov.Jlantly
crumbling dovsn ; but on the Col-du-geant, that phenome¬
non is imp re (Ted on the mind in a very forcible manner,
by the frequency of the reports of crufhing maffesof rocks:

I fhall not exaggerate in faying, that we did not pafs one
hour, without hearing fuch reports as equalled the roaring
of thunder, produced by the falls of rocks from the (ides
cf the Mont-blanc, of the Aiguille-marbree ; and of the
very eminence on which wre had fixed our flation.” This
is not a flow progrefs ; and when compared with the whole
that has been performed, it cannot carry us far back in
tracing its beginning.

That fact is the greatefl of its kind exhibited on our
hemifphere ; but the circumflances and caufes on which
it depends, being common to a multitude of grounds, the
fame effects may be obferved over the whole fiirface of
the land. The vague operations attributed to running
waters, veiled that important field of enquiry into the
age of our continents : but attention only, with the moft
common knowledge of the laws of hydraulics, will now
diredt every obferver, in finding out, within his rambles
or in his travels, many deep grounds, which muff have been
fuch from the origin of our continents . For that purpofe
it is fufficient to examine, whether any caitfe, belonging
to the prefent (late of things, can have either railed the
fleep eminences obferved, or funk the ground before them.
Thofe objects, of great importance to geology, will be
found, not in a few fpots, but in millions'; not in moun¬
tains only, but in hills and hillocks : they will be diftin-
guifhed along Jireatns ; as the fancied effedts of thefe are
now exploded ; by which means two particular progrejfes
will be there obfervable, the fmoothing of originally abrupt
chafms, and the fettling of the channel of the jlream. In
that way of invefligation, founded on real principles, ve¬
getation in particular, as afeending over the Jlopes of rub-
bijh under the decaying grounds, will afford, in alniofl every
country, one of thofe chroncsneters . Vegetation tends in-
ceffantly to take poffeilion of thofe Jlopes, and it is only
protradled by the falling rubbifh. Many Jlopes are already
fixed ; the Jlecp grounds from which they have proceeded,
were, either lefshigh, or moredifpofed to crumble down,
than others: but in numberlefs fpots that operation is
flill going on ; . and by comparing the whole that has been
produced, as (hewn by the mafs of the Jlope, with deter¬
mined points in the progrefs, and examining in that re-
fpedl, the fteps upwards of vegetation, this general con-
clufion will be obtained every where, that our continents
are not very old.

If the laws affigned to fome great operation of nature

be real, they generally are confirmed by various chides
of phenomena, which have the fame remote caufe ; and
here we have many confirmations of that fort. The fancT *
and fmall gravel carried off from the great mountains,
has been (as I have explained,) flopped in various recep¬
tacles, where, if it has not yet filled them up, it lies flill
without any fenfible lofs. Thofe fpaces, as they now are
obferved, have a general level, confiding partly of wa¬
ter, and partly of gathered fediments of the river: which
la ft are as didindl as the water itfelf, from the furround¬
ing original boundaries of their common receptacle. The
known lakes are the mod confpicuous indances of that
kind ; we find, in all of them, new grounds formed round
the mouth of every Jire. m difeharged there. The fedi-
ments depofited by rivers, at their meeting that almod flag-
nant water, being conduntly accumulated againd the fhore
by the waves, are thereby railed fome feet above the
common level of the lake, and the mod ancient parts are
feldoni overflowed. Thefe new grounds being very fer¬
tile, are inhabited, as foon as, by the help of fome em¬
bankments, there is fafety in fettling upon them. Thus,
traditions and records indicate the progrefs of thofe ac-
quifitions of lands ; and if, in confulting thofe hour-glafs-
like chronometers, we did not confider that it lias required
more-or lefs time for the fird fediments to rife to the level
of the water, the calculated time fince thofe rivers began
to defeend from the mountains would fall diort of what
we know', from clear documents of hidory, on the age of
our continents.

The whole of the operations performed by rivers along
their courfe, ad'ords the fame refult in various modes ;
but here I mud confine myfelf to fuch general outlines
as may lead to particular obfervations. It is evidently
againd the laws of hydraulics to fuppofe, that a firetnn
which, at its beginning, found a fucceffion of natural
troughs in the interfedled declivity of the grounds, has
fince changed its main courfe: but its inflections may
have been altered ; and as this is a procefs which required
time, it becomes alfo a chronometer. When a river, in fol¬
lowing fome original troughs, met with high grounds
which flopped its paffage, it was forced to change its
courfe; but at the fame time it attacked the obdacle
which repulfed it, and there began an operation which
could only end when the Jlream, having acquired a proper
fweep, fhould ceafe to adt againd a deep bank. I diall
not fpeak of rocky channels, as no material alterations
have been produced in their original forms : loofe grounds
only can fhew us the work of Jireatns ; and in thefe it is
very didinguifliable, becaufe they have really cut fome
parts of their beds through them. When the rivers were
fird flopped againd fuch grounds, by undermining them,
they formed a peculiar fort of cliffs, very didindl from the
Jleep grounds which had been produced by the convulfions
of the Jirata before the birth of our continents-, for, in
the fird, there is always a horizontal foil oppofite to them
on the other fide of the river, proceeding from the heavy
materials fallen from the cliffs which have been accumu¬
lated on the parts abandoned by that river. Thefe cliffs
then, being produced by demolition, gradually retreated ;
and the materials which continued to fall from them, ac¬
cumulating at their foot, began to embank the Jlream.
Such of the clffs as thereby ceafed to be attacked, conti¬
nuing however to moulder down, were reduced into Jlopes,
foon covered by vegetation-, and fo ended the dedructive
power of the river in fuch parts, by its bed being there
fettled. Thefe are the evident operations performed by
rivers in theiroriginally fbort turnings ; which effects have
been either favoured or retarded by particular circum¬
flances, eafily difeovered on almod every fpot. If that
operation is completed the cliffs fird formed, are feen at
fome didance, either cultivated or covered with verdure ;
and horizontal grounds are found on the oppofite fide of the
river ; and if the cliff} are flill attacked, the inhabitant
of the fpot can generally afeertain what demolition lias
been performed in known times. In this laft cafe, confi-
2 . " dering

K)5 E A R T H.

dering the parts where the attacks nut ft have begun, and
the, extent of -the horizontal grounds opnolite to the cliffs,
the private hiftory of- thole fpots, which, in point of
chronology, is the fame as that of the continent itfelf, is ea-
fily difeovered. 1 have frequently obferved phenomena
of that kind ; and I am convinced, that every body who
will dedicate fome time to that ftudy, will wonder why
it has been fo often repeated by geologifts that our conti¬
nents are •- very old.

In this (ketch of the temporary deftru&ive' operations
of the 'rivers, we find, at the fame time, the origin of the
fediments which have formed, and are (fill forming, ww
grounds along their beds, and the reafon why that progrefs ,
which evidently has been at firft very rapid, tends now to
ceffation. No large materials can be floated ; and as for
their being impelled , this cannot happen except in narrow
deep channels. But the fand is floated at firft, and it only
fubfides when the water , having a fufficient fpace for
fpreading itfelf, lofes its rapidity : there its accumulation
forms new grounds along the river, which maintains its
co title through them ; but that operation alfo is dimi-
nifliing every where, as the demolitions above become
lefs and lefs. This again may be obferved in fome parts
of almoft every river, with circumftanccs indicate the
beginning and the rate of the progrefs ; but I (hall confine
myfelf to one example. The Rhine and the Mozelle, in
coming out of narrow valleys, meet together in an open
fpace where the town of Coklentz is fituated. I happened,
in the year 1778, to be there at a time when a great exca¬
vation had been made on one of the banks of the Rhine, a
little above the confluence of the two rivers, for the
building of a palace. The late M. La Roche, chancellor
of the elector of Trieft, a learned and obliging man, fu-
perintended thefe works, which I vilited in his company ;
and on the fpot he informed me of fome circumftances
that had been obferved before I came there. The whole
of the faCts concerning that place are worthy to be re¬
corded, as they are now covered by the thick and long-
lafting veil of a magnificent palace. In the lower part of
that excavation, I (aw large rounded (tones, fuch as muft
remain in every part of the bed of a river when it ceafes
to be boifterous. Over thofe (tones, forced out of the
valleys by the (till raging rivers, have been laid irregu-
lar Jlrata of fmaller and (mailer gravel, intermixed with
fand ; and the uppermoft flrata, to a thicknefs of about
eight feet, are mere fand. The Romans, in their conqueft
of Germany, encamped along that part of the Rhine,
where they have left various kinds of monuments : the
fpot here mentioned was one of their burial places ; for
which purpofe they had funk wells in the new ground, as
it then exifted . Many of thofe wells, containing urns, va¬
rious other fcpulcbral attributes, and fome Icgion-Jlones, were
difeovered in making the above excavation ; and I faw
ftill on its fides, the feCtions of two of them, the contents
of which, taken out when they were firft opened, were
(hewn to me by M. La Roche. Thefe feCtions, which
I could exaCtly obferve, were in the fmall gravel mixed
with fand, and had been filled up to its level ; and all
the other wells had been found in the fame fituation :
confequently, it is from that time that the accumulation
of eight feet of fand has happened ; and now the river
never rifes to the level of that fand, but in the moll ex¬
traordinary floods. Here then we have, not only a clear
fucceffion of effeCts, (hewn by that of the jlrata ; but fuch
a ftcceffibn, as anfwers perfectly to the nature of the ope¬
rations by which the beds of rivers have been fixed as
they are at prefent ; and an hiflorical monument is found in
fuch a ftage of that progrefs, as precludes abfolu'tely the
fuppofition that our continents are very old.

I (hall now proceed, with the fame river, to the fea-
fiore, there to meet another Roman monument, which con¬
tradicts many other geological hypothefes. Some geo¬
logifts in particular, with a view of flip porting the. opi¬
nion that our continents are ■ gradually demoliftied by the
rivers , have alleged a faCt, little known in its nature,

that of the Rhine having been prevented, by an accumu¬
lation of fediment , from continuing to reach the feci. Many
important phenomena are connected with that faCt, for
the determination of which I muft now refume, with
more particulars, the operations going on along the fea -
coafl, which I only (lightly lketched before. In the
courfe of that expofition will be feen, what is the real
faCt in refpeCt to the difeharge of the Rhine into the fea ,
and that it is totally foreign to the above-fuppofed caufe.,

Speculative geologifts have fuppefed various kinds of
imaginary operations, as performed on our coafls ; and
they have attributed alfo imaginary effects to real caufes.
There are only three general operations really going on
around our continents ; and they are fuch as exclude every
idea of a flow change of the level of the fea, and of any
fort of production of new continents while others are de.
(troying : each of thofe operations having' a very decided
character, which implies particularly, that it is tending
to an end. The firft of them, (till performed by the fea
on fome parts of our coafls, has been confidered by fome
geologifts, as a caufe of deftruCtion of the continents them-
felves, either on every coaft, or in fome particular direc¬
tion, according to various fyftems. That operation how¬
ever is nothing more than the demolidiing and fmoothing
of what remains within the reach of the fea, of abrupt
fe&ions of the land. For the fupport of thofe ideas, in-
(tead of argument, pompous and terrifying deferiptions
of (forms have been ufed; but they vanifli at the appear¬
ance of theory alone, as the raging waves (their acting
caufe) die away on the (helving (hores. The fea has no
deftructive power over coafls which do not impede its
motions ; it could not therefore produce cliffs where there
were none originally: it has only attacked the parts of
the coafls, which, at the revolution which changed its
beds, remained fteep by the rupture of flrata ; and the
efteCt of that operation has been, and is (till in fome
parts, the reduction of thofe cliffs into inclined planes , on
which, when brought to a proper declivity, the operation
is at an end. This I have before fufficient ly explained.

The fecond operation performed along our coafls is the
gathering of the fediments carried there by the rivers :
which effeCt has been confidered as a fign of the deffruc-
tion of our continents by the waters running on their fur-
face. I have refuted that idea in its principle; and, from
what I have proved in that refpeCt, it is evident, that
the rivers will carry lefs and lefs fediments into the fea,
as their channels (hall be nearer to a complete (ettlement.
The laft operation, which ftill continues on many of our
coafts, is the waves and tides bringing up materials from
the bottom of the fea againft the J, bore ; which has been
confidered by fome geologifts as the productive caufe of
our continents by flow progrefs, either all around them,
or on one (ide, while the oppolite fide is fuppofed to be de-
ftroying. But I have proved that this operation , by its
nature, is alfo temporary: it takes place only on (hallow
and moveable bottoms, and it muft ceafe when the fea,
by thus extending the fraud, becomes deeper near it.
Thefe three deferibed operations, 1 repeat, are the only
general ones known to be performed on our coafls-, and
it is very evident that they cannot. have had, at any time,
any influence on the exiflence of our continents-, they being
only caufes of fome alteratiotis of their boundaries: the
firft of them, the only one that could diminifh their ex¬
tent, has operated very little, and in but few parts of
our coafls ; while, in other parts, thefe have made very
confiderable acquifltions by the two laft caufes: and as
thefe additions to our land have been produced by degrees,

I (hall now explain how they afford us a new kind of
chronometer.

Many parts of the bottom of the fea, probably the
greateft part, confift of a very fine hard fand, incapable
of binding by itfelf, and fo eafily moved, that, when
brought up and dried on the ftrand, the wind blows it
about; unlefs it mixes, near the (liore, with the clayey
fediments of rivers. When that mixture does not happen.

E A R T H. m

and the wind drives the fand along the Shore, a curious
procefs takes place, which is, that in the parts where the
tea- water does not reach, many plants which prefer 0nd
to other foils, as filix armaria, carix arenaria, lome
ibiftles, &c. grow on that fand, and (top that which flies
about along the fliore ; for it fuhfides between thofe
plants which .impede the velocity of the wind. Thereby,
on every fandy coajl of that kind, repeated ridges of fand-
hills (dunes ) have been formed ; and thofe natural dikes ,
which preferve the lowed lands agtjinft the fea, are, by
the fame operation, condantly increaling in height and
breadth. If the coad is inhabited, and then fome partial
demolition is produced in the dunes by fome violent whirl¬
wind, it is fufficient to plant on the beach Small tufts of
draw, for the wind itfelf to repair the damage, by the
flying fand fubflding between the .tufts, and new plants
growing in it. But when that lame fand happens to mix
under water with the fediments of fome river, it then
binds, and when brought out of the fa, it accumulates,
and forms nevu land along the coajls.

In order to exemplify the effects of thofe two. caufes,
which I have obferved on many parts of the boundaries
of our continent , I dtall fix on a well-known part of the
Nortb-fea coajl 5 that of Holland, which is comprehended
between the two nevu lands called Zealand, and Friefland,
and lies between two branches of the Rhine. That river,
at fome didance from the fea, divides Itfelf into three
branches, two of which, the IJfel to the north, and the
Waal, connected with the Meufe, to the fouth, include
that fpace; in which alfo is comprehended the third
branch, which, as it tended the mod direflly to the fea,
retained the name of Rhine when the main river received
it. Every nevu land, being laid horizontally, and compofed
of various recent fediments, is always very didinft from
the continental land, which rifes irregularly above that
level, and is of a different nature. The continental land
of the whole Nortb-fea coajl, confids of fand, variable in
its nature, and varioufly mixed with fragments of flint
and quartz, fometimes alfo with gravel and blocks of
granite ; and it extends in that manner to a great didance
from the fea, over hills and plains. The boundaries of
that continental foil, which were the original coajls of that
fea, are almod as didinct now as if the fea dill bordered
them. In the fpace which I am now deferibing, their
waving line comes down near the mouth of tire IJfel in
the Zuydet fee, it paffes near Utrecht acrofs the channel
called Rhine, and at Ifioerdyk, a Dutch village on the part
of the original coafl where the Waal came fird to the fea,
at a little didance from the ancient mouth of the MeuJ'e.
Such then was evidently the original date of that part of
the boundaries of our continents. It is to that determined
part of the new-born continent, that Holland has been
added ; and here we have one of the mod complete ex¬
amples of both operations by which our land lias received
an increafe of extent. The bottom of the Nortb-fea con-
fids entirely of the light fand above-mentioned, and the
water is very (hallow at a great didance from the coajls ;
which are the principal caufes of the great tradls of nevu
lands that now border on that fea. In the fpace here
fixed, a nevu land was foon formed in an extent of thirty-
• five or forty miles forwards; confiding fird of clayey fand-
hanks, alternately formed of fea-Jand and of the fediments
of the rivers-, which banks, by degrees, united with each
other, and with the coajl ; while, from time to time,
dreams of peat Aided over them from the Skirts of the
continental land-, and when, by the aftion of tides and
waves, thofe fediments had rifen above the mod ordinary
level of the fea, peat-moors were formed on fome parts of
their furface. That addition to the continent might have
extended much farther, on account of the lhallownefs of
the fea, if the quantity of fand there accumulating had
not exceeded the power of the J'ediments of the rivers to
bind it: but early in the courfe of thofe operations, a
long ridge of fand-banks, which paffed on the fore-part
of the growing nevj land% and extended much farther on
Von. VI. No. 34 2.

a line bending to the north-eaft, being arrived at the com-,
mon level of the water, fan d~b ills, or dunes, rofe over
them, forming a firing of new {[lands along that line.
Thus the extent of the new land, which was .afterwards
to be pervaded by the prolonged three branches of the
Rhine ant) the MeuJ’e, was fixed to the fpace there inclofed
by the duties ; where cor.fufed fediments of clay from the
rivers, of fand mixed with Jhcl/s from the fea, and of peat
from the continental land, rofe fird up to the common
.furface of the water : after which, every inundation
adding new fediments over thofe m.arfhcs , their foil rofe fo
as to be overflowed only in times when great floods of
the rivers concurred with great tides of the fea.

That circumdance, of the new land here in view being
fo protected againd the J'ea on its fore-part, gave rife to
the celebrated nation of the Belgi ; as, in order to enjoy
quietly the land within the dunes, which was very fertile,
and in a dtuation favourable for the communication be¬
tween the fea and the continent, it was fufficient to em¬
bank the rivers againd their temporary rlfings: which at
that time was eafily executed ; and this new land is pro¬
bably the fird that has been inclofed on thofe coajls : a cir¬
cumdance to which I fliall more particularly attend. The
"middle branch of the Rhine, which retained .its name,
continuing then to flow down to the fea, was confequent-
ly embanked, and it became the mod direft communica¬
tion between the fea and the land. Such was the date
of the Belgic coafl, when the Romans took poffeffion of it ;
and, confidering its favourable dtuation for trade, they
raifed a toll on the veffels at their entrance into the Ji.ream
called Rhine: for which purpofe they built there, on the
fea-diore, a toll-houfe, the ruins of which dill remain,
funk in the fand below the common level of the fea.
Thofe ruins have been feen fometimes at very low water,
and round them were found many old coins of various
northern nations then trading with the Belgi, and fome le-
gion-flones. Since thofe times, the feene has much changed
on that coafl \ and to begin by the pretended ohjlrubtion
of the Rhine, (as M. de Buffon calls it,) the fea-fand
having continued to accumulate along the dunes, and
thefe to extend, the mouth of the branch called Rhine
was dopped, and the dunes united together over it. The
communication of that branch with the fea being thus
cut off, it was turned into an inland channel, by dopping
the entrance of the water into it from the land ; and
dnee that time th e.river Rhine difeharges wholly through
its branches , the' IJfel and the Waal.

The above is the main hi dory of the nevu land now
called Holland, from its beginning, coeval with the origin
of our continents, to the time when the middle branch of
the Rhine was dopped ; and before this lad epocha, the
Romans had fettled on its fliore: what remains then to be
determined in refpedl of chronology, is, what may be the
length of the period anterior to that hijlurical event. A
fa£t will lead us to that determination; and at the fame
time will ferve to explain fome 'other alterations which
have happened on the Belgic coafl Since the ep'oeha of its
conqueft by the Romans. The loil of that nevu land funk
considerably after it was inclofed-, which made it necef-
fary, at different times, to raife the dikes which were alio
finking, and to increafe their breadth. Hence the fur¬
face of a great part of that rich peninfida has long lain
below the level of low water in the rivers ; and the rain¬
water, which, at the beginning, was discharged through
Jluices at every returning tide, mud now be all pumped
out ; and, in lome parts, from a depth of fifteen feet from
the level of the lowed water in the rivets. This will
fird account for fome events, which being little kno-t^i
by a certain clafs of geologifls, they conceived that the
fea, by its attacks on our continents, iscondantly encroach¬
ing on them. The mod famous of thofe events are three
irruptions of the fea in the nevu land above deferibed ;
the fird of which, in the year 1222, invaded its north
fide, and formed there the gulf Zuyder-fee, on the part
where the IJfel had prolonged its courfe through the ac«

• 3 E cumulated

398 EARTH.

cumulated new foil ; and the two others, which, in 1421,
and 1446, formed alfo many gulfs, in the fouth part of
the fame land , on the prolonged courfe of the Waal and
the Meufe: to which irruptions, fome more recent, that
happened from the fame caufe in fome parts of the Baltic ,
efpecially in the peninfula of Jutland , have been added
by this fame elms of geologills. Thefe are, indeed,
dreadful events in the h i (lory of mankind: for thoufands
of inhabitants perifhed by the entire fubmerlion of their
dwellings, which even funk into the ground, that was
then reduced again to mud: but in refpec’t of the conti¬
nent itfelf, it loft only a part of the new lands, which,
having been -too early inclofed, had already funk below
the loweft level of the fea. It is eafy to conceive, that a
high and agitated fea, breaking the dikes of fuch lands , fell
over them with an impetuolity capable of reducing their
loofe foil into mud, and to wafh it away. A great part
of the beautiful country of Holland , the remains of the
new land above deferibed, would be expofed to the very
fame accident, if, from the opulence and greater know¬
ledge of the inhabitants, there were not a ftridt watch
kept, and great expence beftowed on every part of its
dikes, for maintaining them in conftant repair : for, if the
Zuyder-fep, or the main river, were to break open thofe
dikes, that country would be loft paft recovery, up to the
continental land-, which was the cafe in the above irrup¬
tions; and there would remain only a firing of fand-iflands
bordered with dunes, as thofe are which range before the
entrance of the Zuyder-J'ee, and extend, at a certain dif-
tance, round Zealand.

We know then the real caufe of thofe dreadful and ir¬
reparable fubmerfions of fome new lands: thofe which
have undergone that fate, had been inclofed at too fmall a
diflance of time from their formation, or from the origin of
our continents, when the fediments of the fea and of the
riws began to gather in thofe places. New lands, fo
formed, require a certain length of time to fettle and be¬
come firm. While yet uninclofed, though raifed above
the common level of the fea, they fink alfo for a long
time ; but as long as they are lowered by that caufe,
they continue to be overflowed by the fea and the rivers
every time they rife above a certain level ; whereby the
low lands receive new fediments on their furface, till at laft
they become firm. But if a new land is inclofed, only
becaule it is but feldom overflowed, and without confi-
dering its age, finking then, without receiving new fup-
plies of fediments on its top, it may be deprefled below
the loweft level of the fea: which was the cafe of the
new land between the Waal and the iff el. But fome new
lands have not been fo early inclofed, and we have an ob¬
ject of companion in that refpeCl, from a new land next
to that firft, between the IJfel and the Eetns, which will lead
us to an eftimate of the length of time that may prevent fuch
finking. The new land which we have now in view, is a
'peninfula that contains the low grounds belonging to the
provinces Friefand and Groninguen. When the inhabi¬
tants of that country undertook to improve their new
lands, they did not inclofe them: their l'ettlements were
on the edge of the continent.d land, where are now the
towns of Groninguen, in the province of that name, and
of Leeuwarden in that of Friejland-, whence they began to
cultivate the low land, though Hill expofed to inunda¬
tions. By cutting ditches and channels, they obtained
materials for raifing the ground in fome places, where
they built their farm-houfes and fome villages, which
thus were fecured again!! the floods. I have feen thofe
materials; tlfey are a clayey fea-fand, mixed with recent
fhells. At that lime the inhabitants could cultivate no
grains but what were fown in the fpring, and fometimes
they even loft their crops ; but in the mean time the land
was improved, and it rofe yearly ; for the waver, by riling
and_retiring flowly, alv/ays left new fediments, which were
very fertile, and at rhe fame time compcnlated the finking
of the mafs : and when thofe lands became firm, they in-
creafed fenfibly in height. This has been the practice

on many other parts of thofe coafis, where the inhabitant?
were not rich enough to be bad economifts.

In the fixteenth century, a great traft of new lands in
both the above provinces was only expofed to temporary
inundations in winter : andGASPARD Roblez, a Spanifh
governor, undertook to inclofe it with dikes. That work
was completed in 1570; but as the outward new lands,
though (till expofed to frequent inundations, were of a
fnfficient age for being firm, a century more brought an
almoft equal tract of thofe lands to the fame ftate as the
firft, which then was alfo inclofed. The progrjs of that
increafe has not yet been checked, becaufe of the range of
new ifiands formed in the fea at fome diftance, which pre¬
vents too great an accefs of fea-fand ; by which means the
fediments of the rivers are fnfficient for binding the fand
on the fore-part of the new lands. Every generation, by
private undertakings of the inhabitants next to the fea ,
inclofes fome new parts of thofe exte.nfions, and no Jinking
is obferved within the dikes. The inclolers always leave
out of their dikes the parts of the new grounds which are
ftill expofed to frequent inundations: they afford pafture
for their cattle during a great part of the year; and every
time that they are overflowed, they improve for future
generations. Now, had we only that well-known progrefs
of an operation, which mufi have degun at the origin of our
continents, nothing could contradict that proof that t hey
are not very old: and when we compare alfo the fteadinefs
of that peninfula, inclofed only in 1570, with the finking
of the next, the remains of which is Holland, there can
be no doubt, that the Btlgi inclofed the laft at too fmall a,
diflance from its origin.

I fliall now refume that particular demonftration under
a general view. Wherever there is an increafe of land by
the influence of the Jea and rivers, it is very eafy to dif-.
tinguifli the original boundaries of the continent, from which
the new land may be meafured ; and if there is any monu¬
ment or record, that determines fome fiage in its progrefs,
the ratio between the increafe from that point, and what had
been produced before, is a real chronometer . I have made
that fort of obfervation on many parts of our coafis, and
I have always found the fame general refult. All thofe
patched works have begun at the fame time; and their
differences, in extent and rapidity of progrefs, proceed
from a combination of the depth of the fea near the coafis
with the nature of its bottom, the fituation of the coafi,
and the quantity of fediments of the rivers. The outward
afpeft of thofe new lands is l'ufficient for difeerning them,
but their compolition ferves alfo to diftinguilh them in
depth, by boring through them. This has been the cafe
by the want o if reft water for their inhabitants: they fink
wells through the patched land, and, when they attain the
original foil, they often find in it fprings which filtrate in
t he prolonged firata of the next continental ground.

So far, fir, I have only followed your own directions:

I have examined various pragreJJ'es going on by natural
caufis, namely, the actions of gravity and of water , from
the tops of the mountains, to the fia-fhore \ and in that lur-
vey I have Ihewn you various modiila for the calculation
of the time elapfed Juice the origin of our continents. But thefe
procejfes are only fome particular claffes in the variety of
different ejfcEls which were to begin at the fame time , from
known natural caufis, when fuch a revolution took place
as formed a dry land from what was before the bottom cf
the fea. At that time, every eifect obferved on our conti¬
nents, except their general lhape, and the nature of their
materials , began to take place, and has continued ever
lince: confequently, if, by following the fame princi¬
ples of invelligation, applied to different procejfes depend¬
ing on diftinCt caufes, we find, in refpeCl of the time when
they began, the lame general refult as from the former ;
that agreement will produce a degree of certainty in our
invelligation, much beyond what would have appeared
to you latisfaCtory, from only one clafs of unequivocal
phenomena.

Since our mountains , which have been under the fea , arc

now

E A R T H.

«ovv above it, a change mull have happened in their com¬
parative level. Therefore, if any phenomenon can lead
ns to eftimate how long it is fince that change of level
took place, it will be a new means of difcovering the are
of our continents. The level of the fea , whatever be its
abfolute height, is the lowefl, and (ceteris paribus) the
warmejl part of the atmofphere ; it was fo before the revo¬
lution, and it remained the fame after it. But in refpebt
of our mountains, a great change happened: fupp'ofing
that their tops were already ijlands in the former Jea, or
that they were (till under it, at that epocha, either by the
fca fubliding, or 1 y their rifing, they were placed in a
colder region of the atmojphere ; and consequently, every
effeft proceeding from that diflinct new circumfiance,
began, at that time: a temperature often near the freezing
point on the tops of high mountains, (of the Alps, for in-
ftance,) produced frequent falls of fnow, the thawing of
which happening to be lefs than its produbtion, the
yearly excef's of this, transformed partly into a fpongy
ice, began to clog their upper valleys, and to cover the
inclined Surfaces that could retain it. When thofe accu¬
mulations had much increafed, the weight of the ice
made it ilide down ; which was effected by the ice thaw¬
ing on its (ides, which difengaged it from the rocks, and
by its breaking acrofs the (lopes, from its tendency down¬
wards. In that manner, the accumulated ice entered va¬
rious channels, through which it (Tided down in the form
of lavas-, and when it had attained a. warmer region, it
there thawed, rapidly, every Summer. That date of the
accumulations of ice in the Alps, which brought them
on the whole to a regular progrefs of increafe, was pro¬
duced after a certain time ; and as it (till continues, it
becomes a new chronometer, absolutely independent of
thofe that we have confidered before. The fader thaw¬
ing of the ice, when it has attained the lower valleys,
depending in many refpedts on local and accidental cir-
cumdances, does not afford a jud idea of the progrefs of
the ice in thofe mountains : on the whole, it would there
appear at a dand, the lavas of ice, called glaciers, Some¬
times advancing, at other times retreating : but that pro¬
grefs is very obfervable in the upper parts; for each ge¬
neration tranfmits to the following, fome account, either
of the formation of new lading heaps of ice, or of the
extenfion of old ones, fo as to fill up paffages which till
then had remained open; and many ftich ligns of conti¬
nued increafe, are even within the memory of individuals.
Therefore, it is impofiible to fuppofe, that our continents
are very old ; for, if that were the cafe, the upper region
of thofe mountains, in every part that could retain ice ,
would be at this time incruded with-it.

From the revolution which produced our continents,
another alteration happened on the furface of our globe
relating to temperature, the caufe of which is not here my
objedt, except, in this refpect, that it is quite diderent
from the former ; as for the effect, it is an accumulation of
ace in the polar regions, which is dill going on. We have
alfo fome meafure of a rate of progrefs in this effect; on
which I (hall only quote the following paffage, in a paper
written by Dr. Blagden, Phil. Tranf. vol. lxxiv. p. 231.

“ Since our northern navigations, the coad of IVcf Green¬
land, and its furrounding feas, have gradually become
more and more inaccejfible on account of zee.” Here then,
sbfervation embraces alfo a proportional part of the whole
effect, from which we may conclude, that, with fo rapid
a progrefs , if our continents were very old , all thofe coafls
would be inacccfjible . It might be (aid, from Buffon’s
hypothefis, that our globe is cooling ; which would ac¬
count for undetermined progreffes of ice : but that in-
confident naturalid has acknowledged, that the very re¬
verie is the refult of a companion between recorded
fymptoms of temperature in ancient times, and what w'e
obferve now. Befides, that objection is precluded by
various fubordinate phenomena of the growing ice, fome
of which have been pointed out by M. De Saussure,
who, from-a long and attentive ftu.dy.of the Alps, has

i

m

formed the fame conclufion that I have in refpeft to the
age of our continents.

I have faid, that no large fragment of rock can be re¬
moved, by the impulfe of water , from the upper valleys
of the Alps ; fince thofe valleys themfelves, and every
channel from them to lower valleys, are filled with ice:
but fome of thofe fragments, and very large ones, are
tranfported on the ice itfelf. Thofe blocks fall on the ice-
from the deep (ides of the adjacent mountains ; and it,
by their acquired velocity, they roll over its'furface, fo
as to attain fome part of its (luggifh fiream, they follow it
down to the next low valley, and are there depolited on
thofe (pots where t he ice entirely thaws under them.
There is always fome fitch block on its long journey down ;
and it is efpecially from obfervations on their march, that
the (low motion, downwards, of the whole mafs of ice ,
has been difeovered, and in fome degree determined.
M. De Saussure explains that procefs, and then adds:
“ From thefe blocks, accumulated at the end of the Glacier-
des-bois, (valley of Chamouny ,) refults an important remark.
Confidering that they are depofited on that (pot as the
ice thaws which brings them down, it is furprifing that
they are not in greater number. That fabt, concordant with
many others which I Jhallfuccefively mention, leads us to think
with M. De Luc, that the prefent (late of our continents
is not fo ancient as fome philofophers have conceived it.”
See Voyages aux Alpes, feCt . 62 5.

You may judge now, fir, that it was not fo difficult as
you thought, to find fome means of enquiring into the-
age of our continents: it required only to refledt on the
various effects that were to begin at their origin ; and then
to fix on fome fuch an effedt, the progrefs of which might
be obferved, and to apply to that observation: I have
deferibed fome of thofe eftedts, and their refult ; but al-
moft every phenomenon continuing, progreffively, on the
furface of our continents, might, from fome connedtiou
with time, and fome fign of beginning, afford materials for
the fame enquiry ; I was therefore obliged to confine my-
felf to fome general chides of objedls, and I (hall only
add one more. I mud obferve firll, that fince it is al¬
ready evident that our continents arc- not of an unbounded
antiquity, none of the theories which fuppofe their pro-
dudtion to have relulted from fome fow progrefs, can be
fupported for an inftant; as thereby the imaginary caufes
to which thofe progreffes are attributed, are brought too
near 11s, for remaining hidden under the veil of time paf.
Therefore, I fet afide thofe theories, which have no foun¬
dation whatever; and I take for granted with you, that
the fea has changed its bed by the fudden aciion of fome
powerful caufe : which propolition, as one of the mod
important in geology, I (hall alfo diredtly prove in the
courfe of the following examination.

When vegetation was generally fpread over the furface
of our continents, the decay of plants began to form a layer
of a particular earth, nearly the fame over evety kind of
original foil, and always perfectly diffindt from it : it is
a blackifh dufl, bound by the roots of vegetables which
continue to grow over it. I pafs by the fonfs, as there
the work, of vegetation is too obfeure; I (hall then men¬
tion only, that it appears, iu that refpect, that fome
forefls were firft produced on grounds w here they could
not continue. Some decaying forefs of oaks are recorded
in Germany, and even in fome parts there remain (cattered
Hunted oaks, on grounds where it has in vain been at¬
tempted to renew them ; but I fit al 1 confine ntyfclf to
open countries. Heath Itas been the predominant plant
over fandy grounds in hills and plains, and common grafs
on the fiat fummit of mountains, and on rocky and clayey
foils at a finaller elevation. Many and very exrenfive
parts of our continents are (till totally undifturbed : I have
vifited fome of them jn various parts of Europe; and a
great part of Afia is (till in that (rate. In. the countries of.
that nature which I have vifited, and on grounds that, ever
fince they exifted, remained in the hands of Nature, the
w hole of the vegetable layer is found under the fpontanepus
V torfi .

£00 E A R T II.

turf; it varies according to local circumflances ; but not
according to the elevation ; for, c ceteris paribus, 1 have found
it fenfibly of the fame thicknefs on the lowed and hi.gheft
grounds; a diredt proof, that-thbfe diverfely elevated parts
of our continents were not Incceflively, bur at once, aban¬
doned by the Jia. In the places where no particular caufe
has either didurbed or forwarded vegetation, that vegetable
layer is about eighteen inches thick. This then is the
whole produfl: of that particular operation, begun at the
origin of our continents.

There are many ways by which we can find a modulum
for concluding, from the above phenomenon, the age of
our continents-, but I (hall confine myfelf to one, as fiiflori-
cal monuments are the means of obtaining it. In the un-
didurbed heaths of Germany, and efpecially upon barren
hills of great extent, are found numbers of tumuli, or bu¬
rial-places of the fird and dill rambling inhabitants of
the country: I have had the opportunity of fearching
fome of them ; they are heaps of earth and dones, cover¬
ing urns, in which are found remains of bones and allies.
In the places where a great many of thofe tumuli are on
the fame fpot, there is often fomething like an altar,
formed of two upright dones with one acrofs on the top ;
and in fearching round thofe places, fome indcuments
have been found made of flint and in the form of knives.
Thofe heaps of moved foil are now covered with vegeta¬
tion-, and tile vegetable layer under the turf differs fo little
in thicknefs from that of the neighbouring undiflurbed
grounds, that if we did not confider that a certain length
of time was requifite before vegetation could be generally
fpread, we (liould be led to refer the origin of our conti¬
nents to a very tittle didance beyond the epocha when
thofe tumuli v.ereheaped.

It lias been agitated among philofopiiers, whether or
not the hijlory of arts and fciences can throw any light on
the degree of the antiquity of mankind. I have no doubt
in refpedt of the affirmative; if we only didinguifh what
human underdanding can difeover by following the con-
fequences of fome axioms, (as in geometry and mechanics,)
and what may be concluded from confpicuous and well-
obferved phenomena (a^ in adronomy) ; from what cannot
be attained by long obfervations and experiments, tranf-
mitted from one generation to another, pading through
many errors afterwards corrected (as in natural pliilofo-
phy and natural liidory). But this would lead me too
far; therefore I fhall confine myfelf to one objedt, that of
- the progrefs of agriculture : and as I have dated many fadls
of that clafs in my Letters on the Hijlory of the Earth and
of Man, I (hall now only mention the general refults of
my observations in that refpedt. I mud here didinguilh
two dates of culture as now obferved upon our continent ;
one of which relates to their completely inhabited parts,
where the origin and progrefs of fettlements are fo much
effaced, that it would be very difficult, if not impodible,
to trace them by immediate obfervation : the other of
countries in which the inhabitants are very few in com-
parifon to the extent of the land, but where they are in-
leafing in number, in proportion as culture is gaining
over grounds never cultivated before : which lad cafe is
that of the greated part of Afia, and of much of the
north-ead of Europe: here the progrefs of culture and fet¬
tlements is very didindt, and the following are the general
faffs obfervable in that refpedt.

In all thofe countries there are certain centres of culture ,
or more ancient fettlepients ; which, with fubordinate cen¬
tres of different degrees round them', are, in the wildernefs,
like the fydems of celefial bodies in J pace . The main centre
of culture and fettlement fird exided, and from that have
fprung colonics, which have been new .centres afterwards
themfelves furrounded by fubordinate fettlements. Hence
the origin of didindt nations, or of the fird empires, with
their fubdivifions, into provinces, diftridts, commons,
and private lets cf families ; which fubdivifions have been
aided by the main centre, or at lead have enjoyed through
it the protedting power of the whole fyjlem. The Imallelt

fubdivifions, like the fmall branches of trees, are thole
which, by inceffant endeavours to extend culture, contri¬
bute the mod to aggrandize the empire, and to increafe the
drength of the other branches and of the dem itfe-lf .

All the accounts which are given of tire progrefs of
culture in Afa, correfpond in that refpedt with what I
have obferved in the wilderneffs of the north-ead of Eu¬
rope. I may give that name to countries, which, when
only known from maps or political hidories, may 'appear
wholly cultivated and intirely inhabited; while in fact:
they are, what I have deferibed before, lets of centres of
culture in the zoild heath. The original fettlements were
modly along main f reams, and in the parts of their courfe
were a great extent of fdiments, fird gathered, had been
abandoned by the rivers, when they were fettled in deeper
channels. Thofe rich foils, producing abundant and
lading padure, dopped fome rambling diepherds, who
fixed there, by fird contriving fome fort of huts, and
planting round them the fruit-trees and particular plants,
which, growing fpontaneoudy in other places, had been
a part of their food. A more fedentary life increafed
their families; they found a fatisfaction, before unknown
to them, in their focial intercourfe ; and the fird endea¬
vours of thofe fettlers towards culture, were produced by
their defire of remaining together. That wifli, naturally-
excited by the enjoyment of mutual fervices, was in¬
creafed by the neceflity of guarding againd invaders the
effects of their labour, which had produced a greater
and a more permanent fertility : therefore, in proportion
as they multiplied, they augmented the number of habi¬
tations on the fame fpot; till at lad, as they alfo occu¬
pied more land, they found it inconvenient to carry on
culture at too great a didarjee. Then they began to form
colonics beyond their convenient fphere of activity ; affid-
ing them in their did fettlement, and remaining bound
to them by t he reciprocal ties of frienddiip, mutual be¬
nefit, gratitude, and common fecurity.

The extent of the grounds whofe natural fertility had
produced thofe nurferies of men being limited, they at
lad were obliged to fend colonies to greater didances : they
then looked round for rivulets, dales, borders of foreds,
and other defirable fpots, with favourable means of com¬
munication between the multiplying rifew fettlers ; and,
at lad, when thofe refources were alfo exhauded, their
increafed power and indudry prompted them to extend
culture over the lei's fertile grounds between them, and
at greater didances. One of the pradtices of higheft an-
tiqui'.y in thofe difficult fettlements was, that of drfl
choolingthe mod convenient fpot at fome didance, often
very great ; and after having cut a ditch round the deter¬
mined place, and raifed its internal lide with the mate¬
rials taken from if, to enrich the enclofed land by the
vegetable layer belonging to the neighbouring grounds, as
far as they conveniently could get it. Thofe ft ri p t fpots
are foon covered with' a new vegetation, and the cattle,
grazing on them, keep down the young heath ; by which
means they fometimes become tolerable padure : the
more remote parts remain wild, and they lerve only for
rambling flocks of Iheep, and for great quantities of bees,
which feed on the bloom of t he heath. For all thofe
undertakings, the new fettlers were fird affided by their
families, and afterward by the government and by the dock
of difeovered means : then the fuccefsful colonies helped
their own families round them. By thofe means, the in*
dealing difficulties on lefs favourable lands were com.
penfated by the increafing power of the protedfing centres ,
and by the progrefs of the arts of agriculture .

Thofe endeavours have never ceafed from the earlieft
times; they go on, in thofe numerous parts of our conti¬
nents where the cultivated grounds are dill like Jlands in
wilderneffs ; and the progrefs from each original centre of
culture may be traced back, by only obferving what is
going on in its d;irts, and round each of its fird didant
fettlements. None of thofe Jyfhms of culture are at red, nor
can be found to have (topped at any time : they are

thriving

201

EARTH.

thriving and extending over the dill undiftnrbed grounds ;
and it' it were not for the growing capital towns and cities,
which fvvallow up a part of the cultivating tribe ; for
the fpirit of novelty fpringing up, with many vices, in
fuch crowds of men ; and for the fchemes of opulence
originating in thofe centres of luxury and idleneTs, which,
in fo many minds, have changed the original motive of
extending culture , that of producing food for a growing
population, into a view of greater revenue; that progrej's
would be (till more rapid. Nothing can be more inte-
re fling, more inftruXive for the hiftory of mankind , than
the fludy of countries where thofe progrejfes are dill far
from approaching near their end. Befide what their ex¬
ternal appearance unfolds to an experienced eye, there
are numberlefs charaXeriftic circumdances, to be col¬
lected by proper inquiries, from records, monuments,
traditions, conformities of methods, of riles, offends, of
manners, of errors, of parts, of language; which lead us
to refer various fettlemenls to the common centres whence
they proceed ; and the names of a great many places, de-
feriptive of certain fpots, point out by the language from
which they are derived, the time when the prefent towns
or large villages were only mills, farms, hamlets, fords, bridges,
See. at the fame time that names of the fame iignifications,
but ntodernifed, belong to modern fettlements which are
dill what their names exprefs.

That prefent date of the north-ead part of Europe, as
a mean date between a great part of Ada and America
on the one hand, and the fouth-wed part of Europe on
the other, throws a great light on the date of this lad
country, one of thofe which I had fird fet afide. Here,
by particular circumdances, the archipels (may I be per¬
mitted to introduce this word?) of culture have modly
coalefced : from which cuufe, the diftinXions between
their parts appear to be merely artificial or conventional
divifions. There are indeed fuch divilions, produced by
wars, and by the fchemes and jealoufies of commerce,
which have introduced a great confufion between the ori¬
ginal groupes of men, even in feme parts of the countries
where the natural connexions may eafily be traced; but
at the fame time, from analogy with the growing coun¬
tries, we may as furely conclude the origin of countries
of full growth ; as by analogy with the improving marfhes
on the outfide of long inclofed new lands, the origin of
thefe, though in full culture, is clearly underdood. Con-
fequently, the progrejfes of culture , and of the art of agri¬
culture ; to which now I may add that of commerce, as a
confequence of the growth of nations-, agree with the ge¬
neral refult of the progreffes of fpontaneous effefts over
the fame grounds-, and the whole leads to this irrefidible
and great confequence, that the origin of our continents is
at too fmall a didance from our times, for the revolution
which produced them to be blotted out of the memory
of men.

Thofe real inquiries into the hiftory of our continents,
when more generally attended to, w ill be the tombflone of
every theory of the earth, the agents of which, and their
agency, mud be hidden under the veil of unbounded anti,
quity, for fancy to take the appearance of genius, and af-
iertion that of knowledge. What body had thofe phi-
lofophers made of the real faXs, who fird decided, feem-
ingly from natural hidory and the hiftory of mankind,
(and thus were believed,) that our continents were- of an
antiquity lob in the night of time paf?

In oppofition to fuch determined data of real chronology
as have been afforded by the continents themfelves, what
are the dreams of fome nominal antiquarians, whole ima¬
gination, fond of the remote, (and the more remote, the
greater their fondnefs!) inclines them to adopt the fables
of fome Afiatic feXs, contradiXed by their own monu¬
ments when attentively examined, as Mr. Bryant, and
other learned men, have proved, and denied by fome of
their own countrymen! Shall we receive, on an objeX
of fuch moment as the age of our continents and that of
the prefent race of men. the obfeure affertions of igno-
Vol. VI. No. 34*.

ranee, pride, or defign, in fome lets of men ; when it is
in our power to confult the unbiaffed and dubborn pheno¬
mena of the earth!”

We do not find that any of the pofitions fet up by M.
de Luc, either in refutation of the Huttonian theory, or
in fuppert of his own, have been controverted by any
fubfequent writer. Mr. Williams, whb publilhed a
Theory of the Earth in 1791, does not appear to have
fee n that propofed by M. de Luc ; but he offers many
objeXions to that of Dr. Hutton ; his remarks on which
are as follow : “ I acknowledge the truth of almod all
Dr. Hutton has advanced about the weathering, decom-
pofition, and wade of the fuperficies of many of our rocks
and drata, and of our mountains and cavernous Ihores:
and that the lpoils of the mountains are carried down by
land-doods to the valleys and to the borders ot the ocean.
So far we go together; but here w’e mud part, as 1 pofi-
tively deny that any drata are formed under the waters
of the ocean. It is evident to a demondration, that the
fea purges itfelf, by the tides, of all the earthy matter car¬
ried down by the floods, which earthy matter is thrown
back upon the Ihores, in the bays and creeks, and at the
mouths of great rivers, where, by degrees, it enlarges
the bounds of the dry land in exaX proportion to the
quantity carried down by the floods. It is alfo clearly
demondrated, that the earthy matter walhed off the face
of our mountains and rocks has no manner of tendency
to the real wade and dedruXion of the prefent earth ; lo
far from it, that, on the contrary, the habitable parts of
the earth are gradually, but really and effeXually, reno¬
vated, enlarged, and improved, thereby. Many lakes,
mardies, and frightful gulfs, among the mountains and
in the plains, have been filled up in the courfe of the ri¬
vers of the world, which are now rich, beautiful, and ha¬
bitable, countries; many millions of acres of new land
have been made in the valleys and plains, at the mouths
of the rivers in the bays, creeks, and Ihores, of the ocean ;
and many and extenfive portions of this new land are now
the fat valleys by the rivers, which are the feenes of po¬
pulation, wealth, and focial happinefs. It is upon this
defeription of .land that the highed number of the great
commercial cities of the world are feated, fuch, as, for
indance, London, Amderdam, Alexandria, and many of
the cities of China, &c. Whoever will take the trouble
to perufe my effays, will be convinced that the Deltas,
Belgias, and Carfes, and other deferiptions of new land,
formed and forming in all parts of the world, fully and
perfeXly correfpond with the quantity of matter wadied
od' the mountains and rocks; and all this is a real, a
great,afubdantial,and a durable, improvement of the pre¬
fent earth. Man cannot live upon the fummits, nor high
up the Tides of lofty mountains ; but the frods and thaws,
and other changes of the air and weather, decompofe part
of the fuperficies of the mountains, which is carried down
by the floods to the valleys and to the margin of the fea,
where new land is gradually increafed, which enlarges
the bounds of the earth in convenient (ituations for in¬
creafed population, See. This ufe which benevolent
Providence makes of the fediment of rivers in the ordi¬
nary courfe of things, is not a fanciful hypothefis, but a
real and vifible faX, which may be viewed, examined,
and thoroughly invefiigated, by the man of leifure and
abilities ; and I am perfuaded, that if Dr. Hutton
will read my papers upon this fubjeX, he will be con¬
vinced of the errors of his hypothefis. I have made it
evident to a demonftration, that if, for argument’s fake,
we allow the particles of matter carried down by the
rivers to be fpread put over the bounds of the ocean, and
to fubfide in it, we fhould, in that event, have no coal,
no lime-flone, free-ftone, nor any other ufeful foflil body.
We fhould have no fuch thing as ftrata nor bed, nor di-
vifion of any kind whatl'oever, but all would be one uni¬
form folid mafs of fediment compounded of all things.

If we can fuppofe any order of diftinXion in a fediment,
it muff agree with the laws of gravitation j of courfe the
3 F ' heavieft'

202

EARTH.

heavied particles would fubfide, and take pofleffion of
the lowed place, from which they would not be dif-
ledged by the lighted. But we need not defcend to par¬
ticulars: dratification mud be performed by a fhallow
fpread and flow of water; but we cannot allow of drati¬
fication, nor of any diftinClion of flrata of different quali¬
ties under the bed of the waters of the ocean, without a
miracle.

“ To have recourfe to the agency of fire, in order to
confolidate a dratum, is, in the firfl place, unnecejjhry ,
fince we daily fee induration going on without it. We
fee various toffil bodies of various qualities and degrees
of hardnefs formed and forming before our eyes, which
are as wpll confolidated and cemented as if they had been
fufed by fire. In forne places we fee caverns of various
degrees of extent and magnitude, fome of which are al-
mod, and others altogether, filled up by a fmall flow of
water, depoliting particles of dony matter; and the bo¬
dies fo formed are afterwards confolidated, in the courfe
of no very long time, to degrees of drength and indura¬
tion equal to any of our rocks and flrata. Mines
recently worked are in many places fo quickly choaked
up by the formation of various concretions, that we are
often obliged to demolifh them, to prevent their flop-,
ping up the paflage altogether. It is plain, therefore,
that the matters depofited by water, either contain in
themfelves the principle of induration, or receive it from
the atmofphere ; which lad appears the mod likely ; and
as the confolidation and prefent date of the rocks and
drata in the earth were producible, by powers which we
dill fee to exid in. nature without fufion, fo it is but rea-
fonable to infer that they could not pollibly have been
produced by it. A fire that could bring the bed of the
ocean into fufion, mud have heated the waters to fuch a
degree, that the whole race of animals in them mud have
become extinCt. Fufion would produce an immenfe
mafs of glafsor flag, which might crack indeed in cooling,
but could never form regular horizontal drata of fuch
diflimilar matters as thofe of which the flrata of the
earth are compofed. How could coals fubfifl in the in-
tenfe heat which vitrified their concomitant drata ? The
fame may be faid of the argillaceous drata which, in all
countries, are found in a foft date, immediately above and
below very hard, drata of done ; for if fire had hardened
the one, it mud have hardened the other alfo. Mod of
the operations: and effe&s of fubterraneous fire, that we
have any knowledge of, are outrageoufly violent and de-
ftruCtive, and only produce diforder and ruin. If the
bed of the ocean was really to be forced up by fubterra¬
neous fire to the height of our mountains, we might
expect to find as great confufion and diforder, and marks
of the ruins of the world, among: Dr. Hutton’s moun¬
tains as among Dr. Burnett’s ; but I have (hewn, that
the drata of our real mountains are .as regular as any of
the plains. In truth, I have not feen fuch regularity of
the drata any where elfe as among the highland moun¬
tains of Lochahar, which are tiie highefl in Britain. Dr.
Hutton lays great flrefs upon the phenomena of mineral
veins ; — but, in truth, every appearance of mineral veins,
and of their contents, point to water with a diftindt and
legible index, as the chief agent in their formation. On
the fuppofition of fuch a theory being true, all thefe
veins fliould be wide above, and narrow below, which
is not found true in experience, very many of them being
exceeding flraightand narrow for many fathoms next the
furfa.ee, which are very wide farther down ; and every
fubdance found in thefe veins fliould be the hardefi in all
the bowels of the earth, becaufe the force and violence
of the fubterraneous fire would have a much freer paf-
fage through thefe open fid'ures than through folid un¬
broken drata of feveral thoufand miles of thicknefs ;
but this, in fadl, is not the cafe, the infide of many of our
mineral veins being exceedingly foft and argillaceous.
Again, upon the fuppofition of the contents of our mi¬
neral veins being formed by metallic dreams, forced up

from below by fire, our mineral ores fliould be all pure
and unmixed with earthy or dony matter, which is not
fo ; and no metallic or mineral ore would be found out
of the cavities of mineral veins ; but neither is this the
cafe.”

Our limits will not permit us to follow the author far¬
ther in his remarks, nor to give more than a general out¬
line of his theory. All his deferiptions are full and ac¬
curate ; but he falls into the defeCt of many geologids,
that of fuppofing the whole furface of the earth to be
like the fpots which he has obferved ; and he does not
appear to have diffidently partaken of the dock of know¬
ledge daily increaling by continual obfervations in all
countries. It feems alfo extraordinary that a work,
which contains fo many ufeful and accurate obfervations,
and fo many well-drawn conclufions againd theories
which obtained credit in the world, fhould alfo prefent
tons a theory which has no real fupport : the former
imaginary theories of the earth reding only on fuperficial
appearances, a competent knowledge of fome clafs of
characteridic fails would fuflice to overturn them; and
that knowledge Mr. Williams perfectly pofleflfes. To
fubditute, however, a well-founded theory for thofe fan¬
ciful fy Items, required a very extenfive knowledge of
principles and general fails; which do not appear to
have been objects of this author’s particular attention.
He has peremptorily refuted all thofe theories that fup.
pofe only certain agencies, becaufe they require them, and
which, either intentionally, or by confequence, contra¬
dicted the Mofaic account of the events that took place
at the creation of our globe : from which difquifitions
this general confequence refults, that nothing has yet been
dated, which really weakens the foundations of our faith
in that hiftory. Mr. Williams evidently fliews, that if
our continents were not, both internally and externally,
compofed as they are, they would be unfit for the fupport
of the vegetable and animal creation ; which is a flrong
fupport of final caufes : but when he undertakes to ex¬
plain how that admirable arrangement has been produced,
and in what manner the operations agree with what lias
been tranfmitted to us by the Mofaic revelation, which
attempt required a full knowledge of the extenfive field
of phenomena already explored, he falls fliortof his mark.

Suppofing, as many others have done, and as appears
to be undeniable, that the fuperficial parts of the earth
were originally mixed with water into a fluid or chaotic
date, Mr. W. endeavours to prove, that . all the regular
drata were formed by the flow of the tides fucceflively
fpreading out the depofited matters on a large horizontal
plane ; and that the granites, and other dones, which he
does not condder as firatified, fubfided when the water
was in fome degree of red, as at the height of the tides,
or where local obfiruClions occafioned dagnation. He
thinks that, when the whole furface was in a fluid date,
the tides would neceflarily rife to a prodigious Height, fe¬
veral miles higher than the tops of any of our moun¬
tains ; that the mountains of granite, which are uniform
throughout, mud have fubfided in one tide; that the
tides would be highefl, and have their rcjling places, on
the two oppofite parts of the globe, which are now the
two continents ; and that the direction of the tides, on
different parts of the globe, would be fuch as we now
find that of the flrata to be. Hj fuppofes the inte¬
rior body of the earth to have been formed in the fame
manner, prior to the fuperficial parts; that, from various
caufes, it was full of inequalities; that it would contain
much water, both in the compodtion of the not yet con¬
folidated drata, and in feparate cavities; that when the
fuperficial drata were laid between tides, and the ocean
began to retreat into its prefent bed, the weight of thefe
fuperincumbent flrata would force out the water impri-
foned belqw them ; that thefe drata themfelves, as yet
foft and flexible, would, in many cafes, be bent and
broken ; that cracks would be occafioned alfo by their
contraction in drying, which cracks would be increafed

by

E A R T H. 20.3

by the inclination of tlie {Irata different ways, and be
widefl at the top ; and that, as the whole folid matter
would dimiriilh in bulk as it became dry, high tides would
if il 1 overflow it, and pour extraneous flony matter into
the fi (lures'. On thefe principles, he explains all the de¬
clivities, ruptured, ' interruptions, and irregularities, of
the,ftrata, which we now behold.

From a minute examination of the larger grains and
Fragments found in the compofition of our rocks, viz.
the talc and mica, quartz, feltfpat and fliirl, whole texture
is evidently of the very fine ({ratified or tabulated kind,
Mr. Williams concludes that all thefe bodies, and thofe,
in general, which are of a fimilar ftruiture and not cry¬
stallized, were once in a diftinit flrata, though not now
to be found in that ftate. On this circunillance he infills,
as one of the many evidences of the univerfal deluge;
the effefts of which, local and general, he confiders at
great length, adding fome obfervations refpeiting its ef¬
ficient caufes, and the differences of the ptefent from the
antediluvian ftate of the earth. By the high tides and
violent agitation of the diluvian waters, the primitive
flrata, which had never before felt any rain, were loof-
erted and torn afunder, and ground down by attrition
againft one another ; and all the fuperficial parts of tlie
earth were reduced again into a chaos. When the waters
began to abate, the larger flony particles and fragments
would fubfide fit'll, and form the compound rocks and
beds of fand ; and the finer and lighter fediment would
be fpread into flrata by the tides, as already mentioned ;
tlie difference from the primitive operation feeming to
confift only in this, that the waters now carried vegetable
and animal bodies, and fragments cf. fiones and metals al¬
ready confolidated. In this enquiry, the flrata of coals
are particularly examined, and attributed chiefly t’o di¬
luvian wood ; in fome inftances, to peat moffes. In re-
fpe£t to thefe lafl, as they now exift, he proves that they
are univerfally of pofldiluvian formation, fome of them
very recent, all from vegetables, moflly from heath.

With regard to the rejling-places imagined by this author
in his theory of the tides, we cannot conceive any reafon
whatever, why, in the liquid globe, with the two oppofite
fvvellings of the water going inceffantly round it, there
Ihould be two oppolite fixed points of reft of thofe fvvel¬
lings, where, by a calm, the material of our continents
ihould have fublided in both hemifpheres. Admitting,
however, for a moment, that this has been the cafe : as
foon as the materials of thofe fuppofed growing maffes
had arrived at fuch a level as to divide the liquid into the
Pacific and Atlantic oceans, even by mere llioals of tlie
fame extent as thofe continents, the imaginary great tides,
fuch as he fuppofed to rife eight miles above the common
level, would have been flopped, and the motion of the
fea have been reduced to what it is now : for, fuppofirig
that all the mafs of both continents, down to the level of
the lhore, were now fubtrailed, not the fmalleft change
would happen in the tides : therefore, that viafs cannot
have been accumulated by tides.

The next writer on this interefling fubjeil, is the late
celebrated Dr. Franklin, in his Conjectures concerning
the Formation of the Earth, &c. publifhed in the Tranl-
attions of the American Philofophical Society for 1793.
The doftor fuppofes the central mafs of -the earth to be
a fluid, probably air, in a (late fo extremely condenfed as
to float the heavieft fubflances ; and that the waves raifed
and propagated on this internal ocean, by fubterraneous
fires or the fudden converfion of Water into fleam, fhake
the incumbent fit ell, produce earthquakes, and occafion
thofe diflant rumbling founds which announce their ap¬
proach. He thinks that the remains of animals and plants
now peculiar to the torrid zone, found in the mod north¬
ern climates, afford a proof that the earth has changed
its poles ; which hypothefis, in his opinion, accounts the
moll readily for the deluge, and for the various changes
which have happened on the face of our globe. The
doClor feerris to confound the poles of the earth’s axis
%

with thofe of the terreftrial magnet ; for he conjectures
that the approximation of fome large comet might, by
its fuperior magnetic power, have deranged the poles of
our globe, and thereby have produced thofe linking re¬
volutions on the furface. Dr. Franklin farther fup¬
pofes that the iron ore in our globe is the gradual pro¬
duction of time ; that it derived its inagnetifm from
fome external caufe, and that the magnetic power is per¬
haps diffufed through the univerfal fyitem. It is enough
to mention thefe conjectures, for tlie notice of thofe who
engage in fuch {peculations. That the matter of the
earth is not homogeneous, but increafes in deniity towards
the center, is inferred by M. de la Place, from a compa-
rifon of the obfervations made in different places to de¬
termine a degree of the meridian. Whether this nucleus
be fluid, it is more difficult to decide. It cannot be air
in its elaftic form ; fince, under the enormous compreliion,
the particles would be fo approximated as moll probably
to alfume a new conftitution.

In 1796, a new Theory of the Earth was publifhed in
Paris, by J. C. Delametherie ; who alfo endeavours to
refute that of Dr. Hutton. The fentiments efpoufed by
this writer are nearly the following: The exterior cruit
of the globe, according to him, was formed in the bofoih
of the waters ; from which it emerged in a (late not very
different from its pflefent appearance. The cruft, after
its formation, underwent petty alterations, from a variety
of local cattles. The waters furpalfed tlie higheft moun¬
tains : that is, they were at deaft three thoufand t.oifes
above their prefent level.' All mountains, all valleys,
and all plains, were formed by cryftallization amid the
waters. The materials that compofe them were truly
diffolved : — but how have they been diffolved ? every
one of thefe fubflances requires much water of folution.
The filial 1 quantity of exifting water would be absolutely
inadequate; fince, if it were fpread over the whole fur-
face of the globe, it would only make a ftratum of feven
or eight hundred feet in thicknefs — a new proof that mod
of the waters of the primitive feas has difappeared. If
there may have exifted an exterior ftratum of water of
three thoufand toifes, or eighteen thoufand feet, and there
remains now but feven hundred feet, or about one twenty-
fifth part, what is become of the twenty-four* parts that
have difappeared ? The folution of this great queftion is
attended with many difficulties. The different changes
of the axis of the globe, which have been fuppofed in
order to account for this phenomenon, are contrary to the
known laws of ftatics, and to the aftronomical theories at
prefent prevailing. There remain but two hypothefis.
Either the waters have paffed totally or in part to other
fpheres ; or they have been buried in interior caverns of
the earth.

M. Delametherie does not confider the paffage of
tlie waters to other fpheres as impoflible. The cold of
the fuperior regions of tlie atmofphere Would not prevent
it : evaporation takes place in the molt intenfe cold; nor
would the fmall denfiiy of thefe upper regions be an ob-
ftacle ; for evaporation takes place even in the vacuum
of the air-pump. ' Moreover, the folar atmofphere, which
envelopes the terreftrial, would favour fuch evaporation.
Neverthelefs, this caufe ought not, according to analogy,
to produce any great diminution of waters on the fur-
face of the globe. It remains, then, that they mult have
taken refuge in its interior : — but how did this happen ?
In all fyftems, internal cavities are fuppofed. Their ex-
iftence is not hypothetical. It refts on fails. They muft
be under all volcanoes. From the great extent to which
earthquakes are felt, there are evidently filfures and ca¬
verns, that reach to immenfe diftances. They nnift pafs
under the fea ; and the water of the fea finds its-way into
them. There are inftances of this water having pene¬
trated into the interior of volcanoes. They will therefore
precipitate themfelves into the deep abyffes, and be buried
there. Now, this author thinks that thefe cavities are
large enough to abforb the mafs of water that has difap¬
peared

204

EAR

peared from the furface of the earth. — As to the forma¬
tion of thefe cavities, he obferves that it was effected at
the time of the cryftallization of the globe. They were
filled at firft with elaftic fluids, which were gradually dif-
fipated by different caufes. Afterward, the waters took
their place. Some caverns have been formed by fubter-
raneous fires : — but the moft powerful caufe has been the
refrigeration of the globe. The author thinks (vol. v.
p. 332) that, though the furface of the globe has been
brought to its prefent date by the aCtion of water, it may,
at the firfi moment of its formation, have undergone a
very great degree of heat, as happens to a comet palling
near the fun. The aqueous cryftallization of ftrata has
been before ftrongly maintained : but we do not feel in¬
clined to receive it as a folution of the various contortions
of ftrata, and of the curious pofition of the fteeps, Sc c.
The whole theory of this writer appears unfatisfaCtory.
Inftead of a comprehenfive plan, derived from an accurate
furvey of nature, he has formed a Mofaic work, compofed
of pieces picked from different theorifts. Had he ob-
ferved for himfelf, he would not have believed the caufes
of eonfufion, in the ftrata of the earth, to have been fo
confined in their operation. He muft alfo have perceived
that their irregularity is not for the moft part original,
nor derived fora cryftallization, but the work of agents
that have broken and difttirbed wliat was once continuous
and uniform.

The lateft work on geology with which we are ac¬
quainted, was publiflied in 1797, by P. Howard, Efq.
jntitled “ Thoughts on the Structure of the Globe.” A
principal object of this work is, to refute thofe theories
which endeavour to place the origin of our globe ante¬
rior to the time ftated by Mofes ; or, as having been
brought into exiftence in any manner different from that
exprelfed in the holy fcriptures; or, that fhall apply the
prefent appearance of the earth’s furface, to any other
caufe than that of a ene'ral deluge. The writings of
Buffon are thought by Mr. Howard to furnifh many
proofs of the above-mentioned nature. “The manifeft
object of his theory, fays Mr. H. is to exclude the
agency of a divine architect, by proving the poflibility
of the aCtual exiftence of the univerfe from natural
caufes; but folid matter is of itfelf inert : whence, then,
arofe its activity? From heat or fire. Whence that fire ?
From the preffure of attraction. Whence that attrac¬
tion ? No anfwer has been nor can be given, without re¬
curring to the will of a Supreme Being. The hypothefis
of the igneous formation of the globe is replete with the
moft ferious difficulties. That all terrefti ial bodies are
verifiable by heat is an afflimption contradicted by expe¬
riment : but, admitting the faCt, is the being vitrifiable
a proof of having been vitrified ? After all, M. de Buffon
is compelled to have recourfe to water to re-model the
furface of the earth, and to produce thofe varieties which
■could never have been effected by fufion. But none of
thofe difficulties attend the account furnifhed to 11s by
the fcriptures. The philofopher will find in the narra¬
tion of Mofes, that the firit elements of all material fub-
ftances are there reprefented in one confufed mafs, called
the abyfs, without motion or animation ; and that the
prefent order of things was gradually and at diftinCt in¬
tervals drawn from it. In the commencement of each of
thefe periods, diftinCt commands are given by the Creator,
and diftinCt effeCts are produced before its clofe. May
lie not confider thefe commands as diftinCt laws impreffed
on nature, by whofe operation thefe effeCts were generated
and completed within the appointed time ? In that idea
be will apply to each command fome one or more of
thofe well-known laws, and compare the effeCts which
fuch might have produced with the effeCts faid to be
produced by that command ; and in like manner progref-
fively, until by their fucceffive application and re-union
all material bodies are brought into that arrangement
and order we now fee exifting. Thefe primary laws may
be reduced to general and elective attraction; repuliion

T H.

and re-aCtion ; gravity fpecific or general ; centripetal
and centrifugal forces, nearly but not entirely balancing
each other, fo as to form fpheroids inftead of perfect
globes, and to deferibe ellipfes inftead of circles ; gravi¬
tation central and univerfal. If the progreffive forma¬
tion which Mofes deferibes could be produced by the
fucceffive application of thefe known means, in fome one
order which may be imagined and devifed, the greateft
poftible weight will certainly be given to his account of
the creation ; and the real fecret of nature, as far as hu¬
man underftanding can dive, will be nearly difeovered.
Thofe, therefore, who overlooking the marks of defign
univerfally exhibited in the works of creation, and in the
adaptation of means to their refpeCtive ends, exclude the
operation of a fupreme intelligent architect, muft feel it
incumbent on them to demonftrate, at leait to tiieir own
fatisfaCtion, the poffibility of this fair form of things ex¬
ifting as we behold it, by the foie operation of the pro¬
perties inherent to material fubftances.

The earth, fays Mr. H. was originally conftruCted
with its poles perpendicular to the equator, the centre of
gravity in its centre, and the year confided of- 360 days.
Lefs prominent inequalities, and a more equal diftribu-
tion of land and fea on its furface, occafioned a more fa-
lubrious and equal temperature of -the atmofphere, at-
tefted by the longevity of its firft inhabitants. The ter¬
mination of this golden age might have been affeCted by
the proximity of a comet, condenfing the vapours of the
atmofphere, and attracting the fubterraneous waters;
which, burfting open the vaults of the exterior furface,
precipitated indiferiminate portions of the primitive earth
into their profound cavities. The more perfeCt confoli-
dation of the globe, in the fouthern hemifphere, changed
the centre of gravity, which produced a proportionate
deviation from the exaCt traCt of the equator. It is,
however, pollible that the ocean did not at once fink to
its prefent level : the pofterior acceffion of waters from
hitherto inland feas may have crulhed down other infe¬
rior vaults, and finally fettled its lowed degradation. As
the lands thus became more elevated above the bed of
the ocean, the cold became more intenfe ; the viciffitudes
of climate were more feverely felt ; and the life of man
experienced a proportionate abbreviation. Thus we find
that the age of the poft-diluvian patriarchs was protraCIed
to the age of 450 years, till the laft great changes were
effeCted, when the life of man was diminiflted to its pre¬
fent extent.

Having clofed his analyfis and refutation of Buffon’s
celebrated theory, Mr. Howard proceeds to confider thofe
of other writers ; and concludes that the real procefs of
nature fince the deluge, is to level heights and to raife
the fubjacent valleys; from which imperceptible hut
conftant operation, aided by the increafing cultivation
and population of the north, a milder temperature of the
atmofphere may eventually be predicted. He then fug-
gefts the following obfervations, equally folid and inge¬
nious, as a complete refutation of the precipitate conclu-
fions deduced from the phenomena attendant on volcanic
eruptions : “ Sir William Hamilton, Mr. Ferber, and
Mr. Brydone, the two former of whom have particularly
applied themfelves to the ftudy of volcanos, without
giving general fyftems, have affirmed that the certain in¬
dications furnifhed by thefe phenomena announce, beyond
all poffibility of doubt, not one but many revolutions in
this globe, during an infinity of ages; infomuch that the
poor abbe Recupero trembles for the credit of the Old
Teftament. Seams of vegetable earth repeated at feveral
depths, frequently found underand over diftinCt and fuc-
celfive beds of hard lava, and the whole exteriorly co¬
vered with vegetable earth, compofed of the mouldered
fcoria of lava, whilft in other places lavas are found as
intaCt as when firft iffuing from the mountain, appear
to thefe gentlemen certain and undeniable proofs of
the incalculable antiquity of volcanos, and confe-
quently of the earth itfelf. Thefe philofophers do not

recoiled.

205

E A E T IT.

recollect that Herculaneum, the date of whole debruc-
tion is well known, is covered by nearly feventy feet
of lava, intcrl'peifed with feven didindt feams of fri¬
able earth, the whole covered with good 1'oil. Yet all
this has been the undoubted produce of lefs than 1800
years!”

It appears to Mr: Howard, that M. de SaufTure, in con¬
ceding the infinitely removed origin of what he terms
the carcafs of .the globe, has not adverted to the hetero¬
geneous- afiemblages which much have been produced by
the deluge; and which, to a mind acquainted with the
celerity of chemical precedes, muft prove t Ire poflibility
of every alteration attebed by natural phenomena having
happened within the period alligned by the facred writers.
That the omnipotent Creator nuib, according to this au¬
thor’s hypothelis, have produced the vifibLe material
univerfe by means of the fame general law's, which are
now' employed to preferve it, is a mere petitio principii ;
the affirmative is incapable of proof, and if it were aemon-
brated, leads to no important conclufion. The Molaic
account of the creation implies a diJlinEl revelation. Mr.
Howard mud have forgotten that authentic tradition
could not extend to events antecedent to the exidence of
mankind. We may jnftly conclude, that -men are too
fhort-fighted to claim wifdom as an argument a priori, to
ebablilh what are to be the laws of nature, and what have
been the events that have happened in the world : the
only thing that our uiifdorn can. pretend to reach, is to
judge, what are thofe laws, and what mud have .been the
a£ling cdufes to have produced certain ejfeEls. — See the
works above alluded to; and Monthly Review, New
Series, vol. 2, 3, 5, 6, 15, 24, 25.

The merits of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth
have in part been recently debated between Sir James
Hall, Bart, and the ingenious Mr. Kirwan. In the third
and fifth volumes of the Edinburgh -Tranfadtions, Sir
James Hall attempted, by feveral experiments, to inva¬
lidate fome of the podtions laid down by Mr. Kirwan, in
his explanation of this Theory. In reply to thefe,, Mr.
Kirwan has publilhed a paper in the eighth volume of
Tranfaftions of the Royal Iridi Academy for 1802, with
the view of examining the force of the reafoning em¬
ployed by fir James, as well as of determining the confe-
quences fairly deducible from his experiments. Some
difficulties had been darted againd the, opinion that gra¬
nite was ever in a date of fufion, from the feltfpar con¬
tained in it being, though the mod fufible of the two
fubdances, found in this done with its crydals rqgularly
defined, while t(ie quartz formed a confuted and irregu¬
lar mafs, moulded on the crydals of feltfpar; and dr
James replied to them By arguments which Mr. Kirwan
here eudeavours to refute. As the principal circum-
dances, however, on which dr James reds his opinions
refpedting the (ubjedt of granite, depend on fome expe¬
riments on whin, we fhall explain them. Whin, it may
be obferved, comprehends in Scotland, grundein, bafalt,
trap, wacken, and porphyry ; dones in which (except the
lad) none of the component ingredients are found regu¬
larly crydallized. Grundein, a compound of feltfpar and
hornblende, intimately mixed with eaclwnher, but im¬
perfectly and confu fed-1 y crydallized in minute grains, was
the fubjedt of t-he experiments here related. “ This fub-
dance, (lays Mr. Kirwan,) dr James vitrided by adrong
heat and fubfequent rapid cooling. A fragment of the glafs
thus produced being introduced under a narrow muffle
and heated to 210, in one minute became fo foft as to yield
readily to the preflure of an iron rod, but after a fecond
minute it became quite hard, though the temperature
had been dationary ; the fubdance thus hardened under¬
went a thorough change, it lod its vitreous character,
its fradture was like that of porcelain, and it was fufible
only in a heat of 310. In another experiment he found
this change to take place even before the glafs was in
perted fufion ; -for while both ends of a fragment of this
glafs were fupported on reds of clay, it was found not to
' Vol. VI, No. 343.

fink down between them until the heat was raifed to 30°.
In another experiment he found the confolidati n which
lie calls crydallization, to take place even while the heat
was gradually increafed, and the fubllance dill fo vifeid
as to retain the original fhape of the fragments. In ano¬
ther experiment, where the glafs was (lowly cooled, its
texture was found completely to referable that of whin-
done, the failure was rough, forty, and cryfalline, with
a number of Ihining facettes interfperfed through the
mafs, and a few crydals in the cavities produced by air-
bubbles.”

In order to (hew that thefe experiments are deceitful
in the conclufions to which they lead, Mr. Kirwan com¬
pares the diferiminating characters of natural whin with,
thofe of the artificial : “ 1. The natural tVhins, particu¬

larly amygdaloids (vulgarly called toadj'bnes) , frequently
contain calcareous fpar and zeolyte , now as the former
contains fixed air, and the latter a large proportion of
water, I hardly think fir James, who profede^ not t-, agree
with Dr. Hutton in all points, will allow thefe to have
been .vitrified or fufed. 2. The natural whins, according
to Dr. Kennedy’s datement, lofe five per cent, of water
and other volatile matter when heated to rednefs.. It is
not (aid whether the artificial lofe any part of their weight
by fuch treatment, but it is plain they would not, (ince
even the lavas of Catania and Piedmont, though of an¬
cient date, lod none, as Dr. Kennedy exprefsly notices,
and have thus afforded an excellent criterion for diitin-
guilhing the long conteded origination of thefe fubdances.
3. As fir James has neglected giving a complete account of
the external characters of the natural whins, which were
the fubjedt of his experiments, as alfo of regenerated or
artificial whins derived from them, and as I have not my-
felf feen them, it is difficult for me to compare them7 with,
each other, and would indeed be impodible if fome ac¬
count of them had not been given by Mr. Pidtet in his
valuable Journal Britannique, copied into the 5th vol.
of the New Rozier’s Journal, p.313. It is the refult of
the examination botii of the natural and artificial. whins
by tire Society of Natural Hi dory at Geneva.

“ As to the natural grundein, they remark that it be¬
trays not the lead mark of an igneous origin, but that
the whins which dr James produced from it had every
didinflive character of a lava, and even of a porous lava.
The bafalt (or rather frapp) on which the 'cable of Edin¬
burgh bands, is of a compadt druid lire ; the artidcial
produced from it, (I r James tells us, fo greatly refernbles
it both in colour and texture that it would be difficult
or perhaps impodible to didinguifh them, but for a few
minute air-b~abbles , cliflingui/hable in thetartifcial. Neptunids
will, however, confider this as a leading character of dif-
t in/ft ion. The mineralogids of Geneva add, that the
colour of the artidcial is deeper, and its hardnefs greater,
than that of the natural. If the fpecific gravity and
other characters of both were given, it is probable that
other differences might be perceived. It is only in thefe
characters that any difference can be expeCted, as the in¬
ternal compofitiort muff be the fame in both.

“ Of the remaining artificial whins I can .give no ac¬
count, their external characters having been omitted ;
I cannot, however, pafs over the general inferences that
(ir James deduces from his experiments, namely, ‘that
the arguments againd the fubterraneous fufion of whin-
done, derived from its bony character, feem now to be
fully refuted for, net to repeat what has been already
dud, that many of them contain fubdances whofe exi(t-
ence is incompatible with that hypothefis, I mud farther
add, that tire upright date in "which many of them exib,
for indance, the bafaitic pillars of .Staffa, and of the
Giants Caufeway, and of many other countries, the bads
they red on, fometimes granite, fometimes gneis, fome-
times coal or lime-done, and the total abfence of all dgns
of the operation of fire, forbid us to entertain any doubt
of their production in the moid way. Nay, the college
of Dublin now poffefles fragments of bafaitic pillars in
3 G which

£06

EARTH.

which marine fnells .Ire imbedded; if fuch evidence can
be refided, it is in vain to feek for greater.”

In the eflay which the prefent paper is intended to
illudrate, the author confidered it as an edablidted fad,
that the emerfion of fome portion of land from the
primaeval ocean occurred previoufly to the creation of
fifhes. The circumdance on which he relied for the proof
of this faft, and which accorded with the Mofaic account
ot the fubjeCt, was, that “ no petrifactions were found
imbedded and incorporated in mafles of Hone in fuch
countries as were elevated. 8500 or 9000 feet above. the
aCtual level of the fea ; for indancg, in the great Tarta¬
rian platform and the elevated regions of Siberia, though
in all inferior regions of the fame extent fuch petrifac¬
tions were abundantly found, at lead: in limedones; but
even in thele none were found in thofe elevated tracts, as
was proved by the teftimonies of all the pbilofophic tra¬
vellers who have traverfed and examined them. To re¬
pel this proo! of the Mofaic account, it has been replied
by the laborious, learned, and eloquent, writer of the
Hijloire du Monde primitif, and others, that the keen airex-
ifting in thefe elevated regions had long ago decompofed
and confumed the (hells that might have been there de-
politcd ; but as the Hones Hill remain, it is evident that
the (hells incorporated in their interior mud alfo have re¬
mained, if any fuch were ever contained in them,”

It is, however, a Hefted by Don Ulloa, in his Memoires
Ph ilofoph iqves , and by Gcntil, in the Mem. Par. 1771, that
fhells have been found in the Cordelieres at the height of
13,869 Engliih feet above the level of the fea. That the
heigh-t was fo great as is here Hated, the author attempts
to difprove, by the evidence of other writers ; as well as
from the probable inaccuracy of the barometers by which
the former gentlemen made their calculation : — but, let
the height be what it may, Mr. Kirwan adds, “ It is cer¬
tain that thefe fiiells were deposited there after the emer-
fion of land from the primitive ocean, and confequently
by a fubfequent deluge ; for Don Ulloa exprefsly tells
us, that in the fame rocks in which thefe fir cl 1 s are found,
petrified wood is alfo found, Mem. Philofophiques, p. 372,
This wood mud have grown on dry land, and mud have
been floated when the fir ells were depofited, (ince both
are found in the fame rocks. It mud have been brought
thither by a deluge, as no wood can at prefent grow there,
as Don Ulloa alfo atteds. The (hells are for the mod
part bivalves, .which geologids allow to form petrifactions
of the mod modern date.”

It is a faCt in geology, edablifhed by numerous obfer-
vations, that, in mountains which extend from north to
fouth, the wedern flank is the deeped, and the eadern the
gentled ; and that, where they run ead and wed, the
fouthern declivity is the deeped, and the northern the
mod gentle. In this paper, the author brings forward
the principal fads in (upport of that deduction ; and he
conliders it as clearly proved “that mountains are not
mere fortuitous eruptions, unconnected with tranfaCtions
on the fiirface of the earth :” fince it has been uniformly
found by Forder that “ the north and north-wed (ides
are gently covered, and connected with fecondary drata,
in which organic remains abound,” while the fouth and
fouth-wed (ides are almod invariably deep. In order to
account for this nearly univerfal allotment of unequal
declivities to oppofite points, and for the greated being
directed to the wed and fouth, and the gentled to the
ead and north, Mr. Kirwan fuppofes, id. That all
mountains were formed while covered with water. 2d.
That the earth was univerfally covered with water at
two different eras, that of the creation, and that of the
Noachian deluge. 3d. That in the fird era we mud dif-
tinguifh two different periods, that which preceded the
appearance of dry land, and that which fucceeded the cre¬
ation of fifli, but before the fea had been reduced nearly
to its prefent level ; during the former, the primaeval
mountains were formed, and during the lad, molt of the
fecondary mountains and drata were formed. 4th. That

all mountains extend either from ead to wed, or from
north to fouth, or in fome intermediate direction between
thefe cardinal points; which need not be particularly
mentioned here, as the fame fpecies of reafoning mud be
applied to them, as to thofe to whofe afpeCt they ap¬
proach mpd. Thefe preliminary circumdunces being no¬
ticed, we are next to obferve, that during the fird era,
this vad mafs of water moved in two general directions,
at right angles with each other, the one from ead to wed,
which needs not to be proved, being the courfe of tides
which dill continue, but were in that ocean neceflarily
dronger and higher than at prefent ; the other from north
to fouth, the water 'tending to thofe vad abyffes then
formed in the vicinity of the fouth pole. Before either
motion could be propagated, a confiderable time mud
have elapfed.

Now the primaeval mountains formed at the commence,
ment of the fird era, and before this double direction of
the waters took place, mud have oppofed a confiderable
obdacle to the motion of that fluid in the fenfe that
eroded that of the direction of thefe mountains. Thus
the mountains that dretch from north to fouth, mud
have oppofed the motion of the waters from ead to wed:
this oppofition, diminilhing the motion of that fluid, dif-
pofed it to fuffer the earthy particles with which in thofe
early periods it mud have been impregnated to crydallize,
or be depolited on thefe eadern flanks, and particularly
on thofe of the highefl mountains, for over the lower it
could eafily pafs ; thefe depofitions, being inceffantly re¬
peated at heights gradually diminithing as the level of
the waters gradually lowered, mud have rendered the
eadern declivities or defeents, gentle, gradual, and -mode¬
rate, while the wedern fides receiving no fuch acccfiions
from depofitions mud have remained deep and craggy.
Again, the primteval mountains that run from ead to
wed, by oppofing a fimilar refidance to the courfe of the
waters from north to fouth, mud have occafioned fimilar
depofitions on the northern fides of thefe mountains
againd which thefe waters impinged, and thus linoothed
them. Where mountains interfeCl each other in an ob¬
lique direction, the north-ead fide of one range being
contiguous to the fouth-wed flanks of another range,
there the afflux of adventitious particles on the north-ead
fide of the one, mud have frequently extended to the
fouth-wed fide of the other, particularly if that afflux
were drong and copious.

It has of late been very much- the vogue, particularly
among the French writers, to endeavour to carry up the
antiquity of the earth far beyond that which our received
chronology attributes to it. This fancy has been greatly
flimulated by fome ancient monuments and inscriptions
difeovered by the French during their late expedition in
Egypt ; particularly different figures of the zodiac, in one
of which the foldice is indicated in Virgo; and another
found in the great temple of Dendara, reprefents the fun
in Leo, approaching Cancer. According to fuch con-
druCtions of the zodiac, fay thefe philofophers, we mud
go back from the prefent period 15,000 years; and even
then we (hall only arrive at the time in which the figures
of the zodiac were contrived: but the world may have
undergone many previous revolutions.

With all the iemblance of fagacity and truth which
accompanies this mode of argument, nothing can be more
unphilofophical than the inference. Is it not an admitted
faCt, that one of the fird efforts of adronomers, after their
fcience had attained a certain degree of perfection, was
to draw from it fuch modes of arrangement and calcula¬
tion as might be ufeful in adjuding the current time; and
that the period from which they fuppofed their account to
let out was in a great meafure arbitrary, depending on the
multiplication of cycles into each other, counting back¬
ward from any pefition of the heavenly bodies in the then
current age, to the period in which thefe bodies (accord¬
ing to their tables) mud have Hood in a pofition fitting
the purpofe they had in view ? In proof of this, does

not

EAR

not the evidence adduced in different papers in the Afiatic
Refearohes amount almoft to a demonftration that, ex¬
cepting a period whicli accords very well with the Scrip¬
ture accounts, the whole Bramin chronology of myriads
of years is merely a clumfy aflrortomical fiidion, which -at
firft was not even intended to deceive? We may alfo (fate
another well-known fadt, that it was long a favourite
opinion with aftrologers, that all the planets mult have
been in conjunction in the firlt fcruple of the fign Aries
when the world began; becaufe then, according to their
notion, was the proper time to begin a year. Others
might have contended for a different arrangement, i. e. a
differently conftrucled zodiac; but whichever had the
greateff number of fuffrages at any period, can never
prove any thing as to the faff in queftion. But, not to
dwell on a fubject fo unfounded, or on the early propen-
fity of different nations to forge for themfelves an high
antiquity, is it not known to every one that the Julian
period liad an arbitrary commencement ? If the hi (lory
of this fa£t had been loft, and correfponding zodiacs had
been found, would it have been correct to have inferred
that they were made 6500 years ago ? — See the article
Chronology.

EARTH-BAG, f. in fortification, a bag filled with
earth, a fand-bag to keep off the (hot of the enemy.

EARTH-BO ARD, f. The board of the plough that
fliakes off the earth. — The plough reckoned the molt pro¬
per for ftiff black clays, is one that is. long, large, and
broad, with a deep head and a fquare earth-board, fo as to
turn up a great furrow. Mortimer.

EARTH-BORN, adj. Born of the earth ; terrigenous :
The God for ever great, for ever king.

Who flew the earth-born race, and meafures right
To heav’n’s great habitants ! Prior.

Meanly born. — Earth-born Lycon fhall afcend the throne.
Smith. -

EARTH-BOUND, adj. Fattened by the p refill re of
the earth :

Who can imprefs the foreft, bid the tree

Unfix his earth-bound root r Shahefpeare.

EARTH-FLAX, / A kind of fibrous foflil. See
Amianthus, vol. i. p. 474. — Of Efiglilh talc, the coarfer
fort is called plailfer, or parget; the finer earth-flax, or
falamander’s hair. Woodward.

EARTH-NUT. See Arachis and Bunium.

EARTH-PEA. See Lathyrus.

EARTH-SHAKING, adj. Having power to (hake the
earth, or to raife earthquakes :

Now fcarce withdrawn the fierce eartkfhaking pow’r,
Jove’s daughter Pallas watch’d the fav’ring hour;

Back to their caves fhe bade the winds to fly,

And hufh’d the bluft’ring brethren of the Iky. Pope.

EARTH-WORM,/". The common worm bred under
ground. For its natural hiftory, fee the article Lum-
bricus. — Upon a fhower, after a drought, earth-worms
and land-fnails innumerable come out of their lurking
places. Ray. — A mean fordid wretch :

Thy vain contempt, dull earth-worm ceafe ;

I won’t for refuge fly. Norris.

EAR'THEN, adj. Made of earth ; made of clay. —
The mod brittle water-carriage was ufed among* the
Egyptians, who, as Strabo faith, would fail fome times
in boats made of earthen ware. Arbuthnot.

EAR'THINESS, or Earthliness,/. The quality of
containing earth ; groffnefs.

EARTH'ING, part. adj. Covering with earth, driv¬
ing to the earth, as a fox or badger in hunting.

EARTH'LING, f. An inhabitant of the eartlr; a
mortal; a poor frail creature. — To earthlings, the foot-
• ttool of God, that ftage which he railed for a ifnall time,
feemeth magnificent. Drummond.

EAR 207

E AR'THLY, adj. Not heavenly; vile.; mean; fordid:
When faith and love, which parted from thee never,

Had ripen’d tlvy juft foul to dwell with God,

Meekly thou didft refign this earthly load
Of death, call’d life. Milton.

Belonging only to our prefent date; not fpiritual. — It
mutt be our folemn bufinefs and endeavour, at fit fea-
fons, to turn the dream of our thoughts from earthly to¬
wards divine objects. Atterbury. — Corporeal; not mental:
Sudden he view’d, in fpite of all her art,

An earthly lover lurking at her heart. Pope.

Any thing in the world ; a female hyperbole :

Oh ! if to dance all night, and drefs all day,

Charm’d the fmall-pox, or chas’d old age away,

Who would not fcorn what houfewife’s cares produce ?
Or who would learn one earthly thing of ufe ? * Pope. '

E ARTH'QU A KE, f. A tremulous motion or con-
vulfion of the earth, generally attended with noifes under
ground ; often dedroying towns and cities, fubverting
rocks, altering the courfe of rivers, and producing the
mod terrible devaftations. Many fanciful and fuperfti-
tious notions have in various ages been fuggefted as lu-
pernatural caufes of earthquakes ; but the late advances
made in chemical knowledge contribute greatly to difpei
this mill of ignorance, and to point out to the geologift
and philosopher a more rational theory of this ftupen-
dous effort of nature. But before we enter upon an ex¬
planation of this theory, it will be proper to enumerate
the awful effects of fome of the mod dreadful earth¬
quakes recorded in hiftory, as well as to notice the phe¬
nomena of thofe of the lated date.

■In 1692, an earthquake happened in the ifland of Ja¬
maica, attended with the mod terrible circumdances. In
two minutes, it deftroyed the town of Port Royal, at that
time the capital of the ill and ; and funk the houfes in a
gulf forty fathoms deep. It was attended with a rum¬
bling noife like that of diftant thunder: the dreets rofe
like the waves of the fea ; firft lifting up the houfes, and
then immediately throwing them down into deep pits.
The wells difeharged their waters with violent agitation.
The fea burft over its bounds, and deluged all that dood
in its way. The filfures of the earth were in fome places
fo great, that one of the dreets appeared twice as broad
as formerly. In many places it opened and clofed again ;
and continued this agitation for fome time. In fome of
them, the people were fwallowed up at once ; in others,
the earth caught them by the middle, and crulhed them
to death ; while others, more fortunate, were fwallow ed
up in one chafm, and thrown out alive by another. Other
chafnis were large enough to fwallow up whole dreets;
and others, dill more formidable, fpouted up immenfe
quantities of water, drowning fitch as the earthquake had
ipared. Yet, fo great a fufferer as Port Royal was, more
houfes were left (landing therein than on the whole ifland
befides. Scarce a planting-houfe, or fugar-houfe, was
left above ground in -all Jamaica ; and, in lieu of them,
appeared great pools of water ; which, when dried up,
left nothing but land, without any mark that either tree
or plant had ever grown thereon. . Mod of the rivers
were flopped in their courfe by the falling of the moun¬
tains ; till, fwelling up, they made themfelves new chan¬
nels : and, it is (hocking to relate, that the earthquake
is faid to have fwept away above 3000 perfons.

Another terrible account is that given by Kircher, of
the earthquake which happened in Calabria in 1638.
“ On the 24th of March (lays Kircher), we launched, in
a fmall boat, from the harbour of Medina in bicily, and
arrived the fame day at the promontory of Pelorus. Our
deftination was for the city of Euphemia in Calabria;
but on account of the weather, we were obliged to conti¬
nue three days at Pelorus. At length, wearied with the
delay, werefolved to profecute our voyage ; and although
the fea feemed more than ufually agitated, yet we ven-
2 tured

208

E . A R T II

tured forward. Tlie gulph of Charybdisi which we ap¬
proached, feemed whirled round in fnch a manner as to
form a vail hollow, verging to a point in tlie center.
Proceeding onward, and turning my eyes to mount Etna,

I faw it call forth large volumes of linoke, which covered
the ill, aid, and blotted out even the fhoresfrom my view.
This, together with the dreadful noife, and the fulphu-
reous flench, which was ftrongly perceived, filled me
with apprehenfions that fome more dreadful calamity was
impending. The fea itfelf feemed to wear a very un-
ufual appearance ; thofe who have feen a lake in a violent
ihower of rain all covered over with bubbles, will have
fome idea of its agitations. My furprife was- ftill in-
creafed by the calmnefs and ferenity of the weather ; not
a breeze, not a cloud, which might be fuppofed to put
all nature thus into motion. 1 therefore warned my com¬
panion, that an earthquake was approaching ; and, after
fome time, making for the fltore with all pofiible dili¬
gence, we landed at Tropaea. But we had fcarce arrived
at the jefuits college in that city, when our ears were
dimmed with an horrid found, refembling that of an infi¬
nite number of chariots driven fiercely forward, the
wheels rattling and the thongs cracking. Soon after this,
a mod dreadful earthquake enfued ; fo that the whole
track upon which we flood feemed to vibrate, as if we
were in the fcale of a balance that continued waving.
This motion, however, foon grew more violent-; and be¬
ing no longer able to keep my legs, I was thrown prof-
trate upon the ground. Leaving this feat of defolation,
we profecuted our voyage along the coafi: ; and the next
day came to Rochetta, where we landed, although the
earth Hill continued in violent agitations. But vVe were
fcarcely arrived at our inn, when we were once more
obliged to return to our boat-; and in about half an hour
we faw the greateft part of the town dallied to the ground,
burying its inhabitants beneath its ruins. Proceeding on¬
ward in our veffel, we again landed at Lopizium, atfaflle
midway between Troptea and Euphemia, the city to
which we were bound. Here, wherever I turned my eyes,
nothing but fcenes of ruin and horror appeared; towns
and callles were levelled to the ground; Stromboli,
though fixty miles diftant, belched forth flames with fuch
uncommon violence as to be diftindlly heard. But my
attention was quickly turned to more contiguous danger.
The place on which we flood now began to lhake ; fo
that, being unable to (land, we caught hold of whatever
flirub grew next us, and.iupported ourfelves in that man¬
ner. After fome time, the concuflion ceafing, we again
ltood up, in order to profecute our voyage td Euphemia,
then within fight. But while we were preparing for this
purpofe, I turned my eyes towards the city ; but could
fee only a frightful dark cloud, that feemed to reft upon
the place. This tlie more furprifed us, as the weather
was fo very ferene. We waited, therefore, till tlie cloud
was palled aivay : then turuing to look for the city, it was
totally funk ; and nothing but a difmal and putrid lake
was to be feen where it flood.”

In 1693 an earthquake happened in Sicily, which may
juftly be accounted one of the moil terrible of which we
have, any account. It Ihook the whole iflund : and not
only that, but Naples and Majta partook of the fhock.
It was impoflible for any body to keep on their legs ; and
even thofe that lay on tlie ground were tolled from fide
to fide as 011 a rolling billow. Fifty-four cities and towns,
befide an incredible number of villages, were either de-
ftroyed or greatly damaged. We (hall only inflance the
fate of. Catania, once the refrdence of feveral monarchs,
and an univerfity. Father Antony Serrovita, being on
his way thither, and at tlie diftance of a few miles, ob-
ferved a black cloud like night hovering over the city ;
and there arofe from the volcano of Montgibello great
fpir.es of flame, which fp read all around. The fea all at
once began to roar, as in a violent fempeft ; accompanied
with a noife as great as' if all tlie artillery in the world
had been difchurged at one fignal. His horfes flopped

QUAKE.

fliort, as if petrified ; fo that they were forced to alight.
They were no fooner off, but they were lifted front the
ground above two palms ; when cafting his eyes towards
Catania, lie with amazement faw nothing but a thick
cloud cf dull in the air. This was the fcene-of their ca¬
lamity ; for of the magnificent Catania, there was not
the leaft footilep to be feen. S. Bonajutus aifures us,
that of 18,9.00 inhabitants, 18,000 peri Ihed therein !

The next great earthquake was felt on tlie id of No¬
vember 1755. At Lifbon, the capital of Portugal, its
effects were mod fevefie. I11 1750, there had been a fen-
fible trembling of the earth felt in this city: for four
years afterwards, there had been an exceffive drought;
infomuch that fome fprings, formerly very plentiful of
water, were dried and totally loft. The predominant
winds were north and north-eaft, accompanied with va¬
rious, though very fmall, tremors of the earth. The
year 1 755 proved very wet and rainy ; the fummer cooler
than ufual ; -and for forty days before the earthquake, the
weather was clear, but not remarkably fo. The lad day
of October, tlie fun was obfcured, with a remarkable
gloominefs in the atmofphere. The firft of November,
early in the morning, a thick fog arofe, which was foon
diflipated by tlie heat of the fun ; no wind was (tirring ;
the fea was calm ; and the weather as warm as in June
or July in this country. At thirty-five minutes after nine,
without the leaft warning, except a rumbling noife, a
mod dreadful earthquake (hook, by quick vibrations, the
foundations of all the city, fo that many buildings in-
ftantly fell. Then, with fcarcely a perceptible paufe, the
nature of the motion was changed, and the lioufes were
tofled from fide to fide, with a motion like that of a wag¬
gon violently driven over rough Hones. This fecond
iliock laid almoft the whole city in ruins, with prodigious
daughter of the people. The earthquake laded in all
.about fix minutes. At the moment of its beginning,
fome perfons on the river, near a mile from the city,
heard their boat make a noife as if it Jiad run aground,
though they were then in deep water; and at the fame
time they faw the houfes falling on both (ides of tlie ri¬
ver. The bed of the Tagus was in many places raifed
to its furface. Ships were driven from their anchors.
A large new quay funk to an unfathomable depth, with
feveral hundreds of people who were upon it ; nor was
one of the dead bodies ever found. The bar of the har¬
bour was at firft feen dry from Ihore to ftiore : but fud-
denly the fea came rolling in like a mountain ; and about
Belem Caftle the water rofe fifty feet almoft jn an inftant-
About noon there was another Ihock ; when the walls of
feveral houfes that yet remained were feen to open from
top to bottom more than a quarter of a yard, and after¬
wards clofed again fo exailly that fcarcely any mark of
the injury was left.

At Colares, about twenty miles from Lifbon, and two
miles from the fea, on the firft of November, the day broke
with a ferene fky, the- wind continuing at eaft; but about
nine o’clock the fun began to grow dim; and about half
ail hour after was heard a rumbling noife like that of cha¬
riots, which increafed to fuch a degree that it became
equal to the explofions of tlie larged cannon. Immedi¬
ately a fliock of an earthquake was felt, which was quickly
fucceeded by a fecond and third ; and at the fame time
feveral light flames of fire iffued from the mountains, re-
fembling the kindling of charcoal. In thefe three ihocks’,
the walls of the buildings moved from eaft to weft.

At Oporto, the earthquake began alpout forty minutes
pad nine. Tlie fky was very ferene ; when a hollow
noife like that of thunder, or the rattling of coaches at a
diftance, was heard, and almoft at the fame inflant the
earth began to fliake. In the fpace of a minute or two,
the river rofe and fell five or fix feet, and continued to do
fo for four hours. It ran up at firft with lo much vio¬
lence, tiiat it broke a (hip’s hawfer. In fome parts the
river opened, and feemed to difcharge vail .quantities of
air ; and tlie agitation in the fea was fo great about a

league

EARTHQUAKE.

league beyond the bar, that air was fuppofed to have
been difcliarged there alfo. St. Ube’s, a fea-port about
twenty miles fouth of Lifbon, was entirely fwallowed up.
Huge pieces of rock were detached at the fame time from
the promontory at the weft end of the town, which con-
lifts of a chain of mountains.

The fame earthquake was felt all over Spain, except
in Catalonia, Arragon, and Valencia. At Ayamonte,
(near where the Guadiana falls into the bay of Cadiz,) a
little before ten o’clock on the firft of November, the
earthquake was felt ; haying been immediately preceded
by a hollow rufhing noife. Here the fliocks continued for
fourteen or fifteen minutes, damaged almoft all the build¬
ings, throwing down fome. and leaving others irreparably
lhattered. In little more than half an hour after, the
fea and river, with all the canals, overflowed their banks,
laying under water all the coafts of the ifiands adjacent
to the city and its neighbourhood. On the adjacent
Ihore, every thing was irrecoverably loft ; for all that was
overflowed funk, and the beach became a fea, without the
leaft refemblance of what it was before.

At Cadiz, foon after nine in the morning, the earthquake
began, and lafted about five minutes. The water of the
citterns under ground walked backwards and forwards, fo
that a great troth arofe. At ten minutes after eleven, a
wave was feen coming from the fea, at eight miles dis¬
tance, at leaft fixty feet higher than ufual. It dallied
againft the weft part of the town, which is very rocky.
Though thefe rocks broke a good deal of its force, it at
laft came upon the city walls, beat in the breaft-work, and
carried pieces of the building of eight or ten ton weight
to the diftance of forty or fifty yards. When the wave
was gone, fome parts that are deep at low water, were
left quite dry ; for the water returned wdth the fame vio¬
lence with which it came. At half an hour after eleven
came a fecond wave, and after th.it four other remarkable
ones ; the firft at ten minutes before twelve ; the fecond,
half an hour before one ; the third, ten minutes after one ;
and the fourth, ten minutes before two. Similar waves,
but fmaller, and gradually leffening, continued with un¬
certain intervals till the evening.

At Gibraltar, this earthquake was not felt till after
ten. It began with a tremulous motion of the earth,
which lafted about half a minute. Then followed a vio¬
lent fhock ; after that, a trembling of the earth for five
or fix feconds; then another ftiock, not fo violent as the
firft, which went off gradually as it began. The whole
lafted about two-minutes. Some of the guns on the battery
were feen to rife, others to fink, the earth having an undu¬
lating motion. Moft people were feized with giddinefs and
ficknefs, and fome fell down ; others were ftupified ; and
many that were walking or riding felt no motion in the
earth, but were Tick. The fea role fix feet every fifteen
minutes; and then fell fo low that boats and all the fmall
craft near the ftiore were left aground, as were alfo numbers
of fmall fifh. The flux and reflux lafted till next morn¬
ing, having decreafed gradually from two in the afternoon.

At Madrid the earthquake came on at the fame time as
at Gibraltar, and lafted about fix minutes. At firft every
body thought they were feized with a fwimming in their
heads; and afterwards, that the houfes were falling. It
was not felt in coaches, nor by thofe who walked on foot,
except very (lightly ; and no accident happened, except
.that two lads were killed by the fall of a (lone crofs from
the porch of a church. Malaga alfo felt a violent fltock ;
the bells rang in the fteeples ; the water of a well over¬
flowed, and as fuddenly retired. At Seville feveral houfes
■were ftiuken down; the famous tower of the cathedral
called La Giralda opened in the four fides ; and the waters
were fo violently agitated, that all the veffels in the river
were driven afhore.

In Africa, the fame earthquake was felt almoft as fe-
verely as it had been in Europe. Great part of the town
of Algiers was deftroyed. At Arzilla, in the kingdom
ot Fez, about ten in the morning, the fea fuddenlv rofe

Vol. VI. No. 343.

20<)

with fuch impetuofity, that it lifted up a veffel in the
bay, and dropped it with fuch force on the land, that it
was broken to pieces ; and a boat was found two mufket-
fhot within land from the fea. At Fez and Mequinez,
great numbers of houfes fell down, and a multitude of
the people were buried in the ruins. At Morocco, by
the falling down of a great number of houfes, many peo¬
ple loft their lives : and about eight leagues from the
city the earth opened and fwallowed up a village with all
the inhabitants, who were known by the name of the Sons
of Befumba, to the number of front eight to ten thoufand
perfons. At Salle, near a third part of the houfes were 1

overthrown ; the waters rtiihed into the city with great
rapidity, and left behind them great quantities of fifti.

At Tangier, the earthquake began at ten in the morning,
and lafted ten or twelve minutes. The fea came up to
the walls (a thing never heard of before) ; and went
down immediately with the fame rapidity with which it
arofe, leaving a great quantity of fi(h behind. Thefe com¬
motions were repeated eighteen times, and lafted till (ix
in the evening.

In the city of Funchal, in the ifland of Madeira, a
ftiock of this earthquake was firft perceived at thirty-eight
minutes paft nine in the morning. It was preceded by a
rumbling noife, like that of empty carriages palling haftily
over a done pavement. The obferver felt the floor im¬
mediately to move with a tremulous motion, vibrating
very quickly. The ftiock continued more than a minute ;
during which fpace, the vibrations, though continual,
were weakened and increafed in force twice very fenlibly .
The increafe after the firft remiflion of the ftiock was the
moftintenfe. The noif e in the air accompanied the fhock
during the whole of its continuance, and lafted fome fe¬
conds after the motion of the earth had ceafed ; dying
away like a peal of diftant thunder rolling through the
air. At three quarters paft eleven, the fea, which was
quite calm, retired fuddenly fome paces ; then riling with
a great fwell without the leaft noife, and as fuddenly ad¬
vancing, overflowed the fhore, and entered the city. It
rofe fifteen feet perpendicular above the high-water mark,
although the tide, which flows there fevenfeet, was then at
half ebb. The water immediately receded ; qnd after hav¬
ing fluctuated four or five times between high and low wa¬
ter mark, it fubfided, and the fea remained calm as before.

In the northern part of the ifland the inundation was
more violent, the fea there retiring above one thoufand
paces at firft, and fuddenly returning, overflowed the
fhore, forcing open doors, breaking down the walls of fe¬
veral magazines and ftorehoufes, leaving great quantities
of fifh afhore and in the ftreets of the viliage of Machico.

Thefe were the principal phenomena with which this
remarkable earthquake was attended in thofe places
where it was violent. The effects of it, however, reached
to an immenfe diftance ; and were perceived chief! y by
the agitations of the waters, or fome flight motion of the
earth. The utmoft boundaries of this earthquake to the
fouth are unknown ; t lie barbarity of the" African nations
rendering it impoflible to procure any intelligence from
them, except where the effects were dreadful. On the
north, however, we are affured, that it reached as far as
Norway and Sweden. In many places alfo of Germany
its effects were very perceptible. Throughout the duchy
of Holflein, the waters were violently agitated, particu¬
larly thofe of the Elbe and Trave. In Brandenburg,
the water of a lake called I.ibjcc, ebbed and flowed fix
times .in half an hour, with a dreadful noife, the weather
being then perfectly calm. The fame agitation was ob-
ferved in the waters of the lakes called Muplgatz and Noizo ;
but at this laft place they alfo emitted an intolerable
ftench. In Holland, the agitations were more remarkable.

At Alphen on the Rhine, between Leyden and Woerden,
in the afternoon of the firft of November, the waters
were 'agitated to fuch a violent degree, that buoys were
broken from their chains, large veffels fnapped their ca¬
bles, fmaller ones were thrown out of the water upon the
3 H land.

210

E A R T H

land, and others lying on land were fet afloat. At Am-
fterdam, about eleven in the forenoon, the air being per¬
fectly calm, the waters were fuddenly agitated in their
canals, fo that feveral boats broke loofe ; chandeliers
were obferved to vibrate in the churches ; but no motion
ot the earth* or concuflion of any building, was’obferved.
At Haerlem, in the forenoon, for near four minutes toge¬
ther, not only the water in the rivers, canals, &c. but
alfo all kinds of fluids in fmaller quantities, as in coolers,
tubs, backs, &c. were furprifmgly agitated, and dafhed
over the fides, though no motion was perceptible in the
veflels themfelves. In thefe fmall quantities alfo the
fluid apparently attended prior to its turbulent motion;
and in many places, even the rivers and canals rofe twelve
inches perpendicular. At Leyden, between half an hour
after ten and eleven in the forenoon, the waters rofe fud¬
denly in fome of thecanals, and made feveral very fenfible
undulations, fo that the boats were ftrongly agitated .

Round the ifland of Corfica, the fea was viole'ntly'agi-
tated, and mod of the rivers, of the ifland overflowed
their banks. In the city of Milan in Italy, and through¬
out that diftridt, fhocks were felt. At Turin in Savoy,
there was felt a very violent (hock. In Swiflerland, many
rivers turned fuddenly muddy without rain. The lake
of Neufchatel fwelled to the height of near two feet above
its natural level for the fpace of a few hours. An agita¬
tion was alfo perceived in the waters of the lake of Zu¬
rich. At the ifland of Antigua, there was fitch a fea
without the bar as had not been known in the memory of
man ; and after it, all the water at the w'harfs, which
ufed to be fix feet deep, was not two inches. At Barba-
does, about two in the afternoon, the fea ebbed and flowed
in a furprifing manner. It ran over the wharfs and
ftreets into the houfes, and continued thus ebbing and
flowing till ten at night.

The agitation of the w'aters was perceived in many
places of Great Britain and Ireland. At Barlborough
in Derbyfliire, between eleven and twelve in the fore¬
noon, in a boat-houfe on the weft; fide of a large body of
water called Pibley Dam, fuppofed to cover at lead; thirty
acres of land, was heard a ftirprilipg noife ; a large fwell
of water came in a current from the fouth, and rofe two
feet on the dam-head at the north end of the water. It
then fubfided ; but returned again immediately, though
with lefs violence. The water was thus agitated for
three quarters of an hour; but the current grew every
time weaker and weaker, till at laft it entirely ceafed. At
Bufbridge in Surrey, at half an hour after ten in the
morning, the weather being remarkably (till, without the
lead wind, in a canal near feven hundred feet long and
fifty-eight feet broad, with a fmall fpring conftantly run¬
ning through it, a very unufual noife was heard at the
eaft end, and the water there obferved to be in great agi¬
tation. It ralfed.itfelf in a heap or ridge in the middle ;
and this heap extended lengthwife about thirty yards,
rifing between two or three feet above the ufual level.
After this, the ridge vibrated towards the north fide of
the canal, with great force, and flowed above eight feet
over the grads walk on that fide. On its return back into
the canal, it again ridged in the middle, and then heeled
with yet greater force to the fouth iide, and flowed over
its grafs walk. During this latter motion, the bottom on
the north fide was left dry for feveral feet. This ap¬
pearance lafted near a quarter of an hour, after which the
water became fmooth and quiet as before. During the
whole time, the fand at the bottom was thrown up and
mixed with the water; and there w'as a continual noife
like that of water turning a mill. At Cobham in Surrey,
between ten and eleven o’clock, a perfon was watering a
horfe at a pond fed by fprings. Whilft the animal was
drinking, the water fuddenly ran away from him, and
moved towards the fouth with fuch fwiftnefs that the
bottom of the pond was left bare. It returned again
with fuch impetuofity that the man leaped backwards
4 w fecure himfelf from its hidden approach. The ducks

QUAK E.

were alarmed at the firft agitation, and inftantly flew all
out of the pond. At Dunftall in Suffolk, the water of a
pond rofe gradually for feveral minutes in the form of a
pyramid, and fell down like a water-fpout. Other ponds
in the neighbourhood had a fmooth flux and reflux from
one end to the other.

Near the city of Durham, about half an hour after ten,
a gardener was alarmed by a hidden ru filing noife from a
pond, as if the head of the pond had been broken down;
when calling his eye on ihe water, he faw it gradually
ri£e up, without any fluftuating motion, till it reached a
grate which flood fome inches higher than the common
water level. After this it fubfided, and then fwelled
again; thus continuing to rife and fall during the fpace
of fix or feven minutes, making four or five returns in the
fpace of one minute. The pond was about forty yards
long and ten broad. At Earfy Court, Berks, about ele¬
ven o'clock, as a gardener was (landing by’a fifh-pond; he
felt a violent trembling of the earth, which lafted about
a minute. Immediately after, lie obferved a motion of
the water from the fouth to the north end of the pond,
leaving the bottom at the fouth end altogether dry' for
about fix feet. It then returned, and flowed at the fouth
end, rifing three feet up the (lope bank ; and immediately
after returned to the north bank, rifing there alfo about
three feet. In the time between the flux and reflux, the
water fwelled up in the middle of the pond, collected in
a ridge about twenty inches higher than the level on each
fide, and boiled like a pot. This agitation from fouth to
north lafted about four minutes. At Eaton-bridge, Kent,
in a pond about an acre in fize, a dead calm, and no wind
ftirring, fome perfons heard a noife, and imagining fome-
thing had been tumbling in, ran to fee what was the mat¬
ter. On their arrival at the pond, to their furprife they
faw the water open in the middle, fo that they could fee
a poft a good way down, almoft to the bottom. The wa¬
ter in the mean time dallied up over a bank two feet high,
and perpendicular to the pond. This was repeated feve¬
ral times with a great noife.

At Eyam-bridge, Derbyfliire, in the Peak, the over-
feer of the lead-mines fitting in his writing-room about
eleven o’clock, felt a hidden (hock, which very fenfibly
raifed him up in his chair, and caufed feveral pieces of
plafter to drop from the fides of the room. The roof
was fo violently fliaken, that he imagined the engine fiiaft
had been falling in. Upon this he immediately ran to fee 1
what was the matter, but found every thing in perfect
fafety. At this time two miners were employed in cart¬
ing the ore and other materials to be raifed up at the
(hafts. The drift in which they were working was about
120 yards deep, and the fpace from one end to the other
fifty yards or upwards. The miner at the end of the
drift had juft loaded his cart, and was drawing it along ;
but he wras fuddenly furprifed by a (hock, which fo terri¬
fied him, that he immediately quitted his employment,
and ran to the weft end of the drift to his partner, who
was no lefs terrified than himfelf. They dnrft not attempt
to climb the (haft, left that fnould be running in upon
them ; but while they were confulting what means they
fliould take for their fafety, they were furprifed by a fe-
cond fnock, more violent than the firft ; which frightened
them fo much that they both ran precipitately to the
other end of the drift. They then went down to another
miner who worked about twelve yards below them. He
told them that the violence of the fecon.d (hock had been
fo great, that it caufed the rocks to grind upon one ano¬
ther. His account was interrupted by a third fnock,
which, after an interval of four or five minutes, was fuc-
ceeded by a fourth ; and, about the fame fpace of time
after, by a fifth ; none of which were fo violent as the
fecond. They heard, after every (hock, a loud rumbling
in the bowels of the earth, which continued about half a
minute, gradually decreafing, or feemihg to remove to a
greater diftance. At Shirburn caftle, Oxfordftiire, at a
little after ten in the morning, a very (Irar.ge motion was

obferved

E ARTH

■ebfervcd in the water of a moat which encoinpaffes
the houfe. There was a pretty thick fog, not a breath
of air, and the furface of the water all over the moat as
fntooth as a looking-glafs, except at one corner, where it
flowed into the fhore, and retired again fucceftively, in a
furprifing manner. The flux and reflux, when feen by
lord vifcount Parker, were quite regular. Every flood
began gently ; its velocity increafed by degrees, when at
lafi it ruflied in witli great impetuofity, till it had attained
its full height. At White Rock in Glamorganfhire,
about two hours ebb of the tide, and near three quarters
after fix in the evening, a vaft quantity of water rulhed
up with a prodigious noife ; floated two large veflels, the
leaf! of them above two hundred tons ; broke their moor¬
ings, drove them acrofs the river, and had like to have
overfet them. The whole rife and fall of this extraordi¬
nary body of water did not lad; above ten minutes, nor
was it felt in any other part of the river, fo that it feemed
to have gufhed out of the earth at that place.

At Loch Lomond in Scotland, about half an hour after
nine in the morning, all of a hidden, without(the ieaft
guff of wind, the water rofe again ft -its hanks with great
rapidity, but immediately fub/ided, till it was as low in
appearance as in the greateft fummer-drought. A large
done lying at home didance from fhore, but in Rich (hal¬
low water that it could ealily be feen, was forced out of
its place in the lake upon dry land, leaving a deep furrow
in the ground all along the way in which it had moved.

At Kinfale, in Ireland, between two and three in the
afternoon, the weather being very calm, and the tide near
full, a large body of water iuddenly poured into the har¬
bour with fuch rapidity that it broke the cables of two
hoops, each moored with two anchors, and of feveral
boats lying between Sicily and the town. But -juft at the
time that a great deal of mifchief was apprehended by all
the veflels running foul of each other, an eddy whirled
them round feveral times, and then hurried them back
again with the fame rapidity as before. This was feveral
times repeated ; and while the current ruflied up at one
hide of the harbour, it poured down with equal violence
at the other. A velfel that lay all this time in the pool
did not feem to be any ways affedted by it ; nor was the
violence of the currents much perceived in the deeper
parts of the harbour, but raged with mod violence on
the flats. The bottom of the harbour, which is muddy,
was much altered; the mud being waffled from fome
places, and depofited in others. The waters did not rife
gradually at firfl: ; but, with a hollow and horrid noife,
rulhed in like a deluge, rifing fix or feven feet in a mi¬
nute, and as fuddenly htbfiding. From different accounts
it appeared, that the water was affected in a frmilar man¬
ner all along the coaft to the weftvvard of Kinfale.

^n France, fhocks were perceived in feveral places ;
as at Bayonne, Bourdeaux, and Lyons. Commotions of
the waters alio were obferved at Angoulefme, Bleville,
Havre de Grace, &c. but not attended with the remark¬
able circumftances above mentioned.

Such were the mod flriking phenomena with which
the earthquake of November i, 1755, was attended on the
furface of the earth. Thofe which happened below
ground cannot be known but by the changes obferved in
fprings, See. which were in many places very remarkable.
At Colares, on the afternoon of the 31ft of Odtober, the
water of a fountain was greatly decreafed: on the morn¬
ing of the firfl: of November it ran very muddy ; and,
after the earthquake, returned to its ufual ftate both
as to quantity and clearnefs. On the hills, numbers of
rocks were fplit ; and there were feveral rents in the
ground, but none conliderable. In fome places where
formerly there had been no water, fprings burft forth,
which continued to run. Some of the larked mountains
in Portugal were impetuoufly fliaken as it were from their
foundation ; moll of them opened at their fummits, fplit
and rent in a wonderful manner, and huge maifes of them
were thrown down into the fubjacent valleys. From the

QUAKE. 2 1 1

rock called Pedra de Alvidar, near the hill Fojo, a kind
of parapet was broken off, which was thrown up from
its foundation in the fea. At Varge, on the river Ma.
caas, at the time of the earthquake, many fprings of wa¬
ter burft forth, fome fpouted to the height of jS or 20
feet, throwing up fand of various colours, which re¬
mained on "the ground. A mountainous point, feven or
eight leagues from St. Ube’s, cleft afunder, and threw
off feveral vaft maffes of rock. In Barbary, a large hill
was rent in two ; the two halves fell different ways, and
buried two villages. In another place, a mountain burft:
open, and a ftream iffued from it tinged with red. At
Tangier, all the fountains were dried up, fo that there
was no water to be had till night. A very remarkable
change was obferved on the medicinal waters of Top-
litz, a village in Bohemia, famous for its baths. Thefe
waters were firfl difeovered in the year 762 ; from which
time the principal fpring of them had conftantly thrown
out hot water in the fame quantity, and of the lame qua¬
lity. On the morning of the earthquake, between ele¬
ven and twelve in the forenoon, the principal fpring call
forth, fuch a quantity of water, that in the fpace of half
an hour all the baths ran over. About half an hour before
this great increafe of the water, the fpring flowed turbid
and muddy; then having flopped entirely fora minute, it
broke forth again with prodigious violence, driving be¬
fore it a conliderable quantity of reddifh ochre. After this
it became clear, and flowed as pure as before. At An¬
goulefme in France, a fubterraneous noife, like thunder,
was heard ; and prefently after the earth opened, and
difehargeda torrent of water mixed with red fand. Mod
of the fprings in the neighbourhood funk in fuch a man¬
ner, that for fome time they were thought to be quite
dry. In England, no conliderable alteration was obferved
in the earth, except that near the lead mine above-men¬
tioned, in Derbylhire, a cleft was obferved about a foot
deep, f'rac inches wide, and 150 yards in length.

At fea, the Iflocks of this earthquake were felt mod
violently. Off St. Lucar, the captain of the Nancy fri¬
gate felt his (flip fo violently fliaken, that he thought (lie
had (truck the ground ; but, on heaving the lead, found
he was in a great depth of water. Captain Clark, from
Denia, in lat. 36. 24. N. between nine and ten in the
morning, had his fliip fliaken and drained as if (lie had
(truck upon a rock, fo that the feams of the deck opened*
and the compafs was overturned in the binacle. The
mafter of a velfel bound to the American iflands, being
in lat. 25. N. Ion. 40. and writing in his cabin, heard a
violent noife, as he imagined, in the (teerage ; and while
he was afking what the matter was, the fliip was put into
a Arange agitation, and feemed as if die had been fud-
deijly jerked up and fufpended by a rope fattened to the
mad-head. He immediately darted up with great afto-
nifhment ; and looking out at the cabin-window, faw
land, as he took it to be, at the diftance of about a mile.
But, coming upon the deck, the land was no more to be
feen, but he perceived a violent current crofs the (flip's
way to the leeward. In about a minute, this current re¬
turned with great impetuofity, and at a league’s didance
he faw three craggy-pointed rocks throwing up water of
various colours refeinbling fire. This phenomenon, in
about two minutes, ended in a black cloud, which afeended
very heavily. After it had rlfen above the horizon, 110
rocks were to be feen ; though the cloud, (till afeending,
was long vilible, the weather being extremely clear.-—
Between nine and ten in the morning, another fliip, forty
leagues weft of St. Vincent, was fo ftrongly agitated,
that the anchors, which were laflied, bounced up, and
the men were thrown a foot and an half perpendicularly
up from the deck. Immediately after this, the (flip funk
in the water as low as the main chains. The lead fhowed
a great depth of water, and the line was tinged of a yel¬
low colour and fmelt of fulphur. The fhock lafted about
ten minutes, but they felt fmaller ones for the fpace of
twenty-four hours.

This

212

EARTH

This very deftrudlive earthquake is fuppofed to have
extended over a tract of at lead four millions of fquare
miles. The earthquakes which happened in 1783, and
which ruined a great part of Italy and Sicily, tho’ much
more confined in extent, feem.to have been not at all in¬
ferior in violence.

From tire mod authentic accounts collected by his Si¬
cilian majedy’s fecretary of date, it was learned, that
the part of Calabria which had been mod affedled by
this heavy calamity, is that comprehended between the
38th and 39th degree of latitude: that the greated force
of the earthquake feemed to have exerted itfelf from the
foot of thole mountains of the Appennines called the
Monte Dijo, Monte Sacro, and Monte Caulene, extend¬
ing weftward to the Tyrrhene fea : that the towns and
villages neared thefe mountains, fituated either on the
hills or the plain, were totally ruined by the diock of the
5th of February about noon ; that as the towns and vil¬
lages were at a greater didance from this centre, the da¬
mage they received was lefs cortliderable ; but that even
thele more didaut towns had been greatly damaged by
the lubfequent (hocks of the earthquakes, and effectually
by thofe of the 7th, 26th, and 28th of February, and
that of the id of March; that from the fird diock of
the 5th of February, the earth had been in a continual
tremor ; and that the (hocks ttere more fenfibly felt at
times in dome parts of the afflidted provinces than at
others ; that the motion of the earth had been either
whirling like a vortex, horizontal, or by pulfations, or
by beatings from the bottom upwards. This variety of
motions increafed the apprehenfions of the diftrefled in¬
habitants, who expedled every moment that the earth
would open under their feet, and fwallow them up. On
the weftern lide of the mountains above-mentioned, ma¬
ny openings and cracks had been made ; fome hills had
been much lowered, and others entirely fwallovved up ;
deep chafms had been opened, by which many roads
were rendered impaflable ; huge mountains were fplit
afunder, and parts of them driven to a confiderable dif-
tance ; deep valleys were filled up by the concourfe of
the mountains which formed them before ; the courfe of
the rivers were altered ; many fprings of water dried up,
and new ones formed in their place. A Angular pheno¬
menon was faid to have been obferved at Laureana in
Calabria Ultra; viz. that two whole tenements, with
large plantations of olive and mulberry trees, fituated in
a valley perfectly level, had been detached by the earth¬
quake, and tranfplanted, with the trees (till remaining
in their places, to the difiance of about a mile from their
fir ft fituations ; and that from the (pot on which they for¬
merly ftood, hot water had fprung up to a confiderable
height, mixed with fand of a ferruginous nature: that
near this place alfo fome countrymen and fhepherds had
been fwallovved up, with their teams of oxen, and their
flocks of goats and flieep. The number of lives loft was
eftimated at 32,367.

The fate of the inhabitants of Scilla was extremely
affedling. On the firft (hock, February 5, they had fled
alongwith their prince to the fea-fhore, where they hoped
for fafety ; but, in the night-time, a furious wave (faid
to have been boiling hot, and by which many people
were alleged to have been fealded) overflowed the
land for three miles, (weeping oft’ in its return 2473 of the
inhabitants, among whom was the prince himfelf, who
were at that time either on the ftrand or in boats near the
fhore. But the mod lingular of ali the phenomena enu¬
merated in thefe accounts was, that a hill, about 500
palms in height, and 1300 in circumference at its bafis,
jumped to the diftanceof about four miles from the place
where it formerly ftood. At the fame time the hill on
which the town of Op'pido ftood, which extended about
three miles, parted in two ; and as its lituation was be¬
tween two rivers, both of thefe were of courfe flopped
up ; two great lakes were formed, and by their continual

z

QUAKE.

increafe threatened to infect the air by their noxious ex¬
halations.

Sir William Hamilton, who, early in the fame year,
made a tour of curiofity through that country, landed on
the 6th of May at the town of Pizzo, in Calabria Ultra.
Here he was alfured that the volcano of Stromboli,
which is oppofite, and in view of the town, though dif-
tant about fifty miles, had fmoked lefs, and thrown up a
fmaller quantity of inflamed matter during the earth¬
quakes than it had done for fome years before ; and that
flight (hocks (till continued to be felt. Sir William had
foon a convincing proof that this laft information was
true; for, fleeping that night in his boat, (called a Maf-
tefe fperojiara) he was awakened with a fmar't (hock,
which feemed to lift up the bottom of the boat, but was
not attended with any fubterraneous noife.

~ From Pizzo he palfed through a mod beautiful country
to Monteleone. Here fir William had an opportunity of
feeing many people who had been thrown down by the
violence of the (hocks. Several peafants told him, that
the motion of the earth was fo violent, that the heads
of the larged trees almoft touched the ground from fide
to fide ; that during a (hock, the horfes and oxen ex¬
tended their legs wide afunder, that they might not be
thrown down ; and that they gave evident figns of being
fenlible of the approach of each (hock. — From Monte¬
leone, Sir William defeended into the plain, having-
pafled through many towns and villages which had been,
more or lefs damaged, according to their vicinity to the
plain. The town of Mileto, (landing in a bottom, was
totally ruined, not a houfe being left (landing. At fome
diftance he faw Soriano, and the noble Dominican con¬
vent, a heap of ruins. Pafting through the defolated
town of St. Pietro, in his way to Rofarno, he had a dif-
tant view of Sicily and the furnmit of Mount Etna,
which then fent forth a confiderable fmoke. Juft before
his arrival at Rofarno he palled ever the river Meflano
or Metauro, on a ftrong timber-bridge, 700 palms long,
built by the duke of Monteleone. From the cracks made
in the banks, and in the bed of the river, by the earth¬
quake, it was quite feparated in one part ; and the level
on which the piers were placed having been varioufly
altered, the bridge had taken an undulated form, fo that
the rail on each fide was curioufly fcolloped ; but the fe¬
parated parts having been joined again, it was then pafla.
ble. The town of Rofarno, with the duke of Monte-
leone’s palace there, was entirely deftroyed ; but the
walls x-emained about fix feet high, and were at that time
fitting up as barracks. The only building that remained
unhurt was the town gaol, in which were three notorious
villains, who would probably have loft their lives if they
had been at liberty.

From Rofarno fir William proceeded to Laureana,
where he was condudled to the place above deferibed,
where the two tenements were faid to have exchanged
fituations. In this neighbourhood were feveral cracks,
none of them above a foot wide; but during the earth¬
quake they had opened very wide, and fwallowed up an
ox, with near 100 goats. Pafting through the fame beau¬
tiful country to the town of Poliftene, fir William did
not perceive a Angle houfe (landing. “ I travelled (fays
he) four days in the plain, in the midft of fuch mifery as
cannot be deferibed. The force of the earthquake there
was fo great, that all the inhabitants of the towns were
buried, alive or dead, in the ruins of their houfes in an
iiiftant. The town of Poliftene was large, but ill fituated,
between two rivers that were fubjedt to overflow. Two
thoufand one hundred, out of 6000, loft their lives here
on the fatal 5th of February.” At Cafal Nuova, the
princefs Gerace Grimaldi, with 4000 of her fubjects, pe-
riftied on tl e fame day by the explofion; for fuch it ap¬
pears to have been. Some who had been dug alive out
of the ruins, faid that they had felt their houfes fairly
lifted up, without having the lead previous notice. An

inhabitant

213

EARTHQUAKE.

inhabitant of Cafal Nuova was at that moment on a hill
overlooking the plain ; when, feeling the (hock, and
turning round, inftead of the town lie faw only a thick
cloud of white dull like fmoke, the natural effect of the
crufhing of the buildings and the mortar flying off.

The town of Cafal Nuova was fo effectually deflroyed
by this dreadful ihock, that neither veftige of houfe or
flreet remained, but all lay in one confufed heap of ruins.
Caftillace and Milicufco, which fir William next vilited,
were both in the fame fituation. Terra Nuova, fituated
in the fame plain, flood between two rivers, which, with
the torrents from the mountains, had in the courfe of
ages, cut deep and wide chafms in the foft fandy clay
foil of which it is compofed. At Terra Nuova, the ravine
orchafm is not lefs than 500 feet deep, and three quarters
of a mile broad. Here the accounts of the earthquake
were confufed, by not having the fituation of the place
and nature of the foil explained. It was faid, that a
town had been thrown a mile from the place on which it
flood, without mentioning a word of the ravine ; that
woods and corn-fields had been removed in the fame man¬
ner, “ when in truth (fays our author) it was but upon
a large fcale, what we fee every day upon a fmaller ;
when pieces of the fides of hollow ways, having been
undermined by rain waters, are detached by their own
weight. Here, from the great depth of the ravine, and
the violent motion of the earth, two huge portions of
the latter, on which a great part of the town flood,
which confided of fome hundred hoitfes, had been de¬
tached into the ravine, and nearly acrofs it, at about the
didance of half a mile from the place where they formerly
flood ; and what is very extraordinary, many of the in¬
habitants who had taken this fingular leap in their houfes,
were neverthelefs dug out alive, and fome unhurt.” Our
author’s guide there, who was both a pried and pliyfi-
cian, having been buried in the ruins of his houfe by the
fird fliock, was blown out of it and delivered by the fe-
cond, which immediately followed the fird ; and there
were many well atteded indances of the fame thing hav¬
ing happened in different parts of Calabria. At Terra
Nuova, however, only 400 out of 1600 inhabitants were
left alive.

In other parts of the plain, fituated near the ravine,
and near the tow'n of Terra Nuova, our author faw many
acres of land, with trees and corn-fields, that had been
detached into the ravine, frequently without having been
overturned ; fo that the crops were growing as well as if
they had been planted there. Other fuch pieces were
lying in the bottom in an inclined fituation ; and others
againthat had been quite overturned. In one place, two
of thefe immenfe pieces of land having been detached,
oppofite to one another, had filled the valley, and hop¬
ped the courfe of the river, the waters of which were
forming a great lake ; “ and this (fays fir William) is the
true date of what the accounts mention of mountains
that had walked, and joined together, hopped the courfe
,of a river, and formed a lake.” At the moment of the
earthquake the river difappeared; but, returning foon
after, it overflowed the bottom of the ravine about three
feet in depth ; fo that the poor people who had been
thrown with their houfes into the ravine from the top of
it, and had efcaped with broken bones, were now in dan¬
ger of being drowned. The whole town of Mollochi di
Sotto was likewife detached into the ravine, and a vine¬
yard of many acres lay near it in the bottom in perfect
order, but in an inclined fituation. There was a foot¬
path through this vineyard which had a lingular effecl in
its then impradlicable fituation. Some water-mills which
were on the river, being jammed between two fuch de¬
tached pieces as above-deferibed, were lifted up by them,
and were then to be feen on an elevatgd fituation many
feet above the level of the river. In feveral parts of
the plain, the foil, with timber-trees and crops of corn,
conmling. of many acres, had funk eight and ten feet be.
low the level of the plain, and rifen as many in other
places. To explain this, it is necefiary to remark, that the
Voi. VI. No, 343,

foil of the plain is a clay mixed with fand, which iseafily
moulded into any fliape. In the plain, near the fpots
where the above-mentioned pieces had been detached
into the ravine, there were feveral parallel cracks; lo
that, had the violence of the earthquake continued, thefa
pieces would alfo probably have followed. It was con-
flantly obferved, that near every ravine or hollow way,
the parts of the plain adjoining w ere full of large parallel
cracks. The earth rocking from fide to fide, and being
fupported only on one fide, accounts very well for this cir-
cumftance.

From Terra Nuova, fir William continued his journey
to Oppido. This city (lands on a mountain of a ferru¬
ginous fort of gritty (lone, unlike the clay (oil of its
neighbourhood : and is furrounded by two rivers in a ra¬
vine deeper and broader than that at Terra Nuova. Here,
a countryman, who was ploughing his field with a pair
of oxen, was tranfported with his field and team clear
from one fide of the ravine to the other, and neither he
nor his oxen were hurt. — “ Having walked over the ruins
of Oppido (fays our author), 1 defeended into the ravine,
and examined carefully the whole of it. Here I faw in¬
deed the wonderful force of the earthquake, which has
produced exactly the fame effedts as thofe deferibed in
the ravine at Terra Nuova, but on a fcale infinitely
greater. The enormous mailes of the plain, detached
from each fide of the ravine, lie fometimes in confufed
heaps, forming real mountains, and having flopped the
courfe of two rivers (one of which is very confiderable)
great lakes were already formed. Sometimes I met with
a detached piece of the furface of the plain of many
acres in extent, with the large oaks and olive-trees, with
corn or lupins under them, growing as well and in as
good order at the bottom of the ravine as their compa¬
nions from w hence they were-feparated do on their native
foil, at lead 500 feet higher, and at the diftance of about
three quarters of a mile. I met wdth wdiole vineyards in
the fame order in the bottom, that had likew ife taken the
fame journey. As the banks of the ravine from whence
thefe pieces came are now bare and perpendicular, I per¬
ceived that the upper foil was a reddifli earth, and the
under one a fandy white clay, very compact, and like a
foft (lone. The impulfe thefe huge maffes received,
either from the violent motion of the earth alone, or that
aflifted with the additional one of the volcanic exhala¬
tions fet at liberty, feems to have added with greater
force on the lower and more compadl ftratum than on the
upper cultivated cruft : for I conftantly obferved, w here
thefe cultivated lands lay, the under ftratum of compadl
clay had been driven fome hundred yards farther, and lay
in confufed blocks ; and, as I obferved, many of thefe
blocks were in a cubical form. The under foil, having
had a greater impulfe, and leaving the upper in its flight,
naturally accounts for the order in which the trees, vine¬
yards,. and vegetation, fell, and remain at prefent in the
bottom of the ravine.”

From Oppido fir William proceeded to the towns of
Seniinara and Palrni. The former, being (ituated higher
up, had fullered lefs than Palmi, which flood nearer the
fea. Fourteen hundred lives were loll at this place, and
fome fingular circumftances occurred. The town being a
great market for oil, there were upwards of 4000 barrels
of that liquid in it at the time of its deftrudlion ; fo that
by the breaking of thefe barrels and jars, a rivulet of oil
ran from the ruins for many hours into the fea. Here our
author w’as informed by the perfon who conducted him,
t hat lie had been buried in the ruins of his houfe by t he
fird fliock ; and that after the (econd, which followed
immediately, he found himfelf fitting aflride a beam at
lead fifteen feet high in the air. After fir William’s de¬
parture from Palmi, in going through one of the narrow
pa fies among the mountains of Bagnara and Solano, he
felt a very (mart (flock of an earthquake, attended with a
loud explofion like that of fpringing a mine j but fortu¬
nately it did not detach any rocks or trees from the high
mountains which hung over their heads. In this cutm-

E ARTHQUA K E.

«14

try he was a flu red by feveral fifhermen, that during the
earthquake on the 5th of February, at night, the fea
was hot, and that they faw fire iflue from the earth in
many parts. This lad circumftance was frequently repeated
in different parts of the plain, fo that there feems to remain
no doubt of its authenticity. The idea of fir William
Hamilton is, that “ the exhalations which iffued during
the violent commotions of the earth were full of electri¬
cal fire ; juft as the finoke of volcanoes conftantly is
during violent eruptions : for I faw no mark (fays he)
in any part of my journey, of any volcanic matter having
iflued from the fi (lures of the earth ; and I am convinced
that the whole has been done by vapours and exhala¬
tions only. The firft (hock felt at this place, as I was
allured, was lateral, and then vorticofe, and exceedingly
violent ; but what they call violent here mult have been
nothing in companion of what was felt in the plain of
Cafa Nuctva, Poliftene, Palmi, Terra Nuova, Oppido,
&c. where all agreed that the violence of the fatal (hock
of February was inftantaneous, without warning, and
•from the bottom upwards.”

At Reggio the (hock had been much lefs violent than
in the places hitherto vifited by our author ; and “ though
there was -not a houfe in it inhabited or habitable, yet
(fays he) after having been feveral days in the plain,
where every building is levelled with the ground, a
houfe with a roof, or a church with a fteeple, was to me
anew and refreftiing objedt.” He was here informed, that
all animals are in a greater or lefs degree much more
fenfible of an approaching (hock of an earthquake than
any human being; but that dogs and geefe, above all,
feem to be the fooneft and rnoft fenfibly alarmed. The
fhock which damaged Reggio came on gently, fo that
the people had time to make their efcape, and only 126
were killed ; but in the plain this fhock was as inftanta¬
neous as it was violent and deftrutlive.

On the 14th of May, fir William Hamilton having
taken leave of Reggio, let fail for Medina, where he
found that the fhock. had been far inferior to what lie had
feen the effects of in other places. Notwithftanding
this comparative mildnefs, however, the mifchief had
been very terrible. All the beautiful front of the pa-
lazzate, which extended in very lofty uniform buildings,
in the fhape of a crefcent, had been in forne parts to¬
tally ruined, in others lefs ; and there were cracks in the
earth of the quay, a part of which had funk above a
foot below the level of the fea. The howlings of the
dogs in the ftreets of Medina, a little before the earth¬
quake, were fo loud and terrific, that orders were lent to
kill them; and it is (aid, that during the earthquake,
fire had been feen to Id'ue from the cracks of the quay ;
but our author is perfuaded that this, as in other cafes,
was only a vapour charged with eledtrical fire, ora kind of
inflammable air. Here alfo he was informed, that the
fhock of the 3th of February had been from the bottom
upwards ; but the fubfequent ones generally horizontal
or vorticofe. A remarkable circumftance was obferved
at Medina, and through the whole coaft of Calabria,
•which had been moft affected by the earthquake, viz.
that a fmal 1 fi(h called cicirelli, refembling the Englifli
white bait, but larger, and which ufually lie at the bot¬
tom of tlie fea buried in the fand, had, ever after the
commencement of the earthquakes to the time this ac¬
count was written, continued to be taken near the fur-
face, and that in Inch abundance as to be common food
for the pooreft fort of people : whereas before the earth¬
quakes this fifh was rare, and reckoned among thegreateft
delicacies. Fifli of all kinds alfo were taken in greater
abundance on tliefe coafts after the commencement of the
earthquakes than before ; w hich (ir William fuppofes to
have been occafioned either by the volcanic matter hav¬
ing heated the bottom of the lea, or that the continual
tremor of the eartli had forced them out of their retreats.
At Medina our author was likewife informed, that on t lie
5 n of February, and for three days following, the fea,
about a quarter of a mile from the citadel, rofe and boiled
in an extraordinary manner, and witli a moft alarming

noife ; the water in other parts of the ftrait being per¬
fectly calm.

Tliefe earthquakes were not perfectly fettled even in
1784, when (ir William Hamilton wrote the account of
the (late of Vefuvius, &c. to the royal fociety of Lon¬
don. In a poftfeript to that letter he adds the following
confirmation of his conjecture, that the volcanic matter,
which he fuppofed to have occalioned the earthquakes,
had vented itfelf at the bottom of the fea betu'ixt Cala¬
bria and Sicily : “ The pilot of one of his Sicilian ma.

jefty’s fciabecques having, fome time after the earth¬
quakes, caft anchor off the point of Palizzi, where he
had often anchored in twenty-five fa horn water, found
no bottom till he came to fixty-five ; and, having founded
for two miles out at fea towards the point of Spartivento
in Calabria, he (till found the fame confiderable altera¬
tion in the depth. The inhabitants’ of Palizzi likewife
declare, that, during the great earthquake on the 5th of
February 1783, the fea had boiled and frothed up tre-
mendoufly off their point.”

From the time of this dreadful vifitation in Calabria,
we hear no more of earthquakes, until Dr. Gray, F. R. S.
ptibliflied an account of one which was felt in various
parts of England, on the 18th of November, 1795. Hap¬
pily for this country, however, the circum-ftances attend¬
ing that phenomenon of nature fo much dreaded in other
parts of the world, are here fo little ftriking or alarm¬
ing, that very clofe enquiry is neceflary to trace the mi¬
nute footfteps of fuch an event. In the fame proportion,
too, we ftiould conceive that its importance as a fubjeCt
for philofophical obfervation is leflened ; and, indeed,
few narrations appear more tedious and uninterefting,
than the fuperftitious and vague accounts, with which
the public have too often been impofed upon with
refpect to earthquakes in Great Britain. Dr. Grey,
( u fficie nt 1 y aware of this faCt, concludes with becoming
diffidence as to his obfervations on the mixed caufes of this
phenomenon, and with a hope that our iftand will con¬
tinue to “ contribute but a fmall (hare of thofe materials
which are requilite to form a complete theory of earth¬
quakes.”

The next account we have of an earthquake in Great
Britain, was felt at Edinburgh, on Monday the 7th of
September, 1801, at fix in the morning. It extended
through Fife, along tire north bank of the Forth, from
Kirkaldy by Aberdown, Dunfermline, Kincardine, and
Alloa ; likewife northwards by Kinrofs, to fome diftance
in a north-weft diredtion to Callander, and various parts
of Perthftiire. At Stirling and Glafgow tire (hock was
alfo very diftindtly felt, at nearly the fame time as in the
other places mentioned. The appearances were nearly
alike in all. At Edinburgh it continued two or three
feconds ; was preceded by a rumbling, ruftiing, hol¬
low, noife from the ground ; and had a tremendous, un¬
dulating, motion, fometiiing refembling the motion of
the waves of the fea. Beds, tables, chairs, 8c c. in fome
houfes were obferved to (hake, refembling the rocking
of a cradle. Some perfons who felt it had a very dila-
greeable fenfation, attended with a head-ach. The morn¬
ing was gloomy, warm, and calm; the barometer high,
and the thermometer about fifty. The preceding day,
Sunday, there was a good deal of rain. A parrot in a
■gentleman’s houfe in the fouth fide of tire town, fcreeched
feveral times during the (hock, in the fame manner as
tliefe birds do in the Weft Indies during an earthquake :
and in one houfe the bells were fet a ringing.

It feems that this fhock was pretty general . At Dura-
fertnline, its duration, it is fuppofed, was only two fe¬
conds. People who were in high (lories, and confequently
had the belt opportunities of obfervation, thought they
felt two fmall (hocks, and in their fituations, things that
were hanging on the walls were evidently moved from
their places, occafioning fome noife. Many people were
awakened from their deep by the motion which they felt
in their beds, which they generally deferibe by the rock¬
ing of a cradle, or as if a perfon had lifted up one (ide
of the bed from the floor, to which a tremulous motion

fuccceded

215

EARTHQUAKE.

fucceeded for a fhort fpace. At Grangemouth, and over
all that neighbourhood, two fevere (hocks were felt, one
at four, the other at fix, in the morning. At Crieff it
refembled the hidden fall of a houfe, attended with a
rumbling noife, which continued about the fpace of lix
feconds. It appeared to go from weft to haft. One per-
fon (fates that the roof over his head cracked, and ap¬
peared as if it would burft. The rattling of the dilhes
on the (helves, and the loofe partitions, helped to in-
creafe the fears of the people, who ran to the doors. In
Stirlingfhire it was felt in the fame manner. There was
not a breath of wind, and the fky, though fomewhat
cloudy, was altogether calm. Soon after the morning
became very bright and warm; nor was there any mift
on Benlomond, Benledy, or any of the neighbouring
mountains. The gable end of a barn, a few miles to
the vveftward of Edinburgh, where Come (hearers were
Beeping, fell in, and the unfortunate tenants were com¬
pletely buried in the rubbifh. Wbeiv the accident was
difcovered, and tnefe poor people dug out, two women
were found dead, and another very much bruiled. It
was obferved at Leith, that the tides, for three days,
ha'd not ebbed fo much as ufual at the then age of the
moon ; fo much fo, that the workmen at the New Dock
had not been able to accomplidi the work they ordina-
rilydo while the tide is out.

We have fome recent and awful accounts of the fa¬
tal effeCts of earthquakes in South America, communi¬
cated in a letter from Qmio, dated February 20, 1797;
which (fates, “ that a 1110ft dreadful cataftrophe of this
kind had been then juft experienced in the provinces of
Taninga, Ambato, Riobamba, Alaofi, part of Chimbo,
and OTuto. Not a houfe was left Handing: every thing
was levelled with the ground. The volcano of Maas
made a mod dreadful eruption, and fplit in two parts,
which feparated front each other ; while the earthquake
fliook the mountains with fuch violence, that they were
dallied againft each other, and threw up fometimes ftones
with clouds of dull, and fometimes ({reams of burning
lava, or water. The mountain Ygualata in falling threw
out a dream of lava which rolled along with fiery waves,
and which in its courfe totally deftroyed Capalpi, San
Andreas, Ouaono, Emlyies, Guanando, and feveral other
places. The mountain Moya almoft diftblved into wa¬
ter, and fwept away Pelile and the celebrated plantation
of St. Ildephonfo, where a thoufand perfons perifhed.
The mountain Euero fell on the village of the lame
name, without leaving a tingle vvitnefs of this melancholy
event. The mountain Yatagui fell upon Maforo, and
opened fuch a dreadful gulf, that every thing, houfes,
churches, and inhabitants, all but two perfons, were
fwallowed up by it. This place was converted into a
bituminous lake, which emitted a fulphureous vapour.
The ruins are every where fo great, that all the gold and
filver of America will hardly be fufficient to repair the
devaftation. The number of thofe who loft their lives
cannot be afcertained ; but it muft have been very con-
fiderable. The provinces of Riobamba, &c. fuffered
mod; for in thefe many died of hunger, and even of
third, as all the water wasTorrupled.

Accounts alfo from Bencoolen, Taponooly, and Pa-
dang, of the 5U1 and 7th of March 1797, give the follow¬
ing relation of an earthquake that happened on the weft
coaft of Sumatra' on the 20th of February preceding:
The vibratory (hocks of this earthquake are dated "to
have continued for three minutes, and to have recurred
at intervals, during a fpace of three hours, from its be¬
ginning, till the (hock had completely ceafed. At Pa¬
dang, the houfes of the inhabitants were almoft totally
deftroyed, and the public works much damaged. The
(now Padang, lying at anchor in the river, was thrown,
by the fudden rife of the fea, upwards of three miles, in
(hore. The number of lives loft at Padang exceeded
three hundred. Of thele fome were crulhed under the
ruins of falling houfes; fome were literally entombed
alive by the earth clofing upon them, and others were

drowned by the fudden irruption of the waters of the
ocean. The effects of this awful convulfion of nature
do not appear to have extended to the northward of Ta¬
ponooly ; as at that place little or no damage was fuf-
taincd. It appears to have come from the fouthward,
and is fuppofed to have extended as far as Bencoolen.
At Natal, very confiderable damage was fullained, and
feveral honles throw' n down, but no lives were loft.

Another account from Metz dates, that at fix in the
morning of the 24th of March 1797 , a (hock of an earth¬
quake had bedft felt at Sarreguemir.es, Blifcatel, and
other communes of the department of la Meurthe. No
precife obfervations were made on its direction. It was
fo violent at Bitche, that it railed up part of the arch of
the bridge, fo as to render it dangerous to be paffed. A
faCt which feems to explain this phenomenon is, that the
circumference where it took place contains feveral mines
of naphtha. One of thefe burns continually, like the
foifaterra at Naples. Some days before, a flaming meteor
role from the earth, between Fey and Veron, three leagues
to the fouth of Metz. Its difappearance was followed
by a detonation which (hook the atmofphere to a con¬
fiderable diftance around.

To explain the phenomena of earthquakes, various
hypothefes have been fuggefted both by ancient and
modern philofophers. Anaxagoras fuppofed the caufe
of earthquakes to be fubterraneous clouds burfting out
into lightning, which (hook the vaults that confined
.them. Others imagined, that the arches, which had
been weakened by continual fubterraneous fires, at length
fell in. Others derived thefe accidents from the rarefied
(team of waters, heated by contiguous fires ; and fome,
among whom was Epicurus, and leveral of the Peripate¬
tic fchool, afcribed tnefe terrible convulfions to the ig¬
nition of certain inflammable exhalations. This laft hy-
pothefis has been adopted by many of the mod cele¬
brated writers; as, Gaffendus, Kircher, Schottus, Vare-
nius, Des Cartes, Du Hamel, Honorius, Fabri, & c. They
fuppofe that there are many and vaft cavities under
ground which have a communication with one another :
fome of which abound with waters ; others with vapours
and exhalations, ariling from inflammable fubftances, as
nitre, bitumen, fulpluir, &c. Thefe combuftible exha¬
lations they imagine to be kindled by a fubterraneous
(park, or by fome aCtive flame gliding through a narrow
fiffure from without, or by the fermentation of fome mix¬
ture ; and, when this happens, they muft neceffarily pro¬
duce explofions, tremors, and ruptures at the furface,
according to the number and diverfity of the cavities,
and the quantity nrfd activity of the inflammable matter.
This hypothefis is illuftrated by a variety of experiments,
fuch as mixtures of iron-filings and brimftone buried in
the earth, gunpowder confined in pits, &c. by all which
a (flaking of the earth will be produced.

Though none of thefe hypothefes were thought fuffi¬
cient for explaining the phenomena of earthquakes in a
fatisfactory manner, one or other of them continued to
be adopted by almoft ail philofophers till the year 1749.
In the month of March in that year, an earthquake was
felt at London, and feveral other places in England.
Dr. Stukeley, who had been much engaged in eleCtrical
experiments, began to fufpect that' phenomena of this
kind ought to be attributed, not to vapours or fermen¬
tations generated in the bowels of the earth, but to elec
tricity. In a paper publifhed by him on this fubjecr,
he therefore rejects all the above-mentioned hypothefes,
and finally concludes, that an earthquake is no other
than a (hock of the fame kind as thofe which commonly
occur in electrical experiments. As to the manner in
which the earth and atmofphere are put into fuch a date,
which prepares them to receive an electrical (hock, and
whence the eleCtric matter comes, the doCtor does not
pretend to determine ; but thinks it as difficult to be ac¬
counted for as magnetifm, gravitation, and other limilar
fecrets of nature. The fame hypothefis was advanced at
nearly the fame time by fignor Beccnria, without know-

inn*

A *2)

E A R

«.iG

mg any thing of Dr. Stukcley’s difcoveries. But this
learned Italian imagined the eledtric matter which occa-
fions earthquakes to be lodged deep in the bowels of the
earth, agreeably to his hypothefis concerning lightning.
Dr. Prieftley alfo, in his Hiftory of Electricity, contends
for the agency of the electrical fluid in the production of
earthquakes ; and, from the doctrines previoully advanced
by Stukeley and Beccaria, he frames a third hypothefis
of his own.

All thefe, it is true, agree in the main ; but, if a par¬
ticular folution of the phenomena is required, perhaps
every one of them will be found deficient. Later theo-
rifts have therefore attributed earthquakes to the fudden
explofion of inflammable fubftances in the bowels of the
earth, verified upon the principles of modern chemiftry,
and which feed volcanoes ; or from the hidden formation
of elaftic gas, by the burfling of the waters of the ocean
into the fiery chambersof volcanoes. Dr. Mitchell, pro-
feffqr of chemiftry in Columbia college, New York, has
lately written a very ingenious Effay on this fubjeCt, and
adduced many fatisfadlory proofs that the earth is ex¬
tremely cavernous under the fea, and that fubterranean
communications exift between the mod diftant craters :
a faff which feems mod clearly evinced by the effects of
the earthquake above defcribed in 1755, which deftroyed
Lifbon, and which, from the point of its central explo¬
fion, pa'lfed under the fea, and found vent even at the
narrow mouths of fprings in very diftant countries and
iflands, and even in another continent, and as far as the
American ifies.

The theory juft ofFered by Mr. Blanchet, of the Ame¬
rican philofophical fociety, afcribes the explofion of vol¬
canos and earthquakes to the expanfion of atmofpherical
air; upon the fame principle that (olid bodies are burft
by the fro ft, or that trees are fliivered by lightning. The
mod Ample principles of natural knowledge, ((ays this
writer,) teach 11s that atmofpheric air cannot pafs from
its permanently aeriform ftate to that of fluid or (olid,
by any degree of cold with which we are acquainted.
Admitting this to be true, there is no longer any ground
of furprife in feeing the burfting of bodies which refill:
the force of freezing water. The air, a fluid of perma¬
nent elafticity, being compreffed, and forced to give way
to the particles of water, which cold, or the attractive
power of the atoms of bodies, draws violently together*
it follows that the ice, into which the water is converted,
miid break afunder, in order to afford a paffage to this
aeriform fubltance, which cold can neither condenfe nor
make folid, and mud rend and (hiver, with a cracking
noife, the veffels no longer able to hold it.

“ No perfon feems yet to have accounted for the (hat.
fering of trees by the ftroke of lightning. A moment’s
reflection, however, fuffices to difcover and explain the
caufe. As it is only by a careful analyfis of fadts that
we carl deduce juft conclufions, I proceed to examine
what happens in the moment of the lightning ftriking a
tree, and it will be feen whether this ladder will enable
us to reach the caufe of this phenomenon. Repeated
experiments have demonftrated that caloric, or the matter
of heat,, is the cati(e of the repulfive power ol the atoms
of bodies ; and there is no doubt that the more the atoms
of a body are removed from one another, the greater is
the capacity of fuch a body to contain caloric. It is alfo
inconteftably proved, that the bodies which are conftantly
in the ftate of gas, in the common temperature of the
atvnofphere, contain a great quantity of caloric, and in
proportion to their fpecific capacity for holding it. So
likewife the eleCtric fluid, or what might with more pro¬
priety be called the eledtric gas, muft contain a prodigious
quantity of caloric, fince this element always exifts in the
ftate of gas, and the more this gas is accumulated, the
more the amount of fpecific heat muft alfo be augmented.
This being premifed, w'henever the lightning (which is
only an accumulation of eleitric gas, difeharged from one
cloud to pafs to another containing a lefs quantity) hap¬
pens, in its courfe, to ftrike a tree, the tree becomes lb

EAR

fuddenly overcharged with caloric, that the air and other
conftituent parts of it, which are difpofed rapidly to com¬
bine with heat, undergo expanfon , and thereby (hiver the
tree, in order to force a paffage, and to fet themfelves at
liberty. I cannot compare this phenomenon to any thing
better than to the difeharge of a cannon or of a mulket ;
for every body knows that the difeharge of a cannon is
owing to the ludden expanfion of the conftituent parts of
the powder by the introduction of caloric. The fame
principle is found to be the immediate caufe of the erup¬
tion of volcanoes, and of earthquakes.

“ Whatever may be the agent which kindles and in¬
flames volcanic fubftances, whether it be the eledtric gas
which communicates its fire to thofe mod: inflammable
fubftances, fuch as fulphur, nitre, &c. or whether it be
the fubterranean heat, which, in making its efcape, fets
fire to thofe fubftances, dill it is certain that atmofpheric
air muft be found in great quantities in the interior of
volcanoes. For, fince the ever-memorable difcoveries of
Lavoifier, of Fourcroy, of Scheele, and of Ingenhouz,
on combuftion, it is admitted as a demonftrable truth,
that the burning of combuftible fubftances is owing to
oxygen; that is to fay, it is fixed and abforbed by the
body in combuftion, while the caloric and the light,
which are combined with it, efcape, in order to form the
flame, the light, and the heat. In this manner atmo¬
fpheric air is one of the effential agents in fupporting
the fire of a volcano. Thefe things being premifed, as
foon as a volcano is kindled and fet on fire, the atmo¬
fpheric air which feeds it, as well as the bafes of lul-
pliur, of water, &c. which are alfo converted to the ftate
of gafes by the evolution or accumulation of heat, are
expanded, and break out with a violence and impetuo-
fity not to be reftrained by the force of oppofing bodies,
and thereby give birth to. earthquakes, &c. This theory
is remarkably countenanced by the common and uniform
feries of occurrences which follows the eruption of a
volcano. In the firft place, as foon as it is kindled, there
appears a thick fmoke ; foon after, when the air, &c. be¬
come expanded, ftones of enormous bulk are thrown out
to great diftances into the aerial regions, accompanied
with earthquake, and agitation of all the furrounding
country. As foon as the fuperfluous air is difeharged
and fet free, there fucceeds a bright flame, which feems
to reftore ferenity to the abyfs, which again, after H fhort
time, vomits forth a (hower of fiery and definitive mat¬
ters. In fhort, all thefe explofions are produced by the
fudden extrication of fome matter incapable of confine¬
ment, or to the expanfion of air in a refilling body.”

EAR'THY, adj. Confiding of earth. — All water, efpe-
cially that of rain, is fiored with matter, light in compa-
rifon of the common earthy matter. Woodward.

Long may’ft: thou live in Richard’s feat to fit,

And foon lie Richard in an earthy pit ! Shahefpearc.

Compofed or partaking of earth ; terrene :

To furvey his dead and earthly image,

What were it but to make my forrovv greater? Shakfp.

Inhabiting the earth : terreftrial :

Thofe earthy fpirits black and envious are ;

I’ll call up other gods of form more fair. Drydeti.
Relating to earth :

Mine is the fhipwreck, in a watry fign ;

And in an earthy, the dark dungeon thine. Drydeti .
Not mental ; grofs ; not refined :

Teach me, dear creature, how to think and fpeak ;

Lay open to my earthy grofs conceit,

Smother’d in errors, teeble, (hallow, weak.

The folded meaning of your words deceit. Shakejpcare ,

EAR'THY Triplicity, in aftrology, the figns Tau¬
rus, Virgo, and Capricorn.

EAR.'VVIG, f. [eape and pijja, Sax. a grub.] An
infett, imagined to creep into die ear. See Fqrfscula,

— Earwdgi

E A S

— Earwigs and fnails feldotn infe£r timber. Mortimer
By way of reproach, a whifperer ; a prying informer.

E AR'WJTNE.SS, f. One who attefts, or can atteft,
any thing as heard by himlelf.— -All prefent were made
earwitnejfcs, even of each particular branch of a common
indictment. Hooker. — The hiftories of mankind, written by
eye or carwitmJJ'es, are built upon this principle. Watts.
EAR'WORT, See Hed.yotis.

EASE,y: \_aiji , Fr.J Qmet ; reft; undifturbed tran.
quillity ; not folicitude :

The prieft on (kins of off’ring takes his eafe,

And nightly vifions in his fiumber fees. Dryden,

Freedom from pain ; a neutral ftate between pain and
pleafure. — That which we call eafe is only an indolency,
or a freedom from pain. L' EJlrange. — Reft after labour.
Intermillion of labour. — Give yourfelves eafe from the-
fatigue of waiting. Swift. — Facility; not difficulty :
Following with eaje , if favour’d by thy fate,

Thou art foredoom’d to view the Stygian ftate. Dryden.

Unconftraint; freedom from harfhnefs, formality, forced
behaviour, or conceits:

True eafe in writing comes from art, not chance ;

As thofe move eafieft who have learn’d to dance. Pope.

At EASE. In a ftate of undifturbed leifure ; without
pain ; without anxiety. — No body is under an obligation
to know every thing: knowledge and fcience in general
is the bufinefs of thofe who are at eafe and leifure. Locke.

To EASE, v. a. To free from ’pain. — Help and eafe
children the beft you can ; but by no means bemoan
them. Locke. — To afluage ; to mitigate; to alleviate. —
Thy father made our yoke grievous, now therefore eafe
thou fomewhat the grievous fervitude. 2 Chron.

Will he for facrifice our forrows eafe?

And can our tears reverfe his firm decrees > Prior.

To relieve from labour, or any thing offends; with of
before the thing. — I will eafe me of my own adverfaries.
Ifaiak, i. 24. — No body feels pain that he wifhes not to
be eafed of, with a defire equal to that pain, and infepa-
rable from it. Locke.

EA'SEFUL, adj. Quiet; peaceable; fit for reft :

I fpy a black, fufpicious, threat’ning, cloud,

That will encounter with our glorious fun,

Ere he attains his eafefuL weftern bed. Shakefpcare.

EA'SEL, f. [of efel , Tent, an afs.J The frame on
which artifts place their canvafs to paint on.

E A'SEI.-PIECES, f. Pieces done on the eafel, diftin-
guilhed from thole that are drawn on walls and ceilings.

EA'SEMENT,yi Afliftance; fupport; relief from ex¬
igences. — He has the advantage of a free lodging, and
borne other eafements. Swift.

EA'SEMENT, f. in law, a fervice or convenience,
which one neighbour hath of another, by charter or pre-
feription, without profit ; as a way through his land, a
drain or link, &c. A perfon may prefenbe to an eafe-
ment in the freehold of another, as belonging to forne
ancient houfe, or to land : and a way over the land of an¬
other, a gate-way, water-courfe, or wafhing-place, on
another’s grotind, may be claimed by prefeription as eale-
ments. But a multitude of perfons cannot prefcribe ;
though for an eafement they may plead cuftoin. Cro.Jac.
J70. To allege an eafement by confuevit only, is the beft
way : and things of necelfity ihall not be extinguilhed
by unity of polleflion ; but a way of eafe may be thus
extinguilhed. Lit. Abr. 496.

EA'SILY, adv. Without difficulty. — Sounds move
fwiftly, and at great diftance ; but they require a me¬
dium well difpoled, and their tranfmilfion is eafily (lop¬
ped. Bacon.

She alk’d the reafon of his woe :

She alk’d, but with an air. and mien
That made it eafily forefeen
She fear’d too much to know. Prior,

Vql. VI. No. 344.

E AS m

Without pain ; without difturbance ; in tranquillity. — Is
it not to bid defiance to all mankind to condemn their
univerfal opinions and defigns, if, inftead of palling your
life as well and eafily , you refolve to pafs it as ill and as
miferable as you can f Temple. — Readily ; without re-
ludtance :

Not boon provok’d, file eafily forgives
And much Ihc fuffers, as Hie much believes, Piior.

EA'SINESS,y. Freedom from difficulty. — Eafnefs and
difficulty are relative terms, and relate to fome power;
and a thing may. be difficult to a weak man, which yet
may be eafy to the fame perfon, when affifted with a
greater ftrength. Tillotfon.

Believe me, friends, loud tumults are not laid
With half the eafnefs that they are rais’d. Ben Jonfon.
Flexibility; compliance; readinefs ; not oppofition; not
reluctance. — Since the cuftom of eafnefs to alter and •
change laws is fo evil, no doubt but to bear a tolerable
fore is better than to venture on a dangerous remedy.
Hooker. — The fafeft way to fecure honefty is to lay the
foundation of it early in liberality, and an eafnefs to part
with to others whatever they have or like themfelves.
Locke. — Freedom from conftraint ; not effort; not for¬
mality :

Abftrufe and myftic thoughts you mud exprefs
With painful care, but feeming eafnefs;

For truth (hines brighteft through the plained: drefs. Rofc.
Reft ; tranquillity ; eafe ; freedom from pain. — -I think
the reafon I have alligned hath a great intereft in that
reft and eafnefs we enjoy when alleep. Ray.

EASK, a lake of Ireland, iti the county of Donegal :
four miles north-eaft of Donegal.

EAST,/! [eopt, Sax. keos, Erfe.] One of the four
cardinal points of the world. The quarter where tire lun
rifes : oppolite to the wef. The regions in the eaftern
parts of the world :

I would not be the villain that thou think’ft
For the whole fpace that’s in the tyrant’s grafp.

And the rich caft to boot. Shakcfptare „

The gorgeous eaf , with richeft hand,

Pours on her kings barbaric, pearl and gold. Milton.

E AST-BETHLEHEM, a townlhip of the American
States, in Wafiiington county, Pennfylvania.

EAST-BOURN, a fmall town in the county of Suffex,
pleafantly lituated on the fea lhore, and much frequented
for fea-bathing : diftant from Brighton, twenty miles;
fixteen from Lewes, and fixty-four from London. A few'
years ago a Roman bath, and a beautiful telfelated pave¬
ment, were difeovered here, with evident marks that
whatever buildings had been over it had been deftroyed
by fire. Here the profpeCts are beautiful, commanding
an extenfive view of the wilds of Suffex, which Ikirt the
South Downs ; and of the numerous flocks of South-down
fheep which decorate and enrich thofe alpine paftures.
Here alfo are taken in the proper feafon, July and Auguft,
large flights of wheatears, a mod delicate bird; decoyed
on the downs where they flock by the Ihepherds, who cut
the earth out like a Roman T, the hole is covered with
the turf, the grafly fide downwards, and under it are two
horfe-hair noofes ; the birds are fo timorous, that upon
the approach even of a cloud, they run into thefe cavi¬
ties, and are 'taken. Two miles diftant from Eaft-Borrn
is a decoy where a great number of wild-fowl refort and
are taken. Here is a free-fehool for fifteen boys; and two
annual fairs, viz. October 10, and March 11. NearEaft-
Bourn is Beachy-Head, celebrated in hiftory for the fttt-
pendous heights of its cliffs.

E AST-CHESTER, a townftiip of the American States,
in Weft-Chefter county, New -York, on Long-Ifland Sound,
about eight miles fouth-weft of Rye, five northerly of
Weft-Chefter, and feventeen north-eaft of New-York. It
contains 740 inhabitants, of whom 106 are ele&ors.

3 K EAST-

23S E A S

E A S'

E AST-GREEN'WICH, a poft town, and the chief
townfhip ot the American States in Kent county, Rhode-
Illand ; (ixteen miles fouth of Providence, and twenty-two
north-north-weft of Newport, containing, by the cenfus,
1824 inhabitants. The town has a handfome court-houfe ;
and, although its commerce is greatly reduced, it carries
on the fiftieries to advantage, and fends fome veffels to
the Weft-Indies. It is fituated on the north-weft part of
Narraganfet-bay . Both this town and Warwick are noted
for making good cider; and formerly for railing tobacco
for exportation.

E AST-H AD'DAM, a townfhip of the American States,
in Middlefex county,. Connecticut, fituated on the eaft
tide of Connecticut river, oppofite to Haddarn, of which
it was formerly a part. It was fettled in 1704: fourteen
miles fouth of .Middleton, and twenty-one north-weft of
New-London.

EAST-HAM, a townfhip of the American States, in
Barnftable county, Maflachufetts, about ten miles long,
fituated on the peninfula of Cape Cod, between Chatham
and WT ell fleet, 100 miles fouth-eaft of Bofton. It contains
1834 inhabitants.

E.AST- H AMP'TON, a townfhip of the American
States, iriHampfhire cou-nty, Maflachufetts, fix miles fouth
of Northampton, and 105 weft-by-fouth of Bofton. It
contains 457 inhabitants, and is divided from the weft
bank of Connecticut river by the celebrated mountain
called Mount Tom.

E AST-HAMP'TON, a handfome town of the Ameri¬
can States, in Suffolk county, New. York, on the fouth-
eaft coaft of Long-Ifland, twelve miles eaft-north-eaft of
South-Hampton, and 105 eaft of New-York city. The
townfhip contains 1497 inhabitants, of whom 2L4are elec¬
tors. Gardner’s Ifland is annexed to this town.

E AST-HART'FORD, a town of the American States,
in Hartford county, Connecticut, fituated on the eaft bank
of Connecticut river, oppofite to Hartford. Here are a
number of ftreams which water the town ; alfo iron and
glafs works.

EAST-HA'VEN, a townfhip of the American States,
in New-Haven county, Connecticut, on the eaft fide of
New-Haven harbour. The Scotch Captain, and other
fmall ifles, lie on the fouth fliore.

EAST-HA'VEN, a townfhip of the American States,
in Eftex county, Vermont, eleven miles fouth eaft of the
fouthern end of Willoughby’s Lake, and eighteen north-
by-weft of the upper bar of the Fifteen-mile-falls on Con¬
necticut river.

EAST-INDIA COMPANY. See Company, vol.iv.
P- 875-

EAST-IN'DIES, a name commonly applied to all thofe
countries on the continent of Afia, with which Great-Bri-
tain, and the other nations of Europe, have from time to
time been connected in commerce. Thefe extenfive re¬
gions are diftinguifhed by the name of Hindooftan, or that
part of the continent and peninfula of Afia within the river
Ganges; and of that part without or beyond the Ganges,
confiding of what is now called the Birman Empire, or
kingdoms of Aracan, Ava, and Pegu, tlie Malayan ifles,
Siam, Cambodia, &c. See thefe refpeCtive titles, and
the articles India, and Hindoostan.

EAST-ISLAND, a fmall ifland in the Atlantic, near
the coaft of Main, in America. Lat. 32. N. Ion. 67.32.VC,
Greenwich.

EAST-LOQE, a borough town of Cornwall, fituated
on the mouth of the river Lowe, and governed by a
mayor and eight burgeffes, who form a common-council ;
but the recorder and other officers are^chofen by the
mayor only. It was firft incorporated by queen Elizabeth,
A D. 1387. The principal trade confifts in the herring-
fifhery, exporting of oats, and importing of coals. It bas¬
il well-founded charity-fchool for thirteen poor boys.

EAST-MAIN, that part of New-Britain, or Labrador,
in North-America, which lies on the eaft fide of James’s-,
bay ; as part of New South Wales on the weft fide of the
fame bay is called Wcjl-Main. The Hudfon’s-bay fudtory,

called Eajl-Main, is fituated on the fouth part of Eaft-
Main, between Rupert and Slade rivers, both of which
run weftward into James’s-bay.

EAST- MEATH, a name fometimes given to the
county of Meath, in Ireland, to diftinguiffi it from'Weft.
Meath. See Meath.

EAST-RIVER, a river of the United States of Ame¬
rica, or rather a channel between Long-Ifland and New-
York Ifland, and between Long-Ifland and the ftate of
Connecticut, where it is more generally called Long-IJland
Sound.

E AST-NESS, or Easton-ness, a cape in the German
Ocean, on the eaft coaft of England, and county of Suf¬
folk, between Southwold and Loweftoff.

EAST-POINT, the extreme eaft point of the ifland of
St. John, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

EAST-POINT, the north-eaft extremity of New Hol¬
land. Lat. 10. 42. S.

E AST-WINDSOR, a townfhip of the American States,
in Hartford county, Connecticut; feparated from Witid-
for by Connecticut river, and about feven miles north-
eaft of Hartford. The compact part of the town lies on
one broad ftreet, of about two miles in length. In the
townlhip are three congregational churches. The lands
are fertile, and produce large quantities of good tobacco-.

EAST AN ALLE'E, a town of the Annerican States,
fituated on the north-eaft head branch of Alabama river,
in Georgia.

EAS'TER, a feaff of the church, held in memory of
our Saviour’s refutredlion. This feaft has been annually
celebrated ever fince the time, of- the apoftles, and is one
of the mod confiderable feftivals in the Chriftian calendar ;
being that which regulates and determines the times of
all the other moveable feafts. The rule for the celebration
of Eafter, fixed by the council of Nice, in the year 32 5, is,
that it be held, on the Sunday which falls upon or next after
the full mo.on which happens next after the 21ft of March ; .
that is, the Sunday which falls upon or next after the firft
full moon after the vernal equinox. The reafon of which
decree was, that the Chfiftians might- avoid celebrating
their Eafter at the fame time with the Jevvilh Paffbver,
which, according to the inftitution of Mofes, was held the
very day of the full moon.

To find Easter according to the
New or Gregorian Style , till the year
1900 exclufive. — Look for the gol¬
den number of the year in the
firft column of the table, againft
which Hands the day ot the.
pafchal full moon; then look in
the third column for the Sunday
letter, next after the day of the
full moon, and the day of the
month Handing againft that Sun¬
day letter is Eafter-day. When
the full moon happens on a Sun¬
day, then the next Sunday after
is Eafter-day.

For example. For the year 1 804,
the golden number is 19; againft
which (lands March the 26th, and
the next Sunday letter, which is
G, below that, (lands oppofite
April 1, which is therefore the
Eafter-day for the year 1804.

Though the Gregorian calen¬
dar be much preferable to the
Julian, it is yet not without its
defedts. It cannot, for infiance,
keep the equinox fixed on the
2 1 ft of March, but it will fome¬
times fall on the 19th, and lome-
times on the 23d. So that the
full moon happening on the 20th
of March, might fometimes be
pafchai ; yet it is not allowed as luch in the Gregorian-

computation 3

Gold.

Nura.

Pafchal full
moon.

Snncn

letter

14

March 21

c

3

22

D

23

E

I I

24

F

25

G

W

26*

A

8

27

B

28

C

l6

29

D

5

30

E

31

F

13

April 1

G

2

2

A

3

B

IO

4

C

5

D

18

6

E

7

7

F

8

G

15

9

A

4

xo

B

1 1

C

I 2

,12

D

I

23

E

14

F

9

15

G

l6

A

17

37

B

6

18 |

C

E A S

computation ; and on the contrary, the full moon of the
3zd of March may be allowed for pafchal, which it is not.
Scaliger and Calviftus have alfo pointed out other inac¬
curacies in this calendar. An excellent paper on this
fubjedt by the earl of Macclesfield, may be feen in the
Philof. Tranf. vol. 40, p.417.

EAS'TER-ISLAND, an illand in the South Pacific
Ocean, about thirty miles in circumference ; without
wood or frefit water as far as is yet known. It is noticed
by captain Cook, who defcribes it as extremely barren,
and peopled with meagre favages in a ftate of nature, and
quite naked, except their chiefs. They appeared to won-
ftiip the fun, and proftrated themfelves before two im-
menfe ftones, one of which was flat, and the other erect,
about ten feet high, and feven fathoms round ; with a
figure of a man’s head carved at the top, and a garland,
of mofaic or inlaid work, not ill performed. They called
one (tone Dago, and the other Taurico. Lat. 19. 20. S.
Ion. 1 14. 49. W. Greenwich.

E AS'TER-OFFERINGS, f. Money prefented to the
parilh-priefi at Eafter.

E AS'TERLING, f, A native of fome country eaft-
ward to another : in the Englifti hiftory, fpoken of peo¬
ple from the fliores of the Baltic :

He oft in battle vanquifhed

Tlfofe fpoilful, rich, and fwarming, Eajlcrlmgs. Spenfer.

EAS'TERLING, adj. Belonging to the money of the
eafterlings, fterling.

E AS'TERLY, adj. Coming from the parts toward the
eaft. — When the eajlerly -winds or breezes are kept off by
fome high mountains from the vallies, whereby ’the air,
wanting motion, doth beeomeexceeding unhealthful. Ra¬
leigh. — Lying towards the eaft. — Thefe give us a view of
the molt eajlerly, foutherly, and wefterly, parts of England,
j Graunt. — Looking towards the eaft. — Water he chufes
clear, light, without tafte or fmell, drawn from fprings
with an eajlerly expolition. Arbuthnot.

EAS'TERN, adj. Dwelling or found? in the eaft; ori¬
ental. — Like eajlern kings a lazy ftate they keep. Pope.
Eajlern tyrants from the light of heaven
Seclude their bofont Haves. Thomfdn.

Lying or being towards the eaft. — The eajlern end of the
ifle rifes up in precipices. Addifon. — Going towards the
eaft. Looking towards the eaft :

The angel. caught

Our ling’ring parents, and to th’ eajlern gate

Led them direct. Milton.

EAS'TON, a poll town of the American States in
Pennfylvania, and capital of Northampton county, plea-
fiantly fituated at the mouth of the Lehigh; and on the
weft fide of Delaware river. It is regularly laid out,
•and contains a court-houfe, regifter’s office, and an aca¬
demy : twelve mile's north-eaft of Bethlehem, and feventy
north of Philadelphia.

EAS'TON, the chief town of the American States, in
'Talbot county, Maryland, formerly called Talbot Court-
houfe, on the eaft fide of Chefapeak bay, near the forks
of Treadhaven river, twelve miles from its junction with
Choptank river. It has a handfome court-houfe, and
market-houle ; .and feveral ftoresMor the fupply of the
adjacent country : five miles fouth-wefterly of Williamf-
burg, thirty-feven Couth of Chefter Town, and 118 fouth-
weft of Philadelphia.

EAS'TON, a townftiip of-’ the American States, in
Wafhington county, New York. In 1790 it contained
2539 inhabitants ; and by the ftate eenfus of 1796, it ap¬
pears that 347 of its inhabitants are electors.

EAS'TON, a townftiip of the American States, ims.
portant for its iron manufadtures, fituated in Briftol
county, Maftachufetts, near the head of Raynhatn river;
fix miles north-weft of Raynham, and twelve weft of
Bridgewater. I: contains 3466 inhabitants.- The beft.
mill-faws in the ftate are made here. The art of maki
ing fteel was introduced here by captain Eliphalet Leo--

E A T 219

nard, in 1786. It is made in quantities; and is cheaper
than imported fteel, and equal in quality for large work,
fuch as plough-fhares, horfe-ftioes, &c. which require
large quantities of hard fteel. But for edge tools it is
found to be of inferior quality to what is imported. The
manufacture of linfeed oil began here in 1792, and from
an annual ftock of three thoufand bufliels of feed, there
has been annually produced near five thoufand gallons of
oil.

E ASTONNE'SS, the mod eafterly cape on the coaft of
Suffolk, and the north point of Soutlnvold Bay.

EAST'WARD, adv. Towards the eaft. — The moon,
which performs its motions fwifter than the fun, gets
cajlward out of his rays, and appears when the fun is let.
Brown.

EA'SY, adj. Not difficult. — The fervice of God, in
the folemn affembly of faints, is a work, though eajy, yet
withal very weighty, and of great refpeCt. Hooker. — Not
cauling difficulty. — -The whole ifiand was cut into feveral
eafy afeents, and planted with variety of palaces. AddiJ'oiu
—Quiet ; at reft ; not harafted ; unmolefted ; fecure ;
not anxious. — A -marriage of love is pleafant, a marriage
of intereft eajy, and a marriage where both meet happy.
Addifon. — A man ftiould direft all his (Indies and endea¬
vours at making himfelf eaj'y now, and happy hereafter.
SpeBator.— We plainly feel whether at this inftant we are
eafy or uneafy, happy or miferable. Smalridge. — Free
from pain :

Pleafure has been the bus’nefs of my life.

And every change of fortune eafy to me,

Becaufe 1 ftill was eajy to myfelf. Dryden.

Complying; unrefifting ; credulous:

The kindeft father I have ever found him,

Eafy and good, and bounteous to my wifhes. Addifon .
Ready; not unwilling :

Pity and he are one ;

So merciful a king did never live,

Loth to revenge, and eafy to forgive. Dryden.

Free from want of more. — They ftiould be-tdlowed each
of- them fuch a rent as would make them eafy. Euift. —
Not conftrained ; not (tiff :

Praife the eajy vigour of a line,

Where jDenham’s ftrength and Waller’s fweetnefs join.

Pope.

To EAT, v. a. preterite ate , or eat ; part; eat, or eaten.
[ecan, Saxon; iidn, Gothic; etch, Erie.] To devour
with the mouth. — Locufts (hall eat the refidue ot that
which is efcaped from the hail, and (hall eat every tree
which groweth. Exod.x. 5. — To confiime ; to corrode.
They entail a fecret curfe upon their eftates, which does
either infenlibly wafte and confume it, or eat out the heart
and comfort of it. Tillotjon. — To fwallow back ; to re¬
train. This is only ufed of a man’s word. — They cannot
hold, but burft out thole-words, which afterwards they
are forced to eat. Hakewill.

Credit were not to be loft

B’ a brave knight errant of the poll,

That eats, perfidioully, his word,

And fwears his ears through a two-inch board. Hudibras.

To EAT, v:n. To go to meals; to take meals; to
feed. — -And when the Tcribes and pharifees faw him eat
with publicans and linners, they faid unto his difciples,
How is it that he eateth with publicans and finners ?
Matt. ii. 16. — To take food. — -He- that will not eat till he
has demonftration that it will nourifti him ; he that will
not (lir till he infallibly knows the bulinefs lie goes about
will fucceed, will have little elfe to do but lit ftill and
perifh. Locke. — To be maintained in food. — The righteous
eateth to the fatisfying. of his foul,, but - the belly of the
wicked fliall want. Prov. xiii. 25.

But, thanks to my indulgent flars, I cat.

Since I have found the feeret to be great.

Prior . -

•S-2'0

e b b

To make way by corroSion. — A prince's court eats too
much into the income of a poor (late. Addifon on Italy.

“ Eat at pleafure, drink by meafure.” — Th.e French
fay : Pain tant qu'il dure, (bread as long as it lads,) vin a
mefure-, and fo likewife the Italians : Pan mcntre dura, ma
vin a infura. The intent of this proverb is to (hew that
excefs in eating is not fo prejudicial as in drinking : it
doth not deprive a man of Iris understanding, nor fo nearly
affimilate him with the beuSts of the .field; yet the con-
fequences of an overloaded Stomach are often as fatal in
the end.

EATABLE, adj. That may be eaten.

EA'TABLE, J. Any thing that may be eaten :

If you all forts of perfcns would engage,

Suit well your eatables to ev’ry age. King's Cookery.

EA'TER , J. One that eats any thing. — The Caribees
and the Cannibals, almoSt all, are eaters of man’s flefli.
Abbot. — If the tafte of this fruit maketh the eaters like
gods, why remained than a bead ? Brown. — A corrofive.

EAT H, adj. [ea^, Saxon.] Eafy ; not difficult. An
old word. — -Where eafe abounds, it’s eatk to do amifs.
Spenjcr.

What works not beauty, man’s relenting mind

Is eatk to move’with plaints and fliews of woe. Fairfax.

EATH, adv. Eafily:

Who hath the world not try’d,

From the right way full eatk may wander wide. Hubb. Tale.

EAT'INGHOUSE, f. A houfe where provisions are
fold ready drelfed. — An hungry traveller dept into an
eatingkoufe for his dinner. Id EJf range.

EATON, a town of the American States, in the north¬
ern part of Stafford county, New Hampshire ; three miles
north of the great Ofiipee lake, and about fifty-fix north
by wed of Portsmouth. Incorporated in 1766.

EA'TONTOWN, improperly called Edentown , plea-
fantly Situated in New Jerfey, belonging to the American
States, about a mile South of Shrewsbury, in the fame
townfhip. It is a place of bulineSs, and thriving.

EAVES, f. [epej~e, Saxon.] The edges of the roof
which overhang the houfe. — The ificles hang down from
the caves of houfes. Woodward.

Uflier’d with a fliower dill,

When the gud has blown his fill,

Ending on the rudling leaves,

With minute drops from off' the eaves. Milton.

EAVES-CATCH, or Eaves-lath, f. A thick board,
with a featheredge to receive the lower courfe of tiles on
the roof of a houfe.

To EAVES-DROP, v. a. To catch what comes from
the eaves; in common phrafe, to liden under windows.

E AVES-DROPPERS,/". perfons who liden underwalls
or windows, or the eaves of a houle, to hearken after dif-
courfe, and thereupon to frame fianderous and mifehievous
tales. In the eye of law fuch perfons are a common nui-
fance, and prelentable at the court-leet : or are indictable
at the fetlions, and punishable by fine, and finding fureties
for good behaviour. 4 Comm . 169.

EAU DE LUCE. See Pharmacy.

EAUZE, a town of France, in the department of the
Gers, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt of Con¬
dom : a celebrated city in the time of the Romans, after
whom it came into the poffedion of the Goths, with the
whole province of Gafcony, and from them it was taken
by Clovis. It was dedroyed by the Normans in. their, in-
curfions, in the reign of Louis the Debonnaire : four
leaguesandahalfwed-fouth-wedof Condorh. Lat.43.52.
N. Ion. 1 7. 45. E. Ferro.

EBAL, [Heb. a heap.] A mountain of Paledine, Si¬
tuated in Samaria, near the plain of Moreh. Dent. xi. 29.

EBAU'LER, a town of Arabia Deferta : 130 miles
fouth of Ana.

EBB,/i [ebba, epplob, Saxon; elbe, Dutch.] The
reflux of the tide towards the fea : oppoled to Jlow;

E B E

Hither the feas at dated times refort,

And fliove the loaden vedels into port;

Then with a gentle ebb re ire again,

And render back their cargo to the main. Addifon.
Decline ; decay ; wade. — This tide of man’s life, after
it once turneth and declineth, ever runneth with a perpe¬
tual eWand falling dream, but never flowethagain. Raleigh .
Thus all the treafure of our flowing years.

Our ebb of life for ever takes away. Rofcommon.

F,bb, in figurative language, is ufed to fignify the
lowed pitch of fortune or condition in the world ; decay ;
wade. — You have brought all things to that low ebb .

Spenfer.

“ Every flow has its Ebb.” By this proverb the vicif-
fitudes of fortune are aptly compared to floods and ebbs
(ups and downs), according to the Latin proverb ; Vtries
funt fortunes vices .

Fo EBB, v. n. To run back towards the fea : oppofed
to flow :

From thence the tide of fortune left their fliore,

And ebb'd much fader than it flow'd before.

To decline ; to decay ; to wade :

But oh, he ebbs! the fmiling waves decay;

For ever lovely dream, for ever day !

EBDO'MARY,y; \_ebd07nadarlus, Laf.] An officer, anci¬
ently appointed weekly in cathedral churches, to Super-
vife the regular performance of divine- fervice, and pre-
feribe the particular duties of each perfon attending in
the choir, as to reading, finging, praying, &c. To which
purpofe the ebdomadary at the beginning of his week
drew in form a bill or writing of the refpeefive perfons
and their feveral offices, called tabula -, whereupon the
perfons there entered were diled intabulati. This is mani-
fefted in the Statutes of the Cathedral Chur ch of St. Paul,
London, digeded by Dr. Ralph Baluock, dean of St.
Paul’s, anno 1295, MSS.

EB'DOME, a fedival in honour of Apollo, at Athens,
on the Seventh day of every lunar month. It was ufual
to Sing hymns in honour of the god, and to carry about
boughs of laurel. — There was alio another of the Same
name celebrated by private families the Seventh day after
the birth of every child.

E'BED, [Heb. a fervant.] A man’s name.

EBEDME'LECH, [Heb. the lervant of the king.] A
man’s name.

EBEL'LEBEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony*, and county of Sclnvartzburg : a fief of
the elector of Saxony, Situated on the Elbe : twenty miles
north-wedof Erfiirt,;uidelevennorth-eadof Muhlhaufen.

E'BELSTOT, or Ebeltoft, a town of Denmark, in
J utland, and dioceie of Aarhuus : fifteen miles ead-north-
ead of Aarhuus.

E'BENDORF, a town of Germany, in the archduchy
of Auftria : nine miles wed of Ziderldorf.

EBENE'ZER, [Heb. a done of help.] A man’s name.

EBENE'ZER, the name of a monument eredled by the
prophet Samuel, between Mizpeh and Shen, to comme¬
morate a vidtory gained by the Iiraelites over the Philif-
tines, near which alfo the Ifraelites encamped, previous
to the battle fought between them and the Philidines, in
which the Ifraelites were vanquished, and th.e ark of God
taken, x Sam. iv. 1. v. 1. and vii. 12.

EBENE'ZER, a pod-town of the American States,
and the capital of Effingham county, Georgia, feated on
the fouth-wed bank of Savannah river; five miles from
Abercorn, twenty-five north-north-wed of Savannah, fe-
venty-five fouth-eaSi of Louifville, and 860 fouth-wed of
Philadelphia. It was fettled in 1735, by a number of
protedants driven out of Saltzburg, in the electorate of
Bavaria, by perfecution.

E'BENFELD, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Carniola : three miles fouth of Stein.

E'BENFURTH, a town of Germany, in the.archduchy

of

Dryden.

Halifax.

- jE b e

of' Auftria, on the Leyta, built by the kmghts-templaFS s
eighteen miles fonth of Vienna.

E'BENHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Franconia, and bifhopric of Wurzburg ; five miles north-
north-weft of Schweinfurt.

E'BENHEIT, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and margraviate of Meiffen: two miles
north-eaft of Konigftein.

E'BENSFELD, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Stiria : fix miles weft of Pettau.

E'BENTHAL, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Carinthia : tiVo miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Clagenfurt.

EB'ENUS,/] [e^evo; or e?£a o; of the Greeks; ebenus
or ebenum of the Romans ; from the Hebrew keben. ]
Ebony ; in botany, a genus of the clafs diadelphia, or¬
der decandria. The generic characters are — Calyx : pe-
rianthium one-leafed, bell-ftiaped, terminated by five fili¬
form teeth, which are villofe, and nearly equal. Corol¬
la: papilionaceous, length of the calyx; ftandard round-
ilh, itraight, entire ; rudiments of wings obfcure, cref-
cent-fliaped ; keel crefcent-lhaped, gibbous, afcending at
the tip. Stamina: filaments diaaelphous, all growing
together into a (heath, with tips diftinCt ; antherae round-
i(h. Piftillum : germ roundifh, villofe ; ftyle capillary ;
(tig-ma terminal, acuminate. Pericarpium : legume ovate.
Seed: (ingle, rough with hairs. — EJfential Char aider. Ca¬
lyx, with teeth, the length of the corolla ; wings, fcarcely
any ; feed, one, rough with hairs.

Species . i. Ebenus Cretica, or Cretan ebony : leaves
ternate, quinate, or pinnate, with two pairs of leaflets ;
fpikes terminating. This rifes with a (hrubby (talk three
or four feet high, with feveral fide branches; leaves at
each joint, hoary, compofed of five .narrow lanceolate
leaflets, which join at their tails to the foot-ftalk, and
fpre&d out like the fingers of a hand; the branches are
terminated by thick fpikes of large purple flowers : the
fpikes are from two to three inches long, and make a fine
appearance; it flowers in June and July, and in very
warm feafons will fometimes perfect feeds in England.
It grows naturally in Crete, and fome iflands of the Ar¬
chipelago. Lamarck and Juflieu refer this plant to the
genus Anthyllis.

2. Ebenus pinnata, or pinnated ebony: leaves pinnate,
with four pairs of leaflets ; fpikes axillary, on very long
peduncles. Biennial ; native of Barbary and the I.evant ;
flowers in J uly .

P ropagation and Culture. Thefe are propagated by feeds,
which fhoulcl be fown in the autumn, for thofe which are
fown in the fprin’g often fail ; they mull be fown in pots,
and placed under a frame in the winter, where they may
be protected from froft. In the fpring the plants will
come up ; they fhould be kept clean from weeds, and re-
frefhed now and then with water. When thefe have ac¬
quired ftrength enough to be removed, they fhould be
each planted in a feparate fmall pot filled with light
earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed juft to pro¬
mote their taking new root ; then they fhould be gradu¬
ally inured to bear the open air, into which they fhould
be removed the latter end of May, placing them in a fhel-
tcred fituation, where they may remain till autumn, when
they nmft be removed into fhelter ; for thefe plants will
not live in the open air through the winter, nor fhould
they be too tenderly treated, left they draw up weak.
During the winter feafon, the plants mult be fparingly
watered, but in the fumrner they will require to be often
refrefhed. The other management is the fame as for
other of the hardier exotic plants, among which they will
make a fine variety. See Amerimnum and Diostyros.

E'BENZWEIER, ,a town of Germany, in the arch¬
duchy of Auftria : four miles fouth of Gmunden.

E'BER, or Heber, [Heb. a paffage.] A man’s name.

E'BERACH, Burg, or Burg-Ebrach, a town of
-Germany, in the circle of Franconia, and bifhopric of
Bamberg : feven miles fouth-vveft of Bamberg, and'thirty-
two eaft of Wurzburg.

Vol. VI. No. 344.

e b H m

E'BER BACH, a town of Germany, in the circle of
the Lower Rhine, and electorate of Mentz ; thirteen miles
weft-north-weft of Mentz.

E'BERBACH, a town of Germany, in the circle of
the Lower Rhine, and palatinate of the Rhine, on the
Neckar, celebrated for its wine : eleven miles eaft of
Heidelberg.

E'BERBERG, or Ebernberg, a caftle of Germany,
in the palatinate of the Rhine, befieged, in 16.92, by the
landgrave of Heffe Caflel, without fuccefs; and taken by
the margrave of Baden, in 1697 : five miles fouth-weft of
Creutznach.

EBERMAN'STADT, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Franconia, and bifhopric of Bamberg, on the
Wifent : thirteen miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Bamberg.

F.'BERN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Fran¬
conia, and bifhopric of Wurzburg : twenty-four miles
eaft of Schweinfurt, and forty north-eaft of Wurzburg.

E'BERNDORF, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Carinthia: fourteen miles eaft of Clagenfurt.

E'BERNSTEIN, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Carinthia, on the river Gortftchitz : twelve miles north-
north-eaft of Clagenfurt.

E'BERSBACH, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Weftphalia, and principality of NafTau Dillenburg : fix
miles north-north-eaft of Dillenburg.

E'BERSBERG, a town of Germany, in the archduchy
of Auftria : eight miles fouth-weft of Ens.

E'BERSDORF, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Stiria : five miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Hardeberg.

E'BERSDORF, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and territory of Erzgebirg : three miles
fouth-fouth-weft of Frakenberg.

E'BERSDORF, or Rotting Eberstorf, a town of
Germany, in the archduchy of Auftria, on the Danube:
fix miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Vienna.

E'BERSFIARD, a town and caftle of Hungary : feven
miles fouth-eaft of Prefburg.

E'BERSPERG, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Bavaria : nineteen miles eaft of Munich.

E'BERSPEUNT, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Bavaria: thirty-four miles eaft-north-eaft of Munich.

E'BERSTADT, a town of Germany, in the circle of
the Upper Rhine, and principality of Heffe Darmftadt :
four miles fouth of Darmftadt.

EBERSTALL'ZELL, a town of Germany, in the
archduchy of Auftria : eight miles fouth of Wells.

. E'BERSTEIN, a county and principality of Germany,
iq the circle of Suabia, fituated between the margraviate
of Baden and duchy of Wurtemberg. Tire family was
extinct in the year 1660, and by virtue of a treaty made
in 1305, palfed to the houfe of Baden. The town and
caftle of Eberftein are two miles weft of Kuppenheim. -

E'BERSTHAL, a town of Germany, in the circle of
the Lower Rhine, and electorate of Mentz : two miles
fouth of Krautheini.

EBER'TUS (Theodore), a learned German in the fe-
ven.teenth century, who filled t lie chair of Hebrew pro-
fellbr at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and was rector of the
univerfity in that place in 1618, and 1627. He acquired
confiderable reputation by the profound learning dif-
played in his writings, and in particular by the intimacy
of his acquaintance with the oriental tongues.- In 162S,
he publifhed a work inti tied Elogia JuriJ'confultorum & Po-
litorum centum, illujlrium, qui fanSlam Hcbradm Linguam aliafque
ejus propagines orientates propagarunt, auxerunt, promove unt,
8vo. He afterwards publifhed Chrono'logia Sanbl. Ling. Drc-
torum, &c. prefenting us with a chronological view of the
-principal doctors and learned men who have cultivated
the Hebrew’ language, from the earlieft times to the pre-
fent ; The Life of Jefus Chrift, vvritrenjn Hebrew ; Pectica
Htbraica, Svo.' 1620 ; a moral treatife intitled Speculum Mo¬
rale; and A Century of Political Obfervations, written in
Latin.

EBTIER. SeeABHER.

- 3 l

E'BIN.

22-2

C B O

E'BIN, orYBiN.one of the fmaller Philippine Iflands,
in the Eaftern Indian Sea.

EftlN'GEN, or Ehingen, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Snabia, and duchy of Wurtemburg: thirty-
fix miles fouth of Stutgart, and twenty-two fouth of
T ubingen.

E'BION, and E'BIONITES. There is much difagree-
ment among ecclefiaftical hiftorians refpefting the exift-
ence of a perfon named Ebion, in1 the age that is by many
aftigned to him. According to Epiphanius, Tertullian,
Optatus, St. Hilary, St. Jerome, aivd others, a perfon fo
called lived in the latter end of the fir ft or the beginning
of the fecond century, who was a ftoic philofopher, and,
embracing many of the opinions of Cerinthus, became the
leader of a new feet, who after him were called Ebionites.
Jrenaeus, however, as well as Eufebius and Origen, by
their making not the lead: mention of filch a perfon as
Ebion, and by the derivation which the two latter give
of the name of the fe<5t, from a term fignificative of po¬
verty, meannefs, or vilenefs, leave it at leaft doubtful
whether Ebion be not an imaginary character. But it is
not a matter of much moment how the queftion is decided.
The Ebionites, according to the teftimony of Origen and
Epiphanius, held the fame tenets with the Nazarenes.
From all the information that has reached our day, it is
not poffible to afeertain precifely what thofe tenets were.
Many of the reprefentations given concerning the Ebion¬
ites by the ancient fathers are fo confided and contra¬
dictory, that they do not merit ferious attention. And
fome of the tales which they relate concerning them, are
exaff copies of the calumnies which were propagated by
the Pagans, to diferedit the characters of the early Chril-
tians. One of their leading doctrines appears to have
been a belief that Jefus Cfirift was a mere man, like them-
felves, though poflfeffing fupernatural powers, which were
communicated for the purpofe of qualifying him for his
divine million. They appear alfo to have confidered the
law's of Mofes to be binding on them ; but to what extent
cannot be affirmed with any certainty. According to fome
writers, they received only the Gofpel of St. Matthew as
of divine authority, which they poffeffed in the Hebrew
or Syro-chaldaic language, and rejected the reft of the
New Teftament, particularly the Epiftlesof St. Paul. The
learned Lardner, however, is of opinion, that there is
room for fairly arguing that they received all the four
Gofpels ; and that fome of the fed at leaft, by the quo¬
tations which they adduced from the A 61 s of the Apoftles,
and fome of the Epiftles, have given reafon for conclud¬
ing that they did not reject all the Epiftles attributed to
the great apoftle of the Gentiles. But there is much ob-
fCurity in the relations which remain refpedting the tenets
of this fe6t ; and little more can be advanced on that head,
from the concurrent teftimony of the moft ancient and;
refpeCtable ecclefiaftical writers, than that, to ufe the
words of Jnftin Martyr, “ they acknowledged Jefus to
be the Chrift, yet maintained that he was a man, born of
man.”

EB'MAT, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Saxony, and circle of the Vogtland : five miles fouth of
Oelfnitz.

EB'ON, adj. Made of ebony:

And from the golden quiver at her fide

Hatties the ebon arrow’s feather’d pride. Prior.

EB'DNIST, f. A worker in ebony. Scott.

EB'ONY,y. [ebenus, Lat.] A hard, heavy, black, va¬
luable, wood, which admits a fine poliflt. For the various
fpecies, &c. fee Ebenus.

Oft by the w inds extindt the fignal lies,..

Ere night has half roll’d round her ebon throne'. Gay. ,

EBORA'CUM, anciently a city of the Brig-antes in
Britain, the refidence of Septimius Severus, and Conftarr-
tius Chlorus, and where they both died; a Roman co¬
lony, and the ftation of the Legio Sexta ViCtrix. Now-'
York, Cacr-Jjock, or Caer-e^roc^ in Britilh. Camden ».

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EBREICH'STORF, a town of Germany, in the arcfi->
duchy of Auftria ; eight miles north-north-eaft of Eben»
furth,

EBREU'IL, or Ebreuille, a town of France, in the
department of the A llier, and chief place of a catiton, ini
the diftrict of Gannat, on the Soioule, containing about
3000 inhabitants : two leagues weft of Gannat.

EBRI'ETY, /. [ ebrietas , Lat.] Drnnkennefs ; intoxi¬
cation by ftrong liquors. — Bitter almonds, as an antidote
againft ebriety, hath commonly failed. Brown.

EB'RILLA'DE, /. [French.] A check of the bridle
which a horfeman gives a horfe, by a jerk of one rein,,
when he refufes to turn.

EBRIO'SITY, /! [ebriojitas, Lat.] Habitual drunken.*
nefs. — That religion which excufeth Noah in funprifal,
will neither acquit ebriofity nor ebriety in their intended-
perverfion. Brown.

E'BRIOUS, adj. [from ebrius , Lat.] Drunken; given-
to drnnkennefs. Not much ufed.

E'BRO, anciently Iberus, a river of Spain, which,
taking its rife in Old Caftile, runs through- Bifcay and-
Arragon, pafles by Saragoffa, and, continuing its courfe-
through Catalonia, difeharges itfelf with great rapidity
into the Mediterranean, about twenty miles below the
city of Tortofa.

EBRO'NAH, the thirtieth encampment of the Tf-.
raelites, in their journey from Egypt to Canaan. Numb.
xxxiii. 34.

EB'STORF, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Lower Saxony, and principality of Lunenburg, celebrated*
for its honey, of which the inhabitants fell annually to.
the amount of feveral thoufand crowns: feven miles weft—
north-weft of Ultzen.

EBU'DiE, or Hebudes, in ancient geography, iflands
on the weft of Scotland. Now called the V/eJiern IJles, or-
Hebrides , a corruption of Hebudes. By Beda called Mevauia

To EBUL'LIATE, v. n. \ebullio , Lat. to bubble.] To-
bubble out

EBULL'IENCY, f A bubbling out ;. an ebullition.
Not much uftd.

EBULLI'TIONj f. [ ebullio , Lat.] The a6t of boilingj
up with heat. Any inteftine motion. — Iron, in aqua-fortis,
will fall into ebullition with noife and emication. Brown. — .
That ftruggling of effervefcence which arifes from the-
mingling together any alkalizate and acid liquor; any in¬
teftine violent motion of the parts of a fluid, occafionecL
by the ftruggling of particles of different properties.
Quincy. — A violent cold, as well as heat, may be pro~>
duced by this ebullition ; for if fal ammoniac, or any pure-
volatile alkali, diflolved in water; be mixed with an acid,
an ebullition > with, a greater degree of cold, will eniue.
Arbuthnot.

EB'ULUS.yi in botany. See Sambucus.

E’BUR, J. [Lat.] Ivory.

EBUR'NEAN, adj. [from ebur , Lat.] Confifting of»
ivory; made-of ivory.

EBU'SUS, in ancient geography, the greater of the
two iflands called Pityufar in the Mediterranean, near the
eaft coaft of Spain, to the fouth-weft of Majorca ; famous
for its paftures for cattle, and for its figs. Now lvica t
100 miles in compafs, without any noxious animals,

ECALE'SIA, &-c. See Hecalesia.

ECALGRA'IN, abay or creek of theEnglifh Channel,
on the weft coaft of France, between Cape Andervillc
and the Nez de Jobourg.

ECA'NUS, a man’s name. lEJd. xiv. 24.

ECASTAPHYL'LUMjy. in botany. See Dalberoia..

ECATOMBdi'ON, f. [£K«- rof&oum, Gr.] The fir ft-
month of the Athenian year. It confided of thirty days,
and began on the firft new moon after the fummer folftice,,
and confequently anfwejred to the latter part of our June
and beginning of July. The Boeotians called it Hippc~
dromus, and the Macedonians Lous.

EC'DASISj J. [Greek.] A figure in rhetoric ; a di=
greflicM.

ECBATAfNAj.

£23

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SCBATA'NA, anciently the capital of Media, and
refidence of its kings, built by Deioces, king of the Medes,
according to Herodotus: Pliny fays, by Selcitcus ; but
that could not be, becaufe it is mentioned by Demodhenes.
rt was fituated on a gentle declivity, didant twelve Had ia
from Mount Orontes, and was in compafs 150 dadia. Here
ftood the royal trea fury and tombs. It had a very ftrong
citadel, encompalfed with feven walls, the outermod of
which was the lowed, and each of the red progreffively
higher, fo that they all overtopped each other; and were
each of a different colour. The outermod was white; the
fecond black} the third purple; the fourth blue; the
fifth red, or rather of an orange colour; and the fummit
©f the fixth was covered with diver, and that of the fe-
venth or innermod, with gold. Such is the account given
by Herodotus, i. 98. It appears not improbable t hat- thefe
walls had a reference to the feven planets, though nothing
is hinted on that fubjeft by the hidorian. — From fcrip-
t-ure hidory we learn, that this city was the royal feat of
Arphaxad, who encompaded it with a done wall, and
erefted its gates; both of which were remarkable for
their extraordinary dimenfions. It was taken by Nabucho-
donofor, king of Affyria, after a battle in which Arphaxad
was dain. Judith, i. It is faid that Alexander the Great
found 26,000 talents of gold in the treafury of this city. —
Another Ecbatana of Perfia, a town of the Magi. Pliny. —
A third of Syria.

ECBO'LICS,.yf. [from s vJaKKu, Gr. to cad out.] Me¬
dicines which caufe abortion.

ECBCPLIUM, f. in botany. See J usticia .

ECBRYSO'MA,/! [from ex, and @v%c-u, Gr. the fkin.]
With furgeons, the protuberance of a bone at the joint,
which appears through the (kin.

EC'CARD, or Eckhard (John-George), a learned
antiquarian, born in 1674; at Duingen, in the didrift of
Lauendein, where his father was chief foreder. He was
fent to the fchool of Pforta, where his favourite dudy
was poetry. He then removed to Leipfic, where he be¬
came acquainted with the celebrated Leibnitz. In 1696
be left Leipfic, became a corrector of the prefs,. and af¬
terwards fecr.etary to field-marfhal count Fleming, wh©
intended to make him major of his regiment ; but neither,
theology, to which he was dedined by his mother, nor
the military profefiion, were agreeable to his tade. By
the recommendation of Leibnitz, he obtained the profef-
forfhip of hidory at Helmdadt, in 1706; and in 1713 he
was appointed a counfellor of the eleftorate of Hanover,
and hidoriographer, in confequence of which he afiided
Leibnitz in his Origines Guelphica , and in 1717 he became
his fuccefior as librarian at Hanover. After this he tra¬
velled at the expence of George I. through great part of
Germany, to fearch the libraries and archives for manu-
feripts and materials to enable him to profecute the com¬
pilation of the above-mentioned genealogical work. His
Origines Sabaudica, procured him the favour of the great
prince Eugene of Savoy; and his Origines Families Half-
Lurgo-Aujlriac#, that of count von Zinzendorf, through
whofe means the emperor Charles VI. railed him to the.
rank of nobility. He proceeded to Cologne, and on the
2d of February, 1724, he formally abjured the Lutheran
religion in the college of. the Jefuits, in that city. The
eleftor of Cologne treated him with great refpeft, and
cardinals Padionei and Spinola allured him of the pro¬
tection of pope Innocent XII. who promifed benefices to
both his foils if he would come to refide at Rome. The
eleftor of Mentz, the eleftor Palatine, and the princes of
Paffau and Fulda, and the nobility of Milan, all made him.
mod advantageous offers, to enable him to complete his
Scriptores rerum llalicarum ; but he entered into the fer-
vice of the bifhopric of Wurzburgh, where he was en-
t-ruded with the care of the library belonging to the
court and the4univerfity . The dean and chapter com¬
mitted to his charge the valuable manuferipts contained
in the diplomatic archives of the cathedral, which he ar¬
ranged and claffed with great ability. Several propofals

E C C

for improving the form of the academic leftures, and
edablifiiing a profefibrfhip of the law of nature at Wurz¬
burgh; calling the public attention to the much-negleft-
ed natural hidory of that didrift; the intereding account
of the old imperial palace of Salzburgh, near Neudadt,
on the Saal ; and his Commentarii de rebus Francis Orientalis,
printed with great magnificence at Wurzburgh, in two
folio volumes, were the fruits of his meditation and
dudy, which he often continued throughout the day,
and till a late hour at night. It is. much to be regretted,
however, that he did not live to puPthe lad hand to his
important work on the hidory of Wurzburg. While de¬
fining, in the preface, the boundaries of the bifiiopric
under St. Burckhard, he was fuddenly feized with a mor¬
tal difeafe, which put a period to his exifience in ti e
month of February, 1730. The principal of his works
are, 1 . De ufu (3 prajlantia Jludii. ctymolbgici in hijloria ;
Helmd. 1706, 4to. 2. Hijloria Jludii etymoldg. lingua Ger¬
manic# •, Hanov. 1711, 8vo. 3. Leges Francorum Salic# (3
Ripuariorum ; Francf. & Lipf. 1720, folio. 4. Origines
families Halfburgico-Aujlriaces ; Lipf. 1721, folio. 5. Hijloria
gencalog. Principum Saxon, &c. (Pc. Acccdunt origines Sabau¬
dica- Jlanma Dfiderartum genuinum y origo (Lomus Br. Luneb. (3
Czarces connexio, (3c. Lipf. 1722, folio. 6. Corpus Hiforiarum
mediiavi ; Lipf. 1723, vol. ii. folio. 7. An Account of
ancient Salzburg, and the Palace Salz, in Franconia ;
Wurzburg, 172 5, 8vo. Leipfic, 1751, 8vo. 8. Commentarii
de- rebus Francia orientalis (3 epifeopatus Wirceburgenfis, (3c.
Wirceb. 1729, tom. ii. folio; a work of great learning,
and an honourable tedimony of the author’s extenfive
knowledge of hidory. 9. De origine Germanonm corumque
vctufijjimis coloniis, migrationibus ac rebus gefis, libri duo ;
Goetting. 1/50, 4to. cum fig. 10. Origines Guelphic# ;
Opus praeunte D. God. Guil. Leibnitio, D. Jd. Geo. Eccardi
Uteris confignatum , pofea a D. Jo. Dan. Grubero novis proba-
tionibus itjlr.u(lum,.variifque pernecefjariis animadverfionibiis caf-
tigatum ; jam vero in lucent emijfum a Chrijl. Lud. Scheidio ;
Hanov. tom. i. 1730, tom. ii. 1751, tom. iii. 1 752, tom.iv.
& tilt. 1753, folio.

ECCATHAR'TICS,/ [from M Gr. to purge.];
According to Gorraeus, eccathartics are remedies which,
applied to the fkin, open tlie pores; but in general they
are underdood to be deobdruents : fometimes expefto-
rants are thus called, and fo are purgatives.

ECCEN'TRIC, or Eccentrical, adj. [ eccentricus ,
Lat.] Deviating from the center. Not having the fame
center with another circle: fuch circles were fird fup-
pofed by the Ptolemaic philofophy. — Whence is it that
planets move all one and the fame way in orbs concen¬
tric, while comets move all manner of ways in orbs very
eccentric ? Nczvton-.-

They build, unbuild, contrive.

To fave appearances : they gird the fphere
With centric, and eccentric, fcribbl’d o’er,

Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb. Milton.

Not terminating in the fame point ; not direfted by the'
fame principle. — Whatfoever affairs pafs fuch a man’s
hands, he crooketh them to his own ends’; which mud
needs be often eccentric to the ends of his mader. Bacon. — •
Irregular; anomalous; deviatingjrom dated and condant
methods. — This motion, like others of the timesr leemsc
eccentric and irregular. King Charles.

Then from whate’er we can to fenfe produce,

Common and plain, or wond’rous and abdrufe, .

From nature’s condant or eccentric \scws,

The thoughtful foul this general inference draw’s,

That an effeft mud prefuppofe a.cauf'e. Prior.

ECCENTRPCI.TY, f. Deviation fronr a center. The
date of having a different center from another circle.— Irr
regard of eccentricity, and the epicycle wherein it moveth,
the motion of the moon is unequal'. Brozun. — By reafon of
tlie fun’s eccentricity to the earth,, and obliquity to the
equator, he appears to us to move unequally. Holder.—
j:. Ex.curfi.ort-

*224

E C C

Excttrfion from the proper orb.' — The duke at his return
from his eccentricity , for fo I account favourites abroad,
met no good news. Waller. — Eccentricity of the earth is
tire diliance between the focus and the center of the
earth’s elliptic orbit.

ECCHELLEN'SIS (Abraham), a learned Maronite,
who flourifhed in the feventeenth century, was induced
by his countryman, Gabriel Sionita, to vilit Paris, to be¬
come his coadjutor in preparing for the prefs the magni¬
ficent Polyglot Bible, publilhed by M. le Jai. It was he
who furnifhed the Arabic and Syriac texts of the Book
of Ruth, with the Latin verfion. He was afterwards ap¬
pointed profelfor of the Syriac and Arabic languages in
college-royal at Paris. In 1636, the college Be Propa¬
ganda Fide added him fo the number of thofe who were
to be employed in tranflating the feriptures into Ara¬
bic, and recalled him for that purpofe out of France to
Rome, where he was engaged on that work in 1652. He
was alfo made profelfor of the oriental languages at Rome ;
and was chofen by the archduke Ferdinand II. to tranf-
late out of the Arabic into: Latin the fifth, fixth, and fe-
venth, Books of Apollonius’s Conics, in which work he
was afiilied by John Alphonfo Borelli, a celebrated ma¬
thematician. The whole work was printed at Florence,
with Archimedes’s book De Affumptis, in 1661, in folio.
He died at Rome in the year 1664. Befides what have
been already mentioned, Ecchellenfis was the author of,
j. In flitvtio Lingua Syriaca, izmo. 1628. 2. Synopjis Phi-

lofophia Oricntalium, 4to. 1641. 3. Verjio Durrhamani de

medicis Virtutibus animalium, plantarum, & gummarum, 8vo.
1647. 4. Chronicon Orientate Latine red. cum Supplemento

Hip ria Orientalis, folio, 1651. 5. Eutychius vindicatus ,

againlt Selden and Hottinger, 4to. 166 1. 6. Remarks on

the Catalogue of Chaldee Writers, compofed by Hebed-
Jefu, 1653.

ECCHYMO'STS, f. [from eyyyoi, Gr. to pour out, or
from »i|, out of, and p/v/zo?, juice.] An elfufion of hu¬
mours from their refpeft ive veffels, under the integu¬
ments; or, as Paulus 2Egineta fays, “ When the flefit
is bruifed by the violent collifion of any ohjedt, and its
final 1 veins broken, the blood is gradually difeharged
from them.” This blood, when colledted under the Ikin,
is called an ccc'hymofis , the lkin in the mean time remain¬
ing entire ; fometimes a tumor is formed by it, which is
foft and livid, and generally without pain. If the quan¬
tity of blood is not confiderable, it is u filially reforbed ;
if much, it fuppurates: it rarely happens that any fur¬
ther inconvenience follows ; though, in cafe of a very bad
habit of body, a mortification may be the refult ; and in
fuch a cafe regard mull be had to the mode of cure.

EC'CI.ESBOURN, a river of England, which runs in¬
to the Derwent in Derbyfhire.

ECCLESFE'CHAN, a town of Scotland, in the county
of Dumfries : fifteen miles eaft from Dumfries.

EC'CLESHALL, a fmall town in Staffordfhire, 142
meafured miles from London. It Hands near the river
Sow., is a neat place, noted for pedlars wares, and has a
good charity-fchool. The market-day is Friday: fairs,
Midlent-Tlntrfday, Holy-Thurfday, Augufl: 16, and the
firft Friday in November. Here is a palace of the lord
bifitop of Litchfield and Coventry.

ECCLE'SIA,/. [Gr.] A church, the church, an af-
fembly •

ECCLE'SI AN,/ One who adheres to the church, a
churchman.

ECCLESI A'lJI, / in ecclefiafiical hi (lory, thofe who
adhered to the church in oppofition to the civil magif-
trate.

ECCLE'SIARCH,/ [from ExxAticrta, Gr. the church,
and apvQ? a chief.] The ruler of a church.

ECCLESIASTES, /. IPeccle/iq/le, Fr. ecclefiafle, Ital.
ecclcjiujles, Lat. ExxA'/jcnar'/i;, Gr. i. e. the preacher.] A ca¬
nonical book' of the Old Teftament, the defign of which
is to fhew .the vanity of all fiublunary things. It was
compofed by Solomon ; who enumerates the feveral ob-

E C H

je£ts on which men place their temporal happtnefs, and
then fltews the infufficiency of all worldly enjoyments.
The Talmudifls. made king Hezekiah to be the author
of it; Grotius aferibes it to Zorobabel, and others to
Ifaiah ; but the generality of commentators believe this
book to be the produce of Solomon’s repentance, after
having experienced all the follies and pleafures incident
to human life.

ECCLESIASTIC, or Ecclesiastical, adj. [ eccleji .
ajlicus, Lat,] Relating to the church ; not civil. — Is dif-
cipline an ecclefiafiical matter or civil ? If an ecclefiafiical it
mu ft belong to the duty of the minifters. ELooker. — Cler¬
gymen, otherwife little fond of obfeure terms, yet in their
fermons are liberal of thofe which they find in eccltjiajlical
writers. Swift.

ECCLESf AS'TIC, f. A perfion dedicated to the mi-
niftries of religion. — The ambition of the ccclejiajlics de-
ftroyed the purity of the church. Burnet.

ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS. See Courts of
Law, vol. v. p. 300.

ECCLESIASTICAL CORPORATIONS,/ Thofe
where the members that compofe them are fpiritual per-
fions. They were eredted for the furtherance of religion,
and perpetuating the rights of the church. See Corpo¬
ration, vol. v. p. 222.

ECCLESIASTICAL LAW. See Canon-Law, vol.
hi. p. 734-

ECCLESIASTICAL STATE. See Clergy, vol.
iv. p. 660.

ECCLESIASTICALLY, adv. In an ecclefiaftical
manner.

ECCLBSTAS'TICUS,/ An apocryphal book, gene¬
rally bound up with the feriptures; and fo called, from
its being read in the church, ecclefa, as a book of piety
and inflrudtion, but not of infallible authority. The au¬
thor was a Jew, called JfeJiis the Son of Sirach. The Greeks
called it the Wifdom of the Son of Sirach.

EC'CLESTONE, a town in Lancaihire; it has a mar¬
ket on Saturday, and is 205 miles from London.

ECCOPE'US, f. [from ExxoTrr&t, Gr. to cut off.] An
inftrument for cutting off limbs, ufed by the ancient chi-
rurgeons. It is limilar to the modern rafpatory.

ECCOPRO'TICS,/ [frdm ex and xcr^oc, Gr. dung.]
Mild cathartics. Medicines which operate gently by
ftool.

ECCRINO'LOGY, / [from exx^jw, Gr. to fecrete,,
and Xoyoc, a difeourfe.] Thedodtrine of the fecretioris of
the body.

ECCRY'SIS,/ [from exx^e*.*, Gr. to flow out.] An
excretion, expullion, or removal, of any excrementitioHS
or morbific matter from the body, either by the bowels,
or any other convenient paffages. It is alfo taken fur the
excreted matter itfelf. It is fimilar to apocrifis, which
alfo, according to Hippocrates, is applied to the conta¬
gious effluvia of the air, or to a certain morbid quality,
impreffed upon the air by exhalation, called iniafma.

ECDI'CI, / [exAxoi, Gr.] Among the ancients, pa¬
trons of cities, who defended their rights, and took care
of the public money. Their office refembled that of the
modern fyndics.

EC'DICUS,/ [ex/xoc, of ex and Ax>), Gr. juftice ; in
civil law.] An attorney or prodtor of a corporation ; a
recorder.

ECDO'RICS,/ [front tyfegui, Gr. to excoriate.] Me¬
dicines which excoriate and burn through the Ikin.

ECHALAR', a town of Spain, in Navarre: twenty
miles north of Pamplona.

ECHALLE'NS, a town of Swifferland, in the canton
of 'Bern, with a bailiwic of the fame name, belonging to
the cantons of Bern and Friburg, conquered by the Swifs
in 1475, ar|d ceded to the two cantons in the year 1484:
fix miles from Laufanne.

ECHAPE'R, v. a. in the manege, a gallicifnt tiled in
the academies, implying to give a horfe head, or to put
on at full Ipecd.

ECH'ARD,

E C H

.ECH'ARD (James), a French monk of the domini-
*an order, born at Rouen in 1664,” and died at Paris in
1724, aged eighty years. He was the author of a work
highly efteemed by his order, on many of whom it be¬
llows much praife, fometimes, as may be expected, with
too much partiality ; but which will be found of ufe to
biographers and ecclefiaftical hiftorians ; it is intitled
Scnptores Ordinis Pradicatorum recenjiti, nctifque hijloricis 6?
eriticis illujlrati, 2 vols. folio, 1721.

ECH'ARD (Lawrence), a writer chiefly in hiflory, the
fon of a clergyman at Barftiam, near Beccles in Suffolk,
w here he was born in 1671. He was educated at Chrift’s
college, Cambridge, where he took the degree of matter
of ai ts, and afterwards entered into holy orders. He was
firft fettle-d in Lincolnthire, where he began to make him-
felf known by his writings. He publilhed, in 1699, the
Roman Hiflory, from the Building of the City to the Settle¬
ment of the Empire by Auguftus, 8vo. which wasfollowed
by its continuation from that period to that of Conltantine.
Thefe were afterwards printed together in 3 vbls. 8vo.
In 1702, he publilhed a General Ecclefiaftical Hiflory,
from the Birth of Chrift to the Eftablilhment of Chrif-
tianity under Conltantine, folio. This was well received,
and came to a lixth edition, in 2 vols. Svo. 1722. It was
probably the canfe of his profeffional promotion to the
offices of prebendary of Lincoln, and chaplain to the hi¬
lltop of titat diocefe. His next work was a Hiflory of
England, from the Invafion of Julius Caefar to t lie End
of James the Firft’s Reign, folio, 1707. This he after¬
wards carried down to the revolution, in two more vo¬
lumes, printed in 1718. He obtained confiderable repu¬
tation by this performance, which is written in a clear
method and perfpicuous ftyle, though not without va¬
rious party mifreprefentations, for fonte of which he was
reprehended in a printed letter from Dr. Edmund Cala-
my. One of his ntofl ufeful works was the Gnzeteer’s or
Newfman’s Interpreter, being a geographical index or
dictionary of all the principal places on the globe. Of
this, many editions have been printed, and the Gazeteers
of the prefent time may be regarded as its improved
copies. He alfo publilhed a tranflation of three comedies
of Plautus, aod took a ihare in a tranflation of Terence ;
but he obtained little credit for either of thefe perfor¬
mances, which were cenfured for the coarfenefs of their
ftyle. In his proper profellion he compiled a volume of
Maxims and Difcourfes, moral and divine, taken from
the works of archbifhop Tillotfon, Svo. 1719. Mr. Ech-
ard was appointed to the archdeaconry of Stow in 1712.
Towards the latter part of life he was prefented by the
king to the livings of Rendlelham, Sudborn, and Alford,

1 in Suffolk, to which county he removed. Falling into
a bad (fate of health, he was proceeding to Scarborough
for the' benefit of the waters, when he died in hrs car¬
riage, in 1730.

ECHARDSAU', a town of Germany, in the archduchy
of Auftria : twelve miles eaft of Entzerldorf.

ECHAR'Rl, a town of Spain, in Navarre: feventeen
miles weft of Pamplona.

ECH A UBROI'GNES (Les), a town of France, in the
department of the Two Sevres, and chief place of a can¬
ton, in the diftricl of Chatillon :, four miles north of Cha-
tillon fur Sevre.

ECHAUFFOU', a town of France, in the department
of the Orne, containing about 2000 inhabitants: three
leagues weft of l’Aigie.

ECHBRU'NE, a town of France, in the department of
■die Lower Charente: twelve miles fouth of Saintes.

ECHECRA'TES, a Theffalian, who offered violence
to Phoebus the prieltefs of Apollo’s temple of Delphi.
From this circumstance a decree was made by which no
woman was admitted to the office of prieltefs before the
age of fifty. Diodorus.

ECHEL'LE (L’), a town of France, in the depart¬
ment of the Ardennes, and chief place of a canton, in the
diftrifit of Eocroy< eight miles fouth of Rocroy.

Vol. VI. No. 344.

ECIIEL'LES (Les), a town of Savoy, fituated in a
narrow valley, on a fmall river called the Gutcr-vif, in
the road from Grenoble to Chambery : ten miles fouth*
.welt of Chambery.

E'CHELSBEKE, a town of Flanders : five miles north
of Bergties,

ECHENAY', a town of France, in the department of
the Upper Marne, and chief place of a canton, in the dif-
trift of Joinville : feven miles eafl-north-eaft of Joinville.

ECHENE'IS, f. [from eyru, Gr. to take, an'd vna, a
veffel ; fo galled, becaufe it was fabuloiifly faid to flick
to the keels of veflels and retard their progrefs.] The
Sucker; in ichthyology, a genus of fifties belonging to
the order of thoracici ; the generic character of which is,
a buckler upon the head, formed <5f feveral tranfverfe
lines, interfered by a longitudinal one. Thefe lines,
feen under the magnifier, appear to conlift of little tufts
of briftles. When the filh rubs its head againft any
rough or porous body, the briftles fallen, and the filh re¬
mains fufpended. Hence it is that ’ the fucker is often
found flicking to veflels, and to the Ihark ; but it is a
vulgar error that they fallen on the fliark for nourilh-
ment ; dill more abfurd was the fable of the ancients,
that this filli had power to hinder the failing of fltips,
and for which fuppofed faculty they gave it the name of
remora, delay or hindrance.' See alfo Pliny, lib. ix. and
xxxii. for other abfurd notions concerning this filh. The
number of tranfverfe lines is from eighteen to twenty-
four. The head is broad at the top, and ends in a (harp
fnout. The jaws are armed with fmall teeth, and the
under one is the longed. The mouth is wide ; the tongue
broad ; the gills have a large aperture, and the mem¬
brane is fupported by ftrong rays. The body is long and
thick ; the fins fmall, appearing hardly capable to move
fo large a body. They haunt the Mediterranean Sea and
the. Ocean; and are of the voracious kind, often mea-
furing from two to feven feet in length. There are three
fpecies, viz.

1. Echeneis neucrates, the pilot fucking-filh : fpecific
character, the tail rounded. It has nine rays in the mem¬
brane of the gills, twenty in the peftoral fin, four in the
ventral, thirty-five in the ana!, eighteen in the tail, and
forty in the dorfal. The body is lengthened ; head of a
middling (ize ; mouth large ; the lower jaw tapers to a
point, and protrudes conliderably beyond the upper;
both are furnilhed with teeth like a file. The tongue is
rough, thin, narrow, and loofe ; and there are teeth like-
wife in the palate. Not far from the upper lip, and near
the buckler, are four fmall holes. The eyes are fmall,
with a black pupil in a yellow iris. The cheeks are
flelhy, and of a (ilvery colour. The gills have a' wide
aperture, and a large membrane, which is vilible, and
fupported by ftrong rays; the covert is fmall and Angle.
The buckler contains from twenty-two to twenty-four
raifed lines. The body is without feales, but full of fo¬
ramina ; back and tail green, and fides white below the
lateral line. All the fins, except the tail, are yellow at
their origin, and violet towards the extremities. The
trivial name naucrates, fignifies pilot, and has been given
it in confequence of its accompanying (hips at fea. This
fpecies inhabits equally, t he hot, cold, and temperate,
climates. Olafsen faw it at Iceland, Ruyfch near the
Moluccas, Haflelquift at Alexandria, Forlkael in Arabia,
Marcgrave and Prince Maurice at Brazil, Plumier at the
Antilles, and Brown at Jamaica. Comrnerfon, who ob-
ferved it at the Mauritius, remarks, that on the coaft
of Mozambique it is ufed in catching the fea-tortoife ;
the filhermen avail thefnfelves of its property of faften-
ing to any fubftance-: they fix a ring on the body of a
living fucker, juft above the tail-fin, and of a fize not to
flip off'; to this they tie a cord; then, putting the filh
into a tub of fait water, they fail in their boats towards
thofe places where the tertoifes lie fleeping on the wa¬
ter : but their deep is fo flight, that the approach of the
boat generally awakens them, when they plunge to a
3 M confiderable

2 26 E C H

considerable depth. As foon as the fifhermen Tee one in
motion, they throw the fucker into the water, retaining
one end of the cord. The filh, being thus partly free,
endeavours to fwim away, but finding itlelf retained by
the cord, it takes as large a circle as pollible, feeling
about for fomething to faften on ; and thus, by the ma¬
noeuvres of the boatmen, it generally meets with the tor-
toife they are purfuing, and'fticks itfelf fo tight on the
under (hell, that the fiihermen eafily draw both out to¬
gether.

2. Echeneis remora, the finaller fucking-fifh : fpecific
charadter, tail-fin crefcent-fhaped. It has nine rays in
the membrane of the gills, twenty-two in the pecto¬
ral fin, four in the ventral, twenty in the anal and tail,
and twenty-one in the dorfal. The body is covered with
a vifcous matter, and full of little perforations, whence
this matter oozes out ; Gronovius fays there are fmall
fcales, but Bloch could not difcover any even with a
magnifier. The buckler has a cartilaginous rim, and
covers the top of the head, extending a little way down
the back, and confiding of from (ixteen to nineteen fur¬
rows, and as many railed lines in two rows; but the
number of lines appears not to be conftant, though Lin¬
naeus forms the fpecific character from them. The eyes
are fmall, pupil black, iris filvery. The membrane of
the gills is loofe at the lower part. The back is round,
and of a dark colour, which becomes infenfibly white
towards the belly. Cepede fays the colour is uniform
all over, and without any fpots. The fins are of a grey
colour edged with brown, with foft ramified rays, and
covered with a thick membrane. This fpecies is alfo
found both in the Mediterranean and the Ocean. Ofbec
obferved it at the Canaries, Renard at the Moluccas,
Catelby in Carolina, Schaepf at New York, and Sloane
at Jamaica. As they have but little flefh, they are not
ufed for food ; fuch as are caught being moftly kept for
the cabinets of the curious. They will follow veflels,
and may be eafily caught with a hook baited with flelh.
Sometimes they flick .to the keel of a fhip, but more fre¬
quently to the fhark, and feveral of them are fometimes
found upon one ; Catefby found four or five faftened to
a fhark, and it was with difficulty he could difengage
them : the fame author remarks, that this fifh fwims
freely about the (hark, which never offers to devour it.
Its power of fudlion is fo ftrong, that Commerfon de¬
clares, that, having prefented his thumb to a living one,
it communicated a numbnefs like a paralytic kffedtion,
which did not fubfide for a long time. It does not faften
on fifh for the purpofe of feeding upon them, or fucking
their juices, as its name would feem to imply, for there
is no communication between this part of the head and
the throat ; but only for reft, or for a more eafy convey¬
ance ; and, perhaps, for fome remains of food or little
worms which may Hick about the fhark, which is the
fifh it is moft ufually attached to. They faften them-
felves to fhips bottoms, and to rocks, &c. in ftormy wea¬
ther. When they fwim alone, it is moft commonly on
their back, contrary to other fifties ; the reafon may be,
that the weight of their helmet makes them incline to
the polition of carrying it downwards. This fpecies is
feldom more than a foot and a half or two feet long. As
this and the preceding are often confounded together, and
have been regarded as one fpecies, we have given figures
of both, on the annexed engraving.

3. Echeneis lineata, the lineated fucker : fpecific cha¬
racter, tail wedge-ftiaped, and head with ten ftreaks. The
dorfal fin has thirty-five rays, the pedtoral eighteen, ven¬
tral five, anal thirty-three, tail fourteen. It inhabits the
Pacific ocean : is about five inches long ; body fubulate,
fmooth, dark brown, dotted with minute darker fpots,
and ornamented with two whitifh longitudinal lines on
each fide, which begin at the eyes and end in the tail.
Lower jaw longer than the upper; teeth minute in both.
This was firft defcribed by Archibald Menzies, in the
firft volume of the Tranfadtions of the Linnasan Society,

E C H

E'CHEVfN,y! [Fr.] A magiftrate elected by the in¬
habitants of fome cities and towns, to take care of their
common concerns, and regulate their police.

ECHILLEU'SE, a town of France, in the department
of the Loiret : feven miles eaft of Pithiviers.

E'CHINATE, or Echinated, adj. [from echinus, I.at.J
Bridled like an hedge-hog; fet with prickles. — An echi¬
nated pyrites in fhape approaches the echinated cryftalline
balls. Woodward. — In botany it is applied to all fuch
plants, or parts of plants, as are befet with fpines or
prickles.

ECHINI'TES, f. [from Gr. a hedge-hog. J A

petrifadfion of the echinus or lea-urchin, called by Dr.
Hill centronia.

ECHINOMELOCAC'TUS. See Cactus.

ECHINO'PHOR A, f. [from e^ivo;, Gr. a hedge-hog,
and (psgs;, to bear; on account of the pricklinefs of its
fruit.] Prickly parfnip : in botany, a genus of the clafs
pentandria, order digynia, natural order umbellatce, or
umbelliferte. The generic characters are — Calyx : um¬
bel univerfal, with very many rays ; the intermediate
one Ihorter ; partial, with very many feilile flowers, the
central one feffile, receiving the germs between the pedi¬
cels ; involucre univerfal, with fome lharp rays; partial
turbinate, one-leafed, (ix-cleft, acute, unequal ; perian-
thium proper, five-toothed, permanent, very fmall. Co¬
rolla: univerfal difform, rayed, flofcules male, abortive;
the central one of the umbel female ; proper five-petal-
led ; petals unequal, patulous. Stamina: filaments five,
fimple ; antherae roundifh. Piftillum : germ oblong, in¬
ferior, clothed with an involucel ; ftyles two, fimple ;
ftigmas fimple. Pericarpium : none, in place of which is
a hardened mucronate involucre. Seed : fingle, ovate-
oblong. — EJfential CharaEler. Lateral flowers male ; cen¬
tral hermaphrodite ; feed one, inunerfed in an involucel.

Species. 1. Echinophora fpinofa, or prickly fea-parfnip:
leaflets fubulate-fpiny, quite entire. Root perennial, creep¬
ing ; llalks branching, rive or fix inches high, with Ihort
thick leaves, terminating in two or three lharp thorns, and
oppofite, in pairs ; flowers in an umbel, on a naked pedun¬
cle, which arifes from the fide of the ftalk; corolla white.
It flowers in June. Native of the fea-coaft of Europe,
efpecially in the Mediterranean Sea. It was found by
Mr. Ray on the fea-coaft of Lancashire, and by Mr. Black-
ftone- between Feverfham and Sea Salter. In tire former
in thefe places it has lately been fearched for without
fuccefs.

2. Echinophora tenuifolia, or fine-leaved fea-parfnip ;
leaflets gailied, unarmed. Stalk near a foot and a half
high; whence come out two oppofite (ide-branches at every
joint. At the lower part of it are leaves finely divided,
like thofe of the carrot. The flowers grow in fmall um¬
bels at the extremities of the branches, having a Ihort
prickly involucre. It flowers in July. Native of the
fea-coaft of Apulia. They were both cultivated by Mr.
Miller before 1759.

Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants, not producing
feeds here, are increafed by their creeping roots. Trans¬
plant them the beginning of March, a little before they
Shoot. Place them in a warm fituation, and a dry foil ;
or elfe cover them in winter to prevent the froft from ae-
ftroying them. See Caucahs, Daucus, Osbeckia,
and Elephantopus.

ECHINOPHTHAL'MIA,yi [trom Gr. ahedge-
hog, and o<p0a Apes, an inflammation of the eye.] An n-
flammation of the eye-lids, where the hairs briftle out
like the fpines of a hedge-hog.

E'CHINOPS,/; [from E-j^no;, Gr. a hedge-hog, and
appearance; on account of the roughnefs of thefe plants.]
The Globe-Thistle; in botany, a genus of the clafs fyn-
genefia, order polygamia fegregata, natural order composi¬
te capitatae, (cinarocephalte, JuJf.) The generic charac¬
ters are — Calyx: common many-leaved; with fcales fubu¬
late, totally reflected, containing many flowers ; perian-
thium partial one-flowered, oblong, imbricate, cornered ;

leaflets

ECIIETEEIS AND ECHINORYNCHUS

Zondon.lbibZisheil as the Met directs - June iz.iSo^.hy J'fi’iZkes.

E C H

leaflets Tubulate, loofe above, upright, permanent. Co¬
rolla : one-petalled, length of the calyx, tubular; bor¬
der five-cleft, reflex, fpreading. Stamina: filaments five,
capillary, very (hort; antherae cylindric, tubular, five¬
toothed. Piftillum : germ oblong; fiyle filiform, length
of the corolla ; ftigma double, fomevvhat deprell'ed, rolled
back. Pericarpium, none; calyx unchanged, larger. Seeds
fingle, ovate-oblong, narrowerat the bafe, with obtufe tip ;
down obfeure. Receptacle: common-globofe, briftly . —
EJfentiaLCharaEler . Calyx, one-flowered ; corolla, tubular,
hermaphrodite; receptacle, briftly ; down obfeure.

Species. 1. Echinops fphaerocephalus, or great globe-
thiftle : heads globular, leaves finuate, pubefeent. Root
perennial ; ftalks many, four or five feet high ; leaves
long and jagged, divided into many fegments, the jags
ending in fpines. There are feveral globular heads of
flowers on each ftalk; florets commonly blue, fometimes
white. Thefe come out in July, and the feeds ripen in
Augull. Native of France, Spain, Italy, Auftria, Car-
niola, and Germany. Cultivated in 1596 by Gerarde.

2. Echinops fpinofus, or thorny-headed globe-thiftle :
heads interfperfed with long fpines. Native of Egypt
and Arabia. Perennial.

3. Echinops ritro, or fmall globe-thiftle ; head globu¬
lar ; leaves pinnatifid, fmooth above. This has a peren¬
nial creeping root, fending up ftalks two feet high, and
branching. Each branch is terminated by a globular
head of flowers, fmaller than thofe of the firft, and of a
deeper blue, but fometimes white : they come out in
July. The roots are bitter, diuretic, and nourifhing:
quadrupeds, efpecially the horfe and goat, eat the heads.
Native of France, Italy, and Siberia.

4. Echinops ftrigofus, or annual globe-thiftle: heads
in bundles ; lateral calyxes barren ; leaves ftrigofe above.
It is an annual plant; native of Spain and Portugal.
Cultivated in 1731 by Miller.

5. Echinops Graccus, or Grecian echinops : ftem one¬
headed ; leaves fpiny ; all pinnatifid and villofe; root
perennial, creeping; ftalks, a foot high; leaves fliorter
and much finer divided than the preceding forts ; hoary,
and armed on every fide with (harp thorns ; ftalks termi¬
nated by one globular head of flowers, blue or white, ap¬
pearing in J une. Native of Greece, whence Tournefort
lent the feeds to the royal garden at Paris.

Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants are eafily propa¬
gated by feeds, which, if permitted to fcatter, the plants
will come up in plenty, and a few of them may be tranf-
planted to the places where they are defigned to remain
to flower ; they require no other culture but to keep them
clean from weeds; the fecond year they will flower and
produce feeds, and the roots will continue two or three
years after. They will grow' almoft in any foil or filia¬
tion. See Carthamus and Rolandra.

F.CHINORYN'CHUS, in helmintology, a genus of
worms, belonging to the order of inteftina ; the characters
of which are thefe : body round : probofeis cylindrical
retraftile, and crowned with hooked prickles. Thefe are
found fixed very firmly to the vifeera of various animals,
generally the inteftines ; and often remain on the fame
fpot during the whole life of the animal : they are mofily
gregarious, and are eafily diftinguifhed from the tteniaby
their round inarticulate body. They are divided into
four claflcs, viz. I. Infefting the Mammalia. — Of thefe
there are four fpecies : 1 . The Phocte : body pale : intef-
tine milk-white and fpiral, found in great numbers in the
inteftines of the harp and rough leal, and often nearly
devours them: from three inches and a half to eight
inches long. This is (hewn in the engraving at fig. 3.
2. T ubifer : body glabrous and tapering behind into a fine
hair: found in the ftomach of the harp feal : about an
inch long. 3. Gigas : clear white ; probofeis fneathed,
with numerous rows of hooked prickles : found in the in¬
teftines of fwine, efpecially thofe which have been fat¬
tened in fties : is gregarious, and from twelve to eighteen
inches long. That which is found in the boar is of a blue-
ilh caft. 4. Balsente ; found in the inteftines of the whale.

ECU 227

II. Infefting Birds. — Of thefe there are fourteen fpe¬
cies now known, viz. the Buteor.is: found in-the intef¬
tines of the buzzard : two inches long. The Scopis, found
in the larger inteftines of the Strix fcops. The Aluconis,
found in the inteftines of the Strix aluco: (hewn at fig. 4.
The Strigis, found in the larger inteftines of the taivny owl.
The Pici, found in the inteftines of the piens erithroce-
phalus and viridis ; is gregarious, and about half an inch
long. The Borealis, found in the inteftines of the eider
duck. The Bofchadis, found in the inteftines of the
common duck. The Anatis, found in the inteftines of
the velvet duck. The Mergi, found in confidecable
numbers in the inteftines of the mergus minutus. The
Alcae, found in the inteftines of the auk: four inches
long. The Ardeas, found in the inteftines of the heron:
body conic behind, and finuate each fide in the middle.
The Gazae, found in the great w'hite heron. The Va-
naelli, found in the inteftines of the lapwing. The Me.
rulae, found in the black-bird and tree-fparrovv,

III. Infefting Reptiles. — Of thefe, two fpecies only are
known, viz. the Ranae, found in the inteftine of frogs: is
gregarious, greenifh, or pale grey. The. Falcatus, found
in the duodenum of the falamander, near the pylorus.

IV. Infefting Fiftt. — Of thefe, twenty-eight fpecies have
been afeertained, found in the inteftines of the eel, the
fword-fiflt, torfk, whiting-pout, whiting, blennius, ruffe,
perch, cod-fifti, turbot, flounder, father-laftier, bream,
ioche, trout, falrnon, pike, fluid, barbel, roach, frog-filh,
fturgeon, and many other fillies. In the engraving are
given corredt figures of the Candidas, at fig. 5, which is
found in the whiting, perch, and carp. Fig. 6, the lineo-
lalus, found in the 'cod-fi(h. Fig. 7, the Jalmonis, found
in falrnon. Fig. 8, the attenuatus, as found preying on
the inteftines of the flounder, with a piece of the inteftine
to (hew their pofition.

ECHINOU', a town of European Turkey, in the pro¬
vince of Albania : eight miles north-eaft of Zeiton.

ECHI'NUS, f. [Lat. a hedge-hog, from their being
clothed with fpines.] In helmintology, the Sea Urchin,
a genus belonging to the order of vermes mollufca. The
body is roundilh, covered with a cruftaceous (hell, befet
with moveable prickles ; the mouth is below, and confifts
of five valves. Many fpecies have hitherto only been
found in a follil (late, and conftitute the echinitcs and centra-
nia of different naturalifts. The pores are each furnilhed
with a retradlile tentaculum or feeler, by which the animal
affixes itfelf to any objedt, and (lops its motion : the fpines
are connected to the outer (kin by very ftrohg ligaments,
and are the inftruments of motion. The hiftoiy of thefe
curious and elegant cruftaceous animals might be confi-
dered as a branch of Conchologv, (belonging to the
clals of multivalves,) fince the characters are drawn from
the (hell, and not from the animal included in it. Why
they were feparated, may be feen by confulting that article,
in vol. v. p. 14 and 35. The echini are all fea-animals,
moftly of a round or oVal form, included in a fubftance
more or lefshard, but always very brittle, not dividing into
laminae, but of a porous appearance like fugar. Their
round (liape acquired them the trivial nameof lea-buttons ;
but, as their covering is almoft always befet with prickles,
they are generically called echini marini, orfea hedge-hogs.
The fubftance of the animal is gelatinous, interfperfed
with many fibres, almoft like the fpleen, lungs, and liver,
of other animals. The covering is generally divided into
five plots, or chambers, proceeding from the mouth,
which in fome fpecies is furniflied with five teeth, of long
cutting bones. Thefe animals, when boiled, become
hard like an egg: fome fpecies may be eaten, but mod
of them are rejected on account of their difagreeable
tafte. The (hell has always two apertures, one of which
is conftantly in the centre at the bottom; this is the
mouth. The other aperture is fometimes underneath,
and befide the mouth ; but it is often in the centre at
top; this is the vent, whence the excrements are voided.
In all the fpecies the fhell is flatted underneath and raifed
or vaulted above ; and the raifed furnmit is either round

and

I

228 ECH]

and flat, or convex, or oval, or conical. Several of them
have the compartment* furnilhed within with five fila¬
ments running round the mouth, which unite, and
Itrengthen the five lobes of which the body of the animal
is conftituted. The marks of this reparation into five
lobes is always vifible externally ; for in every one wc
may obferve five (triae, or futures, or furrows, either Angle
or double, or tome other figure confiding of five lines.
The pieces of the (hell or covering, which are fome hun¬
dreds in number, are mofily hexagonal : and upon each
there is a warty tubercle, (called by Knorr inamellon, nip¬
ple,) or elfe a round cavity, which holds the fpine by
means of a tendon which runs through the center of the
tubercle or cavity. An union of all thefe pieces makes
up the five lobes ; and thefe by a very regular future are
thcmfelves joined as the bones of the cranium are by
their futures. The fpines are either thick or thin, frnooth
or rough, fhort or long, apd of various fliapes, fometimes
as thin as a bridle or hair ; their colour is alfo variable ;
being white, red, green, brown, black, violet, yellow,
and variegated. The fpines are ufed by the animal both
for defence and for motion, and he can raife or deprefs
them at pleafure. If we offer to drag one of thefe; ani¬
mals from a hole in a rock, he raifes his fpines all round,
and fixes them fo firmly againft the Tides of the hole, that
it is impoflible to draw him out. When they would re¬
move from one place to another, they make ufe of the
longed fpines, which they move either all together, or
one after the other, fomewhat like a man walking with
crutches. In this manner they proceed at a tolerable
rate, efpecially on the firm banks. But they are never
feen rolling like a ball, for they can dop themfelves in a
moment by pufhing out fome of their fpines ; and, if by
any accident they are thrown topfy-turvy, they can turn
by means of their fpines, in the fame manner as a beetle
ufes its legs when thrown on its back. Thefe fpines, as
before obfcrved, are attached by a thin tendon to the tu¬
bercles; but the dighted touch brudies them off when
the animal is dead ; and hence the fea-urchins preferred
in cabinets are mod frequently without prickles. To
keep them entire, they diould be immerfed in fpirits as
foon as taken out of the fea, that the fpines may diffen,
and coalefce more firmly. The hard fitrface of the fhell
is covered with a very thin epidermis, which feems faden-
ed to the body by an infinite number of filaments, padlng
through as many minute holes, or ppres, in the covering,
and holding together the numerous pieces of which it
confids. Thefe pores, almod imperceptible to the naked
eye, are commonly placed in ten regular rows, which form
an arc reaching from the vent to the mouth of the animal.
Mod of the echini have five large efcutcheons, covering
the five divifions ; and at the edge of each efcutcheon is a
regular row of large tubercles, behind which is a row
containing many hundreds of minute pores ; but in the
middle of each efcutcheon, indead of pores, are many
finall tubercles placed without order. Thus the efcut¬
cheons, being joined two and two by a regular future,
form two rows of tubercles, on each fide of which are
the rows of pores, thus forming ten rows. In other fpe-
cies, which have no tubercles, the fpines arife from fmall
points on the fhell, or from little circular indentations.
The echini were orginally divided by Linnceus into two
clafl'es only : i. the fea-urchins with the mouth at the
bafe, and the anus at the apex ; 2. mouth and vent both
at the bottom. But it has been fince found necellary to
form more divifions, and fubdivifions likevvife.

I . Vent vertical ; tentacula every where fnnple.

Hemifpherical or globular. 1. Echinus •efculentus,
the efculent fea-urchin. This is fubglobular, with ten
avenues of pores, the fpaces between covered with fmall
tubercles fupporting the fpines, which are lharp and
idrong, above half an inch long ; commonly of a red or
violet colour ; moveable ; the tubercles elegantly dil-
pofed in rows'. Thefe are found in the European and
3

: n u s.

Indian feas. In old times they were a favourite didi, and
thought grateful to the domacb ; they were the fil'd difh
in the famous fupper of Lentulus, when he was made
flamen Martidlis , or pried of Mars. This fpecies is exhi¬
bited in the annexed engraving, without fpines, at fig. 1.
The entire animal is armed like the back of a hedge-hog,
and appears of a reddifii or yellowifh colour, the fpines
faintly violet, purple, or reddifli ; they are fmooth, l'olid,
and fo hard, that if they fall on boards or done, they
found like metal. At the lower extremity, which is
fomewhat thicker, each fpine is hollowed to embrace the
top of the tubercle, as reprefented in the engraving at a.
There is a variety, of which the prevailing colour is white*
and the fpines brown.

2. Echinus fphasra : fubfpherical, red, with blueifh
fpines. This is plentifully found in the Northern Seas.

3. Echinus draebachienfis : hemifpherical, pale, with
long pale fpines; likewife an inliabitant of the North.
Seas.

4. Echinus miliaris : hemifpherical depreded, with;
ten avenues of pores, the fpaces between with two rows
of protuberances. The fpines are dark green ; and round
the bafe of each is a round knob, or feveral knobs one
under the other, at the bottom of which is the hollow
which joins the tubercle. The tubercle is almod fphe-
rical, and dands on a rifing of the diell, fo as to reprefent
a wart or nipple. There is a variety which is green and
reddifh white ; the fpines green, and reddifh at the tips.
Another variety with Ihort but very beautiful fpines is
almod entirely purple. This is reprefented in the en¬
graving at fig. 2, and one of the fpines at b.

5. Echinus Baderi, or Bader’s fea-urchin. Shell de-
prefled, with fewer tubercles, and a ferrate line down the
middle of the fpaces : pores of the avenues placed in al¬
ternate rows of two and three foramina. Inhabits the
European Ocean, and is principally didinguidied from
the eiculentus, in being lefs, in having the top more de¬
preded, and the avenues of pores narrower.

6. Echinus hemifphsericus. This is ftriCtly hemi¬
fpherical, depreded, with ten avenues of pores ; the
fpaces with a ferrate future down the middle, and tranf-
verfe lines ; mouth pentangular ; the angles obtufe.
Probably a variety only of the efculentus. Shell yellow-
ifh-red with paler avenues, the bafe ochraceous ; rough
with larger and fmaller protuberances. The fpines are
fmooth and dtort ; of a reddilh colour in the living ani¬
mal, but after death foon turn yellow.

7. Echinus angulofus ; hemifpherical; the fpaces gra¬
nulate and bifarioudy warted, the larger ones biparted by
a ferrate future down the middle ; avenues trifarioudy
porous. Shell grey, with a greenifh violet tinge ; fpaces
with rows of granulations and protuberances ; avenues
with double didant pores. There is a variety deferibed
by Knorr, fmaller than the above, and of a light greenilh
colour. In the middle of each dividon is a line, not per¬
forated with pores, but with a row of tubercles on each
fide of it. Behind thefe rows are two lines pierced with
a vad number of pores, and bounded by a fingle row of
tubercles, to which joins the dentated future which con¬
nects the parts. The lobes themfelves condd of an infi¬
nite number of little fquares, each bearing at lead one
tubercle. The mouth is pentagonal ; on each lobe within
there is a railed hook like an arched dpor, and two fur¬
rows belonging to each lobe at the rim of the mouth.
The vent is at the apex, and is covered with a cartilage
which reaches over the pentagonal perforated rim de¬
feribed under the fird fpecies. The fhell is thin, and
very brittle. Another variety has been obferved with
the apex red, and red fpots on the tubercles. But of this
fpecies of echinus there are more than thirty varieties;
fome either light or dark green ; others green with white
lines, white with green lines, tranfverfely driped, or
fpotted white or green. The prefent variety is delineated
in the engraving at fig. 3.

8. Echinus excavatus : hemifpherical j fpaces granu¬

late,

ECH

late., all of them bifarioufly tuberculate : avenues exca¬
vated and bifarioufly porous. Found at Verona in a pe¬
trified (late ; grey-yellow.

9. Echinus globulus: hemifpherical, fiubglobujar,
with ten avenues, the (paces muricate at the (ides and
porous in the middle. Inhabits the Indian Ocean.

10. Echinus fphasroides: hemifpherical, gibbous:
avenues ten, every where muricate and porous in the mid¬
dle. Found in the Indian Ocean.

11. Echinus gratilla : hemifpherical, gibbous ; ave¬
nues ten, triplicate ; the fpaces muricate in a deculfate
form. Inhabits the Indian Ocean.

12. Echinus lixula : hemifpherical, with ten avenues
in approximate pairs; the fpaces tranfverfely muricate
and punctured. Inhabits the Indian Ocean.

13. Echinus faxatilis : hemifpherical, deprefled ; pores
of the avenues in a curved line, the curves oblique at
the bafe. Inhabits the Mediterranean and Indian Seas.
Shell fub elliptic, violet-grey or white ; protuberances vio¬
let, reddilh or yellowifli, in two or three iongitudinal rows;
pores of the avenues double, five pair in a row ; mouth
large ; vent furrounded with ovate acute feutes ; fpines
rigid, reddilh-brown, with violet tips. This fomewhat
xefembles the mamillatvs , and is equally good food. The
fpines are long, fmooth, folid, fpear-fluped, of a brownifii
colour, and give a metallic found when they fall. In the
middle appears the mouth, armed with its teeth, which
are five triangular bones, hollow, and bent ; their points
unite outfide the Ihell, and form a cone ; their broad ex¬
tremities are within, placed circularly. This is exhibited
in the engraving at fig. 4.

14. Echinus feneftratus : orbicular, with a fiat fene-
ftrate bale ; fpaces ten, with unequal final 1 and large tu¬
bercles ; mouth with ten angles. Shell white, with gra¬
nulations over all the fpaces and avenues; in the larger
fpaces are fix rows of warts refembling papillae ; avenues
broad, with three pair of pores and two towards the
crown ; fpines violet-black ; vent pentangular.

15. Echinus fubangularis : hemifpherical, orbicular,
with ten fpaces; the lefler ones elevated, and ten rows
of tubercles in each. Shell greenifh-afh, a little inclin¬
ing to chefnut, and pulvinate at the bale ; fpaces with
four tubercles placed in a rhombic form: pores of the
avenues curved, in four or five pairs.

16. Echinus ovaritis: ovate; the larger fpaces bifa¬
rioufly tuberculate. Found in a petrified Hate in Eng¬
land and Normandy.

17. Echinus diadema, or little turban. Hemifpherical,
deprefled, with five avenues longitudinally tuberculate;
the fpaces lanceolate. It varies, 1. With tuberculate
bands. 2. Greenifli-yellow. 3. Blackifh, variolous,
with long fpines. 4. Spines black, annulate with white.
This fpecies inhabits the fands of the Indian Ocean.
Shell orbicular, with a deprefled top, rich blue or grey-
blue ; mouth large ; vent circular and furrounded with a
pentangular fkin ; fpaces bifarioufly tuberculate, the tu¬
bercles perforated at the tip ; avenues with three pair of
pores at the bafe and one at the tip ; fpines violet and
blue-grey. This deferves notice in preference to feverai
others, from the regularity of its ftrufture, and the circu¬
lar arrangement of its fpines, as fltewn at fig. 5, in the en¬
graving. It has been obferved that the fhell of the fea-
urchin, before it is cleaned, is covered with a tender fkin ;
this probably enables the animal to unite and (Irengthen
its brittle Ihell, which confifls of fo many difiiwSt pieces.
Yet this (kin may be foftened in warm rain-water, fo as to
be removed by a bruth ; and the (hell, being then ex-
pofed to the fun, becomes white, only the ten Angle or
five double lines remaining black.

j8. Echinus calamarius : lpheroid,. deprefled ; ave¬
nues five, with black porous margins, granulate in the
middle with a double row of larger prominent dots. In.
habits-the Indian Sea : greenifli-white. Smaller tubercles
with green very brittle bridles ; fpines refembling the

Voh, VI, No, 345.

I N U S. 229

Hem of the equifetum, w hitifli annulate with green and
grey at the tip.

19. Echinus aranelformis : orbicular, grey, with pur.
pie-grey fpines thicker in the middle. Inhabits the Ame¬
rican feas.

20. Echinus flellatus : with the lower fpines capillary ;
likewife found in the American feas.

21. Echinus radiatus : with five radiate avenues, forked
at the tip. Each of the avenues is terminated by two
vvhitifli rays, and perforated with pale red foramina,

22. Echinus circinatus : with ten granulate fpaces, bi¬
farioufly tuberculate; the larger ones excavated, the lefs
ones elevated, and fubpulvinate at the bafe. Found hi¬
therto only among the foflile echini.

23. Echinus cidaris, or great turban: hemifpherical,
deprefled, with five flexuous linear avenues, the fpaces
alternately bifarious. Its varieties are, i.'Ofa fmaller
fize. 2. With the fpines fufiform. 3. With the fpines
claviculate. 4. With the fpines obtufe. This fpecies
inhabits the Indian Ocean, generally of a livid-grey co¬
lour and flat at the bafe; fpaces granulate; with two
rows of protuberances placed alternately, furnifhed with
perforated papillae, furrounded with a circle or two of
granulations, and Teparated by a groove running round
them ; in the place of fmaller ones is an eminent band be¬
tween the avenues ; mouth rather large. The tubercles are
pretty large, regularly placed in five double rows ; be¬
tween each double row' runs a thick line fomewhat waved,
which diflinft ly (hows the five compartments of the whole
(hell, each of which contains two rows of tubercles ; and
each tubercle (lands upon a white nipple, inclofed in a
railed granulated border. The two rows of tubercles on
each divilion go from the vent to the mouth, but not in
ftrait or parallel lines ; they run rather oblique and alter¬
nate, i. e. the tubercle in one line Hands oppofite to the
(pace in the other. By the fide of each double row of
tubercles runs a waved broad flripe perforated with ob¬
long holes ; and thefe ftripes divide the (hell into five
lobes. The tubercles look like buttons, and are of a yel-
lovvifh colour; in the centre of each may be obferved the
orifice through which the tendon pafles which fallens the
(pine to the (hell or body. The fpines are very large,
and ciub-fhaped ; but they are of different fizes according
to the fize of the animal. A cidaris or turban with its
fpines complete is now confidered as a great curiofity.

The variety of the cidaris with fufiform lpines is never-
thelefs the mod rare and beautiful of this family. The
fpines are large and fwelled at the bafe, but grow (mail to¬
wards the top, which is terminated with a rim ; and there
are longitudinal Arise upon each, made up of raifed dots,
fo that they have the appearance of being notched. Sixty
of thefe have been counted upon one fea-urchin, without
reckoning the young ones that might afterwards pufli
forth. Each (pine (kinds in the midfl of a circle confid¬
ing of about twenty little white leaves riling up taper
like a crown, concealing and firengthening the bafe of
the fpine ; and between the rows of fpines there is a
double row of thefe leaves, direfted oppofite ways to
fupport each row of fpines. The anus is at the apex,
and round it are five fpines placed pentagonally ; the
mouth is at bottom, and included in a double row of ten
fhort fpines. All the reft of the fpines are long. This
fpecies is often found petrified; but feldom in its natural
(fate, fince it inhabits the inacceflible depths of the fea.
One of thefe is reprefented in the preceding engraving at
fig. 6 ; and one of the triangular fpines of the claviculate
fpecies, at c. The ihell alfo of the claviculate cidaris,
without the fpines, is exhibited in the Echinus Plate II.
fig. j, to (hew its tubercles, ftripes, and perforations.

Another variety of the cidaris, remarkable for the An¬
gularity and length of the (pines, is referred by Knorr to
this fpecies. Its tubercles' are placed upon nipples, like
the cidaris, or great turban. This is fometimes called
the little turban, (though it be the fize of two fifts,) be-
3 N catifg

ECHINUS.

200

caufe the tubercles are fmaller. It is covered with a
black {kin ; but when cleaned with foft water and a brulh,
and expofed to the air, it becomes white, and the ten
black flriae which divide it appear. The 1'pines are from
two to fix inches long ’; and are very rarely feen in cabi¬
nets unlefs feparately. They are very thin and brittle;
of a dark brown colour; the lower extremity not thicker
than a large pin, and the point very fine : their ftrud'tnre
is made up of a number of little rings, fo finely ferrated
as to be invifible to the eye, but very perceptible to the
touch ; for they feel fmooth when drawn between the
fingers upwards, but rough when ttroked downwards from
the tip. It has as many fpines as tubercles; the longer
fpines arifing from the largeft tubercles. Some fpecimens
have the fpines fpeckled, that is, the rings are alternately
white and black. Thefe are very beautiful and rare.
This curious fpecies is correctly (hewn in Plate II. fig. 2.

24. Echinus mamill'atus : hemifpherical-oval, with ten
winding avenues; the fpaces muricate and warty, the
narrower ones abbreviated. Inhabits the Southern Seas;
and are valued as a nourifhing and favoury food. Spaces
ten, the papillae not perforated as in the la ft , but furround-
ed withclevated circles ; in the larger fpaces are from fix-
teen to eighteen protuberances, the middle ones larger, in
the leffer fpaces about fourteen; avenues with four or five
pair of pores at the bafe ; mouth large 5 vent rounded, and
furrounded with ten fcales, five of which are perforated ;
colour of the fpines variable. The back is more railed
and pointed than in the preceding ; not refembling a com-
preffed fphere, but rather oblong-hemifpherical. The
tubercles are large, but not fo regular as thofe of the pre¬
ceding; neither are the divifions fo di/lin6tly feparated.
It is not therefore difficult to riifiinguifh them, though
they have often been confounded. Between the large
tubercles are difpofed a great many final 1 ones, not larger
than millet-feed. The (hell is of a reddifli colour, or like
apple-tree bloffom. The fpines, from their rounded form,
are called fingers. This fpecies is reprefented in Plate II.
fig. 3 ; and the (hell , without the fpines, at fig. 4.

25. Echinus lucunter : hemifpherical-oval, with ten
flextious avenues ; fpaces muricate, the narrower ones
longitudinal. Inhabits the Indian Ocean, and varies
much in colour; fometimes yellow-cinereous, fometimes
blueilh and blackiih ; the bale pulvinate. Mouth large;
in each fpace is two fingle rows of larger warts, and a
fextuple row of fmall ones in the larger fpaces,. which in
the lelfer is quintuple; avenues with four or five pair of
pores towards the ends, and fix in the middle.

26. Echinus atratus : hemifpherical-oval and (lightly
deprefied ; with very fhort obtufe truncate fpines, the mar¬
ginal ones clavate and deprefied. Inhabits the Indian Seas.
Circumference nearly orbicular, cinereous inclining to
violet; fpaces ten, very finely. granulate, with fometimes
an ofiluple row of larger protuberances in the larger ones,
difpofed in a quincunx, and a double row in the fmaller
ones ; avenues brown, excavated, granulate, broad, with
four rows of pores ; fpines violet,. fome of them clavate,
dome angular at the tip, and fome cylindrical.

27. Echinus coronalis : hemifpherical-orbicular,. with
ten fpaces alternately narrower and. covered with fcat-
tered papillae ; avenues flat, meeting, in confluent pairs
before the area of the crown. As yet has only been found
in a fofGle (late, in a. chalky and flinty foil.

28. Echinus afierizans : orbicular deprefied ; tubercles

furrowed with a groove up to the tip, and furrounded
with a circle of granulations.. Found among chalk in a
fofiile (late, •

29. Echinus afliulatus : (hell fcutellate, the fcutels uni¬
ted by tranfverfe futures. Probably not adiftinCl fpecies.

30. Echinus fardicus : orbicular deprefied tuberculate,
with ten impreffed avenues ; the fpaces multifarioufly tu~
bercled, with an imprefled future down the middle. In¬
habits theTufcan and Adriatic leas ; large, grey-yellow-
ilh-red, the bale nearly flat and more yellow ; larger fpaces.

with tubercles difpofed in from eight to twelve rows, witH-
leffer ones and fmall granulations in the interftices ; the
leffer fpaces with from four to fix rows of fmaller tuber¬
cles; avenues with five pair of pores placed in an arched
row ; mouth fmall, with. ten finuofities.

31. Echinus flammeus: hemifpherical deprefied ; the
fpaces void of tube.-cles in the middle towards the upper
parts, the leffer ones more elevated; avenues narrow, and
bounded on each fide by a row of tubercles. Olive-green,
the tubercles and bafe of the avenues whiter ; larger
fpaces with twelve rows of tubercles at the foroadeft part,
leffer fpaces with three, each tubercle furrounded with;
a circle of leffer ones; avenues hardly two lines broad,,
with three pair of pores intermixed with granulations
mouth fmall ; vent furrounded with pentangular fcales.

32. Echinus variegatus: orbicular fubangular ; middle-
fpaces rofy, rich green on each fide; avenues whitilh--
green ; bafe whitifh. The larger fpaces have the appear¬
ance of three or four warts furrounded with granulations,
leffer fpaces a little elevated with three rows of' wmrts ;
avenues with three pair of pores; mouth roundiffs, and
very faintly finuate.

33. Echinus puffulofus : the larger fpaces are divided
in the middle by a future, with numerous tranfverfe rows
of tubercles, increaiing in number towards the middle;
leffer fpaces more elevated. Hardly an inch high, and
about two in diameter, brownilh grey inclining to red,
the leffer fpaces paler, the bafe whitilh, and the protube¬
rances reddiffi ; fpaces ten, the larger ones with a rough
difk, the future bounded by minute granulations on each:
fide, with rows of tubercles, confiding at firff of one, then-
of two, fo that in the middle they amount to about ten ;
leffer fpaces with two rows of tubercles with a ferrate line
and minute granulations between them ; avenues with
four or five pair of pores running, into oblique lines ;
mouth with broad finuofities.

34. Echinus granulatus : fuborbicular fubangular ; mid¬
dle of the fpaces naked, and divided by a future ferrate
on each fide, the larger ones with ('even rows of tubercles, .
the leffer ones with four. About three quarters of an
inch high, and one inch and a half in diameter; the bafe
pulvinate, and with the margin of the larger fpaces green-
ilh-grey; middle of the larger fpaces and the leffer ones
dull. green ; avenues with three pair of pores placed- in a
triangle ; vent circular, with ten (tales at the margin ex¬
panded like, a role.

35. Echinus teffellatus : with ten fpaces divided in the
middle by a future, and teffeliate; avenues ten biporous;
mouth circular. Found hitherto only in a fcffile (late.

36. Echinus botryoides : fpaces- divided by a longitu¬
dinal future in the middle, the larger ones bifarioufiy tu¬
berculate ; avenues with a double curved row of pores.
Found as yet only in a fofiile (late.

37. Echinus toreumaticus : hemifpherical, with ten
fpaces bifariotifly tuberculate, the, tubercles crenate and
f urrounded by. a circle of granulations ; the larger fpaces
with four longitudinal grooves, the leffer ones with two.
Cinereous bluei.h or greenifh, the bafe and avenues yel-
lowifh ; avenues 'biporous, the pores placed in a thickly
ferrate line; bafe pulvinate; mouth fmall; vent fur¬
rounded with tell fcales'.

Something refembling the figure of a (hield. 38. Echi¬
nus finuatus, the polar dune : convex ; avenues ten, ftriate; .
fpaces ten ; tubercles furrounded with a circle of granula¬
tions. Found hitherto only inafoffile (late. Oneof the fpaces
divided by an excavated (inns; avenues broad and punc¬
tured at each margin ; bafe.a little excavated and furrowed
by five divergent grooves ; mouth fmall, pentagonal.

39. Echinus femiglobofus : hemifpherical, grooved,
with a flat bafe ; the protuberances placed in rows. Found
hitherto in a foflile (inte only.

40. Echinus quinquelabiatus : painted with innumera¬
ble annulations, with a hollow in the middle furrounding
a five-rayed convex liar. Found hitherto among foflils only .

41. Echinus

Xoudon.Fublished as the -Act directs-, Orti'us.idoz by tX.WiHces-.

E C H I N U S;

41. Ecliinns conoideus : fubconic with an elliptic cir¬
cumference; fpaces and avenues ten, the latter tranfverfe-
ly grooved and porops at the margin, the former divided
by a ftraight'fcxcavated future. Found as yet only in a
folTile date. Protuberances of the fpaces thickly placed
and furrounded by a circle of granulations; bafe flat,
grooved ; vent circular.

IX. Vent placed beneath-, mouth without tentacula.

Bafe circular, in the periphery of which is the vent.

42. Echinus albo galerus : fpaces ten, covered with nu¬
merous fmall white tubercles, the larger ones united by a
ferrate future and tranfverfely lineate, the lefl'er ones ter¬
minated by a foramen at the crown ; avenues ten, bi-
porous. Suboval; mouth orbicular, fmall; vent ovate.
Found hitherto only in a foflile date.

43. Echinus depreflus : fpaces ten, the larger ones di¬
vided in the middle by a future ; avenues ten, biporotts;
crown depreded ; vent orbicular. Mouth moderate, with
ten fliarp finuofities ; vent large,, ovate. Found hitherto
only in a foflile date.

44. Echinus vulgaris: orbicular; with ten avenues,
two of them always near each other. Found frequently
in a foflile date, in numberlefs varieties of forms.

45. Echinus quadrifafeiatus: with fouravenues of pores.
Found in a foflile date ; circumference fometimes orbi¬
cular, fometimes approaching to an oval.

46. Echinus fexfafeiatus : with (ix avenues of pores.
Found hitherto only in a foflile date.

Bafe exactly circular. 47. Echinus fttbuculus : ave¬
nues ten, biporous ; fpaces ten, five larger and five lefs;
mouth and vent fmall, orbicular. Found only in a foflile
date ; the fpaces befet with very fmall circles ; pores of
the avenues very minute, and crowded clofe together.

Bafe oval. 48. Echinus cycloflomus : oblong, fubde-
prefled ; crown with five pores ; mouth placed in the
middle, and round ; vent oblong, and near the mouth.
Cinereous or yellowifh ; the bafe pulvinate; fpaces ten,
divided by a ferrate line down the middle, and befet with
minute tubercles inclofed in a circle ; avenues ten, bipo¬
rous, and extending to the mouth. This is perhaps a
variety of the rojaceus. The five double lines, which re-
prefent the radii, are only rows of pores, appearing black
on the whitifh ground of the fhell. 7 he fliell is very thin
and brittle, which occafions this and fimilar fpecies to be
more rare in cabinets than thole which have ftrong tuber¬
cles and a thicker fhell.

49. Echinus femilunaris: vent longitudinally oblong;
mouth tranfverfe and femilunar. Inhabits the Afiatic
Sea; pale yellow ifh-adi .

50. Echinus feutiformis : mouth pentangular ; avenues
ten, dilate ; larger fpaces affiliate or divided into plates,,
the pieces pentangular.

Bafe oval, acute ; vent oppofite the mouth. 5a. Echi¬
nus feutatus: convex, beneath Hat; fpaces tuberculate
and alternately larger, the larger ones divided by a fer¬
rate future in the middle ; mouth tranfverfe, kidney-
fhaped. Found only in a foflile date ; tubercles of the
fpaces intermixed with very minute granulations; mouth
furrounded with tubercles fomewhat larger, .and forming
a triangle ; vent fubovate; bafe. a little convex towards
the margin, with a more eminent dripe in the middle,
bounded on each fide by two finely granulate bands.

52. Echinus ovatus-: ovate, affiliate, the pieces hexan-
gular; crow n naked ; vent luboval. Found hitherto only
in a foflile date. Shell compofed of twenty rows of pieces,
ten larger and ten lefs, all of them united by a ferrate
future ; fpaces ten larger and ten fmaller, in the latter of
which are two imprefi'ed dots; mouth rounded,, fmall ;
vent fuboval.

53. Echinus pudulofus: fpaces obfol'ete and not tuber-
culute ; avenues with railed dots difpofed in pairs; crown
hnprefled. Found in a foflile (fate; refembles echinus-
fcutatus in- figure,. circumference, mouth, and vent-

23 l

54. Echinus quadriradiatus : with four double rows of
dots. Found hitherto in a foflile flate only.

55. Echinus minor : ovate, with a flat or dbneave bafe;
fpaces and avenues ten, the latter biporous ; mouth tranf¬
verfe, roundifh ; vent fubovai. Found only in a foflile
date.

56. Echinus dubius : ovate, with ten fimply porous
avenues; half of the vent marginal. Found hitherto only
in a Fonile date. The five larger fpaces marked with im-
preffed circles,

Bafe irregular, with five expanded petal-diaped marks
on the furface. 57. Echinus rofaceus : flattifh and^round-
idi-oval ; avenues five, oval, with a dotted furface. In¬
habits the Aliatie Ocean; yellowidi-brown, fometimes
dirty cinereous; covered with fmall tubercles like grains
of (and, and difpofed in a quincunx form. The fhell is
compaft, and alinod of a dony hardnefs, which however
it acquires after it comes out of the water. There is a
pentangular piece at the top with dve angular holes, like
thofe fpecies which have the vent at the. apex ; yet in
this divifion the vent is underneath, not in the center
however, but in tire circumference. From this penta¬
gonal piece arifes a five-leaved figure which fpreads over
the whole furface of the (hell, fo that each fide of the
pentagon is contiguous to the point of one leaf, which is
formed by two curved lines reprefenting the edges of the
leaf, and thefe, making an oblong arc, pafs over the
fhell, without joining at the round extremity of each leaf.
The lines are broad, containing, fird, two almoft parallel
rows of pores-, the outer row large and oval, the' inner
fmaller and round ; from each oval hole of the outer row
runs a furrow towards the round hole of the inner rank,
which gives the edges of the leaves a Angular appearance.
The middle of each leaf, inclofed in this edging or bor¬
der, is much raifed above the. furface of the (hell, fo that
this five-leaved figure is very apparent. As the entire
circumference of the diell reprefents a lengthened oval,
broad at one end and pointed at the other, and in general
a pentagon more or lefs obtufe, there are always two
leaves of the figure divided towards the broad end, one
to the pointed end, and the two others dretch towards
the fides. The whole furface is full of little circular
hollows, with a little convexity in the middle to hold
the concave extremity of the fpines, like the articulations
of bones, as before deferibed. Turning this to examine
the bafe, two cavities appear. The larged, which is in
the center, is tire mouth ; the other, near the rim in the
middle of the broad fide, is the anus. Tire mouth is
funk in fo far as to be within a very fmall fpace of tire
funrmit on the oppolite fide . From the rim to the mouth
run five finooth deep furrows, which are precifely under¬
neath and in the middle of each of the leaves of the figure
above, and which thus divide the bafe into five parts.
The fhell alfo includes a great number of little bones,
which are the teeth of this Angular animal, and which
rattle when the (hell is fhaken. This very curious Ipe.
cies is exhibited iir Plate II. fig. 5.

58. Echinus altus : crown elevated, orbicular; avenues
broad, with convergent granulate tips. Found in a foflile
flate; higher than the lad ; about two inches high and
fix broad at the wided part of the bafe.

59. Echinus oviformis : convex and flat beneath ; ave¬
nues ten, biporous, and expanded in a dellate form ; crown
with four pores. Above brownidt-grey, beneath w hiti di¬
grey ; granulate, with a circle round the granulations;,
mouth tranfverfe, and llightly kidney. fhaped ; vent mar¬
ginal, near the mouth; bafe with a paler glabrous line
in the middle, reaching from one end of the-lhell to the
other.

60. Echinus orbiculatus: granulate; avenues biporous,
the pores united by a tranfverfe impreffed line, and the
intermediate fpaces divided by a ferrate line in the middle,
the red of the furface five-parted.. Found in a petrified
flate, and a very indiftinfct fpecies.

Flap

232 ECHI

Flat on 150111 Tides; the avenues , refembling petals;
mouth central, flat, toothed ; crown with four pores.

6 1 . Echinus “hit'oris, the two-holed Tea-urchin: the bale
with live-grooves and ten flexuous radiate lines; near the
vent two .oblong foramina. Above a little convex and
pale yellowifh-afh, beneath ochraceous; Tometimes round-
i ill , (ometimes obtufely triangular; t lie margin Tometimes
iinuous, (ometimes flexuous; mouth obtulely pentangu¬
lar ; vent Tometimes circular, Tometimes tranfverlely oval ;

■ the adjacent foramina Tometimes fhorter and fubovate,
Tometimes longer, narrower, or linear ; avenues refembling
ovate petals or leaves, confiding of a (ingle inner row of
dots, and a row of oblique (trite penetrating the (hell,
which is as thin as paper, and looks fomething like the
pafte or dough that wafers are made of. The (hell appears
made up of pentagonal pieces To nicely joined that Tcarcely
any mark of a future is perceptible; and the(e pieces are
full of little grains or protuberances not vifible to the eye,
from which fpring minute (pines like the hair of a man’s
beard. Yet the animal ufes them but little for motion ;
the lower ones do not ferve for feet, but mod commonly
for oars in fwimming. The oblong foramina mentioned
above are very remarkable in. this and the two following
fpecie-s ; they are cut entirely through the animal, fo that
a ribbon may be put through ; the inlide lining of thefe
holes is firm, and armed with (pines. Mouth and vent
underneath.

62. Echinus pentaporus, the five-holed fea-urchin :
avenues emarginate at the tip ; vent near the mouth, with
five foramina. Obtufely pentagonal ; above whiti(h-a(h
with a reddilh tinge ; beneath hollowed towards the mid¬
dle, white with a little yellow and blue veins; (hell witli
prominent divilions; avenues oval ; mouth obtufely pen¬
tagonal, the lips a little prominent and perforated with a
foramen ; vent nearly fquare, with adjacent linear and
fuboval foramina; crown marked with a pentagonal dar.
Of the five foramina, four are near the rim, almofl at
right angles, the fifth is between two petals of the flower,
confequently between two lobes, fo that one lobe is en¬
tirely (olid. Thefe large foramina are probably ufeful
to the animal in riling and finking in the water ; for the
refidance of the water, when part of it palfes through
the holes, is not fo great as it would be againfi the entire
(hell. The mouth and vent are very near together.

63. Echinus hexaphorus, the lix-holed Tea-urchin : this
is orbicular, with narrow avenues, and fix narrow fora¬
mina near the vent. Inhabits the Indian, American, and
South, Teas, and very much refembles the lad : cinereous;
crown umbilicate ; bafe a little hollowed, darker, and
marked with frondofe lines. Thefe three lad are found
in the Ead Indies, and (ometimes in the North Sea; but
they are rarely feen, and very fcarce in cabinets on account
of the thinnefs and brittlenefs of the (hell.

64. Echinus emarginatus, or margined fea-urchin:
nearly pentagonal, with ovate avenues; vent oval, more
remote from the mouth, with fix foramina clofe to the
margin. Inhabits the iiland Bourbon; greenilh-brown.
Shell a (lightly heart-fliaped oval, a little pulvinate, (inu-
ous, four inches and fix lines in tranfverfe diameter, crown
patulous, bafe a little flatter, and marked with flexuous
branched fculptured lines.

65. Echinus auritus, or eared fea-urchin: margin waved,
the lower one rounded, the upper one nearly fquare and
twice divided, with an opening pore between every two
of the avenues. Inhabits the Perfian leas ; yellowifli-grey,
the upper margin tawny ; the bafe flat, punftured, and
marked with radiate firiae; vent oblong, and placed near
the mouth.

66. Echinus inauritus, or earlefs fea-urchin : fubcord-
ate and adulate, the pieces hexagonal; avenues five, oval,
emarginate at the tip, the fifth longer, and a pore between
every two of them. Inhabits Amboyna, in the river Wag-
nitoe ; five or fix inches high, and as many broad; the
broader end thrice divided ; thin and thickly covered with

N U S.

granulations fpinous at the bafe ; above reddifh-afli, be¬
neath violet-red.

67. Echinus tetraporus, or four-holed Tea-urchin : orbi¬
cular, lightly famous., and perforated each fide with four
foramina; vent circular. Pale yellow-grey ; crown wi-h
five foramina ; avenues obtufe at the tip; the bafe fur¬
rowed with ten flexuous grooves bifid at the tips; mouth
rounded and five-toothed.

68. Echinus laganum : avenues oval, finely driate and
cleft at the tip ; crown prominent ; vent circular, and
near the margin. Granulate, ochraceous, ovate, fubpen-
tagonal ; the bafe with five excavated rays divided into
fo many equal fpaces ; mouth obtufely pentagonal ; vent
hardly the breadth of a line diflant from the margin;
crown perforated with five foramina between the avenues.

69. Echinus fubrotundus : orbicular, with radiate ave¬
nues. Found hitherto only in a foflllt date.

70. Echinus reticulatus : ovate, flattifli, with five oval
avenues; the furface reticulate. Inhabits the American
and Indian Ocean.

71. Echinus orbicularis: circular, with oval acute ave¬
nues ; the bafe with ten imprefled porous rays ; vent mid¬
way between the mouth and margin, both circular. In¬
habits the Indian Sea.

72. Echinus corrallatus : orbicular, with oval obtufe
(liort avenues. Found hitherto only in a fofiile date.

73. Echinus decadabtylos : diell perforated with four
oblong foramina ; the margin with ten teeth. Shell rough
with granulations; above blueidi-green, varied with ci¬
nereous ; the avenues and futures pale fledi-colour; the
bafe yeilowifh , fledi-colour, with ten imprefled flexuous
grooves, bifid at the tip and greenifli-afh ; avenues lanceo¬
late-oval, entire, biporous, united by oblique Arise; teeth
of the margin alternately fhorter ; mouth rounded ; vent
ovate.

74. Echinus octodaftylos : the fore-part orbicular, and
perforated with two foramina, the bind-part eight-toothed ;
avenues lanceolate. Shell whitifh-adi.; adulate, the pieces
convex ; crown umbilicate ; avenues emarginate.

75. Echinus orbiculus : fore-part orbicular, entire;
hind-part unequally toothed ; avenues lanceolate, cleft,
and bent. Inhabits the Indian Sea. Shell flat, fuborbi-
cular, not perforated, compofed of hexangular pieces;
the bafe flat with imprefled grooves; avenues oval;
mouth rounded ; vent oval.

Ten avenues on the crown, the rays draight, biporous,
and Aellate ; mouth and vent approximate ki the middle
part of the bafe 76. Echinus nucleus : furface globu¬
lar, with an orbicular circumference ; bafe narrow, and
flat in the middle; (ides grooved ; avenues pulvinate;
crown eccentric. Shell yellowilh-alh ; crown perforated
with four pores; mouth circular; vent rather oblong,
and (mailer than the mouth.

77. Echinus centralis: lurface globular, circumference
fuborbicular ; bale pul vinate ; (ides very lightly grooved;
avenues (lightly pulvinate; crown central. Perhaps a
variety of the lad. Mouth very minute and orbicular.

78. Echinus ervum : furface globular, circumference
fuboval; bafe a little narrowed ; (ides grooved ; avenues
fubpulvinate ; crown central. Larger than echinus nu¬
cleus; mouth and vent equal.

79. Echinus craniolaris : furface globular on the fore¬
part, the hind-part nearly five-angled, pulvinate, and
(loping; circumference elliptic; bafe a little narrowed;
(ides grooved ; avenues pulvinate ; crown eccentric. In¬
habits the Indian feas : white, and covered with granu¬
lations furrounded with an engraved circle; crown with
four pores.

80. Echinus tur.cicus : furface and bafe pulvinate, cir¬
cumference elliptic ; fides hardly grooved ; avenues fub¬
pulvinate ; crown (lightly deprefl'ed and central. Pro¬
bably a variety of the preceding.

81. Echinus vicia: furface globular, circumference
obtufely oval ; bafe a little narrowed ; Tides grooved 5

avenues

233

ECHINUS.

avenues flattifh ; crown central. Inhabits the Adriatic :
refembles echinus craniolans. V

82. Echinus ovulum : furface pulvinate ; circumference
obtufely oval; bafe globular; fides (lightly grooved;
crown central. Perhaps a variety of echinus craniolaris.

83. Echinus lathyrus: furface and bafe pulvinate, cir¬
cumference oval ; fides (lightly grooved ; avenues pulvi¬
nate; crown nearly central. Shell dull yellowilh-grey,
and of a middle fize between echinus nucleus and cranio¬
laris.

84. Echinus equinus : furface and bafe pulvinate, cir¬
cumference elliptic ; (ides fmooth ; avenues fubpulvinate ;
crown central.

85. Echinus minutus : furface pulvinate and nearly flat,
circumference ovate and fnbpentangular ; bafe narrowed;
fides grooved ; avenues pulvinate'; crown central. Found
frequently on the fandy coalts of the Netherlands': mouth
oibicular.

S6. Echinus faba : furface and bafe pulvinate; circum¬
ference obtufely oval ; fides hardly grooved ; avenues flat;
crown a little prominent and central. The (hell is very
thin, and white; without tubercles, but merely granu¬
lated ; the grains containing the roots of fin a 1 1 bridles
■which arb inflead ot (pines. The vent and mouth are
both underneath, and near together. On the upper fur¬
face is a five-rayed figure, full of little holes. One of
the ('mailed kind ; not larger in general than a pea ; very
feldom fo large as the egg of a (mall bird or a pigeon,
which in fome refpetts it refembles, being always of an
oval lhape, one end larger than the other.

87. Echinus inequalis, the uneven fea-urchin: furface
gibbous on the’fore-part, the hind-part flat and (loping;
circumference oblong-oval and nearly pentangular ; bafe
globular, and a little narrowed ; fides grooved ; avenues
fubpulvinate; crown central ; back unequal.

88. Echinus rani'nus : furface globular and more (loping
behind, circumference acutely oval ; bafe globular; fides
grooved; avenues fubpulvinate ; crown central, Probably
a variety of echinus minutus.

89. Echinus bufonius: furface globular, circumference
ovate, heart-ill aped, and fubtrigonal ; bafe pulvinate ; fides
(lightly grooved-; avenues pulvinate ; crown nearly cen¬
tral. Probably a variety of echinus minutus.

III. Vent lateral ; month with pencilled tcntacula.

Circular ; mouth central ; vent fquare. 90. Echinus
.placenta: fubconic, with ten fpaces alternately narrower ;
avenues five, lax, flat, and gaping at the tip. Inhabits
the Southern Ocean: a little convex and conoid ; the cir¬
cumference fomevv hat angular ; the bafe flat; fpaces di¬
vided by an obtufely toothed vertical line; vent placed
on the furface, and nearly marginal.

Eleart-fliaped ; the crown grooved. 91. Echinus cor
anguinum : above convex, with five impreflfed quadrifa-
rioufly porous avenues, and five fpaces. Found hitherto
in a foflile (late only ; and is probably the fame as echi¬
nus purpureus, in a petrified (late.

92. Echinus lacunofus : ovate, gibbous, with five de-
prefied avenues. Inhabits the Indian, Atlantic, and Eu¬
ropean, feas. Shell with a purplifh top ; (paces tubercu-
late, in waved rows ; the lower fide (loaded and divided
by two fmooth fpaces; fpines (hort, thick, mixed with
long ones. The compartments are divided by deep fur¬
rows,- four of which are nat'row, but one is extremely
broad, and almoft as deep as half the convexity of the
apex ; it has a double row of pores at the bottom, and
wrinkles on the (ides; it reaches round the (hell to the
mouth ; oppofite this furrow, on the top, there is a long
deep future, which goes to the vent in the circumference
of the circle. The (hell is very thin ; furnilhed with
rough dots or. grains, to which ihe fpines adhere.

The following varieties are included by Gmelin under
this (pecies. The fir If inhabits the Adriatic fea. It has
a raifed lobe in the middle ; on each fide of which are
four double lines, each confiding of two rows of pores:
Von. VI. No, 345.

the longed lines are direfled towards the broaded extre¬
mity, and form a curve towards the (horter ones at the
pointed end. The whole is fomewhat in the (hape of a
heart, the large end being divided, the fmaller end con¬
tains the vent, and the mouth is underneath. The (hell
is very thin and brittle. This is reprefented in the Echi¬
nus Plate II. fig. 6. The fpines are not thicker than
horfehair, and about a quarter of an inch long ; when
they are on the fnell is entirely covered with them, fo
that neither furrow, future, nor aperture, can be feen.
The fecond variety refembles the preceding ; but the
fpines are long, and curved at the end^ like a fabre. Some
have a fmaller fet of 'fpines, of a whitifli colour, inter¬
mixed with the brown ones, probably young ones to re¬
place thofe whic fall off.

Heart-fhnped ; the crown not grooved. 93. Echinus
radians: avenues four, with imprefied flrite porous on
each fide; crown with four pores; fpaces. ten, divided by
a ferrate future in the middle, and arched trunfverfe fu¬
tures. Found hitherto only in a foflile (late. B :fe flat;
mouth a little kidney-fhaped, and furrounded with a Cub-
pentagonal flar of pores ; vent rounriifh, with three angles
o - the margin ; avenues confiding of a row of pores placed
dole together in pairs, each convergent on the crown.

94. Echinus purpureus: avenues four, petal. fiiaped,
lanceolate; larger tubercles placed in a zigzag manner;
fpines acicular, incurved, white. Inhabits the North Seas:
above convex ; the fides (loping ; fore-part with two pro¬
jections, hind-part truncate ; beneath flat ; from the mouth
to the vent a little convex and purple; very finely granu¬
late, and befet with fmall fubclavate bridles, and fpatu-
late fpines feated on white tubercles ; near the vent a kid-
ney-diaped dripe of minute white granulations, and fur-
rounded with numerous white tubercles.

95. Echinus pufilius : oval, with five avenues; vent re-
mo'e. Inhabits the North Seas : very minute, and didinCt
from echinus lacunofus; probably not of this divifion.

96. Echinus complanatus : a little flattened each fide;
fpaces and avenues ten, two of them placed in the fur¬
rows of the back. Found in a foflile date;- roundifh.

97. Echinus fubglobulus : both ends convex, fubglo-
bular, adulate ; avenues ten, with biporous Arias ; vent
ovate. Found in a foflile date : granulate, with four pores
on the crown ; fpaces divided by a longitudinal ferrate
fu tore, and grooved with tranfverfe curved lines*, the
pieces feven-lided; mouth fomewhat kid'ney-diaped, and
furrounded with tubercles difpofed in a dellate form.

98. Echinus ananchytis : oblong, heart-lhaped, and fub¬
conic; the bafe flatter ; avenues and fpaces ten; mouth
rounded and furrounded with an elevated margin; vent
oval, and emarginate below. Found in a foflile date; the
larger fpaces with (even angular pieces, lefler ones fix and
five angled ; vent furrounded with an elevated band.

99. Echinus bicordatus : with a double crown. Found
hitherto in a petrified date only.

100. Echinus carinatus: middle of the back carinate.
Found in a foflile date ; refembles the lad, but is nar¬
rower behind: mouth kidney-fhaped ; vent obfolete.

Ovate; the avenues grooved. 101. Echinus fpatagus:
ovate, gibbous, with tour deprefled avenues; confiding
of the following varieties : 1. Spotted. 2. Larger. 3.

Knotty. 4. Of one colour. 5. Ovate. 6. Carinate. 7.
Very large. Thefie inhabit mod feas: pale fulphur when
frefh. Shell a little -heart-lhaped, gibbous at one end,
and marked with a deep groove at the other; fpines (len¬
der, refembling bridles ; mod remarkably fragile. The
fifth or ovate variety has the (hell thin and brittle.
The mouth is not in the middle of the bafe, but rather
towards the broad end ; the vent at the narrow end. The
deprefled avenues or rays on the furface are each com-
pofed of four rows of pores. In the middle, where
the four rays unite, there are four holes forming a fquare,
each big enough to admit the point of a pin. The tu¬
bercles and fpines are larger about the mouth and on the
bafe. The (hell is made up of rhomboidal plates.

3 O Ovate;

234

E C II

Ovate ; the avenues not grooved. 102. Echinus brif-
foides: oblong; with four biporous, ovate-lanceolate,
avenues, united by tranfverfe grooves, with larger tu¬
bercles placed archwife between them. Found frequently
in a foible date: adulate, rough with granulations; mouth
kidney-ihaped, and furrounded with a pentagonal bar of
pores,.

103. Echinus teres: convex, with four biporous petal-
lhaded avenues not united. Refembles the lad, but the
mouth is broader, and there is a carinate line perforated
with pores each fide descending from the crown.

104. Echinus oliva : above convex, pundtured, olive,
with a double naked band reaching from the mouth to
the vent. Shell with four deflate rays above.

105. Echinus amygdala: refembling an almond in
figure.

106. Echinus ovalis : adulate, oval, with ten avenues
and fpaces, the latter divided by a ferrate future in the
middle. Found hitherto only in a fodile date, and is pro¬
bably, not of this divifion.

107. Echinus pyriformis : ovate, and gibbous at one
end ; the bafe flat ; avenues five, fomewhat petahfliaped,
and obfcdetely porous. Found hitherto in a foflile date
only. Mouth and vent round, the former fomething
heart-diaped, angular, and five-lipped.

108. Echinus lapifcancri: obtufely oval, convex ; crown
eccentric, and perforated with four pores ; avenues five,
biporous, ovate-lanceolate, and cleft at the tip. Found
as yet only in a foflile date. Mouth as in the lad ; vent
placed above the broader margin of the (hell, mouth at
the narrower end and nearer the bafe ; bafe flat, (lightly
excavated, naked in the middle, elfewhere covered with
a circle of tubercles difpofed in rows.

109. Echinus pati llaris : very much depreded ; with
avenues refembling a bar. Found only in a fodile date ;
circumference ovate ; back alittle convex, the bafe (light¬
ly excavated ; ddes granulate ; mouth orbicular.

ECHI'NUS J. in botany. See Allamanda, Hydnum, ■
and Static e.

ECHIOI'DES. See Lircopsis and Myosotis.

ECHIRE', a town of France, in the department of the
Two Sevres, and chief place of a canton, in the diflrict of
Niort, on the Sevre Niortoife : four miles north of Niort.

ECHI'TES, f, [lb named by Browne, probably from
Gr. a viper ; perhaps on account of its deleterious
quality. Egm?; is the ferpent-done.] Savanna Flower:
in botany, a genus of the clafs pentandria, order monogy-
nia, natural order contortae, (apocine®, JuJf. ) The gene¬
ric characters are — Calyx: pe-rianthium five-parted, (harp,
(mail. Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-form ; border five-
cleft, flat, fpreading very much ; nedtary of five glands
banding round the germ. Stamina : fllaments flve, (len¬
der, eredt; anther® did’, oblong, acuminate, converging.
Pidillmn : germs two; dyle filiform, length of the fla-
mens ; ftigma oblong-headed, two-lobed, attached by a
gluten to the anther®. Pe ri carpi um : follicles two, ex¬
tremely long, one-celled, one-valved. Seeds : very many,
imbricate, crowned with long down. — Ejfential CkaraEltr.
Contorted ; follicles two, long, flraight ; feeds, downy ;
corolla, funnel-form, with the throat naked.

Species. 1. Echites biflora, or two-flowered echites :
peduncles two-flowered. A branched fit rub, full of a
milky juice, fupporting itfelf by dems partly erect, partly
twining upon trees, and mounting them to the height of
twenty feet ; hence frequently acquiring the air of a tree.
Leaves oblong, growing narrower to the bafe, obtufe at
the end, with a fmall point three inches long; flowers
handfome, very white, with a yellow throat; but void
of (cent in ail the fpecies. Native of mod of the Carib-
bee Iflands, in fait mardies.

1. Echites quinquangularis, or five-dded echites : pe¬
duncles racemed ; leaves ovate, acute. Stems twining,
(hrubby, fomewhat fcabrous ; leaves three inches long;
flowers about flxteen, green, with a yellowilh border, the
edge of the tube-white, and in form of a pentagon. This

E C H

is not milky. Native of Cart hagena in South America;
flowers in October.

3. Echites fuberedta, or oval-leaved echites, or favan-
na-flower: peduncles racemed ; leaves fubovate, obtufe,
nmcronate. A flirub, differing mucli from its congeners,
abounding in milky juice, among other flirubs growing
to the height of ten feet, but in favannas only three feet,
and fometimes fcarcely a foot high ; dems fcarcely twin¬
ing, climbing; leaves approaching more or lefs to an
ovate form, either fmootli on both Tides, or fcabrous at
the back. The peduncles fupport a few large, hand¬
fome, yellow, flowers, hirfute on the outfiae, and in the
tube. It grows naturally in Jamaica in the favannas,
whence it is chiefly known in that ifland .by the name of
favanna-fower . It is alfo very common in the ifland of

St. Domingo; flowering from September to March. Dr.
Browne fays, that all the parts of this plant are extremely
poifonous.

4. Echites agglutinata, or glutinous echites: peduncles
racemed ; leaves ovate, emarginate, with an acumen.
Stems twining, (hrubby; leaves four inches long ; flowers
fmall, white. When the follicles are feparated, which is
eadly done, a drop of watery glutinous liquor, fuch as
the whole plant abounds with, flows out at the two
points by which they had cohered. Found on moun¬
tains near Cape Francois, in Domingo; flowering in De¬
cember.

5. Echites torulodi, or climbing echites : peduncles
fubracemed ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate. This is a
weakly plant, which commonly fudains itfelf by the help
of the neighbouring bu flies, and frequently rifes to a con-
dderable height among them. The whole plant abounds
in a milky gluten. Frequent about the foot of the moun¬
tains in Liguanea, in the illand of Jamaica; flowering in
March.

6. Echites umbellata, or umbelled echites : peduncles
umbelled ; leaves ovate, obtufe, mueronate, (tern twin¬
ing. This climbs to the height of flfteen feet by means
of its (hrubby, twining, pliant, dems, which are woody
and fuberOus at the bottom, but round, green, and glof-
fy, above. The whole abounds in a clear glutinous juice.
Leaves round ifli-ovate, fubcordate at the bafe, three or
four inches long; flowers large, handfome, the border
white, the tube green on the outfi.de ; Browne deferibes
them to be pale yellow, with a pretty long flender tube.
He remarks, that like the red of this natural clafs, it is
fomewhat of a deleterious nature; and that there is a
fmall variation of it in the drier parts of the favannas,'
with pointed leaves, and very flender dalks. Native not
only of Jamaica, but of Domingo and Cuba; flowering
from Odtober to February. Browne, rightly perceiving
that this plant did not properly conform itfelf to any
known genus, condituted this new one of echites, which
is now univerfally adopted.

7. Echites trifida, or trifid echites: peduncles trifid,
many-flowered ; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate. Stems
twining, dirubby ; leaves three inches in length ; flowers
large, pretty, the tube purple, and the border green. It
climbs trees to the height of twelve feet, and the whole
plant is milky. Native of South America, near Cartha-
gena ; flowering in Odtober.

8. Echites repens, or creeping echites: peduncles
many-flowered, divided ; leaves lanceolate-oblong. This
is an elegant dirubby plant, not milky, with round fmooth
dems ; the older ones procumbent, and putting out roots ;
the younger fuberecr, and thickened at the joints into
difeoid knots. Native of St. Domingo ; flowering from
Oclober to December.

9. Echites corymbofa, or corymbed echites : racemes
corymbed; ff. miens ffanding out; leaves lanceolate-ovate.
This climbs up trees with its twining (hrubby dems
twenty feet in height, and the whole of it abounds with
a white glutinous milk; flowers numerous, fmall, red,
or purple. Native of the ifland of St. Domingo, flower¬
ing in November; in the mountainous woods of Hifpa-

niolaj,

E C H

E C H

niola, flowering in the fpring. The French inhabitants
call it gras de galle.

10. Ecliites Ipicata, or fpiked echites : fpikes axillary,
fliort; (iamens handing out ; leaves fuhovate. This plant
abounds in a 'white milk, and climbs the trees to the
height of fixty feet; ftems round, woody, pliant, twin¬
ing, an inch in diameter, with alternate branches a foot
and a half long, at different di fiances, leafy their whole
length ; leaves oblong, veined, fmoothifh, acuminate,
diftich, half a foot long ; flowers numerous, white, fmall,
fubfeflile. Native of Carthagena in New Spain, in thick
lofty woods, flowering in July and Augufl.

11. Echites-caudata, or tailed echites: Corollas fun-
nel-form, with very long linear tips. This is a tree ;
leaves lanceolate-elliptic, naked ; flowers axillary, pe-
duncled, ere 61, the lize of thofe of Nerium or Oleander,
funnel-form : border erect, terminating in linear tips
longer than the whole corolla, a circumftance in which
it differs from all other known plants. Native of the
Eait Indies.

12. Echites fcholaris, or Indian echites: leaves fub-
verticilled, oblong; follicles filiform, very long ; umbels
compound. This alfo is a tree, the branches of which
are leafy only at the joints, where there are five or feven
oval-lanceolate leaves, which are coriaceous, and tranf-
verfely ftreaked. The flowers are very friiall ; follicles
in pairs, a foot and a half long, and therefore longer than
any others that are known. Native of tire Eafl Indies.

13. Echites annularis, or annular echites: Kern twin¬
ing; corollas falver-form, with an elevated ring on the
tube. 14. Echites fiphilitica, or venereal echites : leaves
ovate, fubpetioled, very fmooth, ribbed ; panicles dicho¬
tomous ; flowers in fpikes. Native of Surinam. A de-
coftion of the latter herb is a well-known remedy at Su¬
rinam in the venereal difeafe.

15. Echites fucculenta, or fucculent echites : prickles
in pairs, extrafoliaceous ; leaves linear, tomentofe under¬
neath: corollas funnel-form. 16. Echites bifpinola, or
fpiny echites : prickles in pairs, extrafoliaceous ; leaves
lanceolate, fmooth ; corollas falver-form. This and the
preceding are very Angular thrubs, much refembling each
other. They are fucculent, milky, and two-fpined. With¬
out feeing the fructification they might be taken for eu¬
phorbias. They are natives of the Cape of Good Hope,
and were obferved there by Thunberg.

17. Echites coflata, or ribbed echites: peduncles in
cymes; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. Native of
the Society Ifles.

18. Echites tomentofa, or rough echites : leaves cor¬
date-oblong, acuminate ; both they and the Hem rough¬
haired ; flowers in racemes, hairy. Found in Cayenne
by von Rhor.

19. Echites Domingenfis, or Domingo echites : pedun¬
cles racemed ; leaves cordate-ovate, fomewhat rigid, of
a different colour underneath ; ftem twining. 20. Echites
afperuginis, or prickly echites : peduncles racemed ; fol¬
licles filiform ; leaves oblong, acute, rough above ; ftem
twining. 21. Echites circinalis, or waved ecliites : pe¬
duncles axillary, many-flowered, jointed ; fegments of the
corolla waved ; leaves elliptic ; ftem twining. 22. Echites
floribunda, . or flowering echites : racemes corymbed ;
leaves ovate, acuminate ; nerves parallel • branches al-
moft eredt. Natives of the Weft-India iflands.

Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants have not yet been
introduced into cultivation in Europe ; being moftly in¬
habitants of the Weft Indies, they will require the pro-
tedlion of the bark-ftove, and muft be increafed and ma¬
naged in the fame manner with the tender forts of Apo-
CYNUM, which fee. Alfo Carissa.

E'CHIUM, f. [echium of Pliny : -zvaf a rov$ £%ek, Gr.
being fuppofed to cure the bite of the viper, or to have
feeds refembling a viper’s head. ] Viper’s Bugloss ; in
botany, a genus of the clafs pentandria, order monogynia,
natural order afperifoliae, (borragineae, Jujf.) The gene¬
ric charadters are — .Calyx : perianthium five-parted, up-

C;);5

right, permanent; diviflons Tubulate, upright. Corolla:
one petalled, bell-fliaped ; tube very ftiort ; border up¬
right, gradually widened, five-clcft, obtufe; divifions ge¬
nerally unequal ; the two fuperior ones longer ; the inte¬
rior fmaller, ftiarp, reflex ; throat pervious. Stamina :
filaments five, fubulate, length of the corolla, declined,
unequal; anthene oblong, incumbent. Piflillum : germs
four; ftyle filiform, length of the ftamens ; ftigma ob¬
tufe, two-cleft. Pericarpium : none; calyx grown dif¬
fer, guarding the feeds in its cavity. Seeds : four, round-
ifti, obliquely acuminate. — EJfential Character. Corolla,
irregular, with the throat naked.

Species. 1, Echium fruticofum, or fhrubby viper’s bu¬
glofs : ftem fhrubby ; leaves lanceolate, attenuated at the
bale, villofe-ftrigofe, without veins ; calycine leaflets lan¬
ceolate, acute. This riles with a ftmibby (talk two or
three feet high, dividing at the top into feveral branches;
leaves feftile, hairy, light green ; the flowers are produced
lingly between the reaves at the ends of the branches ;
they are of a purple colour; they appear in May and
June, but the feeds do not ripen in England. Stamens
not longer than the corolla. Native of the Cape of
Good Hope.

2. Echium candicans, or hoary tree viper’s buglofs :
ftem lhrubby; leaves lanceolate, nerved, they and the
branches hirfute ; calycine leaflets oblong and lanceolate
acute; ftyles rough with hairs.. This is a, handfome
fhrub ; the ftems and branches are woody and fomewhat
tomentofe, marked with linear tranfverfe (cars from fallen
leaves. The whole plant is white, and, as it were, fit-
very, with a foft clofe fhagginefs covering the whole,
hardly excepting the corolla. Native of the high rocks
of Madeira ; where it was found by Mr. Francis MafTon.

3. Echium giganteum, or gigantic viper’s buglofs :
ftem fhrubby ; leaves lanceolate, attenuated at the bafe,
hairy ; hairs very fliort ; bradles and calyxes ftrigofe ;
ftamens longer than the corolla. A very lofty fhrub,
with woody, round, hoary, fmooth, branches ; leaves a
fpan long ; flowers pointing one way, and forming a very
large, pyramidal, terminating, thyrfe, confiding of long
fpiked peduncles; corollas obtufe, nearly equal, white.
Found on the rocks of Teneriffe by Francis MafTon.

4. Echium ftrictum, or upright viper’s buglofs: ftem
fhrubby, ft i IT, branching; leaves oblong-lanceolate, hairy ;
corollas fomewhat bell-fhaped ; ftaniens longer than the
corolla. This is diftinguifhed by the ftiffnefs and up-
rightnefs of the ftem, by its petioled oblong leaves,
and by the hairs of the ftem being turned downwards.
Found by MafTon on the rocks of Teneriffe. It is bien¬
nial ; flowering mod part of the year.

5. Echium ipicatum, orfpiked viper’s buglofs : ftems
afeending, very Ample ; flowers in fpikes. 6. Echium
argenteum, or filvery viper’s buglofs : leaves linear, hir¬
fute, and whitifh, patulous at the tip. 7. Echium ca-
pitatum, or headed viper’s buglofs : ftem hairy ; flowers
head corymbed, equal ; ftamens longer than the corolla ;
leaves hifpid. Native of the Cape.

8. Echium plantagineum, or plantain-leaved viper’s
buglofs: root-leaves ovate, marked with lines, petioled.
Leaves above hairy, foft, hifpid ; root-leaves like thofe
of plantain, very entire, large ; ftem-leaves lanceolate,
fertile; ftems hairy, with foft, not ftrigofe, hairs; brown
dots under the hairs, as in the reft, but minute ; corollas
violet-coloured, not blue, as in echium vulgare ; nor
fhorter than the calyx, as in echium cfeticum. Annual.
Native of Italy ; flowers from July to Oclober.

9. Echium laevigatum, or fmooth-ftalked viper’s bu¬
glofs : ftem even ; leaves lanceolate, naked, fcabrous
about the edge and at the tip ; corollas equal. Stems
underflirubby, a foot in height. Native of the Cape of
Good Hope.

10. Echium Italicum, or wall viper’s buglofs: ftem
herbaceous, hairy; leaves linear-lanceolate, ftrigofe-hir-
fute, the lower ones nerved ; corollas nearly equal ; fta¬
mens longer than the corolla. This l ife's with an upright

z hairy

hairy ftalk ; the flowers are produced in fliort fpikes on
the fide of (lie brandies ; they are fniall, and fcarcely ap¬
pear above the calyxes. Sonic plants have white flowers,
others purplifli.

ix. Echiurn rnbrutn, or red viper’s buglofs : flowers
in a long ('pike made up of fliort little racemes; corollas
nearly equal ; leaves hifpid. Stem ereff, about a foot
high ; radical leaves long and lanceolate, hairy, deepilh
green above, paler below, and with a flrong back nerve ;
Hem-leaves fmaller and narrower; flowers rather final 1
than large, of a palifli red, and with nearly equal and
fomewhat triangular fegments ; antherae pale blue. Na¬
tive of Hungary, where it grows in plenty.

12. Echiurn vulgare, or common viper’s buglofs : (lem
tubercled and hifpid; ftem -leaves lanceolate hifpid;
flowers in lateral fpikes. Stem erect, eighteen inches
or more in height, when young Ample, but becoming
branched. The whole plant is hifpid. The Item fre¬
quently, and fometimes the leaves, are beautifully fpot-
ted with red. The hairs on the (tern rife from glolly
purplifli black tubercles. It is a fhowy plant ; and, if it
were not common, would have a place in our gardens.
It is biennial, and once in three years appears abundantly
in the corn fields of Cambridgefliire, &c. where it is
known by the name of cat's-tail. Bees are fond of the
flowers, hut their wings are apt to.be torn by the flrong
hairs. That the echiurn Anglicuin of Hudfon is the eclii-
um vulgare of Linnaeus, cannot be doubted.

13. Echiurn violaceum, or violet-flowered viper’s bu¬
glofs: corollas equal to the ftamens ; tube fhorter than
the calyx. Refembles the foregoing very much, but the
corolla is of a violet-colour ; the colour of the herb is a
more pleafant green, and it is not fo hairy. The whole
plant is fmaller and weaker than the foregoing, which
frequently grows very flrong and large on walls, whereas
this grows in corn-fields and on banks. Gouan fuppofes
this plant to be no more than a variety of echiurn vul¬
gare ; and Monf. Villars can fcarcely think that his echi-
vm violaceum is the fame with that of Linnaeus, and
thinks it poflible that it may be an intermediate fpecies
between the echiurn violaceum and Italicum of Linnaeus.
He fays that, in his plant, the leaves are wider, the ftem
branching, the flowers red and more regular, and the fta¬
mens not appearing out of the corolla. The plant is
very rough with white hairs, which give it a whitift) co¬
lour, and it is much branched. Native of Auftria and
Germany. In England, near Norwich ; introduced in
1780 by Cafimir Gomez Ortega, M. D. flowers in July.

14.. Echiurn Creticum, or Cretan viper’s buglofs : ftem
procumbent ; fruiting calyxes diftant. This has trailing
hairy ftalks about a foot long, -putting out feveral fide
branches ; leaves lanceolate, hairy, about three inches
long, and three quarters of ah inch broad, feffile ; the
flowers come out on (lender fpikes, upon long peduncles,
from the axils ; they are large, of a reddifli purple, ^vhich
turns to a fine blue when they are dried ; feeds folitary,
ovate, long-beaked, fomewhat compreffed, of a bay co¬
lour. Native of the Levant ; biennial, and flowers from
July to September.

There is a variety with brandling ftalks, a foot and a
half long, declining towards the grofind, and covered
with (tinging hairs ; leaves four inches long, and not more
than half an inch broad, pretty much warted, and hairy.
The flowers grow in loofe fpikes from the (ides of the
ftalks, and alfo at the ends of the branches; they are of
a reddifli purple colour, but not fo large as thofe of the
preceding ; and the ftamens are longer than the corolla.
This alfo, if different, is a native of the Levant.

15, Echiurn orientale, or oriental viper’s buglofs; ftem
branched; ftem-leaves ovate ; flowers folitary, lateral.
Root above a foot long, and two inches thick, mucilagi¬
nous and fwectifl] ; ftem about three feet high, an inch
thick, pale green, hard, folid ; lower leaves fifteen or fix-
teen inches long, and four or five inches wide, pointed,
wlntifh green, (at tiny above, cottony underneath, with a

flrong midrib ; they diminifh confiderably along the ftem,
not being above half a foot in length ; they are alfo lefs
cottony than the former, and much more pointed; branches
about half a foot long ; both they and the top of the ftem
rough with ftrojig hairs, accompanied by leaves about an
inch and a half in length. All thefe branches are fubdi-
vided into fmaller ones bending like a fcorpion’s tail, and
loaded with flowers an inch and a half in length, of a
pale blue colour, with two red bands on three of the feg¬
ments, on a bright purple ground. The flower has no
l'mell. Found in the Levant by Tournefort.

1 6. Echiurn Lufitanicum, or, Portugal viper’s buglofs :
corollas longer than the ftamens. The lower leaves of
this are mote than a foot long, and two inches broad in
tlie middle, gradually leftening to both ends, and covered
with foft hairs. The ftalks grow two feet high ; the
flowers are in fliort fpikes from the fides of them. Na¬
tive of Spain and Portugal.

17. Echiurn fericeum, or filky viper’s buglofs r leaves
linear wedge-fliaped ; ftem fuffruticofe ; both hoary..
Stems feveral, diffufed, woody at the bafe, Ample, a
palm or more in height, foft at the bottom, fomewhat
rugged at the top, hoary, with white hairs, prefled clofe,
and placed on minute tubercles, the lower ones longer,
the upper ones more difperfed. The lower leaves from
two to three inches long ; the upper ones an inch long,
and recurved. Native of Egypt.

18. Echiurn fetofum, or hoary viper’s buglofs: leaves
linear-lanceolate; ftem fuffruticofe, procumbent; both
hifpid and hoary. Stems a palm in height, branched at
tlie bottom, covered with little whitifh tubercles, crowd¬
ed clofe together, and having white rigid hairs on the
top ; leaves feffile, half an inch long, gradually fmaller.

19. Echiurn glabrum, or fmooth viper’s buglofs: leaves
linear-lanceolate, fmooth above, callous-dotted beneath,
on the outfide ; fpikes alternate. Branches fcattered, a
little cotnprelfed at the top, purplifli alh-coloured, with
very (lender apprelfed villofe hairs ; leaves feffile, firm,
an inch long, even.

20. Echiurn rofmarinifolium, or rofemary-leaved vi¬
per’s buglofs : leaves petioled, linear-lanceolate, reflex at
the edge, hairy underneath, and hoary. Branches round,
fcarred, hoary, with hairs ; leaves fcattered, an inch long,
refembling thofe of rofemary, on the upper furface hairy
and green, with a groove along the middle, and fome¬
what rugged. The place of the four laft is between the
fixtli and feventh fpecies.

21. Echiurn fphrerocephalum, or round-headed viper’s
buglofs : leaves linear-lanceolate, ftrigofe ; heads folita¬
ry, terminating ; branches fmooth. Branches fcattered,
round below, angular above, towards the end villofe and
toothletted from the fallen leaves ; leaves fcarcely half
an inch long. This and the two preceding forts are na¬
tives of the Cape of Good Hope. The place of the laft
is between the feventh and eighth fpecies.

Propagation and Culture. The firft fort is propagated by
feeds, when they can be obtained, which fhould be fovvn
'in pots filled with light fandy earth foon after they are
received. Thefe may be expofed to the open air till the
beginning of Oitlober, when the pots (hould be placed
under a frame, to guard them from froft ; but in mild
weather, they fhould have the free air, to prevent the
feeds from vegetating till the winter is part ; for, if the
plants come up at that feafon, their ftems will be weak
and full of juice, and very liable to rot with damps;
therefore it is much better if the plants do not come up
till towards March, which is the ufual time of their ap¬
pearing, when the feeds are not forced by warmth. When
the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted
into a (mail pot filled with light earth, and placed under
a frame to forward their putting out new roots ; then they
fhould be gradually inured to hear the open air, and the
latter end of May be placed abroad in a flieltered fitua-
tion, where they may remain till the beginning of O6I0-
ber; at which time they muft he removed into an airy

£ C H

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glafs cafe, v»' lie re they may enjoy the fun and have free air
in mild weather. During the winter feafon thefe plants
mud be fparingly watered ; for as their (iems are fuccu-
lent, too much moifture will caufe them to rot. In the
fummer they (hould be fet abroad in a (bettered fituation,
and treated in the fame manner as .other plants from the
fame country. The fourteenth fpecies is annual, and the
mod beautiful of all the forts. The feeds mud be fown
every year where they are defigned to remain ; and the
plants require no other culture but to keep them clean
from weeds, and to thin them where they grow tooclofe.
In July they flower, and their feeds ripen in five or fix
weeks after. The feeds of the other forts being fown in
the fpring, will, thefecond fummer after, produce flowers
and feeds, after which they feldom continue. They all
■delight in a rubbifhy gravelly foil, and will grow upon
the tops of old walls or buildings; where, when once
they have edabliflied themfelves, they will drop their
feeds, aiid thereby maintain a fttcceflion of plants without
any care, and on thefe places they appear very beautiful.
See Lycopsis, Myosotis, Onosma, and Pulmonaria.

E'CHIUS, or Eckius (John), a celebrated German
catholic divine and controverfialid, was born at a village
in Suabia, in the year 14S6. Having embraced the ec-
clefiadical life, he became dodtor and profefior of theo¬
logy in the univerfity of Ingoldadt. He made himfelf
famous by his controverfial writings againfi the reform¬
ation, and the leading part which he took in the public
difputes with Luther, Carlodadt, and Melandlhon. He
was confidered as one of the mod learned and able de¬
fenders of the church of Rome, and has had exalted enco¬
miums pafled on his fervices by the writers of that com¬
munion. He died at Ingoldadt, in 1543, when he' was
fifty-feven years of age. He was the author of two trea-
tifes, 1. On the Sacrifice of the Mafs. 2. A Commentary
on the Prophet Haggai, 8vo. 1638. 3. Homilies, 4 vols,
Svo. and numerous controverfial pieces againd the pro-
tedants.

E'CHO, /i [s%w, Gr. echo, Lat.] Sound reflected or re¬
verberated from fome oppofing body, and thereby re¬
turned or repeated to the ear :

Babbling echo mocks the hounds,

Replying fhrilly to the well-tun’d horns,

As if a double hunt were heard at once. Shahefpeare.

To ECHO, v. n. To refound ; to give the repercuffion
of a voice :

Through rocks and caves the name of Delia founds ;
Delia each cave and echoing rock rebounds. Pope ,
To be founded back :

Hark, how the found didurbs imperious Rome !

Shakes her proud hills, and rolls from dome to dome !
Her mitr’d princes hear the echoing noife,

And, Albion, dread thy wrath and awful voice. Blackm.

To E'CHO, v. a. To fend back a voice ; to return what
has been uttered. — Our feparatills do but echo the fame
note. Decay of Piety .

One great death deforms the dreary ground.

The echo'd woes from diftant rocks refound. Prior.

The following theory of echoes is given by Dr. Hut¬
ton : For an echo to be heard, the ear mud: be in the line
of reflection; that the perfon who made the found may
hear the echo, it is neceflary he (hould be in a perpen¬
dicular to the place which refletts.it; and, for a multiple
echo, it is neceflary there be a number of walls and vaults,
rocks and cavities, either placed behind each other, or
fronting each other. Thofe murmurs in the air, that are
occafioned by the difeharge of great guns, &c. are a kind
of indefinite echoes, and are produced from the vaporous
particles fufpended in the atmofphere, which refill the
undulations of found, and reverberate them to the ear.
There can be no echo, unlefs the direct and reflex founds
toliow one another at a fufficient diftance of time ; for,

Vol. VI. No. 345.

037

if the reflex found arrive at the ear before the impreflion
of the direct found ceales, the found will not be doubled,
but only rendered more imenfe. Now, if we allow that
nine or ten fyllables can be pronounced in a fecond, in
order to preferve the founds articulate and diftindt, there
(hould be about the ninth part of a fecond between the
times of their appulfe to the ear; or, as found flies about
1142 feet in a fecond, the faid difference (hould be one-
ninth of 1142, or 127 feet; and therefore every fyllable
will be reflected to the ear at the diftance of about feventy
feet from the reflecting body; but as, in the ordinary
way of fpeaking, three or four fyllables only are uttered
in a fecond, the fpeaker, that he may have the echo re¬
turned as foon as they are exprefled, (hould (land about
500 feet from the reflecting body; and fo in proportion
for any other number of fyllables. Merfenne allows for
a mo.nofyllable the diftance of fixty-nine feet; Morton,
ninety feet; for a diffyllable 105 feet, a tri fy liable 160
feet, a tetrasyllable 182 feet, and a pentafyllable 204 feet.

From what has been faid, it follows that echoes may
be applied for meafuring inaccefiible diftances. Thus,
Mr. Derham, (landing upon the banks of the Thames,
oppofite to Woolwich, obferved that the echo of a Angle
found was reflected back from the houfes in three feconds ;
confequently the fum of the direCt and reflex rays mu (l
have been 1142 x 3 = 3426 feet, and the half of it, 1713
feet, the breadth of the river in that place. It alfo fol¬
lows that the echoing body being removed farther off, it
reflects more of the found than When nearer ; which is
the reafon why fome echoes repeat but one fyllable, or
one word, and fome many. Of thefe, fome are tonical,
which only.return a voice when modulated into fome par¬
ticular mufical tone ; and others polyfyllabical. That
fine echo in Woodftock park, Dr. Plot allures 11s, in the
day-time will return very diltihCtly feventeen fyllables,
and in the night twenty. See Nat. Hijl. Oxf. p. 7.

Echoing bodies may be fo contrived, and placed, as
that refleCting the found from one to the other, a mul¬
tiple echo, or many echoes, (hall arife. At Rofneath,
near Glafgow, in Scotland, there is an echo that repeats
a tune played with a trumpet three times completely and
diflinCtly. At the Rpulchre of Metella, wife of Craffus,
there was an echo, which repeated what a man faid, five
times. Authors mention a tower at Cyzicus, where the
echo repeated (even times. There is an echo at Bruffels,
that anfwers fifteen times. One of the fined: echoes we
read of, is that mentioned by Barthius, in his notes on
Statius’s Thebais, lib. vi. ver. 30. which repeated the
words a man uttered feventeen times. This was on the
banks of the Naha, between Coblentz and Bingen. In
common echoes, the repetition is not heard till fome time
after hearing the words fpoken, or the notes fung; but,
in this cafe, the perfon who fpeaks, or fings, is (carcely
heard at all; but the repetition very clearly, and always
in furprifing varieties ; the echo feeming fometirnes to
approach nearer, and fometirnes farther oft’; fometirnes
the voice is heard very diftinCily, and fometirnes hardly
at all : one perfon hears only one voice, and another feve-
ral ; one hears the echo on the right ; the other on the
left, &c.

Addifon, and other travellers in Italy, mention an echo
at Simonetta palace, near Milan, dill more extraordinary,
returning the found of a piftol fifty-fix times. The echo
is heard behind the houfe, which lias two wings ; the
piflol is difeharged from a window in one of thefe wings,
the found is returned from a dead wall in the other wing,
and heard from a window in the back-front. Addifcn's
Travels, p. 32. Mijfon. Voyag. d’ltal. tom. ii. p. 196. Phi.
lof. TranJ . Nb48o. p. 220. — Farther, a multiple echo may
be made, by fo placing the echoing bodies, at unequal
difiances, as that they may reflect all one way, and not
one on the other; by which means, a manifold fucceflive
found will be heard ; one clap of the hands like many ;
one ha like a laughter; one Angle word like many of the
fame tone and accent; and fo one mufical inftrument
3 P like

233

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like many of the fame kind, imitating each other. Lad-
ly, echoing bodies may be fo ordered, that from any one
found given, they dial! produce many echoes, different
both as to tone and intenfion. By which means a raufi-
cal room may be fo contrived, that not only one indru-
ment playing in it fltall feem many of the fame fort and
fize, but even a concert of different ones ; this may be
contrived by placing certain echoing bodies fo as that
any note played (hall be returned by them in thirds, fifths,
and eighths. There are, however, certain letters which no
echo will return or exprefs, particularly an S, of which
lord B aeon gives a pleafant inftance in a celebrated echo
formed by the walls of a ruined church, at Pont Charen-
ton, near Paris, where there was an old Parifian who took
it to be the uork of fpirits, and of good fpirits; “ for,
(faid lie,) if you call Satan, the echo will not deliver
back the devil’s name, but will fay va-t'en, which (igni-
fies avoid;” by which circumdance his lordfhip dil'co-
yered that an echo would not return an S.

E'CHO, yi The place where the repetition of a found
is produced. This is either natural, or artificial. In
echoes, the place where the fpeaker (lands, is called the
centrum phonicum-, and the place that returns the voice,
the centrum phonocampticum.

E'CHO, f. in architecture, is applied to certain vaults
and arches, modly of elliptical or parabolical figures;
ufed fo redouble founds, and produce artificial echoes.
The method of making them is taught by F. Blancani,
in his Echometria, at the end of his book on the Sphere.
Vitruvius tells us, that, in divers' parts of Greece and
Italy, there were brazen veffels, artfully ranged under
the (eats of the theatres, to render the foupd of the ac¬
tors’ voices more clear, and make a kind of echo ; by
which means every one of the prodigious multitude of
perfons, prefent at thofe fpeCtacles, might hear with eafe
and pleafure.

E'CHO, f. in poetry, a compofition wherein the lad
words or fyllables of each verfe contains fotne meaning,
which, being repeated apart, anfwers to fome quedion
or other matter contained in the verfe; as in this beauti¬
ful one front Virgil :

Crudelis mater magis, an puer improbus i/be ?

Improbus illc puer , crudclis tu quoque mater.

The elegance of an echo confids in'giving a new fenfe to
the lad words; which reverberate, as it were, the mo¬
tions of the mind, and by that means affeCt it with fnr-
prife and admiration.

E'CHO, in fabulous hiftory, a daughter of the Air and
Tellus, who chiefly refided in the vicinity of the Cephi-
fus. She was one of Juno’s attendants, and became the
confidant of Jupiter’s amours. Her loquacity, however,
difpleafed Jupiter; and (lie was deprived of the power of
fpeech by Juno, and only permitted to repeat the quef-
tions put to her. Pan had been one of her admirers, but
he never enjoyed her favours. Echo, after (lie had been
puniflted by Juno, fell in love with Narciflus; but being
defpifed by him, (lie pined away, until nothing was left
but the melancholy reverberation of her voice, which
dill remains as her only immortal part. Ovid.

E'CHO, a town of Spain, in the kingdom of Aragon :
thirteen miles north-north-wefhoF Jaca.

fc'CHO, a town of the American States, in the Tenna-
fee government : fifty miles Couth of Knoxville.

ECHO'METER, f. among muficians, a kind of fcale
or rule, with feveral lines thereon, ferving to meafure the
duration and length of founds, and to find their intervals
and ratios.

E'CHOS, f. [from Gr. found.] A medical name
for the tinnitus aurium, or noife in the ears.

ECH'ZELL, a town of Germany, in the- circle of the
Upper Rhine, and upper principality of Helfe : fourteen
miles fouth-ead of Wetzlar.

ECI'J A, or Exija, a town of Spain, in the kingdom
*f Seville, on the Xenil, containing fix pariflies, twenty

E C L

convents, fix hofpitals, and aboipt 9000 fouls, fituated in
a valley furrounded with fmall hills, which makes it the
warmed place of Andalufia. Wool and hemp are the
chief riches of the place : fifty-five miles ead-north-eaft
of Seville. Lat. 37. 33. N. Ion. 11.43. E. Peak of Te-
neriffe.

ECK ARDSBER'GA, a town of Germany, in the cir¬
cle of Upper Saxony, and circle of Thuringia : ten miles
wed-fouth-wed of Naumburg, and ten (outh of Nebra.

ECKELNFOHRE'DE, or Eckerford, a town cf
Denmark, in the duchy of Slefwick : ten miles fouth of
Slefwick .

ECK'EREN, a village of Brabant, where a battle was
fought in 1703, between the army of France and the al¬
lies: five miles north of Antwerp.

ECK'ERO, a fmall ifland of Sweden, between the Bal¬
tic and the gulf of Finland, a little to the wed of the
ifland of Aland.

ECK'MUL, a town of Germany, in Lower Bavaria :
fixteen miles wed of Straubing.

ECK'OLSHEIM, or Eggoi.sheim, a town of Ger¬
many, in the circle of Franconia, and bifltopric of Bam¬
berg : three miles north of Forcheim.

ECK'WERDSHEYDE, a town of Silefia, in the priii,
cipality of Neyfze : feven miles north of Neyfze.

ECLAIR'CISSEMENT, f. [Fr.] Explanation; the
a£t of clearing up an affair by a verbal expodulation. — .
The e clair cijfancnt ended in the difeovery of the informer.
Clarendon.

ECLAIRO'N, or Eclaron, a town of France, in the
department of the Upper Marne, and chief place of a
canton, in the didriCt of St. Dezier, on the river Blaife:
five miles fouth-wed of St. Dezier.

ECLAMP'SIS,yi [from ex.A ccy-vra, Gr. to fhine.]. The
fparkling and flafhing lights which drike the eyes of epi¬
leptic perfons.

ECLA'T, f. [Fr.] Splendour; fliow ; ludre. — No¬
thing more contributes to the variety, furprize, and eclat,
of Homer’s battles, than that artificial manner of gaging
his heroes by each other. Pope.

ECLEC'TIC, adj. [from exAextixo;, Gr.] Selecting;
choofing at will. — Cicero was of the ecledic feed, and chofe
out of each fuch pofitions as came neared truth. V/atts.

ECLEC'TICS, f. \ecledici , Lat.] A name given to
fome ancient philofophers, who, without attaching them-
felves to any particular fe6t, took what they judged good,
and folid, from each. Hence their denomination ; which,
in the original Greek, fignifies, “ that may be chofen,” or
“ that choofes;” of the verb exAsyw,' I choofe. Laertius
notes, that they were alfo, for the fame reafon, denomi¬
nated analogetici ; but that they call themfelves Philalethcs ,
i. e. lovers of truth. The chief or founder of the eclec-
tici was Potamon, of Alexandria, who lived under An.
gudus and Tiberius; and who, weary of doubting of all
things with the Sceptics and Pyrrhonians, formed the
eclectic fedt, which Voflius calls the ccledive.

Towards the dole of the fecond century, a fedh arofe
in the Chridian church under the denomination of eclec¬
tics, or modern Platonics. They profeffed to make truth
the only object of their enquiry, and to be ready to adopt
from all the difl'erent fydems and feds, fuch tenets as
they thought agreeable to it. However, they preferred
Plato to the other philofophers, and looked upon his
opinions concerning God, the human foul, and things in-
vifible, as conformable to the fpirit and genius of the
Chridian dobtrine. One of the principal patrons of this
fydeni was Ammonius Sac'cas, who at this time laid the
foundation of that feCt, afterwards didinguithed by the
name of the new Platonics, in the Alexandrian fchool.

ECLEC'TICS, f. W ere alfo a certain fet of phylicians
among the ancients, of whom Archigenes, underTrajan,
was the chief, who (elected from the opinions of all the
other fects, that which appealed to them bed and mod
rational ; hence they were called ecledics, and their pre¬
fer! ptions mcdicina eckdica.

% ECLEG'MA,

E C L

E C L

ECLEG'MA, or Ecligma, f. [r^ciypu, Gr. of tv.,
out, and to lick.] A form of medicine made by

the incorporation of oils with fyrups, and which is to be
taken upon a liquorice (lick. Quincy.

ECLI PSA'REON, f. An inftrument invented by Mr.
Fergufon, for (hewing the phenomena of eclipfes ; as their
time, quantity, duration, progrefs, &c.

ECLI P'SEjyi Fr. Spin, and Port. [ eclijji , Ital. of eclip-
fis , Lat. sxAeivJ/k, Gr. of e^Aew rw, to fail.] An obfcuration
of the luminaries of heaven ; the fun is eclipfed by the
intervention of the moon ; the moon by the interpofition
of the earth. See the article Astronomy, vol. iL p.395.
The word originally fignities departure from the place, to
which Milton alludes :

Planets, planet-ftruck, real cclipfe

Then fuffer’d. Paradife Lojl.

Darknefs ; obfcuration. — All the poflerity of our fi ll pa¬
rents fuifered a perpetual cclipfe of (pi ritual life. Raleigh.
— Experience we have of the vanity of human glory, in
our fcatterings and eclipfes. King Charles.

To ECLIP'SE, v. a. To darken a luminary. — Let the
eclipfed moon her throne relign. Sandys.

Now if the earth were flat, the dark’ned moon
Would feem to all eclips’d as well as one. Creech,

To extinguifli : to put out :

Then here I take my leave of thee, fair fon.

Born to cclipfe thy life this afternoon. Skakefpcare.

To cloud ; to obfeure. — He defeended from his Father,
and eclipfed the glory of his divine majefty with a veil of
flefh . Calamy.

Let other mufes write his profp’rous fate,

Of conquer’d nations tell, and kings reflor’d ;

Bi\t mine (hall ling of his eclips’d efiate,

Which, like the fun’s, more wonders does afford. Drydcn.
To difgrace. — She told the king, that her hufband was
eclipfed in Ireland by the no-countenance his majefty had
(hewed towards him. Clarendon.

Another now hath to himfelf engrofs’d

All pow’r, and us eclips’d. Milton

ECLIP'TA,yi [from £y.AEi7Tij?, imperfeft, or exAei^i?.
a deficiency. ] In botany, a genus of the clafs fyngenefia,
order polygamia fuperflua, natural order compound
flowers, (corymbifenc, JuJJ.) The generic characters
are — Calyx: c.ommon many-leaved; leaflets lanceolate,
nearly equal, in a double feries. Corolla: compound
rayed; of the ray mod plentiful, female; of the d i Ik
hermaphrodite : proper of the hermaphrodite tubular,
four-cleft, upright, outwardly mealy : in the females very
narrow, ligulate. Stamina : in the hermaphrodites ; fi¬
laments four, very (hort ; anther cylindric. Pi (till 11m :
in the hermaphrodites; germ oblong; ftyle middling;
ftigma two-cleft, fpreading. Pericarpium : calyx un¬
changed. Seed : in the hermaphrodites oblong, com-
preffed, notched, obtufe, unarmed. In the females tliree-
(ided, oblong, notched, obtufe, unarmed. Receptaculum :
flattifh, chaffy ; chaffs very narrow. This genus is dif-
CinCl from Verbefina in having four-cleft coroilets, and
unarmed feeds; and from Cotula in having a chaffy re¬
ceptacle. — EJJential GharaRcr. Receptacle, chaffy ; down,
none; coroliets of the dilk four-cleft.

Species. 1. Eclipta erecta, or upright eclipta : fievn
ereCt ; leaves deflected at the bale, and feffile. The herb
is like that of Coreopfis bidens. The leaves are marked
with three nerves, and are in pairs remote from each
other. The flowers come out two together alternately
from the axils. It is tints deferibed by Swartz : Stem
ereCt, round, a foot high, leafy, almoft Ample, hifpid
with hoary hairs ; leaves oppolite, tooth-ferrate, wedge-
(haped, broad-lanceolate, obtufe, triple-nerved, hifpid ;
flowers white ; feeds angular, thickifh, naked without
any pappus. Native of the Weft Indies ; and of the
Eali Indies, Cochin-china, &c. if eclipta erecla of differ¬

ent authors be the fame plant, which maybe doubted.
Loureiro fays that in the Cochin-china plant the leaves
are not nerved, nor properly ferrate, nor feffile ; and that
the flowers are not in pairs. He adds, that the juice is
ufed for dying hair both of men and quadrupeds, whence
the natives call it ink-plant. Cultivated 1690, in the
royal garden at Hampton-court. It flowers from July to
September, and is annual ; Linnaeus marks it as biennial.

2. Eclipta pumSata, or dotted-ftalked eclipta : (lent
eredt, dotted ; leaves flat. Stem round, branching, leafy,
rugged, a foot and a half high, reddifh with white dots ;
lea ves lanceolate-oblong, acute, ferrate, rugged, oppofite,
feffile, front two to three inches long ; flowers whitifh,
having no fmell. The whole' has a green watery lap,
which turns black in the air, and maybe ufed as ink.
If it c ould be fixed, it would make a very fine dye. The
negroes are faid to increafe the blacknefs of their fkin by
this juice. T his refembles the firft fpecies, but the ftem
has white dots fcattered over it. Annual, and a native
of Domingo and Martinico.

3. Eclipta latifolia, or ovate-leaved eclipta: ftem
eredt ; leaves ovate, petioled. Root annual; ftem two
feet high, round, hifpid, brachiate, and finally compound .
Native of the Eaft Indies; it flowers in September and Oc¬
tober ; and was introduced in 1777, by fir Jofeph Banks.

4. Eclipta proftrata, or trailing eclipta : ftem proftrate ;
leaves fomewhat waved and petioled. Native of the
Eaft Indies, Japan, Cochin-china, and the ifle of Tanna
in the South Seas. It flowers in Auguft, and was culti¬
vated by Mr. Miller in 1759; alfo prior to that in the
Eltliam garden. It is an annual plant.

5. Eclipta feflilis, or fefiile-leaved eclipta ; ftem erecl ;
leaves flightly embracing, ovate, toothed ; flowersaxillary,
feffile, difeoid. Thisisan annual plant, native of Jamaica.

Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants are propagated,
by feeds, fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring ; when the
plants are fit to remove, they fliould be tranfplanted into
a frefh hot-bed to bring them forward : they mull be
fhaded till tMey have taken new root, and then treated as
other tender annuals, being careful not to draw them up
too weak. In June they may be taken up with balls of
earth, and being planted in pots are to be fet in a ftove,
where they mull be fhaded and watered, and where they
mud remain to flower well.

ECLIP' riG,y. [ ccliptique , Fr. eclittica, It. ecliptica, Sp.
eclipticus, Lat. e^AeiwIixo?, of ezAeiww, Gr. to leave.] A
great circle of the fphere, conceived to pafs through the
middle of the zodiac. See Astronomy, vol.ii. p.374
and 453.

ECLIP'TIC, adj. Deferibed by the ecliptic line :

The earth’s rotation makes the night and day ;

The fun revolving through th’ ecliptic way,

Effects the various feafons of the year. Blackmore.

EC'LOGUE,y". \_egloga, It. ecloga, Sp. and Lat. ey.Xoye,
Gr. i. e. a choice piece.] A pafloral poem, fo called be-
caufe Virgil called his paftorals eclogues. Johnfon. — It is
not fufficient that the fentences be brief, the whole eclogue
fliould be fo too. Pope.

ECLO'PES.y. in botany. See Relhania.

ECLU'SE (L’), a town of France, in the department
of the North : two leagues fouth of Douay.

ECLU'SE (Charles de 1’, in Latin Clufius), a celebrated
phyfician and botanift, born at Arras in 1526. He flu died
at Ghent and Louvain, and afterwards vilited feveral uni-
verfities in Germany, and fpent three years in that of
Montpellier, where he took the degree of dotlor. He
redded in the Low-countries from 1550 to 1563, and then
entered upon a courfe of travel through various parts of
Europe, in which he acquired a very extenftve knowledge
of plants. After his return he was made fuperintendant
of the imperial botanic garden by Maximilian II. and
afterwards by Rodolph II. At length, being wearied of
a court life, he retired for fome years to Frankfort-on-
thc-Mein, which, in 1593, he quitted toftake the botanical

chair

240

E C P

chair at Leyden. He died there in -1609, in his eighty-
fourth year. Lis principal works are, 1. Rarioruin aliquot
Stirpium per Hifpanias Obfervat. Hifioria, l.ii. 1576, 8vo.
mod of the fpecies here defcribed are new, and beautifully
delineated with his own hand. 2. Rariorum aliquot Stir¬
pium per Pannoniam, Aujlriam, &c. Obferv. Hijl. 1. iv. 1583,
8vo. a very valuable work, containing many Alpine and
other curious plants, with figures. 3. Exoticorum, libri x.
1605, contain the plants. of Garcias ab Orta, C. a Coda,
Monardus, and Bellonius, with the notes and figures of
Clufius: he has added fix new books of exotics: with
this was publifiied, 4. another Appendix plantaruvivariorum.
After hisdeath were publiflied, 5, his Cura pofieriores , 1611,
folio, containing principally garden plants. He edited
feveral pieces on botanical fubjedls, written by his friends.
Clufius was a great linguift, and alfo a fkilful cofmogra-
pher, and drew feveral maps with his own hand.

E'CLYSIS, f. [from hlKvoj, to diffolve.] With phyfi-
cians, an univerfal faintnefs ; a proftralion of ftrength.

• ECOMOY', a town of France, in the department of
the Sarte, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt of
Le lyians : four leagues fouth of Le Mans.

ECONO'MIC, or Economical, adj. Pertaining to
the regulation of an houfehold. Frugal. — In economical
affairs, having propofed the government of a family, we
confider the proper means to effedt it. Watts.

Her quick’ning power in every living part.

Doth as a nurfe, or as a mother ferve ;

And doth employ her economic art,

And bufy care, her houfehold to preferve. Davies.

ECO'NOMY, f. [ oixovofjua. . This word is often writ¬
ten, from its derivation, ceconomy ; but as being no diph¬
thong in Englifh, it is placed here with the authorities
for different orthography. ] The management of a family ;
the government of a houfehold. — By St. Paul’s economy,
the heir differs nothing from a fervant, while he is in his
minority ; fo a fervant fhould differ nothing from a child
in the fubftantial part. Taylor. — Diftribution of expence.

. — Particular films are not laid out to the greateft advan¬
tage in his economy, but are fometimes fulfered to run wafte,
while he is only careful of the main. Dryden. — Fruga¬
lity ; diferetion of expence ; laudable parfimony. — I have
no other notion of economy, than that it is the parent of
liberty and eafe. Swift. — Difpofition of things; regula¬
tion. — All the divine and infinitely-wife ways of economy
that God could ufe towards a rational creature, obliges
mankind to that courfe of living which is mod agreeable
to our nature. Hammond. — The difpofition or arrangement
of any work. — In the Greek poets, as in Plautus, we fee
the economy and difpofition of poems better obferved than
in Terence. Ben Jon/on. — Syftem of matter; diftribution
of every thing active or pafiive to its proper place :

Thefe the ftrainers aid,

That by a conftant reparation made,

They may a due economy maintain,

Exclude the noxious parts, the good retain. Blackmore.

E'COTS, or Ecos, a town of France, inthedepartment
of the Eure, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt of
Grand Andelys : feven miles north-north-eaft of Vernon.

ECOU'CHE, a town of France, in the department of
the Orne, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt of
Argentan. The principal trade of the inhabitants is
making clocks, with manufactures of cloth and Hulls ;
one league and a half weft of Argentan.

ECOUEN', a town of France, in the department of
the Seine and Oife, and chief place of a canton, in the
diftridt of Gonnelfe : five miles north of St. Denys.

ECOU'Y, a town of France, in the department of the
Eure, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt of Grand
Andelys : four miles north of Grand Andelys.

ECPEPIES'IVIENUS, / [Gr, from vzszifiei, to prefs
out.] With furgeons, an epithet applied to ulcers with
protuberant lips.

ECS

t EC'PHASIS, f. [from the Greek v/., out, and <pau, to
give.] A plain declaration ; an explicit propofition.

ECPI-IONE'MA, or Ecphone.sis, f. [from the Greek
ek, out, and (pom 1, a voice.] An exclamation ; a figure in
rhetoric by which the fpeaker exprefles the pMicn of his
own mind, and endeavours to excite that of the hearers.

EC'PHORA,y. in architedlure, [from the Greek ex,
out, and (pjpoj, to bear.] The moulding, or diftance be¬
tween the extremity of a member and the part from which
it projedts.

ECPHRAC'TIC, adj. [from the Greek ex, from, and
(pfxacroj, to break.] Attenuating; diftolving tough hu¬
mours.

EPHRAC'ITCS, f. [from sv.ippac-cw, to remove. ] Deob-
ftruents. Medicines which attenuate and remove obftruc-
tions.

ECPMR AX'IS,y. [from extygoorla, Gr. to remove ob-
ftrudtions.] A diaphorefis ; an opening of the pores.

ECPIES'MA,y. [from exmt'Ca, to prefs out. ] A knead¬
ed mafs. The juice which is prelied from plants. Alfo a
fradture of the ikull, in which the bones prefs inwardlv.

ECPIES'MUS, y [from exTr.e^a, to prefs out.] A dif-
order of the eye, in which the globe is almoft prelfed out
of the focket by an afflux of humours.

ECPLEX'IS,y. [from ex% Ma-ca, to aftonifh.] A hid¬
den ftupor of the fenfes from foine external accident.

ECPTO'MA,y [from exmsrlu, to fall out. ] An exclu-
fion or difplacing of any part. The falling down of any
part, as the womb.

ECPYC'TICS, y. [from ex.irvv.a.tjoi, to condenfe.] In-
craflants ; medicines that render the fluids more (olid.

ECPYE'MA, /. [from ex, and itvoi, pus.] A fupoura-
tion. A colledtion of matter.

E'CRYSIS.y [from expvoj, to flow out.] An efflux of
the femen before it has produced a foetus.

EC'STASY, J. \_cxtafc, Fr. efiafi, It. ecjlafs, Lat.
excfixcne, Gr. properly fignifies the removal of a thing
from the ftate in which it was, to another.] Any paffion
by which the thoughtSare abforbed, and in which the mind
is for a time loft. — Whether what we call eefiafy be not
dreaming with our eyes open, I leave to be examined.
Locke. — Exceilive joy ; rapture. — The religious pleafure
of a well-difpofed mind moves gently, and therefore con-
ftantly : it does not affedt by rapture and ccfafy\ but is
like the pleafure of health, ftill and fober. South.

Each delighted, and delighting, gives
The pleafing eefiafy which each receives. Prior.

Enthufiafm ; excefiive elevation and abforption of the
mind :

He lov’d me well, and oft would beg me fing;

Which when I did, he on the tender grafs

Would fit, and harken even to eefiafy. Milton,

Exceilive grief or anxiety. This is not now ufed:

Sighs and groans, and fhrieks that rend the air,

Are made, not mark’d ; where violent forrow feems
A modern ecfi.afy. Shakejpearc.

Madnefs ; diftradtion. This fenfe is not now in ufe:

Now fee that noble and moft fovereign reafon,

Like fweet bells jangled out of tune, and harfh,

That unmatch’d form, and feature of blown youth,
Blafted with eefiafy. Shakefpearc.

EC'STASIED, adj. Ravifhed; filled with, enthufiafm.
— Thefe are as common to the inanimate things as to the
moft eefiafied foul upon earth. Norris.

ECSTA'TIC, or Ecstatical, adj. [exo-larixoc, Gr.]
Ravifhed; rapturous; elevated beyond the ulual bounds
of nature :

There doth my foul in holy vifion fit,

In penfive trance, and anguifh, and ecfiatic fit. Milton.

In trance ecfiatic may thy pangs be drown’d ;

Bright clouds defeend, and angels watch thee round.

Pope.

Raifed

EDA

Rnifed to the higheft degree of joy :

To gain Pefcennius one employs his fchemes ;

One grafps a Cecrop's in ecjlatic dreams. Pope.

Tending to external objects. — I find in me a great deal
of ccjlalical love, which continually carries me out to good
without myfelf. Norris.

ECST A' flCI, [ey.alccTiy.oi, from cflnfM, I am en¬
tranced.] In antiquity, a fedt of diviners who were call
into trances or eeftafies, in which they lay like men afleep,
deprived of all fenfe and. motion ; but, after fome time,
returning to themfelves, gave ftrange relations of what
they had feen and heard.

ECT'ERNACH, or Efternach, a town of the duchy
of Luxemburg, on the Sour: fixteen miles north-north-
eaft of Luxemburg.

ECTHELYN'SIS, f. [from ly.QyXctivco, to effeminate.]
A foftnefs of the flefii or bones. Effeminacy.

ECTHE'SIS, in clnirch-hiflory, a confeflion of faith,
in tiie form of an :di£t, publiftied in 639, by the emperor
Heraclius, with a view to pacify the troubles occafioned
by the Eutychian herefy in the eattern church.

ECTHLIP'SIS,/! [from exSAi&v, to prefs again ft. ] An
ulceration caufed by preffure on the Ikin. Alfo an eli-
iion or fiafh of light before the eyes.

ECTHLIP'SIS, f. [Lat.] With grammarians, the cut¬
ting off a vowel or confonant, efpecially the letter m , in
Latin or Greek verfe, at the end of a word, when the
next word begins with a vowel or h, as, div’ incido , for
divum incido , StrAoju.’ tya, for /SyAoju.ai syce.

EC'THYMA,y. [frQRi exOvv, to break out.] Apu.ftule,
or cutaneous eruption.

ECTILLO'TICS,y [from ejftiAAia, to pull out. ] Medi¬
cines which eradicate tubercles or corns, or deftroy fu-
perfiuous hairs.

ECTOPOCYS'TICUS, f. [from sj-Wo?, mifplaced,
and y.vdlt;, the bladder.-] A luppreflion of urine from a rup
tured or mifplaced bladder is called ifckuria edlopocyjlica.

ECL R A PELOG AS'TE R , y [from F.dlpsirofj.cx.i, to de¬
generate, and ycCerlm. ] One who has a monttrous belly, or
whole appetite is voracioufly large.

ECTRO'PlUM,y [front sx1po7nu, to divert.] Aninver-
fion of the eye-iids, fo that the red Ikin becomes vifible.

ECTRO'TICS,y [from Eklfigwo-Kfc', to mifcarry.] Me-
cines which caufe abortion.

EC'TYPE, y. [eut w7toc, Gr.] An image or picture
made according to the pattern ; a copy taken from the
original. — The complex ideas of fubftances are ei Hypes,
copies, but not perfect ones, not adequate. Locke.,

ECU', or Escu,y. A French crown.

ECURI'E,y. [French; equus, Lat.] A place covered
for the lodging or holding of horfes.

ED, [eb, Sax. ede, Dut. ere , Ger.] The termination
of the preterite tenfes and participles paftive, in the
Englilh regular verbs adtive.

ED, [Hen. a witnefs.] The name of an altar eredted
by the two tribes and a half that inhabited Paleftine, eaft
of Jordan, upon the borders of their territory, after their
return from the conqitefl of Canaan; in witnefs that they
were of the fame nation with thofe on the other fide of
the river Jordan. In confequence of which a very ferious
mifuhderftanding had nearly taken place. JoJh. xxii. 34.

ED, a town of Sweden, in the province of Weft Goth¬
land : thirty-three miles north of Uddevalla.

ED, a town of Sweden, in the province of Smaland :
eighty miles north of Calmar.

E'DA, a town of Sweden, in the province of Warme-
land : forty miles north of Carleftadt.

E'DA, one of the Orkney ifiands, about feven miles
long, and half a mile to two miles broad, and fituated
about eight miles north-north-eaft from Pamona. It con¬
tains feveral villages. Lat. 59. 2. N. Ion. 0.33. E. Edin¬
burgh.

EDA'CIOUS, adj. [edax, Lat. ] Eating; voracious;
devouring; predatory; ravenous; rapacious; greedy.

Vol. VI. No. 346.

E D I) C4I

EDA'CITY, y [edetcitas, 1. at.] Voracity; ravenouf-
nefs; greedinefs ; rapacity. — The wolf is a beaft of great
edacity and digeftion ; it may be the parts of him comfort
the bowels. Bacon.

E'DAM, an ifiand near Batavia, where the Dutch
placed criminals, and employed them in divers forts of
work.

E'DAM, a town of Holland, or Batavian Republic,
fituated near the Zuyder Sea. It is built in a triangular
form, and has a good port, formed by the river Ey, on
which it Hands, and which, with the dam thrown up
againft the inundations of that river, gives its name to the
town. It holds the ninth rank among the final! cities of
the ftates, and fends a deputy to the ftates-general : twelve
miles north of Amfterdam. Lat. 52. 32. N. Ion. 22. 27. E.
Ferro.

E'DAR, the name of a tower in Canaan, near which
the patriarch Jacob pitched his tent, in his journey to
vifit his father. Gcrc.xxxv.21.

ED'BO, a town of Sweden, in the province of Upland :
thirty miles eafl-north-eaft of Upfal.

ED'DA, y. in antiquities, is a fyftem of the ancient
Icelandic or Runic mythology, containing many curious
particulars of the theology, philofophy, and manners, of
the northern nations of Europe ; or of the Scandinavians,
who had migrated from Alia, and from whom our Saxon
anceftors were defeended. M. Mallet apprehends that it
was originally compiled, foon after the Pagan religion
was abolifhed, as a courfe of poetical lectures, for the life
of Inch young Icelanders as devoted themfelves to the
profeflion of a [raid, or poet. It confifts of two principal
parts; the 'firji, containing a brief fyftem of mythology,
properly called the Edda-, thtjcccnd, a kind of art of poe¬
try, called J'calda, or poetics. The mod ancient Edda was
compiled by Soemund Sigfuffon, - furnamed the Learned,
who was born in Iceland about the year 1037. This was
abridged, and rendered more intelligible about 120 years
afterwards, by Snorro Sturlcfon, who was fupreme judge-
of Iceland. He added alfo the fecond part, in the form of
a dialogue, being a detail of different events tranfacled
among the divinities. The only three pieces that are
known to remain of the more ancient Edda of Soemund,
are the Volufpa, the Havamaal, and the Runic chapter.
The Volufpa, or prophecy of Vola or Fola, appears to be
the text on which the Edda is the comment. It contains
in two or three hundred lines the whole fyftem of mytho¬
logy difclofed in the Edda, and may be compared to the
Sibylline verfes, on account of its laconic yet bold ftyle,
and its imagery and obfeurity. It is profefiedly a revela¬
tion of the decrees of the Father of Nature, and the adlions
and operations of the gods. It deferibes the chaos, the
formation of the world, with its various inhabitants, the
function of the gods, their moft fignal adventures, their
quarrels with Loke their great adverfary, and the ven¬
geance that enfued; and concludes with a long deferip-
tioii of the final ftate of the nniverfe, its diffoluticn and
conflagration, the battle of the inferior deities, and the
evil beings, the renovation of the world, the happy lot
of the good, and the puniftiment of the wicked.

To ED'DER, v. a. [probably from edge.) To bind or
interweave a fence. — To add ftrength to the hedge, edder
it ; which is, bind the top of the (lakes with fome fmall
long poles on each fide. Mortimer.

ED'DER, f. Such wood as is commonly put upon the
top of fences, to keep the ftakes tight :

In lopping and felling, fa wz'edder and ftake,

Thine hedges, as needeth, to mend or to make. TuJJer.

E D ' D E R B R E C H E , f. [from the Saxon, now ohfolete.)
The offence of hedge-breaking.

ED'DISH,yi [ebiyc, Sax.] The ftubble after the
corn is cut ; the latter grafs.

ED'DRED-SI, a fmall ifiand in the Red Sea, two
leagues from the coaft of Arabia. Lat. 17. 10. N. Ion. 41.
33. E. Greenwich.

3

ED'DY,

E D D

E D' E

©42

ED'DY,/. [eb, backward, again, and ea, water, Sax.]
The vvater that by fome reperqu (lion, or oppofite wind,
runs contrary to the main dream. — My praifes are as a
bulrufh upon a dream : if they (ink not, ’ tis becaufe they
are borne up by the drength of the current, which fup-
ports their lightnefs ;• but they are carried round again,
and return on the eddy where they fird: began. Drydeii. —
Whirlpool ; circular motion :

So, where our wide Numidian wades extend,

Sadden th’ impetuous hurricanes defcend,

Wheel through the air, in circling eddies- play,

Tear up the fands, and fweep whole plains away. Addifon.

ED'DY, adj. Whirling; moving circularly :

And chaff with eddy winds is whirl’d around,

And dancing leaves are lifted from the ground. Drydcn.

ED'DYSTONE, an inhibited rock, being the elevated
part of a chain of rocks, about five leagues to the fouth
from the port of Plymouth, and about three leagues or
iomewhat more from the Ram Head, well known to fea-
men who navigate the EngliOt Channel. They lie nearly
in the fairway from the Start to the Lizard,' and are there¬
fore of the utmod danger to mariners. Hence it is that
on the Eddy done rock a light-houfe lias been erected, to
ferve as a beacon or fignal to avoid the danger, as thefe
rocks are covered with the dood tide, but come dry at
the ebb. The drd light-boufe was eredted of wood, in
1696, and redded many violent dorms, but was blown
down on the 27th of November, 1703; in which the pro¬
jector, Mr. Winftanley, who then happened to be repair¬
ing it, and all his attendants, periflied. The corporation
ot the Trinity-hou.fe afterwards eredted another in 1709,.
and to fupport the expence laid a duty on all velfels
palling it. This alto was conftrudted of wood, and was
burnt down m 1755. The very able and ingenious engi¬
neer, Mr. John Smeaton, was then employed, to eredt
the light-houfe of folid done, granite if pofiible ; and
after four years inceffunt labour and application, at fuch
times as the feafons and weather would permit, the pre-
fent celebrated drudture was completed, and again light¬
ed up on the 16th of Odtober, 1759; ever fince which
time it lias withdood the violent attacks of the mod
tempeduous, hurricanes, equal to any part of the' folid
rock itfelf.

The building,* as it is now condrudfed, confids of four
rooms, one over the othep, and at the top a gallery and
lantern. The done floors ,are flat above, but concave
beneath ; and are kept from pre fling' againft the Tides of
the building by a chain let into the walls. Portland
done and granite are united together by a Arong cement,
and let into horizontal deps by 'dovetails .on the fouth-
wed. The ingenious architect difeovered that Portland
Hone was likely to be injured by a marine animal ; and
as the working of granite was very expenlive and labo¬
rious, the external part only was condrutted with this,
and the internal part with the other. To form a drong
and broad bafe, and a drong bulk of matter to refid the
waves, the foundation is one entire folid mafs of /tones,
to the height of thirty-five feet; engrafted into each
other, and united by every means of additional drength.
It is nearly eighty feet in height.

About a quarter of a mile from the light-houfe to the
north-ead, there is a continuation ot this rock under wa¬
ter, which only (hews itfelf at the low ebbs of a high
lip ring tide, and then only of the fize of a butt. There
are tea fathomsall round it, within a fliip’s length. Thefe
rocks received their name from the great variety of con¬
trary currents or fets of the tide which are found to pre¬
vail near them. From their dtuation in refpedt to the
Atlantic Ocean and the Bay of Bifcay, they are expofed
t» the fwells of both, from all the fbuth-weftern points
of the compafs; and all the he^vy Teas which roll in from
{hence, come immediately and uninterruptedly upon thefe

rocks, and there break with inconceivable fury. It is
alfo remarkable, that a ground fwell will fomctimSs meet
the dope of the rocks, and break upon them frightfully,
even when the furface of the fea is perfectly fmooth, and
without a fingie breeze; and this obdruCtion, at thofe
times, is fo great as to impede and put a dop to every
thing which may be carrying on upon the rock, and to
prevent landing upon it from a boat, though perfons
might from thence go to fea in a walnut-fhell, if it had
capacity enough to keep them afloat.

The wed fide of the main rock, where it appears fix
or feven feet above water at the ebb of a high fpring
tide, is bold and deep ; but it is foul for half a mile off,
to the fouth-fouth-eafl, and there are feveral other rocks
which (hew themfelves above water at the ebb. It lies
from the Ram Head fouth-by-wed, a little welter] y ; from
the Start wed, a little foutherly, about fix leagues; and
from the Lizard about ead-by-north half north, eleven
or twelve league's. In the fairway of this .rock is forty
fathoms, and between it and the Ram Head thirty-five or
thirty-fix fathoms’; fo that a fhip in coming up Channel
in the night, i'f die cannot fee the light, mud keep with¬
out the depth of forty fathoms, as thirty-five fathoms is
a fure mark for being within it. But, after palling the
Lizard up Channel, drips diould be- Careful to keep off
from the French (liore, otherwife they may fall in with
the Caflcets and the lflands. The latitude of the Eddy-
done is 50. 8. N. and longitude 4. 24. W. and it has high
water at fpring tides at half pad five o’clock. Generally
fpeaking, the flood tide fets within the Eddydone, from
the Ram Head to the Start, in the direction of ead-foulh-
ead, and ebbs to the wed-north-wed.

ED'DYSTONE, a rock on the coaft of Patagonia, in
South America, not far from land, in latitude about 48.
30. S. and longitude 64. 56. W.

' ED'DYSTONE, a rock on the north coaft off the en¬
trance to Port Egmopt in Falkland’s lflands, and to Falk¬
land Sound front tire north, which divides the two prin-.
cipal i (lands fo called. This rock is about five miles to
the north-by-wed from Cape Dolphin.

ED'DYSTONE, a rock fituated about a league to the
eafl of another, called the Swilly Rock, near the foutb-ealt
coad of New Holland. Lat.43.53-S. Ion. 147. 9. E.

EDE'CHI A, f. in botany. See Laugeria.

E'DELBACH, a town of Germany, in the archduchy
of Auflria: fix miles ead-fouth-ead of Bavarian Waid-
hoven.

E'DELSTEIN, a town of Silefia, in the principality
of Neiffe : five miles fouth of Ziegenthals.

ED'ELINCK (Gerard), a celebrated engraver, born
at Antwerp, in 1641. He acquired the principles of his
art in that city, and went to exercife it at Paris, whither
the munificence of Louis XIV. attradled men of talents
in every walk. He was chofen to engrave the Holy Fa¬
mily of Raphael, and Alexander vifhing the Family of
Darius by Le Brun, in both which pieces he acquired t he
admiration of connoiffeurs, by the clearnefs, brilliancy,
and harmony, of his drokes. His print of Le "Brun’s fa¬
mous Magdalen was alfo a mader-piece ; and his heads of
a number of the mod illuflrious perfons of the age, are
in the highefl efleem. He had apartments in the Gobe¬
lins, with the title of engraver to the king, and counfellor
of the academy of painting. He died in 1707 .

EDEMATO'SE, adj. [01%, Gr.] Swelling; full
of humours; commonly wrritten oedematous. — A ierofity
obflrudting the glands may be watery, edematofe, and
fchirrous, according to the vifeofity of the humour.
Arbuthnot.

E'DEN, the name of a city, fituated, as is fuppofed,
in Mefopotamia ; near which was the garden where our
fird parents dwelt previous to their tranfgreflion. Com¬
pare Gen. ii. 8. zKings, xix. 12. and Ezek. xxvii. 23. Some
have fuppofed Eden to be the name of the garden itfelf,
but it feems without foundation ; for, notwithstanding

KtjC'-b

E D G-

243

E D F

Eden, on account of the beauty of its fituation, is fre¬
quently recurred to by the prophets, yet, “ the Garden
of the Lord,” is alrnolt as frequently coupled with it, in
order as much as poiliblc to diltinguilh them. IJ'aiah, li. 3.
Ezek. xxxi. 8, 16, 18.

E'DEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft,
phalia, and county of Rietberg : one mile eaft-fouth-eaft
of Rietberg.

E'DEN, a rrver of England, which rifes in Weftmore-
land, on the borders of Ydrkfhire, erodes the county of
Cumberland, and runs into the arm of the fea called Sol¬
way Frith, about feven miles bedow Carlilie.

E'DEN, a river of Scotland, which runs into the Tweed,
not far from Coldftream.

E'DEN, a fownfhip of the American States, in Hancock
county, diftrict of Maine, incorporated in 1796, taken
from the northerly part of Mount Defect.

E'DEN, a to\vn(hip of the American States, in Orleans
county, Vermont, north-weft of Craftfbury.

E'DENBURG, a town of Hungary : twenty-nine miles
fouth-weft of Prefburg, and thirty-fix fourh of Vienna.

EDENDER'RY, a town of Ireland, in King’s County:
twenty-nine miles weft of Dublin

EDEN'TATED, adj. fedentatus, Lat.] Deprived of
teedi .

E'DENTON, a diftridt of the American States, on the
fea-coaft cf North Carolina, bounded north by the ftate
of Virginia; eaft by the ocean ; weft by Halifax diltridl ;
and fouth by Newbern. It is fubdivided into feven coun¬
ties, viz. Chowan, Pafquotank, Perquimins, Gams, Hert¬
ford, Bertie, and Tyrrel. It contained, by the cenlus of
*7961 53,770 inhabitants. Its chief town is Edenton. The'
wood is chiefly pine, oak, cyprels, and juniper; of all
which there is abundance.

E'DEN'I ON, th.e capital of the above di drift, is a poft
town and port of entry, at the head of a bay on the north
fide of Albemarle found, and at the north-eaft fide of the
opening of Chowan river. The public buildings are an
ancient brick epifcopal church, a court-houfe, and gaol.
In or near the town lived the proprietary, and the fii ft of
the royal g", vernors. Its (ittiation is advantageous for
trade, but unhealthy, which doubtlefs has tended to re¬
tard its profperity. Its exports in the year ending Sep¬
tember 30, 1794, amounted to the value of 50,646 dol¬
lars. It is ninety-feven miles north of Newbern, 257
north-north-eaft of Wilmington, 139 fouth-fouth-eaft of
Peterfburgh, and 440 fouth-weft of Philadelphia. Lat.
36. 6. N. Ion. 77. 1 1. W. .

E'DER, a city of Paleftine, in the tribe of Judah,
fituated in the fouthern part of that province, near the
borders of Edom. Jofi.xv. 21.

E'DER, a town of Africa, in Morocco, on the coaft of
the Atlantic: ten miles north-eaft of Cape Cantin.

E'DER, a river of Bohemia, which runs into the Elbe
at Leitmeritz.

E'DER, a river of Germany, which runs into the Fulda:
feven miles fouth of Caffel.

ED/ERA, f. in botany. See Hedera and Rhus.

ED'PIRIC, a town of Afia, in the country of Thibet :
forty miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Tofun Hotun.

ED'ERITZ, a town of Germany, in the circle of Up¬
per Saxony, and principality of Anhalt Cothen : four
miles fouth of Cotlien.

E'DESHEIM, a town of Germany, in the circle of
the Upper Rhine, and bilhopric of Spire: fourteen miles
weft of Spire.

EDES'SA, a town of European Turkey, in the pro¬
vince of Macedonia, near the Viftricza, called by the Turks
Moglena-. it was at one time* the refidence of the Mace¬
donian kings, before Philip embelliftied Pella: forty-four
miles weft-north-weft of Saloniki, and 316 weft of Con-
Itantinople. Lat. 40. 50. N. Ion. 39.49. E., Ferro.

ED'FU, a town in Upper Egypt, where the people
have a luperftition concerning crocodiles fimilar to that
2

entertained in the Weft Indies. They fay there is a king
of them, who refides near Ifna, who has ears, but no tail ;
and he pofteffes an uncommon regal quality, that of doing
no harm, analogous to “the king can do no harm.” Some
of thefe people are hold enough to aftert that they have
feen him. Browne's Travels, 1799, p- 140.

EDFUE'RIM, a town -of Norway: thirty-fix miles
north of'Berga.

ED'GAR, [of eabjjx;, happy, and ap.e, honour, Sax.]
The name of a king of England. A proper name of men.

ED'GARTON, a port of the American States, and
poft town of Maftachufetts, and [he chief town of Duke’s
county, fituated on the eaft fide of the illand of Martha’s
Vineyard. ..The fertile illand of Chabaquidick is within
the jurifdidtion of Edgarton, which has a (mall trade to
the Weft Indies. The exports in 1794 for otie year end¬
ing. September 30, amounted to 2,257 dollars value. It
lies about fourteen miles fouth of Barnftable county, on
tlie main, and ninety-four miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Bolton.
It was incorporated in 1 67 1 , and contains 1352 inhabitants.

EDG'COMB, [of eb^e, and comb, Sax. a valley en¬
vironed with hills.] A filename.

EDG'COMB^ a townfliip of the American States, in
Lincoln county, diftrict of Maine, containing 855 inhabi¬
tants. It was incorporated in 1774, and lies 1S0 miles
non h-by. eaft of Bolton.

EDG'COMB, a ebunty of the American States, in
Halifax diftrict, North Carolina, bounded fouth by Pitt
county, fouth-weft by Wayne county, and Tar river,
which affords it communication with feveral counties in
tlie ftate; weft by Nafh county, and eaft by Martin and
Halifax counties. It contains 10,255 inhabitants.

EDG'COMB BAY, a bay on the north-eaft coaft of
New Holland. Lat. 20. S.

EDG'COTT, a village of England, in the county of
Northampton, on the borders of Oxfordftiire, near which,
at a place called Danefimore, a battle was fought between
the Saxons and the Danes: and another on the 26th of
July, 1469, by a party of Lancaftrians, under tlie com¬
mand of lir John Corners, fir Henry Nevil, and Robin of
Ridfdale, again!! the earl of Pembroke at the bead of
twelve thoufand Welchmen, and the earl of Devon at
the head of five thoufand archers. The earl of Pem¬
broke was (lain, tlie earl of Derby taken and beheaded,
with .five thoufand men killed: four miles north of Ban¬
bury.

EDGE,yi [ebge, Sax.] The thin or cutting part of
a blade :

’Tis Hander,

Whofe edge is (harper than the fword. Shakefpeare .

A narrow part riling from a broader.— Some harrow their
ground over, and then plough it upon an edge. Mortimer. — •
Brink; margin; extremity; — We have, for many years,
walked upon the edge of a precipice, while nothing but
the llender thread of human life has held us from finking
intd endlefs mifery. Rogers.

Yes, the laft pen for freedom, let me draw,

When truth (lands trembling on the edge of law. Pope.
Sharpnefs of mind ; proper difpofition for adtion or ope¬
ration ; intenlenefs of defire. — Silence and folitude fet
an edge upon the genius, and caufe a greater application.
Dry den.

But when long time the wretches thoughts refin’d,

When want had fet an edge upon their mind,

Then various causes their working thoughts employ’d.
And that which each invented, all enjoy’d. Creech.
Keennefs ; acrimony of temper :

Abate the edge of traitors, gracious Lord !

That would reduce thefe bloody days again. Shakefpeare .

To fet teeth on Edge. To caufe a tingling uneafy fenfa-
tion in the teeth.— -A harlh grating tune Jstteth the teeth on
edge. Bacon.

Tt

244

E D G

To EDGE, v. a. To lliarpen ; to enable to cut :

There fat the rolling her alluring eyes,

To edge her champion’s fvvord, and urge my ruin. Dryden.
To furnifh with an edge :

I fell’d along a man of bearded face,

.His limbs all cover’d with a (hining cafe ;

So wond’rous hard, and fo fecure of wound,

It made my fvvord, tho’ edg'd with flint, rebound. Dryd.
To border with any thing ; to fringe. — T rid over hang¬
ing hills, whofe tops were edged with groves, and whofe
feet were watered with winding rivers. Pope. — To exaf-
perate ; to embitter. — By fuch reafonings the Ample were
blinded, and the malicious edged. Hayzoaerd. — To put for¬
ward beyond a line. — Edging by degrees their chairs for¬
wards, they were in a little time got up clofe to one an¬
other. Locke.

To EDGE, v. v. [perhaps from eb, Sax. backward.]
To move forward again!! any power; going clofe upon a
wind, as if upon its fkirts or border, and fo failing flow j
I m lift edge upon a point of wind,

And make How way. Dryden.

EDGE-TOO'Ljy. A tool made ftiarp to cut. — There
muft be no playing with things facred, nor jefting with
edge-tools. L’ EJ! range.

The manufadfure of edge-tools has of late received
very confiderable improvement in moft parts of England ;
but particularly in the manufactory of Mr. Arnold Wilde,
at Sheffield in Yorkfhire, from an union or preparation
of ca(t-(teel and iron. The method is as follows : Take
a mould of caft-iron, or other fit material, of a cl i mention
that will beft f u it the fize of the article intended to be
manufactured; then take a piece of wrought-iron, and
prepare it, by heating in a fire and hammering it, or in
any other manner you may think proper, to the fize you
want it; then fix the iron in the mould, (leaving a fuf-
ficient vacancy to receive the caft-fteel in a fluid ffate,)
in fuch a direction as that, when the caft-fteel is poured
into the mould, the iron may be either in the middle or
the center of the caft-fteel ; or on one or both fides of
the caft-fteel ; or in fuch other direction as may beft fuit
the purpofe for which the iron and caft-fteel, when incor¬
porated, fhall be wanted. Then put the crucible or pot
into the furnace ; when the crucible or pot is hot put
fleet into it ; then fix on the lid to the crucible or pot,
and continue it in the furnace or fire till the fteel be¬
comes fluid. When you fuppofe the fteel to be nearly
in a fluid ftate, take your piece of iron, which you in¬
tend to incorporate with the caft-fteel, put it into a fire,
and heat it to what is ufually called a welding heat ;
then take the iron out of the fire, clean it from any fcale
or dirt, and fix it in the mould, in the like direction you
had before fitted it ; take care that your fteel be now in
a fluid ftate, and, immediately on your taking the iron
out of the fire, take the crucible or pot containing the
melted (teel from the furnace or fire, and, immediately
after the iron thus heated fhall be fitted in the mould,
pour or turn the fluid fteel into the fpace or vacancy left
in the mould to receive the fame, which will incorporate
with the iron, and become one folid mafs or body of caft-
fteel and iron united. To make all forts of plane-irons,
feythes, fickles, drawing-knives, hay-knives, and all other
kinds of edge-tools, of caft-fteel and iron, united as here¬
inbefore-mentioned, take a piece of the caft-fteel and iron,
united ; then forge, roll, flit, or tilt it, in fuch way as is
proper, for any, or either, of the articles intended to be
manufactured ; then the article niay be made in the above
manner, or by fuch other mode as a workman may judge
moft convenient. This invention is functioned by letters
patent, dated January 19, 1795.

ED'GED, part. adj. Sharp ; not blunt.* — We find that
fubtile or edged quantities do prevail over blunt ones.
Dig by.

EDGEFIELD COUNTY, in South Carolina, is the

E D G

fouthernmoft in the diftriCt of Ninety Six ; bounded
north by Saluda river, which divides it from Newbury
county ; fouth-weft by Savannah river, which fepafates
it from the ftate of Georgia; eaft by Orangeburg dif-
triCt ; and weft by Abbeville county. The ridge of el -
vated land which divides the waters of Saluda from thofe
of Savannah river, palfes nearly through the middle of
the county. Edgefield county is about thirty-four miles
long and twenty-four broad, and contains 13,289 inhabi¬
tants. In this county is Edgefield court-houfe, where is
a poll-office : twenty miles from Abbeville court-houfe,
twenty-five from Augufta, and fixty from Columbia.

ED'GELESS, adj. Blunt; obtufe ; unable to cut. — .
They ar 6 cdgelcjs weapons virtue hath to encounter. De¬
cay of Piety.

To-morrow in the battle think on me,

And fall thy edgclefs fword ; defpair and die. Shakfpeare.

ED'GEMONT, a townfliip of the American States, in
Delaware county, Pennfylvania.

ED'GEWISE, adv. With the edge put into any par¬
ticular direction. — Should the flat fide be objected to the
ftream, it would be foon turned eclgewif by the force of
it. Ray.

EDG'HILL, a place of England, in the county of War¬
wick, memorable for the firft battle fought between the
unfortunate Charles I. and the army of the parliament,
on the 2 2d of OCtober.1642, in which 5000 men were kill¬
ed. On the king’s fide the earl of Lindfey, fir Edward
Verney, and lord Aubigny, brother to the duke of Rich¬
mond, were (lain ; lord Willoughby, fir Thomas Lunf-
ford, and fir Edward Stradling, were taken prifoners. On
the parliament fide, lord St. John of Bletfo, and Charles
Effex, were the only two perfons of confequence who were
flain . Neither party could claim the victory. Effex,
who commanded for the republicans, retired to War¬
wick, and the king to Banbury : two miles fouth-fouth-
eaft of Kineton.

EDG'EIIR, a town of Hindooftan, in the country of
Golconda : ten miles weft of Rachore, and feventy-five
fouth-weft of Hydrabad.

EDG'ING,yi What is added to any thing by way of
ornament. — A woman branches out into a long diflerta-
tion upon the edging of a petticoat. Addfon. — A narrow
lace.

EDG'ING, part. adj. Furniftiing with an edge, fring¬
ing ; putting forward, exafperating.

EDG'WARE, a market town in the county of Mid-
dlefex, eight miles from London, on the road to Aylef-
bury. Here are two churches, Edgware and Little Stan-
more. The latter, built by the duke of Chandos, is a
neat and elegant ftruCture ; the infide beautifully orna¬
mented with paintings, and to it his grace gave the name
of Whitchurch ; the weft fide of the ftreet of Edgware
being in the parifh of Whitchurch, or Little Stanmore.
Edgware is on the very edge of the county ; whence its
name. The-market is on Thurfdays, and a fair on the 4th
of May. The old Roman caufey, called Watling-ftreef,
pafles by here from London.

Adjoining to Edgware is Canons, where, in the eigh¬
teenth century, rofe and vaniftied a moft magnificent pa¬
lace, ereCted by the firft duke of Chandos, whofe princely
jpirit was fuch, that the people in this neighbourhood
ftill emphatically ftile him, “ The Grand Duke.” The
fliort time that intervened between the ereftion and de¬
molition of this ftruCture, affords fuch a remarkable in-
ftance of the inftability of human grandeur, that the hif-
tory of it merits particular regard. The duke, hav¬
ing accumulated a vaft fortune, as paymafter to the
army, in queen Anne’s reign, formed a plan of living in
a ftate of regal fplendour, and, accordingly, ereCted this
magnificent ftruCture, which, with its decorations and
furniture, coft 250,0001. The pillars of the great hall
were of marble, as were the fteps of the principal ftair-
cafe, each ftep confiding of one piece, twenty-two feet

long ;

E D G

Tong : the locks and hinges of the doors were of filver or
gold ; and all the decorations and furniture were in a
ftile of correlpondent magnificence. The eftablilhment
of the houfehold was nor inferior to tl>e fplendour of the
habitation, and extended even to the ceremonies of re¬
ligion. .“ The chapel (fays a writer who vifited this
manfion in its' glory) hath a choir of vocal and inftru-
xnental mufic, as in the royal chapel ; and, when his grace
goes to churcii, he is attended by his Swifs guards,
ranged as the yeomen of the guards : his mufic alio plays
•when he is at table; he is lerved by gentlemen in the
bed order; and I mud fay, that few fovereign princes
live with that magnificence, grandeur, and good order.”
What was meant by Swifs guards, is explained by an¬
other paffage in the fame work : “At the end of eacli of
his chief avenues, the duke hath neat lodgings for eight
old ferjeants of the army, whom he took out of Cheliea
college, who guard the whole, and go their rounds at
night, to prevent diforders ; and they wait upon the
duke to chapel on Sundays.” The duke, indeed, had
divine fervice performed with all the aids that could be
derived from vocal and inllrumental mufic. To this end
he retained fome of the molt celebrated performers of
both kinds, atid engaged the greatefi: mailers to compofe
anthems, and fervices, with inllrumental accompaniments,
after the manner of thole performed in the churches of
Italy. Near twenty of Handel's anthems were compofed
for this chapel ; and the morning and evening fervices
were principally compofed by Dr. Pepufch. It has been
queltioped, however, whether true talle was predominant
in this profufion of expence. Pope, in his Defcription
of Timon’s Villa, has ieverely fatirized the -whole:
even find the propin t and the bard united, and the fate
all this magnificence foretold :

Another age (hall fee the golden ear
Imbrown the (lope and nod on the parterre ;

- Deep harvelt bury all his pride had plann’d.

And laughing Ceres re-alfuine the la d.

Moral EJfays, epifir. 4.

It is to be lamented that Pope, by his fatire ori'the
profufe'and oftentatious, but kind and benefie, Chandos,
lubjeded himfelf to the imputation of ingratitude ; it
Iiaving been faid, that lie was under great perfonal obli¬
gations to this munificent nobleman. “ From the re¬
proach which the attack upon a charafter fo amiable
brought upon him, (fays Dr. Johnfon,) Pope tried all
means o.f efcaping. He atempted an apology by which
no man was fatisfied ; and he was at lad reduced to fhel-
ter his temerity behin dillimulation, and to endeavour
to make that dilbelieved which he never had confidence
openly to deny, lie wrote an exculpatory letter to the
duke, which was anfwered with great magnanimity, as
by a man who accepted his excufe, without believing his
profefiions.” The houfe was built in 1712; and, not-
withflanding three fuccellive fhocks, which his fortune
received,' by bis concerns in the African company, and
in the Miflilfippi and South Sea fpecula. ions, in the years
1718, 1719, and 1720, the duke continued to live in fplen-
dour at Canons till his death, in 1744. The ellate was
unqueltionably incumbered ; on which account the earl
of Aylefbury, father-in-law to Henry the fecond duke,
and one of the trufiees in whom it was veiled, determined
to part with a princely palace, which required an elta-
blilhment too expenfive for the duke’s income. As no
purchafer could be found for the houfe, that intended to
relide in it, the materials of the building were fold by
auftion, in 1747, in feparate lots, and produced, after de¬
ducting the expences of fale, eleven thouland pounds.
The marble (lair-cafe, in particular, was purchafed by
the late earl of Chellerfield, for his houfe in May-fair;
the fine columns were bought for the portico of Wan-
fted-houfe, near Epping, ( where now , September 1803, re-
Jide the dethroned and unfortunate royal family of France ;) and
the equeflrian (tatue of George I. one of the numerous
Vol, VI. No. 346,

EDI -24-3

fculptures that adorned the grounds, is now the central
ornament of Leicelter-fquare.

It is curious to remark, that when the plan of living
at Canons was originally projected, the utmoft abilities
of human prudence were exerted to guard againlt impro¬
vident profufion. One of the ableft accomptants in Eng¬
land, Mr. Watts, the mailer of an academy in Little
Tower-lireet, was employed by the duke to draw a plan,
which alcertained the total of a year’s, a month’s, a
week’s, and even a day’s, expenditure. The fcheme was
engraved on a very large copper-plate; and thole who
have feen it pronounce it a very extraordinary effort of
economical wifdom. To this we may add, that the duke,
though magnificent, was not walleful. All the fruit in
the garden, not wanted for his table, was fold on his own
account : “ It is as much my property (he would fay) as
the .corn and hay, and other produce of my fields.” An
aged man, who had been the duke’s fervant, and now ap¬
peared “ the fad hiltori.m of the pen'five feene,” informed
the writer of this account, that, in his occafional bounties
to his labourers, the duke would never exceed fix pence
each: “This (he would obferve) may do you goodj
more may make you idle and drunk.”

Two miles from Edgware we enter Bulhy-heath, where
every traveller flops with rapture to partake of its de¬
lightful profpefts. On the right is a charming view of
the town of St. Alban’s ; and all the fpaces between, and
farther beyond if, prelent the riches of a luxuriant gar¬
den. The inclofed corn-fields make one grand parterre ;
the thick-planted hedge-rows appear like a wildernefs or
labyrinth ; and the villages interlperfed look like fo many
noble feats of gentlemen at a diftance. In a word, it is
all nature, yet with the femblance of all the decorations
of art. On the left we are prefented with a noble view
of the welt end of London, Weltminlter-abbey, and the
parliament-houfe ; but the body of the city is cut off by
the hill, at which Hampllead intercepts the fight on that
fide. More to the fduth we have the magnificent appear¬
ance of Hampton-court, and foiith-wClt Windfor ; and,
between both, thofe beautiful parts of Middlefex and
Surrey, on the banks of the Thames, which are the de¬
light of the world.

ED'IBLE, adj. [from edo, Lat. ] Fit to be eaten; fit
for food. — Some flelh is not edible, as horfes and dogs.
Bacon. — Wheat and barley, and the like, are made either
edible or potable by man’s art and indullry. More.

ED'IBLE NESTS. See the article Birds-Nests,
vol. iii. p. 56.

E'DICT, /. \_cdiclum, Lat.] A proclamation, or com¬
mand, or prohibition ; a law promulgated. — When an
abfolute monarch commandeth his lu bj efts that which
feemeth good in his own diferetion, hath not- his edidl
the force of a law r Hooker.

Severe decrees may keep our tongues in awe.

But to our thoughts what edid can give law ? Dryden.

EDIFICA'TION, /. [ edificatio , Lat.] The’ aft of
building up man in the faith ; improvement in holinefs.
— Our blelfed Saviour told us, that we mult account for
every idle word, not meaning that every word not de-
ligned for edf cation, or lefs prudent, fhall be reckoned
for a fin. Taylor. — Improvement; inltruftion. — Out of
thefe magazines I fhall fupply the town with what may
tend to their edification. Addifon.

ED'IFICE, f [ adificium , Lat.] A fabric; a build¬
ing ; a Itrufture. — My love was like a fair houfe built on
another man’s ground ; fo that I have loll my edifice by
miltaking the place where I erefted it. Shakjpeare,

God built

So fpacious, and his line llretch’d out fo far,

That man may know he dwells not in his own ;

An edifice too large for him to fill. Milton.

EDTFIER, f. One that improves or inftrufts an-
other,

jR To

E D I

24 fi

To ED'IFY, v. a. Icdifco, Lat.] To build ; . ■

There was a holy chapel edify’’ d,

Wherein the hermit wont to fay

If is holy things each morn and eventide. Spcnfcr.

To inftrudl; to improve. — Life is no life, without the
blefling of a friendly and an .edifying converfation. L’E-
Jl range.

He gave, he taught ; and edify' d the more,

Becaufe he fhew’d, by proof, ’twas eafy to be poor.

Dry den 4

To teach ; to perfuade. This is now either obfolete or
ludicrous. — You fhall hardly edify me that thofe nations
might not, by the law of nature, have been fubdued by
any nation that had only policy and moral virtue. Bacon.

EDIKO'FEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of the
Lower Rhine, and palatinate of the Rhine, where a bat-'
tie was fought between the PrulTians and the French re¬
publican army, on the 1 2 th of July 1 794 ; the con ted was
long and bloody, but the victory doubtful : the French
general, Laboiffiere, by venturing too far, was taken pri-
foner : the battle was renewed the next day, and ended
in favour of the republicans : four miles north of Landau.

E'DiLE, J. \_eedilis, Lat.] The title of a magiftrate in
old Rome. See ./Edile, vol. i. p. 133. — The edile, ho!
let him be apprehended. Shakefpeare.

E'DILESHIP,/; The office of edile in ancient Rome :

Haply eyed at diftance
Some edilefiip, ambitious of the power
To judge of weights and meafures. Gay.

EDIN'BURGH, the metropolis of Scotland, and capi¬
tal of the county to which it gives name, delightfully
fituated on three lofty eminences, about two miles from
the Frith of Forth. This city is comparatively of mo¬
dern name and note. Maitland, and other antiquaries,
have fallen into miferable mi (fakes and mifquotations
concerning its origin. A pallage from an old writer,
(fays Mr. Pinkerton,) has been adduced for its exifl-
ence in 854, while the original itfelf is completely fi-
lent! Whatever may be the epoch of its exigence, the
earlieft hint that can be applied to it as a town, occurs
in the Chronicon Piftorum, about the year 955, where
mention is made of Eden , as religned by the Englilh to
the Scots, then ruled by Indulph. In the next century,
Malcolm III. and Margaret of England, his celebrated
queen, are faid to have refided in the caftle ; but her
life, by Turgot, omits this circumdance ; and Holyrood-
houfewas the foundation of the fir ft king David, id the
year 1128. If we confide in the Chronicon Pictorum,
its derivatibn will naturally arife from Eden , a beautiful
place, and burg, a fortified tower or caftle. Other deri¬
vations, however, are contended for; as from Etk, a fup-
pofed king of the Pitts; or from Edwin, a Saxon prince
of Northumberland ; or from the Gallic words Dun Edin ,
implying its lituation on a hill. Thofe who attribute its
derivation to Edwin, contracted into Edin, are the more
-fandtioned in fuch conclufion, becaufe under that prince,
the Anglo-Saxons of Northumberland, as early as the
iixth century, eftabliffied a permanent military ftation on
the rock on which the caftle of Edinburgh (fill (lands.
For Come centuries following, here was no town but what
flood within the immediate precintls of the caftle. It was
not till long after the Scots and Picls from the north and
north-weft of the Forth had fubdued the fouthern coun¬
try, nearly to the prefect border of England, that the Scot-
ti(h kings began to refide, for a part of the year, at Edin¬
burgh, as well as at Dunfermline, Stirling, and Linlith¬
gow. David I. by founding the monaftery of the Holy-
rood, at about a mile’s diftance, on the fouth-eaft fite of
the caftle, added the vicinity of a religious community
to a military (trong-hold, which thus gave rife to the
exiftencc of a town between them, that was to become
at length fo confiderable. The firft buildings of the town,
■which extended beyond the preempts of the caftle, were

E D I

framed chiefly of wood ; were covered on the roof with
turf, draw, heath, and fern ; and lay in an irregular lints
along the ridge Which runs from the Caftle-hill to that
which is flill called the Abbey. As the inhabitants be¬
came more numerous, the ftreets and lanes were extended
on the fouth, on the weft, and on the fouth-eaft, of the
High-ftreet; and the Grafs-market, th$ Canon-gate, the
Cow-gate, were gradually filled with buildings. The ac¬
clivity which rifes , fouth ward from the Cow-gate, was
more loofely occupied by religious houfes, and the refi-
dence of fome of the nobility, and other attendants' on
the court. The walls encompafled the High-ftreet, the
Cow-gate, and the fouthern elevation to a fmall' diftance
beyond where the buildings of -the college and the infir¬
mary at prefent Hand. From the era of the institution
of the court of feilion, and its permanent local eftablifti-
ment in Edinburgh, this town may be confidered as hav¬
ing properly become, and not before, the capital of the
kingdom. It was greatly enlarged and improved during
the reign of James the Sixth, (the Firft of England.) The
acceffion of- the line of the Scottifli kings to the Englifti
throne, inftead of interrupting the profperity. of Edin¬
burgh as a metropolis, feeins rather to have advanced it.
Edinburgh became, thenceforth, the permanent feat of
government for Scotland, and the centre of correfpon-
dence for all the reft of the kingdom with the court in
England. Bcfides, the inftitution of the college by king
James, and that of the high fchool, were fuch events as
could not but advantageoufiy influence the growth of
the city. Even during the civil wars and the ufurpatiou
of Cromwell, Edinburgh, though, perhaps, not another
town in Scotland, frill continued to thrive. After
the reftoration, many new and lofty edifices were built in
it ; and it began to experience a livelinefs of trade to
which it had been before a ftranger. That trade was
greatly enlivened in confequence of the revolution.
From the era of the revolution to that of the union, the
buildings and the wealth of Edinburgh appear to have
been very much enlarged. By the immediate confequences
of the union, the profperity of the Scottifli capital was,
for a while, interrupted. It was not effectually renewed
till after the rebellion of 1745 was fuppreffied. From
that period till the acceffion of George the Third, many
bold projects were conceived for the improvement and
extenfion of this city, and fome progrefs was even made
in their execution. But, it was not till after the peace of
1763, that the old edifices began to be generally reno¬
vated, and the city to be extended to the north and the
fouth over more than twice that compals of ground which
it had fo long irregularly covered. Till the commence¬
ment of the American war, the fpirit of building conti¬
nued to prevail. During the continuance of that war,
it languiihed ; but it revived again upon the return of
peace. From that era till the renewal of war, the public
and private buildings of Edinburgh, and the ftreets,
roads, and bridges belonging to it, were extended and im¬
proved dill more rapidly than at any former time. Even
within tlie laft ten years, the afflictions which the French
republican war impofed on the v hole country had no
power to interrupt the extenfion of this town, efpecially
towards the north.

Edinburgh, thus enlarged and improved, is fituate in
Ion. 2. 55. W. from the meridian of Greenwich, and
in lat. 55. 52. N. and fends one member to the impe¬
rial parliament. It may be about fix miles in circum¬
ference, and fpreads over three oblong hills or elevated
ridges; covering, likewife, more or lefs clofely, the in¬
termediate declivities, and rifing irregularly up the (ides
of two or three infulated heights, in which the lower
elevations, more or lefs, abruptly terminate. Confidered
in regard merely to its ftreets and buildings, this metro-
polis^may vie with mod great towns in Europe. It con-
fi (Is of three parts: the new town, its mod northern di-
vifion ; t lie old town, comprehending the High-ftreet,
Canon-gate, Cow-gate, and other parts within the circuit

E I) I N B U ft CJ H.

of tlie walls ; alid the fouthern fuburbs, including
Georg'e’s-fquare, Nicolfon’s park, &c. &c. The caftle
at tlte one end, and the palace of Holyrood-ho.ufe at the
other, may he conlidered as belonging to the old town.
The new town, for the uniform beauty of the buildings,
the fpacioufnefs of the ftreets and fquares, the unity of
its plan, its advantages of cleanlinefs, air, and water, and,
above all, that charming rus in urbe which it enjoys in
Queeu’s-ftreet, York-place, St. Andrew’s-fquare, and
C-hariotte’s-fquare, is certainly the fined affemblage of
ftreets and buildings in the world. James’s-fquare, how¬
ever, protects it but partially from the eaft winds; and,
by its expof'ure, and by the width, the ftraightnefs, and
the regularity, of its ftreets, it is fubjeft to the violence
of the winds blowing from the’riorth-eaft, and the north,
even to fuch a degree as to be, in all feafons, an uncom¬
fortable and even dangerous refidence to the valetudina¬
rian: The greater part of its buildings, too, like the inns
of court in London, contain a number of houfes or ftories,
one over another, and occupied by feparate families, un¬
der one roof ; an arrangement much lefs convenient in
feveral refpefls, and efpecially lefs favourable to cleanli¬
nefs, and to the eafy fupply of water, than where each
building is, from top to bottom, deltined to ferve only as
one houfe, and for a fingle family.

The High-ftreet, about amilein length, front the Caftle-
iiill to the Abbey, forms the principal part of the old
town. Its width, and the loftinefs of its edifices on both
fides, 'give it, to the mind efpecially of an unprejudiced
ftranger from England, an afpeft of dignity and ancient
grandeur fcarcely to be equalled by the effedt of any other
ftreet in Great Britain. The houfes are built of ftone,
and covered on the roofs with llate. The walls are un¬
commonly ftrong. Each houfe refembles the keep of an
ancient caftle. In front, thefe dwellings rife alnioft every
where to the height of five or fix ftories. But, as the
foreground is the fummit of the ridge ; the back-ground,
but the fteep defcent of its (ides '; fofne of the fame build¬
ings which appear in front only five or fix ftories high,
are, on the oppofite fide, not lefs in height than nine, ten,
or eleven ftories. Lateral wynds or lanes, at right angles
with the High-ftreet, defcend, on the north fide, to the
brink of that which was, forty years fince, the north loch,
or lake; on the fouth fide, to the Cow-gate. Thefe
wynds are exceedingly narrow and inconvenient. Their
houfes are lofty, in many inftarices ruinous, tenanted
chiefly by the poor, and on the ground and in the upper
ftories by the moft wretched part of this defcription of
people. The Crofs, in the midft of the High-ftreet, was
once a curious Gothic monumental ftrudture, but exifts
now only in a coarfe Mofaic work in the pavement.
Contiguous to it, on the north fide, is the Royal Exchange,
a fmali fqiuire of convenient buildings, with a piazza,
which was, about the middle of the eighteenth century,
eredled to favour the bufinefs of the merchants. The
buildings of the Parliament-fquare, almoft a century and
a half older than thofe of the Royal Exchange, ftand
nearly oppofite, on the fouth fide of the Crofs. The
Canon-gate, properly a fuburb, and in old times the court
end of the town, contains a number of good old houfes
and gardens, which were once occupied by the chief no¬
bility and gentry of the kingdom. The palace of Holy-
rood-houfe .is a venerable and fpacious quadrangular edi¬
fice, not unworthy of the kings for vvhofe refidence it
was deftined. James the Seventh, when duke of York,
was the laft fovereign of thefe. kingdoms who refided in
tlris palace. His grandfon, the pretender Charles, held
here, for a few days, his mimic-court, in the year 1745.
It was lately, for foine time, the afylum of the head of
the exiled royal family of France. Several of the Scot-
ti(h nobility have, by the king’s favour, apartments in
Holyrood-houfe ; and in it are contained pictures of the
kings of Scotland, from Fergus, 320 years before Chrift,
to the revolution. The caftle is ftrong by its natural
Situation, and by the fortifications which it comprehends*

£4 7

Confiderable quantities of military ftores of all forts are
depofited in it. Even in time of peace, a battalion or
two of troops u fually lie in its garrifon ; and the lieu¬
tenant-governor is almoft conftantly refident. The de¬
clivity between the ftreet named the Cow-gate, and the
ancient fonthern limits of the town, is occupied by late¬
ral ftreets, by fome new fquares, by one or two infulated
manfions, by the high fchool, the infirmary, the college,
and one or two other public buildings. Weftward is flic
Grafs-markpt, in which hay, ftraw, grain, (beep, horfes,
cows, and oxen, have long been plentifully expofed to
public fale ; Heriot’s hofpital, front a defign of Inigo
Jones, for the orphan fons of the freemen of Edinburgh,
a noble charitable foundation, of which the revenues
have not been perverted from the juft, original purpofes ;
and, in the midft of an extenfive burying-ground, that
venerable religious ftrufture, the Grey-friars’ church.
Many of the old buildings in this part of Edinburgh are
continually in a ftate of dilapidation and renewal. The
old caftellated ftrudture gives place ftill more and more to
a lighter, cleanlier, and more commodious, plan of build¬
ing. But, perhaps,- another century may elapfe, ere the
old town of Edinburgh fliall be, in all its parts, com¬
pletely accommodated to the modern methods of living
and of trading induftrv. It was when every town was, as
it were, but the enlarged bas-couroi a caftle, when people
crowded within the walls for protection againft hoftility,
that, in order to afford dwellings to as numerous a popu¬
lation as pollible, the fafhionof raifing houfes like thofe
at Edinburgh began. It was continued here, from ufe,
and on account of the advantage which was found in
fharing the privileges of burgefles.

The fonthern fuburbs are much lefs regular in arrange¬
ment than the oppofite new town. The accefs to them
is principally by Bridge-ftreet, compofed of the north
bridge that palfes acrofs the evacuated bafon of the north
loch, and the fouth bridge, which, in the fame line of
direction, covers the lake which formerly exifted towards
Cow-gate. At its northern extremity, this ftreet has di-
reCtly in front the regifter-office, the depot of the public
records, and one of the moft beautiful and ufeful edifices
in Scotland. On the (ides of the fouth bridge, and at or.e
end of the north bridge, are a number of very rich and
elegant (hops. The college and the infirmary ftand op-
polite to one another, at the fonthern end of Bridge-
ftreet. The ftreet terminates at this end, in that which
is named Ni.colfon’s-ftreet ; and the two together, viewed
in their common line of direftion, have an admirably fine
effeCt to the eye. Weftward, by the Parliament-fquare and
the Lawn-market, a fimilar line of communication by
bridges begins to be opened. The fouthern fuburbs,
thus communicating with the old and new town, cpnfift
of Laurifton, Watlon’s-hofpital for the education of fixty
boys, children of decayed members of the merchants’
company ; George’s-fquare, Park-place, Buccleugh-place,
Briftol-ftreet, Potter-row, Nicholfon’s-ftreet, Richmond,
Pleafimce, and Crofs-caufeway, &c. George’s-fquare is
one of the moft elegant and agreeable places of refidence
in this city. Park-place is likewife occupied, as is alfo
a part of Nicolfon’s-ftreet, by genteel families. The reft
of thefe fuburbs are, in great part, inhabited by labourers,
inferior tradefmen, and (Indents. The houfes of the
poorer people in general, even in the modern-built parts
of Edinburgh, have not at all the lfghtncfs and cheerful
cleanlinefs of the fnug brick houfes which are reared for
dwellings to perfons of the fame clafs in London and its
vicinity. Indeed brick buildings are almoft unknown in
Scotland; and would be apt to imprefs the mind of a
Scotchman with the idea of flightnefs, and want of duration.

Befides the fuburbs above-mentioned, we have to no¬
tice Leith, which adjoins Edinburgh on the eaft, as Wap-
ping does the city of London. Leith forms the piracus ,
or port, of Edinburgh. It was once a royal burgh ; but
the rights of the fovereign over it, were, more than two
hundred years ago, transferred for a fum of money to the

248

EDINBURGH.

city of Edinburgh. It lies on the banks of a moderate
ftream, which has,alfo the name of Leith, at a fmall fpace
from the fouthern bank of the Forth, and on the very
eaftern extremity of that bank, and on the very beach of.
the fouthern fide of the frith. It confifts, as yet, chiefly
of buildings of which a great part may be not lefs than
two hundred years old, and which are placed in an awk¬
ward inconvenient arrangement. The two principal of
the old (treets are the Kirk-gate, in which the fuburb
from Edinburgh ends, and Shpre-ftreet, which lies along
the fouth fide of the harbour. The other ftreets run in
various directions between th.efe, and contiguous to them,
in that part which is named South Leith. There is on the
north fide of the river, a good deal of irregular building,
old and new, which lias the name of North Leith , as form¬
ing the northern divifion of the town. Befide the old
parts of the town it is now diffufed fouthward around the
fkirts of a pleafant and extenfive plain, called Leitk-links,
in elegant and commodious houfes with gardens, ware-
houfts, 8cc. in which the principal merchants not living
in Edinburgh have their refidence. ThC harbour has
been lately improved and enlarged, and. is formed by a
noble done pier, erected at the beginning of the eighteenth
century ; and is defended by a battery. The road alfo
affords good anchorage for fliips of the larged fize, in per¬
fect fafety. In 1781, a fleet of above five hundred fail
of merchant fhips, with feveral men of war of the line,
ramained here for fome weeks. A draw-bridge over the
river Leith affords a convenient paffage between the north
and the_ fouth parts of the town, without flrai-tening the li¬
mits of the dock and harbour. On all fides, the buildings
continue to be rapidly extended. On the bank of the
Forth, North Leith is in a progrefs of being continued to
join the fiftiing-village of Newhaven, another depen¬
dency of the city of Edinburgh. On the two fides of
the walk and carriage-road between Edinburgh and South
Leith,' is gradually formed a flreet of villas with gardens,
effablilhments of manufacture, and other handfome and
commodious dwelLing-houfes, which is likely to be very
foon complete ; and when complete will, probably, be
one of the bufieft and mod interfiling of all the flreets
which belong to thefe towns. On all fides, for the fpace
of three or four miles round, the vicinity of Edinburgh
is covered with villas, gardens, ornamented farms and
hamlets, which, though they do not, in funimer, equal
the environs of London, in an afpedt of fweet, rich, Am¬
ple, and graceful, beauty, have however a lefs naked and
defolate appearance in winter.

Edinburgh was erected into a bifliopric by Charles-1,
in 1633, under the archbilhopric of St. Andrew. The
city was firft fortified and walled, in 1450, in the reign of
James II. and (pme of the walls are yet remaining. In
the centre of the city (lands the cathedral, dedicated to
St. Giles, which was made collegiate by. James III. the
four quarters of whofe crofs were converted into four
diftinCt parifh churches; of which the choir, or New
church, makes the principal church in the city; the cen¬
tre is called the Old church ; the fouth-wefi quarter the
Tolbooth church ;• and the north-weft Haddo’s Hole
church, from fir John Gordon, of Haddo, having been
confined in it till his execution, in 1642, for holding out
his caftle of Haddo for Charles I. In other parts of this
church the general affembly and the convention of royal
burghs meet ; leveral clerks have their offices, and one
room is ufed as the city cartulary. The city was origi¬
nally comprehended in one parilh, and the minifters had
manfes in the Parliament Clofe, till James VI. divided it
into eight parifhes, with a minifter to each. The ancient
royalty, independent of the fuburbs, was afterwards, in
1625, divided into four, and the town into fix in 1641;
but the whole ancient royalty is now confidered a& one
diftritft, called the parifh of St. Giles; and, upon the
enlargement of the city, the extended royalty was an¬
nexed to the fame parifh. Thus there is but one parifh
in Edinburgh to jhis day. The eaft fide of the fqtiare,

now the governor's houfe, was anciently royal apartments,
built in 1556 and 1616; and in one of them James VI.
was born, June 19, 1566. State prifoners are confined
here ; and here are, or were, kept the regalia of Scotland,
never feen fince the year 1707. Near the cathedral is
the p&rli'ament-houfe, finifhed in 1640, with courts ad¬
joining, and over it for the flteriff and commiffary, the
town council, and criminal caufes, the exchequer, and
the room for the affembly of the royal boroughs. The
Tolbooth, originally built by the citizens, in 1361, for
the accommodation of the parliament and courts of juftice,
has been ufed ever fince 1640 only for a gaol.

The population of Edinburgh and Leith has been va-
rioufly eftimated. The lateft enumerations do not raife
it to the fum of one hundred thpufand fouls. But cer¬
tainly thofe enumerations were made in circumftances
which hindered them from fwelling the eltimate to its
juft amount. A part of the inhabitants of Edinburgh
are migratory, and live but half the year in the town :
thefe fhould have been taken into the number, but were
not at all reckoned. We do not hefitate to ftate one hun¬
dred and five thoufand as the probable prefent number of
the inhabitants of Edinburgh and Leith, with the fuburbs
belonging to them, and the hamlets and villas which lie
between and in their environs, to the diftance of a mile
from the exterior ftreets on all fides. The proportion of
thofe.who xceed the age of fixty years, is lefs numerous
here than in many other places in the interior parts of
the ifle, and on its weftern coaft. The proportion.of per¬
fons dying between the ages of five and threefcore is very
confiderable. As this is a capital inviting many young
people for education and employment, the proportion of
perfons in it between the ages of fifteen and forty is un-
ufually great. Young perfons between eight, and twenty
years of age generally enjoy good health here. For chil¬
dren between birth and feven or eight years of age, it ap¬
pears from many inftances to be a very infalutary fitua-
tion. Neither (mall-pox nor meafies is indeed, here, ex¬
ceedingly fatal, but chincough, colds, putrid fevers, con-
fumptions, See. make extraordinary havock among chil¬
dren in infancy, and the latter even upwards to the ages'
of feventeen and five-and-twenty years. Rheumatifm,
much exafperated by the frequent prevalence of eaft
windsj is extremely afflictive to perfons of all ranks, after
the decline of life begins.

It may be afked how this large population of one hun¬
dred and five thoufand fouls is fuftained > A part of
them poffefs lands in the country, money in the public
funds, or property in the Eaft and Weft Indies, out of
which capitals, or the annual produce from them, the ex-
pences of their living are defrayed. It is probably be¬
tween two and three hundred thoufand of the annual re¬
venues of the inhabitants that comes thus in. Malty of
the gentry of Scotland, w hofe fortunes will not bear the
expence of yearly journies to and from London, and who
yet like the fociety . and amufements of a great town,
chiife, of courfe, to fpend here one half or two-thirds of
the year. Many gentlemen’s families come to Edinburgh
for the purpofe of uniting, in regard to the children, the
benefits of a domeftic with thole of a public education.
Many gentlemen advanced in yeaVs, after ferving in the
army, or making fortunes abroad in trade, come to pafs
the autumn of life in this city, rather than eithei in Lon¬
don or in remote rural retirement, on account of its ad¬
vantages of fociety, quiet and agreeable accommodation,
with all the luxuries of life, and all the elegant amule¬
ments, at a comparatively cheap and eafy rate. A num¬
ber alio of the gentlemen’s families in this town enjoy
places under government, tl«&.' duties of which are to be
liere executed, and on the emoluments of' which they
live. The commander in chief of the forces for Scot¬
land, the lieutenant-governor of the caftle, the foluiers
of the caftle, and of the barracks, expend a deal of money
in Edinburgh for their fubliftence. The judges and in¬
ferior officers of the courts of feffion and exchequer ; the

commiffioners

EDINBURG H. 0*9

com mi fli oners of the boards of excife and cuftoms, with
the inferior perfons ferving in Edinburgh and iLeith on
thefe ellablifhments ; the officers belonging to the depart¬
ments of the lord clerk regiller, to the ftamp-office, the
tax-office, pod-office, and the herald’s-office ; with a few
who belong to the eftabli fluff ent of the royal houfehold,
and a few enjoying honorary or eleemofynary penfions
from the crown ; may all be reckoned to defray the ex-
pences of their living here, out of the revenues they re¬
ceive from government, chiefly for the difcharge of of¬
ficial duties. The whole firm thus contributed, out of
the common revenue of the ltate, towards the fupport of
perfons refident in Edinburgh, cannot be lefs than one
hundred thoufand pounds fterling. Another part of the
inhabitants of this place fubfift upon their incomes as
practitioners in the law. Thefe clafles may draw from the
whole country, profeffionally, for their fubfiftence, a
grofs annual fum of perhaps 130,000!. fterling. The
perfons belonging to the univerfity, the high-fchool, and
the other eftablifhments for education, profelfors, mafters,
and ftudents, may have, in all, an income of about one
hundred thoufand pounds a-year. Of this, about fixty
thouland pounds may confift of allowances by parents
and others to the ftudents from the country and from fo¬
reign parts. Many ftudents pafs the whole year here;
attending both the fummer and the winter courfes of lec¬
tures. Bankers, merchants, fhip-mafters, and fhop-keep-
ers, compofe a large proportion of the inhabitants of
Edinburgh and Leith ; and probably above two bundled
thoufand pounds fterling of the total yearly income of
thefe places may be the produce of their bufinefs and in-
duftry. Here are two incorporated banking-companies,
the Old Bank, and the Royal Bank of Scotland, and many
private banking-houfes. The merchants refide rather at
Leith than in Edinburgh,. The Hupping and the fea-far-
ing trade belonging to thefe places is confiderable ; and
they have been much augmented fince the completion of
the canal which joins the Forth and the Clyde. The ar-
tifans aud manufacturers are here a very confiderable
body of people ; and a large (hare of the income of the
place arifes from their induftry and extenfive connections.

The merchants of Edinburgh, Leith, and the environs,
are atfociated, with the approbation of government, in a
chamber of commerce, w'ftich watches over their com¬
mon interefts, and occalionally correfponds with his tna-
jefty’s minifters refpeCting matters in which thefe in¬
terefts are deeply concerned. The Ruffia, &c. merchants,
trading to the dominions of Ruffia, Denmark, and Swe¬
den, in the Baltic and North Seas, are confiderably nu¬
merous and opulent. Tar, timber, iron, hemp, flax,
coarfe linens, Ruilia leather, & c. are the imports from
thofe parts. Cottons, glafs and bottles, articles of houfe-
hold furniture and drefs, utenfils of the arts, &c. are the
goods fent out in return. Many of the imports are for
immediate confumption, not for manufacture in order to
Te-exportation. For the articles of timber, tar, hemp,
and flax, even alone, the nations of the Baltic draw vaft
films from the merchants on the Frith of Forth. Corn
to a great-value is imported, for the ufe of the diftillers,
from Dantzic, Gothenburgh, Sec. The fame merchants
trade likewife to the ports at the mouths of the Elbe, the
Ems, and the Wefer. The exports are cottons, glafs, lead,
caft-iron in various ufeful forms, with other forts of goods
of the manufacture of this country. From the port of
Leith, as from Hull and Newcaftle, there is an exportation
of pit-coal to the Baltic. Since the Clyde and Forth were
connected by a navigable canal, the merchants of Glafgovv
prefer the navigation of that canal, and of the Forth, to
the circuitous and hazardous navigation by the Hebudas
and the Orkneys, for their trade to England, and for the ex-
portationof their fugars, rums, and ot herW eft-1 ndia goods,
as well as of the cottons, to the markets of Germany and
the Baltic; a preference which tends greatly to enliven and
enlarge the trade of Edinburgh and Leith. The trade with
London and tire other ports on the eaft coaft of England

Von. VI. No. 346.

employs much of the mercantile capital of thefe places,
and affords large profits to its merchants. The products
of the herring-fifhery, and of the other lifheries on thefe
coafts, begin to render the exports from Leith to the
ports of England much more valuable than they have
heretofore been. Edinburgh ale is exported in con¬
fiderable quantity to London: vaft quantities of London
porter are confumed in Edinburgh. The diftillers of
Edinburgh and its neighbourhood fend vaft quantities of
malt fpirits to the Englifh market. Woollen-cloth, to a
prodigious amount, and almoft every article of more elegant
manufacture, except cottons, linens, and glafs, are re¬
ceived from England for confumption in Edinburgh and
its neighbourhood. The trade from Leith to Portugal
and to the ports of the Mediterranean is confiderable.
The wine-cellars of the merchants here are famous for
fupplying the belt port that is drunk in Britain. Salted
fifli of different forts are the chief exports from Leith to
thofe fouthern parts. A trade is alfo carried on from this
port to the Weft Indies and North America. It has been
fuccefsful, and will probably become more confiderable.

The great trade of Edinburgh is, in retail, for the
confumption of its own inhabitants, and for the ufe
of perfons in all parts of Scotland to whom its other ad¬
vantages of intercourfe, correfpondence, and opulence,
as a capital, make it convenient to- fupply their wants
rather direCtly from this than from any other market.
Its ftaple manufactures for wholefale are glafs works,
foap-works, a manufacture of table-linen, caft-iron works,
tanneries, button manufactures, cotton-works, pit-coal
works in the vicinity, fliip-building, houle-building, and
the herring-fifhery, if we may name the cure of immenfe
quantities as a manufacture. The merchants doing bufi-
nefs in wholefale, and exporting and importing by fea,
employ capitals of from 2000!. to 20,000!. or 30,000!.
fterling. Fortunes of from 5000I. to 20,oool. are fre¬
quently acquired in the courfe of a fingle life, by (hop-
keepers trading with prudence and fuccefs. Merchants
in bufinefs on a greater fcale, not feldom realize from
io,oool. to 50,0001. There are who have acquired by
trade in tiffs metropolis to the clear amount of 200,000!.
or even 300,0001.

Edinburgh, as already obferved, owes much of its
wealth and importance to the advantages it enjoys as the
feat of the courts of juftice and the offices of govern¬
ment. The court of feffion, compofed of fifteen ordinary
judges, is the fupreme court in Scotland for the decifion
of civil caufes between parties who are fubjeCts. The
court of judiciary is the fupreme court for criminal af¬
fairs. The court of exchequer tries caufes relating to
the revenue. The (heriff’s courts-, the juftice of peace’s
courts, and the town courts, are for the iubordinate dif-
tribution of juftice for the diftridt. About feven hundred
perfons in all may be here employed in tra n fa iff: ing juri¬
dical bufinefs, as judges, advocates, writers to the lignet,
agents, procurators, notaries, meffengers, and clerks.
The trial of caufes goes on with lefs difpatch than in the
Englifh courts. The world has not feen judges mor£,
upright, more learned, of greater abilities, or more affi-
duous in their functions, than thofe who have for many
fucceffions filled the benches of the courts of feffion, juf-
ticiary, and exchequer, at Edinburgh. The advocates
or counfellors are men of family ; often eminently (killed
in all the branches of erudition, fcience, and ornamental
literature ; always, in confiderable number, confummate
mafters of the jurifprudence of their own and other coun¬
tries. Their order never wants orators, whole pleadings
are not exceeded in eloquence by thofe at any other bar.
The officers of the cuftoms, the excife, the (lamp-duties,
the general poft-office, the court of admiralty, the poft-
office, the herald’s-office, the fluff of the army for Scot¬
land, &c. form a numerous, and, efpecially for the higher
orders, an eminently refpetfable body of men. Their
duties are faithfully difeharged ; their incomes are ho¬
nourably expended. Edinburgh and Leith owe to them
3 S much

4

£50 EDINBURGH.

much of the refpeCtability of their fociety and the acti¬
vity of their bufinefs.

In regard to the fyftem of education for the youth of
this place, and the knowledge here cultivated, all that
is favourable may be, with judice, affirmed. For the
firft indruCtion of children in letters, there are a fufficient
number of Englifh fchools open under the authority and
infpeCtion of the magidrates, which never fail to be fup-
plied with excellent teachers. The high fchool for in-
ftruCtion in the Latin language, and in Englifh fo far as
connected with the elements of the Latin, is filled by five
mailers, the molt eminent for (kill in claflical literature,
and of the higheft reputation for that gravity, mildnefs,
prudence, piety, and unoftentatious virtue, which are the
requifite qualitiesin a good teacher. Thereare alfo fchools
of public inditution for indruCtion in writing, arithmetic,
and the immediately practical branches of mathematics.
And befides the fchools of public inflitution within the
city of Edinburgh, there are many private fchools for the
modern languages, and for every different part of educa¬
tion, necelfary or liberal. It is ufual here for all parents,
without exception,- to fend their children to fchool.

The univerfity confifts but of a (ingle college, founded
by James the Sixth, in 1582. It has profelfors for Greek
and Roman literature. ; for the different branches of phi-
lofophy, phyfical and moral; for mathematics ; for the
feveral parts of medical fcience ; for theology; for natu¬
ral, ecclefialtical, and civil, hiltory ; and for the different
brandies of the (tudy of jurifprudence. The profeffors
are, almod without exception, men of excellent charac¬
ter, of great learning and fcience, of the happielt talents
and addrefijfor communicating knowledge, and of diligence
admirably exemplary in the difcharge of their profeflional
functions. The feflion is for feven months, from October
to May. The ufual number of attending (ludents is fiel-
dom under twelve hundred. The courfe for the lan¬
guages, philofophy, and, after thefe, either law, medi¬
cine, or theology, as a profeffional Itudy, is abovit feven
or eight fellions. Degrees are conferred in jurifprudence,
medicine, and theology. The profeffors enjoy fmall Hi¬
laries ; receive fees fro pi the (Indents; deliver lectures.
Of late, for the convenience of the (Indents, feveral of
them have been accuftomed to read a fecond courfe of
lectures in Cummer, after doling that for the winter. The
expence of relidence and education for a young map liv¬
ing here, genteelly, but frugally, and with uniform pru¬
dence, may be done for fo little as iool. a year. There
are feveral focieties, medical, juridical, theological, phi-
lofophical, and literary, in which the (ludents volunta¬
rily meet, to debate and read elfays which they, in turn,
compofe and prefent. There is an extenlive and valuable
library. The profelfor of anatomy has a very large and
excellent collection of preparations for illuftrating the
fubjeCt of his lectures; and there is a good mufeum for
the illiift ration of the lectures on natural hiltory. The
principal, with the whole body of profelfors, form the
S'enutus Acadanicus, which regulates the police of the uni¬
verfity, under the direction and authority of the city-
magidrates, A provifion is made for a fmall' and limited
number of burfars;- but here are no fellows. A new edi¬
fice for the accommodation of the profeffors and (Indents
in all the immediate bufinefs of the univerfity is begun
to be built, on the plan of Mr. Adam; but it remains
hitherto (September 1803) unfinifiied.

Here is a royal fociety for the advancement of phyfical
and moral fcience. It was inftituted under the aufpices
of the late Dr. Robertfon, the hi dorian, and lal'e princi¬
pal. Its lid of members is highly refpeCtable, Several
volumes of its memoirs have been publilhed, and well
received by the world.

The phyficians and furgeons of Edinburgh are refpec-
tively incorporated. Both thefe bodies confift of men,
the pride Of the fociety of the place, and the bed orna¬
ments of their profeffions. They are, almod without ex¬
ception, men of eminent fkill in the fciences allied to

thofe noble arts which they praCtife. Hence the medical
fchool of Edinburgh has been feen to rife rapidly into
confequence, from a very humble origin, and continue to
advance daily, by energetic means, wifely adapted to ren¬
der its inditution a benefit to the whole world.

Here has been lately indituted a profedorfiiip of agri¬
culture, through the munificent and aCtive means of Mr.
Pulteney ; and a profedorfiiip of commerce has been alfo
drongly recommended. With this view, the following
remarks are offered by its drenuous advocate Mr. Heron.

“ It appears furprifing, that in a commercial age, and
among a nation, the foundations of whofe drength and
happinefs are edablifhed upon their manufactures and
commerce, no lefs than upon their agriculture,, there
fhould be no particular inditution for the instruction of
youth in the elements of commerce. Forming but a
(lender part among the numberlefs modifications of hu¬
man exertion ; its rife and progrefs cannot be very parti¬
cularly detailed in a courfe of general hidory. For the
fame reafon, its relations can never be fully explained in
a feries of lectures on’the principles of political economy.
The arithmetician and the accountant teach but a very
fmall part of the aCtual practice of trade, and that but
very imperfectly. But if, when detached from each
other, the feveral parts of commercial knowledge may
make but an inconfiderable figure ; if they cannot be fe-
parately taught, in their full extent, among the other
branches of knowledge ; taken all together, however,
they appear to be of great magnitude and importance ;
and might bC very beautifully connected into a didinCt
fydem of.ftudy. In fuch a fydem, the hidory, the phi¬
lofophy, and the economy, of commerce, might be fuc-
cellively explained. By the philofophy of commerce I
mean the invedigation of its relations to climate, laws,
manners, internal indudry, religion, national virtue, power
of defence, national revenue, local (ituation, &c. By its
economy, I underdand all its tranfaCtions, from gifts in
the expectation of gifts, and the barter of commodities
among favage tribes, to the mod complex negotiations
of the mod ingenious trading nations in Europe. Surely
fuch an inditution for thus improving and extending com¬
mercial knowledge were worthy of the legifiature and
government of a great trading nation; 0/ the patronage
of merchants and manufacturers, in a country where they,
form fo very opulent and fo very refpeCtable an order in
the community, and are fo much didinguifiied by libera¬
lity of fentiment and of manners; and of an univerfity,
the mod defervedly celebrated in Europe, and which
feems to want only this additional inditution to render
its provilions, for literary and fcientific indruCtion, mod
admirably complete!”

The clergy of the eftablifhed church in Edinburgh are
in general illudrious for knowledge, eloquence, fanCtity
of manners, and diligence in the padoral functions. They
are univerfally and very highly refpeCted. Several of
them are profelfors in the univerfity; and have didin-
guiflied themfelves by their writings.

Of the faculty of advocates, as men of great tade and
learning, we have already made honourable mention.
Their library is one of the bed in Europe; and is opened,
in a manner fufficiently convenient and obliging, to the
dudious life of all men of learning and fcientific enquiry.
It were eafily poflible to enumerate many gentlemen of
Edinburgh, who have didinguifiied themfelves as, philo-
(ophers and eloquent writers by a great variety of publi¬
cations. But they are fo well known by their writings,
that it were needlefs to recount their names.

The municipal government of this town is, by its char¬
ter, in the magidrates and town-council, which conlifi of
a lord provod, a dean of guild, a guild council, and twen¬
ty-five common council, compofed of merchants and
tradefmen: and a condant guard of feventy-five men, in
an uniform, are kept in the guard-houfe to patrole the
dreets every night. Leith, Canongate, and one or two
other fuburbs, are governed by fubordinate magidrates,

E D I

S51

of the appointment of thofe of Edinburgh. There are
a number of incorporations of artifans who have alfo a
fhare in the municipal government. The adminiftration
of the police is extremely vigilant, prudent, and enlight¬
ened. Street-robberies and murders are, in confideration
of the numbers of the people, very rare. The morals
are more commendable than in almoft any other metro¬
polis. Every virtue of prudent difcretion, every virtue
of generous magnanimity, every good quality, the rc-
fult.of enlarged intelligence, prevails among that part
of the community who are efteemed. No atrocious
depravity of difpofition and feeling is prominent even
among the worft. Charity, and loyalty, are two public
virtues universal among thefe people. The many cha¬
ritable inftitutions, the liberality with which the wants
of the poor are conftantly fupplied, the great fums at
different times fubfcribed for the orphan families of fol-
diers and failors, the benevolent inftitution and admir¬
able regulation of its infirmary, and the late munificent
eftablilhment of its'houfe of induftry, may be mentioned,
out of innumerable inftances, to thevv how open the
hearts of thefe people are to the fympathetic l'enfe of
human woe.

In drefs, the inhabitants of Edinburgh follow the fame
fnfhions as thofe of London. In their victuals, they are
perhaps lefs cleanly ; in their houfes, more fo. They
are very convivial ; and perhaps more frankly and warmly
fo than the people of England. The royal theatre, a
concert, a circus for pantomimes and feats of horfeman-
fhip, alfembly-rooms, and frequent affemblies for cards
and dancing, are their chief public amufements. Tradef-
men do not fquander much of their money in following
thefe. The public amufements are conducted with great
decorum, and under the'cenfure of a nicely difcriminating
taile. Upon the whole, the inhabitants of Edinburgh
are eminently diftinguiftied for information and propriety
of behaviour ; which may be attributed to a variety of
caufes. Learned and literary men, particularly thofe
connected with the college, arc held in great eflimation,
and are received with cordiality into the higheft circles.
By far the moft numerous clafs of Use refpectable inhabi¬
tants are in the prcfefiions ; and commerce, which fome-
tintes fuddenly raifes ill-educated men to affluence, has
fcarcely any place in the Scot t i (h capital, where educa¬
tion is fo much encouraged. Thefe circumftances cannot
be without fome effect upon the minds of young men
who go thither for the purpofe of improvement. Indeed,
all orders of people here are in general virtuous and in-
duftrious, fober, diligent, and of courteous manners,
mollly bred up in fevere abltemioufnefs, and hence ad¬
dicted to the ftricteft rules of economy. Here too we are
furniflied with a finking proof of the converfe of that ar¬
bitrary, not to fay inhuipan, doftrine, which has of late
been propagated, “that univerfal education would ren¬
der 1 1 te lower clafs unfit for labour and fervitude for
it may with truth be affirmed, that the lower orders of
fociety in Edinburgh and other parts of Scotland, are the
btjl educated, and at the fame time the molt diligent fer-
vants in the world.

The fituation of Edinburgh, with refpeft to the fur¬
rounding country, is highly deferving of our notice. Its
profpecl toward the north-eaft and the fouth-eaft is into
the frith of Forth, and to the German Ocean. To the
north and north-well, a wide view opens acrofs the Forth,
at its greateft expanlion, and over the fection of a valt
amphitheatre, to where the horizon is bounded by the
Grampian mountains. Immediately to the welt and the
fouth-weft, the adjacent country rifes into hills of confi-
derable, though not alionilhing, elevation, which confine
the range of the eye within narrow bounds. Southward
extends a beautiful territory, of an irregular but rich and
cultivated furface, alternately rifing and fubliding towards
the banks of the Elk, the ruins of Rodin, the town of
Dalkeith, and the fine maritime village of Inverefit, Ar-

E D 1

thur-Seat, Salifbnry-Craggs, and Caltonhill, protect the
town, to the esft, from thofe chilling winds' from the
fea, to which it is, by its fituation, exceedingly expofed ;
and prefent, in their columnar firatification, their volca¬
nic afpedf, their infulated height, and their-air of defolate
barrennefs ; a firiking contrail to the refinement, art, and
cultivation, which are eminently confpicuous all around
them. The Caftle-hill, and feveral other contiguous
heights are of a fimilar afpedt and firatification. The
furface of the whole territory is varied and unequal to a
degree, fuch as is rarely to be feen even in other parts of
this ide. The climate would be mild and genial in pro¬
portion to the latitude, were it not for the winds from the
ealt and north-eaft, which, in fpring and fumnier, perpe¬
tually. blaft vegetation, and to an almoft inconceivable
degree afflidt the human health. The fame ealtern ex-
polure renders Edinburgh and its neighbourhood alfo
iubject to fttdden and molt fevere dorms in winter. It
is too much excluded by the interior hills, at all times
Of the year, from the foft and cheering breezes of the
weft. Its vicinity to the fea, the (helving inequalities of
the furface, the lightnefs of the foil, on a bottom of lime-
ftone, granite, and trapp or bafalt, render the town and
the furrounding territory fubjedt, in fumnier, often to
an intenfity of heat that is fufficient to ripen, in the open
air, the fruits of much more fouthern latitudes ; and that
would be fcarcely tolerable in the thin brick buildings of
London, or, indeed, in any others than the cool and fome-
what gloomy (tone edifices which we here inhabit. It
is confelfed by all travellers who have (kill in the beauty
and grandeur of landfcapes, that fcarce another fpot in
Europe afferds, within not more than an equal range of
horizon, fo great a diver'll ty of views, and thofe fo admi¬
rable in the three different dalles of the fublime, the
pichirefque, and the beautiful.

ED'INBURGIISHIRE, or Mid-Lothian, a county
of Scotland, which takes its name from the above metro¬
polis; bounded on the north by the Frith of Forth, on
the eaft by Haddingtonlhire, Berwickfltire, and Roxburg-
lhire ; on the fouth by Selkirkfhire, Peeblefhire, and La-
nerkfhire ; and on the weft by Linlithgowfliire. Its form,
is nearly the fegment of a circle, about twenty-feven
miles from ea'ft to weft, and fixteen from north to fouth ;
but in fome places not above fix. The foil is fertile, aiid
produces corn of all forts with plenty of grafs for cattle ;
it contains mines of coal, copper, lime-ftone, and black
marble. The principal towns, befides Edinburgh, are Dal¬
keith, Leith, and Muffelburg ; the principal rivers are the
Elk, the Leith, the Almond, and the Galla. It fends
one member to the imperial parliament.

E'DINGDON, or Edington, [ofeaS, Sax. eafy, and
dun, a hill.] A town in Wales, memorable for king Al¬
fred’s fignal vidlory over the Danes.

EDIS'TO, an ifland of North America, about twenty
miles in circumference, near the coaft of South Carolina.
Lat. 32. 33. N. Ion. 80. 20. W. Greenwich.

EDIS'TO, or Ponpon, a navigable river of North
America, in South Carolina, which rifes in two branches
from a remarkable ridge in the interior part of the (late.
Thefe branches unite below Orangeburgh, which (funds
on the north fork, and form Edifto river, which, having
paffed Jackfonburg, leaving it on the fouth, branches and
embraces Edifto, and feveral fmaller illes.

E'DIT, a town of Sweden, in the province of Weft
Gothland : twenty-five miles north of Gothenburg.

E'DITIT, [of eab, Sax. profperous, and y cSian, to re¬
dound, q. d. one who overflowed with profperity. ] The
wife of Edward the Confeffor. A proper name of women.

EDI'TION,y. \_editio, Lat.] Publication of any thing,
particularly of a book. — This Englilh edition is not fo
properly a tranflation, as a new compofition on the fame
ground. Burnet. — Republication; generally with fome re-
vifal or correcting. — Thefe are of the fecond edition. Shake -
fpcarc. — The bulinefs of our redemption is to rub over

the

252

EDO

the defaced copy of the creation, to reprint God's image
upon the foul, and to fet forth nature in a fecond and a
fairer edition. South.

ED'ITOR, f. [Lat.] Publifher; he that revifes or
prepares any work for publication. — When a different
reading gives us a different fenfe, or a new elegance in an
author, the editor does very well in taking notice of it.

Addifon.

ED'MER, or Eadmer, a learned Englifli Benediftine
monk, of the congregation of Cluni, belonging to the
order at Canterbury, flourifhed in the latter end of the
eleventh, and the beginning of the twelfth, century. He
was made abbot of the monaftery of St. Alban’s, and af¬
terwards raifed to the fee of St. Andrew in Scotland.
He was the author of a Treatife on the Liberty of the
Church, intended to vindicate Anfelm, archbifhop of
Canterbury, in his contefts with king William Rufus.
He alfo wrote feveral other works, which the learned of
modern times have thought worthy to be refcued from
oblivion. Among thefe is his Hiforia Novorum, or hif-
tory of his own times, from the year io 66 to the year
2122, which the celebrated Selden publifhed with notes,
in folio, 1623, and which lord Lyttleton, in his Life of
Henry II. pronounces to be not inelegantly written. In
the fecond volume of Wharton’s Anglia Sacra are alfo
preferved, by the fame author, 1. The Life of St. An-
lelm, Archbifhop of Canterbury. 2. The Life of St.
Ofwald, Archbifhop of York. 3. The Life of St. Dun-
flan, Archbifhop of Canterbury, with a Letter to the
Monks of Glaftonbury . 4. The Life of the blefled Bregwin,
Archbifhop of Canterbury. 5. An Epiflle to the Monks
of Worcefter, concerning the Eleflion of a Bilhop. 6.
The Life of St. Odo, Archbifhop of Canterbury.

ED'MONTON, [q. d. Edmund’ s Town, probably of king
Edmund.] A village feven miles north from London.

ED'MUND, [eat, Sax. blelfednefs, and munb, peace;
q. d. blefled peace.] A king of the Eaft Englifh, mar¬
tyred by the Danes. A man’s name.

ED'MUNDSBURY, [of St. Edmund, and. bujtg, Sax.]
A pleafant town in Suffolk, fixty miles north-north-eaft
from London ; fo called from St. Edmund, who there
iuffered martyrdom under the Danes.

ED'NA, the name of a woman. Toh. vii. 2.

EDO'AR, a town of United America, in the ftate of
Maflfachufetts, fituated on the ifland of Martha’s Vine¬
yard.

EDO'LO, a town of Italy, in the BrefTan : fifteen miles
north-north-weft of Breno.

E'DOM, or Idume'a, the territory of the Edomites,
the defcendants of Efau, eldeft fou of the'patriarch Ifaac.
It was fituated in Arabia Petraea, and was furrounded by
Paleftine, the land of Moab, the Sandy Defert, the Red
Sea, and the land of the Philiftines. Previous to the
eftablifhment of the offspring of Efau, it was denominated
Mount Seir, and was inhabited by a people called Ho-
rims or Horites, who were difpoflTelfed by them. Deut. ii.
There were kings of Edom as early as the days of Mofes;
and, from this period, to the lateft account we have of
the Edomites as a nation, it appears they were uniformly
the avowed enemies of the Ifraelites; and, in this in-
flance, moft certainly affords a very Angular difplay of
the influence of hereditary prejudice ; witnefs their un¬
generous treatment to them in their journey through the
wildernefs, in refuting them a paflage through their ter¬
ritory ; and the readinefs evinced upon all occafions to
conjoin with 1 heir common enemy. King David, it feems,
conquered this country and added it to his kingdom, efta-
blifhed garrifons throughout the country, and left the
Ifraelitilh army, with Joab at their head, to ravage the
country for fix months, with the intent to deftroy every
male they could find ; but one of the king’s Ions, named
Hadad, efcaped to Egypt, and remained there until the reign
of Solomon, when he appeared as his enemy, in confe-
quence of Solomon’s defection from the worfhip of God.
i Kings, xi. Neverthelefs Edom remained fubjedt to the

E D U

kingdom of Judah until the reign of king Joram, when
they threw off their yoke, chofe a new king, and remained
independent until the time of Hircanus the high prieft,
who, having taken moft of their cities, compelled them
to be circumcifed ; and, from this period, it is fuppofed
they mingled with the Jews, and were ever after con-
fidered as fuch.

E'DOM, or Esau, the fon of Ifaac and brother of Ja¬
cob. The name of Edom, which fignifies red, was given
him, either becaufe he fold his birth-right to Jacob, or
by reafon of the colour of his hair and complexion. Idu¬
mea derives its name from Edom, and is often called in
fcripture the land of Edom.

ED'OMITE,/] A defcendant of Edom, an inhabitant
of Edom.

EDRE'I, [ Heb . a huge mafs.] A city of Paleftine,
fituated in the half tribe of Manaffeh, in Balkan, eaft of
Jordan. This city was the capital of Balkan previous to
its conqueft by the Ifraelites. Jofh. xiii. 31. Alfo the
name of another city of Paleftine fituated in the tribe of
Naptliali. Jofh. xix. 37.

ED'S AN, a river of Rullia, which runs into the Lena:
twenty miles fouth-eaft of Ziganlk.

EDS'WOL, a town of Norway : eighteen miles fouth-
weft of Berga.

To E'DUCATE, v. a. [ duco , Lat.] To breed ; to bring
up ; to inftruft youth :

Their young fucceftion all their cares employ ;

They breed, they brood, inftru'dt and educate ,

And make provilion for the future ftate. Dryden.

EDUCA'TION, f. Formation of manners in youth;
the manner of breeding youth; nurture; inftruflion. — .
All nations have agreed in the neceflity of a ftrid educa¬
tion. Swift.

“Train up a child in the way he (liould go, and when
he is old he will not depart from it,” — is a fentiment
which fell from the pen of Solomon, full of wifdoin and
of truth. From this fcriptural precept it is. obvious,
that the firlt bulinefs of education fhould be to ftimulate
and direct the defire of knowledge, which feems to be
naturally created by the affinity of external objedls, and
the fenfes affeffted by them. The general occupation of
infancy (liould therefore be to enquire ; the bulinefs of in-
ftruftors to dircEl curiolity to proper lubjetfs, and to
provide for its full and various gratification. This is
the apprenticefiiip of wifdom : for by it youth may ac¬
quire the art of referring appearances to caufes; of fort-
ing ideas ; and of diftinguilhing truth: it early aw'akens
the mind to an expanlion of its faculties, and directs
the powers of thought to every judicious inveftigation.

The multitude of writers on the lubjeCt of education,,
not only evinces its importance, but (hews the neceflity
likewife of regulating its mode, from real obfervation and
experience. The names of Milton, Locke, Roufleau,
and many others, Hand high as tkeorifts in this important
duty of human life. Their fyftems are plaufible, and
their obfervations truly ingenious. But they have fallen
into the common error of thole who attend to fpecula-
tion more than to practice ; and have thence proved,
that viiionary writers on education are often admired,
though their diredlions can feldom be purfued. It will
be the objedl of this treatife therefore, to recommend
thofe genuine principles of dofjical education, on which
not only the tafte, but the religion, the virtue, and the
liberties, of every free country will in a great meaftire
conftantly depend. True patriotilin and true valour ori¬
ginate from that enlargement of mind, which the well-
regulated ftudy of philqfophy, poetry, and hiftory, tends
to produce. He who is converfant with the belt Greek
and Roman writers, muft imbibe, if he is not deficient
in the powers of intellect, , fentiments and opinions no lefs
liberal and enlarged, than elegant and ingenious.

The polfellion of an enlarged and philofophical mind,
is greatly fuperior to the polfellion of a great fortune ;

2 for

253

E D U C A

for he who enjoys a fmall income, and has received the
benefits of a liberal and philofophical education, is gene¬
rally found the moft happy, and mott refpeCtable cha¬
racter. Even the country curate, though his pittance
is fmall, yet if he adheres to his fituation in life, and
affeCts not the fportfman, or the man of expenfive and
vicious pleafure, but has formed a tafie for the clafiics,
for compofition, and for the contemplation of the works
of nature ; who fpends his time in letters, and who ftudies
virtue and innocence, fails not to receive the refpeft and
love of all men.

We may notice two kinds of education ; one of them
confined, the other enlarged ; one, which only tends to
qualify for a particular fphere of action, for a profefiion,
or an official employment ; the other, which endeavours
to improve the powers of the underfianding, for the fake
of exalting the endowments of human nature, and ren¬
dering it capable of fublime and refined contemplation.
This conftitutes a broad and a firm bafis, on which any
kind of fuperftru&ure may afterwards be raifed. It fur-
niflies a power of finding fatisfadfory amufement for thofe
hours of folitudc, which every man mu ft fometimesk mw
even in the bufieft walks of life ; and it conftitutes one
of the beft fupports of old age, as well as the moft gi ice-
ful ornaments of manhood. Even in the commercial de¬
partment it is greatly defirable ; for befides that it gives
a grace to the man in the aCtive ftage of life, and it the
midft of his negociations, it enables him to enjoy his re¬
treat with elegance, when his induftry has been crowned
with ample fuccefs.

The modes of education purfued by the ancient Greeks,
Romans, Cretans, &c. being foreign to the purpofe of
the prefent article, will be found more appropriately ar¬
ranged under their refpeCtive heads, among the fubjects
which to each of thole celebrated governments refpeCt-
ively belong. With us it is of more importance to afcer-
tain the era at which education fhould commence. To
determine the queftion with accuracy, difcerhment muft
be exercifed in dffcovering the different degrees of ex-
panfion which different minds d i fp lay , even at an infan¬
tine age. Upon the principle, that the earlieft impref-
fions are the ntoft durable, and with a view to fave time
for future improvements, it becomes evident that a child
fhould be taught all that it can comprehend, as early as
poflible. But fome few years muft neceffatijy elapfe, be¬
fore the fragility of childhood is capable of being
launched upon the turbulent ocean of a fchdol. That
this period 'fhould not be fo entirely neglected as it ufu-
ally is, moft thinking people will allow. Tender as is the
age of the pupil, fome inftruCtion may be conveyed
through the medium of precept, and much through ma¬
ternal care. In this department of education, Locke’s
Treatife may be confulted to confiderable advantage;
and Rouffeau’s work is replete with excellent maxims,
as far as the phyfical treatment of infancy is concerned.
With regard to the latter writer, vilionary as his general
fyftem may be, in this branch of it he may be followed
with the happieft confequences ; nor does he yield to
any of his competitors, in an accurate knowledge of hu¬
man nature in its earlieft fta'ges. His prevailing foible is
an attempt at brilliancy and novelty of thought, to the
prejudice of fober and ufefnl difeuffion : but through
the greater part of his introductory books, he abounds
in real information, and facrifices the love of Angularity
to the purfuit of valuable truths. His defeription of
the various melancholy confequences which arife from
the negleCt of the maternal duties, fhould be peru fed be¬
times and unceafingly, till it obtains a permanent hold on
the imagination. Let the glare of fafhionable pleafure
be contrafted with the chafter colours in which Roufteau
delineates domeftic felicity, and the illufion muft vanifh
from before the eye of tafte and liberal fentiment. But,
when he recommends it to his readers to direct all their
attention to the culture of the corporeal powers, and even
to reprefs the expanfion of the mental faculties, we lee
VOL. VI. No. 347.

T I O N.

him tottering on the precipice of paradox, while the ut-
moft caution fhould be given his unwary followers, how
they commit themfelves to the perils of an untried path.
The grounds on which he argues againft the expediency
of infantine inftruCVion are, that the mind, not as yet
fufficiently diferiminative, is incapable of diftinguifhing
the true tendency of precept ; that it is therefore the
belt policy to preferve the' tablet of the mind free from
any impreffion, till it can receive its appropriate cha¬
racter, rather than hazard the contraction of prejudice,
by bewildering the fenfes with too remote propofitions.
But we cannot conceive it poflible, at any age, that the
mind can continue a blank ; if then we would prevent
the intrufion of falfe opinions, we muft furnifh thofe
which are juft; and though childhood may not be com¬
petent to fathom the depths of recondite philofophy, it
may be taught to difeern the obligations of morality, and
the force of obvious truths. It the progrefs of educa¬
tion, difficulties multiply ; but in its firft periods, the
rules to be obferved are fimple and eafy, if fteadily
purfued. To dedicate a clofe attention to inch a regi¬
men as may promote the health, ftrength, and unem-
barraffed growth of the body ; to operate by gentle pro-
greffion upon the tender intellect ; to exhibit the equabi¬
lity of an amiable temper, and preclude the approach of
dangerous example; above all, to perfevere in a calm
and uniform method through the courfe of didactic and
moral difeipline ; are the requifites' for difcharging the
parental office with fidelity and fuccefs:

Principiis obfa : fro mcdicina paratur,

Cum mala per longas invaluer e moras.

The firft effort towards literary inftruCtion, is certainly
that of communicating a knowledge of the alphabet to
the child. The art of reading at firft: appears difficult
to a very young boy ; but we daily fee the difficulty over¬
come at the age of five or fix. If it is not acquired about
that time, we often obferve that the difficulty increafes
with increufing years. For this reafon education fhould
begin even in the nurfery ; and the mother and nurfe are
certainly in the firft ftage the beft inftruCtors. A fenfible
and good-tempered mother is, in every refpect, beft qua¬
lified to inftruCt a child, till he can read well enough to
enter on the Latin grammar; and it has been found that
thofe boys are the beft readers, on their entrance on La¬
tin, who had been prepared by maternal care. Neither
let this office be confidered as degrading. Boys, tlius in-
ftruCled, have feldom had vulgar tones, but have read
with imufual cafe and elegance. But even they who
have been taught to read by the nurfes, and by aged
matrons, though they might have acquired difagreeable
accents, have loon loft them again on receiving better
inftrudtion, and on hearing better examples. And thefe
early proficients in reading have always made a more
rapid progrefs in their grammar, and in all clafiical learn¬
ing, than boys who were kept back by fanciful parents,
left they fhould be injured by too early application, or
catch the inelegant enunciation of an illiterate woman.
Let then the child be tatight to read, as focn as the hu¬
man faculties begin to exhibit fymptoms of improvable
expanfion; his attention, active in the extreme, will fix
on a variety of objects. Let his book be one of thofe
objects, though by no means the only one. Let no long
confinement, and no feverity of reprimand or correction,
attend the leffon. A little will be learned at the earlieft
age, and with the eafieft: difeipline. That little will foon
multiply, and lead to farther improvement ; and thus
the boy, with little pain to himfelf or others, will quick¬
ly learn to read ; an acquifition, thus early in life, and in
its confequences, truly great. He, on the othei hand,
who is retarded, by the theoretical wildom of lih friends,
till he is feven or eight years old, has- this burdenfome
talk to begin-, when habits of idlenefs have been con¬
tracted, arid when lie ought to be acquiring the elements
of grammar.

3T

To

‘254 EDUCATION.

To facilitate the acquifition of the art of reading, va¬
rious contrivances have been invented. The letters have
been made toys, and the whole bufinefs of learning to
read has been converted into a game at play. The idea
is plaufible ; but the fuccefs very uncertain. It may
not perhaps be right to give him a notion that he has
nothing to do but to play. Rather let him know, that
lie has bufinefs of a ferious kind ; and, by attending to it
periodically, let him contradt a habit of application. A
temporary attention to fomething by no means tedious or
laborious, but which at the fame time he is not to con-
fider as play, will make his diverfion more agreeable.
Indeed viciflitude is necelfary to render diverfions plea¬
ting. They become painful bufinefs, when continued
■without variety. We all come into the world to perform
many duties, and to undergo many difficulties; and the
earlier the mind learns to bear its portion of them, the
lefs likely will it be to fink under tliofe burdens which
will one day be impofed upon it. To lead a child to
fuppofe that he is to do nothing which is not conducive
to pleafure, is to give him a degree of levity, and a turn
for dillipation, which will certainly prevent his improve¬
ment, and may eventually occafion his ruin. It is there¬
fore far from rigid to explode thofe fanciful modes of
inftrudtion which injure, while they indulge, the inex¬
perienced pupil. But it would be rigid not to unite the
agreeable with the ufeful, whenever the union can be
effected. Books therefore, written for the ufe of chil¬
dren, Ihould be rendered pleafing to the eye and to the
imagination. They fhould abound in cuts, and be adorned
with every attractive colour. The matter fhould be not
only intelligible to the weakeft mind, but interefting.
Fables are univerfally ufed, and with great propriety.
No one wants to be informed how many, and how va¬
rious, are the books in our language adapted to the early
ufe of children. All corporeal punifhment, and all im¬
moderate reftraint, mult be prohibited. Praife, carelfes,
and rewards, are the belt incitements to application. If
thefe will not operate, the point mull for a while be
given up. A more favourable feafon wiil arrive, under
proper management. Thefe motives, however, will fel-
dom fail, when applied by the parents, or by thofe who,
with the real intereft of the child at heart, have alfo in¬
tegrity and diligence to promote it. Such qualities are
certainly more defirable in the fir It inftructors, than learn¬
ing and great abilities.

Much has been faid on the neceflity of ftudying the
natural propenfity of the pupil, and of directing him to
thofe peculiar fludies to which he appears particularly
adapted by nature. But this is a very difficult and un¬
certain fpeculation, both in the parent and preceptor.
The appearances from which they have to judge, are
often deceitful. A boy, during three or four years con¬
tinuance at fchool, will appear fltipid, and will make
little proficiency. Keep him there another year, and
perhaps his parts burft forth on a fudden ; his emulation
becomes ftrongT'y excited : he feels a pleafure in his pro-
grefs, and foon outftrips thofe who went before him.
This revolution we often fee take place. On the other
hand, he who is cried up as a prodigy of infant genius,
fometimes becomes dull, contracts an averfion to books,
and finally arrives at no valuable attainment. The men¬
tal faculties, in different confutations, difplay themfelves
earlier or later, according to fome internal organization,
as difficult to be detected as explained by human faga-
city. The parent, therefore, fhould follow the dictates
of common fenfe and prudence in the difpol'al of his
child, and leave the refult to Providence.

From the time of Quintilian to the prefent day, it
lias been a queftion of conliderable debate, whether pub¬
lic or private education is the molt conducive to valua¬
ble improvement. Thofe who prefer the education of
public fchools, have to dread the licentioufnefs which is
too often found in them. The prevailing manners of the
age, and of the world at large, are apt to infinuate

themfelves into thofe feminaries ot learning, which, by
their feclulion from the world, might be fuppofed to be
exempted from its corruptions. Still, however, the boy
who is kept at home, cannot be at all hours under the
immediate eye of his parent or his inftruefor. It mud
therefore happen, by chance, neceflity, or neglect, that
he will often affociate with menial fervants, from whofe
example he will be liable to catch not only meannefs of
fpirit, but vice and vulgarity. Yet fuppofing him to be
fortunately reftrained from fucli communication, the ex¬
amples he will fee in the world, and the temptations he
will meet with in an inteixourfe with various company
at too early an age, will affect his heart, and caufe it to
beat with impatience for emancipation from that reftraint,
which mult be removed at the approach of manhood.
Then will his paftions break forth with additional vio¬
lence, as the waters of a (tream which have been long
confined. The fweets of liberty never before tailed, and
the allurements of vice never before withftood, become
too powerful for reliftance, at an age when the paftions
are ftrong, reafon immature, and experience entirely
deficient.

After all the confinement and trouble of a domeftiG
education, the pupil is yet to be lent to the univerfity.
There he will affociate with young men who have been
educated at fchools ; and if they have any vices, he'will
be in much greater danger of moral infection, and will
fuffer worfe conlequences from it, than if he had not
been fecluded from boys at a boyifti age. He will appear
awkward, and unacquainted with their manners ; and
hence negledted, if not defpifed. His fpirit, if he pof-
feffes any, will not fuhmit to contempt; and perhaps he
will imitate, and at length furpafs, their irregularities,
in order to gain a welcome reception among them. That
conduct which can acquire dignity and efteem at the uni¬
verfity, muft arife from a degree of wildom and experience,
as well as of moral redfitude, rarely poffelfed by him who
has been educated in a clofet. And with refpect to lite¬
rary improvement, a boy of parts will generally be found
a better fcholar, if educated at a fchool, than at home.
In a fchool many circumftances co-operate to force his
own perfonal exertion, on which depends the increafe of
mental ftrength, and confequently of improvement, more
than on the inftru ction of the beft private preceptor.
The arguments in fupport of this opinion muft be com¬
mon, for their truth is obvious. Emulation cannot be
excited without rivals ; and without emulation, inftruc-
tion will be always a tedious, and often a fruitlefs, labour.
It is this which warms the paftions on the fide of all that
is excellent, and often counterbalances the weight of
temptations to vice and idlenefs. The boy of an inge¬
nuous mind, who'ftands at the head of his clafs, ranks,
in the microcofm of a fchool, as' a hero, and his feelings are
fcarcely lefs elevated. He will fpare no pains to main¬
tain his honourable poft ; and his competitors, if they
have fpirit, will be no lefs affiduous to fupplant him.
No feverity, no painful confinement, no hariii menaces,
will be necelfary. Emulation alone will elfedt in the beft
manner the molt valuable purpofes ; and at the fame time
will caufe, in the bolom of the fcholar, a pleafure truly
enviable. The fchool-boy too has the beft chance of ac¬
quiring that confidence and fpirit which are necelfary to
difplay valuable attainments. Exceftive diffidence, baffi-
fulnefs, and indolence, retard the acquifition of know¬
ledge, and deftroy its due effedt when acquired. They
are the caufe of pain to their poffeffors, and commonl-y
do injuftice to their real abilities. It is one c i - cumftar e
in public fchools, which tends to give the l'chokrs a due
degree of confidence, that public examination or election
days are ufually eftabliftted in them; when, behdes the
examination, which, if undergone with credit, inlpires
courage, orations are fpoken before numerous ami; tors.
This greatly contributes to remove that timidity, tv Inch
has lilenced many able perfons brought up for the bar
and the pulpit, not to mention a fimilar defedl in the im¬
portant

255

EDUC

porfant qualifications of 'the fenator. Tn fiiort, it is a
felf-evident faCt, that the Tociety of a fchool is of great
ufe in awakening the dormant faculties, in producing a
vigorous and\ aCtive mind, and in preparing the young
citizen for the world, by enuring him to preparatory
fcenes, fimilar to thofe which lie before him in life.

The formation of connexions which may contribute to
future advancement, and of friendfiiips which cannot ea-
fily be dilfolved, has always been a powerful argument in
fupport of the preference of public fchools. Such con¬
nexions and fuch friendfiiips have been, and may be,
formed. The opportunity which public fchools afford,
is certainly an additional circumftance in recommendation
of them. Thofe difinterjefted friendfiiips which are thus
formed, arifing from a real congeniality of fentiments and
tafte, certainly contribute much to comfort, and often to
advancement. Experience proves, that they are more
durable than the intimacies which are contracted at any
fubfequent period.

A great degree of bodily exercife is necelfary for boys.
Nature has taken care to provide for this necefiity, by
giving them a propenfity to play. But they never enter
into the puerile diverfions with proper fpirit, but with
boys. He then who is fent to fchool, has the belt oppor¬
tunity of anfwering the intentions of nature, in taking
that conffant exercife which at once contributes to ftrength
of body and vivacity of mind. Placed in a little fociety
of members like himfelf, he finds ample fcope for the ex¬
ertion of his various powers and propenfities. He has
friends and playfellows conrtantly at hand ; and the bufy
fcene palling before him, is a never-failing fource of
amufement. The private pupil all this while languifiies
in folitude, deprived of many of thefe advantages, or en¬
joying them imperfeCHy. He feels but little emulation ;
lie contracts diffidence ; lie makes few friendfiiips, for
want of opportunity ; he is fecluded from the molt
healthy exercifes ; and hisearly youth, the pleafant fpring
of life, is fpent in a painful confinement. Yet there are
circumltances which will render private education the
molt proper. Thefe are, uncommon meeknefs of difpo-
lition, bodily infirmity, defeCt of the fenfes, and great de¬
formity. Boys labouring under thefe misfortunes lliould
be treated like thofe tender plants, which, unable to bear
the weather, can only thrive in the green-houfe : but be
it always remembered, that the oak flourifhes beft in an
open expofure.

In private tuition, the great objeCt fiiould be, to fecure
as many of the advantages of a public education, with
as few of its ineonveniencies, as pofiible. It is therefore
advifable, that the plan of public education be followed,
as clofely as the difference of circumftances will admit.
Jt fiiould be recollected, that a thoufand whimfical modes
are purfued by private tutors. They are generally fuch
as the inventors and adopters warmly recommend. Both
are (incere in their recommendation ; for we naturally
love our own inventions, and the objects of our adoption.
Novelty has alfo that irrefiftible charm, which induces
parents to enter their fons, with eagernefs, on a plan
which has the appearance of improvement and innova¬
tion. But as education is an alfair of high importance,
no fcheme ought to be generally purfued which has not
received the fanCtion of experience. The welfare of the
community is at flake, when a general change is intro¬
duced in the forms' of education.

A private tutor certainly putrefies peculiar opportuni¬
ties for the infufion of moral and religious principles,
and peculiar advantages for the reflriCtion of his pupil
from the contagion of vicious example. We lincerely
with that thefe opportunities and advantages may never
be negleCted, and that private tuition may prove, what
it lias claimed, the power of producing better men, if
not better fcholars, than are ufually formed in a public
fchool. We are the nfore induced to exprefs this with
at prel'ent, becaufe private tuition feems lately to have
prevailed in this country, more than ever ; and yet, it is
2

A T I O N.

confe(Ted, that profligacy of manners was never more
confpicuotts. It has indeed been the cuftoni among the
richer orders, to endeavour to combine the advantages of
a public and private education, by placing their fons at
a celebrated fchool, and at the fame time under the care
of a private tutor, relident in the fchool, or in its neigh¬
bourhood. The bufinefs of the private tutor is often, in
this cafe, little more than to make the boy’s exercifes for
him. If the difeipline of the fchool is duly maintained,
the afliftance is unneceffkry. We do not find that the
great fcholars, produced a century ago, had any other aid
than that afforded in a good fchool, feconded by their
own afliduity. Very weak boys will indeed want leading-
firings, or crutches; but the boy of parts derives new
flxength from being accuflomed to confide in his own ef¬
forts. A private tutor, whole whole employment conlifis
in removing the difficulties attending the difeipline ot a
great fchool, is unintentionally a promoter of idlenels,
and of fuperficial knowledge. The opulent and luxurious
often with for fuperior learning, and would molt readily
buy it, if it were to be purchafed without labour or con¬
finement. But this is not to be bought; it is to be earned
by long and perfevering induftry. Afliftance may indeed
be procured in abundance by means of riches; but it
happens in this cafe, that they who proceed with the leaf!:
extraneous aid, proceed with the greateft fuccefs.

Whether the mode of education be under a private tu¬
tor, or at a public fchool, a thorough knowledge of the
elements of grammar is the firft thing to be acquired.
If a grammatical foundation be not laid deep, at an early
age, it will not often be laid in fuch a mariner as to bear
a large fuperftructure. Parents, indeed, who have not
had a claflical education themfelves, and who are unac¬
quainted with the true means of obtaining its advan¬
tages, and perhaps with the nature of them, are apt to
be impatient in the expectation of great and early profi¬
ciency in their children. There are not wanting thofe
who are ready to take advantage of credulity in this, as
well as in other very important matters. They generally
produce wonderful ftories of premature improvement.
But “ thofe who tell or receive thefe ftories,” fays the
folid Johnfon, “ lliould confidcr, that nobody can be
taught fafter than he can learn. The fpeed of the beft
horfeman mu ft be limited by the power of his horfe.”
Yet when a boy begins to learn Latin, the parents imme¬
diately expeCt him to iliew fome evident fupet iority over
others in all the puerile purfuits. Perhaps he appears
inferior to them. His attention to his grammar may caufe
a temporary negleCt of lefs important, but more fliining,
attainments. What he is learning has nothing of (how
in it. It makes no appearance in the eyes of the fuper¬
ficial. It is, as Quintilian obferves, like the foundation
of a building, which, though the molt important part,
lies concealed under the earth. Parents mull not there¬
fore expect the crop in the feafon of planting. They
muft form an analogical argument, from confidering the
nature of vegetables. Thofe are feldorn the muft valua¬
ble, durable, or beautiful, which emerge from the ground,
or expand their blolfom, at a very early feafon. But
others, which are fcarcely feen at the firft approach of
fpring, are often, during their apparent inaCtion, fpread-
ing their roots deeply and widely, in order to difplay, at
a muturer period, a profufe luxuriance.

In order to infure this firm and durable culture, it is
not enough to be alone attentive to grammar inftruCtion.
Opportunities muft be given to the Undent to difplay his
attainments. He muft learn to reduce theory to practice.
He muft exemplify his rules. He muft be exercifed in
thinking. He nutft be accuftomed to folitary ftudy, and a
habit muft be formed of literary labour. For all thefe
reaions, it has been the cullom of our beft fchools to ex-
aCt from the fcholars a written exercife, to be brought
every morning on entrance into the fchool. Under proper
regulations', and duly attended to both by the inftruCtor
and the pupil, this practice has been productive of efteCts

greatly

2.56 EDUCATION.

greatly beneficial. And let it be remembered that half
the ul'ual labour, and half the ufual time, will produce
more than double the improvement, if fuch methods are
praftifed from the fir ft, as tend to give the fcholar clear
ideas. It is alfo material that the books felecfted botli
for private reading and fcholaftic ftudy, in the courfe of
his progrefs, fhould be fucli as have an immediate rela¬
tion to the exercifes to be performed. The beft models
of compofition muft be placed before the eyes of the
Undent at all times, but more particularly while he is en¬
gaged in the work of imitation. And to imitate well a
Virgil, a Cicero, a Pope, and an Addifon, indicates a
mind which has imbibed a portion of their mental excel¬
lence. No method is fo likely to caufe this moft deferable
participation of their fpirit, as repeated and continued
efforts to exhibit, in juvenile exercifes, fome refemblance
of their fentiments and their ftyle. This afliduous and
unremitted attention to exercifes may, perhaps, be con.fi-
dered by the fuperficial as too great a talk, and as too
fevere an exaftion. But if parents or preceptors will not
fuller their fons or fcholars to fubrnit to it, they muft not
expeft any great and lading effefts from that which is com¬
monly called a good education. How few, indeed, do we
lee bring a knowledge of the ancient languages from their
fchools, fufficiently extenfive or profound to be ufeful in
any great degree, or even to be retained by them through¬
out their lives ! What is the caufe ? Undoubtedly, an in¬
dolence in themfelves, and a too great indulgence in their
fuperintendents or parents, who will not let them fubrnit
to any degree of application which is painful. But fuch is
the appointed condition of human affairs, that no object,
really and durably valuable, can be gained without la¬
bour and difficulty. Thfs is the price at which Provi¬
dence has decreed that the fatisfaftion and advantages
arifing from the pofteftion of any extraordinary degree of
excellence fhall be purchafed. Yet the labour of com¬
pofition is not always painful, efpecially when boys take
delight in compofing themes and verfes. The natural
plealure of invention, and the confcioufnels of increafing
ftrength of mind, alleviates greatly the labour of the
work ; and the praifes and encouragement they, receive,
will generally give their ingenuous minds a glow of de¬
light, which none of their ul'ual diverfions can confer.
When once a boy feels an emulation to excel in his com-
pofitions, his improvement is fecure.

Much lias been laid with regard to the utility of teach¬
ing boys to compofe Latin verfe. When a boy is defigned
to fill a fubordinate' fphere in commercial or aftive life,
to trouble him with Latin verfirication, is perhaps to
wafte his valuable time. Yet it is confeftedly the beft
method of giving a ftudent arefined tafte for claffical ex-
preflion. The neceftity of compofing Latin verfe, renders
a fcholar more careful in remarking and (electing elegan¬
cies, than he would be, if he were only to read, without
imitating, a Horace or a Virgil. In fome very popular
fchools, Latin verfe is perhaps attended to as an exercile
too conftantly, and too indiferiminately. For the fake of
gaining prizes, and for other lefs defenfible reafons, it is
made, by fome, the firft objeft ; which it certainly ought
not to be. Boys who happen to have no tafte for it, how¬
ever excellent their capacities in other refpefts, have, at
thofe fchools, no encouragement. A common method is,
to futfer boys at firft to write verfes formed of words com¬
bined, without regard to meaning or grammatical con-
ftruftion, but, at the fame time, with a dole attention
to the rules of profody. This method contributes to
facilitate the purfuit, though it is not univerlally ap¬
proved. It fhould not indeed be continued very long ;
but it is an excellent mode of introduction to an art which
is obvioufly attended with fome difficulty. InftruCtors
differ much in opinion refpefting the propriety of allow¬
ing a Gradus ad Parnajfum, from an idea that it retards
advancement by indulging indolence. But ibis i£ certain ;
if we forbid the life of the Gradus in a place of educa¬
tion, the prohibition will be fruftrated by the clandeltine

introduction of it. It is a book eafily procured, and
boys in the fenior claftes will not be without it ; and there
are inftances of many who have received great improve¬
ment from it. When the pupil polfelfes an uncommon
(hare of parts, he will afeend Parnaffus without this Jieb
to help him; and it is reafonable to conclude that the
improvement made without it, will be more permanent
and folid. But the misfortune is, that the art appears fo
difficult at firft, that the greater part of boys are likely
to be deterred and difgufted, if they are denied this
afliftance.

When the quantity of words is pretty well known, it
is a good method to place the words of one of Martial’s
Epigrams, or of any beautiful paftage in the Latin poets,
out of their metrical order, and to require the fcholar to
form them into verfes. In thefe exercifes it is alfo beft
to call forth the early powers of the boy’s invention. As
foon, therefore, as lie can write hexameters and penta¬
meters, let him have a fubjeft given him. Let him be
made acquainted with the nature of an epigram. Let
him be told, it is to confift of one thought. The.fearch
after this thought is attended with many collateral ad¬
vantages. The mind in purfuit of it often ranges, as well
as it can, through the moral and phylical world. Men,
manners, and things, whatever he has read, heard, or
feen, come under the Undent's confideration. A great
improvement is derived to the mental powers from this
practice, and, at the fame time, a habit of reflection
gained, and knowledge of various kinds extended and
confirmed. Let any one impartially examine the Lufus
WeJlmonaJiericnJ'es, Mufa Etoncjifes, and feveral other publi¬
cations, as well as manuferipts of this fort, and he will fee
the juftnefs of the obfervation. Epigrams, odes, and va¬
rious poematia, fhould alternately conftitute exercifes in
the higher clalfes. Accuracy, copioufnefs of invention,
a depth of thought, an elegance of ftyle, and many other
advantages, may be derived from this method to every
kind of writing in which the fcholar afterwards employs
himfelf. The moft unpromifing talents often fucceed,
when called forth by the example of others, whether
invited by opportunity, or urged by neceftity. Parents
fhould not, therefore, give up their fons upon very early
unfavourable appearances. Many a child has been lent
to fea, or put to fome mechanical employ, who might
have ihone eminently in letters, if his parents had not
been inclined to defpair too foon, from their ignorance
of the nature and the operations of the human mind, and
from their inattention to the biographical accounts of
eminent literati.

The next acquifition fhould be that of writing Latin
profe, which, confidered merely as an exercife, naturally
contributes to iucreafe, and to confirm, an intimate know¬
ledge of the language. He who can write a language, will
not often be at a lofs in reading the authors written in it.
He will underftand the delicacies and the beauties of the
language, both when he confiders it in its fingle and fepa-
rate words, and when he views it in conftruftion. When
words and ideas pafs immediately under the pen, in the
aft of compofition, they are confidered more diftinftly
and maturely than when they are only perufed in a vo¬
lume. Befides this advantage, to be able to write Latin,
qualifies the ftudent to correfpond with the learned in
all countries. Latin letters lhould therefore form one of
the evening exercifes in the higheft claftes at fchool ;
for which Cicero affords admirable models. Latin has
long been the univerfal language of learning. The books
which, from their extenfive fubjeft, feem to intereft man¬
kind at large, have ufually been written in Latin; and
fcientific fubjefts of all kinds are ftill often difeuft'ed in
Latin : it would therefore appear unbecoming a fcholar
to be unable to exprefs his ideas in a language, in which
learned foreigners not only write, but frequently con-
verfe. And if the ftudent proceeds to either of out Eng-
lifh univerlities, and really willies to be a fcholar, he
muft acquire the habit of compofing Latin themes, Latin

declamations^,

EDUCATION. 257

declamations, Latin lefhires,. See. which are conftantly
required of academical (Indents. It is true that the idler
and man of fafhion generally procure thefe exercifes from
friends, from books, or from collections of old compofi-
tions ; but, though they may pafs through the forms of
an univerfity by fuch means, they never acquire credit, or
acquit themfelves to their own fatisfadlion. And, if they
take the degree of mailer of arts in one of our univerfities,
they are bound by their oaths to recite publicly in the
fchools Latin declamations of their own compofition. It
is another argument in favour of the Latin exercifes in
our fentinaries, that it has a natural tendency to improve
the Undent in Englilh compofition. Lie who has been
accultomed to make Cicero his model, will infenfibly ex¬
hibit fomething of his beauty, in whatever language he
can compofe with facility. That habit of accuracy, and
that care in the collocation of words, .which is required
in Latin works, will infenfibly extend its good effects tc?
every production. To write Latin in youth, is an excel¬
lent preparation for that vernacular compofition, which
fome of the profefllons iwdifpenfably require. It ought
therefore to be continued in our fchools ; but it will not
often be attended with fuccefs, unlefs the pupil remains
there long, and applies clofel v under the infpe&ion of an
experienced inftru'Ctor. Much pradtice and long habit
are necefiary, to give excellence and facility. Therefore,
where boys are intended to acquire only a fuperficial
knowledge, and to be removed early from their feminary
to the warehoufe and accompting-houfe, or to be intro¬
duced into any mode of active life incompatible with
contemplation, they will not then be able to acquire an
cafe in Latin compofition, nor will it be necefiary.

With refpect to the ftyle which is chiefly to be imi¬
tated, we (hall not hefitate to recommend that of Cicero.
Hismore diffufe and Afiatic manner is not to be imitated.
But the ftyle of his Letters, his Offices, his Philofophical
Oonverfations, his book on the Orator, his treatife on
Friendfhip and on Old Age, with a few of his Orations,
abounds with fweets, from which the inauftrious bee may
load himfelf with honey. Some, indeed, recommend as
models, the ftyles of Qmntilian and Tacitus. Thefe are
excellent in their kind ; but they have not the grace and
dignity of Cicero. They pleafe and ftrike a mature tafte,
but they are not well adapted to aliure a young Undent
to the labour of imitation.

Under a miftaken notion of facilitating the progrefs of
the young pupil, trarjlations of the elaflic authors are now
permitted to be.ufed in many refpectable modern fchools ;
but we think, with manifeft difadvantage to the future
reputation and acquirements of a fcholar ; and we might
with great truth add, that few caufes have contributed
more to impede the fcholar’s progrefs, than the general
adoption of this accommodating mode. The human mind
is naturally remits, but particularly fo at the early feafon
in which education is commenced. At all times.it is
averfe from unneceffary labour, and rejoices to facilitate
the means of arriving at its end. When, therefore, a
tranfiation is prefented to the eye on the fame page with
the original, it is not likely, that for t lie fake of a re¬
mote advantage, it fhould neglect prefent eafe ; that it
ftiould turn from the meaning which is offered to its no¬
tice, and willingly purfue an original tranfiation to be
formed from the mazes of a lexicon. Yet there are fome
refpectable authors who contend, that “ if the clafiic
authors were publifhed with interlineary tranfiations, it
would be a great fervice done to the public.” Perhaps
after a ftudent has learned one language very accurately,
he may acquaint himfelf fuperficially, in a fiiort time,
with others, by means of tranfiations. But to boys, who
always ufe them without judgment, they are certainly
pernicious. The boy learns to conltrue his lefibn by the
Englilh printed at its fide, and takes care to remember it
during the half hour he repeats it to his inftru&or; af¬
ter which he will let it fiip away without reluctance,
confcious that his collateral tranfiation will enable -him
Vox. VJ. No. 347..

to go through the fame bufinefs on the morrow, without
puniftimenr, and alfo without the valuable acquifition of
learning to firengthen and imprefs the memory.

The exertion of mind requifite in learning to conftrue
a lefibn without a tranfiation, is one of the molt defirable
confequences derivable from the, lefibn itfelf. A habit of
attention is acquired by it ; conjectural ingenuity called
forth ; a degree of penetration, and patience of literary
labour, a mod defirable acquifition, infenfibly produced.
Whatever difficulty it may be attended with, will be over¬
come by the boy who poffefies parts; and he who pofleffes
none, will never make aify valuable proficiency with or
without thefe indulgent afiiftances. He may indeed be
allured by them to throw away his time, and reap no¬
thing in return but disgrace. It will not be controvert¬
ed, that good Greek f'cholars have feldorn been fo nume¬
rous as good Latinifts. What (hall we afilgn as the caufe ?
Greek is not more difficult in its elements than Latin.
Its authors are equally, perhaps more, inviting. It is
ufually entered on at a lefs puerile age than Latin, at an
age when the underftanding has acquired ftrength enough
to overcome grammatical difficulty. Nothing has im¬
peded the equal advancement of Greek ftudies, of late at
leaft, but the unlverfal practice of publifhing all Greek
books with a Latin tranfiation. Upon this occafion Bruyere
has remarked, that “ the fludy of the original text can
never be fufficiently recommended. It is the fliorteft,
fureft, and mod agreeable, way to all forts ot learning.
Draw from the fpring head, and take not things at iecond-
hand. Let the writings of the great mafters be never laid
alide : dwell upon them, fettle them in your mind, and
cite them upon occafion : make it your bufinefs thorough¬
ly to underhand them in their full extent, and in all tlieir
circumftances : acquaint yourfelves fully with the prin¬
ciples of original authors: bring them to a confiftency,
and then do you yourfelf make your deductions. In this
ftate were the firft commentators ; and do not you reft
until you bring yourfelf to the fame. Content not your¬
felf with thofe borrowed lights; nor guide yourfelt by
tlieir views, but where your own fails you, and leaves
you in the dark. Their explications are not yours, and
will give you the flip. On the contrary, your own ob-
fervations are the product of your own mind ; where they
will abide, and be ready at hand upon- all occafions, in
converfe, confultation, and difpute. Lofe not the plen-
fure it is to fee that you were not flopped in your reading,
but by difficulties that are invincible, where the commen¬
tators and fcholiafts themfelves are at a ftand, and have
nothing to fay; thofe copious expofitors of other places,
who, with a vain and pompous overflow of learning,
poured out on paffages plain and eafy in themfelves, are
very free of their words and pains where there is no need.
Convince yourfelf fully, by thus ordering your ftudies,
that it is nothing but men’s indolence, which- hath en¬
couraged pedantry to cram, rather than enrich, libraries,
and to bury good authors under heaps of notes and com¬
mentaries ; and you will perceive that Hot h hath added,
in tiais inftance, again!! itfelf and its own intereft, by mul¬
tiplying reading and enquiries, and inefeafing the pains
it endeavoured to avoid.” Some candid editors have
been fenfible of this truth, and have added tranfiations
with apparent regret. Their conviction has been over¬
ruled by a fpecies of argument very forcible on thefe oc¬
cafions,.. “ that without concomitant tranfiations, .■ Greek
books have ceafed to be a faleable commodity.” When
Greek f'cholars were fcarce in Europe, a few tranfiations
contributed to facilitate the introduction of the language:
this expediency introduced the cuftom, which is not like¬
ly to be abolifhed, though it is molt inimical to Grecian
literature, and, for that reafon, to the prevalence of a
good tafte. The Greek poets, as well as the philofo-
phers and hiftorians, have been read and criticifed by
thofe who could only read them in the lame ftyle of a
literal tranfiation, who acquiel'ced in fo wretched a fub-
ftitute fop the original, but who probably would have
3 U ftudied

23S "E D U C

ftudied the Greek, and uiiderftood it, had they not been
led aftrav in their you ! h by that powerful incitement to
indolence, a collateral tranjlation.

To the ufe of tranflations, and to the various modes of
facilitating puerile (Indies, we may venture to attribute
the decline of folid learning, and of that juft tafte which
the ancient models tended to eftablifh. Together with
tranflations, it would be wife to banifh thefe editions in
which the order of conftrutlion is given on the fame page
with the text. It tends vaftly to enervate the mind, by
rendering exertion unneceffary. The molt unexception¬
able method of rendering the daffies eafy to the younger
fcholars, is to fubjoin, as is fometimes pradtifed, a voca¬
bulary at the end of the volume. Even the interpreta¬
tion in ti e editions in vfum Ddphini , which are univer-
fally ufed, tends rather to corrupt the ftyie, and to vitiate
the tafte, by drawing off the attention from the elegant
language of a Virgil, to tire bad Latin of a modern com¬
mentator. The young Undent cannot therefore too early
be taught to exert his own powers, and to place a modeft
confidence in their operation. This will increafe their
native vigour, and give him fpirit to extend them as far
as they will go on every proper emergency. Accuftomed
to depend upon him felt, he will acquire a degree of cou¬
rage neceffary to call forth that merit which is often rii-
niinifhed in value to its diffident poffeffor, and totally loft
to mankind. The little fuperftcial learning of him who
has been ufed to tiie facilitating inventions, may be com¬
pared to a temporary edifice, built fora day; while the
hard-earned knowledge of the other may be faid to re-
femble a building, whole foundations aie deep and ftrong,
and equally to be admired for dignity and duration.

It is agreed on all hands, that no faculty of the mind
is capable of more improvement than the memory, and
none more in danger of decay by difufe. Every practice
which tends to (Lengthen it, (hould be encouraged and
continued ; and it is therefore a very judicious inftifution
in our grammar fchools, obferved from the earlieft times,
which obliges the fcholars to commit large portions of
the beft daffies to memory. That the talk is laborious,
is no valid objection. Labour (Lengthens both the mind
and body ; and what is acquired by labour, will not eafily
be loft. The impreffion it makes is deep and lading.
■But, in truth, it is not fo laborious a ta(k to a boy as it
may appear to a parent, or to any other adult, who has
had neither experience nor obfervation in this depart¬
ment. The memory of boys in general is abundantly
capacious. If it is not filled with valuable furniture, it
will be crowded with lumber. It will be the repoJitory
of trifles, of vanities, and perhaps of vices. How much
more defirable, that it fhould be ftored with fine fenti-
■ments and beautiful didion, feleded from the nobleft
writers whom the world ever produced! Honour, fpirit,
liberality, will be acquired, by committing to memory
the thoughts and words of heroes and of worthies, who
eminently (hone in every fpecies of excellence. Its efiefts
in poli(hing and refining the tafte, are too obvious to be
called in queftion. There are abundant inftances of its
peculiar influence in embellifhing the mind, and giving
it a gracefulnefs which no other ornaments can fupply.
As foon, therefore, as the grammar is perfectly learned
by heart, the paffages of the beft claflics, conftrued as a
leftbn on the day, fhould be given as a talk to be learned
manoriur at night. Habit will render it no lefs eafy than
it is beneficial .

It cannot be denied, that nature has made a difference
in difpenfing the power of retaining ideas. If we may
believe fome accounts, (lie has fometimes formed prodi¬
gies in this fpecies of excellence. Muret relates, that
he recited words to the number of thirty-fix thoufand,
fome of them without meaning, to a young man, who re¬
peated them all -immediately, from the beginning to the
end, and from the end to the beginning, in the fame or¬
der, without a moment’s hefitation or a ftngle miftake.
Miraculous, and even incredible, as this may appear,

A T 1 O N.

Muret tells us, there were innumerable witneffes to fire
truth of the fadt, and mentions many names of refpeefa-
ble pei fons who were prefect at the repetition. Many
other inftances might be felefted from authors of allowed
veracity; but they are i'o different from that which falls
within the experience of mankind in general, as fcarcely
to gain credit. If they are true, they afford encouraging
motives for the cultivation of a faculty, which has fome¬
times been advanced to fo high a degree of perfedfion.
In giving great attention to the cultivation of the me¬
mory, there is danger left it fhould be overladen with mi¬
nute objects ; a circu mftance highly injurious, efpecially
in the courfe of education. Let it therefore be confidered,
that a good memory, according to a fimilitude of Erafmus,
refembles a net fo made as to confine .all the great fifti.,
but to let the little ones efcape.

With refpedt to learning Greek, it is often thought to¬
tally fuperfiuous : yet it is a language that contributes
greatly to adorn the gentleman, while it is effenti.d in a
fcholar. It will infallibly lead him to the fountain-head
of claffical information. It will enable him to judge of
compofition with tafte. It will point out to him, with pre-
cifion, the meaning of many words in the Englidi language,
which are daily ufed, and of far the greater number of
technical terms in every art and fc-ience. The Greek au¬
thors are indeed fo celebrated, and have been fo univerfall.y
read, that one would think no man of letters, who poffelfes
fenfe and fpirit, would voluntarily forego the opportunity
of learning Greek, in order to perufe them in their native
language. Homer has always kept his place as the nobleft
writer whom the. world ever produced. They who think
they (hall aifeover his tranfeendent excellence in any
tranffation, are greatly deceived. The prefent age is too
much dilpofed to pu-rfue compendious methods of edu¬
cation, which terminate in external and (hallow attain¬
ments. And, .unlefs a timely check is given, the next
age will be led to negleft folid improvements dill more
than the prefent ; for, as folid improvements become lefs
generally underftood, they will be lefs generally efteemed.

When a proper knowledge of the grammar has been
acquired, and the declenfions of the nouns and pronouns,
and the formation of the verbs, are once learned, the
fcholar fhould begin to read one of the chapters in St.
John’s Gofpel in the Greek Teftament. The Greek of
this evangelift is remarkably eafy, and, when ten or twelve
chapters (hall have been carefully read, let the (indent
begin St. Luke, whofe Greek is allowed to be better than
St. John’s. When the greater part of St. Luke (hall have
been read, and its grammatical conftruflion and its parti¬
cular words analyfed, let the fcholar begin fome work of
Xenophon, Hill repeating a portion of his grammar every
morning. This will foon pave the way to Demofthenes
and Homer; and when thefe are once underftood, which
with diligence and good abilities, may be very foon ac-
complifhed, the fcholar will be able' of himfelf to pur-
fue his ftudies in the Greek language, as far as he may
choofe to proceed. The pleafure he will feel when once
he enters deeply into the fine authors of ancient Greece,
will lead him to prefer them to all others. He will then
find, that the preference given to them by all preceding
ages, is not the effeft of mere partiality; but is derived
from their native excellence, and from the opportunity
thereby afforded of enlarging and ennobling the human
mind.

There are many who acknowledge the excellence of
the Greek language., that are deteired from the purfuit
of it by ideas of its difficulty. This arifes from its being
a very copious language; and becaufe it requires much
and various reading, to gain a competent knowledge of
the primitive or radical words. Yet the Greek roots
have been computed not much to exceed three thoufand.
It is alfo a language- which abounds in compounds and
derivatives, the meaning of which may. be eafily known
by knowing the (imple and original words. He who has
acquainted himfelf with a linall number of the mod iifeful

radicals.

E D U C

'radicals, will be able, with a little fa'gjacity, to difcover
the meaning of many words in a book written on a fami¬
liar and obvious fubjedt. By reading fitch a book, he
will probably find his knowledge of original words in
fome degree increafed. He goes on to one lefs eafy. His
knowledge of the language is enlarged by infenfible grada¬
tions, and he at laft acquires a deep and a maflerly (kill,
by petfeverance indeed, but without much painful la¬
bour. Erafmus, in the earlier part of his life, carefully
ftudied the Greek and Latin grammar, read ledlures upon
them, and tranflated Greek books into Latin. This was
laying a right foundation for criticifm and philofophy ;
and it were to be wiihed that our young ftudents would
follow his example. “Be you ever fo ingenious or in-
-duftrious, (fays Dr. Jortin,) yet if you negledt to culti¬
vate and to preferve this humble part of knowledge, you
will be perpetually (tumbling when you tread on clafiic
ground ; when you attempt to explain, to trar.flate, or
to correct ancient authors, or to difcufs any learned fub-
ject, or to compofe a few pages in profe or in verfe.”

Many parents are apt to imagine, that, w bile their fons
are learning Latin and Greek, they are making no im¬
provement in Englifh. They are, however, greatly de¬
ceived. It is impofiible to learn the Latin grammar,
without acquiring a valuable knowledge of grammar in
general, and confequently of the Englifh grammar. But
it mud be confeffed, that many particulars of the Englilh
grammar cannot be learned, but by a particular applica¬
tion to it ; and, it is certain, that this has been long neg¬
lected in the mod approved fchools. Englifh, undoubt*
edly, ought to form a great part of an Englifh gentle¬
man’s education ; and if a boy has made a good profici¬
ency in claflical learning, be will be able of himfelf to
compenfate the want of particular indruclion in this
point, it he chufes to apply to it. Good fenfe, good
company, and the reading of good authors, with a know¬
ledge of grammar in general, will commonly make a
icholar completely mader of his ovvn.language.. To com¬
prehend it, however, among the other objedfs of fcholadic
purfuit, contributes to render a plan of education more
complete. It is alfo the more delirable ; fince it has been
found that many boys., who, though they could write
Latin grammatically, were unable, for want of this part
-of inftrudtion, to compofe an Englifh letter on a familiar
J'ubject without incorrect nefs, much lefs with elegance ;
and even fome celebrated writers in Englifh have made
egregious midakes in Englifh grammar. It has been the
opinion of fome, that Englidi iliould be learned before
Latin ; and bifhctp Lowth feemstOTecommend it drongly ^
but he recommends it in a Preface to his Englidi Gram¬
mar ; and it is natural to go great lengths in recommend¬
ing the importance of any book, art, or fcience, which
■we have been particularly employed in improving or pro¬
moting. Qmntilian, wliofe judgment may in general be
fully depended upon, fays, A Graco Jermone puervm incipere
maloi quia Latinus, qui pluribus in vfu cjl, vel nobis nolentibus
fe pralet. One’s own language will come fpontaneouily .
Not fo the Latin, -or any foreign language. And it would
be imprudent to employ an age when the memory is mod
tenacious, and when the mind is confeffedly bed difpofed
to acquire foreign languages, in learning what will come
of itfelf, to the negledt of that which is highly valuable,
and which, if negledted entirely in youth, is ufually
neglected for life. They may indeed be dudied at the
fame time, and will be mutually aflidant. In the mean
time let all violations of grammar, and all vulgarifms,
folecifms, and barbarifms, in the converfation of boys,
.and alfo in their mod familiar letters, be rigidly noticed
and corrected.

To confirm their improvements in Englidi., boys fliould
compofe in it, as foon as they are capable of invention,
indeed, this is ufually done in public fchools, and the
advantages of it are univerlally felt, not only in the walks
of learning, but in the mercantile and civil departments.
Many boys go to public fchools, who are defigned for

A T I O N. 2 59

commercial life. The little Lathi they learn by the age
of thirteen or fourteen, when they fometimes leave the
fehool for the accompting-houfe, may not be of great
fervice to them; but the habit of ccmpofing in Englilh,
will enable them to write letters with eafe and with accu¬
racy ; an acquilition for which they will be obliged to
their fehool as long as they live ; an acquilition, which will
ferve, didinguifii, and adorn, them more than any of the
accomplidiments which arc merely ornamental. It is cer¬
tainly proper to comprehend, in the plan of indrufclion
in Englidi, the dodrine of Englifh verification, as well
as of prolific composition. The vaiious metres fliould be
explained; and f'uch a manner of reading them pointed
out, as tends to difplay their beauty and their melody.
It may indeed be extremely advantageous to advance a
flep higher, and endeavour to infufe into the higher
claifes not only a grammatical, but a critical knowledge
of the language, and its authors. To the fenior boys
the beauties and defedts of fly le fliould be flrewn. The
opinions of judicious critics on our poets, hiftorians, ora¬
tors, and moralifts, fliould be laid before them and dif-
cufled. They fliould be taught, not to read every tiling
that falls into their hands, but to feledt their books with
judgment, and to afiign the realons for their preference.
They will thus acquire not only grammatical accuracy,
but tafie ; a quality, which will furnifli them, during
life, with pleafure pure and refined ; to be able to relifh
which, befides the exalted fatisfadfion of it, will charac-
terife the true gentleman independently of fortune.

Young men who are defigned for a commercial life,
fliould, with their Englifh, be well iirfirudted in the
higher departments of arithmetic. This, we fear, is too
much negledted in England, as being unconnedted with
the common views of a clalTical education, which is to
inculcate the refined tafie and elevated ideas of the mod
renowned perfonages of the ancient fchools. Arms and
arts were the chief objedts of attention in the fchools of
Rome; but Great-Britain, from her fituation and con¬
nections, is naturally commercial. Commerce, with us,
lias acquired a dignity unknown in ancient times, and in
other countries of Europe. They who have been en¬
gaged in it have added a grace to it by the liberality of
their education and the generofity of their minds. This
has introduced them to the company of thofe to whom
their fortunes made them equal ; and they have appeared
in the fenate, and in fociety, with peculiar grace and
importance.

The value of a legible and expeditious hand, and the
utility of arithmetic as a fcience, have never been fairly
appreciated by claflical teachers. Arithmetic, when flu-
died as a fcience, and expanded by the rules of algebra,
aflumes new grace, and furnifiies a fine exercile for the
mind in its favourite employment, the purfuit of truth.
Herein we fee the rife of all the mathematical fciences,
fo effential to a liberal education. Nor can we believe
there is any one now, but mufi, acknowledge that a mind,
properly furniflied with fuch enlightened fpeculations,
is qualified to excel in every fuperior feene of life. Far
more honourable they furely are, than the arts of leap¬
ing a horfe, or of wielding a fvvord ; accomplifliments
ufually afugned our youth of diftindtion, and for the fake
of which alone they are often lent into diflant countries,
as if there were nothing to be taught them at home, nor
any thing in a gentleman worth cultivating, but his
body. We-would not undervalue tliefe bodily acquire¬
ments ; for perfedtion of every fort is certainly worth
aiming at,; but we would wifh them to be rated as much
below the mental, as the body itfelf is inferior to the
foul. Facility in writing, and expertnefs in calculation,
are abfolutely neceffary to the merchant ; and are highly
ufeful to all. But thefe are not to form the whole edu¬
cation of a merchant, nor even the chief part of it. The
piopofed end of a mercantile life is the accumulation of
money. And what is the ufe ot money but to contribute
to the enjoyment of life ? Yet a rich man, without libe¬
ral

£60 E D U C A T I O K.

ral ideas, and without fome (hare of learning, would be
an unfit companion for thofe in the rank to which he is
advanced ; a melancholy confideration, that after all the
toils and cares of bufinefs, when he has acquired a prince¬
ly fortune, he mud be excluded from the fociety of men
of equal condition, but fuperior education, or appear ri¬
diculous in it; that he mu ft be unfit for parliamentary
or civil employments, though the influence of money
may procure him admifiion to them all ! Thofe, there¬
fore, who are intended for a genteel line of commercial
purfuits, fhould beftow at lead as much attention on the
cultivation of their minds, as on the mechanical attain¬
ments above-mentioned : and there is time enough for
the accomplifhment of both purpofes, in the courfe
of an education properly conducted, and long enough
continued.

We need not ufe argument in recommending the ftudy
of French and geography to the intended merchant.
Their obvious utility is univerfally underltood. It is
well known, and much to be lamented, that the (hafts of
wit and ridicule have often been fuccefsfully thrown at
city magiftrates, and other public charadters, whofe offices
ought to fecure refpedt. This unfortunate ci re u.m fiance
has been entirely owing to that defect in their education,
which their wealth could never compenfate. Parents,
therefore, who educate their fons for the accompting-
hoitfe, fhould recoiled!, that they are not to remain there
always: but fnould let their minds be early imbued with
fuch a portion of genuine and elegant learning, as will
remain with them, and conflitute them gentlemen what¬
ever may be their employment .

The French language, now fo effential to the acquire¬
ments of every man of the world, as well as to the mer¬
chant, abounds with authors elegant, lively, learned, and
claflical. To be ignorant of it, is therefore to cut off a
copious fource of amufement and information. Perhaps
the greater number of parents wifh rheir fons to learn
French, chiefly that they may be enabled to fpeak the
language. This is certainly a valuable attainment; but
an ability to read and tafte the beauties of tiie celebrated
French writers, is alfo highly valuable. To learn to fpeak
French witii real elegance and with fluency, it w ill be ne-
ceffary to give it great attention, or to refide fome time
among the natives of France. To read it with eafe and
critical accuracy, may be foon acquired with moderate
application ; and it is, in every refpedt, a very eligible
and valuable acquifition. Italian is alfo very defirable
to a fcholar; but it is not ufually taught in fchools. He
that tinderftands French ‘and Latin will foon be able to
teach it himfeif, for it is very eafy to read and underftand
it, if not to fpeak if. Let the (Indent read a chapter or
two every other day, for two or three months, in an Ita¬
lian Teftament, and he will foon be able to read Guic¬
ciardini, arid other introductory Italian authors.

The ornamental accomplifhments, fo far as there is
room for them without breaking in upon others, are not
to be negledted in the regular courfe of a polite educa¬
tion. They furnifh. engagement for the time ; filling up
the (paces which would be otherwife worfe employed,
they find matter for the judgment to work, upon, exercife
the faculties, and keep them.fteady to one regular pur-
fuit ; they procure credit to the poiieffor, make men J'odable
by. being able to give mutual entertainment,, and thereby intro¬
duce opportunities of doing one another more important
Cervices, by bringing them into better confidence and
knowledge of their reciprocal wants. Though they ter¬
minate only in pleafure, yet the. amufements of life, when
to be had without an after-reckoning, are. an object well
worth the driving for. Boys therefore (hould be taught
to value external graces only in a fubordinate degree ;.
and great care (hould be taken, that they, may not be
viewed in fo favourable a light as to appear capable of
becoming the fubftitutes of moral and intellectual excel¬
lence. When the boy is once taught to efteem religion,
fcarning, truth, benevolence, and a power of becoming

Ufeful to himfeif an-d'others, as they ought to be efteemed
as qualities which do honour to human nature, and ex¬
ceed all the little arts of pleafing by external deportment,
as much as a reafonable nature exceeds the be dial ; then
let him be introduced to the ftudy of thofe arts, whofe
true ufe and end are to make virtue appear dill more
amiable. When we take a view of the feparate parts
that conflitute perfonal elegance, we immediately know
the feeds that are proper to be cherifhed in the infant
mind, to bring forth the beauteous production. The vir¬
tues (hould be cultivated early with facred care. Good¬
nature, modefly, affability, and a kind concern for others,
fhould be carefully inculcated ; and an eafy unconftrained
dominion acquired by habit over the pafiions. A mind
thus finely prepared, is capable of the higheft luftre of
elegance; which is afterwards attained with as little la¬
bour as our firft language, by only affociating with grace¬
ful people of different characters, from whom an habitual
gracefulnefs will be acquired, that will bear the natural.
unaffeCted (tamp of our own minds : in (liort, it will be-
our own character and genius (tripped of its native rude-
nefs, and enriched with beauty and attraction. With
thefe ideas in his mind, let the boy learn to dance. It
will contribute to his health and to his growth. It will,
give the human form, in the embellilhment of which na¬
ture has bellowed peculiar care, the power of difplaying
its natural beauty and fymmetry. It will (Lengthen the
limbs, and render them fit for their proper exertion. A
(kill in the art, independent of other advantages, is de-
iirable, as it enables young people to join in a diver-
lion, which, in decent company, is no lefs innocent than
pleafing.

Fencing, as a gymnaftic art, is highly ufeful in (Length¬
ening the body. In feveral walks of life, cultom hath
rendered it effentially requifite. If the fcholar choofes to
purfue it, and has a convenient opportunity, he (hould
not negleCt it ; fince it furnifhes an excellent mode. of bo¬
dily exercife, after the. labour of the mind in a fedentary
employ rtient. The learning of the military exercife, which
is now ve-ry common, is alfo, in feveral points of view,
beneficial. It gives a manlinefs of mien, it renders the
body ereCt, and the limbs rob lift ; and it qualifies youth
to defend their country in an effectual manner, when c'alled
out by an emergency. It may likewife have an indirect
influence, in infpiring manly fentiments, and inflnuating
a love of order.

Mufic fur n idles a fweet amufement to the man of let¬
ters. Boys are not often initiated in it at fchools. With
great propriety, they are ufually left to follow, in this
particular, the impulfe of their genius or their inclination.
Without the co-operation of thefe, no valuable proficiency*
is ever made in performing on a mufical inftrument.
Scarcely any art is purfued, invita Minerva, or without a
natural turn for it, fo unfuccefsfully as mulic. And in-
’deed to arrive at any great excellence in it, requires more
time and attention, than- can well be bellowed by him
who follows any other purfuit with ardour. The lover
of mufic, who has full employment of another kind, and
who has not any very remarkable degree of genius for
mufic, (liculd content himfeif with hearing (kilful per¬
formers; opportunities, for which abound in this culti¬
vated age and nation.

Drawing is frequently taught at fchools ; not often with
any Angular fuccefs. It is, however, a very convenient
as well as agreeable accomplLlhment ; and, where a ge¬
nius for it evidently appears, no care (hould be (pared in
its cultivation. In general, whatever ornamental accom-
pliihments the (Indent may with to purfue, he (hould call
to mind what has often been repeated with a figh, that
life is (hort, and art long. A puflion which parents of
the prefent age are apt to run into is, to make children
learn all things; the languages, the feiences; mufic, the
exercifbs, and painting. Thus the child foon becomes a.
talker in all, but a mailer in none. He thus acquires a
fuperficial fondnefs for every thing, and only (hews his
x ignorance^

EDUC

ignorance, when he attempts to exhibit his (kill. Much
time and much attention mult not therefore be bellowed,
in the contracted fpace of human life, on objedts which
afford no permanent pleafure, and no real advantage of
any kind to the individual, or to forietv T *■ : , ~J
jar better to coniume time in employments merely inno¬
cent, than in vice or in malignant adtions : but true, per¬
manent, and heart-felt, happinefs is to be derived from a
benevolent conduct, and from ufeful exertions. Orna¬
mental qualifications, and amufing attainments, may
pleafe, indeed, during a (liort period of youth ; but,
alas! the old age, which has no more than thefe to fup-
port and recommend it, would be ridiculoufly contempti¬
ble, if it were not truly pitiable. Men are too little in¬
clined to look fo far before them, and to provide for that
period, which, if it is deftitute of rational amufement,
and of folid improvements, mull be (pent either in a (late
of ftupid infenlibility, or in wretchcdnefs. If the ante¬
diluvian duration of life (till continued, what nccomplilh-
ment is there at which an ingenuous mind would not
afpire ? But to fpend the grealeft portion of threefcore years
and ten, in trifling or ufelefs purfuits, is pitiable folly.

Introducing boysfinto company, and infilling too much
on the Aiming and external accomplilhments, is a falhion-
able error with many parents. When lefs attention was
paid to thofe .exterior accompli fitments which qualify
young men to bear a part in the converfation of their fe-
niors, when they were kept clofe at fchool, and were fel-
dom brought into company, or at lead allowed to lay but
little in company, fo that they had but little fociety ex¬
cept with their parentsand fchool-fellows, they contracted
a balhfulnefs, which, by difqualifying them from appear¬
ing to advantage in what is called polite company, made
them rather Hum it. By this means a great deal of very
valuable time was faved ; and having no road of ambi¬
tion open to them, but that of excelling in their {Indies,
they of courfe applied their time, and bent their appli¬
cation, that way ; fo that they were pofielfed of the un-
derfianding, and had acquired the knowledge, of men,
when they exhibited nothing but the appearance of boys.
Of thefe two extremes, bringing them too early and too
much into mixed company, or keeping them entirely out
of it, we rather prefer the latter than the former ; becaufe
external accomplilhments are certainly of lefs value than
internal ones, and becaufe the former can he acquired
when the latter cannot. The elements of knowledge
can only be acquired to any good purpofe in early life,
becaufe they depend chiefly on memory, which is pecu¬
liarly quick and retentive in youth, and the excrcife of it
is peculiarly irkfome in riper years.

At a very early age, the pupil Ihould be introduced to
a knowledge of geography. The life of maps Ihould be
familiarly explained ; and then the pupil will be well
able to inform himfelf of the fituation of principal places,
and of fuch as occur moll frequently in reading the dailies
and the Roman hiftorians. Ancient geography ihould at
firft engrofs his attention. The fame method Ihould foon
after be ufed, to introduce him to a general idea of the
modern. -The facility and the life of this fcience, will
induce the judicious ftudent to make a great progrefs in
it. He will therefore ftudy modern geography, even with
more accuracy than the ancient. Frequent and attentive
infpection of maps will avail him molt in this purfuit,
throughout all its parts. There is a great abundance of
treatifes on this ealy fcience. Cellarius flionld be given
to the fchcol-boy as a guide to ancient geography ; and
Pinkerton as a guide to modern. In that new and accu¬
rate compilation he will find a great number of particu¬
lars, not merely geographical, which ought to be known
to every individual. Though d’Anville’s Geography is
feldom ufed in fchools, yet the fcholar ought to be in¬
formed, that his maps are held in the higheft efteem.
Their price alone prevents them from being univerlally
received. Mathematical geography, or that part of it
which is connected with aftronomy, may be deferred till
Vol. VI. No. 347.

A T I O N. eGi

the pupil arrives at a maturer age, unlefs he difplays a
very early genius and inclination tor mathematics. The
drawing of maps, and other minute labours in the purlutt
of geofranlm — — - * periOn xvho is de-

lor lome employment connected with furveymg
or navigation, but are an unnecellary toil to the liberal
fcholar.

With refpedt to mathematical fcience, and thofe which
depend upon it, they cannot often be purfued at clafiical
fchools, confidently with other fiudies more immediately
neceflary in early youth. Perhaps they ought to be at¬
tended to at the univerfity, rather than at fchool. Aftro-
nomy, and natural and experimental philofophy in all
its branches, will alfo he more properly comprehended
in the courfe of academical fiudies. The laws of Eng¬
land mud alfo be comprehended among the academical
purfuits. The excellent inftitution of the Vinerian pro-
fefibrfitip is a noble acquifition to the glories of Oxford.
But Blackftone’s Commentaries, the firft fruits of that
eftahlifhment, have almoft rendered fubfequent lectures
unnecellary. Thefe well read will he quite fufficient for
the liberal fchglar, who ftudies not the fubjedt with a
view to qualify himfelf for a practical profcfiion. The
ledtures read in the univerfities on mathematical fub-
jedts, are admirably well fitted to accomplifh the inge¬
nious pupil in thefe delightful and improving fciences.
In thofe places-, a large and coftly apparatus is always at
hand, and the profefl'ors who read ledtures, are, for the
ntoft part, men of great and folid merit, with little often-
tation. Yet if a boy has a peculiar turn for mathema¬
tics, it Ihould be early cultivated; as, indeed, Ihould all
very predominant tendencies to peculiar excellence. In¬
tervals may be found, in a courfe of claftical ftudy, for
improvement in mathematical knowledge ; and Euclid’s
Elements will very fuccefsfully prepare the way for a
future progrefs in the univerfity. Thefe elements, it has
been well obferved, conftitute the heft introduction to
rational logic, or the art of reafoning juftly and accu-
curately in life and in learning. As matters of tafte, they
all'o form molt delightful fubjedts ; for intellectual truth
is the molt beautiful objedt which the mind can contem¬
plate.

But it mult he remembered, that the mod important
views in education are to open the mind for the recep¬
tion of general knowledge, and to prepare it, in particu¬
lar, for the reception of that fpecies and degree of know¬
ledge which is required in the fphere deliined for the
exertion of its adlivity. It is not the bulinefs of the
fchool to complete, but to prepare. Thofe inftrudtors
therefore do well, who point out the various avenues of
learning, and, by leading their pupils into each, enable
them to proceed alone in the years of maturity. As many
avenues as can well be comprehended, without impeding
the progrefs of the fcholar, rnuft he opened for his view,
and for his admiflion. Among thefe, hiftory is with great
propriety included. But it is a molt extenlive field; and
great care muft be taken left the boy Ihould be dilcou-
raged and confufed by the immenfity of the profpedt.
HiS attention Ihould be confined to the more ftriking parts
of ancient hiftory, and to that of his own country. But
particular regard Ihould be paid to the Greek and Roman
hiftories, not only for the neceifary and ornamental know¬
ledge which they furnilh, but alfo for the noble, manly,
and generous, fentiments which they tend to infpire. He
who, in his early age, has been taught to ftudy and re¬
vere the characters of the fages, heroes, ftatefmen, and
philofophers, who adorn the annals cf Greece and Rome,
will neceflarily imbibe the molt liberal notions. He will
catch a portion of that generous enthufiafm, which has
warmed the hearts, and directed the condudt, of the be-
nefadtors and ornaments of the human race.

There has long been a juft complaint that men, whofe
attainments in learning have rendered them highly re-
fpedtable, have not been ablp to difplay their knowledge
with any great credit to themfelves, or advantage to others,

3 X from

2 62

EDUCATION.

from a defeCl or a fault in their mode of elocution. It
is therefore become a very defirable objeCl in education
to enable boys to fpeak well. It the boy is defigned for
the church, or tne law, u o auiuiumj tc jie

is defigned for no particular profeflion, yet a clear u!!u
correCt utterance is a valuable acquifition. A part of the
time fpent at fchool fhould always be devoted to the
purfuit of this ufeful, elegant, and manly, accomplifh-
ment. The proper mode, then, of purfuing it, is all that
claims our prefent examination. At the age of thirteen,
provided the boy is fufficiently advanced in the daffies,
lie fhould enter on the art of fpeaking. There are many
books written on it, and many rules are ufually given to
the (Indent, previoufly to his entrance on the practice.
Natural fenfe and natural fade, a good ear, and well-
fornied organs of fpeech, under the guidance of a fkilful
jnflrudtor, will effectually accompliili this purpofe, with¬
out any painful attention to dry and unentertaining rules
of art, which often give an appearance of difficulty to
purfuits in themfelves eafy and pleafant.

Once in every week, fcholars of the ;lge and qualifica¬
tions already fpecified, fhould rehearfe, in the hearing of
all the boys in a fchool, feated in form as auditors, fome
celebrated paflage from Demofthenes, Plato, Homer, Ci¬
cero, Livy, Virgil, Milton, Shakefpeare, Pope, or Addi-
fon. We totally difapprove the pradtice of fchool-boys’
fpeaking their own declamations ; unlefs it be occafionally,
and as an honorary reward for a good compofition. A
fine piece of writing contributes greatly to facilitate a
fine utterance. Few boys can write fuch a Latin or Eng-
lifli declamation as is proper to difplay, to advantage, the
graces of elocution. It may alfo be noted, that learning
by heart the mod beautiful paffages of the fined authors,
is a very great collateral advantage attending the dudy
of the art of fpeaking. - The fird objeCt is, to habituate
the fcholar to fpeak flowly and dirtinCtly. Let fome
months be employed in obtaining thefc primary and im¬
portant points ; for a flow and diftindt utterance is a va¬
luable attainment. One of the bed methods of intro¬
ducing it, is, to infid, during the exercife, that every
fyllable, but efpecially the lad, fhall clearly, and alntod
feparately, drike the ear. Boys are apt to drop the lad
fyllable. They mud not however dwell upon it too
long. Caution is neceffary, to prevent the flow and dif-
timll manner from degenerating to the heavy and the
fluggifh. But this feldom happens. Boys of parts are
generally too voluble : they oftener want the bridle than
the fpur. During this procefs, all monotony, and, indeed,
all difagreeable tones whatever, mud be carefully cor¬
rected. For if they are differed to grow into a habit, the
difficulty of removing them becomes great indeed. When
a flow and didinft utterance is thus obtained, the graces
of elocution will claim the pupil’s attention. And here
let the inftrudtor carefully avoid teaching a bold, an af-
fedted, and a theatrical, manner. Modedy, whatever
fome injudicious parents may think, is one of the mod
becoming graces of a boy. When he fpeaks in public,
it is one of the fined rhetorical ornaments that can be
ufed. The bed writers on the fubjedt of rhetoric have
preferibed the appearance of modedy, even in men. It
is not therefore wonderful, that the want of it in boys
(and it mud always be wanting where a theatrical man¬
ner is adopted) fhould give difgud. A loud rant, and a
violent tone of voice, can never pleafe in a boy, unlefs,
indeed, he is adting a play. But as few' boys are fent to
fchool to be prepared for a theatrical life, the theatrical
manner ought to be exploded from the fchools. The
claffical manner fhould alone prevail in every feminary
devoted to ancient learning ; for there, if ancient learn¬
ing is properly underdood and cultivated, tade and grace
in fpeaking mud prevail.

It is ufual in many fchools to act Englifii plays. The
exercife may poliibly improve the boys in utterance,
but there are many inconveniences attending it. The
various preparations, and the rehearfals, break in greatly

upon the time which ought to he fpent in claffical and
grammatical dudy. Nor is the lofs of time the only
evil. The boy’s attention becomes engroffed by his part,
which he is to perform before a large and mixed audience.

-'-rr‘ f~- *J— J 'r- - 7 --1-- r - r, ~n 7-rvn_

fpire .to captivate his imagination, and to make him lay
alide his lexicon and grammar. Some moral corruption
may alfo arife from feveral cirpumdances unavoidable in
the reprefentation. The theatrical mode of fpeaking,
too, which has been acquired by it, has feldom pleafed
good judges. Perhaps fome improvement may arife from
acting a play of Terence or Sophocles ; but it cannot be
defirable, that a boy fhould acquire that love and habit
of declaiming, which may introduce him to fpouting-
clubs or difputing focieties. Nor can it be fuppofed,
that elegance of dile, of fentiment, or of utterance, is of¬
ten found in fuch unfeledted atfbciations.

Having rejected the forward, the pompous, and the
declamatory, dyle, the pupil (hould aim at the claffical :
we mean a clear, didindt, emphatic, and elegant, utter¬
ance, without affectation. To a vulgar and an illiterate
audience, however, vehemence of action, and loudnefs of
voice, often appear more truly eloquent than the grace¬
ful oratory of an Athenian. To (peak well, depends
more on the corporal endowments, than many other ac-
complifhments. Whatever learning and judgment the
mind may have acquired, yet unlefs nature has formed
the organs of fpeech in perfection, and unlefs die has
given a confiderable degree of bodily drength to the ftu-
dent, he will feldom become a didinguiflied fpeaker. Art
and care may, however, affid him ; and, if they enable
him to fpeak flowly and diflindtly, they will have done
him great fervice. To conftitute a didinguiflied orator.
Nature mud have done much more than have furniflied
perfect organs of fpeech. She mud have given exquifite
fenfibility. This, with cultivation under an indruCtor,
who likewife poffeffes both fenfibility and perfect organs,
will infallibly produce that noble accomplifliment which
has charmed mankind, and occalioned fome of the greateft
events in their hidory. This invaluable acquifition fhould
therefore be feduloufly purfued by all who are defigned
to fill that office, which is inftituted to indruct their fel¬
low-creatures in moral and religious truth. The negleCt
of this important part of education has brought the regu¬
lar profeffors of religion into contempt among the lower
orders of the people ; among thofe who, for want of other
opportunities, Hand mod in need of inftrudtion from the
pulpit. It has given a great advantage to the fedtaries,
and perfons irregularly educated, who fpare no endea¬
vours to acquire that forcible and ferious kind of deli¬
very, which powerfully affedls the devout mind. The
confequence is natural, though lamentable. Tabernacles
are crowded, and churches deferted. This is the fird
and mod to be regretted evil of a partial or inadequate
progrefs in the powers of elocution. The next is the
depravation in the prefent date of the eloquence of the
bar. With forrow be it fpoken, that this profeflion has
greatly degenerated from that liberal oratory which im¬
mortalized a Cicero, and which was defigned to defend
the caufe of the fatherlefs and the widow, and to protect
the injured, by lending truth the afildance of abilities.
Indead of this noble exertion of the oratorical powers,
W'e now too commonly fee indelicacy and want of candour
mark the modern pleader. The unmanly advantage too
which he takes of his fituation, to make free with refpedt-
able characters, often degrades him below the rank of a
fcholar, a man of humanity, a Chridian, and a gentleman.

A good education commonly infpires a good tajl e ; or
that delicate faculty which is fenfibly delighted with all
that is beautiful and fublime, and dilguded with all that
is coarfe or inelegant. To read without tade, is like tra¬
velling through a delightful country, without remarking
the richnefs and variety of the profpeCts. From fuch ail
excurfion, more fatigue mud arife than pleafure. In¬
deed, the dallies^ arc entirely the objects of tafte ; and he

who

263

EDUCATION.

who reads them without it, mifpends his time. Hence the
neceffity of cultivating this amiable quality; anti we be¬
lieve that all men, not remarkably deficient in intelleft,
are by nature furniflted with fo much of this difcerning
power as eafily to admit of valuable improvement. Even
they who poflefs the fip.eft natural fenfibility of literary
beauty aqd deformity, will find their tafte greatly im¬
proved by proper cultivation. It is certain, that, if from
fome unfortunate circumftance, it happens that a mind
endowed with this natural power in a remarkable degree,
is confined in a youthful age to bad models or injudicious
inftruftors, it will fcarcely ever arrive at that perfection,
of which nature gave it a capacity. Rules, therefore,
and precautions, are often found ufeful. In this place,
however, it will be only neccfl'ary to give one general
rule. It is, that from the age of nine to .nineteen, the
pupil be not permitted to read any book whatever, which
is not univerlally known and allowed to be written ac¬
cording to the mod approved and claflical tafte. At an
early age, the mental like the animal tafte delights in
that improper food, from which it is more likely to de¬
rive an atrophy, than to acquire nouriftnnent. But
when, during ten of the moft (ufceptible years, none but
the beft models are prefented to the mental eye, it muft
perceive, and learn to admire, the form of beauty. The
bufinefs will alfo be greatly facilitated, if the inftruftor
feels the excellencies which he reads with his pupil, and
poftelTes the talent of itnprefling them upon him in a
lively and forcible manner. If he is not remarkably
happy in fenfibility, yet if the pupil is fo, the end will
often be accompliflied ; for the beauties of the truly
claflical writer are fuch, as to make their own way to the
feelings of the fenfible. Let them but be well under-
liood, and kept conrtantly before him, and the tafte muft
be improved.

Boys fometimes, from a redundancy of imagination,
as well as a deficiency of judgment, are apt to admire too
much the florid ftyle of compofition. In their imitation
of it, they commonly fall into the turgid and bombaft.
Whenever this appears in a theme, or copy of verfes, let
fome pafl'age be read on*a fimilar fubjeft, if it can be
found, from the works of a Pope, an Addifon, or any
other juftly admired writer. They will loon fee the de¬
formity of their own ftyle, when contrafted with thefe.
But care fliould be taken, that a boy be not difcouraged ;
for his fault is the ebullition of genius. A dull boy
cannot rife to fo elevated an error. Let the pupils, if
poflible, be led to an elegant fimplicity in manner, drefs,
and fentiment, as well as criticifm and compofition. Let
them be taught, that though falfe and glaring ornaments,
in all thefe, may at t raft momentary and fuperficial admi¬
ration, yet that valuable and permanent gracefulnefs is
the re fu It of an adherence to truth and nature. Falfe
and affected tafte involves its pofleifor in ridicule. But
true tafte, the refult of fine feelings and a cultivated un-
derftanding, opens the fource of a thoufand pleafures un¬
known to the vulgar, and adds the laft polifti and moft
brilliant luftre to the human intelleft. Study without
tafte, is often irkfome labour; with tafte, it confers a
happinefs beyond the reach of fortune, and fuperior to
the ordinary condition of humanity.

To the boy whole lot may be, to poflefs a fortune,
which his friends with him to adorn, and to him who is
defigned fora profeflion, we ftrongly recommend the cul¬
tivation of a poetical talent, ff he really poflefles it from
nature. Though lie fliould never arrive at any very dif-
tinguifned eminence in poetical compofition, yet the at¬
tempt, while he is at fchool, will add an elegance to his
mind, and naturally lead him to give a clofer attention to
the beauties of the claflical poets. It will not be a pain¬
ful talk. It will be his moil delightful amufement. It
will give him fpirits in his purfuits : for poetry, like mil-
fic, is one of the fvveeteft relaxations of a learned life.
The moft fuccefsful method we imagine to be the fol¬
lowing ; Let a living inftruftor, of tafte and judgment,

feleft proper paftages from the moft approved poets, and
at firft read them with the pupil. After this preparatory
difcipline, which needs not to be continued long, let the
works of Mil ion, Shakefpeare, and Pope, be given to
him. He will improve himfelf by reading them, more
than by any inftruftor with the moft learned precepts.
No other reftraint is neceflary, than to confine his at¬
tention for a confiderable time to thefe great poets.
Many a fine genius is lowered and fpoiled, by attending
to the little trifling compofltions which are to be found
in abundance in many of our modern mifcellanies. 'I he
mediocres poet#, or the poetafters, muft by no means be
read while the judgment is immature. The young mind
is prone to imitate bad models in literature, as well as in
life. The faireft forms of things muft be prefented to
the eye of imitative genius, and a veil drawn over de¬
formity.

One of the prime objefts of a parent and an inftruftor,
ftiould likewife be, to caufe in a child fuch an aflociation
of ideas as (hall conneft pleafures, honours, and rewards,
witli the idea of that purfuit which is to be the purfuit
of life. This end may be eafily obtained, if the fuper-
intendant of the child reprefents the objeft in its faireft
form, and at the fame time vigilantly takes care, left the
impreftion, once recived, be effaced by the company of
ignorant affociates. The child is defigned to fupport the
character of the fcholar and the gentleman, whatever
may be his engagements in focial life. Never let his book
be fpoken of fo as to convey the lea ft idea of difagreeable
labour. Let it be reprefented as the fource of amufe¬
ment, fame, profit, and of every thing defirable. It muft
be owned, great judgment and attention, much know¬
ledge of the emotions of the human heart, conftant vigi¬
lance, unwearied patience, and a natural talent for the
bufinefs, are required to regulate the. mind of a child at
that very early period when ideas firft ruftt into the fen-
forium. All thefe qualities are required in a greater de¬
gree than they are often found. Wrong, aflociations are
therefore formed ; and it becomes a great part of the bu¬
finefs of a preceptor to remedy in future what it could not
prevent.

At the age of ten or twelve, the talk may be more
eafy. The mind is then not merely paftive. It can co¬
operate voluntarily with its inftruftor, in rejfefting, ac¬
cording to the diftates of judgment, all improper aflTo-
ciations of ideas, and in'felefting all fuch as are defirable.
At that time, then, if it cannot be accompliflied before,
the pupil fliould be imprefled w itli every idea which caa
render an eminence in literature amiable and honourable.
In the firft place, let him feel his chief pleafures arifing
from his little performances in letters, whatever they may
be. When he does well, let him be carefled and reward¬
ed ; not only by his tutor or mafter, but by all who have
any intercourfe with him. If lie is ingenuous enough
to be fenfibly touched with praife, the bufinefs is half
completed. The parent may congratulate himfelf. He
has nothing to do but to beftow it with judgment. The
pupil’s little heart will exult to receive it, and all his fa¬
culties will expand themfelves to deferve it. The boy
fliould be taught by common converfation, not by formal
precept only, to confider greatnefs of mind as the only
true grandeur, and the poflefiion of knowledge as the
moft ornamental accomplifliment. Not only the father,
but the females of a family, if they have judgment
enough for the pttrpofe, muft concur in imprefling on the
young mind ideas of literary excellence. It too often
unfortunately happens, that without intending the injury,
they undo all the labour of an afliduous inftruftor. An
attention to cards, to drefs, to fufliion, to thofe fcenes
which perfons engaged with the world cannot eafily
avoid, will not only obliterate from the puerile mind all
virtuous and defirable ideas, but will often render it inca¬
pable of their future reception. If the idea of excel¬
lence, applattfe, and happinefs, is aflociated with vanity
in the infantine age, vanity will be purified in manhood.

2 Another

m EDUCATION.

Another excellent method of infpiring the pupil with
an emulation to excel in letters, is to accuftom him to read
biography. The lives of our great poets, divines, hif-
torians, and eminent writers of every denomination,
fhould be f'elefted for this purpofe. The eulogia which
are ufually paffed on them, and which they deferve, will
fire a young mind with an ardent defire to tread in their
footfteps. If the boy can be introduced at a proper age
to the company of fome celebrated literary chavadter, it
will greatly contribute to raife and fuftain this definable
emulation. He fhould be taught to will) for the honour
of fuch an interview, and to look upon any notice taken
of him by fuch a perfon, as a noble diftindiion. At the
revival of learning, it is amazing with what eagernefs
even the fight of a man of eminent learning was fought
for by the ftudious. They ran in crowds to meet him ;
and any attention paid by him to an individual, conferred
an enviable happinefs. The confequence was, that the
youth who were devoted to learning, purified it with a
vigour and perfeverance which aftonifhes the prefent age
of indolence. It was the honour and the refpedt, in
which the perfons of eminent fcholars were held, which
diffufed a generous ardour in the purfuit of letters, and
produced fhipendous effedts. If that honour and refpedt
is exclufively paid to rank and opulence, however igno¬
rant and undeferving, it is no wonder that the liberal pur¬
fuits are found to languifh. After the important point
is gained, of making the pupil feel the love of letters,
and an ambition for literary fame, improvement is fe-
cured. He will make his own way, even under difad-
vantages ; but with encouragements, afii fiances, and op¬
portunities, he can fcarcely fail of arriving at, what few
reach, diftinguifhed excellence.

On no account let a teacher excufe the want of clofe
application. If the pupil has genius, this will improve
and adorn it ; if he has not, it is confefledly requilite to
fupply the defect. Thofe prodigies of genius which re¬
quire not inftrudtion, are rare phenomena : we read, and
we hear of fuch ; but few of us have feen and known
them. What is genius worth without knowledge >. But
is a man ever born with knowledge ? It is true, that one
man is born with a better capacity than another, for the
reception and retention of ideas ; but ftill the mind muft
operate in colledting, diferiminating, and arranging, thofe
ideas, which cannot be done eifedtually, without great
and exemplary diligence. All that is excellent in learn¬
ing depends upon it. And how can the time of a young-
man be better employed r It cannot be more pleafantly ;
for induftry, by prefenting a conftant fucceflion of various
objedls, and by precluding the liftlelfnefs of inadtion,
renders life at all fiages of it agreeable, and particularly
fo in the reftlefs feafon of youth. It cannot be more in¬
nocently ; for learning has a connedtion with virtue ; ar.d
he vvhofe time is fully engaged, will efcape many vices
and much mifery. It cannot be more ufefuljy ; for he
who furniihes his mind with ideas, and (trengthens his
faculties, is preparing himfelf to become a valuable
member of fociety, whatever place in it he may obtain ;
and he may be likely to obtain an exalted place : the high
road to which is early riling, and an uninterrupted appli¬
cation in the morning.

Improvement will alfo be greatly accelerated, if the
fludent can be induced to devote the leifure hours which
his private tutor, or his mailer at fchool, allows him, to
private reading. At the age, then,, of twelve or thirteen,
let a few Englifii books of repute be put into his hands.
They fhould be entertaining, or they will not at firfi ex¬
cite his attention. They fhould at the fame time be
clafiical, or have fome connection with real and valuable
knowledge, or they will only diffipate his ideas, and im¬
pede his.progrefs in the more effential purfuits. There
is, however, hardly any innocent book which affords him
entertainment, which will not, at the fame time, in fome
refpedt improve him. No book can be more properly re¬
commended at firfi, than Addifon’s Spectator. It abounds

with entertainment, It furniihes a great variety of ideas
on men, manners, and learning ; and the moral and reli¬
gious principles it unfolds, are well adapted to .tincture
flie young mind with the love of all that is amiable, ufe-
ful, and innocent. Other books fhould be allowed, at
the diferetion of a judicious fuperintendant. New books,
and the works of contemporary writers, are found to at¬
tach the mind with peculiar energy.. Hiftorical books
are highly proper; and poetry fhould likewife be read at
that early age, when the feelings and the imagination are
all alive. No young man can fupport with honour his
character as a clafiical foholar, without an acquaintance
witli the finefi writers of his own country, who have ri¬
valled the moft admired of the ancients. But thefe can¬
not be read, confidently with purfuits more immediately
neceffary, in the fchool, and under the eye of the in-
ftrudtor. They fhould therefore form the amufement of
leifure hours, and muft be read from choice. All that
the mafter and the private tutor can do in this bufinefs,
if he attends to the more effential points, is to recommend
private application, and point out tire moft expedient au¬
thors.

When .the boy fhall have arrived at the age of fifteen,
and at the improvements adequate to the age, it will be
highly advantageous to prevail with him to read in pri¬
vate, not only Englifii, but alfo fome eafy Latin book.
Time and habit will render it no more difficult than to
read Englifii ; and the improvement in Latin will be foon
found much greater than that which would be derived
from reading it only in a fchool, or with a privaie tutor.
Three things are requilite, whatever Latin book fhall be
at firfi feledted, viz. a pure didtion, an entertaining fub-
jedt, and a perfpicuous ftyle. When facility is gained in
reading Latin, the fludent will of himfelf afeend to Ci¬
cero, Terence, Livy, and all thofe excellent writers,
whom the world has long agreed to admire. When a
great degree of clafiical improvement is fecured, one or
two of the bed romances and novels may be read, for the
fake of acquainting the fludent with the nature of this
kind of writing. Omnes degujiandi, all authors are to be
tailed in the courfe of a literary life ; but during educa¬
tion, only the bed. To form a found and good judgment
is of the higheft confequence. Judgment contributes
more to public and private good than genius. Let the
boy’s judgment then be exercifed and ftrefigthened by
being early habituated to the work of feleclion. Let him
be taught to choofe the belt authors, and always to give
reafons for his choice. This will improve his judgment
in the conduit of life ; without which, parts and learning
often ferve-only to precipitate ruin.

Amidft the number of facilitating contrivances, and
the various aids afforded by opulence, the mind is not
fufficiently allowed to exert its native powers. The
toil of thinking is too frequently thrown upon the pre¬
ceptor and the formal lecturer. Thus it happens, that
many who attend ledtures wherever they are to be heard,
and ptirchafc the afliftance of thofe who profefs to afford
it, are often, after all, lefs learned than others, who,
without fuch apparent advantages, have forced their way
up to the moft arduous heights, by native vigour arid
perfevering afliduity. Indeed, nothing is more abfurd
than the common notion of inftrudtion, as if fcience were
to be poured into the mind like water into a ciftern, that
paflively waits to receive all that comes. The growth of
knowledge ref'embles the growth of fruit : however ex¬
ternal caufes may in fome degree co-operate, it is the in¬
ternal vigour and virtue of the tree that muft ripen the
juices to their full maturity.

Yet many perfons have palled through a fchool, with¬
out exhibiting either inclination or ability for literary
purfuits, who have afterwards fhone in the republic of
letters with diftinguifhed luftre. The faculties of their
minds have expanded at a later period than common, or
peculiar occafions have occurred to excite their induftry
and emulation. Others there are, who never were placed

at

EDUC

at a claffical fchool, and have either not had, or have not
availed themfelves, of other opportunities of improve¬
ment ; but who, when their judgment is matured by ob-
fervation and experience, earnefily with andendeavour to
furniflt themfelves with the learning of a gentleman. They
often mifcarry in their attempt, not from want of afliduity
or of perfeverance, but from ignorauce of the proper
method. The firft great error of Undents of this defcrip-
tion is, that they read in a defultory manner, every thing
which falls in their way. They begin with complete and
extenfive treatifes, when they fliould proceed gradually
from elementary introductions. They are ufually unac¬
quainted with proper editions of books, and often fpend
much time and attention on publications, which, when
compared with original compofitions, are contemptible
both in ftile and in matter. They often confine their at¬
tention to Englifh books ; from an idea, that the languages
are not to be learned by an adult. The confequence of
their miftakes is, that their conceptions, though multi¬
plied by reading, are confufed and imperfeCt, and though
they find amufentent from it, they derive but little foiid
advantage.

If fuch men ferioufiy wdfii not merely to divert them¬
felves with books, but to make a progrefs in learning,
they mud refo! ve to read methodically ; nor let any temp¬
tation interrupt their plan. They will do right to dived
themfelves of that vulgar prejudice, which reprefents it
as an infurmountable difficulty to begin a language, or an
art or fcience, at the age of manhood. To be under the
influence of this opinion, will be an effechial bar to their
advancement. Let them rather call to mind the many
inftances of great improvements made in the fciences, by
thofe who did not begin to cultivate them till they were
arrived at a middle age. Hiffory and biography furniflt
numerous examples of men who have begun to ftudy in
old age, and have yet made a great proficiency. The in¬
jury which the health, the eyes, and the fpirits, unavoid¬
ably fuftain from a long continuance of nocturnal (Indies,
fhould induce every perfon to avoid the lucubrations of
midnight. Early riling contributes to health and cheer-
fulnefs, while it furnifhes the fineft opportunities for ffudy.

It is not uncommon to find perlbns, who, though they
have been good fcholars at their fchool, and have made
a great proficiency in learning in the juvenile age, have
forgotten it amidff the pleafure and the bufinefs of an
active manhood. When the bufy fcene is paffed, they
call to mind thofe fweets of literary purfuits which they
formerly enjoyed, and w ith to taffe them once more. They
are at a lofs for fomething to fill agreeably thofe vacuities
’of time, which were lately occupied in active employ¬
ments. They therefore endeavour to recal what they
acquired in their youth. Perhaps the bed advice which
can be given to pedons tinder thefe circumftances, is,
that they purfue the eafieft, the molt entertaining, and
the molt compendious methods. Difficulty will difguft
and impede them. Amufement is the end propofed by
them; and the means which lead to it muff, if poffible,
be rendered amuling. As they have once been acquainted
with the elementary parts, they will recollect what is •
effential in them without much labour. If they wifh, for
inftance, to recal their knowledge of Latin, they fliould
begin at once with reading ail eafy author, and gradually
afcend to the higheft claflics. If they po fiefs natural abi¬
lities, they will find themfelves improve by this method
with great rapidity.

But in general, though not without many exceptions,
it would perhaps be better for perfons advanced beyond
the meridian of life, not to attempt learning, or recover¬
ing what they have forgotten, in the Latin'or the Greek
languages. Anmfement is their principal object, and
they may derive it in fuflScient variety in Engliffi. But
in Engliffi they fhould read with Come method, and not,
as is ufually the cafe, whatever offers itfelf, without
taffe and (ele&ion. The pleafure which arifes from read¬
ing, and feeling the beauties of elegant works, is much
Vol. VI. No. 348.

ATIO N. 205

greater than is received by an indiferiminate and vague
perufal of every publication. Improvement ought alfo
to be regarded ; and furely more improvement, whether
it be moral or intellectual, is to be derived from books
of character, than from trifling, obfctire, and injudicious,
compilations. Upon the whole, we cannot but earneffly
recommend to all claffes above poverty, and the lower
employments of trade and mechanics, the cultivation of
a taffe for letters. Merchants and traders, even if, from
unavoidable circumftances, they have been negleCted in
their youth, fliould endeavour, at a fubfequent period,
to acquire a love of reading. Retirement is their object.
But how are they to enjoy this retirement > They pro-
mife themfelves much happinefs, but, alas ! they feldom
find it. They know not how to pafs that time, which
was before fcareely fufficient for their occupations. They
have recourfe to the bottle and to cards. Thefe, indeed,
prevent reflection for a time; but they often afford no
foiid fatisfadion. How happy would they pafs their days
of eafe and affluence, if the tranquil purfuits of literature
formed a part of their amufement. The confideration,
that a taffe for letters is able to furnifli one of the belt
pleafures of old age, fliould induce parents of all ranks
above the lowed, to give children a tinfcture of polite
learning, whatever may be their deftination. If they are
fixed in trade, and are fuccefsful, this will, enable them
to enjoy a fortune. It will fill up their leifure with fa-
tisfaftory employment, and will better enable them to
fupport the character of gentlemen, than the opulence
which gives them the name.

With refpeCt to external behaviour, a fubjeCt on which
fo much lias been lately written, the (Indent wdio values
the approbation of* his own heart, will ever let since¬
rity be the .principal of his converfation. Notwith-
ffanding what many urge on the art of pleating, a beha¬
viour void of artifice will ultimately beft pleafe the pof-
feffor of it, and thofe with whom he converges throughout
life. Let the ftudent choofe good company, with good
nature, good fenfe, and fpirit to retort the malignant
fliafts of the ignorant, the forward, the vain, and the.
envious, and he w ill foon make a refpeitable figure in
fociety. Let him learn to appreciate his own value, and
modeffjy a (fume his natural rank, and he will become both
agreeable and effimable, though he fliould never pradife
either fimulation or diflimulation. Deceit of any kind
argues a mean and cowardly heart. It will foon or late
be certainly deteCfed, and when detected it muff be de-
fpifed. But the liberal (Indent, in his intercourfe with
the world, fliould think, fpeak, and aft, nothing which is
not laudable ; nothing which will not bear the broadeff
daylight, and acquire a luftre from being rendered con-
fpicuous. And on this ground he ought to be cautioned
againft tire itch, of fcribbling, or the love of writing with¬
out the pain of thinking. Let him never take the pen in
hand, nor place the paper before him, till he has be¬
llowed much time, and deep thought, on the fubject
which lie is about to write and publifli. To the want of
this previous attention we owe the numerous productions
which difgrace letters, and die almoft as foon a§ they are
brought forth ; which, like the weeds in a garden, fpring
up luxuriantly without cultivation, and onlyferveTo im¬
pede the growth of falutary plants and pleafant flowers.
Pretenders arife in every department, and difgrace it :
but let the liberal and foiid fcholar attend to the circum¬
ftances of time and place, in the modeft difplay of his
attainments. It is unmanly to conceal them on proper
occafions; it is arrogance to obtrude them upon unwilling
and injudicious oblervers. Modefly is the charaCteriilic
of real merit, and firmnefs of confcious dignity. The
man of fenfe will be diffident, but at the lame time will
have fpirit to repel the infolent attacks of ignorance and
envy.

Public examinations, in our great fchools, are highly
expedient in facilitating the progrefs of education. T hey
have of late been eftabliftied in many colleges; and the
3 Y fame

EDUCATION.

266

fame falutary confequences will flow from the practice,
if it fhould be imitated in all the nurferies to the univer-
fity. A mafter cannot bellow an hourly attention on the
younger fcholars of a large ferninary. It is certain, that
the firft elements may be even better taught by diligent
affiftants of inferior learning and abilities. Patience, at¬
tention, and temper, are the principal qualities required
in teaching the accidence ; for the method will be pre-
fcribed by the book itfelf, or by the fuperintendant. But
it is indifpenfably requifite, that the matter (hotild exa¬
mine every clafs at lead once in a fortnight. The con-
fcioufnefs that an account is to be given of the degree of
improvement made within a limited time, will caufe a
greater degree of diligence both in the fcholars and in the
alliflants. Periodical examinations at fhort intervals, will
caufe the mind to retain what it receives. The mind is
prone to indolence, and will fuffer that to efcape, which
no immediate hopes or fears induce it to preferve. But
wlien it forefees the certainty of a drift enquiry into its
acquifitions, it will not only retain much which it would
otherwife lofe, but will retain it with accuracy. Periodi¬
cal examinations alfo furnilh occafion for the difplay of
excellence, and will confequehtly excite a defire to make
a good appearance. Praifes, rewards, difgrace, and pu-
niihment, bellowed as they are refpeftively merited, in
the fight of the whole fchool, will have a better eifeft
than when given feparately, and in private.

By being accu domed to give unpremeditated refponfes
to unexpected interrogations, the mind will acquire tliofe
valuable habits, a quicknefs of recolleftion, and a readi-
nefs of reply. So many, and fo important, are the bene¬
ficial effects of this praftice, that we might confidently
recommend it to all, as fecuring and increafing valuable '
improvement in every flage of t he fcholar’s progrefs, and
in every part of his purfuits, while under fcholaftic or
academical authority.

Much has been faid and written on the exercifes and’
diverfions of a fchool during the allotted hours of relaxa¬
tion. Boys are under great reftraint and confinement in
the time of (tudy. In the intervals of application, there¬
fore, they fhould have every indulgence confident with
moral and perfonal fafety. .They fhould contrive their
own amnfements, and vary and difcontinue them at their
own pleafure. They wilt often take violent exercife;
but violent exercife is neceffary at their age to promote
growth, and is rendered more defirable on account of the
many hours which they fpend in a fedentary employment.
They will run rifques ; but by thefe they will gain expe¬
rience, and a neceffary degree of courage. Parents there¬
fore often err, from an amiable caufe indeed, when their
folicitude for the fafety of their children would debar
them the enjoyment of diverfions common to their age,
though attended with fome degree of danger. In fpite
of every precaution, boys of fpirit will engage in the
ufual amufements.of their equals ; and, if they have been
confined, will naturally run into greater extremes than
their companions. It cannot be denied, that the exer-
cifes and employments of the body, whatever they may
be, produce a powerful efFeft on the difpofition. Some
idea of the turn of mind is ufually and jultly formed from
common occupations. Thofe of the effeminate kind fu-
perinduce effeminacy ; weaknefs of mind, no lefs than
imbecility of body. Something fimilar happens in puerile
diverfions. The boy who has been kept in leading-firings
to.o long, and reftrained from hardy fports by the fond-
nefs Of his mother, will fcarcely ever become a man ; or
poffefs that becoming fpirit which can enable him to aft
Jiis part with propriety. Health, vigour, cheerfulnefs,
and a great degree of mental flrength, depend on a liberal
ule of thofe aftive exercifes which conffitute, in modern
ages, the gymnaftic part of education. We ought only
to wifh for fo much reftraint as may keep boys from vi¬
cious actions, from vulgar company, from a habit of
quarrelling, and from feats of imminent and real danger.

The fenior boys ought to be encouraged in athletic

exercifes, for other and more important reafons. At the
age of feventeen or eighteen, they fhould be indulged,
even for a moral purpofe, in every manly fport and exer¬
cife, confident with fafety, good company, health, and
economy. The propenfities td vicious pleafures are often
at that age impetuous. Nothing tends more to divert
their courfe, and leffen- their influence, than a keen love
of innocent amnfements, and an ardent purfuit of them
continued even to fatigue.

The above reafoning flrongly (hews the neceflity of ho¬
lidays, or of the life of relaxation in a ftudious life. The.
world is fufficiently convinced of its utility and neceffity.
It fends back the fludent with frefh fpirits to his purfuits;
and it is no lefs delirable to the inftruftor than to the
fcholar. The employment of a fuperintendant of a fchool
is full of care and labour; and he requires holidays for
the fake of his health, and for the regulation of his do-
meftic affairs. Yet, in the greater part of fchools, there
appear by far too many holidays. There are two forts
of holidays, which (hould be confidered diltinftly; the
breakings up or vacations, and the faints days and public
feftivals. Vacations are c.f indifpenfahle neceflity: they
give the parent an opportunity of becoming acquainted
with his child’s improvements, by placing him, during
feveral weeks, under his immediate infpeftion. They
enable the boy to fee fomething of the world, by intro¬
ducing him to his own family, and their vifitors. They
contribute alike to the pleafure of the boy, the mailer,
and the indulgent parent. For this reafon they are, and
have been, univerf dly adopted, in all great and eftablifhed
fchoels. But the queftion arifes, how long (hould the holi¬
days continue, and how often be repeated ? I n lbme of our
moll ancient fchools, the breakings up happened not lefs
than four , times a-year ; and they now continue twice in
the year, generally for lix weeks. Belides this, every red-
letter day, as it is called, is religioully obferved as a play-
day. Upon the whole, it appears, that not above half
the year is really devoted to indruftion ; yet there is not
the lead fliadow of a reafon for allowing fo large a num¬
ber of holidays. Thefe abundant holidays are certainly
produdtive of a great lofs of time, which might be more
ufefully employed; befides the forgetting of thofe things
which were already acquired, the contracting of idle and
vicious habits, a difrelifli of the employments, and an
impatience of the confinement, of a well-regulated fchool.

With refpeft to the conftant obfervation of faints days
in fchools, what other reafon can be honellly given for
it, than the eafe and accommodation of the mailers and
ufhers ? Can a boy pay a proper refpeft to a faint’s day
better, than by improving his mind, and endeavouring to
acquire knowledge upon it ? Are half the precious days
of childhood and youth to be thrown away without im¬
provement, becaufe they are marked with a red letter in
the almanac? The praftice of keeping them at fchools
indiferiminately, as at prefent, is manifeltly abfurd, and
a relic of popery. A few (ingle holidays (hould, how¬
ever, be allowed, in the intervals between the half-yearly
returns of vacation. But thefe (hould be granted in the
following manner : if any boy has performed an exercife
of remarkable merit, or made an extraordinary profi¬
ciency, or behaved, in any refpeft, fo as to deferve dif-
tinClion, let a holiday be conceded in honour of him,
and let it be called his holiday. This fails not of excit¬
ing a fpirit of emulation ; and while it effeftually con¬
tributes to the purpofe of neceffary recreation, it will alfo
promote a general improvement.

Many evils are apt to refult from negligent and impro¬
per behaviour to children at home during the holidays.
There are few houfes where fomething does not inadver¬
tently pafs, which, though in itfelf innocent, corrupts a
young and inexperienced mind. In the converfation even
of perfons of judgment and virtue, fomething will fre¬
quently drop, which may give a wrong and pernicious
bias to the mind of a boy. Yet under the management
of virtuous and judicious parents, the holidays may be

rendered

E D U C l

rendered fubfervient to Valuable purpofes. Parental au-
thority may then intcrpofe to confirm the inftrirCtions of
the preceptor. It may inftil religious and moral princi¬
ples, which can fcarcely fail to be well received from an
afteCtionate father and mother. Something of graceful
behaviour, and a knowledge of the world, may be ac¬
quired by feeing the company which vilits in the family.
But let it always. bp remembered, that no acquifition of
ill's kind can compenfate the lofs of the fober habits and
fentiments acquired in a judicious courfe of fcholaltic
discipline.

As to drefs, an unity and fimplicity of materials fit o u 1 d
be preferred ; if not grave, certainly not gay ; as it is
more genteel, more njanfy, more Liited to the ft udious
life, more exprefiive of a mind intent upon, learning and
inquifttive after knowledge, and of a contempt of what
the effeminate and illiterate are wont to admire. There
are, it may be, times and places, wherein, if one be not
too much pleafed with fine clothes, one may be allowed
to be fine without cenfure.' But finery amongft fcholars,
in a fc ho lair, and whilft he is profelfedly in purfuit of
thofe improvements which adorn the mind, is, even in a
per fon of fortune, an impropriety, if not an abfurdity.
Neither is it to be confidered as an ornament to fpendm
great deal of money. For frugality, which is fober and
temperate, which avoids as well carelefs and unneceftary
as vicious and vain expences, that there may be always
wherewith to be juft, and good, and beneficent ; that there
may be no want, nor temptation to do mean or wicked
things through neceflity. ; is one great part of a liberal
education. "All our academical inftitutions have this
view ; they all tend this way. A plainnefs of diet, made
acceptable by- evening fobriety and early riling, and this
in a moderate portion at ftated times, is the univerfal rule
of fchools, and is of Angular ufe, whether it be confidered
as a help to the contemplation of the ftudious, or as a
prefervative of health to the fedentary, or as a guard to
the innocence of young men whofe paftions are pretling
with force upon them. For any young gentleman, there¬
fore, to diftipate a great deal of money in fo needlefs, fo
improper, fo culpable, an expence, becaufe he is rich
enough to afford it, or vain enough to affeCt it ; and there¬
by to introduce into places of education a reluCtance to
comply with the frugal methods of life propofed and re¬
quired ; a nicety and elegance in eating and drinking, dif-
politions to luxury and idlenefs, and the natural confe-
quences thereof ; is not to adorn a fociety or perfon, but
to debauch both.

With regard to the lenity and feverity of fchools, rea-
fon informs us, that extreme rigour is not only to be re¬
probated for its cruelty, but likewife for its inutility in
promoting the purpofes of education. The heart is in¬
jured by it in a degree not to be compenfated by any im¬
provement of the u nderftandirtg, even if it were found to
contribute to improvement. In all defeats 'of intellect,
fuch as natural ftupidity,- or habitual depravity, it were
happy if teachers would be difmterefted, or parents im-
•partial enough, to lay afide all thoughts of farther in-
ItruCtion, and to deftine their charge to fome occupation
which requires little or no preparatory difeipline. The
difficulty conlifts in determining the exact time at which
the trial (hall be concluded. And this is a difficulty not
eafily overcome ; for parental fondnefs will not eafily be
led to defpair of a Con’s abilities; and it is, it mull be
owned, a painful tafk to convince a parent of fo difagree-
able a truth. In fuch a circumftance the teacher will
at leaft add a merciful part, to let the boy proceed unmo-
lefted as well as he can, and not corredt him for involun¬
tary omiflions and natural defects. He will then comply
with the rule preferibed by common fenfe and juftice, to
do no harm where he can do no good. Parents - have
fometimes fo far overcome their feelings, by their defire
of promoting what they judged the welfare of their chil¬
dren, as to require feverity in the extreme. It is an un-
reafonable demand upon a man of liberal education, whofe

\ T I O N. m

difpofition has been foftened by the (Indies of humanity.
No emolument can recompenfe hint for that degradation
which he mult endure by accnftoming himl’elf to inflict
bufferings on a fellow- creature at that tender age, which
cannot poflibly deferve exceftive rigour. The fcripturnl
remark, indeed, . that “ he that fpareth the rod (poileth
the child,” comes from too high an authority to be con¬
troverted. Fie that fpareth a moderate ufe of the rod on
proper occafions, indisputably does an injury to the of¬
fender, becaufe he encourages, by impunity, the repeti¬
tion of his crime. But this paflage, like mojt others', has
been mifapplied ; and more evil, if undeferved fullering
be included, has refulted from the too liberal than from
the too fparing ufe of the rod.

Human nature is, at every ftage of life, prone to evil ;
particularly prone at a time, when to inherent corruption
are added imbecility of underftunding and want of expe¬
rience. Idlenefs is alfo difficult to be avoided at an age,
when the el lefts of exertion are unknown, or too remote
to affeCt the mind. A very young boy is commanded to
commit a certain portion of his grammar to memory.
The tafk he finds painful. Enticements to neglcft fur-
round him ; and the benefit to be received by^performing
the talk is diftant, and of a nature which he cannot com¬
prehend. Difpofitions. the molt amiable, and the molt
likely to fucceed in literature, are perhaps, at the boyifin
period of life, under the ftrongeft temptations to idlenefs,
and improper behaviour. To fuffer a fertile foil to be
over-run with weeds, or to lie uncultivated, is lamenta¬
ble. What then can be done ? Some method mu ft be
devifed of influencing the hopes arid fears ; and this mult
be accommodated to the difpofition. On a meek and
tender mind, very (light marks of difpleaftire or approba¬
tion will produce a powerful effedt ; an angry look or
word will fucceed better as a corrective on fuch an one,
than ftripes on the back of the unfeeling. On a truly
ingenuous mind, praile and Ihame will at all times have
the delired a tie ft. On the intermediate forts, thole who
are neither remarkable for tendernefs of feeling nor ge-
nerofity of fentiment, and who conftitute the common
mafs,' it will be fometimes indifpenfably neceflary to in-
fliCt corporal punilhment. To inveigh againft it, is no
new topic. Long and conftant experience has decided
on its abfolute neceflity. Yet, even on the more har¬
dened, there are a few methods which may be tried pre-
viotifly to the infliction of extreme feverity. They may
be confined from play on a holiday ; they may be debar¬
red a meal ; they may be fent to their chamber before
their companions ; their battlings may be retrenched ; or
an additional talk may be afligned. The frequency of
thefe, however, deftroys their erfeCt ; and, in many cafes,
it is not poflible to avoid the ufe of the rod. Capital
offences, fuch as immoral aCtions, which, from the early
depravity of the human heart, often abound in fchools,
muft meet a capital punilhment. The greateft degree of
terror and dijgrace attends it, when inflicted with a few
concomitant formalities, which fometimes operate when
the pain would be difregarded. After all, they who are
converfant with hoys, know that there fometimes arife
individuals fo hardened by nature or habit, that they can
bear every pain with alacrity, and glory in their Ihame.
For fuch fpirits, a fea-life opens the only refuge.

Lenity, however amiable its motive, when ill-judged
and exceftive, is in effect cruelty. Itiseafyto enlarge
in its praife, and almoftany thing advanced in recommen¬
dation of it will meet with extenfive approbation. But
when fpeculation is reduced to practice, the fober deci-
fions of experience muft fuperfede the flouriflies of fan¬
ciful opinion. Artificial rhetoric may adorn any quality
and recommend any conduct ; but nothing is permanently
advantageous, or can be confidently relied on, which has
not the fanCtion of the mother of wifdom, experience.
Some degree of feverity is, and has ever been, adopted
in out* belt Seminaries ; and' bodily punilhment is ap¬
pointed by the ftatutes even of our univerfities, though,
2 indeedj

EDUCATION.

£63

indeed, never inflicted in the prefent age. Milton is faid
to have been one of the laft who underwent an academi¬
cal flagellation. So generous a fpirit as was his, it may
be prefumed, could not have deferved it; and, indeed,
the kind of difeipline is highly improper in the univerfi-
ties. But in fchools, the general praftice, as well as rea¬
fon, may juftify it ; for it cannot be fuppofed, that all the
mailers who have prefided in our public fchools, have
been injudicious or inhumane.

The inflidtion of punidiment, however, requires great
judgment, and great command of temper; judgment to
proportion the degree of feverity to the degree of mental
feeling, or want of it ; and command of temper, that the'
cool refult of the dictates of juftice may not appear the
effedt of anger and revenge. Not to be able to command
paliion, is to fet a bad example to the fcholars, and to
Ieflen authority, by (hewing weaknefs; for it is great
vveaknefs in an inflrudlor to be often carried away by the
impulfe of anger. He who does not check his rage, will
find it grow habitual ; and it w ill lead him to fudden adds
of injuftice and cruelty, of which he will immediately re¬
pent, without being able to make any adequate reparation
for breaking the fpirit of an innocent and injured child.
It is alfo of great importance that young perfons be ac-
cuftomed to fubmit, withopt difficulty and reludtance, to
proper authority ; by which is meant fuch authority as
it is for their own good, and the good of fociety, tiiat
that they fhould fubmit to ; becaufe that habit of ready
fubmiflion, and the temper of mind which accompanies
it, will be of unfpeakable fervice to them, and to every
fociety of which they (hall be members, through life.
Now, this can only be enforced by the parent, or tutor,
abfolutely infilling' upon fubmiflion, without ever retradl-
ing what has once been peremptorily enjoined, and with¬
out ever remitting the penalty which has been once threat¬
ened for an offence, unlefs fome fufficient and manifeft
reafon intervene. Mankind always yield to necefiity, and
when their fituation is properly underftood by them, they
do it at once, and without pain. “A child, (fays Dr.
Prieftley,) that finds it abfolutely impofiible for him to
reach the moon, will never ftretch his hand towards it
again. If he be (hut up in a room, he will never think
of pulhing again ft: the wall, becaufe he never knew it
give way to him ; but lie will go to the door, and make
repeated attempts to force his way out there, becaufe he
has known the door to open. It is the fame with man in
every period of life.”

Whoever has had experience among young people, mult
have remarked, how early, and with what violence, the
vicious propenfities of human nature difplay themfelves.
To eradicate them is difficult, and perhaps, impoflible.
But they may be reftrained and weakened, fo as to be ren¬
dered lefs dangerous to future felicity. There are, indeed,
many moll deftru&ive vices of boys, again ft which no
vigilance can fufficiently guard. All that a preceptor
can do is, to check any tendency to them when he hap¬
pens to detedl it, to correct all converfation and beha¬
viour which lead to the commifiion of them, and to take
care that the pupil is obferved in retirement as clofely as
cifcumftances will allow. Some vices are fo indelicate,
as fcarcely to admit of being mentioned. But where
there is reafon to fufpedt any boy of being habitually
guilty of fuch, delicacy muft not prevent a fuperintendant
from reprefenting the conlequences in colours as frightful
as the imagination can conceive. This is a painful talk,
and requires great addrefs in the execution. But, diffi¬
cult as it muft be to a man of delicacy, yet it is certainly
delirable, that while he gives moral difluafives again ft
vice in general, he ftiould fpecify fome vices, and paint
in lively colours the particular ill confequences which
arife from them. If virtue in itfelf does not appear de-
fi ruble, or vice deteftable, yet the idea that vice will oc-
cafion pain, diitempers, imbecility, and premature old
am;, muft* have weight. Irregular and intemperate paf-
fions, indulged at a boyilh age, will raife a tempell in the

vernal feafon of life, and cut off all hope of future emi¬
nence. The mind will fympathize with the body, and
both be reduced to a wretched (late of weaknefs by too
early and excellive indulgences. Difeafe will infallibly
follow vice, and blaft every fair and hopeful bioflbm of
youth.

The irafcible paflions of hoys, too, are often violent.
When they difplay their effedfs in acts of premeditated
malice and revenge, they' fhould certainly meet with cor-
redtion. A judicious fchoolman will give general admo¬
nitions on the neceflity of reftraining the paflions, and, in
particular cafes, will apply proper punidiment. He will
do right to reprefent malice and revenge as by no means
the effects of a generous and noble fpirit, but of a bafe
and malignant heart. It will indeed be much better to
bring any improper behaviour into difgrace, than to ani¬
madvert upon it with feverity. Time and experience of
their bad influence on perfonal happinefs and reputation,
will be the mod: effectual remedies for the diforders of
the angry paflions. Many of them gradually lofe their
force as reafon arrives at maturity, and time effedls a re¬
formation, which art could never produce. Much lefs
evil happens to young perfons from the irafcible, than
from the concu pifcible, affedlions. Still, however, great
care muft be taken to reftrain them, and religious argu¬
ments fhould always and principally be applied ; for the
indulgence of the irafcible paflions particularly militates
againfl the fpirit of Chriftianity.

Boys are apt to indulge in fullennefs and obftinacy.
Nothing cures fuch diftempers fo effedlually as ridicule.
They fhould be laughed out of thefe difagreeable difpo-
fitions, by their mailer and fchool-fellows : and, indeed,
this is one of the great advantages of public education,
that boys lhame each other from many abfurd and odious
habits, which the private pupil may retain through life.
The bufinefs of corredfing the paflions and bad habits of
children, belongs in a particular manner to parents; but
as children are often kept at fchool, and at a diftance,
during the puerile age, it ought undoubtedly to be com¬
prehended in the plan of fcholaftic education. Many
conlider anger and revenge as marks of manly fpirit, and,
by leemirig pleafed with their mod violent effedls, by
laughing at them, or by not difcountenancing them, give
them additional force. Parents ought to be fufficiently
confiderate to fecond the mailer’s endeavours, both by
precept and example, when they have their children at
home. Though they may be diverted with a boy’s pe¬
tulance and paflion, during the Ihort time he is with them,
they fhould not (hew themfelves pleafed ; but fhould
conlider, that thefe beginnings will, in a few years, grow
to fuch a height, as one day to deftroy their children's
lvappinefs and their own. The paflions are certainly the
caufes of the greatefl miferies of human nature ; and
not to difeourage them in boys, under all circumftances
whatever, is the extreme of cruelty.

Many parents are over anxious to initiate their fons in
what is called a knowledge of the world. But what is the
knowledge of the world ? A knowledge of its follies and
its vices;, a knowledge of them at a time of life when
they will not appear in their true light, contemptible in
themfelves, and the fources of mifexy ; yet flattering and
pleafurable. To lee thefe at a boyilh age, before the
mind is properly prepared, will not caufe an abhorrence,
but an imitation of them. To introduce boys, therefore,
to feenes of immoral and indecent behaviour, is to edu¬
cate them in vice, and to give the young mind a foul
llain, which it will never lofe. It is ufual, in teaching
this knowledge of the world, to fpare no pains in ac¬
quainting the pupil with the tricks and deceits of man¬
kind. At the age of fourteen or fifteen, his mind is im-
prelled with the ideas of lharpers, hypocrites, and dif-
femblers. He is taught to conlider mankind in mafque-
rade, and to believe, that all with whom he has. any in-
tercourfe, have fome delign upon him. He is therefore
armed with arts and tricks to counteradl the attacks of

his

EDUCATION.

his a (Tail-ants, He is taught, indeed, to a (Fume the ap¬
pearance of good qualities ; but it is not for their own
fake, but merely to facilitate deception. In the progrefs
of this difeipline, all the native fentiments of truth and
honour are of neccffity difearded. Suppofing that the
deceiving arts, acquired by this mode of inffitution, may
ferve interefted purpofes, yet the end is not worth the
means. No wealth, no power, no popularity, can cora-
penfate corruption of heart, and felf-abafement. Such
characters as have nothing but external accomplifnments
to recommend them, may indeed be greatly admired and
approved by vain and weak underftandings, which pene¬
trate no deeper than the furface; but they are defpifed
by all the truly fenfible, and pitied by all phe truly good.

Boys, early initiated-in the world, have ufually a for-
vvardnefs of behaviour, and a degree of loquacity which
pleafes fuperficial people. He who is attending to his
books, and collecting ideas which will one day render
hint a blelling and an honour to all with whom he is con¬
nected, will appear dull, awkward, and unengaging, to
many, in comparifon with the pert (tripling, who has been
plunged into vice and diflipation before he knows the
meaning of the words. The reception which the latter
meets with in company, gives him additional fpirits, and
the deluded parents ufually triumph a-while in the con¬
demns fuperiority of their judgment. In four or five
years they commonly fee and feel the effects of their folly.
Their conduct, as it often undoubtedly proceeds from ig¬
norance, is to be compaflionated ; but if ever it arifes
from affectation of Angularity, pride, vicious principles,
or careleffnef's concerning their offspring, it deferves the
fettered repreher.fion. From this caufe it is obvious to
obferve in the world multitudes of beardlefs boys af-
fuming airs of manhood, and praftifing manly vices, to
obtain a title to t he appellation of men. The prefent
age abounds with fuch examples. Thefe are the un¬
happy objects whom their injudicious parents have ex¬
truded from the foftering wing into the wide world, be¬
fore nature had given fufficient maturity. Their emaci¬
ated looks inform the fpeftator, that a lecret canker has
preyed on the flower of their youth. Their words, their
drefs, their actions, all combine in proving that they are
far advanced in the ways of vice, and have been fami¬
liarly acquainted with its confequent miferies, The years
which fucceed a vain, -a wicked, and a moff wretched,
youth, are often (pent in nurfing a ruined fortune and a
lhattered conftitution.

Prudence, as well as reafon and religion, requires that
a parent fhould do all he can to prefent his fon to the
community unfpotted. The faired fide of the world
(hould be exhibited to his view. Vice in every mode
and degree fhould be concealed. Difhonedy, in which
is comprehended all the arts which are incompatible with
truth, iugennoufnefs, and fimplicity of manners, (hould
never be mentioned but with abhorrence. He fhould be
prepared by' An ing deeply in his bofom principles of piety
and moral hpnefty. He (hould be kept under the eye of
a parent, or a faithful inftruftor, as long and as condantly
as poffible. And, when he mud be introduced into the
world at large, let his inftruftor tell him vvhat miferies
inevitably await immoral and intemperate indulgence.
With fuch preparation, and with the bleding of Provi¬
dence, there will be little danger, but that a young man
will make valuable advances in virtue and learning, and
receive their reward.

On this fubject archbifbop Seeker has the following
remarks: “ An acquaintance with the world, however
corrupted, may be a ufeful part of education; but then
it mult be the lad. It gives a beautiful poiiih ; but of
this the bed prepared mind will be the mod fufceptible.
It teaches many things; but good or bad, according as
the learner is qualified to diltinguiih . He, whom im¬
proved _gpod fenfe hath enabled to obferve upon com¬
mon practice, will extraft vvifdom and virtue from the
vices .nd tollies of mankind. But fuc.h as are ignorant.,
Vol. VI. No. 348.

269

and capable only of Imitating, will of courfe admire the
word of what they fee ; and be the more effectually ruin¬
ed, the more they aim to be accomplilhed. Regular cul¬
tivation of the underbanding, then, is what good educa¬
tion begins with. The earlied branch of this acquaintance
with ufeful languages, unlocks the treafures of ancient
learning, and makes the improvement of every age and
climate our oivn. Then 'the politer parts of literature
mod agreeably open the faculties, and form the tafte of
young perfons ; adorn our difeourfe, and endear our com¬
pany in riper years ; give a grace to vvifdom and virtue ;
relieve the fatigue of our bufy hours, and elegantly fill
up the leilure of our vacant ones. At the fame time, the
art of juft reafoning opportunely comes in, to curb the
licence of imagination, and direft its force ; to fix the
foundations of fcience, afeertain the degrees of probabi¬
lity, and unveil fpecious error. With this guide we pro¬
ceed fecurely. Knowledge of nature opens the univerfe
to our view ; enables 11s to judge worthily of the confu¬
tation of things; fecures us from the weaknefs of vulgar
fuperditions ; and contributes, in many ways, to the health
and fecurity, the convenience and pleafure, of human life.
If from hence we go on to furvey mankind, a contempla¬
tion of their different dates in different ages, efpecially
of their ancient ^regulations and law's, the public vvifdom
of brave and great nations, will furnifh variety of ufeful
reflections to t lie mind, often teaching us to improve
our own condition, often to be happy in it.”

Boys fliould be taught to aft a juft and an honourable
part in all their little pecuniary tranfaftions. Fraud and
covetoufnefs appear very early. If one is thcughtlefs
and extravagant, there is another ready to take advan¬
tage of his folly, and to lend Come of his little dore on
exorbitant intered. Such practices unredrained, fow the
feeds of future u fury and prodigality. Let beys there¬
fore be obliged to give an account of their cxpences
whenever called upon; and whenever meannefs or frau¬
dulent tricks are detected, let them be correfted by the
inffliftion of difgrace or fevere punilhanent. "

Indruftion in religious and moral fentiments, ought to
form a principal objeft in every fchool. It (hould by
no means be neglefted ; for, if the mind is not early tinc¬
tured with religious ideas, it will not afterwards admit-
them without great difficulty. Many perfons have ob~
jefted to the long-edabliflied method of teaching children
to read, by ufing the Tedament : they rather vvifh that
they fliould be initiated by ./Efop’s Fables, or fome fimi-
lar book. Yet no book is lb well adapted to this pur-
pofe as the Tedament. The language is remarkably eafy
and familiar; and the matter is entertaining to children.
The eafy narrative pleafes them, and no one inconveni¬
ence can refuit from the ufual praftice. Pofiibly fome
advantages may attend it. It may imprefs on the me¬
mory many fcriptural paffages, which would never be
properly attended to at another age. If we rely on the
golpel, we can never objeft to giving the young mind
its fird tinfture of letters from the evangelical writings.
Perhaps the growing negleft of this and other practices
of our forefathers, may in fome meafure, -account for the
prevalence of irreligion.

The bufinefs of a lchool fliould never commence or
clofe without a prayer. Boys may appear to give it lit¬
tle attention; and, indeed, they will not always join in
fripplication with that .ferioufnafs and ardour which is to
be defired. Yet (ometimes the mind will be in fuch a.
tone, as to be greatly .affected with, a proper prayer, and
many will catch a fpirir of devotion. Seeds will be fovvn,
which, though they may lie a long while dormant, will
one day fpring up, and bear fruit in abundance. It is to
be hoped, that there are no parents injudicious enough
to have no regard to the religious education of their chil¬
dren. Religion will not only contribute to p refer ve their
innocence, arid draw, down the blefling of Providence, but
will afford them in adverfity the belt conlolation-, and at
all times a pure and lively pleafure.

Aftes j

270

EDUCATION.

After having -advanced thus far in a fcholaftic educa¬
tion, no placets in the world are better adapted to the
perfecting of a ftudious life, than our noble uni verfities.
Much rn ft, indeed, has been contracted in them by time,
many evils deeply rooted, which cannot be eradicated but
by the legislative arm ; yet, with all their imperfections,
no places are able to furnifh more advantage's to the real
Undent. In them are founded fovne of the fined libraries
on earth.; not only public libraries for the general ufe of
members of the univerfity, but libraries in each college,
fcarcely lefs convenient than if they were in the {indent's
own apartment. In the univerfity at large, profefforfhips
eftablifhed with ample ftipends; in colleges, tutors and
lecturers. The buildings convenient, elegant, fpacious,
airy. The apartments of (tudents for the raoit part hand-
foriie and commodious, Client, retired, and in every re-
fpeCt fitted fora life of ftudy. Delightful gardens and
groves, charming walks and rural retreats.- Add to all
this, that the high antiquity of the places, and the many
great and learned perfons who have iffued from them,
give them a molt venerable air, arid tend to animate the
ftudent with a generous emulation.

In general, boys fhould not be fent to the univerlity
fo young as they often are. It is dangerous to let a boy
of Cfteen be precipitated into the world, which is now
the cafe at the univerfities. By a too early entrance, his
health may be injured, his peace of mind broken, his
learning impeded, and his morals depraved. Examples
and opportunities for vice abound ; and the inexperience,
and want of refolution, charadteriffic of boys, will render
it difficult to avoid contagion. There are inftances of
thofe who have gone through with fafety, who entered
at this early age : but they are few in comparifon with
thofe who have fuffained fuch injuries as they have long
and feverely felt. Every one, on putting on the acade¬
mical drefs, commences a man in his own opinion, and
will often endeavour to fupport the character by the
practice of manly vices. For thefe reafons no boy fhould
be fent to tiie univerfity till he is nearly nineteen years
old. An additional reafon is, that, in four years, he may
take a bachelor’s degree; and four years bring him to
the age at which he may go into orders, or enter with
propriety into other profeffions. But when a boy enters
at fifteen, he takes his degree at nineteen, and then waits
till three-and-twenty without employment. This awk¬
ward interval is not often fpent in the univerfity, but in
the employments of a fportfman and man of pleafure.
Four years of idlenefs muff; make great havoc in his
learned attainments. Let it be confidered how much
more advantageoully the four years from fifteen to nine¬
teen would be fpent in a well-diredted fchool. Such a
foundation would be laid in claflical learning, as would
fcarcely ever give way, even though it fhould fuffer a
temporary negledl. Perhaps all boys cannot wait at
fchool till nineteen, becaufe vacancies in fcholarfhips, ex¬
hibitions, and feliowfhips, often fummon them unexpect¬
edly before that time. But let not parents fuffer their
fons to incur danger of moral and mental Corruption, for
the fake of adding a few pounds a year to their allowance.
Where any confiderable advantage of the pecuniary kind
is to be obtained, we cannot expect, in thefe times, that
it will be foregone ; but every precaution muff be ufed
to obviate the ill confequences of embarking a boy with¬
out a proper pilot, on a wide and ftormy ocean.

Whenever the circumftances of the parent will admit,
a private tutor of character fhould be engaged. A com-
penfation muff be made him {Efficient to induce him to
infpeCt his pupil not only in the hours of ftudy, but alfo
of amufement ; and the pupil fhould aflociate with none
but the private tutor, and thofe whom he may approve.
A faithful tutor, who will thus condefcend to watch the
moral conduCt of his pupil, will be far more defirable
than a man of genius and learning, who will only attend
to literary improvement. The college tutors are gene¬
rally men of judgment, as well as learning and morals,

and are well qualified to direct the Undent in every part
of his conduct ; but it is at the fame time to be lament¬
ed, that from the number of pupils ufuaVly allotted to
one, he is incapable of paying all that attention to each,
which a tender parent muff defire. For that reafon a
private tutor fhould be joined with the college or official
tutor, whenever it can conveniently be eftedted. The
private tutor, it muff be remembered, fhould have the
chief management of the pupil’s finances. Scarcely any
but thofe who have redded in the univerfity, can form
an adequate idea of the many evils of every kind and de-
' gree, which would be avoided by giving a prudent pri¬
vate tutor full powers to fupcrintcnd the expences of his
pupil.

We will now fuppofe the young (Indent to have been
educated till the age of feventeen, eighteen, or nineteen,
in fome reputable claflical fchool ; and to have acquired
a competent (hare of fchool learning. He -is now to be¬
come, in a great meafure, his own inftrudtor ; for, though
the affiftance of able tutors and profeifors is to be fought
in the univerfities, yet he is to rely more on His own ef¬
forts, than on tiie external aid of any fuperintendant.
It will certainly be wife, to form in his mind an accurate
idea of the (cope at which he aims. A vague and deful-
tory application to letters may indeed amufe him in a
pleating and innocent manner; but it will not ferve him
fo effectually as if he fpent the fame time in regular and
methodical ftudy.

There ought to be two ends in the mind of every ra¬
tional Undent. One is, to improve and enlarge his intel¬
lectual faculties for his own fake ; from a liberal andmoft
laudable deftre of exalting and meliorating his nature
and capacity : and this is a moft generous purpofe, and
furni flies him who entertains it with fitch fentiments as
muff, in the firft inftance, give him a noble fuperiority.
The other is, to acquire the knowledge and habits which
are requilite to the performance of the duties which his
profeflion or employment renders neceflary. Both thefe
purpofes fhould be preferved conftantly in the mind’s
eye. He who attends to the firft only, will probably wafte
his days in contemplation, entertaining indeed and im¬
proving to himfelf, but ufelefs to the fociety of which he
is a member, and to the advantage of which all ftudies
ought, in fome mode, to conduce. He who attends
to the fecond only, will poflefs a mind comparatively
narrow. He will be apt to prefer his own acquilitions to
all others, folely becaufe he knows not the nature and
value of others. He will be in danger of falling into
felf-conceit and pedantry. He will cut ofF a copious
fource of delight, and will certainly be deemed, by all
who are able to judge, far inferior to the ftudent who
has added general knowledge to profeflional dexterity.

As it is a duty we owe to fociety, to be well qualified
to perform the office which we undertake, it certainly
becomes every mail of principle, to bellow his chief at¬
tention on his profeflional qualifications, at leaf! till he
has obtained in them a perfect maftery. But there are
intervals in all purfuits. A variety in our ftudies is
known to give additional vigour to the power of profe-
cuting them. Let the intervals be filled, and the variety
' fupplied, by expatiating, from the beaten track, into the
delightful regions of univerfal knowledge. It is this
‘commixture of general knowledge with particular (kill,
which conftitutes the charadteriftic difference between a
liberal and a confined education. The one is content in
piaffing along, to fee the hedges of the highway ; the
other looks abroad at every profpedt, and climbs the hill,
to penetrate as far as the mental horizon is extended.

Knowledge is confeffedly not only pleafant, but ufeful
and honourable. The liberal ftudent will therefore en¬
deavour to colledt ideas on all fubjedts which can enrich
the human iinderftunding. Languages, and a tafte for
elegant letters, will form comparatively but a final! part
of ins literary objects. He will dedicate a great portion
of iris time to the fciences prop.erly fo denominated. Fie

will

271

EDUCATION.

will fearch for knowledge, not only in books, but in the
exchange, the warehouse, the manufactory, the world at
large. From thef'e various iources lie will collect food
for the mind, on which he will afterwards ruminate. He
will bellow much of his time in thinking on what he fees,
and, by digefting it, convert'd into folid nutriment. But,
during the whole period of his intellectual excurfions,
he will do right to preferve a tafte and a knowledge of
thofe authors, whom the world has fo long admired for
their generality of fentiment, and for their ftrength and
beauty of exprellion.

On his leaving his fchool, he will not, like many others,
clofe for ever the dallies, which he has learned to read
there; but will preferve his acquifitions, as the certain
means of farther improvement in all elegant literature,
and as being in themfelves both ufeful and ornamental.
At fchool, the dallies can fcldom be read fo perfectly as
to enable the ftudent to relinqnilh the Itudy of them,
and yet retain their advantages on his departure. They
mu ft be read again with a critical and manly attention.
Let the ftudent, then, when he has left his fchool, pro¬
cure the belt editions variorum , or of individual commen¬
tators, who have been jultly applauded; and let him go
through' n courfe of claftical reading, with the afliftance
of the belt annotations, and, if neceffary, of the belt in-
ftruCto-rs.

Young men in the prefent times often depart from the
difeipline of a fchool at too early an age. That they may
be enabled to enter on philofophy with advantage, they
ought to have acquired a large l'tore of grammatical and
clallical knowledge. If they have not attained this pre¬
paratory accomplilliment at fchool, there is great danger
that they will not be able to fupply the defeat at the uni-
verfity. They are more at liberty at the univerlity than
at the fchool ; and, when young men are free' from the
reftraint of authority, it is not likely that they fltould ap¬
ply themfelves, with a due degree of diligence, to thofe
elementary ftudies which cannot but be attended with
painful labour. Befides, their age requires that thefe
puerile purfuits fhould have been already completed.
The elements of grammar fli o u 1 d be perfectly underftood;
not philosophical or univerfal grammar, but the gram¬
mars of the Englifh, the Greek, and the Latin, languages.
Univerfal grammar is a fine fcience of itfelf ; but at fchools
grammar Is only taught as a preliminary fiep to learning
in general. Every one will agree, that no pupil fhould
be Cent to college, who cannot write a theme or letter,
either in Latin or in Englifh, without a fingle grammati¬
cal error, and who cannot, at the fame time, grammati¬
cally analyfe both the Greek and Latin dallies, which he
has learned to conftrue or interpret.

Before a pupil enters at an univerfity conftituted like
thofe of England, it is defirable that he fhould be in fome
degree acquainted with the belt writers of Athens, Rome,
and England ; and it is greatly to be wifhed, that thofe
of France were to be added. He cannot have done this
without contracting a tafte and attachment for the works
which he admires. And, when once this object is ac-
complifhed, there is no doubt but the mind will revert
to them fpontaneoufly. They will be fought as the al¬
leviation of feverer ftudies; they will become the delight,
and not the labour, of life. But, if the knowledge of the
daffies is fuperficial, it will afford but little pleafure, as
all obfeurity and indiftindtnefs is naturally difguftful ; and
it is well known that collegiate tutors have not authority
enough to oblige the pupil to fpend his private hours in
painful ftudy ; and the temptations to nominal pleafure
are fo great at that age, as frequently to preclude an at¬
tention to any ftudies but fuch as are abfolutely required,
or fuch as, from a perfect Ikill in them, afford an eafy
pleafure. Ignorance is of itfelf a great evil, but its
wretchednefs is abundantly increafed by the moral mif-
chief to which it often leads. The mind, unfurnifhed
with an ability to employ itfelf in laudable and innocent
purfuits, feeks a Scope for its natural activity in vicious,

in trifling, and in expenfive, amufement. It may then
be juftly concluded, that he who fends a boy to a univer¬
fity without a fufficient quantity of fchool-learning to en¬
able him to proceed (till farther with eafe, will have to
criminate himfelf as well as his fort, when he finds his ex¬
pectations of future proficiency greatly difappointed .

Abilities, application, and iriftruCtion, may have co¬
operated in promoting a Scholar’s improvement ; and yet
he may be flopped in the career of his progrefs, by the
interference of an unruly defire. Love, or a groffer paf-
fion, indulged at too early a period, will divert all atten¬
tion from books, and, perhaps, fix the mind fo firmly, as
that it fhall become ftationary for life. Quintilian ia-
fifts, that the future orator mud be a good man. Good-
nefs, according to his amiable and judicious doCtrine, is
no lefs neceffary than intellectual vigour. To become a
diftinguiflied fcholar, it is neceffary to abftain from ex-
ceflive, though innocent, indulgences, and to command
the paffions, whenever they are likely to become lo ftrong
as to engrofs the attention, and to render the love of books
a fecondary attachment.

As the government of the paffions is highly favour¬
able to advancement in literature, fo is advancement in
literature to the government of the paflions. Indeed,
among a thoufand advantages attending literary applica¬
tion in youth, it is a principal one, that a young man is
diverted from fuch thoughts and tendencies as ufualiy
involve him in guilt, and all its wretched confequences.
If the mind is filled with literary ideas, and warmed with
fcientific purfuits, there will be little inclination and
opportunity for trifling and vicious employments. No
remark has been more repeatedly made, than that “ idle-
nefs is the root of all evil.” But in what fhall he em¬
ploy himfelf, whole fortune precludes the necefiity of an
attention to trade, and whole rank renders mechanical
induftry unbecoming and improper? In what, but in the
improvement of his mind, the accumulation of know¬
ledge, the refinement of tafte ? Thoufands have derived
from ftudy, not only thofe qualities which adorn and ag¬
grandize a character, but thofe habits of harmlefs induf-
try, which have preferved them from the pollutions of
vice. And, even with refpect to a virtuous paffion, at a
very early age, though it may certainly arife in the mod
amiable hearts, yet it is defirable, if it be poflible, that it
may be moderated till a competent fhare of learning is
obtained; for love, like all other ftrong paffions, is ty¬
rannical. Love will not fufter the mind to acknowledge
any other fovereign ; nor give his attention, in a due de¬
gree, to ftudy. Mrs application, if he be capable of any,
will probably be unequal, defultory, and unfruitful.

To honourable love fucceed the cares of a family, and
the interruptions of various domeftic engagements. Thefe
are, indeed, fuch as, at a proper period, claim a great
(hare of every prudent man’s attention. But when they are
engaged in during a ftate of minority, and before a compe¬
tent education is completed, little elfe than mifery can
enfue. For they require that judgment which is not yet
mature ; and they often enforce the practice of a profef-
fion, for the honourable and fuccefsful practice of which
the mind is not duly prepared. Anxiety may excite prac¬
tical induftry ; but it is by no means favourable to con¬
templation. Juvenal accounts for the mediocrity of the
poets who wrote in his age, by alleging their diftrefles.
He who is to produce a fublime poem, fays he, muft be
free from folicitude; nor is it likely that he fhould arrive
at any other degree of excellence than is neceffary to ac¬
quire gain, whofe mind is engrafted in early youth with
the care of providing for a family, or in avoiding the pre¬
fent pain of cold and hunger.

All thofe, therefore, who wifli to raife themfelves by
a liberal profeffion, will take care to fecure a government
over their own condudt, fo as to avoid, in their mino¬
rity, thofe connections which may afterwards be fought
with the utmoll propriety. To the fciences let their firft

*72 EDUC

fo convenient a feafon during their exigence. In the
manly period, ambition and other objects importunately
demand a principal (hare of attention. In youth, their
len.ftbilities are all in vigour, they have no official em¬
ployment, and every circmnftanc-e unites to favour, un-
lefs paHion Ihould gain the afcendancy, an application
to fcience and philot'ophy. And let the young man in-
fpeit the living world. Who are thofe who ultimately
make the molt honourable figure in it, and fucceed, to
the beft advantage, in thofe profeffions where .merit is al¬
lowed to make its way to eminence ? Thofe, finely, who
devoted themfelves, during a long time, to the ftudy of
the profeffion which they praetife ; not thofe who were
contented with elementary attainments, who precipitately
involved themfelves in love, and its confequences ; and
who began the practice of fome profeffion before they had
obtained the theory. There are, indeed, always fome
infhmces to the contrary ; for great genius will break
through all obftacles, in its aleent to excellence; but,
in general, it will be found true, that thofe who have
left their books too early, and involved themfelves in
Itrong attachments, much more thofe wfto have been em-
barratfed in the miferies of vice, are but fuperficialiy qua¬
lified in every tiling which can claim the name of real
knowledge.

A very great part of thofe who receive a liberal edu¬
cation, conlifts of fuch as are in expectation of places or
preferment from family or parliamentary connections.
The general objedt of fuch perfons is to go through the
forms of education, with little folicitude concerning the
silence. Tims, if there is a good living waiting for them,
they find it necellkry to procure orders, which cannot
be done with credit, but in the regular way ; they go to
■fchool, enter at college, ride, hunt, (hoot, and enjoy
themfelves in a genteel {file, till they have arrived at
the proper age. After a certain number of terms kept,
if their eondudt has been fuch as, in the civil world,
would efcape criminality, a teftiinonium is readily grant¬
ed, a title procured without any difficulty, and the ordi¬
nation follows in courfe. Little learning having been re¬
quired or acquired, the ftudent is at a lofs to Ipend his
time in any thing but fporting and drinking; and often
patles a life not very honourable or comfortable to him-
ielf, and extremely difgraceful to his profeflion. It has
often been laid, that when a boy knows that there is an
ample provifion for him, it is a misfortune. It certainly
is fo, when it prevents him from paying that degree of
attention to the improvement of his mind, which is ne-
ceflary to the higheft {late of felf-enjoyment, as well as
to focial utility. Indeed, as a young man who is pro¬
vided for by his parents or friends, is free from the anxiety
under which others labour, who have no fuch fecurity to
depend upon, he is more particularly obliged to devote
his attention to the culture of his mind. He has alfo
better opportunities for improvement. He may employ
all Iris time in inch purfuits, which he certainly could
not do with prudence, if he were under the neceflity of
labouring for a precarious fubli (fence.

Much of the difgrace which has fallen on the facred
profeffion, arifes from the want of due qualifications in
t lie profellbrs. Perfons who have livings in their fami¬
lies, or who have patrons among the great, are too little
anxious in the purfuit of learning. They often know not
its value, but, from want of an improved tafte, become
mere men of the world, and votaries of that vanity and
folly, to oppofe which, their profeffion was originally in-
ffituted, and is (fill rewarded. To fuch perfons we re¬
commend a particular attention, not only to the fcience
or ftudy more immediately connected with the practice
of their profeflion ; but alio to philofophy, to the Belles
Le.ttres, and to every part of ufeful and valuable erudi¬
tion. It is the mark of a mean mind to avoid fuel) libe¬
ral purfuits, becanfe, in a pecuniary view, tiiey are not
abfolutely neceflary. A generous fpirit purfues excel¬
lence for its own fake ; and is. even pleaied and encou-

A T I O N.

raged in its progrefs, by the confideration that its induf-
try is fpolitaneous and entirely difinterefted.

There is, perhaps, no obftacle to improvement in morals
and learning, greater than that which arifes from a with
to be admired as a man of the world. A. youth no fooner
leaves his fchool, than he. feels himfelf tranfported with
his liberty, and knows not how to reftrain his joy within
the bounds of moderation. He pants for diftinction ; and,
if he fought it by reafonable methods, his ambition would
clo him honour : but he aims at nothing but pleafure and
fafhion ; and, in purfuit of this, not only r.eglefts the ad¬
monitions of reafon, but alfo of common prudence. He
runs into expences which his fortune will not bear; and
alfiimes airs of importance which his fituation will by no
means iuftify. Improvement in learning, in good morals,
in difereet behaviour, is the lead of his cares. If he can
be taken notice of by the illuftrious perfonages who thine
at gaming-tables, in (tables, on the turf, or at the affem-
bly, he willingly relinqpifhes all concern with literary
and philofophical employments.

Whoever is acquainted with the univerfities will know,,
that thefe remarks are founded on actual obfervation. It
is impoffible to w^alk the ftreets, or to enter a coffee-houfe,
without meeting young men who ought to be engaged in,
ftudy ; but who ridicule all ferious tilings, and affeCt the
character of libertines. They are ufualiy in the drefs of
fportfmen ; and their language is fuch as is heard in the
camp, or at Newmarket. A degree is nothing in com-
parifon with the honourable diftinCtion of being in danger
of rujlication for a debauch. To break, the windows of a
college, to play at cards' on Sundays, or to read novels,,
and blafpheme in chapel, are the methods which young
men of fpirit have recently adopted to difplay their fire.
Now, the engaging in fuch feats is ccnftdered by matly
as a proof of t'enfe as well as fpirit. But it is in truth a
weak net's, which renders the young man fearful of incur¬
ring the derifion of the profligate, and which induces him
to tacrifice, for the applaufe of fuch perfons, the fubftan-
tial qualifications which would adorn and felicitate every
fubfequent period of his life. It mu ft be owned, that it
is difficult for a young man to pbeferve a Angularity in
the- midft of the ridicule of the audacious. There is a
falfe fhame which induces him to comply with w hat his
judgment difapproves, through a fear of becoming the
laughing-ftock of thofe whom he might juftly defpife.
With good principles, and a fincere deteftation of vice, he
gradually falls into extreme irregularity. His compli¬
ance at firft is canted by good-nature, or by a fear of of¬
fending. But he is allured trom one ftep to another, till
at laft he arrives at that melancholy date, which glories
in every thing of which it ought to be aihamed. He now
derides his tutors, his parents, his books, and takes de¬
light in fuch things only as have a tendency to involve
him in vice and extravagance. > He lives, perhaps, long
enough to fee his folly, but is not able to retradl or avoid
its confequences. His character is injured, and his op¬
portunities of improvement loft.

It is not to be expected or defired that a young man
fhould be a cynic. His with to accommodate himfelf to
the manners of thofe with whom his age and his pur¬
fuits lead him to alfociate, is amiable ; but yet fomething
mutt be done to prevent him front being led, by his good
nature, to his ruin. Suppofe him, then, to purfue a con-
duel; in fome refpefts timilar to the following: Let him
avoid all morolenefs, and cultivate every pleating and
graceful quality. The pretenders to fpirit will then have
no advantage over him in the external recommendation
of an agreeable appearance and behaviour. In every"
thing innocent and indifferent, he will comply with the
willies of his companions, and give them no. offence when
he can potlibly avoid it. He will be affiduo.us in culti¬
vating their benevolence, from a conviction, that a ftate
of amity is the 1110ft conducive to happinefs; and alfo J
from a with to (erve them, by ufeful fugge.ftipns, which
cannot be done, when the avenues are totally flint again ft

.advice

EDUCATION. 273

advice by prejudice and averfion. But at the fame time
he will poffefs and difplay a firmnefs of mind, which in
the end cannot fail of overcoming an ill-grounded auda¬
city. His true fpirit will,caufe their falfe fpirit to eva¬
porate as the culinary fire is extinguifhed by the rays of
the fun. Real merit, true genius, unaffected courage,
are always diftinguifhed by an air of moderation. They
make few pretenfions ; they are content with being ex¬
cellent ; 3nd leave their gold to find its proper efteem,
by its nature, weight, and luffre. The tinfel glitters on
the tawdry veflment, and fools admire j but let it be the
care of every one who afpires at the excellence of a wor¬
thy and liberal character, to adorn himfelf with folid and
ufeful ornaments, which will fecure him the efteem of
all judicious men, while children and weak perfons only
are caught by the brilliancy of falfe fpangles and fuper-
ficial embroidery.

In barbarous ages and countries, in which all orders
are nearly on an equality in point of mental improve¬
ment, rank and titles may, perhaps, give an enviable dif-
tindtion, independently of perfonal character. But, where
learning and civilization are univerfally dift'ufed, ; is in this
country, the want of perfonal character will deprive the
great of the power to excite general efteem. No opinion
can therefore be advanced more injurious to the poft’ef-
fors of civil honours, than that which tends to prevent a
due cultivation of their minds, becaufe they are elevated
above the neceffity of profeffional (kill and labour. It
has been common in England to beftow great attention
on the education of the younger foils in great families,
and to negleCt the heir. And from this mod egregious
abfurdity it has happened, that the poffeffors of fortunes,
thofe whofe actions are of the inoft importance in their
confequences, have been totally unqualified to fupport
their hereditary dignity. Many of them have been dif-
tinguiftied only by weaknefs, wickednefs, infolence, and
a title. Surely nothing can be more reafonable than that
a fingular degree of diligence fhould be exerted in the
education of men who are to draw the notice of the world
upon them by the luftre of a peerage, and to fit in the
fenate-houfe as hereditary lawgivers. If the order of no¬
bility confulted ljttle elfe than the prefervation of its own
dignity, it would aft mod prudently in requiring, in its
fucceffors, a peculiar degree of improvement. All civil
honour depends on public efteem; and, though cuftom
and ufage may preferve an external refpeCt for titles
during a long time, yet they will certainly fall into con¬
tempt, when at lad they (hall be difcovered to be no¬
thing but delufive pageantry, when it fliall appear that
they ferve as the fubftitutes of merit ; and that they give
men the prefumption and pride of excellence, without
the reality.

Internal dignity, correfponding with external, cannot
but carry with jt great influence. RefpeCt is naturally
paid to titles and rank ; but, when it is found that they
are juftly due to the merit of him who is inverted with
them, they command a degree of veneration. Let young
men of fafhion therefore endeavour to become men of
competent learning alfo ; for the minds of the great have
more influence in the regulation of affairs, than thofe of
the lower orders ; and it is therefore a mod valuable ob-
jeft, to fecure to the great a folid and comprehenfive
education.

As to the fubject of foreign travel, for the finilh of a
liberal education, many authors have largely defcanted
upon it. With refpeCt to its utility, there can be no
doubt but that a mind, properly prepared, will derive
from it great and lading advantages. It mud open fources
of knowledge, and furnifh opportunities of. reflection,
which cannot be obtained by him who never leaves his
own country. But this ftep muft not be taken too early.
A great degree of mental maturity, and of acquired
knowledge, is neceffary to enable the mind to derive ad¬
vantage, and avoid inconvenience, from vifiting a foreign
nation. To expect that boys fliould make obfervations.

Yol. VI, No. 348.

on men and manners, fliould weigh and compare the laws,
inftitutions, cuftoms, and charaCteridics, of various peo¬
ple, is to expeCt an impoflibility . It is no lefs abfurd to
fuppofe, that boys will not be (truck and captivated with
vanity and trifles. Parents, in our age and country, are
impatient to thruft the.ir fons into the world, to pufli them
into the fenate before they have a beard, and to urge
them to offices of command in the army and in the navy,
almoft as foon as they come from the nurfery. Many
evils, national as well as private, are the confequence ;
but, when avarice and ambition Lo licit, reafon, philofo-
phy, and propriety, fcarcely find a hearing. National
calamities can alone remedy this, and many other abufes
which will infinuate themfelves, and abound, till the evil
which they occafion becomes too heavy to be longer
borne ; when it will become its own remedy.

Among other arguments for travel in general, and early
travel in particular, it has been urged, that it is abfolutely
necellary, in order to be delivered from local prejudice in
favour of our country. Prejudices in favour of our coun¬
try are, indeed, eafily removed by (pending our early days
in another. But is there no danger left thefe innocent
and ufeful prejudices ftiould be changed for others equally
unreafonable, and really pernicious ? Is it not likely, that
prejudices in favour of our country being removed, pre¬
judices againft it may find admiffton ? This has often hap¬
pened. And, however a modern philofopher may inveigh
againft that honed preference which an Englifhman gives
to his nation, it is a natural attachment, and attended
with effects greatly beneficial. This preference is not an
ill-grounded prejudice, but is fully juftified by real ob-
f rvation and by fair comparifon. Corrupted as we are,
we have not yet kept pace in corruption with fome of
our admired neighbours. And we may add, that the
corruption at prefent prevailing among us, if it does not
originate, is greatly increafed by our too frequent inter-
courfe with France and Italy.

Thofe who begin their travels fliould go out as philo-
fophers, when they are capable of conducting themfelves,
both in the fearch of knowledge and their moral beha¬
viour. Travel undertaken in this manner, and after a
valuable (lore of learning, and a knowledge of our na¬
tive country, have been acquired, is one of the heft
methods of accomplidiing the human mind. It crowns
and completes all its other improvements. A few months
occaftonally fpent in France, or Italy, or Holland, or Swif-
ferland, at or between the age of thirty or forty, will en¬
rich the underftanding of a man of fenfe with valuable
treafure. He will then fearcli for gold, and find it in
abundance; while, at a boyifh age, he would have been
fully employed, and fufficiently fatisfied, in procuring
drofs or tinfel, inftead of bullion.

But fince, to reform the world, as the poet fays, is a
vaft defign, and the defign commonly proves abortive, &
writer nuift be contented with giving fuch admonitions
as may permit it to proceed in its own way with the lead
inconvenience. As, therefore, mere boys will certainly
continue to be fent on their travels, notwithftanding all
that reafon can advance againft it, it remains that fuch
directions be given as may at leaft prevent them from in¬
curring evil, if they cannot obtain advantage. Much of
the fuccefs certainly depends on the choice of the tutor
or travelling companion. Fie fliould be a grave refpeCt-
able man of a mature age. A very young man, or a man
of levity, however great his merit, learning, or ingenuity,
will not be proper ; becaufe he will not have that natu¬
ral authority, and that perfonal dignity, which command
attention and obedience. A grave and good man will
watch over the morals and the religion of his pupil ; both
which, according to the prefent modes of conducting tra¬
vel, are commonly fliaken from the bafis, and levelled
with the duft, before the end of the peregrination. In
their place fucceed univerfal fcepticifm and unbounded
libertinifm. But a tutor of character and principle will •
refolve to bring his pupil home, if it be poflible, not
4 A WQtfe

£74

EDUCATION.

worfe in his moral character than he was on his depar¬
ture. It is a known fact, that they who, at too early
an age, fpend much time on the continent, feldom retain
that religion in which their good forefathers lived and
died. They commonly become the difciples of the fa¬
shionable philofophers, and are led aftray by the falfc
lights of falfe wit, or loft amidft the clouds of metaphy¬
sics. So many, indeed, are the dangers attending foreign
travel, that they whole Situation and circumstances will
not permit them to engage in it, need not repine. Our
own country abounds with objects Sufficient to excite,
and amply to repay, the labour of inquiry. And to prove
that foreign travel is not absolutely necedary to give the
full improvement to the human mind, we may recolleCt
many eminent perfons who have been richly adorned with
every accomplishment of the gentleman, and furnifhed
with all the lights of the man of fenfe and extenfive
knowledge, though they never left their native Shore.

We. Shall now conclude, by drawing the attention of
our readers to the long-agitated question, “Whether pub¬
lic or private education be the molt advantageous for the
riling generation ?” — And we think, that no one will he-
fitate to decide in favour of our public Schools, when to
what has been already fuggefted in the preceding pages,
is added the following incontrovertible remark of Dr.
Barrow, in his E (fay on Education, published in 1803.
“ There is a further advantage refulting from a fcholajtic
education, of more value to the future man, than will at
tirSI fight be easily fuppoSed ; the power, by which,
whatever can be done, can be done at once ; by which in¬
tellectual wealth can be immediately produced in current
■coin ; that Self-poSIelTion, by which he can at all times de¬
termine and perform what the occafion requires; that
promptitude of thought and action, fo effentially necef-
fary to eminence in any public profession; that ready and
Xpontaneous eloquence, which is no lefs ufeful in bufinefs,
than pleafing in conversation ; that command over his in¬
clinations and paffions, which enables him to convert to
his own purpofes the paffions and inclinations of others;
that confidence in himfelf and his own Strength, which
guards him againft furprife, and leads him to meet diffi¬
culty or danger without difmay ; thefe advantages, with
all their various branches and dependencies, are, not in¬
deed univerfally and exclusively, but the mofl: early, the
moft frequently, and the moSt effectually, obtained from
the difcipline, the Studies, and the amufements, of a large
and well-regulated public School. It is the observation
of Bacon, that ‘ Reading makes a full man, conversation
makes a ready man, and writing makes an exaCt man.’
But unlefs the foundation of thefe various excellencies
be laid in the ufual feafon of inStruCtion, a Superstructure
is feldom afterwards erected of much beauty or utility.”
For a more ample difcuffion of this question, and for a
complete view of the opinions of all the moft eminent
writers on the instruction of youth, we beg leave to re¬
commend to all parents and Scholars, an attentive perufal
of the Liberal Education of Dr. Vicefimus Knox, from
which valuable work this treatife has been principally
Selected.

On FEMALE EDUCATION.

Many prejudices are entertained againft the character
of a learned lady ; and perhaps, if all ladies were pro¬
foundly educated, fome inconveniencies might arife from
it ; but it does not appear that a woman will be rendered
lefs acceptable in the world, or worfe qualified to perform
any part of her duty in it, by having employed the time
from fix to Sixteen, in the cultivation of her mind. Time
enough will remain, after a few hours every day Spent in
reading, for the improvement of perfonal accomplish¬
ments. The ladies, and their inStruCtors, want no direc-
'tions in matters of external ornament, the end of which
is to pleafe on intuition. However Self-Sufficient the men
have been in their claims of Superiority., they have ufuallv

allowed the ladies the pofieffion of a delicate tafie In the
improvement and perception of all kinds of beauty.

The literary education of women ought indifputably
to be varied according to their fortunes and their expec¬
tations. Much refinement, and a tafie for books, will
injure her, whofe time, from prudential motives, mud be
entirely engrolfed by economy. To thefe, arithmetic
and book-keeping would often be molt ufeful, and tend to
preferve the eftates of families. Wives are often the befi:
Stewards, not only in commercial, but in genteel life.
Few women are indeed exempted from all attention to
domestic cares. But the unmarried, and thofe who enjoy
opulence, find many intervals which they devote to Some
Species of reading. And there is no doubt, but that the
reading would be Selected with more judgment, and would
afford more pleafure and advantage, if the tafie were
formed by what may be termed a claffical education ; we
mean, that they Should be well and early acquainted with
the French and the English dallies. As foon as young ladies
can read with fluency, let them begin to learn Lowth’s
or Aihe’s Grammar, and to read at the fame time fome
eaSy and elegant author, with a view to exemplify the
rules. They Should learn a part in grammar every morn¬
ing, and then proceed to read a lGfon, jufi in the manner
observed in claffical Schools in learning Latin. After a
year Spent in this method, if the fuccefs is adequate to
the time, they ffiould advance to French, and Study that
language exaCtly in the fame mode. In the French gram¬
mar, it will not be neceSTary to go through thofe particu¬
lars which are common to the grammars of all languages,
and which have been learned in Studying English. Seve¬
ral years ought to be Spent in this elementary procefs ;
and when the fcholar is perfectly acquainted with ortho¬
graphy and grammar, (lie may then proceed to the culti¬
vation of tafie. Milton, Addifon, and Pope, muft be
the Standing models in English ; Boileau, Fenelon, Fon-
tenelle, and Vertot, in French; and thefe Should be at¬
tended to for a considerable time. Many inconveniencies
arife from engaging young minds in the perufal of too
many books at a time. After thefe authors have been
read with attention, and with a critical observation of
their beauties, the fcholar may be permitted to feleCtany
of the approved writers of France and England, for her
further improvement. She will now be able to feleCt
with fome judgment, and will have laid a foundation
which will bear a good fuperftruCture. Her mind, if She
has been fuccefsful in this courfe, will have imbibed an
elegance which will naturally diffufe itfelf over her con¬
versation, addrefs, and behaviour. It is well known,
that internal beauty contributes much to perfeCt external
grace. It will alfo be favourable to virtue, and will ope¬
rate greatly in reftraining the fair fex from any conduit
grofsly indelicate and obvioufiy improper. Much of the
profligacy of female manners has proceeded from a levity
occasioned by the want of a proper education. She who
has no tafie for well-written books, will often be at a lofs
how to fpend her time ; and the confequences of fuch a
Slate are too frequent not to be known, and too fatal not
to be avoided.

Whenever a young lady in opulent circumstances ap¬
pears to poffefs a genius, and an inclination for learned
purfuits, She ought, if her fituation and connections per¬
mit, to be early inttruCted in the elements of Latin and
Greek. Her mind is certainly as capable of improvement,
as that of the other fex. The instances which might be
brought to prove this, are all too well known to need
citation. And the method to be purfued muft be exactly
the fame as that which is ufed in the private tuition of
boys, when judicioufly conducted. And though we might
difapprove, for the moft part, of private tuition for boys,
yet it might be recommended for girls, with little excep¬
tion. All fenfible people agree in thinking, that large
feminaries of young ladies, though managed with all the
vigilance and caution which human abilities can exert,

are

275

EDUCATION.

are in danger of great corruption. Vanity and vice are
too often introduced by fome among a large number, and
the contagion fpreads with irrefiftible violence. Who
can be fo proper an inftrudtor and guardian, as a tender
and a fenfible mother? Where can virgin innocence and
delicacy be better protected, than under a parent’s root,
and in a father’s- and a mother’s bofom? Certainly no
where ; provided t he parents are fenfible and virtuous,
and the houfe free from improper or dangerous connec¬
tions. But where the parents are much engaged in plea¬
sure or in bufinefs; where they are ignorant or vicious;
where a family is expofed to the vifits or conftant com¬
pany of libertine young perfons ; there it is certainly ex¬
pedient to place a daughter under the care of fome of
thofe judicious matrons who prefide over the Seminaries
of learning adapted to the education of young ladies.
It too often happens, however, that young females are
Sent from their parent’s eye to thefe Seminaries, princi¬
pally with a view to form connections, or to acquire ex¬
ternal graces. Let the heart of a feeling father deter¬
mine, whether it is not cruel to endanger the morals of
his offspting from motives of intereft or vanity. But it
mult be remembered, that only thofe parents can incur this
penfure, who keep their daughters at School after a certain
age. Women, from fourteen years old, are commonly flat¬
tered by the men. Therefore, perceiving that they are re¬
garded only as qualified to pleafe, they begin to adorn
ihemfelves; and in that to place all their hopes. It would
be better to make them fenfible, that they are much more
efteemed for a decent, model!, and difcreet behaviour.

One of the firongeft arguments in favour of the li¬
terary education of women, is, that it enables them
to fuperintend the domeftic education of their own
children in the earlier periods. We are told, in the
very elegant dialogue on the caufes of the decline of elo¬
quence, that it was the glory of the ancient Roman ma¬
trons to devote themfelves to economy, and the care of
their children’s education. As loon as a fon w'as born,
he was not brought up in the cottage of fome hireling
mirfe, but in the lap and the bofom of his mother, whofe
principal merit it was to take care of the houfe, and to
devote herfelf to the fervice of the children. But when
the Romans had loft the virtues, together with the liber¬
ties, of the ancient republic, thefe generous cares, with
every otherrational and laudable attention, gave way to the
fafhionable didipations of thofe degenerate days. The
children were then configned to the care of fome paltry
female, in conjunction with two or three other domeftics,
equally unqualified for the important office of tuition.
From the idle tales and grofs manners of this low and
illiterate tribe, the foft and dudtile mind was fufFered to
receive its earlieft and deepeft impreffions. The parents
themfelves, alfo, far from training their young families
in the principles of virtue and knowledge, were the firft
to lead them, by their own encouragement and example,
into themoft luxurious indulgences, andmoft unprincipled
licentioufnefs of manners. A paftion for races, theatrical
entertainments, and gladiatorial fliows, the favourite oc¬
cupations of that frivolous age, was fown even in their
very womb : and when once the feeds of thefe contempti¬
ble and unmanly pleafures had early taken root in the
heart, they neceffarily over-ran and deftroyed every af¬
fection of nobler grow th. Whether this picture of de¬
generate Rome bears any refemblance to thofe of more
modern days, is left to the reader’s confideration. But
be this as it may, it ftiotild certainly be made a principal
objeCt of female education, to reftruin young ladies, on
coming into life, from an expenfive profufion of drefs,
and from a baneful propenlity to the pleafures of gay life.
To drefs, to appear gay, and to be feen in public places,
will undoubtedly attraCt the attention of the men; but
not of thofe, with whom a connection for life would be
eligible. Defirous as thofe might be of an honourable
-alliance with an elegairt and graceful woman ; yet, when
.tthey difeover a want of economy, and a pronenefs to ex¬

travagance, they will have reafon to dread the fame con¬
duct in affairs of greater moment ; which, in a married
life, would be productive of evils truly alarming and ex¬
tensive. Prudential confiderations thus deter many from
offering their hands, where their hearts are inclined, be-
caufe they are apprehenfive of bringing on themfelves a
train of expences, which theirfortunes could not fupport.
They would likewife fufpect, that the love of domeftic
retirement w'ould not be found in thofe ladies, who have
been accuftomed to a life of gaiety and pleafure.

There appears too much truth in the remark of Mrs.
Hannah More, in her Treatife on Female Education, pub-
liffied in 1799, “ that in all polidted countries, an entire
devotednefs to the fine arts has been one grand fource of
the corruption of women.” The w'hole time ot a young
lady is often confumed either in the acquifttion or in the
difplay of what are termed accomplijlments ; and ffie feems
to regard the end of exiftence as being to ftiine rather
than to be ufeful. If, fays this author, the life of a
young lady formerly too much refembled the life of a
confectioner, it now too much refembles that of an aCtrefs.
This is a fatal extreme for female domeftic virtue, and
little calculated for happinefs in the female circles. On
the contrary, the prbfeffion of ladies, to which the bent
of their inftruCtion fhould be turned, is that of daughters,
wives, mothers, and miftreffes of families. They ftiotild
be therefore trained with a view to thefe feveral condi¬
tions, and be furniffied with a ftock of ideas, and princi¬
ples, and qualifications, ready to be applied and appro¬
priated, as occafion may demand, to each of thefe refpec-
tive fituations : for though the arts which merely embel-
liffi life niuft claim admiration ; yet when a man of fenfe
comes to marry, it is a companion whom he wants, and
not an artift. It is not merely a creature who can paint,
and play, and drefs, and dance; it is a being who can
comfort and cottnfel him ; one who can reafon, and refleCt,
and feel, and judge, and difeourfe, and diferiminate ; one
who can affift him in his affairs, lighten his cares, footh
his forrows, ftrengthen his principles, and educate his
children. This ftiotild be the view of parents in the edu¬
cation of their daughters; and, perhaps, if this were
more generally done, and daughters were only allowed
to attend day-fchools for the purpofe of acquiring ac-
compliffiments, they would not be fo frequently educated
above their ftation in life; and the mind of a reputable
merchant’s child, or clergyman’s daughter, would not be
filled with notions of pride, caught by affociating with
the daughters of the great and the fafhionable.

With regard to amiable manners in a young lady, much
depends on the delicacy of her converfation, propriety
of behaviour, modefty, and tender fenfibilities of feeling ;
all which engaging qualities are to be acquired and mo¬
dified by the rules of female education. Propriety is to
a woman what the great Roman critic fays adtion is to an
orator : it is the firft, the fecond, the third, requifite. A
woman may be knowing, adtive, witty, and antufing;
but without propriety fhe cannot be amiable. Propriety is
the centre in which all the lines of duty and of agreeable-
nefs meet. It is to character what proportion is to figure,
and grace to attitude. It does not depend on any one
perfection; but it is the refult of general excellence.
It (hews itfelf by a regular, orderly, undeviatim , courfe;
and never Harts from its fober orbit into any fplendid ec¬
centricities ; for it would be affiamed of fuch praifeas it
might extort by any aberrations from its proper path.
It renounces all commendation but what is charadteriftic ;
and becomes the criterion of true tafte, right principle,
and genuine feeling, in a woman, whether ffie would be
lefs touched with all the flattery of romantic and exag¬
gerated panegyric, than with that beautiful picture of
corredt and elegant propriety, which Milton draws of
our firft mother, when he delineates

“ Thofe thoufand decencies which daily flow
From all her words and adtions.”

Thefe

E I) U

E D W

£?(5

Thefe amiable decencies are feen in the propriety of con-
verfation. — To place a juft remark, hazarded by the dif¬
fident, in the moft advantageous point of view ; to call
the attention of the inattentive to the obfervation of one,
who, though of much worth, is perhaps of little note ;
are requifites for conversation, lefs brilliant, but far more
valuable, than the power of exciting burfts of laughter
by the brighteft wit, or of extorting admiration by the
moft poignant fillies. For wit is, of all the qualities of
the female mind, that which requires the fevereft caftiga-
tion ; yet the temperate exercife of this fafcinating qua¬
lity throws an additional luftre round the character of an
■amiable woman ; for to manage with difcreet modefty a
dangerous talent, confers a higher praife than can be
claimed by t’nofe in whom the abfence of the talent takes
away the temptation to mifemploy it. But to women,
wit is a peculiarly perilous polfeflion, which nothing ftiort
of the fober-mindednefs of Chriftianity can keep in order.
Intemperate wit craves admiration as its natural aliment;
it lives on flattery as its daily bread. The profeflfed wit
is a hungry beggar that fubftfts on the extorted alms of
perpetual panegyric; and, like the vulture in the Gre¬
cian fable, its appetite increafes by indulgence. Simple
truth and fober approbation become taftelefs and inftpid
to the palate, daily vitiated by the delicious poignancies
of exaggerated commendation. Women of the brighteft:
faculties (liould not only bear thofe faculties meekly,'
but conftder it as no derogation, cheerfully to fulfil thofe
humbler duties which make up the bufinefs of common
life, always taking into the account the higher refponfi-
bility attached to higher gifts. While women of lower
attainments fliould exert to the utmoft fuch abilities as
Providence has aflrgned them ; and while they (liould not
deride excellencies which are above their reach, they
fliould not defpond at an inferiority which did not depend
on themfelves ; nor, becaufe God has denied them ten
talents, fhould they forget that they are equally refpon-
fible for the one he has allotted them, but fet about de¬
voting that one with humble diligence to the fervice of.
focietv, and the glory of the Giver.

On fallibility, and the feelings of the mind, much has
been faid and written ; but notwithftanding all the fine
theories to which this topic lias given birth, it will be
found that very exquilite fenfibility contributes 'fo iittle
to happinefs, and may yet be made to contribute (o much
to ufefulnefs, that it may, perhaps, be confidered as be¬
llowed for an exercife to the poffeffor’s own virtue, and
as a keen inftrument with which to work for the good of
others. Women of this cad of mind are lefs careful to
avoid the charge of unbounded extremes, than to efcape
at all events the imputation of infenftbility. They are
little alarmed at the danger of exceeding, though terrified
at the fufpicion of coming ftiort, of what they take to be
the extreme point of feeling. They will even refolve to
prove the warmth of their fenfibility, though at the ex¬
pence of their judgment, and fotnetimes alfo of their juf-
tice. Even when they earneftly delire to be and to do
right, they are apt to employ the wrong inftrument to uc-
complilh the right end. They employ the paflions to do
the work of the judgment ; forgetting, or not knowing,
that the paflions were not given us to be ufed in the fearch
and difeovery of truth, which is the office of a cooler
and more diferiminating faculty ; but that they were
given to animate us to warmer zeal in the purfuit and
practice of truth, when the judgment fliall have pointed
out what is truth. Through this natural warmth, which
they have been juftly told is fo pleafing, but which, per¬
haps, they have not been told will be continually expos¬
ing them.to peril and to fuffering, their joys and fon-ows
are exceflive. Of this extreme irritability, the ill-edu¬
cated learn to boaftfas if it were an indication of fupe-
riority of foul, inftead of labouring to reltrain it as the
cxcefs of a temper which ceafes to be interefting when it
is no longer under the control of the governing faculty.
It is misfortune enough to be born more liable to Suffer
i

and' to fin, from this conformation off mind ; it is tos-
much to allcwf its unreftrained indulgence ; it is Hill vvorfe
to be proud of fo mifleading a qualit. .

Flippancy, impetuofity, refentment, and violence of
fpirit, grow out of this difpofition, which will be rather
promoted than corrected, by the ffyltem of education,,
which labours to ornament the perfon, rather than the
mind ; and in which fyltem, emotions are too early 3nd
too much excited, and taftes and feelings are confidered
as too exclufively making up the whole of the female
character ; in which the judgment is little exercifed, tire
reafoning powers are feldom brought into aCtion, and felf-
knowledge and felf-denial fcarcely included. This pro¬
pensity of mind, if unchecked, lays its poffeffors open to
unjuft prepofleffions, and expofes them to all the danger
of unfounded attachments. In early youth, not only
love, but friendlhip, at firft light,, grows out of an ill-di-
reCted fenfibility ; and in afterlife, women, under the pow¬
erful influence of this temper, confcious that t hey have
much to be borne with, are too readily inclined to feleCb
for their confidential connections, flexible and flattering
companions, who will indulge, and perhaps admire, their
faults, rather than firm and honed friends, who will re¬
prove and would aflift in curing them. We may adopt it
as a general maxim, that an obliging, weak, yielding,
complaifant friend, full of fmall attentions, with little
religion, little judgment, and much natural acquiefcence
and civility, is a molt dangerous, though generally a too
much defired, confidante : (he fooths t he indolence, and
gratifies the vanity, of her friend, by reconciling her to
her own faults, while (he neither keeps the underltanding
nor the virtues of that friend in exercife. Thefe obfe-
quious qualities are the J oft green, on which the foul loves
to repofe itfelf. But it is not a refre thing or a wholefome
repofe : we fliould r.o-t fele£t, for the fake of prefent eafe,
a Soothing flatterer, who will lull us into a pleafing obli¬
vion of our failings ; but a friend, who, valuing our foul’s
health above our immediate comfort, wiil roufe us from
torpid indulgence to animation, vigilance, and virtue.

To EDU'CE, v. a. [ educo , Lat.] To bring out ; to ex¬
tract ; to produce from a (Lite of occultation. — This mat¬
ter muff have lain eternally confined to its beds of earths
were' there not this, agent to educe it thence. Woodward.
Th’ eternal art educing good from ill,

Grafts on this pafiion our belt principle. Pope.

E D tIC'T I OM,yi T he aCt of bringing any thing into view*.

EDSJL'COR ANTS,y. [from edulco^L&t. to make fweet. 3
Medicines which abforb the vicious humours of the body,
fweeten the fluids, and deprive them of their acrimony.

To EDUL'CORATE, v. a. [from dulcis, Lat. 3 To
fweeten.

E DULCOR A'TION, f. The aCt of fweetening. In
chemiflry, it imports the fame thing as dulcification ;
namely, the rendering things more mild : but chemilts
life the terms very differently. Dulcification confilts in
the obtunding of acids by combination with ardent fpirit.
Edulcoration conlifts in carrying off Superfluous acid, or
other faline matter, by one or more walkings with water.
Metallic calces, and other infoluble precipitates, are nfu-
ally edulcorated previous to drying them.

EDU'LIA, in heathen mythology, the goddefs who
was fuppofed to give nourilhment to infants.

ED'WARD, [eab, Sax. bleflednefs,; and aerd, Teut„
nature. 3 A man’s name.

ED'WARD, a fort of the American States, in Nova-
Scotia, in the town of Windfor, in Hampfhire county.
It is fituated on Avon river, which is navigable thus far
for velffels of 400 tons ; thofe of lixty tons can go two
miles higher.

ED'WARD, prince of Wales, furnamed, from the
colour of his armour, the Black Prince ; one of the moft
truly heroical characters of his age. He was the eldeft
foil of Edward HI. and Philippa of Hainault, born in
itto. For his noble exploits, fee the article England,

ED'WARDS

E D W ARDS. 277

ED'WARDS (George), a celebrated ornithologift,
"born in 1693, at Weft Ham in Eflex. Being defigned for
commercial life, lie was placed witli a tradefman in Lon¬
don, who happened to be a man of education. This cir-
cumftance, with that of his chamber’s being made the
repofitory of the library of a deceafed phyfician, gave
the youth a turn to literature and fcientific inquiry,
which detached him from the purfuit of gain. He palled
fome years in travelling, with no fixed purpofe, but that
of indulging his curiofity with the various objects of na¬
ture and art. On his return he clofely applied to the
ftudy of natural hiftory, and pradlifed the drawing and
colouring from nature of fuch animals as fell under his
infpedlion ; in which performances he ftrictly attended
to correcinefs of imitation. His birds were admired by
the curious; and by his exertions in this branch lie ob¬
tained a decent fubfiftence and a large acquaintance. In
1733, through the recommendation of fir Hans Sloane,
he obtained the place of librarian to the college of phy-
ficians. In 1743, he publiftied the firft volume of his
Hiftory of Birds, in quarto, with fifty-two coloured
plates from original drawings, and full defcriptions in
French and Englifh. Of this fplendid work fucceflive
volumes appeared in 1747, 1750, and 1751. The author
difplayed the characteriftic piety of hisdifpofition, though
in a manner fomewhat lingular, by a dedication of the
concluding volume “ To God,” drawn up and fubfcribed
in the cuftomary mode of thofe formularies. As fupple-
mentary to this work, he publiftied, in three fucceflive
parts, 1738, 1760, and 1763, Gleanings of Natural Hif¬
tory, confifting of coloured plates of birds, fifties, infedts,
and plants. The whole of his labours comprifes upwards
of fix hundred fubjects in natural hiftory, firft delineated
and defcribed by himfelf. For this valuable work he
juftly obtained a high reputation, and w'as particularly
efteemed by the illuftrious Linnteus. For his Hiftory of
Birds he was honoured by the Royal Society, in 1750,
with fir Godfrey Copley’s medal; and in 1757 he was
chofen a member of that body, wliofe memoirs he en¬
riched with various occafional papers on fubjedts of na¬
tural hiftory. In 1769, he withdrew from his office at the
college of phyficians, and purchafed a fmall houfe at
Plaiftow in Eflex. He had previously difpofed of his
large colledlion of drawings to lord Bute. He publiftied,
in 1770, an odlavo volume of Eflays, chiefly collected
from the prefaces and introductions to his books. Fie ad¬
ded fome imftruCtions for drawing and painting in water¬
colours, and for etching. His patience was tried in his
latter years with the (tone, and with a cancer which de¬
prived him of the fight of one eye; but he bore all his
bufferings with the greateft fortitude and refignation, and
died at the age of eighty, in July 1773.

ED'WARDS (Jonathan), an Anglo- American divine,
of confiderable talents, born at Windfor, in Connecticut,
in 1 703. He was entered a ftudent at Yale college in 1716,
where he took his degree of bachelor of arts before he
%vas feventeen years of age. He diftinguiflied himfelf by
the diligence of his application to the ulual courfe of
collegiate (Indies, and made confiderable progrefs in his
acquaintance with the fciences, and particularly natural
philofophv, which he cultivated through life with plea¬
sure, and that degree of dilcernment which lie eminently
pofleffed. In 1722, at the requeft of feveral minifters in
New England who were entrufted to adt on behalf of the
Englifti prelbyterians at New York, he went to that city,
and preached there with great acceptability. Soon after
this he received invitations from feveral churches to of¬
ficiate among them, with a- view to his fettlement as their
minifier ; but being chofen tutor of Yale college in 1724,
he feduloufty devoted himfelf to the duties of that office
for above two years. In 1726, his maternal grandfather,
the Rev. Mr. Stoddard, minifter of a congregation at
Northampton, being from his great age under the necef-
ftty of calling in the aid of a colleague, Mr. Edwards was
induced to refign his tutorfliip and accept of that fitua-

Vol. VI. No. 349

tion, where he was ordained to the pafloral office in the
following year. In this connedlion he continued re fpedted,
beloved, and happy, for many years, until, in 1744, a fud-
den revolution took place in the difpofition of the people
towards him, which terminated 'm‘hls formal difmiffion
from his minifterial charge. In 1751 he accepted of an
invitation to become Indian miffionary at the town of
Stockbridge, in the province of Maflachufets bay, where
lie difeharged the duties of that office for fix years, to
the fatisfadlion of the inhabitants, both Englifh and In¬
dians, and was honourably fupported by the com’miftioners
of the fociety in London for propagating the gofpel in fo¬
reign parts, who placed great confidence in his judgment
and vvifdom in all matters relative to that inftitutjon. In
this quiet retreat he enjoyed more time to devote to the
profecution of hisftudies, than during the. preceding years
of his life, and he diligently improved it in preparing dif¬
ferent treatifes for publication, and in digefting materials
for numerous other theological works, which he intended
to complete if he met with the neceffary encouragement.
In 1757, on a vacancy taking place in the prefidency of
the college of New Jerfey, the trtiftees eledted Mr. Ed¬
wards to that honourable ftation. He had, however,
fcarcely entered upon his new office, when the fmall pox,
which he had hitherto efcaped, became prevalent in the
Jerfeys, and he fell a vidlim to the difeafe in March 1758,
in the fifty-fifth year of his age. In his religious princi¬
ples he was a rigid Calvinift, and proved himfelf one of
the ableft defenders of fome of the peculiarities of the Ge¬
nevan fchool. Befides a vaft number of manuferipts,
which he left behind him, on almoft all fubjedts in divi¬
nity, and in feripture criticifm, he was the author of a va¬
riety of fingle fermons, publilhed during his life-time, and
of a colledtion of Sermons on various important Subjedts,
8vo. publilhed after his death in 1763. He alfo publilhed
a great number of tradbs on religious controversy.

ED'WARDS, (John), a learned and pious divine of
the church of England, fon of the Rev. Thomas Ed¬
wards, born at Hertford, in 1637. After receiving his
grammatical education at Merchant-tailor’s fchool in
London, lie was fent, in 1633, to the univerfity of Cam¬
bridge, where lie was entered at St. John’s college. Soon
after his admiffion, he was chofen Scholar of the houfe,
and quickly recommended himfelf to notice by the man¬
ner in which he performed his exercifes both in his tutor’s
chamber and in the college-hall. Towards the clofe. of
his under-graduate fh ip, lie was appointed one of the mo¬
derators for the year. When he was middle bachelor lie
was chofen fellow of Ills college ; and, during the time
of his fenior bachelorlliip, was again appointed moderator
in the fchools, where his performances were fo able as to
be long fpoken of with great commendation. In i6'j'4,
he undertook the duty of Trinity church, in Cambridge ;
and, from the excellence of his pulpit-compofitions, was
frequently attended by many members of the univerfity
of confiderable (landing and rank. In 1663, when the
plague raged at Cambridge, he removed from the college
into the town, that he might devote himfelf entirely to
the edification and comfort of his parifliioners in the time
of that calamity. In 1668 he was chofen one of the lec¬
turers of Bury St. Edmund’s in Suffolk, whither he re¬
moved, and difeharged the duties of the office with great
reputation and acceptability for twelve months, when he
reSigned it, and returned to his college. Here, however, lie
met with fome circumftances of difguft, which determined
him to refign his feliowfliip, and remove to Trinity hall,
where he entered himfelf as a fellow-commoner, and per¬
formed the regular exercifes in the civil law. Not being
willing, however, to remain unemployed in his clerical
profeflion, he accepted of an invitation to become minifter
of the parilh of St. Sepulchre, in Cambridge, where his
fermons attradled the fame refpedtable audience as had
formerly attended him in Trinity church. In 1676, lie
was prefented to the living of St. Peter’s in Colchefter;
and, during three vears that he continued there, was
4 B highly

EDWARDS.

27S

highly acceptable to his parishioners. In 1699, he was
admitted to the degree of doCtor in divinity. He conti¬
nued in a courfe of diligent Study till near his death,
which took place in 1716, when he was in the feventy-
ninth year of Im age. That Dr. Edwards was a man
of extensive learning cannot be denied ; and that he was
distinguished by ardent piety, and an exemplary moral
conduct, there is not the lead reafon to difpute. He,
however, rendered himfelf obnoxious by the zeal which
on all occasions he difplayed for the calviniftic doCtrine ;
a zeal which he certainly carried to the excefs of bigotry,
by contending for the abfiird notion of the old puritans,
that there is a clofe connection between arminianifm and
popery. His works, which are written much in the
fcholaftic manner, will be chiefly acceptable to readers of
the calviniftic fchool. They confift of a great number
of trails in religious controverfy : alfo, Twelve Sermons,
preached on Special Occasions and SubjeCls, Svo. i'69S ;
A Survey of the different Difpenfations of Religion,
from the Beginning of the World to the Confummation
ot all Things, in two volumes, 1699; The Preacher, in
three parts; Tkcologia Reformata , or the Subftance and
Iloay ot the Christian Religion, in two volumes, folio;
t > which was added a third volume folio, ten years after
the author’s death.

ED' WARDS (Thomas), a learned divine of the church
of England, born at Coventry in 1729. His grammatical
education he received, partly at the free grammar-fchool
in his native city, but principally under the tuition of
his own father, who was a clergyman there ; and he early
Showed an uncommon eagernefs for acquiring knowledge.
In 1747, he was entered at Clare-hall, in the university of
Cambridge, where he took his degree of bachelor of arts
in 1750, and of matter of arts in 1754. He was, likewife,
ehofen a fellow of his college. Before Mr. Edwards had
completed the twenty-fixth year of his age, he afforded
a Striking .proof of the diligence of his application to the
Study of the learned languages, and the acquifition of fa-
crcd literature, by publishing A new English Translation
o‘ the Plaints from the original Hebrew, reduced to Metre
by the late BiSltop Hare, with Notes, critical and expla¬
natory, Illuftrations of many of the Railages drawn from
the daffies', &c. Svo. In 175S, he was appointed, by the
corporation of Coventry, matter of the free grammar-
fchool, and prefented to the rectory of St. John the Bap¬
tist, in that city. The next work which Mr. Edwards
lent into the world was in 1759 ; it is intitled The Doc¬
trine of irrefiftible Grace proved to have no Foundation
in the Writings of the New Testament. This work re¬
flects great honour on his abilities as a feripture critic, cn
? his liberality, and on his candour, and is of confiderable
importance in the controverfy between the CalviniSls and
the Arnrinians. In 1732, lie published Prolegomena in Libros
Veleris Tejlamenti pocticos, &c. fubjicitnr metrica Lowthiana
Confutatio, &c. Svo. In 17 66, Mr. Edwards was admitted
to the degree of doftor in divinity ; and in the following
year published two dilfertations : the firft, On the Abfur-
dity and Injustice of religious Bigotry and Perfecution ;
the fccond, On the principal Qualifications, &c. necef-
fary for the right and accurate Interpretation of the New
Teftament, 8vo. Thefe differtations are entitled to con¬
siderable praile-; on account of the enlarged and liberal
fentiments which they inculcate, and the ufeful affiftance
which they afford to theological Students in attaining a
critical knowledge. of the Christian feriptures. In 1770,
Dr. Edwards was prefented by the crown to the valuable
vicarage of Nuneaton in Warwickshire, whither he retired
in 1779, afcer having resigned his fchool and reCtory at
Coventry, and where he refided during the remainder of
his life. In the year laft mentioned lie published his laft
work, intitled Se/ebia quadam Theocnti Idyllia rccenjuit , va¬
riorum Notas adjecit, fuafque Animadverfioncs , partim Latin c,
partim Ariglicc,jcriWas immifeuit T hoinas Edzuards, S.T.P. Svo.
This work reflects honour on the extent and accuracy of
the author’s clafiical literature, and will be. found of great
iife to young Students, for whole benefit it was chiefly cle-

flgned. He died at Nuneaton, in 1785, in the fifty-fixtfr
year of his age.

ED'WARDS (Thomas), a critic and poet, born in
1699, fon of a gentleman in the profeSTion of the law in
London. After receiving a clafiical education, he was en¬
tered of Lincoln’s-inn, and was called to the bar, though
a hefitation in his fpeech prevented. him from ever en¬
gaging much in professional practice. It appears too
that his favourite Studies were of another kind, and the
belles-lettres occupied more of his attention than books
of law. Shakefpeare, in particular, was the objeCb of his
ftudy ; and the appearance of Warburton’s edition of that
dramatist firft induced him to become an author. He
published, in 17447 A Letter to the Author of a late
Epistolary Dedication, addreffed to Mr. Warburton. This
was followed, in 1747, by A Supplement to Mr. Warbur-
ton’s Edition of Shakefpeare, a work which paSTed through
feveral editions, and became famous under its fubfequent
title, of The Canons of Criticifm. As. a poet, Mr. Ed¬
wards chiefly distinguished himfelf by his attempts to
revive the fonnet, then a fpecies of composition little ufed
in English poetry, to which, indeed, it feems but indif¬
ferently adapted. He compofed fifty of thefe pieces, of
which feveral were printed in Dodfiey’s and Pearch’s cck
ledtions of poems. Their general character is feriousj
moral, and unaffected ; correct in their formation, but
cold and fomewhat Stiff. They are more creditable to
the jufrnefs of his fentiments. than to the powers of his
imagination. He was likewise a Skilful critic in the
English language; and the feventh edition of his Canons
of Criticifm, published in 17 65, befides ids fifty fonnets,
contains An Account of the Trial of the letter Y, alias Y,
in which are difeufied the principles of English ortho¬
graphy. A pofthumous traCt on the doCtrine of predesti¬
nation, finishes the lift of his performances. Mr. Edwards
palled his life in literary leifure, and maintained a friendly
intercourfe with many of the 1110ft refpedtable characters
of his time, lie died, unmarried, in 1757.

ED'WARDS (Bryan), a Weft-India merchant, and a
writer of confiderable eminence. A little before his
death, he drew up the following biograghical Sketch of
his own life, which he committed to the care of fir Wil¬
liam Young, bart. with diredtions to have it prefixed to
his Hiftory of the Weft Indies.

“ I was born tire 21ft of May 1743, in the decayed
town of Weftbury, in the county of Wilts. My father
inherited a fmall paternal eftate in the neighbourhood, of
about iool..per annum ; , which proving but a fcanty
maintenance for a large family, he undertook, without
any knowledge of the buftnefs, as I have been informed,
to deal in corn and malt, but with very little fuccefs.
He died in 1756, leaving my excellent mother, and-fix
children, in diftreSTed circumstances. Luckily for my
mother, Site had two opulent brothers in the Weft Indies,
one of them a wife and worthy man, of a liberal mind,
and princely fortune. This was Zachary Bayly, of the
island of Jamaica, who, on the death of my father, took
ray mother and her family under his protection, and, as
I was the eldeft fon, directed that I Should be well edu¬
cated. I had been placed by my father at the fchool of
a diffenting minister in Bristol, whofe name was William
Foot, of whom I remember enough to believe that he
was both a learned and good man ; but, by a Strange ab-
furdity, he was forbidden to teach me Latin and Greek,
and directed to confine my Studies to writing, arithmetic,
and the English grammar. I Should therefore have had
little to do, but that the fchoolmafter had an excellent
method of making the boys write letters to him on dif¬
ferent fubjeCts, fuch as the beauty and dignity of truth,
the obligation of a religious life, the benefits of a good,
education; the mifehief of idlenefs, &c. previously Slating
to them the chief arguments to be urged; and infilling
on correClnefs in orthography and grammar. In this
employment I had Sometimes the good fortune to excel
the other boys; and, when this -happened, my mailer
never failed to praife me very liberally before them all ;

E D W ARDS.

jfnd lie' Would frequently tranfmit my letters to my father
and mother. This excited in my mind a fpirit of emu¬
lation, and, I believe, gave me the firft tafte for correct
and elegant compofition. I acquired, however, all this
time, but very little learning; and, when my uncle (on
my father’s death) took me under his proteftion, his
agent in Briftol confidered me as neglefted by Mr. Foot,
a'iid immediately removed me to a French boarding-fchool
in the fame city, where I foon obtained the French lan¬
guage ; and, having accefs to a circulating library, I ac¬
quired a paflibn for books, which has fince become the
fela.ce of my life.

“ In 1759, a younger and the only brother of my great
and good uncle came to England, and, fettling in Lon¬
don, took me to refide with him, in a high and elegant
ftile of life. He was a reprefentative in parliament for
Abingdon, arid afterwards for. his native town. Farther
I cannot fpeak of him fo favourably as I could with, for
I remember that, at the period I allude to, his conduct
towards me was fuch as not to-infpire me with much re-
fpedt : he perceived it, and foon after, in the latter end
of the fame year, lent me to Jamaica. This proved a
liappy and fortunate change in my life, for I found my
eldcft uncle the reverfe, in every poflible circumftance,
of bis brother-. To the rnoft enlarged and enlightened
mind he added the fweeteft temper, and the molt gene¬
rous difpofition. His tendernefs towards me was exceffive,
and I regarded him with more than filial affedtion and
veneration. Obferving my paffion for books, and think¬
ing favourably of my capacity, he engaged a clergyman
(my loved and ever to be lamented friend Ilaac Teale)
to refide in his family, chieflytto fupply by his inftruc-
tions my deficiency in the learned languages. Mr. Teale
had been mailer of a free grammar-lchool, and befides
being a molt accompli fhed fcholar, poftefled an exquifite
Tafie for poetry. I dare not fay, however, that I made
any great progrefs in the languages under his tuition; I
acquired “ final 1 Latin and let's Greek;” even now, I
find it difficult to read the Roman poets in their own lan¬
guage. The cafe was, that not having been grounded
in the Latin grammar- at an earlier period -of life, I found
the ftudy of it infupportably difgufting, after I had ac¬
quired a tafie for the beauties of fine writing. Poetry
was our chief amufement ; for my friend, as well as my-
felf, preferred the- charms of Dryden and Pope to the
dull drudgery of poring over fyntax and profody. We
preferred belies lettres. We laughed away many a happy
hour over the plays of Moliere, and wrote yerfes on local
and temporary fubjefits, which we fometimes publifhed
in the colonial newfpapers. Yet the Latin dallies were
not altogether neglefted ; my friend delighted to point
out to me the beauties of Horace, and would frequently
impofe on me the talk of tranflating an ode into Englifh
verfe, which, with his affiftance in confiruing the words,
ITometimes accomplifhed.

“ Having made mylelf known to the public by my
writings, it is probable that after I am in the grave, Tome
collector of anecdotes, or biographical compiler, may
pretend to furnifh fome particulars concerning my life and
manners. It is not pleafant to think that mifreprefentation
ormalice may fallen on my memory; and I have there¬
fore made it the amufement of an idle hour, to compile
a fiiort account of mylelf. My perlonal hiftory, however,
is of little importance to -the world. It will furnifh no di-
verfified feenes of fortune, .nor relate many ctrcumftances
of myfelf, worth remembering. Yet I fe.el the fond' am¬
bition of an author, and am willing to hope, that thofe
who have read my book with approbation, will be glad
Jo know fomething farther concerning me ;

For wito, to dumb forgetfulnefs a prey, See.

For the fatisfaftion then of fuch kind readers (if fuch
there are) and the information of my .pofterity, I have
drawn up this paper, which I defire my bookl'ellef to pre¬
fix to t);c next edition of my Hifiory of the Well Indies.

B. E.”

t7f}

Thofe who knew and were intimate with Mr. Bryan
Edwards, will recognize, in this fiiort account of him-
felf, the energy of mind,, the induftry, and the truth,
which characterized his converfations and his life; but
all mu ft allow, that much therein is omitted, which has
ufual and proper place in biography, and which the edi¬
tor might be prefumed, or be called upon, to fupply.
Some accbunt might be required, of his literary elfays
and legiflative a£ts, fo efficient in the caufe of humanity
towards the negroes, whilft a member of the aflembly in
Jamaica. Some account might be demanded, of this good
and independent man, whilft a member of the Britilh par¬
liament ; and, efpecially, in the poll humous life of a lite¬
rary man, fome accurate detail of his literary purfuits
and writings might be’expebted ; of his Correfpondence — »
of his Eflays— and of his conduct in the judicious compi¬
lation and elegant recital of the Travels of Mungo Park —
and, efpecially, of the origin and progrefs of his great
work, the' “ Hiftory of the Britilh Colonies in the Weft
Indies,” 3. vols. 4to.- To thefe, and otjier points, the
recolledtion of the reader is thus awakened. The editor
p re fuffies no farther. He cannot venture to alter,. or add.
to, thefacred depolit committed to his charge, but gives it
to the public, as its author left, and willed it, to be given.

The above fketch was haftily drawn by its author,
as an outline of a portrait intended to be filled up and
finifiied, had God permitted, and annexed with fome
interefting prefatory matter to the third volume of
his “ Weft Indies;” but ere the Lift flieet was revifed
from the prefs, Bryan Edwards was no more! Lie had
long fuffered from the diforder which brought him to
the grave, and feemed to forefee the hour of diftblutiora
haftening cn. Rendered incapable by weaknefs and dif-
eafe, of completing his prefatory dilcourfe, yet, with a
fond anxiety for honeft fame, he roufed the embers of
his genius, — to claim a fair reputation with pofterity foe
induftry, integrity, and candid expolition of the talents
and acquirements which introduced him to public notice.
The fivmnefs of his mind, and the cheerfulnefs of ins
temper, which, throughout a long and checquered life,
gave confidence to his friendlhips, and delight to his fo-
ciety, forfook him not, even when he apprehended the
laft ffiort hour was before him. This he clearly fitows,
when turning from the awful confi deration of futurity,
to look back upon his pad: life, himfelf brings the retro-
fpeff to Our view; and deferibes the feene in fo pure and
lively colours, with no gloom from difeontent, and no
fhade from remorfe, that we readily infer the nature of
the light which fo beamed on his laft work, and to the
laft hour; — and pronounce its emanation to be from the
pure conference of- a benevolent and upright man ! He
died in the polygon-houfe (his own eftate) at Southamp¬
ton, in 1800, in the fifty-feventh year of his age. His
much-efteemed “Hiftory of the Weft Indies.” has already
undergone two editions ; the copy-right of which he ge-
neroully prefented to Mr. John Stockdale, in Piccadilly,
as a reward for former civilities. He l.ikevvife kindly re¬
ceived the celebrious African traveller, Mr. Mungo Park,
into his houfe at Southampton, affifting him in arranging
the materials, and in compiling, judicioufly and elegantly,
his interefting Travels in the interior Diftrifts of Africa,
in 1795, 1796. and 1 797» 4-to-

By the death of Bryan Edwards; the proprietor of
this Encyclopaedia loft an invaluable friend, and a
moft able afiiftant. He was the original proje&or of the
work itfelf— furnifiied many interefting articles for it —
had undertaken to write the prefatory matter, with a fyl-
labus of its various parts — its general objefts — and par¬
ticular utility. — To us, therefore, his lofs is truly irre¬
parable, and never to be enough lamented! — He left a
widow, fince re-married; afecond foil, Zachary Edwards,
efq. of Southampton ; and orie daughter. His eldeft Ton
Bryan Edwards died at Wi'nchefter, under the tuition of
Dr. G. I. Huntingford, the present learned billiop of
Gloucefter. ,

*

ED' WAY

QSO E E M

ED'WAY, a river of South Wales, which runs into
the Wye, four miles fouth-eaft of Bealth, in the county
of Radnor.

ED'WIN, [of eab, and pin, Sax. a happy conqueror.]
A man’s name ; the name of two kings of England.

ED'WITH, a river of England, in the county of Mon¬
mouth, which joins the Ulk, at its mouth.

EECK'HOUT (Gerbrandt Vanden), a painter of great
merit, born at Amfferdam in 1621. His father, a gold-
frnith by trade, meant him for the banking bufinefs ; but
his natural inclination was fo decidedly bent to painting,
that he was placed as a pupil under Rembrandt. He
adopted the ftyle of his mailer, and acquired great repu¬
tation in portraits, which he painted with admirable
truth and expreffion. His touch was bold and firm, his
management of the chiaro-fcuro excellent, and he fur-
pa (Ted Rembrandt in the care with which he finiflied the
extremities of his figures. Succefsful as he was in this
branch, he preferred being employed in hiflory-painting,
in which his coinpofitions arc ricli and well difpofed, his
diftribution of light and lhade admirable, and his expref¬
fion ftrong and natural. Elis colouring, however, is ac¬
counted not equal to that of his mailer, though his back¬
grounds are clearer. He fhared his mailer’s defeats of
incorreCtnefs in defign, want of grace, and negleCt of the
coliume. The flownefs with which he worked kept him
poor, notwithllanding his excellence, till he obtained the
patronage of a burgo-malter, who gave him a penlion,
and employed him on various fcripture hiltories, which
were much admired. One of the bell is Chrill among
the doctors, in the DulTeldorp collection. Another, of
the infant Jefus in the arms of Simeon, is much efleemed.
This painter died at Amlterdam in 1674, at an age when
he was llill capable of improvement. — Antont Vanden
Eeckhout, born at Brulfels in 1656, became eminent as
a fruit and flower painter.

EED, a town of Norway: twenty-four miles north-
north-welt of Drontheim.

EEDT, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of Auf-
tria : fourteen miles eafl-fouth-eafl of Ens.

To EEK, v. a. [eacan, ecan, ican, Sax. ca/t, Scott, eek,
Erie.] To make bigger by the addition of another piece.
To fupply any deficiency. See Eke.

Hence endlefs penance for our fault I pay ;

But that redoubled crime, with vengeance new,

Thou biddeft me to eck. Spenfer.

EEL,yi in ich hyology. See Mur^na.

EEL-BACKED, adj. Applied to fuch horfes as have
black lilts along their backs.

EEL-FARES,/; A fry or brood of eels. 25 Hen. VIII.

EEL-POUT, f. A kind of young eel.

EEL-RIVER, a river of North America, with a large
cove on the fouth lide of Chaleur bay, about three leagues
from Maligafli . The cove abounds with falrnon, and great
quantities of that fifh is taken annually by the inhabitants
fettled on its bank.

EEL-RIVER- INDIANS, a tribe of Indians who inha¬
bit the lands on Eel-River, a head branch of the Wabalh.
They were formerly holtile ; but ceded fome land at the
mouth of the river to the United States, at the treaty of
Greenville, in 1795 ; when that government paid them a
fum of money, and engaged to pay them in goods, to the
value of 500 dollars annually for ever.

EEL-SKIN, /. The Ikin of an eel. — When he’s drunk,
you may thru (l your hand into him like an eel-Jkin , and flrip
him inlide outwards. Overbury.

EEL-STE AR, f. A forked inllrument with three or
four jagged teeth, ufed for catching eels; which they
ftrike into the mud at the bottom of the river, and if it
ftrike againft any eels it never fails to bring them up.

EEL'WYCK, a town of Norway: twenty miles well
of Romfdal.

EEM'BURG, or Emburg, a town of Utrecht, on the
Ems : five miles north-north-well of Amersfort.

E F E

EEMS, a river of Holland, which runs Into the Ziiy-
der fea, below Emburg, in the- date of Utrecht.

E’EN, adv. Contracted from even. See Even. — Savs
the fatyr, if you have a trick of blowing hot and cold out
of the fame mouth, I have e'en done with jhm._ L’F./lrange.

EER'SEL, a town of Brabant : fix miles fouth-well of
Eyndhoven.

EP-BE, a fife and fecure harbour, on the fouth fide of
the illand of Mixaol, one of the Moluccas. Lat. 2. 12. S.
It has feveral (mall piflurclque i Hands on each fide its
entrance ; the principal of which is called Crown Illand.,
on account of its fummit being crowned with a magnifi¬
cent evergreen wood.

EFE'SC, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province of
Natolia : thirty-two miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Smyrna.

EF'FABLE, adj. [rffabilis, Lat.] Exprefliv.e; utterable.

To EFFA'CE, v. a. \_tffacer,Yr.'\ To dellroy any thing
painted, or carved. To leave no longer legible or vifi-
ble ; to blot out ; to ftrike out. — Characters on dull, the
firft: breath of wind effaces. Locke.

Otway fail’d to polifti or refine,

And fluent Shakefpeare fcarce effac'd a line. Pop:.
To dellroy ; to wear away :

Nor our admiflion (hall your realm difgrace.

Nor length of time our gratitude efface. Drydcn.

EFFE'CT,yi [ffeblus, Lat.] That which is produced
by an operating caufe. — FffeEl is the fubftance produced,
or Ample idea introduced into any fubjeCt, by the exert¬
ing of power. I.ocke. — :We fee the pernicious ffedls of lux¬
ury in the ancient Romans, who immediately found thein-
felves poor as foon as this vice got footing among them.
Addifon. — Confequence ; event. — No man, in effcEt, doth
accompany with others, but he learneth, ere he is aware,
fome gefture, or voice, or fafhion. Bacon. — To fay of a
celebrated piece that there are faults in it, is, in effect ,
to fay that the author of it is a man. Addifon. — Purpofe ;
meaning; general intent. — They fpake to her to that ef¬
fect. 2 Chron. — Confequence ; intended fuccefs ; advan¬
tage. — Chrill is become of no ffebt unto you. Gal. v. 4. — .
The inftitution has hitherto proved without cffcbl, and lias
neither extinguiflied crimes, nor lelfened the numbers of
criminals. Temple. — Completion; perfection:

Semblant art lliall carve the fair ffebt,

And full achievement of thy great defigns. Prior,
Reality; not mere appearance:

State and wealth, the bulinefs and the crowd,

Seems at this diltance but a darker cloud ;

And is to him, who rightly things elteems,

No other in ffcEi than what it feems. Denham.

[Tn the plural.] Goods; moveables. — The emperor
knew that they could not convey away many of their ef¬
fects. Addifon.

To EFFE'CTfgu. a. [ efficio, Lat . ] To bring to pafs ; to
attempt with fuccefs; to achieve; to accomplilh as an
agent :

Being conful, T doubt not to effect

All that you wifli. Ben Johnfon.

To produce as a caufe. — The change made of that fyrup
into a purple colour, was cffcElcd by the vinegar. Boyle.

EFFECT'IBLE, adj. Performable ; practicable ; fea-
fible. — That a pot full of allies will Hill contain as much
water as it would without them, is not tffeclible upon the
ftriCteft experiment. Broom.

EFFEC'TION, f. in geometry, a conllruCtion, a pre-
pofition; a problem or praxis, drawn from fome general
propofition.

EFFEC'TIVE, adj. Having the power to produce ef¬
fects ; efficacious; effectual : with of. — They are not ef-
fcBive of anything, norleave no work behind them. Ba¬
con. — There is nothing in words, and fiiles, but fuitable-
nefs, that makes them acceptable and effective. Glanville.

• — Operative ;

E F F

281

E F F

> — Operative ; aCtive ; having the quality of producing
effects. — Nor do they fpeak properly who fay that time
confumeth all things ; for time is not effeElive, nor are bo¬
dies dellroyed by it, Brown — Producing effeCts ; efficient.
• — Whofoever is an effeElive real caufe of doing his neigh¬
bour wrong is criminal, by what inftrument foever he
does it. Taylor. — Having the power of operation ; ufeful :
as, effective men in an army.

EFFECTIVELY, adv. Powerfully; with real ope¬
ration. — This cfifeElivdy refills the devil, and buffers us to
receive no hurt from him. Taylor.

EFFECT'LESS, adj. Without effect; impotent; ufe-
lefs ; unmeaning :

I’ll chop off my hands ;

In bootlefs prayer have they been held up,

And they have ferv’d me to effeEllcfs ufe. Shakefpeare .

EFFECT'OR , f [Lat.] He that produces any effeCt ;
performer. Maker; Creator. — We commemorate the
creation, and pay worfliip to that infinite Being who was
the effeElor of it. Derham.

EFFEC'TRIX,/! A woman that effects. Scott.

EFFEC'TUAL, adj. fJfeElucl, Fr.] Productive of ef¬
fects ; powerful to a degree ; adequate to the occafion ;
operative ; efficacious. — The communication of thy faith
may become cjfeElual, by the acknowledging of every good
thing. Philem. 6. — Veracious; expreffive of faCts. Afenfe
not in ufe :

Reprove my allegation, if you can ;

Or elfe conclude my words effectual. Shakefpeare.

EFFEC'TU ALNESS, /. The quality of being efffic-
fual. Scott.

EFFEC'TUALLY, adv. In a manner productive of
the confequence intended ; efficacioufly. — Sometimes the
fight of the altar, and decent preparations for devotion,
may compofe and recover the wandering mind more effec¬
tually than a fermon. South.

To EFFEC'TU ATE, v. a. [ efeduer , Fr.] To bring to
pafs ; to fulfil. — He found means to acquaint himfelf with
a nobleman, to whom difcovering what he was, he found
him a fit inftrument to effeEtuate his defire. Sidney.

EFFE'MINACY, f. Admiftion of the qualities of a
woman; foftnefs ; unmanly delicacy ; mean fubmiffion :
But foul effeminacy held me yok’d
Her bond Have : O indignity, O blot
To honour and religion ! - Milton.

Lafcivioufnefs ; loofe pleafure. — So long as idlenefs is
quite fhut out from our lives, all the fins of wantonnefs,
foftnefs, and effeminacy , are prevented.

EFFE'MINATE, adj. \_ffnninatus, Lat.] Having the
qualities of a woman ; womanifti ; foft to an unmanly de¬
gree ; voluptuous; tender; luxurious: of perfons. — The
king, by his voluptuous life and mean marriage, became
effeminate, and lefs lenfible of honour. Bacon. — Refembling
the pradice of a woman ; womanifti : of things :

After the (laughter of fo many peers,

Shall we at Lift conclude effeminate peace ? Shakefpeare.
Womanlike ; foft without reproach. A fenfe not in ufe:

As well we know your tendernefs of heart,

And gentle, kind, effeminate , remorfe. Shakefpeare.

To EFFE'MINATE, v. a. [ ejfmino, Lat.] To make
womanifti; to weaken; to etnafculate ; to unman. — When
one is fure it will not corrupt or effeminate children’s minds,
and make them fond of trifles, I think all things ftiould be
contrived to their fatisfaCtion. Locke.

To EFFE'MINATE. v. n. To grow womanifti; to
foften ; to melt into weaknefs. — In a flothful peace both
courage will efaninate and manners corrupt. Pope.

EFFE'MIN ATELY, adv. In an effeminate manner.
By means of a woman :

What boots it at one gate to make defenfe,

And at another to let in the foe,

Effeminately vanquiftied > Milton ,

Vol. VI. No. 349.

EFFEMINA'TION, f. The date of one grown wo¬
manifti ; the date of one emafculated or unmanned. —
Vices the hare figured; not only feneration, or ufurv,
from its fecundity and fuperfetation, but degenerate efife-
mination. Bacon.

EFFEN'Dl,/! intheTurkifti language, fignifies wafer :
and accordingly it is a title very extenfively applied ; as,
to the mufti and emirs, to the priefts of mofques, to men
of learning, and of the law. The grand chancellor of the
empire is called reis-ffendi.

EFFER A'TION,/. [from the 'L&t.fera, a wild beaft.]
The aCI of making wild. Not ufed.

To EFFERVE'SCE, v.n. \_ffervefco, Lat. ] To gene¬
rate heat by inteftine motion. — The compound fpirit of
nitre, put to oil of cloves, will effervfce even to a flame.
Mead.

EFFERVES'CENCE, f. [from efferveo, Lat.] The
aft of growing hot ; production of heat by inteftine
motion.

In chemiftry this term is appropriated to the commotion
and increafe of volume produced in fluids by fome part of
the mafs fuddenly taking the elaftic form, and efcaping
in numerous bubbles. Thus, when an acid is poured on
chalk, the fixed air is difengaged in the elaftic ftate with
bubbles, vapour, and an hilling noife. Effervefcences
are more or lefs violent, according to circumftances, and
are ufually attended with a change of the temperature.
If the capacity of the mixture or new combination for
heat be diminiflied by the change the bodies have under¬
gone, in a greater degree than that of the elaftic fluid is
enlarged, the temperature will be increafed : but if, on
the contrary, the mixture retains its original, or acquire
an increafed capacity, the elaftic fluid will cary off fo
much of the heat as to produce a greater or lefs degree
of cold in the remainder. Chemiftry affords many in-
fiances of both effeCts taking place.

EF'FERDING, a town of Germany, in the archduchy
of Auftria : ten miles weft of Lintz, and 100 weft of Vi¬
enna. Lat. 48.14. N. Ion. 31.40. E. Ferro.

EFFE'TE, adj. \_effcetus, Lat. ] Barren; difabled from
generation. It is probable that females have in them the
feeds of all the young they will afterwards bring forth,
which, all fpent and exhaufted, the animal becomes bar¬
ren and effete. Ray. — Worn out with age. — All that can
be allowed him now, is to refrefh his decrepit effete fen-
fuality, with the hiftory of his former life. South.

EFFIC A'CIOUS, adj. [ efficax , Lat.] Productive of
effects ; powerful to produce the confequence intended ;

A glowing drop with hollow’d fteel
He takes, and, by one efficacious breath,

Dilates to cube or fquare. Philips.

EFFIC A'CIOUSLY, adv. Effectually; in fuch a man¬
ner as to produce the confequence defired. — If we find
that any other body (trikes efficacioufy enough upon it, we
cannot doubt but it will move that way in which the
ftriking body impels it. Digby.

EFFIC A'CIOUSNESS, f. The quality of being effi¬
cacious.

EFITCA'CITY,/. Efficacy. Not much ufed.

F.F'FIC ACY,f. [from efficax, Lat.] Power to produce
effects ; production of the confequence intended. — Efficacy
is a power of fpeech which reprefents a thing, by pre-
fenting to our minds the lively ideas or forms. Pcacham.

• — The apoftle tells 11s of the fuccefs and efficacy of the
gofpel upon the minds of men ; and, for this reafon, he
calls it the power of God unto falvation. Tillotfon.

EFFI'CIENCE, or Efficiency,/! [from efiicio, Lat.]
The act of producing effects; agency. — A pious will is
the means to enlighten the underftanding in the truth of
Chriftianity, upon the account of a natural efficiency-, a
will fo difpofed, will engage the mind in a levere fearcli
after truth. South.

EFFI'CIENT,/! [c/:ab,Lat.] The caufe which makes
effects to be what they are. See Cause and Effect,

4 C vol.

E F ' F

382

vol. iv. p. 2. — God, which moveth meer natural agents
as an efficient only, doth otherwife move intellectual crea¬
tures, and efpecially his holy angels. Hooker. — He that
makes ; the effeftor. — Obfervations of the order of na¬
ture carry the mind up to the admiration of the great
efficient of the world. Hale.

EFFI'CIENT, adj. Caufing effefts ; that makes the
effeft to be what it is. — Your anfwering in the final
caufe, makes me believe you are at a lofs for the efficient.
Collier.

Ei FIC'TION, J. [from the Lat. ex , out of, and jingp,
to fafliion.] The aft of fafhioning, the aft of reprefent-
ing. Not uj'ed.

To EFFI'GIATE, v. a. {effigio, Lat.] To form a fem-
blance ; to image.

EFFIGI A'TION,/! The adt of imaging ; or forming
the femblance of things or perfons.

EFFI'GIES, or Ef'fig Y,y. {effigies, Lat. effigy is from
being in tffigy.^ Refemblance ; image in painting or fculp-
ture ; reprefentation ; idea. — We behold the fpecies of
eloquence in cur minds, the effigies or aftual image of
which we fe'ek in the organs of our hearing. Dryden,
Obferve thofe numerous wrongs in effigy ,

The gods have fav.’d.from the devouring tea. Garth,

EF'FINGHAM, a village in the county of Surrey,
three miles from Leatherhead, which gives the title of
earl to the noble family of Howard. It was once, accord¬
ing to tradition, a large and populous place, in which were
Sixteen churches. There are evident proofs of its having
been much larger than at prefent ; for wells, and cavities
like cellars, are frequently found in the fields and woods
in its vicinity ; and in the church are fome very ancient
and curious flails and monuments.

EF'FINGHAM, formerly Leavitllown, a townfhip of
the American States, in Strafford county, New Hamp-
fhire, fouth-eafl of Offipee pond, on Offipee river, incor¬
porated in 17 66.

EF'FINGHAM, a county of the American States, in
the lower didrift of Georgia, bounded by Savannah ri¬
ver on the north-eadward, which feparates it from South
Carolina ; by Ogechee river on the fouth-wedward, which
divides it from Liberty county. It contained, by the cen-
fus, in 1796, 2424 inhabitants. Chief towns, Ebenezer
and Elberton.

To EFFLA'GITATE, v. a. {efflagitare , Lat.] To dc-
fire a thing earneftly. Bailey.

EFFLAGITA'TION,/! [from the Lat. ex, out of, and
jlagito, to crave. ] An earned defire. Not much ujed.

EFFLA'TED, adj. Puffed up. Chaucer.

EFFLA'TION, J. [from the Lat. ex, out of, and flo,
to blow.] The aft of belching, the aft of breaking wind.
Not much uj'ed.

EF FLORE S'CENCE, or Efflorescenc y, f. {efffo-
refco, Lat.] Produftion of flowers. The time or feafon
in which plants put forth their bloffoms. — Where there
is lefs heat, there the fpirit of the plant is digeded, and
feveredfrom the grofferjuice in efflorejfcence. Bacon. — Excref-
cencies in the form of flowers. — Two white fparry incruf-
tations, with efflorefcencies in form of fhrubs, formed by the
trickling of water. Woodward. — [In phyfic.] The break
ing out of fome humours in the fkin, indidempers called
•exanthematous; as in the meafles, See. Quincy. — A wart
beginneth in the cutis, and feemeth to be an effiorefcence
of the ferum of the blood. Wijeman. — [In chemidry.]
The effeft which takes place when foiid or confident
bodies gradually and fpontaneoufly become converted
into a powder. See the article Chemistry, vol. iv.
p. 219.

EFFLORES'CENT, adj. {efflorefco, Lat.] Shooting
out in form of flowers. — Yellow ejflorrjcent fparry incruda-
tions on done. Woodward.

EFFLU'ENCE,/! {ejfluo, Lat.] That which iffues from
fome other principle. — Bright effluence of bright effence
isicreate. Milton.

E F F

From the bright effluence of his deed
They borrow that refiefted light,

With which the lading- lamp they feed,

Whole beams difpel the damps of envious night. Prior.

EFFLU'ENT, adj. [from ex, out of, and jluo, Lat. ta
flow.] Flowing from; running out. Cole.

EFFLUT, a town of Norway: thirty-two miles north
of Chridianiarid.

EFFLU'VI A, or Effluvium, f. [from effluc, Lat.]
Thofe fmall particles which are continually flying off
from bodies ; the fubtilty of which appears from their
being able, a long time together, to produce very fen-
fible effefts, without any fenfible diminution of the body
from whence they arife. Ouiney.

If thefe effluvia, which do upward tend,

Becaufe lefs heavy than the air, afeend ;

Why do they ever from their height retreat,

And why return to feek their central feat ? Blachmore.

EF'FLUX, f. {effluxus, Lat.] The aft of flowing out.
— Through the copious efflux of matter through the ori¬
fice of a deep ulcer, he was reduced to a Ikeleton. Harvey.
— Effufion ; flow.— The firll cffiux of men’s piety, after
receiving of the faith, was the felling and confecrating
their poffeffions. Hammond. — That which flows from fome-
thing elfe ; emanation:

Prime chearerj light]

Of all material beings, fil'd and bed!

Efflux divine ! Thomfon.

The aft of flowing is more properly effluence, and that
which flows more properly efflux.

To EFFLU'X, v. n. [ ejffluo , Lat.] To run out ; to flow
away. — Five thoufand and fome odd centuries of years
are effluxed fince the creation. Boyle.

EFFLUX'ION,/. {effiuxum, Lat.] The aft of flowing
out. — By effiuxiun and attraftion, bodies tend towards
the earth. Brown. — That which flows out; effluvium;
emanation. — There are fome light ejfluxions from fpirit to
fpirit, when men are one with another; as from body to
body. Bacon.

To EFFOR'CE, v. a. {efforccr, Fr.] To force ; to break
through by violence :

In all that room was nothing to be feen,

But huge great iron chefls and coffers drong,

All barr’d with double bonds, that none could weera
Them to effiorce by violence or wrong. Spenfcr.

To force ; to ravifli ; to violate by force :

Then ’gan her beauty fliine as brighteft Iky,

And burnt his beaflly heart t’ effiorce her chadity. Spevfer ,

To drain ; to exert with effort or vehemence ;

The palmer lent his ear into the noife.

To wheet who called fo importunely;

Again he heard a more e {forced voice,

That bad him come in hade. Spenfer.

To EFFO'RM, v. a. [ ffiormo , Lat.] To make in any
certain manner ; to fhape ; to falhion.- — Merciful and gra¬
cious, thou gaved us being, raifing us from nothing, and
effiorming us after thy own image. Taylor.

EFFORMA'TION, J. The aft of fadiioning or giving
form to. — Nature begins to fet upon her work of efforma -
tion. More.

EF'FORT,/. {.effort, Fr.] Struggle; drain; vehement
aftion ; laborious endeavour :

Though the fame fun, with all diffufive rays,

Blufli in the rofe, and in the diamond blaze,

We prize the dronger effort of his pow’r,

And always fet the gem above the flow’r. Pope.

EFFOS'SION, J. [ effodio , Lat.] The aft of digging
up from the ground ; deterration. — He fet apart annual
firms for the recovery of manuferipts, the effoffion of coins,
and the procuring of mummies. Arbuthnot.

V EFFOY'ES,

E F F

•EFFOY'ES, a town of France, in the department of
the Aube: three leagues eaft of Bar-fur-Seine.

EFFR AC'TOR, /. [from ex, out of, and frango, Lat.
to break.] One that nreaks through; one that breaks in¬
to a houfe; a burglar. Not vfed.

EFFR./EN A'TION, f. [from ear, out of, and fnena,
Lat. a bridle.] Ungovernablenefs. Not vfed.

EFFR AI'ABLE, adj. [effroyable, Fr.] Dreadful ; fright¬
ful; terrible. — Peftilential fymptoms declare nothing a
proportionate efficient of their cffraiable nature but arfeni-
cal fumes. Harvey.

EFFRIN'GED, adj. [from ex, out of, and frango, Lat.
to break.] Broken; ground to powder. Not vfed.

EFFRON'TERY, f. [effronterie, Fr.] Impudence;
Ihameleffhefs ; contempt of reproach. — A bold man’s ef~
frontery, in company with women, mull be owing to his
low opinion of them, and his high one of himfelf. Clarijfa.

EFFRON'TES,/ in church-hiftory, a fed of heretics,
in 1534, who feraped their forehead with a knife till it
bled, and then poured oil into the wound. This cere¬
mony ferved them inflead of baptifm. They are likewife
faid to have denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit.

To EFFUL'GE, v.n. [ effulgeo , Lat.] To fend forth
luftre or effulgence :

The topaz charms the fight,

Like thefe effulging yellow dreams of light. Savage.

EFFUL'GENCE, f. [effulgeo , Lat.] Luftre; bright-
nefs; clarity; fplendour:

On thee

Xmprefs’d, th’ effulgence of his glory abides. Milton.

EFFUL'GENT, adj. [effulgens, Lat.] Shining; bright;
luminous :

How foon th’ effulgent emanations fly
Through the blue gulph of interpofing fky. Blackmore.
The downward fun

Looks out effulgent, from amid’ the flafh

Of broken clouds. Thomfen.

EFFUMABI'LITY, /. [fumus, Lat.] The quality of
flying away, or vapouring in fumes. — They feem to de¬
fine mercury by volatility, or, if I may coin fuch a word,
tff umability . Boyle.

To EFFU'ND, v. a. [from ex, out of, and fundo , Lat.
to pour.] To pour out. Scott.

To EFFU'SE, v. a. [ efftfus , Lat.] To pour out; to
fpill ; to fhed :

He fell, and, deadly pale,

Groan’d out his foul, with gufhing blood effus'd. Milton.

EFFU'SE,/. Wafte; effufion :

The air hath got into my deadly wounds,

And much effufe of blood doth make me faint. Shakefpeare.

EFFU'SION,/. [effufio, Lat.] The a£l of pouring out:
My heart hath melted at a lady’s tears,

Being an ordinary inundation ;

But this effufion of fuch manly drops,

This fhow'’r, blown up by temped of the foul,

Startles mine eyes, and makes me more amaz’d. Shakefp.
Wafte; the aft of fpilling or fhedding.— When there was
but as yet one only family in the world, no means of in-
ftrufiion, human or divine, could prevent effufion of blood.
Hooker..

Yet fir all die be reftor’d, fince public good
For private int’reft ought not be withftood,

To fav.e th’ effufion of my people’s blood. Dryden.
The aft of pouring out words. — Endlefs and fenfelefs effu~
fions of indigefted prayers, oftentimes difgrace, in moft in-
lufferable manner, the worthieft part of Chriftian duty
towards God. Hooker. — Bounteous donation. — Such great
force the gofpel of Chrift had then upon men’s fouls,
melting them into that liberal effufion of all that they had.
Hammond.-^Tht thing poured out. — Purge me with the

E G E 2S3

blood of my Redeemer, and I fhall be clean ;• wafh me
with that precious effufion, and 1 fhall be whiter thaw
fnow. King Charles.

EFFU'SIVE, adj. Pouring out; difperfing :

The north-eaft fpends its rage; th’ ffvfive fouth
Warms the wide air. Thomfon.

EFFUTI'TIOUS, adj. [from ex, cut of, and fundo ,
Lat. to pour.] Lavifhly diftributed ; foclifhly uttered.
Not ufed.

EFLA'NI, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province
of Natolia : thirty-two miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Amafieh.

EFNANI.U', a lake of Afiatic Turkey, in the province
of Natolia : thirty-fix miles weft of.Boli.

E'FRIM, a town cf Egypt: tvventy-feven miles eaft-
fouth-eaft of Alexandria.

EFT, f. [epera, Sax.] A newt ; an evet ; a fmall k'md
of lizard that lives generally in the water. See Lacerta.
— The crocodile of Egypt is the lizard of Italy, and the
eft in our country. Nicholas.

EFT, adv. [epe, Sax.] Soon; quickly; fpeedily ;
fhortly. Obfolete;

Quhe confirmed with flame,

The idol is of that eternal maid ;

For fo at lead I have preferv’d the fame,

With hands profane, from being eft betray’d. Fairfax .
Again. — Eft looking back would faine have runne away.
Spenfer. — Afterwards :

Eft, when yeares

More rype as reafon lent to chofe our peares,

Ourfelves in league of vowed love we knit. Spenfer.
Likewife. — Yet Teem’d the foyle both fayre and frute-
full eft. Spenfer.

EFT'SOONS, adv. [ept and poon, Sax.] Soon after¬
wards ; in a fhort time ; again. An obfolete word ; formed,
as it feems, by the conjunction of two words of the fame
meaning. — The Germans deadly hated the Turks, where¬
of it was to be thought that new wars ftiould e ftfoovs en-
fue. Knolles.

Fftfoons, O fweetheart kind, my love repay,

And all the year fhall then be holiday. Gay.

E. G. [exempli gratia. ] For the fake of an inftance or
example.

E'GA, a river of Spain, which runs into the Ebro„
about a league below Calahorra.

E'GA, or Aega, a town of Portugal, in the province
of Beira: feven miles fouth-fouth-weft of Coimbra.

EGAK'LO, one of the fmaller Kut ule iflands, in the
North Pacific Ocean. Lat. 49. 5. N. Ion. 172. 10. E. Ferro,

EG'BEL, a town of Hungary : eight miles weft of
Topaltzan.

EG'BERT, [of ece, eternal, and beopihr, Sax. flou-
rifhing, q. d. always flourilhing; but Verrtegan derives it
from eghr, equity, and bepilrc, propenfe, q. d. greatly
inclined to equity.] A man’s name; the name of the firft:
monarch of England. See England.

EGE'DE (Hans or John), fuperintendant of the Da¬
nilh million to Greenland, born in January 1686, and in
1707 became preacher at Bogen in Nordland. Soon af¬
ter, he formed a refolution of converting the Greenlanders
to the Chriftian religion ; for which purpofe he went to
Greenland in 1721, where he firft eftablilhed the Danilli
million, and where he refided continually for fifteen years,
employed with great zeal in endeavouring to accomplifti
his pious undertaking. He died on the 3th of November
1758, at Stubekioping, in the Danilh illand of Falfter.
Egede left behind him a natural hiftory of Greenland,
which appeared firft in Danilh, in 1729, 4to. A new edi¬
tion, improved by the obfervations of his fon Paul, was
publilhedat Copenhagen, with plates, in 1741. A Dutch
tranflation appeared at Delft in Holland, in 1746, 4to„
and a French, by Roches de Parthenay, at Geneva, in
1763, 8vo. with a map and ten plates.

EGE'DE

284 E G E

EGE'DE (Paul), fon of the former, miffionary and bi-
fhop of Greenland, born in 1708. From his twelfth year,
that is 1721, he was one of his father’s mod active affift-
ants ; and Denmark was much indebted to him for the.
fuccefs of its Greenlandic colony. A defire to promote
the welfare and happinefs of the Greenlanders was the
mod ardent wilh of his heart, as appears by his lad pub¬
lication, entitled TJfcrretninger om Gronland, ud dragne af
en Journal holden fra 1721 til 1788; Kiopen. 1789, large
Svo. with plates. This journal, which the author be¬
gan in his twelfth year, and continued to his eightieth,
contains a great many curious fads refpeCling the Green¬
landers, and the fuperditious notions they entertain in re¬
gard to a kind of pretended conjurors whom they call
Angekok. As it is carried down to a late period, it may
ferve to fupply the deficiencies in what his father and
Krantz wrote on the date of Greenland, and the manners
and CLtdoms of its inhabitants. He died on the 3d of
June, 1789.

E'GEK, a town of Hungary: eight miles eafi-fouth-
ead of Levens.

To EGE'LIDATE, v.a. \_egelidare, Lat.J To thaw ;
alfo to make cold, or congeal. Bailey.

E'GELN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower
Saxony, and duchy of Magdeburg : dxteen miles fouth-
wed of Magdeburg.

E'GENBURG, or Eggenburg, a town of Germany,
in the archduchy of Audria: twelve miles fouth-wed of
Znaym, and thirty-fix north-wed of Vienna, Lat. 48. 37.
N. Ion. 33. 30. E. Ferro.

E'GER,/. See Eager. An impetuous or irregular
flood or tide. — From the peculiar difpolition of the earth
at the bottom, wherein quick excitations are made, may
arife thole egers and flows in fome eduaries and rivers ; as
is obfervable about Trent and Humber in England. Brown.

■■ — An early tulip.

E'GERI, a lake of Swifferland : eight miles fouth-ead
of Zug.

E'GERI, or Aegeri, one of the grand communities,
which, with the town of Zug, forms the canton of Zug.
In this diftriCl, on a mountain, called Mongartcn , a famous
battle was fought in 1315, between the Audrians and
the Swifs, when the latter, with a far inferior number of
troops, gained a complete victory.

EGE'RIA, a nymph of Aricia in Italy, where Diana
was particularly worlhipped. She was courted by Numa
Pompilius; and, according to Ovid, became his wife.
This prince frequently vikted her ; and that he might
introduce his laws and new regulations into the date, he
folemnly declared before the Roman people, that they
were previoudy fanCtified and approved by the nymph
Egeria. Ovid fays, that Egeria w'as fo difconfolate at
the death of Numa, that die melted into tears, and was
changed into a fountain by Diana. She is reckoned by
many as a goddefs who prefided over the pregnancy of
women ; and fome maintain that die is the fame as Lucina.

To EGER'MINATE, v.a. [ egerminare , Lat.] To bud
or fpring out. Bailey.

EGERMI NA'TION,/ [from ex, out of, and germino,
Lat. to fprout.] The ait of budding; the ait of lprout-
ing forth.

E'GERO, a fmall ifland, near the coad of Norway, in
the North Sea : twenty-four miles fouth of Stavanger.

E'GERTON (Thomas), vifeount Brackley, lord-high
chancellor of England, fon of fir Richard Egerton, born
in Chediire about 1340. Fie was educated at Brazen-
nofe college, Oxford, whence he removed to Lincoln’s-
inn, and purfued the dudy of law. He foon acquired
profeflional reputation, and in 1581, was appointed folici-
tor-general. In 1 584, lie rofe to the office of attorney-ge¬
neral, and was knighted. The maderdiip of the rolls
was conferred upon him in 1593 ; and in 1596, from the
queen’s fpecial favour, he received the feals, with the
title of lord keeper. He was at the fame time fworn of
the privy-council, Few perfons have enjoyed their ad-

E G G

vancement with more general approbation than this emi¬
nent lawyer, who may be confidered as one of the wor-
thied of queen Elizabeth’s reign, when great places were
ufually beflowed upon approved merit and abilities. On
the acceffion of James, Egerton was continued in his of¬
fice, and created baron of Ellefmere. He was foon after
created lord-high-chancellor, which pod he occupied
above twelve years, with great dignity and reputation.
He prefided as lord deward at the trials of lords Cobliam
and Grey de Wilton. In 1610, he was defied chancellor
of the univerfity of Oxford, when he zealoully occupied
himfelf in checking the progrefs of popifli and calvinidical
opinions in that feminary, and in fupporting the doCtrine
and difeipline of the church of England, to which he
was fincerely devoted. He didinguiffied thei merit of
Williams, afterwards the celebrated archbifhop of York,
made him his chaplain, and brought him into the king’s
notice. He was alfo a friend and favourer of the great
fir Francis Bacon, with whom he lived feveral years in
habits of intimacy. In 1615, when his health had begun
to decline, he underwent a profeflional attack from lord
chief-jtiftice Coke, relative to an interference of the court
of chancery in a matter of common law, which that great
lawyer judged illegal. The cafe was heard before the
king, affifted by feveral eminent lawyers, who decided in
favour of the chancellor. He was foon after appointed
high-fteward at the trial of the earl and countefs of So-
merfet for the death of fir Thomas Overbury ; and, after
the earl’s conviction, he (leadily refuted to affix the great
leal to the pardon which the king’s weaknefs granted him.
His age and infirmities at length canted him earneftly to
requeft his difmiffion from his office of chancellor. The
king, who appears greatly to have efteemed him, com¬
plied with fome reluctance, and as a mark of his appro¬
bation, raifed him, in 1616, to the dignity of vifeount
Brackley. He further intended to honour him with an
earldom and a petition, and fent his fucceffior Bacon, with
the earl of Buckingham, to acquaint him with this de-
fign ; but the aged ftatefman, then on his death-bed, re¬
plied by faying that thefe things were now only vanities
to him. He expired at York-houfe, in the Strand,
March 15, 1617, in his feventy-feventh year. The pro-
pofed earldom of Bridgewater was conferred upon his
fon. Chancellor Ellefmere (the name by which he is
generally known) was of a highly venerable prefence,
and in all refpeCls worthily filled the great ftation which
he occupied. Flis difpofition was open and fincere, his
adminiftration lionelt and upright. His private character
was virtuous and honourable. There was printed during
his life-time, his Speech in the Exchequer Chamber, in
Robert Calvine’s caufe, commonly called the cafe of the
Poftnati. After his death appeared his Privileges and
Prerogatives of the Pligh Court of Chancery'; and his
Obfervations concerning the Office of Lord Chancellor.
There were likewife publifhed, from fome papers faid to
be written in his own hand, Lord Chancellor Egerton’s
Obfervations on the Lord Coke’s Reports ; but it is
doubted whether thefe are his. Fie left to his chaplain
Williams four manufeript collections, relating to, 1, The
Prerogative Royal ; 2, The Privileges of Parliament ; 3,
Proceedings in Chancery; 4, The Power of the Star-
chamber ; which are fuppofed to have been the fource
of that prelate’s legal and political knowledge.

To EGE'ST, v. a. \_egero, Lat.] To throw out food at
the natural vents. — Divers creatures fleep all the winter;
as the bear, the hedge-hog, the bat, and the bee : thefe
all wax fat when they fleep, and egejl not. Bacon.

EGES'TION, J'. [cgejlus, I,at.] The aft of throwing
out the digefled food at the natural vents. — The animal
foul or fpirits manage as well their fpontaneous actions
as the natural or involuntary exertions of digeltion, egef
tion, and circulation. Hale.

EGESTUO'SITY, f. Extreme poverty. Scott.

EGES'TUOUS, adj. [. egejluojus , Lat.] Very poor. •

EGG,/, [oeg, Sax. cugk, Erfe.] That which is laid

by-

285

EGG

fcy feathered and fome other animals, from which their
young is produced. — Eggs are perhaps the higheft, mod
nourifhingand exalted, of animal food, and moll indigefti-
ble. Arbuthnot. — -The fpawn or fperm of other creatures:

Ev’ry infect of each different kind,

Tn its own egg, chear’d by the folaV rays,

Organs involv’d and latent life difplays. Blackmore,

Any thing fafhioned in the lhape of an egg. — There was
taken a great gl^fs-bubble with a long .neck, fuch as
cliemifts are wont to call a philofophical egg. Boyle.

The animal phyfiology of the egg, with the procefs of
incubation, offers an enquiry of the molt intereiling kind
to tliofe who delight in the curious operations of nature:
and for which fee Comparative Anatomy, vol. i.
p. 663. — An early inveitigation of the powers of the pa¬
rent bird in producing its young fir It taught the Egyptians
(that once learned and fcientific people) the method of
hatching- chickens by artificial meaiN. This has, for
many centuries, confiituted a regular trade in Cairo and
its vicinity. Its practice, fays Mi;. Browne, in his recent
Travels in Egypt, appears to have proceeded from the
experience that, at a certain feafon, the eggs foftered only
by the hens are commonly u’nprolific : of thofe hatched
in the ovens, on the contrary, not quite one-third is loll.
The ovens wherein thefe eggs are hatched, are conftruifled
in the moll Ample manner, -confining only of a low arched
apartment of clay. Two rows of Ihelves are formed,
and the eggs are placed on them fo as not to touch each
other. They are (lightly moved five or fix times in
twenty-four hours; and the whole tiipe they are in the
oven does not exceed twenty-two days, when the chickens
eafily free themfelves from the (heljs. All pofiible care
is taken to diffufe the heat equably throughout; and
there is but one fmall aperture, large enough to admit a
man. Hooping. During the fir ft eight days the heat is ren¬
dered great ; and, during the laft eight, is gradually di-
minifhed, till at length, when the young brood is ready
to come forth, it is reduced to the (late of the natural at-
mofphere. At the end of thefirft eight days, it is known
which eggs will not be productive. Thofe who have
eggs to be hatched, bring them to the mafterof the oven,
and contract to pay fo much a hundred ; and when the
chickens appear, he receives his money on delivering
them. The eggs which have not fucceeded are required
to be produced ; and the ovensare confidered in the light
of public property. It has been calculated that 92,640,000
chidkens are by this means annually brought into life in
Egypt.

M. Reaumur, contemplating this practice of the
Egyptians, was led, jay a number of experiments, to re¬
duce the art of hatching eggs to fixed principles. He
found, by experience, that tiie heat neceffary for this pur-
pole is ndarly the fame with that marked 32 on his ther¬
mometer, or that marked 96 on Fahrenheit’s. This de¬
gree of heat is nearly that of the Ikin of the hen, and,
what is remarkable, of the fkin of all other domeftic
fowls, and probably of all other kind; of birds. The
degree of heat which brings about the developement of
the cygnet, the gofling, and the turkey-pout, is the fame
as tirat which fits for hatching the canary, and in all pro¬
bability, the (mailed humming-bird : the difference is
only in the time during which this heat ought to be com¬
municated to the eggs of different birds; it will bring
'-■,-the canary-bird to perfection in eleven or twelve days,
.while the turkey-will require twenty-feven or twenty-
eight. After many experiments, M. Reaumur found,
-that ftoves heated by means of a baker’s oven, fucceeded
better than thofe made hot by layers of dung: and the
furnaces of glafs-houles and thofe of the melters of me¬
tals, by means of pipes to convey heat into a room, might,
no doubt, be made to anfwer the fame purpofe. As to
•the form of the ftoves, no great nicety is required. A
chamber over an oven will do very well. Nothing more
•Is necefiary than to afeertain the degree. of heat ; which

Vol. VI. No. 349.

E G G

may be done by melting a piece of butter of the fize of
a walnut, with half as much tallow, and putting it into
a phial. This will ferve to indicate the heat with furfi-
cient exaclnefs : for when it is too great, this mixture
will become as liquid as oil ; and when the heat is too
fmall, it will remain fixed in a lump : but it will flow
like a thick fyrup,, upon inclining the bottle, if the (love
be of the proper temperature. Great attention therefore
fhould be given to keep the heat always at this degree,
by letting in frefli air if it be too great, .or (hutting the
Hove if it be too fmall : and that all the eggs in the ftove
may equally (hare the irregularities of t he heat, it will
be necefiary to fhift them from the Tides to the centre;
and thus to imitate the hens, who are frequently feen to
make life of their bills, to pufh to tire outer parts thofe
eggs that were neared: to the middle of their nefts, and
to bring into the middle fuch as lay neareft the Tides. For
the purpofe of hatching eggs, M. Reaumur has invented
a fort of boxes without bottoms lined with fur. Thefe,
which he calls artificial parents, not only (belter the chick¬
ens from the injuries of the air, but afford a kindly
warmth, fo that they prefently. take the benefit of their
Ihelteras readily as they would have done under the wings
of a hen. After hatching, it is necefiary to keep the
chickens, for fome time, in a room artfully heated and
furnilhed with thefe boxes ; but afterwards they may be
expofed to the air in the court-yard, in which it may not
be amifs to place one of thefe artificial parents to (belter
them, if there fliould be-occalion for it. As to the man-
nerof feeding the young brood, they are generally a whole
day after being hatched, before they take any food at all ;
and then a few crumbs of bread may be given them for a.
day or two, after which they will begin to pick up infects
and grafs for themfelves. But to fave the trouble of at¬
tending them, cocks may be taught to watch them in
the fame manner as hens do ; and to lead them about, in
fearch of their food, juft the fame as if hatched under a
hen.

With regard to the prefervation of eggs, it is obferved
that the egg is always quite full when it is firft laid by
the lien ; but from that time it gradually becomes lefs
and lefs fo, to its decay : and, however compact and clofe
its (hell may appear, it is neverthelefs perforated with a
multitude of fmall holes, though too minute for the dif-
cernment of our eyes, the effedb of which is a daily de-
creafe of matter within tjie egg, from the time of its
being laid ; and the perfpiration is much quicker in hot
weather than in cold. To preferve the egg frefli, there
needs no more than to flop its tranfpiration, the method
of doing which is, by (lopping up thofe pores with mat¬
ter which is not foluble in watery fluids : and on this
principle it is, that all kinds of varnifh, prepared with,
(pint of wine, will preferve eggs frefli fora long time, if
they are carefully rubbed all over the (hell : tallow, or
mutton fat, is alfo good for this purpofe ; for fuch as are
rubbed over with this, will keep as long as thofe coated
over with varnifh .

A method of preferving eggs has been lately offered
to the public, by Mr. William Jayne, of Sheffield, in
Yorkfhire, under the fanCtion of letters patent, dated
February 8, 1791, which deferibes the invention as fol¬
lows: Take one bulliel of quicklime, thirty-two ounces
of fait, -eight ounces of cream of tartar, 'and mix the
whole together, witli as much water as will reduce the
compofition to that confidence which will caufe an egg,
put into it, to fwim with its top juft above the liquid;
then put, and keep, the eggs therein, whereby they may
b.e preferved found and Tweet for the fpace of two years
at the lead.

To EfijG, v. a. [ eggia , to incite, Ifiandic ; e^jian, Sax.]
To incite ; to inftigate ; to* provoke to action : for this,
edge is fometimes ignorantly tiled. — Study becomes pleii-
fant to him who is puYfuing his genius, and whole ardour
of inclination eggs him forwards, and carrieth him through
every obftacle. Der/iam.

4 D - EkG*

£Sf) E G I

EGG, one of the weftern idands of Scotland, about
ten miles in circumference : four miles fouth of the idand
of Sky.

EGG, a town of Norway : forty-eight miles eaft-north-
eaft of Drontheim.

EGG, a town of the American States, in Gloucefter
county, New Jerfey, on Great Egg Harbour; famous
for the exportation of pine and cedar.

EGG-BIRD, f. A bird of the Pacific Ocean. — Under
the low trees fat infinite numbers of a new fpecies of tern
©r egg-bird. Cook and King's Voyage.

EGG HARBOUR (Great), a bay of the American
States, in the date of Jerfey, on the ead coaft. Lat. 39.
so. N. Ion. 74.30. W. Greenwich.

EGG HARBOUR (Little), a bay of the American
States, in the date of Jerfey, on the ead coad. Lat. 39.
32. N. Ion. 74. 23. W. Greenwich.

EGG HARBOUR RIVER (Great, and Little). Great
Egg Harbour rifes between Glouceder and Cumberland
counties, in New Jerfey. After running ead-fouth-ead
a few miles, it becomes the divifional line between Cape
May and Glouceder counties, and falls into the bay of
its own name. The inlet from the Atlantic Ocean lies
in lat. 39. 22. The river abounds with rock-fifh, perch,
oyders, &c. which find a ready market at Philadelphia.
This river is navigable twenty miles for veflels of 200 tons.
Little Egg Harbour inlet, lies about feventeen miles
north-ead of Great Egg Harbour inlet. It receives Mu.
liens river, which rifes in Glouceder and Burlington
counties, and forms part of the divifional line a few miles
from the bay. It is navigable twenty miles for veirels of
fixty tons. The townfhip of Little Egg Harbour, in Bur-
lingtoncounty,confidsofabout 23,oooacres; and the com¬
part part of the townfiiip is called Clam Town , where there
is a meeting-houfe for friends, and about a dozen houfes.
It has a fmall trade to the Wed Indies. During the Ame¬
rican war, captains Fergufon and Collins burnt a num¬
ber of privateers and other vellels in Little Egg Harbour,
and dedroyed the place.

EGG ISLAND, a fmall idand of the American States,
on the north-ead fide of Delaware-bay, in Cumberland
county.

EGG PLANT, f in botany. See Solanum.

EG'GE, a river of Germany, which runs into the
Danube, between Dillingen and Hochdet.

EG'GENBERG, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Stiria : three miles wed-north-wed of Graz.

EGGENFEL'DEN, a town of Germany, in Lower
Bavaria : twelve miles fouth-fouth-ead of Dingelfingen.

EG'GERON, a town of Egypt; feven miles fouth of
Atfieh.

EG'IIAM, a pleafant town in the county of Surrey,
feated.on the Thames, eighteen miles from London, on
the great wedern road. Here is a neat alms-houfe, founded
in 1706, by Mr. Henry Strode, merchant, of London, for
fix men and fix women, who mud be fixty years of age,
and have been paridtioners of Egham twenty years, with¬
out having received any parochial relief. The center of
this building is a houfe for a fchool-mader, amply en¬
dowed, for the education of twenty poor boys of Egham.
Sir John Denham, father of the poet of the fame name,
and baron of the exchequer in the reigns of James and
Charles I. alfo founded an alms-houfe here, for fix men
and fix women. Here is an annual fair, commencing
May 29, which continues three days. Cooper’s Hill, the
fubject of a poem by Denham, is fituated near this town,
on the right of the road from London.

EGIL'SHA, one of the Orkney idands, about fix miles
in circumference, a little to the ead of Ronfa.

EGIN'HART. See Aiginhard.

EGIS'THUS, king of Argos, the fon of Thyedes by
his daughter Pelopea. Thyedes, being at variance with
bis brother Atreus, was told by the oracle, that lus wrongs
could be revenged only by a fon born of himfelf and his
daughter. To avoid fuch an inced, Pelopea had been

E G 1 /

confecrated to the fervice of Minerva by her father, who
fome time after met her in a wood, and ravifhed her, with¬
out knowing who die was. Pelopea kept the fword of
her ravidier, an 1 finding it .to be her father’s, expofed
the child die had brought forth. The child was pre-
ferved, and when grown up, prefented with the fword of
his mother’s ravidier. Pelopea, , foon after this melan¬
choly adventure, had married her uncle Atreus, who re¬
ceived into his houfe her natural fon. As Thyedes had
debauched the firft wife of Atreus, Atreus fent Egidluis
to put him to death ; but Thyedes, knowing the afiadin’s
fword, difeovered he was his own fon, and, fully to re¬
venge his wrongs, fent him back to murder Atreus.
After this murder Thyeftes afeended the throne, and ba-
ni died Agamemnon and Menelaus, the fons, or as others
fay, the grandfons of Atreus. Thefe children were taken
care of by (Eneus, king of Tttolia. By their marriage
with the daughters of Tyndarus, king of Sparta, they
were impowered to recover the kingdom of Argos, in
which Agamemnon fucceeded, while Menelaus reigned
in his father-in-law’s place. Egidluis had been reconciled
to the fons of Atreus; and when they went to the Tro¬
jan war, he was left guardian of Agamemnon’s kingdoms,
and of his wife Glytemnedra. Egidhus fell in love with
Clytemnedra, and lived with her. On Agamemnon’s re¬
turn, thefe two adulterers murdered him, and, by a pub¬
lic marriage, drengthened themfelves on the throne of
Argos. Oredes, Agamemnon’s fon, would have fliared
his father’s fate, had not his fider Elertra privately fent
him to his uncle Strophius, king of Phocis, where he~
contrarted the mod intimate frienddiip with his con fin
Pylades. Some time after, Oredes came to Mycenae, the
refidence.of Egidhus, and refolved to punifii the mur¬
derers of his father, in conjunction with Elertra, who
lived in difguife in the tyrant’s family. To etfert this
more effertually, Elertra publicly declared that her bro¬
ther Oredes was dead ; upon which Egidhus and Cly¬
temnedra went to the temple of Apollo, to return thanks
to the god for his death. Oredes, who had fecretly
concealed himfelf in the temple, attacked them, and put
them both to death, after a reign of feven years. They
were buried without the city walls. Ovid, de Rem. Am. 161.
/Elian. AEJ'chyl. Homer. — Pompey ufed to call Julius Cae-
far Egidhus, on account of his adultery with his wife
Mutia, whom he repudiated after die had born him three
children.

EGIST'MENT, f. a law term. The agidment, the
compofition for feeding cattle in the king’s fored ; cattle
fed at a certain rate. Scott.

E'GLAH, [Heb. an heifer.] The name of a woman.

E'GLAIM, [Heb. drops of the fea.] A city of Moab.
Ifaiah, xv. 8.

E'GLANTiNE,/. \_ejglantier, Fr. ] A fpecies of rofe ;
fweet-briar. See Rosa.

O’er-canopied with lufeious woodbine,

With fvveet mufk-rofes, and with eglantine. Shakcfpeare.

E'GLANTINE (P. F. N. Fabrc d’), a dramatic writer,
and inventor of the new French calendar, born at Cha-
Ions in Champaigne. Fie was early educated by his pa¬
rents, in polite literature and natural philofophy. From
his youth he felt an invincible inclination to court the
mufes, which he evinced in his juvenile publication, in-
titled Les Etrcnncs da Parnajfe. He wrote a comedy in
three arts, in verfe, called Le Collateral , ou V Amour ct l' In¬
terest, which was reprefented at the Theatre de Monfieur ,
but was not fuccefsful. The revolution did not imme¬
diately confer on Fabre either wealth or didinrtion ; he
continued his literary labours, and produced another co¬
medy called Philinte, which was alfo in verfe, and in
five arts. This piece, the principal chararter of which
is taken from Moliere, and intended as a continuation of
the Mifanthrope, is much praifed. La Harpe commends
it as a judicious and fpirited work. The plot is lerious,
and where tire author has deviated from his model, he

has

EG L

has done it with genius and judgment. His next pro¬
duction was a comedy in verfe, in two adls, called LeCon-
vakfeent de Qualite', on P Ariflocrate, in which, as. may be
expected from the title, all the faults of the old French
government, and all the prejudices and foibles refill ting
from the'’pride of birth, are virulently attacked. At the
fame time he produced another in five adds, called L' In¬
trigue cpiftolairc , which was much applauded, and had
eonfiderable fuccefs.

But the dramatic mufe, however aftiduopfly or fuccefT-
fully cultivated, was not able, in the tumult of revolu¬
tion, to fecure to her votary either fame or profit. Fabre
had other qualities which promifed to facilitate his pro-
grefs in the paths of' wealth and political renown. The
fpirit of intrigue which he difplayed on the theatre, was
his own charadteriftic in life. He was fupple, infinuating,
cunning, and laborious; he echoed the fentiments, and
flattered the paflr'ons, of his fuperiors, careful in avoid¬
ing offence, and careful to obtain the effeecn of all . With
thefe requifites he commenced flatterer of the duke of
Orleans, and attached hiriifelf perfonally to Danton. Dan-
ton introduced him to madame Roland’s cabinet parties,
and recommended him to conduit, jointly with Camille
Defmoulins and Robert, a ported paper called Compte
rendu au Pcupie Souverain. This publication was com¬
menced and carried on for a fliort time, but the parties
having received the fum propofed, it was difeontinued.
Danton then made him one of his fecretaries ; in which
fituation he is fuppofed to have acquired great riches
previous to and during the maffacres of the prifoners.
He was alfo one of the council-general of the commune,
and among the firft who divided with Danton, and joined
Robefpierre’s party againft Roland. He now lived in the
Rue du Theatre Franpais in a (file of elegance and lux¬
ury, and acknowledged himfelf to be worth twelve thou-
fand livres ( 5 25I . ) a-year. As he poffelfed no vifible
means of attaining fuch a fortune, it was juftly attri¬
buted to his having (hared in the plunder of the murder¬
ed captives, or, perhaps, of the jewel-office.

Having diftinguifhed liimfelf at the Jacobin club as a
republican, and by his exertions againft la Fayette, he
was, by Danton’s influence, elected member of the con¬
vention for Paris. During ten months he was not con-
fpicuous. He voted with the reft of his party on the
trial of the king, and recommended death in four-and-
twenty-hours. He was marked as a conftant opponent of
Roland ; but does not appear to have allifted’ actively in
the expulfion of the Brilfotines. He was a member of
the committee of public fafety, and of the committee of
public inftruCtion. At the beginning of the war with
England, he moved that an addrefs to the Britifh nation,
againft their government, fhould be publiihed ; and that
the perfonsand property of Engliftimen refiding in France,
and fubmitting to the laws, fhould be defended and pro-
tedted : but, in the fame year, he propofed the meafure
of arrefting all the Englifh, and other fubjedts of the king
of England, then in the republic. Ambitious to be ef-
teemed a good economift and financier, he prefented to
the convention a pian for fupplying the army with necef-
faries, and preventing frauds : it feems well adapted to a
revolutionary government, but totally inapplicable to a
regular fyftem. He alfo made a report on the difcredit
ofaflignats; but it furpaffed his talents to prevent that
calamity.

He was an adtive member of the club of Cordeliers,
and Ihewed himfelf worthy of their efteem by joining
earnertly in all their labours for the extirpation of reli¬
gion. One principal effort towards this was the forma¬
tion of a new calendar, of which d’Eglantine was the au¬
thor, and which took place from the 22d of September,
1793. The obvious aim of this invention was, by a new
divilionof the year, by the abolition of weeks, by the al¬
teration of months, and by giving new names to the days;
to obliterate every trace of Sundays, faints’ days, holi-

E G L 287

days, and Chriftian feftivals. See the article Calendar*
vol. iii. p. 615.

It has been aflerted that Fabre materially affifted Ro.
befpierre in the compofition of his fpeeches and writings ;
the fame is faid of Camille Defmoulins; but thefe ac¬
counts fhould be received with caution. They are im¬
probable, becaufe the ftile-of Defmoulins was extremely
carelefs ; and d’Eglantiqe required a judicious friend to
reform his own diction: the works of Robefpierre are
fuperior in wit, fentiment, and language, to the writings
of his fuppofed inffructors. The ffile in which Fabre
lived, and the open .profligacy with which lie fold his
patronage, may, perhaps, have given rife to this report ;
but it was a part of Robefpierre’s prudence not to pre¬
vent peculation in his inferior agentsj that he might, at
qfleafure, facrifice them to his revenge or convenience;
Fabre vvas, however, expofed to denunciations; Boileau
accufcd him in the convention of having propofed the
reftoration of royalty ; but the charge was evaded by the
influence of his party. His ffile of living pointed him
out to the malice of his brother cordelier Hebert, who
attacked him iir his journal, called Le Pcre Duc/ie/ne, as an
enriched patriot. This offence Brought Hebert to the
fcaffold ; but Fabre did not long triumph over his fallen
adverfary : foon after the execution of Hebert, he was
himfelf arrefted, together with Chabot and feveral others,
and confined, firft in the Luxemburg, afterwards in the
Conciergerie. In prifon he behaved with the mod effe¬
minate weaknefs ; his health was impaired, and he gave
way to unmanly lamentations. Pride prevented his making
the lofs of life the apparent topic of his regret ; he there¬
fore affedted concern about a comedy in five acts, which
had been feized and fent to the committee of public fafe¬
ty, and of which he was apprehenlive that Billaud de
Varennes would affiime the credit. At his trial he exhi¬
bited the fame defpondency ; not even the heroifm of
Danton could animate him. In the cart he evinced the
fame feeblenefs of charadter, and died under the guillo¬
tine, on the 5th of April 1794.

E'GLE, or JEgle, f. in botany, a new genus in Dr.
Roxburgh’s Defcription of the Plants of the Coaft of
Coromandel, ii. 2. 143. Correa in API. Soc. Lin. v. 222.
The generic charadters are — Trunk pretty eredt ; bark
afh-coloured ; branches thin and irregular; thornsaxil¬
lary, in pairs, fingle, very (harp and ftrong ; but fome-
times wanting. Leaves three’d ; leaflets oblong, or
broad-lanced, attenuated to a blunt point, crenulated,
differing .much in ftze, but the exterior one always the
largeft. Panicles as in Feronia, but the flowers are
much larger, and white, and fuppofed to be all herma¬
phrodite. Calyx and corolla, as in Feronia, (monophyl-
lous, campanulate, quinque-partite, Koenig.) Filaments
about forty, (thirty-two to thirty-fix, Koenig.) Antheraj
linear, eredt, (acute, Koenig.) Piftillum, as in Feronia.
Berry confiderably larger than in Feronia; fmoother;
fhell much harder, from ten to fifteen celled, (twelve
to (ixteen, Koenig,) the cells contain, befides the feeds, a
large quantity of an exceedingly tenacious tranfparent
gluten, which, on drying, becomes very hard, but conti¬
nues tranfparent; when frefli, it may be drawn out into
threads of one or two yards in length, and fo fine as to
be fcarcely perceptible to the naked eye. Seeds from fix
to ten in each cell, oblong, a little comprelfed, woolly,
of a light-grey colour.

The only fpecies is egle marmelos, the'maredoo of the
Telingas. This appears to be the craieva marmelos of Lin-
nteus-; and it Is obfervable, that when this eminent bo-
taniff made it a crate va, he ex prefled much doubt of the
fadt, and predicted that it might, when better known,
prove to be a diffindt genus. It grows to a large tree;
is a native of the mountainous parts of tlie coalt of Co¬
romandel, but met with fometimes in the low lands;
flowers during the hot feafon. It is an aromatic tree ;
and, from the rind of the fruit, the Dutch on the ifland

2S8

E G N

of Ceylon prepare a perfume. The wood is of a light
chocolate colour, mlic'h variegated with darker coloured
veins ; it is hard, durable, and ufed for a variety of pur-
poles. The fruit, delicious to the tafte ami exqujfitely
fragrant, is not only nutritious, but pofledes a laxative
and aperient quality, confirmed by experience, which
renders it particularly ferviceable in habitual coftivenefs.
The mucus of the feed makes a very good cement for
feveral purpofes.

E'GLETONS, a town of France, in the department
of the Correze, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt
of Tulle : five leagues north-eaft of Tulle.

EGLIN'GEN, a lordfhip of Germany, in the circle of
Swabia, joining the county of Oettingen, and duchy of
Neuburg, with a town of the fame name, purchafed by
the prince of Tour-Taxis, for 200,000 florins. It pays
twenty florins for a Roman month, and is taxed at five
rixdollars thirty-fix kruitzers. The town is fix miles
north of Dillingen, and iii fouth of Norlingen.

EGLISAU', a town and bailiwic of Swifferland, in
the canton of Zurich, on the Thur: fifteen miles north
of Zurich.

EGLI'SE-NEUVE, a town of France, in the depart¬
ment of the Puy-de-Dome, and chief place of a canton,
in the diftrift of Belle : eight miles fouth of Befle.

EG'LOFF, or Megloff, a lord fli ip and principality
of Germany, in the circle of Swabia, which pays fixteen
florins for a Roman month, and is taxed at twenty-fix
rixdollars to the chamber of Wetzlar : the town of Egloff
is four miles weft of Ifni.

To EGLO'<MER ATE, v. n. [from e, Lat. out of, and
glomero, to gather into a round mafs. ] To unwind itfelf.
Not much ufed.

E'GLON, [Heb. round.] A city of Palelline, in the
tribe of Judah, fituated in the low parts of that province.
JoJh. xv. 39.

EG'MONT, a town of Holland, on the fea coaft : three
miles fouth-weft of Alcmaer.

EG'MONT BAY, a bay on the fouth-weft of the
if! and of St. John, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lat.
46. 30. N. Ion. 64. o. W. Greenwich.

EG'MONT ISLAND, an ifland in the South Pacific
Ocean, fix miles long, and four broad, the land low and
full of trees; difcovered by captain Carteret. The Spa¬
niards called it Santa Cruz. Lat. 19. 20. N. Ion. 138.
30. W. Greenwich.

EGNA'ZIO (Batifta), a learned Italian, whofe true
name was Giavibatijla Cipelli, born at Venice of poor pa¬
rents about 1478. He received a literary education under
Benedetto Brognolo and Francefco Bragadino ; and at
the perfuafion of the latter, opened a private fchool of
belles-lettres at Venice, when only eighteen years of age.
His riling reputation and fttccefs excited the jealoufy of
Marcantonio Sabellico, public prbfeflbr in the fame city,
who began to ufe all means of diferediting his rival.
-Egnazio retaliated by a fevere cenfure of the labours of
-Sabellico on various ancient autliors, which he publiftied
in 1502, under the title of Raccmationes . He afterwards
undertook to write, n-ew annotations upon the authors
commented on by Sabellico; and, Hill further to vex
him, opened. a public fchool in the. vicinity of his. It
is to the honour of both thefe learned adverfaries, that
.Sabellico on his; death-bed, jn 1506, fent for, Egnazio,
afked him pardon for the enmity with which lie had
-treated him, and commit.tecl to his care his ten mapufeript
books of Examples, in order for their publication ; and
that Egnazio not qnly complied with this requelt, Jmt
pronounced his funeral eulogy. The Venetian republic
mean time had conferred upon him the right of citizen¬
ship, with the title of notary ; and as he had early em¬
braced the ecclefiaflical Hate, he was prefented with the
benefice of Gelurino, in the diocefe of Trevigi. In 1511
he was appointed pari Ih pried of St. Baiio, tind prior of
the hofpitaJ cf St. Mark in, Venice. In 1315 he accom¬
panied to Milan, four procurators of St. MJtrk, fent to
, 2

E G R

compliment king Francis I. to whofe honour Egnazio
compofed a panegyric, for which he was rewarded with
a(’gold medal. On the death of Regio, public profefibr
of eloquence at Venice, in 1520, he was eledled, againft
feveral competitors, to the vacant chair, and was allowed
to hold his fchool in the hofpital of which he was prior.
Such was tfie concourfe from various parts to hear him,
that he had fometimes more than five hundred daily au¬
ditors. He was alfo frequently confulted upon important
affairs by the fenators, who had a great opinion of his
vvifdom. He died in 1353, at the age of feventy-five, be¬
queathing -his property and library to ’three noble Vene¬
tian families;. .Egnazio was an author in various walks.
He compofed Orations on feveral -occafions ; Epiftles ;
the Panegyric above-mentioned ; a treatife De Romanis
pnneipibus vcl Cafaribus, containing the lives of Roman
emperors, from Julius Caefar to Conftantine Palteologus,
and from Charlemagne to Maximilian I. a treatife O11
the Origin of the Turks; and a work in nine books, Dt
Excmplis Virorum illujlrium. But he principally employed
himfelf in corre£ling and commenting upon the works of
the ancients, in the editing of which he was of great ufe
to the elder Aldus. His Raccvmtiones have been inferted
in Gruter’s Lampas.

EGN'BERG, a town of Germany, in the archduchy
of Auftria: eight miles north-eaft of Gmunden.

E'GOIST, J. [from ego, Lat.] A peculiar kind of
Cartefian. — Hitherto Des Cartes was uncertain of every
th.jng but his own .exigence, and the exiftence of the ope¬
rations and ideas of his own mind. Some of his difciples,
it is faid, remained at this ftage of his fyftem, and got the
nante.of egcifls. Reid. >

EGO'ITY, J. lego, Lat.] The being or e (fence of I,
or myfelf.

EGORBE'USK, a town of Ruffia, in the gqvernment
of Riazan : twenty-eight mil, es north of Riazan.

EGOREVS'KOI, a town of Ruffia : forty miles north,
eaft of Kologrin.

E'GOTISM,/ [from ego, Lat.] The fault committed
in writing, by the frequent repetition of the word ego, or
7; too frequent mention of a man’s felf in writing or con-
verfatron. — The mo ft- violent egolifm which I have met
with, in the courfe of my reading, is that of cardinal
Wol fey’s; ego & rex meus, I and my king. Spectator. '

E'GOTIST, J'. [from ego, Lat.] One that is always
repeating the word ego, /; a talker of himfelf. — -A tribe
of egotijls, for whom I have always had a mortal averfton,
are the authors of memoirs, who are never mentioned in
any works but their own. Spectator.

To E'GOTIZE, v. n. [from ego, Lat.] To talk much
of one’s relf.

E'GRA, or Chebbe, a town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Saatz, formerly imperial, and in polfeffion of towns
and villages ; it yet preferves fome valuable privileges,
and contains a college and three convents'. Near it are
Fome medicinal fprings, exported in bottles fealed with
the arms of the town. It was taken by the French in
1742, but retaken by the Auftrians in 1743. The diftri£l
'to which it belongs at one time made part of the duchy
of Bavaria, from which it was fold to the king of Bohe¬
mia : feventeen miles fouth-weft of Elnbogen, and feven-
ty-fix weft of Prague. Lat. 49. 59. N. Ion. 39. 9. £. Ferro.

E'GRA, or Eger, a river which rifes in the marg-
graviate of CulnVbacli, and runs into the Elbe near Leit-
meritz in Bohemia.

EGRE'GIOUS, adj. [r gregius, Lat.] Eminent; re¬
markable; extraordinary. — He might be able to adorn
'this prefent age, and furnilh hiftory with the records of
egregious exploits both of art and valour. Moore.

One to empire born ;

Egregious prince ; whofe manly childhood fhew.’d
His mingled parents, and portended joy. Philips.

Eminently bad ; remarkably vicious. This is the ufual fenfe.

. — We may be bold to conclude, that thefe iaft times, fur

infolence.

f

EGLE, EMP1S, AND ENCHELIS

J.Pas.r

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(171 i

E G Y

281)

£ G R

infolence, pride, and egregious contempt of all good order,
are the word. Hooker.

And hence th 'egregious wizzard (hall foredoom
The fate of Louis and the fall of Rome. Pope-.

EGRE'GIOUSLY, adv. Eminently; fliamefuliy.—
He difcovered that, befides the extravagance of every ar¬
ticle, he had been egrcgioufly cheated. Arbuthnot.

EGREGOR'SIS, f. [from eygyyogea, Gr. to watch.]
An uneafy watchfulnefs ; a morbid want of deep.

E'GREMON Y, an ancient town in the county of Cum¬
berland, fituate on the banks of a fmall river that falls
into the fea, near the promontory of St. Bees. It was
formerly a borough, and lent a member to parliament in
the reign of Edward I. but never after; for, the burghers
becoming unwilling to pay the burgefies their wages, they,
to free tbemfelvesfrom t he burden, petitioned the king that
they might be exempted from that charge. Here are the
ruins of a cadle finely fituated, with juft as much of it
p.referved as is convenient for the earl of Egremont to
hold a court in. Egremont is well watered. Its market,
which is on Saturdays, is plentifully fupplied with bar¬
ley and oats. It has a fair on the 19th of September.
Its diftance from London is 299 miles. It gives the title
of earl to the family of Wyndham.

This place bears the ftrongeft features of antiquity, fe-
veral of the houfes being piazzaed in front. The remains
of the cadle is fituated on a remarkable eminence; and
bears lingular markuof drength. One cannot enter a place
where fuch veftiges of ancient magnificence are feen, and
where every objeft drikes the eye with proofs of former
pomp and power, and of prefent defection, decay, and
defolation, without various renditions of feeling and re¬
flection. A contemplative vilitor is apt to exclaim, How
fluctuating are the afFairs of man! how changeable are
all fublunary things! thefe towers fubmit to the ravages
of time, and this once impregnable fortrefs yields itfelf
to every alfailant. How are thy honours waded, and thy
pride brought low ! thy military powers are no more, and
thy magnificence finks in the dud ! the {houts of victory
are no longer re-echoed from thy walls, the voice of fefti-
vity hath forfaken thee! authority and rule are rent from
thy hands, and thy conquering banners are delivered up
to the dedroying hand of time, who yields them to the
darknefs of oblivion ! thy towers are no longer the abode
of drength, nor thy chambers of fecurity! where the
haughty hero trod, returning with the fpoils of war, and
the honours of victory, amidd the acclamations of his
troops, the lazy afs now flands in his mid-day dream, fha-
dowing his drowfy eye with heavy ear! tribulation takes
the feat of hofpitality ; and, where the jocund gueft
laughed over the fparkling bowl, adders hifs, and owls
fing the drains of melancholy to the midnight moondiine,
that deeps upon thy mouldering battlements!

F.'GREMO'NT, a towndiip of the American States,
in Berkfliire county, Maflachufetts, incorporated in 1760:
fifteen miles fouth-wed of Stockbridge, and 145 wed of
Bodon.

E'GRESS, f. [ cgrcjfus , Lat.] The power or aft of
going out of any place ; departure :

Gates of burning adamant,

Burr’d over us, prohibit all egrefs. Milton.

EGR ES'SION, f. [ egnjjio , Lat.] The aft of going
out. — The vad number of troops is exprefled in the
fvvarms ; the tumultuous manner of ifiuing out of their
{hips, and the perpetual egrejjion, which feemed without
end, are imaged in the bees pouring out. Pope.

E'GRET, f. A w'atcr-fowl of the heron kind. See
Ardea.

E'GREVILLE, a town of France, in the department
of the Seine and Marne, and chief place of a canton, in
the didrift of Nemours: three leagues fouth-ead of Ne¬
mours. '

E'GRIOT, f. [aigret. Fr. perhaps from aigre, four.]
Vol. VI. No. 350.

A fpecies of cherry. — The coeur-cherry, which inclineth
more to white, is fweeter than the red ; but the egriot is
more four. Bacon.

EGRISEL'LES, a town of France, in the department
of the Yonne, and chief place of a canton, in the didrift
of Sens : feven miles fouth of Sens.

E'GRITUDE, f. [from ager, Lat. fick.] Sicknefs.
Not much it fed.

EGUIL'LES, a town of France, in the department of
the Mouths of the Rhone, and chief place of a canton, in
the didrift of Aix : two leagues north-wed of Aix.

EGUIMU'HA, or Elgimuha, a town of Africa, in
the empire of Morocco, at the foot of mount Atlas, near
which is an iron mine. •*

E'GUISHEM, a town of France, in tire department of
the Upper Rhine, and chief place of a canton, in the dif-
trift of Colmar: three miles fouth-wed of Colmar.

E'GULA,yi A fort of fulphur ufed in working woollen
cloth,' which makes it foft and white.

EGUREN'DE, a town of France, in the department of
the Correze, and chief place of a canton, in the didrift
of Uflel : four leagues north-ead of Uflel.

To EGUR'GITATE, v. a. [egurgitarc, Lat. ] To emp¬
ty or difgorge.

E'GUZON, a town of France, in the department of
the Indre, a-nd chief place of a canton, in the didrift of
^rgenfon : three leagues fouth of Argenton.

E'GYPT, a country of Africa, celebrated in all ages
as the fird feat of the fciences, and the fountain from
whence originally flowed every fpecies of valuable learn¬
ing. Its hidory becomes doubly intereding to the Chrif-
tian and Englith reader, not only from its intimate con-
neftion with numerous pafiages of the holy feriptures,
but likewife on account of the recent events which have
occurred in that didant region. For thefe reafons we
Audi be, perhaps, more circumdantial in our details of
this article, than the circumfcribed limits of our plan
will generally allow.

Egypt is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean,,
on the ead by the Red Sea and the idhmus of Suez, on
the fouth by mountains, which feparale it from Nubia,
and on the wed by the deferts of Lybia. Its length from
north to fouth is about 500 miles, its breadth, including
the greater and lefler Oafis, about 250. Egypt is now di¬
vided into Upper and Lower, the former extending in a
long and narrow valley from Syene to Grand Cairo. Two
ridges of mountains form the outlines of Upper Egypt,
running along each fide of the Nile till, reaching Cairo,
the weflern ridge takes its courfe towards Alexandria,
the other towards the Red Sea. Beyond thefe moun¬
tains, on each fide, are deferts ; between them lies a long
plain, vvliofe greatefl breadth is not more than nine leagues.
Down this valley- rolls the Nile. Lower Egypt includes
all the country between Cairo and the Mediterranean on
the north and fouth; and Lybia and the iflhmus of Suez
to the eaft and weft; bounded by fandy deferts, it con¬
tains flips of land fertile and well cultivated on the bor¬
ders of the river and canals, and in the center, that traft
or ifland which is called Delta, formed by the branches
of the Nile.

Ancient geographers divided Egypt into three parts.
Upper, Middle, and Lower. The Upper Egvpt wfas
called by the Greeks Thebais , now Said, or Al Said, which
extends from Syene to Manfalout ; Middle Egypt, called
by the Greeks Hcptanomis, now Vojlani-, and Lower Egypt,
the bed part of which was is Delta, now called Bahira
or Rif.

Among the famous cities that formerly embellifhed
Upper Egypt, we may enumerate, on the weflern fide of
the river, Lycopolis, or the city of the Wolves ; Hypfele,
now called Aboutig ; Aphroditopolis, or the city of Ve¬
nus ; Ptolemais; Abydus, celebrated for the magnificent
palace of Memnon; Little Diofpolis, or the city of Jupi¬
ter; Tentyra; Latopoiis; Great Apollinopolis, and Ele¬
phantine: and on the oppofite fide of the river flood
4 E Antaeopolisj

2Q0 E G Y P T.

Antaeopolis ; Paflalus; Panopolis ; Cheuofcofcia ; Cxne,
or Neapolis ; Apollinopolis, or tire village of Apollo;
and the celebrated Thebes ; which vied with the mod il<-
luftrious cities in the univerfe for its extent, wealth, and
population. Previous to its deftnuftion by Cambyfes, its
extent is faid to have been no let's than fifty-two miles
and a half: fo great was its wealth, that, after it had
been plundered by tire Perfians, three hundred talents of
gold, and two thoufand three hundred of diver, were
found among the remains of the pillage ; and its popula¬
tion has been defcribed with peculiar animation by Ho¬
mer, who informs us, that front each of its hundred gates
iflued two hundred warriors with their lrorfes and cha¬
riots. Some authors have, indeed, fuppofed that by the
gates here fpoken of are to be underftood either the tem¬
ples of the city, or the palaces of certain powerful princes,
but as this fuppolition is avowedly founded upon the
aftertions of modern travellers refpedling the ruins ot
Thebes, we beg leave to obferve, that Mr. Browne found
lufficient vefiiges, in 1792, to eftablifii a contrary belief.
“ From the roof of the great temple at Akfor,” fays he,
“ may be feen an infulated rnafs, toward the fouth, which
has apparently been a gate; and fome other imperfect re¬
mains may be difeovered with a telefcope, in the direc¬
tions weft and north, under the fame circumftances ; fo
that from the fituation of thefe ruins, precifely oppofed
to each other at the three cardinal points, it feems ex¬
tremely probable that they were three of the gates be¬
longing to the ancient city.” Among the auguft remains
of this celebrated city, are fome temples and palaces,
which have triumphed over the corroding hand of time,
and ftill exhibit to the amazed fpectator-a profufion of
majeftic column?, exquifite flatties, and brilliant paint¬
ings. We cannot give a livelier idea of the llrong
effeifts of their appearance upon a contemplative mind,
than is exprefled in the words of M. Sonnini, who vifited
the fpot in the fummer of 1778 : “ It would be impofti-
ble,” fays this traveller, “ to deferibe the fenfations 1
experienced- at the fight of objects fo truly grand and
majeftic. It was not fimply admiration, but an exftacy-
which fufpended the ufe of my faculties: I remained a
long time motionlefs with rapture, and was more than
once inclined to proftrate rnyfelf in veneration before mo¬
numents the erection of which feerned to furpafs the ge¬
nius and the powers of man. Coloftal and other gigantic
ftdtues, obelifks, avenues formed by rows of fphinxes which
are ftill vifiblej porticoes of a prodigious elevation, immenfe
colonnades, the pillars of which are fome twenty and fome
thirty feet in circumference; paintings which ftill retain
an incomparable brilliancy ; granite and marble laviftied
in the ftrudlures; (tones of aftonifhing dimenfions forming
the magnificent roofs ; and thoufands of proftrate columns
which Titerally ftrew the 'ground, combine to ftrike the
beholder with equal admiration and amazement.”

Middle Egypt was called Heptdnomis on account of the
feven noinesor prefectures into which it was divided. This
part of Egypt was alfo celebrated for the magnificence of
its cities, of which the molt remarkable were Memphis,
Acanthus, Heracleopolis, Arfinoe, and Antmopolis. —
Memphis, fuppofed to have been founded by Menes the
firft Egyptian monarch, was for feveral ages the metro¬
polis of the whole kingdom. This part of Egypt contains
the principal of its curiofities, viz. the obeitfics, the py¬
ramids, the labyrinth, the lake of Moeris, &c.

Lower Egypt contains not only the Delta, but alfo
Mareotis and Alexandria to the weft, and Cafiotis and
Auguftamnica toward the eaft. Several places have been
mentioned by the ancients as being fituafe in the Mareo-
tic nome, but we find nothing relating to them worthy of
notice. The famous city of Alexandria, which was for¬
merly reckoned next to Rome for the grandeur of its
buildings and ric briefs of its materials, is lituate between
the lake Marea and the Canopic branch of the Nile. For
a more particular defeription of this and the other ancient

cities of Egypt, fee Under their refpective titles in this

Encyclopaedia.

At a fnrall diftance from Alexandria was the ifland of
Pharos, and the famous light-houfe or tower of the fame
name. The ifland Antirrhodes has been alfo mentioned
by the ancients as lying at a fliort difiance from the fliore,
b.ut this has been totally deftroyed by the fea. About
three miles diftant was the city of Nicopolis, greatly em-
■belliflied by Auguftus after the defeat of Antony; and
at the diftance of one hundred and twenty fhidia was Ca¬
nopus, reputed infamous on account of the lewd diver-
fions which the Alexandrians there indulged in. On the
narrow trad! of land, between the fea and the canal that
runs from Alexandria to Canopus, were Zephyrium, the
Lefter Tapofiris, and Thonis,; and to the fouth of Cano¬
pus ftood Shadia, Anthylla, Momemphis, Andropolis,
and Latona. The Delta is encompaffed by the arms of
the Nile, lying between the Canopic branch to the weft,
and the Pelufian to the eaft. It is faid to have contained
feveral famous cities, of which .we enumerate Sais, once
the metropolis of Lower Egypt, and celebrated for a
magnificent temple of Minerva ; Butus, famous for the
oracle of Latona ; Leontopolis, where particular adora¬
tion was paid to the lion ; and Tanis, formerly honoured
by the refidence of the Pharaohs. Thefe are the chief
cities in the Delta, which, together with the province of
A1 Feyyum, may be regarded as the mod fertile and
beft cultivated piart of Egypt. It is now faid to contain
360 villages, and yields a variety of fruit in fo great an
abundance, that when a fcarcity is experienced in other
parts of the kingdom, the Delta is crowned with an exu¬
berant produce. The other cities of Lower Egypt are
Bubaftus, which formerly contained a fplendid temple of
Diana ; Babylon, faid by Jofepluis to have been built
on the fite of the ancient Latopolis ; Pelufium, called by
Hirtius the key of Egypt, becaufe whoever was matter
of this city had a free paffage into Egypt ; and Heliopo¬
lis, or the city of the fun, where a magnificent temple
was erefted to the great luminary of heaven, and where
particular worfhip was paid to a bull under the name of
Menevis.

ORIGINAL HISTORY.

No part of ancient hiftory feems more abftrufe than that
of the firft Egyptian mOnarchs. According to the account
of its own hiftorians, gods and demi-gods governed it
fucceflively, through a feries of twenty thoufand years.
But the abfurdity of fuch an afiertion is fufficiently ob¬
vious. To thefe gods and heroes fucceeded mortals as
fovereigns of Egypt, of whom Manetho has left 11s thirty
dynafties or principalities, which, if allowed to be fuc-
ceflive, make up a feries of time of more than five thou¬
fand three hundred years, to the reign of Alexander the
Great; but this is evidently erroneous : befides, Eratof-
thenes, the hiftorian of Cyrene, has written a catalogue
of thirty-eight kings of Thebes, all different from thofe
of Manetho. Much labour has been ufed by the literati
in attempting to clear up thefe difficulties ; but it is ge¬
nerally fuppofed that the kings of thefe dynafties did. not
reign fucceflively, but many of them at the fame time,
and in different parts of Egypt.

Pharaoh, in feripture hiftory, is the common name of the
early kings of Egypt. Jofephus fays, that all the kings of
Egypt, from Minaeus, the founder of Memphis, who lived
feveral ages before Abraham, have always had tire name
or Pharaoh, down to the times of Solomon, for more than
3300 yearsi He adds, that in the Egyptian language, the
word Pharaoh fignifies king ;' and that thofe princes did
not affiime this name but when they afeended the throne,
at which time they quitted alfo their former name. Hence,
fays Jofephus, Herodotus names none of the kings of
Egypt after Minaeus, the builder of Memphis, though
he had 330 kings for his fucceftors, becaufe they had all
the name of Pharaoh ; but becaufe this name did not pafs

to

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to women a Ifo, he names an Egyptian queen, Nicaule,
who fucceeded them. Laftly, I find, adds Jofephus, from
the ancient records of our nation, that from the age of
Solomon no king' of Egypt had any longer the name of
Pharaoh . But Jofephus is not very accurate in this paffage.
True it is, Herodotus fays, that Mines, or Minteus, was
the firfl king of Egypt, and founder of Memphis ; that
there were 330 kings after him in Egypt ; t hat after them
there was a queen called Nicotris, and not Nicaule,. as
Jofephus Writes it ; but it is not true that thefe kings had
110 other name but Pharaoh. Herodotus fays exprefsly,
that in the books of the Egyptian priefis were read the
names and the catalogue of 330 kings; that in this num¬
ber of 330 there were eighteen Ethiopians, and a woman
that was a foreigner, called Nicotris, and that all the
others were Egyptians. Thefe princes, therefore, had
every one his proper name mentioned in the catalogue of
the Egyptian kings, and which, in the order of this trea-
tife we fhall follow. So likewife we fee in the frag¬
ments of Manetho, that every king of Egypt had a name
peculiar to him; and we find the name Pharaoh only in
fcripture.

What Jofephus adds concerning queen Nicauld, or Ni¬
cotris, whom he pretends to be the fame as the queen of
Sheba, of whom mention is made in fcripture, 1 Kings, x.
1, 2, &c. is entirely fabulous ; and as to what he lays,
that fince the time of Solomon the kings of Egypt have
no longer had the name of Pharaoh, is manifeltiy falfe,
fince we Hill find this name in the fecond book of Kings,
under Hezekiah, 2 Kings, xviii. 21 ■ under Jofiah, xxiii.
29, 3°> 33j &c. where this name is joined to Necho, which
was the proper name of this prince ; under Jehoiakim,
xxiii. 35 ; and in the prophets Ifaiah, Jeremiah, and Eze¬
kiel, who are much later than Solomon. It is very pro¬
bable that the Egyptians gave the name of Pharaoh to
their kings as long as the Egyptian language was in com¬
mon ufe, and as long as their kings were of their own
nation : but after the conqueft of Egypt by Alexander
the Great, and that the Grecians introduced their lan¬
guage with their government, the name of Pharaoh was
known no longer among them, being fupplied by that
of Ptolemy, a title applied to the Greek monarchs who
reigned over Egypt, as Pharaoh had before been to its
native kings.

The firfi prince known to us by the name of Pharaoh
was he in whofe time Abraham went down to Egypt,
when Sarah, who palled only for Abraham’s filler, was
by the command of Pharaoh brought to his palace in or¬
der to become his wife. But the Lord fmote Pharaoh
and his family with great infirmities, and gave him to
know that (lie was Abraham’s wife; whereupon Pharaoh
Cent for Abraham, reftored him his wife, and at the fame
-time gave orders that he fltould be conducted out of
Egypt, with every tiling that belonged to him. The
fecond Pharaoh fpoken of in the fcriptures is he that
reigned when Jofeph arrived there. This prince, or his
fuccefifbr, had the myflerious dream of the fat and lean
kine, and the feven full and barren ears of corn, which
Jofeph explained fo well to his fatisfadlion, that he made
him governor of his houfe and of all Egypt, refervlng
only to hintfelf the name of a king. This is the fame
Pharaoh that fent for and entertained the patriarch Jacob
and his family in Egypt, and gave them the land of Gofiien
for their habitation. The third Pharaoh known in holy
writ is he that perfecuted the Ifraelites. Mofes tells us
that he was a new king, and had no knowledge of Jofeph,
Exod. i. 8. This prince, obferving that the Ifraelites
were become very numerous and powerful, refolved to
deprefs them by hardfhip and labour; and fet cruel and
pitilefs tafkmafters over them. But the more he oppreffed
them, the fafter they multiplied ; infomuch that he gave
orders to the Egyptian midwives, who aflifted the Hebrew
women in their labour, to put all tile male children to
death, and to fave alive the females only. But this com¬
mand was not executed. The midwives feared the Lord,

Y P T. S9I

and preferved alive not only the female children, but the
males alfo. Pharaoh, feeing this edidt did not fucceed,
publiflied a decree, Exod. i. 22. that all the male chil¬
dren born of Hebrew women fhould be thrown into the
Nile, and that only the females (liould be fpared. T his
order was rigoroufly executed ; yet, by the providence
of God, Mofes was preferved,' and even brought up in
Pharaoh’s own court, by his own daughter, who by chance
had found the child as he was expofed upon the Nile.

Mofes being grown up, and having killed an Egyptian
who had abufed an Hebrew, was obliged to fly from
Egypt to avoid the death that Pharaoh had threatened
to influT upon him. Several years after, when about
eighty years old, he returned again by an order from
God, and performed the mighty miracles before Pharaoh.
There is great probability that this Pharaoh, before whom
Mofes appeared, and in whofe fight he fmote Egypt with
fo many plagues, was a different perfon from him who
would have laid hands on him after he had (lain the
Egyptian. This fame Pharaoh having at laft been com¬
pelled to fend away the Hebrews, and to fuffer them to
go out of Egypt, purfued them at the head of his army
with his chariots, and was drowned in the Red Sea,
wherein lie had rafiily entered in the eagernefs of his pur-
fuit. Hiftorians pretend to give us the name of this Pha¬
raoh ; fume, as Appictn, call him Amofis or Amafis ;
..Eufebius calls him Chenchris ; Ufher calls him Ameno-
phis ; but we muff not look for accuracy among vague
conjectures.

The fifth Pharaoh known to us in the Bible, is he that
gave protection to Hadad foil of the king of Edom, who
gave him to wife the fitter of his own queen,, enriched
him with lands, and brought up his fon Genubah in his
own court. Hadad returned to Idumea after the death
of David. The fixth Pharaoh is he that gave his daughter
in marriage to Solomon king of the Hebrews, 1 Kings,
iii. 1. and, having taken Gezer, he fet it on fire, drove
the Canaanites out of it, and gave it for a prefent to Solo¬
mon, in lieu of a dowry for his daughter, whom he had
married to this prince, x Kings, ix. 16. The feventh is
Shifliak, who entertained Jeroboam in his dominions, a
rebellious fubjec! of Solomon, and offered him a refuge
in oppofition to the king his mafter. The fame Shifliak
declared war again!! Rehoboam the fon and fucceffor of
Solomon, befieged and took Jerufalem, carried away all
the king’s treafures, and thofe of the houfe of God, and
particularly the golden bucklers that Solomon had made.
The eighth is that Pharaoh with whom Hezekiah made a
league again!! Sennacherib king of Affyria, in the year of
the world 3290. This Pharaoh is probably the fame
whom Herodotus names Sethon, prieft of Vulcan, who
came to meet Sennacherib before Pelufium, and to whole
affi fiance. Vulcan fent an army of rats, which gnawed the
bow-firings and the thongs of the bucklers of Sennache¬
rib’s foldiers. The ninth is Pharaoh Necho, or Neclnis
fon of Pfammiticus, who made war with Jofiah, and fub-
dued hint. Herodotus alfo mentions this prince. The
tenth is Pharaoh Hophra, who entered into an alliance
with Zedekiah king of Judah, and attempted to come to
his affifiance again!! Nebuchadnezzar king of Chaldea.
It was again!! this Pharaoh that Ezekiel pronounced feve-
ral of his prophecies. See Ezek. xxix. xxx. xxxi. xxxii.
He is called Apries in Herodotus. He is alfo mentioned
in Habakkuk, ii. 15. See alfo Ifaiah, xix. xx. and Jere¬
miah, xlvi. 16. We fhall now give the ancient hiftory of
the Egyptian kings, from the records afforded us by pro¬
fane authors.

Menes is generally acknowledged as the firfi king who
fwayed the Egyptian feeptre. In his time the greatefi:
part of the country was ,a morafs, till he diverted the
courfe of the Nile, and founded the city of Memj-.his
within the ancient bed of that river. He was the firfi:
who infiruCled the Egyptians in theology ; introduced
domefiic luxury ; and inftituted magnificent feafts.

Herodotus informs 11s, that the Egyptians had a cata¬
logue

E G Y P T.

£92

logue of three hundred and thirty monarchs, extending
from Menes to Moeris, and that nothing worthy notice
was recorded of any of them, except an Ethiopian wo¬
man named Nitocris : but Diodorus affirms, that the fa¬
mily. of Menes fucceffively filled the throne for the fpace
of fourteen hundred years. As, therefore, we find fo vaft
a chafm in the accounts of both hiftorians, we fhail ven¬
ture to fill it up, in part, with fome tranfacfions which
evidently belong to that remote period. During the reign
of Timaus king of Egypt, the government was fubvert-
ed, and the country fubdued, by a multitude of perfons
from the eaft, who poured forth- like a torrent, and be¬
haved in the moll inhuman manner, extirpating the
princes, burning the cities, demolifning the temples, and
carrying 'the women and children into captivity. After
fatiating their cruelty by thefe atrocities, they elected a
king from among themfelves, who chofe Memphis ior
the place of his refidence ; and, by placing garrifons in
various parts, contrived to keep' the upper and lower re¬
gions in fubjedtion. He alfo fortified the eaftern parts,
to fecure him from an invafion of the Affyrians, who
were at that time a powerful people. He rebuilt a city,
in the Saitic norne, which was feated on the eaftern bank
of the river Bubaftis, and, having furrounded it with a
flrong wall, he placed a garrifon of twenty-four thouland
foldiers therein. On the deceafe of Salatis, the throne
was fucceffively occupied by Beon, Aphaenas, Apophis,
Tanias, and Allis, who, like their predecelfor, endeavour¬
ed to deftroy the whole nation of the Egyptians. Thefe
invaders were called HyeJ'os, or Shepherd kings, and are laid
by Manetho to have held all Lower Egypt in {'objection
for the fpace of two hundred and fifty-nine years, at the
expiration of which they were obliged, by Amolis king
of Upper Egypt, to abandon their ul'urped poifedions.

According to the account of Diodorus, Buliris in pro-
cefs of time obtained the diadejn, and was fucceeded by
eight princes of his line ; the 1 aft of whom, called Buli¬
ris the Second, founded the city of Thebes, and made it
the capital of his kingdom, Ofymandyas occupies the
next place; but it is equally uncertain whom lie fuc¬
ceeded, or at what time he obtained tke regrl dignity.
He is laid to have chaftifed the Bactrians for a revolt,
y/ith an army of four hundred thoufand foot and twenty
thoufand cavalry: and his monument far exceeded the
molt fplendid of thofe which graced the royal city. It
confided of fpacious courts, Ihrines, porticoes, temples,
a library, and other buildings. The firft court was 200
fc?et in extent and forty-five feet high. Next to this was a
fquure portico 400 feet long on each lide, and fupported
by figures of animals of an extraordinary fize : the ceiling
was defigned to reprefent -the fplendid canopy of heaven,
being painted of an azure blue, and fprinkled with a pro-
fulion of liars. Beyond this portico was the fecond court,
iimilar in extent and conftruction to the firft, but enriched
with a variety of exquilite fculptures, three of which were
defigned to reprefent the royal founder, with his mother
and daughter ; and a fourth was eredled in honour of his
mother only, whofe head was decorated with three crowns,
in token of her illuftrious birth, marriage, and progeny.
This court led, to a lecond portico, the walls of which
were covered with numerous fculptures and paintings,
reprefenting the king fighting at the head of his army,
accompanied by a lion ; the captives deprived of their
hands as a punilhment for their cowardice; the royal
lacrifices and tr.iumph ; and two gigantic ftatues, each
twenty-feven cubits high. From lienee three pallages
led into- a great hall lupported by columns, and deco¬
rated with Teveral representations of parties engaged in
law, and the difcullion of caufes before the alfembly of
judges. Next was a gallery in which were apartments
ftored with the mod delicious refrefhments. Here w^is a
flat tie of the king, molt curioufly wrought and painted,
in the aft of prefenting to the gods the annual produce
of the Egyptian mines, amounting to 3,200,000 minae, or
■y.6.oco/o.oo of pounds fterling. Not far from hence was

a magnificent library with this appropriate infeription 5
“ The office for the difeafes of the mind and beyond
the library was a fumpti;ous edifice containing twenty
couches, and the ftatues of Jupiter, Juno, and the king.
This was furrounded by feven pavilions ornamented with
pictures of the facred animals ; and from lienee was the
afcent to the manfoleum of Ofymandyas, which difeover-
ed an extraordinary magnificence, being encompafled with
a circle of gold, one cubit broad, and 363 cubits in cir¬
cumference ; and this ring being divided by the days of
the year, lliewed the riling, letting, and afpe£ts, of the
liars, according to the Egyptian aftrology.

Uchoreus, the daft delcendant of .Ofymandyas' who
reigned in Egypt, is laid to have enlarged the city of
Memphis; to have lecured it from invafion by mounds
and trenches; and to have adorned it with feveral public
buildings. He mandated the royal feat from Thebe-s to
that city, and has been therefore regarded by feveral au¬
thors as its original founder.

Having followed Diodorus thus far in his account, we
fliall next relate what Herodotus has left upon record
concerning Nitocris. This woman fucceeded her bro¬
ther, (an Ethiopian, who was murdered by the Egyp¬
tians, though they afterwards conferred the crown upon
her,) and meditating revenge for his untimely fate, put
many of her fubjedts to death privately, and afterwards
contrived a fubterraneous building, whither the deluded
the chief objedts of her vengeance to a feaft, and, in the
midft of their mirth, overwhelmed them with deftruc-
tion, by turning the river upon them through a fccret
pa huge. She then eluded the rage of the populace by
taking refuge in a place well fortified. Her perfon is laid
to have been extremely beautiful, but her difpolition re¬
vengeful and cruel. Some authors fuppofe her to have
eredted the third great pyramid. After twelve genera¬
tions, we find the throne of Egypt filled by Moeris, who
dug the celebrated lake which bears his name, built a
fumptuous portico on the north fide cf Vulcan’s temple
at Memphis, and eredled fome other ftrudtures.

Sefoftris, the celebrated king of Egypt, being defigne d
by his father for a great warrior, was in his early youih
attended by all the male Egyptians of his own age, who,
together-with the pj'ince, were inured to a hard and la¬
borious life, that they might be able to fulfill the toils
of war without repining. When he was- more advanced
111 years, he was fent, with his companions, againft the
Arabians, who had never been conquered. In this ex¬
pedition he acquired a conliderable fhure of military know¬
ledge ; furmounted all the dangers ana perils of a howl¬
ing defert ; patiently endured the hardlhips attached to
a dry and fteril country ; and finally compelled the ene¬
my to bow to his reliftlefs arms. He was next fent by
his father to try his fortune weftward, and he fubdued
the greateft part of the African continent with the fame
facility that attended Ins enterprizes in Arabia. About
this time his father died, leaving him the undifpiitediiic-
ceffion of the government. Sefoftris immediately formed
the defign of conquering the world ; but, previous to his
quitting the kingdom, he provided for his domeltic fecu-
rity by a' generous and obliging behaviour towards his
fubjetts at large, and by magnificent donations and re-
miflions of punifhments among his foldiers. He alfo di¬
vided the kingdom into thirty-lix noraes or provinces,
and bellowed them on perfons of the molt approved fide¬
lity. Having taken thefe precautions, he levied forces
equal to his great defigns, and headed them with officers
of known courage, who were chiefly felccted from the
companions of his youth ; this army confifted of fix hun¬
dred thoufand foot, twenty-four thoufand horfe, and
twenty-feven thoufand armed chariots. Confcious, how¬
ever, that this amazing force was not adequate to his
vaft intentions, lie broke through the ancient fuperfti-
tion of the Egyptians, and fitted out a fleet of 400 fail,
which was commiflioned to vtmquifli t lie ifles and cities
lying on the coafts of the Red Sea; while the king him-

lelf-

E G Y P T.

felf, heading his land forces, obliged the nations of Ethi¬
opia to pay him an annual tribute of ebony, gold, and
ivory; and afterwards overran and pillaged all Afia, and
foine part of Europe. He is even faid to have extended
his victories beyond the Ganges, and to have advanced
as far as the ocean. The Scythians were obliged to fub-
mit to- his authority. The ancient kingdom of Colchis
•was partly colonized by his followers; and his empire
extended from the Ganges to tire Danube. It was his
cuftom to ereCl pillars in every country he fubdued, with
an infeription to this elf eel : “ Sefoftris, king of kings,
and lord of lords, vanquished this country by the power
of his arms:” and thefe pillars were alfo marked with
hieroglyphical figures, expreflive of the courage or pu-
fill.animity of the conquered nations.

Finding a feafeity of provifions in Thrace, whither he
had advanced in the progrefs ot his conquefls, he returned
to Egypt laden with the fpoils of various fubjugated na¬
tions, and followed by a furprifing multitude of captives.
He now rewarded his officers and foldiers with a truly
royal munificence, in proportion to their rank and merit ;
revolving that thofe who had been his companions in the
toils of war, ffiould be enabled to pafs the remainder of
their days in the full enjoyment of peace and plenty.
While he thus provided for the future repofe of his brave
followers, he rendered his power highly advantageous
to his fubjefts, by enriching their country with ufeful
works and magnificent edifices. An hundred temples,
raifed as monuments of gratitude to the tutelar gods of
all the cities, were the firft and mod celebrated teftitno-
nies of his figr.al fuccefs ; and, in the courfe of this uni-
verfal undertaking, no Egyptian was employed, as ap¬
peared from an infeription upon each temple to this
efi'eft : “ No native laboured hereon.” But he was par¬
ticularly fludious of embellifhing the temple of Vulcan
at Memphis, in acknowledgment of that god’s imaginary
deliverance of himfelf and his family from fire, contrived
by his own brother, at the period of his return from the
wars.

To fecure Egypt from the inroads of its neighbours,
the Syrians and Arabians, he fortified all the eaftern fide
with a wall that extended from Pelufium to Heliopolis,
a diftance of 187 miles and a half. He alfo raifed a great
number cf lofty mounts, to which he removed fuch towns
as had formerly been injured by the inundations of the
Nile ; and cut on both fides of the river feveral canals,
which not only advanced the trade and profperity of the
kingdom, by affording an eafy communication between
the diftant cities ; but alfo rendered the country inaccef-
iible to the cavalry of its enemies, which in former times
had haraffed it by frequent predatory incurfions. B,ut
with refpeCl to the kings and chiefs of the conquered na¬
tions, who waited upon him to prefent their tribute, his
behaviour was grof'sly infolent ; for he is faid to have
catifed thefe princes, four a-breaft, to be harnelfed to his
car inftead of h.orfes, that they might draw, him to the
temple. A conduft fo unworthy fails not to tarnifh all
his warlike actions, and draws a cloud over the lull re of
his private virtues. Having loft his fight in his old age,
this celebrated hero of antiquity laid, violent hands on
himfelf, and left the throne to his foil Pheron.

This monarch, by fome called Pheron, and by others
Sefoftris the Second, feems to have performed nothing to
dignify his memory. Herodotus relates, that in an extra¬
ordinary inundation of the Nile, he capricioufly took of¬
fence, and infolently threw a javelin into the waters, as
if he intended to chaftife them for their encroachment
upon his dominions ; he was, however, immediately af-
flidled with a violent pain in his eyes, and foon after had
the misfortune to be involved in total darknefs. Several
ages after this event, the government devolved to Am-
mofis, whofe reign was one continued feene of cruelty,
violence, and oppreflicn. Many of his fubjeCts were
/dragged to execution without caufe ; others were ftrip-
ped of their poffeflions upon no other motive than his
Vol. VI. No. 350

2i)3

imperious will ; and toward all lie behaved with the moil
intolerable arrogance ; till at length he was driven from
t he throne by the united exertion- of the people, addled
by Adlifiuies, king of Ethiopia. Adtifanes united Egypt
and Ethiopia under his government, bore his prof; erity
with prudence and moderation, and behaved in the molt
affectionate manner towards his new fubjeCts. Having
caufed a general fearch to be made after the Egyptian
robbers, lie commanded their notes to be cut off, and
then banifhed them to the rentoteft part of the defert,
between Syria and Egypt, where he built them a town,
which, from the mutilation of its inhabitants, was uif-
tingnifhed by the name of Rhinocolura.

On the deceafe of Actifanes, the throne was left at the
difpofal of the Egyptians, and they eledted Mendes for
their king. His actions, however, were, in all probabi¬
lity, unworthy notice, as he is' merely celebrated in hif-
tory for building a fepulchral labyrinth. After Mendes,
enfued an interregnum for five generations, at the end of
which a Memphite, of ignoble extradtion, was exalted to
the tiirone. The priefts charadterized him as a magician,
and pretended that he could afl'ume whatever form he
plealed. His Egyptian name was Cetes, which the Greeks
rendered Proteus. During his reign, Paris and Helen were
driven by contrary winds on the coafts of Egypt, in their
paffage to Troy ; but when the Egyptian monarch under-
flood the perfidious breach of hofpitality the young Trojan
had committed, he commanded him to quit His dominions
within three days; at the fame time detaining Helen and
her lui (band’s treafures, till they might be reftored to the
injured owner.

Rhampfmitus, the fon and fucceffor of Proteus, was ot
fo avaricious a difpolition, that Diodorus afferts, his con¬
duct during his whole reign, was rather that of a mean-
fpirited fteward than of a wealthy king. The fame au¬
thor informs us, that he was never at any expence either
for the honour of the gods or tire welfare of his people,
but that his whole delight was in the augmentation of
his private fortune, which, at his deceafe, amounted to
no lefs than 400,000 talents. He is, however, faid to
have been a ftriCl obferver of that good order which had
hitherto fubfifted throughout the kingdom, from its fiifi:
foundation. This king was fucceeded by feven others,
all of ignoble character, except Nilus, who is celebrated
for the great number of canals lie dug in the country, and
for his endeavours to render the advantages of the Nile
as general as poflible, for which reafon the river that had
been formerly called Egyptus, was now firft called by his
name.

Cheops is branded in the page of Egyptian hiftory for
his tyranny and impiety. He began his reign with (hut¬
ting up the temples, and forbidding all public facrifices ;
he then boldly Subverted the laws, invaded the liberties
of his people, and reduced them to a ftate of the mod ab-
jedt fiavery ; numbers of them were lent to work in the
Arabian quarries, and others burdened with the labour
of railing the largeft of the pyramids. By this and other
works of oftentation, the king was reduced fo low, that
he expofed his daughter to proftitution for the fake of
gain. She complied with his injunctions, and is ffid to
have required each of her gallants to contribute a done
towards a fmall pyramid which file built, after her fa¬
ther’s example, to perpetuate her memory. This f ran-
nical prince, having reigned fifty years, was fucceeded
by his brother Cephrenes, whofe actions were ffriCtly
confonant with thole of his predeceffor. He alfo ereCted
a pyramid, but its dimenfions were confiderably fmaller
than thofe of the other. I-le reigned fifty. fix years, and
left orders that his remains fiicuid be depofited in his py¬
ramid ; but neither this king nor Cheops obtained their
w i'fh in this refpeCt, as their friends, .dreading the rage of
the populace, buried them in lilence and oblcurity.

Egypt having thus groaned under the fway of tyranni¬
cal power for the fpace ot one hundred and fix years, was
next governed by Mycerinus, the fon of Cheops, who, be-
4 F ing.

EGYPT.

294

ing of a merciful difpofition, and abhorring the impiety of
his deceafed relatives, opened the temples, redored the
facrifices, encouraged his people to follow their vefpec-
tive avocations with avidity, and cheerfully redreffed the
injured, to the bed of his ability. This conduct might
naturally have been fuppofed to have drawn down ble th¬
ings upon his perfon and family ; but, on the contrary,
his lovely daughter was torn from his arms by death, and
the oracle at Butus pronounced that his own life fl'.ould
continue but fix years more. In confequence of this pre¬
diction the king fent to remonftrate with the oracle, al¬
leging that his father and uncle, who were mo n tiers of
impiety, had been bletled with length of days ; while
he, who had reverenced the gods, and afted with juft ice
and humanity towards his fubjefts, was requited with fo
fevere a fentence. To this expoflulation the oracle re¬
plied, that Cheops and Cephrenes were acquainted with
the decree of fate which had doomed the Egyptians to
one hundred and fifty years of fevere inifery, and had act¬
ed conformably thereto; but, as the p refen t reign had
interrupted the courfe of the defiined affliction, it muft
therefore be fuddenly terminated. Mycerinus, finding
his doom irrevocable, refolved to make the mod of Iris
allotted time, and ordering a fplendid illumination to be
prepared every night, fo that lie devoted the whole of
his time to feading and revelry, thenceforward making
no didiriftion between day and night . He is alfo laid to
have erected a pyramid, which, from the balls to the
middle, was of Ethiopian (lone, inferibed on the northern
front with the name of the royal founder.

Though we are unable to -fix with accuracy the time
of his fucceffion, we (hall proceed to notice Gnephadtus,
a king renowned for his temperance, and for the execra¬
tion lie denounced againd Menes, who firlt introduced
excefs and luxury among the Egyptians. This execra¬
tion refulted from the falutary repole which Gnephadtus
enjoyed, after a day of fatigue and (lender diet, in the
mid ft of a barren defert ; and, by confent of the priefts,
it was engraved upon a pillar in the temple of Thebes.

Bocchoris, the (on of this abftemious prince, was fur-
named the Wife, on account of his great prudence and
knowledge ; though his perfonal appearance is faid to
have been ignoble. He is called the fourth Egyptian
lawgiver ; and his excellent decifions were retained for
feveral ages after his death. The lulire of his qualities
was, however, tarnifhed by his inordinate love of money;
and he drew a general odium upon himfelf, by letting in
a wild bull to the facred animal called Miievis, though
the latter obtained a complete viftory over his antago¬
nist. Previous to this event, Bocchoris was highly vene¬
rated by his fubjefts, but at la(t he was taken captive by
Sabbaco the Ethiopian, and burnt to death.

Afychis, whom Come authors fuppofe to have been the
fame with Bocchoris, is faid to have built the eaftern
portico to the temple of Vulcan with peculiar magnifi¬
cence ; to have erected a pyramid of brick, on which ap¬
peared a vaunting infeription ; and to have enafted a law,
whereby a man might borrow money on the dead body
of his father. The throne was now filled by a blind man
named Anyfis, who, on the invafion of his kingdom by
Sabbaco, fled' for (belter to the fens. Sabbaco, who is
faid to have condemned the unhappy Bocchoris to the
devouring flames, no fooner found himfelf eftablifhed in
his new dignity, than he laid afide his cruelty, and be¬
came a pattern of clemency and benevolence. He was
excited to the invafion .of Egypt by a dream, which af-
fured him that he diould hold that country for the fpace
of fifty years. During his continuance in Egypt, he ex¬
hibited the brightelt proofs of wifdom and piety, and
ftudied to render his power (erviceable to all his fubjefts.
At length, however, he had a vifion in his deep, wherein
the tutelar god of Thebes informed him -that he could no
longer retain the Egyptian diadem with happinefs and
fecurity, unlefs he maffacred the priefts as he palled
through them with his guards. I11 conference of this

vifion he fent for the priefts, and refigning the crown,
which lie had now held for the promifed term of fifty
years, he returned into Ethiopia. On this Anyfis came
forth from his hiding-place, and re-affumed the reins of
government, having formed an ifiand during his long ab-
fence, compofed of earth and fand, in the midd of the
Nile, for his habitation.

Sethon king of Egypt, and pried of Vulcan, injurioufly
diveded the military order of their lands and ancient pri¬
vileges ; in confequence of which they thought them-
felves abfolv.ed from their allegiance, and determined not
to bear arms under his command. In this date of a (fairs,
Egypt was threatened with an invafion by Sennacherib
king of Aflyria. Sethon, perceiving his danger, had now
recourfe to the men whom he had treated with fuch in-
jufiice; but, finding them obdinate in their determina¬
tion, he repaired to his god, and in the deeped diftrefa
implored afiidance. Whild he was in the temple he fell
into a deep deep, during which he imagined Vulcan (food
before him, exhorting him to march againd the enemy,
promifing to crown his efforts witli a complete vidtory.
Animated by this dream, he affembled a body of tradef-
men, labourers, and artificers, and boldly commenced his
march towards Pelufium. The night after his arrival, aa
infinite multitude of field rats entered the enemy’s camp,
and gnawed the quivers, (liield-draps, and bow-firings,
to pieces ; in confequence of which Sethon purfued them
with great (laughter, and, in memory of the miraculous
event, eredted a datue of done in the temple of Vulcan,
holding a rat in one hand, and bearing an infeription to
this effedt : “ Whoever beholdeth me, let him learn to
reverence the gods.” Such is the account given by He¬
rodotus ; but we are inclined to fuppofe, with M. Rol-
lin, that this dory is merely an alteration of that which
is narrated in the feventeenth chapter of the Second Book
of Kings. We there' read that Sennacherib king of the
Affyrians, having vanquiflied all the neighbouring na¬
tions, defigned to befiege Hezekiah in Jerufalem. The
Jewidi miniders, alarmed for their own fafety, fent (in
oppofition to the advice of their prince and the prophet
liaiah) to the Egyptians and Ethiopians for afiidance.
Thefe armies united and marched immediately to their
relief; but were overthrown in a pitched battle by the
Affyrians, who purfued them into Egypt, and plundered
the country. At his return from thence, on the very
night preceding his intended affault of the holy city, lie
loll one hundred fotir-fcore and five thoufand men, by the
immediate judgment of God, placed in tlie hands of the
dedroying angel. This was the real faft ; but, as it was
no ways honourable to the natives of Egypt, they endea¬
voured to turn it to their advantage* by corrupting the
circumdances, and weaving it into the tale recited by
Herodotus.

After the death of Sethon, Egypt was divided into
twelve kingdom's, and as many nobles leized on the go¬
vernment of the date. Thefe kings entered into the
-drifted adociation for the public welfare, and built the
famous labyrinth, in order to perpetuate their names to
the latefi ages. Their government was'for a confidefable
time attended with peace, and their regulations were pro¬
ductive of fatisfaCtion and harmony ; till at length, being
all affembled in the temple of Vulcan, Pfammetichus pre-
fented his libation in his helmet, the high-pried having
neglefted to provide him with a golden bowl. This oc¬
currence, though purely accidental, was obferved by the
other kings as an inaufpicious augury refpeCting then-
future fortunes, as they immediately recollected that an
oracle had affirmed, the man who diould offer his li¬
bation to Vulcan in a brazen cup, diould be king of all
Egypt. They thought it therefore prudent to fecure
themfelves from his attempts, and unanimoufiy agreed
to banifli him into the fenny parts of the country. Plam-
metichus withdrew in purluance of his lenience, but lent
to the oracle of Latona, to enquire by vvliat means lie
might hope for redrefs. The oracle affirmed, in aiifwer,

that

EGYPT.

that brazen men would fuddenly arife from the fea and
avenge the fevcrity of his treatment. This declaration
■was regarded as an abfurdity ; but, not long after, fome
Grecians, Carians, and Ionians, landed in brafs-armour,
which Pfammetichus conceiving to be the accomplilh-
ment of the myfterious prediction, immediately engaged
the Grangers by large promifes to ftay wdth him, and
uniting them with fuch Egyptians as efpoufed his caufe,
lie obtained a decifive victory over the eleven kings, and
feized- on the whole kingdom for himfelf. Thus was the
duodecemvirate ditfolved, after it had continued fifteen
years.

Pfammetichus, thus poftefled of the throne without
a rival, in the year before Chrift 670, is laid to have
reigned with as much policy, wifdom, and magnificence,
as any of his predecelfors. He rewarded his allies to the
full extent of his promife. He alfo gave them certain
lands on each fide of the Nile, and honoured them with
the tuition of feveral young Egyptians who were defirous
of learning the Greek language. Herodotus informs us,
that he built the fouthern portico to the temple of Vul¬
can, and raifed a magnificent edifice for the reception of
the god Apis. The partiality expreffed by this monarch
towards the foreigners who placed him on the throne,
was fo obnoxious to the Egyptians, that two hundred
thoufand of them quitted his fervice at once, and re¬
moved, in fpite of every remonltrance, to the territories
of Ethiopia. Pfammetichus, however, contrived to re¬
pair this lofs by opening his ports to all ftrangers, in op-
polition to the referred maxims of his predecelfors, and
by entering into an advantageous alliance with the Athe¬
nians and other Greek nations. After a reign of fifty-four
years he died, and was buried in the temple of Minerva,
at Sais. He is celebrated for the liege he laid to Azotus
in Syria, which held out againft the whole power of
Egypt for twenty-nine years ; and he is laid to have been
the firft king who fent perfons to difcover the fprings of
the Nile. It-was this prince alfo, who, being anxious to
prove whether the Egyptians were in reality the moff an¬
cient nation upon earth, caufed two children born of poor
parents to be brought up in a hovel, under the care of a
fhepherd, who was to nourifh them with goats milk, and
to feclude them carefully from every other human being,
that they might never have an opportunity of hearing an
articulate found. At the end of two years, as the (hep-
herd was one day entering the hut to feed thefe children,
they both extended their little hands towards him, crying
out at the fame time beckos, beckos. They were immedi¬
ately taken to court, that the king might hear them
(peak ; and after much enquiry it was found that the
Phrygians called bread by the name of beckos. The
Egyptians were therefore obliged to refign the honour of
antiquity, or rather of priority, to the Phrygians.

On th.e deceafe of Pfammetichus, before Chrift 6 16,
the fceptie devolved to his fon Nechus,. the Pharaoh-
Necho of the fcriptures, a prince of an enterprizing ge¬
nius. In the commencement of his reign, he attempted
to cut a canal that might unite the Red Sea with the
Nile ; but, after much expence and labour, he was warn¬
ed by an oracle to defilt. He accordingly gave up his
defign ; built a fleet of galleys in the northern fea, and
another in the (traits of the Arabian gulf ; and fent out
fome of the moll expert Phoenician mariners, upon a dif-
covery of the African coalts. He was not only great at
fea, but formidable alfo by land. The fcripture exprefsly
fays, that he went out againft the king of Alfyria. In
this expedition he was oppofed by Joliah, who was mor¬
tally wounded in the valley of Megiddo. The conque¬
ror then proceeded to the banks of the Euphrates, fnb-
dued the city of Carchemilh, and, at the expiration of
three months, returned towards Egypt. Hearing that
Jehoahaz had railed himfelf to the throne in Jerufalem,
he ordered him to appear before him at Riblah in Syria,
where he loaded him with chains, and fent him priioner
into Egypt. He then vifited Jerufalem ; made Eliakim

2g5

king over Judah, changing his name to Jehoiakim, and
impofing on him a tribute of one talent of gold and a hun¬
dred talents of lilver. Thus he became mailer of Judea
and Syr ia ; and, in commemoration of his good fortune,
he confecrated to Apollo the garments which he had
worn in his mod fplendid engagements. His enjoyment
of thefe new acquifitions was, however, but of fh or t du¬
ration ; for, in a few years, he was defeated and (tripped
of ail his polfeffions in Syria and Judea by Nebuchadnez¬
zar king of Babylon, who undertook to drive the Egyp¬
tians from Carchemilh, and recover the Syrian and Phoe¬
nician provinces. After this period, the adfions of Ne-
cluis gradually dwindled into obfcurity, nor did he again
attempt to quit the boundaries of his own kingdom. He
died in the fixteenth year of his reign, and left the king¬
dom to his fon.

Pfammis, who began to reign in the year before Chrift
600, held the regal dignity only fix years ; and hiftory
contains nothing refpebting him worthy of mention, ex¬
cept that he made an expedition into Ethiopia. During
this reign a fplendid embafiy was fent by the Eleans to
know whether the mod fage Egyptians could difcover
any defedb in the Olympic games. The king accordingly
called an aftembly of the moft judicious men in his do¬
minions, who, having heard all that could be faid in fa¬
vour of the inftitution and its regulations, afked the Ele¬
ans whether ftrangers and citizens were both admitted to
contend at their games ; and, on the Eleans replying that
they were open to any one, the Egyptians pronounced
their condudt erroneous, fince it was natural they Ihould
favour their fellow-citizens more than foreigners.

Apries the fon of Pfammis, and the Pharaoh Hophra
of holy writ, entered into a league with Zedekiah king
of Judah, againft the king of Babylon. About two years
after this tranfaclion, which marked his acceflion, he led
an army to the relief of Jerufalem, then clofely befieged
by Nebuchadnezzar; but, finding that the Babylonian
refolved to give him battle, he retreated haftily to his
own country, and abandoned the Jews to the fury of their
enemy. To punifti this breach of faith, Ezekiel predicted
that the Egyptians Ihould be confounded and defolate for
forty years, and that they Ihould gradually degenerate
till they Ihould have no power to elect a monarch of
their own. The fcripture fpeaks of Apries in very de¬
grading terms, and finally threatens him with a violent
death, which was his fate. The fulfilment of thefe pro¬
phecies are fatisfaCtorily recorded, even by profane hi f-
torians, who inform us that Apries, in conlequence of
expoling the Egyptians to a dreadful defeat, by fending
them to the relief of Andican king of Lybia, caufed an
univerfal defection among his fubjects ; that, in the hope
of appeafing the difturbance by the mediation of his fup-
pofed friend Amafis, he furnifhed the rebels with a va¬
liant leader, whom they accordingly faluted king of
Egypt; and that Apries, being vanquillied in a pitched
battle near Memphis, was taken captive by the ufurper,
who for fome time treated him with great refpeCt ; but
at length delivered him into the hands of the people,
who ftrangled him, and laid his body among his deceafed
anceftors, in the temple of Minerva.

During thefe inteftine commotions, Egypt was invaded
by Nebuchadnezzar, who miferably haralfed the country,
and led great numbers of its inhabitants into captivity.
At length, however, he came to an accommodation with
Amafis, and quitted the kingdom with an immenfe boo¬
ty, which had been promifed him by the God of Ifrael
in thefe words: “ Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon,
caufed his army to f’erve a great fervice againft Tyrus,
yet had he no wages, nor his army for Tyrus. There¬
fore, thus faith the Lord God, I will give the land of
Egypt unto Nebuchadnezzar king . of Babylon, and it
lhall be the wages for his army.”

Amafis began to reign in the year 569 before Chrift;
and is generally believed to have been of plebeian ex¬
traction, upon which account he met with no refpeft

from

E G Y P Y.

syG

from his fubjedls in the beginning of his reign. He, how¬
ever, thought it prudent to fubdue their temper by an
artful mode of conduct, and to conciliate their affections
by gentlenefs and reafon. He caufed a golden cittern, in
which he ufed to wafh his feet, to be melted down and
caft into a ftatue, which, by his exprefs order, was ex-
pofed to public adoration. The people haftened in
crowds to perform their devotions before the new god,
when the king informed them of the vile ufes to which
it had once been applied, though it was now become an
objeCt of their word) ip. The application of this remark
had the deiircd fuccefs, and the king was from that time
treated with veneration. He attended clofely tobufinefs
during the morning, and devoted the reft of the day to
mirth and conviviality : but, as he fometimes carried his
gaiety beyond due bounds, his friends affured him that
he would render himfelf contemptible by the unfuitable-
nefs of his conduCt : to which he anfwered, that the
mind of man required relaxation to preferve its energy ;
and that it was as impodible to be always ferious, as for
a bow to continue always bent, without lofing its vigour.
He built a magnificent portico to the temple of Minerva
at Sais ; founded the great temple of Ifis at Memphis ;
enriched the other celebrated temples with a profufion
of gifts and ornaments ; and removed an edifice, confid¬
ing only of one done, from Elephantina to Sais : two
thoufand men were employed during the fpace of three
years in tranfporting this extraordinary edifice, which
meafured twenty-one cubits in front, fourteen in depth,
and eight in height : the interior dimenfions were eighteen
cubits, tw'elve, and five. So great was his fame for mu¬
nificence and humanity, that when, the Delphians endea¬
voured to raife a contribution towards the rebuilding of
their temple, which had beendeftroyed by fire, he volun¬
tarily gave them a thoufand talents of alum. He made
an alliance with the Cyrenians, and married Ladice, the
daughter of Critobolus. After the confummation of his
nuptials, he fent a gilded ftatue of Minerva and his own
portrait to the city of Cyrene ; to the city of Lindus lie
prefented two (tone ftatues of the fame goddefs ; and to
Samos he ferit two wooden images of himfelf, which were
fee n Handing feveral ages afterwards behind the gates of
the great temple of Juno. To tliefe particulars we may
add, that lie was the firft prince who conquered Cyprus,
and extorted a tribute from its inhabitants.

Hitherto we have fpcken of Amafis as a great and hap¬
py monarch, but we are now obliged to confefs that his
reign, however glorious in fome particulars, was mixed
with ignominy, and that his latter days were darkened
by one of the mod dreadful ftorms that ever threatened
the fafety of Egypt. Xenophon allures us that Egypt
was fubdued by Cyrus ; which mnft have been during
this long reign. Herodotus aliens, that Amafis and Crce-
fus were leagued together againft Cyrus ; and it is well
known that Nebuchadnezzar almoft ruined the whole
kingdom ; though no mention is made of this deftruftion
by profane authors, who have either copied from the an¬
cient records of Egypt, or depended upon the oral tra¬
ditions of the Egyptian priefts, men who would naturally
exert themfelves to hide from every fcrutinizing eye the
foul dithonour of their nation. Amafis, having by fome
means exafperated Cambyfes the Perfian, was threatened
( with an invafion by that prince immediately after the
death of Cyrus. At the fame time Phanes of Halicar-
nalfus, commander of the Grecian auxiliaries in the pay
of Amafis, quitted Egypt in difguft, and embarked for
Perfia. Amafis was juftly alarmed at the gathering cloud,
and was perfectly lcnfible how great a lofs he mull fuf-
tain in the defedfion of a man who, as a valiant captain,
a judicious counfcllor, and a perfon thoroughly acquaint¬
ed with all his affairs, might ftrengthen the hands of Cam¬
byfes, and facilitate the deftruftion of Egypt. He there¬
fore fent a fwi ft- failing galley to purfue the fugitive, who
was overtaken at Lycia ; but, having intoxicate^ his
guard, he rendered abortive all the fchemes of Amafis,

3

and proceeded without moleftation to the court of Cam¬
byfes. About the fame period Amafis, as if finally deftined
to accumulated misfortunes, renounced the friendfhip
and alliance which had long fubfifted between himfelf
and Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos. In confequence of
this prepofterous behaviour, Polycrates offered to affift
Cambyfes with a fleet of lliips, in his purpofed invafion.
Previous, however, to the commencement of the impend¬
ing ftorm, Amafis paid the debt of nature, in the forty-
fourth year of his reign ; and left a diffracted kingdom
to his fon.

Pfammenitus had fcarcely affurned the enfigns of the
regal office, when Cambyfes appeared on the frontiers
with a powerful army, in the year before Chrift.525. A
body of forces was levied with all pofiible expedition’, to
elude the prefling danger ; but the Perfian laying fiege
to Peluflum, made himfelf mailer of that important city,
without the leaft oppofition from the Egyptian garrifon.
Immediately after the furrender, Pfammenitus advanced
to flop the progrefs of his foe. Previous to the engage¬
ment, the Greeks who ferved under Pfammenitus, anx¬
ious to exprefs their indignation againft their faithlefs
countryman, Phanes, brought his children into the camp,
killed them before their father’s face, and drank their
blood in prefence of the two armies. This barbarity
rou fed the Perfian foldiers to vengeance, and they imme¬
diately commenced their revenge with fuch fury as foon
put the Egyptian forces to flight, and covered the field
with their dead bodies. Thole who efcaped the daugh¬
ter fled to Memphis, where they tore a Pt.fian herald to
pieces, and carried his limbs in triumph through the ci¬
ty. They were, however, foon befieged by their invete¬
rate foes, and compelled to furrender atdifcretion : when
their enormities were retaliated by the public execution
of the prime nobility, among whom was tiie fon of Pfam-
menitus. The Egyptian monarch himfelf was.taken cap¬
tive, but Cambyfes reftored him to his liberty, and would
probably have entrufted him with the adminiftration of
affairs ; but this forbearance made no impreflion on his
vindictive fpirit, which thirfted for revenge on the con¬
queror ; he was therefore condemned to drink bull’s
blood, and expired after a difmal reign of fix months, and
a fhort captivity. Cambyfes having thus brought Egypt
under his fubjedl ion proceeded to- Sais, the burying-place
of the Egyptian kings ; and having caufed the dead body
of Amafis to be taken from the fepulchre, he expofed it
to a thoufand indignities, and finally ordered it to be re¬
duced to allies. He afterwards pillaged and burnt the
Theban temples; killed the god Apis with his own
hand ; and ordered the priefts to be feverely whipped.
Thefe feverities made fo ftrong an impreflion upon the
minds of the wretched Egyptians, that tiiey ever after¬
wards regarded the Perfians with the moft irreconcile-
able averfion. In the reign of Darius Hyftafpis, they
broke out into an open revolt, and remained in a ftate of
rebellion againft the Perfians, till the fecond year of Xerx¬
es, when they were reduced to greater fubjedtion than
before, under Achaemenes, who was appointed their go¬
vernor.

Their fufferings, however, feem rather to have irri¬
tated than broken their fpirits ; as’ we find them revolt¬
ing again, in the fifth year of Artaxerxes Longimanus,
before Chrift 450. As this period they perfuaded Ina-
rus king of Lybia, to fill their vacant throne, and im¬
plored afliftance from the Athenians, who embraced with
ardour this opportunity of driving the Perfians from
Egypt. Thefe auxiliaries attacking the Perfian fleet, took
and deftroyed fifty fail of their (hips ; and then failed up
the Nile, haftened to join the Egyptian and Lybian forces,
under the banner of Inaras. Having effected a jundtjon,
they ventured to attack the Perfian general, . though his
army confifted of three hundred thoufand effective men ;
and their attempt was crowned with fuch fuccef , that a
third part of the enemy were (lain, together with the ge¬
neral himfelf, and the reft fled to Memphis, where they

took

EGYPT. U97

took refuge in the beft fortified part of tbe city, called
the White Wall. The Egyptians, elated with fucceL,
fitppofed that they had completely delivered themfelves
and their pofierity from the feverity of their oppreflbrs:
but, at the end of three years, during which they had
blocked up the PetTians in the White Wall, they were
defeated by Arrabazus governor of Silicia, and Megaby-
zus governor of Syria. Inartts was wounded in the en¬
gagement, but he retreated with his Athenian allies, and
the remnant of the Egyptian army to the city of Byblus,
in the i fl and of Profopitis, where he fuftained a fiege of
eighteen months duration. The majority of the Egypti¬
ans laid down their arms, and acknowledged the fove-
reignty of Artaxerxes ; but Amyrtaeus retreated with a
body of men to the fens, where he enjoyed his govern¬
ment for feveral years without moleftation, as the nature
of the place fecured him againlf all the attempts of the
Perhaps. Inartts and his adherents, in the mean time,
were fully occupied in defending themfelves againfl the
attacks of the enemy : but, at length, the latter having
recourfe to ftratagem, drained that branch of the Nile
which contained the Athenian fleet, and thus effected a
paffage to the ifland. Inarusand the Egyptians now fur-
rendered themfelves, on condition of being fecurcd in
their lives ; but the Athenians fet their veffels on fire,
and refolved to fell their lives at the deareft rate : the
Perfians, however, thought fit to offer fuch terms as were
accepted. At this juncture, a fleet of fifty Athenian
lb ips appeared in the river, on behalf of the befieged ;
but they were immediately deftroyed by the Perfians, and
with their deftrurtion ended the waf between Inarus king
of Egypt, and Artaxerxes of Perfia, under whofe go¬
vernment the Egyptians long remained quiet, and made
no farther exertions for the recovery of their liberty dur¬
ing bis reign. Sartamus was now left as governor of
Egypt, and Inarus was carried to Sufa ; where, in viola¬
tion of the Perfian general’s promife, he was condemned
to the ignominious death of the crofs. Amyrtaeus, the
Saite, ff ill remained in pofleliion of the marflty country ;
and in the fifteenth year of Artaxerxes, was joined by an
Athenian fleet of fixty fail, but nothing worthy of notice
was effected towards the extirpation of the Perfians.

In the tenth year of Darius Nothus, the difcontent of
the Egyptians again burft through the barriers of re-
flraint, and they revolted a third time. Amyrtaeus be¬
ing apprifed of their defigns, was infpired with the mod
enthufiaftic ardour in behalf of his diflrefled country¬
men ; and ruffling front his fequeftered abode, put him¬
felf at the head of the Egyptians, and performed fuch
prodigies of valour, as effectually drove the Perfians be¬
yond the frontiers, and left him monarch of the whole
kingdom. Elated with fuccefs, Amyrtaeus refolved to
carry his arms into Phoenicia ; that, in confederacy with
the Arabians, he might drive the Perfians from thence
alfo. This expedition, however, proved unfortunate to
the Egyptian, who was engaged by Darius in perfon, and
overthrown. Pauliris the fon of Amyrtaeus, was now
elerted to the throne of Egypt, with the confent of the
Perfians ; by which means the Egyptians, though proba¬
bly tributary, experienced fome alleviation of their mif-
fortunes, under a governor of their own nation. Sub-
fequent to this reign was that of Pfammetichus, a bar¬
barous and ungrateful prince, who, hearing that Tamus,
a Memphite by birth, had quitted the Perfian fervice,
and failed for Egypt, with his family and efferts, fell
upon him as an enemy, and caufed him to be inhumanly
murdered with all his followers, that his treafures might
be conveyed into the royal coffers. Nephereus, who next
fueceeded to t lie throne, fent a fquadron of an hundred
galleys to a fli ft the Lacedaemonians in their war againfl;
the Perfians, and fupplied them with 600,000 bulhels of
com for the fubfiflence of their army ; but the velfels
which carried this valuable prefent, were taken by the
Perfian fleet at Rhodes, and never reached the place of
their deftination.

Vol. VI. No, 350.

Acoris, the fuceefTbr of Nephereus, in tbe year before
Clirifl 398, entered into a treaty againfl tbe Perfians, with
the Tyrians, Barcearis, Arabians, and the king of Cyprus.
About the fame time Gaus, the only furvivor of ihe fa¬
mily of Tamus, who, like his father, had been promoted
to the rank of admiral in Perfia, quitted the fervice, and,
carrying with him a great part of the fleet and army,
formed an alliance with the Egyptians and Lacedaemo¬
nians. But foon afterwards Gaus was alfaflinated by fome
of his followers ; and other incidents confpired to fet alide
the defigns which began to alarm the Perfian power.
Thirty years after the acceflion of Amyrtaeus to the
throne of Egypt, and the expulfion of the Perfians, Ar¬
taxerxes Mnetnon threatened the Egyptians with a cruel
war. Great preparations were accordingly made, and
Acoris engaged a number of mercenaries under the com¬
mand of Chabrias the Athenian ; but, previous to the
commencement of hoftili ties, Acoris died and left the
kingdom to his fon. Pfammutliis enjoyed the regal dig¬
nity but one year; and his artions feem to have been un¬
important, as they are palled over in filence by liiflorians.
Neplierotes bis fuccelTor, reigned but four mffnths. He
is called the laft of the Mendefian race.

The feeptre now devolved to Nertanebis, who, in the
fecond year of his reign, was invaded by the Perfian fleet
and army. Owing, however, to the king's precautions,
and the mutual jealoufies that fubfifted between the Per¬
fian commanders, the attempt of the enemy was rendered
abortive ; and they were finally obliged to retreat, by the
inundation of the Nile. Five years after this event, Age-
filaus king of Sparta, vifited Egypt in charadter of ah am-
balfador, to requeft luccours for the Lacedaemonians, who
were feverely diflrefled by the Thebans : and, in feven
years after this embaffy, Nertanebis died. Tachos, the
liicceeding prince, collected all his forces, in order to
fruftrate the plans of his ambitious enemies, who had
not relinquilhed their hope of reducing Egypt. To
ftrengthen himfelf the more, he applied for fuccour to
the Lacediemonians, who fent him a confiderable num¬
ber of troops under the command of Agefllaus ; but
Tachos conceiving an averfion to that able commander,
violated his promife of appointing him generaliflimo of
the forces, and flighted thofe counfels which might have
preferved Egypt from deftrurtion. Having joined his
mercenaries and Egyptians together, he marched impru¬
dently towards Phoenicia, defigning to attack the Perfians
in that quarter ; but, during his abfence, the Egyptians
fliook off their allegiance, and placed his kinfman Nerta-
nebis on the throne: Agefllaus efpoufed the caufe of t lie
new monarch, and thus completed the ruin of Tachos;
who fled through Arabia, and took refuge under the
Perfian government.

Nertanebis had fcarcely obtained tbe crown, when a
Mendefian came forth with one hundred thoufand men
to wreft the feeptre from his hands. This rebellion in-
creafing daily in flrength, became at length fo formid¬
able, that the king (hut himfelf up in one of his towers,
till the befiegers were defeated by Agefilaus, who took
the Mendefian prifoner, and eftabliflied Nertanebis in tbe.
full poffeflion of his dominions. In the twelfth year of
this reign, the Perfians made great preparations for the
reduction of Egypt ; but the Sidonians and Phoenicians
entering into a confederacy with Nertanebis, forrtied a
ftrong barrier to bis kingdom; fo that it was impollible
that the enemy fhould approach Without marching through
Phoenicia. Upon this account, the Egyptian prince de¬
tached a body of Greek mercenaries to join the allies;
who, being encouraged with the fupply, expelled the
Perfians from their territories, and were immediately af¬
ter joined by the Cypriots, in their ftruggle for complete
liberty. Darius Ochus, apprifed of thefie circumftances,
refolved to put himfelf at the head of his forces, and to
inflirt a fevere chaflifement upon the unruly Egyptians ;
a defign which was approved and forwarded by Mentor
the Rhodian, who was perfertly acquainted with the con-
4 G cerns

/

298

EGYPT.

cerns of Egypt. NeClanebis, in the mean time, affembled
an army of one hundred thoufand men, confiding of forty
thoufand mercenaries, and the reft Egyptians ; but they
did not altogether amount to a third part of the Perfian
troops. With fome of them he guarded the palfes through
which tire enemy muft approach, and the others were ap¬
pointed to garrifon the frontier towns. Darius, on the
other hand, detached three bodies from his army. The
firft, commanded by Lachares the Theban, fat down be¬
fore Pelufium ; the fecond, under the command of Ni-
Coftratus the Argive, failed up the Nile in a fquadron of
the Perfian fleet, and, landing at a convenient place,
formed a ftrong encampment in the heart of the country;
and the third remained under the command of Mentor,
in expectation of a favourable opportunity for their in-
curfion. — The whole kingdom being now alarmed at the
pofition of Nicoftratus, all the neighbouring garrifons
undertook to force him from his entrenchments; but,
after a long and obftinate combat, the Egyptians were
utterly overthrown and difperfed. Upon the news of this
defeat, NeCtanebis abandoned the palfes and marched
liaftily to the capital, which he fuppofed Nicoftratus
would affault with "his victorious fleet and army. This
removal completed his ruin ; for the Greek garrifon at
Pelufium immediately furrendered to Lachares, upon
condition that they and their effeCts fhould be conveyed
in fafety to Greece: and Mentor the Rhodian, entering
the country, affirmed publicly that Darius would receive
with clemency all who fubmitted, but take the moll am¬
ple vengeance on thofe who prefumed any longer to op-
pofe him. The Egyptians, and Egyptian Greeks, imme¬
diately ftrove which fhould make the moft ready fubmif-
fion ; and NeCtanebis, thus driven to defpair, fled with
his treafures into Ethiopia, from whence he never at¬
tempted to return. From this time, before Chrift 350,
Egypt continued to be a province of Perfia, till that mo¬
narchy was fubverted by Alexander the Great, who was
in confequence received by the Egyptians as their de¬
liverer from the Perfian tyranny.

From the FOUNDATION of the MONARCHY

of PTOLEMY SOTER to the REDUCTION of

EGYPT by the ROMANS.

In the divifion of the Macedonian empire, upon the
death of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy Lagus was in¬
verted with the government of Egypt, Lybia, and part
of Arabia ; provinces which he retained during his life,
and tranfmitted, with other acqnifitions, as an hereditary
kingdom to his defendants. Hiftorians differ materially
in their affertions refpefting the extraction of this prince ;
fome affirming that he was a native of Eordea, a fimaU
place in the province of Mygdonia, and t hut he was
called Lagides, or the fon of Lagus, though he was com¬
monly believed to be an illegitimate fon of king Philip ;
others fuppofing him to have been of the royal family of
Macedon, not by the father, but his mother Arfmoe, who
was nearly related to Philip ; and others affuring 11s that
lie was of a mean defeent, and that he (erred in the Ma¬
cedonian army as a common foldier, till his gallant be¬
haviour induced Alexander to honour him with a chief
command. Ptolemy himfelf feems to have preferred the
name of Lagides to any other appellation, as he tranf¬
mitted it to ail his defeendants ; and Epiphanius tells us,
that he iriftituted a military order in honour of his father,
calling it from his name Lageion. But whatever was his
real extraction, it is certain that he was equally beloved
by Alexander and the army ; and all the ancients have
given him a moft excellent character. He chofe the city
of Alexandria for the place of his refidence, and granted
many privileges to all perfons who fettled there, whether
Greeks, Jews, or Egyptians ; in confequence of which it
became one of the molt wealthy and populous cities of
the eaft. Hence it is called by the ancients the fecond
ipetropolis of the world, the city of cities, the queen of
Hie eaft, a fecond Rome, &c.

Though Ptolemy exercifed the regal authority from
the time of his appointment to the government, before
Chrift 304, he did not affume the title of king, till he
found himfelf firmly fettled in his new dignity, after the'
unfuccefsful attempts of A ntigonus and Demetrius, which
were relinquiftied nineteen years after the death of Alex¬
ander. From this time he reigned twenty years, agree¬
able to Ptolemy’s canon, and thefe with the nineteen
aferibed by that writer to Philip and Alexander oEgus,
make up the thirty-nine years, which other authors fup-
pofe Ptolemy Lagus or Soter to have reigned alone. The
name of Soter fvas firft given to Ptolemy Lagus by the
Rhodians on the following occafion : Antigonus having
projected the feizure of the ifland of Cyprus, which was
then held by Ptolemy, demanded a fquadron of (hips from
the Rhodians for the accompli fit ment of his purpofe ; but
as thofe illanders w;ere fenlible of the great advantage
which refulted from their trade with Egypt, they refilled
to enter into any meafures that appeared inimical to the
intereft of Ptolemy. Antigonus, in revenge, Tent his fon
Demetrius with a powerful fleet and army to reduce their
ifland ; but Ptolemy afforded fuel) fuepours to the be-
fieged during the (pace of a whole year, that Demetrius
was obliged to conclude a peace upon honourable terms ;
and the Rhodians, in teftimony of gratitude, confecrated
a grove to Ptolemy, and decr eed that he fhould be ho¬
noured with the name of Soter or Saviour, in comme¬
moration of their happy deliverance. In the fortieth
year of his reign he placed Ptolemy Philadelphus on the
throne, declaring him his partner and fucceftbr to the
kingdom after his death. In this year, which was the
firft of the hundred and twenty-fourth olympiad, was fi-
ni filed the famous tower in the ifland of Pharos; and
the image of Serapis w'as brought to Alexandria, after
Ptolemy had for three fucceflive years requefted it of the
king of Pontus without effeCf. Ptolemy Soter pofleffing
a conliderable Ihare of erudition, as appears from his hif-
tory of Alexander, which was greatly efteemed by the
ancients, founded in that city an academy, or fociety of
leurqed men, who devoted their time to the ftudy of phi-
lofophy, and all other fciences. For the life of thefe
perfons, he made a collection of choice books, which
gradually increafed under his fucceftors to the fined li¬
brary in the world. See Alexandria, vol. i. p. 273.

Toward the clofe of the fecond year of Philadelphus,
before Chrift 284, his father Ptolemy Soter expired, in
the eighty-fourth year of his age, and the foriy-firft of
his reign. He was revered as the beft prince of his race,
and left behind him an illuftrious example of prudence,
juftice, and clemency, which none of his fuccelfoTS were
able to imitate. He retained the fame unaffected eafe'
and fimplicity of manners in his royal dignity, as lie had
ffiown while in a private ftation. He did not think him¬
felf degraded by converfing with the meaneft of his fub-
jedts : the objects of oppreffion had at all times a free
accefs to his perfon ; and the injured party might fsfely
look up to him for redrefs and protection. When he
gave a public entertainment, he thought it no difparage-
ment to borrow plate of his friends, having no more of
his own than was requiiite for his' common ufe ; and,
when his courtiers obferved th it a monarch fliould be
better provided, he anfwered, that the magnificence of
a king confided in enriching others rather than himfelf.
He had four wives, viz. Artonis, Thais, Eurydice, and
Berenice. By the third of thefe lie had Ptolemy Cerau-
nus, or the Thunderer, who, being the eldeft of the male
iffue, was confidered as the rightful heir to the crown ;
but Berenice, wliofe wit and beauty had gained an afeen-
dancy over her royal confort, prevailed upon him to ex¬
clude Ceraunus from the fucceffion, and to fettle it upon
her children ; in confequence of which, he refolved to (hare
the throne in his life-time with her fon Philadelphus, to
prevent tiie wars that might otherwife arife between the
brothers after his deceafe. He had by Berenice four chil¬
dren, viz. Philadelphus, Argseus, Philoteria,' and Arfi-

noe4

t

BTOSLBIte SOTEK.

1*0 n ii<>n J1 ti/'f ij/i td ns the Act direett DeeTS! J803 hy J. Wilkes .

E G

noe. He bad alfo ifTue by bis other wives, Lenticus, La-
gus, Irene, Ptolemais, and Lyfandra.

Ceraunus finding himfelf difappointed in tire regal fuc-
cefiion, quitted Egypt, and fled to the court of Seleucus
Nicanor, where he was received in the mod affectionate
manner, anu entertained with unbounded hofpitality : yet
the ungrateful wretch confpired againft his benefactor,
and treacheroufly murdered him. He then feized the king¬
dom of Macedon, which Seleucus had recently vvrefled
from Lyfimachus ; but, as he could not expcdt to enjoy
thefe dominions in peace while the queen and children of
Lyfimachus were alive, he formed the horrid refolution
of putting them to death, in order to free himfelf from
any apprehenfions on their account. Arfinoe, the widow
of Lyfimachus, though half-filter to the ufurper, was well
acquainted with his cruel temper; and had therefore ab-
fconded with her children, on the death of Seleucus. Ce¬
raunus, however, refolved that fo fine a woman fliould
not efcape him ; and therefore feigning a paflion for Ar¬
finoe, he offered to efpoufe her, and to adopt her two
children as his own. This propofal was at fit ft rejected,
through dread of fome unhappy confequence ; but Ce¬
raunus, to obviate all fufpicion, repaired to a temple
which the Macedonians held in the higheft veneration,
and there protefted before the ftatues of the gods and the
friends of Arfinoe, that he entertained no thought inimi¬
cal to the welfare of his fifter and her children. But no
fooner had tlte~ traitor attained Iris ends, than he threw
off the malk ; caufed the young princes to be affaflinated
in the very bofom of their diftrafted mother; and, drip¬
ping her of all her poffeffions, baniflied her into Samo-
thrace, with only two women to attend her. Such dia¬
bolical condudt might be naturally fuppofed to incur a
dreadful retribution ; and we accordingly find that this
monfter of cruelty was taken prifoner the next year by
the Gauls, and literally torn to pieces. After the death
of Ceraunus, Arfinoe quitted the, place of her bani fit¬
ment, and hafiened to the court of her brother Philadel-
pluis, who, being ftruck with her charms, exalted her to
the participation of his throne, after he had divorced an¬
other woman of the fame name, whom he had efpoufed
on his acceflion to the crown, but whofe jealoufy prompt¬
ed her to fome treafonable defigns. On the difcovery of
the plot, all the other confpirators were executed ; and
the queen was confined for life to a province of Upper
Egypt, bordering upon Ethiopia.

Pyrrhus king of Epirus, having been defeated in Italy
by the Romans, and driven difgracefully into his own
country, Ptolemy Philadelphus was anxious to form an
alliance with the conquerors, whofe name began to be
highly celebrated among foreign nations ; and he accord¬
ingly fent ambatfadors to Rome for that purpofe. This
being the firft time that any Egyptian had vifited Rome,
the fenate was greatly delighted to fee foreigners come
from fitch a diftance to folieit the fri£ndfliip of their re¬
public. They immediately difpatched four ambalfadors
to Egypt, who met with a reception at Ptolemy’s court
Aiitable to their'rank, and worthy the magnificence of an
Egyptian monarch. At a fplendid entertainment given
by the king, each of them was prefented with a crown of
gold, which they refpectively accepted ; but the very
next morning they placed them on the (tatues of Ptole¬
my, which were erected in the city. This contempt of
wealth eftabliflied the reputation of the Romans in Egypt,
but the king would not fuffer them to depart without
other tokens of his royal favour towards their republic
and themfelves ; however, they (bowed the fame difin-
tereflednefs on their return ; for they depofited all their
prefents in the public treafury, before they gave an ac¬
count of their embafly to the fenate.

Ptolemy who had for a long time enjoyed the fweets
of domeftic tranquillity was, in the year before Chrift 265,
unexpectedly alarmed by the revolt of Magas, who had
been regarded as one of the king’s mod faithful friends.
This man was the fon of Berenice, by a Macedonian of-

y p t.

ficer, previous to her marriage with Ptolemy Soter, and
in confequence of her afcendency over the mind of her
royal confort, (he had obtained for this fon the govern¬
ment of T.ybia and Gyrene. Magas having (Lengthened
himfelf in thefe provinces by long pofleflton, and. an
advantageous marriage with a princefs of Syria, began
to give yent to his ambition, and actually formed the
defign of driving his brother from the throne. With
this intent, he marched at the head of a numerous army
towards the capital, and obtained pofleflion of Paretonion
in his way thither, but upon intelligence that the-Mar-
marides had revolted from him, he abandoned his enter-
prize and returned home. The king, who was ihen with
a great body of troops on the frontiers, had a favourable
opportunity of cutting off the rebels, by falling upon
their rear; but he was prevented from embracing it by
a fimilar revolt among the Gauls, whom he had taken
into his fervice, and who had now refolved to (eize the
throne for themfelves. To obviate this danger, he haf-
tened back into Egypt, and (hut up the confpirators (o
effectually in an ifland of the Nile, that moft of them
peri (lied either by famine or the fvvord. Magas, after
quelling the troubles which demanded his attendance at
home, renewed his defigns upon Egypt, and prevailed
on Antiochus Soter, his father-in-law, to invade the
country on one fide, while he (hould make an incurlion
on the other. Thefe meafures were however fruftrated ;
for Ptolemy, who received private intelligence of all his
motions, fent a powerful force into the maritime pro¬
vinces of Syria, which committed fuch devaluations as
obliged Antiochus to relinquifh his engagement, and
Magas thought it molt advifable to withdraw his preten-
fions. Ptolemy now began to turn his thoughts to the
advancement of his people’s profperity ; and to this end
he refolved to draw to Egypt all the trade of the eaft,
which the Tyrian.s had till this time carried on by fea to
Ejath, and from thence by the way of Rhinocorura to
Tyre. Tcfeffedt this important defign, Ptolemy built a
city on the wefiern fide of the Red Sea, from whence he
fent out his fleets to all the countries whither the Tyrians
reforted with their merchandize from Elath; but finding
that the Red Sea was extremely dangerous, on account
of its numerous fhelves and rocks, he transferred the
trade to the city of Myas-Hormos, near the frontiers of
Ethiopia. To this place all the commodities of the dif¬
ferent nations were conveyed by fea, and from thence
carried on camels to Coptus on the Nile, where they
were again (hipped for Alexandria ; and difpofed of from
that city all over the welt, in exchange for the goods
that were afterwards exported to the eaft. Alexandria
thus became the chief mart of all the trade that fubfifted
between the eaftern and weftern countries, and continued
to be the greateft emporium of the world for upwards of
one thoufand (even hundred years, till the paflage was
found out by the Cape of Good Hope. But as the road
from Coptus to the Red Sea lay acrofs the delerts, where
travellers were equally diftrelled for lodging and w'ater,
the king caufed a canal to be opened- along the great
road, which was filled by the waters of the Nile, and
bordered with houfes at fuitable diftances, where paflen-
gers might find repofe and neceflary refrelhments. Ptolemy
alfo provided for the fecurity of his trading (objects, by
fitting out two powerful fleets, one of which he kept in
the Red Sea, and the other in the Mediterranean. With
thefe fleets he rode triumphant on the feas, and kept moft
of the maritime provinces of Alia Minor in fubjeCtion.

Magas, king of Cyrene and Lybia, exprefled a defire,
in the latter part of his reign, of compoiing all differences
with Ptolemy; and, in order ,to eft eft a complete recon¬
ciliation, he propofed a marriage between his brother’s
eldeft Ion and his own daughter, proiniling to give the
latter all his dominions by way of dowry. This propofal
was accepted at the court of Egypt, and peace was con¬
cluded upon thefe terms; but Magas dying before the
celebration of the nuptials, his wife A.pamea tifed her

utnioft

500

EGYPT.

utmoft efforts to break off the match ; her attempts were,
however, unfuccefsful, and only ferved to kindle the
flames of war between Ptolemy and her brother Antio-
chus Theus, king of Syria. Notwithftanding the inquie¬
tudes occafioned by this war, Ptolemy did not relinquifh
his fearch for books wherewith to enrich his library, and
for paintings and drawings, of which he was a great ad¬
mirer. -Arams, the Sicyonian, being employed to col¬
lect pictures from Greece, conciliated the king’s favour,
by this fervice, to fuch a degree, that Ptolemy regarded
him as one of his deareft friends; and prefented him with
an hundred and fifty talents for the reftoration of peace
and liberty to his native city.

This celebrated prince died in the fixty-thiru-year of
his age, and the fortieth of his reign. He left behind
him two fons and a daughter, whom he had by his firft
wife, the daughter of Lyfimachus. Ptolemy Euergetes,
his eldeft fon, fucceeded to the throne ; Lyfimachus (fo
named from his grandfather by the mother’s fide) was
put to death for engaging in a rebellion ; and Berenice
was married to the king of Syria. With refpedt to the
character of Ptolemy Philadelphus, we cannot propofe it
as a perfedl model of royal imitation ; as his numerous
good qualities were in fome meafure counterbalanced by
his faults. The commencement of his reign was difho-
noured by a defpicable refentment againd a man of un¬
common merit, whofe only offence confided in having
given fuch advice as was drictly confonant with the laws
ofjudiceand found policy. He caufed two of his bro¬
thers to be put to death from mere motives of jealoufv.
He was greatly addifled to effeminate pleafures ; and paid
fo little attention to military difeipline, that the army was
utterly unfit for action at the time of his death. Yet, on the
other hand, he was a zealous patron of literature, an in-
dudrious colleftor of books, and the man to whom we owe
the Greek trandation of the feriptures, commonly called
the Septuagint. Though this prince was extremely fond
of fcientific dudies, he did not fuifer them to engrofs his
whole time or attention, but applied himfelf with unre¬
mitting indudry to the welfare of the date, and to fuch
purfuits as feemed mod likely to enfure the wealth and
felicity of his fubjefts. By this laudable conduct he en¬
ticed fuch multitudes of foreigners to fettle in his domi¬
nions, that he is fa id to have poffeffcd thirty-throe thou-
fand three'hundred and thirty-nine populous cities. Con-
feious that the real- power of a monarch confids in the
number and riches of his people, he purfued his meafures
with firmnefs, and yielded to no difeouragement of diffi¬
culty or trouble. Notwjthdanding the great expence he
mud have been at in maintaining two great deets, an
army of two hundred thoufand foot, forty thoufand horfe,
two thoufand chariots of war, and three hundred ele¬
phants, the Alexandrian armory containing three hun¬
dred thoufand fuits of armour, engines, implements, &c.
and the Alexandrian library, mufeum, &c. he left in his
treafury feven hundred and fifty thoufand Egyptian ta¬
lents. Athenams therefore judly calls him the mod weal¬
thy prince of the age; and Appian obferves, that “as
he was the mod magnificent of kings in the didribution
of his money, fo he was the mod fk.il.ful and indudrious
in railing it.”

Ptolemy Euergetes, his elded fon, had no fooner ob¬
tained the crown, before Chrid 246, than he engaged in
a war with the king of Syria; from whofe dominions he
brought two thoufand five hundred pi&ures and datues,
among which were many of the idols formerly carried
from Egypt by Cambyfes. Thefe were redored to their
ancient temples by the king, who was on that occafion
honoured by his fubjedds with the appellation of Euer¬
getes, or the Beneficent. In this expedition he is faid to
have made himfelf mader of all the countries that lie be¬
tween Mount Taurus and the confines of India. On his
return he palfed through Jerufalem, and made a folemn
acknowledgment for his conqued over Syria, by ottering
many facrifices to the God of Ifrael. It is highly pro¬

bable that he had feen the prophecies of Daniel, and that
he concluded from thence who was the real author of his
fignal vidlories. Sublequent to the conclufion of peace,
he feems to have devoted the greated part of his time to
the cultivation of the feiences, and the improvement of
the Alexandrian library. He difpatched perfons of emi¬
nence into foreign countries to purchafe valuable books
at any price, and invited Eratodhenes the Cyrenian, from
Athens, to take charge of the library.

The tribute of the Jew-s having been withheld for a
confiderable time from Ptolemy, by the covetous difpofi-
ticn of Onias, the high pried, a meffenger was difpatched
from Alexandria to demand the arrears, and to inform
the citizens of Jerufalem, that if they continued to delay
the remittance, a body of troops would be fent into Judea,
to drive out the inhabitants, and to divide the country
among themfelves. This meflage was no fooner made pub¬
lic at Jerufalem, than the whole city was in the utmod
condernation, as not knowing how to divert the effects of
the king’s anger. At that time Jofeph, the nephew of
Onias, was in high repute for his prudence, and the fane,
tity of his manners: he was therefore fummoned to the
city, and chofen as ambaffador to the court of Ptolemy.
Jofeph foon furnidied himfelf with a fuitable equipage ;
commenced his journey to the Egyptian capital, and in
his way met with fome of the chief nobility of Coelo-
Syria and Paledine, who defigned to offer terms for farm¬
ing the revenues of thofe provinces. On their arrival at
Alexandria, they were informed that Ptolemy had made
an excurfion to Memphis; Jofeph accordingly fet out for
that city, but had the good fortune to meet the king upon
the road. He was immediately honoured with a feat in
the royal chariot; when lie made fo handfome an apology
for the neglect of his aged uncle Onias, that Ptolemy was
not only appeafed, but allotted Jofeph an apartment in
the palace, and honoured him with feveral proofs of his
efteem. *

On the day when the revenues of the provinces were
fet up in order to be let to the higheft bidder, befure
Chritt 234, the Syrians and Phoenicians, who had been
Jofeph’s fellow-travellers, ottered no more than eight
thoufand talents for Ccelo-Syria, Phoenice, Judea, and Sa.
maria ; but, as they haa plainly difeovered by their con-
verfation on the road, that thefe provinces were worth
more than double the fum which they meant to otter,
Jofeph upbraided them with depreciating the king’s re¬
venues, and offered fixteen thoufand talents, belides the
forfeitures, which lie promifed to return into the royal
treafury, though they had always been regarded as the
property of the farmers, Ptolemy littened with attonifh-
ment ; but afked Jofeph what fecurity he could give for
the fulfilment of his agreement. He anfwered he would
give the fecurity of fuch perfons as were unexceptionable ;
and on being commanded to mention them, lie named the
king and queen, affirming, that they would be bound to
each other for the faithful performance of his undertak¬
ing. This well-timed pleafantry ferved to confirm the
king in his opinion of Jofeph ; and he therefore entrufied
him with the charge of all the afore-mentioned revenues,
without any other fecurity than his own word. Jofeph
thus appointed receiver-general, borrowed five hundred
talents at Alexandria to pay his uncle’s arrears, and hav¬
ing received a fuitable guard for the execution of his of¬
fice, he quitted the court, in order to aCt in his new ca¬
pacity. On his arrival at Afkelon he was infulted by
the populace, who refufed to pay him the accullomed du¬
ties. He, however, foon appeafed the tumult, with the
affittance of his guards ; and caufing twenty of the ring¬
leaders to be executed, lie lent their forfeited eftates to
the king. By a fimilar conduct at Scythopolis, where
he met with the fame treatment, he fo effectually terri¬
fied the other cities, that they all paid the king’s clues
without hefitation. His prudent conduct, and tiie punc¬
tuality of his payments, procured him fuch favour at
court, that he was continued in his office, by three fuc-

ceflivs

E G Y

SOI

eefiive monarchs, for the fpace of two-and-twenty years ;
at the expiration of which' time the provinces were an¬
nexed to the crown of Syria by Antiochus the Great.

Ptolemy having at length concluded a peace with Sy¬
ria, applied himfeif to the extenfion of his dominions
foutlnvard ; and proved fo fuccefsful in his attempts, that
he became mailer of all the coal’s of the Red lea, both on
the Arabian and Ethiopian Ihores, down to the llraits
through which that fea difembogties itfelf into the fouth-
ern ocean. Thefe acquifitions were made with little
trouble ; and the king returned to Alexandria with an
immenfe treafure, which he generottlly divided amonglt
his gallant followers. Upon his return, he received an em-
baliy from the Achaeans, and promifed them his alliltance
againll the Etolians and Lacedemonians; but they hav¬
ing, in the mean time, requelled fuccours from the king
of Macedon, Ptolemy renounced his firli: intention, and
refolved to humble both the Achaeans and their new
ally, by fending a Itrong reinforcement to Cleomenes
king of Sparta. His expectations were, however, fuon
fruitrated, as Cleomenes was totally defeated at the fa¬
mous battle of Selufia, and finally obliged xo take refuge
in Egypt. Ptolemy,, though much chagrined,- received
the vanquifhed prince with every mark of kindnefs and
refpeft, allowed him a yearly penfiort of twenty-four- ta¬
lents, and allured him that he would ufe his utmolt ex¬
exertions to replace him on the throne ; but this promile
was annulled by the death of Ptolemy, which happened
in the twenty-feventh year of his age. This prince, with
refpeft to his encouragement of literature and the arts,
feems to have trodden in the deps of his predecelTor, as
lie applied himfeif with the utmod care to the augmen¬
tation of the public library, and the remuneration of
fuch perfons as were eminent for their abilities. He is
faid to have podelted a conliderable fhare of erudition,
and to have written, in his younger days, l’ome hidorical
commentaries that were in high repute.

Ptolemy Philopator, foil of Euergetes and Berenice,
fucceeded his father in the government, before Chrid 217,
and proved a molt debauched prince. Jultirvaffii ms that
he committed the crime of parricide to obtain the crown,
and that lie was therefore ironically called Philopator, or
lover of his, father; but this alien ion feems ill-founded.
He was named Tryphon, from the effeminacy of hi s di-
verfions ; and Gallus, became lie nfed to walk through
the Itreets on the bacchanal folemnities witli a wreath of
ivy on his iiead, like the gall i , or prielts of Cybele. I11
the very commencement of his reign, he can fed iiis brother
Magas to be put to death, at the mitigation of Sofibius his
prime minider; and this aft of barbarity was loon fol¬
lowed by others of a fimilar nature. Cleomenes, w hom we
have mentioned as having obtained a fecure afylum after
liis defeat with Euergetes, was, for fome time, entrufted
with the mod l'ecret couniels of Sofibius; but in confe-
quence of his oppolition to the murder of Magas, his ad¬
vice was foon neglected, and both the king and his cour¬
tiers abandoned themfelves fo entirely to licentioufnefs
and debauchery, that t he kingdom fell into a kind of
anarchy, and thfl Spartan prince began to lead a very me¬
lancholy life. In the mean time lie received intelligence
that Anfigonus, king of Macedon, was dead ; that the
Achaeans were engaged in holtilities with the Etolians;
and that the Lacedaemonians had joined the latter again!!
the Achaeans and Macedonians. He therefore reminded
Philopator that lie had promifed fo a Hi ft him with a pow¬
erful fleet ; and eafneltly petitioned for leave to depart
with his followers, as lie could not poltibly expeft a more
favourable opportunity for the recovery of his dominions.
Tliis requelt was, however, of no eff'eft ; for Ptolemy was
too deeply immerfed in vice and luxury to. attend to fuch
concerns; and Sofibius, knowing the great fagacity and
enterprifing fpirit of the Spartan, deemed it advifable to
detain him in Egypt, left he Ihould invade the kingdom
at a future day, and take an ample revenge for the illibe-

Vol. VI. No. 351.

P T.

ral treatment he had lately received. It was even judged
impolitic to allow him his liberty at Alexandria; where¬
fore the unfortunate Cleomenes was feized and kept in
confinement till his defpair fuggelted tiie resolution of
efcaping from prifon, with his friends and domeltics, in
order to excite the Alexandrians to a revolt. This at¬
tempt was, however, rendered abortive, and the prince
and his followers voluntarily perifhed by each other, to
avoid the ignominy of a public punifliment. The dead
body of Cleomenes was flayed and hung upon a crofs, by
command of Philopator ; wiio alio extended his inhuman
revenge to the mother, children, and attendants, of the
deceafed.

Ptolemy, by concluding a diflionourable peace with
Antiochus king of Syria, occalioned fo general a difeon-
tent among the Egyptians^ as finally broke out into an
open rebellion ; but the royal party feems to have ob¬
tained a victory, though hiltorians are filent with refpeft
to the particulars of the event. About this time, before
Chrift 20S, the king, who had received an affront front
the Jews, publi (lied an edict, excluding all perfons fiom
the palace, who did not facrifice to the Egyptian deities;
in confequence of which every individual of the Jewilh
nation mult either violate the law of his Creator, or re-
fign al! pretenfions to the royal protection, in what cafe
foever lie might need it. And by another decree, the
Jews were (tripped of all thole valuable rights and privi¬
leges, which had induced them to quit their native coun¬
try and fettle in Egypt ; for it Ihould be obferved, that
by favour of Alexander the Great and Ptolemy Soter,
they enjoyed the lame privileges at Alexandria as the
Macedonians, and were enrolled among the fii It rank of
inhabitants. Philopator, however, degraded them to the
third rank, and ordered that at the time of t his enrolment
the mark of an ivy leaf Ihould be imprelfed on their faces
with a hot iron ; that this mark Ihould be univerfally
regarded as a badge- of llavery; and that every perfon,
wiio prefumed to oppofe t he execution of the decree,
Ihould be put to death. But that lie might not appear
an enemy to the whole nation, he made an exception in
favour of thole who Ihould l'acrifice to his idols, pro-
miling all fuch the enjoyment of their former rank and
privileges. This fpecious offer was however of fmall
eff'eft, fince only three hundred individuals out of the
many thoufands of the Jews wiio relided in Alexandria,
debafed themfelves by a compliance with tine king’s com¬
mand : the others preferred the ignominious badge, or
purchafing a dear exemption, with all their property.
Thofe wiio continued fled fait in allegiance to their God,
exprelfed their abhorrence of their apoftate brethren, by
excluding them from all manner of communication. This
being confidered as a contempt of the king’s authority,
it fo much enraged Ptolemy, that he refolved on the ex¬
tirpation of all the Jews, beginning with thole who re-
fided in Egypt, and then proceeding vvith-equal feverity
againll the inhabitants of Judea and Jerulalem. Purfuant
to tit is fanguinary defign, lie can led -all the Jews who dwelt
in Egypt to be brought in chains to iiis capital, and there
to be (hut up in the hippodrome, that he might aniufe
himfeif with the view of their deliruftion. He next com¬
manded tiie mailer of the elephants to prepare five hun¬
dred of thofe animals for tiie execution of that perfecuted
people ; and appointed the enfuing morning for the tragical
cataltrophe of their misfortunes. Thefe orders were accord¬
ingly obeyed, and the people affembled in crowds to wit-
nelsthe cruel .niaflacre ; but tiie king having fat till a late
hour with iiis debauched companions, was unable to at¬
tend tiie dreadful exhibition, and the prifoners confe-
quently obtained a lliort refpite. Next morning Ptolemy
was awakened, by iiis own command, for the fame pur-
pol’e ; but being much inebriated, he threatened tiie per¬
fon who fpoke to him witli the effects of his refentment,
and tiie execution was delayed till the third day. In tiie
mean time the captive Jews prefented their prayers to
4. H Almighty

502

E G Y P T.

Almighty -God for their deliverance, and obtained it :
for on the third day, when Ptolemy had taken his feat,
and the elephants were let loofe upon the trembling pri-
feners, thofe powerful animals, indead of alfailing the
captive Jews, turned the whole of their rage upon the
fpeCtators, foldiers, and affidants, and dedroyed great
numbers of them ; which, together with fome Angular
appearances in the air, fo terrified Philopator, that he
immediately gave orders for the liberation of the cap¬
tives; publicly acknowledged the power of their God,
and drove to deprecate his wrath by reinfiating the Jews
in their former privileges, bellowing upon them many fa¬
vours, and loading them with prefents at their departure.

In the ninth year of this reign, two ambafladors arrived
at Alexandria to propofe a renewal of the ancient friend-
fliip and alliance that had fubfided between the Romans
and Egyptians. Shortly after this embalfy, Ptolemy had
an opportunity of obliging the-Romans, by refeuing one
of their mod illudrious officers from captivity, and by
honouring him with his favour and protection. Arfinoe,
the queen, who had for fieveral years been barren, was at
length delivered of a fon, ftirnamed Epiphanes, or the II-
luftrious. His birth occafioned great rejoicings in the
kingdom ; and many of the Syrian and Phoenician nobles
went to Alexandria to congratulate Ptolemy on the occa-
fion: but the king, pm fuing his cudomary diverlions,
devoted his time to drinking, gaming, and intemperance.
Arfinoe, (hocked at his infamous conduct, reproached
him with fnch feverity, that orders were given to Sofibius
for her alfaffinatton. Soon after the death of this prin-
cefs, Ptolemy fixed li is affeCtions upon Agathoclea, a
woman of mean extraction ; and was fo abl'olutely go¬
verned by her, by CEnanthcs her mother, and Agatho-
cles her brother, that his power was literally veiled in
their hands, and all the civil and military offices were
filled with their creatures and favourites. Tire murder
of Arfinoe incenfed the populace fo violently againd So¬
fibius, that Ptolemy was obliged to difmifs him, and to
raife to the office of prime-minider a young man of qua¬
lity named Tlepolemus, who had fignalized himfelf in
the army, and was at that time the king’s treafurer.

Ptolemy, having exhauded a robud conditution bv in¬
temperance and debauchery, died in the thirty-feventh
year of his age, and the feventeenth of his reign. He
was one of the mod wicked princes that ever governed a
kingdom. He began his career with the murder of an in¬
nocent brother, and terminated it with the alfaffination
of an affectionate wife. His whole time was devoted to
the gratification of his ruling paffions, fome of which
were of the moll detedable nature : his fubjeCts groaned
beneath the oppredion of his abandoned courtiers; and
the date of his affairs was in the utrnod eonfudon. He
is, however, celebrated for his liberality towards the
Rhodians, who were involved in the deeped diltrefs by
an earthquake ; for his encouragement of learning ; and
for His erection of a magnificent temple in honour of
Homer, whofe datue was placed in the center of the
edifice, and lurrounded with the reprefentations of the
feveral cities that claimed the honour of his birth. As
the only p'erfons prefent at the death of the king were
Agathocles, his filter, and their creatures, they concealed
the news as long as poIUble, and in the mean time appro¬
priated to their own ufe all the money, jewels, and other
valuables, found in the palace ; they alio formed a pro¬
ject for u furping the. regency during the minority of the
young prince, and vainly fuppofed that the death of
Tlepolemus, the new minider, would efiablilh their de-
fign. When, therefore, they thought proper to publilli
the king’s death, they affembled a council of thofe Alex¬
andrians who were of the Macedonian race ; informing
them that Philopator had, with his departing breath, re¬
commended his young fuccedbr to the care of Agatho¬
cles ; and exhorted them to take vengeance on Tlepole¬
mus, who had formed the ambitious deligis of afeending
the throne. Agathocles, who fpoke to this purport in

the adembly, imagined this weak artifice would have
exafperated the people againd Tlepolemus ; but his ma¬
licious contrivance was fo ill difguifed, that he drew upon
his own head the dedruction which he had planned for
the minider. The people of Alexandria, recollecting
the numerous crimes and oppreffiows of Agathocles and
his party, rofe in a general tumult, and having placed
the young king on the throne in the hippodrome, brought
before him Agathocles, Agathoclea, and their mother
CEnan lies, and caufed them to be put to death ; after
which their bodies were dragged through the dreets, and
torn in pieces by the multitude.

Ptolemy Epiphanes, the fon and fuccefior of Philo¬
pator, was but five years old at the time of his father’s
death, before Chrid 204. During his minority Antiochus
the Great, and Philip of Macedon, fubdued the provinces
of Ceelo-Syria and Paledine; but were foou obliged to
relinquifli them to Aridomenes, the prime- minider of
Egypt. In the third year of his reign three deputies were
fent to Alexandria to notify the victory which the Romans
had gained over Hannibal, and the treaty of peace con¬
cluded between Rome and Carthage; (fee Carthage,)
to thank Epiphanes for his faithful attachment to the
republic, at a time when the neighbouring nations had
renounced her alliance through, cowardice ; and to intreat
him alfo to continue his amity with the Romans, in cafe
Philip ffiould compel them to carry the war into Mace¬
don. The Egyptian nobles, who were guardians to the
prince, encouraged by this embalfy, thought it advifable
to place their young king and his dominions under the
protection of the Roman fenate ; which they accordingly
did, by fending a deputation to Rome fur that purpole.
The fenate, in compliance with their requed, empowered
M. Lepidus to take upon hinrthe guardianlhip, which,
after a fiiort day at Alexandria, he conferred upon Arido¬
menes, an experienced minider, and perfectly acquainted
with the aftairs of Egypt. He accordingly accepted the
honourable charge, and acquitted himfelf in it with pru¬
dence and fidelity. In the commencement of his admini-
dration he perfuaded Ptolemy to offer the mod unequi¬
vocal proofs of friend fit ip to the Romans; and prudently
renewed the ancient alliance between the kingdom of
Egypt and the republic of Achaia. .

Ptolemy Epiphanes, having arrived at the age of four¬
teen, was folemnly crowned and inveded with full aS;hc-
rity, in the year before Chrid 195. But no fooner had he
aifumed the reins of government, than he became the
prey of flatterers and para.fi tes, who foon_abl iterated from
his mind the judicious councils of his tutor, and rendered
the latter part ot his reign tyrannical and infamous.
Aridomenes did not indeed tamely fubmit to this conta¬
mination of his royal pupil's difpofition, but frequently
prefumed to give him advice, and befought-him to adopt
a mode of life that might prove more advantageous to his
fubjeCts and honourable to himfelf. Epiphanes was fo
highly offended at this liberty, that he palled a fentence
of death upon his affectionate cenfor ; and abandoned him¬
felf fo entirely to every fpecies of intemperance, that the
Egyptians began to ffirink from his tyrahnic power, and
formed a confpiracy for the purpole of driving him from
the throne. At this perilous ends he raifed Polycrates,
a man of abilities and experience, to the office of prime-
minider, and by his prudence obliged the leaders of the
rebellion to fubmit upon certain conditions ; but, after
promiling them life and liberty, he treated them in the
mod cruel manner, and caufed them all to be put to death.
This treachery involved him in frefh difficulties, but he
was again extricated by the policy of Ids faithful minider.
He maintained a drict friendlhip with the Romans during
the whole of his reign ; and offered them a thoufand
pounds weight of gold, and twenty thoufand of diver, to
profecute t lie war againd’ his father-in-law Antiochus,
king of Syria. He hated Antiochus on account of the.
didurbances he had occafioned in Egypt, and his queen
was (hocked at the cruelty of her parent, who fee ms to

have

303

E G 1

liave married her to Ptolemy with no 'other view than
that of deftroying the Egyptian monarch, and thereby
■obtaining an eafy conqueft of his dominions. But the vir¬
tuous queen, inviolably attached to-her duty, joined with
Ptolemy againft Antiochus, and preferred the ties of nup¬
tial love to thofe of confapguinity.

Ptolemy was anxious to conciliate the friendfhip of the
Achaean republic. Towards the end of his reign he fent
ambafladors to them, inviting the confederacy to join with
him in an offenfive and defend ve league, promifing them
a fupply of (hips, money, tliields, &c. This offer was
accepted, and ambafladors were appointed to renew the
alliance ; but while they were preparing to depart, news
arrived of Ptolemy’s death. This dillipated prince, hav-
hi cr cruP.ied the rebellion in Egypt, refolved to quit his
kingdom in order to carry on a vigorous war againft Se-
leucus, king of Syria : but as his finances were exhaufted,
one of his chief officers afked him by what means he de-
ftened to raife money for the expedition. The king an-
fvvered, that his friends were his treafure ; in confequence
■ of which the nobles inferred that he intended to pillage
them of their fortunes and eftates ; and, to prevent fuch
aw evil, they contrived to put a period to his life by
poifon, in the twenty-ninth year of his age, and twenty-
fourth of his reign. While he acted under the care of
Ariftomenes, and fubmitted to his directions, he was re¬
garded as an excellent and munificent prince ; but after
the murder of that able man, he funk into the mod abjefit
ltate of wickednefs, and tarniflied the honour of his youth
by folly, tyranny, and debauchery. He left two fons,
Philometor and Phyfcon, both under age, and one daugh¬
ter named Cleopatra.

Ptolemy Philometor, when fix years old, fucceeded his
father, before Chrift 1S0, under the guardianlbip of the
queen-mother, who governed the Egyptians for the fpace
of eight years. Upon her death the regency was trans¬
ferred to Lannseus, a nobleman of diftinction, and to Eu-
Irnus, who was charged with the young king’s education.
Thefe perfons, in the very beginning of their adminis¬
tration, demanded the provinces of Ccelo-Syria and Pa-
l.eftinelrom Antiochus Epiphanes, who at that time oc¬
cupied the throne of Syria. This demand was peremp¬
torily rejected, and a war enfued.; in the courfe of which
Philometor either furrendered himfelf voluntarily to An¬
tiochus, or was taken prifoner. The Alexandrians, fup-
pofing their fovereign irrecoverably loft, raifed his younger
brother to the throne, who for fo.me time bore tlte name
of Ptolemy Evergetes the Second, but was afterwards
difiinguifhed by tlte appellation of Phyfcon, or Great-
bellied, in confequence of the extreme obelity which re¬
sulted from his gluttony and luxury. On his acceffion,
Cip.eas and Cumanus were nominated to ferve him in the
capacity of prime-minifters, and were charged with the
important talk of reftoring the kingdom to its former
wealth and fplendpr. But, on the return of Antiochus
Epiphanes into Egypt, Phyfcon was driven from his
ftation, and Philometor was reftored to his throne and
dignity. Antiochus, however, defigned to kindle a war
between the brothers, in order that when their ftrength
was exhaufted he might feize on their domiirions ; and to
this end he retained Pelufium in his hands, that he might
be enabled to enter the country when he pleafed. But
Philometor, fufpedting his defign, effefted an accommo¬
dation with his brother, who embraced a propofal of
reigning jointly, and of uniting their arms againft the
treacherous Antiochus. In confequence of this agree¬
ment, the king of Syria invaded Egypt with a great ar¬
my ; but he was compelled to relinquifli his project, and
quit the country.

The royal brothers, being delivered from the appre-
lienfions of a . foreign enemy, began, as is ufual, to quar¬
rel with each other, and their divisions foon role to Inch
a height, that Phyfcon dethroned Philometor, and com¬
pelled him to quit the .kingdom. He embarked for Italy,
and -landed at Brundufiunij whence lie travelled to Rome

{ P T.

on foot, meanly clothed and ill attended, a mode of con¬
duct well adapted to raife the companion of the Roman
fenate. Demetrius fon of Seleucus Philopator, late king
of Syria, who was then as hoftage at Rome, hearing of
the arrival of Ptolemy, and of the deplorable condition
in which he was about to appear in the metropolis of the
world, caufed a magnificent equipage to be prepared,
and went with it himfelf to meet him. Finding him on
foot and covered with duft, he embraced him in the moft
affefbionate manner, placed a crown upon his head, and
entreated him to make ufe of the carriage which he
brought : but Ptolemy refufed the offer of the Syrian,
and would not even permit him to accompany him during
the remainder of his journey. Demetrius therefore with¬
drew, and Philometor entered Rome in his humble at¬
tire, and took up his lodging in the private houfe of an
Alexandrian painter. The fenate, on his arrival, fent
for him, and apologized for the omiffion of thofe cere¬
monies which were ufual upon fuch an occafion, affuring
him that it was not from want of refpedt, but merely be-
caufe his vifit had been kept fo private that they had no
intelligence of it till after his arrival. He was then re-
quefted to quit the habit in which he came, to accept of
more fuitable accommodations, and to fix a day for an
audience of the fenate.

Philometor, at the appointed time, preferred himfelf
before the confcript fathers, B. C. 162 ; and plead¬
ed his cauf’e fo powerfully, that the jullice of his com¬
plaint was obvious to every auditor, and a decree was
paffed for his reftoration. Two deputies were ordered to
attend him to Alexandria, and on their arrival in Egypt
they fucceeded in negociating an accommodation between
the brothers; by virtue of which Phyfcon was acknow¬
ledged king of Lybia and Cyrene, and Philometor was
reftored to the government of Egypt and the ifiand of
Cyprus. This treaty of mutual agreement, though fo-
lemnly ratified by the cuftomary facrifices, was foon vio¬
lated. by Phyfcon, who, being dilfatisfied with his divi-
fion of territory, fent ambafladors to Rome, requefting
that the ifiand of Cyprus might be alligned to him. Find¬
ing his embaffy unfuccefsful, he went to Rome in per.
fon, in order to prefs his folicitation ; but Menithyllus
of Alabanda maintained the oppofite eaufe with great
ability. Fie reprefented to the fenate, that Phyfcon had
already received much more than he could reafonably
have expedted from his injured brother ; that he had
been protected from the fury of the populace, who fuf-
pedted him of parricide; and that he had himfelf ac¬
ceded to the recent divifion of territory in the prefence
of the gods ; but that his unbounded ambition had flight¬
ed the moft facred bonds, and led him to contemn the fo-
lenin decree of the confcript 'fathers. Thefe aflertions
were fubftantiated by the ambafladors, who had been fent
from Rome to negociate the accommodation ; and Phyl-
con had nothing to anfvver, but that he was compelled,
by the urgency of his- affairs, to fubniit to the propofal
of his elder brother, though highly prejudicial to his in-
tereft. He infifted upon the inequality of the divifion,
appealed to the equity of the fenate for a favourable de-
ciiion, and craftily fuggefled that Philometor, by retain¬
ing his prefent large dominions, might foon become a
formidable enemy. This fuggeftion proved cffeftual in
behalf of the royal fupplicant : for thofe. refined politi¬
cians, who would have continued firm on the fide of juf-
tice, though affailed by all the energy of zeal and the
enchanting powers of oratory, no fooner recollecled it
w7as for their own advantage that the ftrength cf Egypt
(hould be divided, than they adjudged the ifiand of Cy¬
prus to the younger brother, as an addition to his fiiare,
in direct oppo/ition to a treaty which had been fo lately
concluded by their own ambafladors. Two commiflioners
were therefore fent with Phyfcon to put him in polieflion
of Cyprus ; but they were commanded to ufe lenient
methods, and to perfu.de Philometer, if poftible, volun¬
tarily to give up the ifiand to his brother. Phyfcon, ar¬
riving

304

e g y p t;

riving in Greece, on his way to Cyprus, raifed a'great
number of mercenaries, with a defign to enlarge Iris ter¬
ritories by force ; but, on the remonftrance of the am-
balfadors, he difmiffed his forces and returned to Lybia,
while one of the deputies proceeded to Alexandria.

1 he defign of the ambaffadors was to bring the two
brothers to an interview on the frontiers of their domi¬
nions, and there to effect an amicable compromife agree¬
ably to the orders o.f the fenate; but Torquatus, on his
arrival at Alexandria, found Philometor much averfe to
the requeft of the fenate. He did not, indeed, abfohitely
refufe to fubmit to its decifion, but, confenting to fome-
things, and objecting againft others, lengthened the dif-
cufiion without coming to any determination. Phyfcon,
receiving no intelligence, became impatient, and lent
Merula, the other ambaffador, alfo to the Alexandrian
court, hoping that both the deputies would prevail on
Ptolemy to comply with the exprefs orders of the fenate.
Philometor, however, Hill oblerved the fame conduft,
treating the ambaffadors with great kindnefs, and enter¬
taining them in the rnoft fumptuous manner for forty
days fuccelfively, without giving them a decifive anfwer ;
and, when he found they would no longer be put off, he
plainly told them that he would accede to no other treaty
than that which had already been ratified between him.,
felf and Phyfcon.

The Cyreneans, in the mean time, conceived fo ftrong'
an averfion againft Phyfcon, that they determined to keep
him out of their country by force of arms. Phyfcon im¬
mediately haftened to Cyrene with all his forces, but
was overthrown by the i [landers. Being, thus involved
in great difficulties, he fent two ambaffadors to Rome, to
renew his complaints againft bis brother ; in c.onfequence
of which the fenate declared in his favour, and exprdfed
their refentment againft Philometor, by renouncing his
alliance, and commanding his ambaffadors to leave the
city. Phyfcon having in the mean time fubdued his re¬
bellious fubjetts, eftablilhed him felf in Cyrene ; but his
vicious condudt foon eftranged the minds of the Cy¬
reneans to fuch a degree, that feveral confpirators
vowed his deftruction, and falling upon him one night
as lie returned from the palace, wounded him in feveral
places, and left him for dead. This outrage was imme¬
diately attributed to Philometcr, and Phyfcon repaired
with all poflible fpeed to Rome to lay his grievances be¬
fore the fenate, and to {hew them the fears of his wounds.
Though Philometor was well known fo be a generous
and humane prince, and mod unlikely to have counte¬
nanced a flafll nation, yet the confcript fathers encouraged
the accufation, . and carried their prejudices to fuch a
jieight, that they actually refufed to hear Philometor’s
ambaffadors in refutation of the charge. At the fame
time they appointed five cominiffioriers to condudt Phyf¬
con into Cyprus, and to put him in polTeffion of that ifiand,
enjoining all their allies in thole parts to fupply him with
forces for that purpole. Phyfcon, thus encouraged by
the Romans, aflembled a numerous army, and effected
his landing in Cyprus, B. C. 157; but, being there en¬
gaged by Philometor in perfon,. his forces were defeat¬
ed, and he was obliged to {belter himfelf in the city of
Lapitho, where he was befieged and taken prifoner. Phi¬
lometor, on this occafion, gave a high proof of his gene-
rofity. Inftead of treating his turbulent brother with
that feverity which his actions deferved, he indulged
him with free forgivenefs, reftored to him Lybia and Cy¬
rene, affigned him fome other territories in lieu of Cy¬
prus, and promifed him his daughter in marriage. This
unexampled clemency put an end to the war; and the
Romans could no. longer oppofe a prince whofe goodnefs
of difpofition had gained him the affection of all the
neighbouring nations.

Philometor, on his return to Alexandria, entrufted the
government of Cyprus to a man of the name of Archias,
before Chrift 145, who perfidioully agreed, after the king’s
departure, to deliver up the ifiand ^o Demetrius king of

Syria. His treachery was, however,, di [covered, and Ar-
chias, to avoid a public punifhment, became his own exe¬
cutioner. Ptolemy, in the mean time, determined to re¬
venge himfelf upon Demetrius, and accordingly joined
the kings of Pergamus and Cappadocia in fetting up
Alexander Balas as a pretender to his crown. This de¬
fign was attended with fuccefs, and Alexander was not
only placed on the throne of Syria, but received the
daughter of Philometor in marriage: yet, notwithstand¬
ing thefe favours, the new monarch entered into a plot
againft; his benefactor, and Ptolemy, who confequently
became bis greateft enemy, -marched againft him and de¬
feated his army near Antioch, but was 'mortally wounded
in this engagement, and died on the fifth day after his vic¬
tory. This prince was of an amiable difpofition, and is
highly commended for his clemency and good-nature.
He afiumed the name of Philometor, to teftify his grati¬
tude to his mother for her prudent adminiftration during
his minority. He permitted the Jews to build a temple
in Egypt; and he is faid to have received front Arifto-
bolus, an Alexandrian Jew, a commentary on the Penta¬
teuch.

Cleopatra queen of Egypt, on the deceafe of her royal
confort, before Chrift 14c, endeavoured to fecure the fuc-
ceffion for her fon, being fupportea in that defign by fome
of the principal lords ; but others declaring for Phyfcon,
fent ambaffadors to invite him to Alexandria. The queen
immediately took the moll -prudent meafures for her fafe-
ty, and engaged a numerous army to efpoufe her canfe.
But, previoufiy to the commencement of hoftilities, a
compromife was effected between the parties by the Ro¬
man ambaffador, who propofed that Phyfcon fhould marry
Cleopatra, and reign jointly with her during his life ; but
at the fame time declare her fon by Philometor next heir
to the crowd. Thefe terms were embraced; but Phyf¬
con had no fooner obtained the kingdom by his marriage,
than he murdered the young prince in his mother’s arms.
This monarch, as we have' already obferved, was com¬
monly called Phyfcon, on account of his corpulency ; but
the name which he afiumed was Evergetes, or the Bene,
fadtor : this, was changed by his fu'jects into Kakergetes,
or the Evil Doer ; for lie was the molt cruel, wicked, and
defpicable, of the Ptolemies who fwayed the Egyptian
feep're. He was no fooner eftablifhed in the kingdom,
than he caufed all perfons to be put to death who had
lamented the fate of the young prince ; and exercifed
the mod wanton cruelties upon the Jews for no other
reafon than their adherence to Cleopatra. In the fecond
year of his reign his queen brought him a fon, whom he
called Memphitis, from fome particular ceremonies which
he was performing at the time of the child’s birth in the
city of Memphis. On his return to Alexandria, he ba-
niflied all thofe who had been brought up with Philome¬
tor, and, without the leaf! provocation, gave permifiion to
the foreigners who compofed his guard, to plunder and
malfacre the inhabitants at their pleafure ; in confequence
of which the ftreets were deluged with the blood of the
innocent citizens ; and thole who efcaped the {laughter
fled into other countries, leaving their native land in a
manner defolate. A.fter this. unparalleled barbarity, Phyf¬
con invited ftrangers to re-people the place, giving them
the habitations of the wretched fugitives, and admitting
them to all the rights and privileges of the former citi¬
zens. As there were among thofe who had emigrated
on this occafion many philofophers, phylicians, and maf-
ters of the liberal arts and fciences, literature, was by
their means, revived in Greece, Afia Minor, the iflands
of the Archipelago, and in ether places where they form¬
ed their new fettlements. The fanguinary wars which
had been carried on for a confiderable number of years
among the fuccelfors of Alexander, had almoft annihi¬
lated learning in thofe parts ; but the unfortunate Alex¬
andrians, by ereiting fchools, and undertaking the tui¬
tion of youth for a fmall lalary, revived the fever.il
branches, of learning, which would certainly have been

305

E G 1

loft, but for the protection and encouragement given to
learned men by the Ptolemies of Egypt.

While foreigners were flocking from all parts to
Alexandria, in purfuance of Phyfcon’s invitation, B. C.
136, Scipio Africanus the younger, Spur! us Mummius,
and L. Metullus, landed at that port ; having been lent
in quality of ambaffadors to vifit the countries that were
lubjeCt to, or in alliance with, their republic. They were
-commiflioned to notice the ftate of affairs in each king¬
dom, to compofe fuch differences as might exift between
the fovereigns, and to ufe their utmoft endeavours in
every place for the eftablifhment of peace and amity.
Scipio, having filled the world with the fame of his ex¬
ploits, was received with loud acclamations by the po¬
pulace, and the king himfelf went out to meet the ara-
baffadors ; but his appearance infpired them with equal
contempt and averfion. He, however, affefted to fliew
them the utmoft refpedt, and entertained them, during
their (lay, with the mod coftly and delicious viands; but
they, preferring the vigour of the conftitution to the gra¬
tification of the palate, refuted to partake of any nourifli-
ment but fuch as was merely requifite for the fupport of
nature. After viewing the royal palace, the treafury,
and whatever was worthy of notice in Alexandria, they
failed up the Nile to Memphis, and other parts of Egypt ;
concluding, from their obfervations on the numerous ci¬
ties, the great population, the fertile foil, &c. that no¬
thing was wanted but a prince of abilities and application,
to render Egypt one of the mod powerful dates in t lie
world. Shortly after the departure of the ambaffadors,
Phyfcon began to exercife the fame tyrannical cruelties
upon the new inhabitants of his metropolis, which had
compelled the ancient citizens to feek an afylum in a fo¬
reign country ; and fcarcely a week palled without feveral
of the wealthy Alexandrians being murdered upon tome
frivolous accufution. We have already obferved that
this monfter of wickednefs married Cleopatra, his filter
and brother’s widow, and flew her ton in her arms on the
very day of his nuptials: but now falling in love with
his niece, who was alfo named Cleopatra, he firft violated
her chaftity, and then married her; having divorced her
ill-fated mother for the gratification of his carnal defines.
Thefe, and many other excefles of a fimilar nature, ren¬
dered him fo contemptible among his people, that they
only waited an opportunity of taking up arms for reveng¬
ing their inj uries upon the mercilefs tyrant who oecafioned
them. That Phyfcon retained pofleftion of the throne
under fo general an odium, was chiefly owing to the ma¬
nagement of his prime-minifter Hierax, who conciliated
the efteem of the foldiers by his punctual payments, and
exerted himfelf to balance, as much as poflible, the abo¬
minable conduit of his mailer: but, when Hierax was
removed from his office, the Alexandrians began to com¬
plain openly of their oppreflions, and to throw out me.
naces againft their brutal monarch ; Phyfcon, however,
in order to incapacitate them for fuch retribution, re-
folved on a general mafTacre of the young men, in whom
the ftrength of the place confided ; and accordingly or¬
dered the gymnafium, or place of public exercifes, to be
fet on fire when they were aflembled, fo that they either
periflied in the flames, or were flaughtered by the mer¬
cenary guards whom the king had placed at all the ave¬
nues. This diabolical action exafperated the people to
fuch a degree, that they ran in a tumultuous manner to
the palace, which they reduced to afhes ; but Phyfcon
retired undifcovered with his wife and fon to the ifland
of Cyprus. The Alexandrians were no fooner informed
of his cowardly flight, than they placed his divorced
queen on the throne, and exprefied their abhorrence of
his cruelty by pulling down and deftroying all the fta-
tues which had been ereCted to him in Alexandria.
Phyfcon, fuppofing this to have been done at the mitiga¬
tion of his repudiated confort, refolved to revenge himfelf
upon the harmlefs Memphitis, whom he now conlidered

Vol. VI. No. 351.

f P T.

only as the child of Cleopatra; and accordingly ordered
his throat to be cut in his own prefence, and his .man¬
gled limbs to be put in a box, with the head entire, to
fliew to whom they belonged. Having thus (lied the
blood of his own fon, who was amiable equally on ac¬
count of his perfonal and mental accomplifhments, he
fent the box to Alexandria, charging the meffenger to
prefent it at court on the queen’s birth-day. His inhu¬
man orders were obeyed, and the public rejoicings were
confequently changed into a general mourning : but the
exhibition of fo dreadful a fpeCfacle ferved only to in¬
flame the minds of the populace, who refolved to pre¬
vent the tyrant from re-afeending the throne.

Cleopatra, B. C. 129, having raifed an army, gave
the command of it to Marfyas; and Phyfcon fent He-
gelochus with a numerous body of mercenaries againft
the Alexandrians. The two armies met on the frontiers
of Egypt, and a fanguinary battle enfued, which termi¬
nated in the defeat of the Egyptians and the captivity of
their general, who was fent in chains to Phyfcon. It was
expected that this unhappy prifoner would have been
doomed to the moft exquilite torments ; but the tyrant,
to the aftonifhinent of all, indulged him with a free par¬
don, and gave him his liberty; a generofity which re-
fulted entirely from the policy of Phyfcon, who, finding
that his cruelties had tended to exafperate the people, re¬
folved to regain their affedtion by fome public aCts of leni¬
ty. The queen, greatly diftrelfed by the lofs of herforces,
fent to implore afliftance from her fon. in-law Demetrius,
promifing to reward his exertions with the Egyptian dia¬
dem. The Syrian readily embraced her propofal, and
marching into Egypt at the head of a numerous army,
laid (lege to Pelulium; but, in confequence of a revolt
among his native fubjeCts, he was obliged to return with
all poflible expedition into Syria. Cleopatra, thus dif-
appointed in her hopes, and too weak to refift the con¬
quering arms of Phyfcon, fecured all her valuable effe£tsp
and fet fail for Ptolemais, where fhe found an afylum in
the court of her daughter. The tyrant now' returned to
Alexandria and re-affumed the government, which he
held without farther difturbance till the fixty-feventh
year of his age, and the twenty-ninth of his reign, when
his death put a period to his oppreffive and iniquitous
conduct. It feems fcarcely credible that a prince of fo
vile and barbarous a difpofition fhoitld have taken any
pleafure in the arts and fciences, or have deferved the
character of a patron of literature. Yet feveral authors
of refpedtability allure us that he acquired the appella¬
tion of the philologijl, from his extenfive knowledge, and
the facility with which he converfed on all literary fub-
jects ; that he enriched the Alexandrian library, at a
great expence, with many valuable books; and that he
obtained a conliderable (hare of reputation by fome His¬
torical writings. He left three fons, Apion, Lathurus,
and Alexander. To Apion, w'hom he had by a concu¬
bine, he bequeathed the kingdom of Cyrene ; and that of
Egypt he left to his widow, in conjunction with one of
her fons whom fhe fhould choofe. The fucceffion be¬
longed, by right of inheritance, to Lathurus, the eldeft
of his legitimate children; but the queen preferred Alex¬
ander, who fhe fuppofed moft likely to leave the manage¬
ment of affairs in her own hands. This unjuft partiality
was, however, oppofed by the Alexandrians, who obliged
her to fend for Lathurus from the ifland of Cyprus, w hi¬
ther he had been baniflied in his father’s life-time. The
prince arrived accordingly, and was folenmly inaugurat¬
ed ; but Cleopatra ftill retained the defire of abfolute
authority, and politically eftablifhed her younger fon in
the kingdom of Cyprus, that he might be in a condition
to afford her important afliftance in cafe of any mifunder-
ftanding with the reigning prince.

Lathurus began to reign in the year before Chrift 1075
but had not long enjoyed the regal dignity before his mo¬
ther found means to occafion a revolt among the Alexan.

4 I drians^

306 EGYPT.

drums, by accufing him of the mod heinous and unnatu¬
ral crimes, in revenge for fome meafures he had entered
into again.lt her will. Her malicious fictions obtained
fuel] credit with the misjudging populace, that they rofe
in a general tumult againit their fovereign, and would
certainly have torn him in pieces if he had not fortunately
embarked in a velfel, which carried him out of the reach
of the impending danger. Cleopatra now fent for Alex¬
ander from Cyprus; and, having caufed him to be pro¬
claimed king of Egypt, obliged Lathurus to he content
with the former territory of liis younger brother. Soon
after this revolution, the inhabitants of Pvolemais were
driven to the utnioft extremities by Alexander Jannaeus
king of the Jews; in confequence of which they fent to
Lathurus for afliftance. But the meflengers were fcarcely
gone, when they recollected that the alliance of Ptolemy
might prove as prejudicial to their interefts as the en¬
mity of Alexander ; for it was highly probable that
Cleopatra would, upon their receiving the king of Cy¬
prus, march againft them with an irrefiftible body of
forces. Upon this confideration they refolved to rely on
their own exertions; and they took the earlieft oppor¬
tunity of acquainting Lathurus with their determination:
but he, having increafed his army to the number of thirty
thoufqnd men, and provided vefiels for their accommo¬
dation, failed to Phcenice, and encamped at a {'mall dif-
tance from the city of Ptolemais. Finding the citizens
obftinate in refilling to admit his mejlengers, or to enter
into any conference, he was greatly perplexed, not know¬
ing what mode of conduCt to adopt. But while he was
meditating on the Angularity of his fituation, melfengers
arrived in hi s camp from the Gazaeans, and from Zoilus
prince of Dora, defiring his afliftance ag'ainft the Jews,
who were fo divided by Jannaeus, that one part of their
army inverted Ptolemais, while the other ravaged the terri¬
tories of Zoilus and Gaza. Ptolemy embraced this oppor¬
tunity of employing his troops, and accordingly marched
to the relief of thole who had importuned him. His fuc-
cour was fo powerful and opportune, that Jannaeus deem¬
ed it advifable to raife the fiege of Ptolemais, and led
sback his army to watch the motions of Lathurus. Con-
fcious of his inability to vanquifh fo forq^dable an ene¬
my, lie affeCted to court his friendfhip, and promifed to
give him four hundred talents of Silver, on condition that
he would deliver Zoilus and his territories into bis hands.
Lathurus accepted the propofal ; but, dilcovering the
treachery of Alexander, who was treating privately with
Cleopatra, he fuddenly renounced his intentions, and re-
Solved to take the molt ample revenge on his pretended
ally. With this view he divided his army into two bo¬
dies, one of which he commidioned to befiege Ptolemais,
and the other he led in perfon againft Alexander. In the
commencement of this expedition he fnbdned Afochis, a
city of Galilee, and carried from thence ten thoufand pri¬
soners, with an immenSe treafure. He alfo inverted Sep-
phoris, but was compelled to raife the Siege, upon intel¬
ligence that Jannaeus was advancing at the head of fifty
thoufand men. The hoftile armies met at Afophos, near
the river Jordan, and engaged with the utmofl: fury.
Victory was for fome time doubtful, as eight thoufand
of Alexander’s men, who carried brazen bucklers, per¬
formed prodigies of valour, and difputed every inch of
ground with undaunted firmnefs : but the Jews were at
length defeated, after having loft thirty thoufand men in
the combat, exclufive of prifoners. A mod inhuman
conduCt is attributed to Lathurus upon this occafion ;
for, having taken up his quarters, after the engagement,
in the neighbouring villages, he caufed ail the female
and infant inhabitants to be murdered, and their muti¬
lated limbs to be put into boiling caldrons, as if he de¬
signed to make a reputl for his army. This refinement in
cruelly was intended to ftrike terror into the Jews, by
jreprefenting their enemies as cannibals.

While Lathurus and his followers were employed in

ravaging the country, Cleopatra, B. C. 103, received in¬
telligence of their motions, and refolved to put a ftop to
their future progrefs. She therefore railed a powerful
army, under the command of Chelcias and Ananias, two
Jews; and, having fecretly embarked with her troops,
fet fail for Phoenice, where flie landed, to the aftoniftu
ment of Lathurus, who haftily railed the liege of Ptole¬
mais, and retired into Ccelo-Syria. Cleopatra fent one
divifion of her army to attack the fugitive, and with the
other fhe marched to Ptolemais, expecting to meet with
an agreeable reception from the citizens : her expecta¬
tions were, however, fruftrated ; for they obftinately re.
fufed to open their gates. She therefore refolved to ob¬
tain admiflion by force, and commanded the fortrefs to
be inverted. Lathurus, in the mean time, contrived to
elude the purfuit of his enemies, and inarched with all
his forces into Egypt, which he expeCted to find ften-
derty guarded in the abfence of his mother. But the
troops which Cleopatra had left in that kingdom, de¬
fended their charge with the utmofl: valour, till a re.
inforcement arrived from Phoenice. Lathurus was there¬
fore compelled to return to Palcfline, and lie took up
his winter quarters at Gaza. The liege of Ptolemais
in the mean time was carried on with inch vigour and
refolution, that the inhabitants were obliged to fubmit
to Cleopatra : when an alliance was formed between the
queen and Alexander Jannaeus. The victorious army
failed back into Egypt; and Lathurus, finding that all
his attempts in Paleltine were lendered abortive, returned
to his own territory of Cyprus.

During tliefe tranfaCtions Ptolemy Alexander, the
younger brother, fuifered all the reftraints of (Every un¬
der the fpecious appearance of fovereign authority ; but,
at length, being wearied with the indignities he received
from his ambitious mother, and difgufted at the unnatu¬
ral malice with which (he perfecuted Lathurus, he de¬
parted privately from Alexandria, choofing rather to live
in obfeurity with fafety, than to lliare the throne with a
woman of fo bale a difpofition. His flight embarrufled
the queen, who was well appiifed that the Alexandrians
would never permit her to reign without one of her Tons ;
and (he, therefore, ufed all poflible artifices to allure him
back to court. Not long after his return {he formed a
cotifpiracy againft his life; but Alexander, dilcovering
her treachery, prevented his own deftmCtion by turning
it upon the life of the projector. She was certainly a
vicious character, and might be thought to have deferved
this tragical retribution of her actions, if it had come
from any hand than that of her own (on. As foon as it
was rumoured in the city, B. C. 89, that Ptolemy had
caufed his mother to be aflfaflinated, the enormity of the
crime ftirred. up all his fubjeCts againft him ; they infilled
upon the impropriety of 1'ubmitting to the government
of a parricide, and drove him ignomfnioufl'y from his do¬
minions, which they now conferred upon his brother La-
tliurus. Alexander for fome time led a wandering life
in the ifland of Cos ; but, having got together fome
(hips, he, next year, attempted to return into Egypt.
Being, however, fruftrated in thisdefign, he fled to Myra
in Lycia ; and from thence (leered his courfe towards the
iftand of Cyprus, where he hoped to obtain his brother’s
vacant throne; but Chcereas, one of Lathurus’s admi¬
rals, obftrnCted his landing, difperfed his fleet, and killed
him in the engagement, after he had borne the title of
king for the fpace of nineteen years. He left a fon alfo
named Alexander, of whom we (hall have occafion to
(peak hereafter.

Ptolemy Lathurus, being thus freed from two formid¬
able competitors, began to regulate the government, and
to remedy thofe numerous abufes which had militated
againft the felicity of the people ; yet his regulations
were fo far from giving fatisfaClion, that the Thebans
refufed to fubmit to them, and even attempted to (hake
off their allegiance. The king immediately led an army

againft

EGYPT.

againft: the rebels, defeated them in a pitched battle, and
clofely inverted their city, which refilled all his exertions
vvijli the mod furprifing obftinacy for the fpace of three
years; but was finally reduced and given up to the ra¬
pacity of the foldiers.

In the year before Chrift 78, Lucullus being fent from
Rome by Sylla to procure fliips, in order to block up the
ports of Pirseus and Munychia, landed at Alexandria, and
was received with fuch honours as were only paid to the
kings of Egypt. Upon the firft intimation of his arrival
the royal fleet failed out to meet him ; and, upon his
entrance into the city, the king honoured him with the
mod diftinguiftiing marks'of efteem, allotted him an apart¬
ment in his own palace, and ordered his minirters to give
the Roman attendants four times the allowance that was
ufually given to other ambafladors. Lucullus, howr-
ever, obferved the mod rigid temperance amidft the fplen-
dour and profufion of the court ; and refilled a pecuniary
prefent which Lathurus prefted him to accept. He even
declined viliting the other famous cities of Egypt, which
were the admiration of all the world ; alleging that it
would ill become him to take a tour of pleafure, while
his general was exnofing his life to the rnoft imminent
danger in behalf of his country. When he urged his re-
queft of maritime afliftance, Ptolemy pretended that he
was threatened with a civil war in his own dominions,
and could not, therefore, part with any of his fliips ; he,
however, prefented him with his likenefs cut in an eme¬
rald of great value, and dilmilled him with every token
of veneration. Soon after this Lathurus died, having
reigned, from the deatli of his father, thirty-fix years ;
eleven jointly with his mother in Egypt, eighteen in Cy¬
prus, and feve.n alone in Alexandria after the death of
Cleopatra.

Upon the deceafe of this prince, the fceptre devolved
on his only legitimate offspring Cleopatra. To obviate
many obfcurities which occur in the Egyptian hiftory, it
is proper to remark, that as the males of the royal family
had the general name of Ptolemy, -fo the females htid that
of Cleopatra, though they had likewife proper names to
dirtinguifh them from each other. Sylla, who at that
time was perpetual dictator at Rome, fent Alexander,
the nephew of Lathurus, to artuine the reins of govern¬
ment, as the next heir of the male line. On his arrival
in Egypt, he v?;s perfuaded to efpoufe the princefs, who
had been placed on the throne fix months before that pe¬
riod. The nuptials were accordingly folemnized with
great pomp and magnificence ; but Cleopatra, becoming
an objedl of averfion to her confort, either on account of
her perfon, or her (hare in the regal dignity, was cruelly
affaflinated nineteen days after the marriage. After this
barbarous tranfadlion, Alexander reigned fifteen years ;
during which time he rendered himfelf fo obnoxious to
his-fubjedts by his tyrannical condudt, that they took up
arms, and would have facrifjced him to their refentment,
if he had not fecured his fafety by a precipitate retreat.
He fled fir rt to Pompey, who was then carrying on the
war againrt Mithridates king of Pontus, and offered him
a large funt of money, in hopes of perfuading him to
efpoufe his caufe; but, finding his delign impracticable,
he took refuge in the city of Tyre, whither he had fent
great part of his treafures, and there died, as is fuppofed,
with grief. By his laft will he made over all his rights
to the Romans, declaring them heirs to his wealth and
dominions. This will, which was exprefsly intended to
fow the feeds of difeord among the Roman fenators and
the people of Egypt, oepafioned fome warm debates in
the fenate, but it was at length conlidered invalid, as far
as related to the kingdom : and the fathers contented
thentfelves with fending to Tyre for the e fleets which the
decealed prince had bequeathed to the republic.

.The Egyptians, after having driven Alexander into
banifhment, bellowed the crown upon Ptolemy Auletes,
the natural fon of Lathurus, who, knowing he had but a
doubtful title to the throne, purchafed an alliance with

307

the Romans at the price of fix thoufnnd talents, fifty-eight
years before Chrift. Though the royal yearly revenues
amounted to twice this firm, yet Auletes could not raife
it immediately without burdening Iris people with very
heavy taxes. This occafioned a general difeontent ; and
the refufal of the king to a popular requeft refpeSting the
file of Cyprus, exafperated the populace to fuch a degree,
that they revolted from their allegiance ; and, furround¬
ing the palace, threatened tire life of their fovereign ;
but Auletes, on the firff intimation of his danger, with¬
drew privately from Alexandria, eroded Egypt, and em¬
barked for Rhodes, with an intention of obtaining aftift-
ance from the Roman fenate. Finding, on his arrival,
that Cato was in the if! and, the Egyptian monarch went
to vifit him : but, finding that Cato neither vouchfafed
to rife at his entrance, nor fainted him otherwife than as
an ordinary perfon, he was much furprifed at a mode of
condudt which appeared fo incongruous with the Roman’s
fimple drefs and equipage : his amazement was, how¬
ever, foon converted into admiration, when, having ex¬
plained the fituation of his affairs, Cato blamed him for
leaving the riclieft country in the world, to expofe him¬
felf to the indignities which he muft endure among the
proud and avaricious grandees of Rome; allured hint,
that the wealth of Egypt would be inlufficient to fatisfy
the rapacity of the leading men : and finally exhorted
him to return, and drive to regain the affections of his
fubjedts by a more equitable condudt ; adding, that lie
would cheerfully accompany him thither, and ufe his ut-
moft exertions to eff'edt a happy reconciliation. Auletes
now perceived the impropriety of his flight, and enter¬
tained thoughts of embracing Cato’s propofal ; but, on
the advice of his companions, he relinquifhed that defign,
and purfued his journey. The Egyptians, in the mean
time, not knowing what courfe he had taken, and either
believing or affecting to believe that he had perifffed,
placed the diadem on the head of his daughter Berenice,
and fent an embaffy into Syria, to Antiochus Afiaticus,
who, by his mother Selene, was the next male heir of the
family, inviting him to marry the princefs that he might
reign jointly with her; but he being dead, the Alexan¬
drian nobles enjoined the ambalfadors to make a fimilar
propolal to his brother Seleucus, who readily complied
with their defire. His condudl in Egypt loon rendered
him contemptible in the eyes of his fubjedls, and Bere¬
nice was fo violently exafperated by his unbounded ava¬
rice, that (lie laid afide all conliderations of duty, and
caufed him to be ftrangled, after which lie beftowed her
hand upon Archelaus high-prieft of Comana, who pre¬
tended to be the fon of Mithridates the Great, though
he was in reality only the fon of that monarch’s chief
general.

Auletes, on his arrival at Rome, B. C. 57, found
that Casfar, on whom his- principal hopes werd found¬
ed, was making war in Gaul. He was, however, kindly
received by Pompey, his other patron, who accommo¬
dated him with an apartment in his houfe, and omit¬
ted nothing that lay in his power to ferve him ; yet,
notwithftanding the protedlion of fo poweiful a man,
the king was obliged to go, like a private citizen, from
houfe to houfe, in order to obtain the fulfrages of the
fenators. Having at laft procured a ftrong party, he was
admitted to lay his complaints before the fenate, which
he did in the mod artful manner, exaggerating the ill-
treatment lie had received from his rebellious fubjedls,
and reminding the Romans of his alliance with their re¬
public, by which they were bound to fupport him againft;
foreign and domeftic enemies. To oppofe thefe pro¬
ceedings, and to juftify the revolt of the Egyptians, a fo-
lemn embafly, confiding of one hundred citizens of dif-
tiuclion, was lent from Alexandria; but Ptolemy found
means to deftroy 1110ft of them either by poilon or the.
fvvord, and ftruck luch terror into the minds of the fur-
vivors, that they were equally incapable of- executing
their commiflion} or of .demanding jultice for the alfaffi-

nation.'

508

EGYPT.

ration of their colleagues. The rumour of fo audacious
a contempt of the laws, roofed the indignation of the
public, and gave a general alarm. Marcus Favonius the
(loic, boldly accufed Aulefes before the confcript fathers ;
expatiated on the mifconduift of fome interefted fenators
who had fulfered themfelves to be corrupted with money;
and infilled that Dio, a celebrated philofopher, who was
the chief of theembafly, fltould appear before the fenate,
in order to teflify, upon oath, the murder of his compa¬
nions. This demand was too reafonable to admit a re-
fufal, and Dio was therefore fummoned to come forward ;
but Pontpey, Lentulus, and the otherleadingmen, whofe
favour had been purchafed by Ptolemy, declared fo
openly for the perfidious prince, that Dio was fearful of
attending the fummons; and Auletes, unwilling to give
him time to recollect his accuftonted firmnefs, caufed
him to fall by the dagger of a hired aiTafiin. Ptolemy
Auletes, now thinking himfelf Secure in the protection
of Pompey, had the audacity to avow this infamous ac¬
tion. A profecution was, however, commenced againft
Afcitius the murderer, who was proved to have (tabbed
Dio with his own hand: yet Afcitius was acquitted in
fpite of the mod incontrovertible evidence. An aCtion
was then brought againfi the venial judges by the adverfe
party ; but this was alfo fet afide by the artifices of Pom-
pey’s faCtion : and a decree was carried in the fenate for
Ptolemy’s refioration by force of arms. All the great
men were ambitious of re-condudting a monarch who had
laviflted fitch immenfe fums upon his protedlors; and,
after fome debates, the commiflion was obtained by Len¬
tulus Spinther, the proconful, who had been appointed
governor of Cilicia. But about this time a fiatue, ereCted
on the hill of Alba, was thrown down by a thunder
(form ; in confequence of which the Sibylline books were
opened to difcover the meaning of the prognoftic. C.
Cato, an enterprifing young man, who was one of the
tribunes, feized this opportunity of confounding the in¬
trigues of Ptolemy’s party. He read, or pretended to
read, in the Sibylline prophecies, the following words :
“ If a king of Egypt (hall apply to you for fuccour, af-
fift him, but not with an army ; if you adopt violent mea-
fures, you muft expect great misfortunes.” This pre¬
diction, though evidently forged, was reported to the
people by the keepers of the Sibylline books, and pro¬
duced its delired effeCt fo forcibly, that the recent decree
of the fenate was immediately revoked.

Various expedients were now propofed in order to fa¬
cilitate the king’s return without violating the injunction
of the pretended oracle; but, as the diverfity of opinion
in the fenate rendered every fcheme abortive, Ptolemy
determined, in, purfuance of Pompey’s advice, to recur
to Gabinius, who commanded as proconful in Syria.
Gabinius was a perfon of the rnoft infamous character,
and would readily undertake any thing for money. He
had already ruined the province of Syria by his unparal¬
lelled oppreflions ; and had engaged, for a large reward,
to afiifi Mithridates in the recovery of his crown. Pto¬
lemy came up with him as he was advancing towards the
frontiers of Parthia, and delivered into his hands letters
from Pompey, their common friend, whereby he was de-
fired to reftore the banidted prince, upon fuch terms as
might prove agreeable to both parties. Gabinius was
well aware that he fitould tranfgrefs an exprefs law of
the republic by acceding to this propo-fal without orders
from the fenate; but on the receipt of five thoufand ta¬
lents, and the alfurance that he (liotild be rewarded with
five thoufand more on Ptolemy’s refioration to the throne,
-he laid afide all dread of the confequence, abandoned the
caufe of Mithridates', and marched without hefitation to¬
wards Egypt. On his approach, he detached Marc. An¬
tony, who was extremely zealous in Ptolemy’s behalf, to
feize the palfes with a body of cavalry, and open the way
for the reft of the army. The young Ropian acquitted
himfelf of this commiflion witli admirable addrefs, and,
through the friendly offices of Hircanus prince of Judea,

and Antipater the father of Herod, obtained pofieffion of
the important city of Pelufium. Auletes on entering
the place, propofed a general maffacre of the Egyptian
inhabitants; but Antony, who juftly fuppofed that fo
barbarous an aftion would fix an eternal ftigma on the
Roman name, and either prevent or retard the defired re.
dotation, prevented the king from executing his defign.

On the firft intelligence of Antony’s fuccefs, Gabinius
advanced into the heart of the country, where he was
met and engaged by Archelatts at the- head of a confider-
able army. Victory, however, decided in favour of the
proconful, the Egyptian troops were cut in pieces, and
Archelaus himfelf was taken prifoner. Gabinius might
now have terminated the war without further effufion of
blood, but his avarice tempted him to prolong it ; and
he therefore firft gave Archelaus his liberty, upon his
paying a confiderable ranfom ; and then, pretending that
his prifoner had efcaped, he extorted freflt fums from
Ptolemy for the profecution of the war. Archelaus, on
recovering his liberty, exerted himfelf in the mod heroic
manner for the prefervation of his dominions ; but his
panic-ftruck army, having turned its back in feveral en¬
counters, he was obliged to fuftain a fiege in Alexandria,
till, being reduced to the utmoft extremity, he marched
out to hazard another battle, which put an end to his
reign and life. Marc. Antony, who had been the parti¬
cular friend of this valiant prince, commanded his dead
body to be carefully embalmed, and caufed it to be in¬
terred with the utmoft magnificence. The entire reduc¬
tion of Egypt foon followed this event, and Auletes was
in confequence refettled on his throne : Gabinius left fome
of his Roman forces to overawe the Alexandrians ; and
Berenice was facrificed to the refentment of her inhuman
father. Mod of the wealthy citizens were alfo put to
death by the command of the king, who had occafion for
the confifcation of their eftates, to make up the reward
he had promifed to Gabinius ; and every fpecies of vio¬
lence was daily praCtifed with impunity. C. Rabirius
Pofthumus, who had lent Auletes the greateft part of the
money he had borrowed at Rome, now preffed the king
to perform his engagements, but Ptolemy gave him to
underhand that he difpaired of fatisfyinghis claim, un-
lefs he would accept the office of receiver-general, by
which he might pay himfelf as he collected the revenues.
Rabirius embraced the offer, fuppoiing that he mud
otherwife lofe his debt ; but the ungrateful prince foon
ordered the unfortunate creditor to be clofely confined,
though he was one of Caefar’s particular friends, and
though Pompey was in fome degree refponfible for the
debt, as the money had been advanced at hisrequeft, and
the obligation was executed in his prefence. Rabirius,
having found means to obtain his liberty, quitted Egypt
with all poflible expedition, to elude the more dangerous
defigns of Auletes ; but, to complete his misfortunes,
a formal profecution was commenced againft him, on his
return to Rome, for having aided Ptolemy in corrupting
the fenate ; for having dishonoured the quality of a Ro¬
man knight by accepting an employment in Egypt ; and
for having (hared in the treafures which Gabinius ac¬
quired in his late illegal expedition. The eloquent ora¬
tion which Cicero delivered in his defence on this occa¬
fion, is an eternal monument of Ptolemy’s perftdy-and in¬
gratitude.

Auletes died in the peaceable poffeflion of his king¬
dom, about four years after his re-eftablifhment, and
thirty after he had firft aflumed the government, leaving
behind him two fons and two daughters. He bequeathed
his crown to his eldeft fon and daughter, Ptolemy and
Cleopatra, commanding them to be joined in the bonds
of marriage, according to the cuftom of their family, and
to govern with equal authority. And becaufe they were
both under age he recommended them in the ntoft folemn
manner to the protection of the Romans, who in com¬
pliance with his defire appointed Pompey the young
prince’s guardian. The name of Auletus had been given

2 _ tO

E G '

to their father, becaufe he prided hhnfelf on his thill in
playing on the flute, and debafed himfelf fo far as to
contend for the prize in the public games. He was alfo
called Dionvfms Ncos , or the new B'acchus, from the great
pleafure which he took in imitating the effeminacies ot
the Bacchanals, dancing in a female habit, and in the
fame meafures that they ufcd during the folemnities of
their god. Strabo afferts, that lie .furpalfed aH his pre-
deceflbrs in the effeminacy of his manners* and \vas no
lefs contemptible on that account, than his grandfather
Phyfcon was infamous for wicked nefs.

As Ptolemy the fucceffor of Auletes, who fucceeded
to the throne in the year before Clnift 48, was a minor
under Pothinus an eunuch and Achillas the commander
in chief of the army-, thefe minifters, with a felf-interefted
view, deprived Cleopatra of Iter fliare in the regal autho¬
rity, and compelled her to quit the kingdom. This
princefs, who was the famous Cleopatra that had after¬
wards a confiderable (hare in occafioning the civil wars
of Rome, and wi;ofe high fpirit could never bear an in-
fult, retired immediately into Syria, and having raifed a
powerful army, prepared to affert her right by force of
arms. Ptolemy, receiving intelligence of her return at
the head of her troops, affembled all his forces, and
marched out againft her. Both armies encamped between
mount C a fins and Pelufium, each obfervant of th.e other’s
motions, but neither inclined to venture an engagement.
Such was the (ituation of affairs, when Pompey, having
loft the battle of Pharfalia, arrived off Pelufium, ex¬
pecting to find a-fecure afylum in Egypt from the further
perfecution of his enemies. He therefore fent to inform
the king of his arrival, and to folicit permiflion to enter
his kingdom. To this meffage Ptolemy, who was but
thirteen years of age, returned no anfwer ; but the two
minifters, Achillas and Pothinus, confulted with Theo-
dotus a rhetorician* tfnd fome others, on the nature of
Pompey’s requeft. Some voted for his reception, alleg¬
ing that it would be an everlafting reproach to the Egyp¬
tian nation if they fhould refufe to fuccour a man in his
diftrefs, who had been the conftant protestor of Auletes,
and was the acknowledged guardian of the prefent king.
Others were for defiring him to depart in queft of fome
other afylum; but Theodotus displayed all hiseloquence
to (hew that it was moft advifable to murder him. This
diabolical advice was readily embraced, and put in exe¬
cution ; as dated under the article Rome. Caefar being
informed, in the mean time, that his adverfary had fteered
his courfe towards Egypt, purfued him thither, and ar¬
rived at Alexandria juft as the news of the perfidious af-
faflination was brought to that city. Theodotus is faid
to have prefented him with the head and ring of his de-
ceafed rival ; but he melted into tears at the fight, and
ordered the head to be interred in a proper place with
the accuftomed folemnities. Ctefar, on his firft landing,
appears to have been in imminent danger from the lower
clafs of A.lexandrians, who were all in confufion on ac¬
count of Pompey^s death. He, however, obtained admif-
fion into the royal palace, where he fliut himfelf up,
with part of his men, till the tumult was appeafed. He
then ventured to appear in public ; and, having concili¬
ated the efteem of the populace by his affable behaviour,
he vifited the curiofities of that (lately metropolis, and
aflifted at the public harrangUes of the young rhetoricians
and orators ; but, that he might not devote his whole
time to diverfion, while detained by contrary winds, he
began to folicit the payment of the money that was due
to him from Auletes, and to take cognizance of the mif-
underftanding between the prince and his fifter Cleopatra.
For this purpofe he fummoned a general affembly ; and,
caufing the will of Auletes to be publicly read, he de¬
creed, as guardian and arbitrator, that Ptolemy and Cleo¬
patra fhould reign jointly in Egypt, according to their
father’s exprefs defire : and that Ptolemy the younger
fon, and Arfinoe the younger daughter, fhould jointly
exercife the regal authority in Cyprus, which had' for
Vol. VI. No. 351. ■>

P T. S09

fome time been in the poftefTion of the Romans. The
Alexandrians were all fatisfied with this decree except
Pothinus, who, dreading the refentment of Cleopatra,
infpired the people with new jealdufies, and folicited
Achillas, by private letters, to advance with his army
from Pelufium to drive Ccefar from the metropolis.
Achillas embraced the propofal ; and, approaching Alex¬
andria with twenty thoufand regular troops, put all
things into confufion. Cadar, being in no condition to
hazard an engagement, refolved to keep within the. walls
of the city, and ported his men fo advantageoufly in the
ftreets and avenues of the quarter where he refided, that
he found no difficulty in repelling the attacks oi his ene¬
mies. Achillas, being thus foiled by the dictator’s pre¬
cautions, changed his meafures, an^ went to attack the
port, with the hope of fecuring the fleet, that he might
flint up the Romans by fea, and cut off the poflibility of
their receiving fuccours on that fide ; but Csefar, repuif-
ing him there, caufed the Egyptian veffels to be fet on
fire, and at the fame time placed a (Irons garrifon in the
tower of Pharos, by which means he fecured his com¬
munication vyith the fea. Some of the burning fhips
happening to drive towards the fhore, communicated
their fldmes among the neighbouring houfes, whence the
conflagration extended to the Bruchion, and conlumed
the noble library, which had been tiie work of many
kings, and contained four hundred thoufand manuferipts.

Caefar now wrote for fpeedy fuccours to Domitius Cal-
vinus, his lieutenant in Afia; and in the mean time for¬
tified the quarter of the city which he pofleffed -with
walls, towers, and other works, including within them
the royal palace, a theatre, which he ufed as a citadel,
aud a paflage to the harbour. Ptolemy, who was fill I de¬
tained by Caefar, received intelligence of all that palled,
through his chief minifter Pothinus ; but at length the
correfpottdence was difeovered, and Pothinus was doomed
to fufler death for his treafon. This execution alarmed
.Ganymede, an eunuch who was charged with the educa¬
tion of Arfinoe, and who had been privy to the infidioiis
pradlices of Pothinus ; he 'therefore conveyed the young
princefs fecretly to t He Egyptian army, who were over¬
joyed at her arrival, and immediately proclaimed her
queen ; and Ganymede, having caufed Achillas to be
put to death upon a falfe accufation, obtained tite com¬
mand of the army, and aflumed the adminiftratton of all
other affairs. He contrived many artful ftratagems to
diftrefs Ca;far during the ceurfe of the war; and by
flopping up the communications between the refervoirs
in Caefar’s quarters, and thofe in the reft of the city, he
contrived to turn the fea-water into the former, and by
that means fpoiled all the frefh water that was kept in
them. This produced the utmoft diftrefs among tiie Ro¬
mans, until the dictator obviated the inconvenience, by
caufing wells to be funk till fprings of frefh water were
difeovered. Caefar having now intelligence that a legion
fent by Cal vinus was detained on the neighbouring coafts
of Libya by contrary winds, lie advanced with his whole
fleet to convoy it fafely to Alexandria. Ganymede in-
ftantly affembled all his naval force, with a defign to
intercept him on his return ; but fie was repulfed, and
w.ould have loft the whole of his fleet, it Caefar had not
been compelled by the approach of night to retire with
his auxiliaries into the harbour. To repair this misfor¬
tune Ganymede drew together all the fhips that were in
the private arfenals, and in tiie mouth of the Nile, with
which he again attacked the Romans, but without fuc-
cefs. Caefar, anxious to improve his victory, attempted
to feize the ifle of Pharos, and the mole called the tiep-
tatfadium, by which it was joined to the continent;
but, after he had effedfed a landing, he was repulfed,
with the lofs of more than eight hundred men, and was
himfelf expofed to the moft imminent danger in his re¬
treat ; for his veflel being ready to fink, he threw him-
felf into the fea, and with great difficulty fwam to the
next fhip.

The

510

£ G Y P T.

The Egyptians, finding that the Roman troops retained
an unfhaken intrepidity in the midft of dangers and diffi¬
culties, and that ill-fuccefs only tended to inflame their
military ardour, fent a deputation to Caefar, demanding
their king, and affuring hint that a compliance with. their
defire would put a fpeedy termination to the war. Caefar
readily granted their requeft, and admouifhed the young
prince to infpire his fubjefts with fentiments of peace and
equity; to redrefs the evils which had already refulted
from the war; and to prove himfelf Worthy of the confi¬
dence that was now repofed in him. Ptolemy petitioned,
with tears in his eyes, that he might continue with the
dictator, affirming that lie would rather enjoy his com¬
pany as a private citizen, than fway the fceptrc without
him. But he was no fooner at the head of his army, than
he renewed hoftilities with more vigour than ever ; he
alfo attempted to intercept Caefar’s provifions, but the
engagement which this defign brought on near Canopus,
terminated in his defeat, and added new luftre to the
achievements of his enemy. About this time alio, Mith-
ridates of Pergamus, and Antipater the Idumean, marched
into Egypt at the head of a confiderable army, in com¬
pliance with Caefar’s requeft, and upon arriving before
Pelufium, they carried that city by florin. On their, route
from thence to Alexandria they found all the paffes in
the country of Onion feized by the Jews, who conftituted
the greateft part of the inhabitants. This difficulty
threatened them with the deftruiftion of their plan; but
at length Antipater engaged the Jews to efpoufe Caefar’s
caufe, and prevailed on them to furnilh the army with
provifions. On their approaching the Delta, Ptolemy
detached a body of troops to difpute the paffiige of the
Kile, and a fanguinary engagement enfued. Mithridates’s
wing was foon broken and difordered, but Antipater,
by affording him a fpeedy fuccour, checked the enemy’s
fuccefs, drove them with incredible fury from the field
of battle, and took pofleflion of their camp. Ptolemy
then advanced with all his forces to overpower the victo¬
rious generals ; but Caefar having fecretly fallen upon
his rear, rendered his fcheme abortive. Moft of the
Egyptian foldiers were cut in pieces, and Ptolemy, in
attempting to efcape, was drowned in the Nile. Caefar
returned to Alexandria, and finding no oppolition to his
will, beftowed'the crown of Egypt on Cleopatra, obliging
lier, through motives of policy, to marry her younger
brother Ptolemy, who was then but eleven years of age.
The paffion he had conceived for Cleopatra was in reality
the caufe of his undertaking fo dangerous a war, and the
fame paffion detained him much longer in Egypt than
his affairs required, but the fuccefs which now attended
Pharnaces, king of the Cimmerian-Bofphorus, and fon of
Mithridates, in the recovery of his father’s dominions,
awakened Caefar from the lethargy into which he was
drawn by Cleopatra’s blandilhments, and called him forth
again to conqueft and ambition.

Cleopatra now enjoyed the throne of Egypt without
the leaft difturbance, having an unlimited authority dur¬
ing the minority of her brother ; hut the young prince
no fooner aflumed his (hare of the government than (he
caufed him to be poifoned, and reigned front that time
without a partner. Soon after this unnatural a£lion,
Caefar being aflafiinafed at Rome, and the famous trium¬
virate formed between Antony, Lepidus, and Octavius,
afterwards furnamed Auguftus Caelar, the queen declared
for the triumvirs, and fent four legions to Albienus, the
conful Dolabella’s lieutenant. Thefe forces were taken
by Caffius, who had earneftly folicited Cleopatra to affifl
him againft the triumvirs ; but finding her obftinate in
refufal, he marched towards the frontiers of Egypt with
a defign to invade her kingdom. The enterprise was,
however, relinquilhed ; and Cleopatra, being freed from
her apprehenlions, failed with a numerous fleet to join
Octavius and Antony ; but illncfs compelled her to re¬
turn to Egypt, after feveraSl of he ihips had been wrecked
in a ffornv.

Antony having paffed over into Afia, after the famous
battle of Philippi, to fettle all concerns for the interett
of the conqueror, received intelligence that Cleopatra
had affifled Caffius againft Dolabella. He immediately
fummoned the queen to appear before him at Tarfus in
"Cilicia. Cleopatra, who had already proved the effeft
of her charms on Caefar, inftantly conceived the defign
of enfnaring Antony, and promifed herfelf the moft am¬
ple fuccefs, upon the recollection that Caefar had acknow¬
ledged her irrefiftible at a time when file was very young
and unacquainted with the world, whereas Antony would
be equally dazzled with the brilliancy of her wit, and the
incomparable beauties of her perfon. She accordingly
provided herfelf with rich prefents, irnmcnfe fums of
money, fumptuous habits, and fplendid ornaments, and,
in compliance with Antony’s requeft, fet fail for Cilicia.
As foon as the news of her arrival was publi (lied in Tar¬
fus, the citizens crowded out of the gates to meet her;
and Antony, who was diftribnting juftice in the forum,
faw his tribunal fuddenly deferted, no one remaining with
him but his li£tors and domeftics ; nor was it furprizing
that the populace fliould flock to behold fo unufual a
fpeftacle. Her royal galley flamed with gold, the fails
were of the fineft purple, and the oars inlaid with filver;
beneath a pavilion of cloth of gold appeared the Egyp¬
tian queen, robed like Venus, and furrounded by the moft
beautiful youths and virgins of her court, deftined to re-
prefent the Nereids and the Graces ; the hills and dales
re-echoed with the found of hautboys, flutes, and other
tnufical inftruments, with which the oars kept time, and
rendered the fcene more delightful ; while the great quan¬
tity of perfumes that were burning on the deck, diffufed
their fragrance on each fide of the river, and impregnated
the air with the moft ballamic odours. Cleopatra had
no fooner landed, than Antony fent her a complimentary
meffage, and invited her to fupper; but the returned for
anfwer, that according to the rules of decorum, he fliould
firft vifit her, and that the fliould expect him in the tents
which were erecting for her accommodation on the banks
of the river. Antony complied with her delire, and was
entertained with inexprefiible magnificence. Next day
he returned the compliment, and commanded that no ex¬
pence fliould be fpared ; but notwithftanding his utrnoft
efforts, he acknowledged the inferiority of his banquet to
that of Cleopatra. The queen’s expectations were fully
jollified by the event; for Antony found fuch irrefiftible
charms in her manners and converfation, that inftead of
arraigning her as an offender, he bowed in homage be¬
fore the (lirine of her beauty, and readily granted all her
requefts, however repugnant to the laws of juftice, reli¬
gion, or humanity : for it was about this time that Antony
caufed Cleopatra’s filler Arfinoe to be put to death, who
had taken refuge in the temple of Diana, at Melitus.

Conlcious of her fafcinating powers, and anxious to
bind the Roman by the ftrongeft ties to her perfon and
interell, the fair Egyptian entertained him every day,
during her relidence at Tarfus, with the moll fumptuous
banquets, which were ferved up and difpofed with fuch
peculiar elegance, that (lie feemed to ftudy to excel her
own inventions. Antony exprefling fome lurprize at the
profufion of gold cups enriched with jewels that appeared
on every fide, flie told him, that if he admired fuch tri¬
fles they were at his fervice, and might be carried to his
houfe. The next day the banquet was more fttperb, and
Antony was requelled to bring all his officers of rank and
diftinftion with him; he accepted the invitation, and
Cleopatra prefented them with all the gold and filver
plate that had been ufed in the courfe of the entertain¬
ment. In one of thefe fealts happened the incident which
Pliny relates of Cleopatra’s profufenefs. Having laid a
confiderable wager that Hie could expend more than fifty
thoufand pounds upon one repaft, (he caufed one of the
pearls that (lie wore in her ears, which was valued at
the above-mentioned fum, to be dillolved in an acid, and
then fwallowed it She was preparing to melt the other

E G Y P T.

in a fimilar manner, when Planctts, who was prefent, di¬
verted her from the defign. When Antony was obliged
to quit Tarfus, Cleopatra accompanied him as far as
Tyre, from whence (he returned into Egypt; but the tri¬
umvir, unable to endure her abfence, entrufted his affairs
to two of his lieutenants, and haflened to Alexandria,
where he devoted the enfuing winter to all forts of voltip-
tuoufnefs. Cleopatra’s whole (ludy was to divert him,
and all her winning arts were exerted to retain him at
her court. Yet after noticing the fupinenefs thefe indul-
gencies had brought upon him, (he adrnoni filed him to re-
alfume the hero, and direct his thoughts to the reduction
of cities and kingdoms-

Upon intelligence that I.abienus had obtained fome
great advantages in Syria, at the head of the Parthian
army, B. C. 39, Antony took leave of this beauteous
queen early in the fpring; but having changed his inten¬
tions with refpeCl to the Parthians, he failed into Italy
with two hundred (hips, againft OCtavius: a reconcilia¬
tion was, however, foon eifeCled; and an alliance with
his fifter Ochivia, teemed 10 promife the happieft confe-
quences. It was generally fuppofed that the extraor¬
dinary merit of his new wife would effectually detach
Antony from his recent ill-placed affection ; but, after
fpending the winter at Athens, he haflened back to Alex¬
andria, where he again indulged without reftraint in every
Ipecies of luxury and aiftipation. On his removing into
Syria, to refill the arms of the Parthians, he left Cleo¬
patra in Egypt ; but before he fet out on his expedition,
he fent for her into Syria, in direCt oppOfition to found
policy, and the advice of his friends. On her arrival (he
perfuaded him to fuch flagrant adds of cruelty and in-
juflice, as rendered him odious to the whole nation. The
delay which he made with her before he commenced his
inarch againft the Parthians, was productive of many
misfortunes ; and his imprudence in returning in the
depth of winter, merely for the .gratification of lu ft, was
attended with the lofs of fixty thou land foldiers, who
either periflied from the feverity of the feafon, or the in¬
credible' hardfhips they had flittered on their march. On
his return to Syria he retired to the caflle of Leucecome,
between Sidon and Berytus, and there paffed his time in
revelling with the queen of Egypt, without exprefling
the lead concern for the wife of his bofom, or for the lofs
of his troops. As, however, he deemed it neceffary to
pacify the foldiery, who juflly complained of their accu¬
mulated fufferings, he ordered fome clothes and money
to be diflributed among them in Cleopatra’s name, and
then returned to Alexandria with the fafeinating idol of
his affeflions.

The kings of Parthia and Media having quarrelled, in
the mean time, refpeCting the divifion of the booty which
they had taken from the Romans, the latter fent ambaffa-
dors to Antony, offering to join him againft the Parthian
with all his forces. At the fame time intelligence arrived
that the Parthians had revolted againft their fovereign,
and were in the utmoft confufion ; in confequence of this,
Antony haflened into Syria to embrace the opportunity
pf revenging himfelf upon a formidable enemy. But
Cleopatra, hearing that his wife OCtavia was come as far
as Athens, in her way to meet Antony, and fearing that
the virtue and wifdom of that juftly-celebrated woman
might recal the triumvir to a fenfe of duty and honour,
fhe employed various arts to make herfelf look pale and
dejected, and then wrote to her credulous lover, that his
abfence had materially affefted her health, and that fhe
niuft inevitably die if he refufed to return. Antony needed
no other allurements : he haflened to the arms of his
miftrefs, and was fo deeply affeCted by her tears, blan-
difhments, reproaches, and vows of everlafting love, that
lie confented to relinquifh his projected expedition, and
to command OCtavia to proceed no farther, but to remain
at Athens.

Early in the enfuing fpring Antony fet out for Syria,

2

S' l

with an intention to march from thence into Parthia. Be¬
fore he commenced his journey, he bellowed Cyrene, Cy¬
prus, Coe.lo-Syria, Itruria, and Phcenicc, with great part
of Crete and Cilicia, upon Cleopatra. But this not ftitis-
fying her ambition, (lie earneftly folieited him to put to
death Herod king of Judea, and Malchus -king of Arabia-
Petrsea, that their dominions might alfo be transferred to
her. This wicked reque'ft proved unfuccefsful ; but
Antony, to pacify her, confented to give her that part of
Malchus’s kingdom which bordered on Egypt ; and out
of Herod’s, the territory of Jericho, with the balfam
gardens. The queen, having obtained thefe important
grants, accompanied her lover as far as the Euphrates,
and returning by way of Apamea and Damafcus, came
to Jerufaiem, where fhe was ill mptuou.fi y entertained by
Herod. During her (lay in that city, (lie was faid to feign
an affeChion for the king, and added fo unbecoming the
charadder of her fex, that Herod formed a defign to affaf-
ftnate her; but being diffuaded from fo wicked and i-n-
hofpitable a meafure, he continued to entertain her with
all poflible refpedt, and attended her in perfon to the
frontiers of her kingdom.

Antony, who, in defiance of the mod folemn oaths and
promifes, liad taken Artabazus, king of Armenia, pri-
foner, and reduced his country, now haflened back to
Egypt, B. C. 33, and entered Alexandria in a triumphal
car, preceded by the trophies of his victory, and by the
mod illuftrious captives. Cleopatra waited to receive
him in the forum, being feated on a golden throne, fur-
rounded by the chief lords of her court. The unfortu¬
nate Artabazus was brought before her in chains, and
with him the other prifoners of diftindlion; but on being
commanded to kneel before her, they peremptorily re¬
filled their compliance. Antony now fummoned a gene¬
ral adembly of the Alexandrians to meet in the gymna-
fiuin, and there made a public oration, In which he pro¬
claimed Cefario, the fon of Cleopatra, begot by Julius
Ctefar, king of Egypt and Cyprus, in conjunction with
his mother. Antony had alio three children by Cleo¬
patra, named Alexander, Cleopatra, and Ptolemy. To
Alexander he gave Armenia, Media, Parthia, and the
other eaftern countries from the Euphrates to India,
zvhen they, fwuld be Jubdued ; to Cleopatra, the twin fifter
of Alexander, he promifed Lybia and Cyrene ; and to
Ptolemy, whom he furnamed Philadelpluts, he prefented
Phoenice, Syria, Cilicia, and all the countries of. Alia
Minor from the Euphrates to the Hellefpont ; conferring
on each of the children the title of kings. To complete
the abfurdity of his conduCt, he obliged his queen, to
take the name of Ids, himfelf affuming that of Oliris,
and from that time they both appeared in public in the
drefs that was deemed peculiar to thofe Egyptian deities.
Yet after all this, Antony’s mind was rent with jealoufy
and fufpicion, that Cleopatra, notwithftanding her pre¬
tended affeCtion, had a defign upon his life, and there¬
fore he would not partake of any difh at her banquets
till it had been tailed by fome other perfon. The queen,
in order to obviate his fears, and at the fame time to
prove how ineffectual all his precautions would be if (lie
really meditated his deftruCtion, caufed the flowers to
be dipped in poifon Which compofed the garlands that
were to be worn by Antony and herfelf at the next feaft.
When the triumvir was in the height of fellivity, Cleo¬
patra propofed drinking the flowers of their garlands,
and Antony admiring the lrolic, threw fome of them into
his wine, and was on the point of fwallowing them, when
the queen feizing him by the arm, told him the flowers
were poifoned, and that fhe herfelf, againft whom he had
been fo guarded, had prepared the poifon. She then
commanded a condemned criminal to be brought in, and
caufed him to drink the wine in Antony’s cup, which
immediately terminated his life.

In compliance with, the advice of fome of his partifans,
Antony declared war againft his former colleague, who

was

3!2 E G

was now employed in ftirring lip the Romans againd him ;
and at the fame time lent a divorce to OCtavia, whom
lie ordered to be driven forcibly from his houfe at Rome.
His preparations for the war were fo far advanced, that an
immediate attack upon his adverfary would in all proba¬
bility have been attended with fuccefs, as Octavius was
not then in a condition to withftand his forces either by
fea or land ; but in-this, as in every other affair of im¬
portance, he was immerfed in misfortune through his ill-
fated pallion ; for, indead of leading li is folSiers to the
field while they might reafonably have expected the vic¬
tory, he continued to revel in the arms of Cleopatra, as
if in the mod: peaceable times. Whenever he appeared
in public Hie .was with him ; even' in the adminihration
of juftice in the forum die was feated by his fide ; he al¬
ways • ddreffed her with the title of queen and fovereign ;
and frequently followed her on foot among the eunuchs,
while ihe was drawn through the city in a ftaie'ly chariot. In
fhort, (lie had gained fo entire an afcendancy over him, that
flic entertained the hope of becoming queen of Rome.

In the year before Chrift 31, OCtavius, having prepared
a powerful fleet and army, declared war againd the queen
of Egypt ; and as foon as the feafon would permit, the
two armies prepared for engagement, and the fleets put
to fea. After feveral encounters, Antony was perfuaded
by Cleopatra to put the whole to the ifl'ue of a fea fight,
though Canidius remonflrated on the impolicy of fuch a
rilk. This -memorable battle was fought at the mouth
of the Ambracian gulf, near the city of ACtium, in fight
of both armies. The victory, being difputed with great
vigour and refolution, was for fome time doubtful ; but
the timidity of Cleopatra induced her to draw off the
whole Egyptian fquadroo, confiding of fixty large veflels,
in the middle of the engagement ; and her ill-fated lovef
immediately followed her, to the aftonifhment of all the
fpe&ators. Next day OCtavius detached a fquadron of
his bell (hips in purfuit of the fugitives, but they foon
returned to the fleet without executing their commifiion,
and Cleopatra and Antony arrived fafely at Taenarus in
Laconia. Octavius caufed the war to be declared oniy
againft Cleopatra, to avoid offending Antony’s friends,
w ho were very numerous and powerful at Rome. Cleo¬
patra now left Antony, and returned to Alexandria ; but
fearing left the knowledge of her misfortunes thould ex¬
cite her fubjects to a revolt, Hie entered the harbour with
emblematical ornaments on her fliips, as if (lie had ob¬
tained a fignal victory ; and when by this artifice fhe had
obtained admiffion into her metropolis, (lie iffued orders
for tire execution of all thofe perfons who were averfe to
her measures.

From Taenarus Antony failed to Lybia, where he had
left Pinarius Scarpus, with a confiderable body of troops,
to defend the Egyptian frontier on that fide ; but on his
landing, he had the mortification to find that Scarpus,
and all the forces under his command, had revolted to
OCtavius. The only refolution therefore he could now
take', was to follow Cleopatra to Alexandria: where lie
found her engaged in a very extraordinary undertaking.-
To avoid falling into the hands of Octavius, who, the
was well aware, would follow her into -Egypt, (lie com¬
manded all her fliips in the Mediterranean to be carried
to the Red Sea, over an ifthmusof feventy miles, for the
purpofe df tranfporting herfelf and all her treasures be¬
yond the enemy’s reach. But the Arabians who inha¬
bited that coalt having burnt all the veflels, the was
obliged to relinquifh her defign. The extremity to which
flie was thus reduced, effected a total change in her pro¬
jects; and the inftantly formed the bafe refolution of fa-
crifjcing Antony to his inveterate foe, whom flie now re¬
garded as her conqueror. She accordingly prevailed on
her deluded lover to fend propofals of peace to OCtavius,
and joined her deputies in the fame embalfy, but gave
them private indruCtions to treat feparately for herfelf.
Octavius refufed to admit Antony’s ambaffadors to his

{ P T.

/

prefence, but Cleopatra’s were dllmlffed with a favour¬
able anfvyer.

Antony, on Ills return from Lybia, was fo deeply over¬
whelmed with diftrefs by the treachery of Scarpus, that
he was with difficulty prevented from ruffling into the
arms of death ; and, on his landing, retired to a country-
houfe on the banks of the Nile, in order to fequefler him-
felf from Cleopatra, and all his former companions. But
as nothing could erafe from his heart the recollection
of his beloved miftrefs, he foon quitted his retreat, and
returned to Alexandria, from whence he again lent de¬
puties to demand his life of OCtavius, upon the fliameful
condition of reliding at Athens in the capacity of a pri¬
vate perfon ; provided Cleopatra and her children might
retain the government of Egypt. This deputation prov¬
ing equally unfiiccefsful with the former, Antony feemed
determined on extinguilhing the recollection of his paft
troubles, a.nd the apprehenfion of his approaching def-
tiny, by immoderate luxury and voluptuoufnefs : Cleo¬
patra and lie regaled each other alternately, and drove
to exceed each fucceflive entertainment in fplendor and
magnificence.

OCtavius being anxious to get the queen of Egypt with¬
in his power, that lie might adorn his triumph with her
perfon., and difeharge his debts with her i mine rife trea¬
sures, fent her feveral afl'ti ranees of protection on condition
that ihe would-kill Antony, whom he Ailed the author
of all her misfortunes: Cleopatra peremptorily refufed
to embrite her hands in the blood of Antony, but at t he
fame time- confented to deliver h is perfon, and the king¬
dom of Egypt, into the enemy’s hand. In confequence
of this prpmife the city of Pelufinm was betrayed to Oc¬
tavius, while Antony was gone to lay fiege to Peritonium,
the key of Egypt on the weftern fide. Antony, frus¬
trated in his defigns, and defeated with the lofs of his
whole fleet, hadened to Alexandria to defend the metro-,
polis from the fury of Octavius. On his arrival he found
Cleopatra employed in removing her jewels and mod va¬
luable effects to a monument which die was laid to have
formerly built near the temple of Ills. Upon being ques¬
tioned refpeCtirig this removal of*her treafures, together
with a great quantity of aromatic wood, flax, perfumes.
See. die anfwered, that if the town fhould be taken,
fhe would there raife a funeral pile and confume herfelf
with Her riches in the flames, to difappoint the ejierny of
his expectations. This, however, was a' mere dratagem
to conceal her perfidy from Antony, and do obtain fur¬
ther affurances of favour from OCtavius. The enemy in
the mean time encamped in the hippodrome, hoping foon
to be mader of the, city, by means of the private intelli¬
gence which he held, with Cleopatra. Antony, who was
(till ignorant of the queen’s intrigues, made a vigorous
fally, and threw the bedegers into great diforder ; but
this was the lad effort of his expiring valour ; for, in¬
dead of improving his advantage, or providing for his
perfonal fafety, lie prefented himfelf in his arnfour be¬
fore Cleopatra, and, amidd the acclamations of the Alex¬
andrians, prodrated himfelf before her throne, recom¬
mending to her favour one of his foldiers who had dif-
tinguifhed himfelf on that occadon in a very eminent
manner. The queen immediately fent for the loldier,
and, in the prefence of the whole people, prefented him
with a fuit of armour and helmet of pure gold, with
which he defected the fame night to OCtavius. Early
the next morning Antony refolved to attack the invader
by fea and land. He accordingly drew up his land army
upon fome eminences within the city, 'and from thence
kept the galleys in view, which were failing out of the
port to attack the enemy’s fleet. He waited in dlence
the refult of the expected engagement; but the fignal
was no fooner given, than Cleopatra’s admiral druck his
flag and furrendered his whole force, in compliance with
the orders of his royal midrefs.

This treafon convinced Antony df the dneerity of tl\ofe

friends

313

E G Y P T.

friends who had warned him of Cleopatra’s perfidy, and
opened his eyes to the true extent of his misfortune.
Frantic with rage and defpair, he challenged OCtavius
to decide their quarrel by Angle combat ; fyut the young
Roman, fmiling at the propotal, replied, that if Antony
was weary of his life, there wery means enough in Alex¬
andria to give him relief. Upon the receipt of this con¬
temptuous meffage, Antony battened to the palace, in
order to facrifice Cleopatra to his juft refentment ; but
the eluded his fury by a timely flight, and, having tliut
herfelf up in the above-mentioned monument, with three
attendants, catifed it to be publitlied that (he had killed
herfelf to avoid the horrors of captivity. This artifice
battened on the cataftrophe of Antony’s calamities; for
he no fooner heard that the queen was dead, than all his
former affeCtions ruthed into his heart; his tranfports of
rage were converted to thofe of grief ; and he formed the
defperate refolution of following-lier example. He ac¬
cordingly retired to his apartment with a faithful (lave,
who had engaged to kill him when the extremity of his
affairs lhould require that mournful office, and, remind¬
ing him of his promife, commanded him to run him
through the body ; but the affectionate Eros, unable to
murder his unfortunate matter, ftabbed himfelf to the
heart, and funk lifelefs at his feet. Antony immediately
fell upon his fword, and gave himfelf the wound of which
he afterwards died. At that moment one of the queen’s
officers came to contradict the account of her death, and
found him weltering in his blood. Antony, hearing that
Cleopatra was alive, buffered his wound to be dretfed,'
and caufed himfelf to be carried to the monument. The
queen would not permit the gates to be opened for his
admitlion, left (lie fhould be furprifed by the enemy ; but,
having ordered her fervants to fatten him to fome ropes
which hung from the top of the monument, the drew
him up, with the affiftance of her two women. Never
was there a more affeCting fcene ! Antony, bathed in
his blood, ftruggling with death, ftretching out his fee¬
ble arms, and turning his dying eyes to Cleopatra, as if
conjuring her to receive his lateft breath, was dragged
up in the air; while the objeCt "of his deareft affection
pulled the cords with trembling hands and diftorted fea¬
tures, for the poor fatisfaCtion of feeing him die in her
arms. When (lie had, with much difficulty, drawn him
up, the laid him upon a bed ; tore her garments to flop
the bleeding of his wounds; be'dewed his face with a
profufion of tears ; called him by the mod endearing epi¬
thets ; and cut oft his hair, acccording to the fuperftition
of the Pagans, who believed this to be a relief to all
thofe who died a violent death. Antony, feeing the
queen’s affiiCfion, endeavoured to comfort her by obferv-
ing that his defeat was honourable, fince it was no dif-
grace for one Roman to be vanquifhed by another ; and
that his death was rendered felicitous by her kind at¬
tentions : he advifed her to fave her life and kingdom,
provided the could do it with honour, and warned her to
truft none of the conqueror’s friends, except Proculeius.
The exertion which attended thefe words was too power¬
ful for his ftrength, and he doted his eyes in death at the
moment that Proculeius arrived from the enemy’s camp,
B. C. 30.

Oftavius, who had received intelligence of all that
palfed, and had (lied fome tears at the fight of the fword
with which Antony had wounded himfelf, commiffioned
Proculeius to get the queen into his hands: but (lie re-
fufed to furrender herfelf, unlefs he would promife, in
his matter’s name, that her children (hould enjoy the
kingdom. He, being finable to accede to thefe terms, re¬
ported the ill fuccels of his conference to Octavius, who
immediately feat Cornelius Gallus, a man of great learn¬
ing and eloquence, to perftiade her to confide in his cle¬
mency ; Gallus accordingly went to the gate of the 1110.
liument, and, fpeaking to her through the crevices, en¬
gaged her attention while Proculeius (baled the wall, and
entered, with two officers, at the place where Antony
Vol. VI. No. 352.

had been taken in. When Cleopatra faw him appear, the
drew a dagger with an inter1 to (tab herfelf, but Procu-
leius running fwiftly to her, forced the weapon from her
hand, and (hook her robes left the fhould have concealed
any poifon in them ; he the; affured her, in general terms,
that die might fafely rely or Octavius’s honour; and im¬
mediately difpatched a mV Anger to inform him that the
queen of Egypt was his 1 rifoner. The victorious Ro¬
man, overjoyed at this i sportant news, now approached
the city of Alexandria, and, finding the gates open, went
with Arius, a native of ,e place, who had been his pre¬
ceptor, to the gymnafiu , where lie afcended a tribunal,
and-made an eloquent harangue to the citizens, in which
lie told them that he f rely pardoned, and would protect
them. Cleopatra, having in the mean time obtained per-
niitlion to bury Antony, canted the body of her unfor¬
tunate lover to be embalmed in the mod coftly manner,
and depot! ted in the burying place of t he kings of Egypt.

Oftavius deemed it improper to intrude upon Cleopa¬
tra’s privacy during, the firft days of fur mourning; but,
when the violence of her grief had tubftded, he was in¬
troduced, by her own permidioti, into her chamber. He
found her extended on a little bed, in a very fimple and
negligent manner; her hair difhev.elled ; her vifage hag¬
gard ; her eyes fwoln by exceifive weeping; and her bo-
fom covered with wounds and bruifes : yet, though fo
greatly disfigured, the did not defpair of infpiring her
youthful conqueror with the fame fentiments as had for¬
merly inflamed the hearts of Julius Caefar and Marc An¬
tony. With this defign the threw herfelf at his feet, and
exerted all her powers in depicting the lituation of her
affairs : but all her arts were employed to no purpofe,
for Octavius did not appear to be affeCted either with lief
perfon or converfation, but merely advifed her to take
courage, and to reft affured that his intentions were equit¬
able. She was far from mifeonftruing this inaufpicious
coldnefs ; yet the diffembled her concern, and put an in¬
ventory into his hands of all her moveables, jewels, and
revenues. Seleucus, one of her treafurers, then prefent,
accufed her of concealing part of her 1110ft valuable ef¬
fects ; in return for which affront (lie flew towards him,
and, feizing him by the hair, gave him feveral blows on
the face'. Then, turning towards OCtavius, the demanded
whether fucli treatment from a fervant was not infupport-
able ; and acknowledged that the had referved fome jewels
for a prefent to his wife and fitter, that through their in-
terceflion (lie might receive fome alleviation of her mil-
fortunes. OCtavius, fuppofing from this difeourfe that
his prifoner had relinquithed all forts of filicide, gave her
free permitfion to difpofe of the jewels in what manner
the thought proper ; and, having promifed to treat her
with more generofity than the expected, quitted the apart¬
ment. ^

Cleopatra, being now convinced that the was defigned
as an ornament to the victor’s triumph, refolved to avoid
the approaching infamy by a voluntary death, and de¬
voted her thoughts entirely to the execution of that de¬
fign. In hopes of deceiving the vigilant Epaphroditus,
wdio never fuffered her to go out of his fight, (lie obtained
permitfion to pay her laft refpeCts to the memory of An¬
tony : (lie bathed the tomb with her tears, covered it
with flowers, and, with many expretfions of grief, per¬
formed fucli ceremonies as were praCtifed among' the
Egyptians on fimihir occafions. But Epaphroditus kept
fo clofe to her during the whole time, that (lie had no
opportunity of attempting any thing on her own life.
Upon her return (lie commanded a (iimptuous entertain¬
ment to be made,, and exhibited an uncommon degree of
vivacity during the feaft. In the height of her apparent
mirth the rote from the table, and wrote a letter to Octa¬
vius, which (lie requefted Epaphroditus to deliver with his
own hand. Having, by thisartifi.ee, delivered herfelf from
the obfervation of Caefar’s freedman, the retired, with
two female attendants, to her chamber, where the dreffed
herfelf in her royal robes, lay down on her bed, and allied
4 L for

314

EGYPT.

for a baflcet of figs, which one of her fervants had brought
her in the difguife of a peafant. Among the figs was
concealed an afp, (fee the article Colu er, vol. iv. p.
799,) which (lie applied to her left arm, and, finking im¬
mediately into a lethargy, (he expired in the arms of her
attendants. OCtavius, on entering the queen’s apartment,
found her lying dead on a golden bed ; one of her maids
likewife dead at her feet, and the other expiring by her
fide. Octavius tried all pofiible means to recover his fair
prifoner; but, finding his attempts fruitlefs, he granted
Iter laft petition, and caufed her to be buried with the
litmoft pomp in the fame tomb with Antony.

Thus died Cleopatra, .in the year before Chrifl 30, in
the thirty-ninth of her age, and the twenty-fecond of her
reign. She was a woman of extraordinary abilities, for
file is fa i d to have been a perfect miftrefs of the Greek and
Latin languages, and to have converfed fluently with
Ethiopians, Troglodites, Jews, Arabians, Syrians, Medes,
and Perfians, without the afliftance of an interpreter. Site
retained, in the midft of her voluptuoufnefs, a take for
polite learning, and erected a magnificent library, which
ihe enriched with the two hundred thoufand volumes
taken from Pergantus. She feems to have been capable
of the mod ardent attachment’s ; but ambition was her
ruling paflion, and to this fite facrificed her virtue, her king¬
dom, and her life. In her ended the family of Ptolemy
Lagus, the founder of the Egyptian monarchy, after it
had retained the feeptre' two hundred and ninety-three
years from the death of Alexander the Great.

From the CONCLUEST of EGYPT by the RO¬
MANS to the FALL of the EGYPTIAN CA¬
LIPHS.

After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt was reduced to
the humble ftate of a Roman province, and was, for fe-
veral centuries, governed by praetors fent from Rome.
This luxuriant country, however, was highly favoured
by its conquerors, who delegated to the people the pri¬
vilege of fublifting under their ancient laws, and of exer-
cifing uninterruptedly the functions of their religion.
Even the gods Ilis and Serapis were naturalized at Rome ;
and, though their temples were demolilhed in the year of
Rome 701, by order of the fenate, yet 'they were after¬
wards reftored with Hill greater folemnity and magnifi¬
cence. Under the Roman government, the revenues of
Egypt were eflimated at three millions fterling per an¬
num, having been greatly improved by the care and eco¬
nomy of the praetors, who literally made that province
the granary and florehoufe of Rome. When Pro bus com¬
manded in Egypt, he executed many confiderable' works,
which greatly contributed to the fplendour and benefit of
the country. The navigation of the Nile, fo important
to the Roman commerce, was highly improved ; and tem¬
ples, bridges, porticoes, and palaces, were conftruCted by
the hands of the fiddlers, who acted by turns as archi¬
tects, as engineers, and as hufbandmen ; all tending to
the augmentation of this rich domain. Under the Rd-
man jurifdiCtion, likewife, the light of the gofpel, and
the bleflings of the Chriftian religion, made their firft en¬
trance into Eypt. It was firlt embraced by the Thera-
peutEg, or Elfenians of the lake Mareotis, a Jewifti feCt,
which had abated much of its reverence for the Mofaic
ceremonies ; but it was in the febool of Alexandria, that
the Chriftian theology appears to have affumed a regular
and fcientific form; and, when Adrian vifited Egypt, he
found a church compofed of converted Jews and of
Greeks, fufficiently important to attraCt the notice of
that inquifitive prince.

But, notwithftanding the wifdom and mildnefs of the
Roman jurifprudence over every part of Egypt, yet this
grand acceflion to their dominions could not be governed
■ without frequent infurreCtions and rebellions of the peo¬
ple. About the year of Chrift 296, five Moorifii nations
iflued forth from their deferts to invade the neighbour¬
ing provinces; they feized upon Egypt, and, being joined

by the natives, affumed the reins of fovereignty in Alex¬
andria. Diocletian, apprifed of thefe meafures, loft no
time in punifhing the infurgents. He opened the cam¬
paign in Egypt by the fiege of Alexandria, cut off the
aquedudfs which conveyed the waters of the Nile into
every part of the city ; and, rendering his camp impreg¬
nable to the dallies of the befieged multitude, he pufhed
bis attacks with caution and vigour. After a fiege of
eight months, Alexandria, wafted by the /’word and by
fire, implored tire clemency of the conqueror ; but it ex¬
perienced the full extent of his feverity. Many thou-
fands of the citizens perifited in a promifeuous (laughter,
and there were few obnoxious perfons in Egypt who ef-
caped a fentence either of death, or of exile. The fate
of Etifiris and of Coptos was ftili more melancholy than
that of Alexandria ; tliofe famous cities, tire former dif-
tinguiflied by its vaft antiquity, the latter enriched by the
paflage of the Indian trade, were utterly deftroyed by the
arms and by the fevere order of Diocletian. The cha¬
racter of the Egyptian nation, infenfible to kindnefs, but
extremely fufceptible to fear, could alone juftify this
excellive rigour. The feditions of Alexandria. had often
aftefled the tranquillity of Rome; and the province of
Upper Egypt, ince-flantly relapfing into rebellion, had
embraced the alliance of the favages of Ethiopia. Even
the Blemmyes, fcattered between the i !1 and of Meroe
and the Red Sea, were fubfidized by the Egyptians ; and
thefe favage barbarians, whom antiquity, (hocked with
the deformity of their figure, had almoft excluded from
the human race, prefumed to rank themfelves among the
enemies of Rome. Such had been the unworthy allies
of the Egyptians, who now fuffered in turn from the un¬
relenting rigour of the Roman arms. But at the fame
time that Dioclefian chaftifed the pad; crimes of the
Egyptians and their allies, he provided for the future
fafety and happinefs of the country, by many wife regu¬
lations, which were confirmed, and enforced, under the
fucceeding reigns.

Egypt continued under the Roman yoke, not without
occafional ftruggles for the recovery of its liberty, .and
ftili more ferious quarrels' with the praetors aud Greek
Chriftians, until the reign of the emperor Meraclius, when
the Saracen forces, in the caliphate of Omar, bore down
the kingdoms of the eaft, conquered Pale (line, and re¬
duced Syria under the Mohammedan power. After fel¬
ting out from Medina, to vifit the holy city of Jerufa-
lem, and review his victorious troops, A. D. 638, Omar
directed his general Yezid to remain in Paleftine, Abu
Obadiah to march again!! Antioch and Aleppo, and Am-
rou, otherwife Amru Ebn A1 As, to invade Egypt. The
intrepid Amrou, at the head of only four thoufand Arabs,
haftened from his ftation at Gaza, and continued his route
by forced marches, until his tents were pitched on Egyp¬
tian ground. He aflembled his forces before Pelufium,
and took pofleflion of that key to Egypt, as it is ufuaily
called, in only thirty days, which unlocked the entrance
of the country as far as the ruins of Heliopolis, and the
neighbourhood of Memphis, or the modern Cairo. In
the age of Auguftus, and even in that of Conftantine,
Memphis ranked among the greateft and mod populous
of the Roman provincial cities. The banks of the Nile,
in this place of the breadth of three thoufand feet, were
united by two bridges of lixty and of thirty boats, con¬
nected in the middle dream by the fmall ifland of Rouda,
which was covered with gardens and habitations. The
eaftern extremity of the bridge was terminated by the
town of Babylon and the camp of a Roman legion, which
protected the paflage of the river and the fecond capital
of Egypt. This important fortrefs, which might fairly
be deferibed as a part of Memphis or Mifrah, was foou
inverted by the arms of the valiant Amrou : a reinforce¬
ment of four thoufand Saracens arrived in his camp ; and
the military engines, which battered the walls, may be
imputed to the art and labour of his Syrian allies. Yes
the liege was protracted to feven months; and the ra(h

invaders

c:lte©:pat:ra, qoe» of eg-tja:

Lon 'Ion Lnf’ftWi nt trt rtxAer rtirorts .fan f tii.iffo* ^ J . Wilke*.

315

EGYPT.

invaders were encompafled and threatened by the ap¬
proaching inundation of the Nile. Their lad a (Tan It was
therefore bold and fuccefsful: they palled the ditch,
which had been fortified with iron fpik.es, applied their
fcaling-ladders, entered thefortrefs with (bouts, and drove
the remnant of the Greeks to their boats and the ille of
Rouda. The fpot was afterwards recommended to the
conqueror by the eafy communication with the gulf and
the peninfula of Arabia: the remains of Memphis were
defected ; the tents of the Arabs were converted into
permanent habitations : and the fil'd tnofque rofe up in the
prefence of fourfeore companions of Mahomet. A new
city arofe in their camp on the eadward bank of the Nile ;
and the contiguous quarters of Babylon and Fodat are
confounded in their prefent decay by the appellation of
old Mifrah or Cairo, of which they form an extenfive
fuburb. But the name of Cairo, the town of viElory,
more llrictly belongs to the modern capital.

The Arabs, however, after this glorious and profitable
enterprife, mud have finally retreated to the defert, had
they not found a powerful alliance in the heart of the
country. The rapid conqued of Alexander had formerly
been adided by the fuperdition and revolt of the natives :
they abhorred their Perfian opprelfors who had burnt the
temples of Egypt and dedroyed their gods. After a pe¬
riod of ten centuries, the fame revolution was renewed
by a fimilar caufe ; and in the fupport of an incompre-
henfible creed, the zeal of the Coptic Chrifiians was
equally ardent. The Saracens were therefore received
as the deliverers of the Jacobite church ; and a fecret
treaty was. opened during the liege of Memphis between
the viftorious army and a people of Haves. A rich and
noble Egyptian, named A1 Mokawkas, had dilfembled
his faith to obtain the adminidrafion of his province :
but the abufe of his trud had expofed him to the refent-
ment of Heraclius ; his fubmillion was only delayed by ar¬
rogance and fear ; and his confcience was prompted by in-
tered to throw himfelf on the favour of the Saracens. In
bis fird conference with Amrou, he heard without indig¬
nation the ufqal option of the Koran, the tribute, or the
Jword. “The Greeks, (replied Mokawkas,) are deter¬
mined to abide the determination of the fword ; but with
the Greeks I defire no communion, either in this world
or in the next, and I abjure for ever the Byzantine ty¬
rant, his fynod of Chaicedon, and his Melchite Haves.
For myfelf and my brethren, we are refolVed to live and
die in the profeffion of the gofpel and unity of Chrid.
It is impofiible for us to embrace the revelations of your
prophet; but we are deli rous of peace, and cheerfully
Submit to pay tribute and obedience to his temporal fuc-
ceffors.” The tribute was afeertained at two pieces of
gold for the head of every Chridian ; but old men,
monks, women, and children of both fexes under fixteen
years of age, were exempted from this perfonal aHelF-
inent ; the Copts above and below Memphis fwore alle¬
giance to the caliph, and promifed an hofpitable enter¬
tainment of three days to every Mulfulman who fiiould
travel through their country. In the march, therefore,
from Memphis to Alexandria, Amrou entruded his fafety
to the zeal and gratitude of the Egyptians : the roads
and bridges were diligently repaired ; and in every dep
of his progrefs, he could depend on a condant fupply of
provilions and intelligence. The Greek's of Egypt,
whofe numbers could fcarcely equal a tenth of the na¬
tives, were overwhelmed by the univerfal defection ;
they had ever been hated, they were no longer feared:
the magidrate fled from his tribunal, thebilhop from his
altar ; and the didant garrifons were furprifed or darved
by the furrounding multitudes. Had not the Nile af¬
forded a fafe and ready conveyance to the fea, not an in¬
dividual could have efcaped, who by birth, or language,
or office, or religion, was connedted with the Greek name.

By this retreat of the Greeks from the provinces of
Upper Egypt, a conliderable force was colledted in the
sHand of Delta : the natural and artificial channels of the

Nile afforded a fucceffion of drong and defenfible pods ;
and the road to Alexandria was laborioully cleared by
the victory of the Saracens in two and twenty days of
general or partial combat. In their annals of conqued,
the liege of Alexandria is perhaps the mod arduous and
important enterprife. The fird trading city in the world
was abundantly repleniffied with the means of fublidence
and defence. Her numerous inhabitants fought for the
deared of human rights, religion and property ; and the
enmity of the natives feemed to exclude them from the
common, benefit of peace and toleration. The fea was
continually open ; and, if the emperor Heraclius had
been awake to the public dilf ref’s, frelh armies of Romans
and barbarians might have been poured into the harbour
to fave the fecond capital of the empire. A circumfe¬
rence of ten miles would have fcattered the forces of the
Greeks, and favoured the dratagems of an adtive enemy ;
but the two Tides of an oblong fquare was covered by the
fea and the lake Marasotis, and each of the narrow ends
expofed a front of no more than ten furlongs. The ef¬
fort of the Arabs were not inadequate to the difficulty
of the attempt and the value of the prize. From the throne
of Medina, the eyes of the calipli Omar were fixed on
the camp and city : his voice excited to 'arms the Ara¬
bian tribes and the veterans of Syria ; and the merit of
an holy war was recommended by the peculiar fame and'
fertility of Egypt, Anxious for the ruin or expulfion
of their tyrants, the Egyptian natives devoted their la¬
bours to the fervice of Amrou ; fome fparks of martial
fpirit were perhaps rekindled by tire example of their
allies ; and the (anguine hopes of Mokawkas had fixed
his fepulchre in the church of St. John of Alexandria.
Eutychius the patriarch obferves, that the Saracens
fought with the courage of lions ; t hey repulfed the fre¬
quent and almoft daily failles pf the belieged, and foon
affaulted in their turn the walls and towers of the city.
In every attack, the fword, the banner of Amrou, glit¬
tered in the van of the Mofiems. On a memorable day,
he was betrayed by his imprudent valour : his followers
who had entered the citadel were driven back; and the
general, with a friend and a (lave, remained a prifoner in
the hands of the Greek Chrifiians. When Amrou was
conducted before the prcefect, he remembered his dig¬
nity, but forgot his fituation ; a lofty demeanour, and
refoiute language, revealed the lieutenant of the caliph,
and the battle-axe of a foldier was already raifed to (trike
off the head cf the audacious captive. His life was
faved by the promptitude of his Have, who inhantly gave
his mailer a blow on the face, and commanded him, with
an angry tone, to be filent in the prefence of his i'upe-
riors. The credulous Greek was by this artifice de¬
ceived ; lie liltened to tire offer of a treaty, and his pri-
foners were difmilfed in the hope of a more refpectable
embaffy, till the joyful acclamations of the camp an¬
nounced the return of their general, and infulted the
folly and^weaknefs of their enemies. At length, after a
liege of fourteen months, and the iofs of three and twenty
thousand men, the Saracens prevailed : the Greeks em¬
barked their difpirited and diminifhed numbers, and the
(landard of Mahomet was planted on the walls of Alexan¬
dria. “ I havetaken, (faia Amrou to the caliph,) thegreat
city of the well. It is impoffible for me to enumerate the
variety of its riches and beauty ; and I (hall content myfelf
with obferving, that it contains four thoufand palaces, four
thoufand baths, four hundred theatres or places of amul'e-
ment, fwclve thoufand (hops for the lale of vegetable
food, and forty thoufand tributary Jews. The town has
been fubdued by force of arms, without treaty or capitu¬
lation, and the Mofiems are impatient to feize the fruits
of their victory.” The caliph Omar rejedted with firm-
nefs the idea of pillage, and diredled Amrou to referve
the wealth and revenue of Alexandria for the public fer¬
vice : the inhabitants were numbered, a tribute was im-
pofed ; and the people indulged in an obfeure exercife of
their worlhip. The intelligence of this disgraceful and

calamitous

EGYPT.

310

calamitous event afflifted the declining health of the em¬
peror ; and Heraclius died about feven weeks after the
lofs of Alexandria. Under the minority of his grand-
fon, the clamours of the people compelled the court to
undertake the recovery of Egypt. In the fpace of four
years, the harbour and fortihcations of Alexandria were
twice occupied by a fleet and army of Romans. They
were twice expelled by the valour of Amrou, who was
recalled by the domeftic peril from the aidant wars of
Tripoli and Nubia. But the facility of the attempt,
and the obftinacy of the refiftance, provoked him' to
fwear, “that if a third time he drove the infidels into
the fea, he would render Alexandria as acceflible on all
fides as the houfe of a proftitute.” Faithful to his prc-
mife, he difmantled feveral parts of the walls and towers,
but the people was fpared in the chaftifement of the city,
and the mofque of Mercy was erefted on the fpot where
the victorious general had flopped the fury of his troops.

It was now that the learned had to deplore the fate of
the Alexandrian library, as it is defcribed by the learned
Abulpharagius. The fpirit of Amrou was more curious
and liberal than that of his brethren ; and in his leifure
hours the Arabian chief was -pleafed whit the converfa-
tion of John, the laft difciple of Ammonius, and who de¬
rived the furname of Philoponus , from his laborious flu-
dies of grammar and philofophy. Emboldened by this
familiar intercourfe, Philoponus prefumed to folicit a
gift, ineftimable in his opinion, contemptible in that of
the Barbarians ; the royal library ; which alone, among
the fpoils of Alexandria, had not been appropriated by
the vifit and the feal of the conqueror. Amrou was in¬
clined- to gratify the with of the grammarian, but his ri¬
gid integrity refufed to alienate the minuted objeft with¬
out the confent of the caliph ; and the well-known an-
fwer of Omar was infpired by the ignorance of a tanatic.
“ If thefe writings of the Greeks agree with the book of
God, they are u'felefs and need not be preferved : if they
difagree, they are pernicious and ought to bedeflroyed.”
The fentence was executed with blind obedience: the
volumes of paper or parchment were diflributcd to the
four thoufand baths of the city ; and fuch was their in¬
credible multitude that (ix months were barely fufficient
for the confumption of this precious fuel !

In the adminiftration of Egypt, Amrou endeavoured to
balance the demands of juftice and of policy. In the ma¬
nagement of the revenue he difapproved the Ample but
oppreflive mode of a capitation, and preferred with reafon a
proportion of taxes, deducted on every branch from the
clear profits of agriculture and commerce. A third part of
the tribute was appropriated to the annual repairs of. the
dykes and canals, fo eflential to the, public welfare. Un¬
der his adminiftration the fertility of Egypt fupplied the
dearth of Arabia ; and a firing of camels, laden with corn
and provifions, covered almofl without an interval the
long road from Memphis to Medina. But the genius of
Amrou fodn renewed the maritime communication w hich
had been attempted or achieved by the Pharaohs, the
Ptolemies, or the Caefars ; and a canal, at leaft eighty
miles in length, was opened from the Nile to the Red
Sea. This inland navigation, which would have joined
the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean, was foon dif-
continuedas ufelefs or dangerous and the Saracen throne
was removed from Medina to Damafcus. Ot this new
conqueft, the caliph Omar had but an imperfeft know¬
ledge from the voice of fame. He requelted that his ge¬
neral would place before his eyes the realm of Pharaoh
and the Amalckites ; and the an fiver of- Amrou exhibits,
even in thofe early days, a lively and not unfaithful pic¬
ture of that fingqiar country; “O commander of the
faithful, Egypt is a compound of black earth and green
plants, betvNeen a pulverifed mountain and a red land.
The diftance from Syene to the fea is a month’s journey
for an horfeman. Along the valley defcends a river, on
which the blelling of the Mod High repoles both in the
evening and morning, and which piles and falls with the

2

revolutions of the fun and moon. When the annual dif-
penfation of Providence unlocks the fprings and fountains
that nourifli the earth, the Nile rolls his fwelling and
founding waiters through the realm of Egypt: the fields
are overfpread by the falutary flood ; and the villages
communicate with each other in their painted barks. 1 he
retreat of the inundation depolits a fertilizing mud for the
reception of the various feeds : the crow-ds of hulb indmen
who blacken the land may be compared to a fwarm of in-
dnflrious ants : and their native indolence is quickened by
the la fit of the talk-mafler, and the promife of the flowers
and fruits of a plentiful increafe. Their hope is feldom
deceived; but the riches which they extraft from the
wheat, the barley, and the rice, the legumes, the fruit-
trees, and the cattle, are unequally fliared between thofe
who labour and thofe who polfefs. According to the vi-
ciffitudes of the feafons, the face of the country is adorned
with a Jilver wave, a verdant emerald-, and the deep yellow
of a. golden harveft. Tints the rich and fruitful province
of Egypt was completely conquered, and the Roman go¬
vernment wholly fuperfeded by the Arabs or Saracens, in
the 19th year of the hegira, A. D. 640.

Upon the accellion of Othmar to the caliphate,- after
the affkflination of Omar, Amrou was removed from his
command in Egypt, in order to make way for Abdallah,
fofter-brother to the new caliph. His birth and talents
gave him an honourable rank among the Koreifii ; and,
in a nation of cavalry, Abdallah was renowned as the
boldeft and moll dextrous horfeman of Arabia. The
conqiiefl of Africa, from the Nile to the Atlantic Ocean,
was now firfi projected by the caliph Othmar; who,
A. D. 647, enfrulted the conduft of the war to Abdal¬
lah. At the head of forty thoufand Modems, he ad¬
vanced from Egypt into the unknown countries of the
weft. The funds of Barca might be impervious to a Ro¬
man legion ; but the Arabs, attended by their faithful
camels, beheld without terror the familiar afpeft of the
foil and climate ; and, after a painful march, they pitched
their tents before the walls of Tripoli. A reinforce¬
ment of Greeks was furprifed and cut in pieces on the
fea-fliore ; but the fortiflcations of Tripoli refilled the
fir ft aflaults ; and the Saracens were tempted by the ap¬
proach of the praefeCt Gregory to relinquish the labours
of the fiege for the perils and the hopes of a decilive ac¬
tion. His ftandard was followed by one hundred and
twenty thoufand men ; and he rejected with indignation
the option of die Koran, or the tribute. During feveral
days, the two armies were fiercely engaged from the d iwn
of light to the hour of noon, when their fatigue and the
exccflive heat compelled them mutually to feek fhelter
and refrelliment in their refpettive camps. The daughter
of Gregory, a maid of incomparable beauty and fpirit, is
laid to have fought by her father’s fide : from her ear-
lielt youth flte was trained to mount on horfeback, to
draw the bow, and to wield the lcymetar; and the rich-
nefs of her arms and apparel was confpicuous in the fore- ■
mod ranks of the battle. Her hand, with an hundred
thoufand pieces of gold, was offered for the head of the
Arabian general, and the youths of Africa were excited
by the pro Ip eft of the glorious prize. At the prefling
foiicitation of his brethren, therefore, Abdallah withdrew
from the field ; but the Saracens were difcomaged by the
retreat of their leader, and the repetition of thefe equal
or unfuccefsful conflicts.

A noble Arabian, Zobeir, who afterwards became the
adverfary of Ali and the father of a caliph, had ligualized
his valour in Egypt, and was the tint who planted a fcal-
ing-ladder again It the walls of Babylon. In this war he
had been detached from the ftandard of Abdallah. On
the news of the battle, Zobeir, with twelve companies,
cut his way through the camp -of the Greeks, and preffed
forwards, without lading either food or repofe, to par¬
take of the dangers of his brethren. He call his eyes
round the field : “ Where, (laid he,) is our general >”
“ I11 his tent.” “ Is the tent a Itation for the general of

EGYPT. 317

ill e Modems?” Abdallah represented with a blufh the
importance of his own life, and the temptation that was
held forth by the Roman praefeft. “ Retort, (laid Zo-
beir,) on the infidels their ungenerous attempt. Pro¬
claim through' the ranks, that the head of Gregory (hall
be repaid with his captive daughter, and the equal fum
of one hundred thoufand pieces of gold.” To t|ie cou¬
rage and diferetion of Zobeir the general of the caliph
entrufted the execution of his own ftratagem, which in¬
clined the long-difputed balance in favour of the Sara¬
cens. Supplying by adlivity and artifice the deficiency
of numbers, a part of their forces lay concealed in their
tents,’ while the remainder prolonged an irregular (kirmifh
with the enemy, till the fun was high in the heavens.
On both fides they retired with fainting fteps : their
horfes were unbridled, their armour was laid afide ; and
the holftle nations prepared, or feemed to prepare, for
the refrefhment of the evening, and the encounter of the
enfuing day. On a fudden, the charge was founded ;
the Arabian camp poured forth a fwarm of frefh and in¬
trepid warriors; and the long line of the Greeks and
Africans was furprifed, aflaulted, and overturned, by new
fquadrons of the Saracens. The praefebt Gregory was
flain by the hand of Zobeir: his daughter, who fought
revenge and death, was furrounded and made prifoner ;
and the fugitives involved in their difafter the town of
Sufetula, to which they efcaped from the fabres and lances
of the Arabs. After the attack and fall of this opulent
city, the provincials and barbarians implored on all (ides
the mercy of the conqueror. His vanity or his zeal
might be flattered by offers of tribute or profelfions of
faith : but his Ioffes, his fatigues, and the progrefs of an
epidemical difeafe, prevented a folid eftablifhment ; and
the Saracens, after a campaign of fifteen month's, re¬
turned to Egypt, with the captives and the wealth of
their African expedition. The author of the death of
Gregory, was expected to have claimed the mod precious
reward of the victory : from his filence it might be pre¬
fumed that he had fallen in the battle, till the tears and
exclamations of the praefebf’s daughter, at the fight of
Zobeir, revealed the valour and modeffy of that gallant
foldier. The unfortunate virgin was offered, and-almoft
rejefted as a (lave, by her father’s murderer, who coolly
declared that his fword was confecrated to the fervice of
religion ; and that he laboured for a recompenfe far above
the charms of mortal beauty, or the riches of this tran-
fitory life. A reward congenial to his temper, was the
commiflion of announcing to the caliph Othman the fuc-
cefs of his arms. The companions, the chiefs, and the
people, were affembled in the mofque of Medina, to hear
the interefting narrative of Zobeir; and, as the orator
forgot nothing except the merit of his own counfels and
aftions, the name of Abdallah was joined by the Ara¬
bians with the heroic names of Caled and Amrou.

The conquefts of the Saracens were fufpended near
twenty years by domeflic broils, till their diffentions were
compofed by the eflablifhment of the houfe of Ommiyah :
and the caliph Moawiyah, who fucceeded, was invited
by the Africans themfelves. For the caufes of thefe
diffentions, fee the article Arabia, vol. ii. p. 13, & c.
The firft general of Moawiyah acquired a juft renown,
fubdued an important city, defeated an army of thirty
thoufand Greeks, fwept away fourfeore thoufand cap¬
tives, and enriched with their fpoils the adventurers from
Syria and Egypt. But the title of conqueror of Africa
i$. more juftly ‘due to his fucceflfor Akbah. He marched
at the head of ten thoufand of the braveft Arabs ; and
the genuine force of the Modems was enlarged by the
aid and converfion of many thoufand barbarians. The
fearlefs Akbah plunged into the heart of the country,
traverfed the wildernefs in which his fucceflors ereCted
the fplendid capitals of Fez and Morocco, and at length
penetrated to the verge of the Atlantic and t lie great de-
fert. The river Sus defeends from the weftern fides of
mount Atlas, fertilizes, like the Mile, the adjacent foil,

Vol. VI. Ho. 352.

and falls into the fea at a moderate diftance from the Ca¬
nary, or Fortunate, iflands. Its banks were inhabited by
the laft of the Moors, a race of favages, without laws, or
discipline, or religion : they were aftonithed by the ftrange
and irrrefiftible terrors of the oriental arms ; and as they
poffeffed neither gold or filver, the richeft fpoi! was the
beauty of the female 'captives, fome of whom were after¬
wards fold for a thoufand pieces of gold. The career,
though not the zeal, of Akbah was checked by the pro-
fpeT of a boundiefs ocean. Yet this Mahometan Alex¬
ander was unable to preferve his recent conquefts. By
the univerfal defection of the Greeks and Africans, he
was recalled from the fliores of the Atlantic, and the fur¬
rounding multitudes left him only the refource of an ho¬
nourable death. The prudence of Akbah had propofed
to found an Arabian colony in the heart of Africa ; a ci¬
tadel that might curb the levity of the barbarians, a place
of refuge to fecure, againft the accidents of war, the
wealth and the families of the Saracens. With this view,
and under the modeft title of the ftation of a caravan, he
planted this Colony in the fiftieth year of the hegira. I11
its prefent decay, Cairoan ftill holds the fecond rank in
tile kingdom of Tunis, from which it is diftant about
fifty miles to the fouth ; its inland fifuation, twelve miles
weftward of the fea, has protected the city from the
Greek and Sicilian fleets. When the. foreft, or rather
wildernefs, was cleared, the veftiges of a Roman town
were difeovered in a fandy plain : the vegetable food of
Cairoan is brought from afar; and the fcarcity of Spring*
conftrains the inhabitants to collect in cifterns and refer-
voirs a precarious Supply of rain-water. Thefe obftacles
were fubdued by the induftry of Akbah ; be traced a
circumference of three thoufand and lix hundred paces,
which he encompaffed with a brick wall ; in the fpaceof
five-years, the- governor’s palace was furrounded with a
filfficient number of private habitations ; a fpacious
mofque was fupported by five hundred columns of granite,
porphyry, and Numidian marble ; and Cairoan became
the feat of learning as well as of empire. But thefe were
the glories of a later age ; the new colony was fhaken by
the fucceflive defeats of Akbah, and the weftern expedi¬
tions were again interrupted by the civil difeord of the
Arabian monarchy. The fon of the valiant Zobeir
maintained a war of twelve years, and a fiege of feven
months againft the houfe of Ommiyar, for the caliphate,
(which fee under Arabia.)

The return of domeftic peace allowed the caliph Ab-
dalmalek to refume the conqueft of Africa, as an appen¬
dage to the government of Egypt ; and the ftandard was
delivered to Haflain, its governor, A. D. 692. The whole
revenue of Egypt, with an army of forty thoufand men,
was confecrated to the important fervice. In the vicif-
fitudes of war, the provinces had been alternately won
and loft by the Saracens. The veteran bands of Haffan,
under a boundiefs infurreftion, became inadequate to the
defence of Africa : the conquefts of an age were loft in a
Single day ; and the Arabian chief, overwhelmed by the
torrent, retired to the confines of Egypt, where he ex¬
pected, for five years, the promifed fuccours of the ca¬
liph. The lot of combating this infurredtion devolved
on the fucceflor of Flaftan ; it was finally quelled by the
activity of Mufa and his two Sons ; but the number of
the rebels may be prefumed from that of three hundred
thoufand captives ; fixty thoufand'of whom, the caliph’s
fifth, vyere ibid for the profit of the public treafury.
Thirty thoufand of the barbarian youth were immedi¬
ately inlifted in the troops of Mufa, and deftined to affift
him in the conqueft of Spain.

Egypt, for many centuries, continued thus under the
uncontrolled dominion of the caliphs of Medina, Da-
mafeus, and Bagdad, conftantly afiifting them in their
conqueft of Africa, or rather that portion of it which ex¬
tends along the Mediterranean Sea ; but which was not
completed till the year 709 of our era. Under the ca¬
liphate of Mohammed ben Yezid, the Africans revolted,
4 M and

318

EGYPT.

and fell unexpectedly upon the Saracens, whom they de¬
feated with great (laughter. Yezid died, and was fuc-
ceeded by the caliph Hakim, who appointed Ha'ntele ben
Seffran governor of Egypt, A. D. 741. This Arabian ge¬
nera', with the whole power of Egypt, added to the Sara¬
cen’s troops, was ordered to march againft the infurgents,
whom he defeated with. great (laughter, and regained pof-
feflion of Cairoan, the Arabian capital of Africa, founded,
as above-mentioned, by Akbal. The revolt foon after re¬
viving, Ha'ntele again conquered the rebels, whofe army
was conducted by Abdel-wahhad. The uftial exaggera¬
tion of the Arabian authors, (againft which the ferious
reader fhould be conftantly guarded,) computes the infur¬
gents (lain at no lefs than 160, ooo ! and Bantele, in giving
an account of his operations to the caliph Hakim, declared
that a more fanguinary battle hadjtever been fought.

In the year 749, after confiderable warfare and ftruggle,
(which fee under Arabia,) the feeptre of the caliphs
parted from the houfe of Ommiyah to the houfe of A1
Abbas, tlience called Abbartides ; upon which Abd-al-
rahman, the Saracen commander in Africa, and heir oF
Ommiyah, refufed the tribute, aflembled the people in
the mofque of Cairoan, tore his robe, abjured the autho¬
rity of the new Abbartide caliph, and procured himfelf to
be proclaimed caliph in the welt ; but being (lain by his
brothers, a civil war arofe, which was finally curbed by
Dawud governor of Egypt, who conquered the Berbers
or Arabs of the weft, and once more reftored tranquillity
to Cairoan the capital. The family of Abdalrahman ne-
verthelefs continued to aflume the dignity of caliphs, as
defeendants of the Ommiades ; which title they carried
with them into Spain, and exercifed the regal authority
in their palace at Cordova.

In confequence of an attempt to affartinate the caliph
A1 Manfur, or Almanfor, in the palace of Damafcus,
the prince was induced to remove his court from that city
to Bagdad ; about which time, A. D. 800, began the dy-
nafty of the Agglabites in the perfon of Ibrahim ben el
Aghleb, governor of Africa, who threw oft the yoke of
the caliphate, fortified himfelf in Cairoan, and was fuc-
ceeded by his fon Afoul. Abbas, in 811. Ziadat Ullah
fucceeded him, and fubdued Sicily ; but died-’A. D. 837,
when Abu Akkal afeended the African throne. The
next prince, named after his great anceftor Abul Abbas,
began to reign in the year 840, and was humane, liberal,
and a lover of juftice. He reigned thirty-four years; and,
having obtained from his brother Irttak, in the mofque of
Cairoan, a formal renunciation of all claim to the crown,
left the fuccefiion to his fon. But on his death, Ifhak
ilew the young prince, and affirmed the fovereignty of
Africa. In 877, he befieged Syracufe, which he plun¬
dered of immenfe treafures, and put the inhabitants to
the fword. The Egyptians, dill faithful to the caliphs
of Bagdad, were ordered by the defeendants of the famous
Harun al Rafhid, to invade Africa, and befiege Tripoli ;
but on the approach of Ifhak with his negro army, t;he
Egyptians retired, and were quickly driven back to their
own country. Ifhak was a moft cruel prince : he put to
death, in one day, fixteen of his own natural daughters
by different concubines. His mother prefenting him with
two beautiful females, he fent her in return a platter co¬
vered with a napkin ; on lifting it up, inftead of jewels,
which (lie expected, (lie beheld the heads of the two fe¬
male (laves. He was fucceeded by his fon Abul Abbas
Abdallah ; but this prince was cruelly murdered by his
brother Ziadet Ullah, who feized on the feeptre of Cai¬
roan. A revolt was tile confequence ; upon which the
timid Ullah abandoned his ufurped dominions, and fled
for (helter to Egypt, then governed by Baft al Nuchifi,
under Al Moktadi, orMoktadir, eighteenth caliph of the
dynafty of the Abaffides. With Ziadat Ullah, who died
in Egypt, A. D. 908, expired t fie dynafty of the Aggla¬
bites, which had ruled Africa for an hundred and eight
years.

The dynafty of the Fatimites, or IfmaelianS, now fuc¬

ceeded. Obeid Ullah, who had feized the authority,
refigned it foon after to his fon Abul Caflim. Though
this new family was of Egyptian extraction, it pretended
to deduce its origin from Fatima the daughter of Maho¬
met, through Ifmael the fixth imam of the pofterity of
Ali. Abul Caffim, affirming the name of Mahadi, or
real fitccrjfor , and caufing himfelf to be proclaimed at Cai-,
roan, A. D. 912, attacked Egypt with three armies, in¬
tending to add that rich province to his other African
dominions. The caliph of Bagdad, however, had anti¬
cipated his defign, which was fruftrated by the defeat of
the armies of Mahadi, though he took Alexandria. He
built a city called after himfelf Mehedie, on the African
fhore, which lie deftined for the feat of his empire. He
died in the year 933, and w;as fucceeded by his fon Ach-
med, who died while his capital Mehedie was befieged
by infurgents. His fon Ifmail defeated the rebels, a f-
fumed the fovereignty, A. D. 945, and bailt Manfurich
in Africa. Now fucceeded Abu "Tammin, furnamed
Moaz, the fon of Ifmail, A. D. 952. This prince deter¬
mined on the.conqueft of Egypt ; for which purpofe he
difpatched Jjiafan, or Jeuhar, a Greek general, in 96S, at
the head of a powerful army, to inveft Memphis, o x
rah ; which inftantly opened its gates. - Encouraged by
the inhabitants, Jeuhar refolved to found a new capital
for Moaz, and directed the building to be begun under
the horofeope or afeendant of the planet Mars, called
kakir, or conqueror, by the Arabs.; and hence the city
was named Kahira, or the vi&orious, now corrupted to
Cairo. In the mean time Jauhar reduced Egypt ; and in
972, Moaz landed at Alexandria, from whence he ad¬
vanced to Kahira, and was welcomed by the acclamations
of his new fubjeCt's. To this city he removed all his
treafures, and even the-bodies of 1 1 is forefathers. The
dynafty of the Fatimites, thus tranfplanted into Egypt,
ruled till the year 1171, of the hegira 566, when it was
fupplanted by Salah-cl-din, the famous Saladin ot the
Chriftian writers on the croisades : which fee.

Moaz, after he had gained a firm footing in Egypt, and
affumed the fovereignty of Syria, refigned the kingdom
of Africa, on condition of homage, to Y urt'.if, or Jofeph
ben Zeiri, of a family fprung from Arabia Felix, and in
whom commenced the African dynafty of Zeirites. He
was fucceeded by Abul Caflim Manfur, who ereCted a
new palace in the.city of Cairoan, which coft -eight hun¬
dred thoufand pieces of gold. His cruelty was manifefted
by the murder of iiis faithful minifter Abdallah, and in
the punifhment of the rebel Abul Fuhm, whofe heart this
prince is faid to have torn from his body and devoured.
He died in his palace of Cairoan, where his fon and fuc-
ceflor Abu Menad compelled the nobles to do homage.
Jealous of the growing magnificence and power of this
young prince, Moaz, now firft caliph of Egypt and Syria,
difpatched his general Jeuhar to Abu Menad, with the
drefs and fabre of Egypt, which he compelled him to
wear, as a mark of the Egyptian fovereignty over the
African kingdom. Moaz died at the age of eighty-five,
after a reign of twenty-one years as fovereign of Africa,
and of forty "as caliph of Egypt and Syria. His body was '
interred in the magnificent mofque of Kahira, or Cairo,
which he had ereCted, and in which he had depofited the
bones of his anceftors.

Moaz was fucceeded by his fon Aziz, A. D. 975, who
being only twenty-one years of age, deputed the conduct
of t he government to his late father’s favourite general
Jetshar. Aziz married a Chriftian woman; he had alfo a
perfon of that religion for his fecretary, and his treafurtr
was a Jew; both the latter, however, were afterwards
difearde-d and dripped of their wealth, in confequence of
the complaints of fome of his courtiers. He carried on
many wars, in which he was not always fuccefsful ; but
he never appeared in perfon at the head of his armies.
Jeuhar, the conqueror of Egypt, a fecond Belifarius, to
whom Aziz had delegated the concerns of government,
was, on account of his bad fortune in Syria, difgraced and

deprived

E G Y

deprived of his riches, and died in poverty. After this,
Aziz fuddenly died in the forty-third year of his age,
having reigned twenty-one years and five months. He
was fuceedcd in the caliphate by his fon Hakim, or Alu-
kem, A. D.996, whom during his minority, he being then
only eleven years of age, the dying father had committed
to the care and fuperintendence of a minifter of great ex-
perience and approved integrity. The fir (1 remarkable
event of" his reign was a dangerous in furretlion which
broke out in his dominions., under the conduct of an ob-
fcure water-carrier, though defcended, or at lead: pre¬
tending to be defcended, from He (ham, of the houfe of
Ommiyah. This perfoti. began his enterprize by crying
aloud among the zealous Muflulmans for a reformation of
life and manners ; and, by a more than ordinary oftenta-
ticm of fimdtity, lie induced fuel) numbers of them to
follow him, that he loon found himfelf at the head of a
powerful army. He had made himfelf mailer ol Upper
Egypt, before Alakem had time to collect his troops.
The conteft was long obdinate and doubtful ; but tl\e in-
furgents were defeated, and their leader taken prifoner
and put to death ; upon which the revolt ceafed, and
tranquillity was redored. Alakem, at length, became
jnfane, and was murdered at the indication of his own
fider, who, in order to avoid fufpicion, dabbed the alfaf-
fins with her own hand. Daher, or Taher, his (bn, was
only feven years of age when proclaimed calipit of Egypt
and Syria, A. D. 1021 ; and his aunt, during his minority,
took upon herfelf the regency of the two kingdQtns. The
obfcurity of his reign has furniflied hidory with nothing
more refpedling him, than that he was a wife and prudent
prince, and a lover of poetry. Taher was fucceeded in
the caliphate by his fon Mondanzer, called by fome wri¬
ters Abu Tamim Modaniir, a prince of extraordinary fa-
gacity and prudence, of great moderation, and who, by
his mild and humane government, acquired the edeem
and affection of his fubjedls. The African monarchy
having revolted from the fovereignty of Mondanzer, the
Egyptians entered1 the province of Muggrib, by the town
of Zena’ta, feized Tripoli, and inveded the capital Cai-
roan ; where they dopped the fprings, turned the courfe
of the river, and dedroyedbthe magnificent palaces and
delicious gardens of that city. During this reign, A. D.
1066, happened a mod grievous famine throughout Egypt
and Syria; infontuch that cats, dogs, and hofifes, were
fold for food at enormous prices ; and thoufands of the
inhabitants of Cairo perhhed. Amidd the extreme mi-
fery of the people, the calipit exhibited the mod exem¬
plary indances of generolity towards his fubjeds. To
fitpply their necedities, he not only dilpofed of all the
money, jewels, and other things of value, with which his
predeceftors had enriched the royal treafury, but like-
wife fold the codly furniture of hjs palaces and feraglios.

A dedrudtive pedilence, which immediately followed the’
famine, tended to complete the tnifery of the kingdom ;
and its calamities and defolate condition encouraged1 Ha-
fan to make an invafion, at the head of a numerous army
of Turks. After befieging the caliph in his palace, the
merciiefs invaders plundered Lower Egypt, and inflicted
the mod horrid cruelties on the inhabitants. Having no
other refource, Mondanzer was reduced to the necedity
of obtaining peace by giving up to the plunderers all the
treafures he could coliedt from his fubjeets. This evil
was followed by the lofs of mod. of the Egyptian poflef-
fions in Syria. Towards the end of his reign, Mondanzer
committed the care and government of Egypt to a fa¬
vourite minider, and retained little more than a nominal
power. Having a tade for poetry, he employed his time
principally in reading and cornpofing poetical works; and
died in the fixtieth year of his reign.

The grand-vizier efpoufing the intereds of Modali, the
the younger fon of the late caliph, againd thofe of his
brother, had the addrefs to caufe him to be proclaimed,
A.D. 1094, and acknowledged by the court and army,
as the lawful fucceilor to the caliphate, Nezar, the

P T. . 819

elder brother of Modali, fled with his friends to Alex¬
andria, where he endeavoured to maintain his jud title.
The grand-vizier, however, foon compelled Nezar to
furrendcr himfelf at diferetion, whofe life he not only
fpared, but alfo procured him the forgivenefs and recon¬
ciliation of the caliph. But this clemency was of fhort
duration, and had little effeft on the temper and difpofi-
tion of NeZar, who, being detedfed in a fecond confpi-
racy againd the government, was thrown into irons, and
condemned to be ftarved to death in a dungeon. The mod
remarkable event during the life of this caliph, was the
retaking the city of Jerufalem from the Franks or crufa-
ders, and the immenfe plunder which Afdal, his general.
Brought from thence. Modali died in the eighth year of
his reigtv.

His fon and fucceflor, Amer, though at that time only
five years of age, was proclaimed caliph, and inveded
with the authority, A.D. 1101. The tender age of Amer
encouraged his uncle to attempt to dethrone him. With
that intention he repaired to Alexandria, which was then
commanded by a Have belonging to the grand-vizier,
who, by means of promifes and rewards, permitted him
to be proclaimed caliph in that city. Afdal, who go¬
verned the kingdom during the minority of Amer, was
no fooner a'pprifed of this revolt, than he marched an
army to befiege the cadle of Alexandria, which he re¬
duced, and compelled the traitors to furrender at difere¬
tion. The grand-vizier returned in triumph to Cairo,
and continued to conduct the affair's of the kingdom with
fitch moderation and prudence, that lie acquired the af¬
fection and edeem of the Egyptians; and the caliph, by
his means, and during his regency, enjoyed a peaceable
and profperous reign. Afdal, however, was very ill re¬
warded for the fervices he rendered to Amer and to the
ftate ; being afterwards .difgraced by the prince, and ex-
pofed to the inoft ignominious treatment. Amer, we are
told, was cruel, abandoned to debauchery, addicted to
gaming, and deftitute of all religion. In other refpeCts,
he is reprefented as having been polfeded of the art of
governing, fond of the fciences, and a prince of no incon-
fiderable learning and abilities. He was, at length, aflaf-
finated by fome mercenary wretches, whom the difeon-
tented grandees of the kingdom hired for that purpofe.
In this reign Tamim, and his fon Yaiah, who fucceeded
to the African monarchy, befieged Tunis. Yaiah being
addicted to aflrology, imagined a particular day would
be fatal to him, and pafied it in prayer. In the evening,
happy that he had efcaped the danger, he ordered a mag¬
nificent feaff, and died as he fat down to table. Ali his
fon fucceeded him, received Tunis on fubmifiion, fent a
fleet and army again!! Sicily, and feverely punifhed the
robbers of the caravans.

The widow of Amer, whom he had left pregnant at his
death, being delivered of a daughter, Hafed, the grand-
fon of Mondanzer, was proclaimed and acknowledged
lawful fucceflor to the caliphate, A.D. 1126. This prince
was no fooner feated on the throne, than he appointed
Bahrain to be his grand-vizier, a perfon of noble extrac¬
tion, and of great merit and integrity. Under his govern¬
ment, the Chriftians were much favoured, and advanced
to lucrative places of the army and the ftate ; infonmcli
that the jealoufy of the Muflulmans was thereby excited,
and a tumult enfued. Redvan, the rival of the grand-
vizier, marched to the gates of the palace, at the head of
a body of troops, who were armed with lances to which
copies of the'Koran were affixed. Upon this-Bahram re¬
moved -with the beft of his Armenian foldiers into Upper
Egypt ; but finding his affairs defperate, he retired into
a monaltery, where he foon after took the monkifh habit.
Redvan deftroyed a great' part o.f Cairo, and plundered
the houfes and churches of the Chriftians, whom he com¬
pelled to wear a particular garb, as a mark of reproach,
Hafed, however, to heal the dilfenfions which prevailed,
thought it necefl’ary to deprive Redvan of his dignities
and authority, to confine him to his own palace, and not

5®

320 E G Y

to ftiffer him for the future to interfere in the affairs of
government. From that time he ruled without the afli fi¬
ance of a vizier : and he eftablifhed an equilibrium be¬
tween the Chriftian and Mahometan religions, by employ¬
ing able and upright men of both perfuafions. But the
contefi: which was begun under Hafed, by the afpirers to
the office of vizier, was, to the great detriment of the au¬
thority of the caliphs, continued during the reign of Du-
fer, or Dhafer, and his fucceffors, A. D. 1 151, and may be
confidered as a principal caufe of the' revolution which
was afterwards effected in Egypt. Dhafer was murdered
by Abbas his vizier; who, in the morning after the mur¬
der, repaired to the palace of the caliph, and after many
pretended enquiries refpedling Dhafer, accufed two of
his brothers, and fome other relations, as principals or
accomplices in the murder, and commanded them to be
put to death.

Fayez, or Alfayez, who fucceeded his father, A. D.
1154, was (truck with horror and dread at the fight of his
tincles and relatives, whom the vizier had unjuftly con¬
demned to death. The clamour and difcontent of the
people, occafioned by the perfidious condudt of Abbas,
loon became univerfal throughout the kingdom; and the
vizier and his fon privately conveyed themfelves and their
wealth into Syria, attended by a confiderable body of
troops. The filter of the late caliph, however, applied
to the Franks, or European crufaders, who had juft taken
Afcalon ; and by means of prefents and promifes engaged
them to apprehend thofe murderers. Accordingly a body
of troops was fcnt to intercept them, and a bloody engage¬
ment enfued, in which Abbas was (lain, and his fon taken
prifoner. Nafir was conduced to Cairo, where he ex¬
piated, by his fufferings, the crimes and vices of his fa¬
ther and himfelf. His right hand was crufhed ; the fie fh
was torn off his bones with hot pincers ; and in this con¬
dition he was fixed to a gibbet till he was dead, when his
body, was burnt to afhes. Alfayez did not long furvive,
but died in the eleventh year of his age.

Previous to this event, the African dynafly of the Zeir-
ites had ceafed in the perfon of Haffan ben Ali, the la ft
prince of that houfe; and upon whofe deceafe the Mara-
but dynafly was founded, A. D. 1060, called by fome
writers A1 Moravids. Marabut implies a faint: and this
dynafly advanced to power from a pretended zeal for re¬
ligion. It arofe in Cairoan ; and Yulfuf the fecond prince
founded Morocco, in the year 1069. He conquered part
of Spain, and died in 1106. His fon fucceeded to the
African throne; but being unfuccefsful in war, this fhort-
lived race was followed by the dynafly of the Elmohads,
or Unitarians, which originated in Mount Atlas. Tomrut,
its founder, was followed by his celebrated difciple Ab-
del-mumin, originally a doftor of theology, but who dif-
played fuch talents in war, that Ali, above-mentioned,
after meeting with many defeats, died of a broken heart.
Abdehmumin, now afpiring to the univerfal fovereignty
of the Mohammedans in Africa, befieged and took Oran
and Fez, A. D. 1142. Tasfin, the fon of Ali, hardly re¬
tained Morocco, which had been founded by his anceftor ;
and it was now taken by Abdel-mumin from Ifhak his
fucceffor, the lad of the Marabut dynafly. The fuccefs
and ambition of this prince led him alfo to endeavour to
fhake off the Egyptian yoke, and war would have been
inevitable, had not death unexpedtedly leized him,
A. D. 1160.

We now approach the era of the decline and fall of the
Fatimite dynally in Egypt. A1 Aded, the lad of thofe
caliphs, fucceeded. Alfayez, A. D. 1161, at a time when
the Frank, or European arms, threatened death and def¬
lation to the Mohammedan powers in Alia and Africa.
Egypt was rent with internal diffentions, owing to the
perfonal imbecility of the caliph Aded, and the intrigues
and ambition of two favourite viziers, Shawurand Darg-
ham. A1 Aded withdrew from the bufy world, and
committed the abfolute direction of the government to
Shawur ; but in a Ihon time, by the aid of party and
2

P T.

cabal, Dargham found means to fupplant Shawur, and
affumed the reins of government, and the command of
the army, without fullering his colleague to exercife the
fmalleft authority. Finding no redrefs from the fupine
and inactive caliph, Shawur reforted to the Turkifh ful-
tan of Damafcus, named Nur-el-din, or Noureddin, pro-
mifing him one-third of the whole revenue of Egypt, pro¬
vided he would furnifh an army to reinffate him in the
government of that country. Noureddin, who had long
thir fled for the fubjugation of Egypt, without hefitation
complied with the requell. Shirakuk, called Syracon, or
Shiracou, by the Chriflian writers, and his nephew Sa-
lah-el-din, or Salaain, were fent with a powerful army to
reinllate Shawur ; but after fucceeding in the defeat of
his opponent, the bafe and ungenerous Shiracou feized
on the government of Noureddin, obtained an order from
the weak and fenfelefs Aded for the decapitation of
Shawur, with the gift of the robe and firman of vizir for
liimfelf. For a while the Turk was content with the of¬
fice he had gained at the expence of the blood of the un¬
fortunate Shawur ; but the fall of the Fatitnites was the
principal objedt in view, which was at length accom-
plifned by a mere meffage and a word. The caliphs had
been degraded by their own weaknefc, and by the tyranny
and opprefiion of their viziers ; their fubjedts blulhed at
the monftrous frauds of the magillracy, and were ripe for
revolt. Noureddin, therefore, affumed the fupreme au¬
thority in the perfon of his general Shiracou, and com¬
manded the names of Abubeker, Omar, and Othman, of
the Abbaifide dynafly, to be folemnly refiored, and the
caliph Mofthadi of Bagdad, to be acknowledged in the
public prayers of the Egyptians, as the true fucceffors of
Mahomet, inftcad of the Ions of Ali. The laft of his race,
the caliph Aded, furvived this political treafon only ten
days, expiring in happy ignorance of his fate, on the 1,3th
of September 1 1 7 1 ; and in him terminated the dynafly of
the Fatimites, and the caliphate of Egypt and Syria, af¬
ter it had prefided over the Mohammedan provinces of
Africa two hundred and feventy-one years.

The empire of the caliphs had been for a confiderable
time on the decline. A.fter becoming the greatell mO-
narchs in the world, their mutual jealoufies, animufities,
and party views, fplit them into three fadtions, which
defolated Arabia, and fpilt more of its native blood,
than was loll in all the languinary contelts of the Holy
War. In this vifible reparation of parties, they were to
be diltingui Ihed by the colour of their turbans and ftand-
ards: the green was confecrated to the Fatimites; the
Oinmiades were difiingtiifhed by the white ; and the black,
as mod adverfe, was chofen by the AbbalTides. From
the Indus to the Euphrates, the whole country was con-
vulfed by the quarrel of thefe factions; which had feated
themfelves in Damafcus, Egypt, Bagdad, Cairoan, Cor¬
dova, and Mehedie. In the tenth century, the three ca¬
liphs who reigned at Bagdad, Cairoan, and Cordova, ex¬
communicated each other, and entered into a mutual vow
of eternal difcord ; the effedt of exceffive luxury, lull,
and unbounded profperity. In the city of Bagdad, amidft
the riches of the eaft, the AbbalTides foon difdained the
ab (line nee and frugality of the firfi caliphs, and alpired
to emulate the magnificence of the Perfian kings. After
his wars and buildings, Alnianfor left behind him in gold
and filver about thirty millions llerling ; and this trea-
fure was exhaufted in a few years by the vices or virtues
of his children. His fon Ma-hadi, in a Angle pilgrimage
to Mecca, expended (ix millions of dinars of gold. A
pious and charitable motive may fandlify the foundation
of cifterns and caravanferas, which he difiributed along
a meafured road of feven hundred miles; but his train
of camels, laden with ice, could ferve only to aftonifii
the natives of Arabia, and to refrefii the fruits and li¬
quors of the royal banquet. The courtiers would furely
praife the liberality of his grandfon Almamon, who gave
away four-fifths of the income of a province,, a fum of
two millions four hundred thoufand gold dinars, before

S2I

E G Y

'Ire drew- his. foot from the ftirrup. At the nuptials of
the fame prince, a thou fund pearls of the largeft fize were
fh owe red on the head of the bride, and a lottery of lands
and houfes difplayed the capricious bounty of fortune.
The glories of the court were brightened, ra.ther than
impaired, even in the decline of the empire ; and a Greek
ambaffador might admire or pity the magnificence of the
feeble Moktader. “ The caliph’s whole army, (fays the
'hiftorian Abulfeda,) both horfe and foot, was under arms,
which together made a body of one hundred and fixty
thoufand men. His hate-officers, the favourite haves,
(food near him in fpiendid apparel, their belts glittering
with gold and gems. Near them were feven thoufand
eunuchs, four thoufand of them white, the remainder
black. The p or tar's or door-keepers were in number
(evert hundred. Barges and boats, with the rnoft fuperb
decorations, were Teen fwimming upon the Tigris. Nor
.was the palace itfelf lefs fpiendid, in which were hung
up thirty-eight thoufand pieces of tapeflry, twelve thou¬
fand five hundred of which were of (ilk embroidered with
gold. The carpets on the floor were twenty-two thou¬
fand. An hundred lions were brought out, with a keeper
to each lion. Among the other fpeftacles of rare and
■fhipendous luxury, was a tree of gold and filver fpread-
ing into eighteen large branches, on which, and on the
Teller boughs, fat a variety of birds made of the fame
precious metals, as well as the leaves of the tree. While
the machinery affedted fpontaneous motions, the feveral
birds warbled their natural harmony. Through thisfcene
of magnificence, the Greek ambaffador was led by the vizir
to the foot of the caliph’s throne.” In the weft, the
Ommiades of Spain fupportea, with equal pomp, the
title of caliph, or commander of the faithful. Three
miles from Cordova, in honour of his favourite fultana,
the third and greateft of the Abdalrahmans conftrufted
the city, palace, and gardens, of Zehra. Twenty-five
years, and above three millions fterling, were employed
by the founder: his liberal tafte invited the artifts of
Conftantinople, the mod fkilful fculptors and architects
■of the age ; and the buildings were fuftained or adorned
by twelve hundred columns of Spanifh and African, of
Greek and Italian, marble. The hall of audience was
encrufted with gold and pearls, Pnd a great bafon in the
center, was furroundea with the curious and ccftly figures
•of birds and quadrupeds. In a lofty pavilion of the gar¬
dens, one of thefe bafons and fountains, fo delightful in
a fultry climate, was replenifhed not with water, but with
the pure ft quickfilver. The feraglio of Abdalrahman,
his wives, concubines, and black eunuchs, amounted to
■fix thoufand three hundred perfons ; and he was attended
to the field by a guard of twelve thoufand horfe, whofe
belts and feymetars were ftitdded with gold. His royal
city of Cordova contained fix hundred mofques, nine hun¬
dred baths, and two hundred thoufand houfes : he gave
laws to eighty cities of the firft, to three hundred of the
fecond and third, order ; and the Fertile banks of the Gua-
idalquiver were adorned with twelve thoufand villages
and hamlets.

In a private condition, our defires are perpetually re-
prefled by poverty and fubordination ; but the lives and
labours of millions are devoted to the fervice of a defpotic
prince, whofe laws are blindly obeyed, and whofe wifnes
are inftantly gratified. Our imagination is dazzled by the
fpiendid pifture ; and whatever may be the cool dictates
of reafon, there are few among us who would obftinately
refufe a trial of the comforts and the cares of royalty. It
may, therefore, be of fome ufe to borrow the experience
of the fame Abdalrahman, whofe magnificence has per¬
haps excited our admiration and envy, and to tranferibe
an authentic memorial which was found in the clofet of
the deceafed caliph. “ I have now reigned above fifty
years in vitftory or peace ; beloved by my lubjefts, dreaded
by my enemies, and refpected by my allies. Riches and
honours, power and pleafure, have waited on my call,
jior does any earthly blefting apuear to have been wanting
Voi-.VI. No. 352.

P T,

fo my felicity. In this fituation T have diligently num¬
bered the days of pure and genuine happinefs which have
fallen to my lot ; they amount to fourteen: O man! place
.not thy confidence in this prefent world.” The luxury of
the caliphs, fo ufelefs to their private happinefs, relaxed
the nerves, and terminated the progrefs of their arms.-
Under the laft of the Ommiades, the Arabian empire ex¬
tended two hundred days journey fromeaft to weft, from
the confines of Tartary and India to the fliores of the At¬
lantic ocean. And if we retrench the fieeve of the robe,
as if is ftyled by their writers, the long and narrow pro¬
vince of Africa, the folid and compact dominion from
Fargana to Aden, from Tarftis to Surat, will fpread on
every fide to the ‘meal ure of four or five months journey
of a caravan.

Temporal and fpirvtual conqtieft, in this vaft acquifi-
tion of territory, had been the foie occupation of the firft
fucceftors of Mahomet; and after fupplying themfelves
with the neceffaries of life, the whole revenue was feru-
puloufly devoted to that faintary work. The Abbaftides
were iinpoverifhed by the multitude of their wants and
their contempt of economy. Infteadof purfuing the great
object of ambition, their leifure, their affedtions, the
powers of their mind, were diverted by pomp and plea-
lure : the rewards of valour were embezzled by women
and eunuchs, and the royal camp was encumbered by the
luxury of the palace. A fimilar temper was diffufe'd
among the fubjedls of the caliph. Their ftern enthufiafm
was foftened by time and profperity : they fought riches in
the occupations of induftry, fame in the purfuits of lite¬
rature, and happinefs in the tranquillity of domeftic life.
War was no longer the paffion of the Saracens ; and the in-
creafe of pay, the repetition of donatives, were infufficient
to allure the pofterity of thofe voluntary champions who
had crowded to the flandard of Abubekir and Omar for
the hopes of fpoil and of paradife. This exuberance of
effeminacy and refinement gradually made way for the
revolutions that were to follow.

From the USURPATION of the SULTANS to

the COMMENCEMENT of the NINETEENTH
CENTURY.

Soon after the deceafe of the caliph A1 Aded, the views
of Noureddin in acquiring the fovereignty of Egypt, were
fruftrated by the fudden death of Shiracou, and the fu~
perior addrefs of his nephew Saladin. This celebrated
hero was a native of the hilly country beyond the Ti¬
gris, occupied by the paftoral tribes of the Curds ; a peo¬
ple hardy, ftrong, lavage, impatient of the yoke, addicted
to rapine, and tenacious of the government of their na¬
tional chiefs. The refemblance of name, fituation, and
manners, feem to identify them with the Carduchians of
the Greeks; and they dill defend, againft the Ottoman
Porte, the antique freedom which they afferted againft
the fucceffors of Cyrus. Poverty and ambition prompted
them to embrace the profefiion of mercenary foldiers;
and the fervices of his father and uncle unfufpeCledly
prepared the reign of the fultan. or foldan Saladin. His
father Ayub, or Job, was a fimple Curd, but of great
prudence and forefight ; and from his name Ayub , was
denominated the Aiubite dynafty, which ufurped the
throne of Egypt in the perfon of Saladin, A. D. 1174.
So unconfcious was Noureddin of the impending ruin of
his houfe, that he had conftrained the reludtant youth to
follow his uncle Shiracou into Egypt. On the death of
Shiracou,- the office of grand vizier was beftowed on Sala¬
din, as the youngeft and leaf! dangerous of the emirs of
Damafcus; but, with the help of his father, whom he
had invited to Cairo, his genius obtained the afeendant-
over his equals, and attached the army to his perfon and
intereft. While Noureddin lived, thele ambitious Curds
were the moft lnimbie of his (laves 4 and the jealous mur¬
murs of the divan were filenced by the prudent Ayub,
who loudly protefted that, at the command of Noured¬
din, he himfelf would lead His Ton in' chains to the foot
4 N of

322 E G

of the throne, “ Such language (he added in private
to his fon) was prudent and proper in an affembly of your
rivals; but we are now above fear and obedience ; and
the threats ot Noureddin fhall not extort a tribute from
ns.” Noureddin’s death relieved them from the doubt¬
ful conflict ; and his fon, a minor of eleven years of age,
was left to the care of the emirs of Damafcus : mean
while the new fultan of Egypt was decorated with every
title that could fanctify his ufurpation in the eyes of the
people. Nor was the afpiring Saladin long content with
the poffeflion of Egypt; he defpoiled the Chriftians of
Jerufalem, and the Atabeks of Damafcus, Aleppo, and
Diarbekir: Mecca and Medina foon acknowledged him
for their temporal protestor; his brother fubdued the
diftant regions of Yemen, or Arabia Felix ; and, at the
hour of his death, his empire was fpread from the Afri¬
can Tripoli to the Tigris, and from the Indian ocean to
the mountains of Armenia. In the judgment of his cha¬
racter, the reproaches of treafon and ingratitude brike
forcibly on our minds, impredfed,. as they are, with the
principle and experience of law and loyalty. But his
ambition may in fome meafure be excufed by the revolu¬
tions of Afia, which had erafed every notion of legiti¬
mate fucceffion; and by his humane and generous beha¬
viour to the collateral branches of the dethroned caliphs.
In his virtues, and in thofe of his patron, they admired
the Angular union of the hero and the faint ; for both
Noureddin and Saladin are ranked among the Mahome¬
tan faints; and the conbant meditation of die Holy War
appears to- have Hied a fober colour over their lives and
actions. The early youth of Saladin was addicted to
wine and women ; but his ambitious fpirit foon renounced
the temptations of pleafure, for the graver follies of fame
and dominion : the garment of Saladin was of coarfe
woollen ; and water was his only drink ; fo that, while
he emulated the temperance, he furpaiTed the chabity,
of his Arabian prophet ; and thus held in fovereign con¬
tempt the gilded trappings, luxury, and voluptuoufnefs,
of the degenerate caliphs. Both in faith and practice
he was a rigid Muffulman ; he ever deplored that the de¬
fence of religion had not allowed him to accomplifh the
pilgrimage of Mecca ; but, at the dated hours, five times
each day, the fultan devoutly prayed with his brethren :
the involuntary orniffion of fading was fcrupuloufly re¬
paid ; and his perufal of the Koran on horfehack between
the approaching armies, may be quoted as a proof, how¬
ever odentatious, of piety and courage. Thejudiceof
his divan was acceflible to the rneaned fuppliant in Egypt
againd himlelf and his miniders ; and it was only for a
kingdom that Saladin would deviate from the rule of
equity. While the defcendants of Seljuk and Z.enghi
held his dirrup and fmoothed his garments, he was afta-
ble and patient with the rneaned of his fervants. So
boundlefs was his liberality, that Ire didributed twelve
thoufand horfes at the fiege of Acre ; and, at the time of
his death, no more than forty-feveu drams of liLver and one
piece of gold coin were found in the treafury ; yet, in his
reign, the tributes were diminifbed, and the wealthy ci¬
tizens enjoyed, without fear or danger, the fruits of their
indudry. Egypt, Syria, and Arabia,, were adorned by
the royal foundations of hofpitals, colleges, and mofques ;
and Cairo was fortified with a wall and citadel : all his
works were confecrated to public ufe ; nor did the ful¬
tan indulge himfelf in a garden or palace of private lux¬
ury. In a fanatic age, himfelf a fanatic, the genuine vir¬
tues of Saladin commanded the edeem of the Chridians :
the emperor of Germany gloried in his friendlhip ; the
Greek emperor folicited his alliance; and the conqued
of Jerufalem diffufed, and perhaps magnified, his fame
both in the ead and wed.

During its fhort exiftence, the kingdom of Jerufalem
was fupported in the hands of the Franks, by the difcord
of the Turks and Saracens. The common appellation of
Franks , was fird applied by the Greeks and Arabians, to
Ahe Chridians of the Latin church j and afterwards to all

f P T.

the nations of Europe,, who united in theTIoly War, or
croifades ; becaufe all of them profeffed the doctrine of
the Latins. The powers of Egypt, Syria, and Arabia,
were now united by an hero, whom the chance of war had
armed againd the Franks. All without, now bore the
mod threatening afpedt and all was feeble in the inter¬
nal date of Jerufalem* After the two fird Baldwins, the
brother and coudn of Godfrey of Bouillon, the fceptre
devolved by female fucceflion to Melifenda, daughter of
the fecond Baldwin, and her lnilband Fulk, count of
Anjou, the father, by a former marriage, of our Englifij
Plantagenets; Their two Tons, Baldwin the Third, and
Amaury, waged a drenuous war againd the infidels ; but
the fon of Amaury, Baldwin the Fourth, was deprived,
by the leprofy, of the faculties both of mind and body.
His fider Sybilla, the mother of Baldwin the Fifth, was
his natural heirefs : after the fufpicious death of her
child, Ote crowned her fecond hufbund,Guy of Lufignan,.
a prince of a handfome perfon, but of bafe character,,.
Such were the guardians of the holy city of Jerufalem ;
but its fate was delayed twelve years by fome fupplies-
from Europe, by the valour of the military orders, and
by the didant or domedic avocations of their great enemy.
At length, on every fide,, the finking date was encircled
and preded by an hodile line ; yet the truce was violated
by the Franks, whofe exidence it protected. A foldier
of fortune, Reginald of Chatillon, had fcized a fortrefs
on the edge of the defert, from whence he pillaged the
caravans and threatened the cities of Mecca and Medina. .
Saladin rejoiced in the denial of j u dice ; and at the head
of fourfcore thoufand horfe and foot invadedthe Holy
Land. The choice of Tiberias for his fird fiege was fug-
geded by the count of Tripoli, to whom it belonged ;
and the king of Jerufalem was perfuaded to drain his gar-
rifons, and to arm his people, for the relief of that im¬
portant place. By the advice of the perfidious Raymond,
the Chridians were betrayed into a camp deditute of wa¬
ter; he fled on the fird onfet, with the curfes of both
nations : Lufignan was overthrown, with the lofs of- thirty
thoufand men; and the wood of the true crofs, the mod.
valuable of the relics, was left in the power of the infi¬
dels. The royal captive was conduced to the tent of
Saladin; and, as lie fainted with third and terror, the
generous vidtor prei'ented him with a cup of fherbet
cooled in ice, without differing his companion, Reginald
of Chatillon, to partake of this pledge of hofpitalitv. .
On the refufal of Reginald to turn Mahometan, Sala¬
din brack him on the head with his fcymetar, and he
was difpatched by the guards. The trembling Lufig¬
nan was fent to Damafcus to an honourable and fpeedy
ranforn ;. but the victory was bained by the execution
of two hundred and thirty knights of the hoi'pital of
St. John of Jerufalem, tire intrepid champions and mar¬
tyrs of their faith. The 'kingdom was left without a
head ; and of the two grand maders of the-military orders,
the one was fl.ain, and the other was a prifoner. From all
the cities, both of the fea-coad and the inland country,
the garrifons had been drawn away for this fatal field.
Tyre and Tripoli alor.e could efcape the rapid inroad of
Saladin ; and three months after the battle of Tiberias,
he appeared in arms before the gates of Jerufalem.

He might naturally expect, that the fiege of a city fo
venerable, would rekindle the lad fparks of enthufiafm;
and that, of lixty thoufand Chridians, every man would
be a foldier, and every foldier a candidate for martyrdom.
But queen Sybilla trembled for herfelf and her captive
hatband. Some feeble efforts were made for the defence
of Jerufalem; but iu the fpace of fourteen days, the
victorious army drove back the Tallies of the befieged,
planted their engines, applied their fcalingHadder.s, took
the city, A. D. n8/, Oclober 2, and eredted on the Walls
twelve banners of the prophet and the fultan. It was in
vain that the qne.en, the women, and the monks, im¬
plored the mercy of the conqueror; to their fird fup¬
pliant deputation that mercy was fternly denied ; “ He

E G Y P T.

Sard fworn to avenge the patience and fong-ftiffering of
the Modems ; the hour of forgivenefs was elapfed, and
the moment was now arrived to expiate in blood, the in¬
nocent blood, which had been fpilt by Godfrey and the
firft crufaders.” But a defperate and fiiccefsful druggie
ef the Franks admonifhed the fultan that his triumph
was not yet fecure ; he liftened with reverence to a fo-
lemn abjuration in the name of the common Father of
mankind ; and a fentiment of human fympathy mollified
the rigour of fanaticifm and conqueft. He contented to
accept the city, and to fpare the inhabitants. The Greek
and oriental Chriftia'ns were permitted to live under his
dominion; but it was ftipulated, that in forty days all
the Franks and Latins fliould evacuate Jerusalem,, and
be fafely conducted to the fea-ports of Syria and Egypt;
that ten pieces of gold Ihould be paid for each man, five
for each woman, and one for every child ; and that thofe
who were unable to purchafe their freedom, fiiould be
detained in perpetual (lavery. Of fome writers it is a
favourite theme to compare the humanity of Saladin with
the malfacre of the fir It crufade. The difference would
be merely perfonal ; but we fhould not forget that the
Chriftians had offered to capitulate, and that the Maho-
medans of Jerufalem fuffained the laft extremities of an
a flault- and ftorm, Juftice is, indeed, due to the fidelity
with which Saladin fulfilled the conditions of the treaty;
and he may be defervedly praifed for the glance of pity
which he caff on the mifery of the vanquiflied, Inftead
of a rigorous exaction of his debt, he accepted a fum of
thirty thoufand byzants, for the random of feven thou-
fand poor; two or three thoufand more were difinilfed
by his gratuitous clemency ; and the number of Haves
was reduced to eleven or fourteen thoufand perfons. In
his interview with the queen, his words, and even his
tears, fuggefted the kindeft confolations ; his liberal alms
were diftributed among thofe who had been made or-
hans or widows by the fortune of war; and, while the
nights of the hofpital of St. John were in arms againft
him, he allowed their more pious brethren to continue,
during the term of a year, the care and fervice of the
fick. " In the fe acts of mercy, the virtue of the fultan of
Egypt deferves our admiration : he was above the necef-
fity of difiimulatidn ; and his (tern fanaticifm would have
prompted him to diffembie, rather than to affect, this
generous compafiion for the enemies of the Koran. Af¬
ter Jerufalem had been delivered from the prefence of
the ({rangers, the fultan made his' triumphant entry, his
banners waving in the wind, and to the harmony of mar¬
tial nutfic. The great mofq.ue of Omar, which had been
converted into a church, was again confecrated to God
and to Mahomet; the walls and pavement were purified
with rofe-water ; and a pulpit, the labour of the deceafed
Noureddin, was erected in the fandtuary. The golden
erofs that glittered on the dome, was caft down amidll
the (houts of tlte Modems. In four ivory chefts the pa¬
triarch had colledfed the croffes, the -images, the vafes,
and the relics, of the holy place : they were feized by
the conqueror, who was defirous of prefenting the caliph
with thefe trophies of popifh idolatry. He was, per-
fuaded, however, to entruft them to the patriarch and
prince of Antioch ; and they were redeemed by Richard
of England, at the expence of fifty-two thoufand byzants
of gold.

In this event, the world might have expefted the final
expulfion of the Franks from Syria; yet the crolfades
were continued till above a century after the death of
Saladin. In the career of vidlory, the fultan of Egypt
was firft checked- by the refiftarice of Tyre; the troops
and garrifons, which had capitulated, were imprudently
condudled to the fame port : their numbers were ade¬
quate to the defence of the place ; and the arrival of
Conrad of Montferrat infpired the crowd with confidence
and- union* His father, a venerable pilgrim, had been
made prifoner in the battle of Tiberias ; but that difafter
was unknown in Italy and Greece, when the fon was

{?

323

urged by ambition and piety to vi fit Jerufalem-, the in¬
heritance of his royal nephew, the infant Baldwin. The
view of the Mohammedan banners warned him from the
hoflile coaff of Jaffa: and Conrad was unanimoufly hail¬
ed as the prince and champion of Tyre, which was already
befieged by the conqueror of Jerufalem. The firmnefs
of his zeal enabled him to brave the threats of the ful¬
tan, and -to declare, that (liould his aged parent be ex-
pofed before the walls, lie himfelf would difeharge the
firft arrow, and glory in his defeent from a Chriffian mar¬
tyr;. The Egyptian fleet was allowed to enter the har¬
bour of Tyre ; when the chain was fuddenly drawn, and
five galleys were either funk or taken : a thoufand of the
ful tan’s beft troops were (lain in a fally ; and Saladin,
after burning his engines, made a difgraeeful retreat to
Damafeus. Fie was foon aflailed by a more formidable
tempeff . The pathetic narratives, and even the pictures,
that reptefented in lively colours the fervitude and pro¬
fanation of Jerufalem, awakened the torpid fenfibility of
Europe : the emperor Frederic Barbaroffa, and the kings
of France and of England, affirmed the Holy War; and
the tardy magnitude of their armaments was anticipated
by the maritime ftates of the Mediterranean and the ocean.
The fkilfu! and provident Italians firff embarked in tire
Ihips of Genoa, Pifa, and Venice. Tlrey were fpeedily
followed by the nroft eager pilgrims of France, Norman¬
dy, and the weftern ifles. The powerful fuccour of
Flanders, Frife, and Denmark, filled near a hundred vef-
fds ; and thefe northern warriors were diftinguiflied in
the field by a lofty ftature and a ponderous battle-axe.
Their increafing multitudes could no longer be confined
within the walls of Tyre, or remain obedient to the voice
of Conrad. They pitied tire misfortunes, and revered
the dignity, of Lufignan, who was releafed from prifon,
perhaps, to divide the army of the Franks. He propofed
the recovery of Ptolemais, cr Acre, thirty miles to the
fouth of Tyre ; and the place was firft inverted by two
thoufand horfe and thirty thoufand foot under his nomi¬
nal command. This memorable fiege lafted near two
years, and 'confirmed, in a narrow fpace, the forces of
Europe and Alia. Never did the flame of enthufiafm
burn w ith fiercer and more deftrufilive rage ; nor could
the true believers, who confecrated their own martyrs,
refufe fome applaufe to tire miftaken zeal and courage of
their adverfaries. At the found of the brazen trumpet,
the Modems of Egypt, Syria, Arabia, and the oriental
provinces, affembled under the fultan Saladin ; his camp
was pitched within a few miles of Acre ; and he labour¬
ed, night and day, for the fuccefs of his army, and the
annoyance of the Franks. Nine battles were fought in
the neighbourhood of Mount Carmel, with fiich vicifiitude
of fortune, that, in one attack, the fultan forced his way
into the city ; that, in one {ally, the Chriftians pene¬
trated to the Egyptian tent. By the means cf divers and
pigeons, a regular correfpondence was maintained with
the befieged : and, as often as the fea was left open, the
exhaurted garrifon was withdrawn, and a frefti fupply
was poured into the place. The Latin camp was thin¬
ned by famine, the fword, and the climate; but the
tents of the dead were replenilhed with new pilgrims,
who exaggerated the ftrength and fpeed of their ap¬
proaching countrymen. The vulgar was aftoni-fhed by
the report, that the pope himfelf,, with an innumerable
crufade, was advanced as far as Conftantinople. The
march of the emperor filled the eart with more ferious
alarms; the obftacles which he encountered in Alia, and,
perhaps, in Greece, were railed by the policy of. Saladin;
his joy, on the- death of Barbaroffa, was rneafured by his.
efteem ; and the Chriftians were rather difmayed titan
encouraged at the fight of the duke of. Suabia, and his
way-worn remnant of only five thoufand Germans. At
length, in the fpring of the fecond year, the royal fleets
of France and England majeftically caft anchor in the
bay of Acre; and the fiege was more vigoroufly profe-
cuted by the youthful emulation of the two kings, PhU

SC4

E G Y P T.

&

lip Auguftus, and Richard PUtntngencf. After every re-
fource had . been tried, and every hope was exhaufted,
the Saracen defenders of Acre fubmitted to their fate; a
capitulation was granted, but their lives and liberties
were taxed at a ranfom of two hundred thoufand pieces
ot gold, the. deliverance of one hundred nobles, and fif¬
teen hundred inferior captives, and the reftoration of the
wood of the holy crofs. Some doubts in the agreement,
and fome delay in. the execution, rekindled the fury of
the Franks, and three thoufand Modems, a Into ft in the
fultan’s view, were beheaded by the command of our
Englifh Richard. By the conqueft of Acre, t Ire Latin
powers acquired a (hong town and a convenient harbour;
but the advantage was mod dearly purchafed. The hif-
torian of the fultan of Egypt computes, from the report
of the enemy, that their numbers, at different periods,
amounted. to five or fix hundred thoufand; that more
than one hundred thoufand Chriftians were fiain ; that a
far greater number was loft by difeafe or ftiipwreck ;
and that only a fmall portion of this mighty hoft could
return in fat'ety to their native countries.

Philip Auguftus, and Richard the Firft, are the only
kings of France and England, who have fought under
■the fame banners; but the holy fervice in which they
were enlifted, was, as ufual, inceffamly difturbed by their
national jealoufy; and the two factions, Which they pro¬
tected in Palefline, were more averfe to each other than
to the common enemy. In the eyes of the Orientals, the
French monarch was fuperior in dignity and power; and
in the emperor’s abfence, the Latins revered him as their
temporal chief. Ydt his exploits were not adequate to
his fame. Philip was brave, but the .ftatefman predomi¬
nated in his character ; he was foon weary of facrificing
his health and intereft on a barren coaft ; the furrender of
Acre became the fignal of his departure ; nor could he
juftify this unpopular defertion, by leaving the duke of
Burgundy, with five hundred knights and ten thoufand
foot for the fervice of the Holy Land. The king of Eng¬
land, though inferior in dignity, furpaffed his rival in
wealth and military renown ; and if heroifm be confined
to ferocious valour, Richard Plantagenet will ever ftand
high among the heroes of the age. The memory of Coeur
de Lion, or the lion-hearted prince, was long dear and
glorious to his Englilh fubjeCts ; and, at the diftance of
fixty years, it was celebrated in proverbial fayings by the
grandfons of the Egyptians and Saracens, againft whom
he had fought : his tremendous name was employed by
the Syrian mothers to filence their infants ; and, if an
horfe fuddenly ftarted from the way, his rider was wont
to exclaim, “ Doft thou think king Richard is in the
bufii ?” His cruelty to the Mahomedans was the effeCt of
zeal ; but we cannot believe that a foldier, fo free and
fearlefs in the ufe of his lance, would have defeended to
whet a dagger againft his valiant brother Conrad of Mont-
fierrat, who was II din at Tyre by fome fecret adaflins. Af¬
ter the furrender of Acre, and the departure of Philip,
the king of England led the crufaders to the recovery of
the fea-coaft ; and the cities of Csfaria and Jaffa were
quickly addod to the kingdom of Lufignan. A march of
• one hundred miles from Acre to Afcalon, was a great and
perpetual battle of eleven days. In the diforder of his
troops, the fultan of Egypt remained on the field with
feventeen guards, without lowering his ftandard, or fuf-
pending the found of his brazen kettle-drum : he again
rallied and renewed the charge ; and his preachers, or
heralds, called aloud on the Unitarians manfully to ftand
up againft the Chriftians. But the progrefs of Richard
was irrefiftible : and it was only by demolifhing the walls
and buildings of Afcalon, that the fultan could prevent
him from occupying an important fortrefs on the confines
of Egypt. During a fevere winter, the armies flept ;
but, in the fpring, the Franks advanced within a day’s
march of Jerufalem, under the viflorious ftandard of the
Englilh king ; and his aftive fpirit intercepted a convoy,
ff}' caravan, of feven thoufand camels. Saladin had fixed

his (Union in the holy city ; but the city was ft ruck with
confternation and difeord : lie faded ; he prayed ; he
preached ; he offered to (hare the dangers of the fiege ;
but his foldiers, who remembered the fate of their com¬
panions at Acre, preffed the fultan with loyal or feditious
clamours, to referve his perfon, and their courage, for
the future defence of their religion and empire. The
Modems were all at once delivered by the fudden, or, as
they deemed, the miraculous, retreat of the Chriftians ;
and the laurels. of Richard were blafted by the prudence
or envy of his companions. The hero, afeending an hill,
and veiling his face, exclaimed with an indignant voice,
“ Thofe who are unwilling to refeue, are unworthy to
view, t he fepulchre of Chrift l” After his return to Acre,
on the news that Jaffa was furprifed by the fultan, lie
failed with fome merchant veffels, and leaped foremoft
on the beach ; the caftle was relieved by his pretence ;
and fixty thoufand Saracens fled before his arms. The
difeovery of his weaknefs provoked them to return in the
morning; and they found him carelefsly encamped before
the gates with only feventeen knights and three hundred
archers. Without counting their numbers, he fuftained
their charge ; and we learn from the evidence of his ene¬
mies, -thait the king of England, grafping his lance, rode
furioufly along their front, from the right to the left
wing, without meeting an adverfary who dared to en¬
counter. his career.

During thefe hoftilities, a languid and tedious negocia-
tion between the Franks and Modems was ftarted, and
continued, and broken, and again refunied, and again
broken. Some a£ts of royal coi rtefy, the gift of ice and
fruit, the exchange of Norway hawks and Arabian horfes,
foftened the afperity of religious war : from the vicifll-
tude of fuccefs, the tnonarchs might learn to fufpedt that
heaven was neutral in the quarrel ; nor, after the ftub-
born trial of each other, could either hope for a decifive
victory. The health both of Richard and Saladin ap¬
peared to be in a declining ftate ; and they refpeftively
fuffered the evils of diftant and domeftic warfare : Planta¬
genet was impatient to punifh a perfidious rival who had
invaded Normandy in his abfence; and the fultan of Egypt
was fubdued by the cries of the people, who was the
vidiim, and of the foldiers, who were the inftruments, of
his martial zeal. The firft demands of the king of Eng¬
land were the reftitution of Jerufalem, Paleftine, and the
true crofs; and lie firmly declared, that himfelf and his
brother pilgrims would end their lives in the pious la¬
bour, rather than return to Europe with ignominy and
remorfe. But the confidence of Saladin refufed, without
fome weighty compenfation : he afferted, witli equal firm-
nefs, his religious and civil claim to the fovereignty of
Paleftine ; defcanted on the importance and fandity of
Jerufalem, and rejected all terms of the eftablifhment, or
partition, of the Latins. The marriage which Richard
propofed, of his Lifter with the fultan’s brother, rvas de^
feated by the difference of faith: the princefs abhorred
the embraces of an infidel ; and Adel, or Saphadin, would
not renounce a plurality of wives. A perfonal interview
was declined by Saladin, who alleged their mutual ig¬
norance of each other’s language ; and the negociation
was managed with much art and delay by their interpre¬
ters and envoys. The final agreement was equally dif-
approved by the zealots of both parties, by the Roman
pontiff, and the caliph of Bagdad. It was ftipulated that
Jerufalem and the holy fepulchre fnould be open, with¬
out tribute or vexation, to the pilgrimage of the Latin
Chriftians ; .that, after the demolition of Afcalon, they
fhould inclufively poffefs the fea-coaft from Jaffa to Tyre ;
that the count of Tripoli and the prince of Antioch fhould.
be compriled in the truce ; and that, during three years
and three months, all hoftilities Ihould ceale. The prin¬
cipal chiefs of the two armies fwore to the obfervance of
the treaty; but the monarchs were fatisfied with giving
their word and their right-hand; and the royal majefty
was excufed from an oath, which always implies Ionic
x * fuJfficion

E G Y P T.

fnfpicion of falfehood and difhonour. Richard em¬
barked for Europe to feek a premature grave ; and the
fpace of a few months concluded the life and glories of
Saladin. The orientals delcribe his death, which hap¬
pened at Damafcus,' March 4, 1193 ; but they feem igno¬
rant of the. equal diftribution of his alms among the three
religions, or of the'difplay of a fliroud, inftead of a ftand-
ard, to admonifh the call of the i niiabil ity of human great-
nefs. The unity of empire was dijfolved by his death ;
Iris fons were opprtfred by the ftronger arm of their uncle
Saphadin ; the hofttle interefts of the fultans of Egypt,
Damafcus, and Aleppo, were revived; and the Franks
or Latins gained (Length in their fortreflM along the Sy¬
rian coaft.

The nobleft monument of the fultan’s fame, and of the
terror which he iofpired, is the Saladine tenth, a general
tax which was firft impofed on the laity, and even the
clergy, of the Latin church for the fervice of the Floly
War. The pradtice was too lucrative to expire with the
occafion; and this tribute became the foundation of all
the tithes and tenths on ecclefiaftical benefices, which
have been granted by the Roman pontiffs to catholic fove-
reigns, or referved for the immediate ufe of the apof-
tolic fee. This pecuniary emolument mult have tended
to increafe the intereft of the popes in the recovery of
Paleltine; fo that after the death of Saladin they preached
the necefiity of the crufades -by their epiftles, their le¬
gates, and their nvitfipnaries.

The fultan Saladin was only fifty-feven years old when
he died, leaving (ixleen fons and a daughter. His exten-
five dominions were divided among his children, and fplit
into various petty hates and principalities ; but none of
the fons were found to poffefs either the genius or virtues
of their father. Afdhal, the eldeft, inherited the king¬
dom of Damafcus and Samofata; and Malek-el-Aziz, the
fec'ond, became foldan or fultan of Egypt. But no fooner
had the young Egyptian monarch feated himfelf firmly
on the throne, than he began to wage war with his elder
brother, reduced him to the narrow limits of Samofata,
and feized on Damafcus for himfelf. The unwarlike
Afdhal made little oppofition, but quietly retired to the
principality allowed him. Aziz reigned only five years,
and was fucceeded by his fon Malek-el-Manfur, A. D.
1x98; who being but nine years of age, his uncle Afdhal,
prince of Samofata, was deputed by the emirs to rule the
empire during the minority, by the title of Atabek of
Egypt and Damafcus; but from the fupinenefs of Afdhal,
and the want of authority in the young fultan, the fove-
reign authority was ufurped, A D. 1200, by Adel-Seif,
brother to Manfur ; who at the head of the Arabs, feized
upon Pelufinm, and, advancing to Cairo, feated himfelf
on the Egyptian throne without difficulty or oppofition.
During the reign of Adel-Seif, the Franks penetrated in¬
to Egypt ; but were quickly obliged to retire, though
not without laying wafte part of the country, and carry¬
ing off confiderable booty. In the year 1218, Malek-el-
Kamel, the fon of Adel-Seif, fucceeded to the throne of
the Egyptian fultans, and maintained a vigorous war
again ft the Franks. The fourth crufade was diverted
from Syria and Paleftine, by being fent againft Conftanti-
nople. Tn the fifth, two hundred thoufand Franks were
landed at the eaftern mouth of the Nile. They reafon-
ably hoped, from the diforders of the Modems, that Pa¬
leftine would be fubdued in Egypt, the feat and ftore-
houfe of the fultan ; and, after a liege of fixteen months,
the Modems had to deplore the lofs of Damietta. But
the Chri tian army was ruined by the pride and infolence
of the legate Pelagius, who, in the pope’s name, affumed
the character of general : the fickly Franks were encont-
palfed by the waters of the Nile and the Oriental forces ;
and it was by the evacuation of Damietta, after a conflift
of three years, from A. D. 1218 to 1221, that they ob¬
tained a fate retreat, fome conceffions for the pilgrims,
and- the reftitution of the relic of the true crofs. The
failure of the Chriftians may in fome meafure be afcribed
- Vol. VI. No. 353.

to (he abufe and multiplication of the crufades, which
were preached at the fame time not only againft the Sara¬
cens and Turks, but againft the Pagans of Livonia, the
Moors of Spain, the Alhigeois of France, and the kings
cf Sicily of the imperial family.

In 122S, another army of crufaders arrived, under the
command of Frederic the Second, emperor of Germany ;
who, after various fuccefles, finally obtained from the
fultan the reftitution of Jerusalem, of Bethlem and Naza¬
reth, of Tyre and Sidon: the Latins were alfo allowed to
inhabit and fortify the city ; an equal code of civil and
religious freedom was ratified for the fedtaries of Chrift,
and thofe of Mahomet ; and, while the former worfhip-
ped at the holy fepulchre, the latter might pray and
preach in the. mofque of the temple. The Chriftian
clergy deplored t his fcandalous toleration ; and the weaker
Moflems were gradually expelled ; but every rational
object of the crufades was by this mode accompliftied
without bloodlhed ; the churches were reftored, the mo-
nafteries were replenifhed ; and in the fpace of fifteen
years, the Latins of Jerufalem exceeded the number of
fix thoufand. This peace and profperity was interrupted
by the irruptions of the favage hords of Carizmians.
Flying from the arms of the Moguls, thofe Ihepherds of
the Cafpian rolled headlong on Syria ; and the union of
the Franks with the fultans of Aleppo, Henis, and Da¬
mafcus, was infufficient to Hem the violence of the tor¬
rent. Whatever flood againft them, was cut off ,bv the
fword, or dragged into captivity ; the military orders
were almoft exterminated in a (ingle battle; and in the
pillage of the city, in t lie profanation of the holy fepul¬
chre, the Latins confefs the greater modefty of the Turks
and Saracens.

In the year 1239, Malek-el-Kamcl died, and was fuc¬
ceeded by his fon Malek-Adel ; but after reigning only
one (ingle year, this prince was fupplanted by his brother
Malek-Salah, who entered Egypt with a confiderable
force, and driving out Adel, caufed himfelf to be pro¬
claimed fultan, in Cairo and Alexandria, A. D. 1240.
He reigned nine years; in the latter part of ‘which, Egypt
was again invaded by the Franks. The two laft crufades
were undertaken by Louis IX. of France ; who loft his
liberty in Egypt, and his life on the coaft of Africa. In
him was united the virtues of a king, an hero, and a man ;
his martial fpirit was tempered by t lie love of private
and public juftice ; and he was at once the father of his
people, the friend of the Chriftians, and the terror of the
infidels. For the invafion of Egypt, Louis covered the
fea of Cyprus with eighteen hundred fails, and fifty thou¬
fand men ; and, if we might trull his own confeffion, he
difembarked nine thoufand five hundred horfe, and one
hundred and thirty thoufand foot, who performed their
pilgrimage under the (liadow of his power.

In complete armour, A. D. 1249, Louis, emulating
Richard Plantagenet of England, leaped foremoft on the
beach ; and the ftrong city of Damietta, which had coft
his predecelfor a liege of fixteen months, was abandoned
on the firft affaulf, by the trembling Egyptians. But
Damietta was the firft and the laft of his conquefts; and
in the fifth and lixth crufades, the fame caufes, almoft
on the fame ground, were produftive of fimilar calami¬
ties. After a ruinous delay, which introduced into the
camp the feeds of an epidemical difeafe, the Franks be¬
gan to advance from the fea-coaft towards the capital of
Egypt, and drove to furmount the unbounded inunda¬
tion of the Nile, which oppofed their progrefs. In this
interval the fultan Malek Salah died, and was fucceeded
by his fon Tour.m Shah, who loft no time in providing
for the fafety of Cairo, by oppoling a numerous army to
the front of the approaching Chriftian troops. But under
the eye of their intrepid monarch, the barons and knights
of France dilplayed their invincible contempt of danger
and difcipline : iiis brother, the count Artois, ftormed
the town of Maffoura; and the carrier pigeons announced
to the native inhabitants of Cairo, that all was loft. But
4 O a loldier,

E G Y" P T. '

SCG

a foldierfwho afterwards ufurped the fceptre, rallied tlie
flying Egyptian troops : the main body of tire Chriftians
was far behind their vanguard ; and count Artois was
overpowered and (lain. A fhower, of Greek fire was in-
ceflantly poured on1 the invaders; the Nile was com¬
manded by tire Egyptian galleys, the open country by
the Arabs; all provjfions. were intercepted; each day
aggravated the ficknefs and famine ; and about the fame
time a retreat was found to be necelfa ry and impracti¬
cable. The Oriental writers confefs, that Louis' might
have efcapcd, if he would have defected his fubjeCts :
he was. made prifoner, with the greatelt part of his no¬
bles; all who could not redeem their lives by fervice or
ranfom, were inhumanly maffacred ; and the walls of
Cairo were furmounted with innumerable heads of the
vanquifhed Chriftians. The king of France was loaded
with chains; but the generous viCtor, Touran, great
grandfon of the brother of Saladin, lent a robe of ho¬
nour to li is royal captive ; and his deliverance, witli
that of Iris foldiers, was decreed, by the reltitution of
Damietta, and the payment of four hundred thoufand
pieces of gold. The .king of France was made prifoner
by the fultan of Egypt, on the 5th of April, 1250; and
it was not until a month after this fatal conflict, that
Louis, and his captured nobles, were permitted to leave
Cairo. For amid the exultations of victory and the tu¬
mult of favagi war, a moll unforefeen and degrading re¬
volution was to take place in the imperial city of Egypt:
it was now that the dynafty of the fugitive race of Mama-
hikes was to be founded in blood and rapine; an event
that at once aftoniflted and (hocked mankind, and which,
for upwards of five centuries, hath lubjected the rich
and fertile province of Egypt to the dominion of its own
flaves. In a foft and luxurious climate, the degenerate
children of Saladin were incapable of refilling the flower
©f European chivalry: they triumphed chiefly by the
arms of their Haves or mamalukes ; for in the language
of the country, mamalukt means (lave. Thefe were the
hardy natives of Tartary, who at an early age were pur-
chafed of the Syrian merchants; and educated in the camp
and palace of tire fultan. Thus Egypt afforded a new
example of tire danger of introducing praetorian bands ;
the rage of thefe ferocious animals, who had been let
loofe on the Franks, was finally provoked to devour their
benefactor. In the midft of victory, Touran Shah was
murdered by his mamalukes, on the id of May, 1250 ;
and the moil daring of the aflafiins entered the chamber
of the captive king of France, with drawn feymetars, and
their bands imbrued in the blood of their fultan. The
firnmefs of Louis, however, commanded their refpett ;
their avarice prevailed over -cruelty and zeal ; the treaty
was accomplilhed ; and the king of France, with-the re¬
lics of his army, was permitted to embark for Paleftine,
on the 6th day of the fame month. He then wafted four
years within the walls of Acre, unable to vi fit Jerufalem,
and unwilling to return without fome noble exploit to
welcome him to his native country.

The affairs of Egypt, in the mean while, were in the
utmoft confufion. The afpiring mamalukes, as if over¬
come for the moment with fhame and remorle, knew not
.on whom to confer the fupreme authority. In this inter¬
val of dread and confternation, they haltily affigned the
iceptre to an intriguing, female, the ftep-mother of Tou¬
ran Shah, the murdered fultan; but feeling a (h anted of
being governed by a woman, a (lave of the haratn, they
proclaimed a child of fix years old to be their fultan, the
.only defeendant they couLd find of the Aiubite family,
and in him doled the domination of the race of Saladin
in Egypt. Ezzed-din Moaz Ibegli, the mamuluke who
had rallied the flying Egyptians in the conteft with the
F tench count Artois, married the ftep-mother of Touran
Shah ; foon after which he found means to dethrone the
infant fultan, andalfumed to himfelf the regal authority.
This enterpVifing (lave was at the head of the Baharite
Mamalukes, who were lb Filed from having been origi¬

nally employed as mariners, which that word implies, on
board the fliips of the fultans of Egypt : they were Tar¬
tars. Ezzed-din Moaz began to reign, as the founder of
the Baharite mamalukes, A. D. 1254; but he was aflaflL
nated the firft year, and his fon Nureddin Ali fucceeded
as fultan of Egypt in 1255. The celebrated Bondocdar,
or Bibars, fupplanted Nureddin, and was proclaimed ful¬
tan of Egypt and Syria, A. D. 1260. In his reign Louis
the Ninth undertook the laft of the crufades. After fix-
teen years of repofe, the French king embarked with frefli
confidence at the head of fix thoufand horfe and thirty
thoufand foot. The lofs of Antioch had provoked the
enterprife : a w ild hope of baptifing the king of Tunis,
tempted him to (leer for the African coaft; and the re¬
port of an immenfe treafure reconciled his troops to the
delay of their voyage to the Holy Land. But inltead of
a profelyte, he found a fiege; the French panted and died
on the burning. fands ; Louis expired in his tent ; and no
fooner had he clofed his eyes, than his fon and fuccelfor
gave the fignal of the retreat. “ It is thus,” fays Voltaire,
“ that a Chriftian king died near the ruins of Carthage,
waging war againft the fedtaries of Mahomet, in a land
to which Dido had introduced the deities of Syria.”

A more abfurd conftitution cannot be deviled, than
that which condemned the Egyptians to perpetual fervi-
tude, under the arbitrary dominion of ftrangers and (laves.
Yet in this ftate of Egypt the Franks were finally over¬
thrown. With fome breathing intervals of peace and
order, the mamaluke dynalties are marked as a period of
rapine and bioodilied : but their throne, hbwever fiiaken,
repoled on t he two pillars of difeipline and valour; their
fway extended over Egypt, -Nubia, Arabia, and Syria;
their cavalry was multiplied to twenty-five thoufand;
with one hundred and feven thoufand foot, and the occa-
lional aid of fixty-lix thoufand Arabs. Men of Inch
power and favage fpirit would not long endure on their
coaft an hoftile and independent nation ; and if the ruin
of the Franks had been peftponed, they were indebted to.
the cares of an unfettled reign, to the invafion of the
Moguls, and to the c^cafional aid of fome warlike pil¬
grims. Among thefe, the Englilh reader will recoiled:
the name of our firft Edward, who aflumed the crofs in
the life-time of his father Henry. At the head of a thou¬
fand foldiers, the future conqueror of Wales and Scotland
delivered Acre from a liege ; marched as far as Nazareth-
with an army of nine thoufand men ; emulated the fame
of his uncle Richard ; extorted by his valour a ten years
truce; and efcaped, with a dangerous wound, from the
dagger of an a (Tallin. Antioch, whofe fituation had been
lei's expofed to the calamities of the holy war, was finally
occupied and ruined by the fultan Bibars, on the 12th of
June, 1268; the Latin principality was extinguilhed ;.
and the firft feat of the Chriftian name was difpeopled by’
the flaughter-of feventeen, and the captivity of one hun¬
dred thoufand of her inhabitants. The maritime towns
of Laodicea, Gabala, Tripoli, Berytus, Sidon, Tyre,
and JafFa, and the ftronger caftles of the Hofpitalers and
Templars, fuccefiively fell ; and the whole exiftence of
the Franks was. confined to the city and colony of St.
John of Acre, then deferibed by the more claflic title of
Ptolemais.

The power and prowefs of Bibars, his frequent victo¬
ries over the Moguls, and ftrict adminiftration of juftice,
were the probable caufes of bis long reign without any
attempt of atlafiination, or domeftic feud. He was fuc¬
ceeded as fultan of Egypt and Syria by Kalil Afcraf, who
afeended the throne in 1290, and who, tire next year,
wholly exterminated the power of the Chriftians in Pa¬
leftine. After the lofs of Jerufalem, Acre or Ptolemais,
which is about feventy miles diftant from the holy city,
became the metropolis of the Latin Chriftians, and was
adorned with ftrong and (lately buildings, with aqueduds,
an artificial port, and a double wall. The population was
increafed by the incelfant ftreams of pilgrims and fugi¬
tives : ill the pa Life s of holUlity, the trade of the eaft

EGYPT. 327

and weft was attracted to this convenient ftation ; and the
market could offer the produce of every clime and the
interpreters of every tongue. But in thhs conflux of na¬
tions, every vice was propagated and praiStifed : of all the
difciples of Jefus and Mahomet, the male and female in¬
habitants of Acre were efteemed the moft corrupt ; nor
could the abufe of religion be correlated by the difcipline
of law. The city had many fovereigns, and no govern¬
ment. The kings of Jerufa^em and Cyprus, of the liotife
of Lufignan, the princes of Antioch, the counts of Tri¬
poli and Sidon, the great matters of the hofpital, the
temple, and the Teutonic order, the republics of Venice,
Genoa, and Pita, the pope’s legate, the kings of France
and England, affumed an independent command ; feven-
teen tribunals exercifed the power of life and death ;
every criminal was protedted in the adjacent quarter ; and
the perpetual jealoufy of the nations often burtt forth in
adts of violence and blood. Some adventurers, who dit-
graced the entign of the crofs, compenfated their want of
pay by the plunder of the Mahometan villages: nineteen
Syrian merchants, who traded under the public faith,
were defpoiled and hanged by tlVe Chriftians; and the
denial of fatisfadlion enraged and juftified the arms of the
fultan Kalil. He marched againft Acre, at the head of
ftxty thoufand horfe and one hundred arid forty thoufand
foot: his antique train of artillery was numerous and
weighty ; the feparate timbers of a Angle engine were
tranfported in one hundred waggons ; and the royal hifto-
rian Abulfeda, who ferved with the troops of Hamah,
was himfelf a (pefhitor of the holy war. Whatever might
be the vices of the Franks, their courage was rekindled
by enthufiafm and defpair ; but they were torn by the
difeord of feventeen chiefs, and overwhelmed on all Tides
by the powers of the fultan. After a fiege of thirty-three
days, the double wall was forced by the Modems; the
principal tower yielded to their- engines ; the mamalukes
made a /general affault ; the city wasftormed on the 1 8 th
of May, J291 ; and death or llavery was the lot of /ftxty
thoufand Chriftians. The consent, or rather fortrefs, of
the Templars refilled three days longer; but the great
mailer was pierced with an arrow ; and, of five hundred
knights, only ten were left alive, lefs happy than the
victims of the (word, if they lived to buffer on a fcaffold
in the unjuft and cruel profeription of the whole order.
The king of Jerufalem, the patriarch, and the great m af¬
ter pf the hofpital, effected their retreat to the fhore :
but the fea was rough ; the veffels were infufficient ; and
great numbers of the fugitives were drowned before they
could reach the ifle of Cyprus, which confoled Lufignan
for the lofs of Paleiline. By the command of the fultan,
the churches and fortifications cf the Latin cities were
demolifiied : a motive of avarice or fear ftill opened the
holy fepulchre to fome devout and defencelefs pilgrims ;
and a mournful and folitary (Hence has almoft,ever fince
prevailed along the coaft which for fo many years re¬
bounded with the debate of arms!

Thus fell the laft heroes of the Holy War; and Kalil
returned in triumph to Cairo ; but his reign wasdifturbed
by the frequent inroads of the Moguls, who ftill con¬
tended for the poffefiion of Syria. The arms of the ful¬
tan were finally victorious; and gave to Nazr Mahomet,
his fucceffof, a long and peaceful reign, in which he dif-
tinguifhed himfelf by the encouragement he gave to
agriculture and the arts. -This prince died in 1341, after
which the throne was filled by the (hort reigns of va¬
rious mamalukes, moft of whom fell by retaliated afl'af-
fination. In 1348, a moft deftructive peltilence appeared
in Egypt, brought originally from Syria ; and which
fpread over a great part of Europe. In 1365, Shaban
Afcraff was the reigning fultan, who diftinguifhed him¬
felf by iffuing a decree, that the real defendants of Ma¬
homet only, fhould be allowed to wear the green turban.
In his reign Peter de Lufignan, king ot Cyprus, is faid
to have befieged Alexandria, which he was obliged to
abandon for want of provilions ; but this event appears to

remain in confiderable obfeurity. Shaban was fucceeded
by his fon Hadgi Salah, who was a minor, and the laft ot
the Baharite dynafty, which gave place to the Circadian
mamalukes, in the year 13S2.

The origin of this race of (laves was briefly as follows :
after the Baharite dynafty had feated itfelf upon the
throne, the Tartar fultans were in the Habit of purchaf-
ing vaft numbers of (laves, which they obtained princi¬
pally from Circaflia, where the people, though they pro-
fefted Chriftianity, were, and ftill are, accuftomed to fell
their children. Thefe Circadian (laves were educated for
the army, in the feme way that the Tartar mamalukes
had formerly been. As their numbers increased, they
were difpofed of in fortreffes erected throughout the
country, in order to keep a check upon the native
Egyptians ; and becaufe in their language fuch a fort is
called 1 borge, they acquired the name of Borgite mamalukes.
In the era above-mentioned, they were become extremely
numerous and powerful ; and the young Hadgi Salah
having been placed under the guardianlhip of Barkuk-
Dahar, a borgite of confiderable eminence, who was
made atabek or governor during the minority; he perfi-
dioufly depofed his pupil, and calling in the aid ot the
Circadian tribes, feized upon the (upreme authority be¬
fore any refinance could be made to his ambitious views.
In him therefore commenced the dynafty of Borgite Ma¬
malukes, A. D. 1382.

In the reign of Barkuk, Timur invaded Syriaffat the
head of a numerous army of Moguls ; but the new Cir¬
cadian fultan -obtained two decifive victories over him,
and obliged his (battered forces haftily to withdraw. I11
1399, I'aradj, fon of Barkuk, fucceeded to the Egyptian
throne ; but himfelf, and few of the fultans who follow¬
ed, reigned above a year, being either a (I affiliated or de¬
throned, until the year 1442, when Burfbai began to
reign. It was this fultan who fent a fleet againft Cyprus,
which took Lymiffos and Nicofia, and brought king
John II. and mod of his nobility, captives to Cairo.
Syria alfo remained a conftant appanage to Egypt. Burf¬
bai reigned fixteen years, and in 1461 was iucceeded by
Abul-Fathe-Acli med. This fultan laid an annual tribute
upon the kingdom of Cyprus, and aflignetl the crown to
James, natural fon. of John III. .Of t lie (ucceeding ful¬
tans we find nothing remarkable ; and the mamalnke
ariftocracy began to render their ftation more and more
precarious. Whoever afpired to be fultan, formed a
part y ; and after having .murdered his rival, waited for a
favourable opportunity to feize the reins of government.
Whoever afl'aflinated the fultan was generally proclaimed
in his place; and fometimes two Q£ three ..reigned at the
fame time in Syria, Upper Egypt, and Cairo, who were
continually at war, till the moft daring and enterprifing
lud deftroyed the others. In 1501, Kanfu-Elghuri was
railed to the throne; and in 1516, Selim II. emperor of
the Turks, having declared war againft him, defeated and
flew him near Aleppo, and feized upon all Syria. The
mamalukes immediately raifed Toman Bey to the vacant
throne, and made every preparation foroppofing the vic¬
torious arms of Selim. A moll obftinate and fanguinary
battle was fought between the Ottoman txoops and the
mamalukes, on the 24th of January, 1517 , at Rodania
near Cairo, in which Selim at length prevailed. After
another obftinate conflict, Toman Bey was again defeated
by Selim, taken prifoner, and hanged at one of the. gates
of Cairo, on the 13th of April the lame year. Thus fell
the dynafty of Borgite mamalukes; and Egypt, thus con¬
quered, became fubjeft to the Turks of Conftantinople.

Selim, finding it impoflible to compel his new fubjects
to fnbmit to a defpotic government, did not attempt to
give them new laws, but delegated the chief power, un¬
der his own authority, to an apoftate bey, who, by bafely
betraying Toman, his former mafter, had been the chief
caufe of his defeat. In this manner Selim II. quitted
the country, fix months after his firft entry into Cairo,
leaving little order or regulation, and the mamalukes
_a were

328

E G Y P T.

were ftiil matters of Egypt. It was left for Solyman,
furnamed the Legiflator, the fucceffor of Selim, to give
a new conftitution, not only to Egypt, but to all the dif¬
ferent provinces which compofed that heterogeneous mafs
of empire. He found it in the firft place neceffary to efta-
blifh a counterpoife for the power and influence of the
mamalukes; to effect which, he eftablifhed the. corps of
odjacklis or militia, confiding of the natives of Egypt,
into which a' fnatnaluke was on no account to be admit¬
ted. To thefe corps he gave great powers ; to the ma-
malukes he left nothing but a fubordinate military au¬
thority, and a few villages for their principal officers or
chiefs, who were to be in number twenty-four, diftin-
guiflied by the honorary title of beys. He eftabiiflied a
pacha as his own immediate representative, who was to
be th.e captain or head of the government; thence called,
by different writers, the capitan or capoutan pacha ; and
who had the nomination of the different officers of the
ffate. The beys had alfo the choice of a fucceffor, to
fill up any vacancies among themfelves, but they were
obliged to prefent (he perfon fo chofen to the pacha in a
full divan, to be inverted with the dignity, and approved,
by him. Hence the office of pacha of Egypt was often the
road to theTurkifh vizirate, and was fometimesan honour¬
able retreat for a difgraced vizier. He -could be formally
depofed by the corps of militia in the divan, and made
to fettle his accounts before he left the country. The
reafons for his being fo difmiffed were previoufly tranf-
mitted to Conftantinople, where he was always replaced;
and indeed it rarely happened that a pacha died in this
lituation, they were fo frequently changed.

The divan, which affembled twice a week to deliberate
on all the affairs of rtate, was compofed of the twenty-
four beys, the principal officers of the militia, and the
great lawyers. The pacha, as fupreme, was the prefident
of th.e affembly. The tribute annually paid to the Porte
was to be twelve hundred purfes of piaftres, (about fifty
thoufand pounds,) befide confiderable quantities of rice,
corn, &c. In this manner the government went on, with¬
out any event of importance, at leaf! with nothing more
than the ufual intrigues, fometimes between the raama-
lukes and militia to depofe the pacha ; fometimes be¬
tween the pacha and militia, to check the daring attempts
often made by the mamalukes to regain their ancient in¬
fluence ; and fometimes between the mamalukes and the
pacha, to reprefs the afpiring ambition of forne chiefs of
the militia. This conftitution lafted till the'middle of
the eighteenth century, when a variety of cattles con-
fpired to overturn it. The beys were then beginning to
take the lead in all political affairs, and the pachas were
reduced to mere ciphers, fcarcely poffelling the fitadow
of their original authority.

About the year 1748, a pacha of a more determined cart
was appointed, who, finding it importable to afiert his lupe-
riority, without ftriking feme decifive blow, took a refolu-
tion to dertroy the beys at once by affaffination. Accord¬
ingly, as they were coming to take their places at the di¬
van, feventeen of them were murdered; the rert efcaped.
Such a daring and open violation of juftice and humanity
had not the intended ettedt ; for the indignation of all
claffes agair.ft the pacha ran fo high, that he was obliged
to quit his lituation, and fave his life by efcaping to
Conttantinople. At that period Ibrahim Caya Bey, a
determined and ambitious mamaluke, had got by intrigue
into the corps of militia, in which he held a very high
lituation. He afpired to be eledled Shiek-el-Belled, or
chief of the mamalukes, and to reftore them to their for¬
mer authority ; and he managed fo well, that in a few
years he had infinuated all the mamalukes of his party
into the militia, which gave him fuch an afce'ndancy,
that he eafily kept the remainder quiet. Had he lived,
lie would in all probability have (ucceeded in making
liimfelf a ftiltan of Egypt independent'of the Porte; but
he was poifoned by an e miliary of the court of Conftanti-
noplc, who hoped, by deftroying this afpiring chief, to

regain their authority in Egypt, which was fo completely
Ihaken.

Ali Bey the Great, a man of more talents, with equal
ambition and intrepidity, fucceeded Ibrahim, A. D. 1766.
He was the firft mamaluke who openly declared the bold
defign of freeing Egypt for ever from the nominal fove-
reignty of th.e court of Conftantinople. Throwing off
the matte entirely, he affumed perfect independence; ex.
pel 1 ed the pacha, refufed the tribute, and coined money
in his own name. Ifmael Bey and Mahomed Bey ccn-
l'pired againft him, and drove him into Syria, where he.
took refuge with the celebrated Daher, who had rendered
hirnfelf matter of Syria, and laughed at all the feeble ef¬
forts of the Porte to reduce him. Ali Bey, having re¬
ceived fome fmall affiftance from the Ruffians, as well as
from Daher, croffed the defert to meet his adverfaries.
A battle was fought near Salahieh, in which Ali was
wounded by one of his own party, fuppofed to have been
Mourad Bey, and was in conlequence taken prifoner.
He was treated with great refped, and carried to Cairo,
where he died a few days after : foine fay by poifon. This
afpiring Have was born in Anatolia, or rather Natolia, a
province of the Turkifii empire. He was brought young
into Egypt, where he was purchafed in the fame manner
as the other mamalukes, and raifed hirnfelf by his enter-
priling and ambitious fpirit to that fituation, which made
the Porte tremble for the remains of its power in Egypt',
Mourad Bey, as chief of the faftion of Ali, foon let up
for hirnfelf, and drove his opponents, Ifmael and Maho¬
med, from Cairo for fomc time ; but they regained poL
feflion of the capital, and kept it, till they both died
natural deaths. Mahomed Bey died firft, at Acre, after
having taken the town. At the death of Ilmael, Mourad
Bey again affumed the government ; but it was foon after
agreed to be conjointly ftiared between Mourad and Ibra¬
him Bey, who reftored the Turkifii pacha, and lent the
arrears of tribute to Conftantinople, which had not been
paid for fix years, and which was thus made the olive-
branch of peace.

There was never a Shiek-el-Belled, or chief of the
mamal ukes, whofe reign 'was of longer duration than that
of Ibrahim Bey. From the year 1776 to 1803, a few in¬
terruptions excepted, lie has retained poffeffion of the fu¬
preme power. For this continuance in the exercife of
the lbvereignty, in a country where authority feidom re¬
mains long in the fame hands, he was indebted to his un¬
bounded liberality and great courage. It is remarkable,
that during all the revolutions among the mamalukes for
the laft fixty years, the pacha has been nothing more
than an empty reprefentative of the authority which the
court of Conftantinople claimed to exercife in Egypt ;
the whole power having been ufurped by the Shiek-el-
Belled, fupperted by the reft of the beys. The functions
of the pacha, during this period, were merely confined
to receiving and tranfmitting the miri or tribute to the
grand feignor, whenever the beys thought proper to pay
any. It was ufelefs for him to difpute the will of the
all-powerful beys, and accordingly he never made any
hesitation at obeying their orders. 'Without troops, and
without any means of enforcing his authority, he could
not do otherwife. It may here be proper to mention the
moft celebrated beys 'who bore the fway in Egypt at the
clofe of the eighteenth century. Ibrahim, as the elder,
being then upwards of fixty years of age, and at the head
of a Itrong party, was efteemed the chief; though it is
the uniform cuftom for all the beys to take precedence
from the ftrength or number of their mamalukes : of
thefe mercenaries Ibrahim maintained upwards of a thou¬
fand. Mourad Bey, his colleague in the government,
and once his fuperior, was originally a (lave of Moham¬
med Bey: about fifty years of age; bold and intrepid,
yet deliberate and fagaciotis; maintaining -feventeen hun¬
dred mamalukes. Next in power was Mohammed Bey
Elfi, about thirty-five years of age ; his name imports that
he was bought for a thoufand I’e quins. His matter was

Mourad

E G ^

Moil rad Bey, above-mentioned. He poflefled eight hun¬
dred mamalukes, who were daily increafing; and he had
the charadter of great fagacity, courage, and intrepidity
in adtion. Ibrahim Bey Uali, a name derived from having
been the (lave to the fecond magiftracy in the city. Remar¬
ried the daughter of the elder Ibrahim ; about thirty-fix
years old; of a fedate, firm, and vefolute, character; with
feven hundred mamalukes. Aiub Bey Zogheir, or junior;
efteemed a cool and courageous leader ; eminent in faga¬
city and difcernment ; near forty years old ; with five
hundred mamalukes. Ofman Bey Tamborgi, fo named as
having been a mamaluke drummer: intrepid, bold, and
vigilant, he was greatly efteemed by Mourad. Other beys
were the Black Caya Bey, Ofman Bey Afcar, Mahomet
Bey Mafice, Ifaak Bey, called the French Bey, from his
long relidence in France ; he {'poke feveral languages, and
was interpreter to the other beys. Ofman Bey Btrdici,
Selim Bey, Achmed Bey, Aflan Bey, See. to the number
of twenty-four, according to the original inftitution of
Solyman the I.egifiator.

Such was the ftate of the government of Egypt, when
general Bonaparte, on the- firft: of July, 1798, landed at
Alexandria, with an army of 40,000 men. Whether this
expedition was undertaken by the French with the foie
defign of fubduing that country, or of attempting to di-
re£t their arms by the Red Sea,- againft the Britifh pof-
fefiions in India, is not known, though the latter opinion
has prevailed. The town of Alexandria appears to have
been the firft objedt of the French commander, which he
took almoft without refiftance, after putting to flight the
Arabs and mamalukes who defended it, and of whom he
killed about three hundred. The conduct of the in¬
vader, however, feems highly reprehenfible, fince it fa¬
voured more of Saracen barbarity, than of the forbear¬
ance and humanity of Chriftian warfare. The city was
taken by furprife, attacked and ftormed, and numbers
innocently put to death, without even giving the garri-
fon the option of capitulation; and the foldiers were luf-
fered to fack, and ravifh, and plunder, the inhabitants for
three hours, as an encouragement for them to proceed
with avidity in this unprovoked and rapacious war. Bo¬
naparte then aftembled the magiftrates, and with more,
than Mohammedan difiimulation, aiferted “ that his only'
motive for vifiting Egypt, was glorioully to effect the
deliverance of the country, from the tyranny and ufurpa-
tion of the beys, who were equally the enemies of the
Porte and of the French people.” And having required
from them an oath that they would neither injure nor
betray him, he permitted the greater number to retain
the places which they occupied. Having continued three
days in Alexandria, to organize the city, of which gene¬
ral Kleber was left in command, the French army com¬
menced a difficult and dangerous march acrofs the defert
to attack Rofetta. Unaccuftomed to the heat of a tro¬
pical climate, unufed to traverfe barren and fandy foils,
and unobfervant of the orders which had been ilfued, the
foldiers exhaufted their provifions, or fullered them to
fpoil, before they reached two-thirds of their journey.
Rofetta, however, which made no refiftance, terminated
many of their difficulties. Having left a garrifon in this
place under the command of general Menou, and another
at Rhamanieh, a town farther up the river, at the en¬
trance of the canal of Alexandria, whither a column of
the army had been detached at the fame time with that
to Rofetta, Bonaparte continued his march along the
banks of the Nile towards Cairo.

Hitherto no obftacle had prefented itfelf to the French
invader ; but on the arrival of the army near Gizeh, Bo¬
naparte found that Mourad Bey had affembled his forces
in the neighbourhood of a village called Embabeh, where
he intended to difpute and oppofe his farther progrefs.
The mamalukes amounted to ten thoufand men, and
fought with defperate courage; but the adlion, though
bloody, was neither long nor doubtful. Part of the army
ef the mamalukes was either exterminated by the fword.

Vol. VI. No. 353.

r P T. S29

or drowned in the river; the reft with Mourad Bey, re¬
treated to Upper Egypt. This adtion, which was deno¬
minated the battle of the pyramids , convinced the French,
from the obftinate refiftance made by an inferior army,
unfkilled in European taffies, that they- had no ordinary
enemy to combat and overcome ; particularly when it
wa$ confidered that the whole country was taken by fur¬
prife, when no one garrifon was in a ftate of defence, and
when no enemy, either foreign or donteftic, was expended
on the Egyptian fliores. The fpoils of the (lain were found
extremely valuable, as each mamaluke carries with him
in his march the amount of his fortune, or his plunder.

In confequence of the event of this battle, Bonaparte
fent for, and was waited on, by the magiftrates of Cairo,
which city the army entered in triumph, having nothing
to oppofe them. The French commander now parted
his troops into three divifions, one of which was fent
under the command of general Defaix, to poflefs himfelf
of Upper Egypt ; the fecond was left at Cairo ; and with
the third he followed Ibrahim Bey, who had retired into
Syria to recruit his army. The 1110ft hazardous and em-
barrafling part of the whole campaign, was certainly that
which was carried into Upper Egypt, under the indefa¬
tigable perfeverance of general Defaix, who had not only
to contend with the burning heat of the tropical fun, and
the horrors of a barren defert, but with tiie brave and
dexterous generalfliip of Mourad Bey. He fet out on this
important expedition on the 26th of Auguft, 1798, with
a flotilla on the Nile to convoy his march. Mourad Bey
in the interim colledted his forces, and encamped on an
eminence in the neighbourhood of Sedinan, where he
waited to difpute the progrefs of the French arms. Defaix
approached, impatient to give him battle ; and coming
within fight of the lofty mamaluke camp, which betrayed
the utmoft oriental magnificence, he encouraged his troops^
with the hope of plunder; pointing out, by the help of
his glafs, or pretending to point out, the perfon of Mou¬
rad Bey, refplendent with gold and precious ftones, and
furrountjed with all the richly decorated beys and kia-
chefs under his command. The night was palled in feaft-
ing in the camp ; while, in the dark, parties were fent out
to menace the advanced pods of their enemy. At the
firft dawn of the morning the French army formed in a
hollow fquare, in the midft of a large plain, with two
platoons on their flanks. Mourad approached at the
head of his formidable mamalukes, and feveral thoufand
Arabs, who charged with uncommon intrepidity, and
quickly furrounded the whole body of the French. A
dreadful carnage enfued; great numbers fell on both
fides ; but the mamalukes could make no ferious impref-
fion on the folid fquare, which rendered their feymetars
of no avail, and their numbers ufelefs. The mamalukes
fighting on horfeback, chiefly with the fabre, which they
life moft dexteroufly, were received by the French on the
point of the bayonet ; who thus wounding their horfes,
threw them perpetually into confufion. Difappointed
and enraged, the mamalukes advanced as clofe as poflible
to the lines, firft difeharging their piftols, and then throw¬
ing them violently at the enemy, together with their
battle-axes and other weapons, until the ground wa.s co¬
vered with their arms. They then retired, not beaten,
though leaving the French mafters of the field of battle.

Defaix now, perceiving the impetuous kind of enemy
he had to deal with, procured from Bonaparte a confide-
rable reinforcement both of cavalfy and infantry, with
which he continued to penetrate the interior of Upper
Egypt. He pafted on from poft to port, extirpating all
who appeared inimical to the French intereft ; feizing
their provifions and effedts, violating their women, burn¬
ing their habitations, and defolating the country. Thofe
who fubmitted to their yoke, who were' willing to pay a
tribute, and provide the army with neceftaries and pro¬
vifions, were protected and fpared. Yet thefe, in turn,
became a facrifice to the exafperated mamalukes, who in
revenge fell upon them whenever they recovered the
4 P country *

330

E G Y V T.

country, {paring neither man, woman, nor child. Mou-
rad Bey, aided by his fnperior knowledge of the roads,
and by the ex pertnefs of his numerous mamaluke cavalry,
was conftantly able to harafs the rear of the French, and
would often feize and carry off their ftragglers and fo¬
raging parties, even within fifty yards of the main body.
But Mourad now began to act principally on the defen-
five, not only by harafiing the enemy’s rear, but alfo by
lying in a'mbu (h, laying wade the country, driving off
the cattle in the line of his march, and weakening his
force by fudden and repeated (kirmifnes. In this manner
Defaix purfued the Egyptian Fabius, until he reached
the city of Girgeh, the capital of Upper Egypt, fituated
half way between Cairo and Syene. Mourad now refolved
again to difpute his furtlier progrefs ; and with that in¬
tent pitched his camp near Samanhut, a confiderable vil¬
lage in the neighbourhood of Girgeh. In this city, which
Hands on the Nile, Defaix waited from the 30th of De¬
cember to the 20th of January, 1799, for the arrival of
their flotilla, which had alfo been harafled and attacked
by the mamalukes and Arabs, and one of their veflels
taken. On the 21ft the fupplies were got on fhore ; and
Defaix quitted Girgeh on the 22d, marching direftly to
Samanhut. On the 24th the mamalukes appeared, dif-
clofing a front of an immenfe extent. Defaix formed his
army in three compaft fquares; two of infantry for the
wings, and one of cavalry in the center, with the artillery
on the angles. Mourad Bey began the battle with his
ufual impetuofity, and the mamalukes at once affailed
the whole body of the French, prancing around them
with uplifted fcymeters, making a mod brilliant difplay
of their glittering accoutrements, and of their fkill in
horfemanthip, as well as of their contempt of danger,
and boldnefs of attack. But the rigid feverity of the
northern tadtics prefented a fpcctacle equally command¬
ing, and more formidable. Numbers of the French fell
in the adtion ; but their lines could not be broken. The
■artillery was likewife a bulwark of defence, mowing down
the mamalukes and Arabs in all directions. One of their
chiefs fell fo near the French lines, that lie could not be
recovered by his own people ; and while his foot hung in
the ftirrup, the Iforfe, without abandoning his rider,
would not let the French foldiers approach him, not-
withftanding all their endeavours to feize the rich gold
which glittered on the drefs of this unfortunate chief,
who was thus dragged back by his horfe, and made to
fulfer the horrors of death in many forms. Mourad now
retreated into the bofoin of the defert, conceiving that
this would prove an infuperable barrier againft the fur¬
ther purfuit of his enemy, unprepared for, and unaccuf-
tomed to, fuch a frightful wade, which eternally prefents
a difconfolate idea to all who have once beheld it — a
boundlefs horizon of barrennefs, which oppreffes the
mind by immenfity of diftance, and whofe appearance,
where level, is only a dreary expanfe; and where broken
hills intervene, they only (hew -another feature of decay
and decrepitude ; whilft the ftill filence of inanimate na¬
ture is never broken but in the dead of night, by the fear¬
ful bowlings of ferocious beads. But tliefe held out no
terrors to the indefatigable Defaix.

The French army entered the defert on the 28th of Ja¬
nuary, 1799, palled the ancient cities of Tentyra, Thebes,
Efneh or Latopolis, and Etfu the ancient Hieraconpolis ;
following as clofe as poflible on the heels of Mourad Bey
and his mamalukes, until it reached its deftination at
Alihan or Syene, the frontier town of Upper Egypt, where
the fertile Nile enters the Egyptian territory, by flowing-
over the laft of the cataracts at the beautiful illand of
Elephantina. Here the French infcribed the termination
of their march through Egypt upon a rock of granite;
and then returned to organize the new government of
Syene, which was in no condition to oppofe tliefe novel
usurpers. Defaix immediately formed a plan of fortify¬
ing the town, conftructed a citadel or fort which com-
Blinded all the approaches, and, with the profelTed vanity

of imitating Probus, actually converied his army into ar¬
tificers, architects, and labourers. In the mean while,
general Dahouft was fent in quell of Allan Bey, on the
right bank of the river oppofite Etfu, where lie was in
confiderable force with fupplies, ready to co-operate w ith
Mourad. The eagernefs of the French to get poffcflion
of the- (tores, expofed them to a terrible conflict for about
half an hour. The field of battle remained with the
French ; but Allan Bey obtained his main point, that of
carrying off his baggage and (lores; fo that neither party
had much to boaft, though Affan was wounded in the
leg, and many of the mamalukes killed.

After having thus rapidly advanced through the whole
extent cf Upper Egypt, and placed the inhabitants of
Syene under the temporary controul of the French nation,
Defaix, on the 25th of February, after a campaign of fix
months, commenced his return to Cairo ; but this was a
work of more difficulty and danger than was at firlt fuf-
pected. To foften the rigour of the march, as well as
to fcour the country of the mamalukes and Arabs, who
now afted in detachments, and were difperfed in various
directions on both fides the Nile, Defaix divided his army
into two parts: with one divilion he ftill purfued the vi¬
gilant Mourad Bey; while the other, under the command
of general Beliard, was fent, on the other fide the river,
in quell of Ofman Bey A-fcar, who having been joined
by a numerous body of Meccan foldiers, had entrenched
themfelves at Benhute, in order to co-operate with Mon¬
rad, and way-lay the Frenclt troops on their return to
Lower Egypt. General Beliard attacked thefe entrench¬
ments, which after a molt bloody and defperate conflict
of three days, he carried ; and in which the molt heroic
achievements appear to have been performed on both
fides, with the confequent lofs of innumerable lives. On
the next day, the 23d of March, general Beliard, per¬
ceiving the folly of purfuing tliefe people in a country
where they had every advantage, haftened to meet the
commander Defaix at Keneh, where he arrived on the
nth of April. Defaix in the mean time had compelled
Mourad Bey to take fhelter in the Oafis, and had de¬
tached general Friant to the right bank of the Nile, to
preferve a line parallel to bis own, and to clear the coun¬
try of Elfi Bey and his remnant of mamalukes. After
thefe operations the two French generals met at Keneh,
which for a time they made their head quarters.

General Defaix now conceived the plan of blocking up
the mamalukes in the defert, or at lead of cutting off
their communication with the Nile, and of impeding their
movements, by preventing tliem from feparating their
forces without the rillc of being cut off, and of finally re¬
ducing them by famine. In the valley which leads from
Coffeirto the Nile, there are four wells or fountains, the
latter of which is of great importance when the defert is
to be occupied by an invading army, fince it is fituated
at the confluence of three roads, which are fo many paffes
from the defert into Egypt. The firft of thefe roads,
which runs to the fouth-weft, leads to Redifi, where it
terminates. The fecond, which rims almoft due weft,
terminates at Nagadi ; and the third, which takes a north-
weft direction, leads to Birambar. From Biramber three
roads lead to Kous, to Coptos, and to Keneh. Defaix,
after having left a garrifon at Keneh, took up his pofition
at Birambar; and Beliard was fent with his divifion to
occupy the palfage of Nagadi ; while that of Redifi was
incautioufly negledted ; for if the ftrait of Redifi could
have been occupied, all the beys on the right bank of
the river mu ft have furrendered, or ftarved in the defert ;
in which cafe, Mourad Bey, who was in force on the left
batik, would have been the only army he could have had
to contend with. Beliard repaired to Nagadi, where his
troops were compelled to take up their quarters in the
fubterraneous tombs or burial places of the dead, while
fcouting parties were employed to learn t he motions of
the enemy. Befides the mamalukes, a confiderable body
of Meccans were in force, with fome or other of whom

'331

EGYPT.

the patroles were continually falling in, and who were
hunted down and deftroyed like animals obnoxious to fo-
ciery. In this dreary fituation, however, provifions were
Conitantly brought in to their quarters in the tombs, by
the (hephevds and merchants who were in dread of being
plundered by the mamaltikes. Thefe movements brought
on the battle of Birambar, wherein Dupleflis, a chief of
brigade, and l'everal French officers loft then lives, and
wherein Allan Bey and Ofman Bey Afcar were feverely
wounded. The French, as uftial, were the victors ; and
the defeated mamaltikes took the unguarded pafs by the
ftrait of Redili, and formed a junction with Mourad Bey
on the oppofite bank of the Nile. Thefe beys now con¬
certed the plan of cutting off the communication of the
French army with Cairo ; and with this view Elfi Bey
was deputed to hang upon the flotilla, and fcour the
banks of the Nile ; OlYnan and Selim Bey were difpatched
to retake and reduce the French fortifications at Syene ;
and Mourad Bey, with the flower of the mamaltikes,
bung upon the French army to keep it in check, to watch
favourable opportunities of attack, and to overawe the
natives, and prevent fupplies.

Thefe promifing fchemes, however, did not fucceed.
Beneadi, a town on the verge of the deierr, containing
twelve thoufand inhabitants, where a rich caravan from
Fur had juft arrived, gave every alliftance to Mourad Bey,
who had excited them to arms againft the French. To
this town, therefore, Defaix immediately difpatched ge¬
neral Davouft with the cavalry, and a ftrong detachment
animated with the hope of plunder, who fell furioufiy
upon the town, maffacred ahnoft all the inhabitants, pil¬
laged and burnt the houfes ; and then following the few
who had efeaped to join the Meccans at Mimet, they
were all put to the fword in a fecond encounter. Ano¬
ther detachment was fent under captain Ren and back to
Syene, to dillodge Ofman and Selim Bey, who had pof-
feffed themfelves of the town. Emboldened by the final!
number of the enemy, they marched out and attacked
the French with their ufual impetuolity ; but in the aiftion
Sclint Bey was feverely wounded,, and Ofman foon after
retreated above the cataradts, leaving Syene once more
in the hands of the French. In the mean time Defaix
bad driven back Mourad Bey to his ftrong hold in. the
Oafis; whilft Beliard was getting ready a detachment to
crofs the defert, and take pofleffion of Coflir or Coffeir,
on the banks of the Red Sea. This fervice was performed
with conliderable adroitnefs and expedition. The detach¬
ment, all mounted on camels, left the head quarters at
Keneh on the 26th of May, 1799, paffed t Ire ftrait of Bi-
rambar, or well -of wells, on the edge of the defert, where
they took their fupply of water, and arrived at Coffir on
the fifth day. The defencelefs town and barren fuburbs
were inftantly furrendered ; and the French, after hold¬
ing poffeffion two days, and eredfing the tri-coloured flag,
returned back in only four days to Keneh. “ To this
central feat of our conquefts in Upper Egypt,” fays De-
non, “ we found a number of merchants of all nations
refort, pleafed with our new government, and foliciting
paffports for their fafe journey through the defert. By
this interc.ourfe with the natives of different countries,
remote diftances feemed to be contracted, and when we
began to reckon the days required for a journey, and the
necelfary means of eftedting it, the fpace to be palled over
ceafed to be immenle ; we no fooper found ourfelves ac¬
tually engaged, than maqy difficulties, formidable at firft,
infenfibly feemed to diminifli, and at length totally dif-
appeared. The Red Sea, Gidda, Mecca, feemed like
neighbouring places to the town where we were ; and
India it/e If was but a/iort way beyond them! In the oppolite
direction the Oafes were adtually no more than three days
journey from us, and ceafed to appear to our imagination
as an undifeovered country. From Oafis to Oafis, by
eafy marches of one or two days, we arrive at Sennaar,
one of the capitals of Nubia, which feparates Egypt from
Abyllinia and Fur, in the road to Tombudtoo, whofe in¬

habitants are ftill the chief objeft, in Africa, of European
curiofity, and whofe very exiftence was a ftiort time ago
problematical. Many Turkifli, Meccan, and Moorilh,
merchants, came to excliange their coffee and Indian cot¬
ton for our corn ; yet notwithftanding this quiet fubmif-
fion of the fuperior claifes, the mafs of the nation, from
an error in their religion, and the dread of the beys, were
ftill againft us.”

Whilft thefe acquifitions in Upper Egypt were fecured
by the point of the bayonet, the general in chief, Bona¬
parte, had marched with Iris divilion of the main army
into Syria and Paleftine, where he had defeated the ma-
maluke's and Arabs under Ibrahim Bey, and had (formed
and taken the city of Jaffa, the ancient Joppa of our ferip-
ture hiftory. Owing to its rocky and (helving couft,
Jaffa is at all times fecure from an immediate attack by
fea ; and being defended on the land fide by a (tone wall,
provided at certain diftances with alternate fquare and
round towers, it made a molt obftinate refiftance to the
French troops, obliging them to break ground, and to
eredt batteries againft it to the foutlnvard ; and it was
not until a breach had been effected, that the forces un¬
der Bonaparte could make any impreffion ; after which
he gallantly ftormed and carried the place. But we are
forry to record, that the laurels thus nobly acquired,
were tarnilhed by a conduct more cruel, bafe, and un¬
manly, than ever difgraced the favage war of either In¬
dies, or the unrelenting tyranny of Robefpierre. In cold
blood, Bonaparte is faid to have caufed near four thou¬
fand of the wretched inhabitants of Jaffa to be maffacred,
in refentment of their obftinate refiftance ; and becaufe
the (ick and wounded of the French army were in fuch
numbers at Jaffa, and dreading the fatal ravages of the
plague among his troops, he is faid to have caufed upwards
of five hundred of his unfortunate difeafed countrymen
to be put to death, by poifon ! The French troops held
poffeffion of Jaffa forty days, during which time it under¬
went a complete pillage; and the foldiers, not content
with forcing the women and female children, afterwards
robbed them of the trifling ornaments which decorated
their heads, necks, and ears; moftly confiding of coins,
fuch as paras, fequins, piaftres, &c. Bonaparte had it
next in contemplation to attack and ftorm the city of Je-
rufalem, fituated about twenty miles front Jaffa ; and he
was heard vafintingly to declare, “ that fhould he obtain
poffeffion of the holy city, he would plant the tree of li¬
berty on the fpot on which the crofs of Jefus flood ; and
would bury the firft Frenchman who fhould fall in the at¬
tack, in the fepulchre of our Saviour.” But the threat¬
ening ravages of the plague, the prevailing ficknefs of
his army, and the want of many neceffaries, deterred the
Corfican hero, for the prefent, from pttrfuing the conqueft
of Paleftine. Having returned to Cairo, Bonaparte em¬
ployed himfelf in arranging the details of the adminiftra-
tion of Lower Egypt ; and eftablifhed lazarettos to oblige
every (hip that came from infedted countries, to perform
quarantine. He alfo commanded workftiops to be con-
ltrudted at Gizeh, for furnifhing different materials for
the army ; formed an adminiftration for coining money ;
and publifhed tables of the relative value of French and
Egyptian currency.

Thus did the fubjugation of all Egypt appear to be
complete, though a dreadful deftiny had befallen the
fleet which conveyed thither this fuccefsful commander.
On the 1 ft of Auguft, the Britifh admiral, Nelfon, who
had received the command of a confiderable number of
(hips, appeared off' the mouth of the Nile, and made dif-
politions for attacking the enemy. The French fleet,
which confided of one fliip of one hundred and twenty
guns, three of eighty, and nine of feventy-four, befides
others of fmaller (ize, was at anchor in the bay of Abou-
kir. The admiral placed them as near the (bore as pof-
fible, in a ftrong and compadt line of battle, flanked by
four frigates and many gun-boats, and protected in the
van by a battery. By one of thofe daring and fkilful
' z manoeuvres,

332

E G Y P T.

manoeuvres, which diftinguifli the commanders of the
Briti i navy, the Englifh admiral having penetrated with
the half of his fquadron betw een the French fleet and
the fliore, placed the enemy between two fires, and com-
menoed the attack. At fun-fet the aiStion began, and
foon appeared to be in favour of the Englifh. Both par-
ties fought with great fpirit and bravery. Bruyes, the
French admiral, was deprived of his life by a ball ; and,
in the fpace of an bout after, his fliip, l’Orient, took
fire, and blew up with a dreadful explofion. This event
decided the victory. The Englifh took nine fail of the
line, and another was burnt by order of her commander.
T his important vibtory, which will ever appear with
In (Ire in the annals of hiflory, defiroyed the whole naval
force of the French in the Mediterranean, infnlated the
army of Egypt from their country, and precluded all
means of obtaining fuppliesfrom France.

Thus left to the refources of his own invention, Bona¬
parte continued his civil and military operations with
wonderful activity. At Belbeis and Salahieh forts and
redoubts were conftrucled, which might refill the attacks
of the enemy, on the tide of Syria; and plans were pro¬
jected for the better defence of Alexandria and the city
of Cairo. A national inftitute was eftabliftied, fome of
whofe objedts were the purification of falt-petre; the
conftrudtion of wind and water mills, which ferved for
the purpofe of railing the water into cilterns, on account
of its acquiring a brackifli tafte by lying on the ground,
and alfo for the grinding of corn; the compofition of
bread ; and a preparation of fermented liquors, as a fu'o.
flitute for wine ; befides natural hiflory, arts, antiquities,
and other refearches of fcience and literature. The
fliieks of different provinces were alfo convened, who dif-
cufTed with calmnefs and dignity certain topics of jurif-
prudence and political oeconomy. As the feflival of the
anniverfary of the French republic happened at this pe¬
riod, thefe Egyptian fages joined in the celebration,
which took place at Cairo with great folemnity, notwith-
ftanding the deftruftion of their fleet. By fuch courteous
manners, Bonaparte endeavoured to obtain the confidence
of the native Egyptians, which a continuance of victories
over the beys and .mamelukes, their opprelfors, had
feemed to confirm.

But it being rumoured at Cairo, that the grand fignior,
Selim III. had difpatched a numerous arn'y againfl the
French invaders of Egypt, an infurrection broke out ; in
the firft commotions of, which general Dupuis, the com¬
mandant of the city, and feveral foldiers, were maffacred.
The houfe of general Caffarelli was befieged by the in¬
habitants, and taken, and all that had defended it were
put to death. The French, however, recovering from
their furprize, made a flrong and fpeedy relidance ; their
cannon was pointed in every direction; and the T.urks
and Arabs, who competed- the mafs of the revolt, were
foon put to flight, and compelled to feek refuge in their
mofques and temples. Thefe they confidered as fafe and
inviolable afylums, becaufe the French had never pre¬
fumed to enter them,' from a regard to the religious
ufages and opinions of the people, to which the com¬
mander in chief had jefuitically afrefted to be a convert,
as his proclamations evince. Bonaparte fummoned the
infurgents to deliver up their principals in the revolt;
but the Turks refufing, the mofques were forced, and
every foul perifhed.

This revolt rather ferved to confirm the power and in¬
fluence of Bonaparte. The native Egyptians were not
concerned in infurredtion ; and the Greeks, who had hi¬
therto remained neuter, joined the French. This was
deeiped by the general a favourable opportunity for pub-
liihing the declaration of war, made againfl him by the
Ottoman Porte ; and, having fecured the continuance of
internal tranquillity, he prepared for extending his con-
quefts ; or, to ufe his own language, '■‘for the further de¬
liverance and regeneration of the eaflern world."

England, however, could not endure the efkiblifhment

of a French colony in Egypt, fo near and hoftile to her
Eafl India territories, and had therefore combined with
Selim III. emperor of the Turks, in a plan of general
attack, which was intended to expel the French from
their conquefls and ufurpations. The preparations were
made in Syria, and committed to the care of the pacha
Djezzar, who was to traverfe Afia Minor, and to attack
Egypt with a powerful army. At the fame time a ftrong
diverfion was to be made towards the mouths of the Nile,
and by the troops of Mourad Bey in Upper- Egypt, united
to the other hoflile parties. Whilfl Bonaparte was dif-
tantly employed with the members of the inftitute, in
making furveys of the canal of Suez, of which veftiges
were found (till remaining, he was informed of the pre¬
parations and movements of Djezzar, whom the grand
fignior had now appointed pacha of Egypt, tie refolved,
therefore, to march into Syria, with an army of thirteen
thoufand men, and to attack the enemy before they fhould
have time to commence offenfive operations. During
this abfence of Bonaparte, general Dugua was charged
with the command of Cairo ; general Menou was ftationed
at Rofetta ; and general Almeyras at Damietta, the for¬
tifications of which he had orders to repair. General
Marmont was entrufted with the command of Alexan¬
dria, which became daily of more importance, and was
threatened both by the Engiifn, and the plague. Gene¬
ral Defaix Hill continued with his detachment of troops
in Upper Egypt, endeavouring, by redoubled diligence
and aCtivity, to keep in awe the mamalukes, and to pre¬
vent Mourad Bey from taking advantage of the expedi¬
tion into Syria.

On the 17th of March, 1799, part of the French army
crofted the river, which runs within fifteen hundred yards
of the walls of Acre, during the night. A bridge being
erefted early next morning, the remainder of the troops
pafted over, and afcending the heights which command
thCqvIace, beheld the town prepared for a liege, and, to
their no fmali chagrin and alloniihment, difcerned the
Englilh colours flying in the harbour.

St. Jean d’Acre, fo celebrated during the time of the
crufades, at this moment contained within its walls two
Angular men, who, with the romantic heroifm of the
days of chivalry, united all the knowledge appertaining
to the modern art of war. Sir W. Sidney Smith, after
attaining the rank of pod-captain in the Briti fh navy, had
offered his fervices to the king bf Sweden, and conducted
himfelf with fuch bravery during an action with the
Ruffian fleet, that the crofs of the order of the Sword
was conferred upon him by Guftavus III. The war with
France foon after atForded new opportunities of dillin-
guilhing himfelf, and. it was to his care that lord Hood
had entrufted the deftrufljon of the fleet in the port of
Toulon. Become a prifoner to the French, in confe-
quence of an exertion of perfonal bravery, he was im¬
mured within the walls of the Temple, and every attempt
for his exchange or enlargement rejetled ; at length, how¬
ever, the gates were thrown open, his liberty procured,
and his return to England facilitated, by means that fa¬
vour of romance rather than of hiftory. Appointed to
the command of a fmali fquadron, the commodore re¬
paired to Conllantinople ; formed a treaty of alliance with
the Ottoman Porte, in conj unftion with his brother, then
ambaflador there ; and after procuring the liberation of a
number of French prifoners, repaired to Egypt. While
a Turkilh army was preparing to fail for the eall, he en¬
deavoured to defer the expedition to Syria by bombard¬
ing Alexandria ; and when he found that the army was
preparing to crofs the defert, Phellippeaux was fent to
the afliftance of the intimidated pacha. This officer,
bred in the fame academy with Bonaparte, and the com¬
panion of his (ludies and his amufements, had taken a dif¬
ferent fide in politics. Attached to the monarchy from
principle, he had emigrated on the annihilation of the
- throne, and appeared in arms in favour of his prince, but
againft his country. It was he who, at the rilk of hi,s

life, had refcued his friend fir Sidney from bondage, and
reftored him to his liberty. After accompanying him to
the Levant, he had been fent into Syria, and had em¬
ployed all his talents as an engineer in fortifying Acre,
jo as to refill the efforts of his fchool-fellow, now become
one of the mod renowned captains of his age.

The commodore, who had arrived but two days before
the French, on perceiving t lie works in fuch a formidable
(late of defence, contributed, along with Phellippeaux,
to foothe the fears and encourage the hopes of the pacha,
who, perceiving the enemy victorious every where, had
determined to abandon his palace, and carry his women
and his treafure with him to a place of fafety. But no
fooner did he perceive that he was fo ably fupported, than
Djezzar determined to (land a fiege, and participate in the
glory of ftoppi.-.g the career of the conqueror. Nor was
he miftaken either in refpeft to the induftry or the talents
of his new allies ; for the Englifli fquadron, in the courfe
of the next day, difeovered, in the. neighbourhood of
mount Carmel, a corvette and nine fail of gun-boats la¬
den with artillery and ammunition, intended to affifl in
the reduction of Acre. Seven veffels belonging to this
flotilla, containing all the battering train, were captured:
and this fortunate incident contributed greatly to fave
the city, as well as to harafs tire invaders ; for the prizes,
being manned with Britifh failors, were anchored near
the town, and employed in impeding the enemy’s ap¬
proaches, while the cannon were mounted on the ram¬
parts, fo as to annoy that army for which they were in¬
tended to enfure a certain triumph.

In the mean time the French had encamped before
Acre, and the generals Dommartin and Cafarelli, after
carefully reconnoitring the works, were of opinion, that
the front of the faliant angle on the eail fide was the pro¬
per point of attack. It foon became evident, however,
notwithftanding the acknowledged talents of the com¬
mander in chief and the number of able engineers in the
army, that but little pains had been taken to afeertain
the nature of the works ; for in rufhing forward it was
difeovered, that a ditch of fifteen feet was to be palled,
while the counterfcarp was almoil untouched, and the
breach, which was not large, had been effected upwards
of fix feet above tire level of tire works. Notwithftand¬
ing thefe obftacles, a body of grenadiers, headed by an
officer belonging to the ftaff, defeended into the ditch,
and attempted to afeend ; but their leader was (hot, and
it being difeovered that the only effeft produced by the
late explofion was a fnvall opening in the glacis, nothing
could be achieved. The garrifon was at firft feized with
terror, and many of the befieged ran towards tire harbour;
however, it was no fooner difeovered that the opening in
the wall was feveral feet above the rubbifti, than they
returned to the charge, and (howered down (tones, gre¬
nades, and combuftibles, upon the affailants, who were
obliged to retire, after lofing two adjutants-general, and
a great number of men. This event afforded fo much
encouragement to tire troops of the pacha, that they tal¬
lied forth a few days after, April 5, and killed feveral
of the befiegers, among whom was an officer of rank.
Djezzar alfo difperfed h is firmans among the Naploufians,
as well as t he towns in the Sa'id, and fent prefents at the
fame time to Damafcus, and even as far as Aleppo, re¬
fuelling the true believers to rife on purpofe to over¬
whelm the infidels, who were deftitute of artillery.

In the mean time, the Britilh fquadron was forced by
the equino6lial gales to abandon the unlheltered anchor¬
age in the bay of Acre, and the French being embold¬
ened, and the Turks difpirited, by its abfence, the ailail-
ants pulhed on their approaches to the counterfcarp, part
of which they blew up, and even fucceeded in making a
lodgement in the north-eaft angle of the town-wall, whence
they proceeded to undermine the tower, on purpofe to
jncreafe the breach. Notwithftanding colonel Phellip¬
peaux had by this time mounted all the prize-guns, and
the befiegers were forced to flacken their fire, yet on the

•VOL. VI. No. 353.

return of the fquadron it was deemed proper "to make an¬
other fally on the 7th, in the courfe of which the B ninth
feamen and marines' were to force, their way into the
mine, while the T urks attacked the trenches to tire right
and left. But although tire noife of the latter prevented
the poffibility of furprife, aji Englifli officer, who was
defperately wounded upon this occalion, entered the aper¬
ture at tlie head of a body of pikemen, after which the
retr.eat was effected without much lofs, in confequence cf
the fire from the Thefeus ; while the Mu (Tillmans, accord¬
ing to their ufual barbarous practice, were more aftive
in collecting heads than in annoying the enemy.

But it was not only with Acre that Bonaparte had to
contend, for all the neighbouring diftriCls were now in
arms ; and the Samaritan Arabs pulhed their audacity lo
far, as to make incurfions even into his camp. On this
he was obliged to difpatch, firft the general of brigade
Junot, and then Kleber, againlt the enemy, whom lie was
determined to drive acrofs the Jordan. He accordingly
reinforced the former detachment by means of a tliou-
fand infantry and a regiment of cavalry under Murat,
and foon after fet out hiinfelf to afl'ume the command.
Having repaired through Fouli, along the paffes of the
mountains, he at length (April 16) perceived Kieber’s
divifion, confiding of two thoufand Frenchmen, fighting
with, and nearly encircled by, upwards of twenty thou¬
fand horfe. On this he immediately formed his infantry
and cavalry into three fquares, with a defigrt to annoy the
affailants, cut off their retreat towards Jenny, where their
magazines were ellabliflied, and drive them before him
in the direct on of tire river, on the banks of which they
would be overwhelmed by Murat. He accordingly de¬
tached the adjutant-general Leturq with the cavalry and
two pieces of cannon againlt the Mameluke camp, which
he deferied at fome diltance, while general Rampon was
ordered to take t he enemy in flank, and general Vial to
intercept them in their flight. No fooner did Kleber
receive intimation by the difeharge of a twelve-pounder
that he was about to be fuccoured, than he immediately
attacked and carried the village of Fouli with the bayo¬
net ; after this lie charged the cavalry, which had been
already thrown into confufion by the Trench horfe under
Rampon, and obliged them, after experiencing much
lofs, to retire behind mount Tabor. While Bonaparte
was burning the Naploufian villages, and killing fuch of
the inhabitants as had appeared in arms againft him, ge¬
neral Murat chafed the Turks from Jacob’s Bridge, and
furprifed the ion of the governor of Damafcus ; Leturq
at the fame time leized on the camp of the mamalukes,
and brought away five hundred camels, with all their
provilions; fo that the barbarians, unacquainted with the
nature of combined movements, were aftonifhed to find
themfelves beaien at the fame moment along a line of
twenty-feven miles by an inferior body of the enemy.

O11 his return to the army before Acre, the commander
in chief pulhed on the fiege, and at length beheld the
completion of the mine deftined to deftroy the tower,
which had fo long withftood all his efforts ; but, on
fetting fire to it, the operation was found to be incom¬
plete. Although one of the angles of the wall was car¬
ried away, the breach proved to be as impracticable as
before; notwithftanding the repeated efforts of the be¬
fiegers, a lodgement could not be effected, and fome of
their bed officers were either killed or wounded upon this
occafion. The garrifon, invigorated by the prefence of
the Englifli, and defended by the (kill of Phellippeaux,
who unfortunately periftied foon after, had by this time
erefted cavaliers, and conftrufted two places of arms, to¬
gether with batteries, fo contrived as to flank the tower,
and produce all the advantages arifing from a crofs fire ;
a counter-attack was alfo attempted under ground, on
purpofe to drive the befiegers from their galleries. At
length rear-admiral Peree having reached Jaffa, difem-
barked nine pieces of artillery, confiding of twenty-four
and eighteen pounders; thefe having been mounted, were
4 Q__ immediately

334

EGYPT.

immediately employed to batter in breach, after which a
fourth attempt was made to enter by aflault ; but by this
time the Thefeus was moored on oneTide and the Tigre
on the other, fo as to flank the town walls, while two ad¬
vanced ravelins, occupied by their marines, precluded the
advance of the aflailants, by'pouring in fuch a tremendous
fire as to render their defperate valour unavailing.

Bonaparte now gave orders*to change the plan of ope¬
rations, and efteff a new breach in the eaftern curtain', by
means tfa fap and a mine, which was to blow up the
counterfcarp ; but the enemy not only difeovered his in¬
tentions, but, by making approaches ‘under ground, en¬
tered the gallery, deftroyed the frame-work, and counter¬
acted all the operations. It therefore became necelfary
to direct the attack once more again ft the tower, and a
freflr attempt to effedt a lodgement in the glacis proved
as ineffectual as before. Even gunpowder began to fail,
and the. troops, hitherto always victorious, began to lofe
their confidence and audacity. In the midff of thefe dif-
afters, about forty fail of TurkifTi veflels from Rhodes
ana the neighbouring iflands, under the command of
Haffan Bey, made their appearance, with a fupply of
provifions, ammunition, and a reinforcement of foldiers.
Knowing that the landing of frefh troops would be pro¬
ductive of great difadvantages to the befiegers,.the French
general determined to anticipate that event, by a new and
flill more defperate attempt to ftorm the place. The ne-
cellary orders were accordingly given, and at ten o’clock
at night the two places of arms and the approach to the
glacis were carried, and a lodgement completely effe&ed.
The generals Bon, Vial, and Rampon, advanced upon this
occafion at the head of their demi-brigades ; and fo great
was the number of the (lain, that the dead ferved as a
cover to the living. A fupply of gunpowder having ar¬
rived at the fame time from Ghazah, the tower and cur¬
tain were battered once more; and the latter having fallen,
Bonaparte repaired, thither and ordered an affault : on
which the general of brigade Rambaud, fupported by
general Lafnes, ruffled forward with the grenadiers, two
hundred of whom actually entered the town through
the breach. But their progrefs was foon arretted by the
fire from the houfes, the barricadoes, and the palace of
Djezz&r ; the fabre and poniard of the Turks were alfo
employed with effeCt ; and fuch inceffant difeharges were
poured in upon them in front, flank, and rear, that they
were obliged not only to abandon two pieces of cannon
and a couple of mortars which they had feized, but to
withdraw as faff as poflible. The conduCt of the Engliih
upon this occafion fully entitled them to the gratitude of
their allies. While Djezzar was fitting in a confpicuous
place, furrounded by the mutilated members -of the ai-
failants, and by turns rewarding fuch as brought him
heads and diftributing mufket-cartridges, they were bufily
employed in preferving his refidence and himfelf from
deftruefion. One petty officer did great execution with
an eighteen-pounder, mounted in the light-lioufe caftle ;
another fuperintended a twenty-four-pounder, placed on
the north ravelin ; and both, by reiterated difeharges of
grape, fwept away the head of the attacking column,
which, like that of the hydra, was renewed only to be
cut off again. In the mean time the center was affailed
by a couple of fixty-eiglit-ponnd carronades, mounted in
two germes near the mole, whence fliells were thrown
with fuch precifion, as to annoy the advancing foe, and
render a nearer approach fatal. Nor was this all ; for fir
Sidney Smith, after battening the arrival of the boats,
placed himfelf at the head of Haffan Bey’s troops, and
ruffled on with them to the breach; he alfo found means
to overcome the moll ftubborn maxims of oriental jea-
loufy, and actually obtained permiffion to introduce the
Chiftlik regiment, difciplined under fultan Selim’s own
eye, into the garden of the feragiio, whence they (allied
out and took the aflailants in flank.

Bonaparte, burning with rage and fliame, had now
placed himfelf on an eminence, called Richard Cceur de

Lion’s mount, where he was feen furrounded by his ge¬
nerals, to whom he appeared to indicate by his gefficuia-
tions the neceffity of renewing the attack. Accordingly,
a little before fun-fet, a maffive column was deferied de-
feending to the breach, which was now wide enough to
admit fifty men abreaft. On this occafion a ftratagem of
war, adopted at the inftance of the pacha, proved emi¬
nently fuecefsful ; for a certain number of the enemy
having been allowed to approach, they were immediately
attacked on their entering Djezzar’s garden ; and on this
occafion the fword and dagger of the befieged appears to
have proved more than a match for the ferewed bayonet
of the aflailants. It was in vain that general Lafnes at¬
tempted to rally the fugitives, for he himfelf was wounded
by a mufket-fhot near the wall; while Rambaud peri (lied
in the city, of which he vainly imagined that he had ob¬
tained pofleflion. A few days after this, with a zeal ex-
preflive of temerity rather than of true courage, the
French commander ordered a new affault to be given;
but the troops feledted for the occafion refufed to mount
the fatal breach over the putrid bodies of their unburied
countrymen. On hearing this, the grenadiers of the
twenty-firft demi-brigade folicited and obtained the ho¬
nour of (forming the place : on advancing for this pur-
pofe it was dilcovered, however, that the enemy had
completed three lines of defence, which it became im-
poffible to carry ; fo that after an ufelefs maffacre, in the
courfe of which general Bon, adjutant-general Fowler,
and one of Bonaparte’s aides-de-camp, were killed, and
feveral officers feverely wounded, a retreat was beaten,
and the difeomfited volunteers returned to the camp.

In proportion as the troops relaxed in their zeal, and
the capture of Acre became dubious, chagrin and defpaif
began to be vifible in the face and actions of Bonaparte,
who for t he firft time in his life beheld himfelf foiled,
and that too by a town fcarcely defenfible according to
the rules of art ; while the furrounding hills were crowned
by a multitude of armed fpebtators, who waited the re-
fult of the conteff on purpofe to declare for the vibtor.
Nor was this all ; for the intelligence received from Cairo
was far from being confolatory. Although the capital
and the principal cities had remained tranquil, the ma-
malukes began to give uneafinefs ; and the provinces of
Benifouef, Charkie, and Bahire, had been in a (late of
infurrebtion. A wandering Arabian tribe, from the heart
of Africa, had at the fame time made inroads into Gizeh;
the kiaya of Egypt, although elevated by the French to
the important ffation of emir hadjy, or commander of
the caravan to Mecca, had declared againft them; while,
to complete the whole, an impoftor, who gave himfel'f
out to be the angel El Mahdi, announced in the Koran,
had collefled a number of followers, and carried feveral
pods. The plague, too, had by this time got into the.
F'rench camp, and feven hundred men had already fallen
martyrs to that terrible malady in (L or t, an immediate
retreat was now become tieceffary ; and Bonaparte, after
having befieged Acre during fixty days, and fent notice
to Cairo that he would return a conqueror, was forced
to evacuate his lines and retire like a fugitive, on the
20th of May.

The laft moments of his flay were dedicated to revenge:
for, not content as formerly to direct his artillery againft
the fortifications, he .gave orders to deftroy an aquedudt,
bombarded all the principal edifices in the city, and en¬
deavoured to reduce the palace of Djezzar to a heap of
ruins. But, on the ether hand, Bonaparte, although dif¬
eomfited and overwhelmed with calamities, never ap¬
peared greater than upon this critical occafion. He began
by publifhing a proclamation to his troops, in which he
Hated the exploits performed by them during this fhort
campaign. Flaving traverfed the deferts which feparate
Africa from Afia with greater rapidity than an Arab tribe,
they deffroyed, he faid, on mount Tabor, the army in¬
tended for the invafion of Egypt ; while the Turkifh
fquadron, which failed for the defence of the capital of

Djezzar^

E G

"Djczzar, had been intended for the fiege of Alexandria.
“ After having carried on the war with a handful of men
during three months in the heart of Syria, taken forty
cannon, fifty {land of colours, made fix -thoufand prifon-
ers, and demolifiied the fortifications of Ghazah, Jaffa,
Caiffa, and Acre,” adds he, “ we are about to return.
But a few days more, and you might have feized the pacha
in the midft of his palace ; however, at this critical lea foil
the capture of Acre is not worth the time that would
have been fpent before it.”

After blowing up the fortifications of Jaffa and Ghazah,
and inflicting a terrible vengeance on thofe who had de¬
fended their country againft the invaders,' the French
pafl'ed over the defert (where it was imagined they would
have perifhed), and, inftead of entering Cairo like a van-
qu idled army, were received as victors by the inhabitants,
who, ignorant of recent events, had prepared triumphal
arches to celebrate their return. Unabaflied by his late
check, and unintimidated by the fini (Irons communica¬
tions of a foldiery who had fo lately murmured againft,
and even menaced, their chief, Bonaparte diftributed re-
compences to fome, inflicted marks of ignominy on others,
and fo far regained the confidence of all, that in the
courfe of a few days they ottered to encounter new toils
and new dangersin Egy: t, under a commander whom they
were on the point of facrificing to their refentmentsin Syria.

Meantime, Seid Muftapha Pacha affembled at Rhodes
the Ottoman troops deftined for the attack of Alexandria ;
European officers were appointed to direCt the details of
this enterprize; and the combined Englifh and Turkifti
fleets failed unoppofed for the coaft of Egypt. The
movements of the mamalukes and Arabs indicated the
projects of the allies, and the approach of their arma¬
ment. Bonaparte had been called to the aid of general
Defaix in oppofing Mourad Bey near the pyramids of
Gizeh, where he received intelligence from Alexandria,
that a Turkifti fleet of one hundred fail had anchored in
the road of Aboukir, from which the Turks had landed
three thoufand men, with artillery, on the liiore of the
peninfula, and carried the fort by ftorm. All the gene¬
rals commanding detachments of troops, which were in
motion, were now ordered to march towards the place of
landing, and to make Rhamanieh the place of rendezvous,
-where the army foon after affembled.

Having attacked the French garrifori, and obtained pof-
feflion of Fort Aboukir, the Turks began to entrench
themfelves, and to form magazines. Their force, which
increafed daily-, was eftimated at ten thoufand men, and
iheyappeared to be waiting for greater reinforcements,
and for the junction of Mourad Bey, in order to inveft
the city of Alexandria. Bonaparte, perceiving that the
enemy intended to fortify and maintain themfelves in the
peninfula, determined immediately to attack them; and
having marched his troops to the wells betwee'n Alexan¬
dria and Aboukir, and received information refpedting
the pofition of the Turks, he formed his plan of engage¬
ment. Muftapha Pacha defended the entrance of the
peninfula by two lines of troops, and by entrenchments,
which were (till imperfeCt. The centre of his forces oc¬
cupied the redoubt, which" had been taken from the
French at the moment of landing, and (nice convened
into an entrenchment. The attack of Bonaparte was
defperate and dreadful. By a fkilful manoeuvre, two
thoufand Turks were diflodged and furrounded, and pe-
rifhed by the fire of the enemy, or were drowned. After
flittering various repulfes, the French, feizing the mo¬
ment when the Turkifti forces fallied from their entrench¬
ments, attacked the redoubt and carried it. In vain did
Muftapha Pacha endeavour, by every poflible effort, to
rally his troops, which were now forced on every point.
The Turks fled on all (ides, and threw themfelves into
the fea ; the greater part could not reach the veffels,
which were moored too far oft", and they, peri died in the
waves; the remainder of the army, with Muftapha Pa¬
cha, was furrounded and made prifoners, with the excep-

Y P T. < 33*3

tion only of a few hundred men. The fort of Aboukir,
after a bombardment of eight days, again furrendered to
the French ; and the fon of the pacha, and two thoufand
men, threw down their arms, and were made prifoners of
war. This victory over the Turks was attended with
confiderable l.ofs to the French’, who had a great number
killed and wounded. After this fmguinary battle, Egypt
for a moment became tranquil ; the forts and tire bat¬
teries on the coaft were well armed and provifioned ; and
the mamalukes and beys were in an obvious confternation.
Bonaparte, weighing well this momentary advantage, but
forefeeing the fpeedy ftibverfion of his plan, left a letter,
containing the nomination of Kleber to the. chief com¬
mand in Lower, and of Defaix to that in' Upper Egypt,
and fecretly failed for France. In the directions given,
however, to general Kleber, he was inftruCted to r.ego-
ciate with the Ottoman court, which Bonaparte had him-
felf commenced ; and which proves that the commander
in chief did not confider Egypt as tenable, after the de-
ftrtiCtion of his fleet by lord Nelfon, and the abfolute
nullity of the French marine.

After various conferences and correfpondence between
Kleber and fir Sidney Smith, at the defire of t lie grand
feignor, it was agreed that the French army ftiould em¬
bark with their fliips, arms, baggage, and effeCts, and be
tranfported to France, as well in its own veffels, as in
others to be furnilhed by the Porte. This treaty was
figned at El-Arifch. But the court of London, after the
decifive advantages it had gained, ahd the frefh levies it
had fent out under fir Ralph Abercrombie and admiral
lord Keith, confiding of a well-appointed army of 13,330
effective troops, with a fleet to cover its operations,
could not, in compliment to the Ottoman Porte, fuffer
the enemy’s fliips and vefiels to be given up, nor other
requifitions fubmitted to, which, under fu.ch circum-
ftances, it was unreafonable for a capitulating army to
expeCt. Thefe refolutions of the Britifh court, being'
forwarded by lord Keith from on-board the Foudroyant
to fir Sidney Smith, were immediately communicated to
general Kleber ; who feeling indignant at this unexpected
turn of affairs, refolved to fight till the'very laft, for
which he prepared his troops by reading to them the
new propofitions of lord Keith, and animadverting on
the duplicity of the Turks, who were collected in great
force near Heliopolis, for the purpofe of laying fiege to
Cairo. The French army partook of the indignation
of their general ; and, without more delay, haftened to
attack the grand vizier, who, expecting peace, was totally
unprepared for fuch an affault. Both, armies, however,
being drawn out in order of battle, a furious and dreadful
engagement enfued. The Turks, after long refiftance,
were ultimately thrown into diforder, and their whole ar¬
my, confifting of forty thoufand men, as (fated by the
French general Reynier, betook themfelves to flight in all
directions; their camp was abandoned ; and the rout be¬
came general. The Turks had eight thoufand men killed
or wounded, whilft the lofs of the French, whofe army
amounted only to fifteen thoufand, was comparatively
final 1. After the battle, as the French were' carclefsly
returning into Cairo, elated with the laurels they had juft
acquired, Ibrahim Bey, at the head of three thoufand cho-
fen mamalukes, fell unexpectedly on their rear, and pe¬
netrated into the very heart of the city, making great
(laughter among the French, and expecting to be joined
by the difaffected inhabitants. Here he maintained a long*
and defperate conteft with the victorious Kleber; but at
length, overpowered with numbers, he retreated, and re¬
joined the difeomfited troops of the grand vizier. Kleber
now punifhed the cruelties which, during his abfence, had
been inflicted by the inhabitants on the friends and parti-
zans of the French.

After the battle of Heliopolis, or the Pyramids, the
French army feemed to be fm rounded with the moft bril¬
liant circumftances. Kleber formed the Greeks and Copts
into battalions, whom he trained to the life of arms, and

2 clothed

330 E G ”

clothed in the uniform of his country. But juft as the
fuperior abilities of this German commander had thus
began to unfold themfelves, he was (tabbed whilft walk¬
ing on his terrace in Cairo, and his blood (till marks the
railing againft which he daggered. The affaflination of
an officer fo generally beloved, fo much refpefted and
efteemed by all parties, enemies as well as friends, ap¬
pears a myftery which even time.itfelf may never unravel.
His body was conveyed to France, with the fkeleton of
the aflaffin. This wretched Have, Solyman el Aleppi,
was impaled alive, and lived in that ftate for three days.
Neither in the cutting olf his hand, nor the dreadful ope¬
ration which humanity and manhood revolt at, did he
betray the lead fear : his only cry was for water, and oc-
cafionaliy a bitter curfe againft thofe who had perfuaded
him into a confeftion, under the promife of a pardon. It
lias been fuppofed t hat Kleber’s aftaiiination refulted from
the private revenge of fome of the principal inhabitants,
in confequence of the recent puniliiments lie had inflifted.

The chief command of the French army now devolved
upon general Menou ; who being fully aware of the fe-
rious attack that was about to be made upon him, adopted
every meafure that prudence and valour could dictate,
for the fafety of his army, and the defence of Egypt. At
length the Englifh fleet appeared making for Aboukir
Bay; and on March 2, 1S01, it came to anchor exaftiy
where the glorious battle of the Nile was fought in 1798.
On the S tli of March, fir Ralph Abercrombie gave or¬
ders for landing the troops, which was effeited in flat-
bottomed boats, under a fevere and continued fire from
the enemy. The foldiers were ordered to lit down on
the bottom, holding their firelocks between their knees.
All. the boats in the fleet were employed; yet only live
thoufand troops could at firft be landed ; and thefe were
penned up fo clofe as to be unable to move, and expofed
to a galling and deftruftive fire, without the power of re¬
turning it, or of taking any meafures of defence. Num¬
bers of the Englifh now perifhed, being fliot in the boats,
or bayonetted in the aft of ftepping out ; for the enemy
lined the water’s edge, and difputed every inch of ground.
But a landing could not be effefted without fuch a facri-
fice. The carnage continued for about twenty minutes ;
when the French finding their exertions ineffeftual, they
fell back, and retreated along the banks of lake Mahadie,
now called the lake of Aboukir. The force that oppofed
confifted of about 2500 men, under the command of ge¬
neral Enact, commandant of Alexandria ; who loft up¬
wards of four hundred men in killed, wounded, and taken.
The lofs of fir Ralph Abercrombie was fix hundred and
fifty-two, in killed, wounded, and miffing ; exclufive of
thofe of the navy. The refidue of the Englifii army was
now landed without moleftation, and preparations made
for offenfive operations. The French, having augmented
their force, took, a ftrong pofition at the extremity of an
open fpace, defended by a range of hills, upon which
they formed their line ; defended by a numerous artillery,
and rendered frill more formidable by tire aid of heavy
cannon taken from the works of Alexandria. O11 the
morning of the 13th of March, it was determined to at¬
tempt driving the enemy from this ftrong pofition. As
the Englifh advanced, tire French commenced a very de-
liruftive fire from their artillery, which enfiiading tire
depths of the Britifii columns, made prodigious havoc.
The enemy, taking advantage of this fuccefs, came down
from the heights, and began a clofe engagement. Their
numerous cavalry made a fpirited and impetuous charge
upon the nineteenth regiment, who, with the coolnefs
and intrepidity of veterans, received them unbroken on
the points of their bayonets. The French were then
obliged to retreat, having received a weH-direfted volley
as tiiey wheeled about, which brought numbers to the
ground. Their attacks on other parts of the line were
attended with no better fuccefs, being repulfed in every
quarter. As the French retreated, the Englifii (lowly
advanced; and at four o’clock took, up the pofition on

P T.

the heights which the French had occupied in the morn¬
ing. In this adtion the Englifii loft 1300 men in killed
and wounded, and had near 14,000 troops in the field ;
they took four pieces of cannon, and one howitzer. The
French in this affair confifted only of between fix and fe-
ven thoufand men, commanded by general Lanuffe, who
loft about feven hundred in killed and wounded. Confi-
dering the advantages poffeifed by the French, the vic¬
tory of this day was highly honourable to the affailants,
notwithftanding their fuperiority of number, and confe-
quent greater lofs. The French retreated under the
works of Alexandria, and loft no time in fortifying their
pofition, and providing againft a fiege, which they were
convinced was now near at hand. General Menou had
not yet arrived from Cairo. He had been obliged to co¬
operate with the army of Upper Egypt, i'oan attack upon
Mourad Bey, whom Defaix had now determined finally
to conquer, or peridi in the attempt. The French ar¬
mies had in confequence fticceeded in hemming up the
mamalukes, and placing Mourad between two fires,
whereby his deftiny became inevitable ; yet he made a
moft heroic refiftance ; fuch as became a fuperior politi¬
cian, and a great general. Finding all was loft, lie offered
to capitulate upon terms of amity with the French, pro¬
vided lie might be reinftated in a part of Upper Egypt.
Defaix, with tiie generofity of a true conqueror, met the
martial uke chief on his own terms, admired and praifed
his military prowefs and ardour, and afiigned him and his
own private mamalukes the di drift lie folicited, under
a folemn engagement of their becoming friends, to the
French.

In the mean while fir Ralph Abercrombie pufiied on
the Englifii army to a cliofen pofition nearer Alexandria,
and in fight of the French camp on the heights of Nico-
polis.- The pofition thus chofen for the Britifii, eroded
the great road from Alexandria to Aboukir, having their
light wing towards the fea, near what is called the Ro¬
man camp, and their left oppofite the point of the lake
Aboukir or Mahadie. This pofition fir Ralph Aber¬
crombie proceeded to fortify with the utmoft alacrity.
Various and contradictory reports of Menou’s movements
were circulated; and among others, that lie had formed
a junftion with Lanufl'e, with a reinforcement of eight
thoufand men. Very little credit was unfortunately given
to this rumour ; and (till lefs apprehenfion entertained
of his attacking the pofition, which was fortified with
two redoubts, though not yet finifiied, for they Were ftill
open in the rear, one on the right wing, in front of the
old ruins of Kafr Kiafera, or caftle of the Crefars, mount¬
ing two twenty-four-pounders ; another along the canal
on the left, with one twelve-pounder; and feveral fmall
fleches, witli one or two guns, occafionally difpofed at
intervals along the front of the line. Such was the ftate
and pofition of the Englifh, on the 20th of March. On
the 2 1 ft, at half paft three in the morning, the troops
were getting under arms, when they were alarmed by a
fmart fire of mufquetry proceeding from the fartheft fleche
toward the left wing. This was conceived to be nothing
more than a feint ; for fir Ralph Abercrombie was yet
ignorant of the junftion of all the French forces at Alex¬
andria. However, on the firing continuing for fome time,
witli now and then a cannon (hot, brigadier-genera! Stuart
was aftually on his march with his brigade, to fupport
the point attacked, when lie was flopped by a very heavy
fire both of cannon and mufquetry, which haftily com¬
menced on the right. In this falfe attack on the left,
the enemy, rapidly advancing, entered a ('mail fleche at
the fame time with the out centinels. They immediately
turned the twelve-pounder, which was mounted in it,
upon the Englifli, and had aftually fired one fliot from it,
when a redoubt in the rear of this fleche opening its fire
upon them, they quickly retreated, carrying oft' with
them three officers, one fergeant, and ten rank, and file
of the fifth brigade. They had one officer and four pri¬
vates killed in the fleche, but took away their wounded.

The

E G

The French, ’thin'king to have drawn every attention

• to the left, had liaftilv advanced with their whole body,
after having driven in t la e picquets. Their objeCt, as it
afterward appeared, was firii by a fudden and fpirited at¬
tack to turn, and overthrow the refcrve, which by its ad¬
vanced politionwas feparatcd a little from the reft of the

.army. This accomplifbed, their next aim was to force
the center with their united troops ; and, while the atten¬
tion of the left was fully occupied by the falfe attack,
the whole force of their cavalry, in which they were
very’ftrong, was to avail itfelf of a favourable opportu¬
nity, and, by an impetuous charge, drive all before them
into lake Aboukir, thus at one blow deciding the conteft.
For this purpofe, general Lanuffe’s divifion, forming their
left wing, advanced boldly againft the right of the Bri-
tilh line; general Sylly’s brigade marched ftrtight upon
the redoubt; while another, under general Valentin, pro¬
ceeded along the fea-fide, to penetrate between it and the
old ruins. General Sylly’s brigade. took polfellion of a
fma.ll redan, in which there was a gun; but daggered
by the heavy fire from the redoubt, was obliged to fall
back. The brigade moving along the fea was flopped
in its progrefs by the fire from the old ruins, which were
defended bv the twenty-third and fifty-eighth regiments,
and the flank companies of the fortieth. Still attempting
to force its way between them and the redoubt, the fixty-
liinth French demi-brigade was taken in flank by one of
the twenty-four-pounders loaded with grape, and nearly
exterminated. On this the remainder of the corps re-
fufed to advance; when general Lanulfe, tiling his utmoll
efforts -to rally them, and bring them to the charge,
had his thigh carried off by a cannon (hot. Complete
confufion then enfued, and a general difperfion of this
column took place. General Sylly’s troops, not being
able to clear the ditch of the redoubt, attempted to turn
it, but were repulfed with great Id's by the fpirited op-
pofition of the twenty-eighth regiment ported in it.

While this was parting on tire right of the line, general
Rampont’s divifion made an attack on the center, extend¬
ing as far towards the left as the ninety-fecond. It at¬
tempted to turn the left of the brigade of guards, which
was a little advanced ; but was received with fo warm
.and fteady a fire from the third regiment of guards, whofe
left was thrown back, and from the royals, as to be forced,,
.after a (harp conteft, to .retreat with great lofs. General
Deftin, with his divifion, penetrated through the hollow,
leaving the redoubt on his left, and endeavoured to reach
the old ruins. He was there warmly received by the
-forty-fecond, and attempted to withdraw his troops ; but
a battalion of the twenty-firft demi-brigade having ad¬
vanced too far, was furrounded, and obliged to lay down
its arms, and furrender to the forty-fecond and fifty-eighth
regiments. Repulfed in every quarter with the fame ob-
ftinate refolutiqn, and finding it importable to penetrate
through any part of the Britilh line, the French infantry
at length gave way, anddifperfed in all directions behind
the land-hills.

At this junClure the French general in chief, Menou,

• foiled in all his attempts, determined to make one lart def-
perate effort at carrying the Englilli camp. For this pur¬
pofe he ordered the main body of the cavalry, under bri¬
gadier-general Roize, to charge ; and general Regnier,
at the head of the divifions of Lunufte, Rampont, Friant,
and the eighty-fifth demi-brigade, to fupport it. Gene¬
ral Roize, convinced at once of the inutility and hazard
of the attempt, twice remonftrated ; and it was only at
the third peremptory order that lie obeyed. Accord¬
ingly the third and fourteenth French dragoons, under
. general Bouflart, came up with all the impetuous fury
,of men certain of being facrificed, and charged through
the forty-fecond regiment, reaching quite up to the tents.
.Here, however, they were effectually flopped; the liorfes,
entangled in the cords, were, for the mo ft part, killed,
and many of the men were obliged to feelc their fafety on
foot. A circumftance, too, as fortunate as.it was unex-

Vol. VI. No. 354.

Y P T. 337

pefted, contributed alfo very materially to the overthrow
of the French cavalry. The ground in the rear of the
forty-fecond was full of holes, between three and four
feet deep. Thefe excavations had been made by the
twenty-eighth regiment, as conveniencies to fleep in, pre¬
vious to the landing of the camp equipage. The ene¬
my’s cavalry, charging over thefe, was completely broken
and routed. At this juncture the Minorca regiment
came to fupport the forty-fecond, and drew up in the
vacant J’pace between the redoubt and the guards. The
fecond line of French pavalry, compofed of the fifteenth,
eighteenth, and twentieth, dragoons, with general Roize
at their head, made another delperate charge upon thefe
regiments. As it would have been importable to witli-
ftand the fliock, they opened a line with the mod delibe¬
rate compofure to let them pals ; then, facing about,
they poured upon them fucli volleys, as brought num¬
bers, both of men and horfes, to the ground. The ca¬
valry now endeavoured to force its way .back, but this
they were unable to effect ; and the greater part were
killed or wounded in tire attempt, general Roize himfelf
falling on the fpot. A flag, called the invincible ftund-
ard, covered with the military exploits of the corps to
which it belonged, fell into the hands of the Minorca or
Queen's German regiment. It was taken by a private,
named Antony Lutz, for which he received a certificate
from tlte adjuthnt-general, and the film of twenty dol¬
lars. This man, never having learned to write or read, -
was incapable of being made a fergeant, to which port:
he would otherwife have been advanced. In the early
part of the aCtion, this ftandard had been wrefted from
the French by the forty-fecond regiment ; it was, how¬
ever, unfortunately retaken from them, at the moment
of the impetuous charge of the enemy’s cavalry ; which
Lutz perceiving, cut his way to the officer who was car¬
rying it off, thot him dead, and bore it back in triumph !
The French infantry, unable to give any aflirtance, re¬
tired, after lofing a great number of men. General Beau-
dot was mortally wounded; and, when the broken re¬
mains of the cavalry formed again in the rear of their in¬
fantry, not one-fourth of thole who had charged could
be collected.

It muft have been at this period that the gallant fir
Raipli Abercrombie received the wound, which deprived
Great Britain of that diftinguifhed and mo ft able com¬
mander. It is impofiible to afeertain the exaCt moment,
becaufe lie never complained, or revealed the circum¬
ftance of his being wounded to any one, till it was per¬
ceived by thofe about him. No entreaty could even
then prevail on him to leave the field, till convinced by
his own eyes of the enemy’s retreat, and of the vic¬
tory gained by tire troops he commanded. The lofs of
the Englifh amounted to 1,464 in killed, wounded, and
milling ; which, though very conliderable, was flight
when compared with that of the enemy, which, at a mo¬
derate calculation, muft have amounted to four thoufand
men, for no lefs than 1,160 were counted by the p.ro-
voft-marfhal left dead upon the field of battle, exclulive
of thole within the French vedettes, which of courfe he
could not reckon, and of which there were certainly many;
generals Lanuffe, Roize, and Beaudot, were killed ; and
generals Deftin, Sylly, Eppler, and feveral other officers of
rank, wounded. I11 the pocket-book of general Roize were
found lotne interefting papers, which proved that nearly
the whole of the French army in Egypt was brought to¬
gether by forced marches, to fupport this battle, under a
confident expectation of fliaring the fpoils of the Britifli
camp. The whole force of the Englilli in the field this
memorable day, amounted to no more than 11,739 rank
and file, whilft the concentrated forces of the French
amounted to upwards of twenty thoufand, as afterwards
appeared by the returns of the capitulations of Cairo and
Alexaadria. I11 this engagement the Englilli took 250
prifoners, two pieces of cannon, and one ftandard. On
the fide of the Englilh the commander in chief was raor-
4 R tally

338

E G Y

tally wounded, and died in the night of the 28th of
March ; major-general Moore, brigadier-general Hope,
adjutant - general to the army, and brigadiers - general
Oakes, Lavvfon, and fir Sidney Smith, were likewife
wounded.

At one time, during the engagement, the Englifh were
in the greate ft diftrefs imaginable for want of ammuni¬
tion ; feverai guns were left with fcarcely one round, and
many regiments were in a fimilar fituation. This circum-
ftance was owing to the want of means of conveyance.
Had it not been for this temporary deficiency, the lofs of
the enemy would have been much more confiderable.
General Mencu built his chief hopes of fucccfs upon the
fudden overthrow of the right wing of the Britifli, and
the confe.quent c'onfternation of the army ; he there¬
fore preferred making his approach, while favoured by
the night, that he might arrive clofe and unperceived,
and thus avoid the deftruflive fire of the entrenchments
and gun-boats. In fa <51, the attack was as Hidden, as it
was unexpected ; and certainly put the Engl.ifh army un¬
der a fair trial of its native (kill, unfhaken courage, and
cool intrepidity. The Turks which had been landed from
the capitan pacha’s fhips in the bay of Aboukir, remained
in the rear during the whole aftion. When the danger
was over, they paraded in front of the Britifli lines with
their numerous flags flying.

When fir Ralph Abercrombie had feen the enemy re¬
treat, he attempted to get on horleback ; but his wound,
which was probed and drefied in the field by an alliftant
furgeon of the guards, having become extremely ftiff and
painful, he could not mount, and reluftantly fuffered him-
felf to be placed upon a litter, from which he was removed
into a boat, and carried on-board the Foudroyant. Here
lord Keith received him with all pofiible afiedtion, and
every care and attention, which his date required, were
early paid him : but it was his enviable lot to die on the
lied of honour. The command of the army in confcquence
devolved upon major-general Hutehinfon. This able
commander, aware of the advantages which muft accrue
from the pofieffion of Rofetta, as it would open the Nile,
and enfure fupplies, determined to make himfelf matter
of the place. To carry on the aftive operations of the
army on the Rofetta fide, it became neceffiiry to fecure
the old pofition, as a means of adding on the defcnfive,
againft any future attack. For this nothing could be of
greater utility, than letting the waters of lake Mahadie
or Aboukir, into the ancient bed of the Mareotis as the
left wing would thus be rendered more fecure, fmce to
turn it would become impracticable ; and at the fame
time the gun-boats would be enabled to 'get in and an¬
noy the enemy. The fite of lake Mareotis had been ac¬
curately furveyed, and its level found to be nearly ten
feet lower than that of Aboukir. It was therefore ob¬
vious, that by cutting through the canal of Alexandra,
which was the only leparation between the two lakes, the
water would flow in very copioully. Accordingly on the
i-2th of April, a numerous working party began to cut
through the canal ; and, on the 13th, the water rufhed in
with impetuofity through (even channels made for the pur-
pofe, to the great joy of the whole army. The violence of
the water, flowing in through the cuts in the canal, was
fo great, as not only to deftroy every thing in its way,
but to unite four cuts of the feven. By this the gap was
rendered too wide to admit a bridge, and the communi¬
cation was fnpported by means of boats ftationed near the
opening. This gave wonderful effect to the operations,,
and, on the 14th, the Britifli troops entered the town of
Rofetta without pppbfition. The French garr-ifon, com-
pofed of two battalions, abandoned it, and retreated acrofs
tiie Nile to Fouah.

Rear-admiral fir John Borlafe Warren, with feven fail
of the line, joined lord Keith on the 22b, off Alexandria,
alter having chafed the French fquadron under Gan-
theaume, of which he loft fight in a fog. The fleet now
tun-lifted of eighteen fhips of the line,, including three

P T.

Turkifh men of war under the Capitan Bey, who landed
5000 troops ; and 1 5,000 more were marching through the
defert from Jaffa, under the immediate command of the
grand vizier, to join and co-operate with the Britifli army.

Major-general Coote was left in command of the troops
in the pofition before Alexandria, while general Hutch-
infon proceeded with a detachment of the army in pur-
fuit of general Lagrange, who had taken a ftrong pofition
at Elaft, near El Hanied. On the 3d of May, fir Sidney
Smith arrived in camp from Rofetta. An Arab courier
alfo arrived the fame day with difpatches from Ofmati
Bey Tambourgi,. announcing the death of the celebrated
Mourad Bey. This chief was on his way to join the
Englifh army, when the plague untimely cut him ofF.
He was of an open, fincere, and generous, charaiSter.
When compelled to make peace with the French, he
avowed that his only reafon for it was his inability
longer to continue the war. In his previous correfpon-
dence lie had afiured the Englifh general, that if his army-
flionld advance towards Cairo, lie would join him, but 1
obferved, that he dare not make a decifive movement pre-
vioufly; and in a letter to fir Sidney Smith, he wrote,.
“ How can I be attached to the French ? Have they not
deprived me of my fovereignty, my. honour, and revenue ?
but it is on the Englifh faith alone I 11111ft depend. The
Turks have no right to my confidence.” Alluding to-
the hoftility of the Turks againft him, and the unnatural
inveteracy of people profeffing the fame faith, he beau¬
tifully exprefi'es himfelf, “Melancholy is it to reflect,
that the arrow which has ftuck in the eagle’s wing, was
an arrow made of an eagle’s feather.” He was feized
with the plague, wliilft gradually defeending the Nile,
on the 2 2d of April, 18.01. Twice in the former part of
his- life he had been cured of this malady, but his con-
ftitution was latterly impaired by his anxieties. The
mamalukes that year had fuffered feverely from the
plague ; for in Upper Egypt it had raged fo violently, as
to deftroy fixty thoufand people, and forty thoufand in
Cairo were attacked with it. On his death-bed Mourad
charged Ofman Bey Tambourgi, whom he had recom¬
mended to Ibrahim Bey as his fucceffor, to attach himfelf
to the .Englifh. The beys and mamalukes all fincerely
regretted the death of this extraordinary perfbnage ; and
when they buried him at Saouaguc, near Tahta, they
paid the compliment to his valour of breaking his fab re
into his grave, as an expreffion that, none of them was-
worthy after him to wear his arms. Mourad Bey had
fought for his independence as long as there was a prof-
pedfc of fuccefs ; but, deferted by his allies, and prefled'
by general Defaix, he had no other alternative than to be
driven from the whole of his government, or compro-
mife for a part ; and he judicioufly chofe the- moment to
treat, when his means ftill made his alliance definable to
the French; but he never was, in heart, reconciled to
them : his religion and pride forbad the friendfliip, inde¬
pendent of other motives. The following anecdote is
related, as the caufe of his laft perfonal inveteracy againft-
them. Some French officers of rank affembled at the
houfe of the wife of Mourad Bey, who was the widow,
of the great Ali Bey, and who entertained them with all
the hofpitality flie could pofiibly -manifeft. When they
retired, (lie prefen-ted the young Beauharnois with a ring
of confiderable value. A few days aftersvards a contri¬
bution was laid on her property, of far greater extent ■
than her proportion had previoufly been fixed a-t, and
much beyond her means to pay. On complaint being,
made, fhe received for anfwer, “that as it was under-
ftood (he ftill pofTefled very coftly ornaments, . no mitiga¬
tion could be pleaded.” This exadtion appeared to be
founded on the prefent (lie had fo generoufly, but, as it
proved, imprudently, given to the relative of Bonaparte,
with the motive of (hewing honour to that general. As
fuch it was confidered as the groffeft breach of faith and
hofpitality, nor could Mourad Bey ever (peak of the tranft.
adtion without the bittereft expreffions of indignation.

Denon,

E G Y P T.

13'enon, who made the campaign of Upper Egypt with
general Defaix, has given the following portrait of this
celebrated mamaluke chief: “ Calm amidft all his mif-
fortnnes, this Egyptian Fabius, knowing well how to
unite a patient courage w ith all the refources of adtive
policy, had calculated his means, and knew how to ap¬
preciate juftly their eft’edts, amidft the various occur¬
rences of a difafterous war. Although he had to oppofe
at the fame time a foreign enemy, and all the rival pre-
tenfions of his jealous equals, he continued to preferve
a firm authority over his party, by taking his full fiiare
of the privations brought upon them by their rapid
marches, and their defeats: he was become their only
rallying point, the ruler of their deftiny, and of all their
movements ; and commanded them as abfolutely as in
the times of his greateft profperity. By long experience
he had learnt the great art of accommodating himfelf to
the times; nor did he choofe by a vain bravado to put
all to hazard : he knew that the weaker party ought to
make this life of their misfortune, and fight only with
the fcythe of time; and when no longer able to com¬
mand events, that true (kill confifis in fo far yielding to
them, as hence to derive the means of carrying on a more
active oppofition. By this fertility in refources Mourad
Bey (hewed himfelf an adverfary worthy of Defaix : nor
can it be decided whether the ingenious and reiterated
attacks of the one, or the eircumfpedt refiftance of the
other, are the mod to be admired.”

On the approach of the detachment of the army under
major-general Hutchinfon to Elaft, general Lagrange re¬
tired toward Ruhmanieh with his corps, confiding of
nearly 4500 men, 900 of which were the flower of the
French cavalry.

The inundation of the Mareotis having nearly reached
its proper level, and the force of the current at the cut
being much dimini (lied, major-general Coote, anxious
both to fecure his own petition, and to annoy that of the
enemy, got fix gun-boats into this new lake. Alexan¬
dria was thus cut od' from all communication with the
interior, except through the defert on the wed.

On the 9th, major-general Hutchinfon moved forward
from Elaft toward the enemy, who were poded near the
fort of Rahmanieh, behind the canal of Alexandria,
which ran entirely along their front. Their cavalry was
on the right, near the Nile, and their left was covered
by a low fort mounting four guns. A detachment under
colonel Stewart marched at five in the morning to attack
the French at Delfoug, while the main army was to at¬
tack them at Rahmanieh. A (kirmifh enfued, which
ending greatly in favour of the Englidi, Lagrange quit¬
ted the place, and retreated with all pofiible" expedition
toward Cairo. One hundred men, who were left in the
fort of Rahmanieh, together with a number of lick and
invalids, furrendered the next day. A convoy of feventy
gcrmesr with provifion, ammunition, and clothing, for
the French troops, and about five thouliind pounds in
money, alfo fell into the hands of the Engliih. This con¬
voy had come down the Nile from Cairo7 palled through
the canal of Menouf, and was proceeding to Rahmanieh,
ignorant of the capture of the place. A fmall detach¬
ment of French cavalry, confiding of three officers and
forty men, going from Alexandria to Rahmanieh, were
likewife made prifoners by a party of dragoons. They
were going from Alexandria to Cairo, as an efcort to one
of general Beliard’s aides-de-camp, charged with dif-
patches from Menou. This party had dept at Deman¬
hour the night before, and knew nothing of the capture
of Rahmanieh.

On the 17th, an Arab arrived in general Hutchinfon’s
camp at Algam, with the intelligence, that a body of the
enemy were moving on his right through the defert, with
the fuppofed intention of pufhing from Alexandria to join
Lagrange, who had reached Cairo. In confequence of
this information, major-general. Hutchinfon ordered bri¬
gadier-general Doyle to follow them into the defert with
a.

the cavalry, and his own brigade ; and major-general
Cradock was directed to be prepared to give his fnpport
in cafe of necefiity. At one o’clock, brigadier-general
Doyle, with the cavalry, not 250 in number, came up
with the enemy, after a purfuit of ten miles through
the heavy funds ; and the whole convoy, after fome de¬
mur, furrendered without refiftance. This corps, which
had been fent to colled! provifion and forage in the pro¬
vince of Bahireh, confided of two hundred of the French
dromedary corps, fixty-nine artillery men, 330 infantry,
witli one piece of cannon, and a (land of colours, and
efcorted a train of 460 camels. It left .Alexandria on the
13th of May ; but, finding mod of the villages abandon¬
ed, and deftitute of provifion, the chief of brigade, Cava¬
lier, determined to pu(h for Cairo ; not fufpedting that
general Hutchinfon had yet left Rahmanieh, and was on
his way for that place, when lie perceived the Englifh
flotilla upon the Nile. Cavalier then attempted to pe¬
netrate into the defert, where he was foon overtaken by
general Doyle. The regiment of dromedaries bad been
a very ufeful corps to the French. It was compofed of
picked men, chofen from the whole army, wdio, mounted
upon thefe fvvift animals, were employed in purfuing the
Arabs through the defert, and overtaking them where it
would have been impoftible for any other troops. Tribes-
of Arabs retiring into the deepeft parts of the defert,.
where they thought themfelves fecure, were foon dif-
perfed by them, and their numerous flocks of (beep,
fometimes as many as two or three thoufand, became, the
property of the captors, among whom the value was af-'
terwards divided. By thefe means, feveral individuals-
of this corps had accumulated to the amount of forty or
fifty thoufand livres, (fixteen or twenty hundred guineas,)
with which they were anxious to return to France. When
attacked by a fuperior force of Arabs, the men ufually
difmounted from their dromedaries, and making them
lie down, placed themfelves behind them, tire animal
thus ferving as a parapet to his rider, over which he fired
in fecurity. Since the period of general Hutchinfon’s de¬
parture from before Alexandria, nearly one thoufand of
the enemy had fallen into his hands, with the lofs only
of four men killed, and eighteen wounded.

On the 19th of May a Turkifh officer arrived at Al¬
gam, with the agreeable intelligence of a victory gained
by the grand vizier over the French at El-Hanka, a vil¬
lage about fix miles from Cairo. The Turkifh chief had
marched from Jaffa on the 25th of February, where the
plague had carried off feveral thoufand of his troops. At
Yabna he was reinforced by five hundred of Djezzar Pa¬
cha’s troops, well armed and appointed, fent as a proof
of the Pacha’s -fincerity and attachment to the Porte.
After unavoidable delays attendant upon fo ill-organized
an army, the vizier advanced on the 12th of March, and
on the 15th reached Gaza. On the 22d, Tahir Pacha, ,
with a chofen corps of three thoufand cavalry, proceeded
to El-Arilh ; and, on the 28th, the vizier moved forward
for that place with his army, where he arrived on the
30th. On the 2d of April, the divifion under Tahir Pa¬
cha, accompanied by captain Leake of the royal artillery,,
left El-Arifh, and advanced toward Katieh and Tinieh.
On the 5th he was followed by the fecond divifion, com¬
manded by Mohammed Pacha, which was accompanied
by captain Lacy of the engineers. The grand vizier,,
with the remaining part of his army, and the military
miftion under lieutenant-colonel Holloway, moved for¬
ward on the 19th ; and, after a very arduous and haralf-
ing march of four days acrofs feventy miles of defert, ill1
fupplied with provifions, water, and the neceflary means ■
of conveyance, arrived at Katieh. The road was ftrewed>
with the dead bodies of men and cattle, and the average -
heat was from 105 to 112 degrees in the tents.

On the 8th of May the Turkifh army reached Belbeis,
where the grand vizier began to form magazines, of
which lie was in the utmoft want, to put his diforganized
army into fome kind of order; and to increafe it with

B-edouine

S-10 E G

Dedouine Arabs, mamalukes, and inhabitants of t lie
country, allured to his ftandard by the hope of plunder.
-In this polition he entrenched himfelf, and avowed his
fixed determination of waiting for the French under ge¬
neral Beliard, who, it was fuppoled, would march out
of Cairo, to force him back into the defert, before the
arrival of the Britilh forces to fupport him! (hi the
30th, the vizier boldly lent major Hope of the Britilh
artillery to fummon the town of Cairo to furrender, pre¬
vious to which fome mamalukes and Turkilh cavalry,
forming his advanced patroles, had'been (lightly engaged
in a fkirmifh with a party of French dragoons, near the
.village of Menayer.

General Beliard had been reinforced fucceffi vely at
-Cairo by general Donzelot from Upper Egypt, the garri-
fo ns of Salahieh, Belbeis, and Birket-el'-Hadge, and ge¬
neral Lagrange’s divifton, which joined him on the 12th
of May. Thefe troops, united with his own garrifon,
-made a body of upwards of eight thoufund men, cxclu-
five of Greeks .and Copts. With this force general Be-
iiard determined to proceed to Belbeis, there to attack,
the grand vizier, and drive him back to Salahieh, before
■general Hutchinfon fiiould approach nearer Cairo. For
-tills pttrpofe he marched out on the 15th, with four thou-
fand infantry, one thoufand cavalry, and near thirty pieces
of cannon. At night he halted at El-Menayer, after
having repulfed the advanced patroles of the Turks.
The grand vizier, informed of his approach, and wifhing
-to anticipate his attack, fent the Tahir Pacha, with about
two thoufand cavalry, and a few pieces of cannon, to ob-
ferve the enemy’s motions. Before daybreak the Tahir
Pacha’s troops came up with the French advanced guard
in a wood of date-trees. .Both parties halted, and re¬
mained on their arms till daylight, ■when the Turks kept
the French at bay till the main body of the vizior’s army
came uyf. A (harp firing then enfued, the Turks firmly
maintained their ground, and after an aCtion, which
faffed near eight hours, and during which the Ottoman
cayalry greatly annoyed the French, general Beliard
thought proper to retreat, but was not purfued. Such
■was the battle of El-Hunka, in which the lofs of the
French did not amount to more than fifty killed and left
.on the ground j with perhaps two or three hundred
wounded. That of the Turks mud have b.een more
condderable, on account of the great fuperiority of the
enemy in artillery. This vidlory, trifling as it may ap¬
pear, was of great confequence to future profpefts ; it
was the fird the Turks had gained over the French ; and
it happened to be on the very fpot where the fame grand
vizier had been defeated by general Kleber, in confe¬
quence of relcinding the- treaty of ELArifli. On the
,20th of May, the vizier's army was reinforced by the
thirtieth and eighty-ninth regiments, and detachments of
cavalry and artillery.

On the 2id of May, major-general Cootc edabliflied a
pod of two hundred infantry, twenty cavalry, and two
field pieces, upon the canal of Alexandria, near Bedah.
The brigade of guards furnifhed the detachment, which
was commanded by colonel Turner of the third regiment
The object of this pod was to maintain ah uninterrupted
communication with Rahmanieh, Demanhour, and the
interior of the country. By thefe means the camp-mar¬
ket was extremely well fupplied ; and the operations
went on profperoufly before Alexandria.

On the 24-th, major-general Hutchinfon, with the, capi¬
tal! pacha, proceeded to wait on the grand vizier. At
the didance of about five miles from Birchamps, he pair¬
ed the Nile on a bridge of pontoons, thrown acrofs for
the pttrpofe of eflablilhing an eafy communication be¬
tween the two armies. Five miles further north brought
him to the advanced Turkilh camp, commanded by Ta¬
hir Pacha, who fo gallantly oppofed the French in the
wood of date-trees at the , battle of El-Hanka. They
proceeded in a long procellion to the vizier’s tent. Here,
in the midd of oriental magnificence, and feated upon the

[r P T.

mod beautiful embrbidered cudiions, they found his htgh-
nefs. Around him were all the principal commanders o.f
his army. The venerable mamaluke chief, Ibrahim Bey,
the Reis Effendi, Mahomet Pacha of Jerufalem, Tahir
Pacha, and the Beer Bacliis, were prefent. Chair^ were
provided for the Englilh officers, who alone were per¬
mitted to (it in the prefen^e of the grand vizier. Af¬
ter tlte itfual routine of civility and (alutations, codec,
fweetmeats, the never-omitted pipes, &c. the general
took his leave, and retired to a very fuperb tent provided
for him ; and a guard of honour, compofed of janiflaries,
and one of the vizier’s chief men, were dationed about
his perfon. This was followed by a grand dinner, in the
Turkilh llile, .at which the principal characters of tlte
Ottoman empire were affcmbled. The vizier, about fixty-
dx years of age, had the misfortune to lofe an eye, but has
retained his dtuation ever fince the year 1799, hotwith-
danding the unfortunate battle of Heliopolis. The capi-
tan Pacha difplayed high military qualifications, which
obtained him great renown in this campaign. The Reis
Effendi, or principal fecretary of the Turkifh empire, is
well known in England, where he was fecretary to tire
Turkilh embalfy. His knowledge of European manners 1
and politenefs procured him the greated advantages in the
intercourfe with the Englifii army. The reafon of tlte
• chief officers of the Ottoman empire, civil as well as mi¬
litary, accompanying the army, is, that the Porte, or
court, is always fuppofed to be with it; and all orders
of the fultan are deemed to be iffued by him from his
dirrup. Such was the cafe in former wars, when the
high-fpirited fultans commanded their armies in perfon.

On the1 25th of May, major-general Hutchinfon at¬
tended a meeting of the divan, or council, in^the vi¬
zier’s tent ; and,, on June the -id, Ofman Bey Tambourgi
arrived with his mamalukes, and joined the main army-
They appeared to be about twelve hundred in number;
every individual fuperbly mounted, and richly dreffed.
But the magnificence of the beys, and kiachefs or officers,
was beyond any thing that can be conceived. They were
lodged in fpacious tents, divided in feveral apartments,
the in tides lined witli rich dufis, and the floors covered
with beautiful Turkey carpets.

On the 6th of June, a French veffel, mounting ten
guns, having on-board general Damas, and the chief of
ordnance Daure, was brought into Aboukir bay. I11 the
night of the 3d of May, generals Reynier and Damas,
the chef Daure, with feveral other officers of rank, had
been feized by force in their houfes at Alexandria, and
conducted on-board two veflfels in the harbour. They
failed on the 19th of that month ; general Reynier, in
the fad failing brig Lodi, eluded the vigilance of the
Englilh cruizers ; but the Good Union, having on-board
the other officers above-pamed, was taken near Cundia.
What might have been general Menou’s reafon for this
violent meafure was not known, but it was fuppofed to
have originated in a difunion-between him and thofe of¬
ficers, in confequence of fome circunidances which took
place in the battle of the 2id of March. The French
fquadrpn under Gantheaume, confiding of four fail of the
line, one frigate, one corvette, and five tranfports, had
been off the coad for fonre days. The men of v\ ar had
between three and four thoufand troops on-board, all
very fickly. This fleet had anchored, by miltake, in La-
cude bay, greatly to t lie wedward of Alexandria ; but
Gantheaume, fearing the approach of lord Keith’s fleet,
which was in fearch of him, cut his cables, and again
dood oft' to fea. The five tranfports were taken on the
7th, and brought into Aboukir bay. They had no troops
on-board, but artids of all kinds, beddes florids, gar¬
deners, (e.edfmen, &c. in a word, quite a fmall colony.
There was alfo a company of comedians for the Cairo
theatre. The tranfports (aid they had parted with the
deet at the didance of near eighty leagues from Alexan¬
dria, and came under convoy of the corvette l’Heliopol is-
This lhip fucceeded ip getting into the harbour of Alex,

andna.

f

4 E G Y P.-'T. 341

t

•findnu. Sire earned no troops, but brought a fupply of difpatches likevvife arrived for general Hutcliinfon, from
arms and ammunition, and the intelligence ofan intended major-general Baird, commander of the Indian troops.

reinforcement in Gantheaume’s fquadron. Rear-admiral
hr Richard Bickerton, with three fail of the line, befide
-one Turkifh man of war, went in purfuit of Gantheaume,
while lord Keith, with the remainder of the fleet, cruized
oft" the port of Alexandria.

Major-general Hutcliinfon having now determined upon
the fiege of Cairo, in conjunction with the grand vizier,
he marched his army to the fouthward ot the point of
the Delta, and took up his ground near the village of
Burtos on the 8th of June. In this pohtioii the whole
force deftined to aft again ft Cairo was confolidated. A
free and eafy communication was eftabliftied with the
grand vizier’s army, encamped at Charlahan, on the op-
polite bank of the Nile, by a bridge of pontoons. The
Capitan Pacha’s troops were in front of the Britifh, and
the mamalukes, under Ofman Bey Tainbourgi, were in
their rear. On the ioth, two hundred men of the eighty-
fixth regiment, under the command of colonel Lloyd,
joined colonel Stewart’s corps, which was attached to
the vizier’s army. Thefe men were the forerunners of
a long-expefted reinforcement from India. Lieutenant-
colonel Lloyd had commenced his march from Suez on
the 7th of June, having received orders from general
Hutcliinfon to that effect. On the 14th, major-general
Hutcliinfon moved about three miles in front to the vil¬
lage of Saael ; and on the 16th advanced with his army
to a pofition juft out of reach of the (hot of the enemy’s
works. The lame day lie was joined by the twenty-
eighth and forty-fecond regiments, who had marched
from the camp before Alexandria in twelve days. The
grand vizier alfo moved forward on the right bank of the
Nile, to a parallel pofition, a little below the village of
-Demanhour. 'General Hutcliinfon made another move¬
ment on the 2 1 ft, and inverted the town of Gizeh, oppo-
iite to Grand Cairo. The vizier, following his motions,
encamped clofe to the enemy’s advanced works on the
other fide of the river. Some flight fkirmiffiing took
place in the evening on both banks of the Nile, wherein
the mamalukes greatly diftinguiflied themfelves. On the
2 2d of J une, general Beliard, who commanded the French
troops at Cairo, finding himfelf furrounded on all fides,
his communication with the interior part of the country
entirely cut off, and without hopes of relief, fent a flag
• of truce to general Hutcliinfon, requeuing that he would
agree to a conference between a French and an Englifh
officer, to treat for the evacuation of Cairo, and its de¬
pendencies. To this requeft general Hutcliinfon affented.

The conference continued till the 28 th, when a conven¬
tion was ligned for the furrender of Cairo. By this con¬
vention the French were allowed Icventeen days for the
final evacuation of Cairo, and its dependencies. They
were then to march down to Rofetta, with their arms,
baggage, field artillery, &c. to be there embarked as foon
as poflible, but at the lateft in fifty days from the ratifica¬
tion, on-board veflels, to be furnilhed at the entire ex¬
pence of the allied powers for fending them to fome
French port. On the evening of the 28th, the combined
powers took poifefiion of Gizeh and Cairo, where the
J^itifli and Turkifti colours were conjointly hoifted. The
French army which furrendered, amounted to 10,856
fighting men.

"The fiege of Alexandria next occupied the mind of
general Hutcliinfon, who very foon gave the neceffary
orders to the allied army to march on tiiat fervice. Rear-
admiral fir Richard Bickerton had returned on the 13th
of June, and joined the fleet off Alexandria, without hav¬
ing feen or heard any thing of Gantheaume’s fquadron:
it vvas fuppofed, therefore, to have gone back to Toulon.
About this time the Monmouth man of war, with the
Leda and Aftive frigates, arrived in Aboukir bay from
England, with reinforcements of men and money ; alfo a
convoy of troops arrived from Malta, who had volun¬
teered their feryices for Egypt. On the 1 6th of July.

VOL. VI. No. 354.

with the long-expefted intelligence of his having reached
Keneli on the Nile, (which the French had lately made
their, capital in Upper Egypt,) with a part of his army.
The projeft of tranfporting a formidable body of troops
from India to Egypt, through the Red Sea, was well
conceived ; and, in cafe of a more ferious refiftance on
the part of the enemy, would have proved extremely be¬
neficial. We have mentioned the arrival of a fmall por¬
tion of that force at Suez, under lieutenant-colonel Lloyd
of the eighty-fixth regiment. This corps had failed with
rear-admiral Blanket to. Suez, at an earlier period, from
the coaft of Malabar. The army from India, under the
command of major-general Baird, did not all come from
the fame part, every prefidency furnifhing a certain quo¬
ta ; and had the whole of the intended force arrived in
Egypt, it would have amounted to nearly ten thoufand
men. This army was landed at Coffir, and marched
acrofs the defert to Keneh, the former track of the
French ; and from the exceffive heat, Mr. Dudley Ri¬
der, paymafter-general, periflied in the defert, as did
many of the troops. This army did not join until after
the furrender of Alexandria.

On the 12th of Auguft, orders were given for the in-
vefture of that city. The divifion of troops to be em¬
ployed on the weft of Alexandria, was to be under the
command of major-general Coote. The flotilla of gun¬
boats, confiding of twenty-four, failed up the inundation
on the morning of the 13th, and anchored in a line abreaft
of that of the French. This pofition rendered the ene¬
my’s boats ufelefs, and gave the Englifh the entire com¬
mand of the inundation. The referve under major-ge¬
neral Moore marched into the camp before Alexandria
on the fame day; but no regular plan of encampment
was to take plfce, till major-general Coote’s corps had
gained their ftation to the weftward. The whole French
line was under arms, and very vigilant, during the night
of the 13th, as, from the failing of the gun- boats, arrival
of troops, and other movements, general Menou was ap-
prehenfive of an attack. When the troop? had taken
their ftation to the weftward of Alexandria, general
Hutcliinfon ordered an attack to be made along the whole
of the enemy’s front to the eaftward of the town. This
movement took place about four in the morning, and
was intended not only to gain ground, but as a diver-lion
in favour of major-general Coote. The attack of a green
hill, a little advanced on the right of the enemy’s pofi-
tion, was confided to major-general Cradock ; and the
brigade under general Doyle was deftined to carry it into
execution. The thirtieth regiment was to march up to
a fmall redoubt on the right, and the fiftieth to another
on the left; the ninety-fecond remaining in a central po-
fition in the rear, to fupport either, if neceffary. The
two battalions of the twentieth were alfo placed in fuch
a manner, as to be in readinefs to move up to any point
required. On the left of the enemy there was a fmall
hill of fand, called the Sugarloaf-hill ; of this major-
general Moore took poffellion with very little refiftance ;
and thence lie was enabled to reconnoitre the enemy’s
works. This pofition, however, it was not poflible lo
retain, as it lay completely expoled to the enepry’s crols
fires, and from its lize afforded little or no (helter.
During thefe movements the French kept up a very warm
and fevere cannonade from their works. The manner in
which their guns crofted each other in every direction
was truly wonderful, and gave an ample idea of the
ftrength and judicious plan of their exteniive lines.

Colonel Spencer, of the fortieth regiment, had volun¬
teered his fervices, and was actively employed with part
of general Doyle’s brigade. At five in the evening o£
the 1 8th, major-general Coote moved forward about two
miles, without any other oppofition than a few fhots ex¬
changed between his advanced guard and the enemy.
He then took up his pofition in the following manner s
4 S the

342

EGYPT.

ti e guards extending acrofs the quarries in two lines,
with their right to the inundation ; and majors-general
Ludlow and Finch’s brigade;,' both formed fronting the
fea. At day. break on the 19th, major-general Coote
opened a battery of two twelve-pounders, and two eight-
inch howitzers, againft the fort of Marabout. The
Turks, under the Ca.pitan Pacha, had formed a junction
with general Hutchinfon, and encamped near the depot
on the 20th. On the 22d, major-general Coote deter¬
mined immediately to move forward to attack the ene¬
my, and take as advanced a pofition near the town of
Alexandria, as prudence and fecurity would permit. Ac¬
cordingly, at break of day, all- the troops were under
arms, with the addition of 150 of the Lowenftein rifle¬
men, who had landed late at night from the eaftward.
The troops advanced at half after fix, and the fhips of
war in the harbour, and the numerous gun-boats on the
inundation, under captain Stevenfon of the royal navy,
got under way at the fame moment. The troops marched
to meet the enemy, who was very ftrongly ported on a
ridge of high rocky hills, having his right fecured by the
fea, and by two heavy guns ; and his left by the inunda¬
tion, and two batteries containing three more guns of the
fame calibre. Befide thefe, numerous pieces of flying
artillery were placed in the intervals of his line. The
Englifh moved through the ground in three columns ;
the guards forming two upon the right, under major-ge¬
neral lord Cavan, near the inundation; and major-gene¬
ral Ludlow’s brigade forming the third, upon the left,
clofe to the fea, having the firft battalion of the twenty-
fcventh regiment in advance. Major-general Finch’s
brigade compofed a referve, and was deftined to give
fupport wherever it might be required. In this manner
the troops continued to move with the greateft cool nefs
and regularity, under a heavy fire of mufketry and can¬
non. As the Englifh advanced, the French retreated ;
till clofe under the works of the town. Here was a ge¬
neral halt, and the enemy gave no further dirturbance
during the remainder of the day. The lofs of the Eng-
li(h was trifling, when compared to the advantages gain¬
ed. The lofs of the French, from the conftant fire of
the (hips and gun-boats on both their flanks, added to
that of the advancing troops, was evidently very con-
fiderable.

Information having been received that general Menou
was preparing to attack major-general Coote in force,
before the troops ordered to join him could arrive, the
commander in chief directed a diverfion to be made in
general Coote’s favour along the eaftern front of the ene¬
my's line. Accordingly, at four in the morning of the 23d,
the troops appeared in the plain at day-break ; while the
Turks, on the right, advanced and took polfeflion of the
Sugarloaf-hill. The French immediately opened all their
guns, by which five or fix of the Britifh were killed.
Early in the morning colonel Spencer landed to the
weftward, with brigadier-general Blake’s brigade, fup-
ported by a body of mamalukes. General Hutchinfon,
with major-general Cradock, and the chief engineer, went
round by the inundation to reconnoitre general Coote’s,
and the various other pofitions, which t hey highly ap¬
proved. Ten or twelve fliips of war, under the com¬
mand of captain Stephenfon of the Diane, now entered
the harbour, and formed in a line a-head, protecting ge¬
neral Coote’s left flank. Tims every thing was completely
ready for a general aflault on' the city of Alexandria, and
every advantageous pofition fecured, with the interrup¬
tion only of fome flight (kirmilhes, in which a few of the
troops had been killed and wounded. The greateft lofs
was Achmed Bey, who was killed in reconnoitring the
fort of Marabout.

The enemy was not infenfible of tliefe advantages gain¬
ed ; and at half after four in the evening of the 26th, an
aid-de-camp of general Menou prefented himfelf with a
letter, requefting a ceffation of hoftilities, to give time
for a capitulation. This was granted by general Hutch¬
infon i and, on the 2d of September, 1801, at twelve

o’clock, the Englifh army took poflefflon of the French
lines. The Britifh and Turkilh flags were immediately
hoifted together, and the whole was conduced with the
greateft precifion and regularity. The terms granted to
the enemy were the fame as had been extended to the-
garrifon of Cairo, and the number of effective troops
which now furrendered, amounted to 10,508. In the
harbour of Alexandria was taken one ftiip of fixty-four
guns, three frigates, two floops of war, and two hundred
fail of merchantmen.

It is a remarkable circumflance, that, on the fnrrender
of Alexandria, the French frigate la Juftice fell into our
hands; and that the capture of this fhip completed the
total annihilation of the fleet of admiral Brueys. Of the
four fail, which efcaped under admiral Gantheaume, on
the morning of the 2d of Auguft, the Genereux, Guil¬
laume Tell, and la Diane frigate, had been at different
periods captured by the Britiftrcruizers ; la Juftice alone
liad, till this capitulation, furvived the defeat in Abou-
kir bay.

The following is an official return of the difpofalof the
French army in Egypt, by the Briiiili forces :

Military. Civil *

Killed in the different actions, and dead of

wounds . 3)000

Prifoners taken in battle, in the different

convoys, and the garrifons of the forts . 3,500

The garrifon of Cairo, to which is to be
added 500 deferters, whom nothing could

reftrain from felling themfelves to become
mamalukes, and excluded 760 auxiliaries

embarked . 13,672 82

The garrifon of Alexandria, including the
marines doing duty, and about 200 auxi¬
liaries . 10,508 686

Soldiers dead by the plague and other ma¬
ladies fince the landing of the Englifh . 1,500

Total 32,180 768-

Thus ended the European war in Egypt, and thus ter¬
minated a campaign, which will for ever refleCt the
brighteft glory on the army and navy of Great Britain,
whofe united exertions in fo ftibrt a period, annihilated
an ufurpation as dangerous as it was unjuft and unprece¬
dented, and reftored the fovereignty of Egypt to its an¬
cient conftitution and government. That the policy of
Bonaparte had led him to feize upon this rich and exten-
five domain, with a view to reduce it to the ftate,of a
French colony, there can no longer be a doubt ; becaufe
we have feen that a civil eftablifhment, with all the fub-
ordinate characters necelfary for fueh a purpofe, was
abfolutely aftigned. The great object of this policy was.
not only the acquifition of a rich territory “ flowing
with milk and honey,” but it had in view a competitor-
fhip with Great Britain in her Eaft-Tndian commerce, and
finally, perhaps, the feizure of Hindooftan.

Weak minds are (truck with admiration and aftonifli-
ment at the rapid progrefs of the French arms, and t lie
blaze of glory attributed to Bonaparte, in haying made
a complete conqueft of the whole territory of Upper and
Lower Egypt, in the fhort compafs of only fourteen
months! But this blaze will fubfide, and all wonder
vanifh, the moment it is recollected that'this vaft con¬
queft: was made againft an almoft defencelefs people, who.
were taken by furprife, who every where withdrew from
the favage fword of a northern depredator, who were
worn down by inteftine broils, and who had neither for¬
tifications, nor troops, nor artillery, to oppofe to the at¬
tacks and inroads of fuch an unlooked-for enemy. The
only ftand that could be made, was heroically made by
the undifciplined mamalukes; and we have feen, that
had their exertions been fupported by an army of infan¬
try verfed in European tatties, and put on an equal foot¬
ing in point of ordnance, this conqueft perhaps had ne-ver

beeu

343

E G

been attempted ; or if it had, its completion would have
been impofiible. That we might reft on this conclufion
as the abfolute fafil, will become evident on reflecting
upon the complete reduction of thefe invincible French,
who, though abfolute matters of the country, and fortified
tip to the chin, were in a (hort time compelled to fubmi ,
and yield up all their conqoefts, to an army of little more
than half their number, but as well difciplined, and as
invincible in courage. To prove likewise, beyond the
power of contradiction, the defencelefs ftate of Egypt,
and the facility with which this prey might have fallen
to the lot of any description of freebooters, we need
only repeat, from the elegant and elaborate work of
Viyant Denon, the friend and companion of Bonaparte,
his defcription of the eafy acquifition of Alexandria, the
ftate of its fortifications, and the panic of its inhabitants,
to eftablifh the fafil : “ On the fourth day after our land¬
ing, (fays Denon,) the commander in chief gave a flip¬
per, to which the members of the newly-conftituted au¬
thorities were invited. They faw with equal furprife
and admiration the martial elegance of our generals and
the aflemblage of officers, on whofe countenances beamed
health and vigour, glory and hope. They were ftruck
by the noble phyfiognomy of the commander in chief,
the ex.prefiion of which feemed to augment his ftature.
The commotions which had taken place in the city on
our arrival, had occafioned the (hutting up of the coffee-
lioufes, and other places of public . amufement. The
more refpefilable inhabitants, not yet recovered from
their aftonifhment at the fudden events which had taken
place, kept themfelves within doors ; while our foldiers,
heated by wine and by the climate, infpired fo much
terror among the tradefpeople and the lower dalles, that
they (hut up their (hops, and hid their females. This
fine city, where we Jaw no one but ourfelves, appeared dull
to us. The ftate of the forts, baftions, and fortifications,
feemed to announce to the army that nothing could im¬
pede its progrefs, and that it had. only to march to viffory.”

Caught by the flow of words in the declaration of the
Firft Conful, “ that his motive for the conqueft of Egypt
was the deliverance and regeneration of the cajlcrn world,” tod
many have been led to admire bis unbounded philan¬
thropy, and dignity of mind. But in what noble or mo¬
ral afil, are either of thefe to be found ? Are w'e to look
into the prescriptive right, which ought to have been the
firft foundation, whereon to leek his exclufive claim to
the Sovereignty and (oil of Egypt ? Does he found it upon
any ancient plea of conqueft gained by St. Louis, and at¬
tached to the throne of thofe princes, whofe power he
has ufurped in France? or, by turning mufiulman, has
he proved the confanguinity cxifting between his race
and that of the great Saladin ? But were either or all of
thefe points to be admitted, (till his feizure of Egypt
would only be railing a modern ufurpation upon the ruins
of an ancient one, .without eftablifliing any better claim
to the territory, than one buccaneer would have by
driving out another, and thus converting the property of
the rightful owner to his own ufe. In perfect unifon
with Such a right, has been the philanthropic conduct of
Bonaparte. Where ever the affrighted Egyptians would
pay the miri, or tribute, and raife contributions of Sup¬
plies for the army, they were permitted to live; but
where they. dared to aflume the common right of man,
that of defending hisoivn indefeafible property, they were,
iii the words of Denon, “ limited down like wild beafts
inimical to focietv.” The fame French author alfo re¬
counts, but not without fentimentsof extreme horror, that
thoufahds of the defencelefs inhabitants of various towns
and villages were from time to time extirpated from the
face of the earth, their houfes plundered, and their lands
laid wafte ! At Beneadi alone, twelve thoufand fouls pe-
riftied at once by the relentlefs (words of this regene¬
rating army, merely becaufe Beneadi was confid.ered as a
“dangerous volcano, that was inceffantly . threatening
them,” The ifland of Philoe, at the extremity of Upper

Y P T.

Egypt, fliared a firr.ilar fate. The peaceful inhabitants
offered their fupplies, but refufed admiflion to the French
troops on their ifland, contending that Philoe was an
Ethiopian territory, and not under the manuilukes of
Egypt. “ Thefe obftinate people (fays Denon) Signified
to us, that if we were to come there every day for two
months fucceflively, they would never fuffer us to land.
But as it would have given a bad example to fuffer them
to brave 11s with Such infolence fo contiguous to our new
eftablifhments, we refolved the next day to make them
change their tone. Accordingly the army, early in the
morning, excited by the certainty of plunder, crofted the
channel, began the attack under cover of the artillery
loaded with grape-fhot, and quickly made a dreadful
havoc among them. Terror and difmay were feen on
every fide ; men, women, and children, plunged promif-
cuoufly into the river to efcape by fwimining, but where
moll of them periflied : and (till preferving their fero¬
cious character, we faw mothers drowning their children
whom they could not carry away, and mutilating the
girls, to prevent their being enjoyed by the victors. I
found one girl fo brutally cut, as to prevent her from
performing the mod prefting neceftity of nature. In a
word, the whole ifland was at once depopulated, and the
miferable inhabitants fuffered by their obftinacy a meft
ferious and irreparable lofs, which a long fucceftion of
years cannot retrieve. Our foldiers were now employed
in ranfacking the houfes and emptying the (lores, which
afforded a feafonable fupply to the troops.” Yet Denon
has thefe Angular exclamations: “ O man! from what
fource do you draw your virtues, if fuch ignoble paflions
lurk in the mod honourable of all profeffions, that of
warfare! O war ! thou art brilliant in hi (lory, but
frightful when viewed with all thy attending horrors,
naked, and undifguifed !” In fhort it is manifeft, from
the fuels dated by Denon himfelf, that the lives of no
lefs than forty thoufand defencelefs people were thus
fported with, and periflied under the regenerating aufpices
of the French army in Upper Egypt alone !

In Lower Egypt, the wanton wafte of human blood was
immenfe ! In none of the battles, dignified by the fine
and emphatic titles bellowed on them, were the French
troops reflrained from blood and carnage, though the
wretched fugitives threw down their arms and implored
for mercy. Does this condufil, this regard for moral
obligation, favour of philanthropy and dignity of mind D
And yet thefe are faCls gloried in by the French hifto-
rians, general Regnier, and Vivant Denon. But if fuch
relentlefs cruelties, exercifed perhaps in the heat of ac¬
tion, and during the exultations of confequent vifilory,
are inglorious and brutal, in what light mu ft we regard
the man, or in what indignant words exprefs his bafe-
nefs, who could direfit the horrid .mafia ere of the innocent
inhabitants of Jaffa, or the premeditated murder of his
own fick and difeafed countrymen ? Yet fuch a man is
the invincible Bonaparte, the Firft Conful of.France, the
triumphant conqueror of Egypt, whofe “ countenance
beamed with glory and hope, and whofe noble phyfiog¬
nomy appeared to exalt his ftature!” Unwilling as the
mind of man may be to credit fuch unheard-of afits of fa-
vage barbarity in a civilized and Chriftian age, ftill the
evidence of truth is forced upon our fenfes in fo incon¬
trovertible a manner, that in the fame moment that our
feelings would lead 11s to hope fo fhocking a report might
be founded in malice and mifreprefentation, we are con-
ftrained to 3dmit the fafil, becaufe not a doubt occurs to
impeach the charge. Would we paufe, and yet hope that
this heavy charge might eventually be refuted, ftill there
is no defence — no denial of the faCl — nor one friendly ad¬
vocate to palliate or foften this deliberate afil of human
(laughter — the genuine offspring of mufiulman ftratagem,
and favage policy. That unbiaffed pofterity might -be
enabled to judge impartially of thefe fafils, we (hall here
ftate the particulars, as given by two 1110ft refpedable
writers j. and in their own words.

Lieutenant.

t

544

E G Y P T.

Lieutenant-colonel Wilfon, in'his Hiftory of the Britifli
Expedition to Egypt, publiflied in 1802, dates as follows :
“ Bonaparte having carried the town of Jaffa by aflault,
many of the .garrifon were put -to the fword ; but the
greater part flying into the mofques, and imploring mer¬
cy from their purifiers, were granted their lives ; and let
it be well remembered, that an exafperated army in the
moment of revenge, when the laws of war judified the
rage, yet heard the voice of pity, received its impreflion
and proudly refufed to be any longer the executioners of
an unrefiding enemy. Soldiers of the Italian army, this
is a laurel wreath worthy of your fame, a trophy of which
the fubfequent treafon of an individual ilrall not deprive
you !

“ Three days afterwards, Bonaparte, who had ex-
prelfed much refentment at the compaflion manifefted by
"his troops,, and determined to relieve himfelf from the
maintenance and care of 3800 prifoners, ordered them to
be marched to a riflng ground near Jaffa; where a divi-'
■lion of French infantry was- formed againft this defence-
lefs multitude. When the .Turks had entered into their
fatal alignement, and the mournful preparations were com¬
pleted, the fignal-gun fired. Vollies of nmfquetry and
grape inftantly played againft them ; and Bonaparte, who
had been regarding the lcene through a telefcope, when
he faw the fmoke afcending, could not reftrain his joy,
but broke out into exclamations of approval ; indeed, he
had juft reafon to dread the refufal of his troops thus to
difhonour themfelves. Kleber had remonltrated in the
moft ftrenuous manner, and tlie officer who commanded
{for the general to whom the division belonged was ab-
fent) even refufed to execute the order without a written
inftrutlion ; but Bonaparte was too cautious, and fent
Berthier to enforce obedience.

“ When the Turks had all fallen, the French troops
humanely endeavoured to put a period to the fufferings
of the wounded, but fonte time elapfed before the bayonet
could finifh what the fire had not deftroyed, and probably
many languifhed days in agony. Several French officers,
by whom thefe details are partly furniffied, declared, that
this was a feene, the retrofpedl of which tormented their
recollection, and that they could not refled: on it without
horror, accuftomed as they had been to fights of cruelty.

“ Thefe were the prifoners whom Affalini, in his very
able work on the Plague, alludes to, when lie fays that
for three days the Turks fhew.ed no fymptoms of that
difeafe, and it was their putrifying remains which con¬
tributed to produce the peflilential malady which he de-
feribes as afterwards making fuch ravages in the French
army.

“Their bones fl ill lie in heaps, and are ffievvn to every
traveller who arrives ; nor can they be confounded with
thofe who perifhed in the aflault, fince this field of but¬
chery lies mo/e than a mile from the town.

“ Such a fad fhould not, however, be alleged without
fome proof, or leading circumftance flronger than afler-
tion, being produced to fupport it ; but there would be
a want of generotity in naming individuals, and branding
them to the lateft pofterity with infamy for obeying a
command when their fubmiffion became an ad of necef-
iity, fince the whole army did not mutiny againft the exe¬
cution ; therefore to eftablifti further the authenticity of
the relation, this only can at prefent be mentioned, that
it was Bonn’s divijion which fired, and thus every one is
afforded the opportunity of fatisfying themfelves refped-
ing the truth, by enquiring of officers ferving in the dif¬
ferent brigades compoling this divifion.

“The next circumftance is of a nature which requires,
indeed, the moft particular details to eftablifti, fince the
idea can fcarce be entertained that the commander of an
army fhould order his own countrymen (or if not imme¬
diately fuch, thofe amongft whom he had been natura¬
lized) to be deprived of exiftence, when in a ftate which
required the kindeft confideratibn. But the annals of
France record the frightful crimes of a Robefpierre, a

Carriere; and hiftovical truth mud now recite one equal
to any which has blackened its page.

“ Bonaparte, finding that his hofpitals at Jaffa were
crowded with fick, fent fur a phyfician, wliofe name
fhould be inferibed in letters of gold, but which, from
important reafons, cannot be here inferted j on his arri¬
val he entered into a long converfation with him refipeft-
ing the danger of contagion, concluding at laft with the
remark, ‘that fomething , muft be done to remedy the
evil, and that the deftrmflion of the fick at prefent in the
hofpital, was the only meafure which could be adopted.-1
The phyfician, alarmed at- tlic propofal, bold in the con¬
fidence of virtue and the caufe of humanity, remon-
ftrated vehemently, reprefenting the cruelty as well as
the atrocity of fuch a murder ; but, finding that Bona¬
parte perfevered and menaced, he indignantly left the
tent, with this memorable o'ofervation : ‘ Neither my

principles, nor the character of my profeftion, will allow
me to become a murderer ; and, general if fuch quali¬
ties as you infinuate are neccftary to form a great man,
I thank my God that I do not poffefs them.’

“ Bonaparte was not to be diverted from his objefl by
moral confiderations ; he perfevered, and found an apo¬
thecary, who (dreading the weight of power, but who
finte has made fome atonement to his mind by unequi¬
vocally confeffing the faft) ccnfented to become his
agent, and to adminifter poifon to the fick. Opium at
night was diftributed in gratifying food ; the wretched
unfufpecling victims banqueted ; and, in a few hours,
five hundred and eighty foldiers, who had fuffered fo
much for their country, perifhed, thus miferably by the
order of its idol.

“ If a doubt fhould (till exift as to the veracity of this
ftatement, let the members of the inftitute at Cairo be
afked what paffed in their fitting after the return of Bo¬
naparte from Syria; they will relate, that the fame vir¬
tuous phyfician who refufed to become the deftroyer of
thofe committed to his protection, accufed Bonaparte of
high treafon, in the full affembly, againft the honour of
France, her children, and humanity ; that he entered into
the full details of the poifonin.g of the fick, and the mai-
facre of the garrifon, aggravating thefe crimes by charg¬
ing Bonaparte with ftrangling, previoufly at Rofetta, a
number of FYench and Copts, who were ill of the
plague ; thus proving that this difpofal of his fick was a
premeditated plan, which he wiflied to introduce into
general praftice. In vain Bonapartelittempted to juftify
himfelf ; the members fat petrified with terror, and al-
moft doubted whether the feene paffing before their eyes
was not allnfion. Bonaparte pleaded that he ordered die
garrifon to be deftroyed, becaufe he had not provifions to
maintain them, or ftrength enough to guard them ; and
that it was evident if they efcaped, they would ail againft
the French, fince amongft the prifoners were five hundred
of the garrifon of El-Ari(h, who had promifed not to
ferve again ; and that he deftroyed the fick to prevent
contagion, and fave themfelves from falling into the hands
of the Turks !”

“ To thofe who may imagine that my reprefentations
of general Bonaparte’s conduit, are improper at t his mo¬
ment to be brought forward, I muft premife, that if they
are concerned only for the character of that general, I am
happy to afford them an occafion to be better acquainted
with this celebrated man, who, by his great fortune and
uninterrupted career of victory, (with one exception of
Acre, that glorious monument of Britifli conduct,) has
dazzled the underftanding.s of the mafs of mankind, and
prevented the refults of thofe enquiries having proper in¬
fluence, which thofe, with whom the opinions of the day
do not pafs current, have inftituted on his pretenfions
to the admiration of pofterity.

“To thofe whole motives of difapprobation proceed
from a regard for tranquillity, exciting the vyifh that a
general amnefty of oblivion might be extended to the
paft, firft I will fay, that the dilfiemination of this prin-
t ciple

E G Y P T.

345

triple . would tend to produce fnore wickednefs in the
world than has ever been yet committed; for what is
there to intimidate ambition, in full po He Hi on of power,
but the pen of the hiftorian ? What can guarantee man¬
kind from the atrocities of a licentious defpotifm, but an
atfurance that the memory of great crimes is perpetuated
in the records of hiftory ?

“ If the charges are not founded, the man yet lives to
exonerate his injured character. If he cannot refute
them, then mult he fink into his grave loaded with the
heavy weight of fuch offences, and the miferable pre-
fcience that execration fit all attach to his memory, infiead
of. the fame he coveted.” — Thus far lieutenant-colonel
Wilfon, p. 74, &c.

Doftor William Wittman, phyfician to the royal artil-
lerv, in his Travels in Turkey, Syria, and Egypt, pub-
li Hied in 1803, dates as follows : “ It was probably owing
to the obftinate defence made by the Turks at Jaffa, that
the French commander in chief was induced to give or¬
ders for the horrid maflacre which fucceeded. Four
thou fa nd of the wretched inhabitants who had furren-
dered, and who had in vain implored the mercy of the
conqueror, were, together with a part of the late Turkilh
garrifon of El-Arilh, (amounting, it has been faid, to
hve or (ix hundred,) dragged out in cold blood, four days
after the French had obtained poffeffion of Jaffa, to the fand-
hills, about a league diftant, in the way to Gaza, and
there inoff inhumanly put to death. I have feen the
Skeletons of tliefe unfortunate viClims, .which lie' Scat¬
tered over the hills, a modern Golgotha, which remains
a lading difgrace to a nation calling itfeif 'civilized. It
would give pleafure to the author of this work, as well
as to every liberal mind, to hear thefe fails contradicted
on fubffcantial evidence. Indeed, I am forry to add, that
the charge of cruelty againft the French general does not
reft here. It having been reported that, previoufly to
the retreat of the French army from Syria, their com¬
mander in chief had ordered all the French fick at Jaffa
to be poifoned, 1 was led to make the enquiry, to which
every one who fltould have vifited the fpot would natu¬
rally have been directed, refpeCting an aCt of fuch lin¬
gular, and it fltould feem wanton, inhumanity. It con¬
cerns me to have to date, not only that fuch a circum-
ftance was pofitively afeerted to have happened ; but
that, while in Egypt, an individual was pointed out to
me, as having been the executioner of thefe diabolical
commands.”-— See Dr. Wittman’s Travels, 4to ed. p.128.

In allufion to this (hocking event, the following paflage
might be aferibed, taken from the'vvork of the phTFTo-
pliic Denon : “ In marching we rfnift abandon our wound¬
ed, and give them up to certain defruElion — a melt dillrefling
circumflance in all wars, and el'pecially in tiie favage con-
teft in which we were now engaged !”

The reader will perhaps be lels fur prized at thefe atro¬
cities, when he reflects that they were decreed by a man
who had apoftutized from the mild doctrines of the Cln ifl-
ian difpenfation, to embrace the tenets of Mahorpet.
His own official documents eflablilh this fa'Ct : and having
adopted the ideas, the ferocious character naturally fol¬
lows. Read but the hiftory of the Caliphate or Modem
empire, and the maxims of the modern conqueror of
Egypt will be found exemplified in almoft every reign of
the Saracen tyrants. And it may here be proper to re¬
mark, that the indecent treatment of lord Whitworth,
the late English amba fi'ador at Paris, probably arofe from
a fpirt t of revenge in the firfl coriful, who complained of
the charges contained in lieutenant-colonel W llfon’s book,
calling the work a libel on the French nation, and meanly
requiring that the author fhould be punilhed, and the
charges publicly retracted ; without offering the fm all eft
evidence to diiprove tiie fact. Thofe, therefore, who
have believed that the Maltanean war arofe in great mea-
fu re out of the refentinent of the firfl c.onful on this oc-
cafion, might not have adopted an entirely unfounded
creed. The natural ferocity of the muffulman character.
Von. VI. Ho. 354.

may, in fome meafure, be appreciated from the following
bale and cruel tranfaCfion :

After the reftoration of peace to the defolated province
of Egypt, it was the with of general Hutchinfon to re-
ftore its civil government, and cal! back to their refpeCtive
flations all thofe under whole official departments it had
been conducted. The extreme jealoufy of the Porte,
however, in its anxious care once more to get firm hold
of Egypt, had fecretly determined on the extirpation of
the prefent race of beys ; the only men in the country
who had made head againft the common enemy. This
political but fanguinary meafure was confided to the ma¬
nagement of the grand vizier. On the 21ft of October
1801, all the beys then in Alexandria, with the capitan
pacha, were invited to dine on-board fir Richard Bicker-
ton’s (hip, then lying in the harbour. With this inten¬
tion they were taken into the capit.in pacha’s barge; but
while they were failing through the lake Mareotis, a
cawouafli, or meffenger of ft.tte, appeared on the fliore,
and hailing them, informed the capitan pacha that he had
brought difpatches of the ulmoft confequence for him
from Conftantinople. Upon this the capitan pacha left
the beys, and went away in a boat ; after which, as they
were palling under the (fern of a Turkilh gun-boat at an¬
chor, a volley of mufketry was fired at them, and feveral
boats full of men affailed them on every fide. After a
gallant and defperate refiftance, rendered more furious
by the idea of being treacheroufly facrificed, they were
overpowered by numbers, and made prifoners. In the
conteft, Ofman Bey Tambourgi, Ofman Bey Afcar, Ma¬
homet Bey Mafice, and the black Caya Bey, were killed
in the barge. Ofman Bey Berdici, and Solyman Aga,
were very leverely wounded, but fortunately recovered.
The furvivors were then taken and confined on-board the
capitan pacha’s fliip, the Sultan Selim. Immediately
upon the above tranfaCtion being made known to general
Hutchinfon, he ordered brigadier-general Stuart, at the
head of his regiment, and with guns and lighted matches,
to proceed to the Turkilh camp on the eaftvvard of Alex¬
andria, and to infill upon the bodies of the beys being
given up to the Britilh. This, after fome hefitation, was
acceded to by tire capitan pacha, and the remaining beys
were liberated the next day, and lent to Alexandria,
where the bodies of thofe who had been (lain were bu¬
ried by the Britilh army, with all pollible military ho¬
nours. While thefe things were palling at Alexandria,
(he grand vizier, by prefents, and. other demonstrations of
friendlhip, having lulled the mamaluke beys at Cairo
into perfeCt fecurity, he made, on the 20th of October,
an attempt to feize them. Several of them thus fell
treacheroufly into his hands; but Selim Bey, and a party
of bis Officers and men, effected their efcape. After in¬
numerable hardships and difficulties, they arrived at GU
zeh, where they were received and kindly treated by tiie
commandant, colonel Ramfay. As foon as general
I-futchinfon was made acquainted with this transaction,
he difpatched brigadier-general Stuart to the grand vizier,
with a peremptory letter, infilling on the unconditional
delivery of the beys, whom he kept prifoners in Cairo.
This demand was, after fome hefitation, complied with ;
and on the 16th of November the beys came into Gizeh,
where they were placed under the protection of the Bii-
tilh army. General Hutchinfon, after this Scandalous
behaviour of the grand vizier, determined to bring back
tiie government to the flrict regulations formed for it by
Solyman the L’egillator, in 1521. He direCte i that the
number ol beys Should be augmented to their full com¬
plement of twenty-four ; that the capitan pacha fhould
be the fupreme president in the divan; that the new.
cleCted beys Ihould be fubjeCt to his approval ; and that
lie Should no longer remain a cypher in the date, but
have -an army under his command, fufficient to enforce
his legal authority. Thus, at the commencement of the
year 1802, the fovereignty of Egypt was reftored by the
valour of the Britilh arms, to its ancient privileges and
4 T coiiftitution.

x •

346 E G

confutation, under the nominal dominion of the grand
i'cignor.

ANTIQUITIES and CURIOSITIES.

It is generally agreed, that the reniotefl fubjects of
antiquity now exifting in the world, are to be found in
Upper Egypt, among the auguft remains of the ftupen-
dous works of its primitive kings and priefts; the fir ft,
perhaps, that were greatly eminent for civilization and
an elegant expanficn of the human mind, from the days
of Noah. That this country fhould have been ehofen
as. the primitive feat of the earl ie ft monarchy of the earth,
is no way furprizing, when we conlider its eligible fitua-
tion : a luxuriant and extend ve vale, annually inundated
by the fineft river in the world, by which the rnoft abun¬
dant harvefts are produced, almoft without the labour of
man. This land of plenty, eternally bleffed with a clear
and clement fky, fell to the lot of the children of Ham,
vvhofe race were efteemed a wife and learned people ;
Ails vii, 22 : and lo powerful and populous were they
in the days of Arnafis, that this monarch is faid to have
reigned over no lei's titan thirty thcufand cities. Lower
Egypt, from its fituation on the coaft of the Mediterra¬
nean fea, having been from time to time expofed to the
defolating hand of numberlefs invaders, affords but few
objects of antiquity of a higher date than the eras of the
Greek and Roman conquefts. Our enquiries will, therefore,
be primarily directed to the principal’ fubjeCts of curiolity
and refearch in Upper Egypt. With this view, we have
rhofen to follow the perfevering fteps of the ingenious
Vivant Denon, an eminent artift, and a man of learning
and intelligence ; and who, diverted of his natural par¬
tiality towards his countrymen, and the light and airy no¬
tions infeparable from the conftitution of a Frenchman,
appears to be confeftedly the moft able, and indeed the
only, hiftorian of Upper Egypt, who has written from
aCtual furvey and perfonal observation; delineating every
part as he went, with the correct and faithful pencil of
a connoifteur whence his book is become of peculiar
value, the fine paper copies and firrt impreflions of which
fell in London for no lei's than thirty guineas each.

This enterpriling traveller had fir ft intended to accom¬
pany the Arabian caravan in its return from Cairo, with
a view to explore the route of Tor, the ancient journey
of the Ifraelites, in order to gain further information of
the wonderful part of the expedition of Mofes, from the
time of his departure from Memphis, the capital city of
Pharoah, to his arrival at the defert of Pharan. “ Thus
(fays Denon) I fhould have been able to vifit Mount Si¬
nai, without a relidence of forty years, and crofs a part
of the world, the annals of which amount to the higheft
antiquity, the cradle of three religions, and the native
country of three legislators, all defcenaed front the fa¬
mily of Abraham, who have governed the opinions of the
world. But fo foon as I made my wilhes known to the
chief of the Arabs, he told me, that for all the gold in
Egypt he would not undertake the care of me ; that it
would be rifking my life, and that of all the monks in
Mount Sinai, and of every individual of his caravan ;
fince two powerful tribes, theOvatis and the Ayaidis,
had vowed vengeance againft the French, becaule they
had been allured that they devoured Arabs.”

After this, general Defaix being charged with thecon-
queft of Upper Egypt, (fee p. 329,) it afforded Denon a
ieafonable opportunity of examining the claflical docu-
ments of the ancient civilization and magnificence of the
country, under the protection of a military efcort, and
with that fafety and unity of plan, which had hitherto
been denied to others, on account of the danger perpe¬
tually arififtg from thofe everlafting enemies to civilized
man, the ferocious hords of the defert. The army
marcheeKon this deftination'in the month of Auguft 179S,
and, after fubduing the fertile territory of Feyyum, foon
arrived at the height of Manfurah, on the frontier of the
defert. Here, quitting that inclofed and fruitful pro-

Y P

vince, it came up with the enemy at Sedinam ; and,*
having obtained its firft victory, fat down for a time at
Beneluef. On the left bank of the Nile, oppofite Bene-
feuf, the Arabian chain of mountains lowers, retires fur¬
ther off', and forms the valley of Araba, or the chariots ,
terminated by Mount Kolfun, rendered famous by the
grottoes of two cenobite patriarchs, St. Anthony and St.
Paul, the founders of the monaftic order, and creators of
this contemplative fyffem, fo ufelefs to mankind, but
which has been fo long refpeCted by Credulous people*
On the foil which covers the two grottos, which thefe
two hermit faints inhabited, two monafteries (till exift,
from one of which it is faid Mount Sinai, beyond the
Red Sea, may be difeerned. The mouth of this valley,
towards the Nile, exhibits nothing but a dreary plain,
the only cultivated part of which is a narrow flip of land
on the bank of the river : fome veftiges of villages over¬
whelmed by the fand may be difeovered, and they pre-
fent the afflicting fight of daily devaftation, produced by
the continual encroachment of the defert on the foil,
inundated with fand. Nothing can be more melancholy
to the feelings, than to march over thefe ruined villages,,
to tread under foot the roofs of the houfes, and the tops
of minarets ; and to think that thefe were once cultivated
fields, flonrifhing trees, and the habitations ofiman — every
thing living has difappeared, filence is within and around
every wall, and the deferted villages are like the dead,,
whole fkeletons ftrike with terror.

From hence we crolfed the canal, and arrived at Da-
valta, a fine village furrounded by a moft beautiful coun¬
try ; for in Egypt, when nature is charming, it is fo in
fpite of all that man can add to it, or of the detractors of
Suvary, who have quarrelled fo much with his luxurious
deferiptions. Nature here, in the fertile parts, produces
fpontaneoufly groves of palms, under which flourilh the
orange-tree, the fycamore, opuntia, banana, • acacia, and'
pomegranate ; arid thefe trees form groups of the fineft
mixture of foliage and verdure ; and, when thefe delight¬
ful thickets are furrounded, as far as the eye can reach,
with fields covered with ripe dourra, with mature fugar-
canes, with fields of wheat, flax, and trefoil, which
fpread a downy carpet over the land, as the inundation
retires; when, in the months of our European winter,,
we have before our eyes this rich prefpeit of fpring,
which promifes the abundance of fumvner, we may well
fay with Savary, that “nature has organifed Egypt in a
moft aftonifhing manner, and that there only want woodv
hills, with brooks flowing down their declivities, and a
government which would render the people induftrious,..
and prevent tlie incurfion of the Bedouinrobbers, to ren¬
der it the belt and moft beautiful country on the face of
the earth.” — “ Thefe reflections (fays Denon) led me to
confifler that the moft interefting of my travels were now
to begin. I was going to break up, as it were, a new
country ; to be the firft to fee, and to fee without preju¬
dice ; to make refearches in a part of , the earth hitherto
covered with the veil of myftery, and'for two thoufand
years ftiut out from the curiolity of Europeans. -Front
the time of. Herodotus to the prei’ent, every traveller in
Egypt, following the fteps of his predecelfor, had only
rapidly afeended the Nile, not daring to lofe fight of his.
boat, and only quitting the fhore for a few hours to hurry
a hundred yards off, and vifit with anxiety the neareft
objedts. For every thing beyond the vicinity of the river,
the oriental hiftories alone had hitherto been confulted.
Eager, therefore, to afeertain whether the arts had. had
an epoch and a chronology in this country, it was my
anxious with to hafien to Thebes.”

If the priftine arts were brought to maturity in Egypt,
their remains were certainly to be fought at Thebes,
which had been the principal relidence of its early kings ;
and if there- were in reality epochs in the arts, t he1 reful t
of "the firft eftays and rudiments muft ftill have their
ftrongeft features in that city ; luxury and magnificence
having departed progreffively from this firft point of fim- -

plicity.

E G

pliclty, merely through the opulence and fuperfluity by
which they were accompanied, From a projecting fpot bn
tire fide of the contiguous mountain, we all at once difco-
ver the life of this ancient metropolis in its whole extent :
the famous city which Homer has characterized by the
Jingle expreffion of, — -with a hundred gates', alike cele¬
brated for the number of its kings whofe vvifdom raifed
them to the rank of denri-gods ; for laws which have
been ever revered without being ‘promulgated ; by fci-
ence, involved in pompous hieroglyphical infcriptions,
the firft monuments of ancient learning, which are (till
fpared by the hand of time ; this once facred and re¬
nowned city, now furrounded with barbarifm, and made
common again with the defert, from which, in part, it
had been firft drawn forth ; enveloped in the veil of myf-
tery, and the obfcurity of ages, whereby even its own
eoloflal monuments are magnified to the imagination, and
(till imprefs the mind with fuch gigantic phantoms, that
the French army, fuddenly and with one accord, (food in
amazement at the fight of its fcattered ruins, and clapped
their hands with delight, as if t lie end and object of
their march, and the complete conqueft of Egypt* were
accomplifticd and fecured by taking poffellion of the
fplendid remains of this ancient metropolis.

The (cite and fituationcf the city of Thebes, the great
Diofpolis, is as fine as can well be imagined ; and the
jmmenfe extent of its ruins convinces the aftoniftted fpefta-
tor that fame has not at all magnified its fize ; for the dia¬
meter of the vale of Egypt not being fufficient to contain
it on both fidesof the Nile, its monuments reft upon the
two chains of mountains which are its oppofite bounda¬
ries ; whilft its tombs occupy the vallies towards the
weft, far on into the defert.

Browne, who vifited this defolated country in 1792,
obferves that “ancient Thebes, the capital of Egypt,
the city of Jove, the city with a hundred gates, mutt infpire
every intelligent fpedtator with awe and^admiration.
DifFufed in an extent of nine miles on each fide the Nile,
which is here three hundred yards wide, and reaching to
the mountains on theeaftand weft, its circumference mull
have been at leaft twenty-feven miles.” Wifhing to ex¬
amine the Necropolis, or city of the dead, he applied to
Mohammed Bey Elfi at Cairo for an authority fo to do ;
but Elfi Bey informed him it would require a guard of
twenty men to protect him from the wild Arabs, who in¬
habit thofe fubterrar.ean abodes in common with the dead.
“They are indeed a ferocious clan, (fays this author,)
differing in perfon from other Egyptians. They (land
at the mouth of thefe tombs or dens, with fpears twelve
orffourteen feet in length, which are deadly weapons in
their hands.” Denon, affilted by a detachment of French
troops, ferioufly invaded thefe dark and difmal caves,
making large fulphureous fires within the mouths of the
tombs to force out the fugitives, or fuffocate them on
the fpot.

“That the palfage in Homer (fays Mr. Browne) re¬
ferred not to the gates of the city, muft readily be al¬
lowed ; yet it appears to me' that Thebes was walled.
From the (ituation of remains evidently of this nature,
feen with a telefcope at great diftances in the directions of
weft and north, and another of equal diftance to the fouth,
occupying exactly thofe three cardinal points, led me to
believe that thefe may have been three gates.” Volney,
in his Ruins of Empires, accounts (till more reafonably
for the appellation of Homer. He calls the city, “ Thebes
with its hundred palaces-” and adds the following note.

“ The idea of a city with a hundred gates, in the common
acceptation of the word, isfo abfurd, that I am aftoniftted
the equivoque has not been before felt. It has ever been
the cuftom of the Eaft to call palaces and Ironies of the
great by the name of gates, bccaufe rite principal luxury
of thefe buildings confifts in the fingulargate leading from
the ftreet into the court, at the fartheft extremity of
which the palace is fituated ; under the veftibule of this
gate, converfation is held with paffengers^ and a fort of

Y P T- 547

audience and hofpitality given. All this was doubtlefs
known to Homer ; but poets make no commentaries, and
readers love the marvellous.

The fpace occupied by the ruinsof this incomprehenfible
town, now infolds eight large villagesor hamlets ; namely,
Luxor, Karnak, Tlteba, and Guedime, on the right of the
Nile; and Hermontes, Medinet-Abu, Memnonium, and
Kernu, on theleft bank ; befidesthe ancient Necropolis, or
repofitory of the dead ; fo that the river, by the finuofity of
its courfe, feems Hill proud of flowing through its cen¬
ter. Luxor, the principal village in thefe environs, is
formed on the feite of the ruins of a temple of prodigious
magnitude, and in a tolerable ftate of prefervation, the
maffes not having as yet fallen through time. The raoft
coloffal parts confift of fourteen columns of nearly eleven
feet in diameter, and of two ftatues in granite, at the
outer gate, buried up to the middle of the arms, and
having in front of them the two largeft and beft-preferved
obelifks in the world. It is, without doubt, flattering
to the pomp of 'Thebes, that the richeft and molt pow¬
erful republic in the world (hould have deemed its means*
infufficient to hew out thefe two monuments, which are
no more than a fragment of only one of the numerous edi-,
fices of that aftonifhing city. This gate was the grand
entrance into the city, which is now become the common
road into the village of Luxor. Nothing can be more
grand, and at the fame time more Ample, than the num¬
ber of fmall objects of which this entrance is compofed.
No city now exifting makes fo proud a difplay at its en¬
trance as this oblcure village, which contains about three
thoufand fouls, who have taken up their abodes on the
roofs and beneath the galleries of this temple, which has
neverthelefs the air of being uninhabited.

A peculiarity belonging to the temple of Luxor, is,,
that a quay, provided with an epaulment, fecured the
eaftern part, which was near the river, from the damages
the inundations might otherwife have occalioned. The
epaulment, which lince its original ftrudture has been re¬
paired and augmented in brick-work, proves that the
river has not changed its bed ; and its prefervation is an
evidence that the Nile has never been banked by other
quays, fince no traces of fimilar conftrudtions are elfe-
where to be met with. “ The entrance (fays Denon) of
the village of Luxor, affords a ftriking mixture of beg¬
gary and magnificence. What a gradation of ages in
Egypt is offered by this Angle feene ! What grandeur
and fimplicity in the bare infpection of this one ruin ! It
appears to me to be at the fame time the mod: fSidtu-
refqiie group, and the mod fpeaking reprefentation of
the hiftory of thofe times : never were my eyes and my
imagination fo forcibly ftruck as by the fight of this mo¬
nument. I often came to meditate on this fpot, to en¬
joy the paft and the „prefent, to compare the fucceflive
generations of inhabitants by their refpedlive works which
were before my eye, and to (tore in mind volumes of ma¬
terials for future meditations. One day the ftieik of the
village accofted me, and afked if it was the French or
the Englifh who had erected thefe monuments; and this
queftion completed my reflections.” Here were found
(ome fine medals of Auguftus, Adrian, and Trajan, with
a crocodile on the reverfe, ftruck in Egypt in fine bronze
with Greek infcriptions ; and a great number of medals
of Conftantine.

The two obelifks are of rofe-coloured granite, and are
Hill feventy feet above the ground ; and to judge by the
depth to which the figures feem to be covered, we may
reckon about thirty feet more concealed from the eye,
making in all one hundred feet for the height of thefe
monuments. Their prefervation is perfeff, the hiero¬
glyphics with which they are covered are cut deep, and
in relief at the bottom, and fhew the bold hand of a m af¬
ter, and a beautiful finifh : what an admirable temper
muft the gravers be that could touch fuch hard mate¬
rials ! what time required for the labour ! What machines
to drag fuch enormous blocks out of the quarries, to

tran ('port'

348

EGYPT.

transport' them hither, and to fet them upright ! The
two colofii of the fame material are worn and decayed,
but the parts that remain (hew, that they had been com¬
pleted in the molt laboured and fmiihed manner. The two
large rnaffes which formed the gate arc covered with
Sculpture, partly effaced, reprefentiug battles between
••chariots drawn by two horfes, and a (ingle conductor.
The annexed engraving exhibits a correct view of this
grand ruin, as, given by Denon.

Karnak, the next didrict of Thebes, is a village built
on a fmall part of the (ite of a (ingle temple, the circum-
•ference of which would require half an hour to walk
round. Herodotus, by whom it was not vifited, has, not¬
withstanding-, given a correct idea- of its- grandeur and
magnificence. Diodorus and Strabo, who examined it
in its ruinous date, appear to have given the defcription
of its prefent condition ; and all the travellers by whom-
-they have been copied, have here mi (taken a great ex¬
tent of rnaffes, for the meafure of beauty. It is probable
that the temples or Karnac and Luxor were built in the
time of Sefodris, when the flourishing condition of the
Egyptians gave birth to tire arts among them, and when
thefe arts were, perhaps, difplayed to the world for the
Lird time. The vanity of eredfing colodal edifices, was
the fird consideration of opulence ; and it was not as yet
known, .that a perfection in the arts bellows on their pro¬
ductions a grandeur which is independent of their magni¬
tudes. It is the fumptuoufnefs alone of the Egyptians
which is to be feen at Karnak, where not only quarries,
but mountains are piled together, and hewn out into
maflive proportions, the ornaments of which are as fee¬
bly executed, as the parts are clumlily connected ; and
thefe rnaffes are loaded with uncouth bas-reliefs, and tade-
lefs hieroglyphics, by which the art of Sculpture is dis¬
graced. The, only objects here which are Sublime, both
with regard to their dimenftons, and the (kill which their
workmanfnip difplays, are the obelilks, and a few of the
ornaments of the outer gates, the (tile of which is admi¬
rably chafle. If, in the, other parts of this edifice, the
Egyptians appear to us to be giants, in thefe latter pro¬
ductions they are geniufes. It would therefore appear
that thefe Sublime embellifliments were pofteriorly added
to the coloflal monuments of Karnak ; though it mud be
granted, that the plan of the temple is noble and truly
grand. To the known descriptions of this great edifice
Should be added, that it was but a temple, and could be
nothing elfe. Ail that exilts at prefent in a Somewhat
entire (late relates to a Small Sanctuary, and had- been
difpofed in this way to infpire a due degree of venera¬
tion, and to become a kind, of tabernacle. On examin¬
ing the enfemble of thefe ruins, the imagination is wearied
with the idea of deferibing them. Of the hundred co¬
lumns of the portico alone of this temple, the ('mailed
are" Seven feet and an half in diameter, and the larged
twelve. The fpaceoccupied by its circumvallation con¬
tains lakes and mountains. In diort, to be enabled to
form a competent idea of Co much magnificence, it is ne-
cefiary that the reader Should fancy what is before him
to be a dream, as lie who views the objects themfelves
rubs his eyes to know whether he is awake. With re-
fpect to the prefent date of this edifice, it is, however,
necedary at the fame time to obferve, that a great part of
the effect is lod by its very degraded date. The fphinxes
have been wantonly mutilated, with a few exceptions,
which barbarifm, wearied with dedroying, has (pared,
and on examining which, it is eafy to didinguifh that
fome of them had a woman’s head, others that of a lion,
a ram, a bull, &c. The avenue which" leads from Kar¬
nac to Luxor was of this latter defcription; and this
Space, which is nearly half a league in extent, contains a
condant fucc, eifion of thefe chimerical figures to the right
and left, together with, fragments of done-walls, of fmall
columns, and of datues. This point lying in the cepter
of the city, the part which was the mod advantageoufly
placed, there is fome reafon to fuppofe that the palace

i

of the kings was Situated here. The paflage through
the circumvallation or exterior wall is by fix gates that
yet remain, three of which are preceded by avenues of
fphinxes : within the circuit was contained not only the
great temple, but three others entirely didinCl from it,
having each its own gates,, porticoes, courts, avenues,
and boundary-wall. What could be their life ? Were
they temples, dr palaces ? Were their Sovereigns lodged
in the porticoes of the temples, or were their~palaces d-
milar in condruCtion to the facred edifices; or, perhaps,
from their Superior liglitnefs, unable to relid the injuries
of time ? It is at lead -obvious, that if they did really
inhabit thefe buildings, which from their didribution
may be regarded as dependencies of the great temple,
their accommodations here were only of a temporary na¬
ture. Another objection is, that mod of thefe chambers
contained little tabernacles, in which, no doubt, were
inclofed either the figure of the divinity, or the particu¬
lar animal emblematical of it, or the facred treafure ; and
to any of thefe none but the prieds would be admitted.
Probably, therefore, the vad circuit of thefe buildings
was occupied by numerous colleges of prieds, the depo¬
sitaries of the Science, the power, and the influence, of
the country.

What monotony ! what melancholy wifdom ! what au-
dere gravity of manners! We might dill admire with
awe the organization o.f Such a government ; its dupen-
dous remains yet excite the mingled fenfations of refpedt
and dread. The divinity, in Sacerdotal habits, pourtrayed
in the Sculptures, holds in one hand a hook, and in the
other a flail ; the former, no doubt, to redrain, and the
latter to puni(h : everything is meafured by., the law,
and enchained by it. The fine arts, fubjeCt to the fame
Severe redri&ions, bend under the weight of fetters, and
their Soaring genius is pinioned to the earth. The un¬
veiled emblem of generation traced even in t lie {ancillary
of the temples, announces, that to dedroy pleafure it was
converted into a duty: not a Single circus, not a Single
theatre, not a (ingle edifice for public recreation; but
temples, nothing but temples, myderies, initiations,
prieds, Sacrifices : ceremonies were ufed tor pleasures ;
for luxury, Sepulchres.

The temple of Theba, we are told by Dr. Bryant, was
no lefsthan 280 cubits in length ; built in commemora¬
tion, and after the form, of the ark. Its (hrine, lie fays,
was inlaid and plated with gold and diver. It was a
temple facred to Ofiris atTheba; or, to fay the truth,
the temple itfelf was called Theba: and both the city of
Thebes, as well as the province, was undoubtedly deno-’
minuted from it : to a^caov vj Aiyvwlof G'/jSai xxhqv/*sini»
Now Theba, nnn, is the very word ufed for the-ark" by.
the facred writer-, Gen. vi. 15 : So that we may be a flu red.
of the prototype after which this temple was.falhioned ;
but the remains of it are undefined.

There is a considerable ruin on the feite of Thebes to
the north-ead, at the village of Guedime, half a league
in the rear, which in this direction makes the whole
length of the monuments and other remains of this ancient
city equal to about eight miles, on the right bank of the
Nile-. This ruin conliftsof four columns, dill Surmount¬
ed by three mafly (tones of the entablature, in front of
which are vidble the foundations of two buttreffes, at
prefent a (hapelefs innfs of fragments. Thefe are the only
remnants of a vad pile of building, 'whofe chief merit at
prefent is to Serve as a fixed point from which to com¬
pute the original extent of the monuments and temples
of Thebes on this fide the river.

Crcfling the Nile from Luxor, we approach Hermontes,
celebrated for the temple dedicated to Typhon, or Anu-
bis. Eefides this temple, there remain the features of
Several ruins in this ancient quarter, highly ornamented
with hieroglyphics. To the ead of this temple is a large
refervoir lined with fine done, with four ladders for de¬
scending into it. Four hundred yards further, in the
fame direction, are the ruins of a Chridian church, built

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E G Y P T.

ir> the fifth century, out of the ruins of the fined: Egyp¬
tian antiquities: the nave was decorated with Splendid
columns of granite, but the whole is overthrown^ and
nothing is left ft-nding but a few fragments of the choir,
and the'arches of the outer enclofure : this deft-rubtion is
by the hand of man, for the church was too well built not
to have refilled the wear of time to the prefent day.

From Hermontcs we enter the village of Medinet-Abu,
in which is a vad palace, built and enlarged at different
periods. The lower part of this palace, which abuts
againfi: the foot of the Lybiari mountain, is the molt an¬
cient in its conftrubtion, and is covered with hierogly¬
phics, cut very deep, and without any relief. In the
fourth century the Christians made a church of it, adding
two rows of pillars to fupport a covered roof. The
church itfelf had only occupied the fecond portico of
the temple ; but from the teltimony of a number of little
doors, decorated with flowered crolfes, it appears evi¬
dent, that tlie body of the edifice, which is two hundred
feet long, had to all appearance ferved as a convent for
fome orders of monks of the earlier ages of Christianity.
In the portico, where the church had been fituated, the
fculptures on the inner wall ftill reprefent the exploits
and the triumph of Sefoftris, who had carried his arms into
foreign countries, and had obtained victories in India, as
all thefe bas-reliefs feem to point out. Here is tlie figure
of a hero alone purfuing a whole army, who are flying
before him, and, to efcape from his blows, throwing
themfelves into fome river, perhaps the Indus. This
hero, who is mounted on a fmall chariot, in which there
is only room for himfelf, drives two horfes, holding the
reins on a level with his girdle : bucklers and heaps of
arms are hung all about him, and around his car ; his
flat ure is gigantic, and he holds an immenfe bow, from
which he is (hooting arrows upon a bearded and long¬
haired enemy, who have not the lead refemblance with
the known forms of Egyptian heads. Further on, he is
represented fitting on tlie back of his car, the horfes of
which are held by pages, and one perfon is counting out
before him an immenfe group of hands cut off from the
enemy killed in battle, whilft another is inscribing tlie
number, and a third appears to be proclaiming the fum.
Some travellers have deferibed a fecond heap of mutila¬
tions of an indecent kind, which (hew that the hero has
not been fighting againfi Amazons. Prifoners are alfo
brought to him, confined in different ways ; they are all
clothed with .flowing and ftriped robes, their hair is long
and matted, and tables of hieroglyphics follow, fifty feet
in diameter, which, could we read them, would unques¬
tionably explain the meaning of the figures that precede
them. Returning to the left by another fide of thefe
galleries, a long bas-relief is feen, that represents, in two
lines, a triumphal march: it is probably the fame hero
returning from his conquefts; fome foldiers covered with
armour prove that the triumph is military, though a little
further oil nothing is to be feen but priefts, or perfons of
tlie clafs of the initiated, without arms, and with long
and transparent tunics : the arms of the hero are covered
with thefe garments ; he is borne on the (houlders of men,
on a palanquin, with all the attendants of a divinity; be¬
fore and behind him march priefts, bearing palm-branches
and calumets, and incenfe is prefented to him. He ar¬
rives in this ftute at the temple of the tutelar deity of
Thebes, and offers to the god adacrifice, in which he
officiates as prieft ; the march continues, and the god is
borne by twenty-four priefts ; the bull Apis, with the
attributes .of divinity, marches before the hero, and a
long train of perfonages follow, holding each a banner,
on the greater number of which are the representations of
different deities. When arrived at the.altar, a child ap¬
pears with his hands tied behind his back, who is about
to be immolated before the conqueror, who has (lopped
to receive this horrible lacrifice, or to affift at this exe¬
crable holocauft; befide them Stands a prieft who is break¬
ing the Item of a flower, and birds who are flying away,

Vol. VI. No. 355.

M-3

emblems of the reparation of tlie foul from (lie body.
The account which Longus and Apuleius, in their ro-
minces of Theagen and the Golden Afs, have trans¬
mitted to us of human facrifices among the Egyptians, is
therefore not a fable, and thefe poliflied people ftill re¬
tained fome refemblance to barbarians. Next the hero
himfelf makes a facrifice to the god Apis, of a ftiesf of
wheat; a protebting genius accompanies him through¬
out : he changes his drefs in the different parts of the
ceremony, which perhaps marks his various dignities or
degrees of initiation, but tlie fame phyfiognomy is con¬
stantly preferved, which (hews, that it is a portrait ; his
air is noble, auguft, and mild. In one picture he is hold¬
ing nine perfons confined by the fame chain. Are thefe
the padions perfonified ? or, do they reprefent nine con¬
quered nations? Incenfe is offered to him in honour of
thefe victories: a prieft writes his annals, and configns
them to facred memorial. It is therefore proved, that
the ancient Egyptians had written books; the famous
Toth was then a book, and not inferibed tablets fculp-
tured on walls, as has been often luppofed. While fur-
veying thefe curious remains of antiquity, Denon had the
good fortune to obtain poffefiion of a manufeript found in
tlie hand of a mutilated mummy. It confifted of a roll of
papyrus, on which the facred manufeript was inferibed,
perhaps the oldeft of all manufeript s in the known world.
What were its contents, lias not yet been made known.

Deep under the foundations of the 1110ft ancient part of
the temple at Medinet-Abu, at the bale of one of the
principal pillars of the edifice, we difeover foundation
Stones, on which are Sculptured numerous hieroglyphics,
as finely executed as thofe that decorate the outer part
of the building. From this circumstance, how great mu ft
we fuppofe the antiquity to be of edifices fo decorated ?
and how many preceding ages of civilization would it re¬
quire to be able to erebt fuch buildings ? The annals of
this wonderful country are ftill myfterious, obfeure, and
infinite.

In tlie quarter extending to the village of Kurnu, we
are prefented with a temple of the higheft antiquity, as is
manifeft from its ruinous appearance, its thorough an-
tique hue, its conftruction, which is lefs perfect than the
reft, the extreme Simplicity of its ornaments, the irregu¬
larity of its outline, and efpecially the coarfenefs of its
Sculpture. At a fmall distance are the remains of another
ancient edifice, much more considerable, and in a better
State of preservation ; oppofite to which is a Statue of
black granite or bafalt, wliicli is the material of the mag¬
nificent Egyptian lions which ftand at the foot of the
flight of Steps leading to the Roman capitol. At the en¬
trance of this temple two Square mounds flank an im¬
menfe gate, and againfi the inner wall are engraved, in
two bas-reliefs, the vibtorious combats of Some Egyp¬
tian hero. Tliis piece of primitive Sculpture is in the
moft irregular Style of composition, without perfpebtive,
plan, or distribution, like the Sirft conceptions of tlie un¬
improved human mind. Here the hero is gigantic, and
the enemies whom he is overthrowing are twenty-five
times Smaller than himfelf; if this early Stage of hiero¬
glyphic delineation could be meant fora piece of flattery
in the art%, it was certainly ill-contrived, Since the hero
ought to gain no honour by fighting pygmies. At fome
paces from this gate are. the remains of an enormous co-
loffal figure. It has been wantonly Shattered ; for the
parts which are left have fo well preferved their polish,
and the fraflures their edges, that it is evident, if the
Spirit of devastation in mankind had trufted to time alone
to ruin this monument, we Should ftill fee it entire and
.unimpaired. Suffice it to fay, to give an idea of its di¬
mensions, that the breadth of the (houlders is twenty-five
feet, which would give about feventy-five for the entire
height : the figure is exabt in its proportions, and the
execution perfect ; when overfet, it fell upon its face,
which hides this interesting part; the drapery being-
broken, we can no longer judge by its attributes whether
4 U it

350

i

EGYPT.

it is the figure of a king, or a divinity. Ts it the ftatue
of Memnon, or that of Ofymandyas ? — the defcriptions
hitherto given of this monument throw more confufion
than light upon this queftion. If it be the ftatue ot
Memnon, which is the decided opinion of Denon, every
traveller for two thoufand years mu ft have miftaken the
obje<5l of their curiofity. One foot of this (latue remains,
which is broken off', and in good prefervation ; and it
may give to ps in Europe a fcale of companion of the
monuments of this fpecies, and may ferve as a compa¬
nion to the coloffal feet which are in the court of the Ca¬
pitol at Rome. The fpot where this figure ftood might
be either a temple or a palace, or both at the fame time ;
for, if the bas-relief would belong more properly to a
royal refidence, the figures of eight priefts, which are in
the front of two porticoes in the inner part, would pecu¬
liarly indicate a temple, except indeed they were intro¬
duced to remind the fovereign that, conformably to the
law of the times, the priefts ought always to ferve and
a (lift in the pxercife of monarchical power. This ruin,
which is fituated on the (lope of the mountain, and has
never been inhabited in later times, is fo well preferved
in the parts that are ftill (landing, that it appears more
like a new and unfinifhed building : feveral columns are
feen here to their very bafes; their proportions are grand,
but the (tile, though purer than that of the firft-men-
tioned temple, is, however, not comparable to one of a (5-
milar kind at Tentyra, neither for the majefty of the ge¬
neral delign, nor for the delicacy in the execution of par¬
ticular parrs.

In the adjacent plain, is the Memnonium, and its two
coloffal ftatues, in a fitting pofture ; between which, ac¬
cording to Herodotus, Strabo, and thofe who have co¬
pied the relation of thefe writers, ftood the famous ftatue
of Ofymandyas, the largeft of all the coloffal figures in
Egypt. Ofymandyas had prided himfelf fo much on the
execution of this bold defign, that he had caufed an in-
-fcription to be engraven on the pedeftal of the ftatue, in
w hich he defied the power of man to deflroy this monu¬
ment, as well as that of his tomb ; the pompous defcrip-
tion of which now appears only a fantaftic dream. The
two outermoft ftatues ftill left (landing, are doubtlefs
thofe of the wife and the daughter of this prince men¬
tioned by Herodotus as the mother and foil ; but that of
the king himfelf has difappeared : the fcythe of time,
and the corroding tooth of envy, appear to have united
in compafling its deftrmftion, Nothing of it now remains
but a liiapelefs rock of granite; fo that it requires the
perfevering fcrutiny of the amateur, accuftomed to this
kind of examination, to diftinguifh any portions of the
figure which have" efcaped deftmdlion ; and even thofe
are fo infignificant, that they can throw but little light on
its original dimenfions. The two ftatues ftill exifting are
in the proportion of from fifty to fixty-five feet in height,
feated, as they are, with their two hands on their knees ;
all that remains of them fliews a feverity of (tile, and a
ftraightnefs of pofition. The bas-reliefs, and the final 1
figures cindered round the feat of the fouthernmoft of
thefe ftatues, are not deftitute of elegance and delicacy in
the execution. On the leg of the ftatue the moft to the
north, ihe names of the many illuftrious and ancient tra¬
vellers who came to hear the myfticai 'found of the ftatue
of Memnon, are written in Greek. We may here fee
the great influence which celebrity exercifes over the
minds of men, fmce, when the ancient Egyptian govern¬
ment and the jealoufy of the priefts no longer forbade
ftrnngers to touch thefe monuments, the love of the mar¬
vellous retained its empire over the minds of thofe that
came hither as vifitors. Thus, in the age. of Adrian,
which was enlightened by philofophy, Sabipa, the wife
of tli is enjperor, and herfelf a literary woman, conde-
fcended, along with the learned men who accompanied
her, to acknowledge that (lie had heard founds which no
phyfical. caufe could have produced. “ But the vanity
of infcribing one’s name on fuch antiquities, (fays Denon,)

might very eafily have produced the firft on the lift, and
the natural defire of becoming an affociate in this kind of
glory might have added the reft, and this is doubtlefs the
reafon ot the numberlefs infcriptions of names which, we
find here,-, with fo many dates, and in fo many languages.”

Thefe coloffal figures have nothing of expreflion or ac¬
tion to feduce the judgment ; but yet their proportions
are faultlefs, and their fimplicity of attitude have fome-
tliing of majefty and ferioufnefs, which cannot fail to
ftrike the beholder. If the limbs of thefe figures had
been diftorted in-order to exprefs fome violent paffion,
the harmony of their outline would have been loft, and
they would be lefs confpicuous at the dillance at which
they begin to ftrike the eye, and produce their effedl on
the mind of the fpedlator ; for they may be diftinguiflied
at the diftance of four leagues. To pronounce upon the
character of thefe ftatues, it is neceffary to have feen
them at feveral intervals, and to have long reflected on
them ; and after this it often happens, that what is at
firft confidered as the work of the infancy cf art, becomes
afligned to its maturer age. If the group of the Laocoon,
which fpeaks to the foul as well as to the eyes, were ex¬
ecuted in a proportion of fixty feet, it would lofe all its
beauty, and would not prefent fo ftriking a mafs of vvorlc-
manfliip as this; in fliort, if thefe ftatues were more
agreeable, they would -be lefs beautiful, as they would
then ceafi? to be, what they now are eminently monumental ;
a character which fliould belong peculiarly to that out¬
door fculpture, which is intended to harmonize with ar¬
chitecture, a (tile of fculpture which the Egyptians have
carried to the higheft (late of perfection. “ I again ex¬
amined (fays Denon) the block of granite, which lies
between thefe two ftatues, and I am convinced that it is
the ruins of the famous coloffal ftatue of Ofymandyas,
who, on the infeription, braved both the ravages of time,
and the pride of men. I am likewife perfuaded, that in
a much later period, travellers have chofen to imagine
one of the yet remaining ftatues to be that of Memnon,
that they might not be fuppofed to have come away from
Egypt without feeing it, and, according to the ufual pro-
grefs of enthuftafm, that they have fancied they heard
the found which it was famed for uttering at the rijing of
the fun.”

In this part of the territory of ancient Thebes, and at
the diftance of three quarters of a league from the river,
are the ruins of a large temple, which has not been no¬
ticed by any traveller; and which may give anideg of
the immenfity of that city on the left fide of the Nile,
fince, if we fuppofe that it was the laft edifice towards
the eaft, it is more than two leagues and an half diftant
from Medinet-Abu, where the moft weftern temple is fi¬
tuated.

In the ancient Necropolis, or City of the Dead, are in¬
numerable fubterranean habitations, once the burial
places of the Theban commonalty. Strong in thefe
dreary retreats, the prefent lawlefs inhabitants come opt,
like f'pedfres, only to alarm men; culpable by their many
other crimes, they conceal and fortify their depredations
in the obfeurity of thefe excavations, which are fo nu¬
merous as of themfelves to atteft the immenfe popula¬
tion of ancient Thebes. It was acrofs thefe humbler fe-
pulchres, that the magnificent fovereigns of Egypt were
carried, two leagues from the palace, into the (ilent val¬
ley that was to become for the future their peaceful
abode ; and which is ftill dignified by the name of “the
tombs of the Theban kings.” This valley to the north-
weft of Thebes becomes infenfibly narrower, and flanked
as it is with perpendicular rocks, whole ages have been
able to produce only very flight alterations of its ancient
form. Towards the extremity, the opening between the
rocks even now offers fcarcely (pace enough to pafs by
the tombs, fo that the fumptuous proceflions which no
doubt accompanied the ceremony of royal interment,
in li ft have produced a ftriking contrail with the frowning
afperity of thefe arid rocks ; if, however, they went by

351

EGYPT.

this road, it was probably only for the purpofe of ob¬
taining a longer fpace, in which to roll the lolemn tide
of funereal pomp ; for the valley even from its com¬
mencement tending towards the fouth, the fpot where
the tombs are, cannot be a great diftance from the Mem-
nonium. Far advanced in this defert valley, and in the
midft of the rocks, we firft obferve fome obfcure open¬
ings parallel to the ground: thefe openings diiplay no
other architectural ornaments than a door in a firnple
fquare frame, with a flattened oval in the center of the
tipper part, on which are infcribed in hieroglyphics a
beetle, the figure of a man with a hawk’s head, and be¬
yond the circle, two figures on their knees in the aft of
adoration. As foon as the threfhold of the firft entrance
is palled, ye difcover long galleries twelve feet wide and
twenty in height, cafed with ftucco fculptured and paint¬
ed ; the arches of an elegant elliptical figure, long erro-
neoufly attributed to a more modern date, are covered
with innumerable hieroglyphics, difpofed with fo much
talte, that notwithftanding the Angular grotefquenefs of
the forms, and the total abfence of demi-tint, or aerial
perfpedtive, the ceilings make an agreeable whole, and a
rich and harmonious aflociation of colours. Palling from
one tomb to another, at the end of the galleries are the
farcophagi unconnected with each other, compofed of a
Angle block of granite, twelve feet long by eight in
breadth, ornamented with hieroglyphics both within and
without ; at one end they are rounded, and at the other
fquared, like that in the mofque of St. Athanalius at
Alexandria : the tombs are covered by a lid of the fame
material, and of an enormous mafs, (hutting with a
groove ; but neither this precaution, nor thefe vail blocks
of (lone, brought from an immenfe diftance, and at a vaft
expente, have been able to preferve the relics of the fo-
ven-igns from the attempts of avarice ; all the tombs are
violated, plundered, and robbed: not a Angle mummy is
to be found perfect ! On the lid of the firft farcopbagus
that we meet with, the figure of a king, or of fome pro¬
tecting divinity, is fculptured ; but the figure itfelf is fo
worn, that it is impoflible to diftinguifh by the drefs whe¬
ther it is a king, a prielt, or a divinity. In other tombs
the fepulchral chamber is furrounded by a pilaftered por¬
tico, whofe galleries bordered with recedes fupported in
the fame manner, and lateral chambers hollowed into the
rock, are covered with a white and fine ftucco, on which
are coloured hieroglyphics in a molt wonderful date of
prefervation : the colours of the ceilings, exhibiting yel¬
low figures on a blue ground, are executed with a talte
that might decorate our molt fplendid faloons. ,

On the walls of fome of the chambers are reprefented
all kinds of arms, fuch as panoplies, coats of mail, ty-
ger’s lk ins, bows, "arrows, quivers, pikes, javelins, fa-
bres, cafques, and whips : in others there appear innu¬
merable houfehold utenfils, fuch as calkets, chelfs of
drawers, chairs, fofas, and beds, all of exquilite forms,
and. fuch as might well grace the apartments of modern
luxury : as thefe were probably accurate reprefentations
of the objects themfelves, it is almolt a proof that the
ancient Egyptians employed for their furniture Indian
woods, carved and gilt, which they covered with embroi¬
dery. Belides thefe, there are reprefented various fmall/tr
articles, as vafes, colfee-pots, ewers with their bafons, a
tea-pot and bafket, &c. Other chambers are confecrated
to agriculture, in which are reprefented all its various in-
ftruments, a fledge fimilar to thole in ufe at prefent, a
man flowing grain by the fide of a canal, from the borders
of which the inundation is beginning to retire, a field of
corm reaped with a fickle, fields of rice with men watch¬
ing them. In another chamber is a figure clothed in
white, playing on a harp with eleven cords : the figure is
reprefented with ornaments, and was made of the fame
kind, of wood as modern ones. Many figures appear
without heads, or as having the head cut off; thefe all
reprefent black men ; but thofe who had cut the heads
off, and were Hill holding the fwdrd, the inflrument of

punifliment, are coloured red. Could thefe be human
facrifices ? Was it the cuftom to immolate flaves on the
tombs ; or Was it the reprefentation of an act of juftice,
and the p'unifhment of the guilty ? Here are alio fome
figures of divinities, cut in fycamore-wood with uncom¬
mon elegance, and a fmall foot of a mummy, which does
no lefs honour to nature, than the other fragments do to
art. It was, no doubt, the foot of a young princefs, the
perfect form of which had never been cramped by the
abfurdity of fafhion. Themyllery and magnificence ob-
fervable within thefe excavations, in incalculable labour,
and t Ire number of doors by which they are protected,
convince us that the religious worfhip which had fcooped
out and decorated thefe fubterraneous royal fepulchres,
was the fame as that which had railed the pyramids.

The burial-places of the commonalty, above-men¬
tioned, are alio conltructed with order and magnificence,
confining of a regular double gallery fupported by pil¬
lars, behind which is a row of chambers, often double,
and highly ornamented. Were it not for the tombs, and
fome remains of mummies, we might be tempted to be¬
lieve that thefe were the dwellings of the primitive in¬
habitants of Egypt ; or rather that, after having fit'll
ferved for this purpofe, thefe fubterranean caves, had be¬
come the abode of the dead, and had, at laft, been re.,
ftored by the prelent ferocious occupiers td their original
deftipation. In proportion as the height of thefe grottos
increafes, they become more richly decorated ; and, by
the magnificence both of the paintings and fculptures,
and of the i'ubjedfs which they reprefent, they are many
of them obvioully. the tombs of great men or heroes.
Thofe which are believed to belong to the ancient kings
in the vale of rocks above defcribed, are only diftinguifhed
from thefe by the magnificence of the farcophagi, and
the myfterious folitude of their lltuation. The fculp-
ture in all is incomparably more laboured and higher fi-
niflied than any we find in the temples ; it is t lie work of
the chifel itfelf; and we might (land in aflonifhment at
the high perfection of the art, and of its Angular deftiny,
to be fixed in places devoted to eternal filence and dark-
nefs, and obfcurity. In the working of the galleries,
beds of a very fine-grained calcareous clay have occafion-
aliy been crolfed ; and here the lines of the hieroglyphics
have been cut with a firmnefs of touch, and a precifion,
of which marble offers but few examples; the figures
have an elegance and correbtnefs of contour, which mo¬
dern improvement can fcarcely excel.

Denon continually ranfacked thefe tombs, in the hope
of finding an unrifled mummy, as well as to difcover the
manner in which they were laid within the .fepulchres ;
'and which the inhabitants . had always obftinately con¬
cealed, as the fituation of their village had given them
almoft an exclufive trade in this lingular article of com¬
merce. After many painful and fruitlefs refearches, he
at laft arrived at a hole, before which were fcattered nu¬
merous fragments of mummies : the opening was narrow,
and there was rifk in going down. Determined to perfie-
vere, he ft fuck a light, and entered the narrow palfage,
groping on his hands and knees. Having crawled along
nearly a hundred paces over a heap of dead and half de¬
cayed bodies, the vault became loftier, more fpacious,
and decorated with, a conlidevable degree cif care. He
now found that this tomb had already been fearched ;
that thofe who had 'firft entered i-, not having torches,
had ufed brufhes to give them light, and that thefe had
let fire firft to the linen and afterwards to the gum or refin
of the mummies, which had caufed fuch a combuftion
as to fplit fome of the (tones, melt the gums and relins,
and blacken all the (ides of the cave. lie could obferve,
however, that this vault had been intended for the burial
place of two confiderable perlons, whofe figures were
fculptured in emboflment, feven feet in height, holdino-
each other by the hand. Above their heads was a bast
relief, reprefenting two dogs in a leafh lying on an altar;
and kneeling, two figures had the appearance of worfliip-

Ping>

S52

E G

ping, which makes it probable that two friends were bn-
ried here, who were unwilling to part even in death. Be¬
tides this, there were lateral chambers unornamented,
and fitted with corpfes that had been embalmed with more
or lefs care ; (hewing that though the tombs had been
conftrudted and decorated by perfonsof confequence, they
received not only the corpfes of the founders, but of their
children, friends, relations, and perhaps all the fervants
of their houfe. Several bodies fwathed up, 'but without
any coffin, were lying on the ground, and there were as
many of the fe as could be laid in a regular order. From a
number of bodies which were not fwathed up, it appeared
that circumcifion was a conftant rite among them, that de-
pilation was not piradtifed among the women, that their
liair was long and flexible, and the charafter of the head
was in a fine ftyle. He next defcended with fome incon¬
venience into feveral deep pits, where he found fragments
of more mummies, and large long pots of baked earth,
with covers reprefenting human heads; they contained
nothing but a kind of refin, the fubftance with which the
mummies appeared to have been embalmed.

The plan of thefe excavations is wholly inexplicable.
There are.fome which are fo vaft and complicated, that
one would take them for labyrinths, or fubterranean tem¬
ples. After palling many apartments, adorned in an ele¬
gant ftyle, we enter long and gloomy galleries, which
wind backwards and forwards in numerous angles, and
feem to ocupy a great extent of ground ; they are melan¬
choly, repulfive, and without any decoration ; but from
time to time open into other chambers covered with
hieroglyphics, and branch out into narrow paths that
lead to deep perpendicular pits, which we defeend by
refting our arms againft the fides, and fixing our feet into
fteps that are cut in the rock. At the bottom of thefe
pits are other adorned chambers ; and lower "(till, a f ie fir
feries of perpendicular pits, and horizontal chambers.
It would require feveral days to form an idea of the dif-
tribution of thefe fubterranean works, and to take plans
of fuch intricate labyrinths ; if the magnificence displayed
in the houfes of the living was ut all equal to that of
thefe ultimate habitations, as vvq have fome reafon to
fuppofe, from the fumptuous pieces of furniture painted
in the tombs of the kings, how much muft we regret
that no veftige of them remains ! What can have be¬
come of palaces that contained fuch opulence? how can
they have difappeared ? they cannot be buried under the
mud of the Nile, fince the quay which is before Luxor
(hews, that the elevation which the foil has undergone is
very inconfiderable. Were they built of unbaked, and
therefore peri (liable, earth ? or did the great men, as
well as the priefts, inhabit the temples, and the people
only huts ?

The interior of all thefe fepulehral chambers is coated
over with a fmooth ftucco, on 'which are painted, in
every colour, fubje£ls of funereal procefiions, much lefs
laboured indeed than the bas-reliefs, but equally intereft-
ing, from tire fubjects which are reprefented ; the re-
mains'of which are (till perfect:,; and atteft their extreme
magnificence. The painted figures of the go’ds are here
carried by priefts upon litters, with banners waving over
their heads, and followed by perfonages bearing golden
vafes-of feveral forms, calumets, arms, loaves of bread,
victuals of different kinds, and coffers of various con-
llruciions.

Fragments of mummies. .are here in plenty. Den, on
offered an unlimited reward to any who fhou Id procure
him one whole, and untouched ; but the cupidity of the,
yVrabs deprived him of fuch a curiofity; for they fell at
(pairo the re(in which they find in the belly and lkuli of
thefe mummies, and there is no preventing them from
committing this violence on the dead ; and befide.s, the
fear of felling one that might contain fome treufures,
makes them always break the' outer wooden covering,
and tear that of painted cloth, which wraps round the

Y P T.

whole, body, wherever much coft and pains have been
taken in the embalming.

The art of embalming the dead, was the peculiar pro¬
vince of the phyftcians ; and of which there were three
modes of preparation. One was truly exquifite, appro¬
priated to the kings and nobles, and coft a talent of
filver, or 25SI. 6s. 'Sd. fterling ; the fecond was for infe¬
rior perfons, and only amounted to twenty minse, or a
fourth part of the former furri; and the third, being for
the lower orders of the community, coft but a trifle.
To prepare the mummies according to the firft or fuperior
method, the embalmers took the cor-pfe, and with a
crooked iron inftrument drew the brains through the
noftiils, and filled up the vacuity with a variety of rich
perfumes. A perfon, called the parafehiftis, then cut
open the left fide of the belly, and drew out all the in¬
terlines ; another cleanfed the entrails, wafhing them
with wine of palms, and perfuming them with feveral
aromatic drugs ; the cavities were then filled with pounded
myrrh, .caflia, &c. The incifion being fevved up, the
corpfe was carefully anointed for thirty days with a balm
calculated to flop up all the pores. At the expiration of
this term, every part was covered with fillets of fine li¬
nen, overfpread with gum, and incrufted with the mod
exquifite perfumes ; and this was done fo curioufly, that
the very hairs bn the brows and eye-lids remained unin¬
jured, and the countenance was preferved fo admirably
as to be eafily recognifed. The embalmers having thus
prepared the body, delivered it to the relations, who
pitt it in a wooden coffin, and placed it in an upright po-
lition, either in a fepulchre or in one of their own apart¬
ments ; for many of the Egyptians kept their dead at
home, efteeniing it a great comfort to behold the linea¬
ments of their anceffors, in this ftate of prefervation.
The fecond mode of preparation w;ss effected by fyringing
oil of cedar the common way, without incifion, and by
•laying the body in nitre for the fpace of feventy days, at
the expiration of which the entrails came away, flirunk
and putrified, the nitre having corifurned the flefii, and
left nothing but the (kin and bones : the corpfe was then
delivered to the relations without farther ceremony. The
third method, ufed for the lower clafs, was performed
by cleanfing'the belly with injected lotions, and laying
the corpfe in fait for feventy days, after which it was car¬
ried to the fepulchre. The method of embalming ufed
by the modern Egyptians, according to Maillet, is to
wafn the body feveral times with rofe-water ; which, he
obferves, is more fragrant in that country than with us ;
they afterwards perfume it with incenfe, aloes, and a
quantity of other odours, of which they are by no means
fparing ; they then bury the body in a winding-fheet,
made partly of (ilk and partly of cotton, and moiftened,
as is fuppofed, with fome fweet-feented water or liquid
perfume, though Maillet ufes only the term moiflcncd ;
this they cover with another cloth of unmixed cotton, to
which they add one of the richeft fuits of clothes of the
deceafed.

Denon, purfuing his_rout to the extremity of Upper
Egypt, vi filed Efneh and Etfu. The modern Efneh is
the ancient Latopolis. Some remains are ft-ill vifible of
its port or quay on the bank of the Nile, which has been
often repaired, but, notwithftanding all that has been
done for it, (fill it remains in a very miferable condition.
This town contains the portico of a temple, which ap.
pears to be one of the mod perfect monuments of ancient
architecture. It is fituated near the bazar in' the great
fquare, and would make an incomparable ornament to the
fpot, if the inhabitants had any idea of its merit; but
inftead of this they have deformed it by the moft mifera¬
ble ruined hovels, and have devoted it to the vileft pur-
pofes. The portico is well preferved, and poffefies a great
richnefs of fculpture: it is compbfed of eighteen co¬
lumns, with broad capitals ; all of which are noble and
elegant. The hieroglyphics in relief, with which it is

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E G Y P T.

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covered within and without, are executed with great
care ; they contain, among other lubjedts, a zodiac, and
large figures of men with crocodiles’ heads : the capitals,
though all different, have a very fine effect ; and, as a
proof that the Egyptians borrowed nothing from other
people, we may remark that they have taken all the or¬
naments, of which thefc capitals are contpofed, from the
productions of their own country. It is lingular, how¬
ever, that in this ruin we find no reprefentation of tire
filh latus, from which the town was named Latopolis.

On the oppofite fide of the Nile is the precinCt of Con-
tra-Latopolis ; where we find a temple in a very ruinous
ftate, but very pidlurefque and lingular in its plan, as well
as in feveral of its parts. It con fills of a portico with
four columns in front, two pilafters, and two columns in
tire depth, with a fanCluary in the middle, and two late¬
ral apartments, one of which, on the right hand, is fcarcely
to be traced. Within the portico is a door cut out of the
lateral wall to the right, which mult have been the en¬
trance of a fmall fancluary in which the offerings were
made. Another Angularity in the elevation of this edifice
is, that the capitals of the two columns in the middle ot
the portico are in relief at their fummit, while thofe ot
t Ire columns at each extremity are guttered. This build¬
ing is in a more ruinous Hate than almoft: any other in
Egypt; and the decay lias undoubtedly arifen from the
nature of the free-ftone with which it was built. The cir-
cumvallation of the temple, within which were contained
the lodgings of the prieits, may be pretty diftinftly made
out ; and the whole cf this enclolure is fomevvhat ele¬
vated above the fmall city of Contra-Latopolis, which
was built round the compafs of this monument. It would
appear to have been the practice that all the great cities
on the bank of the Nile Ihould have a fmall city or port
on the oppofite bank, which was probably placed there
for the convenience of commerce.

In the road from lienee to Etfu, we pafs Asfun, about
two leagues and a half from Efneh. This village is
built over vaft heaps of rubbilh, among which it appears
more natural to look for the ruins of Aphroditopolis,
ATphinis, or Afphunis, than among tliofe of the temple
above deferibed. What Strabo fays of this town agrees
better with its diftance from Latopolis ; and the refem..
blance of the name Asfun to Afphunis, of which there
are many fimilar examples in Egypt, firengthens this opi¬
nion. Sofinis, indeed, half a league further on, has
alfo eminences of decayed ruins, though lefs confiderable ;
but as neither village is poffeffed of any monuments above
the grafs, we mu ft wait for fome excavations to be made,
before it can be decided to which belongs. the honour of
having been the city of Venus.

Etfu is the ancient city of Apollo ; and here are the
ruins of the once celebrated I-Iieraconpolis, which confift:
of the remains of a gate belonging to an edifice of very
confiderable magnitude; as appears alfo from the fize of
the Hones, the extent of ground occupied by the frag¬
ments, and the diameter of the defaced capitals, which
lie fcattered on every fide. The (lone of which this tem¬
ple is built, is of fo friable a quality, that the form of
the edifice is entirely loft, and none of the plan can be
made out. Some yards further, the ruins of another im-
menfe building is with difficulty diftinguiftied, owing to
the great decay ; the other remains of the town are only
a few heaps of highly-burnt bricks and fome blocks of
granite.

Apollinopolis Magna, once fo celebrious, ftill enjoys
its unique fituation, commanding in its feite the river,
and the whole vale of Egypt; where its magnificent tem¬
ple towered over the reft like a large citadel, which keeps
the adjacent country in awe. This companion is, indeed,
fo naturally fuggefted by the fituation of this immenl'e
fabric, that it is only now known to the natives by the
name of the fortrefs. This edifice, in extent, majefty, magni¬
ficence, and high prefervation, furpaffes almoft every thing
elfe in Egypt, or elfewhere. The building comprifes a

Vol. VI. No. 355.

long fuite of -pyramidal gates, of courts decorated with
galleries, of porticoes, and'of covered naves, cbnftrudled,
not with common Hones, but entire rocks. '1 lie excel¬
lent prefervation of this ancient edifice forms a wonder¬
ful contrail with the grey ruins of modern habitation's
built within its vaft inclofure ; a part of the population
of the village is contained in huts built in the courts, and
around the fragments of the temple ; which, like fwallows
nells under the eaves of our botifes, defile them without
concealing or injuring their general appearance. This
fublime temple of Apollinopolis Magna, was built at a
period when the arts and fciences had acquired all their
fplendour in Egypt ; the workman (hip of every part is
equally beautiful, the hieroglyphics are admirably exe-
cufed, t he figures more varied, and the architedlure of a
higher order, than in the edifices at Thebes ; the build¬
ing of which mull be referred to an earlier age. A correct
view of this fiiperb ruin is given in the annexed engravings

Still afeending the left bank of the Mile, on which
Efneh and Etfu are fituated, Denon, with eager fteps, at
length readied Syene, and the iftand of Elephantina,,
Alftian, or Syene, is fituated at the extremity of Upper
Egypt, on the confines of Ethiopia. Here the convent
of St. Lawrence, once fo celebrious, is now a ruin.
Above it is a watch-tower, from the lofty fummit of
which a moll lingular view prefc-nts itfelf of the beauti¬
ful iftand of Elephantina, and the chaotic rocks, over
which the Nile Hows in all its rnajeftic grandeur, to po fi¬
fe Is the rich and fertile vale of Egypt, from the cataradls
to the Delta. The lull effects of its bounties are feen
around the granite rocks, in the hollows of which tiie
fund and dime brought down by the waters are depofit-
ed, forming a bafts for vegetation, which continues to in-
creafe, and to embrace a larger and wider field. At Ele-
phantina, the cultivation, the trees, and the habitations,
exhibit Inch a picture of perfection in the gifts of na¬
ture, that it has received the Arabian name of Kezirct-eL
Sag, or the Flowery Illand, in the midft of the Nile.
The entrance of this prolific river into Egypt, after
flowing through the granite blocks which defend the
illand of Elephantina, feems to triumph over ruins of tiie
higheft antiquity. Syene muff: have been once a very
confiderable city, if the edifices on the right and left of
the Nile, and thofe of Elephantina in the middle, formed
but one town ; which may be prefumed, lince they are
only feparated by a channel that in this place is deep but
not broad; the Arabic ruins are grouped on a rock to
the ea ft ward ; below are Roman remains, which are alfo
found in feveral of the monuments at Elephantina. On
the Syene fide of the river there are no other remains of
the original Egyptian towns, than the ruins of a fqiiare
temple furrounded with a gallery, but fo (battered and
fhapelefs, that nothing can be feen but the embrafure
between two pillars, with the capitals and a fmall part
of the entablature; this fragment is what Savary, who
confeffes that he never was at Syene, relates on hear-fay
to be probably the remains of the ancient obfervatory,
in which, according to him, the nilometer, or gauge of
the annual increafe or inundation of the Nile, fiiould be
fought for. But it is here proper to deftroy the error;
of which, however, this elegant writer is not tire author;
for he has only copied, and thus related every thing,
pointed out every thing, and painted in a furprifing'
manner, what hi had nevtr feen.

It was at tire fouthern extremity of the iftand of Ele¬
phantina, that the Egyptian town and the Roman habi¬
tations were fituated, and the Arabian buildings which
fucceeded them. The part occupied by the Romans can
only now be made out by the bricks, the teffellated pave¬
ments, and the fmall images of porcelain and bronze,
which are ftill found; the Arab quarter is only diftin-
gui fired by the dunghills, with which they have covered
the foil, a common feature to all the ruins of the fu’perb
edifices of this country! Every tiling pofterjor has dijf-r
appeared, fo as to leave fcarcely the lead trace of its
4 X exiftence ;

354 E G Y

exigence; whilft the original Egyptian monuments re¬
main, devoted to pofterity, having refifled equally the
ravages of man and of time. In the midfl of this field of
ruins, a very ancient temple is (till left (landing, fur-
rounded with a pilaftered gallery, and two columns in
the portico. It is covered both within and without with
hieroglyphics in relief, very neatly cut, and in good pre-
fervation. This is fuppofed to be the temple of Cneph,
the benevolent genius among the Egyptian gods, who
approaches the neareft to our ideas of the Supreme Be¬
ing. There is alfo a temple of this deity about hun¬
dred paces more to the north, of the fame form and fize,
though more in ruins, all the ornaments of which are
accompanied by the ferpent, the emblem of vvifdom and
eternity, peculiar to the god Cneph.

In the middle of the illand there are two frames of a large
outer door, made of blocks of granite, and ornamented with
hieroglyphics. Thefe remains tertainly indicate monu¬
ments of great magnificence. At the ea(l is another frag¬
ment of a very highly-finifhed edifice; and the hierogly¬
phics that remain are perfectly well fculptured. This
temple obvioully communicated with a narrow parage,
which, to judge by the traces of a number of -fuccefli ve
buildings, terminated on a gallery open to the Nile, and
reding on a large embanked facing, which defended the
eaflern part of the illand from being worn away by the
current of the river. Three porticoes of this gallery
Hill remain, and a flight of granite flairs, which dip into
the river. “ May not this gallery, (afks Denon,) and
this (lair-cafe, be the obfervatory and the nilometer which
travellers have in vajn fought for at Syene?” Strabo,
however, who had obferved Syene with care, and lias
deferibed it minutely, fays, that this nilometer was a well
which received the Nile waters, and that the marks by
which the height of the inundation was eftimated, were
engraved on the fides of this well.

All thefe buildings are founded upon maffes of rock,
covered with hieroglyphics, engraved with more or lei's
care. Further on, turning towards the north, are two
portions of parapet, which leave between them an open¬
ing, .through which one may defeend to the river: on
the inner fide of the right parapet is a bas-relief in mar¬
ble, reprefenting the figure of the Nile four feet in height,
in the fame attitude with a coloflal flattie of the fame
fubjedl which is at Rome.- This copy of the fame idea
proves both that the edifice is Roman, and that this peo¬
ple, in their eftablifliment at Syene, having had oppor¬
tunity of adding the ornaments of luxury and fuperfluity
to works of the firft neceffity, had eftablifhed rather a
powerful colony there than a mere military pod : the
bath's ■ail'd valuable bronze utenfils, which are daily found
there, fupport this opinion of the richnefs and perma¬
nency of this colony, which extended above the cataracts.

The quarries of the cataradts above Syene conlifl of
granite rocks, whence the blocks feem to have been taken
which formed the material of the coiofflil (latues, that
have been the object of admiration to fo many ages, and
the ruins of which dill drike us with aftoni fitment. It
feemed as if the .framers wifiied to preferve the memo¬
rial of the maffes that have produced thefe blotks, by
leaving on the place liieroglyphical inferiptions, intended,
perhaps, to record the event. The texture of this gra¬
nite is fo hard and compact, that the rocks which are
met with in the current, in (lead of becoming worn and
fluttered by decompodtion, have acquired a polifli by t he
dufhing of the waves. The fined and mod abundant of
this kind of done, is the role-coloured granite ; the grey
is often too micaceous ; between thefe blocks are found
veins of very brilliant quartz, drat a of a red (tone, which
partakes of the nature and the hardnefs of porphyry, and
maffes of that black and hard done, which lias been fo
long taken tor bafalt, and which the Egyptians have of¬
ten employed for flatties of moderate (ize.

After pa fling the catarafls, the rocks grow loftier, and
on their fummit rocks of granite arc heaped tip, appeur-

P T.

ing to clufler together, and to hang in equipoife, pur-
pofely to produce the mod pidluretfque effefits. Through
thefe rough and rugged forms the eye all at once dif-
covers the -magnificent monuments of the ifland of Phi¬
loe, which form a brilliant contrail, and one of the mod
Angular furprizes that the traveller can meet with. The
Nile here makes a bend, as if purpofely to form this en¬
chanting ifland, where tiie monuments are only feparated"
by tufts of palm-trees, or rocks that appear to be left
merely to contrail the forms of nature with the magnifi¬
cence of art, and to collect, in one rich fpor, every thing
that is mod beautiful and fublime. The enthufiafm
which the traveller fo condantly experiences at the fight
of the monuments of Upper Egypt, may appear to the
reader a perpetual and monotonous exaggeration ; it is,
however, only the Ample expreflicn of feeling which the
fublimity of their character excites -r and which raifes in¬
voluntary exprellions of furprize and admiration, every
time they imprefs the adonifhed beholder. The road
leading towards Philoe acVofs the-defert, has one pecu¬
liarity, which is, that there are evident remains of its
having been tracked out, and railed as a caufey, and
that there was much traffic on it in foiner times. This
is the only part of Egypt in which a high road is abfo-
lutely neceflary ; for the Nile here ceafing to be naviga¬
ble on account of the cataracts, all the merchandize of
the Ethiopian trade which is landed at Philoe, mud be
conveyed by land to Syene, to be there re-embarked.
All the large blocks of (lone on the road fide are covered
with hieroglyphics, as if intended for the amufement- of
the pafiengers. One of the mod .Angular, of them pre-
fents the form of a feat cut out of the folid rock, with
a flight cf deps to climb up to it ; and the whole orna¬
mented with hieroglyphics executed with great care.
Another lingular object, is the ruins of military lines
made of bricks baked in- the fun, tire bafe of which is
from fifteen to twenty feet in thicknefs. This entrench¬
ment extended along the valley by the road-lide, and ter¬
minated at rocks and forts near three leagues front Syene.
Though the materials of which thefe walls were built
were cheap, yet tire expence of putting them together
ntud have been very great, and Ihews the importance at¬
tached to the defence of this point. Thefe are fuppofed
to be the remains of the famous wall railed by a queen
of Egypt, named Zuleikha, daughter of Ziba, one of the
Pharaohs, which extended from the ancient Syene to the
place where El-Arilh is now fituated, the fragments of
which the Arabs call Haif-el-adjowz, or the old woman’s
wall.

It is imagined that it was to produce a flriking efleft
upon flrangers entering their territory, that the Egyp¬
tians had raifed upon their frontier fuch afplendid group
of monuments. Philoe was the entrepot of a commerce
of barter between Ethiopia and Egypt ; and wilhing to
give the Ethiopians a high idea of their relources and
their magnificence, the Egyptians erefted fo many fump-
tuous edifices on the confines and natural frontier of
their empire. The ruins in Philoe conlifl of a fanctu-
ary, faced by a portico of four columns with very ele¬
gant capitals, to which had been added at a later period
another portico, which doubtlefs was attached to the
circu uwallation of tiie temple. The mod ancient part,
which was alfo conftruCted with more care, was orna¬
mented in a higher degree than the red ; the- ufe fince
made of it in the rites of the Chri.ftian religion has im¬
paired the original character, by adding fquare arched
door-ways. In t he fanCluary, clofe to the figures of Ifis
and Ofiris, may dill be feen the miraculous imprefiion of
the feet of St. Anthony, or St. Paul the hermit. Here
are other convincing proofs that thefe buildings had
been condrufted at different periods, by feveral nations,
and had belonged to different forms of religious worfhip ;
and the union of thefe various edifices, each of them in it-
felf regular, and crouded together in a narrow I'pace, forms
an irregular group of mod picture fque and magnificent ob-

E G Y P T.

iecls. We might here diftinguifl) eight famStuaries or fepa-
rate temples, of different dimenfions ; yet avoiding, with
oreat dexterity, falle angles and general it i egulai itie.-.
This kind of confufion of the architectural lines, which
appear like errors in the plan, produce in the elevation a
ni&urefque effect, which geometrical rectitude cannot
o-ive: it multiplies objects, 'forms elegant groups, and
oilers to the eye more richnefs than cold fymmetry can
ever command. The mode of building with the ancient
Egyptians was, firft to ereft large malfes, on which they
afterwards beftowed the labour of ages, in the particulars
of the decoration, beginning their work with (haping’ the
architectural lines, proceeding next to the fculpture of
the hieroglyphics, and concluding with the ftucco and the
paintin<r. All thefe diftindt periods of work are very ob¬
vious lie re, where nothing is finiffied but what belongs to
the higheft antiquity : whereas a part ot the lubordinate
buildings, which ferved to connect the various monu¬
ments, "had been left in many particulars without fimfh,
'without fculpture, and even incomplete in the building.

This (ingularly magnificent pile exhibits the whole of
thele different periods of workman (hip ; and it " uu.c be
difficult to affign any ufe to this edifice, if the preience
of certain ornaments, reprefenting offerings, had not
pointed it out to be a temple. \ et it has neithei the
form of a portico, nor of a temple ; the columns which
compofe its outer circumference, and which are engaged
in the wall only half their height, fupport nothing but
an entablature and a cornice, without roof or platform :
it only opened by two oppoiite doors without lintels,
which made a ftraight pafflige through in the longitudi¬
nal direction. As it was doubtlefs built in the later
period of ihe Egyptian power, it (hews the pei leCtion ot
their art in the higheft purity ; the capitals are admirable
in beauty and execution, the volutes and the foliage are
as gracefully waved as the fined Greek ai chitecture.

The innermoft temples contain (till more myderious
fanCtuaries, fuch as monolithic temples, or tabernacles of
a (ingle done, intended perhaps as the repofitoi ies of what
was mod precious and mod facred to the worfhippers ;
perhaps even the facred bird, which reprelented the pre-
fiding deity of tine temple ; the hawk, for example, the
emblem of the fun, to whom the building, according to
Dr. Bryant, was confecrated. On the ceilings of the
fame portico are painted adronomical pictures, the theo¬
ries of the elements ; on the walls, religious ceremonies,
images, priefts, and gods; by the fide of the gates gi¬
gantic portraits of victorious fovereigns, or emblematical
figures of ftrength or power threatening a group ot fup-
pliant figures, which they hold with one hand by the
Ivair of the head. Here are alfo the remains of a domedic
feene, which appears to be that of Jofeph and Mary, in
their flight into Egypt; done in a dyle of the utmoft
truth and intered. This building altogether affords a
high proof of the noble fimplicity of Egyptian archi¬
tecture ; and would (hew, in a ft ri king manner, that it is
character, and not extent alone, which gives dignity to
an edifice.

Befides the Egyptian monuments, Greek and Roman
ruins are found at the fouth-ead of the idand of Philoe,
which appear to be the remains of a fmall port, and a
cudom-houfe, of which the wall of the facade is deco¬
rated with piladers and arcades of the doric order : Come
(landing fragments of columns (hew an open gallery, or a
kind of portico in front ; between theie ruins and the
Egyptian monuments, the furbafe of a Chridian church
may be remarked, which is built of antique fragments,
mixed with erodes and Greek ornaments of the later ages ;
for in thefe countries catholicifm has been too feeble to
remove entirely her i«.vn worfhip from the pomp of ido¬
latrous temples. After having edabliihed her faints in
the face of the Egyptian deities, (he has often painted a
St. John, or St. Paul, by the fide of the goddefs Ids, and
difguifed Oliiis into St. Athanadus ; or elfe, quitting the

heathen temples altogether, (lie has dilapidated them,
and taken t he ready-made materials to conllruCt her own
edifices of religious worfhip.

The quarries, of which Pocock fpeaks, terminated the
march of the French army in its conqned of Upper Egypt ;
which event general Defaix carefully inferibed on one of
the granite rocks near the ancient mona fiery of cenobites.
This original feat or the community is fituated in a fmall
valley, furrou tided with (It a there d rocks, and with funds
produced by their decomp, 9(1 tion. The cells of the monks
are mere receffes, about feven feet fquare, . enlightened
only by a difmal window, fix feet from the ground: this
refinement of aufterity, however, only concealed from
the eye of the reclufe the view of the va(t expanfe of
heaven, an equally boutidlefs horizon of fund, and a bright
uninterrupted light, varied neither by clouds nor rain ;
hence more melancholy than night, more wafting to the
corporeal frame, and perhaps more impreffive of the
gloomy picture of their folitude. In this dungeon a bed
of bricks, and a recefs ferving as a clofet, were all the
conveniences which had been added to this (pace between
four walls; and a tower placed by the fide of the gate,
(hews alfo that even the anftere repaft of tlfefe cenobites
was taken in folitude. Nothing now indicates the remains
of the habitation of man, but fome fliort fentences written
on the walls ; and an extenfive court or area, with lofty
embattled walls, covert ways, and embrafures for can¬
non ; which feem to announce that tire ftornts of war had
fucceeded the horrors of filence in this retired place ; and
that this edifice, torn from the cenobites, who had railed
it with fo much zeal and perfeverance, had at different pe¬
riods ferved as a retreat to the vanquifhed, or as an ad¬
vanced poll to fome victorious army.

Returning from Affuan by the right bank of the Nile,
Den.on firft reached the ancient Ombos, where the croco¬
dile was faid to be worfhipped, and which is (till called
Com-Ombos, the mountain Ombos ; and it is fituated on an
eminence, which commands the country, and projects
out to the very margin of the river. If all the fragments
which are heie feen belonged to a (ingle edifice, it muft
have been immenfe. In the center is a grand portico of
columns with wide capitals, in very large proportion ;
on the fouth, one gate is preferved entire ; it joined a
wall of circumvailation, which is deftroyed ; at the weft,
and on the bank of the Nile, an enormous mole was raifed,
which is at prefent in ruins at its upper part ; the inun¬
dations of the river have laid bare its foundations for
fixty feet in depth, they were conftructed with the fame
folidity and magnificence as the ornamental part. To¬
wards the north, in the fame direction, the remains of a
temple or gallery may be (een, in (mailer proportion,
with columns and capitals. In the open fpate between
thefe two laft edifices, was a parapet made of hewn (tone,
which opened to the view the grand temple in the middle,
and nuift have produced a theatrical and magnificent ef¬
fect. Whatever ccmpofed the remainder of the ancient
town of Ombos,- it could not but offer a very majeftic
view when entire ; fince, dilapidated as it is, and encum¬
bered with vile huts, the forms of beauty which it dis¬
plays produce amoft magic picture of fplendid antiquity.

The rocks or quarries of Gebel SiKilis, are fituated be¬
tween Etfn and Ombos. The (tone of thefe quarries being
of an equal grain and uniform texture, blocks may be cut
out of them as large as can be defired ; and it is doubt¬
lefs to the beauty and unaltei ability of this material, that
we owe the vaft fize and fine prefervation of the Egyp¬
tian buildings, which are our admiration at the prefent
time, fo many centuries alter the date of their conftruc-
tion. From the immenfe excavations, and the quantity
of fragments which may (till be feen in thefe quarries,
we may fuppofe that they were worked for fome thou¬
sands of years ; and they alor.e might have fupplied the
materials employed for the greater part of the temples of
Egypt. The diftance would, in faCt, prove no obftacle,
2 fines

356 E G "

fince the Nile, during its inundation, would conftantly
convey thefe materials to the places of their deftination.
The mania of eredling monuments among the Egyptians,
thews itfelf on every fide in thefe quarries. f which, after
having furnilhed materials for the eredlion of temples,
were themfelves confecrated by. monuments, and deco¬
rated wit'll religious edifices. On the fiiore of the Nile
may be feen porticoes with columns, entablatures, and
cornices, covered, with hieroglyphics, all cutout of the
folid rock; and likewife a large number of tombs, alfo
hollowed ,out of the mountain. Thefe tombs are full
very curious, though they are disfigured with trenches
and rubbifh. In feveral of them final 1 private chambers
are found, many of which Contain large, fealed figures ;
thefe chambers are adorned with hieroglyphics traced on
the rock, and terminated with coloured ftueco, reprefent-
ing offerings of bread, fruits, liquors, fowls, &c. The ceil¬
ings, alfo of (lucco, are ornamented with painted fcrolls
in an exquifite tafle ; the.floor is inlaid with a number of
tombs of the fame dimenfions and form as are- given to
the cafes of mummies, and equal in number to the fculp-
tured figures : thofe that rcprefent men have fniall fquare
beards, with a'head-drefs hanging behind over the flioul-
ders ; the women have the fame dreffes, but falling down
in front ovej- their naked necks. Thefe latter are com¬
monly reprefented with one arm palling' within the arm
of the figure befide them, and the other holding a lotus
'flower, a plant of Acheron, the emblem of death. The
tombs that contain but a Angle figure are probably thofe
of men who have died in celibacy ; where three are con¬
tained, they reprefent perhaps a'hufband who had two
wives, either at one time or (uccefiively. The doors are
all decorated with jambs covered with hieroglyphics, and
furmounted with a coping, which forms a cornice, and
an entablature on which a winged globe is always fctilp-
tured. The choice of this fitu.atioii for the habitations
of the dead, fliew.s, that at all times in Egypt, the filence
of the defert has been the afylum of death, fince even
now thfi Egyptians carry their dead into the defert three
leagues from their habitations, that 'the drynefs of the
fands may preferve them from corruption ; and they go
thither every week to pray over their remains.

The banks of the Nile from Ombos to Tentyra are
greatly infefled with crocodiles ; but they feem to prefer
certain reaches of the river, and abound mod: of all near
Hermontes, called alfo CrocodUopolis . At the ] aft-men¬
tioned place Denon faw three of them ; one, much larger
than the reft, was nearly, twenty-five feet long; they were
all afteep, fo that he could approach them within twenty
paces, and had time to diftinguifh all the pecnliarites
which give them fuch a hideous afpedl : he fays they
refembled difmounted cannon. He fired on one with a
heavy mnfquet ; the ball (truck him and rebounded from
Iris feales ; lie made a leap of ten feet, and dived into the
river. They are not to bp feen about Syene ; but re-ap-
pear above the cataracts.

From Ombos and Sililis the road leads to Chenubis.
Within a quarter of a league of this city are two tombs
hewn out of the rock, and a finall fandtuary furrounded
by-a gallery, having a portico in front. Of profound an¬
tiquity are the temples of Chenubis, the ruins of which,
as well as thofe of the city itfelf, are in fo disjointed a
fiate, and fo varied in their proportions; that it is very
difficult to form any corre.it idea of their plan. The mod
confiderable and rnoft elevated parts confiftof fix columns,
the capitals of three of which belly out, while thofe cf
the three others, which are parallel to them, are gutter¬
ed, and united by an entablature. In the front of this
fragment of ruins, to the fouth, are the bafes of a por¬
tico, which appears not- to have been finiflied ; and, in
the fame direition, is a block of granite which feems to
have belonged to a coloffid ftatue. In an eaftern direc¬
tion is a fine bafin of water, the circumference of which
is lined and decorated by a, gallery formed of columns.

r P T.

Tn the weftern part of the city the gate of a fahdhiary
prefects itfelf, together with two very minute fragments.
In the front is a lining in the form of a quay on the Nile.
Among thefe architedhiral remains are feveral ruins of
fculpture ; among others a group of two figures coupled
together, three feet in height, the heads of which have
been broken off. What is mod curious at Chenubis, is
.an inclofure,. the walls of which are built of unbaked
bricks, and .are of a conical fhape, having.at their bafe
a thicknefs of upwards of tweiity-feven feet. This extra¬
ordinary work, of which hiftory makes no mention, is in
many parts in an entire ftate. It has been fuppofed that
it was of Arabic conftrudtion ; but as there are no traces
of Arabic edifices on the (cite of Chenubis, it is prefivm-
r.ble that it is a work of high antiquity, and in this cafe
there can never be occafion to conftruit fortifications of
any other; defeription in Egypt, with the exceptions of
the jambs and embrafures, together with fuch other
parts as are expofed to friction. In this inftance all the
great rnafles have completely refilled the ravages of time,
and may (till be employed in any defenfive meafures. At
a confiderable diftance are the remains of two temples,
the plans of . which could not be traced. Thefe ruins
feemed to fce depofited there merely to point out the
feite of the city of Juno Lucina, which the infallible
d’Anville has laid down in this latitude.

Repairing' Thebes on the right fide of the river, we
approach Kous, which is the ancient Apollinopolis Parva.
It is fituated at the entrance of the opening of the defert
which leads to Berenice and Colli r, and is (till beautiful
on the fouth fide. Its immenfe plantations of melons,-
and its numerous and abundant gardens, muft for ever
make it delicious to the inhabitants of the fhores of the
Red Sea, and to the thirfty travellers who crofs the defert.
It has fucceeded to the commerce and Chriftian eftablilh-
ment of Coptos; for the Copts are its mod numerous
inhabitants. ' Here is the top of a gate, the only remnant
that is left of the ancient Apollinopolis Parva. This (ingle
fragment appears larger than all the reft of the town, and
offers a ftriking pidture of the eternity that characterizes
the Egyptian architecture. The other parts of the edi¬
fice are doubtlefs buried under the mountain of rubbifh
that is occupied by the modern town. This gate bears
an inferipfion greatly pofterior to the original monument,
and affords a curious example of fkilful flattery in a pre¬
fect of Upper Egypt, in the time of the Ptolemies, and
who, on account of fome repairs twenty or thirty centu¬
ries after the firft building of the temple, ventured to
dedicate it to his matters, to inferibe the gate with then-
names, in order to tranfmit them to pofterity. Thus the
glory of kings can only refill the flood of time by being
exalted on the monuments raifed by the arts ; deprived
of this fupport, they are buried in the overwhelming
ftream, leaving behind them only empty names that hif¬
tory repeats in vain. What would become of Achilles
without his ‘immortal monument, the Iliad of Homer;
or of Sefoftris, without the remains of thefe his coeval
temples ? The names of Pericles, of Auguftus, of the
Medicaean Lorenzo, are illuminated by the torch of li¬
terature and the arts; while the tombs of Genferic, A-t-
t i 1 a , Tamerlane, and the other barbarian deftroyers, are
loft among the common ruins of time !

The ruins of Keft or Coptos, once fo famous for its
commerce with the eaft, are feen at a little diftance from
Kous. Nothing of its ancient fplendour can now be dif-
tinguifhed ; but the extent of the heaps of ruins with
which it is furrounded, points out the feite of the an¬
cient city. The old town is as defolate as the defert, on
the border cf which it (lands. It remains in nearly the
fame ftate in which it was left by the (conflagration which
terminated the long fiege that deftroyed it in the third
century, under the perfecutions of Diocletian. The old
limits of the city have' been abandoned, and to this has
fucceeded an Arab town; with a boundary wall of un¬
baked

Loruh'Ji Publish'

E G Y P T. 357

baked bricks ; beyond which, verging to the weft, is the
hamlet of Kefr, which ftill exifts. Was Coptos the ori¬
ginal name of this town ? (See the article Coftos, vol.
v, p. 1 79.) And did the ancient Copts take their name
from that of Coptos; where zeal colledled their num¬
bers, and made them fuftain fo obftinate and difaftrous a
fiege in the time of Diocletian ? One may evidently dif-
tinguilh the different ruins of two temples of high anti¬
quity, and thofe of a Chriftian church, in which, tafte
and art in the conftrudlion were certainly lefs remarkable
than the magnificence and richnefs of the materials em¬
ployed : the fragments of porphyry and granite columns
and pilafters, fcattered over a vaft fpace of ground, re¬
main to atteft the opulence and luxury of the fir ft be¬
lievers ; but the fculpture on the doric friezes, fome frag¬
ments -of which are (till vifible, (hew that at this period
the efforts at embelliftiment, which art could command,
only impoverifhed the fumptuous magnificence of the
materials. All thefe monuments lie without form and
order on the ground, a very few portions of which arc
left ftanding.

From Coptos we are led to Keneh, or Kenneh, which
the French had intended to make the centre of commerce
in Upper Egypt. Keneh has fucceeded Kous, as Kous
had fucceeded Coptos. Its fituation has this advantage,
that it is immediately at the entrance of the defert on the
eaftern bank of the Nile. It has never been fo flourifh-
ing as the above-mentioned cities, becaufe its exiftence is
dated after the commerce of India had been diverted, and
in a manner annihilated, either by the difcovery of the
route to India by the Cape of Good Hope, or by the ty¬
ranny of the Egyptian government. Its commerce, being
confined to the paffage of the pilgrims, is very inconfi-
derable, unlefs at the time when the great caravan is on
its route. It is here that the pilgrims of the Oafis on the
fide of Lybia,- together with thofe of Upper Egypt, and
a few Nubians, take in their fupplies, providing not only
what is neceflary for the paffage acrofs the defert to Coftir,
but alfo for the journey, to Gidda, Medina, and Mecca,
as well as for their return from thence. They are under
the necefiity of doing this, becaufe, the above cities being
•fituated on a flinty defert, the inhabitants have no other
refource except the gold they amafs, infomuch, that if,
thanks to fanaticifm, Mecca has continued to be a point
of contact between India, Africa, and Europe, it has
likevvife become an abyfs, in which a population of an
120,000 fouls abforbs the gold of India, of Alia Minor,
and of every part of Africa.

Nearly oppofite to Keneh, acrofs the river, (lands Den-
dera, opce the magnificent city of Tentyra, whofe fu-
perb remains ftill aggrandize the weftern fhore of the
Nile. To this ancient feat of Egyptian literature we
muft now conduct the reader; where, on the ceilings of
their colleges or temples are beautiful zodiacs, planetary
lyftems, and celeftial jdanifpheres, emblems of the con-
ftellations of the heavens, difplayed in a curious and
tafteful arrangement ; the walls are covered with groups
of hieroglyphical pictures, exhibiting the religious rites
of this once learned people, their labours in agriculture
and the arts, and their moral precepts. Here the Supreme
Being, the firft caufe, feems every where depicted by the
emblems of his attributes. Every part and member of
thefe immenfe ftrudtures appear equally important, and
feem to have coft the labour of ages to conceive, to put
together, and to decorate. Throughout the whole is
(hewn equal care, and equal afliduity ; which would lead
us to believe that thefe edifices were not the works of
their kings, but that they were conftrufted at the ex¬
pence, and for the ufe, of the nation, under the direc¬
tion of colleges of literati, and by artifts whofe labours
were circumicribed by invariable rules. From the mo¬
dern Dendera to the remains of this grand temple or col¬
lege, the diftance is nearly two miles; and this is the
only quarter that now .bears the name of Tentyra, and
which is called by the Arabs. Berie/i. After comparing
Vol. VI. No. 355.

this ftrufture with all the other Egyptian monuments, it
confelfedly appears to be the molt perfect in its execu¬
tion, and conftrudted at the happieft period of the arts
and fciences in Egypt. No ornament has been here af-
fumed without fome end in view, without contributing
in a greater or lefs degree to the perfection and harmony
of the whole. The greateft curiofity of this temple is
certainly the zodiac, which decorates the two oppofite’
plat-bands of the portico or grand entrance ; and the ce¬
leftial planifphere, which occupies part of the ceiling of
a moll elegant apartment orchamber, built over the nave
of the great temple. Denon profelfes to have copied thefe
luperb embellifhments with the utmoft correctnefs. The
ceiling is divided into two compartments, by a large fi¬
gure that feems to be an Ills : her feet reft upon the
earth, her arms are extended towards heaven, and fne
appears to occupy all the fpace between. In another
part of the ceiling is a large figure, probably reprefenling
the year, with its hands and feet on the fame level, and
enfolding with the curvature of the body fourteen globes,
placed on as many boats, diftributed over feven bands or
zones., feparated from each other by numberlefs hiero¬
glyphics, but too much covered with ftaladlites and
fmoke to allow of being copied. Behind' this firft cham¬
ber is a fecond, which receives light only through the
door : this alfo is covered with moft interefting and ad¬
mirably-executed hieroglyphical pictures. It is difficult
to imagine what could be the ufe of this part of the edi¬
fice, fo carefully finifhed and ornamented with pictures
fo evidently fcientific : thofe on the ceilings appear to
relate to the motions of the heavenly bodies, and thofe
on the walls have probably fome reference to the earth,
and the influences of the air and water. The earth is
univerfally reprefented by the attribute or figure of Ills,
who was the prefiding divinity in all the temples of Ten¬
tyra, and whofe emblem is found in every part. Her
head is feen forming the capital of the columns belong¬
ing to the portico, and the firft chamber of the great
temple : it is alfo in the centre of the aftragal, and fculp-
tured in gigantic proportions, on the outfide of the foun¬
dation wall : it is the diftinguifhing objedt in the orna¬
ments of the frieze and the cornice, and is confpicuous in
all the pictures with her proper attributes. It is Ifis to
whom all the offerings are made, when they are not pre-
fented by herfelf to her hufband Ofiris : her figure is in-
feribed on the outer gates of the enclofure, and to her
are dedicated the little temples that are there reprefented ;
in that on the right hand of the entrance, fhe is triumph¬
ing over two evil genii ; in that which is behind the great
temple, fhe is varioufly deferibed as holding Horus in her
arms, defending him from every hoftile attempt, entruft-
ing him only to figures like cows, and fuckling him at
every age, from infancy to puberty. There are now
neither doors nor even hinges to the gates, which for¬
merly fecluded from prophane eyes thofe myfteries of
which the priefts were fo jealous, and alfo, perhaps,
concealed the treafures of the (late. The chambers con-
fecrated to eternal night, the myfterioufnels of the wor-
ftfip, obfeure as the temples themfelves, the fecret initia¬
tions, fo difficult to be obtained, and for ever fhutagainfl:
ftrangers, and the fudden overthrow, both of the govern¬
ment and religion, as foon as Cambyfes had violated the
fandtuaries, overthrown the divinities, and carried off
the treafures, all combine in announcing, that within
thefe temples was contained the elfence of all ; and that
hence emanated all the national learning, civil dodtrine,
and religious authority, of the ftate.

Although the race of human beings which we now
find in Egypt are wrapt in profound ignorance, it is ne-
verthelefs apparent, from the mafterly fculptures and ex-
quifite workmanfhip difplayed in the flrudture of this
temple, that not only the arts, but the fublimer fciences
muff have flourifhed among its earlier inhabitants, who
appear to have dift'ufed their knowledge over all parts of
the civilized globe. The ftile and conftruction of their
4 Y zodiac

.358

EGYPT.

zodiac is an irrefragable proof of their deep knowledge
in agronomy. It is enveloped by two large human fi-
gures, which are fuppofed to reprefent the year. A
winged emblem placed before thei* mouth, may reprefent
eternity, or elfe the pafl'age of the fun to the folftices ;
the di Ik. at the joining of the thighs of the figure, is the
fun, whence proceeds a beam of light that falls on the
head of a crowned Ids, which reprelents either the earth,
or the moon ; the fun, fituated in the fign cancer, which
is depidted and crowned at the joining of the thighs of
the oppofite figure, may perhaps fhew the period of the
erection of the temple ; the figures joined to, or between
the refpedtive figns, may mean the fixed ftars ; and thofe
handing in the boats below the revolving heavenly bo¬
dies, the planets, and comets. The figures are all fculp-
tured and painted in a large fize, completely filling the
broad plat-bands of the portico ; and the characters are
reprefented of their natural colour, on a blue ground,
fiudded with yellow ftars. One fmall part is entirely de¬
faced.

The apartment which contains the planifphere, if we
may judge by the fubjedts which are there fculptured,
mull have been devoted to aftronomy, and was probably
attached to an obfervatory, where the fcience was taught.
The entrance to this building was through a fmall orna¬
mented door; the firft room has no roof, and appears to
be a fmall clofed court, but decorated with the fame care
as the other apartments ; agaifift the fide wall on the
right is reprefented a mummy reclined, under which is a
long infcription : from this open court a door leads into
the afironontical room, which receives light through two
large cafements ; and on the ceiling of this apartment is
fculptured the planifphere of the heavenly bodies, toge¬
ther with another fubjedt, apparently afironontical, which
is feparated fronvthe firft by the tall figure of Ifis, above-
mentioned. The innermoft room is almoft entirely dark,
receiving neither air nor light from any quarter, except
the fmall door ; its ceiling is decorated with two appro¬
priate bas-reliefs, one of which reprefents an altar, upon
which feems to reft the ark of the covenant, .over which
are two doves, with their wings united. Thefe inge¬
nious decorations plainly indicate that the Egyptians had
a planetary fyftem, and that their knowledge of the hea¬
vens was reduced to fixed principles. The exadt fimila-
rity between the figns here depidted, and thofe of our
zodiac, (hew how the Greeks have firft borrowed them
from Egypt, and the Romans from Greece, whence they
have reached our own times :• and the more the importance
of thefe curious figures is confidered, the more will it in¬
fluence the learned in Europe to inveftigate and explain
them.

At Tentyra is to be feen an infcription in large and
beautiful Greek characters, placed on the liftels to the
right and left of the top of one of t he outer gates, to the
fouth of the great temple. The following is the infcrip¬
tion, with a tranflation :

T7T6£ uvroy.paropoq Ka.H7u.poi; ©eu vm Aio$ EhevSepm crunn^uq
pr etti IIowAia Oztosis Yiyiy.ovoq xui Mupxa KAw&ta nos-npm
iTnq-pur'/iye T pv(pitivoq crpaT/iyavroq oi aito r r,q peeTpo'jroXeuq
npuauii eh vopj.§ to 'TO'poTruAo; I C7i$i ©eui (ie/irdt nut Toiq
cvvjxoiq Qioiq eraq A. a Kaiaapcq ©avS at&aq-rji.

“ On account of the emperor Caefar, God, the fon of
Jupiter the Deliverer, when Publius Odtavius being go¬
vernor, Marcus Claudius Poftumus commander in chief,
and Tryphon genera^, the deputies of the metropolis con-
fe era ted, in virtue of the law, the propylaeum to Ifis, the
greateft of the goddeftes, and to the alfociated gods of
the temple, in the thirty-firft year of Caefar.” Thefe
few Greek characters, in the midft of innumerable
Egyptian inferiptions and hieroglyphics, form an extra¬
ordinary and ftriking contrail.

Haw, or Diofpolis Purva, is feated a few miles below
Tentyra, and on the fame fide of the river. It is a fine
military fituation, but it pofleLfes no antiquities.

Between Diofpolis Parva, and Girgeh, is the ancient
Abydus, where Ofymandyas had ereCted a temple, and
where Memnon had a palace : but the ruins are now prof-
trate, and the whole an immenfe heap of rubbifh.

Nagadi, an ancient town on the contrary fide of the
Nile, is fituated at the entrance of the defert, on one of
the roads which lead to Coftir. Here is a large ruin,
which had been converted into an entrenched convent
inhabited by Copts, and afterward became a mofque;
but a greater part confifts of an ancient vaulted burial
place, containing the tombs of the dead; and which
ferved for fome time as miferable quarters to the French
army in Upper Egypt; and where the merchants and
Arabs taken in the defert were brought as prifoners, to
undergo examination. Nagadi is a place of importance,
and will eventually become the moft frequented route of
the defert, fince it is the ftiorteft by a journey of one whole
day. This road alfo leads by the Kittah, a very fingular
fountain, fince it is fituated on a higher level than all the
furrounding ground. This fountain confifts of three
wells fix feet in depth ; the ftrata of'which are, firft, a
bed of fand, and beneath, a free-ftone rock, through which
the water filtrates, and flowly fills the holes that are dug.
Here is a fmall mofque, or caravanlary, which ferves for
Ihelter to the way-worn traveller deftined to traverfe the
dry and dreary defert. And here we may be convinced
of the great importance of thofe wells fo often mentioned
in the Old Teftament, as abfolutely neceflary to fatisfy
the moftpreffingof all wants in this burning climate, third.

In defeending the Nile, we next approach Girge or
Girgeh, the nominal capital of Upper Egypt : it is a mo¬
dern town that contains nothing remarkable. The name
of Girgeh, or Djergeh, is derived from a large monaftery
built previoully to the town, and dedicated to St. George,
which is pronounced Girgeh in the language of the coun¬
try. The Nile razes its walls, and is conftantly waffling
away a part of them ; and it would require a confiderable
expence to make here but an indifferent harbour for
boats. This town is therefore interefting only as being
fituated half way between Cairo and Syene, and in a very
rich territory.

Small and infignificant are now the remains of Aphro-
ditopolis, and Ptolemais, cities which once populated and
enriched this diftridl ; and of which we are furniffled with
very unfatisfa&ory -accounts. Herodotus himfelf has
only deferibed their ruins from the falfe reprefentations
which were given to him, and which modern travellers
have only been able to notice fuperficially, furrounded
by every caufe of anxiety, without daring to lofe fight
of the river, plundered on every pretence by the reis, by
their, interpreter, by every fheik, baffla, kiachef, and wan¬
dering Bedouine, into vvhofe hands they might happen to
fall. Thefe travellers, under fuch circumftances, cannot
be blamed in tranfmitting very imperfedt accounts of
countries fo curious, but at the fame time fo dangerous
to vifit. Aphroditopolis is but little better than a moun¬
tainous ruin of bricks; and Minchieh, the ancient Pto¬
lemais, is quite annihilated. The only remains of this \
large Greek city is a quay, in but an indifferent ftate of
prefervation, though of a better conftrudtion than the
Egyptian works of this kind : of the ruins is built a large
village, inhabited chiefly by Chriftians. Ptolemais was
the port of Arfinoe, which concurred to form the Nomos
Heracleotes. The Ptolemais deferibed by Strabo, is the
prefent Ptolometa, built by the Greek prince Ptolemy Plii-
ladel pints, where are the remains of an Ionic temple,
fuppofed to be done in the moft ancient manner of exe¬
cuting that order, and which was delineated and deferibed
by Bruce. The Ptolemais which is now called Acca, or
Acre, in Syria, and which was twice rendered celebrious
by the glory of the Britifh arms, in the time of the croi-
fades under Richard I. and in the late Egyptian war,
under the fuperior generallflip of fir Sidney Smith, was
not founded by any of the Ptolemies, but was lo named

London Tuiliificd .it the Aft directs M,iv £ fjgot Or J.WiUcs.

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E G ^

in honour of one of them, who fortified and improved it.
The original name of this place was Accho, mentioned in
the book of Judges, i, 31.

Three miles lower down on the right bank of the liver,
are the remains of Chemmis or Panopolis, now called
Achmin : there dill is to be feen a building buried up to
the very roof, which, no doubt, is the temple formerly
dedicated to Pan, and confecrated to proditution : a
number of almees and women of the town dill fnbfid
there, as at Metubis ; if not under the fpecial protection,
yet at lead acknowledged and' tolerated by the govern¬
ment. It is faid that on a particular day in every week,
they a (Terrible in a mcfque near the tomb of the fheik
Harridi, where, mingling the facred and profane, they
commit all kinds oEindeeencies. Achmin is large and
well fituated on a tongue of land projecting into the Nile,
and (houldered up by the chain of the Mokatam moun¬
tains, which, bending found in this place, forms a deep
and difficult pafs.

Siut is the modern town built on the feite of the an¬
cient Lycopolis, or City of the Wolves. No antiquities are
now to be found in Siut j but the Lybian chain, at the
foot of which it dands, exhibits fuch a vad number of
tombs, that without doubt it mud have been a very an*
cient and flonridiing city. The Lybian chain of moun¬
tains appears like an immenfe ruin of nature, formed of
horizontal and regular drata of calcareous dones more or
lefs crumbling, and of different (hades of whitenefs, di¬
vided at intervals with large mammillated and concen¬
tric dints, which appear to be the nuclei, or, as it were,
the bones, of this vad chain, and feepi to prevent its to¬
tal annihilation. Yet its decompofition is daily happen¬
ing by the imprefiion -of the fait air, which penetrates
every part of the calcareous furfuce, decompofes it, and
makes it, as it were, didolve down in dreams of fand,
which at fird collect in heaps at the foot of the rock,
and are then carried away by the winds, and, encroaching
gradually on the cultivated plain and the villages below,
change them into barrennefs and defolation. The rocks
are excavated by a vad number of tombs of diderent di-
menfions, and decorated with more or lefs magnificence.
If one of thefe excavations was a fingle operation, as the
uniform regularity of the plan of each would feem to in¬
dicate, it mud be an immenfe labour to condrudt a tomb;
but we may fuppofe that fuch a one, when once finilhed,
would ferve for ever for the fepulture of a whole family,
or even race, and that fome religious wordiip was regu¬
larly-paid to the dead; elfe where would have been the
ufe of fuch finilhed ornaments of inferiptions never read,
and of a ruinous, fecret, and buried, fplendour? At dif.
ferent periods or annual fedivals, or when fome new in¬
habitant was added to the tombs, funereal rites were
doubtlefs performed, in which the pomp of ceremony
might vie with the magnificence of the place; which is
the more probable, as the richnefs of decoration in the
interior part forms a mod driking contrad with the outer
walls, which are only the rough native unembelliihed
rock. Further on to the fouth, are remains of large
quarries-, the cavities of which are fupported by pilaf-
ters : fome of thefe quarries have been the abode of the
cenobites, who, among thefe vad retreats, united the au-
liere afpedf of an inhabitant of the delert to the gentle
majedy of one who partakes of the bounties bedowed by
a river, which difp-enfes to its banks plenty and fertility.
This was the emblem of their life ; before their retreat,
cares, wealth, agitation; afterwards, calm and contem¬
plative enjoyments ; the dlence of nature, too, imitated
the referve’to which they were compelled: in thefe re¬
gions, the unchanging and augud fplendour of the dey
forcibly impels to condant but chadened admiration ; the
dawn of day is not enlivened by the cries of joy, or the
bounding of animals; the long of no bird proclaims the
return of morn ; even the lark, which in our climates en¬
livens and animates our fields, in thefe burning regions
only calls to his mate, but never chants his happinefs ;

P T. , 35f)

the grave dignity of nature Teems to infpire with the
deep fenfe of humble acknowledgment, fo that the grotto
of the cenobite Teems to have been placed here by the
order 'and choice of the Deity himfelf ; and every ani¬
mated being partakes with hiria in his grave and filent
meditation.

Hermopolis Magna is feated on the fame fide of the
Nile as Siut, confiderably below Beneadi. In approach¬
ing the eminence on which the portico of the great tem¬
ple w-as built, we are druck with its outline in the hori¬
zon, and its gigantic features. A peafant who diould
be drawn out from his cottage, and placed before fuch a
building as this, would believe that there mud exid a
wide difference between himfelf and the beings who were
able to condrudt it ; and, without having any idea of ar¬
chitecture, he would fay, “ This is the work of a god, a
man Could not dare to inhabit it.” If a drawing can fome-
times give an air of greatnefs to little things, it always
diminilhes the effects of great objects : fo, in this in¬
dance, the capitals, which appear too heavy in propor¬
tion to the bafes, have, in reality, fomething in their
maffivenefs which drikes with wonder, and difarms cri-
ticifm : but what is truly admirable, is, the beauty of
the principal outlines, the perfection in the general con-
druction, and in the ufe of ornaments, which are fuffi-
cient to give a rich edeCt without injuring the noble fim-
plicity of the whole. The immenfe number of hiero¬
glyphics which cover every part of this edifice, not only
have no relief, but entrench upon no part of the outline,
fo that they difappear at twenty paces didance, and leave
the building all its uniformity. Among the hillocks,
within three or four hundred yards of the portico, enor¬
mous blocks of done may be feen half buried in fand,
and regular architecture beneath them, which appear to
form an edifice containing columns of granite, juft riling
above the prefent level of the foil. Further on, but (tilL
connected with the fcattered fragments of the great tem¬
ple of Hermopolis, is built a molque, in which are a num¬
ber of columns of cipoline marble, retouched by the
Arabs ; then comes the large village of Achmunin, peo¬
pled by about five thoufand inhabitants.

On the oppofite fide of the river, beyond Malui, are
feen, on the cadern bank, near the village of Shek-Abade,
the ruins of Antinoe, built by Adrian, in honour of his
favourite Antinous, who facrificed his own life in Egypt
to fave that of his fovereign. It is unfortunate that fuch
fublime heroifm diould be found in alliance with infa¬
mous morals, fo as to authorize a great man, under the
facred title of gratitude, to publilh his regrets, which
have been long ago configned by nature to mydery and
ihame. It is not eafy to imagine what could have de¬
cided the choice of a fituation for the town of Antinoe,
at the foot of the melancholy Mokatam, in a drait be¬
tween two deferts ; except that Befa, a more ancient
town than Antinoe, and upon the ruins of which this
latter had been built, w-as the place where the emperor
was dopped by the diforder that menaced his life ; and
the prieds of this city, at that time in high repute, de¬
clared, upon being confulted, that the patient would die,
except fome one devoted himfelf in his place! By the
fide of the river appears one of the city gates, refembling
a triumphal arch. It is decorated with eight Corinthian
pillars, between which are three arches fpringing from a
buttrefs, ornamented with piladers : this group of ruins
is the mod confiderable of all that now remain at Anti¬
noe. From this point there feerns to have been a dreet
pading in a draight line acrofs the town to the oppofite
gate : both (ides of this dreet appear to have been adorn¬
ed with a colonade of Doric pillars, under which one
might walk in the diade. There are dill vilible fome of
the lhafts, and a few capitals, very much worn, on ac¬
count of the friable nature of the lime-done ufed in their
condrucfion. The houfes were built of brick. The cir¬
cuit of Antinoe was very great, if the ruins of Befa, by
being mixed with its own, have not increafed its extent.

360

E G

Bat after contemplating the remains of the great Diof-
polis, Latopolis, Apollinopolis, and Tentyra, and the
other glories of Egyptian architecture, the ruins of An-
tinoe appear mean and paltry.

Again eroding' the Nile, and p'affing the town of Mi-
nier, or Minyeh, we come to Behnefe, or Benefecli, the
ancient Oxyrinchus, the capital of the thirty-third nome,
or province, of Egypt, Nothing, however, remains of
this city but fome fragments of done pillars, marble co¬
lumns in the mofques, and a (ingle column left ftanding,
along with its capital * and part of the entablature, which
(hew that it is the fragment of a portico of thb compo¬
site order. This folitary monument brings a melancholy
fenfation to the mind ; Oxyrinchus, once a metropolis
furrounded by a fertile plain, two leagues off .the Lybian
range of hills, has difappeared beneath the fa.nd ; and the
new town has been obliged to retreat from this delbiating
invafion, leaving to its ravages houfe after houfe, and the
inhabitants will at lad be driven beyond the canal Jul'ef,
on the border of which they will dill be menaced. In
this didricl are valleys, and petrified wood ; there have
therefore been rivers and forefls ; thefe lad have been
dedroyed, and after this have difappeared the dew, the
mid, the rain, the rivers, and with them all the animated
beings. In the mofque of Benefech are a number of co¬
lumns of diderent marbles, which are doubtlefs the fpoils
of the ancient Oxyrinchus, but which were not of the
dile of ancient Egypt.

Quitting Oxyrinchus, we again reach Benefuef, and
Sedinan ; and then palling Arfinoe or Feyyum, we enter
the plain of the pyramids, or Saccarali, the feite of the
ancient Memphis. The pyramids of Saccarali mark out
that immenfe number of monuments which decorated the
field of death, the necropolis of Memphis, and bounded
that city on the Couth, as the pyramids of Gizeh did on
the north. This place is now called the plain of the mum¬
mies. We might dill be feeding in vain the feite of that
fuperb city, which exceeded the metropolitan dignity of
Thebes, and even eclipfed its grandeur, if thefe fump-
tuous tombs did not atted its exidence, and afeertain in¬
dubitably the extent of ground it once occupied. Mod
of the difeufiions publiflied on this fubjedt, and which
render its fituation uncertain, have been written by learn¬
ed men, who never vifited Egypt, and were therefore in¬
capable of judging how fcrupulouily exa£t are the deferip-
tions of it given by Herodotus and Strabo. If the feite of
Memphis, as Denon fuggeds, extended from the pyra¬
mids of Gizeh to thofe of Saccarah, its magnitude mud
indeed have been immenfe, allowing for its eadern and
wedern boundaries. The pyramids are in number about
twenty, difperfed over this border of the Lydian defert ;
but the three larged, which have fo long excited the
curiofity of travellers, are fituated near Gizeh, almod in
a line acrofs the river to the wdhvard of Cairo. It is in the
rich territory which furrounds them that fable has placed
the Elyfian fields: the canals which interfedl them being
the fancied Lethe, and the Styx. The larged of thefe
pyramids might well have been confidered as one of the
wonders of the world. The north fide of the ftruddure,
being meafured by a radius of ten feet in length, taking
two ieveral feflions, was found by Mr. Greaves to be 693
Englifh feet. The other fides were examined by a line
for want of an even level, and a convenient didance to
place the indruments. The. 'altitude, if meafured by its
perpendicular, is 481 feet ; but if it be taken as the pyra¬
mid afeends inclining, then it is equal, in refpedt of the
lines Subtending the feveral angles, to the latitude of the
bads. If we pidture to ourfelves four equilateral triangles
on the fides of the fquare bafis, mutually inclining till
they terminate in a point, (for fuch is the appearance of
the top to thofe who dand below,) we (hall obtain an ac¬
curate idea of the true figure and dimenfions of this py¬
ramid, the area of whole bafis contains 480,249 fquare
feet, or fomething more than eleven Englilh acres of
ground, a proportion lufriciently mondrous to dagger our

Y P T.

belief, if the fadh were not efiablifhed beyond difpute.
The meafurement taken by the French engineer Grof-
bert, in the year 1800, agrees very nearly with that of
Mr. Greaves.

Tim afeent to the fummit of this pyramid is contrived
by a fuccefiion of heps, which running about the build¬
ing in a level, made a narrow walk, when the dones were
entire on every fide. Thefe fteps are made of rnalfy po-
I i Hied (tones. The lowermod is about four feet deep,
and three broad, but they diminifh in fize towards the
top, and they end not in a point as mathematical pyra¬
mids do, but in a little fiat or fquare confiding of nine
ftones, betides two which have fallen from the corners.
The entrance into this wonderful monument of human
induftry is by a narrow paflage, which opens on the fix-
teenth dep, in the midfl of the north (ide. It goes de¬
clining with an angle of twenty-fix degrees, and is in
breadtli exadliy 3^ Englilh feet, and in length ninety-
two feet fix inches. At the end of this paflage there is
another, fimilar in appearance but a little riling, where
the iowermod done of the roof forms a (harp ridge, be¬
neath which there is fometimes fo fmall a fpace that a
man mud prodrate himfelf on the ground in order to
pafs through. -This difficulty, however, is chiefly owing
to the fand which is blown in by the wind, as the paflage,
when cleared, is of the fame dimenfions with the entrance.
Beyond tiiis flraight is a deep mafly done, by which the
curious traveller may afeend to the lower end of the fird
gallery. This has been deferibed as five feet broad, five
feet high, and no feet long; the pavement, confiding of
white polifhed marble, rifes with a gentle acclivity; and
the fides and roof are conflruited of unpoliflied done, lefs
compa6t than that of the pavement. At the end of this
gallery are two pillages, one low and horizontal, and the
other high and rifing. At the commencement of the lower
pillage, on the right hand, is a circular well, lined with
white marble, and meafuring fomewhat more than three
feet diameter. Pliny aflerted that this well was eighty
cubits deep, but it is now almod filled up with rubbifh,
and does not polfefs a depth of more than twenty feet.
About fifteen feet didant from this well is another paflage
of exquifite workmanlliip, which runs in a level no feet,
and then terminates in an arched vault or chamber, hand¬
ing due ead and wed, called the Queen’s Chamber. The
length of this room is nearly twenty feet, its breadth .
about feventeen, and its height rather lefs than fifteen ;
the walls are coated over with white cement, and the roof
is covered with large fmooth dones, which are placed in
a (helving polition, and meet above in an angle.

The fecond gallery, divided from the fil'd by the wall in
which is the entrance to the lad-mentioned paflage, is by
no means inferior either in curiofity of art or richnefs of
materials to the moll, lplendid buildings; it rifes with an
angle of twenty-fix degrees, and is 154 feet in length from
the well beneath, but if meafured on the pavement it is
fomething lefs, on account of a vacuity of about fifteen
feet. The height of it is twenty-fix feet, and the breadth
fix feet fix inches, in which mud be included two para¬
pets, each nineteen inches in diameter, pierced with holes
wherein to faden fome machines for railing the f'arco-
phagus. The done of which this gallery is conllructed is
white marble, very evenly cut in large tables, and finely
polifhed. Beyond this admirable gallery is a.fquare bole,
which leads into two clofets or fmall anti-chambers lined
with a rich and fpeckled kind of Thebaic marble. The
fird of thefe is almod equal to the fecond, and of an ob¬
long figure, one (ide containing feven feet, and the other
three feet fix inches : the height is about ten feet, and
the floor is perfectly level. The inner anti-chamber is
feparated from the former by a done of red granite, about
two feet lower than the roof, and three feet above the
pavement. This fecond clofet leads to another fquare
padage, formed entirely of granite, and opening to a
Sumptuous and well-proportioned room, fituated in the
center of the pyramid, equi-diflant tro.11 all the fides, and
2 almod

E G Y r T.

almoft in the midft between tlie bafis and the top. The
lloOr, the (ides, and the roof, confift exclu lively of line
marble. The (tones which cover this room are of a fur-
prifnig length, and actually referable a number of large
beams defigned to fuftain the enormous weight of the
pyramid above. The length of t he chamber on the fotith
fide, where the firft and fecond row of (tones meet, is
34^ Englifh feet; the breadth of the weft lide, meafured
in the fame manner, is 17-^ ; and the height is about 19
feet 6 inches. It is curious to remark, that at the top of
the Lift- mentioned gallery is a fmall platform, in which
is a thick block of granite, like an imtnenfe cheft im¬
bedded in the folid building-, and hollowed out fo' as to
leave alternate projections and retirings, into which,
blocks of the fame material, with correfponding grooves
and projections, are let in, which were intended for ever
to conceal and protect the entrance to the principal
chamber which is behind them. It mull: have required
immenfe labour to conftruft this part of the edifice, and
not lefs to have broken an opening through ; fo that the
zeal of fuperftition has here been oppofed to the eager-
nefs of avarice, and the latter has prevailed. After
mining through thirteen feet of folid granite, a door,
three feet three inches fquare was difcovered, which is
the entrance to the principal chamber. This magnificent
Chamber contains the farcophagus of Cheops, or Chem-
mis, whofe body, however, was not depofited in the py¬
ramid. It conlifts of one piece of fine fpeckled marble,
cut fmooth and plain, without any fculpturcor infcrip-
tion ; its figure is that of an altar, or of two cubes finely
fet together ; its pofition is exactly in the meridian, and
almoft at an equal diftance from all fides of the room,
except the eaft, from which it is twice as rempte as any
of the reft. A hollow fpace is obfervable beneath it ;
and a large (tone has been removed from the pavement at
the angle next adjoining it. In the fouth and north fides
of the chamber are two inlets evenly cut in the walls,
oppofite to each other, which feem to have been defignpd
for the reception of lamps. The tomb is fix feet eleven
inches long, three feet wide, and three feet one inch and
a half in depth : it is empty and open, and no traces of
any cover can be perceived. Here terminates the inte¬
rior of this immenfe edifice, in which the work of the
hand of man appears to rival the gigantic forms of nature ;
and for no other purpofe than to inclofe in the center of'
it the fmall farcophagus above deferibed, which was in¬
tended to receive the mummy of its projector, Cheops;
put the Almighty Difpofer of human events permitted
not the pride and vanity of the founder to be thus grati¬
fied. Plutarch has noticed a curious echo in this pyra¬
mid, as anfwering four Or five times, and which M. Lucas
alferts will repeat ten or twelve times diftinftly. We are,
however, at no lofs to account f6r this efl'eft, when we
contemplate the narrow entrance, the long galleries which
lie in cue continued line, and the termination of thofe
paffages in the center of the pyramid.

The fecond pyramid, fitnated at a fmall diftance from
the former, has been but imperfectly deferibed either by
ancient or modern writers. Herodotus merely afferts,
that its magnitude falls (hort of the other, though its al¬
titude is equal, and that it contains no fubterraneous
chambers. Diodorus informs us, that its architecture
refembles the former, but that the dimenfions are lefs by
one hundred Grecian feet ; and Pliny makes the difference
to be (till greater by forty-fix feet : yet Strabo has ven¬
tured to affirm that both thefe pyramids are equal; and
Mr. Greaves, on the credit of a perfon who meafured
the fecond with a line, affures us that the bales of both
are alike, and that the height is not inferior to that of
the firft. This ftrufttire has no entrance ; the ftones of
which it is built are much fmaller than thofe of the firft ;
the fides, inftead of riling by degrees, are fmooth and
equal ; and the whole fabric, except on the fouth fide,
is quite entire. This is the pyramid of Cephrenes.

The third pyramid, erected on an advantageous accli-
Vol. VI. No. 355.

t » 1

vity, at the diftance of a furlong from the (econ.d,>is men¬
tioned by Herodotus as men hi ring three hundred feet on
every fide, and as being built to the center with Ethiopia
marble. Diodorus, who give’s the fame dimenfions of
the bafis, afterts, that the walls were raifed fifteen frbries
with black (tone like Thebaic marble ; and that this piece
of workmanfhip, on which the name of Mycerinus, the
founder, was engraved, far exceeds the other pyramids
in its architecture and the richnefs of its materials.

' Why the Egyptian mcnarchs (hould have burdened theiru.
felves or their people with fuch an enormous expence, as
nnift of necefiity have been attached to the building thefe
pyramids, is an enquiry not eafily folved. Arilfotle has
fuppofed them the work of tyranny, and Pliny imagines
that they were built partly from oftentation, and partly
out of (late policy. But the true defign might V ve
fprung from the Egyptian theology, which taught jfs
votaries that fo long as the body was preferved from de¬
cay, the foul continued with it ; and hence we may ob-
l’erve the great pains and curious precautions of the
Egyptians to preferve the bodies of their deceafed friends.
The realon why a pyramidal figure was generally chofen
for the monuments feems to have been, becaufe it is the
moft permanent form of ftrufttire ; for, by reafon of the
gradual conftruftion towards the top, it is neither over¬
burdened with its own weight, nor fubjeft to the (baking
of rain, as other buildings are. But it may be proper to
obferve that all the. Egyptian pyramids are not of the
fame form, fome being round and aimed conical, and
others riling with a lefs inclination, and not fo pointed at
the top. Pliny and Diodorus agree in the afl'ertion that
no lefs than three hundred and iixty thoufand men were
employed in erefting the firft pyramid ; and it is (aid that
twenty years were (pent in the work. Such is the nfto-
niftiing bulk of thefe pyramids, that engravings of them
have ever tended to mitlead the mind in forming due con¬
ceptions of their immenfe magnitude ; for as it is impof-
fible to reprefent their relative bulk on paper, fo all
drawings made to (hew their form, naturally diminifti the
idea of their fize in the imagination of the obferver.
The utmoft hncertainty alfo exifts as to the time in which
thefe pyramids were firft violated, as does even that of
their conftruftion ; the latter, which is loft in the night of
ages, gives an immenfe period to the annals of art ; and
in this view we cannot too much admire the accuracy of
the pyramidal ftrufttire, the permanency fecured by'their
form and conftruftion, and by fuch immenfe proportions,
that thefe gigantic monuments may be conlidered as the
lad link in the chain of the colofii of art and nature.

Near thefe pyramids (lands the gigantic monument of the
fpliinx; and near Sacarrah are the caves of the Egyptian
ibis, with thoufand.s of mummies of that venerated bird ;
which feems now almoft loft to Egypt, fince few modern
travellers have been able to defcribe it from a living fub-
jeft. Thefe caves are on the Couth of the Necropolis,
or city of the dead, of ancient Memphis, and where the
tombs and fepulchres have been highly ornamented and
filled with mummies, exactly fimilar to thofe deferibed
at Thebes.

By what is related of the celebrated ftruftitre, lituate
in the Heracleoric nome, near Arfinoe, and diltinguillied
by the name of the Labyrinth, i t feems to have been de¬
figned as a pantheon of all the Egyptian deities that were
vvorlhipped in the provinces, and as a place for the ac¬
commodation of the general atlembly of magiftracy of
the whole nation. For this reafon every home had a hall
or palace appropriated to itfelf : the whole edifice, ac¬
cording to Herodotus, containing twelve. Thefe halls
were vaulted, and had an equal number of doors oppofite
to one another, and encompaifed with the fame wall.
This truly magnificent building contained no lefs than
three thoufand chambers, fifteen hundred of which were
fubterraneous, and fet apart either for the fepulchre of
the kings who built the labyrinth, or for the abodes of
the lacred crocodiles. Thefe were never (liown to Itrahg-
4 Z ersj

E G Y

P T.

362

ers ; but Herodotus informs us that he viewed every
room in the upper part, in which lie found fufficient to
engage his attention and to fill him wi h affonilhment.
Innumerable exits by different paffages and infinite re¬
turns, afforded a thoufand occafions of wonder, while his
condudfor led him from a fp'acious hall to a chamber,
from thence to a private cabinet, and then through other
paffages that led to the more fumptuous rooms, where
the roofs and walls were completely incruffed with fine
marble, and adorned with exquifire fculptures. The
halls were furrounded with beautiful polifhed columns,
and at the termination of the ! hyrinth ftood a pyramid
of two hundred and forty feet high, decorated with large
figures of. various animals. Other writers have afferted
that this edifice was fmiate in the midft of an immenfe
fquare, and completely furrounded with buildings; that
the porch was of Parian marble, 'lie floors paved with
vafl flags, and the roof appearing like a canopy of ftone^
that the interior confided of the temples of feveral dei¬
ties, and galleries that were adorned with a profufion of
exquifite pillars, images of the gods, and coloffal flatties
of the kings ; that the paffiges were fo numerous and in¬
tricate as to render a guide indifpenfably neceflary, and
that feveral of the rooms were fo conffructed, that a noife
like that of thunder reverberated through them on open¬
ing the doors. Such is the general defeription of this
wonderful Aruchire ; a confiderable part of the ruins of
■which, it is faid, may yet be feen at the fouthern extre¬
mity of the lake Moeris, and thirty miles diftant from
the ruins of Arfinoe. M. Pauw, however, is of opinion,
that there is no certainty of tliofe being the remains of it.

The lake Moeris or Bathen, called by the T urks Birket-
el-Kerun, is a vafl lake inland, in the province of Feyyum
or Arfinoe. Herodotus pronounces this lake the nobleft
and mod wonderful of all the works of the Egyptian
kings. The .ancients deferibed it as meafuring 3600 fta-
dia in circumference ; but modern travellers agree that
its breadth does not exceed half a league ; that it is about
a day’s journey in length, and that its circumference is
about twelve or fifteen leagues, which will be found dif¬
fidently prodigious, when we confider that it was formed
by human labour, as appeared from two pyramids, which,
in the time of Herodotus, raifed their heads to the height
of three, hundred feet above water in the centre of the
lake. This lake in the deepeft part has fifty fathom wa¬
ter : it flretclies from north to fouth, and is fed by water
from the Nile by means of a channel cut for that pur-
pofe. Its conflrudion is attributed to a king of Egypt
called Mceris, who formed his great defign for the pur-
pofe of corredling the irregularities of the Nile, either by
preventing the itagnation of the water in other places to
the detriment of the lands, or by preferving an ample
fupply when the river failed in its ufual prolific inunda¬
tions. An ifle, of about one league in circumference,
may be dill feen in the middle of this lake; but no vef-
tiges are difcernible of the two pyramids which formerly
ftood here ; though feveral ruins of tombs and temples
have been dilcovered, with large figures of men and
animals.

Gizeh, which is confidered as part of the feite of an¬
cient Memphis, is a large ftraggling town, where Bona¬
parte erected founderies and manufactories of arms, am¬
munition, &c. It has little of antiquity about it, except
the pyramids. Here is a palace, which was the refidence
of Mourad Bey, elegantly furnifhed, and fituated at the
extremity of an orange grove, by which all its apartments
are richly perfumed. Here the oriental luxuries exhibit
their charms, and fill the fenfes with voluptuous plea-
lure. We do not here find, indeed, tliofe long alleys
which are the pride of the French gardens, nor the tafte-
ful ferpentine walks of the Englifh, where health and
appetite are the reward of the exercife required to liirvey
them; but in the eaft, where indolent repofe forms one
of the chief luxuries, the tents or kiolks are pitched un¬
der the thick brandies of a duller of fycamores, and open

at pleafure upon a fine lawn and fragrant underwood of
oratige and jelfamine. To this, is added the voluptuous
pleafure of enjoyments dill but imperfectly known to
11s, but which we may eafily conceive ; fuch, for inftance,
as to be attended by young Oaves, who unite to elegance
of form gentle and carefling manners ; to be' indolently
flretched on vafl and downy carpets, ftrewed with cufhions,
in company with fome favourite beauty, breathing per¬
fumes, and intoxicated with defires ; to receive fherbet
from the hands of a young damfel, whole languithing
eyes exprefs the contentment of willing obedience, and
not the conftraint of fervitude. Surrounded with Hiefe
delights, the burning African need not envy the inhabi¬
tant of Europe ; and man may find luippincfs wherever
there is beauty and grace, whether in the gardens of
Trianon, or repofed on the banks of the Nile. Gizeh is
fituated on the wefiern fide of this river, and nearly op-
pofite Cairo, having the ifland of Rhoda, or Rotidah,
almolt in the center between both. The communication
is by a bridge of pontoons on each fide the ifland, one of
which communicates with Gizeh, the other with Cairo,
at fort Ibrahim, The old town of Kahira, Forftah, or
Forflat, is fituated a little above, and more in a line with
Gizeh.

Modern Cairo, or the City of Victory, falls much be¬
low the expectation of every European traveller, who
has read of “ the fuperb town, the holy city, the delight
of the imagination, greateft among the great, whofe fplen-
dour and opulence made the prophet fmile for thus
the eaftern people deferibe it. We indeed fee a nume¬
rous population, and a vafl extent of buildings, but not
a Angle handfome ftreet, nor one fine monument. The
palaces of the beys, &c. in this town, are all furrounded
by walls, which render the llreets gloomy inflead of en¬
livening them ; and the miferable habitations of the poor
add to the afflicting view of extreme poverty. However,
within thefe' fortified places much of convenience and
luxury is to be found ; they are adorned with handfome
marble baths, and, fragrant vapour-ftoves, with mofaic
faloons, in the middle of which are bafons and fountains
of water, large divans compofed of tufted carpets, raifed
beds covered with rich Aiks', and- furrounded with mag¬
nificent cufhions, which generally fill three fides of each
room. The windows, however, when there are any,
never open ; and the light principally comes in through
a dome in the center of the ceiling.

There are fome remarkable edifices at Cairo, fuch as the
palace of Jofeph, the well of Jofeph, the granaries of
Jofeph ; all of which have been promifcuoufly referred
to the high antiquity of the patriarch Jofeph, the fteward
or minifier of Pluiroah. Were this the cafe, Cairo fhould
be as ancient as Memphis ; whereas the flruCturesof that
city are built of ruins more ancient than the edifices them-
felves ; and they all bear the general marksof the mufful-
man architecture of thefe regions. Dr. White, profeflbr
of Arabic in the univerfity of Oxford, in his tranfiation
of the celebrated Arab hiflorian Abdollatipb, publiflied
in 1800, has been enabled fatisfadlorily to corredt the
above errors, into which travellers of confiderable emi¬
nence have fallen. “ Abdollatipb informs us that, in
the reign of Saladin, (whofe proper title was Salak-el-din
JcJ'cph Eon Job,) Caracufh, one of his officers, built the
wall which furrounds Foflat and Cairo, and the fpace
between them, together with the caftle ; and that he alfo
formed two wells within the cafile, of wonderful con-
ft ruction. Though Abdollatipb here ufes fhe dual num¬
ber, yet there is in fait but one well,' divided into two
diliindl parts ; there being a refting place at the depth of
146 feet, to which the water is firft drawn up by a wheel,
which is there fixed, and worked by buffaloes ; and it is
afterwards raifed to the furface by the operation of a fe¬
cund wheel of a fimilar nature. This well has always
been known under the name of Jofeph’s Well ; and the
appellation has miffed Paul Lucas, and almoft all our
modern hifforians, to attribute the work to the patriarch

z Jofeph.

E G Y P T.

Sf>3

Jofepli. Dc Maillett, and bifiiop Pococke, indeed, have
afligned it to a grand vizier of fnltan Mahomet, the fon
of Calaun, whofe name was Jofeph ; and Shaw, from
conjecture merely, fuppofes it to have been effected by
the Babylonians. The exadl date of the work, and'the
reafon of the name, are here clearly afcertained ; and
both are evidently to be referred to that .Saladin Jofeph
Ebn Job. who was cotemporary with, and the patron
of, Abdollatiph.”

The aquedudt which brings water from old Cairo to
the cattle, by a route of 160 fathoms, would be a work,
of art worth celebrating, if in its courfe it was not ren.
dered faulty by many imperfections. The caftle is built
without plan, or any real ftrength ; the only remarkable
room in it is the hall of the divan, in which the beys af-
femble, and which is often the fcene of angry debates
and bloody ftrife in this contentious government. Jofeph’s
palace, i.e, the palace of Saladin, is planned in a fine
ftile ; and we here fee with admiration the life which the
Arabian architects have made of the antique fragments,
which they have incorporated in their own works, and
the ingenuity which they have fhewn in occafionally mix¬
ing with them ornaments of their own invention. The
minarets and the tombs are the only buildings which pre-
ferve the Arabian ftile in any degree of purity ; and if
they do not prefent that appearance of full fecurity,
which is the perfection of architecture, at leaft they
gratify the eye by a richnefs of ornament, which does not
degenerate into heavinefs, and a fymmetry of parts com¬
bined with fo much elegance, as to remove all idea of
meannefs and poverty of ftile. The cemetery, or bury-
ing-place, of the mamalukes, is an example of this : in
quitting the rubbith of Cairo, the ftranger is aftonifhed
to fee a diftriCt all built of white marble, where edifices
railed on columns, and terminated by domes, or by painted,
carved, and gilt, palanquins, form a cheerful and invit¬
ing picture ; trees alone are wanting to render this fune¬
real retreat a delightful fpot ; fo that it would feem as if
the muffulmans, who banilh gaiety from their houfes
when alive, wifhed to bury it with them in the tomb.

Bulak, or Bouluc, is the port of Cairo, which forms a
fuburb extending a mile below the city. Here all the
merchandize from Lower Egypt, and the provifions from
Upper Egypt, are difeharged. In the corn-market, the
grain is expofed to fale in large heaps, as unladen from
the barks. Oppolite is the village of Embabey, which
acquired celebrity from being the fcene of the battle of
the pyramids. The ifle of Rhoda, or Gardens, Hands
oppolite the cafile, and is a molt delightful fpot. At
the extreme point is the mekkias or nilometer, which is
a graduated column ereCted for the purpofe of fheiving
the degrees of the increufe of the Nile. Looking down
from the difhmt hills upon the various appendages of
Gizeh, Old Cairo, Bulak, Rhoda, the cemetery of they
caliphs, and the mofques and minarets proceeding from
the gardens on the banks of the river, the whole gives
to Grand Cairo a noble and magnificent appearance ; but,
as we approach, the illulion vanifhes and dilappointment
enfues. See the article Cairo, vol. iii. p. 600.

A few miles below Cairo, leaving the ruins of the an¬
cient Heliopolis, or city of the fun, to the eaftward, the
Nile divides itfelf into two principal branches ; the one
leading to Damietta, called the Pelufian branch, on the
right ; the other to Rofetta and Alexandria, called the
Canopic branch, on the left ; thus forming the elevation
or point of the Delta. In this advantageous and delight¬
ful duration, the French had projefted to build a new
city, as the grand metropolis and depot of Lower Egypt.
Damietta is the ancient Thamiatis, whofe bay or road is
now the great eallern mouth of the Nile, contiguous to
the north-weftern extremity of Lake Menzaleh, and about
feventy miles from the point of the Delta. (See the arti¬
cle Damietta, vol. v. p. 575.) At the other extre¬
mity of Lake Menzaleh, within an ample bay of the Me¬
diterranean, Hood the ancient Pelufium or key of Egypt,

now in ruins. On or near its feite is built the modern
Tineh, a'<out fifty miles from Cairo. The Canopic
branch, which difembogues at Rofetta, to the weftwardof
Lake Brulos, or Bourlos, forms the great weftern rn'outh
of the Nile ; and from it runs the canal of Alexandria.
On thecoaft, between thefe two Eft-mentioned towns, is
fituated the port and bay .of Aboukir. The whole coun¬
try embraced by thefe two great arms of the Nile, pre-
fenting an elongated triangle fimilar to the fourth letter
of the Greek alphabet, is thence called Delta ; but this
name cannot be of higher antiquity than the era of the
Grecian fovercignty.

The ancients divided Lower Egypt into three pro¬
vinces ; thefe were, Phacufa or Ar .bia ; Bubaftus ; and
Heliopolis, whole capital was the On of the feriptures,
fo famous for its temple and religious rites, and whofe
inhabitants are reported to have been the wifelt of the
Egyptians. The temple is faid to have been very mag¬
nificent : and its original name was Ain Shems, or Beth-
Shemefli, ‘ the fountain of the fun from whence the
whole province received its name, being called at dif¬
ferent periods Ain, Aven, and On. Bubaftus was fi-
tuated to the eaft of this, and renowned alfo for its mag¬
nificent temple, which was dedicated to the goddefs Be-
ftieh or Beftiet, the Aflt/zK aypi a., or Diana agreftis, of the ■
Greeks and Romans. This nome and the chief city of
it are the Phibefetb of the feriptures : and they are often
mentioned in conjunction with On or Heliopolis, which
was next in fituation. The third great province was the
nome of Arabia ; fo called, not becaufe it was in Arabia,
which it was not, but from tire Arabian fnepherds, who
had formerly fettled in thefe parts, and held them for
many years. The true Arabian nome was the land of
Goflien, of the feriptures, called by the Seventy Tzco-ift.
te? ApaCia?. This divilion was probably anterior to the
complete formation of the Delta.

Rofetta is the ancient Ralchid ; and the branch of the
Nile on which it Hands is alfo called the Bolbitine branch,
from the city of Bolbitinum, the ruins of which are near
its mouth, and have fince formed the tower and con¬
vent of Abu-Mandur. Leo Africanus fays, that Rafchid
was built by a governor of Egypt, during tire empire of
the caliphs. He does not mention, however, the name
of the caliph in whofe reign it was built, nor tlie time
of its foundation. Rofetta is a place of conftderable com¬
merce, but contains nothing curious. Its ancient cir-
cumvallation implies, that it was once larger than it is at
prefent. Its original compafs is afcertained by the fand-
banks by which it is covered from weft to fouth.

A few leagues to the weflward of Rofetta, is Lake Ma.
hadie, called alfo Lake Aboukir, which feparates the
plain of the defert from the peninfula, at the extremity
of which Aboukir is built. This- deep and extenfive lake
was only a remnant of the ancient Canopic branch, which
the Nile has abandoned ; but in the year 1778, the ftone
pier which had been creeled before its mouth, was fud-
denly broken down by the fury of the waves, and the
water ru thing in with impetuofity, deftroyed feveral vil¬
lages, and thus recently formed the lake Mahadie. This
encroachment, Hill daily gaining ground, threatens even¬
tually to deftroy the ifthmus which attaches Aboukir to
the main land. The Arabian princes began to ftrengthen
the pier or mound, but it was never finilhed ; and there¬
fore yielded to the efforts of the waves, impelled during
a part of the year by the northerly winds. At prefent
there are no other remains of their work than two piers,
one on each bank.

But lake Edko, feparated from lake Mahadie only by
a narrow fpace of ground towards the eaft, is of ftill more
recent date, having been formed during the overflowing
of the Nile in 1800, The dam of the canal of Derout
having been broken down, the waters of the river found a-
ready paftage, flowed copioufly into the low grounds, and
opened themfelves a communication with the lea into the
bay of Aboukir, When the Nile retired to its bed, the

364

E G Y P T.

fea entered through the opening which had been thus
made, and gave permanency to the lake. It is very (hal¬
low, yet aftonifhingly abundant in filli.

At the upper part of the lake Mahadie is a railed
caufeway, behind which palfes the canal which carries
the water of the Nile to Alexandria; the fame which
the Englifh cut through after the battle of Alexandria,
in 1S01 ; and thus made an entire ifland of the peninfula
of Aboukir, inundated the whole territory of Alexandria,
and reftored the ancient lake Mareotis, which had for
ages been dry. T his lake is now f.tid to extend fifteen
leagues from eaft to weft, and about ten from north to
fouth, and from one to two fathoms deep.

After crofting the mouth of the lake Mahadie, we. ar¬
rive at the fuburb of Aboukir. The fort refs is founded
upon a rock, which there is every reafon to fuppofe was
the fort or caftle of Canopus, or of Heraclea, which Strabo
places at or near this fpot. Contiguous are feveral mounds
of ruins, and fragments of earthen pots, blended with the
fand of the defert which the wind has carried thither.
It has been fufpefted that Arabic towers had been funk
on this fpot, or, perhaps, that it had been the (cite of a
manufactory of pottery, or that thefe were the ruins of
Heraclea. Some fragments of granite on the molt ele¬
vated part of the ground certainly countenance this lat¬
ter opinion ; particularly as at no great diftance are the
fragments of a ftatue thirty-fix feet in height ; the un-
peri (liable granite, workmaivfliip, and (tile of which, pro¬
nounce it to have been an I (is holding a nilometer. Near
it are feveral fragments of architecture, the dimenfions of
which evince that they once belonged to a capacious and
noble edifice, perhaps the temple of Serapis. Thefe
ruins have for feveral Centuries been walked by the
waves, without having been deftroyed ; infomuch that it
would appear to be the lot of Egyptian monuments of
every del'cription to relift alike the ravages of time and
of man. Nearer to the fea-fide, and furrounded by the
fragments of this cololfal monument, is the ftatue of a
fphinx, fourteen feet high, the head and fore-legs of
which are mutilated. Farther on are a great number of
fragments of columns of rofe-coloured granite, fluted,
and all of them of the fame fize, of the fame fubftance,
and wrought with the fame care, being inconteftably the
ruins of a large and fuperb temple of the Doric order.
From t he accounts which Strabo has tranfmitted to us
relative to this part of Egypt, there is not the (mailed:
doubt but thefe are the ruins of Canopus, and thole of
its temple, built by the Greeks, the worfhip of which
vied with that of Lampfacus : of that miraculous temple
in which old men recovered their youth, and tire fick
their health. A fpacious bath, the ruins of which are
contiguous, was, perhaps, one of the means the priefts
employed to work thefe wonders.

The foil has preferved none of the luxurioufnefs of the
feite of ancient Canopus. A few hillocks of fand and
ruins in brick, large iquare blocks of granite, without
hieroglyphics, and without any determinate fhape to at-
teft to what kind of edifices and to^ what age they be¬
longed ; and, laftly, a few Ana 1 1 valleys, as barren as the
heights by which they are formed, are all that remain of
a city, once Co delightful, the (cite of which has now a
wild and difmal al'pecl. It is true that the canal of
which Strabo fpeaks, which extended from Alexandria
to Eleufina, and a branch of which reached and bellowed
a refrefhing coolnefs on Canopus, has Co entirely difap-
peared, that the traces of it cannot be diftinguithed, nor
the poffibility of its exiftence at prefent conceived. There
are no longer any remains of water in its environs, unlefs
in a few wells or citterns, which contain an inconfider-
able quantity, and which are (o narrow and dark, that
neither their dimenfions nor depth can be nieafured. In
lhort, that city, the feat of voluptuous delights, to which
the votaries of pleafure reforted, is now become a -defert,
frequented by nothing but jackals and the Bedouin Arabs,

though at no greater diftance than twelve miles from
Alexandria.-

We are now to approach a city, long celebrated in the
page of hiftory, which has undergone many revolutions,
and even removed from its original feat of fplendour.
But the account of Alexandria already given by Volney,
fuperfedes- the necellity of much detail from us. Every
tiling in that city is reprefented by him with fuch a de¬
gree of truth, that, had he deferibed all Egypt in the
fame way, no one could ever have thought it neceftary
to undertake any further inveftigation. See alfo our ar¬
ticle Alexandria, vol. i. p. 272.

The exterior walls of Old' Alexandria, flanked with
numerous mouldering towers, form beautiful ruins, pleat¬
ing to the eye of the antiquarian, even amidft the melan¬
choly feenes of cruel defolation. The circumference of
this wall, its maflive pillars of granite, and venerable af-
pe6t, prove it to have been a city extremely ancient, and
moft probably the magnificent Alexandria, founded by
Alexander the Great, a city then without a rival in the
world. Within the wall a rtf the extenfive ruins of the
Temple of the Sun ; where many gigantic pillars of gra¬
nite remain, which imprefs the mind with the higheft
idea of its former grandeur. The gate which leads from
hence to Rofetta, is an elegant fpecimen of the Saracen
tafte in architecture. On the fpace between the walls
and the fea are lying innumerable blocks and pillars of
granite, porphyry, and marble, the ruins, probably, of
the ancient Alexandria, and which feem to have been
made ufe of by the Turks as monumental Hones, fince
this ground formed their burial place.

Subterraneous refearches might Kill more correctly as¬
certain the feite of the ancient city, when its commerce
and fplendour rendered.it immenfe. That of the caliphs,
which is the prefent town, was but a diminution of the
former city, notwithftanding it comprehends within its
lines what maybe termed plains and deferts. This circum-
vallation being built alnioft wholly of ruins, the edifices
bring unceafingly to the remembrance deftrudtion and
ravage. The jambs and lintels of the doors of the dwel-
ling-houfes and fortreftes conlift entirely of columns of
granite, which the workmen have not taken the pains to
(liape to the ufe to which they have applied them. They
appear to have been left merely with a view to atteft the
grandeur and magnificence of thofe buildings, the ruins
of which they are. In other places, a great number of
columns have been applied to the conftruclion of the
walls, to fupport and level them; and thefe columns,
having refilled the ravages of time, now refemble bat¬
teries. In (hurt, thefe Arabian and Turkifh edifices, the
produftions of the neceflities of war, difplay a confufion
of epochs, and of various induftries, more linking and
more approximated examples of which are no where elfe
to be found. The Turks, more efpecially, adding ab-
furdity to profanation, have not only blended with the
granite, bricks and calcareous (tones, but even logs and
planks ; and from -thele different elements, which have
fo little analogy to each other, and are Co ftrangely united,
have prefented a monftrous uftembhtge of the fplendour
of human induftry, and its degradation.

The quarter of the Arabs, or rather the part which
was encompafted by their walls, appears almoft a defert 5
containing, indeed, a few inclofures, which, during the
months of the inundation, are gardens, and which at other
times afford nourilliment to a greater or fmaller number
of trees and vegetables, in proportion to the fize of the
ciftern with which each is provided. This ciftern is the
fource and principle of their exiftence : when it fails, the
gardens are once more converted into fand and rubbilli.
At the gate of each of thefe gardens are to be feen mo¬
numents of a benevolent and charitable feeling. Thefe
are refervoirs into which water is pumped as often as it
is neceftary, and which prelent to men and cattle a moft
gratifying beverage in the (torching heat of funimer.

E G \

The great pool, or confervatory of water, at Alexandria,
rs one of t lie principal antiquities of the middle age of
Egyot, and one of the fined monuments of that defcrip-
tion,’ whether its five be confidered, or the intelligence
which its conftruftion difplays. Notwithd.indhig one
part of it is in a very ruinous date, and the other in need
of repairs, it contains a quantity of water which fuffices
for the confumption of men and animals during two
years.

Towards the harbour we obferve the capitals of many
eomiedted columns, of the Doric order, the (hafts of
which, though funk below the level of the fea, are dill
to be feen. Strabo has obferved, that the bale of the
palace of Ptolemy was waflied by the fea. Thefe ruins
may at one and the fame time prove the veracity of Stra¬
bo’s relation, and afcertain the fcite of that palace. In
the lower part of the harbour by the fea-fhore, ruins of
edifices of different ages are to be found, having differed
alike from time and from the waves. Vediges of baths
are here to be didinguidied, fevcral apartments of which
dill exid, having been poderiorly fabricated in walls of
more remote antiquity. Thefe edifices appear to be of
Arabic condruttion ; and, for their prefervation, a kind
of pile-work in columns has been made, which has now
the refemblance of floating-batteries. Their immenfe
number evinces the magnificence of the palaces they
once decorated. After having paffed the extremity of
the harbour, large Saracen buildings are met with, hav¬
ing an air of grandeur, and a mixture of dile, by which
the obferver is perplexed. Friezes ornamented with Do¬
ric triglyphs, and furmounted by arched vaults, would
lead one to imagine that thefe edifices were condrufted
from antique fragments, which the Saracens blended to
adapt them to the dile of their architecture. The doors
of thefe edifices may give an idea of the indedruCtible
quality of the fycamore wood, which has remained unal¬
tered, while the iron-work of the doors has yielded to
time, and entirely difappeared. Behind this kind of tor-
trefs are Arabian baths, mod magnificently decorated.

In the middle of the court-yard of the principal mofque
is a fmall oftagonal temple, which contains a bowl of
Egyptian black marble, with white and yellow fpots, of
incomparable beauty, both on account ot the fubdance
of which it is formed, and of the innumerable hiero-
glyphical figures with which it is covered, both within-
iide and without. This monument, which is, without
doubt, a farcophagus of ancient Egypt, is a very valu¬
able antique, and juftly edeemed as one of the greated
curiofities of Lower Egypt. In fhort, Alexandria is a
city of great local curiofity, where the monuments of
every epoch, and the wrecks of the arts of fo many na¬
tions, are heaped together confufedly ; and where the
ravages of wars, ages, and of a humid climate, impreg¬
nated with fea-falt, have been produftive of greater
changes, and have wrought more mifehief, titan in any
other part of Egypt.

The great harbour of Alexandria, the Magnus Portus,
lies between the (mailer light-houfe to the left, and the
ruins of the palace of the Ptolemies to the right. The
port of entrance from Rofetta, is the Porta Canopica.
The Pharos of the port of Alexandria is apparently a
Turkidt caftle, and in its prefent date it is of more I'er-
vice to lodge a garrifon, than to defend the town. The
rock before it is called the Diamond.' It is fuppofed that
this rock was the fcite of the famous Pharos, one of the
wonders of the world ; no vedige of which now remains.
At prelent it is only a (battered rock, worn by the waves,
■which beat over it from every quarter. Here are two
cadles, of the great and little Pharos, which terminate
in the two horns of the femi-circle.

Two principal objects of curiofity at Alexandria are,
Pompey’s pillar, and Cleopatra’s Needle. Pompey’s pil¬
lar is in the predicament of almoft every thing famous,
which lofes on a near ferutiny. It was named Pompey’s
. pillar in the fifteenth century, when learning began to

Vol. VI. No. 356.

r p T. SIj

recover itfelf from the torpid date into which it had fo
long languifbed. At that epoch, men of fcience, but not
obfervers, bydowed names on all the monuments ; and
thefe names have been handed clown by tradition, with¬
out being difputed, from century to century . A monu¬
ment had been railed to Pompey at Alexandria: it had
difappeared, and was thought to be recovered in this
pillar or column ; which lias (ince, with as little founda¬
tion, been converted into a trophy creeled to the memory
of Sep ti mi u's Severus. It is, however, placed on the
ruins of the ancient city ; and, in the time of Septimins
Severus, the city of the Ptolemies was not in a ruinous
date. Thefe abfurdities have been reftified, and the
light of truth at leng:h cad upon this long-da nding mo¬
nument of error, by the indefatigable refearch of cap¬
tains Dundas and Leake, lieutenants Defade and Squire,
and Mr. 'William Hamilton, all attached to the Englifii
garrifon at Alexandria. Thefe gentlemen, by vifiting the
pillar repeatedly during the few moments when the fun
dione in fuch a direction upon the pededal as, to mark the-
letters by their (hade, were enabled to diferiminate them
one after another. Thus they executed a talk in 15 x
weeks, which none of the French literati appear even to
have attempted during their long day in the country-;
and thus they have coireffed a popular error, which ap¬
pears to have exided for upwards of five hundred years.
We (hall give the infeription as it was made out by thefe-
officers, and fubjoin an Englilh tranflation.

TON TIMIOOTATON ATTOKPATOPA
TON TiOAIOYXON AASSANAP61AC
AIOKAHTI ATI ON TON CgBACTON
noNTioc eriAPXoc AirxriTOT
“ IIP OC K YN£ I.”

TO DIOCLETIAN US AUGUSTUS
MOST ADORABLE EMPEROR,

THE TUTELAR DEITY OF ALEXANDRIA;
PONTIUS, PREFECT OF EGYPT,

CONSECRATES THIS.

This celebrated column drikes with its vnd magnitude.
It is of the Corinthian order, eighty-eight feet fix inches
in height ; the fhaft is formed of one entire block of red
granite, retaining the fined polifh : this is fixty-four feet
in height, and eight feet four inches in diameter ; the
pededal is ten feet, the ba-fe five feet fix inches, and the
capital nine feet. The pededal is confidered to be defi¬
cient in height, and the column leans a little to the fouth-
wed. The flia-ft is dill in a high date of prefervation,
except on the north-wed quarter, which has fudered from
the conftant winds blowing from tiiat point the greater
part of the year. The Greek infeription is on the wedern
face of the pededal. The French repaired the founda¬
tion of the pededal, which had been dedroyed in part by
the rapacity of an Arab; who, imagining fome treafure
lay concealed under it, attempted in vain to blow it up.
A cap of liberty had been eredled upon a pole o-n the
top of it, placed there by the French, a fhort time after
their arrival in the country ; but it was brought down
by one of the Englifii officers, by means of a paper kite.
The day after the furrender, a centinel was- placed over
this pillar, lome officers having unthinkingly broken off
fmall pieces from the pededal, as curiofities for their
friends in Europe.

Clofe to the fea-lide, fouth'-by ead of the Pharos, dands
Cleopatra’s Needle. Near it lies its fellow obelifk, which
had always been fuppofed to be broken, part of it being
buried in the fand ; but the French cleared away the
rubbilli all round it, and found it to be perfedlly whole.
It is.precifely the fame as the one now handing, both as
to (ize, and the hieroglyphics with which it is covered.
Thofe on ihe north and wed faces of the eredt obelifk,
are in a very good date of prefervation ; thofe on the
other (ides are nearly obliterated. Both thefe obelifks
are fuppofed to have flood at. the entrance of fome ori'gi-
5 A nai

EGYPT.

m

ral Egyptian temple. Each is of one entire piece of red
granite, fixty-five feet high. 1 he French having erected
trophies and infcriptions of their conqueft, in moft of
the principal towns in Egypt; major-general the earl of
Cavan, for the more impartial information of pofterity,
erected the following infcription on the pedettal of Cleo¬
patra’s Needle :

In the Year of the Chrifti’an -Era, 1798,

The Republic of France

Landed on the Shores of Egypt an Army of 40,000 Men,
Commanded by their moil able aud.fuccefsful General
Bonaparte.

The Conduct of the General, and the Valour of the Troops,
Effected tire entire Subjection of that Country ;

But under Divine Providence it was referred for the
Biitilh Nation

To annihilate their ambitious Defitrns :

Their Fleet was attacked, defeated, and deftroyed.

In Aboukir Bay,

By a Britiih Fleet of equal Force,

Commanded by Admiral Lord Nelfon.

Their intended Conqueft of Syria
Was counteracted at Acre
By a molt gallant Refiftance
Under Commodore Sir Sidney Smith ;

And Egypt was refeued from their. Dominion
By a Britiih Army, inferior in Numbers, but
Commanded by General Sir Ralph Abercrombie,

Who landed at Aboukir on the 8th of March 1801,
Defeated the French o.i feveral Occafions,

Particularly in a mod decifive Action near Alexandria,

On the 21ft of that Month,

When they were driven .from the Field,

And forced to thelter thcmfelves
In their Garrifons of Cairo and Alexandria,

Which Places l'ubfequently furrendered
By Capitulation.

To record to future Ages thel'e Events ;

And to commemorate the Lofs fuftained
By the Death of
Sir Ralph Abercrombie,

Who was mortally wounded
On that memorable Day,

Is the defign of this Infcription,

Which was depofiled here in the Year of Clirift 1802,

By the Britiih Army on their evacuating this Country,

And reftoring it to the Turkifh Empire.

The formation of the Delta, or i Hand inclofed by the
eaftern and weftern branches of the Nile, is the mo ft cu¬
rious phenomenon in the hiftory of Lower Egypt. The
Nile is faid originally to have conlilted but of one ftream
at its mouth, and to have emptied itfelf into the fea as
high up as the ancient Heliopolis. That the repuilion
of the waters of the ocean, aimott conftantly, but parti¬
cularly at the time of the inundation, driving back the
fand and foil perpetually brought down by the current
of the Nile, produced a fediment of folid land now ninety
leagues in circumference, which has been the work of
ages*, and which, at fir (1 choking up the mouth of the ri¬
ver, divided its rivers into many leller channels, a] moft all
of which now unite in the two branches that difembogue
at Dsmietta and Rofetta. This phenomenon is denied
by Bruce, and fome others; but the faff is incontro¬
vertible, and is exaflly of the fame feature with the di-
vifion of the mouths of the Rhine, whole waters.forced
down the new foil which formed the Belgic court, and
eventually gave exiftence to the whole territory of Hol¬
land. For a fatisfaCtory explication of this operation of.
Nature, fee the article Earth, p. 197, and 201, of this
volume.

The caufes and efFeCts of this phenomenon feem alfo
to have been very ingenioully limplified by Vivant De-
non. “ The Delta, (fays this writer,) appears to have
been formed by the etforts made by the weight of the
waters of the Nile againft the waves of the lea, which,
at a certain feafon of the year, are impelled twelve hours
daily by the north wind, in a direction oppolite to that
of the courfe of the liver. Front this conflict of con¬

tending waters there refults a fand-bank, which, gradu¬
ally augmenting, becomes an ifland, and divides the cur¬
rent of the river, forming two branches, each of which
has its diftinCt fhelf. The eddy of thefe fhelves throws
on the beach a part of the land which the current had
fwept along, and by this heaping up of fand the two
branches narrow by degrees, until, one of them gaining
an afcendancy over the other, the. weakeft of them is
choked up, and the ifland becomes main land. The
branch which remains foon forms another fank-bank, an
ifland, two final 1 branches, and foon. In this way, it
appears to me, the molt natural explanation may be given
of the ancient geography of the branches of the Nile, as
well as ot the voyage of Menelaus in Homer, and of the
various changes of the Delta, the feite of which might
in the fir ft inllance have been a gulf, then a fandy beach,
and, laftly, a cultivated country, covered with towns,
■villages, and abundant crops, and interfedted by canals,
which, the loi! having been either drained or watered
with fkill, might have difpenfed abundance over the
whole of the furface of this new country. Afterwards,
in the laple of time, and in confequence of the calamities
infeparable front revolutions, fome of the parts of this
territory, thus gained from the fea, may have been de-
ferted, while others may have become faltfprings; and
lakes may have been formed, next deftroyed, and, finally,
reproduced under a new modification of matter. Canals,
choked up, may have changed their courfe, and have
been loft. If this be granted, why, in our uncertain re-
fearches, need we enquire where the Bolbitine and Ca¬
nopic branches of the Nile, the branch of Berenice, &c.
were fituated ?

“ The plapts which are produced in the firft place on
the new land, are three or four kinds of feu-weeds, round
which the fand throws itfelf up in heaps. From its fur-
face they fpring up afrefh ; and their fubfequent decay
furnifhes a manure 'which favours the vegetation of reeds.
Thefe reeds give agreater elevation and a greater folidity
to the foil. The date-tree now appears, and by its lhade
prevents the Ridden evaporation of the moiflure, and ren¬
ders the foil fruitful and productive, as may be feen ill
the environs of the fortrefs of Rofetta, from whence, in
the time of the emperor Selim I. the guns had a full
command of the fea, and which is now a league fro in the
fea-fliore, furrounded by forefts of palm-trees, beneath
the lhade of which other fruit-trees flourilb, together
with all the vegetables that are produced in the belt cul¬
tivated gardens.

“11a conjecture may be hazarded, we might fay, that,
before the molt ancient times of which we have any know¬
ledge, the whole Delta was only a large gulf which re¬
ceived the waves of the Mediterranean.; that the Nile
came as far as the opening of the valley which enters the
province of Fay yum',; th.it by what is now called the dry
river, it went to form the Mareotis, which was one of its
eftuaries to the fea, as the lac Madie was that of the Ca¬
nopic branch, and as the lakes of Berelos and Menzaleh
are ftill the eftuaries of the Sebenitic, Mendeiliai), Tanitic,
and Pelufiac, mouths; that the lake Bahr-Belame, (or
without water,) is the remain of the ancient courfe of
this river, wherein are found petrifactions, vegetations,
and human labours, fhewing that the foil has been raifed
by the courfe of the river, and by the perpetual fluctua¬
tion of the lands from weft to eaft ; t hat the Nile, having
at a certain period acquired more direction to the north
than to the north-weft as before, precipitated itfelf into
the gulf which we have juft: iuppofed, there forming
marlhes,: and at laft, the Delta. From this hypothefis it
would follow, that the fir ft labours of the ancient Egyp¬
tians, fuel) as the lake Moeris, now lake Bathen, and the
fir li dykes, were only made to retain part of the waters of
the inundation, in order to irrigate thereby the province
of Arfinoe, which threatened to become barren; and that
pofteriorly, the lake Moeris, or Bathen, no longer receiv¬
ing water enough, nor being able from its fituation to

water

V _ fsO

_ - r

r-t

y • _. T. -faff sculp.

Irka j r//n'/ycf/ //'(/// ■ //te . yot/UziAt

sv,j/

■ — -^u/u^w //./ co • _ r /

London JuLlishcd as thcdct directs July Jd.thj8o4 ty J. WilJccs .

‘EG YET.

water the province of Fayyuin, the river was obliged to
be taken higher up, and the canal Jufef was dug, which
doubtlefs bears the name of the caliph who ordered this
noble work: but at the fame time, fearing that Fayyum
would remain permanently inundated, this prince raifed,
from time to time, new dykes upon the old, fucli as we
now fee, and dug the two canals of Boueke and Zaoyeh,
to return the fuperfluity of the flood back into the river.

“ When the French enjoy quiet pofleflion of the coun¬
try, (continues Denon,) we (hall probably make obferva-
tions on all the different levels, and on the labours of the
Egyptians at different periods; we may thus afcertain
facts, inftead of forming conjectures, and (hew how much
the Egyptians have at all times attended to the diftribu-
tion of the waters, and how, even in times of barbarifm,
they have preferved fome of their ancient fagacity. After
this, if the Nile (ltould dill continue to lean to the right,
and to increafe, as it has already done, the branch of Da-
mietta at the expence of that of Rofetta ; if it at lead
fhould abandon the hitter, as it has fucceftively left the
channels of the dry river and thC branch of Canopus; if
it fhould leave the lake of Berelos and empty iti'elf en¬
tirely into that of Menzaleh, or form new branches and
new lakes at the eaftern part of Pelufium ; in fine, if na¬
ture, always more powerful in the . end than the refinance
of man, has condemned the Delta to become an arid foil,
the inhabitants will (fill follow the Nile in its courfe,
and will always find on its banks that abundance which
is produced by its beneficent waters.”

The Delta is a ground which lias been rarely explored
by any European, and, indeed, but imperfeClly by any
other perfons, the inhabitants excepted ; even the mama-
lukes tiiemfelves have feldom penetrated to the center of
the Delta, in collecting the tributes, and regulating the
avanies or fines. Denon, and his fellow favans, pafled
through it for the purpofe of inveftigation. From its
uncommon fertility, it is covered with an immenfity of
villages, which have communication by a number of ca¬
nals. The principal town is Mnnfura ; but here are no
ruins which can give the femblance of vaft antiquity to the
foil. Bathen-d- Baccara , or the Cow’s Belly, the fouth point
of the triangle of the Delta, where the French propofed
to erect the new metropolis, is one of the mod beautiful
fituations in Egypt. Belbeis is fituated without the
Delta, under the Mokattam mountain.

The ancient Egyptians fpeak of the encroachment of
the funds and foil, under the fymbol of the myfte-
rious entrance of Typhon into the bed of his lifter-in-
law Ids; an inceft which, according to their tradition,
is to change Egypt into a delert as frightful as thole
by which it is encompalfed ; and this great event is to
-happen when the Nile finds a lower level, through fome
one of the furrounding valleys, than the bed in which
■it now flows, and which is conftantly getting higher.
This idea, which at firft appears extraordinary, may be
thought more probable, when we conlider the local fitua-
tion. The elevation of the Nile, and the rife of its banks,
have made of it an artificial canal, which would Liy this
time have put Fayyum under water, if t he caliph Jufef,
as above noticed, had not raifed new dykes upon the old
ones, and dug a collateral canal below Benefeuf, to re-
ftore to the river a part of the water which is every year
poured by the overflowing into this vaft bafon. If it
were not for the caufeways which flop the inundation,
the great fwells would foon convert this whole province
into a large lake, which adlually threatened to happen
about twenty-five years ago by an extraordinary inunda¬
tion, in which the river had rifen over the banks of Hilaon,
and it was much feared either that 'the province would re¬
main under water, or that the dream would refume the
■«ld and dry channel, which it was evident it had occu¬
pied in remote ages.

All the blefiings of Egypt appear to have been con¬
ftantly derived from the waters of the Nile ; — well, there¬
fore, might the indefatigable Bruce have volunteered his

fervices to detefl its four.ee. Without this river, Egypt,
furrounded on every fide with natural obftacles, fepa-
rated on the eaft from Syria by moving funds, fkirted on
the fouth and weft by immenfe tracts of deferts, and
where it fcarcely ever rains, would be as uninhabitable as
the dreary wattes of Lybia. It is navigable for boats ot
confid.erable burden as far as the cataradts, and is a very
convenient mode of communication fro 111,0 ne extremity
of the country to the other. The prevailing winds ge¬
nerally f?rve to fail up ; and in coming down, the cur¬
rent is of the greateft advantage, efpecially during the
overflowing, when a large germe or bark will go down
from Cairo to Rofetta, a diftatice of one hundre'd and
fixty miles, in lefs than forty hours, without fail or oar
to aflift its way. This noble river is therefore the great,
and indeed the only, fource of wealth to the country ;
and is the moft pleafant and expeditious manner of tra-
veiling,1 “particularly when.it is confidered, that there are
no inns in the country, except a few miferable caravan-
feras, difgufting to an European, where they nnift deep
upon dirty carpets, covered with vermin, lying promif-
cuoufty among Turks, Arabs, &c. Only that part of
the country, which the Nile overflows, is inhabited ; as'
is clearly perceptible by the (pace of cultivation on each
border, and by the numerous villages built only along its
banks.

The annual rifing and falling of this river, and their
caufes, have been for ages confidered as a myftery, and
as one of the greateft Wonders of Egypt. Many fubtle
reafons have been invented to account for this phenome¬
non ; but it is now univerfally acknowledged to be en¬
tirely owing to the heavy rains which fall in Ethiopia,
the extenfive elevated country above. With refpedl: to
the time of its, increafe, it firft commences in May, yet
no publi'c notice is taken of it till the latter end of June,
when it has ufually rifen to the height of nine or twelve
feet. The public criers then begin to proclaim it through
all the Egyptian cities, and continue to publifh its daily
augmentation till it rifes to the height of twenty-four
feet, when the dam of the great canal at Boulac is opened
with the utmoft folemnity, and the day is devoted to
feaftings, fire-works, and other demonftrations of public
rejoicing, by all the people of Cairo, and its feveral
fauxbourgs. That the people might have an accurate
knowledge of the daily progrefs of the water, and of the
very hour when its increafe has attained the height of
twenty-four feet, the public udometer was ereCted at the
fouth extremity of. the ifie of Rlioda. If the river wants
but one inch of this height, the Egyptians will not cut
the dam, becaufe in that cafe no tribute is due to the
Turkifh emperor for the lands which fhould have been
watered, but which then will fcarcely maintain the cul¬
tivators. And upon this account the pacha is folely re-
fponfible for the confequ'ence, if he cuts his dam before
the water rifes to the proper mark. The udometer con-
fifts of a large fquare refervoir, into which the water of
the river enters at pleafure, and is encompaffed with a
hand fome gallery. In the midft of the bafon is an octa¬
gonal pillar of white marble, divided into twenty-two
equal parts, the firft of which is-l’ubdivided into twenty-
four inches, and the others are all marked to the top of
the column. This ndometer or mekkias was repaired
by the French ; and over the entrance to the gallery is
placed the following infeription in French, with an Ara¬
bic tranflation, and another in Perfian underneath it. —
“ In the year 9 of the French republic, and of the> he-
gira 1215, thirty months after the conqueft of Egypt by
Bonaparte, Menou, commander in chief, repaired the
mekkias. The Nile, when at the lowed, was at the
height of three cubits ten digits of the meafure of the
pillar, the 10th day after the folflice, in the year 8. On
the 1 6th day after the fame folflice, it began to rife at
Cairo : on the 107th day after the folftice it was two cu¬
bits three digits above the (haft of the pillar : and on the
115th day after the folftice it began to decreafe.”

Sf)S E G Y

As the Nile could not of itfelf cover every part of
tire country in a due proportion, the Egyptians have,
with great labour, cut a valt number of canal's to facili¬
tate the overflowing of their lands. The villages that
ft and on eminences on the banks of the Nile have their
refpeftive khalidges or canals, and the more diftant vil¬
lages have theirs alfo, even to the extremities of the
kingdom, by which means the waters are fucceflively
conveyed to the mod remote places. It is not lawful to
cut the trenches for the reception of the water till the
river hits attained its proper height neither mud all the
trenches be opened together, as in that cafe Come lands
would be injured by the inundation, while others would
be almofl totally deprived of t heir needful refrefhment.
The trenches are therefore opened with the greatelt pre¬
caution, firlt in the Upper,, and afterwards in Lower
Egypt; and the natives, who ftriftly attend to the rules
preferibed in a roll or book,. contrive to difpofe the fer-
tilifing flood fo judicioufly, that all parts of the country
are plentifully watered, and the cultivators are enabled
to rejoice in the anticipation of great and abundant har-
vefts.

But as the Egyptians fo much depend on the Nile’s in-
creafe for all the fruits of the earth which Nature fends;
fo, whenever thefe waters chance to fail, the utmoft dil-
trefs is fare to follow ; and hence the deplorable famines
and pedilences of Egypt are readily accounted for. The
Arabian author Abdadlatiph, mentioned above as having
been recently trandated by Dr. White, treats alfo of the
rife of the Nile,, the caufes of its increafe, and the laws
by which it appears to be regulated. The momentous
importance of this fubjeft to the welfare of Bigypt clearly
appears from his fecond and third chapters ; in which
Aodollatiph details with great- m ip u tends the melancholy
hidory of a famine, occafioned by a failure in. the uliial
increafe of the waters, which occurred during his own
retidence in Egypt. The famecaufe, indeed, in this ex¬
traordinary country, has often produced fimilar effects ;
and the narrative of Abdoliatiph cannot fail to recal the
attention of the ferious reader to that famine recorded in
the book of Genefis, which, under the aireftion of Di¬
vine Providence, prepared the way for fuch dupendous
events, by inducing the patriarch Jacob and his fotis to
take up their abode in Egypt. When we recollect that
the produce of the land is here always proportioned to
the overflowing of the Nile, we cannot but remark with
what matchlefs fimplicity, and at the fame time with
what drift propriety and truth, the feene of Pharaoh’s
dream is laid by the river, while both the fat and lean
kine are emphatically reprefented as coming up out of it,
and feeding on its banks. See Gen. chap.xli.

The famine, and the pedilence which eiilded, of which
Abdoliatiph has fo forcibly deferi-bed the direful effects,
were accompanied with peculiar horrors ; and hidory,
whether (act ed or profane, no where exhibits to our view
a more dreadful picture of calamities and crimes. Tire
-narrative of the prefent author bears every internal mark
and charafter of truth ; and the judicious critic will not
helitate a moment in admitting its authenticity, though
the fafts which it records were before altogether un-
knownto the European world. Fortunately, we have it
in our power to adduce a drong teftimony in fupport of
t Ire narrative of Abdoliatiph, from Elmacin, in his Uni¬
verfal Hidory ; a part only of which was publifhed by Er-
penius, under the title of Hijloria Saracenica. “ In the fame
year (597) there was a great dearth over the land of
Egypt, fo that a meafure of wheat called an irdab. was
fold for five Egyptian dinars. And this didrefs conti¬
nued nearly three years; and men were fo dediiute of
fudenance, that they were compelled to eat each other,
and even their own children, and to feed on animals that
perilhed. Great multitudes, therefore, of people, with
their children and fervants, emigrated to Syria, and the
soafts of the fea.”

We dia.ll here date a few padages from Abdoliatiph, as

1> T.

given in the Monthly Review for April 1802 ; not merely
with the view of gratifying curiofity, hut becaufe it has a
mod powerful tendency to humble the pride of man,- by
demon Uniting his condant dependence on the- bounty of
Providence ; by teach.ing that even the gifts of nature,
as they are called, are not more permanent than thofe of
fortune ; and, by reminding us that what has happened
to others, may podibly happen to ourfelves. Page 212:
“ When firit the poor Egyptians began to feed upon hu¬
man fledi, dories of this kind went abroad, and formed
the univerfal fubjeft of dilcourfe ; while every one ex-
preffed the utmoft horror and averdon at the crime, and
adonifhment at its novelty. Thefe fenfations were after¬
ward worn out by the force of example, and the calls of
hunger: the praftice became familiar; and human fledi
was fought not only as a neceffiiry fupport, but as one of
tlie greated luxuries of life. It was reckoned among the
fird delicacies of the table, and was dreiled in many dif¬
ferent ways. Afterward, when tlie praftice became more
general, and had extended through every part of Egypt,
the adonidiment and abhorrence which it had formerly
excited ceafed ; and to exprefs or liden to fuch fenti-
ments was no longer difgraceful. I law a woman drag¬
ged and mangled by ruffians in tlie market-place. They
took from her a roaded child which die had provided for
her fudenance. The people in tlie market feemed en¬
tirely to disregard this horrid fpeftucle,.and purfued their
own bufinefs and employment with the utmod unconcern*
I obferved no furprife, nor even difapprobation, in their
countenances; while I was druck with the deeped ado¬
nidiment at the fight, and the infenfibility with which
they beheld it. So powerful is tlie effect of cudom,
which can dived the mod unnatural and prodigious crimes
of their horror, by prefenting them repeatedly to the
fenfes, and reducing them to tlie level of tlie mod com¬
mon objects and trivial occurrences!”

Again, page 233. “ Of the number of the poor who

perilhed with hunger, it is impodible to. form any proba¬
ble edimate : but I will give tlie reader fome information
on this fubjeft, whence he may form a faint idea of the
mortality with which Egypt was then airlifted. In McTr
and Cairo, and their confines, wherever a perfon turned,
lie could not avoid leeing or dumbling over fome fturved
object, either already dead, or in the agonies of death.
From Cairo alone nearly five hundred were daily carried
out to the burying-ground ; and fo great was the mor¬
tality in Mefr, that- the dead were thrown without the
walls, where they remained tinburied. But afterward,
when the furvivors were no longer able to throw out tlie
dead bodies, they were left wherever they expired, in
the Iioules, (hops, and ftreets. Tlie limbs of the dead
were even cut in pieces, and ufed for food ; and, iiiftead
of receiving tlie 1 a ft offices from their friends, and being
decently interred, their remains were attended by per-
fons who were employed in roafting and baking them.
In all the diftant provinces and towns, the inhabitants
became entiiely_extinft ; except in the principal cities,
and Come of the larger towns, fuch as Kous, Alhmunein,
Mahalla,. &c. and even there but a few furvived. In
thefe days, a traveller might pals through a city, with¬
out finding in it one human creature alive ; he faw the
houfes open, and the inhabitants lying dead 011 their
faces, fome grown putrid, and others who had recently
expired. If lie entered into the houfes, lie found them
full of .goods, but no one to make ufe of them ; and he
faw nothing wherever he turned, but a dreadful folitude,
and univerfal defolation. This account refis not on the
information and authority of a Single perfon, but of many,
whole feveral afi’ertions mutually confirmed each other.
One of them gave me his relation in the following words :
‘ We entered a city, where no living creature was to be
found ; we went into the houfes, and there we faw the
inhabitants proftrate and dead; all lying in a wretched
group on the ground, the hutband, the wife, and the
children. Hence we palled into another city, which con¬
tained.

E G Y

Gained, as we had heard, four hundred (hops of weavers.
It was now a defert, like tiie former: the artificer had
expired in his (hop, and his family lay dead around him.
A third city, which we afterward vilified, appeared like
the former, a feene of death and defolation. Being obliged
to re tide f'ome time in this place for the purpofe of agri¬
culture, we hired perfons to throw the bodies of the dead
nto the Nile, at the rate of ten for a dirhem. Wolves
and hyenas reforted hither in great numbers, to feed on
the corpfes.” Here is a proof of wolves being found in
Egypt, by a perfon who fefided in the country, in con-
tradidtion to Denort.

It is highly creditable to Abdollatiph, that, though
the crimes which he deferibes were fo extremely com-
raon, and the temptations to commit, as well as the op¬
portunities of committing them, fo extremely powerful
and invifing, yet he never loll fight, even for a moment, of
thofe virtuous principles which appear to have-regulated
his conduct ; nor does he ever (peak of thefe offences,
without the mod pointed abhorrence and detefiation.
Page 239. “ The felling of free perfons had now be¬

come a common pradiice; and a beautiful girl might be
purchafed for a few dirhems. Two young girls were of.
fered to me for a dinar ; and I faw two girls, one of whom
was a virgin, expofed to fale for eleven dirhems. For
five dirhemS, a woman offered to Jell me her daughter,
who was beautiful beyond defeription ; and, when I up¬
braided Iter with the heinous nature of the crime', (he
bade me take her as a prefent. Women, who had any
(hare of beauty, frequently prodrated themfelves before
men, and intreated them to purchafe or difpofe of them.
Many, who thought thefe praftices lawful, fent their
purchafed (laves into Erak, Chorafan, and other parts.
What appears to me molt ’unaccountable of alL the
wonders which I have related, is that, notwithftanding
the Koran frequently reproves mankind for their impeni¬
tence, and for plunging themfelves without remorfe into
fin, they ihould perlid in their wickednefs, as if they were
entirely exempt from the common lot of humanity.”

In this valuable work, Abdollatiph is led to trace con-
cifely, but clearly, many other principal revolutions of
Egypt. Among thefe, lie records particularly the cop-
queti and defolation of that country, by Nabuchodonofor,
for the fpace of forty years ; and thus mod unexpe&edly
do we find in a Mohammedan hidorian, who certainly had
no fuperflitious reverence for the Jewifh or Chridian pro¬
phecies, and, indeed, probably no knowledge whatever
of their contents, a new and unequivocal teflimony to the
exadt accomplifhment of the predidlion of Ezekiel, chap,
xxix, ver. 9, 10, n, 12. 19. And l will make the land of
Egypt deflate in the midjl of the countries that arc defolate, and
her cities, among the cities that are laid wafe , fall be deflate
forty years, &c. So defolate, fays Dr. Bryant, that
not a prince of its own people could be found to reign
over it, for the fpace of upwards of two thoufand years !

ANCIENT INHABITANTS, RELIGION, LAWS,
LANGUAGE, ARTS, &c.

Of the fird inhabitants of Egypt, we appear to have
the bed accounts in the Mythology of the learned Dr.
Bryant ; who remarks that the antiquity of this kingdom
may be feen from its founders Flam and Mizraim, by
whofe names the country was of old called. He adds,
that they were of a collateral line with the people of Ca¬
naan ; for the father of the Mizraim and the Canaanites
were brothers. Egypt is therefore called Mizraim, in the
ficriptures ; which name is perpetuated to this day by the
Turks, who dill call the country ' MiMn. Some confider
Mizraim as a people, not as a perfon ; and the head of
their family is imagined to have been Mifor, or Metzor.
Stephanus Byzantinus, among other names, (tiled Egypt
Mvi Tapci, the land of Mufar, or Myfar. Jofephus called
Egypt, Medra; Eufebius and Suidas, Medraia; by which
i.s meant the land of Metzor, a different rendering of My-
ior. Sanchoniathon alludes to this perfon under the name
Vol. VI. No. 356.

P T. • S60

ofMn7W|; and joins him with Sydic : botfi which he makes
the fons of the (hepherds Afnunus ar,d Magus. Anuinus
is the fame with Aimm or Ham, the real father of Myfor,
from whom the Mizraim are fuppofed to be defeended.

The Mizraim who thus fettled in Egypt, were branched
out into (even families. Of thefe the Caphtorim were
one ; who feem to have redded between Pelufium in
Lower Egypt, and mount Cafius, upon the fea-coaft.
Caphtor, front whence the people were denominated,
fignifies a tower 'upon a promontory ; and was probably
the fame as Migdol, and the original reddence of the
Caphtorim. This people made an early migration into
Canaan, where they were called Paledines, the Philidim
of the Hebrews; and (he country where they fettled,
was named Paledina. Whether the whole of their fa¬
mily, or only a part, are included in this migration, is
uncertain. Be it as it may, they feem to have come up
by divine commidion, and to have been entitled to immu¬
nities, which to the Canaanites were denied. Amos, ix. 7.
In confequence of this, upon the coming oi the Ifraelites
into Canaan, they feem to have been unmolefted for years.
They certainly knew from the beginning that the land
was dedined for the Ifraelites, and that they only dwelt
there by permidion. Gen. xx. 15. xxi. 23. xxvi. 27. Jofua,
xiii. 2.

The other tribes’of the Mizraim fent out colonies to
the wed, and occupied many regions in Africa ; to which
part of the world they feem to have confined themfelves.
The children alfo of Phut, the third of the fons of Ham,
palled 'very deep into the burning regions of the Couth,,
and mod of the black nations are defeended from them.
Lybia Proper was peopled by the Lubim, or Lehabim,
alfo one of the branches from Mizraim. The fons of
Phut fettled in Mauritania ; where was a regioif and river
called Phutia. Some of this family fettled above Egypt
near Ethiopia, and were ftiled Troglodyte. Syncellus,
p. 47. Many of them palled inland, and peopled the
Mediterranean country. In procefs of time the fons of
Chus, after their expulfion from Babylonia and Egypt,
made fettlements upon the fea-coads of Africa, and came
into Mauritania. We accordingly find traces of them in
the names, which they bequeathed to places ; fuch as
Chuzis, Cluifarez, upon the coad ; a city Cotta, a pro¬
montory Cotis, in Mauritania. By their coming into
thefe parts the memorials of the Pluiteans were in fonie
meafure obfeured. They are, however, to be found
lower down; and the country upon one fide of tiie river
Gambia is at this day called Phuta. It is not poflible at
this didance of time to diferiminate the feveral cads
among the black nations. Many have thought, that all
thofe who had woolly hair were of the Ethiopian, or
Cuthite, breed. But nothing can be inferred front this
difference of hair : for many of the Ethiopic race had
draight hair. Herodot. I.5. c. 1. And we are told by Mar-
cellinus, that fome of the Egyptians had a tendency to
wool; whence Volney feents to have referred them to a
negro origin. Darknefs of complexion was a circum-
ftan'ce more or lefs to be obferved in all the brandies of
the line of Ham ; but univerfally among the Nigritas,
of whatever branch they may have been.

Egypt fell under the fubje.6l.ion of a threefold race of
kings : the Meftrati, who were undoubtedly the genuine
defeendants of Mizraim, who fird gave name to the
country. The Auritae, who were the Arabian (hepherds,
and their kings ; thefe reigned here a conllderable time,
maintaining themfelves by force ; till, after many drug¬
gies, they were finally expelled by the natives. Ladly,
the regular Egyptian kings. The Auritae were called
by the Grepks and Romans Arabians: but their true
name was Cufiian or Cufeaus ; the fame which they gave
to the province where they fettled, which was the bed
of the land ; and was fitiiated within the Delta, at the
extreme and highed part of Lower Egypt. To this place
the children of Ifrael fucceedcfi, after it had been aban¬
doned by ifs. former inhabitants ; but at what interval of
5. B time

S70

E G Y P T.

time is uncertain. Jofephus, out of a defire to aggrandize
his own nation, fuppofes that the Shepherds who bore
rule in Egypt were his anceftors ; and that hence arofe
the hatred that the Egyptians bore to them. For this
reafon he makes no difference between the twofold 'race
of fliepherds, which Manetho fufiiciently diftinguilhes.
The firff were the Cufeans and their pajlor kings, wlio
held the country in bondage : the others were the Ifra-
elitifh fliepherds, who fucceeded to the firff, and were
themfelves afterwards held in bondage, and delivered by
Mofes.

Idolatry, too, foon became the degrading character of
the Egyptians ; though, according to M. Pauw, who
clofely inveftigated this theology, it was by no means
fo grofs as lias been reprefented. They acknowledged an
intelligent Being, diftindt from matter, by the name of
Phtka, fabricator of the world, but not the creator of
matter. Here we feem to derive the firff fprings of their
religion; and if the confequent ceremonials of it have
periflied from the annals of their country, we muff endea¬
vour to glean them from the regions into which they have
fublequently patted. Anaxagoras travelled into Egypt
to ftudy philofophy, as was the cuftom with his country¬
men ; on his return to Greece, he brought with him a
fyffem fo entirely new, that the Greeks, ever delighting
in novelties, raifed flatues to his honour, and diftinguiflied
him by the title of Ns;, the Intelligence. The heads of
liis fyffem, as brought from Egypt, are the following :

“ Two things were from eternity, Mind and Matter.
Thefe two beings were clearly diftindl. Matter extended
■without thought, motion, or order ; but divided into
parts extremely minute, and poffefled of qualities fimilar
and unalterable. Mind was fimple, without material ex-
tendon, having in itfelf thought, activity, and an execu¬
tive power over matter. An infinite time had paired be¬
fore the formation of the world. The Sovereign Mind,
feeing that order was' better than confufion, refolved on
the meafure. Anaxagoras . mentis infinite vi et ratione rerum
omnium modum et deficriptionem defignari et confici voluit. — The
Mind watches over men with a particular attention ; for
them it was that the world was made. Their country is
heaven, to which they are to be recalled, if, by their
virtue, they deferve it. The bodies of the firff animals,
confequently that of man, were formed out of earth, tem¬
pered with moifture and heat; after this, the individuals
generated others, each imtheir own kind. Zw« ymv9«i e|
zai 0££p,8, vca vrigev o£ aAAijAwz. DlOg. Laer.

Neither fun, moo-n, nor liars, are gods or demons, or ani¬
mated bodies; they are folid mattes fet in motion by In¬
telligence, the foie caufe of motion.” — It muff be con-
feffed, that there is a ftriking agreement (the creation of
matter excepted) between this Egyptian theology, and
the Mofaic fyffem.

Os-i-ris, in Coptic, fignifies conformator ; T-s\s, forma-
rum receptaculum , perfonifications of Mind and Matter; by
which, the firff principles of their philofophy were raifed
by the Egyptians into the higheft objedls of their wor-
fhip. The general doctrine deduced from thefe firff prin¬
ciples was the omnipotence of a Supreme Divinity, known
as to its exiftence, unknown as to its offence. This was
the univerfal fource from which all beings proceeded ;
whether by emanation, as the rays of light ; or by gene¬
ration, as in animals ; or by accretion and feparation, as
in vegetables and minerals ; or, in ffiort, by fome other
way unknown, without fixing the time, the manner, or
entering into any philofophicul difcuflion of the fubjed.
This was the fyffem of all the molt ancient people of the
earth ; efpecially of the orientals, who to thefe general
ideas added a theocracy peculiar to themfelves, in which
they fuppofed the Supreme Majeffy retired into the hea¬
ven of heavens, leaving to a chief minifter (himfelf the
ifTue of the divinity) the care of governing the world,
and of keeping within bounds a certain principle of male¬
volence and rebellion, of which they conceived the ex-
iftence, from a view of the evils natural and moral by

z

which the world was afflided. Of moral obligation they"
appear to have conceived that virtue confifts in a ftridt
obfervance of the laws, fubmiffiori fo the magiffrate, re-
fped for fuperiors, modefty towards equals, and tender-
nefs for inferiors. This is therefore the fublime of pagan
theology. To oiy.caov eivsii y.u. i ro aiir^ov ov tyves i «AAa i/o/j-io.
Jufiiim et turpe non natura confiare, Jed Lege. Diog. Laer. in
Archelao.

The Gymnofophifts of Africa acknowledged one Crea¬
tor, incomprehenfible in his nature, but intelligible in
his works ; this was the origin of fymbolic worfhip. The
worfhip of ferpents, very general throughout Africa, ob¬
tains at this day in many parts. The eneph, a fnake, is
the emblem of divine goodnefs ; the viper, of power;
hence the diadem of the Pharaohs was adorned with this
emblem. The Egyptians ufually perfonified the divine
wifdorn under the name of Neph, reprefented fpringing
out of the body of a lion ; the manifeft prototype of the
Greek Minerva fpringing from the head of Jupiter';
emblem of the union of wifdorn and of power. It is re¬
markable that the Egyptians gave an exclufion to Nep¬
tune ; they deteffed the fea ; and yet, with a ffrange in-
confiffency, they made their Nephthis, or Venus, to
fpring out of its froth ; whence the Aphrodite of the
Greeks. “ Almoft all the names of the gods, (fays He¬
rodotus,) came out of Egypt into Greece.” And the
Greeks changed their names, and made the gods theif own.

The Egyptian religion rejefted eternity of punifhments ;
admitting a purgatory, whence, in a certain time, men
were to refume their bodies ; hence the practice of em¬
balming and preparing their mummies : but philofophers,
and the truly virtuous, were to pafs diredtly into heaven.
Similar notions that the lives of animals would be re-
ffored, muff have induced the practice of embalming the
ibis. On infpedting the vaults of Saccara, Denon found
more than five hundred mummies of the ibis in a fepul-
chral cave. There feems a confiderable variety in the
degree of care beftowed in embalming this facred bird ;
but the earthen pot, in which the whole is contained, is
common to all. The difference and pains beftowed on
mummies taken from the fame cave, proves that the
price of the work varied confiderably for thefe birds, as
well as for men, and confequently that it was done at the
expence of individuals; and alfo it may be prefumed,
that the embalmed birds had not all been fed in temples,
or colleges of priefts, in reward of fervices rendered by
the whole fpecies. If the fame had been the cafe with
thefe birds as with their god Apis, a tingle individual
would have fufficed, and thefe pots would not be found
by thoufands. We may then fuppofe that the ibis, as it
deftroys all reptiles, was religiotifiy venerated in a coun¬
try in which thefe noxious animals fo much abound at a
certain time of the year ; and, like the ftork in Holland,
this bird growing tame from the good reception which it
met with every where, each houfe had its own winged
inmates of this fpecies, to which, after their death, the
honours of fepulture were given according to the means
of the inhabitants. Herodotus relates, that he was in¬
formed that in the earlieft times of the records of the
country, the ibis abounded every where, but that in pro¬
portion as the marfhes of Upper Egypt were drained, the
birds retired to the lower province in queft of their food ;
which accounts for their being now fo rarely feen.

In moft nations the profufion of the table was confi-
dered as the teft of opulence, or of the progrefs of lux¬
ury; but in Egypt it was made an inlet into their reli¬
gion, manners, and charadter. The peculiar circumffances
of their climate and foil made it expedient for the Egyp¬
tians to have a particular attention to their food ; hence
moft of their religious obfervances : Mofes adopted many
of thefe, but wifely deferted the fyffem in fome points,
confulting the character of his people, and the circum¬
ffances of the country in which they were to live. Pytha¬
goras was not fo wife ; having paffed into Egypt, and
i'ubmitted to circumcifion, he, in the true ipirit of a

fanatic,

EGYPT.

fanatic, would have all or none, fo adopted the entire
dietetic fyftem : after this, travelling. into India, he em¬
braced without referve the regimen of the Bramins, for¬
bidding all animal food, as the Egyptian had done that
of fifh, and of many vegetables : thus his fyftem became
an abfurd notion of the two ; each of which had been cal¬
culated for a different climate, and neither for that in
which he and his followers were to obferve it. To a
genuine' bigot doiStrine is every thing ; common fenfe*
nothing! Leprofy, fore eyes, and gonorrhea, were very
early endemic in Egypt : the elephantiafis, a fpecies of
leprofy peculiar to the Egyptians, above all corrupts the
fpermatic juices; this accounts for the origin of the go¬
norrhea, as likewife for the invention of circumcifion.
For this reafon the prieds ordained abftinence from all
kinds of fidi, as produdlive of fcurvy ; yet the people
were indulged in the ufe of fuch as were lead fo : Ihell-
fifli, and in general thofe of the fcaly tribe, were deemed
the mod innocent. The fird magidrates, efpecially the
Pharaohs, were not allowed to drink wine. Pythagoras
adopted the prohibition ; but it did not lad long. Apol¬
lonius Tyanaeus endeavoured to revive it, but in vain.
The flefli of fwine was totally prohibited, except twice
a-year, when the common people were indulged in the
ufe of it. The fleth of goofe and pigeon was the mod
edeemed ; and therefore referred for the prieds and the
king.

The ancient Egyptian Lent of forty days was a dietetic
inditution ; they had feveral fmaller Lents of fix days :
during all thefe the lnifband was not allowed to deep
with his wife. Their Lent was kept in the hotted feafon
.of the year: at this day, the better fort of the inhabi¬
tants, in the hot months, take their meals only in the
cool of the morning and evening. Mahomet borrowed
his Lent, the time of keeping it, and the abdaining from
wine, from the Egyptians: — C'ejl en Egypte qu'il faut
chercher la ratine de la plus-part des inJliLulioi.s rellgicujes .- —
It is from Egypt that we mud trace the origin of mod
religious inditutions. The Egyptians confecrated onions,
that is, prohibited the eating of them, on account of
their being dimulating and hurtful to the eyes : it is in
this point of view that we are to condder their confecra-
tions in general ; for w hatever was deemed hurtful was
confecrated, and not to be touched aslood.

The Egyptian government was monarchical, not de-
fpotic; for the king was not judge ; this belonged to the
prieds; nor could he tax without their confent. In this
refpedt, the prieds were the ephori of that government.
Herodotus informs us, that exclufive power and autho¬
rity was lodged in the hands of the prieds, who ruled the
fovereign, and kept the formula of their religion wrapt
up in emblem and mydery, to put a barrier between
themfelves and the people." The king was ferved and
counfelled by prieds, fed and indrudted by them ; every
morning they read to him the duties of a fovereign to¬
wards his people, and towards his religion; they then
led him to the temple, where thefe duties were incul¬
cated by prayer and facrifice. The only two fovereigns
who, according to hidory, dared to fltake od' their yoke,
were Cheops and Cephrenes, who (hut up the temples
for twenty years ; but thefe were regarded as impious
and rebellious princes, and were recorded as fuclfin the
annals which the prieds compofed and handed down to
poderity. The palace with a hundred chambers, the
only one mentioned in the hidory of Egypt, was the work
of a new form of government, in which the prieds could
no longer pofiefs the fame influence. In this fplendid
palace of the kings, the idea of uncontrouled monarchy
was implied by fculptured figures on the fide of the gate,
reprefenting heroes holding by the hair a group of con¬
quered prifoners, and prefented by the divinities with
new arms for future victories. But it does not appear
that this date of kingly power was of long duration.

The pontificate was hereditary, not at the nomination
of the prince, who, by the original conditution, could

not be of the order; but when Sethon, who was pontiff,
made himfelf king, there was no counterpoife left to the
royal authority, which of courfe became defpotic. In
this, as in all the mixed governments of antiquity, a third
or middle power was' wanting, a reprefentative of the
people. From this time, the prieds or the military dif-
pofied of the throne by election from among themfelves,
as either prevailed ; the people were but a number, that is,
Haves. The prince, if chofen from the military, adorned
the priedhood ; there was no controtil left. Fertility
of foil, and facility of culture, confiituted their wealth ;
lienee pyramids, and public works were no proof of the
riches of the prince ; they were the refit It of the paflions
of a people little employed in providing the means of
fubfidence. The Ptolemies at lad gave them a tade for
commerce, which till then they had defpifed. This ac¬
counts for their having ufed no coin in early times. They
had a phyfician for every malady, but no lawyers ; all
pleadings were in writing; no torture was inflidted in
criminal cafes; perjury was made capital, and fo was
murder. If the accounts we have of the Egyptian go¬
vernment be imperfadt and unfatisfadtory, it mud be con-
fidered, fird, that the national records are lod ; and, in
the next place, that the government, from the time of
Sethon, becoming defpotic, the principles of fuch a go¬
vernment, if it can then be laid to have had any, mud
be contained in a very fmall code, the will of the prince.
The flonriflung date of the arts at the era of the Mace¬
donian conqited, is, however, the mod fatisfadlory proof
of the liability and antiquity of their government.

The Egyptians had two languages, a popular, and an
hieroglyphic. The obfeurity and indecifion of the hiero¬
glyphic, fays Herodotus, fitted it to become a language
of which the pried might keep the interpretation to him¬
felf. No one can conceive what is become of their popu¬
lar language ; it feems totally lod. A conjecture on this
fubjedt may podibly be allowed. In their laws, man¬
ners, and inditutions, the Egyptians piqued themfelves
on being fuperior to all other nations ; this was the re-
fult of the mean opinion they entertained of the red of
mankind ; under this impreflion, they wiflied to with¬
hold alt knowledge of the difeoveries they had made in
arts and fciences from others; to this end, thofe dif¬
eoveries were committed to the keeping of the prieds,
their only authors and literati ; the country being con¬
quered, and the priedhood dedroyed, the records might
perifh with the order. That the prieds did keep thofe
records in the utmod privacy is manifed from this, that
the Greek literati, who lived and dudied fo many years
in Egypt, never brought out of the country a fingle vo¬
lume of thofe records, or fpecimen of the language in
which they were written ; a circtimdance not to be paral¬
leled in the hidory of letters : fo that their communica¬
tion with their teachers mud have been by interpreters; a
Angularity the more likely to be adopted by the Greeks,
from their known contempt of all other tongues, and
pride in their own. Yet, as the Egyptian prieds had a
fettled revenue, and differed none of their order to re¬
ceive legacies or donations, it is the more extraordinary
that they fhould have given into thefe extremes of pried-
craft. Befides, they were obliged to marry, which made
them a part of the date. They were likewife poflelfed
of the judicial power: the fird clafs of judges were
called prophets ; that is, interpreters. I'he foreteller of
events was called Mantis; who, according to Plato, was
always fuppofed to be out of his fenfes ; or, which was
the fame thing, to be infpired : hence the priedefs of Dei-
phos, who pronounced the oracles, aflumed a femblance
of phrenfy to confirm the opinion of her infpiration.

There is not to be found in the world a fingle book of
the great library of Thebes; fo that we know nothing of
Egyptian literature but from the Information of the Greek
phiiofophers and poets ; and even they knew not much ;
for the Egyptian literati held the wiled of the Greeks
extremely cheap, “ You Greeks will for ever talk like

S7C

EGYPT.

fools on thefe f object's.’’ , Such were the communications
of the Egyptian with the Greek philofophers.

The hieroglyphic language of the Egyptians is thus
deduced by Dr. Bryant : “ As Egypt was the land of

Ham, who, as the Sun, was {tiled Ait, it alfo was called
Ait, rendered by the Greeks A (ha. ; and as the heart in
the body may be efteemed what the Sun is in his fyftem,
the fource of heat arid life, it .was therefore called Ait,
which word having tliefe two fenfes, was the reafon why
they made a heart over a vafe of burning incenfe, the
firft hieroglyphic or emblem of their country. The prin¬
cipal, rites in Egypt were confelfedly for a perfon loft,
and for a time configned to darknefs, who was at laft
found. This was Ofiris. Hence thole exclamations at
the feafts of Ifts : See Plutarch.

If. et Ofiris, v. i. the ultimate to which vve can apply is
Egypt. Every facred thing in Egypt was at length dif-
tinguifhed by fome fymbr/1 of the deity. The Egyptians
had many fubordinate deities, which they efteemed fo
many emanations, from the Supreme Being.

They were refined in their fuperftition, above all nations
in the world ; and conferred the names and titles of their
deities upon vegetables, and animals of every fpecies ;
and not only upon thefe, but alfo on the parts of the hu¬
man body, and the very paffions of the mind. Whatever
they deemed falutary, or of great value, they diftinguiftied
by the title of facred, and confecrated by fymbol to fome
god. Thus they had many emblematical perfonages, fet
off with heads of various animals, to reprefent particular
virtues, and affections; as well as to denote tlie various
attributes of their gods. Hence the origin of their hiero¬
glyphics. Blit vve muft m ike a material diftindtion be¬
tween the hieroglyphics of old, when Egypt was under
her native kings ; and thofe of later date, when that
country was under the government of the Greeks: at
which time their learning was greatly impaired, and their
ancient theology ruined.

“If any means can be found to obtain the latent pur¬
port of the Egyptian hieroglyphics, they muft arife from
confidering thefe emblems fingly, and obferving their
particular lcope and deftination. When we have afeer-
tained the meaning of fome individuals, we may pofiibly
difeover their drift, when confidered colledtively. Thefe,
I think, are the principles upon which we muft proceed :
but after all it will be a dark refearch, in which many
have been bewildered. There are authors who mention
an ancient piece of hicroglyphical fculpture, which was
to be feen in the city Sa'is. It confided of a child , an
old man; and near them ftood an hawk. After thefe
a cetus, or fea-fifti ; and laft of all an hippopotamus.
Clemens of Alexandria mentions the fame hiftory ; but
lays, that it was at Diofpolis. Inftead of the river-horfe
he introduces a crocodile, which lie fays was an emblem
of impudence. It it- to be obferved, that the hippopot¬
amus and crocodile were fymbols of the fame purport ;
both related to the deluge : and, however the Greeks
might iometimes reprefent them, they were both in dif¬
ferent places reverenced by the ancient Egyptians. The
interpretation given by Clemens, is this: ‘All ye who
are juft come into the world, and all ye who are going
out, remember, that God hates impudence.’ As there
are fo many crimes of high moment, which demand ani-
madverfion, it is ftrange, that fo foletun a caution fhould
be given merely again)! impudence. The infeription teems
■to have been put up in two places : one of which was
the temple of I(is at Sal's ; the other the temple at Diof¬
polis, called Theba. Thefe are two remarkable places ;
in confequence of which, one would imagine, that the in¬
feription fliould contain fome memorial of more confe¬
quence : fomethiog which had a reference to the temples
wherein it was found. Were I to attempt the deci¬
phering of thefe hieroglyphics, which however diverli-
fied, feem toamount to the fame purport, I fhould begin,
as in reading their common written language, from right
to left, in a /cries different' from thofe who have gone be¬

fore me. T find, according to this order, that the hippo--
potamus, or Crocodile, hands firft ; and then the cetus.
Next comes the figure of the facred hawk, under which
femblance Divine Providence was always depicted ; and
after this an old man, and a child. It may feem prefump-
tuous to pretend to interpret what was a fecret two thoiu
fand years ago : I (hall therefore only mention what I have
to fay, as matter of opinion. I apprehend it may be read
in the following manner : ‘As the hippopotamus, or croco¬
dile, furvives the inundation of the-Nile, juft fo that facred
receptacle, the cetus, or ark, through the interpofition of
Providence, weathered the deluge; by which means the
aged patriarch efcaped, and obtained a renewal of life.’
I-Iotv true this interpretation may be, I will not prefume
to fay : it certainly correfponds with the hiftory of each
emblem, as they have been feparately confidered ; and is
confonant to the general fcope of the rites and mythology
of Egypt. What is Hill more to the purpofe, it perfectly
agrees with the deftination cf the two temples, where it
is faid to have been found : for by Ills was meant a facred
receptacle ; and Theba is literally the ark. The tem¬
ples were both of them built in memory of that event,
which the hieroglyphic feents to deferibe.”

Voltaire gives a curious inftanee of the force and con.
eifenefs of hicroglyphical communication, which -is taken
from Herodotus. That Liftorian informs us, that when
Darius invaded Scythia, the Scythians fent him the figures
of a bird, a moufe, a frog, and five arrows.. By this
lymbolical admonition they informed him, that if he did
not fly away as fwiftly as a bird, or conceal himfelf like
a moufe or a frog, lie would perifh by their arrows. This
ftory, fays Voltaire, may pofiibly not be true ; but it ne-
verthelefs furnifiies a {Hiking example of the fimplicity
of the emblems employed in thofe diftant ages.

The hieroglyphic language of the Egyptians, fays fir
John Marfham, is the greateft proof of their antiquity as a
people. But, however intelligible this mode cf commu¬
nicating ideas might1 at firft have been, it is reafonable to
conclude that when their popular language came to be re¬
fined by the invention of letters-, the hieroglyphic fymbols
began to be difufed, and the people gradually forgot the
fignification of them. The priefts, ftill retaining and
cultivating the knowlege of them, becatife they were the
repolitories of their learning and hiftory, at length ap¬
plied them to the purpofe of preferving the fecrets of
their religion. Thus hieroglyphics became the fource of
animal worfhip in Egypt, as fir John conjectures, Can.
Ckron. p. 5S, becatife in thefe hieroglyphics was recorded
the hiftory of their greater deities, their kings, and law¬
givers, reprefented by animals, and other grofs emblems.
The fymbol of each god was well known and familiar to
his worfliippers, by means of the paintings and engravings
on their temples and other facred monuments; fo that
the fymbol prefenting the idea of the god, and that idea
exciting fentiments of religion, it was natural for them,
in their addreffes to any particular god, to turn to his re-
prrefentative mark or fymbol ; efpeci'ally when vve confi-
der further, that the Egyptian priefts feigned a divine ori¬
ginal for hieroglyphic characters, in order to increafe the
veneration of the people for them. Thefe would of
courfe bring on a relative devotion to thefe fyntbolic fi¬
gures, which, when it came to be paid to the living ani¬
mal, would foon terminate in an ultimate worfliip ; and
which fubfequently proved to be the faCt.

In their written characters, the' A was not the firft letter
ot tiie Egyptian alphabet, but the T, in honour of Thoth,
or Hermes, the genius that prefided over the fciences and
the arts. Their writing was from right to left, like the •
Hebrew ; and it is certain that they trfed fimilar letters lo
early as the age of Mofes. Thefe characters have been
lately found upon manuferipts in the fvvathings of their
mummies, as exhibited in the annexed engraving.

“The fubjeCtof this engraving, •( fays Denon,) is part
of a manufeript found rolled up in a mummy. The pa¬
pyrus on which it is written is prepared of two layers of

the

E G

ffae medulla of this plant glued to each other, with the fibres
made to crofs, to give greater confidence to the leaf. It
may alfo be feen that the writing goes from right to left.
The hieroglyphic defign here reprefented is an ottering
made by a pried to Ifis, in the form of a cow ; whole
liead is drefled like the human figures of that deity ; be-
fides having a kind of yoke about her neck, which I have
alfo met with around the god Apis, in an hidorical bas-
relief in the temple of Medinet-Abu, at Thebes. The
frame upon which the cow, or Ifis dands, is perhaps an
altar ; beneath which the figure of a mummy is depicted,
intended perhaps to reprefent Nature in a dormant date.
Above the cow- is a dilk with eagle wing, whence a fer-
pent, the emblem of divine power, is defeending. The
pried is clothed in a white driped tunic, which covers
his body from his loins down to the mid-leg ; it is fadened
by draps, pading round his right flioulder, which other-
wife is as naked as his arms ; on his head he has a clofe-
-fitting cap, which looks fomew'hat like a helmet, and is
rounded off at the ears, leaving them bare : he holds in
his hand a vafe, containing two fpecies of flowers, which
I have often feen, without being able to make out what
they are. Above the figures is an infeription compofed
of feven vertical and four horizontal lines: the writing
is here different from the red of the manufeript, and the
charaiffers appear to be infinitely varied and numerous ;
Ibrne of the emblematical figures, met with in other
places, may be here didinguifhed, fuch as the ferpent, the
eye, and birds ; but thefe are mixed with others that
feem to be purely conventional, and exhibit no kind of
image. The lines at the bottom exhibit an ur.mixed
fpecimen of the true Egyptian written language.

“ In copying the whole manufeript I have found the
return of entire phrafes, and particular charariers, fo
often repeated, that they can be only articles, conjunc¬
tions, or auxiliary verbs : from thefe, it would be eafy
for thofe perfons who devote themfelves to this kind of
ffudy, to compofe alphabets, or groups of words, which
may aflid in the general explanation ; and a fingle one of
thefe manuferipts would furniflt the whole of the fet of
characters, if each character only expreffed a fingle letter.
This manufeript belongs to the fird conful, who has been
pleafed to allow me the life of it. ,J — From the feveral
fragments of manuferipts collected in Egypt by the French
literati, it is ardently to be hoped and expedited that their
dialect may yet be recovered. With refpeCt to their
hieroglyphics, it is really wonderful, that in a country
where this mydical writing was fo long in ufe, it fliould
now be wholly lod, even to the natives themfelves, and
not a perfon exiding in the world who can be found to
decypher or explain the connexion and meaning of thofe
fymbolical characters.

It is generally agreed that the Egyptian fymbolical
writing, or hieroglyphics, was greatly anterior to their
alphabetical character. They are faid to have fird ufed
letters fimilar to the Ethiopic, which approach nearly to
thofe of the Hebrew ; but, after all the refearches that
have been made, there appears nothing certain or decifive,
either with regard to their language, or its characters.
Dr. Edmund Fry, in his Pantographia, publidied in
1799, has given feven different alphabets which are called
Egyptian. The fird and fecond are on the authority of
Thefeus Ambrofius, and are deemed the mod ancient;
an affection which implies many revolutions in the people
and the government ; but of which hidory is totally fi-
lent. The third is given by Fournier, under the title of
IJiac-Egyptien , which he informs us was attributed to the
goddefs Ids. The fourth is called by Fournier Lettres
Sdcrees ; and he fays the characters were invented by the
godThoth: this is mere fable. The fifth is faid, by
Duret and Fournier, to be a character explanatory of
their fymbolical or hieroglyphic alphabet ; but for this
opinion there does not appear either reafon or authority.
The frxth was difeovered by the abbe Barthelemi, under
a monument in Egypt ; and is very different from all the

Vgl. VI. No. 357,

Y P T. 373

preceding. The feventh alphabet differs entirely front
all the others, both in the form of its characters, and in
the mode of placing them, being written, like the He¬
brew, from right to left ; for which reafon Dr. Bryant
feems to have confidered it as mod likely to be the true
one ; and on this ground he is of opinion, that their hie-
roglyphics, and all their manuferipts, are to be read back¬
ward : but this, like all the red, is mere conjecture. It
is however to be noticed, that the fird letter of all thefe
alphabets, is . the A, whereas Pauw afferts, that the fird
letter of the true Egyptian alphabet was the T, but in
that given by Barthelemi, the T is placed lad, and the Z
the fixth. It is dill more remarkable, that neither of the
alphabets above-mentioned Gorrefpond in the form of
their characters with the manuferipts recently difeovered
in Egypt by the French literati. Bee the annexed en¬
graving of the manufeript found under the fwathings of
a mummy in the necropolis of the ancient Memphis ;
from which it will appear that the Egyptians fometimes
wrote in a vertical direction, as well as in the horizontal.

Bochart mud have been wholly unacquainted with the
antiquities of Egypt, when he afferted that the Hebrew
was the elded of nations. Abraham, who lived fix hun¬
dred years before the Trojan war, on his paffing into
Egypt, found it a great and flouriflting kingdom ; and
the Jews do not pretend to trace their origin, as a people,
higher than Abraham. As to Bochart’s fecond affertion,
that the Egyptians borrowed their arts and faiences front
t lie Jews, it will be lufficient to obferve that, at the time
of Abraham’s vifit, the great pyramid was Banding ; this
pyramid exhibits a correCt meridian, the contrivance c£
an adronomer far advanced in the fcience ; and the build¬
ing itfelf could not have been raifed without a co.nfumv
mate knowledge of mechanics. The facility with which:
the Egyptians raifed thofe immenfe obelifks which formed
avenues to their temples, and which of courfe lejft little
room for the working of engines, brings to fliame the
complicated machinery employed by Fontana in erecting
the obelifk before the church of St. Peter at Rome.
Even the Romans, notwithdanding their boaded improve¬
ment in the arts, and defpairing to equal the Egyptiaa
architects, thought it a fufficient honour to borrow from
that people the mod fplendid ornaments of their capital.
When Octavius, afterwards Augudus Crefar, had re¬
duced Egypt to a Roman province, he caufed a pair of
thefe obelifks to be tranfported to the imperial city ; but
thinking it impracticable to move a third, which is faid
to have afforded employment to twenty thoufand men
in the reign of Ramifes, he fuffered it to remain without
moledation. Condantius, however, effected what Au¬
gudus durd not undertake, and actually ordered this du-
pendous monument to be carried to Rome. Thefe obe-
lifks formerly abounded in every part of Egypt : their
fliape was that of a quadrangular taper fpire, terminating
in a point, to ferve as an ornament to fome open fquare,
or to form avenues to their temples, or a fumptuous en¬
trance to their cities. Their pofition was perpendicular,
and their decorations confided of fuch inferiptions and.
hieroglyphics as were commonly ufed by the Egyptians
for the purpofe ofdifplaying the myderies of their reli¬
gion. The pair of obelifks now Banding at the entrance
of Luxor, as fhewn in the preceding engraving, affords
an ample fpecimen of this majedic decoration.

Among the proofs of their high antiquity, great and
early advances in the fciences, particularly in adronomy,
are the mod decifive. The Egyptians knew, at a very
early period, that the fun was fixed, a common center ta
the earth and planets, which move around it. They
gave the fird hint of the fublime idea of every Bar being
a fun to a fydem like our own. Nor did they Bop fliort
of the invedigation of comets, which they held to be
planets, moving in orbits fimilar, but eccentrical, to our
fydem. It is admitted that the Jews, on their coming
out of Egypt, one thoufand five hundred years before
our era, brought with them the Egyptian year of twelve
j C , lunar

374 E G '

lunar months, of thirty days each. A year of 360 days
mud have produced great confufion in the fucceflions of
feafons : accordingly, it is known that fo early as the
Trojan war, the Egyptians had a year of 365 days ; this
fell fliort of true tii'ne only twenty-five days in a century,
corrected in the Julian calendar, by adding a day to every
fourth year, called by us bilfextile or leap-year.

Though the Egyptians gave to tire vulgar year no
more than 365 days, yet they knew that the true year
was fix hours longer. This the prieds explained in fe-
cret to Eudoxus and Plato, but kept the life they made
of it among the arcana of the college ; this life confided
in adding the fourth of a day to every year, calling the
firfl year the firft quarter, and fo on to the fourth, which
formed the luftrum of four years, borrowed from them by
Eudoxus, according to Strabo and Pliny. This fecret
Julius Ctefar learnt during his day at Alexandria, and
this led him to the reform of the Roman calendar. It is
to the honour of fcience to obferve, that of all the events
of Cmfar’s life, this bids the faired for immortality ; for,
fuch is the nature of the thing, that time itfelf mud be
lod, before this can be forgotten. Should it be alked,
why did not the prieds apply their ludrum to the vulgar
calendar? it may be anfwered, that they were politicians
as well as prieds, and thought that, in both cafes, the
vulgar were bed governed, as certain fowl are fed fatted,
by being kept in the dark. By their excludve know¬
ledge of true time, they alone could predict with exaCt-
nefs the annual inundation of the Nile, the dages of its
increafe and retreat ; they alone could fix the precife
time for obferving the religious feads, mod of which had
their origin in the changes of the feafons; on thefe two
articles depended the natural and political exidence.of an
Egyptian. Hence it was, that the prieds were fo tena¬
cious of the power this fecret gave them over the people,
that they obliged their kings, at their inauguration, to
take an oath that they would never fuffer the calendar to
be altered. Hence the cunning of the pried fuggefted a
limilar policy to the fcience of the philofopher. The
vulgar year lodng fix hours annually, or twenty-five days
in a century, it follows that in 1465 years things mud
come right again, and the year begin where it had done
at the commencement of the period ; of this the adro-
nomer took a mod ingenious advantage, by converting
the period of 1463 years, thence called a cycle, into a mea-
furement of time to be applied to the prodigious age he
attributed to the world.

It has been demondrated by modern adrononicrs, that
the cycle was right in the 139th year of the Chridian era ;
confequently, the preceding cycle mud have begun with
the Egyptians 1456 years before, and. been thence carried
back to the mealurement of an afeending period of pro¬
digious antiquity ; but here the prefent adronomers in-
terpofe, and will not allow that the Egyptians carried
lhefe cycles higher : yet it is drange, that a fendble peo¬
ple, who knew the value of time, (hould throw it away
in forming a period of which they meant not to make ule
more than twice or thrice. But dnee the recent difeo-
very made by Denon of the advanced date of their adro-
nomy, exemplided in their zodiac and planifphere, ftill
extant in the great temple at Tentyra, it feems that they
were entitled to much more intelligence and enlightened
knowledge than modern writers have been willing to al¬
low them. And after the departure of Denon, we are
informed, that general Defaix found another zodiac,
fculptured on a peridyle at Efneh, apparently of much
higher antiquity than the former. We learn alfo from a
memoir tranfmitted by C. Corabeeuf, French engineer
in Egypt, that the zodiac found at Efneh is in twenty-five
degrees, and that at Tentyra, the prefent Dendera, in
twenty-fix degrees, north latitude : and M. Burckhardt,
who, having examined the drawing made by Denon, of
the zodiac of Tentyra, finds that the foldice had ad¬
vanced fixty degrees further than the place where it now
is; which fuppofes an antiquity of four thoufand years.

r P T; "

By dudying the furrounding figures, this pofition may^
perhaps, be obtained with more accuracy. C. Fournier
has likewife prefented to the inftitute a memoir, contain¬
ing further details on this curious fubjeef. The zodiac
of Efneh, he fays, reprefents the foldice in the conftella-
tion of Virgo, which fuppofes an antiquity of feverj
thouland years. But the pofition of the foldice is there
indicated in a more vague manner, and it is not impodible
that there may be an uncertainty of fome hundred years.
This, however, appears calculated to give probability to
the lvypotheds of Dupuis, who aferibes our zodiac to the
climate of Egypt when the fummer foldice was in the
condellation of capricorn, fourteen or fifteen thoufand
years before our era. See an anfwer to this under the ar¬
ticle Earth, p. 206, of this volume.

With adronomy, the fine arts leem to have kept pace
in Egypt. Certain it is, that the Egyptians engraved the
pietre dure, or gems, two thoufand years before our era ;
and to this we are wholly indebted for the correCt figures
and portraits, which have been tranfmitted to us from
thofe early times. What ages mud have preceded their
arrival at this point in an art of fo great didiculty ! In
like manner, the mod difficult operations in mechanics
mud have taken place in the building of their vad tem¬
ples and pyramids, and the erection of their dupendous
obelilks.

The Egyptians excelled in works of glafs, cad large
plates, but dopt diort of the mirror : they cad dallies of
coloured glafs, and counterfeited the murine vafes ; but
it is now unknown what thofe vafes were ; though they
are fuppofed to be of the nature of the onyx. They de¬
lighted in fimple and contraded colours ; for they had
no knowledge of mixed tints; accordingly, we never
hear amongd the ancients of an Egyptian painter, though
Plato allures us that they cultivated the art, as far as re¬
lated to architecture, ten thoufand years before his time.
The datuaries of Egypt were confined by the prieds to
certain forms and modes of reprefentation : hence Plato
obferves, that they were, in his time, jud where they
were at their fird fetting out, except as to greater cor-
reftnefs and beauty in the dile of finidiing.

It is fuggeded by Ariddtle, that the agriculture of
Egypt being eafv, and of little labour, and the confe-
quent idlenefs of the people thought hurtful to their
health and morals, they were condantly employed in fome
great work. Thus the policy of the rulers became the
paflion of the people; and a mader-droke in police. It
is certain that the Egyptians had little employment in
navigation and commerce ; what they wanted from other
countries was brought to them. It is very remarkable,
that they neither coined, nor made ufe of, money, till
fome time after the Periian invadon. Yet Montelquieu
makes this the ted of civilization.

It appears that the errors into which we have fallen,
touching the developement of the arts, have their fource
in Varro, who aderts, that all the arts were invented in
Greece in the courfe of a thoufand years ; but it now
turns out that the Greeks did not invent either arts or
fciences ; they went abroad to learn them, or they were
brought to them: had they been confined to their own
country, and had no communication with Egypt, it would
probably have taken them up a thoufand years to com¬
plete an alphabet; which was brought to them in a day,
and that by accident. The very Ilow progrefs of fcience
is evinced in the following indance : The prieds of Thebes
and Heliopolis, who thought that they had difeovered
the precife term of a tropical year, made a midake of
fome minutes, as is Been in the deleft of the Julian year;
it was but the other day that this midake was corrected,
and this branch of fcience brought to perfection. Cadra-
tion, male and female, was laid to be praCtifed in Egypt
from the earlied times. ^Strange it is that this triage
diould not have palled with the Egyptian colonies into
Greece, if any fuch were. Cudoms, ceremonies, leads,
&c. palling from Egypt into Greece, are accounted fur.

E G

by fuch men as Lycurgiis and Solqn dudying legifistion
in Egypt : this fame obfervation holds with refpeCt to
philosophers and artifls.

But the moft prominent feature of the progrefs of the
arts in ancient Egypt, was the perfection and magnifi¬
cence of their architecture. Borrowing nothing from the
itlie of other nations, they have added no foreign orna¬
ment, no fuperfiuity of materials. Order and fimplicity
are ^he principles which they have followed, and they
have carried them to fublimity. At this point they have
flopped, and have attached fo much importance to pre¬
ferring the unity of defign, that though they have loaded
the walls of their edifices with bas-reliefs, infcriptiohs,
and hiftorical and fcientific reprefentations, yet none of
thefe rich additions interfeCts a fingle line of the general
plan, all of which is religioufly preferved unbroken :
the fumptuous and rich decorations which appear to the
eye when clofe to the building, all vanifh at a (liort dif-
tance, and leave full to view the grand elements of ar¬
chitectural compofition, which are dictated by found rea-
fon. It feldom rains in this climate; all that is wadded,
therefore, is a covering of plat-bands to give fltade; but
beyond this, neither roof nor pediment are added ; the
plain fortification hope is the principle of folidity ; they
have therefore adopted this form for every main fup-
porter, doubtlefs with the idea that liability is the fird
imprefiion that architecture fliould give, and is an elTen-
tial condiment of this art. With thefe people, the idea
of the immortality of the Deity is prefenled by the eter¬
nity of his temple ; thefe ornaments, which are always
rational, always confident, always fignificant, demondrate
a deadinefs of principle, a tade founded upon truth, and
a deep train of reafoning; and if we even had not a full
conviction of the eminent height to which they had at¬
tained in the abdraCt fciences, their architecture alone,
in the date in which we now find it, would give the ob¬
server of the prefect day a high opinion of the antiquity
of this nation, of its intellectual refources, and the im-
preflivp gravity of its character.

“ I defpair, (fays Denon,) of being able to exprefs
half what I felt on danding under the rich portico of the
matfive temple of Tentyra. I felt that I was in the fanc-
tuary of the arts and fciences. How many periods pre-
fented themfelves to my imagination at the fight of fuch
an edifice ! how many ages of creative ingenuity were re-
quilite to bring a nation to fuch a degree of perfection
and fublimity in the arts! and how many more of obli¬
vion to caufe thefe mighty productions to be forgotten,
and to bring. back the human race to the date of nature
in which I now found them on this very fpot ! Never
was there a place which concentered in a narrower com-
pafs the well-marked memorial of a progredive lapfe of
ages. What unceafing power, what riches, what abun¬
dance, what fuperfiuity, of means mud a government
poffefs which could ereCf fuch an edifice, and find within
itfelf artids capable of conceiving and executing the de¬
fign, of decorating and enriching it with every thing that
fpeaks to the eye and the underdanding ! A condant
fubjeft of adonifhment is afforded by the equality of care
obfervable in all the parts of fo vad a whole, by that
minute exaCtnefs of execution, and that perfeCt finilh,
the fruits of an obdinacy and an inflexible perfeverance
which charaClerifes a monadic fpirit, whofe zeal neither
perifiies nor even cools, and whofe pride is not individual
but corporate. Probably the artids themfelves were a
condiment part of the colleges of prieds ; for it is fcarcely
to be fuppofed that thefe would have allowed the arts,
that elevate and adorn the human mind, to be entruded
to any cad but their own.

“ Thefe monuments, which imprint on the mind the
refpeCt due to the fanChiary of the Divinity, were cer¬
tainly the open volumes, in which fcience was fird un¬
folded, morality dictated, and the ufe fit 1 arts promul¬
gated ; every thing fpoke, every objeCt was animated
with the lame mind. The opening of the doors, the

Y P TT 375

angles, the mod private recefs, dill prefented a leffon, a
precept of admirable harmony; and the riched ornament
on the graved feature of the architecture, revealed, under
living images, the abdract truths of adronomy. Painting
added a further charm to fculpture and architecture, and
produced at the fame time an agreeable richnefs, which
did not injure either the general fimplicity or the gravity
of the whole. Td all appearance, painting, in Egypt,
was only an auxiliary ornament, and not a particular art :
the fculpture was emblematical, as well as architectural.
Architecture, therefore, was the great art, or that which
was dictated by utility, and we' may from this circum-
dance alone infer the priority,* or at lead the fuperior
excellence of the Egyptian over the Indian art ; fince
the former, borrowing nothing front the latter, has be¬
come the bafis of all that is the fubjeft of admiration in
modern art, and of what we have conddered as exclu-
fively belonging to architecture, the three Greek orders,
the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. We fhould, there¬
fore, be cautious of entertaining the falfe idea, which is
fo prevalent, that the Egyptian architecture is the in¬
fancy of this art, fince it is in fact the complete type.
Yet it is wonderful that a knowledge of this advanced
date of the arts in Egypt, fliould have lain dormant for
fo many ages, and thaf the difcovery of it fliould have
been left to dignify or mark the completion of the eigh¬
teenth century.

“ I was particularly flruck with the beauty of the en¬
trance to the fanChiary of the temple of Tentyra, which
is a mod magnificent fragment of Egyptian architecture.

1 have copied with great exaCtnefs the different hierogly¬
phics, and have' fliewn the perfeCt prefervation of this
part of the edifice ; on which account the view given of
it in the annexed Engraving, unites the advantage of a
geometrical elevation, with a piCturefque difplay of that
fymbolical language which is now utterly unknown. In
the fame engraving is reprefented a variety of capitals
adapted to diderent columns, and other fragments of
Egyptian architecture. In viewing fuch variety of form,
uniting fuch richnefs of ornament, with elegance of out¬
line, one may well be furprifed that the world has al¬
lowed the Greeks, on their own aOertion, the merit of
having been the inventors of architecture, and that all
the truths of this art are to be fought for in the rules of
the three Grecian orders. Might we not fuppofe that
if fome hiftory, like that of the urn of the priedefs of
Corinth, were attached to each of thefe capitals, they
would each have acquired equal celebrity ; or rather we
may aflert, that they require no adventitious reputation
to claim the admiration of all lovers of the fine arts, as
beautiful productions of human Ikill. The Egyptians,
we fee, have copied Ample nature, fuch as.it appeared
in their own country ; this the Greeks have borrowed
from them, and have added to it nothing but fable. Here,
the calyx of a flower, fupported by its Hem, has furnithed
tiie form of the column, its bafe, and its capital; the
lotus has afi'orded the fird model, and this plant was cx-
preffive of the inundation, the emblem of the entrance
of the Nile into the canals, the greated bounty which
nature can bedow on the Egyptians; they have there¬
fore introduced this plant into the decoration of. their
temples, as a homage of gratitude to Ifis, who prefided
over this bounteous gift : as goddefs of the earth, they
have alio dedicated to her the other productions of the
foil, the reed, the palm, the vine, &c. The following
is an explanation of thefe fragments of Egyptian archi¬
tecture :

Fig. i. A golden vafe, emblematic of the overflowing
of the Nile, whofe unlimited bounty difpenfes the necef-
faries of life alike to man and bead. The richnefs of its
appropriate decorations may well be admired ; an in¬
verted lotus flower ferves as a cover ; and the horle
palfant, and the heads of goats and Arabian liorfes, are
in fine dyle. Fig. 2. The capital to the columns in the
temple of Typhon or Anubis, the evil genius, or god of

37 6 E G Y P T.

the kamfin, or deftroying wind. Ills image i3 fculptured
on the four fides of a cubic die, which is in faCt nothing
but a prolongation of the column : this member of archi¬
tecture has the advantage of filewing the capital more com¬
pletely, and preventing it from appearing to be entitled
by the architrave ; and the general effect which it pro¬
duces is fo good, that we may be furprifed it has never
yet been imitated. Fig. 3. Winged liorfes, the hiero¬
glyphic of fpeed, fculptured on the third platband of the
ceiling of the portico of the great temple at Tentyra.
Fig. 4. A11 ornament ufed in the Egyptian temples,
fimilar to the cherubims in the temple of Jerufalem.
Fig. 5. Another ornament of architecture of united doves.
Fig. 6. The head of Ifis, with all the attributes of this
goddefs, crowning the columns of the temple of Tentyra.
This is the moll elegant and expreflive of all the capitals
found among the remains of Egyptian architecture. Fig.
7. One of the beautiful but very fingular columns in the
portico of the temple in the ifie of Elephantina. Fig. 8.
A capital decorating the pillars of many of the temples
in Upper Egypt ; in which may be traced the origin of
the Ionic volute, and the Item of the Corinthian capital.
Fig. 9. A capital compofed of the branches and leaves of
the palm, and the cups or capfules of its fruit ; it is per¬
haps the molt chafte of all the known capitals, and even
in Europe, where it would not poffefs the fame local in-
terelt as in Egypt, it might be feleCted as a molt beauti¬
ful decoration for a feftive hall. Fig. 10. Caryatides of
priefts or divinities, employed as ornaments in various
edifices, and particularly in the Memnonium. Similar
caryatides occur in the temple of Apollinopolis magna,
and in that of Medinet-Abu. The invention of this or¬
nament in architecture has been pompoufiy, but errone-
oufly, attributed to the Greeks, after their conqueft of
Carya. “ I have alfo difeovered at Tentyra, (fays De-
noil,) the reprefentations of the periftyles of temples in
caryatides, which are executed in painting at the baths
of Titus, and have been copied by Raphael, and which
we conftantly ape in our rooms, without once fufpeCting
that the Egyptians were the people who afforded us the
fi r ft models of them.” Fig. 1 1 . A monolithic temple or
fanCtuary, in which the facred birds were kept inclofed.
Fig. 12. One of the pyramids ftripped of its outfide
facing, and truncated like that of Cheops. This fiiews
the (liability of principle upon which all the pyramids
were ereCted. From the capitals here delineated, may
be obvioufly traced the rudiments of the Grecian, Roman,
and Gothic, architecture.

A longer feries of years might, perhaps, have brought
the Egyptian architecture to a higher degree of perfec¬
tion in fome particulars; but each fabric appears to have
been fo equally finifhed in all its parts, that they feem all
to have been executed by the fame hand; no one portion
is better or worfe than any other ; there appears neither
negligence nor the bold ftrokes of a more exalted genius ;
uniformity and harmony prevail throughout. The art
of fculpture, here made fubfervient and attached to that
of architecture, appears, indeed, to have been circum-
jeribed in principle, in method, and in ftile of execu¬
tion ; a (ingle figure exprelfes nothing, when taken out
of its exact Ration in the group in which it is a part ;
the fculptor mull have had his defign chalked out for
him, and could not introduce any deviation which might
alter the true meaning that it was intended to convey.
The perfection given by the Egyptians to the reprefen¬
tations of their animals, proves that they were not with¬
out an idea of that bcld flyle which exprelfes much cha¬
racter in a few lines, and their execution tended to the
grave, and to ideal perfection.

“ As to the character of the human figure, fince they
borrowed nothing from other nations, they could only
copy from their own, which is rather delicate than fine.
The female forms, however, refemble the figure of their
handfomeft women of the prefent day, round and volup¬
tuous, a fmall nofe, the eyes long, half flint, and turned

2

up at the outer angle, like thofe of all perfons whofe
fight is habitually fatigued by the burning heat of the
fun, or the dazzling white of fnow ; the cheeks round
and rather thick, the lips pouting, the mouth large, but
cheerful and fmiling; in (Fort, the African character is
confpicuous, of which the negro is the caricature or ex¬
aggerated piClure, and perhaps the original type. Vol-
ney, however, was extremely incorreCt in calling the an¬
cient Egyptians negroes. This fuggefiion arofe from the
following paffage in Herodotus : “ I believe, (fays He¬
rodotus,) the C'olchi to be a colony of Egyptians; be-
caufe, like them, they have a black fkin and curled hair:”
which M. Volney chofe to tranflate or rather torture into
frizzled iiair ; and adds, “ That the ancient Egyptians
were therefore real negroes.” The belt anfwer to this
comment, will be another from Herodotus, by which the
decifive article of frizzled hair is quite done away. “ The
priefis of other nations have long hair, thofe of Egypt
arc clofe fhaved : in mourning for near relations, all other
people cut their hair fhort ; but the Egyptians, mourn¬
ing for the dead, fuffer the hair of the head and chin to
grow long : Aneuri rss? rgixa$ avferfiat* raj re tv re y.e(paXvi,
v.u\ r co yrtveta. Herodot. A change, which, from the na¬
ture of the thing, could not take place on the woolly
head of chin of a negro.

It has been admitted that the Egyptians were of a dark
olive complexion ; Herodotus is decifive on the point.
But it is probable that the negro was not known to the
Greeks fo early as the age of this hiftorian. Certain it
is, that the ancients do not appear to have entertained
the leaf!: difiike of a black complexion ; nor fliould we,
after the firft furprife, did we not conneCt with it the
image, and with that the character, of the negro. There
are throughout Afia numerous tribes of dark olive-co¬
loured people, but with European features, and abun¬
dant hair. From among thofe tribes mu ft have come
that fable beauty, who thus afferts her pretentions, in
the Song of Songs: “ I am black, but comely, O ye
daughters of Jerufalem 1”

“ Amid thefe refearches, (fays Denon,) I difeovered
a rule or canon of proportions traced upon a human fi¬
gure, with red chalk, and afterwards covered by a thin
(tucco, a method adopted by the Egyptians to give a finer
finifii to their bas-reliefs, and render their architectural
paintings indefiruCtible. I made an outline drawing of
the bas-relief and the lines, by which the figure was di¬
vided into proportions : hence we may infer the princi¬
ples which they had adopted, their 'mode of applying
them, and, in fhort, that method of proceeding, which,
to the advantage of preventing at once all errors, all un-
harmonious combinations, and ignoble proportions, unites
that of attaining the confiant equality obfervable in their
works; an equality, which, if it is detrimental to the
fallies of genius and the expreflion of delicate fentiment,
tends at leaf! to the perfection of uniformity, converts
drawing into a mechanical art, and reduces fculpture to
an acceffary proper for the decoration and enriching of
architecture, to a method of exprefling ideas, in fhort,
to writing. It is worthy of remark, that, according to
the Egyptian canon, the human figure was divided into
twenty-two parts and a half, of which the head took up
two and two-thirds, or the eighth of the whole, corre-
fponding in this refpeCt with the heroic flile among the
Greeks.

“The hieroglyphics, adopted as ornaments in their
architecture, are executed in three different ftiles, are
alfo of three fpecies, and may take their date from as
many d-iftinCt periods. From the examination of the dif¬
ferent edifices which now remain, it would feem that the
mod ancient of thefe characters are only fimple outlines
cut in without relief, and very deep ; the next in age,
and which produce the leaf! effeCt, are fimply in a very
fhallow relief; and the third, which feem to belong to a
more improved age, and are executed at Tentyra more
perfectly than in any other part of Egypt, are in relief

below

EGYPT.

below the level of the outline. By the fide of the figures
which compofe thefe tabular pieces of fculpture, there
are frnall hieroglyphics, which appear to be only the ex¬
planation of the fubjeCts at large, and in which the forms
are much Amplified, fo as to give a more rapid mode of
infcription, or a kind of Jkort-hand., if we may apply the
term to fculpture. A fourth kind of hieroglyphics, de¬
voted fimply to ornament, is termed the arabtfqus. It
was adopted by the Greeks, and in the age of Auguftus
was introduced among the Romans; and in the fifteenth
century, during the reftoration of the arts, it was tranf-
mitted by them to us as a fantaftic decoration, the pecu¬
liar tafte of which formed all its merit. Among the
Egyptians, who employed thefe ornaments with equal
tafte, every objeCt had a meaning or a moral, and at the
fame time formed the decoration of the friezes, the cor¬
nices, and the fur-bafements, of their architecture. In
Ihort, the Egyptian artifts perfectly underftuod that ma¬
gic of art which works on the foul through the medium
of the fenfes, that gradual difplay of magnificence, that
increafe of intereft arifing from the myfterious impretlion
produced by faint and broken light, that kind of drama¬
tic progrefiion which occafions the keened fenfations, and
promoted the myfterious empire of religion in their tem¬
ples, the empire which, with them, was omnipotent.
And can we Hill prefume to call this the infancy of art,
when nothing greater has been produced in its maturity?

In reflecting on the objeCt of the conftruCtion of their
pyramids, fo ftupendous, fo coloftal, in comparifon of
all other works of architecture, the gigantic pride which
gave them birth appears more enormous even than their
actual dimenfions ; and one hardly knows which is the
moft aftonithing, the madnefs of tyrannical oppreflion
which could direCt the undertaking, or the fervility of
obedience in the people who fubmitted to the labour;
and in which, perhaps, we might perceive a glimpfe of
that kind of oppreflion which the Ifraelites fuffered in
Egypt. lit fliort, the moft favourable view, for the ho¬
nour of human nature, in w hich thefe monuments can be
conlidered is, that man was thereby ambitious of rival¬
ling nature in immenfity and in eternity, and not without
fuccefs, fince the mountains contiguous to thefe edifices
are lels high, and ftill lefs exempted from the ravages of
time, than this work of human hands. In proof of the
indeftrnCtibility of their fabric, we need only contem¬
plate the following anecdote, related in Dr. White’s tran-
flation of Abdollatiph : “ When Al-Malec Al-Aziz Oth-
nian Ben Jofeph fucceeded his father in the government
of Egypt, his fooliftt favourites perfuaded him to pull
down thefe pyramids, beginning with the third, which
is built with red granite. Having therefore collected
great numbers of engineers, mafons, and labourers, and
having convoked the grandees of the empire, he ilfued
his orders to them to demolifti that pyramid, and com-
miftioned them to fuperintend the performance. They
immediately pitched their tents on the fpot, collected ar¬
tificers and workmen from all parts, and maintained them
at an enormous expence. Here they continued for eight
months, with horfe and foot ; pulling dowm, in the fpace
of a whole day, after the moft painful efforts and the ut-
moll difficulty, one (tone only, or two at the fartheft.
The labourers from above forced downward every (tone
with wedges, levers, and iron-crows; while thofe below
pulled it with cables and ropes : when it fell, fo violent
was its fall, that the noife was heard at a furprifing dif-
tance, the mountains trembled, and the earth (hook;
and the ftone was buried in the fand, whence they at
length extracted it with additional labour and fatigue.
They then applied their wedges to it in crevices made
for that ptirpofe, broke it in pieces, and conveyed thefe
pieces on carriages to the farther end of the mountain,
which was at no great diftance. Having thus fpent much
time to little purpofe, their rcf'ources failed them, their
difficulties increafed, and they were finally obliged to de-
fiif, filled with dejeftion, confufion, and delpair. They

Voi. VI. No. 357.

o/7

were unable to obtain their wiftie.s and the end propofed ;
and all that they accomplifhed was to deface the pyra¬
mid, and betray tire weaknefs and impotence of their
efforts. This event happened in the year of Chrift, 593.
However, if any one fliould behold the (tones that have
been taken down, lie would think that the pyramid
muft have been entirely deftroyed ; but let him take a
view of the pyramid itfelf, ancl he will fcarcely believe
that it has been at all injured : for a final] part only of
one of its fides is demolilhed. Perceiving the prodigious
toil which they underwent in pulling down every (ingle
'ftone, I afked the fuperintendant of the -mafons, whether,
if offered a thoufand pieces of gold, on condition that
they fliould replace any one ftone in its proper and origi¬
nal pofition, they would be able to effeCf' it ; he an-
fwered me, fwearing by the living God, that, though
they were offered double that fum, the thing would be
impoffible.”

Obelifksand fphinxes, as well as pyramids, were among
their coloftal works, and which alike demand our admi¬
ration and aftoniftiment at the prefent day. It is alfo re¬
markable that thefe gigantic embellifhments in architec¬
ture have been ereCted in no other part of the world be-
fides Egypt, except thofe which have been copied from,
or brought out of, that country. The fphinx, which
ftands near the pyramids of Gizeh, is undoubtedly a very
great architectural curiofitv, and upon the whole is very
graceful ; the expreftion of the head is mild and tranquil ;
the character is African ; but the mouth, the lips of
which are thick, has a correClnefs of execution truly
admirable; it feems real life. Art muft have been at a
high pi tcli when this monument was executed ; for, if
the head wants what is called file, that is to fay, ,the
ftraight and bold lines which give expreftion to the fi¬
gures under which the Greeks have defignated their dei¬
ties, yet fufficient juftice has been rendered to the fine
fimplicity and character of nature which is difplayed in
this figure. Among the Egyptians the fphinx was the
fymbol of religion, by reafon of the obfeurity of its myf-
teries ; and on the fame account the Romans afterwards
placed a fphinx in the pronaos or porch of their tem¬
ples. Sphinxes were ufed by the Egyptians, as a fym¬
bol of the water’s riling in the Nile : with this view, as
it had the head of a woman and body of a lion, it figni-
fied that the Nile began to fwell in the months of July
and Attguft, when the fun pafles through the lignsof Leo
and Virgo. The coloftal fphinx, near the pyramids, ac¬
cording to Thevenot, is twenty-fix feet high, and fifteen
feet from the ear to the chin : but Pliny allures us that
the head was no lefs than 102 feet in circumference, and
(ixty-tvvo feet high from the belly, and that the body was
143 feet long, and was thought to be the fepulchre of
king Amafis. The French, however, defirous of afeer-
taining whether this ftatement of Pliny’s were true, and
very induftrioufly clearing away the rubbiftt all around it,
could find nothing but folid un(hapen rock ; from which
they concluded that it never had a body. The learned
Dr. Bryant obferves, “ that this fphinx feems to have
been originally a valt rock of different ftrata ; which,
from a (hapelefs mafs, the Egyptians fafliioned into an ob¬
ject of beauty and veneration. The Egyptians ufed this
figure in their buildings ; from them the Greeks derived
it, and afterwards improved it into an ornament ufed in
modern architecture.”

In the annexed Engraving is given a fide view of the
fphinx, which exhibits a faithful reprefentation of the
decay that it has fuffered, and the character of this figure
in the parts that are (till preferved. The living perfons
who are about it will ferve as a fcale of comparifon.
He that is fitting down on the top of the head, whom the
other is juft helping up with his hand, is climbing out of
a narrow excavation full of rubbifh at the bottom, which
is now only nine feet deep. There are notches cut down
the fides of this aperture at different diftances, which
ferve as flairs to defeend by, but the ufe of this hole is
5 D beyond

S7S E G Y P T.

beyond the rc'nch of conjecture. The circular figure
above, in the fame engraving, is a fpecies of patera, which
Denon found among the tombs of the kings of Thebes ;
the ornaments are or exquifite tafte, and the execution
perfect: the two portraits are thofe of Ofiris and Ifis.
That of Ofiris is generally given under the figure of a
hawk, to which the face is here converted ; but it has
the beak much worn. The ornament beneath is intended
for the plant and bud of the lotus, which is ufed amongfl
their hieroglyphics as the emblem of death. It is very
handfomely bordered with a branch from the vine. The
group above was alfo found among the fame tombs. The
figure playing upon the harp of twenty-one firings, and
which appears evidently the origin of our Welfli harp, is
reprefented in a drefs equally uncouth and aifagreeable,
but the attitude is that of truth and entluifiafm. The
fecond figure is naked to the waifl, from whence it is
cloathed with a kind of pantaloons. The third figure is
attired in a clofe tunic with large fleeves. The fiefn
colour of thefe muficians is dull red ; the middle figure
has a head-drefs compofed of the lotus plant; the pan¬
taloons are white ; but they fit fo clofe, that the colour
becomes of a rofy hue by the tint of the ikin which ap¬
pears through. Thefe figures are finely fculptured and
painted ; and it is remarkable that they are all women.
The birds in the centre of this engraving are fuppofed
to be done for the vulture, eagle, or hawk, arid are abun¬
dantly ufed as devices in the Egyptian architecture, and
frequent fymbols in their hieroglyphics.

Pompey’s Pillar, now Diocletian’s, is given in the fame
engraving, as meafured very accurately in all its parts,
by citizen Norrv, which will furnifh the reader with an
idea of its prodigious dimenlions. Cleopatra’s Needle,
with its hieroglyphics, is alfo given from a correct ad-
meafurement taken after the bafe had been dug round,
and the rubbifh cleared.

COSTUME, CLIMATE, CULTIVATION, and
PRESENT STATE.

Egypt, exclufive of its fubjugation by various Euro¬
pean powers, being fituated in the vaft peninfula, of Afri¬
ca, and acceffible only on the fide next Afia, is the reafon
why it has in almoft every period of its hiftory, been more
or lefs affected by the revolutions and migrations of the
Afiatic dates; whence arofe its prefent heterogf>neous
mixture of inhabitants. The only remnant of what is
called ancient Egyptians, is faid to be the Copts ; yet nei¬
ther their written characters, nor their dialed, corre-
fpond with any of thofe which are called Egyptian.
There can be little doubt but that thefe people took
their name from the city of Coptos, which flourifhed be¬
fore, and after, the commencement of the Chridian era ;
and having early embraced the gofpcl difpenfation, they
became celebrious from the dand they made againd the
perfecutions of Diocletian ; from which time the name
of Copts in Egypt, has been fynonymous with that of
Chrijtian. The Copts profefs the Monophyfite creed;
and the Coptic patriarch of Egypt is the head of the
church of Abyffinia, whither he fends a bidtop, as his
deputy, to govern the clergy of that country. They alfo
form the bulk of the inhabitants in Upper Egypt, where
they fubfid chiefly by huib.mdry ; but are continually
plundered by the kiachefs and beys. Numbers of them
alfo inhabit Alexandria, Cairo, and fke other principal
towns; where, on account of their fuperior knowledge
above any of the other dalles in Egypt, they are em¬
ployed as agents by the principal people of the country.
Denon fancied he could didinguilh in the Copts evident
traces of the ancient Egyptian dock, “ a kindmf fwarthy
Nubians, Inch as are reprefented on old Icnlptures, with
flat foreheads, eyes half doled, and railed up at the an¬
gles, high cheek bones, flioit flattifli nofe, large mouth,
x hick, lips, little beard, and without much vivacity or
expredion in the general contour.” However this may
be, it is very certain that the original Egyptians were

much darker than the Copts, or any other feparate or
mixed race of people which now inhabit Egypt ; though
they were not negroes.

If there be yet any remain of the mydical ceremonies
of the ancient Egytian idolatry, it exifts with the feet
called Pjylli, which boads a very high origin, and pre¬
tends to a fupernatural power over the indind and poi-
fon of ferpents. According to Strabo and Eufebius, they
were worfliippers of the god Cnuphis, who had a temple
at Elephantina in Upper Egypt, where he was adored
under the figure of a ferpent. “ When the Pfylli were
introduced to us, (fays Denon, ) we put many quedions
to them relative to the mydery of their fe£t, and their
fuppofed command over ferpents ; which they openly
profefs. They anfwering with more aflurance than in¬
telligence, we put them to the proof. “ Can you tell
us whether there are any ferpents in this place ; and if
there are, can you oblige them to come forth from their
retreats ?” They anfwered both quedions in the- affirma¬
tive ; on which they fearched all the rooms, and they
prefently declared that there was a fmike in the houfe ;
they then renewed their fearch to difeover where he was
hid, made forne didortions in pading before ajar placed
in a corner of one of the rooms, and declared that the
animal was there; where, indeed, we actually found one.
This we conlidered as a true Comus’s trick; we looked
at each other, and acknowledged that they were very
adroit.”

Thefe people have an annual fedival and religious ce¬
remony, which they call Sidi Ibrahim , where prieds and
profelytes to their doctrine and faith are admitted and
made. “ Being always curious to obferve the means by
which. men command the opinions of others, (fays De.
non,) I addrelfed myfelf to the chief of the fe'dt, whom
I flattered, and he promifed to make me a fpeiStator of
the exaltation of one of the Pfylli, as foon as he Ihould
have blown into his fpirlt, as he exprefled it. From my
anxious curiofity he thought I bid fair to be a profelyte,
and he propofed to initiate me, which I accepted; but
when I learned that in the ceremony of initiation the
pried fpits 'in the mouth of the neophyte, this circum-
Itance cooled my ardour, and I found that 1 could not
prevail on myfelf to go through this trial ; fo I gave my
money to the high pried, and he promifed to let me be
prefent at the ceremony. They had brought with them
their ferpents, which they let loofe from a large leather
fack in which they were kept, and made them ereCt their
bodies and hifs, by irritating them. I thought it was
the light which principally caufed their anger; for, as
foon as they were returned into the lack, their paffion
ceafed, and they no longer endeavoured to bite. It was,
curious to obferve, that, when angry, the neck, for
fix inches below the head, was dilated to the fize of
one’s hand. (See colubur naja, under the head Colu¬
ber, vol. iv. p. 803.) I foon conceived that even I
could manage the ferpents, without fear of their fangs;
for, having well remarked that the Pfylli, while they
were threatening the animal with one hand, feized it on
the back of the head with the other, I did the fame
with one of the ferpents with equal fuccefs, though ap¬
parently to the indignation of the performers themfelves.
After this, they proceeded to the grand myfiery : one of
the performers took a fnake, which he had previoufly
di fa bled by breaking the under jaw, and by rubbing
away the gums till the whole of the palate was deltroy-
ed ; he then grafped it with the appearance of paflion,
and approached the chief-prielt, who with great gravity
gave him the' fpirit, that is to fay, after uttering fome
mylterious words, blew into his mouth; and, at the in-
llant, the other was feized with a facred convulfion, his
arms and legs diltorted, his eyes feeming to Hart from
his head, and he began to tear the animal with his teeth;
whilft the attendants, appearing to commiferate his fuf-
ferings, reltrained his Itruggles with difficulty, and
laatched from his hand the ferpent, which he was un-
2 willing

%

E G Y P T.

willing to let go. As Toon as the fnake was removed,
lie remained as if ftupid ; but the chief approached him,
muttered fome words to -him, retook from him the fpirit
by afpii'ation, and he returned to his former qniefcent
(late. Now', however, he that had feized the fnake be¬
ginning to be tormented with the fame ardour to con-
lu inmate the my fiery, came up to the chief-pried to de¬
mand the fpirit ; and as he, was flrongerand more aftive
than the fir If, his cries and convuliions were dill more
violent and ridiculous.

In fpeaking of this antique Egyptian fe£t, Mr, Bruce
obferves as follows: “ Notwithstanding that the incan¬
tation of ferpents has been- generally treated as a fable,
there is certainly no doubt of its reality. Even the fcrip-
tures are full of it. All who have been in Egypt have'
•feen as many different indances as they chofe. Some
have doubted that it was a trick ; and that the animals
thus handled had been fird trained, 'and then deprived of
their power of hurting; and, fond of the difeovery, they
have refted themfelves upon it, without experiment, in
the face of all antiquity. But I will not hedtate to aver,
that I have feen at Cairo (and this may be feen daily
without any trouble or ex pence) a man who came from
the catacombs, where the pits of the mummy-birds are
kept, who has taken a cerades with his naked hand from
a number of others lying at the bottom of a tub, has put
it upon his bare head, covered it with the common red
cap he wears, then taken it out, put it in his bread, and
tied it about his neck like a necklace; after which it
has been applied to a hen, and»bit it, which died in a
few minutes ; and, to complete the experiment, the man
has taken it by the neck, and beginning at his tail, has
eaten it as one would do a carrot, without any Teeming re¬
pugnance.” (See a correct figure of the cerades, vol. iv.
P-799-)

M. Savary alfo tells us, that he faw at the fead of Sidi
Ibrahim, a troop of people, feemingly podelled, with
naked arms and a fierce look, holding in their hands
enormous ferpents, which twined round their body, and
endeavoured to efcape. Tliefe Pfylli, grafping them
firongly by the neck, avoided the bite ; and, notwith¬
standing their hiding, tore them with their teeth, and ate
them alive, while the blood dreamed from their mouth.”
A further defeription of the feats of thefe people is like-
wife given by Haflelquid : “ They take the mod poi-
fonous' vipers with their bare hands, play with them,
put them in their bofoms, and ufe a great many more tricks
with them, as I have often feen. I have frequently feen
them handle thofe that were three or four feet long, and
of the mod horrid fort. The power of doing this is not
pofleded by the Arabs, Turks, or any other fe£t in Egypt.
I enquired and examined whether they had cut out the
vipers poifonous teeth ; but I have with my own eyes
feen they do not. We may therefore conclude, that the
art they ufe is not known. Some people are very fuper-
ditious, and the generality believe this to be done by
fome fupernatural means which they obtain from invifi-
ble beings. It is, however, worthy the endeavours of
ail riaturalids, and the attention of every traveller, to
learn fomething decifive as to this affair. - How ancient
this art is among the Africans, may be concluded from
the ancient Marii and Pfylli, who were from Africa, and
daily fhewed proofs of it at Rome. It is very remark¬
able that this artifice fiiould have been kept a fecret for
more than two thoul'and years, when we have feen how
many other fecrets have within that time been reveal¬
ed.” The fnakemen of Hindoodan are probably derived
from this fame fe£t.

The fupremacy of Egypt being in the hands of the
Turks and mamalukes, the Mahomedan faith is in con-
fequence the edablifhed religion of the country ; though
all perfuafions are now freely tolerated. From hence it
alfo follows, that the Turks, who are numerous, and the
mamalukes, are.cdnfidered as the principal people. The
Turks in Egypt are modly of dignified manners; and

379

though their complexion is fwnrthy, yet the folemnity
of their gait, and ledatenefs of their chara&er, rather in-
fpire awe, and command refpedl.

The mamalukes, being now feleffed from all countries
where fine young men can be obtained, form an intereft-
ing variety of different complexions and countenances ;
yet the principal part being dill Georgians and Circaffmns,
and all trained for the army, and elegantly attired, they
are of courfe the faired and handfemed men in Egypt.
After having ferved their chiefs or maders with fidelity,
they are made free ; and as their profperity or means oc¬
cur, they have then a right to purchafe (laves for them¬
felves. A mamaluke, while a flave, is not permitted to
wear a beard ; the whifker being always an indifputable
proof of their freedom. The revenues of the twenty-
four beys or chiefs of the mamalukes, confid in thofe
fertile dillricls which were originally allotted to them by
Solyman the Legiflator, and in the immenfe extorfions
and fines they are prone to exaft from the bulk of the
inhabitants ; and from whicli there is no appeal. No
one can ever be made a chief or a bey, who has not pre-
vioufiy been a flave. The general character of the ms.
•malukes is, that they are brave and generous, though
fometimes cruel and revengeful : but they are moll abo¬
minably addicted to the detedable crime againd nature,
which is extremely prevalent in all parts of the Turkifh
dominions. The arms , and accoutrements of the mama¬
lukes are as follow : a cafe or quiver containing three
javelins, which file mamalukes generally throw before
they come to the fabre, which is their favourite weapon. e
They are very dexterous at throwing the lance ; and they
have young attendant mamalukes, called pietons, to -carry
part of their arms, who follow on foot, and run up anting
the combatants, pick up the javelin when the ftroke has
miffed, and bring it back to their maders. The point of
this weapon is of hammered iron, the lbaft of wood, and
the ornaments in diver, of modern workmanlhip, done in
a gopd fade, and wrought at Cairo. The cafe is covered
with velvet. They have a buckler of rhinoceros’ leather,
fabre-proof, and of exquiflte workmanlhip ; from the var-
nifli which covers the leather, and the gilding of the or¬
naments, it has a very rich effect. Anotiier piece ot de~
fenfive armour is an arm-piece, worn on their left arm,
with which they hold the horle’s bridle; the right is
only protected by a glove of buffalo bide, in the form of
thofe of our dragoons. Under their belt they carry a
battle-axe pf iron, damafleed with gold, bearing a Perfian
infeription, which (hews the country in which it is
wrought. The handle, made of filver and leather, is
of Cairo manufacture. They have fometimes a whale¬
bone bow of perfect workmanlhip ; with very long (harp
arrows; the cord of the bow is a bundle of untwided
filk, which has more drength than the thicked and bed
tvvided gut. When the bow is ufed, they have a hand-
piece with a groove, along which the arrow runs ; it fits
the wrid that holds the bow, and ferves to diredl tire
arrow at the moment of its departure from the bow.
They wear a fabre by the fide, and a dirk in the belt,
tire hilts and fcabbards of which are richly ornamented.
Under the girdle are alfo a pair of large pidols fuperbly
mounted ; and fome parties of theVn are armed with ji
fufil or fiielock, like the Bedouin Arabs. The annexed
engraving f$Tii bits the codume of the mamalukes ; who,
if once brought under European difeipline, would doubt-
lefs become the moll invincible cavalry in the world.

The following particulars of the initiation of the young
mamalukes, are given by Browne. “ The name, from
vialek , to poffefs, implies merely a perfon who is the pro¬
perty of another. None are chofen but fuch as are dif-
tinguiflied by the grace and manlinefs of their perfons.
After .having been properly educated as a pietoti, or at¬
tendant on foot, the young mamaluke receives a prefent
of a horfe and arms from his mailer; together with a fuit
of accoutrements, which is renewed every year. The
generality of ’their makers, and rewards or extortions

from

3S0

EGYPT.

from others, afford them fupplies of money either for ava¬
rice or debauchery. Some of them, admitted to peculiar
favour by the beys, are elefted kiachefs, and afterwards
beys: but this preferment generally arifes from political
adherence to fome powerful leader. They are charadteridi-
cally gay, thoughtlefs, and improvident ; fond of (how, and
unprincipled in their means of acquiring it. They feldom
marry, which accounts for the infamous habit to which
they are addidted. It is alfo extremely remarkable that
thofe few who do marry, feldom have children. As the
Ion even of a bey is not honoured with any particular con-
(ideration, the women perhaps procure abortions. How¬
ever this be, of eighteen beys whofe hiftory I particularly
knew, only two of them had any children. The only
fiudy of the mamalukes is to be hardy, capable of every
fatigue, of undaunted courage, of eminent {kill in horfe-
manfhip, and of unrivalled dexterity in the ufe of the
i'abre. Their horfes are of the fined Arabian breeds, and
are often purchafed at three or four purfes, 150I. to 200!.
fterling. The gratitude of tire young pieton is equal to
the favour of their mailers, whom they never quit in the
hour of danger.” The young pieton , or mamaiuke who
attends on foot, is attired very light : his turban is a
fhawl ; his veil or jacket is of fine cloth, of various co¬
lours, but mod commonly yellow or purple, fometimes
ftriped ; his pantaloons are of an enormous fize ; his buf-
kins are of yellow leather, and his fandals or dippers are
of the fame colour. He is alfo equipped with a diawl,
by way of girdle, a fabre, a dagger, a pair of pidols, and
on the left fide he ufually carries a kind of horn, which
contains relics, talifmans, and oil for wounds. The figure
of a young Georgian foot mamaiuke is exhibited in the
fame engraving, and a foldier of the Bedouin Arabs,, with
his firelock and cartouch-box. Thefe are the individuals
which form the mamaiuke armies.

The race of people next in confideration in modern
Egypt, are the Greeks, who mud be claffed among the,
foreigners by whom focieties d i ft i n dr from thofe of the
indigenous inhabitants are formed. The fine delineations
of their form, their arch and penetrating eyes, and the
delicacy and flexibility of their traits, bring to remem¬
brance all that the imagination has figured relative to
their ancedors, and all that their monuments have tranf-
rnitted to us to atted their elegance and their tade. The
degraded date to which they have been reduced, through
a dread which the fuperiority of their intellectual facul¬
ties dill infpires, has rendered many of them deceitful
and treacherous. Were they, however, left to themfelves,
they would perhaps become in a little time what they
formerly were, fubtie and ambitious.

Next come the Jevis, who arc in Egypt what they are
every where; — hated, without being dreaded; defpifed
and perfecuted inceffantly, without ever being expelled ;
plundering condantly without being very rich; and ren¬
dering themfelves ufeful to all the world, at the fame
time that their only incentive is felf-intered. We cannot
decide whether it is owing to their being nearer to their
own country that their phylical character is better pre-
ferved here than elfewhere : but it is a fa£t which drikes
the obferver very forcibly. Thofe among them who are
ugly refemble our Jews; while the handfome ones, and
more particularly thofe who are young, bear a drong re-
femblancc, in point of character, to the interefting figures
pourtrayed by the bed painters of the difciples of our
Saviour. In the- great cities of Egypt the Jews contend
with the Copts for the places in the cudom-houfes, devv-
ardfhips of edates, and, in general, for whatever requires
calculation, and fupplies the means of amafling and con-
cealing a fortune well or ill acquired, but which is alike
expofed to the rapacity of t he kiachefs, fiieiks, and beys.

The characleridic traits of another race of men, who
are very numerous, are ilrongly delineated. Thefe are
the Barabras, or people from the upper countries, inha¬
bitants of Nubia, and of the frontiers of Abyflinia. In
thefe fervid climates nature has, in an economical mood,

denied them every fuperfluity. They have neither field
nor fat, but Amply nerves, mufcles, and tendons, of
greater eladicity than vigour. They perform by adfivity
and addrefs what others effedt by firength. It would
feem as if the barrennefs of their foil had exhauded the
fmall portion of fubdance which nature has bedowed on
them. Their (kin is of a (hining black, exadtly fimilar
to that of antique bronzes ; yet they have not the fmalled
refemblance to the negroes of the wedern parts of Africa.
Their eyes are deep fet and fparkling, with the brows
hanging over; the nofe pointed ; the nodrils large; the
mouth wide; the lips of moderate dimendons; and the
hair and beard in fmall quantity, and hanging in little
locks. Being wrinkled betimes, and retaining their agi¬
lity till the lad, the only indication of old age among
them is the whitenefs of the beard, every part of the
body remaining flender and mufcular as in their youth.
Their phydognotny is cheerful ; and they are lively and
well difpofed. They are mod commonly employed in
fubordinate offices of trud, to guard the magazines, tim¬
ber-yards, and other property of the merchants. They
are clad in a piece of white woollen cloth, gain but little,
and fubfid on alrriod nothing. They are faithful to their
maders, to whom they are drongly attached. During the
pilgrimage of Mecca, all the nations which are ranged un¬
der the denomination of Maugrabians, or wedern people,
pafs through Egypt, and occadonally mix witli and ob¬
tain permanent fettlements among the other inhabitants
of the country.

But the mod numerous, as well as the mod fingular, of
the inhabitants of modern Egypt, are the Arabs. With¬
out polfefling an influence proportioned to their numbers,
they feem to be placed there to fupply the great depopu¬
lation of the country, to cultivate the lands, to tend the
flocks, or to be themfelves in the degraded date of ani¬
mals. They are, however, lively, and have a penetrating
phyfiognomy. Their eyes, which are funk in and over¬
arched, are replete with vivacity and character ; all their
proportions are angular; their beard is fhort, and hang¬
ing in filaments ; their lips thin and open, difplaying fine
teeth ; their arms are fleftiy ; and in other refpedts they
are more adtive than handfome, and more mufcular than
well fhaped. Thefe charadteridic traits are mod common
in the fmall villages and folitary habitations, and more
particularly among the inhabitants of the defert^ Three
claffes of thefe people, altogether different .from each
other, are, however, to be didinguidied. Fird, the Arab
diepherd, who feems to belong to the original dock, and
who mod refembles the above defeription. Next, the
Bedouin Arab, on whom a n>ore exalted independence,
and the date of warfare in which he lives, have bedowed
a character of favage ferocity, leannefs, and poverty.
Ladly, the Arab cultivator, the mod civilized, the mod
corrupted, the mod degraded, inconfequence of the date
of bondage in which he is held, and the mod varied in
perfon and in character; as may, be remarked in moil of
the villages ; in the fellahs or peafants, who are the chief
labourers in hutbandry; in thofe of the boufackirs or
beggars; and, finally, in thofe of the artifans, who con-
fiitute tlie mod abjedt clafs. Thefe two claffes of Be¬
douins and artifans or labourers, are fprung from the
preceding one, that of the Arab fhepherds.

On invedigating the opprefled condition of the Fellahs,
it is impoffible to urge as fo many reproaches againd thefe
cultivators of the land, that they are fallen, midniftful,
avaricious, improvident, and carelefs about the future,
when it is confidered that, independently of the exadlions
of the proprietor of the land w hich they till, and thofe
of the covetous flieik and bey, a wandering enemy in
arms, the Bedouin, watches unceafingly the favourable
opportunity to fnatch from him whatever fuperfluities he
may venture to difplay. The money which lie can hide,
and which is a reprefentative of every enjoyment, is
therefore all that he can truly confider as belonging to
him. Accordingly the art of burying it in the earth is

his

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his principal finely ; by which confiderable Turns difap-
pear, which never again return into circulation. By ap¬
pearing in rags and tatters, and with a fhidied difplay ot
wretchednefs, he can alone hope to Tecure from the grafp
of tyra nv what lie lias hoarded together. It behoves
him to i'nfpire pity ; and not to cotysmiferate his lot would
be do denounce him. Anxious to amafs his dangerous
wealth, and unhappy when in the poffe#on of it, his life
is fpent between the di Tap point merit w-hich refults from
not having procured it, and* the fubfequent dread of fee¬
ing it (hatched from him.

It is nevertlielefs true, that the Bedouin Arab, badly
armed, and incapable of ferious refiftance, having no
other ramparts than the fluffing fands, no other lines than
the wide. expanfe, and no other retreat than the immen-
fity of the deferts, is a. more pitiable object. Sloth and
independence are the bales of his character; and to in¬
dulge the one, and proteft the other, he is unceafingiy
in an agitated (late, allowing himfelf to be haraffed and
pinched by want. Envy, that torment from which the
abode of want itfelf is not exempt, hovers alfo over the
burning fands of his retreat. The Bedotiins, in waging
<war againfl all the nations of the univerfe, confine their
hatred and their envy to thofe Bedouins alone who do
not belong to their tribe. To them all wars are alike;
and as loon as the tranquillity of Egypt is diflurbed,
either by an intefline quarrel, or by a foreign enemy, they
take the field. Without attaching themlelves to either
party, they take advantage of the coated to plunder both.
Wherever the booty is, there the tribe of Bedouins is to.
be found. Never backward to treat, becaufe all the fli-
pulations made with them are accompanied by prefents,
they are true to no other engagement than the one which
necefiity impofes. They are. however, neither cruel nor
vindictive. The French, whom they have made prifon-
ers, in deferibing the hardfhips they fuffered during their
captivity, confidered them ra'heras the effect of the mode
of living adopted by this wandering nation, than as the
refill t of their barbarity. Several officers who had fallen
into their hands, fay, that the labour which was required
of them was neither cruel, nor exceflive: 'they had to at¬
tend on the women, and to load and drive the alTes and
camels. It is true that it was neceffary to encamp and
decamp continually, for which purpofe all the camp equi¬
page was kept conflantly packed up, and in lefs than a
quarter of an hour after notice given, the cavalcade was
in motion. This equipage confided of a mill to' grind
xrorn and coffee, of around iron plate on which to bake
cakes, of a large coffee-pot, a fmall onej a few dried goat-
fkins to hold the water, a few facks of corn for their
horfes, and the tent cloth, in which all the articles are
wrapped. A handful of roafled corn, and a dozen of
dates, were the ettdomary ration on the marching days,
accompanied by a fmall allowancefof water, which, on
account of its f'carcity, had been applied to every other
purpofe before it was employed to allay the third. They
are for the mod part well mounted, and always prefer
mares, becaufe they can bear more fatigue, and, when
going on a predatory excurdon, are not liable to lead to
a dilcovery by their neighing. Their drefs is very light,
and their arms either a rnufket or a long fpear, and a
fabre or dagger. Tliefe Bedouins, deditute ofA eligious
prejudices, and without any external form of worlhip, are
friends, to toleration. Among them a few revered culfoms
fupply the place of laws; and their principles bear the
refemblance of virtues which anfwer all the purpofes of
their partial affociations, and of their paternal govern¬
ment. We fltall here cite a trait of their hofpitalily. A
French officer had been leveral months prifoner to a chief
of the Arabs, whofe camp was furprifed in the night by
the French cavalry, and. who had barely time to efcape;
and lodng his tents, cattle, and provifions, he was on
the following day fugitive, folitary, and without any re-
fources ; yet he drew from his pocket a cake, and, pre¬
senting the half of it to his prifoner, he laid to him, “ I
, Vox.; VI, No. 357.

do not know when we fhall have any more food ; but I
fit all* not be accufed of having refufed to fhare my lad
niorfe! with one whom 1 edeem as my friend.” Yet the
invincible hatred of thefe tribe's towards each other is
fometimes altonidiing, particularly where the chief or fa¬
ther of one tribe has been affaflinated or killed by that of
another. This calls for what is termed the price of bloody
then follows reprifals on reprifals, infaiiable vengeance,
and ceafelefs warfare, until one or other of the- tribes is
nearly extirpated. The weaker party has theri no other
refource than flight to fave their lives, and theft to fup-
port it; men, women, and children, blotted out from all
connexion with the other clans, and roving from place to
place, become the terror of tlieir neighbours, only appear
furtively in their former habitations, which they convert
into dens of robbers, alarming thofe who would fucceed
them in their retreats of mifery. Thus whole villages,
when become the afylum of crime, offer no other view
to the paffenger than deferted fields, ruins, filence, and
defolation.

The Arabs of Egypt who follow hulb.andry, and a paf-
toral life, are Mahomedans of a very peculiar cad. Not
fatisfied with the precepts of the koran, and their abfo-
lute devotednefs to every thing which comes from their
prophet ; and notwithdanding the anathemas pronounced
againd every deviation from their law, they have not
been able to refib the attractions of idolatry. They have
their peculiar faints, to whom they do not indeed adign
a feparate place in their paradife, where every thing is in
common, but to whom they raife tombs, and whofe adtes
they revere ; and from an unaccountable dupidity, thefe
Taints do not become an object of worlhip till after death,
and when alive, are the fubjeCt of mockery and derifion.
Thefe Arabs attribute to the weak in underdanding, when
dead, certain powers and influences : one is the father of
the light, and cures complaints in the eyes; another is
the father of generation, and preddes over lying-in wo¬
men, & c. The greater number of thefe faints have pafled
their life in repeating condantly the word allah, crouched
befide the corner of a wall, or in receiving without thanks
what has been neceffary to their fubiidence ; others em¬
ploy themlelves in beating their heads with a done ;
others, covered with garlands, in finging hymns ; others,
like the oriental faquirs, in remaining motionlefs and na¬
ked, without ever tedifying the flighted emotion, and
waiting for alms, for which they never afk, or thank, the
donor. Belides this kind of idolatry, there are others,
whicli are akin to magic ; for example, there are certain
bones and trees which conceal a good or bad genius, and
tints became facred, and cannot be removed without pro¬
fanation ; and to thefe, domeflic fecrets and projects of
various kinds are entrufled in confidence, whilfl they are
wordiipped witli myflerious fecrely, arid revered in public.

The principal religious fedival of the muffulmans in
Egypt, is the anniverfury of the birth of Mahomet, when
the flreets are illuminated, and general joy diffufed among
all the difciples of their great prophet. Denon has given
a defeription of this fedival, which he attended with the
French generals, at Rofetta. “ The flreet was the prin¬
cipal allembly-room, which was lengthened or contracted
according to the number of guefls. An alcove covered
with carpeting, was occupied by the mod diflinguilhed
perfonages." Fires, combined with a number of fmall
lamps and large tapers, formed a fplendid illumination.
On one fide was a band of martial mu fie, confiding of
hautboys, fmall kettle drums, and large Albanefe drums.
On the other fide were dationed violins and lingers; and,
in the middle, Greek dancers; and attendants provided
with fweetmeats, coffee, fyrups, rofe.waier, and pipes,
the never-failing accompaniment of all their plealures.
As foon as we were feared, the martial mulic commenced.
A kind of leader of the band played alternately two dif¬
ferent airs, which the other muficians repeated in chorus.
Whether it was owing to the calmnefs of the atmafphere,
or to a will; of introducing too many fiourilhes into it, it

SS2

E G 1

fo happened that the fecond meafure was a true caco¬
phony, a difcordance of harlh founds, as difagreeabie to
nice ears as it was enchanting to tliofe of the nniflul mans'.

I noticed particularly, that the leader of the band inva¬
riably took up each of tire airs with all the importance
and enthufiafm of an infpired impropifatore, and that,’ when
his nerves appeared to be no longer able to fupport the
energy of exprefiion he tried to beftow on it, the chorus
came to his aid with the fame unvaried dilfonance. The
violins, which were more tolerable, afterwards played an
air, in the burden of which a (mall portion of melody was
overcome by fuperfluous ornaments. The nafal twangs
of an infpired finger were fuperadded to the- faftidious
foftnefs of the femi-tones of the violins, which conftantly
(banning the key-note, fell into the fecond of the key,
and invariably terminated by the diefis, or imperfect fe-
mi-tone immediately beneath the key-note, as in the Spa¬
nish feguidillas. This may be confidered as a proof that
the relidence of the Saracens in Spain introduced1 into that
kingdom this fpecies of mufical compofition. After this
couplet, the violins took up the Came (train with new
variations, which the finger difguifed by a (harp move¬
ment, until he had entirely loft fight of the air, falling
into the wild exprefiion of founds, without harmony, and
without principle. This was what, however, charmed
his auditory (till more and more. The dance which fol¬
lowed was of the fame defcripfion with the finging : it
was not the exprefiion of joy, or of gaiety, but of an ex¬
travagant pleafure, which made halty (trides towards laf-
civioufnefs ; and this was the more difgufting, as the per¬
formers, all of them of the male fex, prefented, in the
molt indecent way, (cedes which love has referv-ed for the
two fexes in the fijence and myftery of the night.” — No¬
thing of the grand mufical inftruments fculpt lived on the
walls of their ancient temples, are now to be feen in any
part of Egypt.

The long relidence of the French in this country, and
th'e opportunity afforded the principals of being intro¬
duced into the mod refpeftable families, gave Dencn an
excellent opportunity of obferving the coftume o( the
Egyptian females, wlio are kept very clofe in the harem,
and never f offered to hold converlation with any male
but the mafter of the family, nor to appear, in company,
but during his prefence ; fo fenfible is he of the ready fub-
miffion of the modem women to the embraces ot man : for
which reafon they are never fuffered to appear in the (freet,
without being fo completely muffled up as to expofe no
part to view but the eyes. Yet the coquetry of the elder
females, who are the mod fcrupulous in public on every
point in which honour is concerned, often enables them to
elude the mod watchful care of their hufband or keeper.
The young girls who are not yet marriageable, and rela¬
tive to whom lefs ftrictnefs is in confequence obferved,
bear a pretty general refemblanee to tiie forms of the
Egyptian datues of the goddefs Ifis. T. he women ot the
lower dalles, who take greater pains to conceal the nofe
and mouth than any other part, difeover from time to
time, not attractions, but fine (lender limbs, the (hape of
which di (plays more . activity than grace. As.fdon as
their 'breads have attained their full growth, they begin
to fall, and their gravitation is fuch, that it would be
difficult to fay how low' home of them reach. The com¬
plexion of the.Ce won-fen is neither black n r white, but
of a dulky brown. They dye of a black colour the eye¬
brows, eye-lids, and chin ; and (Vain the finger-nails ot a
deep yellow. Few women, however, carry with more
elegance a child, ayafe, or a bafket of fruit j or walk
with greater cafe and fecurity, Their long drapery would
be by no means unbecoming, were it not- that a veil, in
the (hape of a (hip’s pendant, cads a gloom over the whole
of their drefs, fo as to make it refetnbie the dilnval cof-
nune of a nun of the order of penitents.

“ One of the rich natives, (fays Denon,) who was un¬
der Come obligations to me, by way of telfifying lus gra¬
titude, invited me to his houfe. On account of my ad-

r V T.

vanced age, and of my being a foreigner, lie thought tha#
he might allow' his wife to be of the bteakfad party, and
thus contribute more to iny entertainment. As he was
engaged in mercantile purfuits, he (poke a little Italian,
and adted as interpreter between rnyfelf and the lady,
whofe beauty was accompanied by a foft tinge of melan¬
choly. She was finely formed, and her hands uncom¬
monly delicate and handfome. On my admiring them,
die held them out to me. We had very little to fay to
each other; and to make up for this filence, I kiffed her
hands, which, as die was perplexed to know what die
diould afterwards do to intereft me, die did not offer to-
withdraw. On my fide, I dared not let them go, for fear
(lie diould imagine that I was tired of them. I am at a
lofs to conjecture how this feene would have terminated,
if refrefhments had. not been brought to relieve us from
our embarraffment. They were handed to her, and (he
prefented them to me in a very particular manner, and
with fome degree of grace. I fancied I could perceive
that her negligent and penfive air was merely the affecta¬
tion of a great lady, who perfuaded herfelf that, by ad.
fuming it, (he diould become fuperior to all the magnifi¬
cence by which die was furrounded and covered. Her
engaging manners, in the occafional abfence of her huf¬
band, attracted other lovers, on whom die contrived to
beftow her favours. The plague breaking out in the
city, the lady caught it of her ehamorata, beftowed it
very faithfully on her hufband, and they- all three died.”'

Infidelity, in countries where many women are kept as
prifoners in the harem for the lufeivious gratification of
one man, is certainly more pardonable than under thofe
governments where polygamy is not allowed. Perhaps
the (ingle reflection of fo many women being made fub-
fervient to the fenfual delight of one man, may be a con-
ftant fpur to them, from parity of reai'oning, to feek a
fimilar gratification from a plurality of males. However
this be, it is a well-known fad,.that the extreme watch¬
ful hefs of the grand feignor himfelf, cannot keep the
women chafte even within the impervious walls of his
harem, in the feraglio of Coiiftantinople ; as witnefs the
frequent punifhment of the polluted, by cruelly drowning
them in lacks. See the article Constantinof le, vol. v,
p. 119, 1 20.

Denon has fiwnifiied us with tire coftume of the Egyp¬
tian harem, illufirated with an elegant engraving, which
we fiiall here annex. When the hufband, who is fupreme,
is difpofed to give an entertainnient in his harem, to
pleafe any of his wives who may be pregnant, or who has
juft given him a fon, or perhaps one whom he has newly
purchafed, he fends for the almees, or dancing girls, to
perform voluptuous dances, whilft he is fmoking his pipe.
The favourite wife is here reprefented reclining with her
head ofi his knees ■, and the alui-ees alternately dance, fing,
and play upon inftruments, while the other wives are m
waiting on the fofa. In front is a fumigating vefiel of
rich perfumes, and to the right a candleftick after the
faftiion of the country ; the inlfrument played on by the
laft performer to the right, is a f'mall drum of baked
earth, which is (truck by the fingers with more or lefs
force, and produces a very good etfeCt in keeping time to
the inufic; the dancers have generally caftanets in their
hands, which are in the form of final 1 cymbals of the dia¬
meter of a crown piece. Two of thefe dancing girls were
extremely handfome. Their forms were difplayeu through
coloured gauze fattened by a falh, which they tightened
from time to time negligently, and with an air of levity
by no means difagreeabie, and foinewhat a la Fran^aije.
They had brought with them two inftruments, a pipe and
tabor, and the kind of drum above deferibed. The two
handlomeft of them began dancing,, while the others fung,
with an accompaniment of the caftanets. The movement
they difplayed in (inking them againff each other, gave
infinite grace to their fingers and w rifts. At the cum.
'menceinent the dance was voluptuous:, it foon after be¬
came lafeivious,. and expreifed, in the groffeft and moft
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EGYPT.

indecent way, the giddy tranfports of the paffions. Tliefe
dancers fwallowed large glades of brandy, as if it had
been lemonade. Accordingly, notwithftanding they were
all young and handfome, they looked haggard and jaded,
except the two above-mentioned, Jofephina and Hanka,
who, though truly graceful, had received no other edu¬
cation than that which is purpofely beftowed on this loofe
profeflion, with a view to its profits. When the dance
was ended, thefe two girls appeared with all the delicacy
of modeft women, yet polfefling the foft voluptuoufnefs
which they, no doubt, referve for thofe on whom they
lavifh their ferret favours. Notwithftanding the licen¬
tious life which they lead, they are introduced into the
harems of the great, to inftruCt the young perfons of their
own fex in all that may captivate and render them agree¬
able to their hufbaud or lord. They give them lelfons of
dancing, finging, graceful attitude, and, in general, of all
voluptuous attainments. It is not furprifing, that with
manners which make the principal duty of women to con-
fid in bellowing pleafure, thofe who follow the profeflion
of gallantry fhould be the teachers of the fex. They are
admitted to mofl of the feflivals which the grandees give
to thofe of their own rank ; and when, from time to time,
a hufband willies to entertain his harem in a fportive
mood, they are fent for to ling and dance, as (hewn in
the Engraving.

The mallive Egyptian architecture, has now- given
place to that of the Moorifh, which has no fixed princi¬
ples, nor-determined rules ; -and, as if all human affairs
fhould glory in extremes, lightnefs and airinefs are the
only objects that are confulted; and confequently there
is an infinite variety in thefe productions. The orna¬
ments, though profufe, are never incoherent, and pre-
fe-rve a degree of harmony which prevents them from ever
palling the limits of grace and elegance. The domes and
minarets, which are built with great rapidity, are railed
with much regularity, by mafons who ufe but very few
tools, and employ no other material belides plalter, fup-
ported by very.fmall pieces of timber. The ufe of the
minaret is only to point out, at a di, fiance, . the molque
which it furmounts, and to fupport the gallery, in which
every four hours the imans call together the faithful
mu (Ilil mans, by finging hymns to the Deity or to his pro¬
phet. In every niofque there is a ciflern, a bafon for ab¬
lutions, and wherever it can be commanded, a fmall en-
clofure planted with trees, that the devotee may pray in
the (hade.

The mulfulmans, who make but little ufe of the light,
take no pains to procure it in their buildings ; and in ge¬
neral all their cuftoms feem to invite to repofe. Their
divans, where the recumbent'poflure is more eafy than to
fit up, and from which it requires a ferious effort to rife ;
their drefs, which is a kind of petticoat that confines the
legs ; their large lleeves, which (tretch nearly eight inches
over the fingers ends ; their turban,, which prevents the
head, from Hooping; their cufiom of always holding a
pipe in their hands, and intoxicating themfelves with its
imoke : all thefe confpire to dellroy activity and imagi-
'nation, fo that t hey meditate without an object, pafs
every day in the fame taftelefs manner, and even their
whole exillence, without feeking for any new fcene to re¬
lieve its dull monotony. Even that clal's of fociety who
are obliged to work for their livelihood, arc not much
different from the higher orders ; they have been long
taught to expeit no other reward from induftry than a
bare fubfiftence, and thus they have no motive to depart
from their ordinary routine, and to exercife their inven¬
tion. They even dill ike particularly every occupation
which keeps them Handing ; the joiner, blackfmith, car¬
penter, farrier, all work fitting, even the mafon raiftes a
minaret without Handing to his work : like favage nations,
they do every thing almoll with a Angle tool, fo that one
js furprifed at the dexterity with which they manage it,
and fhould almoll be tempted to allow them inventive
ingenuity, if their invariable method of proceeding did

not rather lead one to attribute it almoff to a kind of
inftinCf, like the infeCt, whole work nut nil) ip we admire,
whilfi we know that/ it lias not the power of applying the
fame fkill to different purpofes. It is, however, to a
defpotifm which always commands, and never rewards,
that vve mult look for the fource and permanent caufe of
this ftagnation of induftry.

The inhabitants of this country build as little as pof-
fible, and repair ftill lefs. If a wall threatens to come
down, they prop it up ; if notwithftanding it falls in, it
only makes the fewer rooms in the lioufe,and they quietly
range their carpets by the fide of the ruins ; if at laft the
houfe falls altogether, they either abandon the fpot, or if
they are obliged to clear it out, they carry away the rub-
Uilh to as (hort a diftance as poflible, which is the caufe
that in almoft every town of Egypt, and especially in
Cairo, the eye of the traveller is conftantly annoyed by
heaps of rubbifh. In Upper Egypt their manfions are
little betier than vaft pigeon-houfes, in which the owner
referves to himfelf only a room or two for his own ufe,
and there he lodges along with poultry of all kinds, and
all' the vermin that they engender between them, which
it is a part of his daily employment to hunt for, but at
night the toughnefs of his fkin defies their bites.

The government of Egypt being now re-affumed by
the Turks with all their ancient authority, the police has
been regulated much in favour of their capitan pacha,
and of all their dependents. Ibrahim Bey, v\ ho was al¬
ways well-difpofed towards the grand feignor, is the (heik-
el-belled, or chief of the mamalukes; and next to him in
power is Mohammed Bey Elfi. The courteous manners
and dignified appearance of Ibrahim Bey, added to the
uniform mildnefs cf his character, lias conftantly gained
him the refpeCt and veneration of all the different tribes
in Egypt. Notwithftanding his advanced age, being in
his fixty-fixth year, he gained great reputation in the re¬
view of the Ottoman army, by the grand vizier and general
lord Hutchinfon near Cairo, by the dexterity and effeCt
with which he managed the fipbre. I-Je is ftill robuft and
aCtive, of a fair complexion', with a quick fparkling eye,
aquiline nofe, and filvery beard. The kiachefs are the
magiftrates or governors of the towns and villages, who
adminifter juftice, and regulate the police throughout
Egypt ; but it is a lamentable reflection that the kiachefs
and beys connive with each other in their unbounded ex¬
tortions on all the fubordinate orders of the people. 1 lie
fheiks are the chiefs of the Mohammedan ntofques, as the
Coptic priefts are of the Chriftian churches.' Few of the
villages are without a public fchool, where the children
are inftruCted in reading the koran. This is the only
book they have ; and as the art of printing is fcarcely
known among the modems, their copies are always ma-
nuferipts : hence belles lettres and the arts are banilhed
from modern Egypt.

Fror.i the above ftate of things, we cannot wonder that
ignorance, filth, indolence, and poverty, pervade the lower
ranks of people throughout Egypt. Even in the public
llreets of Cairo and Alexandria, little is to be feen but
wretcliednefs and mifery; a mdft melancholy picture, af¬
ter reflecting on the inexhauftible refources-of that fertile
country. Few of the rich females appear abroad ; hut
the lower clafs are feen in groups. All of them are alike
careful to hide the face, becaufe this is the only part
they are enjoined to conceal. When an Egyptian lady
pali'es thrffugh the ftreets, the more full, bulky, and cum.
berfome, her clothes are, and the more they embarrafs her
gait, the higher does (lie think of her importance : the
upper garment commonly falls to the ground, and almoft
conceals the feet : nothing appears of her whole perlon
except her eyes; and even before thefe the women often
fufpend a talifmanic ting, which has the virtue of driv¬
ing' away enchantment and bad luck. The poorer fort
of women are often employed in fetching water; they ,
appear to be fond and affectionate mothers, and are fre¬
quently feen carrying their children on. their fiioulders.

384

E GYP T.

For thefe codumes Denon acknowledges liirilfelf indebted gular of any in the world, Tlie fky is ahnod always
to the pencil of citizen Rigo, a member of the inflitute beautifully, ferene ; and, after feven or eight in the morn*
of Cairo. ing, not a fingle fleeti. g cloud can be perceived to in-

To tiie wretched policy of the Egyptian government, tercept the. burning rays of tlie 'fun. It feldom rains in
aided by internal warfare, plague, pedile'nce, &c. irmd the interior pfirts ; but, on the fea-eoad, and near Alex-
bc attributed the late wonderful depopulation of the andria, it rains frequently in what may be called the
country. From upwards of eight millions of inhabitants, wintertime. Tile {bowers, however, are fhorr, though
the number is now calculated not to amount to one half, heavy, and are ’immediately fucreeded by a fine clear
Indeed Browne dates the general population at only two fky. But the want of rain is fiipplied by the heavy
millions and a half; but Walfli, the lated writer on the dews which fall during the night. The effect of them
fpot, ediniates the number at three millions ; of which is perceived in the morning, when, as foon. as the fun
300,000 are fuppofed to inhabit Cairo, which is the me- appears above the horizon, the ground fmukes as copi-
trono'is of all Africa ; and from fix to feven thoufand in ^pufly as if a great quantity of rain had fallen. The con-
Alexandria. ftant ferenity of the Iky affc'rds the adyantage alfo of very

Tiie common language of Egypt is the Arabic. Tlife clear and bright nights ; fo that the moon is fcarcely
Contic, which has been called the vernacular toneme, is ever overclouded, but Pn'ines with extreme ludre. The

faid, by Browne, to be extinct. “ Numerous refearc'nes,
(fays this author,) have enabled me to afeertain the fa£t.
In Upper Egypt, however, they unknowingly retain feme
Coptic words, fuch as Boy uni, the name of a month. Ne-
verthelefs, iu the Coptic rrionaderies, the prayers are
read in Arabic, and the e pi die and gofpel in Coptic ;
but tiie pried is a mere parrot, repeating a dead letter.
Coptic manuscripts are found in fome of the comments,
and leave to copy them might be obtained from the red-
dent patriarch,”

The current coins in Egypt are thofe of Turkey, and
Spanilh dollars, at the rate of 15c? parats to the dollar.
The ignorance of the people in this Country, in general
is fo great, that it is with the utrriod difficulty they can
be prevailed on to receive in payment any European coin,
either of gold or diver, except the Spanilli dollar, and
its fubdividoiis. A great number of Roman coins were
found by the French, in their various refearches amongd
the ruins; but none of thefe fell into the hands of the
Engli'fh. The following were all the curiofities Surren¬
dered by the French to the Britidi army, which have
been fi rice brought to London : An Egyptian larcopha-
gus, with hieroglyphics, of a done called by the French
'(trcche vote, from the mofque of St. Athana'dus in Alex¬
andria. Ditto of black granite, from Cairo. Ditto of
bafaltes, from Menouf. The fid of a coloffean datue,
fu.ppofed to be Vulcan, found in the ruins of Memphis.
Five fragments of datues, with lions heads, black gra¬
nite, brought from the ruins of Thebes. A mutilated
figure kneeling, black granite. Two datues, white mar¬
ble, fuppofed to be Septi mius Severns and Marcus Au¬
relius, found in Alexandria. A done, of black granite,
with three inferiptions, hieroglyphic, Coptic and Greek,
found near Rofetta. A datue of . a woman fitting, with
a lion’s head, black granite, from Upper Egypt. Two
fragments of lions heads, black granite, fro A Upper
Egypt. A fmall figure kneeling, with hieroglyphics,
black granite, from Upper Egypt. Five fragments of
datues, with lions heads, black granite, from Upper
.Egypt. A fragment. of a farcophagus, black granite,
from Upper Egypt. Two fmall obelifks, remarkably
fine, with hieroglyphics, bafaltes, from Upper Egypt.
A colloffean ram’s head, of a done called by the French
rauge grais , from Upper Egypt. A datue of a woman
fitting on the ground, of black granite ; between the feet
is a model of a-capital of a column of the temple of Ilis
at Dettdera, A fragment, of a datue, with a lion’s head,
black granite, from Upper Egypt. A ched of oriental
manuferipts, amounting to fixty-two, Coptic, Arabic,
and Turkifit, belonging to the library of the French in.
ditute at C.drb.

Several antiquities \vere found by the Englifii ; the
mod valuable were the figure of a Roman foldier, as
large as life, and a large tablet, the infeription of which
dated, that whatever this belonged to, was erected in
honour of Septi miiis Severus, by "the veterans of the
eleventh legion. A 'done was alfo found covered with hie¬
roglyphics, of the fame unknown kind as tiie Mem non.

The climate of Egypt "is fuppofed to be the mod re¬

nights in March, April', and May, are often damp and
chilly. “ In the evening of the 1,5th of May (fays De¬
non) it thundered; a yery- rare occurrence in this coun¬
try, which happens hardly oftenei than once in a geriera-
ti. n, by a concourfe of circum'dances perhaps not diffi¬
cult of explanation. The north wind, which is the mod
condant of all thofe that prevail in this part of tiie world,
brings -from tiie fea the clouds of a colder region, rolls
them along through the valley of Egypt, where's burn¬
ing fun rarefies them and reduces them to vapour; when
this vapour is driven into Abyffinia, t he fouth wind,
which erodes the lofty and ccd.d mountains of this coun¬
try, fometinies brings back a few fcattered clouds, which,
as they experience but little change of temperature when
returning over the lnindd valley of the Nile in flood¬
time, remain condenled, and at times produce, without
thunder or temped, fmall liady dvowers. But, as the
ead and wed winds, which are in general the parents of
dopms, both crofs burning deferts, which either abforb
the clouds, or raife the vapour to fuch a height as to be
able to pafs over the narrow valley of Upper Egypt,
without being able to undergo detonation by the opera¬
tion of the waters' of the river, the phenomenon of thun¬
der becomes fo rare an occurrence to the inhabitants of
this country, that even the thinking people who refide
here do not attempt to affign to it a .phyfical cattle.
Having quedioned a perfon in tiie law on tiie caufe of
thunder, lie replied, with the perfect confidence of con-
viition “ We know very well that it is an angel, but
fo fmall in dature that lie cannot be perceived in the air;
lie lias, however, the power of condufting the clouds of
tiie Mediterranean into Abyffinia, and when tiie wicked-
nefs'of men is at its lieiglit, He makes his voice to be
heard, which is a voice of menace and reproach ; and, as
a proof that lie has alfo the difpofal of piinidiment, lie
opens. a little way tiie gate of heaven, whence darts out
the lightning ; but as the clemency of God is infinite,
never is his wrath carried further in Upper Egypt.”

At this feafon of the year the lawjin , or dedroying
wind, is tifually experienced. Sometimes, indeed, it
rages violently in April ; but chiefly in May., It is thus
deferibed by Denon :..Thekam(m may be termed the hur¬
ricane of 'Egypt, and the dejert. Its name, kairifiti , dignifies
fifty ; becaufe it continues more or lefs for fifty days. It
is equally terrible by the frightful fpedacle which it ex¬
hibits y/hen prefeht, and by the confequ nces which fol¬
low its ravages. We had already patfed with feenrity
one half of tiie feafon in wliich it ufiutlly appears; when,
in the evening of tiie i8;h of May, I felt, mylelf entirely
overcome by a' fnffocating heat ; it feemed as if the fluc¬
tuation of the air was fuddenly fufpended. I was brack
on nfy arrival with my companions at tiie bank of the
Nile, with a new appearance of nature ail around me;
this was a kind of light and colours which I had not be¬
fore been. The fun, without being concealed, had lod
its rays ; it had even lefs ludre to the eye than the moon,
and gave a pale light without (hade ; the wafers of the
Nile no longer refleded' its rays, but appeared in agita¬
tion ; every thing had changed its ufual aiped ; it was

- now

Otc.

/am t ^Jay/; c^n,- IL 'c/ r,

(c rrrr rr f - cal 2 re t

/?

’ /n a (

'rrr/r

■ray ry

ar>. ./ r A,/,/ . -

TuJv fh/(to4 try J. Wilkes.

c/ ; ctrrc/

london J’uhlith ut as thcjlcr ,iu

EGYPT.

38s

flow the fi.it ftiore that feemed luminous, and the air dull
and opa'que ; the yellow horizon (hewed the trees on its
furface of a dirty blue; flocks of birds were flying off
before the cloud ; the frighted animals ran loofe in the
Country, followed by the inhabitants, who vainly at¬
tempted to colledl them together again. We could now
eafily conceive the dreadful fituation of tliofe who are
furprifed with fuch a phenomenon of nature, when crofT-
ing the expofed and naked deferts ; where, as it (lands
upon record, many thoufands have been overwhelmed
and loft in kthe fhoals of fand raifed by the kamfin
winds. The next day, an aftonifhing mafs of duft, at¬
tended with fnnilar appearances, travelled along the de-
fert of Lybia : it followed the chain of the mountains,
and, when we flattered ourfelves that we were entirely
rid of this peftilence, the welt wind brought it back, and
once more overwhelmed us with this fcorching torrent;
the light of the fun could pierce with difficulty through
this denfe vapour; all the elements appeared to be in
diforder; rain was mixed with whirlwinds of fire, wind,
and duft; and, in this time of confufion, the trees, and
all the other productions of nature, feemed to be
again plunged in the horrors of chaos. If the defert of
Lybia had Cent us thefe clouds of duft, thofe on the caft,
■on the contrary, had been inundated with water ; for the
merchants who came from the borders of the Red Sea
told us, that in the valleys they had the water up to the
middle of their legs. When this deftructive fcourge fets
in from the defert, the inundation of fand often over¬
whelms the country, changes its fertility to barren, nets,
drives the labourer from his houfe, whofe walls it co¬
vers up, and leaves no other mark of vegetable life than
the tops of a few palm-trees, which adds (fill more to
the dreary afpeft of deftruflion. Thus the defert is con-
fiantly encroaching on the fertile land ; and, were the wa¬
ter of the Nile to difcontinue its inundations, the whole
vale of Egypt would eventually become a defert or bed
of fand.

“ Two days after this difafter, we were told that the
plain was covered with birds, which were palling on from
eaft to weft, like the dole files of an army ; and, indeed,
we faw at a diftance the fields appear to move, like a
broad torrent flowing through the country. Thinking
that they might be fome foreign birds, we haftened out
to meet them ; but inftead of birds we faw a cloud of
locufts, who juft fkimnied the foil, flopping at each blade
of grafs to devour it, then flying off to new food. If it
had been the feafon in which the corn was young and
tender, this would have been a ferious jdague ; for thefe
children of the defert are as lean as active, and quickly
devour every thing before them. It would be intereft-
ing to know how they live and produce fuch multitudes
in fo arid a defert ; perhaps it was the rain that had fallen
in the valleys which had fuddenly hatched them, and had
produced this emigration, juft as certain wind bring
(warms of mufketoes. The wind changing again in a
contrary direction to their march, they were once more
driven back into the defert. Thefe locufts are of a rofe-
colour, fpeckled with black, very ftrong, fhy, and diffi¬
cult to catch.” It is during the kamfin, and difturbance
of the waters of the Nile, that the crocodiles moft abound.
Denon faw them from eight or ten to thirty feet long:
but he fays they are by no means fo ferocious as has been
pretended.

During the latter days of the kamfin, the current of
the Nile becomes fluggiffi, the waters lofe their ufual fa¬
llibility and tranfparency, and become green, throwing
up flakes of foul mud, which exhale a mephitic odour:
in Ihort, if is then no longer the bountiful river, the
creator and preferver of Egypt; but it grows heavy in
its motion, and would alarm the inhabitants of the banks,
if its periodic reftomtion to its ufual date were not as co:i-
ftant a phenomenon for them as it is furprifing to the cu¬
rious traveller. It keeps falling till the 17th of June,
remains in ftagnation for two days, and on the 19th it
Vo-l; VI. No. 358.

begins to rife. te Tt is at this period (fays Denon) that
the refidence in Upper Egypt is almoft infupportable ;
the winds are variable, and are conftantly changing from
the eaft to the fouth, or the fouth-weft: this latter is
terrible, for it troubles the atmofphere, obfeures the fun
with a burning vapour, parches with third:, dries up every
thing, inflames the blood, irritates the nerves, and makes
life itfelf painful : it alfo oppreffes the lungs fo feverely,
that one involuntarily feeks for cooler air to breathe in,
feeling as if the mouth was an oven of fire ; if one in¬
hales the air by the noftrils, it afte&s the head ; and in
again exhaling it, it feels like a gufh of blood rufhing
over the air-paffages ; every thing we touch is burning;
and iron, even in the night, acquires as great a heat as it
does in France in the dog-days, expofed to the noon-day
beams of the fun.”

During this muddy ftate of the Nile, the water is pu¬
rified by handing in jars, which Walfh calls alharras ;
but which tire more commonly known by the name of
balajfes, from BalaHe, the town where they are manufac¬
tured, and from whence they are fent not only through¬
out Egypt, but alfo into Syria, and the ifles of the Ar¬
chipelago. They have the uncommon property of al¬
lowing water to tranfude through their pores, whereby
it foon becomes clear and cool ; they are made at little
expence, and fold fo cheap, that they are fometimes ufed
to conftriuft: the walls of houfes, and the pooreft inhabi¬
tant may fupply him felt with them in abundance. Na¬
ture gives the material in the neighbouring defert, which
requires no further preparation ; it is a fat, loapy, and
compact, marl, which only requires moiftening and work¬
ing in the hands to be perfedlly duclile and tenacious ;
and any veffels that are formed of it, when dried in the
(hade and half baked in the fun, only require burning for
a few hours with a little ftraw-fire, to be completed..
The people make rafts of thefe pots, which have beet*
deferibed by almoft every traveller in Egypt : they arc
thus carried down the Nile, part of them are fold 011 the.
way, and the remainder are embarked at Rofetta and
Damietta to be fent abroad. The fpongy nature of this
earth makes the water tranfude, whilft the (limy particles
fufpended in it are attradled to the fide of the veil'd, and
the outer furface being always moiftened by the tranfu-
dation, when there is the leaft breath of wind to promote
evaporation, the water within the jar becomes as clear
and cool as if it were iced. They are fometimes fumi¬
gated with benzoin, or perfumed with orange-flower, or
other aromatics, to vary the infipid tafte of the water,
which, however, when drunk from thefe vafes, is the
bed in the world. Tt is curious to fee the immenfe car¬
goes of thele jars, v\ hich are either piled up on boats, or
made into rafts, like the large floats of wood on our
rivers, which are borne by the dream, and at the fame
time carry their owners, who difpofe of them to good
advantage. The life of thefe vafes appears to be of great
antiquity, for they are reprefented of the fame form as at
prefent, (landing on the lame tripods, and employed for
the fame purpole, in hieroglyphic paintings, and on an¬
cient manuferipts. The poorer fort of women are con¬
tinually employed in fetching water in thefe jars.

The violent heats prevail chiefly in June, July, and
Auguft; during which, and the feafon of the kamfin,
the paflage over the defert is moft arduous, and often fa¬
tal. The French loft many men in this dreary region,
where the heat of the funds burnt their feet through their
(hoes; and the fcorching rays of the fun, cracking the
leathern jars which contained their water, expofed them
to the fevered torture of unquenchable third. The Eng-
lifli Indian army, in crofting from Coflir, experienced li-
milar Ioffes and fatigues ; as did the army of the grand
vizier, in its inarch to Salahieh. But their fulferings
were trivial, when compared to thofe of a party of rna-
malukes mentioned by Denon, who taking the pals from
the Kittah by the way of Redifi, nearly all of them pe-
rifhed. “ This pafs (lays Denon) is never frequented by
5 F the

SSG E G Y P T.

the merchants, and was fatal to the mamalukes, who,
by taking this road, loft their horfes, together with a
part of their camels, a considerable number of their at¬
tendants, and twenty-fix women out of twenty-eight.
Their march was traced by their difafters, and by what
they left behind them, tents, arms, clothing, the car-
caffes' of IvdrfeS' ftarved to death, camels which were no
longer able to flip'port their burden, attendants, arid their
women, whom they abandoned to their fate. I figured
toVnyfelf tlie fufferings of a poor wretch, panting with
fatigue, and expiring with third, his tongue parched,
and breathing with difficulty the hot air by which he is
confumed. He hopes that a few minutes repofe w ill enable
him to recover his ftrength : lie (lops, and lees his com¬
panions pafs by, calling on them in vain for help. The
inilery to which each one is a prey, lias banifhed every
compafiionate feeling : they proceed on their way w ith¬
out calling a look on him, and follow in (Hence the foot-
fteps of thofe who precede them. They are no loriger
in his view : they are fled, and his benumbed limbs, al¬
ready overpowered by their painful cxiftence, refrife their
office, and cannot be ftimulated to atftion ei t her by danger
or by terror. The caravan has pa fifed : it appears to him
like an undulating line in the wide expanfe, and, becom¬
ing at length a mere point, difappears altogether like the
laft glimmer of an expiring taper. He cafts around him
his wild and frantic looks, but can fee nothing : he turns
them towards himfelf, and then clofes his eyes to (linn
the afpedl of the terrible vacuity by which lie is fur-
rounded. He hears nothing but his own figlis, and fate
hovers over him to cut the final thread of his exiltence.
Alone, and without a companion to do him the laft of¬
fices, he is about to expire without one fingle ray of hope
to adminifter comfort to his departing foul ; and his
corpfe, confumed by the parched and burning foil, foon
becomes a bleached (keleton, which will ferve as a guide
to the uncertain fteps of the traveller who fliall dare to
brave the fate that has befallen him.”

Such is tli e picture of the defolations of the defert,
under circumftances of unallayed thri ft, fervent heat, and
infupportable fatigue. In trie fe wild and dreary waftes,
men alfo often become a prey to thirft, with the image of
a vail lake before their eyes. This punilliment, of a new
defeription, requires explanation, as it refults from an
illufion peculiar to the defert. It is produced by the re¬
flection of Calient objects on the oblique rays of the fun,
refracted by the heat of the burning foil ; and this phe¬
nomenon lias fo truly the appearance of water, that the
obferver is deceived by it over and over again. It pro¬
vokes a thirft, which is trie more importunate, as trie in-
ftant when it prefents itfelf to trie view is trie liotteft time
of trie day. This optical phenomenon is called mirage ,
in a late paper publillied by Monge. In thefe vaft de-
ferts, at trie diftance of a hundred miles or more from
either fide the Nile, are fituated trie Oafes, or illands of
fertile foil, furrounded by feas of burning land, which af¬
ford miferable but central fettlements for trie robbers and
banditti of trie defert, trie Muggrebin Arabs.

Trie Natron Lakes, fo called from their production of
that kali which fupplies the life of barilla, are alfo fituated
in the defert, near that remarkable channel called the dry
river, or Bahr Bclatne, i. e. river without water: probably
an outlet of the lake of Kerun, in remote ages, before trie
deferts had become fo extenlive ; and when trie moun¬
tains were clothed with vegetation, and tlie Nile a far
fuperior dream. On palling -trie defert towards Collir,
trie rugged and lofty rocks have a grand arid terrific ap¬
pearance, confiding chiefly of red granite, and porphyry
red and green, the latter being the ophite or friake-ftone
©f the ancients, by a far more proper appellation, as tlie
word porphyry implies red or purple. Here is alfo found
the celebrated oerde antico, or green marble with white
and dark fpots : it arifes in the neighbourhood of Ter¬
pentine, under a blue lchiltus, In thefe rocks are alfo
red and other marbles.

If any thing can brighten the gloomy afpeft of the de¬
fert, it is the flow but orderly palTage of the caravans*
whole numerous attendants give life to this otlierwife fo~
litury empire of death. The large groups of attendant
guards, thofe of the merchants in their different coftuines,
a vaft retinue of laden camels, with an equal number of
Arab guides, trie horfes, a fifes, foot travellers, and per¬
haps a few inftruments of harfti mufic, give animation to
a feene nioft (Liking and picturefque, even in trie wildeft
regions of defolated nature.

Let us, however, abandon to the mercy of trie karnfin
thefe wild and barren waftes, to contemplate the fore¬
ground of this ftriking Egyptian picture, where the rich,
vale abounds with eternal vegetation — where the culti¬
vator can live for trirce-rialf-pence a day — where trie nioft
abundant crops of rice are produced — and where trie finelt
fugar-canes and plantations of indigo and cotton might be
cultivated, under trie benign influence of a- pure and
healthy climate, on tlie bank's of a river of an almoft mi¬
raculous defeription, tlie advantages of which cannot be
recapitulated. Here the vine-ftalk continues green through-
trie winter; tlie leaves only harden, become red, and dry*,
wliilft tlie end of trie branch perpetually renews its ver¬
dure ; trie creeping peale do tlie fame, their (talk becomes
woody, and they will rife forty feet high, and climb to
the tops of the tailed trees. Here we every where behold
tlie advantages of irrigation, extended by water-carriages*
locks, and flood-gates. Thefe Arabian works, made doubt-
lefs from ancient models, are as ufeful as well contrived;,
and, in' general, it appears that trie diftribution of the wa¬
ters in Upper Egypt for irrigation, is ordered with more-
intelligence, and effected witli Ampler means, than even
in China. Here are ftill no lefs than, eighty canals, like
rivers during trie inundation, fome thirty, fome forty,
leagues in length, receiving and diftributing trie waters-
over trie face of trie country. In tlie elevated tra-Cts or.
fpots, which cannot thus receive trie benefit of the Nile’s
iiicreafe, trie want is fupplied by a great number of wells*
fpiral pumps, and wheels which carry a rope of large
earthen pots, and draw water from trie canals. In this-
labour no lefs than two hundred thoufand men are faid
to be employed every day during trie feafon for irrigation*
befides thole who draw water in wicker balkets of fo fine
a texture t hat not a drop of trie liquid runs through.

The Egyptian riulbandmen have not trie laborious talk
of ploughing, digging, or breaking the clods; nor have
they any occafion for manure, becaufe trie Nile, by bring¬
ing with it a profufion of mud or (lime, fattens the earth*
and niak.es it exceedingly fruitful. When, therefore, the
river has retired, trie agriculturifts have no more to do
than to mingle a little land with trie earth in order to-
abate its ftrength, after which they call in their feed with
little trouble, and at an inconfiderable expence. Seed¬
time differs according to the province, and the height of
trie ground. Near Syene, wheat and barley are fown in
October, and reaped in January. About Girgeh, the har-
velt month is February, and March round Grand Cairo:
fieri is trie general progrefs of trie riarveft through trie Said.
There are many exceptions, according as tlie lands are
high or low, more or lels diftant from trie river. They
fow and reap all trie year in Lower Egypt, wherever they
can obtain trie water of trie river. Trie land is never fal¬
low, and yields three riarvefts annually ; there trie tra¬
veller incelTantly beholds trie charming profpedt of flow¬
ers, fruits, and corn ; and fpring, fummer, and autumn,
at once prefent their treafures. Defcending from the ca¬
taracts, at trie beginning of January, the wheat is feen
almoft ripe; farther on it is in ear; and .ftill farther trie
fields are green. Lucerne is mowed three times between
November and March, and is trie only hay of Egypt,
ferving chiefly to fodder trie cattle. All the country is
more or lefs fown with wheat, fainfoin, barley, beans,
leutiles, and doura or forgo, which is a kind of millet, cul-
tivated almoft univerfally in Upper Egypt. Wliilft trie
grain of this plant is ftill milky, the pealants roaft it like

niaize^,

S87

EGYPT.

maize, they chew the green (talk like the fugar-cane; the
leaves are food for cattle ; and the medulla or pith, when
dry, ferves for tinder ; the cane fupplies the place ot
wood for firing and heating the ovens ; flour is made ot
the grain itfelf, and cakes of the flour, but none of all
thefe parts are good. Thefe people manage their ovens
with great (kill, and (hew dexterity in almoft all their
avocations ; and as they have a paucity of tools, it is fur-
prifing how much they do with their fingers, the inftru-
jnents to which they are commonly reduced ; and with
their feet, with which they aflilt their hands wonderfully.
As workmen, the common people have one great recom¬
mendation, which is, that they are patient and unafTum-
ing, and ready to repeat their work till it is done to your
mind. They are eminently fober, adtive, laborious, and
perfevering ; and yet to reflect that a few tyrants exer-
cife abfolute empire over many hundred thou (and ot fitch
men, poffeffing fucli formidable qualities of body, ftrong-
ly impreffes on the mind the fadt that fonie perfons are
lulled by the habit of obedience, juft as the force of
command adts upon others ; and this (late continues till
one party dumber over their abufe of power, whilft the
others at lad awake at the noife of their chains.

The Egyptian art of hatching chickens has been al¬
ways peculiar to themfelves. See the article Egg, p. 2S5
of this volume. Their manner of raifing bees is not let's
extraordinary, and befpeaks great ingenuity. Upper Egypt
preferving its verdure only four or five months; the flow¬
ers and harveft being feen no longer, the people of Lower
Egypt profit by this circumftance, affembling on-board
their boats the bees of different villages. Each proprie¬
tor confides his hives, with his own mark, to the boat¬
man, who, when loaded, gently proceeds up the river, and
(tops at every ; 1 -ice where he finds verdure and flowers.
The bees (warm from their cells at break of day and
colled! their nedhir, returning fevrral times loaded with
booty, and, in the evening, re-enter their hives, without
ever miftaking their abode.

Tn Egypt, the camels do all the office of carts, by con¬
veying the provifions, and carrying away the filth : the
faddle-horfes and affes are chiefly devoted to tranfporting
patrengers from place to place, and they are feen in every
(freet fuddled, bridled, and always ready to dart. The
afs, which in Europe and the northern countries is heavy
and dull, appears quite in Its natural climate in Egypt ;
and it here enjoys all its powers in full perfection ; it is
healthyy adtive, and cheerful, the mildeft and fafetl ani¬
mal to mount that one can potlibly have ; his natural
pace is an amble or a gallop, and without fatiguing his.
rider, he carries him rapidly over the plains which lie
between the different towns.

The Egyptian horfes are of the true Arabian breed,
and are diftingtiifhed by the excellent qualities they pof-
fefs, as well as by the fine fymmetry of their proportions.
None but the Turks and Mamalukesare permitted to ride
on hoffeback, in order that a fufficient lupply of horfes
might always be obtained for their cavalry. For thort
journies, or rides of pleafure, all other perfons life mules
or affes ; but for travelling over the defert, camels and
dromedaries. The women ride attride like the men, on
a broad and elevated pad, covered with a piece of rich
Turkey or Perfian carpet.

The goats in Egypt are remarkably fine, the females
giving twice in the courfe of the day more than a quart
of milk ; to prefervc an ample fupply of which large
herds are kept. The mutton is good, and fold at a cheap
rate; us are alfo the geefe, fowls, pigeons, eggs, &c.
which are in great abundance throughout Egypt. The
fleflt of the buffalo fupplies the table with beef, which,
at the time the pafturage is in perfection, tome time after
the retreat of the inundation, is fat and good. The (mail
and delicate cows and oxen are on a variety of accounts-
£00 ufeful to be fiaughtered for food while in vigour.
They labour conftantly at the wheels by which the water
i> conveyed to the fields and gardens.

The principal fruits throughout Egypt are muflc and
water melons, final 1 apricots, grapes, oranges, pomegra¬
nates, citrons, a few plantains about Rofetta, and millions
of dates. The laft-mentioned fruit is the potatoe of this
country, the poor people living almoft entirely upon it.
The date-tree grows in large woods, thrives almoft every
where, and a fandy foil agrees perfectly well with it. The
peninfula of Aboukir, and great part of the fandy coun¬
try between Aboukir and Rofetta, are covered with them.
Numerous advantages are derived from this tree, every
part of which is made to fei ve fome purpofe. The fruit
is very ivholefome and palatable food, and tolerable bran¬
dy is made from it. The leaves are converted into ropes
for the gerrnes and other boats; the trunk of the tree
makes fuel, and is ufed alfo in the conftruction of their
lioufes. Wherever the date-tree is found, it is remark¬
able that water may be procured by finking wells.

The difeafes of Egypt are few, but extremely alarm¬
ing : the moff common are fever, ophthalmia, dylentery,
and plague. To the exceflive heat of the Cummer months,
the three firft of thefe maladies have been attributed.
But, were heat the only principle of thefe difeafes, the
Said would' not be habitable. Heat certainly difpofes the
blood to fever, and to which the inhabitants f'eem confe-
quently more or lefs fubjeCl ; and which they cure by re¬
gimen, drinking much water, and bathing in the river;
in other refpeCts they are flrong and healthy. Old men
are numerous,, and many ride on horfeback at eighty..
The food they eat in the hot feafon much contributes to
the prefervation of their health ; it is chiefly vegetables,,
pulfe, and milk. They bathe frequently, eat little; fel-
dom drink fermented liquors, and mix much lemon juice
in their food. This abflinence preferves vigour to a very
advanced age. The waters of the Nile are lighter, fofter,
and more agreeable to the tafte, than almoft any other.
In Lower Egypt, the neighbourhood of the fea, the large
lakes, and the abundance of the waters, moderate the
fun’s heat, and preferve a delightful temperature. The
greateft torment of the inhabitants are the gnats and
muf’quitos, which, riling by millions out of the marfhes,
fwarm in the air and the houfes. The handkerchief
mu ft be held in the hand all day. It is the firft thing a
vifitor receives, and at night it is neceftary to fleep under
mu fquiteros.

Opthalmia, or difeafes of the eyes, are the mod com¬
mon of all others in Egypt, where the blind are nume¬
rous.' Flight thoufand of thefe unfortunate people are
decently maintained in the great mofque of Cairo. The-
fmull pox is very common in Egypt, but without com¬
mitting great ravages. As to pulmonary difeafes, which,
in cold countries carry off lb many in the prime of youth,,
they are unknown in this more equable climate. The
unhealthy feafon in Egypt is from February till the end
of May, during which time they eat rice, vegetables,
frefli fill), and fruits ; bathing frequently, and ufing plenty
of perfumes and lemon juice, with which regimen they
prevent the dangerous effects of that fickly feafon, and
overcome the violence of dyfentery. But the mod fa¬
tal of all their maladies is the plague. Sonnini, Vol-
ney, Savary, &c. feem erroneoufly to have fuppofed that
this fever, now properly called epidemical or intermit¬
tent, was conftantly brought from Turkey in the (hips
charged with old clothes, which annually came to Alex¬
andria fora market; “but thefe, and limilar reafons,
(fays fir Robert Wilfon,) cannot any longer be maintain¬
ed, fince the plague lias generated annually in Egypt"
during the laft four years, although no fuch communica¬
tion had been poflible; and even chiefly commenced in
Upper Egypt. The fiource of this diiorder muft there¬
fore be fought for in thole phenomena with which t lie
appearance is connected. The plague commences in.
Egypt when the Nile begins to fall, and ceafes to be fatal,
almoft to a day, (many pretend precilely Co,) after the
17th of June, which is the period of the lunnner fol-
ftice, and when the Nile is fuppofed to receive the firft:

increafsL

388

EGYPT,

jncreafe. As the waters of the Nile retire from the fur-
face of the country they had inundated, a rich (lime of
confiderable condentity is left, which forms a foil fo pro¬
ductive, as to render Egypt the mod: fertile land in the
known world: but unfortunately this (lime, fubjeCted to
the univerfal laws of matter, is no fooner feparated from
its principle of aClion, than corruption enfues, and conti¬
nues until all the putrid juices are totally abforbed by
the' heat of the fun, which then leaves the ground per¬
fectly brittle, and full of filfures : the atmofphere at this
timeceafing to be tainted, the plague throughout Egypt
difappears. This theory, however natural to Egypt,
cannot be immediately applied to other countries, where
the plague annually rages ; but an examination into their
climate, foil, and the cuftoms of the people, will proba¬
bly prove the pofition, that the plague is local, occa-
fioned by a corrupted (tale of atmofphere, and never in¬
troduced by contagion."

Dr. White, an Englifh phyfician, attached to the army
of Egypt, determined to difcover if this malady, fo de-
dructive to a large portion of the globe, and which filled
with apprehenfion the remainder, could not be checked,
or rendered lefs virulent, by tli£ introduction of inocula¬
tion. Refolving to become the patient of his own fpe-
culation, during the time the plague raged at Rofetta,
he inoculated himfelf with matter taken from an infeCled
perfon. The attempt failed twice; the third proved fa¬
tal : in three days after the fymptoms appeared he died,
falling a much-to-be-lamented victim to a didintereded
zeal, benevolently and intrepidly directed for the benefit
and happinefs of the community. — “The fever called
plague, (fays fir Robert Wilfon,) is not attended with
any corporeal pain ; torpor tranquillizes all fenfibility of
mind, and the hour of dilfolution is expected with apathy.
The crifis is death, or complete recovery.

Dr. Wittman, however, who compiled an Hidorical
Journal of the Plague, during his continuance with the
Turkifh army in Syria and Egypt, is decidedly of opi¬
nion that the plague is extremely contagious ; but thinks
it may be generated by mephitic air — by the dime left on
the fliores after the inundations of the Nile — by the flench
of carrion, or all kinds of dead carcafes, as well as from
the filth, flench, and confined hovels, of fuch multitudes
of poor miferable inhabitants. See the article Medicine.
So little do the people of the country dread this difeafe,
that Ibrahim Bey encamped on the very burial-ground at
El-Arifh, where the bodies of feveral thoufands of per-
fons who had fallen victims to the plague during the
eourfe of the lad fix weeks, were interred. “ His own
tent, (fays Dr. Wittman,) covered a part of the graves!”

Egypt, in curious fubjecls of Natural Iiidory, is rather
limited. Its mineralogy is not opulent, nor does it feem
ever to have produced any of the metals. A mountain
towards tire Red Sea is Riled that of emeralds ; and even
now the bed emeralds are by the Perdans called thofe of
Said, or Upper Egypt: but the mines are no longer
worked, and even t lie (pot feems unknown. Wad has
publifned an account of Egyptian fodils, from ancient
fragments in the mufeurn of cardinal Borgia at Veletri.
They are of red granite ; white granite with hornblende ;
grey felfpar, and black hornblende. The porphyry leems
petrolilex with fpots of felfpar. There is alio a little
fragment, w ith hieroglyphics, of micaceous fchidus, con¬
fiding of brownidi black mica: other remains are of
land-done, and fand-done brefcia, felfpar, Terpentine,
lapis oil. iris, white marble with veins of diver mica,
fwine-done, what is called green bafalt by the Italians,
and jafperof various kinds ; with topaz, or the chryfolite
of the ancients, amethyd, rock crydal, calcedony, onyx,
carnelian, heliotrope, obfidian, lazulite; but there feem
to be none of emerald. Many are of bafalt, or the
Ethiopic done of Herodotus and Strabo; Pliny adding
that the native word means iron .- the Egyptian is fome-
times a grunden, being black hornblende with veins of
felfpar; and particles of hornblende are vifible in all
thefe bafalts. Thefe notices become interelling, as the

Egyptians were the fir d inventors of fculpture and archi¬
tecture, and the original materials may judly excite cu-
riofity. Befides the natron lakes, there are fome mineral
fprings, and one of fait water near Cairo, which is flip-
pofed to have medical virtues.

With regard to botanical productions, it is by no means
eafy to didinguidi its native vegetables from thofe which
have been introduced at various periods for profit or plea,
fure, and have gradually naturalized themfelves in the
foil of Egypt. Wherever the annual inundations extend,
a number of feeds, brought down by the torrent from
Ethiopia and Abydinia, mud be depofited together with
the fertilizing mud, which, vegetating regularly every
year, are probably midaken for truly indigenous plants.
We fitall therefore mention fuch of the Egyptian vege¬
tables as are of mod importance, either by their prefect
ufe or ancient fame, without being folicitous to examine
whether they are real natives, or naturalized drangers.
The lotus and papyrus have always been the appropriate
decorations of the god of the Nile : the former of thefe
is a fpecies of nymphaea or water lily, which at the retreat
of the inundation covers all the canals and (hallow pools
with its broad round leaves, among which are its cup-
fiiaped blodoms of pure white, or caerulean blue, repofing
with inimitable grace on the furface of the„water. The
papyrus, facred to literature, after having long vanidied
from the borders of the Nile, has at length been again
recognized in the cyperus papyrus of the Linnaean fydem.
(See the article Cyperus, vol. v. p.525.) The arum
colocalia of ancient fame is dill cultivated in Egypt for
its large efculent roots. The Egyptian fycamore (ficus
fycomorus), probably introduced from the oppcdte fhore
of Arabia, is of peculiar value from its fruit, its depth
of diade, and the vigour with which it grows, even on
the Tandy frontiers of the defert. The date palm, the
pidachia, the oriental plane, and the bead-tree, adorn the
(bores, and are cultivated in the vicinity of mod of the
towns. The cyprefs overdiadows the burial grounds,
and the caperbufii roots itfelf in the ruins of Egypt. The
fenna, the mi mo I a nilotica, and the henne (Lawfonia
inermis), are alfo charaCteriftic of Egypt ; from the latter
ot thefe, the women prepare that yellow dye with which
they tinge the nails of their fingers. All the mod ex-
quifite of the European fruits, fuch as the almond, the
orange, pomegranate, fig, peach, and apricot, are culti¬
vated here with great ailiduity and fuccefs ; the various
kinds of melons and gourds grow to full perfection, and
compofe no unimportant portion of the food of the inha¬
bitants ; and mingled with thefe productions of the tem¬
perate regions are found the plantain, the fugar-cane, the
cotton, and a few others, that have formerly been im¬
ported hither from the tropical climates.

Contemplating the matchlefs fertility of the vale of
Egypt, we cannot but notice the two magnificent profpects
which it exhibits at two very different (eafonsof the year.
If the traveller afcends either of the mountains, or one
of the great pyramids near Cairo, in the month of July
or Augud, lie beholds with amazement a fpacious fea,
fpotted with innumerable towns and villages, interfeCled
with feveral caufeys, and occalionally contraded with
groves and orchards ; w hile a magnificent difplay of fyl-
van and mountainous fcenery bounds the delightful view,
and terminates a mod excprifite horizon at the utniod dis¬
tance the eye can pollibly reach. On the contrary, if the
view be taken in winter, that is, in the months of January
and February, the whole country refembles one extenfive
meadow clothed with the fined verdure, and enamelled
with an infinite variety of flowers; the plains are embel-
liihed with numberlefs flocks and herds ; the mild ze¬
phyrs are impregnated with the fweet odours that rife
from the orange and lemon groves, and the air is altoge.
ther fo pure and falubrious, t hat a more healthful or
agreeable fpot cannot be found in the univerfe ; and, for
this reafon, nature, which in winter feems to droop and
languilh in every other climate, appears at this time to
triumph in the delights of her Egyptian abode.

s ' ' EGYPTIANS*

E H R

E II R

EGYPTIANS, the natives of Egypt: an appellation
rdfo beftt wed on a lingular defcription of wandering vaga¬
bonds in England, called gypjies. See the article Gypsev.

EHIN'GEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Swa¬
bia : twelve miles fouth-weft of Ulm, and forty-eight
weft of Auglburg. See Ebingen.

"EH'LE, a river of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Saxony, which runs into the Elbe, near Magdeburg.

EH'RENBERG, a citadel of Germany, in the county
of Tyrol, on the frontiers of Swabia : forty miles north-
eaft of Infpruck.

EHRENBR EIT'STEIN, a fortrefs of Germany, in
the Lower electorate, and confidered as the key of the
Rhine and the Mofelle, near Coblentz, on the oppofite
fide of the Rhine.

EH'REXBURG, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Weftphalia, and county of Hoya : eighteen miles- weft-
fouth-weft of Hoya.

EH'RENFELS, or E-hrnfels, a lordftiip of Germany,
in the circle of Bavaria, and principality of Neuburg, to
which it was ceded in 1567. It gives a feat in the alfem-
bly of the circle, and pays thirty-fix florins for a Roman
month. It takes its name from a fortrefs, thirteen miles
north-weft of Ratilbon.

EHRENFRIE'DERSDORF, or Irberdorf, a town
of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, in the circle
of Erzgeburg, founded in 1407 ; near it are tin mines,
formerly very rich : three miles weft of Wolkenftein.

EH'RENSLEIN, a town and ancient caftle of Ger¬
many, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and principality of
Schwartzburg Rudolftadt : ten miles north-weft of Saal-
field .

EH'RET (George-Dionyftus), a very excellent bota¬
nical painter, fan to the gardener of the prince of Baden-
Durlach, bern in that country in 1710. At a very early
age, without inftrudfion, he took to drawing and painting
flowers, and had executed five hundred pieces with won¬
derful accuracy, when he was made known to Dr. Trew,
of Nuremberg’, who purchafed the whole at double the
price he let upon them. Having, with the thoughtlelT-
nefs of a young man, diflipated the fum which he had
thus raifed, he went to Bafil, where, ftimulated by ne-
ceflity, he refumed his labours, and produced many ad¬
mit able fpecimens of his (kill. He then vifited France
and England, fupporting himfelf by th.e practice and t he
teaching of his art. In 1736 he was employed in the
garden of Mr. Clifford in Holland, where he met with
Linnaeus, who inftruCied him in his fyftem. His fine tafte
and botanical accuracy of delineation were publicly dif-
playea in the figures of the Hortus C/imrtianus, which ap¬
peared in 1737. He returned to England about 1740,
and fpent the remainder of his days in this country. He
was employed by various lovers oi natural hiftory, whole
cabinets he enriched with his works. The late duchefs
of Portland poifetTed near three hundred paintings of
exotics, and five hundred of Englilh plants, upon vel¬
lum, highly finifhed by his hand. Several of his pieces
are in the Britilh Mufeum, probably from the collections
of Sloane and Mead, both of whom employed him; the
latter generoufly advanced his price. Fie was accuftomed
for feverul years to pals fome of the fummer months at
the feat of Ralph Wiilet, efq. of Merly, Dorfetlhire, in
the library of which is a copious collection of his per¬
formances. For his fir (t patron, Dr. Trew, he painted a
number of figures of rare plants in the Englilh botanical
gardens, of which one hundred have been engraved, and
publiihed under the title of Plant# Scled#, &c. in ten de-
cads, from 1750 to 1773, with the illuftrations of Dr.
Trew and Dr. Vogel, forming one ot the moft fplc.ndid
works in botany. Ehret drew the figures of Brown’s
Hiftory of Jamaica, in forty plates. He both drew and
engraved a fet of fifteen plates of exotics, each containing
two or three plants, with a foreign butterfly. He was
elected a fellow of the royal fociety, a diftinCtion he de¬
served for the fcientific knowledge which he pollefled,
Vol. VI. N0.358.

ssy

and which greatly contributed to the truth of his pencil.
He married a lifter of Philip Miller, of Chelfea, and ob¬
tained a moderate independence by the practice of his
art, which he continued as long as he lived. He died in
1770.

EHRE'TI A, f. [fo named after that ingenious artift and
botanift, G. D. FJirct.~\ In botany, a genus of the clafs pen-
taiulri 1, order monogynia, natural order afperifoliae, (bor-
ragin cx, JuJf.) The generic characters are — Calyx: pe-
rianthium one-leafed, bell-ftiaped ; half five-cleft, obtufe,
very fmall, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled ; tube
longer than the calyx ; border five cleft ; divifions fdme-
vvhat ovate, flat. Stamina: filaments five, fubulate, pa¬
tulous, length of the corolla; antherre roundifli, incum¬
bent. Piftillum : germ roundifli ; ftyle filiform, thicker
above, length of the ftamens ; ftigma obtufe, emarginate.
Pericarpium: berry roundifli, one-celled. Seeds: four,
convex on one lide, cornered on the other. — EJfential Cha-
rader. Berry two-celled ; leeds folitary, two-celled ; ftig¬
ma emarginate.

Species, i. Ehretia tinifolia, or tinus-leaved ehretia :
leaves oblong-ovate, quite entire, fmooth ; flowers pani-
cled. This is an upright tree, from twenty to thirty feet
high, with an oblong thick head. Leaves alternate,
veined, blunt, about four inches long, on Ihort petioles.
Flowers numerous, white, fmall. Berry fpherical, at
fir ft yellow', then black. Seeds two, hemifpherical, two-
celled. Native of Cuba and Jamaica ; flowering there in
January and February. In Jamaica, where it is pretty
common in the lower lands, and known by the name of
bafiard cherry-tree, it riles generally to the height of fix-
teen or twenty feet-: the berries are fmall, and feldom
exceed the largeft of our European currants in fize. They
ferve to feed poultry, and are fometimes eaten by the
poorer fort of people. Mr. Miller received the feeds
from Jamaica, in 1734. The plants grew here to the
height of eight or nine feet, and produced flowers, but
not feeds. He w ill not allow that it is Sloane’s plant : the
leaves in this being fmoother, longer, and more pointed,
and the corymb of flowers much longer than in Sloane’s
plant.

2. Ehretia fpinofa, or thorny ehretia: thorny. This
tree has a trunk three or four inches in diameter, dividing
almoft clofe to the- ground ufually in three parts, which
run up twenty-five or. thirty feet high : thefe having put
out a few fimilar bought: in their progrefs, fcarcely /.train
the length of ten feet before they are bowed back to the
ground, and require fupport from the boughs of the
neighbouring trees : they have many very ihort lateral
branches fcatteringly dilpofed; their bark is alb-colour¬
ed, arid fmooth. Strong, woody, Ihort, very thick, awl-
fhaped, (pines, are feattered over the trunk, principal
boughs, and fecondary branches; the oldcft of thefe fre¬
quently put forth from their middle a perpendicular leafy
branchlet of the fame length with themfelves. Leaves
oblong, Ihining, three or four inches long, uncertain in
their number, but ufually five or fix from the fame tu¬
bercle, falling off every year. Flowers very many, fmall,
with yellowilh corollas. The fegments of the ftyle may
be regarded as a two-parted ftigma, whence with a glals
appears an opening to the germ itfelf. Fruit the fize of
a pea, and red. Native of Carthagena, in New Spain;
flowering in Auguft, and bearing fruit in October. It is
called there cacaracacara, and differs much in habit from
the preceding ; they agree, however, in the flower, ex¬
cept in the calyx and ftyle.

3. Ehretia Bourreria, or oval-leaved ehretia : leaves
ovate, quite entire, fmooth ; flowers in a kind of corymb ;
calyxes fmooth. This is a fmall inelegant tree, having an
adult habit ; in Curasao often above fifteen feet high, in
Martinico leldom five. Trunk unequal, with a chinky
bark. Branches very many, irregular. Leaves alternate,
petioled, quite entire, various ; obtufe, acute or emargi¬
nate ; on rocks fmooth, elfewhere rugged; differing in
fize, oblong, ovate, See. Racemes corymbed, terminating.

5 G Flowers

S90 E H R

Flowers Tweet. Corollas wliite, with r.otindifh fegments.
Berries (billing, faffron or orange-coloured, pulpy, Tweet,
Tucculent, more quadrangular as they are larger; eaten
by children, and the natives. This (pecies is the con-
nedling link between Ehretia and Cordia. Native of the
Wed Indies, growing from the crevices' of rocks, where
there is no foil. According to Dr. P. Browne, it grows
in the fuvannas of Jamaica ; it is there called poifon-berries :
the French name it hois cabril batard. It feldom ri.fes above
fourteen or fifteen feet ; the berries are of a faffron colour.
Browne named it Boumria, afjter Mr. Bearer, (or rather
Beurer,) ah apothecary of Nuremberg, who was a great
promoter of natural hiflory. Cultivated in 1758 by Mr.
Miller, who received the feeds from Surinam.

4. Ehretia exfticca, 'or dry-fruited ehretia : leaves
wedge-form-lanceolate, with the edge reflex. This is a
luiall tree, fifteen feet in height; fometime? eredl, fome-
time's fupporting itfelf on oth.er trees. Leaves ovate,
acute, very fmooth, alternate, pe tidied, two inches. long.
Flowers having a flight degree of fweetnefs, much larger
than in the preceding ones ; corollas white, ^vith he.art-
fliaped fegments. Frequent about Carthagena, in moun¬
tain woods ; flowering from May to Augufl, and ripen¬
ing the feeds in Odtober.

5. Ehretia virgata, or twiggy ehretia : leaves oblOng,
entire, rugged on the upper furface; branches filiform;
flowers terminating, fcattered ; calyxes hirfute. Native
of Hifpaniola.

Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants are too tender to
thrive abroad in England, where they require a moderate
warm (love in winter; but when the plants have acquired
flrength, they may be placed in the open air during the
heat of the funimer, but it (hould be in a flieltered litua-
tion ; and when the evenings grow cold in the autumn,
they in lift be removed into flicker. They are propagated
by feeds, when thefe can be obtained. Sow them in (mail
puts, plunged into a hot-bed. They may alfo be in-
creafed by layers, but thefe are long'before they put out
foots. See Lycium.

EHR FEL'DEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of
the Upper Rhine, and principality of Hefie Darmftadt :
eight miles well of Darmftadt.

EHRHAR'TA, f. [fo named in honour of Frederic
E/ir/iart, a native of Svviflerland, a very diligent and acute
obferver. Linn. Suppl. ] In botany, a genus of the. clafs
hexandria, order monogynia, or digynia. The generic
characters are — Calyx : glume one-flowered, two-valved,
ovate, concave, fhorter than the corolla, patulous; one
valve a little larger than the other, and membranaceous.
Corolla: double; outer two-valved ; valves oblong, com¬
plicate, keeled, retufe, tranfverfely wrinkled, three times
as long as the calyx, villofe on the outlide of the bafe ;
inner a little (horter, keeled, with a fmooth even furface ;
neftary two-leaved, very fmall ; leaflets jagged and ci-
liate, involving the genitals. Stamina: filaments fix, ca¬
pillary, very fliort; antherae upright, linear, emarginate,
fhorter than the corolla. Pifiillum : germ ovate ; flyle
compreffed, very fliort, fmooth ; ftigma (iniple, villofe. Pe-
ricarpium : none. Seed: (ingle, ovate, fmooth. — EJfcntial
CharaS.er. Calyx, a two-valved one-flowered glume ; co¬
rolla, double, each two-valved; the outer comprefled.

Species. 1. Ehrharta cartilagineo, or cartilaginous ehr¬
harta: culm undivided; panicle Ample; outer corolla
-retufe, almoft awnlefs ; edge of the leaves cartilaginous,
and curled. This is an extremely beautiful fmooth grafs:
root fibroii6, perennial ; culm erect, jointed,- from a foot
and a half to two feet high ; joints about five ; leaves
flieathing, enfiform, the lower ones a hand in length, the
_ upper ones much (horter; di-Ik fmooth ; edge cartilagi¬
nous and crenulate, fcabrous; panicle oblong, confiding
of fifteen or twenty flowers; peduncles capillary, loofe,
flexuofe, in threes, pairs or folitary, Ample or fometimes
a little branched, growing thicker at the top ; flowers
drooping; calycine glume coloured at the bafe, outer co-
rolline glume violet, inner becoming pale; bundles of

E I C

villofe hairs very white and Aiming; nectary and filaments
white; antherae yellow. Firft obferved at the Cape by
Thunberg.

2. Ehrharta bulbofa, or bulbous ehrharta: culm undi¬
vided ; panicle branched, many-flowered ; outer corolla
retufe, awned. Lamarck confounds this with the fore¬
going. fpecies, from which it is very diftinft.

3,. Ehrharta longiflora,-or long-fh'nvered ehrharta: culm
Ample ; panicle branched, many-flowered ; outer corolla
mucronate, tubercled, and hifpid ; flowers tliree-ftamened,
Obferved at the. Cape by Mafion.

•4. Ehrharta panicea, or panicled ehrharta: culm di¬
vided; panicle fomewhat branched ; flowers ereft, tvvo-
ftyled. Though the flyle appears to he Angle at the bafe,
yet it has two ftignias, as in the grades and oryza (rice),
after which it fliouid be placed, linoe it ha-s a great affi¬
nity with it. Sonnerat brought it from the Cape in the
year 17 76-. ,

5. Ehrharta .calycina, or calycined ehrharta: culm
branched ; panicle almoft Ample..; calyx coloured equal¬
ling the corolla. Brought from the Cape by Sparrman.

EH'RICH (Grofs), a town of Germany, in the circle
of Upper Saxony, and county of Schvvartzburg :. four
miles vvefi: of Grcuflen.

EHR'NAU, a town of Germany, in the duchy.of Stiria:
fix miles north of Knittelfeld.

EHRN'HAUSEN, a towi\ of Germany, in the duchy
of Stiria, at the conflux of the Salm and the Muehr: ter.
miles north of Mahrburg.

EIIRN'SFR UNN, a town of Germany, in the arch¬
duchy of Auftria : eight miles Couth of Laab.

E'HUD -[Yinx Heb. praifing.] A judge of Ifrael.' He
was the foil of Gera, a Benjamite, a man left-handed,
who delivered Ifrael from the opprellion of Eglon king
of Moab. Judges iii. 15, &c. *

EI’A, a river of Rulfia, vvliich runs into the Sea of
Azoph, at Eifxoi.

, FIFA, or Ey,/. in our old writers,, are tifed for an
iflartd. Hence tiie names of places ending in ey, denotes
them to be iflands. Thus, Ramfey, the ifie of rams;
Sheppey, the ille of (beep, &c. Eia is_ alfo fometimes
it fed for water ; and lienee the names o-f places near waters
or lakes terminate in ey '.

To EJA'CULATE, v. a. [ 'cjaculor , Lat.J To throw ;
to (boot ; to dart out. — Being rooted fo little way in the
(kin, nothing near fo deeply as the quills of fowls, they
are the more eafily ejaculated. Grew.

The mighty magnet from the center darts

This (Irong, though fnbtile force, through all the parts :

Its adlive rays, ejaculated thence,

Irradiate all the wide circumference. BlackmoreT

EJ ACULA'TION, f. The act of darting or throwing
out. — There feemeth to be acknowledged, in the aft of
envy, an ejaculation or irradiation of the eye. Bacon. — A
fhort prayer darted out occafionally, without folemn re¬
tirement. — In your dre fling let there be ejaculation fitted to
the feveral adtions of dreffing ; as at walking your hands,
pray God to cleanfe your foul from fin. Taylor.

EJ A'CUL AT ORY, adj. Suddenly darted out puttered
in fljoft fentences. — The continuance of this pofhire might
incline to eafe and drowfinefs ; they ufed it rather upon
feme fliort ejaculatory prayers, than in their larger devo¬
tions. Dap pa. — Sudden ; hafty. — We are not to value our-
felves upon the merit of ejaculatory repentances, that take
us by fits and darts. V EJlrange .

EI'BESWALD, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Stiria: fixteen miles foutli of Voitlberg.

EI'CETzE, called alfo Heicette, and FIicet.e, here¬
tics of the feventh century, who made profeflion of the
monadic life.

EICH'ENBUHL, a town of Germany, in the circle of
the Lower Rhine, and deflorate of Mentz : three miles
fouth-eafi: of Miltenberg.

EICH'HOLZ, a town of Germany, in the circle of

Upp.e*

• E J £

Upper Saxony, and principality of Anhalt Zeibft: three
miles fouth-weft of Zerbft.

EICH'IGT, a town of Germany, in th.e circle of Up¬
per Saxony, and circle of Erzgeburg : four miles fouth
of Erzgeburg.

EICH'iV^E D, a town of Pmfiia, in the province of Na-
tangen : fix miles fouthi-fonth-cafl: of Raftenburg.

EICHS'FELD, or Eisfelp, a country of Germany, in
the circle of the Lower Rhine, bounded by Ileffe, Thu¬
ringia, Calijnberg, and Grubenhagen, divided by moun¬
tains into Upper and Lower ; the Upper is cold and
mountainous, the Lower, flat, warm, and fertile, bearing
corn, flax, and toitacco : the inhabitants of the Upper
part are principally engaged in manufactures. The whole
country belongs, to the electorate of Mentz. The prin¬
cipal towns are Heiligenftadt, Duderftadt, and Stadtvvor-
bis. The contributions amount to 4.5,000 imperial crowns;
the nobility pay 21S to each thoufand, the bailiwicks 500,
the clergy 100, and the towns of Heiligenftadt and Duder¬
ftadt 182.

EICK'EL, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft-
plralia, and county of Mark : two miles feuth-eaft of
Giimberg.

' EI'DE, a town of Norway : thirty-fix miles eaft-fouth-
eaft of Berghen.

ELDER, a river which, in a great part of its courfe,
divides the duchy of Slefvvick from the^luchy of FIol-
■ftein, and runs into the German ocean twelve miles well,
fouth-weft of Lunden.

El'DER-DUCK. See Anas.'

EID'WALD, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leit-
meritz : fixteen miles weft-north-weft: of Leitnieritz.

To EJE'CT, v. a [ejicio, ejcclum, Lat.] To throw out;
to caft forth ; to avoid, — Tears may fpoil the eyes, but
not wafli away the afflidtion ; fighs may exhauft the man,
.but not eject the burthen. South.

Infernal lightning Lillies from his throat L
Fjcttcd fparks upon the billows float !

The heart, as faid, from its contracted cave’,

On the left fide ejects the bounding wave. Black-more.
To throw out or expel from an office or poffeflion :

It was the force of Gonqueft ; force with force
Is well ejected, when the conquer’d can. Milton,

To expel ; to drive away ; to difmifs with hatred :

We are peremptory to difpatch
This viperous traitor; to ejeEl him hence. Shakcfpcarc.

To caft: away ; to rejedt. — Will any man fay, that if the
words whoring and drinking were by parliament ejeded
out of the Englifh tongue, we ftiould all awake next morn¬
ing chafte and temperate, Swift. 1

EJEC'T!ON,yi [ejeffio, Lat. ] The act of carting out ;
expulfion. — Thefe ftories are founded on the ejedion of
-the fallen angels from heaven. Broome. — [In phyfic.] The
dilcharge of any thing by vomit, ftool, or any other
•emundtory. Quincy.

EJEC'TION, f. in Scots law, the procefs of turning
out the poflefTor of any heritable fubjedt, by force.

EJECTIO'NE CUSTO'Dl/E, J. [ 'ejeElment de garde,
Fr.j A writ which lies againft: him that cafteth out the
guardian from any land during the minority of the heir.
Reg. Orig. 162. There are two other writs not unlike
this ; the one termed ravfhmcnt de gard , and the other
■droit de gard. See the article Guardian.

EJECT'MENT, f. in law, an adlion by which a per-
fon oufted or amoved from the poffeftion of an eftate for
years, may recover that pofleftion ; winch action is now
ftfed as the general mode of trying difputed titles to
lands and tenements. A writ of ejdlione firm*, or 'adlion
of trefpafs in ejedtment, l.ieth where lands or tenements
are let for a term of years, and afterwards the leffor, rever-
fioner, remainder-man, or any ftranger, doth ejett or ouft
the leffee of his term. In this cafe he (hull have his writ
of ejection or ejedt merit, to call the defendant to anfvver

• E j E - SO l

for entering on the lands fo demifed to the plaintiff for
a term that is nofyet expired, and ejedting him. Anil
by this writ the plaintiff Eli all recover back his term, la¬
the remainder of it, with damages.

Since the difufe of real actions, this rnixt proceeding is
become t lie common method of trying the title .to lands
or tenements. The writ of covenant, for breach of the
contract contained in t he leafe for years, was .anciently
the only fpecific remedy for recovering againft tiie lelfor
a term from which he had ejected his leffee, together
with damages for the-oufter. But if the leffee was ejected
by a ftranger claiming under a title fuperior to that of the
leffor, or by a grantor of the reverfion, (who might at
any time, by a common recovery, have deftroyed the
term,) though the leffee might flill maintain an action
of covenant againft the. leffor, for non-performance of his
contraCt or leafe, yet he could not by any means recover
the term itfelf. F.N.B. 145, If the oufter was commit¬
ted by a mere ftranger, without any title to the land, the
leffor might, indeed, by a real aCtior, recover pofT}ftioa
of the freehold, but the leffee had no otiier remedy againft'
the ejector but in damages, by a writ of ejeclionc jirma, for
the trefpa'fs committed in ejecting him from his farm.
But afterwards, when the courts of equity began to oblige
the ejedtor to make a fpecific reftitution of the .land to
the party immediately injured, the courts of law alfo
adopted the fame method of doing complete j office ; and,
in the profecution of a writ of ejeCtment, introduced a
f.pecies of remedy not warranted by the original writ,
nor prayed by the declaration; viz. a judgment to re¬
cover the term, and a writ of poffeflion thereupon. This
method feems to have been fettled as early as the reign
of Edward IV. though it hath been faid to have firft be¬
gun under Henry VII. becaufe it probably was then firft
applied to its prefent principal ufe, that of trying the ti¬
tle of the land. Bro. Ab.- F. N. B. 220.

This remedy by ejectment is, in its origin, an adlion
brought by one who hath a leafe for years, to repair the
injury done him by difpojTefiion. In order, therefore, to
convert it into a method of trying titles to the freehold, it
is firff neceffary that the claimant do take poffeftion of the
lands, to empower him to conftitute a leffee for years, that
may be capable of receiving this injiiry of difpofi'eflion.
For it would be an offence, called in our law maintenance,
to convey a title to another, when the grantor is not in
poffeflion of the land ; and, indeed, it was doubted at firft,
whether this occalional pofleffion, taken merely for the
purpofe of conveying the title, excufed the lelfor from
the legal guilt of maintenance. 1 Ch. Rep. Ap. 39. When,
therefore, a perfon, who hath a right of entry into lands,
determines to acquire that poireflion, which is wrongfully
withheld by the prefent tenant, he makes (as by law he
may) a formal entry on the premifes, and being fo in the
poffeilion of the foil, he there, upon the land, feals and
delivers a leafe for years to fome third perfon or lefiee ;
and, having thus given him entry, leaves him in poftef-
fion of the premifes. This leffee is to ftay upon the ldnd,
till the prior tenant, or lie who had the previous poftef-
fion, enters thereon a-frefh and oufts him ; or till fome
other perfon (either by accident or by agreement before¬
hand) comes upon the land, and turns him out, or ejects
him. For this injury the leffee is entitled to his action
of ejedlment againft the tenant ; or his cafual ejector,
whichever it was that oufted him, to recover back iris
term tuid damages. But where this adlion is brought
againft fuch a cafual ejedtor as is before mentioned, and
not againft the very tenant in poffeftion, the court will
not fuffer the tenant to lofe his poflelfion without an op=
portunity to defend it. Wherefore it is a handing rule,
that no plaintiff fhall proceed in ejedlnient to recover
lands againft: a cafual ejedtor, without notice given to the
tenant in pofleffion, (if any there be,) and making him a
defendant ;f he pleafes. And, in order to maintain the
adlion, the plaintiff muft, in cafe of any defence, make
out four points before the court j viz. title, leafe, entry,’
s and

SQ'2 E J EC T

and ouder. Fird, he mud fhew a good title in his leffor,
which brings the matter of right entirely before the court;
then, that the lefiTbr, being feifed or po defied by virtue
ot fuch title, did make him the leafe for' the prefent
term ; thirdly, that he, the lelfee, or plaintiff, did enter
or take pofieflion in confequence of fuclt leafe ; and, lad-
ly, that the defendant ouded or ejeCted him. Where¬
upon lie {hall have judgment to recover his term and da¬
mages ; and {hall in confequence have a writ of polfedion,
which the lheriff-is to execute, by delivering him the un-
didurbed and peaceable poffeflion of his term.

This is the regular method of bringing an aCtion of
ejeCtment, in which the title of the leffor comes collate¬
rally and incidentally before the court, in order to fliew
the injury done to theleffee by this oufler. This method
mufl be {fill continued in due form and driCtnefs, (fave
only as to the notice to the tenant,) whenever the polfef-
fion is vacant, or there is no actual occupant of the pre-
mifes ; and alfo in fome other cafes. But, as much trou¬
ble and formality were found to attend the actual making
of the leafe, entry, and oufter, a new and more eafy me.
tliod- of trying titles by writ of ejectment, where there is
any actual tenant or occupier of the premifes in dilpute,
was invented by the lord chief juftice Rolle. Sty I. PraB.
Reg. 10S. This new method entirely depends upon a
firing of legal fictions-; no aCtual leafe is made, no actual
entry by the plaintiff, no aiftual oufter by the defendant,
but all are merely ideal, for the foie purpofe of trying
the title. To this end, in the proceedings, a leafe for a
term of years is fluted to have been made, by him who
claims title, to the plaintiff who brings the aCtion ; as,
by John Rogers to Richard Smith, which plaintiff ought
to be fome real perfon, and not merely an ideal fictitious
one who hath no exiftence, as is frequently, though un¬
warrantably, praCtifed. 6 Mod. 309. It is alfo dated that
Smith the leffee entered ; and that the defendant, Wil¬
liam Stiles, who is called the cafual ejeCtor, ouded him ;
for which ouder he brings this aCtion. As foon as this
aCtion is brought, and the complaint fully dated in the
declaration, Stiles, the cafual ejeCtor, or defendant, fends
a written notice to the tenant in poffedion of the lands,
e.g. George Saunders, informing him of the aCtion brought
by Smith, and tranfmitting him a copy of the declara¬
tion ; withal alluring him that he, Stiles, the defendant,
lias no title at all to the premifes, and (hall make no de¬
fence ; and therefore aclvidng the tenant to appear in
court and defend his own title; otherwife he, the cafual
ejeCtor, will fuffer judgment to be had againft him ; and
thereby the a filial tenant, Saunders,* will inevitably be
turned out of poffeflion. On receipt of this caution, if
the tenant in pofl'eflion does not within a limited time
apply to the court to be admitted a defendant in the dead
of Stiles, he is fiippofed to have no right at all ; and,,
upon judgment being had againd Stiles, the cafual ejec¬
tor, Saunders, the real tenant, will be turned out of pof¬
fedion by the fherid'.

But, if the tenant in poffedion applies to be made a de¬
fendant, it is allowed him upon this condition, that he
enter into a rule of court to confefs, at the trial of the
c.iufe, three of t lie four requidtes for the maintenance of
the plaintiff’s action ; viz. the leafe of Rogers the leffor,
the entry of. Smith the plaintiff, and his oufter by Saun¬
ders himfelf, now made the defendant indead of Sides ;
which requidtes being wholly fictitious, fhould the de¬
fendant put the plaintiff to prove them, he mud of courfe
be non-fuited for want of evidence ; but, by Inch dipu-
lated confedion of leafe, entry, and oufter, the trial will
now dand upon the merits of the title only. This done,
the declaration is altered by inferting the name of George
Saunders (the tenant) indead of William Stiles ; and the
caufe goes down to trial under the name of Smith, (the
■plaintiff,) on the demife of Rogers (the leli'or) againd
Saunders the now defendant. And herein ^he leffor of
the plaintiff is bound to make out a clear title, otherwife
his fictitious leffee cannot obtain judgment to have pof-

TV1 E -N T.

fedion of the land fpr the term fiippofed to be granted
But, if the leffor makes out his title in a Satisfactory man.
ner, then judgment and a writ of poffedion (hall go for
Smith, the nominal plaintiff', who, by this trial, has proved
the right of Rogers, his fuppofed leffor.

Yet, to prevent fraudulent recoveries of the poffeflion,
by collufion with the tenant of the land, all tenants are
obliged by 11 Geo. II. c. 19. on pain of forfeiting three
years rent, to give notice to their landlords, when they
are ferved with any declaration in ejeCtment : and any
landlord may, by leave of the court, be made a co-de¬
fendant to the action, in cafe the tenant himfelf appears
to it, or, if he makes default, though judgment mud be
then figned againd the cafual ejector, yet execution diall
be dayed, in cafe the landlord applies to be made a de¬
fendant, and enters into the common rule ; a right which,
indeed tire landlord had, long before the provifion of tiiis
datute. (Salk. 257. Burr. 1301.) in like manner as (pre¬
vious, to the datute of Wedminder, 2. c. 3.) if in a real-
aCtron the tenant of the freehold made default, tire re¬
mainder-man, or reverfioner, had a right to come in and
defend the poffeflion, led, if judgment were had againd-
the tenant, the edate of thofe behind drould be turned
to a naked riglrt. BraEt. lib. 5. c. 10. Bin a tenant to a
mortgagor who does not give him notice of an ejeCtmenk
brought by the mortgagee to enforce an attornment, is
not li ib 1 e to the penalties of 1 s. Geo. PI.

In ejectment for a chapel, the parfon can only defend-
for a right to enter and perform divine fervice. Str. 914..
Notwithdanding 1 Salk. 250, no- man is to be admitted te¬
nant or defendant in ejeCtment by the common rule, un-
lefs he hath been in poffedion or received rent, and not a
mere dranger. Comb. 209. He who claims'title, ihall be
joined as a defendant though the plaintiff oppofes it.

1 Salk. 256. And therefore even the wife of the leffor.
257. Thev court permitted an heir who had never been-
in poffeflion, to come in and defend the ejeCtment. The
father under whom he claimed, died juft after having firft
obtained a flmilar rule. 4 Tim Rep. 122. So a mort¬
gagee. Comberb. 399.

But if the new defendants, whether landlord, or tenant,
or both, after entering into the common rule, fail to ap¬
pear at the trial, and to confefs leafe, entry, and oufter,
tile plaintiff Smith muft indeed be there nonfuited;. for
want of proving thofe requidtes ; but judgment will in
the end be entered againft the cafual ejector Stiles ; for
the condition on which Saunders, the tenant, or his land¬
lord, was admitted a defendant, is broken, and therefore
the plaintiff is put again in the fame dtuation as if he ne¬
ver had appeared at all, the confequence of which would
have been that judgment would have been entered for
the plaintiff, and the fheriff, by virtue of a writ for that
purpofe, would have turned out the tenant Saunders, and
delivered poffeflion to Smith the plaintiff. The fame
procefs therefore as would have been had, provided no
conditional rule had ever been made, mutt now be pur¬
ified as foon as the condition is broken.

The damages recovered in thefe actions, though for¬
merly their only intent, are now ufually (fince the title
lias been confidered as the principal queftion) merely no¬
minal, as one Jhilling. In order therefore to complete the
remedy, when the poffeflion has been long detained from
him that had the right to it, an aCtion of trefpafs alfo lies,
after a recovery in ejeCtment, to recover the mefne piofits
which the tenant in poffeflion has wrongfully received.
Which action may be brought in the name of either the
nominal plaintiff in the ejeCtment, or his teffor, againft:
the tenant in poffeflion : whether he be made party to the
ejeCtment, or fuffers judgment to go by default. In this
cafe the judgment in ejectment is conclufive evidence
againft the defendant, for all profits which have accrued
fince the date of the demife dated in the former declara¬
tion of the plaintiff ; but if the plaintiff files for any an¬
tecedent profits, the defendant may make a new defence.
4 Burr. 668,

Such

E J E C T M E N T. 393

Sncli is the modern way of obliquely bringing in quef-
tion the title to lands and tenements, in order to try it in
this collateral manner ; a method which is now univer-
fally adopted inalmoft every cafe. It is founded on the
lame principles as the ancient writs of affize, being cal¬
culated to try the mere poffeffory title to an eftate ; and
hath fucceeded to thofe real actions, as being infinitely
more convenient for attaining the ends of juftice, becaufe
the form of the proceeding being entirely fidtitious, it is
wholly in the power of the court to diredt the application
of that fidtion, fo as to prevent fraud and chicane, and
evifeerate the very truth of the title. The writ of ejedt¬
ment and its nominal parties (as was refolved by all the
judges) are judicially to be confidered as the fidtitioiis
form of an action, really brought by the lelTor of the
'.plaintiff againft the tenant in pofieflion, invented, under
the controul and power of. the court, for the advance¬
ment of juftice in many refpedts, and to force the parties
to go to trial on the merits, without being entangled in
the nicety of pleadings on either fide.

But a writ of ejedtment is not an adequate means to
try the title of all eftates, for on thofe things, whereon
an entry cannot in fadt be made, no entry (hall be fuppofed
by any fiction of the parties. Therefore an ejedtment
will not lie of an advowfon, a rent, a common, or other
incorporeal hereditaments. Brownl. 129. Except for
tithes in the hands of lay appropriators, by the exprefs
purview of 32 Hen. VIII. c. 7. which dodtrine hath fince
been extended by analogy to tithes in the hands of the
clergy. 2 Ld. Raym. 789. Nor will it lie in fuch cafes,
where the entry of him that hath right is taken away by
defeent, difcontinuance, twenty years difpoffefiion, or
otherwife.

Ejedtment ought to be brought for a thing that is cer¬
tain ; and if it be of a manor, the manor of A. with the
appurtenances; if of a redtory, the redtory of B. &c. And
fo many inefl’uages, cottages, acres of arable land, mea¬
dow, with theappurtenances in the parifti of, See. Ejedt¬
ment lies of a church, as of an houfe called the parifti
church of, &C. And a church is a meffuage, by which name
it may be recovered ; and the declaration is to be ferved
on the parfon who performs divine fervice. 11 Rep. 25.

1 Salk. 256. It lies de uno mejfuagio five burgagio-, but not
dc uno mejfuagio five tenemento , unlefs it have a z mat' A. &c.
to make it good, becaufe of the uncertainty of the word
tenement. 1 Sid. 295. But for a meffuage and tenement
hath been allowed. 1 Term Rep. 1 1 . So indeed for a mef¬
fuage or tenement. 3 Wilf. 2 3 . It will lie for a moiety,
or third part of a manor or meffuage, &e. And for a
chamber or room of a houfe well fet forth. 3 Leon. 210.
It lieth de domo, which hath convenient certainty for the
fheriff to deliver poffeflion, & c. Cro. fac. 634. It lies of
a cottage or curtilage ; of a coal mine, See. but’ not of a
common, pifeary, &c. Cro. Jac. 130. For underwood it
lies, though a pracipe doth not. 2 Roll. Rep. 48 2. But for
uno claufo, or una pecia terra , &c. without certainty of the
acres, and their nature, it doth not lie. \M0d.1. It lieth
of a clofe, containing three acres of pafture, Sec. Alfo
of fo many acres of land covered with water ; though
not de aqua curfu. 1 Brownl. 242. It lies for a prebendal
ftall, after collation to it. 1 Wilf. 14.

In this adtion the law requires, that the thing demanded
be fo particularly fpecified, that the fherift' may certainly
know what to give the poffefllon of, if the plaintiff fliould
recover ; for the judgment is in order to execution ; and
the judgment would be vain, if execution could not be
had of the thing fpecifically demanded ; but in this ac¬
tion the judges did not confine themfelves to thofe rules
which govern the pracipe , but allowed fome things to be
recovered in this adtion, which could not be demanded
in a pracipe ; becaufe, fince the eftablilhment of that real
adtion, many things have been added and improved by
art, and acquired new appellations that are perfectly un-
derftood now by the law, which are not found in the an¬
cient law books ; and as men began to contract by new
Voh. VI. No. 358.

names which were not known in the o]d law, - fo' it was
reafonable to Tufier the remedy to follow the nature of
fuch contradts. 2 Ld. Raym. 1470. 1 Burr. 629.

An ejedtment is a poffeffory remedy, and only compe¬
tent where the lelTor of the plaintiff may enter ; there¬
fore it is always neceffiry for the plaintiff to (ltew that
his lelfor had a right to enter, by proving a poffeftlon
within twenty years, or accounting for the want of it,
under feme exceptions allowed by the ftatute ; twenty
years’ adverfe polfefficn, is a pofitive title to the defend¬
ant ; it is not a bar to the adtion or remedy for the plain¬
tiff only, but takes away his right of poffeflion. 1 Burr.
119. Every plaintiff mutt (ltew a right of pofteffion, as
well as of property, and therefore the defendant needs
not plead the ftatute, as in the cafe of -adt ions.

A judgment in ejedtment is the recovery of the pof-
feftion, (not o£-the feilin or freehold ;) without prejudice
to the right, as it may afterwards appear between the
parties. He who enters under it in truth and fubftance,
can only be po lie fled according to right, prout lex pofulat.
If the leffor have a freehold, he is in as a freeholder : if
he has a chat tel intereft he is in as a termor ; and in re-
fpedt of the freehold, his poffeflion enures according to
right. If he has no title, he is in as a trefpaffer ; and,
without any re-entry by the true owner, is liable to ac¬
count for the profits. 1 Burr. 114.

This adtion of ejedtment is rendered a very eafy and
expeditious remedy to landlords w/iq/e tenants arc in arrear,
by4Ge0.II. c. 2S, which enadt.s that every landlord,
who hath by his leafe a right of re-entry in cafe of non¬
payment of rent, when half a year’s rent is due, and no
fufficient diftrefs is to be had, may ferve a declaration in
ejedtment on his tenant, or fix the fame upon fome noto¬
rious part of the premiles, which will be valid, without
any formal re-entry or previous demand of rent. And a
recovery in fuch ejedtment (hall be final and conclufive,
both in law and equity, unlefs the rent and all cofis be
paid or tendered within fix calendar months afterwards.
The true conftrudtion upon this adt is, to take off'- the
landlord the inconvenience of his continuing always liable
to an uncertainty of poffeflion ; (from its remaining in
tire power of the tenant to offer him a compenfation at
any time, in order to found an application for relief in
equity;) and to limit and to confine the tenant to fix
calendar months after execution granted, for his doing
this ; orelfe that the landlord (hall from thenceforth hold
the demited premifes difeharged from the leafe. 1 Burr.
619. As to the provifion of 11 Geo. II. c. 19. in cafes
of tenants at rack-rent being one year in arrear and de-^
ferting the premifes, two j 11 It ices of peace may in this
cafe put the landlord in poffeflion. See the article Rent.

Where an ejedtment is brought againft a tenant, for
the purpofe of turning him out of' his houfe, farm, &c.
and the tenant adtually holds the premifes .of the lelfor of
the plaintiff, it is fometimes neceffary to give him notice
to quit pofteffion, in order to maintain an ejedtment.
Here we may obferve, that demifes, where no certain
term is mentioned, are held to be tenancies from year to
year, which neither party can determine, without reafon¬
able notice to the other. This notice is, in moll counties,
fix months ; and it mult, in all fuch cafes, expire at that
part of the year when the tenancy commenced ; and
therefore it hath been holden, that half a year’s notice
to quit poffeflion nnift be given to fuch tenant, before the
end of which time>the landlord cannot maintain an ejedt¬
ment ; unlefs the tenant has attorned to fome other per-
fon, or done fome adt difclaiming to hold as tenant; in
which cafe no notice is neceffary. And the fame law will
apply to the executor of fuch a tenant. 3 Wilf. 23. 1,
Term Rep. 160. But after the expiration of a leafe for a
certain term, the tenant continuing in poffeflion is deemed
a trefpaffer ; and therefore an ejedtment which is an ac¬
tion of trefpafs may be brought without any notice to quit.

Where there is a tenant in poffeflion, in order to, pro¬
ceed againft him, prepare a declaration, the copy of
5 II whicii^

J

394 E I G .

which, upon (Tamp, you ferve tbs tenant with : if there
be more than one tenant, each mud be ferved with a
copy; but if the man is not at home, his wife will do,
provided (lie be ferved on the premifes, and fo fworn to ;
this is neceffary botii in town and country caufes. At
the time of fervice, in all cafes it is requifite to read over
or explain the notice at the foot of the declaration to the
perfon ferved. The tenant’s fon, daughter, or fervant,
lie being out of the way, mud not be ferved, unlefs it
appear to the court, that fitch declaration and notice
came to his hands, in which cafe it has been held a good
delivery; but if the tenant purpofely keep out of the
way to avoid being ferved, the court on affidavit will
grant a rule to (hew caufe why that fhould not be deemed
goodTervice. The declaration mud be ferved before the
effoign-day of every term, either in town or country, and
the notice mud be made to appear in the next term after
delivery : but the delivery on a Sunday, or on the effoign-
day of that term wherein the defendant is to appear, will
not do.

In ejeftment, where there are divers defendants, and
the freeholds are feveral, no defendant may defend for
more than is in his own pofleflion ; and the plaintiff may
take judgment againd his ejeflor for what remains, i Vent'.
3 55. If there be two defendants in ejectment, and one of
them appears and confeffes leafe, entry, and ouder, but
the other does not appear, in that cafe the plaintiff may
enter a non-pros or retraxit againd him, and go to trial,
and have judgment againd the other defendant. 1 Lord
Raym. 717. Alfo if an ejectment be brought againd two
perfons, and after iffue joined, one dies, and a venire is
awarded as to the two defendants, and a verdicT againd
two ; here, upon fuggedion of the death of one of them
upon the roll, judgment (hall be given for the plaintiff
againd the other for the whole: for it is laid this action
is grounded upon torts, which are feveral in their nature,
and one may be found guilty and the other acquitted.

As the plaintiff in ejedtment is a mere nominal perfon,
and a trudee for the leffor; if he releafe the adtion, the
court may fet'adde the releafe, and lie (hall be committed
for a contempt ; fo like wife if he releafe an action brought
in his name for the mefne profits. 1 Salk. 260. If a man
is made plaintiff in ejedtment without his knowledge, and
the defendant appearing, the plaintiff thereupon becomes
nonfuit, after which execution is (tied out againd him;
if it appears by his oath that he was made plaintiff
without his knowledge, or order, lie (hall be difeharged.
1 Lil. 500.

If there be a verdidt and judgment againd the plain- iff,
he may bring another adtion of trefpafs and ejectment for
the land, it being only to recover the poffcffion, &c.
wherein judgment is never final ; for it isTiot like a writ
of right, &c. where the title alone is tried. Wood's It jl.
547. The reafon why an ejedtment is not or cannot be
final, feems to be this. That it is impofiible from the
(trudture of the record in this adtion, to plead a former,
in bar of another, ejedtment brought. .JBecaufe, i.The
plaintiff and defendant are nominal, and exid in mod cafes
on record only; and confequently may be changed in a
new adtion. But the identity both of plaintiff and de.
fendant mud be averred in pleading a former adtion in
bar. 2. The term demifed may be laid many different
ways. An ejedtment however, though in its nature not
final at law, is capable of being made Co in equity : and the
court of chancery will on proper grounds grant a perpe¬
tual injundtion ; and not permit the poffedion of lands to
be difturbed by a vain inceffant litigation of the fame quef-
tion. See 2 Eq. Ab. 1 71 . c. 1 . 1 Bro. P. C. 266. iStra. 404..

EIF'FEL, a fmall country of Germany, (ituated be¬
tween the duchy of Juliers, the electorate of Treves, the
duchy of Luxemburg, and the eledtorate of Cologne.
It belongs, to the duke of Arenberg, and feveral other
princes.

EI'GALACH, a fmall Ruffian ifland, in the Frozen
Sea. Lat. 73.25.N. Ion, 133. E. Ferro.

E I N

FTGIT, inter). An expreffioh of fudden delight.

EIGHT, adj. [eahta, Sax. ajita, Goth, acht, Scot.]
Twice four. A word ot number. — This ifland contains
eight fcore and eight miles in circuit. Sandy.

EIGHT, f. [more properly Eyott, which fee.] A
little ifland. — Some do alfo plant ofiers on their eights ,
like quickfetts. Evelyn.

EIGHT AL'NEY, a little ifland in Gloucefierfhire,
where Edmund king of England, and Canutus king of
the Danes, in a Angle combat tried their right to the
kingdom.

EIGHTH, adj. Next in order to the feventh ; the or¬
dinal of eight. — In the eighth month (hould be the reign
of Saturn. Bacon.

I (lay reludlant feven continued years,

And water her ambrofial couch with tears;

The eighth (lie voluntary moves to part.

Or urg’d by Jove, or her own changeful heart. Pope.

EIGHTEE'N, adj. Twice nine.- — If men naturally
lived but twenty years, we (hould be fatisfied if they died
about eighteen ; and yet eighteen years now are as long as
eighteen years would be then. Taylor.

EIGHTEEN'TH, adj. The next in orderTo the fe-
venteenth ; twice ninth. — In the eighteenth year of Jero¬
boam died Abijam. 1 Kings.

EIGHT'FOLD, adj. Eight times the number or
quantity.

EIGHTH'LY, adv. In the eighth place. — Eighthly,
living creatures have voluntary motion, which plants
have not. Bacon.

EIGH'TIETH, adj. The next in order to the feventy-
ninth ; eighth tenth. — Some balances are fo exadt as to be
fenlibly turned with the eightieth part of a grain. Wilkins .

EIGHT'SCORE, adj. Eight times twenty; an hun=
dred and fixty-:

What! keep a week away? feven days and nights?
Eighficore eight hours? and lovers’ abfent hours,

More tedious than the dial eight/core times ?

Oh weary reckoning ! Shakefipeare.

EIGH'TY, adj. Eight times ten ; fourfeore :

Eighty odd years of forrovv have I feen,

And each hour’s joy wreck’d with a week of teen. Skakefp .

EIGNE, adj. \_aifne, Fr.] In law denotes the elded or
fird born. Here it dignifies unalienable, as being en¬
tailed. — It happeneth not feldom, that, to avoid the
yearly oath, for averment of -the continuance of fome
edate for life, which is eigne, and not fubjeCl to forfeit¬
ure for the alienation that cometh after it, the party will
offer to fue for a pardon uncompelled before the time ;
in all which, fome mitigation of the uttermod value may
well and worthily be offered. Bacon.

EILD, /. [eld, Sax.] Age in its general meaning :
His crown, and me (poor orphan) left alone
My uncle govern’d in my tender did. Fairfiax.

EILE'MA, f. [from &\tu, to involve.] A painful
twiding of the inteliihes, from flatulence. Alfo a mem¬
brane or covering.

EI'LENBURG, or Eulenburg, a town of Germany,
in the circle of Upper Saxony, and circle of Leipfic :
twelve miles north-eaft of Leipfic ; thirty-fix miles weft,
north-wed of Meiffen.

EIME'O, or Eimeeo, one of the Society iflands, in the
South Pacific Ocean ; almofl wholly furrounded with
rocks : four leagues wed from the north-weid part of
Otaheita.

El'MONT, a river of England, which runs into the
Eden a little below Penrith.

EI'NABI, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province
of Natolia : thirty-fix miles north of Degnizlu.

EIN'BECK, or Eimbeck, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, and principality of Grubenhagen,
on the Ilmen, enclofed with walls, and defended with re¬
doubts.

B I S

doubts, towers, &c. and containing 830 houfes. It is
the chief manufadturing town in tile ,whole principality :
thirty miles font h- fouth* weft of Hildeftieim, and forty,
eight miles fouth-fouth-weft of Brunfwick.

"EIN'FIDEL, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pil-
fen : eight miles weft of Teufing.

EINIEH', a town of Afiaric Turkey, in the province
of Natolia : forty-four miles fou til-weft of Artaki.

EINSID'LEN, a town- and abbey of Swifferland, in
the canton of Schweitz. : fifteen miles eaft of Zug.

EIN'VILLE AU JARD, a town of France, in the
department of theMeurte, and chief place of a canton, in
the diftridt of Luneville : four leagues eaft of Nancy, and
one and a half north of Luneville.

EI'SEL, f. [eoytl, Sax.] Vinegar; verjuice; any
xtcid. An old word;

Caft in thy -mind

How thou refembleft Chrift, as with fowre poifon,

If thou paine thy tafte ; remember therewithall,

How' Chrift for thee t-afted cifel and gall. Sir T. More.

EI'SENACH, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and capital of a principality of the fame
name, in the circle of Thuringia, on the NeiTe, where
the reprefentatives of the ftate alfemble. It has a college,
a feminary for divinity, and an orphan houfe : forty miles
eaft of Weimar, and twenty-fix weft-fouth-weft of Erfurt.
Lat. 50. 46. N. Ion. 27. 57. E. Ferro.

EI'SENACH, a principality of Germany, in Thuringia,
and circle of Upper Saxony, fituated on the confines of
Hefle. It is mountainous, and hardly produces corn
enough for the inhabitants. Some wine is made, but of
a very indifferent fort. It has forne mines of copper,
iron, vitriol, and alum, with fome fait fprings. It gives
a vote to the duke of Saxe-Weimar, in the diets and af-
femblies of the circle. The tax is fifty-eight rixdollars
and feventeen kruitzers. Eifenach is the capital.

F.I'SENBERG, a town of Germany, in the circle of
the Upper Rhine, and county of Waldeck, with a caftle :
three miles fouth-weft of Corfach.

EI'SENBERG, a towm of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and marggraviate of Meilfen : eight miles
north of Drelden.

EI'SENBURG, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and principality of Saxe-Gotha : twenty
miles weft of Altenburg, and thirty fouth-fouth-weft of
Leipfic.

EI'SENHARTZ, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Stiria ; enriched by iron mines difeovered in 712 : ten
miles north of I.eoben.

EI SENSTADT, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Konigingratz : three miles north-north-eaft of Gitfchin.

EI'SENSTADT, a town of Hungary : eight miles
north of Edenburg, and fixteen fouth of Vienna.

EIS'FELD, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Saxony, and principality of Cobourg, on the Wetra :
eight miles eaft of Hildburghaufen.

EIS'GARN, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of
Auftria: eight miles weft-north-weft of Bohmifch Waid-
hofen.

EI'SKOI, a town of Ruffia, in the government of Cau-
cafus, fituated at the mouth of the river Eia, on the eaft
coaft of the Sea of Azoph : fifty miles fouth-weft of
Azoph. Lat.. 46. 30. N. Ion. 56. E. Ferro.

EI'SLEBEN, a town of Germany, in the electorate of
Saxony, and county of Mansfeld ; once the capital of a
county of the fame name. It contains three churches,
and about 700 houfes. Martin Luther, the celebrated
reformer, was born and died in this town : twelve miles
eaft of Mansfeld, and twelve weft of Hall.

EISS, a village and barony of Germany, in the cir¬
cle of Weftphalia: fix miles eaft-north-eaft of Aix-la-
Chapelle.

EISS'DORF, orEYSZDORF, a town of Germany, in

E K A 393

the circle of Upper Saxony, belonging to the bifhopric
of Merfeburg: four miles .eall -fouth-eaft of I.utzen.

EI'THER, pron. [aepgLe ji, Sax. anther , Sco.tt.] Which
foever of the two ; whether one of the otlfer :

So like in arms thofe champions were,

As they had been a very pair ;

So that a man would almoft fwear,

That either had been either. Drayton.

Each ; both. — In the procefs of natural beings, there
feem fome to be creatures placed, as it were, on the con¬
fines of feveral provinces, and participating fomething of
Hiker. Hale.

Sev’n times the fun has either tropic view’d,

The Winter banifit’d, and the Spring renew’d. Dry den.
It is tiled fometimes of more than two; anyone of a
certain number. Any of an indeterminate number, as
in the following paffage. — Henry VIII. Francis I. and
Charles V. were fo provident, as fcarce a palm of ground
could be gotten by either of the three, but that the other
two Would fet the balance of Europe upright again. Bacon.

EI'THER, adv. A diftributive adverb, anfwered by
or; either the one or. — Either your brethren have mifera-
bly deceived us, or power confers virtue. Swift to Pope.

What perils fliall we find,

If either place, or time, or other courfe,

Caufe 11s to alter th’ order now aflign’d ? Daniel.

EI'THON, or Y thon, a river of Scotland, which runs
into the German Sea : twenty-fix miles north of Aberdeen.

EI'TIAT, a town of Africa, in the empire of Mo¬
rocco, and province of Tedla, defended with walls, and
containing about 3000 inhabitants.

EJULA'TION, f. [cjulatio, Lat.] Outcry; lamenta¬
tion ; moaning; waiting. — Inftead of hymns and praifes,
he breaks out into ejulations and effeminate wailings. Go¬
vernment of the Tongue.

With difmal groans
And ejulation, in the pangs of death,

Some call for aid. Philips.

EJURA'TION, f. [Lat.] Renouncing or refigning
one’s place. Bailey. '

E'KA, a town of Sweden, in the province of Smaland:
eleven miles north of Wexio.

EKANFANO'KA. See OuAquAPHENOG aw.

EKAN'GA, a river of Ruffia, which runs into th
Frozen Sea, 140 miles eaft of Kola.

EKAR'MA, one of the fmaller Kurule iflands, in the
North Pacific Ocean. Lat. 49.30. N. Ion. 172.15. E. Ferro.

EKAS'TROV, a town of RufTia, in the government
of Archangel : eighty miles fouth of Kola.

EKA'TERINGBtIRG, a town of Ruffia, and capital
of a province of the fame name, in the government of
Perm : 148 miles fouth-eaft of Perm, and 960 eaft-fouth-
eaft of Peterfburg. Lat. 56.45. N. Ion. 78. E. Ferro.

EKA'TERINGBURG, a province of Ruffia, in the
government of Perm, about 360 miles long, and from 100
to 160 broad: the capital is of the fame name.

EKATERININSKAI'A, a bay of the North Sea, in
Ruffian Lapland, near Kola. Lat. 68. 50. N. Ion. 50. 10.
E. Ferro.

EKATERINOGRAD', a town of Ruffia, in the go¬
vernment of Caucafus, on the Malva : 260 miles fouth-
eaft of Azoph, and 10S0 fouth-fouth-eaft of Peterfburg.
Lat. 44. 15. N. lon.6x.24. E. Ferro.

EKATERINOSLAV', a city of Ruffia, and capital
of a government of the fame name: 164 miles north-eaft
of Otchakov, and 728 fouth-fouth-eaft of Peterfburg.
Lat. 48. 15. N. Ion. 52. 60. E. Ferro.

EKATERINOSLAV', a government of Ruffia, bound¬
ed on the weft by the dominions of Turkey, on the north-
weft by the government of Kiov, on the north by the go¬
vernment of Charkov, on the eaft by the country of the
z Cofacs3

£9$ E K R

Cofacs, and on the fonth by the Black Sea ; divided into
two provinces, Ekaterinoflavfkoi and Taurida, This go¬
vernment contains the greateft part of that territory which
was wrefted by the late emprefs from the Turks, and
comprifes New Ruffia, the former government of Azoph,
and Grim Tartary.

EKATERINOSLAV'SKOI, a province of Ruffia, in
the government of Ekaterinoflav, comprehending what
has formerly been called Budziac Tartary , and the Ukraine,
now a part of the government of Ekaterinoflav.

EKE, adv. [eac, Sax. ook, Dut.] Alfo; likewise; be-
fide ; moreover:

If any firerigth we have, it is to ill ;

But all tire good is God’s, both power and e he will .^Spcnfer.

To EKE, V: a. [eacan, Sax.] To increafe :

The littl^ ftrength that I have, I would it were with you.

■ — And mine to eke out her’s. - Shakefpcare.

To fupply; to fill up deficiencies:

Your ornaments hung all,

On fome parch’d dog-hole ek'd with ends of wall. Pope.
To protraft; to lengthen:

I fpeak too long ; but ’tis to piece the time,

To eke it, and to draw it out in length,

To flay you from election. Shakefpcare.

To fpin out by ufelefs additions. [In this fenfe it feents
borrowed from the life of our old poets, who put eke into
their lines when they wanted a fyllable.] — Eufden ekes
out Blackmore’s endlefs line. Pope.

EKEBER'GIA, f. in botany, a genus of the clafs de-
candria, order monogyrya, (monadelphia, Ruz.) natural
order of trihilatae, (melice, JuJf.) The generic charac¬
ters are — Calyx : perianthium one-l&afed, bell-fluped,
tomentofe, four-parted ; divifions ovate, obtufe. Co¬
rolla : petals four, oblong, obtufe, tomentofe on the out-
iide, a little longer than the calyx ; nedfary, a ring fur¬
rounding the bafe of the germ. Stamina: filaments ten,
very fnort, pubefeent ; antherae ovate, acute, upright.
Riftillum : germ fuperior ; ftyle cyiindric, very (hort ;
itigma capitate. Pericarpium : a globular berry. Seeds :
five, oblong. — EJfential Character. Calyx, four-parted ;
petals, four; neftary, like a garland furrounding the
germ ; berry containing five oblong feeds.

Ekebergia capenfis, a finglc fpecies ; it is a tree, with
abruptly or unequally pinnate leaves, the common pe¬
tiole flatted ; the flowers panicled and axillary.

EKEL'SBEKE, a’town of France, in the department
of the North, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrift
of Bergues: three leagues fouth of Dunkirk.

EKE'NAS, a fea-port town of Sweden, in the province
of Nyland, on the north coaft of the Gulf of Finland ;
the harbour is not good: fifty miles fouth-eaft of Abo.

EKER'DER, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the pro¬
vince of Natolia : fixteen miles eaft of Ifbarteh.

EKE'SIO, a town of Sweden, in the province of Sma-
iand : lixty miles north-weft of Calmar.

E'KIE, a town of Afia, in Thibet: fifty-five miles
fouth of Tofon Hotun.

EK'KI TEK'KI, a town, of Africa, in the country of
Commendo.

EK'MlN. See Achmim.

EK'RAD, a town of Egypt : ten miles fouth-eaft of
Monfalout.

E'KREBEL, the name of a place faid to be fituated
near Chufi, upon the brook Mochmuz ; where, in the
days of j udith,' part of the combined armies of the Edom¬
ites and Ammonites encamped. Judith, vii. 18.

E-'KRON, [Heb. barrennefs.] A province of the land
of the Philiftines, and one of the five lordfhips of that
nation; JoJh. xiii. 3. alfo the name of its principal city.
We find, by comparing Judges, i. 18. Joftnia, xv. 43. and
xix,43. that this province, together with its towns and,

E L IE

villages, were conquered by, and reckoned with, the tribe
of Judah, and the city of Ekron alfigned to the tribe of
Dan. Yet, notwithftanding, in the days of Samuel, we
again find it in the hands of the Philiftines, and foon af¬
terwards again ceded to the Ifraelites, 1 Sam. vii. 1 Here
the ark of God, taken from the Ifraelites, was brought
previous to its departure for lfrael ; and here alfo, was
the oracle of Baal-zebub, to which Ahaziah king of lfrael
fent to enquire concerning his recovery. 2 Kings, i. In
the valley of Ekron the children of lfrael and the men of
Judah tdok up arms, and purified the Philiftines to the
gates of the city.

E'KRONITE, a native or an inhabitant of Ekron.

E'KSAS, a town of Egypt: twenty-one miles fouth
of Cairo.

E'KSENIDE, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the pro¬
vince of Natolia": eighty-four miles fouth of Degnizlu.
Lat. 36. 27. N. Ion. 46, 45. E. Ferro.

EL-A'RISH, a town of Syria, on the coaft of the Me¬
diterranean, Fituated about two miles from the fea It
was taken by the French army under Bonaparte, in 1799,
who gave orders for it to be deftroyed ; and it is now in
ruins. Dr. Wittman, who vifited this place in 1801, ob-
ferved that the French had alfo cut down nearly the whole
plantation of date-trees, which at once ornamented and
enriched the fpot, and produced food to the inhabitants.
The Turkifh Ihips of war, with an army deftined for
Egypt, were anchored off the port.

EL-BETH'EL, [Heb. the God of Bethel.] A name
given by the patriarch Jacob to an altar ereiSted by him
in Bethel, on his fecond vifit to that place. Gen. xxxv. 7.

EL-ELO'HE-ISRAEL, [Heb. God the God of lfrael.]
The name of an altar erefted by the patriarch Jacob, at
liis firit lettlement in Canaan. Gen. xxxiii. 20.

EL-PA'RAN, or plain of Paran, fituated in Arabia
Petrasa, near the wildernefs of Paran. Gen. xiv. 6.

E'LA CAL'LI,/! in botany. See Euphorbia .

EL'ABACH, a river of Germany, which runs into the
Elbe, near Konigftein, in the marggraviate of Meiffen.

Fo ELA'BORATE, », «. [elaboro, L at.] To produce
with labour. — They in full joy elaborates ligh. Young. — .
To heighten and improve by fucceftive endeavours or
operations. — The fap is diverlified, and [Hill more elabo¬
rated and exalted, as it circulates through the veftels of
the plant. Arbuthnct.

ELA'BORATE, adj. [ elaboratus , Lat,] Finished with
great diligence ; performed with great labour. — Forma¬
lities of extraordinary zeal and piety are never more
ftudied and eiabprale than when politicians moft agitate
defperate defigns. King Charles.

ELA'BORATELY, adv. Laborioufly; diligently; with
great ftudy or labour. — Some coloured powders, which
painters ufe, may have their colours a little changed by
being very elaborately and finely ground. Newton.

ELABORA'TION,/! Improvement by fucceftive ope¬
rations. — To what purpofe is there fucli an apparatus of
veftels for the elaboration of the fperm and eggs; fuch a
tedious procefs of generation and nutrition f Ray.

ELABU'GA, a town of Ruffia, in the government of
Viatka, on the Bielaia : 136 miles fouth of Viatka.

To ELA'CERATE, v. a. \_claccrare, Lat.] To tear in
pieces. Bailey.

EL/EACH'NUS BURM. See Elveacnus.

EL^EAG'NUS, f. [sAaiayvoc of Theophraftus ; from
the olive, and uyvo<;, chafte ; or a ftmib fo called
from its fuppofed quality of preferving chaftity.] The
Oleaster ; in botany, "a genius of the clafs tetrandria,
order monogynia, natural order elteagnj, JuJf. The gene¬
ric charaibers are— Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, four-
cleft, fuperior, ftraight, bell-form, outwardly fcabrous,
inwardly coloured, deciduous. Corolla: none. Stamk
na : filaments four, very ftiort, inferted into the calyx be¬
low the divifions; antherae oblong, incumbent. PiftiL
lum : germ roundifli, inferior ; ftyle Ample, a little

e l m

E L 7E

fhorter than the calyx: ftigma Ample. Pericavpium :
drupe ovate, obtufe, fmooth, with a ddtted tip. Seed :
itot oblong, obtufe. — Effcntial Charaftcr. Corolla, none ;
calyx, four-cleft, bell-form, fuperior; drupe below the
calyx.

Species, i. Elseagnus augufiifolia, or narrow-leaved
©leader: leaves lanceolate. A tree branching from the
bottom, growing fometimes to -the height of three fa¬
thoms, with a trunk the thicknefs of a man’s arm or
thigh, elegant in its appearance, efpecially from the fil-
very brightnefs of the leaves. Bark fmooth, brovyn ;
wood pale, prettily veined with grey and brown, but not
hard; branches and branchlets flender, frequent, alter¬
nate, fmooth, unarmed, or having thorns, efpecially in
young trees ; leaves petioied, in the more northern parts
lanceolate, in the more fouthern broader, rather obtufe,
and' larger ; lilvery white underneath, on their upper fur-
face hoary-grenifh, and Paining very much. The flowers
come out at the middle leaves of the (mailer branches,
ufually folitary or two together, fometimes, but very fel-
dom, three from each axil, in which cafe one or two are
on fliorter peduncles and barren, having no germ, though
they have a flyle and anthers. The diviftons of the ca¬
lyx (or corolla) are four, very feldom five, never more
in the wiid plant, (others fay from four to eight:) the
anthers are placed at the bafe of thefe, on very fiiort
filaments; ftyle the- length of the calyx ; drupe’alvvays
folitary, oblong, hoary-white when young, thicker and
yellow i(h when ripe, inclofing within a fw-eet pulp a
woody, grey, furrowed, nut. In the delerts, near the
Volga, the fruit is hardly bigger titan the berries of tire
barberry ; whereas, in the more fouthern parts, it is the
fize of the cornelian cherry. Native of the fouth of Eu¬
rope, the Levant, near the Cafpian fea, in the deferts
near the Volga, and the farther Tartarian defert, and
other parts of the Ruffian empire in Alia-. It flowers
there in May. It was cultivated by Parkinfon in 1633.

Mr. Miller diftinguifhes fpecifically the thorny and
unarmed narrow-leaved oleafier. The latter, he lays, is
that which is moll -commonly preferveci in the Engl i(h
gardens. The leavesare more than four inches long, arid
not half an inch broad; they are very fofr, and have a
filming appearance like fatin. The flowers come out at
the footflalks of the leaves, fingly, or two, and frequently
three, at the fame place; the outfide of the calyx is lil-
very and (Lidded, the inlide of a. pale yellow ; it lias a
very ftrong feent. The flowers appear in July, and
fometimes are fuceeeded by fruit. The efpinofa, or
thorny elasagnus, lie takes to be the common fort, which
grows naturally in Bohemia, and of which he faw fome
trees in the curious garden of the famous Boerhaave,
near Leyden. 1 lie leaves of this are not more than two
inches long, and about three quarters of an inch broad in
the middle ; they are white, and have a foft cottony down
on their furface ; at the footftafK of every leaf comes out
a pretty long fliarp thorn, the leaves being alternate, the
fpines come out on each fide of the branches. The flowers
are fmall, and have a ftrong feent when fully open. They
were botli obferved by Tournefort in the T.e-v'ant.

2. Elasagnus orientalis, or oriental deader: leaves ob¬
long, ovate, opake. This has the appearance.of the fore¬
going, but the leaves are twice as broad, ovate-oblongifli,
foft to the touch on both fides, pale underneath, but nei¬
ther furface Ihining or filvery. In ftature and manner of
growth this tree refembles a middle-fized willow, as it
does alfo in the hoarinefs of its leaves and the divifion of
its branches. In the wild fpecimens from Perfia, (harp
ftraight thorns are fcattered varioufly over the branches;
on the fmaller twigs they are hoary all over and bear
leaves ; whereas the cultivated trees have no thorns.
Flowers alternate, peduncled, folitary, extremely fra¬
grant ; calyx funnel-form, hoary on the outfide, the di-
vilions become reflex by age, and a^e obfeurely yellowiih
within. This and the fpinofa of Linnaeus do no feem to
differ any otherwife than a garden tree does from a wild

Vgl. VI. No, 359.

397

one or the thorny variety of the foregoing fpeeies from
the unarmed. Native of the mountains of Perfia from.
Caucafus to Derbent, about the Cafpian fea abundantly,
and of the Levant.

3. Elseagnus latifolia, or broad-leaved deader: leaves
ovate. This rifes with a woody dent to the height of
eight or nine feet, dividing into many branches. Leaves
filvery, with feveral irregular dark-coloured fpots ; they
are alternate, and continue all the year. Native of the
Lad Indies and China. Mr. Miller fays, that it is rare
at prefent in the LUglidi gardens; but that there were fe¬
veral large plants of it in the royal garden at Hampton-
court, fome of which produced flowers.

4. Eilaeagnus crifpa, or curled-leaved deader: lea*, es
lanceolate-oblong, obtufe, waved; flowers folitary. 5.
Elaeagnus multifl.cra, or many-flowered deader : leaves
obovate, obtufe ; flowers axillary, aggregate; peduncles
longer than the flower. 6. Elasagnus umbel.lata, or um-
belled deader : leaves obovate, obtufe ; flowers axillary,
aggregate ; peduncles (horter than the flower. 7. Elas¬
agnus glabra, or fmooth-leoved deader: leaves ovate-
oblong, acuminate-; flowers axillary, fubfolitary. S.
Elaeagnus macrophylla, or filvet'-leaved deader : leaves
rounded-ovate, filvery. 9. Elaeagnus pungens, or prickly
deader : branchlets becoming thorns ; leavds oblong,
waved ; flowers axillary, in pairs. Thefe fix ipecies are
natives of Japan.

Propagation and Culture. The fird fort is extremely
hardy, and is not injured by frod ; it is not, however, of
very long duration ; young plants, therefore, dionld be
raifed once in three or four years, by feeds or layers.
The fecond requires the protection of a greenhoufe.
The tliird fort requires a warm dove to preferve it in this
country ; for it is toQ tender to live in the open air, ex¬
cept for a fliort time in the warmed: part of the furamer.
It may be raifed from feeds. The other fpeeies have not
yet been introduced into cultivation in Europe.

ELyE'GRUS. See El^agnu.s.

EL7ETS, f. [fo named by Jacquin, from c’ha.ia, the
dive, on account of the oilinefs of the nuts.] In botany,
a genus of pal mas ; dioecia hexandria, ( T/tunb .) of the
natural order of palms. The generic characters are —
I. Male. Calyx: perianthium lix-leaved ; leaflets con¬
cave, upright. Corolla : one-petailed, lix-clefr, upright,
fliarp, length of the calyx. Stamina: filaments fix, fiubu-
late, length.- of the corolla ; anthene oblong, fliarp. Ii.
Female. Calyx : as in the male, (nine-leaved, with the
inner leaflets longer, Gartner.) Corolla : fix-petalled,
(none, unlefs a part of the calyx be conlidered as fuch, G )
Pidillum : germ ovate, (three-celled, G .) ftyle thickifii,
(three-cornered, G.) Itigmas three, reflex. Pericarpium :
drupe fibrous, ovate, ibrnewhat angulatcd, oily, (fupe-
rior, berried, one-celled, G.) Seed; nut ovate, obfeurely
three-fided with three holes, three-valved, (valvelefs, G.)
one-celled. — EJfential Char after . Male. Calyx, lix-leaved ;
corolla fix-cleft ; flamina, fix. Female. Calyx, fix-leaved,
(nine-leaved, with the inner leaflets longer, C.) Corolla,
fix-petalled, (none, G.) fligmas three; drupe fibrous;
nut one to three-valved, (valvelefs, G.)

Elteis guineenfis, a fingle fpeeies. It is the palma deofa
of Miller. Trunk ereCf, irregular from the ftipes of the
fronds, which continue a long time, and are longer the
nearer they are to the frond. Fronds pinnate, with a
rigid rib (or rachjs) fifteen feet in length, for four feet
below the leaflets armed at the edge on both fides with
awl-fbaped fpines, the uppermoft hooked and bowed
back, the middle ones ftraight, the loweft patulous, and
twice as long as the reft;" leaflets fword-ftraped, acute,
unarmed, folded back at the bafe, a foot and a half long,
and an inch broad. After thefe have fallen, the rigid rib
remains lonte time, and refembles a fpine. Spadix axil¬
lary, a foot long, much compreffed, erect, divided into,
about fifty branchlets, five inches long, erect, the thick-
r.efs of a finger, compactly fpiked, imbricate, and irre¬
gularly difpofed, with triangular acuminate tips. The
S I branchlets,

E L M

sos

branchlets, except the tip, are wholly covered with
frail l flowers, each having a fmall roundifh bratte at the
bafr, the loweft on each branchlet being much larger
than the others with a lanceolate point. The flowers
have a Angular and very ftrong fniell, like anife-f'eeds
mixed with chervil-leaves, Fruit larger than a pigeon’s
egg; the pericarpium variegated with yellow, black, and
red, and fo full of oil as to run out on being very (lightly
preffed. Nut black, with longitudinal interrupted whitifh
(freaks. Mr. Miller fays, that the leaflets are long, nar¬
row, and not fo (tiff as mod of the palms; that the foot-
ffalks of their leaves are broad at the bafe, where they
embrace the (tern, diminiih gradually upwards, and are
armed with ftrong, blunt, yellowifh, thorns, which are
larged at their bafe. The flow'ers come out at the top
of the ftem among the leaves ; fome bunches have only
male flowers, others female ; the latter are fucceeded by
oval berries, bigger than the largeft Spanifh olives, but
of the fame lhape ; they grow in very large bunches, and
when ripe are of a yellowifh colour. F'rom this fruit the
inhabitants of the Weft India illands draw an oil, in the
fame manner as it is extracted from olives. They alfo
extract a liquor from the body of the tree, which when
fermented lias a vinous quality, and will inebriate. The
leaves are wrought by the negroes into mats, on which
they repofe. It is called in the Weft Indies the oily palm,
and by fome negroes oil ; the fruit of this tree having been
firft carried from Africa to America by the negroes. It
grows in great plenty on the coaft of Guinea, and alfo in
the Cape de Verd iflands, but was not in any of our Ame¬
rican colonies, till it was carried there by the negroes,
who now propagate it in great plenty. Jacquin alfo fays
that he has never feen this tree wild in America, and that
the French call it palmier.

Gtertner has fet down another eheis, which he names
meladococca, from the blacknefs of the nuts. He thinks it
may poftiblv be no more than a variety : the (hell, how¬
ever, is much (mailer, and not fo much bellied, but ra¬
ther oblong, and fuddenly contracted at the tip into an
oblique dagger-point ; it is alfo thinner, and elegantly
variegated on the outfide with teftaceous ftreaks, irregu¬
larly confluent, with other alternate ftreaks like the others,
but of a coal black ; when broken it appears of a l*ooty
black colour. The feed is ovate-oblong, and brown.

Jacquin alfo mentions another very thorny palm, which
has fomewhat of the- fame habit with elaeis guineenfis,
and is called in Martinico grigri. The fruit is eatable,
of an acid flavour, globular, ilightly deprelfed, acuminate
by means of the ftyle, fcarlet and (hining. The pulp is
fmall, red, foft, and not fibrous, furrounded by a very
thin pellicle. Nut brown, with three obfeure holes,
from which run lines in a ftellate order like veins over the
whole furface. Kernel cartilaginous, and hollow.

Another palm occurs about Carthagena, called by the
natives corozo. They make both an oil and a butter of
the fruit for domeftic ufes. The pericarpium is (hining,
and yellow on the outfide, fupported by a three-leaved
calyx and a three-petalled corolla, permanent and (hining ;
it is but little fibrofe, not thick, and contains a plea(ant
oil. Its form is ovate, obfcurely three-cornered. Nut
black, and (hining, of the fame form, with three obfeure
holes at the bale. Kernel roundifii, cartilaginous, very
bard, folid, with the center flightly cloven. Linnaeus
(in Mant.) refers to the third palm of Miller, which is
the macaw-tree of the Weft Indies. See Bactris and
Cocos.

propagation and Culture. It muft conftantly be kept in
the bark ftove, otherwife it will not make any great pro-
grefs. In about twenty years it will be too tall for molt
of our ftoves. It is propagated by feeds; for the fowing
and management of which, fee Palms and Phoenix.

ELsftLOCAR'PUS, J'. [from eAco «, olive, and xagwo?,
fruit.] In botany, a genus of the. clafs polyandria, order
mortogynia, natural order of guttiferae. The generic cha¬
racters aie — Calyx: perianthium one-leafed, fpreading,

el m

permanent, five-parted ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, con^
cave, (harp. Corolla: petals five, with claws ; multifid-
laciniate, the extreme jags capillary, equal, fcarcely longer
than the calyx, inferted at the bafe of the nettary. Sta¬
mina : filaments twenty to thirty, capillary, very flender,-
lhort, inferted into the nettary; antherae fhorter than the
corolla, upright, linear, fcabrous, two-valved at the tip;,
valves fpreading, with about five ciliate hairs, very (len¬
der, from reflex expanding, unequal., Piftillum : germ
fomewhat globular, villofe, fitting on the nettary ; ftyle
filiform, longer than the ftamens ; ftigma (harp, Peri¬
carpium : drupe oblong, of a fmooth even fur-face. Seed :
nut oblong, grooved and tubercled; (hell fubtrivalvular ;
kernel fubtrigonal. — EJential Character . Calyx, five-leaved
(or one-leafed, five-parted) ; corolla, five-petalled, jagged ;
antherae two-valved at the tip; drupe with a curled (hell .

Species, i. Elaeocarpus ferratus, or ferrate-leaved eh-eo-
carpus: leaves alternate, lanceolate-elliptic, ferrate ; ra¬
cemes axillary. Branches round, warted, fmooth; leaves
petioled, three inches long, bluntly-ferrate, fmooth,
nerved, and veined ; flowers diftant. Linnaeus obferves,
that they are Ample, loofe, (blitary, the length of the
leaves, which have a double gland at their bafe. Accord¬
ing to Retzius, the calyx has three, four, or five, (harp-
keeled divifions; and the corolla has three petals, cut in
tripartite divifions ; the ftamens twenty-five, with anthers
terminating in cirrhofe threads, and the germ very to-
mentofe. Linnaeus affirms, that there are twenty ftamens
in the Ceylonele plant, eight in that from Java, and fix-
teen in Burman’s; who fays, however, that there are fix-
teen when there are four divifions of the calyx, and twenty
when there are five. The defeription under Dicera den-
tata belongs to this fpecies. Native of the Euft Indies.

2. Elaeocarpus dentatus, or tooth-leaved elaeocarpus
leaves alternate, oblong, tooth-ferrate at top; racemes
axillary ; flowers one-ftyled. Native of the iflands of the
South Seas. Thefe two fpecies have been confounded.

3. Elaeocarpus dicera, or dicera elaeocarpus : leaves
oppofite, ovate, uoubly-ferrate ; racemes compound ;
flowers four-ftyled. According to Linnaeus’s Supple¬
ment, it correfponds with the preceding in the ftrutture
of the flower ; but it differs in having four ftyles, a ber¬
ried four-celled fruit, and two feeds in each cell. See
Dicera serrata.

4. Elaeocarpus copalliferus, orcopal elaeocarpus: leaves
quite entire ; panicle terminating. It yields the copal
refin, but of this there are feveral forts. It is thus de-
feribed by Vahl : This is a lofty tree, with round branches,
mealy-tomentofe at the top, and ferruginous. Leaves pe¬
tioled, alternate, half a foot long and more, lanceolate,
acuminate, rounded at the bafe, almoft three inches
broad, fubcoriaceous, fmooth on both (ides, above very
finely marked with lines along the nerves, and with more
obfeure oblique lines between the nerves, beneath having
protuberant alternate nerves. Vahl obferves, that Vale¬
ria of Linnaeus agrees with elaeocarpus in the calyx,
corolla, anthers, and fruit; and that they are the fame,
appears from the fpecimen in Herman’s Herbarium. He
does not find that the calyx is fuperior, as Retzius affirms
it to be. Native of the Eaft Indies.

5. Elaeocarpus integerrimus, or entire-leaved elaeocar-
pus : leaves lanceolate, quite entire ; flowers heaped,
axillary. This is a middie-lized tree, with fpreading
branches. Leaves fmooth, petioled, alternate. Flowers
many, golden, fweet-fmelling. Native of Cochin-china,
where it is alfo cultivated on account of the fweetnefs
and beauty of the flowers.

6. Elteocarpus oblongus, or oblong elaeocarpus. Na¬
tive of the Eaft Indies.

ELr£ODEN'DRUM,y'. [from eXutu, olive, and hvfy m,
a tree.] The Olive-wood ; in botany, a genus of the
clafs pentandria, order monogynia. The generic charac¬
ters are — Calyx : perianthium live-leaved ; leaflets round-
i(h, blunt, concave, fpreading very much, fmall, perma¬
nent, Corolla; petals five, roundifh, blunt, concave,

fpreading

E L A

E L A

Spreading very much, twice as long as the calyx. Sta¬
mina: filaments five, Tubulate, bent back, a riling from
a gland beneath, the germ; antheras roundifii, erect. Pif-
tillum: germ round ifh, conical, placed on a gland; ffyle
conical ; ffigma obtufe, bifid. Pericarpium: drupe ovate,
obtufe. Seed: innovate; fliell thick, and very hard ;
two. celled ; kernels oblong, comprelfed. — Effential Cha.
ratter . Corolla, five-petalled ; drupe ovate, with a twog
celled nut.

Species, r. Elaeodendrum orientale : a moderate fized
twiggy (lirub or tree, a native of the oriental regions; with
the leaves ovate-lanceolate, fmooth, fometimes flight ly
waved, and fometimes even a little inclining to a fubfer-
raied appearance on the upper parts of the fhoots. Flow¬
ers borne towards the ends of the branches, Handing by
twos and threes; of a pale green colour, fupported on
fhortifh pedicels, each of which fprings from a fomewhat
Ionian' common pedicel. The lower fhoots, or thofe
neared the ground, appear to be fomewhat procufnbent,
and have narrower and longer leaves in proportion than
the upper ones ; the nerves or midribs of thefe leaves are
alfo of a redd ifh colour.

i. Elreodendrum argan : branches fpiny ; leaves ovate,
obtufe. This is a middle-fized tree, with fhort thickifh
fpines at the ends of the branches. It is called argan by
tlie Moors, who exprefs an oil from the fruit, which the
Europeans ufe in a variety of works, and the Moors for
the table. Native of the woods of Morocco, whence it
was fent to Retzius by profeffor Scluilten.

ELvEOM'ELI, J. with ancient phyficians, a kind of
fweet oil of the confidence of honey, faid to flow from
the trunk of a tree in Syria, and to be very efficacious in
bilious complaints.

EL.IEOS AC'CH ARUM, f. in pharmacy, a compofi-
tion of oil and fugar.

ELiEOTHE'SIUM, f. in antiquity, a room or place
where the athletae were wont to bathe and anoint thent-
fel ves.

E'LAH, [Heb. an oak.] A valley of Palefline, in the
land of Judah, remarkable for a battle fought between
the Ifraelites under king Saul, and the Philiftines, in
which the latter were vanquifhed ; and where David flew
Goliah. i Sam. xviii. 19. xxi. 9.

ELAHA'JAN, a town of Arabia, in the country of
Yemen : too miles fouth-eaff of Amanzirifdin.

ELAIOCAR'POS. See Elsocarpus and Dicera.

ELA'IS, yi in botany. See Eljeis.

E'LAM, [qSj; Heb. a young man.] The ancient name
of Perfia, fo named from Elam, eldefl fon of Shem, whofe
defeendants, probably, firft fettled there. Chedorlaomer,
king of this country, together with his confederates, were
vanquifhed by the patriarch Abraham, when they invaded
Canaan. Gen.x iv. Jer.x lix. 34.

E'LAN, a town of Ruffia, in the country of the Cofacs,
on the Don : fixty-eight miles fouth-welf of Archadinfkaia.

E'LAN, a town of South Wales, in the county of
Brecknock.

To ELAN'CE, v. a. [elancer, Fr.] To throw out ; to
dart ; to caff as a dart :

Harfh words, that once danc'd, muff ever fly
Irrevocable. Prior.

ELAPHEBO'LIA, f. in Grecian antiquity, a feflival
in honour of Diana the huntrefs. In the celebration a
cake was made in the form of a deer (ehatpoi;), and offered
to the goddefs. It owed its inftitution to the follow¬
ing circumflance : When the Phocians had been feverely
beaten by the Thelfaliaris, they refolved, by the perfua-
fion of one Deiphantus, to raife a pile of combuffible ma¬
terials, and burn their wives, children, and effects, rather
than fubmit to the enemy. This refolution was unani-'
moufly approved by the women, who decreed Deiphantus
a crown for his magnanimity. When every thing was
prepared, before they fired the pile, they engaged their
enemies, and fought with fuch defperate fury, that they

399

totally routed them, and obtained a complete vidtory.
In commemoration of this unexpected fuccefs, this feffi-
val was inftituted to Diana, and obferved with the greateff
folemnity.

ELAPFIEBO'LIUM, f. in Grecian antiquity, the ninth
month of the Athenian year, anfweriog to the latter part
of February and beginning of March. It confided of thirty
days; and took its name from the feflival elaphebolia,
kept in this month, in honour of Diana the huntrefs, as
mentioned in the preceding article.

FILA'PHRIUM, f. in botany. See Fagara.

To ELAP1DATE, v. a. [ elapidare , Lat.] To clear a
place of Hone.

ELAPID A'TION, f. A clearing of Hones.

To ELAP'SE, v. n. [ elapfus , Lat.] To pafs away; to
glide away ; to run out without notice. — There is a do-
cible feafon, a learning-time in youth, which, differed to
elapfe , and no foundation laid, feldom returns. C/ariJfa.

ELAP'SION.y. The aft of Hiding away; the aft of
palling away without notice. Scott.

To ELA'QUEATE, v. a. [e, from, and laqueus, Lat. a
trap.] To difentangle ; to fet free from a fnare.

EL AQJJE A'TION, f. The aft of difentangling ; the
aft of fetting free.

ELARAHAL', or El Fjarahal, a town of Spain, in
the province of Seville : twenty miles north-wed of Se¬
ville.

ELARGA'TION, f. [e, from, and largior, Lat. to
beHow.] The act of freely beHowing.

ELASE'RE, a town of Arabia, in the country of Ye¬
men : twenty-eight miles north of Chamir.

ELAS'MIS,_/i A trivial name for a genus of talcs,
compofed of fmall plates in form of fpangles ; and either
Angle, and not farther fiffile ; or, if complex, only fiffile
to a certain degree, and in fomewhat thick laminae. Of
thefe talcs there are feveral varieties, fome with large
and others with fmall fpangles, which differ alfo in co¬
lour and other peculiarities.

ELAS'TIC, or Elastical, adj. Gr.] Having

the pov/er of returning to the form from which it is dii-
torted or withheld ; fpringy ; having the power of a
fpring. — A fermentation muH be excited in fome affign-
able place, which may expand itfelfby its elajlical power,
and break through, where it meets with the weakeff re¬
finance. Bentley.

By what elajlic engines did Hie rear,

The Harry roof, and roll the orbs in air. Blackmore.

All bodies partake, more or lefs, of the properties of
elafficity ; though perhaps none are perfectly elallic, as
none are found to reHore themfelves with a force equal to
that with which they are tompreffed. The principal
phenomena obfervable in elaffic bodies are, 1. That an
elaHic body, (i. e. a body perfectly elaHic, if any fuch
there be) endeavours to reHore itfelf with the fame force
with which it is preffed or bent. 2. An elaHic body ex¬
erts its force equally towards all Tides ; though the effect
is chiefly found on that fide where the refiffance is weak¬
eff ; as is evident in the cafe of a gun exploding a ball,
a bow fliooting out an arrow, &c. 3. ElaHic bodies, in

what manner foever Hruck, or impelled, are infieCted and
rebound after the fame manner: thus, a bell yields the
fame mufical found, in what manner or on what fide fo¬
ever it be Hruck ; the fame of a tenfe or mufical chord ;
and a body rebounds from a plane in the fame angle in
which it meets or Hrikes it, making the angle of incidence
equal to the angle of reflection, whether the intenlity of
the ffroke be greater or lefs. 4. A body perfectly fluid,
if any fuch there be, cannot be elaHic, if it be allowed
that its parts cannot be comprelfed. 5. A body perfectly
Eo lid, if any fuch there be, cannot be elaHic ; becaufe,
having no pores, it is incapable of being compreffed,
6. The elaffic properties of bodies feern to differ, accord¬
ing to their greater or lefsdenlity or compadlnefs, though
not in an equal degree ; thus, metals are rendered move

compact

•TOO

E L A

E L A

coinpafl and ela [tic by being hammered : tempered flee?
-is much more elaftic than i'ot't fleel ; and the denfity of
the former is to that of the latter as 7S09 to 7738 : cold
condentes Folid bodies, and renders them more elaftic
whilft heat, that relaxes them, has the oppolite effedt :
but, on the contrary, air, and other elaftic fluids, are ex¬
panded by heat, and rendered more elaftic.

ELASTIC FLUIDS, or VAPOURS, are fuch as may
be compreffed mechanically into a lefs (pace, and which
refume their former (late when the comprefling force is
withdrawn. -Such as atmofp'herical air, and all the aerial
fluids, with all kinds of fumes or gafes railed by means
of heat, whether from folid or fluid bodies. Of thefe.
Tome remain elaftic only while a considerable degree of
heat is applied to them, or to the fubftance which pro¬
duces them ; while others continue elaftic in every de¬
gree of cold that lias yet been obferved. The elaftic
force with Which any one of thefe fluids is endowed, has
not yet beea calculated, as being ultimately greater than
any obftacle we can put in its way. Thus, on compref¬
ling the atmofp'herical air,«we find that for Lome little
time at firft it eafily yields to any force applied ; but at
every fucceeding moment the reliftance becomes always
the ftronger, and a greater and greater force mull be ap¬
plied to comprefs it farther. As the compreflion goes
on, the veffel containing the air becomes hot; but no
power whatever has yet been able in any degree to deitroy
the elafticity of the contained fluid ; for, upon removing
the preffure, it is always found to occupy the very fame
fpace that it did before. The cafe is the fame with the
fteam of water, to which a fufficient heat is applied to
keep it from condenfing into water. See all thefe fafts
exemplified under the heads of the different Gafes, and
under Atmofpkericai Air, in the article Chemistry, vol. iv.
p. 196, & c.

ELAS'TTC STONE, f. See Brasilian Stone.

ELAS'TIC GUM, or Resin, J'. commonly called In¬
dia-rubber. See the article Ca outchouc, vol. iii. p. 744 ;
and the article Chemistry, vol. iv. p. 340.

ELASTl'CITY, f. Force in bodies, by which they
endeavour to reftore themfelves to the pofture from
whence they were difplaced by any external force. Quincy.
—A lute-ftring will bear an hundred weight without rup¬
ture ; hut at the fame time cannot exert its elafticity .- take
away fifty, and immediately it raifeth the weight. Arbuthnot.
Me emptinefs and diillncfs could infpire.

And were my elaficity and fire. Pope.

The cattle or principle of this important property,
elaficity, is varioufly accounted for. The Cartefians
aferibe it to their fubtile matter making an effort to pafs
through pores that are too narrow for it. Thus, fay they,
in bending or comprefling a hard elaftic body, as a bow,
for inftance, its parts recede from each other on the con¬
vex fide, and approach on the concave one : confequently
the pores are contra^ed or ftraitened on the concave fide ;
and, if they were before round, are now perhaps oval :
fo that the materia fubtilis, or matter of the fecond ele¬
ment, endeavouring to pafs out of the pores thus ftraight-
ened, mud make an effort, at the fame time, to reftore
the body to the (date it was in when the pores were
rounder, i. e. before the bow was bent : and in this con-
fifts its elaficity Some later philofophers account for
elafticity much after the fame manner as the Cartefians,
with this only difference, that inftead of the fubtile mat¬
ter of the Cartefians, thefe fubftitute ether, or a fine
ethereal medium that pervades all bodies.

Others, fetting afide the precarious notion of a materia
fubtilis, account for elafticity from the great law of na¬
ture, attrafdion, or the caule of the cohefion of the parts
of folid and firm bodies. Thus, fay they, when a hard
body is (Truck or bent, fo that the component parts are
moved a little from each other, but not quite disjointed
or broken off', or feparated fo far as to be out of the power
of that attracting force by which they cohere ; they

muff, on removing the external violence, Turing back t«
their former natural ftate. Others again refolve elafticity
into the preffure of the atmofphere : for a violent tendon,
or compreflion, though not fo great as to fe pa rave the
condiment particles of bodies far. enough to let in any
foreign matter, mud yet occalion many little vacuola be¬
tween tlie feparated fnrfaces ; fo that on the removal of
the force they will clofe again by the preffure of the
aerial fluid upon the external parts. There are others
w ho attribute the elafticity of all hard bodies to the
power of refiliti on in the air included within them ; and
fo make the elaftic force of the air the principle of elafti¬
city in all other bodies.

Among the modern philofophers, Barruel and Libes
feem to have made the mod. interefting refearches re-
fpedting the caufe of elafticity. Barruel aferibes the
caufe to two principles: 1. “ Every body in nature,”
fays he, “is porous, and thefe pores are proportioned to
the denfity of the fubftance. 2. Thefe pores are filled
with different fluids, and principally with caloric. But
caloric pofteffes a ftrong repulfive force ; from which it
follows, that, when an elaftic body is compreffed, the ca¬
loric in its pores drives back by its repulfive power the
difplaced parts, and brings them to their former ftate.”
Libes, who* has examined tlie fame fubjeft with (irnilar
attention, makes elafticity to depend on caloric inter-
pofed either between the m of ecu lie of tlie bodies, or
combined with them, and at the fame time on the attrac¬
tive force of thefe moleculse. “This being premifed,”
fays lie, “ I fay, that the reftoration of folid bodies after
compreflion is a combined effect, which depends in part
on the repulfive force which their integral molecules have
received from caloric, and in part from the attractive
force of thefe moleculae.” He then applies elegant for¬
mulae of calculation to thefe phenomena.

The fuppofition that repulfion is a primary catife, in¬
dependent of all others, has given rife to many erroneous
theories, and very much embarraffed philofophers in ac¬
counting for the phenomena of elafticity.

ELA'TE, adj. flatus, Lat.] Fkifhed with fuccefs;
elevated with profperity ; lofty ; haughty :

Oh, thoughtlefs mortals! ever blind to fate!

Too foon dejeftea, and too foon elate!

I, of mind date, and fcorning fear,

Thus with new taunts infult the monfter’s ear. Pope.

To ELA'TE, v. a. To elevate with fuccefs; to puff
up with profperity .v To exult; to heighten. An unu-
fualfenfc:

Or truth, divinely breaking on bis mind,

Elates his being, and unfolds bis power. Thomfon.

EI/ATE, f. [fo named rcoepa. to that v, from its great
height ; eXodj ovpccfo/Avy-vt> Homer.'] In botany, a genus of
palmae, (monoecia triandria, Thunb.) The generic cha-
radters are — I. Maleflowers. Calyx: fpathetwo-valved ;
fpadix branching. Corolla: petals three, roundifh.
Stamina: filaments three, fimple ; anthene adnate. li.
Female flowers in the fame fpadix with the males. Ca¬
lyx : fpathe common with the males. Corolla: petals
three, roundifh, permanent. Piftillum : germ roundifh ;
ftyle fubulate ; ftigma (harp. Pericarpium : drupe ovate,
acuminate. Seed: nut ovate, grooved. — EJfcntial Charac¬
ter. Male: calyx, three-toothed ; corolla, three-petalled ;
antherse, fix, felfile. Female: calyx, one-leafed ; co¬
rolla, three-petalled ; piftillum, one ; ftigmas, three ;
drupe, one-feeded.

Elate fylvcftris, or prickly-leaved elate, a Angle fpe-
cies : fronds pinnate ; leaflets oppofite. This palm ..grows
to the height of about fourteen feet, tlie trunk being co¬
vered with an afh. coloured cruft, clofely united with a
very hard whitilh wood ; pinnate leaves break out from
the top of the trunk only, in a decuffated order, the old
ones .dropping off as the young ones lire >k forth; the
flowers are concealed in ftift, green, coriaceous fpathe? ;

E L A

E L A

401

they are fmall, feveral on the fame peduncle ; petals
whitifli-green ; ftamens whitifh, kinuginofe. They have
no fmell, but a rough tafte ; fruits oblong-round, final!,
like a wild plum, with a hard woody point at top, co¬
vered with the calyx at bottom, firft green, then red, but
when ripe of a reddilh brown, or blackifh and fliining,
•covered with a thin rind that is eafily broken, and having
a whitifh fweet farinaceous pulp within ; the nut or (tone
is oblong, rufous, marked longitudinally with a deep
furrow, and containing a whitifh bitter kernel ; the fruits
grow on green, fmooth, fliining, branches, near a yard
long, and two fingers broad, flat, (tiff, and woody; whence
a clear auftere liquor flows when they are cut or wounded.
The poorer fort of people chew the nut in the fame man¬
ner with the areca-nut, with the leaf of the betel and
quick-lime. The elephants are very fond of the fruit
branches, which are very fweet. The leaves, fruit, &c.
are very aftringe-nt, and are looked upon as powerful in
flopping fluxes. Native of t lie Ea ft Indies. Introduced
about 1763, by John Blackburne, efq. For the Propaga¬
tion and Culture , fee Palms.

EL'ATER, J'. [eAc-hv, to agitate. } The Skipper ; in
entomology, a genus of infers belonging to the order of
coieoptera. The antennas of fome elateres are fetaceous,
others filiform, pedlinated,' or ferrated. Their 1 irvas
live in decayed trunks of trees, where they undergo their
metamoruhofes. Many of the coleopterous infedts have
a great difficulty in reftoring themfelves when laid on the
back ; the apparatus with which the infect s of this genus
are provided for that purpofe, is fingular and curious.
An elaftic fpring, or Ipine, projects from the hinder ex¬
tremity of the bread, and there is a groove or cavity in
the anterior part of the abdomen. When laid on its
back, the infedl raifes and fuftains itfelf on the anterior
part of the head and the extremity of the body, by w hich
means the fpine is removed from the groove where it is
lodged, when in. its natural pofition ; then fuddenly
bending its body, the fpine is ftruck with force, acrofs a
fmall ridge or elevation, into the cavity from whence it
was withdrawn ; by which fliock, the parts of the body
before Curtained in the air, are fo forcibly beat againft
whatever the infedl is laid on, as to caufe it to fpring or
rebound to a confideraple diftance. The antennas are
lodged in a cavity fcooped out of the under tide of the
head and thorax, probably to prefe-rve them, when the
infedl falls, after its fingular leap.

There are no lefs than one hundred anci eighty-three
fpecies of this genus of infedts now afeertained ; of which
tu enty-fix are found in England. They are all eafily
diftinguifhed from every other genus by the fpine at the
extremity of the thorax ; a charabler which fcarcely any
other infect poffefles. The phofphoreus, nodlilucus, and
feveral other fpecies of this infedl, give out a ftrong phof-
phoric light in the night time, the -dreams of which are fo
luminous, that a perfon may lee to read the fmalleft print,
-by placing them on the leaf of a book. The elegant
fpecies delineated on the annexed engraving, are as fol¬
low : Fig. 1. -Elater Flabellicornis, with fan-'fhaped an¬
tennas ; the large-ft of the genus yet known; meafuring
about two inches and a half from the head to the anus.
The head is fmall, and of a fquarifli form, furrounded
with a fmall black margin, having four palpi, two of
them very ftiort ; the eyes are brown and fliining ; the
antennae are the length of the thorax, and black; thofe
of the male are pectinated, or rather laminated, having
not lefs than eight dirtindt plates or laminae lying clofe
to each other, which, when clofed together, appear to
be of equal thicknefs. The general colour of the infedl
i-s a dark fliining bronze : the thorax has a black margin,
terminating on the tides in two fliarp fpines ; the efeut-
cbeon is fmall ; the wing-cafes or (hells are fmooth and
gloffy, without any margin, and rounding at their extre¬
mities, without any fpines ; the elaftic fpring is black,
and fmall for the fize of tlie infedl. All the under part

Vol. VI. No.. 5.59.

of the infedl is the fame colour as the upper ; the
bearers cr feet confift of five articulations, befides the
hooks or claws. It is a native of India; that which is
figured in the engraving was found at Sierra Leona, on
the coaft of Africa.

Fig. 2. The Porcatus: a beautiful fpecies, and large,
meafuring an inch and three quarters. The head is a
dark braft'y green ; the eyes brown and fliining; the an-
tenme black, confiding of ten articulations ; the-thorax
on the (ides is yellow, having a broad bar of a green co¬
lour running longitudinally from the head to the hinder
part, being marginat-ed witji black ; the wing-cafes are
deeply furrowed with green and yellowifk lines, the (ides
having a broad yellow flripe all round them, and are
marginated with black ; the extremities rounded, and not
ending in a fpine ; the bread, abdomen, and legs, are en¬
tirely dark green ; the elaftic fpring is black and large.;
the bearers confift of five articulations belides the hooks.
It inhabits South America: tlie one figured in the en¬
graving was brought from the Bay of Honduras.

Fig. 3. The Auratus, ranked among the moft elegant
of the elateres, is alfo large, meafuring near an inch and
three-fourths. The head is green ; the eyes black ; the
antennae are black, and fhorter than the thorax, having
at each joint fome fliort hairs, plainly to be difeovered
when viewed through a microfcope ; the thorax is green,
and margined, appearing as if finely polifhed ; the hinder
corners being pointed, and forming obtufe angles ; the
efcutcheon is round, and fliining ; the wing cafes are like-
wife green, variegated with (hades of yellow arid gold,
fhining, and margined ; their extremities terminating in
two (harp points : all the under part of the infedl is of
tlie fame fliining green as the upper, except the bearers,
which are black, and confift of five articulations befides
the claws. In this infedl the elaftic fpring is very large
and ftrong, fo that it can jump to a conliderable height.
This was brought from China.

Fig. 4. The Serraticornis : meafures near an inch and
a quarter. The head is reddifh brown ; the eyes fmall
and black ; the antennae black, ferrated, and fhorter than
the thorax ; the thorax is red-brown, with a dark longi¬
tudinal dagger-fhaped ftreak running along the middle
from the head to the efcutcheon ; the (ides terminating
in two angular points ; the efcutcheon is fmall and brown ;
the wing-cafes are reddifh, brown, marginated, and end¬
ing in two fpines: they are a little ftriated, with three
longitudinal dreaks of a dark brown colour ; the princi¬
pal one in the middle along the future, the others on each
fide ; the bread and .fore-part of the abdomen is the fame
red-brown colour as on the upper fide ; the hinder part
of the abdomen is darker, having two remarkable oval
fpots of a lightifti colour near the anus ; the bearers con¬
fift of no more than four articulations befides the hooks.
This came from Rio Janeiro in the Brafils : it is alfo
found in Italy.

Fig. 5. The Angulatus : a degree larger than the pre¬
ceding. The head and eyes are black, the former being
furnifhed with two remarkable thick and fliort horns or
fpines ; the antennas are black, and ftrongly pedlinated,
confiding of not lefs than ten articulations; the thorax is
orange coloured, with a broad black ftreak down tlie
middle. Two remarkable black lozerige-fhaped fpots are
placed ndar tlie middle of the thorax, and are united to
the longitudinal black ftreak. Clofe to thefeare two fin¬
gular fwellings, like protuberances, on the (ides of the
thorax. The efcutcheon is black ; the wing cafes pale-
orange, the fides and middle having three black ftripes
running along them, the extremities ending in two fliarp
fpines ; the bread is orange, with two long black (pots on
the tides ; the abdomen is of a dark cream colour, with
two black ftripes running along the fides from the bread,
and joining at the anus; all the legs are orange; tlie
bearers confiding of five articulations, befides the hooks.
Native of the Brads.

jK Fig,

40-2

E L A

Fig. 6. The Fafciatus : about three quarters of an
inch in length. The head is grey ; the eyes black'; the
antennae lerrated and black, nuiclr fhorter than tie tho¬
rax, which is grey, with, two final 1 round black loots on
the middle, and two fquare ones next the efcutcheon ;
the e(’cutcJieoi\itfeif is black, furrounded by a patch of
the fame colour ; the wing cafes are grey, with two waved
irregular bands eroding them, one near the middle, the
other near the antis: all the under part of the infect is
black ; and, when viewed through a mierofeope, appears
to be powdered, as it were, with grey. The legs are en¬
tirely black. Native of Africa and Europe ; and is found
iikewife in England.

Fig. 7. The Pidhis : nearly the fize of the preceding.
The head is yellow-brown; the eyes fmal) and black;
the antennae deeply ferrated and black, being (horfer than
the thorax ; the thorax is yellow-brown, with feveral
black longitudinal (freaks; the efcutcheon is very fmall
and yellow-brown ; the wing-cafes the fame colour, with
feveral faint black marks thereon, particularly two fitu-
ated near the middle, of a triangular fhape, and reaching
to the (ides: they are a little (Mated, and terminate at
the anus in four blunt (pines, two to each. All the under
part of this infetl is of a grey colour. The elaftic fpring
in this infefl is remarkably large. Native of Africa.

Fig. 8. The Teffellafus : a native of Europe, and an
inhabitant of England; the (hells adorned with teffelated
v. hitidi fpots on a chocolate-coloured ground. Fig. 9.
The Purpureus : thorax black, with a thin purple down ;
w ing-cafes or (hells purple, with raifed lines : native of
Auftria. Fig. 10. The Pulchellus: head and thorax
black and bronze ; (hells variegated with black, yellow,
and reddith brown : inhabits England, and is found in
gardens. Fig. n. The Rufipes, moftly black and po-
liftied : a native of Saxony. Fig. 12. The Ignitus: a
curious and beautiful fpecies, from Cayenne. Fig-. 13.
The Phofphoreus : dark bronze, with two tranfparent
yellow fpots on the thorax, which appear to give out a
phofphoric light : it is a native of South America.
Fig. 14. The Fufcipes : a large fpecies, moftly black;
wing-cafes (Mate : native . of the Eaft Indies. Fig. 15.
The Sa.iiguinolentus : thorax and body black ; wing-
cafes blood-red, with an ovate black fpot in the center :
inhabits Germany . Fig. 16. The Bipuftulatus ; a fmall
fpecies, found in the woods of Germany : it is quite
black, with two flame-coloured puftules on the wing-
cafes. Fig. 17. The Pulverulentus : head and body
black, very minutely fpeckled witli greeniih gold ; on the
wing-cafes a divaricated (Iripeof red : native of America.

ELA'TERIST, f. One who holds the doClrine of the
elafticity of t he air.

ELAT'ERIUM, f [ Gr.] The elafticity cf
the air.

ELATE'RIUM, f. [fAcflrpior, from tXuvvux whatever
purges the belly ; troches made of the juice of the wild
cucumber ; and a name for that cucumber itfelf. ] In bo¬
tany, a genus of the clafs monoecia, order monandria, na¬
tural order cucurbitaceie. The generic characters are —
I. Male flowers. Calyx :. none. Corolla: one-petalled,
i.il ver-fhaped ; tube cylindric ; border five-cleft ; divi-
lions lanceolate, channelled on. the back, the incifures
furniflied with a toothlet. Stamina: filament fingle, co¬
lumnar; anther linear. II. Female flowers. Caly.x and
corolla as in male. Piftillum : germ inferior, eciiinate ;
fly le columnar, thickening; ftigma capitate. Pericar-
pium : capfule inferior, echinate, .leathery, filled with
.pulp, uniform, one-celled, two-valved, elaflic. Seeds :
feveral. — EJfential CharaEler. Male: calyx, none; co-
rolla, falver-fhaped. Female: calyx, none ; corolla, fid-
Vi.r-(haped ; capfule, inferior, one-celled, two-valved.

Species. 1. F.laterium Carthagenenfe : leaves cordate,
angular. This is probably an annual plant ; (ferns round,
(mooch, herbaceous, diffufed, fcandent, with tendrils
bifid and lateral ; leaves very finely ferrate, fmooth un.

£ L A

derneatfi, fomewhat rugged above, petioled, alternate,
numerous; pedpnc^les of the male flowers axillary, Soli¬
tary, many-flowered, fpreading, almolt the length of the
leaves, racemed or fubumbelled : female peduncle from
the fame axil, folitary, one-flowered, (Fort : corolla
white, without feent in the day, but fmelling fweet at
night ; fruit green, an inch and half long, having but
little watery pulp, fmelling like cucumber ; when ripe,
it opens elaftically with a very gentle touch, and difperfes
its feeds; or, when approaching to maturity, if it be
held Come time in the hand clofed, it will do the fame ;
one valve is' cornpofed of the whole (ides and the anterior
part of the fruit, and is roundifti two-lobed on one
fide, or like the figure 8 ; the back of the capfule forms
the other, which is therefore oblong : this on the infide
at the tip is furniflied with a lanceolate appendix, highly'
elaflic, furniflied with about eighteen to.othlets, to which
as many brownifh feeds adhere. Native of Carthagena^
in New Spain, covering entire flmibs with its ftalks, and
flowering in October and November...

2. Elaterium trifoliatum: leaves ternate, gaflied.
Capfule kidney-Ihaped, rough with hairs, two-valved,.
opening with a fpring ; and therefore of this genus. Na¬
tive of Virginia. See Momordica.

E'LATH, or F.i.oth, [lleb. a hind.] A city of Edom,
(ituated near the Red Sea. It was in being in the days
of Mofes, Dcut. ii. 8. and during the fitbjedion of the
Edomites to Judah, was one of Solomon’s principal fea-
ports. 2 Chrov. viii. 17. 1 1 was taken from Judah, and de-
flroyed ; but was rebuilt by Uzzah king of Judah, who
reftored it to his kingdom : it was again taken from Ju¬
dah in the reign of Ahaz, by Rezin king of Syria, through
the afliflance of Pekah king of Ifrael, and was never af¬
terwards regained by the Jews. 2 Kings, xiv . 22. xvi. 6.

ELA'TlNE,yi rnadeof fir.] In botany, a ge¬

nus of the clafs ochuidria, order tetragynia, natural order
inundatfe, (caryopliyllere, JuJJe) The generic charaiSlers-
are — Calyx : periantliium four-leaved ; leaflets roundifli,
flat, (ize of the corolla, permanent. Corolla: petals
four, ovate, obtufe, feflile, fpreading. Stamina; fila¬
ments' eight, length of the corolla; antlierie Ample.
Piftillum: germ orbicular, globofe-deprefled, large;
ftyles four, upright, parallel, length of the (hunens ;
fligmas ft mple. Pericarpium : capfule orbicular, glo¬
bofe-deprefled, large, four-celled, four-valved. Seeds :
feveral, mooned, upright, furrounding the receptacle in
the manner of a wheel. — E/fential CharaEler. Calyx, four-
leaved ; petals, four; capfule, four-celled, four-valved,.
flatted.

Species. 1. Elatine hydropiper, or oppofite-leaved wa¬
ter-wort : leaves oppofite. A very fmall annual aqur/tic
plant, hardly a fpan in length ; ftems very tender, creep¬
ing ; the (hoots eredl, and leafy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,,
quite entire, feffile at the joints ; flowers folitary, much
fmaller than in the fecond fpecies, alternate, on very
fliort peduncles at the axils of the leaves on the branches,
and clofe to them on the Hem; petals white, purplilh,
or rofe-coloured ; ftyles none, fligmas very fmall; an¬
thers globular: capfules fmaller than in the fecond.
Native cf Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Silefta, and
France ; in ditches and wet places : flowering in fummer.

2. Elatine alfinaftrum, or whorl-leaved water-wort 1
leaves in whorls. Native of Aboa, Leipfic, 'Silefla,
Swillerland, near Paris and Montpellier, England ; in
ditches. Found by Mr. James Sherard on the bogs upon
the common, by the road from ELtham to Chiflelhurft :
it flowers in June and July. See Antirrhinum, La-
tiiyrus, Aphaca, and Veronica.

ElLA'TION,y; Haughtinefs proceeding from fuccefs,-
pride of profperity. — 'God began to punifh this vain ela¬
tion of mind, by withdrawing his favours. Attcrbury.

ELATI'TES, f. in natural hittory, a kind of blood-
(tone.

ELATOS'TEMA, f. in botany: fee Dorstenia.

ELAT'MAS

!■** . . f¥ & ^ ^ ^ j| : • :

ELM’ElUsn EL OPS .

E L B

' ELAT'MA, a town of Ruflia, in the government of
Tambov, on the Oka: 132 miles north of Tambov.
Lqt. 55. 2. N. Ion. 59. 28. E. Ferro.

Fo ELAX'ATE, w.a. \_elaxare, Lat.J. To unloofe or
make wider.

ELAY', a river of -Wales, in the county of Glamor¬
gan, which runs into the fea, near Pennarth Point.

EL'BA (i(le of), in Latin Ilva, anciently Oethalia, in
the Tufcan fea, and middle divifion of Italy, oppoiite to
Piombino, being feparated from the main land by a chan¬
nel of the latter name, about 10 miles broad. The illand
is forty miles in circuit, reckoning its gulfs, capes, & c.
and has two ports; the one to the north weft, called
Porto Ferraio, belonged to the grand-duke of Tufcany
before the late revolutionary war ; the other is to the
fouth-eaft, called Porto Longone, was fubjeCt to Spain,
and indeed the whole illand was generally confidered as
under the protection of that crown, and mofily belonged
to the duke of. Piombino. By the treaty of Luneville,
Dec. 1800, it was exprefsly llipulated that Elba fliould
be attached to the duchy of Tufcany; but in Auguft
1801, the dominions of the grand duke were given in fo-
vereignty to the infant of Spain, by the title of Louis I.
king of Etruria ; by which means the French obtained
this ifland for themfelves at the peace of March 1802, in
direft contradiction to the treaty of Luneville. The
place is mountainous, and has mines of iron, marble, ful-
phur, and fame lead-done. It lies fourteen miles fouth-
wed of Piombino. I, at. 42. 26. N. Ion. 11. 1 8, E.

EI.BE, a river of Germany, which riles in the fouth-
ead part of the principality of Jauer, in Silefia, takes a
foutherly courfe through part of Bohemia, palling by
Arnau, Kotiinghod', Konigingratz, &c. to Pardubitz,
where, turning towards the wed and north-wed, it pafl’es
by Nimburg, Kodeletz, Melnik, Raudnitz, Leitmeritz,
Tetfchen, &c. after which it enters Saxony, palfes by
Konigdein, Pirnau, Drefden, Meilfen, Belgern, Torgaw,
Wittenburg, Cofwick, Delfau, Barley, Magdeburg, Tan-
gernutnde, Sandau, Domitfch, Boitzenburg, Lauenburg,
Hamburg, Gluckdadt, &c. and runs into the German
Sea, about lat. 54. 3. N. Ion. 25. 50. E. Ferro. Prullia
having allowed the French troops under Bonaparte, to
blockade its banks, with a view to injure our commerce
in that quarter, the king of England took the fpirited re-
folution of completely blockading the entrance of it,
which was notided to the neutral powers in June 1803.

ELBE, a river of Germany, in the circle of the Upper
Rhine, which runs into the Eder, two miles fouth-fouth-
ead of Fritzlar, in the county of Waldeck.

ELBEDOU'I, a town of Arabia, in the country of
Yemen : fourteen miles fouth of Abu Arifch.

EL'BERT, a county of the American States, in the up¬
per didriCf of Georgia, on the tract of land betweenTugulo
and Broad rivers. The fouth-ead corner of the county
is at their confluence, at the town of Peterlburg. On the
north-wed it is bounded by Franklin county . Elberton,
the feat of judice in this county, is twenty-three miles
north-wed of Peterlburg, and thirty fouth-ead of Frank¬
lin court-houfe.

EL'BERTON, a pod-town of the American States, in
Effingham county, Georgia, on the north-ead bank of
Ogeechee river, nineteen miles w'efl of Ebenezer, forty-
eight north-wed of Savannah, and fifty. flve fouth-ead of
Louifville. Lat. 32. 18. 45. N. Ion. 80. 30. W.

ELBEUF', a town of France, in the department of the
Lower Seine, and chief place of a canton, in the didrict
of Rouen; with a manufacture of cloth, on the Seine:
ten miles fouth of Rouen.

EL'BING, or Elblang, a fea-port town of Pruflia,
fituated on a river of the fame name, near the Frifche
Hade, built in 1239 ; fieven years after its foundation it
enjoyed the privilege of coining money. It is a place of
conliderable trade, and was till very lately Hanfeatic.
The Roman Catholics make ufe of the larged church,
the Lutherans have eight others, the Calvinifis have
1

ELD 403

places of worfhip, ttnd other feCts arc tolerated : thirty
miles fouth-ead of Dantzick.

ELBO'IC, /'. A rude kind of compofition in profe or
verfe; a rough line orverfe.

EL'BOW, f. [elboga, Sax.] The next joint or cur¬
vature of the arm below the fhoiilder:

In forne fair evening, on your dhow laid,

You dream of tiiurnphs in the rural fltade. Pope.

Any flexure or angle. — Fruit trees, or vines, fet upon a
wall between elbows or buttrefles of done, ripen more
than upon a plain wall. Bacon.

To be at the Elbow. To be near ; to be at hand :

Strait will he come ;

Wear thy good rapier bare, and put it home :

Qujck, quick ; fear nothing, I’ll be at thy elbow. Shakefp.

To EL'BOW, v. a. To pufli with the elbow, — One el¬
bows him, one joflles in the fliole. Dryden. — To pufli ; to
drive to a didance ; to encroach upon :

It thruds and dretches out,

And elbows all the kingdoms round about. Dryden.

To EL'BOW, v. n. To jut out in angles.

ELBOWCHA'IR, f. A chair with arms to fupport
the elbows. — Swans and elbowchairs, in the opera ot Dio-
clefian, have danced upon the Englidi dage with good
fuccefs. Gay.

EL'BOWING, part. aSl. Pufliing with the elbows;
encroaching upon ; bending out like an elbow.

EL'BOWROOM, J\ Room to dretch out the elbows
on each fide ; perfect freedom from confinement. — A po¬
litician mud put himfelf into a date of liberty to provide
elbowroom for confidence to have its full play in. South.
Now my foul hath elbowroom-,

It would not out at windows nor at doors. Shakefpeare.

ELBU'GA, a river of Ruflia, in the government of
Caucafus, which runs into the Kagalinflc, twelve miles
eafl of Azoph.

EL'BURG, or Elburch, a town of the United Dutch
States, in Guelderland, fituated on the eadern fhore of
the Zuyder Sea : thirty-four miles north-north-ead of
Utrecht. Lat. 52. 28. N. Ion. 23. 13. E. Ferro.

ELCE'SAITES, in church hidory, ancient heretics,
who appeared in the reign of the emperor Trajan, and
took their name from their leader Elcefai. They held a
mean between the Jews, Chridians, and Pagans; they
worfhipped one God, obferved the Jewiih fubbath, cir-
cumcilion, and other ceremonies of the law. They re¬
jected the Pentateuch, and the prophets ; nor had they
much refpect for the writings of the apodles, particu¬
larly thofe of St. Paul.

EL'CHE, a town of Spain, in the province of Valen¬
cia, fituated in a fored of palms and olive-trees; the en¬
virons produce a great quantity of wine, and feed a num¬
ber of cattle ; the water is fait, and not good ; that which
the inhabitants drink is brought from a didance. Seve¬
ral magnificent remains of its ancient fplendour make it
fuppoied to be the ancient Ilia: eight miles fouth-welt
of Alicant.

EL'CHE, a town of Spain, in New Cadile: twe-nty-
feven miles fouth-ead of Alcaraz.

ELCHIN'GEN, an abb.y of Germany, in the circle of
Swabia, the abbot of which is a prince, and pays fifty
florins for a Roman month, and is taxed 162 rix-dollars
and twenty-nine kruitzers to the imperial chamber : its
territory includes about fifteen villages near Ulm.

ELCO'SIS, j: [eAxoc, Gr. an ulcer.] A difeafe at¬
tended with foetid carious ulcers.

ELD, /, [ealb, Sax. .eld, Scottifli.] Old age; decre¬
pitude :

Thy blazed youth

Becomes afiuaged, and doth beg the alms

Of pallied eld, . Shakefpeare.

I

404 - ELD

Old people; p.eiTons worn out with years.— They count
him ot' t he g.reen-hait’d dd. Chapman.

EL'DA, a town of Spain, in the provinceof Valencia:
twenty miles weft-north-weft of Alicant.

EL'DAD, [Heb. the love of God.] A man’s name.

EI.DAG'SEN, or Eldagshausen, a town of Ger¬
many, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and principality of
Calenburg: lixteen miles eaft-north-eaft cf Hanieln.

EL'DKN HOLE, in Derbyfhire. See Peak.

ELDE'N A, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Saxony, and duchy of Pomerania : three miles eaft of
Griefswalda.

EL'DER,/i in botany. SeeSAMBUCUS and V i buenum.

EL/DER, adj. the comparative of dd, now corrupted
to old-, [ealb, ealboja, Sax.] Surpaffing another in years;
furvivor ; having the privileges of primogeniture : op-
pofed to younger. — They bring the companion ot younger
daughters conforming themfelves in attire to their elder
fillers. Hooker.

Fame’s high temple (lands;

Stupendous pile; not rear’d bv mortal hands!
Whate’en.proud Rome, or artful Greece beheld,

Or elder Babylon, its frame excell’d. Pope.

EL'DER-GUN, f. A pop-gun made of elder:

Who difmherited one .fon

For firing olf an elder.gun. Churchill.

EL'DERS, /. Perfons whofe age gives them a claim
to credit and reverence. — Rebuke not an elder, but in¬
treat him as a.father, and the younger men as brethren,
i Tim. v. i .

The blulhing youth their virtuous awe difclofe,^

And from their feats the reverend elders role. Sandys.
Anceftors. — Says the goofe, If it will be no better, e’en
■ carry your head as your elders have done before you.
L ' EJlrange.

I dole my patience, and I own it too,

Where works are cenfur’d, not as bad, but new ;

While, if our elders break all feafon’s laws,

Thofe fools demand not pardon, but applaufe. Pope.
Thofe who are older than others. — At the board, and in
private, it very well becometh children’s innocency to
pray, and their elders to fay, Amen. Hooker.

Elders, in the Jewifit hiftory, were perfons the raoll
confiderable forage, experience, and wifdom. Of this
fort were the Seventy men whom Moles alfociated to him-
felf in the government of his. people; fueh, likewife, af¬
terwards were thofe who held the firlf mark in the
fvnagogue, as prefidents. In the fit'll affemblies ot the
primitive Chriftians, thofe who held the firft places were
called dders. The word prefhyler , often ufed in the New
Tellament, is -of the fame fignification: hence- the fii 11
councils of Chrillians were called prejbyteria , or councils
of elders. The fame denomination is (till retained in the
prelbyterian difeipline in Scotland. The elders ate offi¬
cers, who, in conjunction with the pallors, or minifters,
and deacons, compofe the confiltories or kirk-fellions,
meeting to confider, infpell, and regulate, matters of re¬
ligion and difeipline. 4 hey are chofen from among t It e
people, and are received publicly with fome degree of
ceremony.

EI/DERXY, adj. Inclining to old age.

EL'DERSHIP, f. Seniority; primogeniture. —The
■world, while it had fcarcity of people, underwent no
other dominion than paternity and eldcrjhip. Raleigh.

Nor were the elderjhip^

Of Artaxerxes worth our leal! of tears,

If Memnoii’s interefl did not prop his caufe. Rowe. '

Prefbytery; eccleliaftical fenate; kirk-feffion. — That con-
troverfy fprang up between Beza and Eraltus, about the
-matter of excommunications ; whether there ought to be
in all churches an elderjhip , having power to excommuni-

E L E

cate, and a part of that elderjhip to be Of necefiity certain
chofen out from among!! the laity.. Hooker.

EL'DEST, adj. The fuperlativc of eld, now changed
to old-, £ealb, ealbopi, ealbptte, Sax.] The oldeft; that
lias the right of primogeniture :

We will eflnblifli our ellate upon
Our eldejl Malcolm, whom we name hereafter
The prince of Cumberland. Shckcfpeare.

The perfon that has lived moll years. — Tldrjl parents fig-
nifies either the oldeft men and women that have had
children, or thofe who have longeft had iffue. Locke.

ELDITZ'KA, a fortrefs of Ruflia, in the government
of Uplui, on the river Upha : fifty miles north of Upha.

ELD'PACH, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of
Auftria : fix miles fouth of Ips.

EL' DR ED, a man’s name.

ELE'A, in ancient geography, a d ill riel of Pelopon-
nefus, fituated between Achaia and Meftenia, reaching
from Arcadia to the Ionian fea.

ELE A'LEH, Jlleb. the alcenfion of God.] A city of
Paleftine, fituated in tile land of the Amorites, eaft of
Jordan. This city was deftroyed by the Ifraelites in their
conteTl with Sihon, during the journey to Canaan, and
was afterwards afiigned to the Reubenites, who rebuilt it.
Num. xxxii. 37.

ELEA'SA, the place where Judas Maccabeus en¬
camped previous to the battle in which he loft his life.

1 A face. ix. 5.

EL'EANOR, [Camden fuppofes it to be a corruption
of Helena-, others derive it from sel eamen, Sax. all fruit¬
ful.] A name of women.

ELEA'TIC, adj. Belonging to Elea; belonging to the
felt founded by Parmenides, a native of Elea,

• ELEA'TIC PHILOSOPHY, among the ancients, a
name given to that of the Stoics, becaufe taught at EA ia,
in Latin Vclia, a town of the Lucani. The founder ot the
Eleatic feel is fuppofed to have been Xenophanes, who
lived about the 56th olympiad, alnioft 600 years before
Chrift. This feci was divided into two parties, the one
rejelting, and the other approving, the appeal to full
and experiment. Of the former kind were Xenophanes,
Parmenides, Mcliflus, and Zeno, of Elea. They are fup¬
pofed to have maintained principles not unlike thofe of
Spinoza; they held the eternity and immutability of the
world; that whatever exifted was only one being; that
this one being was immoveable and immutable, and was
the true God ; and whatever changes feemed to happen
in the univerfe, they confidered as mere illuftons of fenfe.
The other branch of the Eleatic felt were the atomic
philofophers, who formed their fyftem from an attention
to the phenomena of nature ; of thefe the molt confidera-
ble were Leucippus, Democritus, and Protagoras.

ELEA'ZAR, [tvAn Heb. of bx God, and W help, i. e.
the help of God.] A man’s name.

ELEA'ZAR, high-prieft of the Hebrew nation, was
the third fon of Aaron, and his fuccelfor in that office.
His elder brethren, Nadab and Abihu, were (truck dead
during their father’s life-time for prefuming to burn in-
cenfe'm the tabernacle with ftrange fire, contrary to the
divine command. On the death ot Aaron on mount Hor,
about the year before Chrift 1+52, Eleazar was inverted
by Mofes with the robes belonging to his father’s dignity.
We have little information concerning him, excepting
that he continued'' to difeharge the duties of the high-
priefthood during the remainder of the life of Moles,
and the whole of the adminiftration of Joftnia; and that
he furvived the latter but a rtiort time, dying mod pro¬
bably about the year before Chrift 1427.

ELEA'ZAR, high-prieft of the Jews, was raifed to
that office on the death ot his brothei, Simon .lie Juft,
about 292 years before Chrift. It was during his ponti¬
ficate, according to the teftimony of Ariftteas, which was
implicitly received by Jofephus, and after hint by Juftin
Martyr, Irenaeus. Cyril, Chryloftom, Epiphanius, and
3 others

£ L £

405

others of the Chridian fathers, that Ptolemy Philadel-
plms, king of Egypt, fent an embaffy to Jerufalem, with
rich prefents, in order to obtain a copy of t he ('acred
books of the Hebrews, which he placed in the library at
Alexandria. Eleazar died after he had filled the Ration
of high-pried about thirty-two years.

ELECAMPA'NE, /. [hdarium, Lat.] A plant, named
alfo danvort. See Inula. — The Germans have a method
of candying elecampane root like ginger, to which they
prefer it, and call it German fpice. Hill.

To ELE'CT, v. a. [ ckElus , Lat.] To choofe for any
office or ufe ; to take in preference to others :

Henry his fon is chofen king, though young;

And Louis of France, elefted fird, beguil’d. Daniel.
[In theology.] To feleft as an object of eternal mercy.

ELE'CT, aclj. Chofen ; taken by preference from
among others :

You have here, lady,

And of your choice, thefe reverend fathers,

Yea, the elecl of the land, who are alfembled
To plead your caufe. Shakefpcare.

Chofen to an office not yet in poffieffion. — The biffiop cleft
takes the oaths of fupremacy, canonical obedience, and
againd fimony ; and then the dean of the arches reads and
fublcribes the fentences. Aylijfe. — [In theology.] Chofen
as an objeft of eternal mercy :

Some I have chofen of peculiar grace,

Elecl above the red : fo is my will. Milton.

ELEC'TION, /. [ eleftio , Lat.] The aft of choofing;
the act of felefting one or more from a greater number
for any ufe or office; choice. — If the eleftion of the nti-
nider (hould be committed to every feveral parifli, do you
think that they would choofe the meeteft ? Whitgift. —
The power of choice :

For what is man without a moving mind,

Which hath a judging wit, and chufing will!

Now if God’s pow’r ffiould her eleftion bind.

Her motions then would ceafe, and dand all dill. Davies.

Voluntary preference. — He calls upon the dinners to turn
themfelves and live ; he tells us, that he has let before
us life and death, and referred it to our own eleftion which
we will choofe. — Difcernment ; diftinftion ; diferimina-
tion. — In favour, to ufe men with much difference and
eleftion is good : for it maketh thofe preferred more thank¬
ful, and the red more officious. Bacon. — [In theology.]
The predetermination of God by which any were felefted
for eternal life. — The conceit about abfolute eleftion to
eternal life, fotne enthufiads entertaining, have been made
remifs in the practice of virtue. Atterbury. — The cere¬
mony of a public choice. — I was forty to hear with what
partiality, and popular heat, cleftions were carried in many
places. King Charles.

ELEC'TION, f. in law, is when a man is left to his
own free will, to take or do one thing or another, which
he pleafes. And if it be given of feveral things, lie who
is the fird agent, and ought to do tlve-firftaft, (hall have
the election: as if a perfon make a leafe, rendering rent,
or a garment, &c. the leffee dtall have the election, as
being the fird agent, by the payment of the one, or deli¬
very of the other. Co. Litt. 144. And if A. covenant to
pay B. a pound of pepper or fugar, before Eader; it is
at the eleftion of A. at all times before Eader, which of
them he will pay : but if he pays it not before the (aid
lead, then afterwards it is at the eleftion of B. to demand
and have which he pleafeth. Dyer, 18. 5 Rep. 59. If I
give to you one of my horfes in my (table, there you fnall
have the eleftion; for you fliall be the fird agent, by
taking or feizure of one of them. Co. Litt. 145.- If things
granted are annual, and to have continuance, the eleftion
(where the law gives it him) remains to the grantor, as
well after the day as before : but it is other-wife when to
be performed at once. When nothing paffes to the feoffee
Vox. VI. No. 359.

E L E

or grantee before eleftion to have the one thing or the
other, the eleftion ought to be made in the life of the
parties ; and the heir or executor cannot make the elec¬
tion : but where an edate or intered paffes immediately
to the feoffee, donee, &c. there eleftion may be made by
them, or their heirs or executors. 2 Rep. 36! And when
one and the fame thing pafleth to the donee or grantee,
and fuch donee or grantee hath eleftion in what manner
he will take it, there the intereft paffeth immediately, and
the party, his heirs, &c. may make eleftion when they
will. Co. Litt. 145.

Where the eleftion creates the intereff, nothing paffes
till eleftion ; and if no election can be made, no intered
will arife. Hob. 174. If the eleftion is given to feveral
perfons, there the firff eleftion made by any of the per¬
sons (hall dand : as if a man leafes two acres to A. for
life, remainder of one acre to B. and of the other acre to
C. now B. or C. may eleft which of the acres lie will
have, and the fird eleftion by one binds the other. Co.
J.itt. 145. If a man leafes two acres for life, the remainder
of one in fee to the fame perfon; and after licenfes the
leffee to cut trees in one acre, this is an eleftion that he
(hall have the fee in the other acre. 2 Danv. 762. A real
eleftion concerning lands is defeendibie ; and eleftion of
a tenant in tail may prejudice his ilfue. He in remainder
may make an eleftion, after the deatli of tenant for life ;
but if the tenant for life do make eleftion, the remainder¬
man is concluded. Moor, Ca. 247.

A perfon grants a manor, except one clofe called N,
and there are two clofes called by that name, one contain¬
ing nine acres, and the other but three acres; the grantee
dull not in this cafe choofe which of the faid clofes he
will have, but the grantor (hall have eleftion which clofe
fliall pafs. 1 Leon. 268. But if one grants an acre of land
out of a wade or common, and doth not fay in what part,
or how to be bounded, the grantee may make his eleftion
where he will. 1 Leon. 30. Where there are three co¬
parceners of lands, upon partition the elded fider (hall
have the eleftion: though if (he herfelf make the parti¬
tion, (he lofes it, and (hall take lad of all. Co. Litt. 166.

A condition of a bond is, that the obligor fliall pay
thirty pounds, or twenty kine, at the obligee’s eleftion,
within fuch a time ; the obligee at his peril is to make
his eleftion within the time limited. 1 Leon. 69. Though
in debt upon bond to pay ten pounds on fuch a day, or
four cows, at the then eleftion of the obligee, it was ad¬
judged, that it was not enough for the defendant to plead
that he was always ready, &c. if the obligee had made
his eleftion ; for he ought to tender both at the day, by
reafon the word then relates to the day of payment. 1 Nelf.
694, 695. If a man hath an eleftion to do one of two
things, and he cannot by any default of a dranger, or of
himfelf, or the obligee, or by the aft of God, do the one, ,
he mud at his peril do t he other. 1 Lil. Abr. 506.

Where the law allows a man two aftions to recover his
right, it is at his eleftion to bring which he pleafeth : and
when a man’s aft may work two ways, both arifing out
of his intered, he hath eleftion given him to ufe it either
way. Dyer, 20. Action of trefpafs upon the cafe, or aftion
of ’ trefpafs vi & arm's, may be brought againd one that
refeues a prifoner, at the eleftion of the party damnified
by the refcotis. And an aftion on the cafe, or an affile,
lies againd him that furcharges a common, at the eleftion
of him that is injured thereby. 1 Lil. 504. Alfo for a
rent-charge out of lands, there may be a writ of annuity
or didrefs, at the eleftion of the grantee: but after the
death of the grantor, if the heir be not charged, the elec¬
tion to bring annuity ceafeth. Dyer, 344.

A man was indifted of felony for entering a houfe and
taking away monev,> and found guilty, , and burnt in the-
hand ; after which the perfon who 1 oil the money brought
;*n aftion of trefpafs againd the other for breaking his
houfe, and taking away his money ; and it was held that
the adtion would lie; for though it was at his eleftian at
firft, either to prefer an indictment or bring an aftion, .yet

5L ky

4-0rt E L E

by the indictment lie had made no election, becanfe that
was not the profecution of the party, bat of the crown.
Style, 347- ,

If a bargain and fale be made of lands, which. is inrolled,
and at the fame time the bargainor levies a fine thereof
to the bargainee, he hath his election to take by one or
the other. 4 ilf/i. 72. A wife hath her election which to
take, of a jointure made after marriage, or her dower, on
the death of the hulband, and not before. Dyer, 358.
When a leffor hath election to charge "the leffee, or ii is
aflignee, for rent ; if he accepts the rent of the aflignee,
he hath determined his election. 3 24. If a perfon

hath election to pay or perform one of two things at a
day, and he do neither of them at that day, his election
is gone : and where a grant is made of two acres of land,
the one for life, the other in fee, or in tail, and before
any election the feoffee makes a feoffment of both ; in this
cafe the election will be £one, and the feoffor may enter
upon which he w ill for the forfeiture. 2 Rep. 37. If mo¬
ney on a mortgage be to be paid to a man, his heirs, or
executors, the mortgagor hath election to pay it to either:
and if in a feoffment it be to pay to the feoffee, his heirs
or affigns, and he enfeoff another, the feoffor may pay the
money to the firft or.fecond feoffee, &c. Co. Litt. 210. In
fome cafes, where one hath caufe of fuit, lie may fue one
perfon or another at his election ;'for there is an election
of perfons, as wel-1 as of things. Dyer, 204. A man by
d.ecd binds himfelf and his heirs to pay money, and dies;
the obligee may choofe to fue the heir, or the executors,
although both of them have affets. Popk. 151. One may
have election, when lie hath recovered a debt, to have,
his execution by elegit; fieri facias, or capias ad [atisfacien-
dum ; but where he takes an elegit, and hath no fruit of it,
he may refort to another writ, though the election be en¬
tered on record. Hob. 57. But there is no election againlt
the king in his grants, &c. 1 Leon. 30.

Election of a Clerk of Statutes-Merchant.
A writ that lies for the choice of a clerk afligned to take
bonds called fiatutes-mcrckant ; and is granted out of the
chancery, upon fuggeltion that the clerk formerly af¬
ligned is gone to dwell at another place, or is under fome
impediment to attend the duty of his office, or hath not
lands fufficient to anfwer his tranfgreflions, if he ffiould
act amifs, &c.

Election of Ecclesiastical Persons. There is
to be a free election for the dignities of the church. 9
Edw. IT.c.,14. And none fliall difturb any perfon from
making free election, on pain of great forfeiture. If any
perfons that have a voice in elections, take any reward
for an election in any church, college, fchool, &c. the
election (hall be void : and if any of fuch focieties refign
their places to others for reward, they incur a forfeiture
of double the fum ; and the party giving it, and the party
taking it, is incapable of fuch place. 31 Eliz. c .6.

Election of Members of Parliament. See the
article Parliament.

Election of a Verderor of the Forest. A writ
which lies for the choice of a verderor, where any of the.
verderors of the foreft are dead, or removed from their
offices, &c. It is directed to the flierifr ; and, as appears
by the ancient writs of this kind, the verderor is to be
elected by the freeholders of the coupty, in the fame
manner as coroners.

ELECTIONEER'ING, /. Concern in parliamentary
elections.- — Adieu, fay I, to all electioneering. Soamejenyns.

ELECTIONS, or Choice, f. in algebra, a calcula¬
tion of the feveral different ways of taking any number
of things propofed, either feparately, or as combined in
-pairs, in threes, in fours, &c. not as to the order, but
only as to the number and variety of them. Thus, of the
things a, b, c, d, e, &c. the elections of
one thing are (a,) i — x' — 1,
two things are (a,b,ab)T, — 22 — 1,
three things are (a, b, c, ab, ac, be, abc) q—z3 — 1, See.
and of any number, n , all the elections are zn — 1 ; that is,

E L E

one lefs than the power of 2 whofe exponent is n , the
number ot fingle things to be chofen, either feparately or
■in combination.

ELEC'TIVE, adj. Regulated or beftowed by election
or choice. — I will fay politively and refolutely, that it is
impoffible an elective monarchy ffiould be fo free and ab-
folute as an hereditary.' Bacon. — Exerting the power of
choice. — To talk of compelling a man to be good, is a
contradiction; for where there is forc.e, there can be no
choice: whereas all moral goodnefs confffteth in the elec¬
tive a dt of the underffanding will-. Grew.

ELEC'TIVE ATTRAC'TION. See the article Che¬
mistry, vol. iv p.174, &c.

ELEC'TIVELY, adv. By choice ; with preference of
one to another. — How or why that ffiould have fuch an
influence upon the fpirits, as to drive them into thofe
mufcles ekClivdy, I am not fubtle enough to difeern. Ray.

ELEC'TOR, f. He that has a vote in the choice of
any officer : %

From the new world her filver and her gold
Came, like a temped, to confound the old ;

Feeding with thefe the brib’d electors' hopes,

Alone (he gave us emperors and popes. Waller,

A prince who has a voice in the election or choice of the
German emperor. — See the article Germany.

ELEC'TORAL, adj. Having the dignity of an elector.
Belonging to an eleCtor, or to the body of eledtors of
Germany. — The emperor gave the folernn inveftiture of
the electoral dignity to the plenipotentiary of Erneft Au-
guttus. Collins. — Of the three colleges of the empire, the
firft is the electoral. Guthrie.

ELEC'TORATE, f. The territory of an eledtor. It
is ufed as well to fignify the dignity of, as the territories
belonging to, any of the eledtors of Germany ; fuch are
Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, Sec.

EI.EC'TRA, one of the Oceanides, wife of Atlas, and
mother of Dardanus, by J upiter. Cvid. Fajl. 4. — A daugh¬
ter of Agamemnon king of Argos. She firft incited her
brother Or (tes to revenge his father’s death by alTalli-
nating hi mother Cj,ytemneftra. Oreftes gave her in mar¬
riage to his friend Pylades, and (lie became mother of two
fons, Strophius and Medon. Her adventures and misfor¬
tunes form one of the interelting tragedies of the poet
Sophocles. Elian. — A fitter of Cadmus. PauJ'.i), c.8. — A
city and river of Mefienia in Peloponnefus. Pavf. 4, c. 33.
— One of Helen’s female attendants. Id. 10 .'c. 25.

ELEC'TRAI., adj. for dcClric or elcCtrical, occurs in a
poem of Shenftone’s, publiffied after his death, but is an
unneceflary and a misformed word. Mafion's Supplement. — •
Upon which we have the following remarks in the
Monthly Magazine : The udjedlives electric, eleClral, and
elcCtrical, have all been ufed by writers of education : are
they in purity, as in meaning, equivalent? The termina¬
tion ic derives from the Greek 1*05, as ^.cvap^yic, monarch,
^ova.^^y.oc, monarchic ; v.uf/.oc, fun, x&tjuixo;, comic : the
termination al derives from the Latin alis, as square, to
level; aquatis, equal ; navis, aftiip; navalis, naval: but
the termination ical is a hybrid coalefcence of the Greek
and Latin formative fyllables, a mongrel affix peculiar to
Englifh language. If then the fpirit of our language does
not fa'vour the breed of mule words, it would follow,
that, where the' radical fubftantive or etymon is Greek,
the inflection of the derived adjeCtive fhouid be in 2c;
and where the etymon is Latin, in al: but that, to words
of low and ludicrous fignification, an affix ical, fomewhat
barbarous and illiterate in its very compofition, would
beft be adapted : as whimfical, finical, pedantical, fatirical.
As the old word eleClre, amber, may come from the Greek.,
or from the Latin, the adjectives elcClric or eleClral are
alike proper. Monthly Mag. vol. xii. p. 300.

ELEC'TRE, f. [ eleCtrum , Lat.] Amber; which, hav¬
ing the quality when warmed by friction of attracting
bodies, gave to one fpecies of attraction the name of
electricity , and to the bodies that fo attraCt, the epithet

eleCtric.

E L E

ELK

407

eleElrk. A mixed metal. — Change (liver plate or veffels.
into the compound fluff, being a kind of filver clcclrc,
and turn the reft into coin. Bacon.

E LEC'TRESS, f The wife or widow of a German
elector. — The eleElrcfs Palatine has fent me fix wild boars’
heads. Chrjlerfield. — The ad of parliament fettled the
crown on tiie cleSlrefs Sophia and her defeendants, being
proteftants. Burke.

ELEC'TRIC, or Electrical, ad]. [ dcElrum , Lai.]
Attradive by a peculiar property, fuppofed once to be¬
long chiefly to amber. — An eleElric body can by fridion
efnit an exhalation fo fubtle, and yet fo potent, as by its
emiflion to caufe no fenfible diminution of the weight of
the cleElric body, and to be expanded through a fphere,
whofe diameter is above two feet, and yet to' be able to
carry up lead, copper, or leaf-gold, at the diftance of
aboVe a foot from the eleclric body. Newton. — Produced
by an eledric body. — If that attradion were not rather
cleSlrical than magnetical, it was wonderous what Kel-
mont delivereth concerning a glafs, wherein the magiflery
of loadftone was prepared, which retained an attradive
quality. Brown.

ELEC'TRIC, y. the globe, cylinder, or barrel, of an
eledrical machine. This terra is alfo applied to all fub-
flances in which the eledric fluid can be excited and accu¬
mulated, without tranfmitting it; and which are therefore
called non-conduElors. They are alfo called original ele&rics,
and elctlrics per fc. To the clafs of non-condudors be-
long glafs, and ill vitrifications, even of metals ; all gems,
of which the mod tranfpareut are the beft; all refins,
and relinous compofitions ; alfo fulpluir, baked wood, all
bituminous fubftances, wax, (ilk, cotton, all dry animal
fubftances, as feathers, wool, hair, &c. ; alfo paper,
white fuga!*, and fugar-candy ; likewife air, oils, choco¬
late, calces of metals, the afhes of animal and vegetable
fubftances, thte ruft of metals, all dry vegetable fub¬
ftances, and (tones, of which the hardeft are the beft.

ELEC'TRICA, f. with phyficians. Medicines which
have the quality of drawing.

ELEC'TRTCALNESS, f. The quality of being
eledrical. Scott.

ELECTRICITY, f. [from yMy.reov, amber, as having
the power to excite, or attraEl. ] The fcience which invel-
ti gates and explains the nature and properties of that ac¬
tive and fubtile matter,, which philofophers have agreed
to call eleclric fluid ; or that exceedingly elaftic principle,
which when excited by fridion, is found to refide more
or lei's in all bodies or fubftances with which we are ac¬
quainted. No one branch of natural philofophy, per¬
haps, hath attended more attention than the dodrine of
-electricity ; and indeed there are few which feem more
worthy of inveftigation. When we confider the diftin-
guifhed part which eledricity apparently performs in
the grand operations of nature ; the aftonifhing, and, on
the fir ft view, the inexplicable efleds produced by its
power, fo different from thofe of any other; and its fe-
cretand concealed mode of adion, which the raoft acute
obfervers have not hitherto been able fully to penetrate ;
it will not appear furpnfing that both the learned and the
unlearned fftould, with unabated zeal, have employed
their attention on this phenomenon, as important to fpe-
■culstive philofophy, as by its medical influence it is in-
terefting to fociety.

The property of excitation which amber poflefles, cer¬
tainly furniflied the firft idea of eledricity. Thales,
fix hundred years before Chrift, and Theophraftus, three
hundred years before the fame era, recorded this eledri¬
cal property in amber. Sde the article Amber, vol. i.
p. 39S. It was afterwards noticed by Pliny, and other
later naturalifts, particularly Gaffendus, Kenelm Digby,
and fir Thomas Brown. But it was generally imagined
that this quality was peculiar to amber and jet, and per¬
haps agate, till W. Gilbert, a native of Colchefter, and a
phyfician in London, publifiied his treatife De Magnete,
in the year xCoot Dr. Gilbert made many confiderable

experiments and difeoveries, confidering t Ire then infant
(fate of the fcience. He greatly enlarged the lift of elec¬
trics, and of the bodies on which they ad : he remarked,
that a dry air was mod favourable to eledrical pheno¬
mena, whilft a moift air almoft annihilates the eledric
principle: he alfo obferved the conical figure affirmed
by eledrified drops of water : he confidered eledrical at¬
tradion feparately from repulfion, which he thought had ‘
no place in eledricity, as a phenomenon (imilar to -the
attradion of cohefion ; and, he imagined, that eledrics
were brought into contad witlr the bodies on which they
ad by their effluvia, excited by fridion.

The ingenious Mr. Boyle alfo added to the catalogue
of eledric fubftances ; but he thought that glafs po[~
feffed this power in a very low degree: he found, that
the eledricity of all bodies, in which it might be ex¬
cited, was increafed by wiping and warming them ; that
an excited eledric was ailed upon by other bodies as
ftrongly as it ailed upon them; that diamonds rubbed
agdinft any kind of fluff, emitted light in the dark ; and
that feathers would cling to the fingers, and to other fub¬
ftances, after they had been attraded by eledrics. He
accounted for eledrical attradion, by fuppofing a gluti¬
nous effluvia emitted from eledrics, which laid hold of
(mail bodies, in its way, and carried them back to the
body from which it proceeded.

Otto Guericke, the celebrated inventor of theair-pump,
lived about the fame time. This ingenious philofopher
difeovered, by means of a globe of fulphnr, that a body
once attraded by an eledric, was next repelled, and con¬
tinued in this date of repulfion till it fftould be touched
by fome other body : he alio obferved the found and light
produced by the excitation of the tube ; and that bodies
intmerged in eledrical atmofpheres are themfelves elec¬
trified with an eledricity oppofite to that of the atmo-
fphere..

The light emitted by eledrical bodies was, not long
after, obferved to much greater advantage by Dr. Wall,
who aferibes to light the eledrical property which they
poffefs ; and he fuggefted a fimilarity between the erfeds
of eledricity and lightning. Sir Ifaac Newton was not
inattentive to tills fubjed : he obferved that glafs attrads
light bodies on the fide oppofite to that on which it is
rubbed ; and he aferibes the adion of eledric bodies to
an elaftic fluid, which freely penetrates glafs, and the
emiflion of it to the vibratory motions of the parts of
excited bodies.

Mr. Hawkfbee wrote copioufly on this fubjed in 1709,
when a new era commenced in the hiftory of eledricity.
He firft took notice of the great eledrical power of glafs,
and light proceeding form it ; though others had before
obferved the light proceeding from other eledrified fub¬
ftances : he alfo noted the noife occafioned by it, with a
variety of phenomena relating to eledrical attradion and
repulfion. He firft introduced a glafs globe into the elec¬
trical machine, to which circumftance it was that many
of his important difeoveries were owing. After his time
there was an interval of near twenty years in the progrefs
of this fcience, until the experiments and writings of
Mr. Stephen Grey gave new vigour to this interefting
inquiry. To him we owe the capital difebvery of com¬
municating the power of native eledrics to other bodies,
in which it cannot be excited, by fupporting them on
filken lines, hair lines, cakes of refin or glafs; and a
more accurate diftindion than had hitherto been obtained
between eledrics and non-eledrics : he alfo (hewed the
etfed of eledricity on water much more obvioufly than
Gilbert had done in the infancy of the fcience.

The experiments of Mr. Grey were repeated by M. du
Faye, member of the academy of fciences at Paris, to
which he added many new experiments and difeoveries
of his own. He obferved, that eledrical operations are
obftruded by great heat, as well as by a moift air ; that
all bodies, both (olid and fluid, would receive eledricity,
w hen placed on warm or dry glafs, or fealmg-wax ; that
t • ~ thofe

403

E L ECT

thofe bodies which are naturally the leaf! electric, have
the greateft degree of electricity communicated to them
by the approach of the excited tube. He tranfmitted the
eleCtric virtue through a diftance of 1256 feet; and fir It
obferved the electric (park from a living body, fufpended
on filken lines, and noted feveral circumftances attending
it. M.du Faye alfo eltablifhed a principle, fir ft fuggelted
by Otto Guericke, that eleCtric bodies attract all thofe
that are not fo, and repel them as foon as they are become
electric, by the vicinity or contaCt of the eleCtric body.
He likewife fuppofed, from other experiments, that there
were two kinds of eleilricity, one of which he called the
vitreous, belonging to glafs, rock cryltal, &c. and the
other rejinous , as that of amber, gumlac, &c. diftinguifhed
by their repelling thofe of the fame kind, and attracting
each other. He farther obferved, that communicated
electricity had the fame property as the excited ; and
that electrical fubltances attraCt the dew more than con¬
ductors.

Mr. Grey, refuming his experiments in 1734, fufpend¬
ed feveral pieces of metal on lilkjn lines, and found that
by electrifying them they gave fparks; which was the
origin of metallic conductors: and on this occalion he
difeovered a cone or pencil of eleCtric light, fuch as is
now known to i(Tue from an eleCtrified point. From other
experiments he concluded, that the eleCtric power was of
the (ante nature with that of thunder and lightning.

Dr. Defaguliers fucceeded Mr. Grey in the profecution
of this fcience. "The account of his ft rft experiments is
dated in 1739. To him we owe thofe technical terms of
c ondvBors or non-electrics and electrics per Je ; and he firlt
ranked pure air among the eleCtrics per fe, and fuppofed
its electricity to be of the vitreous kind. After the year
1742, in which Dr. Defaguliers concluded his experi¬
ments, the fubjeCt was taken up and purfued in Germany:
the globe was fubftituted for the tube, which had been
ufed ever lince the time of Hawkfbee, and a cu fit ion was
foon after ufed as a. rubber, inftead of the hand. About
this time too, fome ufed cylinders inftead of the globes ;
and fume of the German eleCtricians made ufe of more
globes than one at the fame time. By thus increafing
the elcCtrical power, they were the firft who fucceeded
in fetting fire to inflammable fubltances : this was firlt
done by Dr. Ltidolf, in 1744; who, with fparks excited
by the friCtion of a glafs tube, kindled the ethereal fpirit
of Frobenius. Winkler did the fame by a fpark from
Ji is own finger, by which he kindled French brandy, and
other fpirits, after previoully heating them. Mr. Gralath
fired the fmoke of a candle jult blown 0 tt t, and fo lighted
it again; and Mr. Boze fired gunpowder, by means of its
inflammable gas. About this time Ludolf the younger
demonftfated, that the luminous barometer was made
perfectly eleCtrical by the motion of the quicklil ver. The
eleCtrical ftar and eleCtrical bells were alfo of German
invention.

In England, Dr. Watfon made a diftinguifhed figure
from this period in the fcience of electricity : he fired a
variety of fubltances by the eleCtrical fpark, and firft dif-
eovered that they are capable of being fired by the re-
pullive power of eleCtricity. In 1745, the accumulation
of the eleCtrical power in glafs, by means of the Leyden
phial, was firft difeovered. Dr. Watfon obferved that
'glafs tubes and globes do not contain the eleCtric matter
in themfelves, but only ferve as firjl-movers or determiners,
as he exprefies it, of that power; which was alfo con¬
firmed towards the end of 1746, by Mr. Benjamin Wil-
fon, who made the fame difeovery, that the eleCtric fluid
does not come from the globe, but from the earth, and
other non-elcCtric bodies about the apparatus. Dr. Wat¬
fon alfo difeovered what Dr. Franklin obferved about the
fame time in America, called the plus and minus in elec¬
tricity. He likewife lhewed that the eleCtric matter
palled through the fubltance of the metal of communica¬
tion, and not merely over the furface. The notion of
medical electricity commenced in 1747. We mult not

Pi 1 C I T Y.

omit to notice other experiments and concutfions drawR-
from them, by Mr. Wilfon, Mr. Smeaton, and Dr. Miles,
in England, and by the abbe Nollet, with regard to the-
effeCt of eleCtricity on the evaporation of fluids, on folids,
and on animal and other organized bodies, in France.

Whilft the philofophers of Europe were thus bufily
employed in eleCtrical experiments and purfuits, thofe of
America, and Dr. Franklin in particular, were equally
induftrious, and no lefs fuccefsful. His difeoveries and
obfervations in eleCtricity were communicated in a Series
of Letters to a Friend ; the firft: of which is dated in 1 747,
and the ) a ft in 1754. The fimilarity between eleCtricity
and lightning had been fuggefted by feveral writers: but
Dr. Franklin firft propofed a method of bringing the mat¬
ter to the teft of experiment, by railing an -electrical kite ;
and he fucceeded in collecting the eleCtric fluid by this
means from the clouds, in 1732, one month after the'very
fame theory had been verified in France, and without
knowing what had been done there : and to him we owe
the practical application of this difeovery, in fecuring.
buildings from the damage of lightning,, by the erection
of metallic conductors.

In the fubfequent period of the hiftory of this fcience,
Mr. Canton in England, and (ignior Beccaria in Italy, ac¬
quired diltinguilhed reputation. They both difeovered,
independently of each other, that air is capable of re¬
ceiving eleCtricity by communication, and of retaining it
when received. Mr. Canton alfo, towards the end of the
year 1753, purfued a feries of experiments, which prove
that the appearances of politive and negative eleCtricity,
which had hitherto been deemed effential and unchange¬
able properties of different fubltances, as ot glafs and
fea ling-wax for inftance, depend upon the furface of the
eleCtrics, and that of the rubber. This hypothelis, ve¬
rified by numerous experiments, occafioned a controverfy
between Mr. Canton and Mr. Delaval, who (till main¬
tained that thel'e different powers depended entirely c;i
the fubltances themfelves. About this time too, fome
curious experiments were performed by four of the prin¬
cipal eleCtricians of that period, viz. Dr. Franklin, and
Meliks. Canton, Wilcke, and iEpinus, with a view to afi.
certain the nature of eleCtric atmofpheres.

Tiie theory of two eleCtric fluids, always co-exiftent
and counteracting each other, though not abfolutely in¬
dependent, was maintained by acourle of experiments on
filk (lockings of different colours, communicated to the
royal fociety of London by Mr. Symmer, in 1759, which
was farther purfued by Mr. Cigna of Turin, who pub-
lilhed his account in the Memoirs of the Academy of
Turin for the year 17 65.

Many inftances occur in the hiftory of the fcience about
this period, of the aftonilhing force of the eleCtric (hock,
in melting wires, and producing other limilar efteCts: but
the moft remarkable is an experiment of S. Beccaria, in
which he thus revivified metals. Several experiments
were alfo made by Dr. Watfon, Mr. Smeaton, Mr. Canton,
and others, on the paflage of the eleCtric fluid through a
vacuum, and its luminous appearance, and on the power
poffeli'ed by certain fubltances of retaining the light com¬
municated to them by an eleCtric explofion. Mr. Canton,
S. Beccaria, and others, made many ex; eriments to iden¬
tify eleCtricity and lightning, to afeertain the (Irate of the
atmofphere at different times, and to explain the various
phenomena of the aurora borealis, water-fpouts, & c. on
the principles of this fcience.

Thofe who are defirous of farther information with re-
fpeCt to the hiftory of eleflncal experiments and difeove¬
ries, may confult Dr. Prieltley’s Hiftory and Prefent State
of EleCtricity. This author, however, is not merely an
hiltorian: his work contains many original experiments
and difeoveries made by himfelf. He ascertained the con¬
ducting power of charcoal, and of hot glafs; the eleCtri¬
city of fixed and inflammable air, and of oil ; the diffe¬
rence between new and old glafs, with refpeCt to the dif-
fufion of electricity over its furface j the lateral explofioa

in.

409

ELEC T RICI T Y.

in elcCtricnl difcharges; a new method of fixing circular-
coloured fpots on the furfaces of metals, and the mod
probable difference between eleCtrics and cotlduflors, &c.
The fcience is. alfo greatly indebted to many other per-
fons, either for their experiments and imprevements of
it, or for treatifes and other writings upon it; as Mr.
Henley, to whom we owe feveral curious experiments and
obfervations on the eleCtrical and conducting quality of
different fubftances, as chocolate, vapour, See. with the
reafon of the difference between them; the fufion of pla-
tina; tire nature of the eleClric fluid, and its ccurfe in a
dil'charge ; the method of eftimating the quantity of it
in electrical bodies by an electrometer ; the influence of
points, &c. Alfo Mcffis. van Marunr, van Swinden,
Fergufon, Cnvallo, lord ,Mabon, Nairne, &c. for their
feveral treatifes on the fubjeCt of electricity, any of which
„may be confulted with advantage for the experiments and
principles of the. fcience.. ••

It is natural to imagine that a power of fuch efficacy as
that cf electricity would eventually be applied to medical
purpofes; efpecially, fince it has been found invariably
to increafe the fenfible perfpiration, to quicken the cir¬
culation of the blood, and to promote the glandular fe-
cretion : accordingly, many inftances occur in the latter
period of the hiftcry of this fcience, in which it has been
applied with confiderable advantage and fuccefs. And
among the variety of cafes in which it has been tried,
there are none in which it has been found prejudicial, ex¬
cept pregnancy and the venereal difeafe. In mod difor-
ders, in which it has been itfed with perfeveran.ee, it has
given at leaft a temporary and partial relief, and in many
it has effected a total cure. Of which numerous inftances
maybe feen in the Philof. Tranf. and the writings on this
fcience by Meffrs. Lovet, Weflley, Fergufon, Cavallo,
Wilkinfon, &c.

It is hardly neceffary to recite the ancient hypothefes
on this fubjeCt, or the numerous controverfies or exploded
notions relative to electricity ; fuch as that of the fympa-
thetic powder of the Peripatetics; that of unCluous efflu¬
via emitted by excited bodies, arid returning to them
again, adopted by Gilbert, Gafl’endus, fir Kenelm Digby,
and others ; or that of the Cartefians, who aferibed elec¬
tricity to the globules of the firft elements, difeharged
through the pores of the rubbed fubftance, and in their
return carrying with them thofe light bodies, in whofe
pores they were entangled : tliefe hypothefes were framed
in the infancy of the fcience, and of pliilofophy in gene¬
ral, and have been, wifely given up. In the more ad¬
vanced ftate of electricity there have been fuggefted two
principal theories, each of which has had its advocates.
The one, is that of two diftinCt elcElric fluids, repulfive
with refpeft to themfelves, and attractive of one another,
adopted by M. dn Faye, on difeovering the two oppofite
fpecies of electricity, viz. the vitreous and rejinous , and fince
new-modelled by_ Mr. Symmer. It was fuppofed by him
that thefe two fluids are equally attracted by all bodies,
and exift in intimate union in their pores ; and that in
this ftate they exhibit no mark of their exiftence. But
that the friction of an eleCtric by a rubber feparates thefe
fluids, and caufes the vitreous eleflricity of the rubber
to pafs to the eleCtric, and then to the prime conductor
of a machine, while the refihous electricity of the con¬
ductor and eleCtric is conveyed to the rubber : and thus
the quality of th.e eleCtric fluid, po defied by the conduc¬
tor and the rubber, is changed, while the quantity re¬
mains the fame in each. In this ftate of feparation, lie
contends that the two eleCtric fluids will exert their re-
fpeCtive powers ; and any number of bodies charged witi;
either of them will repel each other, attract thofe bodies
that have lei's of each particular fluid than themfelve'S,
and be (till more attracted by bodies that are wholly de-
ftitute of it, or that are loaded with the contrary. Ac¬
cording to this theory, the eleCtric fpark is fuppofed to
make a double current ; one fluid palling to an electrified
conductor from any fubftance prefented to it. whilft the

Vol. VI. No. 360,

fame quantity of the other fluid paffes from it; and when
each body receives its natural quantity of both fluids, the
balance of the two powers is reftot'ed, and both.. bodies are
uneleCtrified. For a further account of this theory, fee
Dr. Prieftley’s Hiftory, vol. ii. left. 3.

The other theory, now generally received, is di ft in-
guiflied under the denomination of pojitive and negative
electricity, being firft fuggefted by Dr. Watfon, but di-
gefted, illuftrated, and confirmed, by Dr. Franklin; and
fince that it lias been known by the appellation of the
Franklinian hypothefis. It is here fuppofed that all the
phenomena of electricity depend on one fluid, fui generis,
extremely fubtile and elaftic, difperfed through the pores
of all bodies, by which the particles of it are as flrongly
attracted as they are repelled by one another. When
bodies pofTefs their natural fliare of this fluid, or fuch a
quantity.as they can retain by their non-attraCtion, it is
then laid they are in an uneleCtrified ftate; but when the
equilibrium is difturbed, and they either acquire an addi¬
tional quantity from other bodies, or lofe part of their
own natural fliare by communication to other bodies, they
exhibit eleCtrical appearances. In the forrrier cafe it is
faid th.ey are electrified pofitively, or plus-, and in the other
negatively, or minus. This eleCtric fluid, it is fuppofed,
moves with great eafe in thofe bodies that are called con¬
ductors, but with extreme difficulty and flownefs in the
pores of eleCtrics ; whence it comes to pafs, that all
electrics are impermeable to it. It is farther fuppofed
that eleCtrics contain always an equal quantity of this
fluid, f'o that there can be no furchurge or increafe' on
one fide without a proportionable deereafe or lofs 011 the
other, and vice verfa ; and ® the eleCtric does not admit
the paflage of the fluid through its pores, tiiere will be
an accumulation on one fide, and a correfponding defi¬
ciency on the other. Then when both tides are connect¬
ed together by proper conductors, the equilibrium will
be reftored by the ruffling of the redundant fluid from
th.e overcharged furface to the exhaufted one. Thus
alfo, if an eleCtric be rubbed by a conducting fubftance,
the electricity is only conveyed from one to the other,
the one giving what the other receives ; and if one be
electrified pofitively, the other will be electrified nega¬
tively, unlefs the lofs be fupplied by other bodies con¬
nected with it, as in the cafe of the eleCtric and infulated
rubber of a machine. This theory ferves likewife to il-
luftrate the other phenomena and operations in th.e fcience
of eleCtricity. Thus, bodies differently electrified will
naturally attraCt each other, till they mutually give and
receive an equal quantity of the eleCtric fluid, and the'
equilibrium is reftored between them'. Beccaria fttppofes,
that this effeCt is produced by the eleCtric matter making
a vacuum in its paflage, and the contiguous air afterwards
collapfing, and fo pufliing the bodies together.

The influence of points, in drawing or throwing off
the eleCtric fluid, a moft curious phenomenon, is fup¬
pofed to depend on the lefs refiftance it finds to enter or
pafs off through fewer particles than through a greater
number, whofe refiftance is united in flat or round fur-
faces. The electric light is fuppofed to be part of the
eleCtric fluid, which appears when it is properly agitated;
and the found of an explofion is produced by vibrations,
occafioned by the air’s being difplaced by the eleCtric
fluid, and again fuddenly collapfing.

Mr. Cavendifli lias published an attempt to deduce and
explain fome of the principal phenomena of electricity
in a mathematical and fyftematic manner, from the na¬
ture of the eleCtric fluid, confidered as competed of par¬
ticles that repel each other, and attraCt the particles of
all other matter, with a force inverfely as fome lefs power
of the diftance than the cube, whilft the particles of all
other matter repel each other, and attraCt thofe of the
eleCtric fluid, according to the fame law. Philof. Tranf.
vol. lxi. p. 584-677. — And a fimilar hypothefis arid me¬
thod of reafoning has been propofed by M. vEpinus, in
his Tcntaniai thnoria Eledridtalis & Magnetfvii,

5 M Of

410

ELECTRICITY.

Of the ELECTRICAL APPARATUS.

The electrical machine is the primum mobile of the elec¬
trical apparatus. It confifis of the electric or barrel, the
moving engine or wheel, the rubber, and the prime con¬
ductor. I'n the early date of the fcience, for the elec¬
tric, was tiled fealing-vvax, firlplmr, or. rough glafs ; but,
lince the method of initiating the rubber, and fo pro¬
ducing negative electricity, was introduced, fmooth glafs
lias been it fed. The form is commonly either that of a
globe, or of a cylinder. Each figure has its advantages,
and its inconveniences. Dr. van Marttm, a late German
writer, has conflnided a machine, in which gum-lac, in
the form of a difc, is ufed as an electric inftead of glafs ;
which has the effed of depending very little on the tem¬
perature of the air; defcribed in his Treat ife concerning
the method of electrifying. Groningen, 1776. But he
lias fince procured others to be made by Mr. Cuthbert-
J’on of London, conftru6ted of large difcs, or round plates
of glafs : one of thefe is now placed in Teyler’s mufeum
at Harlem, having two of thefe glafs plates, of (ixty-five
inches diameter, excited, on both fides of them, by rub¬
bers of waxed taffaty ; with which effects are produced
that are truly aftonilhing and tremendous.

There have been various contrivances for giving motion
to the electric of a machine. The common method is by
a wheel turned by a winch or handle ; a cord going round
a groove in the periphery of the wheel, and over a pul¬
ley in the neck of the globe or cylinder. Others have
ufed multiplying wheels, which are eafily turned by a
winch ; and others again make life of a wheel and pinion,
or a wheel and endlefs fcrew. But Van Marum’s ma¬
chine is faid to have the completed movement, its ope¬
ration being very uniform, and eafily worked ; it is kept
in motion by a weight, which, after being wound up to
the height of twelve feet, continues the motion uniformly
for fix hours ; yielding alfo a negative power, as well as
the politive ; and the condudors annexed to it fet ving
eafily to convey the eledrical fluid wherever it is requir¬
ed, without the addition of any chain, or wires, &c.

The rubber is the next material part of a machine.
Thefe were formerly made of' red bafil fkins, duffed with
hair, wool, flax, or bran : Dr. Nooth introduced filk
cufhions duffed with hair, over which is laid a piece of
feather, rubbed with amalgam, which arc better than the
others. The rubber may be infulated in any way that
bed fuits the confirudion of the machine : and a chain
or wire may eafily be fufpended from it, to communicate
with the floor, whenever the infulation is not neced’ary;
and thus politive and negative electricity may be pro¬
duced at pleafure.

The prime conduElor is another neceffary appendage to
the electrical machine : it is infulated, and fo connected
with the eleclrical machine, as to receive the eledric
fluid immediately from the excited eledric. In the pre-
fent advanced date of the fcience, this part of the elec¬
trical apparatus has been confiderably improved. The
prime condudor is commonly made of hollow brafs, of a
cylindrical form, perfectly fmooth and round, without
points or fliarp edges. The ends of the cqndudor are
spherical ; and it is neceffary, that the part mod remote
from the eledric fliould be made round and much larger
than the red, the better to prevent the eledric fluid from
efcaping, which it always endeavours mod to do at the
greate.lt didance .from the eledric or barrel : and the
other end fhould be furniflied with feveral pointed wires
or needles, either fufpended from, or fixed to, an open
metallic ring, and pointing to the globe or cylinder, or
plate, to colled: the eledric fluid. It is bed fupported
by pillars of lblid glafs, covered with fealing-wax or
.good varnifh. Prime condudors of a large fize are ufu-
dly made of padeboard, covered with tin-foil or imbof-
fed paper; thefe being ufeful for throwing off a longer
and de lifer fpark than thofe of a fmaller fize : they fliould
terminate in a fmaller knob or obtufe edge, at which the

fparks fhould be folicited. Mr. Nairne prepared a con-
dudor fix feet in length, and one foot in diameter, from
which he drew eledrical fparks at the didance of fix teen,
feventeen, or eighteen, inches ; and Dr. Van Marutn dill
far exceeded this, with a condudor of eight inches dia¬
meter, and upwards of twenty feet long, formed of dif-,
ferent pieces, and applied to the large eledrical machine
in Teyler’s mufeum at Harlem, the mod powerful ma¬
chine of the kind yet condruded. But the fize of the
condudor mud always be limited by that of the elcdric
or barrel, there being a maximum which the fize of the
former drould not exceed ; for it may be fo large, that
the didipation of the eledric fluid from its furface may
be greater than that which the eledric is capable of Rip-
plying.

Dr. Priefiley recommends a prime condudor of polifli-
ed copper, in the form of a pear, fupported by a pillar
and a firm bafis of baked wood : this receives the elec¬
tric fluid by a long arched wire of foft brafs, which may
be eafily bent, and raifed or lowered to the globe or cy¬
linder ; it is terminated by an open ring, in which fome
Iharp-pointed wires are hung. I11 the body of this con¬
dudor are holes for the infertion of metalline rods. This,
he fays, colleds the eledric fluid perfedly well, and re¬
tains it equally every where. Hijl. ElcEl. vol. ii. fed. 2.

Mr. Henley (Philof. Tranf. vol. lxiv. p. 403.) con¬
trived a new kind of prime condudor, which, from its
life, is called the luminous condudor. It confids of a
glafs tube eighteen inches long, and two inches diame¬
ter. The tube is furniflied at both ends with brafs caps
and ferules about two inches long, cemented and made
air-tight, and terminated by brafs balls. In one of thefe
caps is drilled a fmall hole, which is covered by a flrong
valve, and ferves for exhaufling the tube of its air.
Within the tube at each end there is a knobbed wire,
projeding to the didance of two inches and a half from
the brafs caps. To one of the" balls is annexed a fine-
pointed wire for receiving and collecting the eledriG
fluid, and to the other a wire with a knob or ball for dif-
chargi'ng it. The condudor, thus prepared, is fupported
on pillars of fealing-wax or glafs. Betide the common
purpofe.s of a prime condudor to an eledrical machine,
this apparatus ferves to exhibit and afeertain the direc¬
tion of the eledric fluid in its palfage through it.

The mod approved-eledrical machines are exhibited in
the Eledricity Plate I . Fig. 1 , reprefents the very ingenious
eledrical machine invented by Mr. Read, and improved
by Mr. Lane. The glafs cylinder A, is moved vertically
by means of the pulley at the lower end of the axis, the
pulley being turned by the large wheel B, parallel to the
table : there are feveral pulleys, of different fizes, either
of which may be ufed, according as the motion is required
to be quicker or flower. The prime condudor C is fur¬
niflied with points to colled the eledric fluid, and is
icrewed to the wire of a coated jar D. The figure fliews
alfo the manner of applying Mr. Lane’s eledrometer,
which is ferewed on to the prime condudor at K, as will
be hereafter explained.

Fig. 2, reprefents Dr. Priedley’s machine, defcribed in
his Hidory of Eledricity ; in which g is the globe, or
eledric ; f the rubber ; in the two pillars d, d> of baked
wood, are feveral boles to receive the fpindles of dif¬
ferent globes or cylinders, feveral of which may be put
on together, to increafe the eledricity : him is the prime
condudor, being a copper tube, fupported on a fland of
glafs or baked wood.

Fig- 3) 's a portable eledrical machine for common
ufes. C reprefents the . eledric, or glafs cylinder, about
one foot in diameter, and twenty inches long, which is
turned by means of a wheel ; the rubber or cufliion is
fupported behind the cylinder by two upright fprings
that appear beneath, and are fadened to two crols bars
of glals. B, is a metallic prime condudor, fupported
on two pillars of glafs : from the end neared to the cy¬
linder ifiue feveral points, and at the other end the ball E
a projeds

ELECTRICITY

Plate I.

London J0d>lLs7ied as theActcOrcc/s- Jarifv, o^o/ubyJWUAxs.

411

ELECTRICITY.

projects by means of a wire. The chain D, connects the
rubber with the earth, or ground.

Fig. 4, (hews Mr. Nairne’s patent machine for medical
purpofes. Its glafs cylinder is about (even inches in dia¬
meter, and twelve long, with two prime conductors pa¬
rallel to it. The rubber is faflened to the conductor R ;
and confifts of a cufhion of leather fluffed, having a piece
of filk glewed to its under part. Thefe conductors are
of tin covered with black lacker, each of them contain¬
ing a large coated glafs jar, and likewife a fmaller one,
or a coated tube, which are vifible when the caps N N
are removed. To each conductor is fixed a knob O, tor
the occafional fufpenfion of a chain to. produce pofitive
or negative eleCLicity. That part of the winch C,
which adds as a lever in turning the cylinder, is of glafs.
Thus every part of the machine is infulated, the cylin¬
der itfelf and its brafs caps not excepted ; by which
means very little of the electric fluid is dillipated, and
hence of courfe the effe&s are the more powerful. To
this machine the inventor has adapted flexible conducting
joints, and a difcharging electrometer, for the more ap¬
propriate practice of medical electricity.

Fig. 5, reprefents the very powerful electrical machine
invented by the late Mr. George Adams, of Fleet-ftreet,
London, and improved by Meffrs. W. and S. Jones, in
I-Iolborn. The cylinder or barrel A B, is fupported by
two ftrong perpendicular pieces, CD. The axis of one
cap of the cylinder moves in a fmall hole at the upper
part of one of the fupports. The oppofite axis paifes
through the upper part of the other fupport. To this
axis the winch or handle is fitted. The cufhion, or rub¬
ber, is fupported and infulated by a glafs pillar ; the
lower part of this pillar is fitted into a wooden focket, to
which a regulating ferew is adapted, to increafe or dimi-
riifli the preffure of the cufhion againft the cylinder. A
piece of filk comes from the under edge of the cufhion,
and lies on the cylinder, puffing between it and the
cufhion, and proceeding till it nearly meets the collecting
points of the conductor. The more firongly this filk is
made to adhere to the cylinder, the (Longer is the degree
of excitation. Before the cylinder, or oppofite to the
cufhion, is a metallic tube E F, fupported by a glafs pil¬
lar GH. This is the prime conductor, now more fre¬
quently called only the conductor.

The large -electrical machine placed in Teyler’s mu.
feum at Haerlem, partly deferibed above, has, for the
electric, two glafs plates of fixty-five inches diameter,
made of French glafs, as this is found to produce the
mod electricity next to Englifh flint glafs, which could
not be made of a fufficient fize: thefe plates are fet on
the fame horizontal axis, at the diftance of feven inches
and a half, and are excited by eight rubbers, each fifteen
inches and a half long; and both fides of the plates are
covered with a refinous fubftance to the diftance of fix-
teen inches and a half from the centre, both to (Lengthen
the plates, and to prevent any electricity from being car¬
ried off by the axis. Its battery of jars contains 225
fquare feet of coated furface, and its effects are aftonifli-
ingly great, and, without proper care, very dangerous.

The next principal article of the electrical apparatus,
is the Leyden phial. This is nothing more than a glafs
bottle or jar, coated both within and without with tin
foil, or fome other conducting fubftance, that it may be
charged and employed in a variety of ufeful and inte-
refting experiments. Or even flat glafs, or any other
form, fo coated and ufed, has received the fame denomi¬
nation. Aifo a vacuum produced in fuch a jar, &c. lias
been named the Leyden vacuum. The Leyden phial was
fo called, becaufe it is faid that M. Cunaeus, a native of
Leyden, firft contrived, about the clofe of the year 1745,
to accumulate the eleCtric fluid in glafs. But Dr. Prieft-
ley afferts that this difeovery j was firft made by Von
Kleift, dean of the cathedral in Camin ; who, on the 4th
of November 1745, fent an account of it to Dr. Lieber-
kuhn at Berlin ; however, thofe to whom Kleifl’s account

was communicated, could not fucceed in performing his
experiments. The chief circumftances of this difeovery
are ftated by Dr. Prieftley in the following manner :

Profeffor Muffchenbrcek and his friends, obferving that
electrified bodies, when expofed to the common atinc-
fphere, which is always replete with conducting particles
of various kinds, foon loft the mod part of their electri¬
city, imagined, that if the electrified bodies could be ter¬
minated on all Tides by original eleCLics, they might be
capable of receiving a (Longer power, and retaining it a
longer time. Glafs being the molt convenient electric
for this purpofe, and water t lie mod convenient non-elec¬
tric, they at firft made thefe experiments with water in
common glafs bottles : but no confiderable difeovery was
made, till M. Cunteus, happening to hold his glafs veffel
in one hand, containing water, which had a communica¬
tion with the prime conductor by means of a wire; and
with the other hand difengaging it from the conductor,
when he fuppofed the water had received as much elec¬
tricity as the machine could give it, was furprifed by a
hidden and unexpected (hock in his arms and bread.
This experiment was repeated with the fame effeCt ; and
the fird accounts of it were publilhed in Holland by
Mcffrs. Allumand and Muffchenbroek ; by the abbe
Nollet and M. Monnier, in France ; and by Meffrs. Gra-
lath and Rugger, in Germany. M, Gralath contrived to
increafe the (Length of the (hock, by altering the fliape
and fize of the phial, and alfo by charging feveral phials
at the fame time, fo as to form what is now called the
elcEtrical battery. Fie likewife made the fiiock to pafs
through a number of perfons connected in a circuit from
the outfide to the infide of the phial. He alfo obferved
that a cracked phial would not receive a charge : and he
difeovered what is now called the refiduum of a charge.

Dr. Watfon, about this time, obferved a circumdance
attending the operation of charging the phial, which, if
purfued, might have led him to the difeovery which was
afterwards made by Dr. Franklin. He fays, that when
the phial is well eleCti ified, and the hand applied to it,
the eleCtric fluid will flafh from the outfide of the glafs,
wherever touched, and will crackle in the hand. He alfo
obferved, that when a Angle wire only was faflened about
a phial, properly filled with warm water, and charged ;
upon the inflant of its explolion, the electrical corrufca-
tions were feen to dart from the wire, and to illuminate
the water contained in the phial. Fie likewife found that
the flroke, in the difeharge of the phial, was, cateris pa¬
ribus, as the points of contaCl of the non-eleCLics of the
outfide of the glafs; which lead to the method of coat¬
ing glafs : in confequence of which he made experiments,
from whence he concluded, that the effeCt of the Leyden
phial was greatly increafed by, if not chiefly owing to,
the number of points of non-eleCLics in contaCl with the
glafs, and the denfity of the matter of which thefe points
confided ; provided the matter was, in its own nature, a
ready conductor of eleClricity. He farther obferved, that
the explofion was greater from hot water inclofed in
glaffes, than from cold, and from his coated jars warmed,
than when cold.

Mr. Wilfon, in 1746, difeovered a method of giving
the fiiock, by the Leyden phial, to any particular part of
the body, without affeCling the red. Fie alfo increafed
the flrength of the fiiock by plunging the phial in water,
which gave it a coat of water on the outfide as high as it
was filled within. He likewife found that the law of ac¬
cumulation of the eleCLic fluid in the Leyden phial, was
always in proportion to the fhinnefs of the glafs, the fur-
face of the glafs, and that of the non-eleCLics in contaCl
with its outfide and infide.

Mr. Canton found, that when a charged phial was
placed upon eleClrics, the wire and coating would give
a (park or two alternately, and that by a continuance of
the operation the phial would be difeharged ; though he
did not obferve that thefe alternate fparks proceeded from
the two contrary electricities difeovered by Dr. Frank-

412

E*'L ECTRICIT Y.

Jin. The abbe Nollet alfo made feveral experiments
with this phial. He received a fliock from one, out of
which tiie air had been exhausted, and into which the end
of his conductor liad been inferted. He afcribed the force
of the glafs, in giving a fhock, to that-property of it, by
which it retains it more ftrongly than conductors do, and
is not fo eafily diverted of it as they are. It was he alio
who firrt tried the efleCt of the ele£tric fliock on brute
animals : and lie enlarged the circuit of its conveyance.

M. Monnier, it has been faid, was the firrt: who difco-
vered t hat the Leyden phial would retain its electricity
for a confiderable time after it was charged ; and that in
time of froft he found it continued for thirty-fix hours..
It is remarkable too, that both the French and English
philofophers made feveral experiments, which, with a
i ma.1 1 degree of attention, would have led them to the
diicovery of the different qualities of the electricity on
the contrary fides of the glafs. But this difcovery was
referved for the ingenious Dr. Franklin : who, in ex¬
plaining the method of charging the Leyden phial, ob-
ierved, that when one fide of the glafs is eleClrified plus,
or pofitively, the other fide is electrified minus, or nega¬
tively. Dr. Franklin having alfo found that glafs was
impervious to electricity, and that as the equilibrium
could not be reftored to the charged phial by any internal
communication, it muff neceffariiy be done by conductors
externally joining the infide and the outfide. Tliefe ca¬
pital dilcoveries lie made by obferving, that when a phial
was charged, a cork ball fufpended by filk, was attracted
by the outfide coating, when it was repelled by a wire
communicating with the infide, and vic$ verfa. But the
truth of this principle appeared more evident, when he
brought the knob of the wire, communicating with the
outfide coating, within a few inches of the wire commu¬
nicating with the infide coating, and fufpended a cork
ball between them ; for then the ball was attracted by
them alternately, till the phial was difeharged.

Dr. Franklin alfo fliewed, that when the phial was
charged, one fide loft exactly as much as tlw other gained,
in reftOring the equilibrium. Hanging a fine liriep thread
near the coating of an eleCtrical phial, he obferved that
whenever he brought his finger near the wire, the thread
was attraCled by the coating ; for as the eleCtric fluid was
drawn from the infide by touching the wire, the outfide
drew in an equal quantity by the thread. He likewile
proved, that the coating on one fide of a phial received
juft as much electricity, as was emitted from the difeharge
of the other, and that in the following manner : — He in¬
itiated his rubber, and then hanging a phial to his con¬
ductor, he found it could not be charged, even when his
hand was held conftantly to it ; becaufe, though the elec¬
tric fluid might leave the outfide of the phial, there was
none collefled by the rubber to be conveyed to the infide.
He then took away his* hand from the phial, and forming
a communication by a wire from the outfide coating to
the initiated rubber, lie found that it was charged with
eafe. In this cafe it was plain, that the eleCtric fluid
which left the outfide coaling, was conveyed to the infide
by the way of the rubber, the globe, the conductor, and
the wire of the phial. This new theory of charging the
Leyden phial, led Dr. Franklin to obferve a greater va¬
riety of fa.Cts, relating both to the charging and difeharg-
ing it, than other philofophers had attended to. And
this maxim, that it takes in at one furface what it lofes
at the other, led Dr. Franklin to think of charging feve¬
ral phials together with the fame trouble, by connecting
the outfide of one with the infide of another; by which
the eleCtric fluid that was driven out of the firrt would
be received by the fecond, &c. By this means he found,
that a number of jars might be charged with the fame
labour as one only ; and on this principle lie firrt con-
IhuCled an eleCtrical battery.

When Dr. Franklin firrt began his experiments on the
Leyden phial, he imagined that the eleCtric fluid was all
crowded into the fub'ftance of the nou-eleCt'ric, in contact

with the glafs. But he afterwards found, that its power
of giving a fliock lay in the glafs itfelf, and not in the
coating, by the following ingenious analyfis of the phial.
To find where the ftrength of the charged bottle lay,
having placed it upon a glafs, he fit 1ft took out the cork
and the wire ; but not finding the electricity in them, he
touched the outfide coating with one hand, and put a fin¬
ger of the other into the mouth of the bottle ; when t tie
fhock was felt quite as ftrong as if the cork and wire had
been in it. He then charged the phial again, and pouring
out the water into an empty bottle which was in filiated,
he expeCted that if the force refided in the water, it
would give the fliock ; but he found it gave none. He
therefore concluded that the eleCtric fluid muff either
have been loft in decanting, or niuft remain in the bottle ;
and the latter he found to be true; for, upon filling the
charged bottle with frefh water, he found the fhock, and
was fatisfied that the power of giving it refided in the
glafs itfelf. The fame experiment was made with panes
of glafs, laying the coating on lightly, and charging it, as
the water had been before charged in the bottle, when
the refult was precifely the fame.

From this account of Dr. Franklin’s method of analy-
fing the Leyden phial, the manner of charging and dif¬
eharging it will be eafily underftood. Fig. 6, in the Elec¬
tricity Plate I. reprefents a Leyden jar, coated with tin-
foil on the infide and outfide, within three inches of the
top, having a wire with a round brafs knob at its upper
extremity. This wire paffes through the cork D, that
flops the mouth of the jar, and, at its lower end, is bended
and branched fo as to touch the infide coating in feveral
places. Thus it is ready to be charged with the elec-,
trie fluid, and then difeharged at pleafure, by applying a
difeharger.

Fig. 7, in the fame engraving, exhibits the form of the
difeharging rod; which confirts of a glafs handle, and two
curved wires, which move by a joint C, fixed to the brafs
cap of the glafs handle. The wires B B are pointed, and
the points enter the knobs D D, to which they are ferew-
ed, and may be unferewed from them at pleafure. By
this conflruction, the balls, or the points, may be ufed
as occafion requires. The wires being moveable at the
joint C, may be adapted to fmaller or larger jars at plea¬
fure. The method of charging and difeharging is as fol¬
lows : place the Leyden jar, prepared as above, near to
the prime conductor of the eleCtrical machine, fo that
the knob of the wire in the jar may be in contaCl with
it; then, upon turning the winch of the machine, the
index of Henley’s electrometer, which may be previoufly
affixed to the conductor, will gradually rife as -far as ninety
degrees nearly, and there reft; which thews that the phial
has received its full charge ; then, holding the difeharger
by its glafs handle, and applying one of its knobs to the
outfide coating of the phial, the other being brought near
the knob of the wire, or near the prime condu&or which
communicates with it, a report will be heard, and lumi¬
nous fparks will be feen, between the difeharger arid the
conducting fubrtances communicating with the (ides.of the
phial ; and by this operation the phial will be difeharged ;
But, inftead of ufing the difeharger, if a perfon touch
the outfide of the phial with one hand, and bring the
other hand near the wire of the phial, the fame fpark and
report will take place, and a‘ fliock will be felt, affeCiing
the wrifts and elbows, and the bread too when the fliock
is ftrong : a fliock may alfo be given to any fingle part of
the body, if that part alone be brought in contact. If a
number of perfons join hands, and the firrt: of them touch
the outfide of the phial, while the lart: touches the wire
communicating with tiie infide, they will all feel the fliock
at the fame time. If the coated phial be held by the
wire, and the outfide coating be prefented to the prime
conductor, it will be charged as readily ; but with this
difference, that in this cafe the outfide will be pofitive,
and the infide negative ; alfo if the prime conductor, by
being connected with the rubber of the machine, be elec¬
trified

ELECTRICT Y,

trifled negatively, the phial will be charged in the fame
manner ; but the fide that touches the conductor will he
electrified negatively, and the oppolite fide will be elec¬
trified pofitively.- But, by i'nfulating the phial, and re¬
peating the, fame procefs, the index of the electrometer
will foon rife to ninety degrees, yet the phial will remain
uncharged ; becaufe the outfide, having no communica¬
tion with the earth, See. cannot part with its own elec¬
tricity, and therefore the infide cannot acquire an addi¬
tional quantity : but when a chain, or any other conduct¬
ing medium, connects the outfide of the phial with the
table, the phial may be charged.as before. Moreover,
if a phial be infulated, and one fide of it, inftead of being
connected with the earth, be connected with the infulated
rubber, whilft the other fide communicates with the prime
conductor, the phial will be expeditioufly charged ; be-
c.uife that, whilft the rubber exhaufts one fide, the other
fide is ('applied by the prime conductor; and thus the
phial is charged with its owiyeleCtricity ; or the eleCtric
fluid of one of its (ides is thus thrown upon the other
fide. This la ft experiment may be diveriified by inhi¬
biting the phial, and placing it with its wire at the dif-
tance of about half an inch from the prime conductor,
and holding the knob of another wire at the fame difiance
from its outfide coating; then, upon turning the ma¬
chine, a fpark will be obferved to proceed from the prime
conductor to the wire of the phial, and another fpark will
pafs at the time from the outfide coating to the knob of
the wire prefented towards it : and thus it appears, that
■as a quantity of the eleCtric fluid is entering the infide
of the phial, an equal quantity of it is leaving the out-
flde. If the wire prefented to the outfide of the phial
be pointed, it will be feen illuminated with a (tar; but
if the pointed wire be connected with the coating of the
phial, it will appear illuminated with a pencil or brufli
of rays.

Mr. Cavallo has deferibed the conftruCtion of a phial
which, being charged by an electrical ks,e, in examining
the date of the clouds, or in any other way, may be put
into the pocket, and which will retain its charge for acon-
fiderable time. A phial of this kind has been kept in a
charged ftate for fix weeks. - See his Electricity, p. 340.
Mr. Cavallo alfo deferibes a method of repairing coated
phials that have cracked by accident. He firft removes
the outfide coating from the fractured part, and then
makes it moderately hot, by holding it to the flame of a
candle; and whilft it remains hot, he applies, burning
fealing-wax to the part, (o as to cover the fraCture en¬
tirely ; obferving that the thicknefs of this wax coating
may be greater than that of the glafs. I.aftly, he covers
all the fealing-wax, .and alfo part of the furface of the
glafs beyond it, with a compolition made with four parts
of bees-wax, one of refin, one of turpentine, and a very
tittle oiltof olives ; this being fpread upon a piece of oiled
lilk, he applies it in the manner of a plafter. In this way
feveral phials have been fo effectually repaired, that after
being frequently charged, they were again broken by a
fpontaneous difeharge, but in a different part of tlje glafs.

Fig. 8. in the Engraving, exhibits another Leyden
phial, which is called the Jpottcd bottle , becaufe it is only
coated with fmall pieces of tin-foil, placed at a little dif-
tance from each other. If this bottle be charged in the
ufual manner, firong fparks of electricity will fly from
one fpot of tin-foil to the other, making the puflage of the
fluid on the outfide very vifible. Dilcharge this bottle,
by bringing a pointed wire gradually near the knob, and
the uncoated part of tire glafs between the fpots will be
pleafingly illuminated, and the noife will refemble that
of fmall fired crackers. If the jar be difeharged fuddenly,
the outfide furface will appear illuminated. To produce
thefe appearances, the glais mu ft be very free from moif-
ture. If a phial uncoated on the outfide be held in the
hand, and its knob prefented towards an electrified .con¬
ductor ; the eleCtric fluid, while it is charging, will pafs
from the outfide to the hand, in a pleating manner ; on

Vox. VI. No. 360.

41 3

the difeharge, beautiful ramifications will be feen upon
the uncoated part of the bottle.

This experiment may be Hill farther purfued by fuf-
pending two fets of bells from a Leyden bottle placed
horizontally ; .oneTet connected with the infide, the other
with the outfide, as reprefented by fig. 9. Hook up the
chain from the bells communicating with the infide, that
they may have no connection with the 'table; charge the
bottle in the, ufual manner; during the charge, the fet
fuf'pended from the outfide will continue to ring. After
the bottle is charged, unhook the wire of the bells fuf-
pended from the infide. Touch now the wire A, and the
bells will ceafe ringing, but the other -fet will begin to
aCt ; take the finger from A, and apply it to B, and the
bells at B will be quiet, while thole at A will be fet
ringing ; and fo on alternately, till the butfle is difeharged
of the eleClrical fluid.

The mofl formidable charge that cap. be given to the
eleCtrical apparatus, is by means of the eleCtrical battery,
which confifts of a number of Leyden jars connected to¬
gether in a box. The bottom of the box is covered with
tin-foil ; from thefe a hook projects on the outfide of the
box, by which any fubftance may be connected with the
outfide of the jars ; their infides are all connected by wire
or fome metallic communication; by means of which a
great number of very interefting experiments in electri¬
city are performed ; and though it be a formidable ap¬
pendage to an eleCtrical machine, yet it, cannot be faid
that the apparatus is complete without it. Its effeCts in
exploding various bodies, in firing gunpowder, in melt¬
ing wires, and in imitating all the effects of lightning, are
highly curious and interefting.

In an eleCtrical battery, the jars are fo arranged that
the whole may be charged at tire fame time, and dif¬
eharged in an inftant ; Co that the whole power of the
eleCtric fluid accumulated in them, may be at once ex¬
erted upon the fubftance expofed to the (bock. The
eleCtrical battery reprefented at fig. 10, in the preceding
engraving, confifts of nine jars connected together by the
wires a, b, c, d, e,f? g, h, i ; all of which are fattened into
the (toppers of the bottles, and meet at top in the brafs
ball. Thus a communication is made between all the
infide coating of the jars, while their outfide coatings are
connected by the bottom of the box in which they (land.
In one fide of the box, near the bottom, is an hole through
which a brafs hook pafies, and which communicates with
the metallic lining of the box, and confequently 'with the
outfide coatings of the jars. To this hook a wire or chain
is occafionally connected when a difeharge is made ; and,
for the more convenient making of this difeharge, a ball
and wire B, proceed to a convenient length from the cen¬
ter ball A. When the whole force of the battery is not
required, one, two, or three, jars may be rendered neu¬
tral, by prefling down the wires belonging to them, until
their extremities can (lip out of their refpeCIive holes in
the brafs ball, and then turning them into fuch a pofture
that they cannot have any communication with the bat¬
tery. The number of jars reprefented in this figure is
rather fmall for fome purpofes ; but it may be enlarged
at pleafure.

The deElrical kite , was contrived by Dr. Franklin, as be¬
fore-mentioned, to verify his hypotbefis of the identity of
electricity and lightning. It confided of a large thin (ilk
handkerchief, extended andfaftened at the four corners o
two (lender ftrips of cedar, and accommodated with a tail,
loop, and ftriqg, fo as to rife in the air like a common paper
kite. To the top of the upright (lick of the crofs was fixed
a very fharp-pointed wire, riling a foot or more above the
wood ; and to the end of the twine, next the hand, a fi!k
ribband was tied. From a key fufpended at the junction
of the twine and filk, when, the kite is raifed during a
thunder-dorm, a phial may be charged, and electric fluid
collected, as is tifually done by means of a cylinder or
globe in the electrical machine. Kites made of paper,
covered with varnifli, or with well-boiled linfeed oil, to
5 N preferve

414

ELECTRICITY.

preferve them from the rain, with a flick and cane bow,
like the common ones ufed by boys, will anlwer the pur-
pofe extremely well, and are very ufeful in determining
tlie eleCtricity of the atmofphere.

The next article of conlideration in the eleCtrical ap¬
paratus, is the cUElrometer ; an inftrument that meafures
the quantity, and determines the quality, of eleCtricity
in any eleitrified body. Previous to the invention of in-
flruments of this kind, Mr. Canton eftimated the quan¬
tity of electricity in a charged phial, by prefenting the
phial with one hand to an infulated conductor, and giving
It a fpark, which lie took off with the other ; proceeding
in this manner till the phial was difcharged, when he de¬
termined the flrength of the charge by the number of
lparks. The moft Ample electrometer, is a flaxen thread,
called by Dr. Defagu liars, the thread of trial ; which, be¬
ing brought near an electrified body, is attracted by it:
but this does little more than determine whether the body
is in any degree electrified or not; without determining
its quantity, much lefs the quality of it. The abbe
Nollet ufed two threads, thus ingenioufly {Viewing the.
degree of eleCfricity by the angle of their divergency,
exhibited in their fhadow on a board placed behind them.
But electrometers have, of late years, been greatly im¬
proved.

Mr. Canton’s electrometer, reprefented in the pre¬
ceding engraving at fig. n, confifts of two balls of
cork, or pith of elder, about the fize of a fmall pea,-
fufpended by fine flaxen threads, about fix inches long,
wetted in a weak folution of fait. If the box containing
thefe balls be infulated, by placing it on a drinking-glafs,
or rummer, and an excited fmooth glafs tube be brought
rear them, they will fir ft be attracted by ir, and then be
repelled both from the glafs, and from each other ; but
on the approach of excited wax, they will gradually ap¬
proach and come together; and vice verfa. This alfo
ferves to determine the eleCtricity of the clouds and air,
by holding them at a fufficient distance from buildings,
trees, & c. for if the eleCtricity of the clouds or air be
poutive, their mutual repulfion will, increafe by. the ap¬
proach of excited glafs or decreafe by the approach of
amber or fealing-wax ; on the contrary, if it be negative,
t heir repulfion will be diminifhed by the former, and
increafed by the latter. See Philof. Tranf. vol.48. If
two balls of this kind be annexed to a prime conductor,
they will ferve to determine both the degree and qua¬
lity of the eleCtricity, by their mutual repulfion and
divergency.

The difeharging electrometer of Mr. Lane, is repre¬
fented as fixed to the prime conductor of the electrical
machine, fig. 1, in the preceding engraving.. It confifts
of brafs work, the lower part of which is inclofed in the
■pillar F, made of baked wood, and boiled in linfeed oil,
and bored cylindrically about two-thirds of its length ;
she brafs work is fixed to the pillar by the ferew PI,
moveable in the groove I ; and through the fame is made
to pafs a (teel ferew L, to the end of which, and. oppo¬
site to K, a polifhed hemifpherical piece of brafs, at¬
tached to t he prime conductor, is fixed aball of brafs M,
well polifhed. To this.fcrew is annexed a circular plate
O, divided into twelve equal parts. The ufe of this
electrometer is to difehage the jar D, or any battery con¬
nected with the conductor, without a difeharging rod, and
to give fiiocks fucceltively of the fame degree of flrength ;
on which account it is very fit for medical purpofes.
Then, if a perfon holds a wire fattened jq the ferew H
in one band, and another wfire fixed to E, a loop of brafs
wire palling from the frame of the machine to a tin plate,
on which the phial D (lands, he wil 1 perceive no (hock,
■when K and M are in contaCl ; and the degree of the ex¬
piation, as vvell as the quantity of eleCtricity accumulated
in the phial , will be regulated by the diitance between
K and M. Mr. Henley has much improved Mr. Lane’s
eleCirometer, by taking away the ferew, the double milled
nut, and the (harp-edged graduated plate, and adding

other contrivances in their (lead. Mr. Henley’s dif.
charger of this kind has two tubes, one Aiding within the
other, to lengthen and accommodate it occafionally to a.
larger apparatus. .

The quadrant electrometer of Mr. Henley, delineated
in the fame engraving at fig. 12, confifts of a Item, ter¬
minating at its lower end with a brafs ferrule and ferew,
for fattening it upon any occafion ; and its upper part
ends in a ball. Near the top is fixed a graduated femi-
cirele of ivory, on the centre of which the index, being
a very light rod with a cork ball at its extremity, reach¬
ing to the brafs ferrule of the (tem,.is made to turn on a
pin in the brafs piece, fa as to keep near the graduated
limb of the femicircle.- When the electrometer is not
electrified, the index hangs parallel- to the Item ; but as-
foori as it begins to be electrified,, the index, repelled by
the Item, will begin to move along the .graduated edge of
the femicircle, and fo mark the degree to which the con¬
ductor is electrified, or the ftrength or height to which;
the charge of any jar or battery is advanced.

Mr. Cavallo has invented a very fenlible electrometer,,
well adapted for the obfervation of the prefence and
quality of natural and art ificial elcCt rici ty . It is deline-,
ated at fig. 13, in the EleCtricity Plate II. A glafs tube, .
CDNM, is cemented into the piece A B. The upper
part of the tube is ftiaped tapering, to a fmall extremity,
which is entirely covered with fealing-wax. Into this-
tapering part, a (mail tube of glafs is cemented, the lower
extremity being alfo covered with fealing-wax, projects
a fmall way within the tube CDN M. Into this (mailer
tube, a wire is cemented, which, with its under extremi,
ty, touches a flat piece of ivory H, faftened to the tube
by means of a cork. The upper extremity of the wire
projects about a quarter of an inch above the tube, and
ferews into the brafs cap E F, which cap is open at the
bottom, and ferves to defend the waxed part of the in¬
ftrument from the rain. FromH are fufpended two fine
filver wires, h; *ing very fmall corks at the lower ends,
which, by. their repulfion, fliew the eleCtricity. I M,
and KN, are two flips of tin-foil ftuck to the infide of.
the glafs, and communicating with the brafs bottom A B .
They fe.rv.e to convey away that electricity, which, when
the corks touch the glafs, is communicated to it, and
might difturb their free motion. When this inftrument
is ufed to obferve artificial eleCtricity, it is fet on a table,
and eteCtrified by touching the brafs cap EF with an.
electrified body ; in this ftate, if any electrified fubftance
is brought near the cap, the corks of the eleCirometer,
by their converging, or diverging more, will fliew the
fpecies of electricity. When it is to be ufed to try the:
eleCtricity of the atmofphere, fogs, &c. it mult be
held a little above the head by the bottom AB, fo that
the obferver may conveniently fee the. corks, which will
immediately'diverge if there be any fufficient quantity of
eleCtricity. in the air,, the nature of which may be afeer-
tained by bringing an excited piece of fealing-wax to¬
wards the brafs cap E F. This inftrument is ufually kept
in a brafs cafe..

A very ingenious -electrometer has been lately invented,
by Mr. Cuthbertfon, for meafuring the eledricity of large
jars and batteries. It is reprefented in the annexed en¬
graving, at fig. 14. G H is an oblong piece of wood,
ferving as a (land for the inftrument, in which are fixed,
three glafs fupporters, D, E, F, mounted with brafs balls,.
a, c, />. Of thefe fupporters E and F are exactly of the
fame length ; but D is four inches fliorter. Under the
brafs ball a is a long brafs hook ; the ball c is made of
two hemifpheres, the under one being fixed to the brafs
mounting, and the upper turned with a groove to flint
upon it, fo that it can be taken otfat pleafure. The ball
b has a brafs tube fixed to it, .about three inches long,
cemented on the top of F, and the fame ball has a hole
at the top, of about one-half inch diameter, correfpond-
ing with the infide of the tube. A B is a ftraight brafs
wire, with a knife-e'dged center in the middle, placed a

little

ELECTRICITY

Plate i I

Xondon-PuIUrAed m- {/te Plct directs. February S.i#o+- by Cb WiZZces.

ELECTRICITY.

Tit tie below die center of gravity, and equally balanced
with a hollow brafs ball at each end, the center, or axis,
reding upon a proper fliaped piece of brafs fixed in the
infide of the ball c; that fide of the hemifphere towards
c is cut open, to permit the end c A of the balance to de-
feend till it touches the ball a, and the upper hemifphere
C is alfo cut open to permit the end r B to afeend; i is a
weight, weighing a certain number of grains, and made
in the form of a pin with a broad head ; the ball B has
two holes, one at the top, and the other at the bottom ;
the upper hole is fo wide, as to let the head of the pin
pafs through it, but to flop at the under one, with its
fhank hanging freely in b ■, k is a common Henley’s qua¬
drant electrometer ; and when in life it is ferewed upon
the top of c. It is evident, from the conftrudlion, that if
the foot ftanu horizontal, and the ball B be made to touch
b, it will remain in that pofition without the help of the
weight 2 ; and if it (hould by any means receive a very
low charge of eledlric fluid, the two balls b, B, will repel
each other; B will begin to afeend, and, on account of
the center of gravity being above the center of motion,
the afeenfion will continue till A reft upon a. If the ba¬
lance be fet again horizontal, and the pin i be put into its.
place in B, it will caufe B to reft upon b, with a preflfure
equal to that weight, .fo that more eledlric fluid mtift be
communicated than formerly before the balls will fepa-
rate ; and as the weight in B is increafed or diminiftied,
a greater or lefs quantity of eledlric fluid will be required
to effect a feparation.

When this inftrument is to be applied to a jar, or bat¬
tery, one end of a wire L mult be inferted into a hole in
6, and the other end into a hole of any ball proceeding
from the infide of a battery, or jar, as M. A chain, or
wire, or any body through which the charge is to pafs,
muft be hung to the hook at m, and carried from thence
to the outfide of the battery, as is reprefented by the line
N ; k muft be ferewed upon c, with its index towards A.
The reafon of this inftrument being added, is to fliew,
by the index continuing to rife, that the charge of
the battery is increafing, becattfe the other part of the
inftrument does not ~adt till the battery has received its
required charge. It may be here obferved, that this in-
flrument conlifts of three electrometers, viz. Henley’s
eleClrometer, Lane’s difeharging electrometer confidera-
bly improved, and Brookes’s fteelyard electrometer im¬
proved likewife. By this combination and thefe improve¬
ments, we poffefs all that can be required in an electro¬
meter for batteries and large jars; for, by k, we fee the
progrefs of the charge; by the feparation of B£, we have
the repulfive power in weight; and by the ball A, the
difeharge is made whenever the charge has acquired the
ftrength propofed. Example : Prepare the electrometer
in the manner thewn in the figure, with the jar M an¬
nexed, which contains about 168 fquare inches of coating.
Take out the pin in B, and obferve whether the ball B
will remain at reft upon b ; if not, turn the adjufting ferew
at C till it juft remains upon A. Put into B the pin,
marked i, weighing 15 grains; take two inches of watch-
pendulum wire, fix to each end a pair of fpring tongs,
reprefented at G m, hook one end to m, and the other to
the wire N, communicating with the outfide of the jar ;
let the prime condudlor of an eledlrical machine, or a
wire proceeding from it, touch the wire L; then, if the
machine be put in motion, the jar and eledlrometer will
charge, as will be feen by the rifing of the index k ; and
when charged high enough, B will be repelled by b, and
A will defeend and difeharge the jar through the wire
which was confined in the tongs, and the wire will be
fufed and run into balls. The ingenious inventor, by
breathing through a glafs' pipe into the jar, damped it a
little in the infide. Then loading B with a pin of thirty
grains, he obtained fucit a charge as fufed eight inches of
watch-pendulum wire, difpofed exactly as the two inches
were difpofed in the former experiment. And by repeat¬
ing and varying his experiments, he found that double

41.5

quantities of eledlrical fl 11 id, in the form of a difeharge, will
melt four times the length of wire of a certain diameter.

A very ingenious dijcharg-big balance electrometer has been
lately invented by A. W. Von Haucll, of the royal fo-
ciety of .Copenhagen ; which is reprefented in t he fame
engraving, at fig. 15. OP is a board of dry mahogany,
which ferves as a (land for the inftrument. In this board
are faftened two glafs pillars, M and N, which fupport:
the two brafs caps or rings GG, with the two forks of
tempered fteel KK ferewed into them. Tire two rings
GG are well covered with varnifh. In the ring G is
fiftened a brafs rod, which terminates in a ball E of the
fame metal, and an inch in diameter. The length of the
rod and ball together is four inches and a half. A very
delicate beam, AB, the arms of which are of unequal
length, moves on a fliarp triangular gxis (a knife edge)
of well tempered fteel on the fork K of the pillar M.
It is feventeen inches in length, and fo conftrudfed that
tli e Ihort arm forms a third, and the long one two-thirds,
of the whole beam. The fhort arm of brafs furnifhed
with the ball B, exactly of the fame fize as the ball E, is
divided into forty-five parts equivalent to grains. The
long arm A is of glafs covered with copal varnifh, and
ends in an ivory ball A, into which is fitted an ivory
hook R, deftined to fupport the ivory fcale H. In order
to render the inhalation more complete, this fcale is fuf-
pended by three hairs. A very delicate beam, C D, ele¬
ven inches in length, moves on an axis, like the former,
on the pillar N. This beam is proportioned in the fame
manner, one arm being a third and the other tivo-third
of the whole length. The long arm of brafs is furnifhed
at the end with a ball D, and divided into thirty parts
correfponding to grains. The fhort arm of glafs termi¬
nates in a long roundifh plate C, covered with copal var¬
nifh . The fteel forks are fnewn by the fedtions of the
two brafs caps F F, as are alfo the two knife edges L L.
By thefe caps the efcape of the electric fluid is partly
prevented. A brafs ring (^capable of being moved
along the ihort arm of the upper beam A B, fliews, by
means of marks determined by trial and cut out on the
beam, the number of grains which in 11 ft be placed in the
fmall fcale to reftoi'e the equilibrium ot the beam at each
diftance of the ring Q^frorn the point of fitfpenfion. On
the long arm C D of the lower beam there is alfo a move-
able ring S, which, like the ring QJhews in grains, by
its diftance from the point of fufpenfion, the power requi-
fite to overcome the preponderance ot L D in regard to
LC. The power neeefTary for this purpofe will be found
if the fcale or (hell H, which weighs exadfiy fourteen
grains, be fuffered to fink down on the glafs plate C, and
"the ring S be puftied forwards till both the arms of the
beam are in equilibrium. The part of the beam on which
the ring S has moved is divided into fourteen parts, fo
that o marks the place where the ring S muft (land when
the beam, in its free ftate, is in equilibrium ; and 14 (lands
at rite place where the ring S again reftores a perfect equi¬
librium when the (hell H is laid on the glafs plate C.
Each of thefe parts, which are divided into, quarters, in¬
dicates a grain. The lower divifions of the fcale will be
found with more accuracy if quarters of a grain be put,
in fuccellion, into the (hell H (after it has been laid on
the plate C), and the ring S be moved between each
quarter of a grain until the perfedl equilibrium be re-
ftored. This place o"n the beam is then to be marked,
and traced in this manner, until the 30th part of a grain
be given. Both feales, for the fake of diftindlnefs, are
divided only fo low as quarters of a grain ; though the
inftrument is fo delicate, and -muft abfolutely be fo, that
i-aoth of a grain is flifficient to deftroy the equilibrium.

The two glafs pillars M and N, together with the fteel
forks affixed to them, are fo fitted into the ftand, that
both the beams lie parallel to each other as well as to the
rod G E. In this pofition of the beams A B, the balls B
and E are juft in contadl. The fmalleft glafs pillar N is
of fuch a height, that the ball of the beam C D Hands at
i the.

\

41C

%■

7*

E'LECTRICIT y.

the diftance of exactly four lines from the ring G, and
cannot move without touching the latter. The fmall
fhell K is fufpended in fuch a manner that there is a dif¬
tance of.exaCt!y two lines between it and the (bell C. In
each of tlie brafs rings G G is a fmall hole, that the in¬
ftrument may be connected with the two fides of an. elec¬
tric jar. I is a brafs wire, with a hollow bit of ivory a
deflined to fupport the beam CD, which is nece'ftariiy
preponderant at 'D, in order to prevent ofcillation between
the difcharges to be examined by the inftrument.

It may be readily comprehended that, when the beam
A B has moved, A nuift pafs over twice the fpace that B
does ; and that, in the beam C D, the cafe is the fame
in regard to C and D. If A B therefore be connected
with the external tide, aiid C D with the interna! fide, -of
a battery, but in fftch a manner that the inftrument is at
a fufficient diftance beyond the eleCtric atmofphere; and
it the battery be charged, the repulfive effect of the elec¬
tric power will oblige the bail B to fe pa rate from the ball
E ; the (hell H mult therefore naturally fink down with
double velocity, fo that when the ball B rifes a line, the
fhell H muft fink two : when it reaches this depth it will
touch the fhell C, and the latter, by the power excited
in it, will be obliged to fink, by which D muff naturally
again afcend in a double proportion to the finking of C ;
fo that when C has fallen two lines, D muft have afcend-
ed four, and D that moment touches the ring by which
the two tides of the battery are connected with eacli other,
and difcharges the battery.

But, as the attractive eleCtric power between unlike
atmofpheres, under like circumftances, is at letiftas ftrong
as its repulfive power between like atmofpheres, it would
thence follow that the eleCtric power, inftead of repel¬
ling the ball B horn the ball E would rather attraCt D,
and, by its contact with G, promote the difcharging ; by
which the inftrument would fail of its object, and be fub-
jeCted to the temperature of the atmofphere ; and befides
this, the electric power could no longer be determined by
weight. To obviate this inconvenience, the inftrument,
in all electrical experiments, muft be applied in fuch a
manner that the power with which the ball D is attracted
by A B may exceed in ftrength the power required to re¬
pel the ball B from the ball E. For this purpofe the
ring S muft always be removed two divifions farther on
C D towards D, than tlie ring Q _ is (hifted on A B to¬

wards B. If, for example, an eleCtric force were re¬
quired equal to eight grains, according to this electrome¬
ter, the ring Q^muft be removed to the place where 8
ftands, and the ring S to the place marked io. Tlie re¬
pulfive power will then naturally repel the balls B and
E before G is in a condition to attraCt the ball D, as a
power of two grains would be neceffary for this purpofe,
befides that of the eight already in aCtion. The fhell H,
with its weight of fourteen grains, will eafily overcome
the preponderance of L D over L C, as it amounts only
to ten grains, and therefore nothing ex ills that can impede
the difcharging.

When the ring S, according to the required power, is
removed fo far towards D that the fhell If is not able by
its weight to deftroy the preponderance of LD in regard
to L C, the aCtive pow er of the fhell H muft be fo far in-
creafed by the addition of weights, that it can aCt with a
preponderance of four grains, on the plate C. If, forex-
ample, an eleCtric power of. fourteen grains be required,
the ring S muft be removed to 1 6, by which LD refts
upon a , with a preponderance of fixteen grains in regard
to LC. Now to make H aCt on the plate C with a pre¬
ponderance of four grains, it muft be increaled to twenty
grains, that is, fix grains weight more muft be added, as
it weighs only fourteen ; which fix grains are again laid
upon L B ; and therefore the ring Q_js (hifted to 20, as
the ftrength of the repulfive power is pointed out by
fourteen grains. If an eleCtric power of twenty-five
grains be required, the ring S muft be removed to 27,
aiid the weight of feventeen grains be put into the fhell H

in order to produce a preponderance of four grains in re¬
gard to S. The’fe fevenfeen grains are added to the re¬
quired power of twenty-five grains, and the ring Q^is
puftreti to 42, &c. In this manner the repulfive power al¬
ways acts before the attractive power can begin to operate.

It may be readily perceived that the faults and incon¬
veniences common to rnoft electrometers hitherto em¬
ployed, cannot take place here ; becaufe the difcharging
is performed by immediate connection between the pofi-
tive and negative eleCtricity in the inftrument itfelf, with¬
out any external means being employed. One of the
mod effential advantages of this inftrument is, the cer¬
tainty with which the fame refill t may be expeCted when
the experiment is repeated. For the fame degree of
eleCtric power, whatever be the temperature of the at-
mofphere, will always be neceffary to commence the re¬
paration of the two balls B and E from each other, the
quantity of coated glafs and the diftance of the ring
from the axis L being the fame. Another no lefs im¬
portant advantage of this inftrument is, that in an expe¬
riment where the fame eleCtric power, often repeated, is
neceffary to afeertain the refult with accuracy ; fuch, for
cxample, as the charging a battery through acids, water,
&c. ; the fame degree of precaution is not neceffary as is
indifpenfibly fo in the common electrometers, as the per-
fon who puts the machine in motion has nothing to do
but to count how often the electrometer difcharges it-
felf ; and the inftrument may be inclofed in a glafs cafe*
or prevented in any other manner from external contaCt,
or any other circtimftances which might render the expe¬
riment uncertain.

Another more recent difcharging cleblrometer has been
invented by Henry Lavvfon, efq. We fli a 1 1 give the de-
feription of it in his own words : “ Some time ago it

(truck me that fome additions to Brookes’s electrometer
might be made fo as to fit it for a good difcharging elec¬
trometer to meafure the repulfion between two balls (of
a certain fize) in grains, and alfo effect the difeharge of a
battery at the- fame time. The inftrument known by the
name' of Cuthbertfon’ s difcharging e/edlrojmtcr, was at that
time the beft, and indeed the only inftrument for dil-
charging batteries or jars by its own aCtion, then made ;
but t think this will be found in the effentials, and in
the theory and ufe, a more perfeCt inftrument. It is re-
prefented in the EleCtricity Plate II. fig. 16. On the bafe
S, is fixed the glafs pillar G, fupporting the hollow brafs
ball B. T, is a light graduated brafs tube divided (from
the weight W towards the ball B) into thirty parts, re-
prefenting grains. W, is a Hiding weight. L, a light
brafs ball ferewed to the end of the tube T, on the other
end of which tube adjufts the heavy counter-balance-ball
C, tlie tube T and its tvao balls being fufpended at their
common center of gravity by a filk line in the center of
the ball B, the mechanifm of which is fliewn in tlie plan
or fection at the fide. The brafs ball F is ftationary, and
of the fame fize as the ball L, and is fixed by a brafs arm
to the ball B. The adjufting ball A is alfo of tlie fame,
fize, and adjufts clofe to the ball L, or at any lower fta-
tion between that and the ring r. The brafs tube to
which the ball A is fixed is divided into inches, halves.,
and quarters : a more minute divifion is unneceffary and
improper. The divifions begin, or the o line is marked, .
on the faid tube at the ring r, when the three balls A L F
are clofe together. The ring r ferves as an index, as tlie
divifions pals in fuccellion into the glafs tube P, on lower¬
ing the ball A. Tlie hook H is ferewed into the bafe of
P. The quadrant, or Henley’s eleCIrometer QJs (up-
ported on a long brafs ftem to keep it out of the atmo¬
fphere of the lower part of the inftrument. The fide-
plan or feclion fliews the internal conftruCtion of the ball
B. In the firft place, the ball ferews in half, horizon¬
tally. The light tube T pa ties through the ball, and is
fufpended nearly in the center of it by fome filk twift s,
which fmall filk twift is fixed into the eye of the adjuft¬
ing wire a, part of which wire is filed fquare and goes

through

ELECT

trough the fqtinre hole h. The nut n fcrews on a , and
fcrves to adjuft the light tube T vertically. The light
plates PP are of copper, and move freely on the wire
w rv fomewhat like a hinge, and reft on the copper wires
CC, ferving to make the direCt communication between
the intide-and out of th.e battery or jar. N N are notches
ferving to let the tube T defcend when the difcharge is
made. Into the tube Z the glafs pillar is ground. At
the bottom of the notch N is a piece of brafs filed with a
Y, and fo placed as to keep the centers of the balls L a.nd
F under each other when they come clofe together.

When the inftrument is adjufted, which is done by
placing the weight W at o on the line of grains, and then
fcrewing or unfcrevving the counterbalance-ball C, till
the tube T rifes (lowly into its horizontal pofition ; then
fet the ball A at the diftance from the ball L that you
choofe, and the weight W placed at the divifion or num¬
ber of grains that you with the repulfive power of the
electricity to arrive at before the difcharge is made : this
being done, conneCt the battery or jar with the ball B by
means of the wirejy, the end of which goes into B at the
hole X-, and (liould (land at right angles to B, the ball
of y relting on the battery then connect the outftde of
the,battery or jar with the hook H ; ns the battery charges,
the electrometer Qjeontinues to rife ; and when it is fo
highly charged that the repulfive power between the
balls L and F is equal to the number of grains at which
the weight W was placed, the ball L will defcend, and
deliver the charge of the battery to the ball A. The fiib-
ftance or thing through which the (hock is intended to
be palled, mult form part of the communication between
the hook H and the outfide of the battery or jar. It is evi¬
dent, from confidering the inftrument, that it is attended
with thefe excellencies; that, the whole being compaCt,
the eleCtric atmofphere mud be fo alfo ; that it has but
one inhibition to depend upon : that the equilibrium of
the divided arm and ball may always be. adjufted, confe-
-quently the weight ufed known -to a certainty ; and th.e
hook for communicating with the outfide of the battery
being placed on the toot of the inftrument, the communi¬
cation may be made by wires lying on the table-; which
are by far the belt mode of conducting ftiocks ; as chains,
by the imperfeCt connection of their links, (efpecially if
long,) very often, and without being fufpeCted, hinder the
fuccefs of many very well-concerted experiments.” The
electrometers of Bennett, Brookes, M. de Luc, and fome
others, have been fuperfeded in their ule and application
by thefe later improvements.

An electrometer has been recently invented, capable
of exhibiting abfolute meafiires, and fitfceptible of com-
parifon with others: whence it is denominated t lie com¬
parable ekElrometer . This inftrument is (hewn at fig. 17,
in the annexed engraving ; where A reprefents a poll (bed
brafs ball, one-fourth of an inch in diameter. It is fixed
on the point of a needle three inches long, as (lender as
can be had of that. length. The other end of the needle
paftes through a ball of, amber or glafs, or other firm
non-conduCting fubftance, about half or three-fourths of
an inch in diameter ; but the end does not reach quite to
the furface, although the ball is completely perforated.
From this ball ri fiesta glafs rod PEL, three inches long
from F to E, where it bends at right angles, and is corn
tinued on to L, immediately over the center of the ball
A. At L is fixed a piece of amber C, formed into two
parallel cheeks, between which hangs the ftalk D C B of
the electrometer. This is formed "by dipping a ftrong
and dry filk thread, or fine cord, in melted fealing-wax,
and holding it perpendicular till if remain covered with
a thin coating, and be fully penetrated by it. This ftalk
is fattened into a fmall cube of amber, perforated on pur-
pofe, and having fine holes drilled in two of its oppolite
tides. The cheeks of the piece C are wide enough to al¬
low this cube to move freely between them, round two
fine pms, which are thruft through the holes in the
cheeks, and reach about half way to the ftalk. The

Vol, VI. No. 360,

R I C [ T Y. 417

lower part of the ftalk is about three inches long, and
terminates in a gilt and buruiihed coik ball, (or may be
made of thin metal,) a quarter- of an inch in diameter.
The upper part CD is of the fame length, and paftes
through (with fome friction) a fmall cork ball. This
part of the inftrument is fo proportioned, that when KE
is perpendicular to the horizon, and DC. B hanrs ir.eeiy,
the balls B and A juft touch each other. The ball F is
fixed on the end of the glafs rod FI, which paftes per--
pendicularly through the centre of a graduated circle
G H O, and has a knob handle of boxwood on the farther
end at I. This ghafs rod turns ftiftiy, but fmoothly, m
the head of the pillar HK, &c. and has an index NH,
which turns round it. This index is fet parallel to the
line L A, drawn through the centre of the fixed ball of
the electrometer. The circle is divided into 360 degrees,
and o is placed uppermoft, and go on the right hand.
Thus the index will point out the angle which LA makes
with the vertical. It will be convenient to have another
index, turning ftiftiy on the fame axis, and extending a
good way beyond the circle.

This inftrument is ufed in the following manner : A
connection is made with t he body whofe electricity is to
be examined, by (ticking the point of the connecting w ire
into the hole at F, till it touch the end of the needle ;
or, if we would merely eleftrify the balls A and B, and
then leave them infalated, we have only to touch one 01
them with an electrified body. Novi', take hold of the
handle I, and turn it to the right till the index reach 90.
In this pofition, the line LA is horizontal, and fo is C B ;
and the moveable ball B is reding on A, and is carried
by it. Now electrify the balls, and gently turn the han¬
dle backwards, bringing the index back toward o, See.
noticing carefully the two balls. It will happen that,
in fome particular pofition of the index, they will be ob--
lerved to feparate'. Bring them together again, and again
caufe them to feparate, till the exaCt pofition at repara¬
tion is afeertained. This will (hew their repulfive force
in contaCt, or at the diftance of their centers, equal to
the fum of their radii. Having determined this point,
turn the inftrument (till more toward the vertical pofition.
The balls will now feparate more and more. Let an af-
fiftant turn the long index fo as to make it paraLlel to the
ftalk of the electrometer, by making the one hide the
other from his view. Thus it will give abfolute mea-
fures : for, by poifing the ftalk, by’ laying fome grains
weight on the cork-ball D, till it becomes horizontal and
perfectly balanced, and computing for the proportional
lengths of BC and DC, we know exaCtly the number
of grains with which the balls, muft repel each other
(when the (talk is' in an horizontal pofition), in order
merely to feparate. Then a very fimple computation, will
ascertain the grains of repulfion when they feparate in
any oblique pofition of the ftalk ; and another computa¬
tion, by the refolution of forces, will fliew 11s {he repul¬
fion exerted between them when A L is oblique, and B C
makes any given angle with it. This is Tlifficiently ob-
_yious to need no farther explanation. The reafon for
giving the connection between A and C fuch a circuitous
form, was to avoid all action between the fixed and the
moveable part of the eleCtrometer, except what is ex¬
erted ber een the two balls A and B. This inftrument
will alio meafure the at.traBions of the oppolitely electri¬
fied bodies ; for inftead of making the ball B above A,
by inclining the inftrument to the right hand, we may
incline. it to the left ; and then, by electrifying one of the
balls pofitively, and the other negatively, when at a great
diftance from each other, their mutual attraction will
caufe them to approach ; CB will deviate from the'ver-
tical toward A ; and we can compute the force by means
of this deviation. But this inftrument muft be fecured
againft diftipation as much as pollible, by varnithing all
its parts, by having all angles, points, and roughneftesj
removed, and by choofing a dry ftate of the air, and a
warm room ; and, becaufe it is impoflible to prevent dif-
5 O fipatiou

418

ELECTRICITY.

fixation altogether, we fliould make a previous courfe of
experiments, in a variety of circuniftancesj in order to
determineMie diminution per minute correfponding to the
circumftances of th.e experiments that are to be made with
further views.

A mod valuable eleClrometcr has been invented by Mr.
Coulomb, of the royal academy of fciences at Paris, de¬
fended in their Memoirs for 1785. It is conftrutted as
reprefented in the engraving at fig. 18. ■ ABDC repre¬
sents a glafs cylinder, twelve inches in diameter and in
’ height. This is covered by a glafs plate fitted to it by
a projecting fillet on the under furface. This cover is
pierced with two round holes of one inch three-fourths
in diameter. One of them, is in the center, and it re¬
ceives thejower end of the glafs tube fk, of twenty-four
inches- bright, yviiich is fixed in the hole with a cement
madeof feeding wax, or other eledtric fubfiance. The
top of this tube receives the brafs collar H, bored truly,
cylindrical, and having a finall fhoulder, which refts or:
the top of the tube. This collar is fattened with cement,
and receives the hollow cylinder P, to which is joined
the circular plate ab, divided on the edge into 360 de¬
grees. It is alfo pierced with a round hole in the center,
which receives the cylindrical pin z, having, a milled
head, and an index o, vvhofe point is bent down, fo as to
mark the divifions on the circle ab. This pin turns ftiflly
in the cylinder P, which turns fteadily in the collar H.
To the lower end of the center pin is fattened a little pin-
ccr, formed like the end of 3 port-crayon, and tightened
by a ring, fo as to hold faft the fnfpenfion-wire h f the
lower end of which is grafped by a fimilar pincer P. The
lower end o, is cylindrical, and it is of fuch weight' as' to
drain the wire perfectly ftraight, but without any rifk of
breaking it. It may be made half of the weight that will
jutt break if.

This pincer is enlarged at E, and pierced with a hole,
which receives tightly the arm gq, of the electrometer.
This is eight inches long, and conlifts of a dry fi Ik thread,
or flender draw of (ome grafs completely dried, and dip¬
ped in melted gum lac or fine fe.fling-wax, and held up¬
right before a clear fire, till it form a flender cylinder of
about i-qoth of an inch in diameter. This occupies fix
of tire eight inches, from g to q: the remaining two
inches is a fine thread of the lac or fealing-wax, as it
drains off in forming- the arm. A t a is a ball of pith of
elder or fine cork, one-fourth or one-half of an inch in
diameter, made very fmooth, and gilded. It is balanced
by a vertical circle g, of, paper ftiftened with varnifli.
The whole is feen in its place in the engraving, where the
arm hang's horizontally about the middle of the height of
the-great cylinder. In its ofcillations the ball a moves
round in a circle, wdrofe center is in the axis of the whole
inftrument. Its fituation is indicated by a graduated cir¬
cle Z OQ^drawn on a flip of paper, and adhering to the
glafs with varnifli. The electrified, body, whole aCtion
is to be obferved, is another (mall ball of cork t, alfo
gilt, or a brafs ball well poliflied. This is carried by a
(talk of gum lac mn} incloling a dry fllk thread. This
(talk is grafped by a clamp of cleft deal, or any fimilar
contrivance, which lies firm on the glafs cover. When
this ball is let down through the hole m, it Hands fo as
to touch the ball a on the arm, when that ball is oppo¬
site o on the graduated circle.

To eleClriiy the ball t, we employ a flender flick of'
fealing-wax or lac, holding a mefal wire that carries a
fm-all poliflied metal ball. We touch with it foma elec¬
trified body, fucli as the prime conductor of a machine,
the knob of a jar, &c. Introduce this electrified ball
cailtioufly into the hole m, and touch the ball t with it.
T he ball a is immediately repelled, and goes to a dif-
tance, twitting the fiifpenli-on-wire, till the force of twift
exerted by the wire balances the mutual repullion of the
balls t and a.

Such is the procefs for examining the law of eleCtric
action. But when we would examine the aCtion of dif.

ferent bodies in different ttates, another apparatus is want
ed. This is reprefented by the piece c A d, confiding of
a plug of fealing-wax A, which fits tight into the hole in ,
and is pierced 'by the wire cd, hooked at c, to receive a
wire connecting it occalionally with an electrified body,
and having below a poliflied metal ball d, which fits into
the fame pofition as the ball t.

The inftrument is fitted for ufe in the following
manner: Turn the milled button c, at top, till the twift-
index z, is on the mark o, of the twift circle. Then turn
the whole in the collar II, till the ball a (lands oppoiite
to the mark o of the paper circle Z O Qjmd at the fame
time touches the ball t or d.

The observation is made thus r the ball t or d, is elec¬
trified, and a is repelled, and retires, twitting the wire ;
and, after a few ofcillations, fettles at a diftafite .corre¬
fponding to the repulflon. Now' turn the twift-index,
fo as to force the ball a nearer to t or d, as occafion may
require- We eftimate the force of this new repulflon by
adding the motion of the twift-index to the angle at which
the ball firtt retted. By turning the twift index dill more,
we bring the balls (till nearer, and have a meafure of an¬
other repulflon. And thus we may obtain as many mea-
fures as we pleafe.

In this way Monf. Coulomb afeertained the relation
between the repulflon and the distance to be the inverfe
duplicate ratio of the diftances. He difcovered the law
of diflipation by air in contact, and the relation which
this bears to the primitive repullion, by obferving the
gradual approach of a tor as the electricity diffi pates from
both, and by Thickening the twdft-index till the ball a re¬
tires to it its primitive diftance. He afeertained the dif-
fipation along imperfeCt conductors, and the length ne-
ceflary for infulation, by completely infulating the ball t. ,
and obferving the lofs by air in contaCt with it, and then
Aiding a metal rod down the infulating (talk, till the dif-
fipation began to exceed what took place by the air alone.
IT e examined .the proportion of redundant fluid in com¬
municating bodies, by connefting .them alternately with
the ball d ; as alfo by electrifying one ball, and obferving
its repulfiye force, and then (haring its electricity with
another, and obferving the diminution. An example of
one or two of thofe trials will give a clearer conception
of the concluflons deduced from tliefe obfervations.

The ball t was introduced and electrified ; a was re¬
pelled, and fettled at 40° ; the index was twitted 1400,.
which brought a to 20 ; and the time was noted. The
eleCtricity gradually diflipa-ted, and a came nearer to t.
The index was untwifted 300, and a retired a little be¬
yond 200; but, on waiting a few feconds, it flood exaClly
at 200. The time was again noted. The interval was
exaCtlythree minutes. The conclufion from the experi¬
ment was as follows : When the ball was brought to 200,
the repulfion was evidently 140 -f 20, or 160. Three mi¬
nutes afterwards it was no + 20, or 130; and 300 were
left in three minutes, or io° per minute. T he mean
force was 145. Therefore the me'an lofs per minute was
Obferve alfo, that the primitive foice correfpond¬
ing to the diftance was 40; and the force correfpondi'ng
to 20 was 160, or inverfely, as 20' to 401. But obferve,
that the diftances were not meafured by the angles, but
by the chord of the angles. The obliquity of aCtion.
mull alfo be accounted for; and the real lever is lefs
than the arm, in the proportion of radius to the cofuie of:
half the angle.

The wire ufed by Coulomb in his firtt experiments on
the law of aCtion was of fuch ftrength, that of a
French grain, applied at the point a, hCld it fall till the
twift-index. was turned 360° ; fo that one degree corre-
fponded to ot a grain. A foot of this wire weigh¬

ed ^th of agrain. Experience having (hewn that this
was a fallibility far exceeding what was neceff’ary for the
meafures that he had in view, and made the inftrument
too delicate for common ufes, he fubftitiUed much (tronger
ancl fhorter wires, and recommends much (mailer dimen -

ftons

ELECTRICITY. 410

flons for tlie whole inftrument. It is far more fenfible
than Bennet’s gold-leaf electrometer. The fame inftru-'
ment, with a filver wire fufpenfion, and a thread of lac
projecting from the end g , as an index to coincide more
clofely with the fcale, is fufficiently nice for all experi¬
ments of meafurement. It is always proper to have the
diameter of the cylinder double the length of the arm,
that the aCtion of the glafs may not difturb the pofition
of the arm. It is greatly improved by having a round
hole in the bottom of the inftrument, in which the cy¬
linder EO of the lower pincer may hang freely : this pre¬
vents much tedious ofcillation. For ordinary experi¬
ments, for meafuring charges of* batteries, and the like,
a much'lefs delicate inftrument, with a-fufpenfion-wire
drained at both ends, is abundantly delicate, and vaftly
more manageable. The wire fliould extend as far below
the arm as above it, and fttould be grafped below, by a
pincer turning by a milled head in a hole at the end of a
tlender fpring. This enables us to adjuft the inftrument
fpeedily. Having placed the twift-index at o, turn this
lower button gently till the ball a points exaCtly to o on
the paper circle. Coulomb’s electrometer has the great
advantage of wafting very little electricity ; whereas Hen¬
ley’s, or Brookes’s, or de Luc’s, wafte it very fall when
it is intenfe.

This electrometer, as hitherto applied, meafures only
repulfions. It is not fo eafy to meafure attractions with
it; for even Mr. Coulomb was obliged to take a very
circuitous method, during which a great deal of electri¬
city was didipated . In this refpeCt, the comparable e: lec-
trometer above .deferibed has the advantage ; but, in
every other refpeCt, Mr. Coulomb’s is the fineft electro¬
meter that has yet been publifhed, giving abfolute mea¬
fures, and this with great accuracy. The honourable Mr.
Cavendifh has employed tlm conftruCtion in his molt va¬
luable experiments on the force of gravity, (Phil. Tranf.
179S, part ii.) an experiment which Newton would have
been delighted with obferving.

The next inftrument to be noticed is the elettrophor, or
ekElrophorus ; this confifts of three diftinCt parts, as (hewn
in the engraving, at fig. 19. The chief part is a cake
A BCD, made of fome eledric ; fuch as gum-lac, feal-
iim-wax, pitch, or other refinous compofition. This is
melted on a conducting plate, D C F E, and allowed to
congeal ; in which ftate it is found to be negatively elec-
tricT Another conducting plate, GHBA, is laid at top,
and may be railed up by lilk lines, or any inhabiting han¬
dle. Hence we filial 1 call A BCD the cake, DCFE the
fde, and GHBA the cover. It i^ proper to make all the
three .parts of confiderable thicknefs, and of no great
breadth. Although this diminilhes. greatly the moll re¬
markable of the aCtions, it leaves them fufficiently vivid,
and it greatly increafes the fmaller changes which are in-
ftruCtive in the companion. The general faCts are,

If the foie has been infulated during the congelation of
the eleCt^ic, till all is cold and hard, the whole is found
negatively eleCtric, and the finger draws a fpark from any
part of it, efpecially from the foie. If allowed to remain
in this fituation, its eleCtricity grows gradually weaker,
and at laft difappears : but it may be excited again by
rubbing the cake with dry warm fiannel, or, which is
better, with dry and warm cat or hare fur. If the co¬
ver be now fet on the cake by its infu.lating handle, but
without touching the cover, and again fepamed from the
cake, no eleCtricity whatever is obferved in the cover.
But if it be touched while on the cake, a (harp pungent
fpark is obtained from it; and if, at the fame time, the
foie be touched with the thumb, a very fenfible fliock is
felt in the, finger and thumb.

After this, the elefitrophorus appears quite inactive,
and is laid to be dead ; neither foie nor cover giving any,
ftgn of eleCtricity. But, when the coverus railed to fome
diftance from the cake (keeping it parallel therewith), if
it be touched while in this fituation, a fmart fpark flies,

to fome diftance,- between it and the finger, more rental k-
ably from the upper fide, and ftill more from its edge,
which will even throw ofF [parks into the air, if it be
not rounded off. As this diminimes the defired effeCts,
it is proper to have the edge fo rounded. This fpark is
not fo fiiarp as- the former, and refembles that from any
eleCtnfied conductor. The eleCtricity of the cover, while
thus railed, is of the oppofite kind to that of the cake,
or is pofitivc. The eleCtricity of the cover while lying
on the cake is the fame with that of the cake, or negative.
Thefe*appearanees may be repeated for a very long time,
without any fenfible diminution of their vivacity. The
inftrument has been known to retain its power undimi-
nifhed even for months. This makes it a fort of maga¬
zine' of eleCtricity, and we can take off the eleCtricity of
the cake and of the cover as charges for feparate jars,
the cover, when raifed, charging like the prime conduc¬
tor of an ordinary eleCtrical machine ; and, when fet on
the cake, charging it like the rubber. This caufed its
inventor, Mr. Volta, to give it the name eleBrophorus.

If the foie be infulated before putting on the cover,
tlie fpark obtained from the cover is not fo aCtive as it
was before : but the fame fhock will be felt if both cake
and cover be touched together. If the cover be again
raifed to a confiderable height, the foie will be found
eleCtrical, and its eleCtricity is that of the cake, and op¬
pofite to that of the cover. After touching both cover
and foie, if the cover be raifed and again fet down, with¬
out touching it while aloft, the whole is again inactive.
If both cover and foie be made inactive when joined,
they fttew oppofite electricities when feparated, the foie
having the eleCtricity of the cake. If both cover and
foie be made inactive when feparate, they both (hew the
oppofite to the eleCtricity of the cake when joined.

Let 11s now attend to the difpofition of the eleCtrical
fluid in the different parts of the inftrument in thei'r va¬
rious fituations, and to the forces which operate mutu¬
ally between them. Experiments for examining this in¬
ftrument are belt made by fetting the three plates verti¬
cally, ltipported on glafs (talks, with leaden feet, to fteady

them. A very fmall electrometer may be attached to
the outer furfaces of the cover and foie.

If the extent of the plates were incomparably greater
than their thicknefs, we may infer that t he redundant
fluid and matter would be difpofed in parallel ftrata, and
that the aCtions would be the fame' at all diftances. But
(ince this is not the cafe, the difpofition of the fluid will
be fomewhat different ; and whatever it is, the aCtion of
any ftratum will be diminifhed by an increafe of diftance.
The' following defeription cannot be very dift'erent from,
the truth :

1. The cake grows negative by cooling; and .if. it
were alone, it would have a negative fuperficial ftratum
on both (ides, of greater thicknefs near the edges ; and
theTuid would probably grow denfer by degrees to the
middle, where it woqld have its natural denlity. But it
cools in conjunction with the foie, and the attraction of
the redundant matter in the cake for the moveable fluid
in the foie difturbs its uniform diffufion in the foie, and
cattles it to approach the cake. And becaufe this, in all
probability, happens while the cake is ftill a conductor, .
the difpofition of its fluid will be different from that de-.
feribed above. But becaufe we do not know precifely
the gradation of denfity, and aim only at general notions
at prefent, it will be fufticient to confider the cake and
foie as divided into two ftrata only; one redundant in
fluid, and the other deficient, negleCting the neutral ftra¬
tum that is interpofed between them in each. The cake,

then, confifts of a ftratum A Bba A containing redundant
matter, and a ftratum ab CD containing redundant fluid ;
and the foie has a ftrata m D Cnm containing redundant
fluid, namely, all that belongs naturally to the fpace
D C E E, and a ftratum m n P E containing redundant mat¬
ter. This may be called the primitive Jlate of the cake

and i

4W

ELEC T K

-and foie ; and if once changed by communication with
■uneleCtrified bodies, it can never- be recovered again
without fome new excilement.

2. If the Idle be touched by any body communicating
with the ground, fluid will come in, till the repuliion of
the redundant fluid in the lole for a fuperficial particle y
is equal to the attraction of the redundant matter in the
cake for the fame particle. The under furface will be
neutral, and the fluid will increafe in denfity toward the
furface DC. The foie contains more than its natural
quantity of -fluid, but is neutral by the balance of oppo- _
fire forces. Let it now be infulated. This difpolition of
'fluid may be called t he common Jiate of the elf dtrophorus.

3. Let the cover GH B A be laid on it. .The particle
z, at the upper furface of the cover, mud be more at¬
tracted by the redundant matter in the ftratum AB^a,
than it is repelled by the redundant fluid in the remoter
ftrata ; for the fluid in the cake is lefs than what belongs
to it in its natural (tate, and therefore z is attracted by the
cake. The redundant fluid which has come into the re¬
mote fide of the foie is lefs than what would faturate the
redundant matter of the cake, becaufe it only balances
the excefs of the remote action of this matter above the
nearer aCtion of the comprelfed fluid in the foie; and
this fmaller quantity of redundant fluid aCts on z at a

-greater diftance than that of the redundant matter in the
cake. On the whole, therefore, the particle z, lying im¬
mediately within the furface G H, is attracted ; therefore
fome will move toward the cake, and its natural (late of
uniform dilfufion through the cover will be changed into
a violent date, in which, it will be comprelfed on the fur-
face A B, being abdraCted from the furface GH. It
will now have a dratum GijpH, containing redundant
matter, and another gp B A, containing redundant fluid.
But this will didrub the arrangement which had taken
place in the foie, and had rendered it neutral on the under
furface. We do not attend to the fluid in the cake, but
conlider it as immoveable, for any motion which it can
get will be fo fmall, that the variations of its a.ftion will
be altogether infignificant. The particle y, fuuated in
that furface, will be more repelled by the comprelfed
fluid in the ftratum gp C A than it is attracted by the
equivalent but more remote redundant matter in GH pg.
Fluid is therefore difpofed to quit the furface E F, and
the foie appears politively eleCtric ; very little indeed, if
the cover be thin. All this may be obferved by attaching a
fmall Canton’s electrometer to the lower furface of the foie.

4. A particle of fluid z, placed immediately without
the furface G H, will be more attracted by the deficient
-ftratum GH/yg and by A B ba, than it is repelled by the
redundant ftrata beyond them, and the cover mu ft be fen-
fibly negative, This is ■■the common (late of the whole
inftrument after fetting on the cover. It is (lightly pofi-
tive on the lower furface of the foie, and much more
fenfibly negative on the upper furface of the cover. A
fmart fpark will therefore be feen between it and the fin¬
der, fluid will enter, till the attraction of the redundant
matter in A B ba is balanced by the repuliion of the re¬
dundant fluid in DCFE.

5. A fpark will now be obtained from the foie, becaufe
it was faintly pofitive before, and there has been added
the aCtion of the fluid which has entered into the cover.
The fluid in the foie is .therefore difpofed to fly to any
body prefented to it. But when this has happened, the
equilibrium at the furface G H is deftroyed, and that
furface again becomes negative, and w ill attract fluid, al¬
though the cover already contains more than its natural
quantity. A fmall -fpark will therefore be feen between
the cover and any conducting body prefented to it. By
touching it, the neutrality or equilibrium is. reftored at
( > H ; but it is deftroyed again at E F, which will again
give a pofitive. (park, which, in its turn, again leaves G H
negative. This will go on for ever, in a feries of com¬
munications continually diminilhing, fo as loon to become

- I C I T Y,

iiifenfible, if the three parts of the electropnorus be
thin. This makes it proper to make them otherwife, it
the inftrument be intended for illuflrating the theory.

At laft the equilibrium is completed at the Surfaces
GH and E F, and both are. neutral in relation to fur-
rounding bodies, although both the cover and foie con¬
tain more than their natural (hare of eleCtric fluid. We
may call this the neutral or dead (late of the eleCtropbo-
rus. This ftate may be produced at once, inftead of do¬
ing it by thc-le alternate touches of GH and -E F. If we
touch at once both thefe furfaces, we have a bright pun¬
gent fpark, and a fmall (hock. If this be the object of
the experiment, the ftate N°. 4, which gives occafion to
it, may be called the charged ftate of the electrophprus.

When the inftrument has thus been rendered neutral
in relation to furrounding bodies, it is plain that it may
continue in this ftate for any length of time without an/
diminution of its capability of producing the other phe¬
nomena, provided only that no fluid pafs from the cover
to the cake. We do not fully underftand what prevents
this communication, nor indeed what prevents the rapid
efcape from an overcharged body into tire air. This
caufe, whatever it be, operates -here ; and the beft way
of preventing the diflipation, or the abforption by the
cake, is to keep- the eleCtrophorus with its cover on. It
will come into this’ neutral ftate by diflipation from the
foie, and abforption by the cover, in no very long time;
and after this, will remain neutral, retaining its power
with great obftinacy, efpecially if the cake and plates are
very thin.

6. If the cover be now removed to a diftance, both
parts of the apparatus will tbew ftrong marks of electri¬
city. The cover contains much redundant fluid, and
muft appear ftrongly pofitive, and will give a bright
fpark, which may be employed for any purpofe. It may
be employed for charging a jar pofitively by the knob, if
we juft touch the cover with the knob. The foie will
attract fluid, or be negative, although it contain more
than its natural quantity of fluid, and it will take a fpark.
The foie, therefore, in the abfence of the cover, may be
employed to charge a jar negatively by the knob. By
touching it with the finger, or with the knob of a jar
held in the hand, it is reduced to the common ftate de-
fcribed in N°. 2 ; and now all the former experiments
may be repeated again in the fame order. We may call
this the aflivc or the charging ftate.

Volta, its undoubted inventor, called it clePlroforo per-
petuo ; for it appears, as has been already obferved, to con¬
tain a magazine of eleftricity. The cover, when re¬
moved, will charge a jar held in the hand pofitively ;
and having done this fervice, it will charge a jar nega¬
tively when again fee on the cake. The foie, in the ab¬
fence of the cover, will charge a third jar negatively ;
and then wrhen the cover, after being touched, is fet
down again, if will charge a fourth jar pofitively1. It
may not be difficult to contrive a fimple mechanifm, con¬
nected with the motion of the cover, which (hall connect
the joined parts with two jare, and (hall connect them,
when feparated, with two others; and thus charge all the
four with great expedition. This can be done without
any new excitation of the eleCtrophorus. But it is by
no means a magazine of electricity, which it gradually ex¬
pends: it is a collector of electricity from the furrounding
bodies, which it afterwards imparts to others, and may
be employed to difeharge jars in the fame gradual man¬
ner as to charge them.

7. If the electrophorus be not infulated, a fhoclc may
(till be obtained, by firft touching the foie, and then,
without removing the finger, touching the cover: but
this will not be fo fmart as when the negative cover i-s
touched at the fame time that we touch the foie, more
highly pofitive, than when it communicates with the
ground. The ditference, muft, however, be almoft im.
perceptible when the pieces are thin,

1

8. If

ELE CTRI CiT Y.

42 1

8. If the eledtrophorus is not infulated, the cover,
when put on, will give a {'park in the manner already men¬
tioned, and it will be fomewhat ftronger than when it. is
infulated ; becaufe the fluid is allowed to efcape from the
foie, and does not obftruct the entry into the cover. If
we then, without removing the finger from the cover,
touch the foie, nothing is felt ; but if we firft touch the
foie, and, without removing the finger from it, touch the
cover, we obtain a (hock. This is evident from the
theory. By this feries of alternate touches, the period
of the eledtrophorus is completed. The eledtrophorus
is charged, or rendered neutral, by touching the plates
when joined ; then, by touching both when leparated,
the whole is reduced to the common (late. When fepa-
rated, from being in the neutral (late, they have oppofite
eledtricities, the foie (hewing that of the cake. When
brought together, each in the common (late, they have
oppofite eledtricities, the cover (hewing that of the cake.

9. When, by long expofure to the air without its co¬
ver, the eledtrophorus has loft its virtue, it may be
brought again into an adtive (late in a variety of ways.
Its furface may be rendered negative by friction with dry
cat or hare (kin, or warm flannel . It may be rendered
negative by letting on it a jar charged negatively on the
infide, and then touching the knob with any tiling com¬
municating with the ground. This is the molt expedi¬
tious method, and will give it a high degree of excita¬
tion, if the jar be of fize, and if the eledtrophorus be co¬
vered with a plate of tin-foil which comes into contadt
all over its furface. This however requires the previous
charging of the jar; therefore it will be as expeditious
and effedtual to connedt this furface with the rubber of
an eledtrical machine.

The eledtrophorus has been compared to a charged
plate of coated giafs. It is true that it may be brought
into an external (fate which very much refembles, a
charged pane ; namely, when the cover, in its natural
(late, is let on the eledtrophorus in its natural (late ; and
accordingly it gives a (hock, and the two exterior fur-
faces become neutral ; but the internal conftitution, and
the adting forces, .are totally and ejfcntially different. The
two coatings of the pane would not, when feparated, ex¬
hibit the appearances of the eledtrophorus; nor, when
touched in their disjoined (late, will they produce the
fame effedts when joined. In the operation of coated
giafs, the confhtnt or invariable part, the giafs is not hie
agent, it is merely the occafion of the adtion, by allowing
the accumulation. In the eledtrophorus, the electric,
which is the conftant invaViable part, is the agent produc¬
ing the accumulation. The eledtrophorus is an original,
and a very ingenious and curious, electrical machine.
Nothing has fo much contributed to fpread fome general,
though (light, acquaintance with the mechanical princi¬
ples of electricity. The numerous dabblers in natural
knowledge had been diverted from fcientific purfuit by
the variety of the lingular and amuling effedts of eledtri-
city, and had really attained very little connedted know¬
ledge. The effedts of the eledtrophorus forced this
knowledge upon them ; becaufe no life can be made of
it without a pretty clear conception of the difpofition of
the eledtricity, and the kind and intenfity of its adtion.
It is therefore moft ungrateful in the experimenters who
have attained better views, to attempt to rob Mr. Volta
of the real merit of difeovery, by (hewing that its effedts
are fimilar to thofe of Mr. Symmer’s dockings, or of
Cigna’s plates, or of Franklin’s charged or diicharged
giafs panes. And the attempt deftroys itfelf : for it
lliews the ignorance or inattention of its author; for the
fimilarity is not real, as cannot but appear clear to any
perfon who will examine things minutely, and feientifi-
cally .

The eledtricians are no lefs obliged to Mr. Volta for
another machine, or inftrument, from which the ftudy of
nature’s operations has derived, or may derive, immenfe
advantages. We mean' the condenser, or collector of
Vol. VI. No. 361.

ele/ilricity. This inftrument confifis of a fmooth metal
plate, furnifhed with an infulating handle, and a femi-
condudting, or imperfedtly infulating, plane. To ex¬
amine a weak eledtricity with this apparatus, as that of
the air in calm and hot weather, which is not generally
fenfible to an eledtrometer, the above-mentioned plate is
to be placed upon the femi-condndting plane ; and a
wire, or Come ether condudting fubitance, mult be con¬
nedted with the metal plate, and extended in the open
air, fo as to abforb its electricity. The general effedit is
to render fenfible an accumulation or deficiency of elec¬
tric fluid fo flight that it will not affect the moft delicate
eledtrometer ; and it produces (at lead in the opinion of
Mr. Volta) this eft'edt, by employing for the Cole, a body
which is' an imperfedt conductor, fuch' as a plate of well
dried, marble, or well dried, but not baked, wood ; or
even a conducting body, covered with a piece of dry taf-
fety or other filk. Mr. Volta, Cavalio, and others, who
have written a great deal on the fubject, have attempted
to (hew how thefe fubftances are preferable (and they
certainly are preferable in a high degree) to more perfedt
infulators; but, not having -taken pains to form pre-
cife notions of the difpofition and adtion of the eledtric.
fluid in the fituations afforded by the inftrument, their
reafonings have, not been very clear. We think that an
adequate conception of the effentials of an elcClrical con.
denfator , may be acquired by means of the following con-
fideratipns :

Furnifh the cover of an eledtrophorus with a graduated
eledtrometer, which indicates the proportional degrees of
eleClricily ; eledtrify it pofitively to any degree, fuppo?e
fix, while held in the hand, at fome diftance over a metal
plate placed on a wine-glafs as an infulating (land, but
communicating with the ground by a wire. Bring it
gradually down toward the plate. Theory teaches, and
we know it by experiment, that the eledtrometer will
gradually fubfide, and perhaps will reach to 20 before
the eledtricity is communicated in a fpark. Stop it be¬
fore this happens. In this (late the attraction of the plate
produces a compenfation of four degrees of the mutual
repullion of the parts of the cover, by conftipating the
fluid on its under furface, and forming a deficient ftra-
tum above. Now we can fuppofe that t Ire efcape of the
fluid from this body into the air begins as foon as elec¬
trified to the degree 6, and that it will fly to the plate
with the degree 2, if brought nearer. If we can prevent
thus communication to the plate, by interpofing an elec¬
tric, we may electrify the cover again, while fo near the
metal plate, to the degree 6, before it will dream off into
the air. If it be now removed from the plate, the fluid
would raife the eledtrometer to xo, did it not immedi¬
ately dream off; and an eledtric excitement of any kind
which could only raife this body to the degree 6 by its
intenfity, will, by this apparatus, raife it to the degree
10, if only copious enough in extent. If we do the fame
thing when the wire is taken away which connedts the
plate with the ground, we know that the fame diminu¬
tion of the eledtricity of the cover cannot be produced
by bringing it down into the neighbourhood of the plate
below.

Here we fee the whole theory of Mr. Volta’s condenfer.
He teems to have obi'eured his Conceptions of it by having
his thoughts bent upon the eledtrophorus ; and is led
into fruitlefs attempts to explain the advantages oi tire
imperfedt condudtor above the perfedt infulator. But
the apparatus is altogether different from an eledtro¬
phorus, and is more analogous in its operations to a
coated plate not charged nor infulated on the oppofite
fide ; and fuch a coated plate lying on a table is a com¬
plete condenfer, if the upper coating be of the fame fize
with the plate of the condenfer. All the diredtions given
by Mr. Volta for the preparation of the imperfedt con¬
dudtor fhew, that the e.tfedt produced is to make them as
perfedt condudtors as .pofftble for any degree of eledtricity
that exceeds a certain ,1m all intenfity, but fuch as (hall
3 P not

422

ELECTRICITY.

not fuffer this very weak eleCtricity to clear the firfl flep
of the conduit. The marble muff be thoroughly dried,
and even heated in an oven, and either ufed in this warm
date, or yarniflied, fo as to prevent the re-abforption of
moiflure. We know that marble of (lender dimenfions,
fo as to be completely dried throughout, will not con-
duCt till it has again become moift. A thick piece of
marble is rendered fo, fuperficially only, and dill con¬
ducts internally. It is then in the bed poflible date.
The fame may be faid of dry unbaked wood. Varnifhing
the upper furface of a piece of marble or wood, is equi¬
valent to laying a thin glafs plate on it. Now this-me-
thod, or covering the top of the marble, or of a book, or
even the table, with a piece of clean dry fi Ik, makes them
all the mod perfeCt condenfators. This jufl view of the
matter has great advantages. It takes away the myfte-
rious indiflinCtnefs and obfcurity which kept the inflru-
ment from improvement. We can now make one incom¬
parably better and more dmple than any propofed by
Volta. We need only the dmple moveable plate. Let
this be varnifhed on the under fide with a moderately
thick coat of the pured and harded vernis dc Martin, or
coach. painters varnilh ; and we have a complete conden-
fator by laying it on a' table. If it be connected by a
wire with the fubdance in which the weak and impercep¬
tible eleCtricity is excited, it will be raided (provided
there be enough of it of that fmall intendty) in the pro¬
portion of the thicknefs of the varnidi to the fourth part
of the diameter of the plate. This degree of condenfa-
tion will be procured by detaching the connecting wire
from the infulating handle of the condenfer, and then
raiding the condenfer from the table. It will then give
fparks, though the original eleCtricity could not fenfibly
affeCt a flaxen fibre.

It mud be particularly noted, that it can produce this
condenfation only when there is eleCtric fluid to condenfe ;
that is, only when the weak eleCtricity is diffuded over a
greater fpace than the plate of the condenfer. lathis
way it is a mod excellent collector of the weak atmofperic
eleCtricity, and of all ditfuded eleCtricity. But to derive
the fame advantage from it in many very intcrejiing cajes,
fuch as the enquiry into the eleCtricity excited in many
operations of nature on fmall quantities of matter, we mull
have condenfers of various fizes, dome not larger than a
diver penny. To condruCt thefe in perfection, we mud
life the pured and harded varnidi, of a kind not apt to
crack, and highly coercive. This requires experiment
to difcover it. Spirit varnifhes are the mod coercive;
but, by their difference of contraction by cold from that
of metals, they foon appear frofiy, and when viewed
through a lens, they appear fhivered ; and are then ufe-
lefs. Oil varnifhes have die requifite toughnefs, but are
much inferior in coercion. We have found amber var-
nidi inferior to copal varnidi in this refpeCt, as was pre-
vioufiy noticed by Von Haucli. On the whole, we diould
prefer the fined coach-painters varnilh, new from the
diop, into which a pencil has never been dipped : and
we mud be particularly careful to clear our pencils of
mcidure and all conducting matter, which never fails to
taint the varnidi. We fcarcely need remark, that the
coat of varnidi on thefe fmall condenfers diould be very
thin, otherwife we lofe all the advantage of their fmall -
nefs. Mr. Cavallo has ingenioully improved Volta’s
condenfer by connecting the moveable plate, after re¬
moval, with a fmaller condenfer.

It will readily occur to the reader, that this indrument
is not indantaneuus in its operation, and that the appli¬
cation mud be continued for fome time, in order to col¬
lect the minute eleCtricity which may be excited in the
operations of nature. He will alfo be careful that the
experiment be fo conducted that no ufelefs accumulation
is made any where elfe. When we expeCt eleCtricity
from any chemical mixture, it never diould be made in a
glafs veflel, for this will take a charge, and thus niay ab-
iorb the whole excited eleCtricity, accumulating it in a

neutral or infenfible date. Let themixturc be made in
veffels of a conducting fubdance, infulated with as little
contaCb as poflible with the infulating fupport ; for here
will alfo be fomething like a charge. Sufpend it by filk
threads, or let it red on the tops of three glafs rods, & c.

Whoever confiders this apparatus, will perceive that
its office is not to manifed a fmall quantity of eleCtricity,
but to condenfe an expanded quantity of eleCtricity into
a fmall fpace : hence, if by means of this apparatus one
expeCted to render more manifed than it generally is,
when communicated immediately to an electrometer, the
eleCtricity of a fmall tourmalin, or of a hair when rub¬
bed, he would dnd himfelf midaken. It is Mr. Bennet’s
dcubler that was intended to anfwer that end ; viz. to
multiply, by repeated doubling, a fmall, and otherwife
unperceivable, quantity of eleCtricity, till it became fuf-
ficient t© affeCt an eleCtrometer, to give fparks, See. The
merit of this invention is certainly confiderable ; but the
ufe of it is far from precife and certain ; and for this
principal reafon, viz. becaufe it multiplies not only the
eleCtricity which is communicated to it from the fub¬
dance in queltion ; but it multiplies alfo that eleCtricity
which in the courfe of the operation is alrnod unavoid¬
ably produced by accidental friCtion ; or that quantity of
eleCtricity, however fmall it may be, which adheres to
the plates in fpite of every care and precaution. Mr,
Cavallo has, however, with great indudry, fearched out
all its imperfections, and has endeavoured to remove
them by feveral ingenious condruCtions. But Mr. Ben-
net’s original indrument, or doubler of eleblricity, has re¬
ceived its greated improvement from the hand of Mr.
Nicholfon, whereby the machine becomes lefs liable to
the objeCfjons above-mentioned. In its improved date,
it confids of two infulated and immoveable plates about
two inches in diameter, and a moveable plate alfo infu¬
lated, which revolves in a vertical plane parallel to the
two immoveable plates, palling them alternately. A cor¬
rect view of the indrument is given at fig. 20, in the
EleCtricity Plate III. of which the following is an ex¬
planation : The plate marked A, is condantly infulated,
and receives the communicated eleCtricity. The plate B
revolves; and, when it is oppofite the plate A, the con¬
necting wires at the end of the crofs piece D, touch the
pins of A and C at E F, and a wire proceeding from the
plate B, alfo touch the middle piece G, which is fup-
ported by a brafs, wooden, or other conducting pillar in
connection with the earth. In this podtion, if eleCtricity
be communicated to the plate A, the plate B will acquire
a contrary date ; and, pafling forwards, the' wires alfo
moving with it by means of the fame infulating axis, the
plates are again infulated till the plate B is oppolite to
C, and then the wire at H touches the pin in C, connect¬
ing it with the earth, and communicating t he contrary date ‘
of eleCtricity to that of B, but of the fame kind with that
of A. By moving the handle dill farther, B is again
brought oppofite to A ; and, the connecting 'wires join¬
ing A and C, they both aCt upon B, which is connected
with the earth as before, and nearly double its intenfity,
whjfft the eleCtricity of C is abforbed into A ; becaufe
of the increafed capacity of A, whild oppofed to B, ca¬
pable by its connection with the earth of acquiring a con¬
trary date, fufticient to balance the influence of both the
other plates. Thus by continuing to revolve the plate
B, the procefs is performed in a very expeditious man¬
ner. The ball I is made heavier on one fide than the
ether, and ferewed upon the axis oppofite to the handle,
to counterbalance the plate B, which may therefore be
flopped in any part of its revolution.

Mr. Nicholfon’s beautiful mechanifm for thus expe¬
diting the multiplication, has, however, the inconveni¬
ence of bringing the plates towards each other edgezvife,
which will bring on a fpark or communication Tooner
than may be defired : but this is no inconvenience what¬
ever in any philofophical refearch ; becaufe, before this
happens, the eleCtricity has become very didinguifliable

.as

423

ELECTRICITY.

as to its kind, and the degree of multiplication is little
more than an amufement. The fpark may even ferve to
give an indication of the original intenfity, by means of
the number of turns neceffiary for producing it. If the
fine wires, which form the alternate connections in fo in¬
genious a manner, were tipped with little balls to pre¬
vent the diflipation, it would be a great improvement.
An alternate motion, like that of a pump-handle, might
alfo be adopted with advantage. This would allow the
plates to approach each other face to face, and admit a
greater multiplication, if thought neceffiary.

There remains nothing more to notice of the apparatus,
except that minutiae which will occur to every perfon
difpofed to engage in eledfrical experiments. Among
fitch we may notice fome glafs tubes about three feet
long, and an inch and a half in diameter, one of which
fhould be clofed at one end with a brafs cap and (fop-
cock, to rarefy or condenfe the inclofed air ; fome (licks of
fealing-wax, or tubes of rough glafs, or glafs tubes covered
with fealing-wax, or cylinders of baked woodforproducing
the negative eledfricity; with proper rubbers, as black
oiled filk, with amalgam upon it for the former, and foft
new flannel, or hare-fkins or cat-fkins tanned with the
hair on, for the latter; coated plates of glafs for fimilar
ufes as the Leyden jar ; metal rods as difchargers ; fmall
glafs fpheres or globes ; infulating (fools, fupported by
pillars of glafs covered with fealing-wax, or of baked
wood, to keep the eledtric fluid from palling to the earth ;
a pot of amalgam, See. The bed kind of amalgam is that
of Dr. Higgins compofed of zinc and quickfilver. If a
little of the latter be added to melted zinc, it renders it
eafily pulverable, and more quickfilver mud be added in
due proportion for a very foft amalgam.

PRINCIPLES or LAWS of ELECTRICITY.

Modern eledtricians, with almoft one confent, appear
tefbelieve in the exiftence of a fluid fui generis, and to
have adopted the Franklinian hypothefis of the action of
that fluid, by attraHion and repuifion. There are fome,
however, whofe diffident and fcrupulous minds, not being
as yet fatisfied with the chemical theory of phlogiffon,
fire, heat, or caloric, (fill rejedf the dodtrine of an elec¬
tric fluid, and attempt to deduce the laws of the eledtri-
cal phenomena, not from the prefence of any peculiar
fubjiance, but from peculiar nodes-, on the principle that
found, and fome concomitant motions, and other mecha¬
nical appearances, are the refults of the elaffic undula¬
tions of air; juft as lord Bacon and others have explained
the effedts of fire by elaftic undulations of the integrant
particles of tangible matter. There feems nothing,
iiowever, of this kind, that can give any explanation of
the motions, preffiures, and other mechanical appearances,
of electricity. This requires, that every dodtrine which
claims the name of an explanation, (hall be perfectly
confident with the acknowledged laws of mechanifm;
and that the explanation (hall con fi ft in pointing out thofe
mechanical laws, of which the fadts in eledtricify are par¬
ticular inftances. It may not be difficult to pre’fent an
intricate or complex phenomenon to our view, in fuch a
form, that it (hall have fome refemblance to fome other
complex phyfical fadt, more familiar, perhaps, though
not better underftood. But this will not (land againft the
eftabliftied law of eledfricity by attradtion and repuifion ;
a circumftance wliich admits of the moll accurate exa¬
mination and comparifon with any explanation that is at¬
tempted.

Many philofophers, and among them fome refpedtable
mathematicians, have fupported the dodtrine of Du Faye,
Symmer, Cigna, & c. who employ two. fluids as agents
in all eledfrical operations. It muff be confeffied that
there are fome appearances where the explanation by
means of two fluids feems, at firft fight, more palpable
and eafier conceived. But whenever we attempt to ob¬
tain mcafures, and to fay what will be the precife kind and
degree of the eledfricity, we find outfelves obliged to

affign to the particles of thofe fluids actuating mecha¬
nical forces precifely equivalent to thofe of the fingle
fluid only. ♦

Mr. PrcfefTor Ruffe!, of the univerfity of Edinburgh,
in his theory, confiders tire eledfrical phenomena as the
refults of the adtion of a fubftance which may be called
an e/cdirical fuid, connected with bodies by attractive and
repulfive forces adting at a diftance, and diminifhing as
the diftance increafes. Mr. Ruffiel (peaks of the eledtric
fluid as a compound of feveral others ; and, particularly,
as containing elementary fire, and deriving from it a great
elafticity, or mutual repuifion of its particles. This,
however, is different from tire elafticity or mutual repui¬
fion of the particles of air, becaufe it adts at a diftance ;
whereas the particles of air adt only on the adjoining par¬
ticles. By this conftitution, bodies containing more elec¬
tric fluid than the fpaces around them repel each other ;
and the particles of this eledtric fluid attract the particles
of other bodies with a force which dimini fhes by diftance.
The charadteriftic ingredient of this fluid is electricity
properly fo called. This is united with the elaftic fluid by
chemical affinity, which Mr. Ruffel calls eledtive attraction,
a term lately introduced into chemiftry. This lie fup-
pofes to extend to all diftances, but not precifely by the
fame law' as the mutual repuifion of the particles of the
other fluid, and in general, it repreffies the repulfions of
that fluid while in this ftate of compofition. This elec¬
tricity, moreover, attradls the particles of other bodies,
but with certain eledtions. Non-eledtric or condudting
bodies are attradfed by it at all diftances ; but eledtrics
adf on it only at very fmall and infenfible diftances. At
fuch diftances its particles alfo attract each other. The
phenomena of light and heat are confidered as marks of
partial decompolition, and as* proofs of the prefence of
elementary fire in the compound: the fmell peculiar to
eledtricity, and the effedt on the organ of tafte, are proofs
of decompofition and of the complex nature of the fluid.
Bodies or condudtors containing eledtric fluid, repel each
other at confiderable diftances, but, if forced very near,
attradt each other.. Eledtrics can contain it only in con-
fequence of the eledtricity in the compound. Part of this
eledfricity muft be attached to the furface in a non-elaffic
ftate; becaufe when it is brought fo near as to be attradf-
ed, its particles are within the fpheres of each other’s
adtion, and this redoubled attraction overcomes the re¬
puifion occafioned by its union with the other ingredient ;
and the eledtric fluid is partly decompofed, and" the elec¬
tricity^ properly fo called, adheres to the furface of the
eledtric, as the water of damp air adheres to a cold pane of
glafs in our windows. Alfo, by this conftitution, eledtric
fluid may appear in two (fates; elaftic, like air, when en¬
tire ; and unelaftic, like water, wdien partly decompofed
by the attradtion of eledtrics. But the attentive reader
will eafily (ee, that all this intricate combination of diffe¬
rent kinds of attradtion and repuifion is nothing but mere
accommodations of hypothetical forces to the phenomena.
This, and the more recent though fimilar theory of M.
de Luc, have, for thefe reafons, fallen to the ground.

1 lie laws of electrical phenomena, founded on the
principles of attradtion and repuifion, are accommodated
to the fadt, that bodies in their natural ftate, having rheir
natural quantity of eledtric fluid, are altogether inadtive
on each other, by making this natural quantity fuch,
that its mutual repuifion exadtly balances its attradtion
for the common matter. Hence it follows, that the elec¬
tric phenomena muft be deduced from a redundancy or de-
jicicncy of electric fluid. This is the Franklinian dodtrine.
The redundant ftate of a body, is called by Dr. Franklin
positive or PLUS electricity, and the deficient ftate
is called negative or minus electricity. When a
body contains more than its natural quantity, or lefs, it
will be redundant in the one cafe, and deficient in the
other. Thefe different conditions exhibit different ap¬
pearances, which conftitute the adtion of the eledtric
fluid. And hence, in the firft cafe, wherever the eledtric

fluid

«

t

ELEC T R I C I T Y.

424-

fluid is redundant, there will be an efflux of the con¬
tained fluid ; and on the other hand, if tlie body contains
lefs than its natural quantity of fluid, there will be an
influx from vvithout. But this efflux or influx may be
prevented, either by furrounding the body with fubftances,
through the pores of which the fluid cannot move at all,
or by the body itfelf being of this conftitution. And
thus we fee, that the very circumftance of being imper¬
vious to the fluid, or completely permeable, renders the
body capable or incapable of exhibiting eleCtrical pheno¬
mena, if furr.6un.ded by permeable bodies. This circum¬
ftance is alone fuflicient to conftitute the difference be¬
tween eleBrics per fe, and non-cleElrics ; and here a nume¬
rous clafs of phenomena receive an explanation by this
hypothetical conftitution of the eleCtric fluid. All elec-
tiics per fe are bodies fit for confining eleCtricity in bodies
which are rendered capable, (by whatever means) of pro¬
ducing eleCtrical phenomena ; and no conductor, or fub-
ftance which allows the electricity to pafs through it, can
be made eleCtric by any of the means which produce that
'efleft in infulators. And it is well known, that the elec¬
tricity of eleCtrics is vaftly more durable titan that of non-
eleCtrics in fimilar fituations. When the tendency to ef¬
flux or influx is- induced, as hereafter (hewn, by a due
proportion of the redundancy and deficiency of eleCtric
fluid, the part of the body where this obtains is by no
means in its natural ftate, and may contain either more or
lefs than its natural quantity. But it neither aCts like an
over-charged nor like an under-charged body, and is
therefore cabled neutral. Such, for example, is noticed
in the plates and covers of the eleClxophorus.

It may be proper to point out fome of the habitudes
that indicate which end of the conductor is eleCtrical by
the redundancy of eleCtric fluid. It is generally believed,
-that the remote end of a conductor which is electrified
by glafs, excited by rubbing it with flannel -or amalga¬
mated leather, is eleCtrical by redundancy. No difference
has been obferved in the attractions and repulfions; but
there are other marks of diftinCtion which are conftant,
-and undoubtedly arife from a difference in the mode of
aCtion of thofe mechanical forces. If a glafs mirror,
covered with tin-foil, be made to touch the remote end
of the conductor, and (lowly drawn tranfverfely, fo that
the conductor draws a line as it were acrofs it : this mir¬
ror being laid down with the foiled fide undermoft, the
dud, which fettles on it in the courfe of a day or two,
will be chiefly collected along this line, fomewhat in the
form of the fibres of a feather. But if the conduCtor
was rendered eleCtrical by the globe covered with feal-
ing-wax, the duft will be collected along this line in little
fpots like a row of beads. The appearances will be re-
verfed if the rnirrer has been palled acrofs the end of
the conductor which is neared to the excited eleCtric.
In diort, in whatever way the drawing point lias been
electrified, if it repel a ball which has touched excited
glafs, the line will be feathered ; but if it attraCt fuch a
ball, the line will be fpotted. There are m;iny ways of
making this appearance much more remarkable ; but we
mention this, becaufe the circumdances which occafion
the difference, whatever it be, are the moft Ample podible.
Nothing is communicated ; and therefore the effeCt mud
arife from a fubftance or power redding in the body. If
it be a fubdance fui generis, the eleCtric aCtion mild arife
from a different diftribution of this fubdance ; from a re¬
dundancy and deficiency of it in the different portions of
the conductor. Without pretending to fay which is re¬
dundant, we {hall fuppofe, with Dr. Franklin, that the
eleCtricity of excited glafs is fo ; and hence the words
redundant,, and pofitive, are ufed alike to diltinguidi this
itate of eleCtricity.

When an infulated body is brought very near to an
electrified body, a fpark is obferved to pafs between them,
accompanied with a noife which is called the [nap ; from
whence is inferred a transference of eleCtrical matter.

When a body has imparted eleCtricity to another, it cotv
dantly repels it, unleis that other has afterwards imparted
all its eleCtricity to other bodies. This faCt, from which
'there is-no exception, is an immediate confequence of the
theory. Before the transference fuppofed by it, one of
the bodies- was in its natural ftate ; after the transference,
■both bodies contain redundant fluid, or redundant mat¬
ter ; therefore they mu ft mutually repel.

All the phenomena of communicated eleCtricity rauft
be more remarkable or forcible, in proportion to -the
conducting power of the bodies. A very imperfeCt con¬
ductor, fuch as glafs or fealing-wax, will impart or re¬
ceive fluid only between the very neareft parts ; whereas
a metalline body is inftantly affected through its whole
extent. This deduction is perfectly agreeable to the
whole train of eleCtric experiments. The finger receives
a ftrong fpark from a large metalline eleCtrified body,
which difeharges every part of it of a portion of its elec¬
tricity. But an excited globe, which (hews, by its ac¬
tion on a diftant body, as great a degree of eleCtricity,
will give only a very fmall fpark ; and it is found not to
be affected at any confiaerable diftance from the point of
its furface from whicli the transference was made. The
whole eleCtricitv of a perfeCt conductor is dilch.arged bv
touching it ; but a non conductor will fucceflively give
fparks, if touched in many different parts ; and it may
be feen by a nice electrometer, that each contaCt takes
away the eleCtricity only from a very fmall fpace round
it : and it is farther highly deferving of notice, that fome
time after a fpark has been obtained from a particular
fpot of the eleCtric, a fecond fpark may he obtained from
it, the eleCtricity of the neighbouring parts having been
gradually diffufed over it.

If an eleCtrified conducting body touch any thing com¬
municating with the ground by perfect conductors, all its
eleCtricity mu ft difappear, and none can appear in the
■body touched by it ; for the mafs of the earth bears fuch
an unmeafurable proportion to that of the greateft body
that we can eleCtrify, that when the redundancy or defi¬
ciency is divided between them, it mud be imperceptible
■in boili. Hence the defeent of all lightning into the
earth ; and. hence the neceftityof inflation, as it is called,
-or the furrounding by non-conduCtors every body which
we would have exhibit eleCtric appearances.

Any uneleCtrified body will be firlt attracted by an
-eleCtrified body, will touch it, and will then be repelled.
The neutral body is rendered eleCtrical by induction. It
is, in confequence of this, attracted, comes near enough to
receive a fpark, or even touches it, and is then eleCtrified
by communication ; and, in conf luence of this, it is re¬
pelled. This has been confirmed by an endlefs train of
experiments. It was firft taken notice of by fir Ifaac
Newton. Otho Guericke mentions many inftances of the
repulfion, but did not obferve that it was an univerfal
law. Newton was fo (truck with it as to engage in a con-
fiderable train of experiments in the early part of his life,
while meditating on the power of gravity ; but even his
fagacious mind did not obforve the whole procefs of na¬
ture in his experiments. He obferved, that the light bo¬
dies which rofe and adhered to t lie rubbed plate of glafs
were foon after repelled by it ; but did not obferve, that
the fame piece would again rife to the glafs after it had
touched the table. This faCt is now the foundation of
many experiments, which the itinerant electricians vie
with each other in rendering amufing. There is fre¬
quently a feeming capricioufnefs in thofe attractions and
repulfions. A pith ball, or a down feather, hung, by
filk, will cling to the conductor, or otherwife eleCtrified
body., and will not fly off again, at leaft for a long while.
This happens when thofe bodies are fo dry as to be almoft
non-conduCtors. They acquire a pofitive and negative
pole, like an iron nail adhering to a magnet, and are not
repelled till they become almoft wholly pofitive or nega¬
tive. This never happens with conducting light bodies.

4 25

E L E e T R l C I T Y.

We have feen, that the transference of eledtricity is
dcfultory, and that the change made in the eledtric ftate
of the communicating' bodies is always confiderable. It
appears to keep fome fettled ratio to the whole eledtric
power of the body. When the form of the parts where
the communication takes place, and other cii cumftanees,
remain the fame, the transference increases with the fize
of the bodies; and all the phenomena are more vivid in
proportion. When the conductor is large, the fpark is
very bright, and the fnap very loud. This fnap alone
feems to indicate fome material agent. I-'t is occafioned
by a fonorous undulation of the air, or of fome elaftie
fluid, which fuddenly expands, and as fuddenly collapfes
again. But fuch is the rapidity of the undulations, that
when it is made in clofe veffels it does not , exift long
enough, in a very expanded ftate, to affedt the column of
water, fupported in a tube by the elafiicity of the air, for
the purpofe of a delicate thermometer or barometer ;
juft as a mufket-ball will pafs through a loofe hanging
flieet of paper without caufing any fenfible agitation.

The fpark is accompanied by intenfe beat, which will
kindle inflammable bodies, will melt, explode, and cal¬
cine, metals. It alfo produces fome very remarkable
chemical effedts. It calcines metals even under water or
oil ; it renders Bolognan phofphorus luminous ; it de-
compofes water, and makes new compofitions and decom-
pofitions of many ga ft form fluids; it affedts vegetable
colours; it blackens the calces of bifmuth, lead, tin, luna
cornea; it communicates a very peculiar frnell to the air
of a room, which is diftindt from all others; and in the
calcination of metals, it changes remarkably the fmells
with which this operation is ufually accompanied; it af¬
fects the tongue with an acidulous tafte ; it agitates the
nervous fyftem. When we compare thefe appearances
with fimilar chemical and phyfiological phenomena,
which naturalifts never hefitate in afcribing to the adtion
of material fubftances, transferable from one body, or
one ftate of combination, to another, we can fee no greater
reafon for hefitating in afcribing the eledtric phenomena
to the adtion of a material fubftance ; which we may call
a fluid, on account of its connected mobility, and elcdric
fluid, on account of its diftinguifhing effedts.

Having taken this comp'rehenfi ve view of the ancient
and’prefent ftate of the fcience of eledtricity, it would
be abfurd to traverf'e the wild and barren waftes of thofe
authors who have fet up unfounded theories and fanciful
hypothefes ; or to bewilder and perplex the reader with
the uninterefting and defuitory controverfies which have
been the confequence, merely to arrive by circumlocu¬
tion at thofe legitimate fadts which are now eftablifhed
by the teft of experiment and rational demonftration.
Thofe who delight in the clear and convincing language
of mathematical difcuffion, may fee the Franklinian the¬
ory lifted through all the moft ftriking features of elec¬
trical phenomena, in the work of M. iEpinus, of the
imperial academy of St. Peterfburgh ; as well as in thofe
of our iiluftrious countrymen, the Hon. Mr. Cavendifh,
and earl Stanhope. We are convinced that the refiilts of
their labours, clearly and methodically arranged, cannot
but be moft fatisfadtory and pleafing to the bulk of our
readers, becaufe they will thereby obtain an ample know¬
ledge of all the phenomena, without the coft of t hat la¬
bour and time which it is not always convenient to be¬
llow : and thefe phenomena having been moft accurately
and neatly clalled in the Inftitutes of Natural Philofop'ny,
recently publilhed by the Rev. Dr. Enfield, we (hall
avail ourfelves of that mode, and ftate them as follows ;
From what has been premifed, we are warranted to con¬
clude, i. That the earth, and all bodies with which we
are acquainted, contain a certain quantity of that exceed¬
ingly elaftie fluid, which is called the dtdric fluid.- — This
certain quantity, fuppofed to belong to all bodies, may be
called their natural (hare or ftate ; and fo long as each
body contains neither more}. nor lefs, than this quantity of

Vol. VI.,No. 36}.

the eledtric fluid, it lies dormant, and produces no effedt.

2. When a body becomes poftefled of more, or lefs, than
this natural quantity, it is inftantiy cledrifed, and is ca¬
pable of exhibiting appearances which are aferibed to the
action cf dcdricity . — This equilibrium could never be
difturbed-, or, if it were difturbed, would be immediately
reftored, and therefore be infenftble ; but that fome bo*
dies do not admit the pafiage of the eledtric fluid through
their pores, or along their furfaces, though others do,

3. When therefore a body has acquired an additional
quantity of eledtric matter; or loft a part of what natu¬
rally belonged to it, and is at the fame time furrounded
by bodies through which it cannot pafs, it mu ft remain in
that ftate, and is thence faid to be inflated. — The doc¬
trine which refill ts from thefe definitions, and from the
fadts previoufly ftated, will be found exemplified in the
following propofi tions :

I. Tlte eledtric fluid, being excited, becomes percep*
tible to the fenfes. — Let a glafs tube be rubbed with the
hand, or with a leathern cufhion ; the eledtric fluid being
thus excited, will attract light fubftances, and give a
lucid fpark to the finger, or any metallic fubftance,
brought near it. The glafs tube is the elcdric, and all
thofe bodies which are capable, by any means, to pro¬
duce fuch effedts, are alfo eledrics. The hand, or any
other body that rubs an electric, is called the rubber.

Refpedting the theory of electricity, there are two dif¬
ferent hypothefes, one that there is only one fluid, and
the other that there are t wo. Dr. Franklin’s hypothefts
is the former, and depends on the following principles :

1. That all terreftrial bodies are full of the eledtric fluid,

2. That the eledtric fluid violently repels itfelf, and at-
tradts all other matter. 3. By exciting an eledtric, the
equilibrium of the eledtric fluid contained in it is destroy¬
ed, and one part contains more than its natural quantity,
and the other lefs. 4. Condudting bodies, connedted with
that part which contains more electric fluid than its na¬
tural quantity, receive it, and are charged with more than
their natural quantity; this is called pofltive eledtricity;
if they be connedled with that part which has lefs than
its natural quantity, they part with fome of their own,
and contain lefs than their natural quantity ; this is called
negative electricity. 5. When one body pofitively and
another negatively electrified are connedted by any con¬
dudting fubftance, the fluid in the body which is pofi¬
tively eledtrified rufties to that which is negatively elec¬
trified, and the equilibrium is reftored. Thefe are the
principles of pofltive and negative eledtricity. The other
hypothefts is, that there are two diftindt fluids, fuggefted
by M. D11 Faye, upon his difeovery of the different pro¬
perties of excited glafs, and excited refins, fealing-wax,
&c. The following are the principles of this theory :
1. That the two powers arife from tv/o different fluids
which exift together in all bodies. 2. That thefe fluids
are feparated in non-eledtrics, by the excitation vf elec¬
trics, and from thence they become evident to the fenfes,
they deftroying each others effedls when united. 3. When
feparated they rufh together again with great violence,
in confequence of their ftrong mutual attradtian as foon
as they are connedled by any condudting fubftance. Thefe

are the principles of vitreous and reflnous eledtricity. _ But

the theory is unfounded.

II. 'The eledtric fluid paffes eafily along the furfaces
of fome bodies ; whilft other bodies do not convey it :
the former are called ccndudors, the latter non-cohdudors ,
or e/edrics. — The metallic cylinder being fixed upon glafs
fupporters, and placed near the eledtric machine, will,
by means of pointed wires, receive the eledtric fluid from
the glafs cylinder, and the fluid will be diffufed over the
whole furface of the metallic cylinder, from' w hence it
cannot pafs through the glafs fupporters which are elec,
trie, but may be conveyed away by any metallic or other
conduding fubftances, brought near, or into contadl with
it. This metallic cylinder is the prime condudor.

5 A. AIT- Som.fi

0

4 g6 'ELECT

III. Some conductors are more perfect than others ;
and the electric fluid will always pafs through that which
is moft perfeCt. Hence the fluid will pat's through a wire
held in the hand. — The following bodies are conductors
and electrics, put down in the order cf their degrees of
perfection: Conductors; gold, (liver, copper, by.ifs, iron,
tin, quickfilver, lead, the other metals, ores, charcoals,
water, ice, fnow, falts, "toft (tones, fmoke, (team: Non¬
conductors, or eleCtrics; glafs, and all vitrifications, even
tliofe of metals ; precious (tones, refins, gums, amber,
fulplnir, baked wood, bituminous fubftances, wax, (ilk,
cotton, feathers, wool, hair, paper, air, oil, hard (tones.
Many eleCtrics become conductor? when heated, and all ,
when moiltened.

An exh.aufted glafs veftel, on being rubbed, fliews no
figns of electricity upon its external furface. But the
eleCtric power cf a glafs cylinder is the ftrongeft when
the air within is a little rarefied. If the air be con-
dertfed, or the cylinder he filled with Come conducting
fubftance, it is incapable of being excited. Neverthelefs,
a folid (tick of glafs, fealing-wax, fulpliur, &c. may be
excited. The Tame fubftance, by different preparations,
is fometimes a conductor, and at others an eleCtric. A
piece of wood juft cut from a tree is a good conductor;
le(, it be baked, and it becomes an electric ; burn it to
charcoal, and it is a good conductor again ; laftly, let
this coal be reduced to allies, and thefe will be impervious
to electricity. Such changes are alfo obfervable in many
other bodies; and very likely in all fubftances there is a
gradation from the beft conductors to the bed non-con-
duttors of electricity .

IV. Non-conduClors retain the fluid on a fmall part of
their furface where the friCtion has acted ; conductors
diffufe it over all their furface, and therefore cannot con¬
fine it, unlefs they be furrounded entirely by non-con-
duCtors, that is, be infulated. This is conftantly feen from
the partial diftribution of the fluid on an excited eleCtric,
and its univerfal diffufion over a conductor. If a finger,
or any other conductor, be prefented to an excited glafs,
cylinder, tube, &c. it will receive a fpark, and in that
fpark, a fmall part only of the eleCtricity of the eleCtric;
becqtife the excited eleCtric, being a non-conductor, can¬
not convey the eleCtricity of all its furface to that point
to which the conductor lias been prefented. But if any
conducting fubftance be brought to a charged metallic
conductor, it will receive in one fpark nearly the whole
of the eleCtricity accumulated upon it. The fmall part
which remains is very trifling in comparifon of the firft
fpark, and is called the reji'duum. — It was ftated above
that a body is faid to be pojitively eleCtriJied, when it has
excited or thrown upon it a greater quantity of the elec¬
tric fluid than its natural (hare; and that a body is nega-

■tively electrified, when it has a lels quantity of the eleCtric
matter titan is natural to it.

V. The eleCtric fluid may be excited by rubbing, by
pouring a melted eleCtric into another fubftance, by heat¬
ing and cooling, and by evaporation. — In working the
eleCtrical machine, the fluid is excited by friCtion. Rub¬
bing is the general mean by which all eleCtric fubftances
that are at all excitable may be excited. Whether they
be rubbed with eleCtrics of a different fort, or conduc¬
tors, they always (hew figns of eleCtricity, and in general
ftnonger when rubbed with conductors, and weaker when
rubbed with eleCtrics. — When fulpliur is melted into an
earthen veftel, if the velfel be fupported by a conducting
fubftance, the fulpliur, when cold and feparated from
the velfel, is ftrongly eleCtrical, and will attract light
bodies. — If fulpliur be melted into glafs veflels, when
cold, the glafs, whether fupported by eleCtrics or not,
will be pofitively eleCtrical, and the fulpliur negative. —
Melted fealing-wax, when poured into fulpliur, becomes
pofitively electrified, and the fulpliur negative. — Melted
fealing-wax poured into glafs cups acquires a negative
eleCtricity ; upon being feparated, the glafs is pofitive. —
Sulphur melted into metal cups, (hews ao figns of deo¬

il I C I T Y.

tricity till it is feparated from the cup ; then the cup is
negative, and the (ulpliur is pofitive. — If a ftick of feal¬
ing-wax be broken into two pieces, the extremities that
were contiguous will be found electrified, one pofitively,
and the other negatively.

Tlie tourmalin, a (tone which is generally of a deep
red, or purple colour, about the fize of a walnut, and
found in the Eaft Indies, while kept in the fame degree
cf heat, (hews no figns of eleCtricity, but will become
eleCtrical by increafing or dlminiftiing its heat, and ftronger
in the latter than in the former cafe. Its eleCtricity does
not appear all over its furface, but only on two oppofite
fides, which, may be called its poles, and th*by are always
in one right line with the center of the (tone, and in the
direction of the ftrata ; in which direction the (tone is
abfolufely opaque, though on the other fide it is femi-
tranfparent. Whilft the tourmalin is heating, one of its
fides, (which vvewill call A,) iseleCtrified plus; the other,
(called B,) minus. But when it is cooling A is minus,
and B is plus. If this (tone be excited by friCtion, then
both its fides at once may be made pofitive. If a tour¬
malin be cut into feveral parts, each piece will have its
pofitive. and negative poles', correfponding to the pofitive
and negative fides of the (tone from which it was cut. —
Thefe properties are now found to belong to feveral hard
and precious (tones as well as to the tourmalin.

EleCtricity may be produced by the evaporation of
water in this manner : upon an infulating (tand, as a wine
glafs, place an earthen veftel, as a crucible, a bafin, See.
and put into it three or four lighted coals. Let a wire
be put with one end among the coals, and with the other
let it touch a very fenfible pith-ball or Cantoivs electro*
meter. Then pour in a fpoonful of water at once upon
the coals, which will occafion a quick evaporation ; and
at the fame time the electrometer will diverge.

VI. The eleCtric fluid may be lodged in eleCtrics, or
in infulated conductors, in a greater quantity than natu¬
rally belongs to them ; that is, they may be pojitively
electrified. — In working the eleCtrical machine, tlie cy¬
linder acquires more than its natural quantity of fluid by
excitation; the conductor, by communication : for, while
there is a free conveyance of eleCtric fluid from the earth
to tlie rubber, by means of a conducting fupporter, the
condftCtor will be highly electrified. Tlie eleCtric mat¬
ter with which the prime conductor is loaded, is not pro¬
duced by the friCtion of the cylinder agaiuft the rubber.
It is only collected by that operation from theYubber, and
all the bodies that are contiguous to it. If, therefore,
the rubber be well infulated, the friCtion of the cylinder
will produce but little eleCtricity ; for in that cafe the
rubber can only part with its own (hare, which is very
inconfiderable. In this (ituation, if the finger be prefented
to the rubber, fparks will be feen to dart from it to the
rubber, to fupply the place of that eleCtric matter which
had pafted from it to the cylinder: if the conductor be
alfo infulated, thefe fparks will ceale as foon as it is fully
loaded.

VII. The eleCtric fluid being accumulated on any bo¬
dy, will pafs to any conductor brought near to that body:
if it pafs from, or be received by, pointed wires, it will be
conveyed in a continued ftream ; if it pafs from, or be
received by, a furface which has no (harp points, it will
be difeharged with an inftantaneous,explo(ion or fpark.. — -
Let the fluid be received from the conductor upon a
pointed wire, and upon a brafs ball, and this refult ap¬
pears. The .eleCtric fluid will alfo be diffufed through
the furrounding atmofphere, by wires placed upon the
conductor. Hence arifes tlie neceftity of keeping the
whole furface of the conductor free from points. When
a conductor is eleCtrifled by communication, its whole
eleCtric power is difeharged at once, on the near approach
of a conductor communicating with the earth; whereas
an excited eleCtric, in the fame circumftances, lofes its
eleCtric power only in the parts near to the conductor.

VIII. If conductors be infulated, they will retain a

geeate

ELECTRICITY. 427

greater or lefs quantity of the eleftric fluid, (the power of
the machine being given,) proportional to the extent of
flirfnce in the .conductor. — This refult appears by ob-
ferving the difference in the magnitude and diftance of
f parks- taken from a fmall conductor, and of thofe taken
from a large one. There is a limit, however, beyond
which this propofition vvilJ not hold true, but which,
experiment has not yet fufficiently afcertained. For it is
certain, that if the conductor be very long, it will dif-
charge it'felf over the cylinder back to the rubber long
before it is fully charged. The late Mr. G. C. Morgan
affects, that by the mod powerful excitation of a cylinder
fourteen inches in diameter, tire fpark afforded by_a con-
-dufitor eight inches in diameter, and twelve feet long,
did not equal half the length of that procured from the
fame cylinder with a conductor of equal diameter, but
fhortened to fix feet.- And he fuggefts that a conductor of
half that length even, and about fixteen inches in diame¬
ter, would- have yielded a longer fpark than either of the
preceding. See Morgan's Lett, on EleEl. vcd. i. p. 54, &c.

IX; A body may be deprived of part of its natural por¬
tion of eledtric fluid ; that is, be negatively electrified. —
If the rubber which communicates the fluid to the glafs
cylinder, and from thence to the conductor, be infulated,
becaufe by working the machine a quantity of its fluid
is conveyed away, and it cannot receive a frefh fupply
through its fup porter, it will be in an cxhavjfed or nega¬
tive ffate. If negative eleCtricity be required, then the
chain which connects the rubber with furrounding ob¬
jects, and confequently with the earth, the great refer-
voir of the eleCtric fluid, mu ft be removed from the in¬
fulated rubber, and hung to the prime conductor; for in
this cafe the electricity of the conductor will be commu¬
nicated to the ground, and the rubber will appear ftrongly
negative. Another conductor may be conneCted with the
infulated rubber, and then as ftrong negative electricity
may be obtained from this as pofitive can be in the cafe
before-mentioned. — The patent machine of Mr. Nairne
is admirably adapted for the purpofes both of pofitive and
negative eleCtricity.

X. When bodies are negatively electrified, they receive
the eleCtric fluid from other bodies brought near them. —
Let two infulated conductors, one of which is connected
with the glafs cylinder, the other with the rubber, be
■electrified ; whilft they are in this ftate let them be
brought near each other; a fpark will pafs from that
which (by Prop. VI.) is pofitively, to that which (by
Prop. IX.) is negatively, electrified. — Let two per-
fons (landing on g'laft feet be electrified, firft both pofi-
lively, or both negatively, they will not, on contaCt,
communicate the fluid to each other; but let them be
eleCtrified, the one pofitively and the other negatively,
by making a communication from one to the conductor,
■and from the other to the rubber, on contaCt, the former
will give, and the latter receive, a fpark.

XI. From a pointed body pofitively eleCtrified, the fluid
■will be feen to dream out, towards any eleCtrified body
brought near it, in a conical pencil of rays ; whereas in
palling from the uneleCtrified body to a pointed body ne¬
gatively eleCtrified, it will form a globular flame, or ftar,
about its point. — This refult is made obvious by observ¬
ing, in a dark room, the different appearances of the elec¬
tric fluid at the extremity of a pointed wire, when the
point is prefented to an infulated conductor pofitively,
and when it is prefented to one negatively, eleCtrified; or
•when fuch a wire is fixed upon a conductor pofitively or
negatively eleCtrified. Within a luminous conductor elec¬
trified pofitively, (viewed in a dark room,) the eleCtric
fluid will be feen paffing in the form of a pencil from one
wire, and received in the form of a ftar upon the other;
and the reverfe, if it be eleCtrified negatively.

XII. If two bodies be electrified, both pofitively, or
•both negatively, they repel each other; but if one be
eleCtrified pofitively, and the other be negatively or not
at all eleCtrified, they attract each other.. — Thus, light

feathers, or hair, connected with the conductor, appear
repellent, but are attracted by bringing any nomelecbi-
fied body near them. The hair of a per (on eleCtrified
becomes repellent. In the graduated or Henley’s elec¬
trometer, the ball is repelled according to the degree in
which the conductor is eleCtrified. Downy feathers, pa¬
per figures, threads of flax, thiftle down, gold leaf, brafs
duft, or 01 her light bodies, brought near to the conductor,
are alternately attracted and repelled. But this will not
take place if the bodies be laid on a plate of glafs.

Two bells being fufpended by wires from a brafs rod
connected with the conductor, and a third by a filk cord,
and two fmall balls of brafs fufpended by a filken thread
between the bells, the eleCtric fluid will be communi¬
cated from the conductor to the outer bells, and by the
balls to the middle bell, and from thence Conveyed by
a chain to the earth : the balls in receiving and commu¬
nicating the fluid are attracted and repelled fucceffi vely,
and produce tinging': exaCtly on the fame principle as
the experiment made with the Leyden phial and fix bells,
as (hewn in the EleCtricity Plate I. fig. 9.

Let water flow from a capillary tube, from which, be¬
fore it is electrified, it pafi’es in drops; upon being elec¬
trified, the particles of fluid will be feparated, and their
motion accelerated. Thefe appearances will be prefent¬
ed, whether the conductor be pofitively or negatively
eleCtrified.

Mr. Syrmner’s eleCtricity of filk ftockings illuftratcs
this propofition. He had been accuftomed to wear two
pair of filk ftockings, a white pair under black ones.
When thefe were pulled off together, no (igns of eleCtri¬
city appeared, but on pulling off the black ones from the
white, he heard a fnapping noife, and in the dark per¬
ceived luminous fparks. On this fubjeCt he has related
a number of very curious experiments on the attraction
and repulfion of the ftockings, and upon their different
ftates of eleCtricity.

Since it is found that rubbed glafs electrifies any infu¬
lated conductor pofitively, it may he determined whether
any body is eleCtrified pofitively or negatively, by bring¬
ing it near to a pith-ball, or down-feather, pofitively
eleCtrified, and observing whether the ball or feather be
attratted, or repelled, by the body. Bring a pith-ball or
down-feather, fufpended by a filken thread and pofitively
eleCtrified by any rubbed glafs fur face, near to another
pith-ball or feather fufpended by a flaxen thread from a
conductor connected with the cylinder; then bring the
lame near to a conductor connected with the rubber, and
the kind or meafure of the eleCtricity will be feen. Thus
was the invention.and utility of the clettrometer fuggefted.

XIII. From the fliarp points of eleCtrified bodies there
proceeds a current of air.- — A wire, with fliarp points
bent in oppofite directions, and fufpended on the point
of a perpendicular wire inferted in the conductor, will be
carried round by the current of air proceeding from the
points. Let feveral pieces of imbofied or gilt paper be
(tuck like vanes into the fide of a cork, through the cen¬
ter of which a needle paffes ; fufpend the whole by a
magnet, and prefent one of the vanes to the point of a
wire inferted in the conductor; they will be put into
motion.

The rapid diflipation of the eleCtric fluid by fliarp points,
and the impoflibility of making any confiderable accumu¬
lation in a body which has, any fuch points projecting
beyond other parts of its furfa.ee, is one of the mod ab-
ftrufe phenomena in eleCtricity. The diflipation is at¬
tended with many remarkable circumftances, which have
greatly the appearance of the aCtual efcape of fome ma¬
terial fubftance. A ftream of wind blows from fuch
a point, and quickly electrifies the air of a room to fuch
a degree, that an electrometer in the fartheft corner of
the room is affeCted by it. This diflipation in a dark
place is, in many inftances, accompanied by a bright train
of light diverging from the point like a firework. Dr.
Franklin is therefore very anxious to reconcile this ap¬
pearance

423

ELECTRICITY,

pearance- with his theory of plus and minus eleCtricity,
but does not exprefs himf'elf well fatisfied with any ex¬
planation which had occurred to him. From the begin¬
ning, he faw that he could not confider the dream of
wind as a proof of the efcape of the electric fluid, be-
eaufe the fame dream is obferved to i flue from a- (harp
negative point ; which, according to his theory, is not
dif'perfing, but abforbing it. The Hon. Mr. Cavendiflt
feems to have given the firft fatisfaCtofy account of this
phenomenon. To fee it in its full force, the phenomenon
itfelf muft be carefully obferved. The dream of wind
is plainly produced by the cfcape of fomeihing from the
point itfelf, which hurries the air along with it ; and this
alfo draws a great deal of the furrounding air, efpecially
from behind, in the fame manner as the very (lender
thread of air from a blow-pipe hurries along with it the
furrounding air and flame from a con(idei*able furface on
all fules. It is in this manner that it gathers the whole
of a large flame into one mafs, and, at lad, into a very
point. If the fmoke of a little rofin thrown on a live
coal be made to rife quietly round a point projecting from
an electrified body, continually fupplied from an electri¬
cal machine, the vortices of this fmoke may be obferved
to curl in from all Tides, along the wire, forming a current
of which the wire is the axis, and it goes ob' completely
by the point. But if the wire be made to pafs through
a cork fixed in the bottom of a wide glafs tube, and if
its point projeCt not beyond the mouth of the tube, the
afflux of the air from behind is prevented, and we have
no dream ; but if t he cork be removed, and the wire dill
occupy the axis of the tube, but without touching the
Tides, we have the dream very diftinCtly ; and fmoke
which rifes round the far end of the tube is drawn into
it, and goes off at the point of the wire. Now it is of
importance to obferve, that whatever prevents the for¬
mation of this dream of wind prevents the diffipation of
eleCtricity from t he point. If the point project a quarter
of an inch beyond the tube, or if the tube be open be¬
hind, the dream is drong, and the difflpation lo rapid,
that even a very good machine is not able to raii'e a
Henley’s electrometer, banding on a conductor, a very
few degrees. If the ttibe be Hipped forward, fo that the
point is jub even with its mouth, the diffipation of elec¬
tricity is next to nothing, and does not exceed what might
be produced by fuch air as can be collected by a fuper-
ficial point. If the tube be made to advance half an
inch beyond the point which it furrounds, the diffipation
becomes infenfible. All thefe faCts put it beyond a
doubt that the air is the caufe, or, at lead, the occalion
of- the difflpation, and carries tiie eleCtricity off with it,
in this manner rendering electrical the whole air of a room.

It has been demonftrated that two fpheres, connected
by an infinitely extended, but (lender, conducting canal,
are in eleCtrical equilibrium, if their furfaces contain
fluid in the proportion of their diameters. In this cafe,
the fuperficial denfity of t he fluid and its tendency to
efcape are inverfely as the diameters. Now if, in imagi¬
nation, we gradually diminilh the diameter of one of the
fpheres, the tendency to efcape will increafe in a greater
proportion titan any that we can name. We know, that
when the prime conductor of a powerful table-machine
lias a wire of a few inches in length projecting from its
end, and terminating in a ball of half an inch in diame¬
ter, we cannot eleCtrify it beyond a certain degree ; for
when arrived at this degree, the eleCtricity flies off in
fucceffive burds from this ball. Being much more over¬
charged than any other part of the body, the air fur¬
rounding the ball becomes more overcharged by commu¬
nication, and is repelled, and its place fupplied by other
air, not fo much overcharged, which furrounded the
other parts of the body, and is prelfed forwards into this
ipace by the general repullion of the conductor and the
confining preffure of the attnofphere ; otherwife, being
alfo overcharged,, it would have no tendency to come to
Ibis place. Half a turn of the cylinder is fufficient to

accumulate to a degree fufficient for producing oae of
thefe expiofions, and we have two of them for every turn
of the cylinder. A point may be compared to an incom¬
parably fmaller ball. The conflipation of the fluid, and
its tendency to efcape, muft be greater in the fame uiw
meafurable proportion. This- denfity and mutual re pul-
lion cannot be diminifhed, and muft even be increafed,
by the matter of the wire forming a cone, of which the -
point is the apex ; therefore, if there were no other caufe,
we muft fee that it is almoft impoffible to confine a col¬
lection of particles, mutually repelling, and confiipated,
as thefe are,, in a fine point.

But the chief caufe feems to be a. certain chemical-
union which takes place between the eleftric fluid and a
correfponding ingredient of the air. In this ftate of con-
ftipation, almoft completely furrounded by the air, the
little mafs of fluid muft attract and be attracted with very
great force, and more readily overcome the force w hich
keeps the eleCtric fluid attached to the laft feries of par¬
ticles of the wire. It unites with t lie air, rendering it
eleCtric in the higheft degree of redundancy. It is there- ,
fore ftrongly repelled by the mafs of conftipated fluid
which fucceeds it within the point. Thus is the electri¬
fied air continually thrown off, in a ftate of eleChifica-
tion, that muft rapidly diminilh the eleCtricity of the con¬
ductor. Hence the uninterrupted flow, without noife or
much light, when the point is made very fine. When
the point is blunt, a little accumulation is neceffary before
it attains the degree requifite for even this minute explo-
fion ; but this is foon done, and thefe little, expiofions -
l'ucceed each other rapidly, accompanied by a fputtering
noife, and trains of bright fparks. The noife is undoubt¬
edly owing to the atoms of the highly eleclrified fluid. .
Thefe are, in all probability, rarefied of a fudden, in the
aCt of electrification, and immediately collapfe again ia
the aCt of chemical union, which caufes a fonorous agi¬
tation of the air. This electrified air is thus thrown off,
and its place is immediately fupplied by air from behind,
not yet electrified, and therefore ftrongly drawn forward
to the point, from which they are thrown off in thein
turn. This rapid expanfion and fubfequent collapfing oF
the air is verified by the experiments of Mr. Kinnerfly,
related by Dr. Franklin, and is feen in numberlefs expe¬
riments made with other views in later times, and not at¬
tended to. Perhaps it is produced by the great heat,
which accompanies, or is generated in, the transference -
of eleCtricity, and it is of the fame kind with what occa-
fions the burfting of (tones, fplitting of trees, exploding
of metals, &c. by eleCtricity . The expanfion is either
inconfiderable, or it is fucceifively produced in very fmall
portions of the fubftance expanded ; for when metai is
exploded in clofe veffels, or under water, there is but a
minute portion of gafeous matter produced; and in the
diffipation by a very fine point, fufficiently great to give
full employment to a powerful machine, the dream of
wind is but very faint, and nine-tenths of this has been
dragged along by the really-eleCtrified thread of wind ia
the middle.

From a collation of all the appearances of eleCtricity,
we muft form the fame conception of the forces which'-
operate round a point that is negatively eleClrified, not
difperfing, but drawing in, eleCtric fluid. It is more com¬
pletely under-charged titan any other part of a body, and
attracts the fluid in the furrounding air, and the air in
which it is retained, with incomparably greater force.
It therefore deprives the contiguous air of its fluid, then
repels it, and produces a. dream like the over-charged
point.

If a conducting body be brought near to any part of an
overcharged body, the fronting part of the firft is ren¬
dered undercharged ; and this increafes the charge of the
oppofite part of the overcharged body. It becomes
more overcharged in that part, and fooner attains that
degree of conflipation that enables the fluid to quit the
fuperfieial feries of particles, and to eleCtrify ftrongly the
i contiguous.

ELECT

oontigtious air. The explofion is, therefore, inade in tliis
part in preference to any other; and the air thus ex¬
ploded is (trongly attracted by the fronting part of the
other body, and mull fly thither in preference to any
other point. If, moreover, the fronting part be promi¬
nent or pointed, this effcCt will be produced in a fuperior
degree ; and the current of electrified air, which will
begin very early, will increafe this difpofition to transfer¬
ence in this way by rarefying, the air ; a change which
the whole courfe of eleCtric phenomena fhews to be
highly favourable to this transference, although we can¬
not perhaps form any very adequate notion how it con¬
tributes to this effeCt. This feems to be the reafo'n why
a great explofion and fnap,' with a copious transference of
electricity, is generally preceded by a hiding noife like
the rufhing of wind, which fwells to a maximum in the
loud fnap itfelf.

XIV. Some bodies upon being rubbed, are electrified
pofitively, and others negatively ; and the fame bodies
are capable of being eleClrified pofitively, or negatively,
as they are rubbed with different fubftances. — Thus-
fmooth glafs becomes pofitively eleClrified by being rub¬
bed with any fubftance hitherto tried, -except the back
of a living cat ; rough glafs becomes pofitively electrified

. by being rubbed vvirh dry oiled fi Ik, fulphur, and metals;
negativelv, with woollen cloth, fealing-wax, paper, the
human hand. White (ilk becomes pofitively electrified,
by being rubbed with black (ilk, metals, black doth ;
negatively, with paper, hairs, the hand. Black fi Me- will
be pofitively eleCtrified with red fealing-wax ; negatively,
with hare’s (kin, metals, the hand. Sealing-wax will be
pofitively eleCtrified with the hand, leather; woollen cloth,
paper, hare’s fkin. Baked wood will be pofitively elec¬
trified with filk ; negatively, with flannel. If thefe and
other fubftances, being electrified, be brought near to a
pith-ball or down-feather, as deferibed Prop. XII. it
will appear whether they are eleCtrified pofitively or ne¬
gatively.

XV. Bodies infulated, if placed within the influence
of an eleCtrified body, will be eleCtrified, at the part ad¬
jacent to that body, in the manner contrary to that of the
eleCtrified body. — Bring a conductor (without pointed
wires) near to the glafs cylinder, whilft the machine is
working; if the conductor be not infulated, it will be
negatively eleCtrified till it is brought fo near as to re¬
ceive fparks from the cylinder: if the conductor be infu¬
lated, it will, in the fame fituation, be eleCtrified nega¬
tively, in the parts neareft the cylinder, and pofitively in
the parts more remote ; as may be feen by bringing an
excited glafs tube (which is pofitively eleCtrified) near
to a ball fufpended from the conductor. Let two pith-
balls be fo fufpended by flaxen threads ^as to be in con¬
tact when uneleCtrified ; on being brought near to a body
eleCtrified pofitively, they will repel each other, being
eleCtrified negatively : if the balls be fufpended in the
fame manner by filken threads, they will, in the fame
fituation, be pofitively eleCtrified.

Let PC, fig. 21, in the EleCtricity Plate III. be an elec¬
trified prime conductor, and A B a metallic body placed
within its atmofphere, but beyond the ftriking diftance.
Now, from the principles already explained, it is evident
that the eleCtrical atmofphere of the prime conduCtor
muft be pofitive or negative. If it be po/itive, then the ad¬
jacent part A of the metallic body A B, will be found to
be eleCtrified negatively ; the remote part B, will be elec¬
trified pofitively; and there will be a certain point D,
in its natural ftate, or not electrified at all. — If the prime
conductor be charged with negative electricity, then A
will be pofitive, B negative, and (till fome point, as D,
will be found uneleCtrified, which is called the neutral
point.

Earl Stanhope has demonftrated, by a confiderable
number of experiments, that the neutral point D, is the
fourth point of an harmonical divifion of the line CAB.
Confequently, the points C, A, and B, being given, the
V©l. VI. No. 361 ,

II I C I T Y. 429

neutral point D, may be always found. For, by the pro¬
portion a (fumed by his lordftiip, as the whole line B C is
to the part C A, fo is the remote end B D to the middle
term DA; -therefore, by composition, BC-pCA (BA
+ 2 AC) : CA :: BD + DA (BA) :: AD. Thus, if
B A be 40 inches, and C A 36, then A D is equal to
1 2^- inches. — From the nature of this proportion, it is
evident, that the neutral point D can never be farther
from A than half the diftance between A and B, fup-
poling the eleCtrified conductor PC to be removed to an
infinite diftance. It is likewife evident, that the evanef-
cent pofition of the neutral point D nuift be A, when the
end A of the metallic body AB comes into contuCt with
the charged body, PC.

From the above considerations, lord Stanhope has,
with great ingenuity, proved by an elaborate mathema¬
tical demonftration, illuftrated and confirmed by a great
variety of experiments, that the denfity of an electrical
atmofphere fuperinduced upon any body muft be inverfe-
ly as the fquare of the diftance from the charged body.

Let a circular plate compofed of rofm and fulphur, or
of fealing-wax, be negatively eleClrified by rubbing it
with flannel ; whilft it is in this ftate, let a metallic plate
of the fame form and fize, having a glafs handle faftened
to its center, be placed, by means of the handle, on the
eleClrified plate ; then receive a fpark from the metallic
plate with the finger: after which the metallic plate,
being removed by the glafs handle, will be found to be
pofitively eleClrified. This is tiie origin and aClion of
the electrophorus.

Let one fide of a plate of glafs be eleCtrified pofitively,
the other fide will attraCl light bodies, being negatively
eleClrified. — Let a plate of glafs be placed between two
metallic plates about two inches in diameter fmaller than
the plate of glafs, and let the plates be fupported by a
conductor ; upon pofitively electrifying the upper me¬
tallic plate, by means of a wire connected with the prime
conductor, the fluid, not being able to pafs along the
glafs, will be accumulated upon the part contiguous to
the upper metallic plate ; whiift the lower metallic plate,
being within the eleCtric influence of the upper, will be
negatively eleCtrified.

XVI. When any eleCtric fubftance is eleCtrified, it will
continue in that ftate till fome conductor conveys away
the accumulated, or reftores the deficient, fluid ; which
will be done more or lefs rapidly, according to the degree
of conducting power in the conductor, and the number
of points in which it touches the electric. — When the
metallic plate in an eleCtrophorus is electrified, (as fug-
gefted Prop. XV.) by letting it upon the electric plate,
touching it with the finger, and feparating it fuccefti vely,
many fparks may be obtained, without again exciting the
eleCtric plate ; for this plate being negatively eleCtrified,
the metallic plate, on being touched with the hand, be¬
comes pofitively eleCtrified, and the eleCtric plate remains
long in its negative ftate, becaufe, not being a conductor,
its deficiency will be (lowly fupplied from the air where
its furface is not covered. See this fully exemplified in
the explanation and figure of the eleCtrophorus, p.419.

If a glafs veil'd, a common drinking-glafs, for inftance,
held in the hand, receive the eleCtric fluid on the infide
from a wire, or chain, fixed on the conductor, pith-balls,
placed under the veflel upon a conducting fupporter, will
continue long in motion. — Let a plate of glafs be eleCtri¬
fied in the manner deferibed in Prop. XV. Bccaufe one
fide of the plate is pofitively eleCtrified, and the other
negatively, if a communication is made from one metal¬
lic plate to the other by means of fome conductor, part
of tire accumulated fluid will fuddenly pafs to the fide
which is deficient; upon a fecond application of the plates
of metal to the glafs, there will be a fecond explofion.

XVII. If a glafs plane, or cylindrical veflel, coated on
both fides with tin-foil, or any other conducting fub¬
ftance, be charged , that is, pofitively eleCtrified on one
fide; and confequently negatively eleCtrified on the other;

j R a com.

430

ELECTRICITY,

a communication being made from one fide to the other
by fome conductor, the plane, or veffel, will be fuddenly
difcharged, with an explofion. — There is a (Irong attrac¬
tion (compare Prop. XII. and XV.) between the fluids
on oppofite Tides of the glafs, or the fluid which is accu¬
mulated on one fide makes a powerful effort towards the
other fide where the fluid is deficient ; but the fubftance
of the glafs itfelf being "impervious to t lie electric fluid,
the accumulated fluid cannot pafs to the deficient fide
till a communication is made between them by fome con¬
ducting fubftance. When fuch a communication is made,
becaufe t lie metallic coating touches the whole furface
of the electrified glafs, the whole quantity of redundant
fluid eafily patfes from the fide which was pofitively elec¬
trified to the other.

Let a plate of glafs, coated with tin-foil (except about
one inch and a half from the edge), be charged, as de-
fcribed Prop. XV. Upon making a communication from
one fide to the other by the difcharging-rod, there will
be a hidden difcharge. The fame may be done with the
Leyden phial, ©barge ajar coated on the infide with wa¬
ter, ftiot, or brafs duft, and held on the outfide by the
hand, then difcharge it in a dark room.

If two equal circular brafs plates, one of which is fuf-
pended by a long metallic rod from the conductor paral¬
lel to the horizon, and the otlier, fupported by a'conduc-
tor, is placed parallel and oppofite to the firft, be electri¬
fied ; the plate of air between them will be charged by
the brafs plates.

Let one coated jar be fufpended by a wire under ano¬
ther; let the upper jar be charged by taking fparks from
the conductor ; the lower uninfulated jar will be charged
with the eleCtric fluid which paffes from the fide nega¬
tively eleCtrified of the upper jar. — A coated jar cannot
be charged unlefs its outer furface be connected with
fome conductor. For without fuch a conductor, the
eleCtric fluid cannot pafs from or to the outer furface,
which is neceffary in order to charge the jar.

When a coated glafs veffel is charged, the charge of
eleCtric fluid is in the glafs, and not in the coating. — Lay
a plate of glafs between two metallic plates, as deferibed
Prop. XV. Having charged the plate of glafs, remove
the upper plate of metal by a glafs handle, with fome
non-conduCting fubftance, as filk; remove the eleCtrified
glafs plate, and place it between two other plates of me¬
tal uneleCtrified and infulated ; the plate of glafs thus
coated afrefh will ftill be charged.

The difcharge of a plate of glafs, Leyden phial, &c.
is made by reftoring the equilibrium which was deftroyed
by the charging ; and it is effected by forming a commu¬
nication between the overloaded and the exhaufted fide;
and if the communication be made by metal, or other
good conductors, the equilibrium will be reftored with
violence, the redundant electricity on one fide will rufti
with great rapidity through the metallic communication
to the exhaufted fide, and a large explofion will be made,
that is, the flafh of eleCtric light will be very vifible, and
the report will be very loud.

XVIII. If the conductor be eleCtrified pofitively, that
fide of the jar with which it has a communication will be
eleCtrified pofitively, the other, negatirely. — Charge one
Leyden jar on the infide pofitively, and another negative¬
ly, and obferve, in a dark room, the different appearances
of the eleCtric fluid upon the point of a wire brought near
to the ball which is connected with the inner fide of each
jar : when the point is prefented to the jar pofitively
eleCtrified on the inner fide, it will exhibit the appear¬
ance of a ftar ; when prefented to the other, that of a
pencil. — Obferve the different appearances, in a dark
room, when with the fame charged jar the point is pre¬
fented towards the fide pofitively, and towards the fide
negatively, eleCtrified.

Between two jars, charged one negatively and the other
pofitively, fufpend by a filken firing a cork ball, from
which ftiort threads hang freely ; the ball will pafs with

a rapid motion from one to the other, and, being firft at¬
tracted towards the jar pofitively eleCtrified, then towards
the other, it will receive the fluid from the former, and
communicate it to the latter, till both are difcharged. IT
both be charged in the fame manner, the cork will re¬
main at reft. — If, after a jar is charged, the uncoated
part of the jar be moiftened by the breath, or by fleam,
the jar placed upon a conductor will be gradually dif¬
charged, and the fluid will be feen, in a dark room, to
flafh ftrongly front one fide to the other: if the jar be in¬
fulated, the flufnes will be greateft on the fide pofitively
eleCtrified. — Let a difeharging rod be applied without its
balls to a charged jar, in fuch manner as to difcharge the
jar gradually : the point which approaches towards the
fide pofitively eleCtrified, will, in a dark room, exhibit
ftar; the other point, a cone or pencil.

Within the receiver of an air-pump place two well-po-
lifiied brafs balls, the lower fupported on a brafs ftem by
the plate of the pump, the other fixed on a ftem which is
moveable in the neck of the receiver : let the balls be
brought within the diftance of four or five inches from
one another ; then let the upper ball be connected with
the conductor, and eleCtrified pofitively : a lucid atmo-
fphere will, in a dark room, appear on the lower furface
of the upper ball ; whereas if the upper ball be nega¬
tively eleCtrified, the lucid atmofphere will be feen on
the lower ball. — This laft experiment eftablifhes the the¬
ory of a Jingle eleCtric fluid : for if there were two contrary
fluids, there mult in this experiment be an atmofphere
about each ball, attracting each other.

XIX. The electric fluid can be conveyed through an
infulated conductor of any length, and its paffage from
one fide of a charged jar to the other, is apparently in-
ftantaneous, through whatever length of a metallic or
other good conductor it is conveyed. — Let a long wite,
palling round a room, fufpended by filk cords, be a part
of the circuit of communication from one fide of a charged
jar to the other, the difcharge will be apparently at the
fame inftant in which the communication from one fide
to the other is completed. Let any number of perfons
make a part of the circuit of communication ; the fluid
will pafs inftantaneoufly through the whole circuit. — The
ftiock of the Leyden jar has been tranfmitted through
wires of feveral miles in length, without taking any fen'-
lible fpace of time. Dr. Prieftley relates feveral curious
experiments made with a view of afeertaining this point
foon after the difeovery of the Leyden phial. See Priejl~
ley’s Hijl. of EleBricity.

XX. The hidden difcharge of a charged jar gives a
painful fenfation to any animal placed in the circuit of
communication, called the elcBric /hock. — The difeovery
of the effeCts of electricity, as exhibited by the Leyden
jar, immediately raffed the attention of all the philofo-
phers in Europe. The account which fome of them gave
of the firft experiments to their friends, border very much
on the ludicrous. M. Mufchenbroek, who tried the expe¬
riment with a glafs bowl, told M. Reaumur, in a letter
written foon after the experiment, that he felt himfelf
(truck in his arms, (houlder, and bread, fo that he loft
his breath ; and was two days before he recovered from
the effefts of the blow and the terror. He added, that
he would not take a fecond fliock for the whole kingdom
of France. — M. Allqmand, who made the experiment
with a common beer-glafs, faid, that he loft his brea h
for fome moments, and then felt fuch an intenfe pain all
along his right arm, that he was apprehenfive of bad
conlcqiiences ; but it foon went off without any inconve¬
nience. — Notvvithftanding the parade made by thefe pbi-
lofophers, the ftiock was probably not, by any means,
ftronger than what many children of (ix or feven years
old would bear without the fmalleft hefitatiop. Their
deferiptions mull have arifen through terror impreffed on
the mind by the novelty of the phenomenon, or the love
of the marvellous.

The force of the eleCtric fliock may be increafed, by
z increafing

431

ELECTRICITY.

increafing the furface of the coated gfiafs. A battery be¬
ing charged, a fine metallic wire brought into the circuit
of the fiiock will be melted. — If a plain piece of metal
be placed upon one of the rods of the difcharger, and
upon the other a needle with the point oppofite to the
furface of the metal ; upon difcharging the battery, the
furface of the piece of metal will be marked with co¬
loured circles, occafioned by thin laminae of metal railed
in the explofion. — If a piece of leaf gold be put between
two pieces of glafs, and the whole faft bound together,
the metal will be melted, and a metallic (lain will be
feen on both glades. — If a (hock be fent through a nee¬
dle, it will give it magnetic polarity. — An animal, or
plant, may be killed, by being placed in the circuit of a
bat-tery.

Perfons not thoroughly converfant in electricity, (hould
be very cautious in ufing large batteries; they (hould be
fare that they are perfeCt matters of a fmall force, before
they meddle with a greater. Such a force of electricity
as may be accumulated in batteries is not to be trifled
with, (ince the confequences, if not fatal, may be great
and lading. A large (hock, taken through the arms
and bread, which an operator is mod in danger of receiv¬
ing, might poflibly injure the lungs, or fome other vital
part : and if the fliock were taken through the head,
which may eafiiy happen when a perfon is (looping over
the apparatus in order to adjud it, it might affeCt his
intellects for the remainder of life. The ingenious pro-
felfor Richmann, of the imperial academy of St. Peterf-
burgh, was thus indantaneoufly killed by an accidental
ftroke from his large eledtrical battery.

XXI. If the circuit be interrupted, the eledtric fluid
will become vifible ; and where it paffes, it will leave an
impreffion upon any intermediate body.. — Let the fluid
pafs through a chain, or through any metallic bodies
placed at fmall didances from each other; the fluid, in a
dark room, will be vifible between the links of the chain,
or between the metallic bodies.

If the circuit be interrupted by feveral folds of paper,
a perforation will be made through it, and each of the
leaves will be protruded by the ftroke from the middle
towards the outward leaves. Let a card be placed un¬
der wires which form the circuit, where the circuit is
interrupted for the (pace of an inch : the card will be
difcoloured. If one of the wires be placed under the
card, and the other above it, the direction of the fluid
may be leen.— Spirits of wine, or gunpowder, being made
part of the circuit, maybe fired. — 1 nflamqiable air may
alfo be fired by an eleCtric gun. Many ingenious expe¬
riments of this kind have been lately made by von Hauch,
inventor of the balance difcharging electrometer. “ We
fee, by fuch experiments, (fays this philofopher,) the
wonderful advances which have been made in the fcience
of electricity within the lad forty years, from the time of
the invention of Haufen’s glafs globes, to the ereCtion of
the eleCtrical machine now in theTeylerian mufeum at Ha-
erlem. The former was fcarcely fufficient to attradl the
lighted bodies ; whereas the latter approaches near to
nature in its drength, in its awful and wonderful effedts ;
and feems to favour the poffibility of the idea, that there are
natural powers capable of impelling heavy bodies with
prodigious force; and which, connedfed by the hand of
cultivated and enlightened man, may, fome centuries
hence, banifh the ufe of gunpowder, as the latter, a few
centuries ago, banifhed the ufe of bows and arrows.”

XXII. The atmofphere is electrified, fometimes poji-
tively, and fometimes negative . — Let a kite be fent up
into the air with cord confiding oT copper thread twifted
with twine ; let the lower end of the cord be infulated
by a (ilk line : a metallic condudtor fufpended from the
lower end of the cord will be politively or negatively
eledtrified. The air at fome didance from houfes, trees,
mads of (hips, See. is generally eledtrified pofitively ; par¬
ticularly in frofly, clear, and foggy, weather.

The following general laws have been deduced by Mr,

Cavallo, from a great number of experiments made during
two years in alrnod every degree of the atmofphere, from
15° to 8o° of Fahrenheit’s thermometer : 1. The air ap¬

pears to be eledtrified at all times ; its eledtricity is con-
dantly pofitive, and much dronger in frofly than in warm
weather; but it is by no means lefs in the night than in
the day-time. 2. The prefence of the clouds generally
leflens the eledtricity of the kite. 3. When it rains, the
electricity of the kite is generally negative, and very fel-
dom pofitive. 4. The aurora borealis feems not to affedt
the eledtricity of the kite. 5. The electrical fpark, taken
from the flring of the kite, or from any infulated conduc¬
tor connected with it, efpecially if it docs not rain, is very
feldom longer than a quarter of an inch, but it is exceed¬
ingly pungent. When the index of the eledtrometer is
not higher than 20°, the perfon that takes fpark will feel
the effedt of it in his legs; it appearing more like the
difeharge of an eledtric jar, than the fpark taken from a
prime condudtor. 6. The eledtricity of the kite is in
general dronger or weaker, according as the flring is
longer or (liorter ; but it does nod keep any exact pro¬
portion to it. The eledtricity, for indance, brought down
by a firing of a hundred yards, may raife the index of the
eledtrometer to 20°, when, with double that length of
that firing, the index of the electrometer will not go
higher than 250. 7. When the weather is damp, and t lie
eledtricity is pretty ftrong, the index of the eledtrometer,
after taking a fpark from the firing, or prefenting the
knob of a coated phial to it, rifes furprifingly quick to
its ufual plage, but in dry and warm weather it rifes ex¬
ceedingly (low.

XXI II. The eledtric fluid and lightning are the fame
fubdance : their properties and effedts are condantly ob-
ferved to be the fame. — Flafhes of lightning are gene¬
rally feen to form irregular lines in the air; the eiedtric
fpark, when ftrong, has the fame appearance. Lightning
(trikes the higheft and mod pointed objedts ; feizes in
its courfe the bed condudtors ; fets fire to bodies; dif-
folves metals ; rends to pieces fome bodies ;' deftroys ani¬
mal life ; in all which it agrees (as has been (hewn) with
the phenomena of eledtric fluid : both caufes have the
fame power of making iron magnetic. Lightning has
been known to (trike men with blindnefs. Dr. Franklin
produced a fimilar effedt on a pigeon by the eledtrical
fluid. Ladly, the lightning being brought from the
clouds to an eledtrical apparatus, by a kite or wire, will
exhibit all the appearances of the eledtric fluid.

Take a Leyden phial, five inches in diameter, and thir¬
teen inches in height; on the infide let the coating rife
till its upper edge be two inches and a half from the
rim of the veffel ; on the outfide let the coating rife no>
higher than one inch from the bottom. .Wlien the phial
is thus coated, let it be charged, and a fpark will pafs
from the tin-foil on the outfide to that on the inlide ;
but its form will refemble that of a tree, whofe trunk,
will increafe in magnitude and brilliancy, and conie-
quently in power, as it approaches the edge, owing to
ramifications which it collects from all parts of the glafs.
Within two inches of the edge, it becomes one body, or
ftream, and along that interval its greateft force acts. — •
When two clouds, or the two correfpondent parts of a
cloud, have their equilibrium reflored by a difeharge,
the appearances are exadtly fimilar to thofe of the pre¬
ceding experiment. Each extremity of the flafli is formed
by a multitude of little dreams, which gather into one
body, whofe power is undivided in that interval only
which feparates the pofitive from the negative.

XXIV. Buildings may be fecured from the effects of
lightning, by projecting a pointed iron rod higher than
any part of the building, and continuing it, without inter¬
ruption, to the ground, or the neared water. — The elec¬
tric fluid will, by means of the pointed rod, be gradually
conveyed from the cloud to the earth by a continued
dream, and thus prevent the effeCts of a fudden and vio¬
lent explolion.

Let

432

ELECTRICITY.

Let a board, (baped like the gable end of a houfe, be
fixed perpendicularly upon an horizontal board : id the
perpendicular board let a hole be made, about an inch
fquare and a quarter of an inch deep ; in this hole let a
piece of wood nearly of the fame di mentions be fo in¬
fected as to fall eafily out of its place, and let a wire be
faltened diagonally to this fquare piece of wood ; let ano¬
ther wire, terminated by a brafs ball, be fattened to the
perpendiculafboard, with its ball above the board, and its
lower end in contact with the diagonal wire in the fquare
piece of wood ; let the communication be continued by
a wire to the bottom of the perpendicular board. If the
wires in this fiate be made part of a circuit of communi¬
cation, on difcharging the jar the fquare piece of wood
will not be difplaced ; but if the communication be in¬
terrupted by changing the direction of the diagonal wire,
the fquare piece of wood will, upon the dilcharge, be
driven out of its place. — If, inftead of the upper brafs
ball, a pointed wire be placed above the perpendicular
board, the dilcharge will be drawn oft' without an ex-
plofion.

The following directions are given by earl Stanhope,
to perfons ereCting conductors for lightning: The rods
mult be made of Inch fub ft antes as are, in their nature,
tlte bed: conductors of electricity ; and muft not be inter¬
rupted, and perfectly continuous. They mult be of fuf-
ficient thiclcnefs, and mult be perfectly connected with
the common ltock of electricity, that is, the earth, or
neared water. The upper extremity of the rods mult be
finely tapered, and as acutely pointed as poflible : they
muft be very prominent, and l'everal feet above the chim¬
neys. Each rod muft be carried in the Ihorteft conve¬
nient direction from its upper end to the common (lock.
There fliould be no prominent bodies of metal on the
top of the building propofed to he fecured, but fuch as
are connected with the conductor by fome proper metal¬
lic communication. There fliould be a fuificient number
of fubftantially-ereCted high and pointed rods. See Prin¬
ciples of Electricity, by Charles vifcount Mahon, now
earl Stanhope.

To the fame work, the reader muft be referred for an ac¬
count of a difcovery made by his lordfliip in the fcience
of eleCtricity, which he denominated the returning Jlroke,
by which, he afferts, that perfons may be killed, and
other mifehief enfue, by lightnings at a confiderable dif-
tance from the flafh. It is proper alfo to obferve, that
feveral refpeC'table electricians, though, willing to admit
the faCt as difeovered by earl Stanhope, yet do not think
that the danger attending the returning ftroke can ever he
great or formidable. Dr. Hutton’s obfervations on tins
phenomenon, are as follow: “To underftand properly
the meaning of the returning Jlroke , it muft be premifed
that, according to the noble author’s experiments, an in-
fulated fmooth body, immerged within the eleCtrical at-
mofphere, but beyond the ' flunking diftance of another
body, charged politively, is at the fame time in a ftate of
threefold eleCtricity. The end next to the charged body
acquires negative eleCtricity ; the farther end is politively
electrified; while a certain part of the body, fomewhere
between its two extremes, is in a natural, uneleCtrified,
or neutral, ftate ; fo that the two contrary electricities ba¬
lance each other. (See Prop. XV. and tlte figure.) It
may farther be added, that if the body be not infulated,
but have a communication with the earth, the whole of
it will be in a negative ftate. Suppofe then a brafs ball,
which may be called A, to be conftantly placed at the
ftriking diftance of a prime conductor ; fo that the con¬
ductor, the inftant when it becomes fully charged, ex¬
plodes into it. Let another large or fecond conductor be
fufpended, in a perfectly infulated ftate, farther from the
prime conductor than the ftriking diftance, but within its
eleCtrical atmofphere : let a perfon ftanding on an infu¬
lated ftool touch this fecond conductor very lightly with
a finger of his right hand; while, with a finger of his
left hand, he communicates with the earth, by touching

very lightly a fecond brafs ball fixed at the top of a me¬
tallic (land, on the floor, which may be called B. Now
while the prime conductor is receiving its eleCtricity,
fparks pafs (at leaft if the diftance between the two con¬
ductors is not too great) from the fecond conductor to
the right hand of the infulated perfon ; while fimilar and
fimultaneous fparks pafs out from the finger of his left
hand into the fecond metallic ball B, communicating
with the earth. At length, however, the prime con¬
ductor, having acquired its full charge, fuddenly (trikes
into the ball A, of the firft metallic ftand, placed for that
purpofe at the ftriking diftance. The explolion being
made, and the prime conductor fuddenly robbed of its
elaftic atmofphere, its' prefl'tire or aCti >n on the fecond
conductor, and on the infulated perfon, as fuddenly
ceafes ; and the latter inftuntly feels a finart returning
ftroke, though he has no direCt or vifible communication
(except by the floor) with either of the two bodies, and
is placed at the diftance of five or fix feet from both of
them. This returning ftroke is evidently occalioned by
the hidden re, entrance of the eleCtric fluid naturally be¬
longing to his body and to the fecond conductor, which
had before been expelled from them by the action of the
charged prime conductor upon them ; and which returns
to its former place in the inftant when that aCtion or elaftic
prelTure ceafes. When the fecond conductor and the in¬
fulated perfon are placed in the denfeft part of the elec¬
trical atmofphere of the prime conductor, or juft beyond
the ftriking diftance, the effeCts are (till more confider-
able ; the returning ftroke being extremely fevere and
pungent, and appearing confiderably (harper than even the
main ftroke itfelf, received direCtly from the prime con¬
ductor. Lord Stanhope- obferves, that perfons and ani¬
mals may be deftroyed, and particular parts of buildings
may be much damaged, by an eleCtrical returning ftroke,
occafioned even by fome very diftant explolion from a
thunder cloud ; pofiibly at the diftance of a mile or more.
It is certainly not difficult to conceive that a charged ex-
tenfive thunder cloud muft be productive of effeCts fimi¬
lar to thofe produced by the prime conductor ; but per¬
haps the effeCts are not fo great, nor the danger fo terri¬
ble, as have been apprehended. If the quantity of elec¬
tric fluid naturally contained, for example, in the body
of a man, were immenfe or indefinite, then the eftimate
between the effeCts producible by a cloud, and thofe
caufed by a prime conductor, might be admitted ; but
furely no eleCtrical cloud can expel from a body more
than the natural quantity of eleCtricity which it contains.
On the hidden removal therefore of the preffure by which
this natural quantity had been expelled, in confequence
of the explofion of the cloud into the earth, no more, at
the utmoft, than his whole natural flock of eleCtricity
can re-enter his body. And perhaps we have no reafon
to fuppofe that this quantity is fo great, as that its hid¬
den re-entrance into his body (hould deftroy or injure
him. Allowing therefore the exiftence of the returning
ftroke, as fufticiently afeertained, and’ well illuftrated, in
a variety of circumftances, by the noble author.’s experi¬
ments, the magnitude and danger of it do not feem to be
fo alarming as he apprehends.” See Hutton’s Diet,
vol. ii. p. 370.

XXV. The eleCtric fluid pafles eafily through a va¬
cuum. — The air being a r.on-conduCtor, in proportion as
it is removed, the effort cf the eleCtric fluid on the fur-
face of the body politively eleCtrified to pafs to the next
conductor, meets with lefs refiftance, and therefore is dif-
fufed over a greater fpace. — To exemplify this, let a jar
be charged in vacuo. Let a luminous conductor be placed in
the circuit, and obferve the fluid pafling through it.
Let a vacuum be made a part of the circuit in difcharging
a phial. — Or, make a vacuum in a double barometer, and
let the fluid pafs from one leg to the other by connecting
one cf the veffels of mercury with the conductor. — The
eleCtric fluid may be made to pafs through a large tube
three feet in length, and four or five inches in diameter.

ELEC T

if, being well exhaufted, one end of it be connected with
a large conductor. — The preceding experiments mutt be
performed in a dark room.

From t lie refemblance between thefe electrical ap¬
pearances, and tire atmofpherical phenocnena of the au~
rora borealis, meteors, Sec. it is inferred, that thefe phe¬
nomena are produced by the eleCtric fluid. The luccefs
of the foregoing experiments depends, it is highly pro¬
bable, upon the air in the jar, tube, &c. being rarefied
in a high degree; for Mr. W. Morgan, who was deeply
fkilled in calculations and political arithmetic, has (hewn,
that a pcrfeEl vacuum is abfolutely impermeable to the
eleCtric fluid. See Phil. Tranf. vol. lxxv.

XXVI . Some fifties have the property of giving fhocks
analogous' to thofe of artificial electricity ; namely, the
torpedo, the' gymnotvs cleElricus, the filurus eleElricus , and
the tetrodon cleElricus ., — If the torpedo,- whilft (landing in
water, or out of water, but not inhibited, be touched
with one hand, it generally communicates a tremulous
motion or flight fliock to the hand. If the torpedo be
touched with both hands, at the fame time, one hand
being applied to its under , and the other to its upper, fur-
face, a (hock will be received exaCtly like that oc.cafioned
by the Leyden phial. When the hands touch the fifh on
the oppofite furfaces, and juft over the eleCtric organs,
then the fliock is the (trongeft ; but no fliock is felt, if
both hands are pladed upon the eleCtric organs of the
fame furface ; which (hews that the upper and lower fur-
faces of the eleCtric organs are in oppofite Hates of elec¬
tricity, atifvvering to the plus and minus fides of a Leyden
phial, or coated plate. — The fliock given by the torpedo
when in air, is about four times as ftrong as when in wa¬
ter ; and when the animal is touched on both furfaces by
the fame hand, the thumb being applied to one furface,
and the middle finger to the oppofite, the (hock is felt
much (tronger than when the circuit is formed by both
hands. This power of the torpedo is conducted by t he
fame fubftances which conduCt electricity, and is inter¬
rupted by thofe fubftances which are non-conduCtors of
electricity. A circuit may be made of feveral perfons
joining hands, and the fliock will be felt by them all at
the fame time; but the fliock will not pafs through the
leaft interruption of continuity, not even the diftance of
the two hundredth part of an inch.. No elective attrac¬
tion or repulfion could be ever obferved to be produced
by the torpedo, nor, indeed, by any of the eleCtric fillies.
The (bocks of the torpedo feem to depend on the will of
the animal.

The gymnotus eleCtricus, or eleCtrical eel, poflefles all
the electric properties of the torpedo, but in a fuperior
degree, When final 1 fifh are put into the water wherein
the gymnotus is kept, they are generally ftunned o.r killed
by the (hock; and then they are fwallowed, if the ani¬
mal be hungry. The ftrongeft fhock of the gymnotus
will pafs> a very fliort interruption of continuity in the
circuit. When the interruption isfoymed by the incifion
made by a pen-knife on a flip of tin-foil that is pafted on
glafs, and that flip is put into the circuit, the fliock, in
palling through that interruption, will (iiew a fuull but
vivid (park, plainly to be feen in a dark room. The
gymnotus feems alfo to be polfeffed of a fort of new fenfe,
by which he knows whether the bodies prefented to him
.are conductors or not. Thi$ faCt was afoertaiued by a
great number of experiments made by Mr. WaTfli.

The (ilurus eleCtricus is known to have the power of
giving a ftrong fliock ; but not fo powerful as that of the
gymnotus. The fourth eleCtrical fifli waS'found on the
coaft of Johanna, one of the Comoro iflands, in latitude
12° 13' fouth, by lieut. William Paterfon, in 1786. It
is the Tetrodon eleCtricus of the Linmean fyftem ; and an
account of it was fir ft publifhed in the 76111 vol. of the
Pllil. Tranf. For the very curious and interefting natu¬
ral hiftory of thefe eleCtrical fillies, and figures of them,
fee the articles Gymnotus, Raja, Silurus, and Te¬
trodon.

Vol. VI. No. 362,

UCITY. 433

When electricity is flrongly communicated to infulated
animal bodies, the pulfe is quickened, and perfpiration
increafed ; and, if they receive or part with their electri¬
city cn a fudden, a painful fenfation is felt at the place of
communication. But what is more extraordinary is, that
the influence of the brain and nerves upon the mufcles
feems to be of ,an cleElivc nature. We are indebted for
this difeovery to M. Galvani, a learned Italian, who
denominated that part of the fcicnce, animal electri¬
city ; and, which, from his name, fubfequent writers
have chofen to denominate Galvanism. We (ball give
the principal of his observations, together with fome il-
luflrative experiments.

1. Tl;e nerve of. the limb of an animal being laid bare,
and ftirrounded with a piece of tin-foil, if a communica¬
tion be formed between the nerve thus armed, and any of
the neighbouring mufcles, by means of a piece of zinc,
flrong contractions will be produced in the limb. 2. It
a portion of the nerve which has been laid bare be armed
as above, contractions will be produced as powerfully, by
forming the communication between the armed and bare
part of the nerve, as between the armed part and mufcle.
3. A fimilar effett is produced by arming, a nerve, and
limply touching the armed part of the nerve with the
metallic conductor. 4. Contractions will take place if a
mufcle be armed, and a communication be formed by
means of the .conductor between it and a neighbouring
nerve. The fame effeCt will be produced it t lie commu¬
nication be formed between the armed mufcle and ano¬
ther mufcle which is contiguous toit. 5. Contractions
may be produced in the limb of an animal, by bringing
•the pieces of metal into contaCt with each other at fome
diflance from the limb, provided the latter make part ot a
line of communication between the two metallic con¬
ductors. 6. Contractions can be produced in the ampu¬
tated leg of a frog, by putting it into water, and bringing
the two metals into contact with each other at a (mail
diftance from the limb. 7. The influence which has
pafted through, and excited contractions in, one limb,
may. be made to pafs through, and excite contractions in,
another limb. S. The heart is the only involuntary
mufcle in which contractions can be excited by thefe ex¬
periments. 9. Contractions are produced more (tr.ongly
the farther the coating is placed from the origin ot the
nerve. 10. Animals which were ajmoft dead have been
found to be confiderably revived by. exciting this in¬
fluence. 1 1.. When thefe experiments are repeated upon
an animal that has been killed by opium, or by the elec¬
tric fliock, very flight contractions are produced ; and no
contractions whatever will- take place in an animal that
has been killed by corrofive fublimate, or that has been
ftarved to death. 1.2. Zinc appears to be the bed exciter
when applied to gold, fllver, molybdena, fteel, or copper.
The latter metals, however, excite but feeble contrac¬
tions. when applied to each other. Next to zinc, in con¬
tact with thefe metals, tin and lead, and (liver and lead,
appear to be the molt- powerful exciters. Thefe facts
are exemplified b\ the following experiments :

Place the limb of an animal, a frog, for inftance, upon
a table ; hold with one hand the principal nerv.e pre-vi-
oufly laid bare, and in the other hold a piece of zinc;
let a (mall plate of lead or filv.ei; be then laid upon the
table, at fome diftance from the limb, and a communica¬
tion be formed, by means of water, between the lim,b and
the part of the table where the m tal is lying. If now,
the fllver be touched with the zinc, contractions will be
produced in the limb the moment that the metals come
into contaCt with each other. The. fame effect will be
produced, if the two pieces of metal be previoufly, placed
in contaCt, and the operator touch one of them with his
finger.

Let two amputated limbs of a frog be taken ; let one
of them be laid upon a table, and its toot be folded in a
piece of fllver ; let a perfon lift up the nerve ot this limb
with a fllver probe, and another perfon. hold in his hand a
3 S piece

404

ELECTRIC I T Y.

piece of zinc, with which he is to touch the filver in¬
cluding the foot ; let tlie perfon holding the zinc in one
hand, catch. with the other the nerve of the fecond limb,
■atid, he -.who touches the nerve of thefirft limb, is to hold
in the other hand the foot of the fecond ; let the zinc
tuny be applied to the (river, including the foot of the
find, and contractions will be immediately excited in
both limbs.

Take a living flounder, lay it flat in a pewter plate, or
upon a (beet of tin-foil, and put a piece of- filver, as a
fit ill big, ."'or a half-crown, upon the frill. Then, by means
of a piece of metal, complete the communication between
the pewter plate, or tin-foil, and the filver piece, on
doing which the animal will give evident tokens of being
a defied.

Let a perfon lay a piece of zinc upon bis tongue, and a
half-crown, or other filver, by the fide' of it ; on forming
a communication between thofe two metals, by bringing
their two edges into contadl, h'e will perceive a peculiar
fenfation, a kind of cool fub-acid taffe, not exactly like,
and yet not much different from, that produced by artifi¬
cial electricity.

In a medical view, electricity has been adminiflered for
various difeafes. Cavallo has taken great pains in afeer-
taining the cafes in which electricity has been fuccelf-
f"i 1 1 1 y applied. We are informed by that gentleman, that
rheumatic dij'orders, even of long Handing, are relieved, and
generally quite cured. Deafnefs, tlte tooth-ach, fwellings
in general, inflammations of every fort, pal fies, ulcers,
cutaneous eruptions, the St. Vitus5 dance, fcroplnilous
tumours, cancers, abfeefres, nervous head-achs, the drop-
fy, gout, agues, and obftructions, have been all confide-
rably relieved, and in many inftances perfectly cured, by
the application of the eleCtrical fliock, which is to be
thrown on the difeafed part. This remedy, however,
fliould be reforted to with great caution ; and never ap¬
plied but under the direction of a regular-bred phyfician.

Animal eleCtricity naturally fuggefted animal magnetifm.
The firft notice of the aCtion of eleCtric influence upon
the nervous fyftem, was brought forward at Paris, by
Mefner and his pupil Deflon. The furprife and afionifti-
ment withwhich, from its novelty, it was accompanied,
evidently influenced the powers of the mind. It feemed
to affeCt the whole animal economy, and, for a time, ex¬
cited the mod extraordinary emotions. Thefe paflions
evidently relulted more from the influence of the imagi¬
nation, than from any of the pretended powers of animal
electricity. Hence quacks and empirics took advantage
of the public credulity, and covering their impofitions
under the fafeinatihg veil of mydery, pretended that its
occult virtue could change ayerfion into love, and love
into avorfion ; that it could create pain, heal wounds, and
cure difeafes, as if by enchantment. The whole of, this
mydery, however, and its -confequent fraud, is now un¬
veiled by the experiments of Galvani and his followers,
-who have clearly defined the operation of electricity upon
the animal fyftem, and thus introduced a valuable acqui-
fition to medical practice.

XXVII. There is a confiderable analogy., and difference ,
between magnetifm and electricity. — The power of elec¬
tricity is of two forts, pofitive and-negative ; bodies pof-
fefled of the fame fort of electricity, repel each other,
and thofe pofTeffed of different forts attraCt each other.
In magnetifm, every magnet has two poles ; poles of the
fame name repel each other, and the contrary poles at¬
tract each other. — If a thin glafs plate coated with red
fealing-wax, be fet on pofitive and negative globes, and
we fprinkle (from a confiderable height) a fine powder of
black fealing-vvax, and then agitate the plate gently with
a glafs rod, the particles of wax powder will gradually
arrange themfelves into curve lines, diverging from the
point over one of the globes, and converging to the point
over the other, precifely like the curves formed by iron-
filings fprinkled on a paper held over a magnet. Each
little rag of wax becomes eleCtrical by pofition, acquires

two poles, and the pofitive pole of one attracts the nega¬
tive pole of another ; and they adhere in a certain deter¬
minate pofition, nearly a tangent to the curve, and indi¬
cates the law of magnetic action. When in this date, if
a hot brick be held over the plate till the wax foften.a
little, the particles of black wax will adhere to the red
coating, and give a permanent fpecimen of the adfion.

In electricity, when a body in its natural date is brought
near to one electrified, it acquires a contrary electricity,
and becomes attracted by it. In magnetifm, when a fer¬
ruginous fubdance is brought near to one pole of a -mag¬
net, it acquires a contrary polarity, and becomes attrac¬
ted by it.

One fort of electricity cannot be produced by itfelf.
In like manner, no body can have only one magnetic
pole. The eleCtric virtue may be retained by eleCtrics,
but it eafily pervades non-eleCtrics. The magnetic vir¬
tue is retained by ferruginous bodies, but it eafily per¬
vades other bodies. On the contrary, the magnetic power
differs from the eleCtric, in that it does not afteCt the
fenfes with light, fmell, tade, or noife, as the eleCtric
does. Magnets attract only iron, whereas the eleCtric
power attracts bodies of every fort. — The eleCtric virtue
refides on the fur-face of electrified bodies, but the mag¬
netic is internal. — A magnet lofes nothing of its power
by magnefying other bodies, but an electrified body lofes
part of its electricity by electrifying other bodies. See
the article Magnetism.

LAWS of ANIMAL ELECTRICITY, or
GALVANISM.

The difeovery of the eleCtric influence on the animal
fibre, and the cenfequent experiments publiflied by Gal¬
vani, foon drew the attention of philofophers in all parts,
to the invelligation of fo curious and intereding a pheno¬
menon. It was long contended that this fecret operation
of nature arofe from a principle altogether different and
didinCt from that of electricity ; and, inafmuch as tills
principle appeared to be brought into aCtion by the
agency of metals, it was believed that till the phenomena,
refulted from a particular fluid inherent in metallic bodies,
wliich could only be communicated to animal fubftances
by the force of touch. In the year 1800, however, thefe
fallacious hypothefes were removed, by means of the in¬
genious apparatus, or pile, of M. Volta, profeffor of phi-
lofophy in the univerfity of Pavia, with which he was
enabled clearly to demondrate, that the galvanic influ¬
ence was neither more nor lefs than an excitation of the
common eleCtric fluid.

This apparatus conlids of a number of copper or filver
pieces or plates, with an equal number of plates com-
pofed of zinc, and a fintilar number of pieces of card,
leather, pafteboard, or woollen cloth, which diould be
foaked in water f.iturated with common fait, muriat of
ammonia, or nitre. The filver or copper may be pieces
of money, and the plates of zinc may be cad of the fame
(ize. A pile is then formed, by placing a piece of filver
on a correfponding one of zinc, and on them a piece of
wet cloth, or card: which is to be repeated alternately,
till the number required be piled up in regular fuccef-
fion. But, as the pieces are apt to tumble down, unleis
properly fecured, it will be-advifable to fupport them
by means of three rods of glafs, or baked wood, fixed
into a flat wooden pededal, and touching the pieces of
metal at three equididant points. Upon thefe may he
made to Aide a fmall circular piece of wood, perforated
with three holes, to receive the glafs rods at top, which
will ferve to keep the pile firm, and the different layers
in clofe contaCt. The moiftened pieces of cloth fliould
be fomewhat fmaller than thofe of the metal, and gently
fqueezed before they are applied, to prevent the luper-
fluous moiffure from infuiuatlng itfelf between the pieces
of metal. Thus conftruCied the apparatus is called the
Voltaic pile , and will afford a, perpetual current of the ani-
mal-eleftric fluid, through a»y conductor that comrounu

cates

JLoruZon.JPu2>lis7u3cl as tiie Act directs J^farch ia.804* TyiTW'dJces

435.

ELECTRICITY.

between the ftp'p'ermod- and lowed: plate; and, if
one hand be applied to the latter, and the other to the
limbed 'metal, an eleftric (hock will be perceived, which
jiiay be repeated as often as the contaft is renewed. The
in'.enfity of the charge, however, is fo low, that it cannot
penetrate the dry fkin ; it will therefore be neceflary to
wet both hands, and to grafp a piece of metal in each, in
order to produce the defired effect : its power may be
confiderably increafed, both by an elevation of tempera¬
ture, and by augmenting the number of pieces that com-
pofe the pile. Thus twenty pieces of each will emit a
fhock, that is very perceptible in the arms ; it one hun¬
dred tie employed, a very fevere but tremulous and con¬
tinued fenfation will extend even to the (boulders; and,
if the furface of the fkin be broken, the aftion of the
eleftric fluid will be uncommonly painful. The fenfation
of a fliock with this apparatus, does not materially difFer
from that produced by two Ample coated plates; but it
may be effected in various ways, efpecially if one or both
hands be applied in a wet (late to the lowed: plate of the
pile ; or any part of the face be brought -in contadl with
a wire communicating with the top piece. Or if a wire
be held between the teeth, fo as to red upon the tongue,
that organ, as well as the lips, will become convulfed,
the fpark will appear before the eye, and a very pungent
tade will be perceived in the mouth. — See figures of the
Voltaic pile in the Eleftricity Plate III. fig. 22, and 2;.

As the apparatus lofes its energy, in proportion as the
fubdances laid on each other become dry, M. Volta en¬
deavoured to prevent this effeft by indofing the pile in
wax. He contrived to inclofe in this way two columns,
each compofed of twenty plates, which added perfedtly
well during feveral weeks, and which, he had reafon to
expedt, would continue to do fo for the fpace of feveral
months. The particular combination which he confiders
as the mod ufeful, is a battery formed by a range of glaf-
fes, or cups, fimilar to that of the Leyden jars, and con¬
taining warm water or brine. Into each of thefe a plate
of diver, and another of zinc, are plunged, but without
reciprocally touching each other. Between thefe glades,
or cups, metallic communications are edublidied, and dif-
pofed in fuch a way as that, provided they reach, on the
one hand, the zinc contained in one of the glades, they
fhould reach the diver in the other; and that from the
zinc in the latter they fhould extend to the diver in the
one by which it is followed ; and thus confecutively
throughout the whole of the aflemblage. When any one
places himfelf in the range of the battery, between the
firft and the lad of the glades, he feels the -fliock. It is
edential that the plates of metal, plunged in the fluid,
flfould have, at the lead, a fquare inch of furface. With
refpeft to the communications from one of the glades, or
cups, to another, they may have as fmall an extent as
the operator may wifh. This is called the Voltaic battery .

Tn the lifting of the French national inflitute, on the
7th of November, i8or, M. Volta read a memoir, con¬
taining the detail and refults of his new experiments made
by this apparatus ; which tended to bring frefh and flrik-
ing evidences of the identity of the galvanic and eleftric
fluids, agreeably to the hypotheds he had invariably
maintained. Thefe proofs were fo fatisfaftory, that the
gold medal was unanimoudy decreed to the learned pro-
fedbr of Pavia. A flriking feature adduced by Volta
was, that if two diverfe metals, infulated, and po He fling
their natural quantity only of eleftricity, be brought in
contaft, it will be found that, as foon as they are with¬
drawn from this contaft, they will poflefs different dates
of eleftricity, or, in other words, one of them will be in
the pofltive, the other in the negative, date. Thus, in
the mutual contaft of copper and zinc, the copper be¬
comes hegative, as to its eleftricity, and the zinc pofi-
tive. The development of the eleftric fluid is confe-
quently independent of any humid conduftor. All the
■ether fafts connefted with this leading one, the inflitute
afeertained to be "incontedible, The refult was there¬

fore declared fo be, “ tluil tire fluid to which the nrmf
cular contractions, and the phenomena of the pile, are
a fc rib able, notwitliftanding it has long been confidered as
a particular fimd, is- merely the Common elettric fluid, put
in aftion by a caufe, the nature of which is unknown,
but the effects of which we evidently fee.”

This intereding hifeovery foon gave rife to feveral
others, which are principally due to our own country¬
men. Mr. Carlifle, and Mr. Nicholfbn, Tucceeded- in
the fame experiments in England, that profelfor Volta
had made in Italy and France. At a very early part of
the invedigation, the pile having been formed, and -the
contafts fecured by placing a drop of water upon the up¬
per plate of the pile, .a difengagement of gas was ob-
ferved round the condufting wire. The gas, though
minute in quantity, fecme.d to Mr. Nicholfon to have the
fmell of hydrogen, when the wire of communication was
fleel. This, with feme other fafts, led him to pro pole
to break the circuit, by the fubfldtution of a tube of wa¬
ter between two wires. Accordingly, a brafs wire thrptigh-
each, of two corks was inferred at the oppofrte ends ot a
gdafs tube about half an inch in diameter, filled between
the corks with water : the diflance between the points of
the wires in the water, was about an inch and three quar¬
ters. This compound difeharger was applied fo that the.
external ends of its wire were in contaft with the two
extreme plates of a pile of thirty-fix half-crowns with
correfpondent pifeces of zinc and padeboard. A dream
of minute bubbles immediately began to flow from the
point of the lower wire in the tube, which communi¬
cated with the diver, and the oppodte point of the upper
wire became tarnifhed, firfl deep orange, and then black.
On reverfing the tube, the gas came from the other point,
which was now lowed:, while the upper, in its turn, be¬
came tarniflied and black. Reverfing the tube again, the
phenomena again changed their order. In this (late the
whole was left for two hours and a half. The upper
wire gradually emitted whitifli filmy clouds, which, to¬
wards the end of the procefs, became of a pea-green co¬
lour, and hung in perpendicular threads from. the extreme
half-inch of the wire, the water being rendered femi-
opaque by what fell off, and in a great part lay, of a pale
green, on the lower furface of the tube, which, in this
difpofition of the apparatus, was inclined about forty de¬
grees to the horizon. The lower wire, three quarters of
an inch long, conffantly emitted gas, except when an¬
other circuit, or complete wire, was applied to the ap¬
paratus; during which time the emiflion of gas was fuf-
pended. When this lad-mentioned wire was removed,
the gas re-appeared as before. The produft of gas,
during the. whole two hours, and a half, was two-thir¬
tieths of a cubic inch. It was then mixed with an equal
quantity of common air, and exploded by the application
of a lighted wax.ed thread'.

Meifrs.- Carlifle and Nicholfon were led, by reafoning
on the firft appearance of hydrogen, to expeft a decom-
polition of water; but it was with no little furprife that
they found the hydrogen extricated at vthe contaft with
one wire, while the oxygen fixed itfelf in combination
with the other wire at the didance of almoft two inches.
As the didance between the wires formed a flriking fea¬
ture in this refult, it became dedrable to afceitain whe¬
ther it would take place to greater diflances.. When a
tube three quarters of an inch in diameter, and thirty-fix
inches long, was made life of, the effeft failed, though
the very fame wires, inferted into a fliorter tube, operated
very brifkly. The experiment being tried with tinftnre
of litmus in place of water, and the oxydating wire,
namely, from the zinc fide, being lowed in the tube, it
changed the tinfture red in about ten minutes as high as
the upper extremity of the wire. The other portion re¬
mained blue. Hence it fee ms either an acid was formed,
or that a portion of the oxygen combined with the lit¬
mus, fo as to produce the effe.ft of an add.

It may he here offered as a general remark, that the
1 eleftric

E L E C T RICIT Y\

ck'flric pile with a card, or with woollen cloth, continues
in order for about two days, or ( cartel y three ; that, from
a feries of glades let up by Mr. Carlille, as well as from
die pile itfelf, it appears that the fame procefs of decom-
polirion of water is carried on between each pair of plates,
the zinc being oxyded on the wet face, and hydrogen
given out ; that the common fait is decompofed, and^x-
hibits an efflorefcence of foda round the edges ot the pile,
extruded, molt probably, by the hydrogen : and that, on
account of the corrofion of the furfaces of the zinc, it is
necelfary to renew them previoufly to each conftrudtion
of the pile. This may be done by (craping or grinding..
By thefe and other Accurate experiments, Mr. Nicholfon
afeertained that the electricity of the zinc was plus, and
that of the 111 ver minus, whichever of them were at the
top of the pile. The eledtric fpark was' even rendered
vidble ; fo that there remained no doubt of the identity
of the eledtric and galvanic fluids.

The d e com poll r ion of water, and oxydation .of metallic
•wire', fuggefted other experiments. Two final 1 wires of
platina were inferted, as before, in a Ihoft tube, When
the connection with the pile was formed, the wire from
the (liver gave a plentiful dream of gas, and that from
the zinc a" (mailer one. In four hours, neither turbid-
nefs, oxydation, nor tarmffi,, appeared. The larger dream
was natural ly'fuppofed to be hydrogen, the (mailer oxy¬
gen. 'With thick gold leaf, indead of platina, the refult
was the fame, only the extremity of the flip connected
with the zinc acquired a coppery or purplifh tinge. A
brafs wire was fubftituted for one of the flips of gold.
When the former was joined to the (liver end, the two
dreams Were extricated as before;, but, when joined to
the zinc, it became oxyded, as when both the wires were
of braft.

The (imp It decompoiition of water by platina wires,
without oxydation, offered a means of obtaining the gafes
feparate from each other. This wag tried with a pile of
fixty.eight fets. A wire from each end of the pile pa (fed
under (eparate phials full of water inverted in a faucer
of- water. A cloud of gas arofe front each wire, but mod
from the filyer ‘-or minus flde. Bubbles were extricated
from all parts. of the water, and adhered to the whole in¬
ternal furface of the velfels. The procefs was continued
for thirteen hours, after which the wires were difen-
gaged, and thC gafes decanted into feparate bottles. On
nieafuring the quantities, which was done by weighing the
bottles, it was found that the quantitjes'of water difplaced
by the gales were, refpettively, fevCnty-tivo grains by the
gas from the zinc (ide, and 142 grains by the gas from
die til vc r fide ; fo that the whole volume of gas was 117
cubic inches, or near an inch and a quarter. Thefe are
nearly the proportions in bulk of what are dated to be
the component parts of water. The gas from the zinc
fide being tried with one meafure of nitrous gas, con-
traded to 1-25, and did not cOntradt more by the addi¬
tion- of another meafure ? the gas from the hi ver fide, by
the fame treatment, contracted to i-6. The air ot the
room, on trial, contracted to 1-28. From the fmallnefs
of- the quantity, no attempt was made to detonate the air
from the zinc (ide ; but a portion of that from the (liver
fide, being mixed with one lide of atmofpheric air, gave
a loud detonation. Thefe, and fimilar experiments fub-
iequently made by other philofophers with the fame in¬
tention, fully eftablifh the capacity of the Voltaic pile as
a chemical agent for the decompoiition of water.

Severa l curious experiments On the deflagration of me¬
tals were afterwards made with the Voltaic pile ; in which
dil'c's of flannel moiftened with a folution of muriat of am¬
monia, gave confiderable force. On this principle, a pile
confiding of thirty-fix pair of plates-of (liver and zinc,
had the' intenfity to deflagrate gold, (liver, copper, tin,
lead, ,tnd zind, with a furprifing facility. The gold
burned with a vivid white light, inclining fomevvhat to
blue; and there was left on the "upper plate a copious
oxyd of a deep brown colour, inclining a little to pur¬

ple. The (liver gave a vivid flame of a greenifli hue,
aivd extremely brilliant; the colour was femewhat like
that of a pale emerald, and the light more intenfe than
that from the gojd ; its oxyd was that of a blackifli hue.
The copper pvefented phenomena fimilar to thofe which
attended the deflagration of' the gold. The lead gave a
very vivid light, of a dilute bluifh purple. The tin af¬
forded a- light fimilar to that of the 'gold, but burned
with lefs energy, probably on this account, that the leaves
were thicker. The zinc gave a bluifh white flame, which
was edged^at the moment of contadl with, red ; it was
more difliclilt of deflagration titan any of the preceding
metals; but the plates were at the fame time- much
thicker. Thefe experiments ferve to fliew the great in¬
tenfity with which the electric fluid can be given out by
the Voltaic pile.

The numerous experiments which now followed, ra¬
ther tended to incline the public mind to a belief, that
the faculty of performing chemical precedes, and the
power of decompofing water, belonged peculiarly to the
Voltaic pile. But this fuppofition, before the clofe of
the year 1801, was effedtually done away by an filtered-
ing paper on the identity of the galvanic and eledtric
fluids, which was read by Dr. Hyde Wollaflon before the
royal lociety of London, and publiflied in their Tranf-
adtions. By this paper it appeared that the dodtor had
lucceeded in decompofing water by the means 'of com¬
mon eledtricity, as rapidly as by the pile of Volta. He
had obviated the difficulty which was caufed by the fluid
palling, in a greater or lefs degree, in. the form of (parks,
by employing a gold wire, and a filver wire, infdlated in
the oppofite ends of a glafs tube, and prefenting to each-
other as fine a point as they could poflibly be made to
receive. The tube in which they were inferted contained
tlte water to be decompofed, and conftituted a part of an
eledtric circuit. As this paper tends to illuftrate, in a
mod fatisfadtory manner, the primary caufe of the gal¬
vanic and eledtric phenomena in the decompoiition of
water, &c. we (hall give it in the author’s own Words :

“ Notwithstanding the power of M. Volta’s electric
pile is now known to be proportional- to the difpofition
of one of the metals to be oxydated by the fluid inter-
pofed, a doubt has been entertained by many perfons,
whether this power arifes fiom the chemical adtiou of the
fluid on the metal ; or, on the contrary, whether the oxy¬
dation itfelf may not be occafioned by electricity , fet in
• motion by the contadl of metals. t Hat have different con¬
ducting powers. That the oxydation of the metal is the
primary caufe of the eledtric phenomena obferved, is, I
think, to be inferred from the following experiments,
which exhibit the galvanic procefs reduced to its molt
Ample (late.

1. If a piece of zinc and a piece of filver have each one
extremity immerfed in the fame veffel, containing fulplni-
ric or muriatic acid diluted with a large quantity of wa¬
ter, the zinc is difiolved, and yields hydrogen gas, by the
decompoiition of the water: the filver, not being adted
upon, has no power of decompofing water; but, when-
fver the zinc and filver are made to touch, or any me¬
tallic communication is made between them, hydrogen
gas is aifo formed at the furface of the filver. Any other
metal befide zinc, which, by the aid of the acid employ¬
ed, is capable of decompofing water, will fucceed equally,
if the other wire confifis of a metal on which the acid lias
no effedt.

2. If zinc, iron, or copper, be employed with gold, in
dilute nitric acid, nitrous gas will be formed, in the fame
manner, and under the fame- circumftances, as the hydro¬
gen gas in the former experiment.

3. Experiments analogous to the former, and equally
Ample, may alfo be made with many metallic folutions.
If, for in (lance, the folution contains copper, it will be
precipitated by a piece of iron, and appear on its furface.
Upon fllver merely immerfed in the fame folution, no
fuch efiedt is produced; but as foon as the two metals

«4T c

«

ELECT

are brought into contact, the (liver receives a coating of
copper. " In the explanation of thefe experiments, it is
neceffary to advert to a point edabliffied by means of the
eleCtric pile. We know that when water is placed in a
•circuit of conductors of electricity, between the two ex-
• tremiiies.of a pile, if the power is fufficient to oxydate one
of the wires of communication, the wire connected with
the oppofite extremity aifords hydrogen gas. Since the
extrication of hydrogen, in this jnftance, is feen to de¬
pend on eleCtricity, it is probable that, in other indances,
electricity may be alfo requilite for its converlion into
gas. It would appear, therefore, that in the folution of
a metal, electricity is evolved during the aCtion of the
acid upon it ; and that the formation of hydrogen gas,
even in that cafe, depends on a tranfition of eleCtricity
between the fluid and the metal. We fee, moreover, in
the firft experiment, that the zinc, without contaCt of
any other metal, has the power of decompofing water ;
and we can have no reafon to fuppofe that the contaCt of
the filver produces any new power, but that it ferves
merely as a conductor of eleCtricity, and thereby occafions
the formation of hydrogen gas. In the third experiment
alfo, the iron by itfelf has the power of precipitating
copper, by means, I prefume, of eleCtricity evolved du¬
ring its dilution ; and here likewife the filver, by con¬
ducting that eleCtricity, acquires the power of precipi¬
tating the copper in its metallic date. The explanation
here given receives additional confirmation from compa¬
rative- experiments which I have made with common elec¬
tricity ; for it will be feen that the fame transfer of che¬
mical power, and the fame apparent reverfion of the uTual
order of chemical affinities in the precipitation of copper
by filver, may be effected by a common eleCtrical machine.
The machine with which thefe experiments were con¬
ducted, confifis of a cylinder feven inches in diameter,
with a conductor on each fide fixteen inches long, and
three inches and a half diameter, each furnidied with a
Aiding electrometer, to regulate the drength of the fpark
received from them.

4. Having a wire of fine filver, 1-1 joth of an inch in
diameter, I coated the middle of it, for two or three
inches, with fealing-wax, and, by cutting through in the
middle of the wax, expofed a feCtion of the wire. The
two coated extremities of the wire, thus divided, were
immerfed in a folution of fulphat of copper placed in an
eleCtric circuit between the two conductors ; and fparks,
taken at one-tenth of an inch didance, were pafled by
means of them through the folution. After one hundred
turns of the machine, the wire which communicated with
(what is called) the negative conductor, had a precipitate
formed on its furface, which, upon being burnilhed, was
evidently copper ; but the oppofite wire had no fitch
coating. Upon reverfing the direction of the current of
eleCtricity, the order of the phenomena was of courfe re-
verfed ; the copper being Ihortly re-diffolved by affid-
ance of the oxydating power of pofitive e^Ctricity, and
a fimilar precipitate formed on the oppofite wire.

5. A fimilar experiment made with gold wires i-iooth
of an inch diameter, in a folution of corrofivc lublimate,
had the fame fuccefs. The chemical agency, therefore,
of common eleCtricity is thus proved to be the fame with
the power excited by chemical means; but, (ince a dif.
ference has been obferved in the comparative facility
with which the pile of Volta decompofes water, and pro¬
duces other effects of oxydation and de-oxydation of bo¬
dies expofed to its aCtion, I have been at fome pains to
remove this difficulty, and can at lead produce a very
clofe imitation of the galvanic phenomena by common
eleCtricity. It has been thought neceffary to employ
powerful machines and large Leyden jars for the decom-
polition of water ; but, when I confidered that the de-
compofition mud depend on duly proportioning the
drength of the charge of electricity to the quantity of
water, and that the quantity expofed to its action at the
furface of communication depends on the extent of that

Vol. VL No. 362,

R I C I T Y. 427

furface, I hoped that, by reducing the furface of com¬
munication, the decompofition of water might be effected
by fmaller machines, and with lefs powerful excitation,
than have hitherto been u fed for that purpofe ; and in
this hope I have not been disappointed.

6. Having procured a fmall wife of fine gold, and
given it as fine a point as I could, i infected it into a ca¬
pillary glafs'tube ; and, after heating the tube fo as to
make it adhere to the point, and cover it in every part,

I gradually ground it down, till, with a pocket lens, I
could difeern that the point of the gold was expofed.

'The fuccefs of this method exceeding my expectations*

I coated feveral wires in the fame manner, and found,
that when fparks from the conductors before-mentioned
were made to pafs through water, by means of a point
fo guarded, a fpark palling to the didance of one-eighth
of an inch would decompofe water, when the point ex¬
pofed did not exceed i-700th of an inch in diameter.
With another point, which I edimated at i-i^ooth, a
fucceffion of fparks, one-twentieth of an inch in length,
afforded a current of fmall bubbles of air. I have (ince
found that the fame apparatus will decompofe water with
a wire one-fortieth of an inch diameter, coated in the
manner before-deferibed, if the fpark from the prime
conductor pafles to the diftance of four-tenths of an inch
of air. »

7. I'n order to try how far the drength of the eleCtric
fpark might be reduced by a proportional diminution of
the extremity of the wire, I puffed a folution of gold in
aqua regia through a capillary tube, and, by heating the
tube, expelled the acid. There remained a thin film of
gold lining the inner furface of the tube, which, by
melting the tube, was converted into a very fine thread
of gold, through the fubdance of the glafs. When the
extremity of this thread was made the medium of com- ‘
munication through water, I found that the mere cur¬
rent of eleCtricity would occafion a dream of very fmall
bubbles to rile from the extremity of the gold, although
the wire, by which it communicated with the pofitive or
negative conductor,. was placed in abfolute contaCt with
them. Hence it appears, that the decompofition of water
may take place by common eleCtricity as well as by the
eleCtric pile, although no difccrnible fparks are produced.
The appearance of two currents of air may alfo be imi¬
tated by occalioning the eleCtricity to pafs by fine points
of communication on both (ides of the water; but, in
faCt, the refemblance is not complete ; for, in every way
in which I have tried it, I obferved, that each wire gave
both oxygen and hydrogen gas, indead of their being
formed feparately, as by the eleCtric pile. • I am inclined
to attribute the difference in this refpeCt to the greater
intenlity with which it is neceffary to employ common
ele'Ctricity : for, that pofitive and negative electricity, fo
excited, have each the fame chemical power as they are
obferved to have in the eleCtric pile, may be afeertained
by other means. In the precipitation of copper by fil¬
ver, an indance of de-oxydation by negative eleCtricity
has been mentioned : the oxydating power of pofitive
eleCtricity may be alfo proved by its effect on vegetable
blue colours.

8. Having coloured a card with a drong infufion of
litmus, I paffed a current of eleCtric fparks along it, by
means of two fine gpld points, touching it at the didance
of an inch from each other. The effeCt, as in other cafes,
depending on the fmallnefs of the quantity of water, was

" mod difcernible when the card was nearly dry. In this
date, a very few turns of the machine were fufficient to
occafion a rednefs at the pofitive wire, very manifed to
the naked eye. The negative wire, being afterwards
placed on the fame fpot, foon redored it to its original
blue colour. By M. Volta’s apparatus, the fame effects
are produced in much lefs time. Befide the (imilarity
which has thus been traced between the effeCts of elec¬
tricity excited by the common machine and thofe ob¬
ferved from the electric pile, I think it appears alfo pro-
5'T bable

43S

ELECTRICITY.

table that they originate from the fame fource. With
regard to the latter, its power is now known to depend
on oxydation ; fo alfo does the excitement in the former
appear very much to depend on the fame procefs.

9. I have found that, by ufing an amalgam of filver-,
or of platina, which are not liable to .be oxydated, I
could obtain no eledtricity. An amalgam of tin, on the
contrary, affords a good degree of excitement. Zinc adts
ft i 1 1 better; but the beft amalgam is made with both ti it
and zinc, a mixture which is more eafily oxydated than
either metal feparately.

10. But, as a further trial whether oxydation affifts
in the production of eledtricity, I mounted a fmall cylin¬
der, with its cufhion and conductor, in a veflel fo con¬
trived that I could at pleafure change the contained air.
After trying the degree of excitement in common air, I
fubftituted carbonic gas, .and found that the excitement
was immediately deftroyed, but that it returned upon re-
admidion of atmofpheric air. In conformity to this hy-
pothefis, we find that the metal oxydated is, in each cafe,
in a fimilar (late of eledtricity ; for the cufhion of the ma¬
chine, by oxydation of the amalgam adhering to it, be¬
comes negative ; and, in the fame manner, zinc oxydated
by the accumulated power of an eledtric pile, or fnnply
by adtion of an acid, is alfo negative. This fimilarity in
the means by which eledtricity and galvanifm appear to
be excited, in addition to the refemblance that has been
traced between their effedts, thews that they are both
elfentially the fame, and confirms an opinion that lias
already been advanced by others, that all the differences
difcoverable in the effedts of the latter, may be owing
to its being lefs intenfe, but produced in much larger
quantity.”

While thefe refearches were going on in England, fi-
jnilar experiments were made by profeffor Van Marum
at Haerlem, by help of the grand Teylerian machine.
This able eledtrician afferts, that relatively to the com-
jiarifon of the fenfations, or (hocks, communicated by
the difeharge of a battery, charged to different degrees
of tenfion, by the contadts of the conductor of the elec¬
trical machine, with thofe of charges of the fame tenfion
bv means of the pile, he was convinced, by repeated ex¬
periments, that there is no perceptible difference in the'
/hocks communicated by the difeharges of the battery,
whether charged by t.he machine, or by the pfle, pro¬
vided the tendons of the charge are equal. He flatters
liimfelf that he has proved, in the mo ft decifive manner,
by experiments -on a large fcale, the identity of the cur¬
rent of the fluid put in motion by the Voltaic pile, and
of that to which an impulfion is given by an electrical
machine. The identity ot the currents of each apparatus
having been thus clearly eflablifhed, and placed beyond
any doubt, it follows as a diredt confequence of all the
above-cited experiments, that there can no longer be any
pretence for the adtion of a particular fluids which had been
Inconliderately fuppofed to refide in the Voltaic column.
Thefe experiments, added to thofe made by profefl'or
Volta himfelf, prove that the adtion of the above co¬
lumn, or pile, produced by the contadt of two metals
which touch each other, can be no other than an eleCtri-
c.al effedt. As the refults they furnifli are conftantly ex¬
plained by the adtion of two diverl'e metals, or of two
different fubftances which are employed, the fuppofition
of a particular fluid is entirely done away ; and, confe-
quently, the true denomination of the Voltaic pile, ought
in future to be called eledtric, and not galvanic.

The general opinion relative to animal eledtricity,
which the naturalifts of Italy, Great Britain, Germany,
and France, formed after repeating the experiments of
Galyani, was, that the metallic influence is not imparted
5o the mufcles, until after it has been communicated to
the nerves. This concluflon appears to have been dic¬
tated by the effedts to which the nervous parts, as well
as the organs of the fenfations, are fubjetted in galvanic
experiments. It receives an additional fupport from the

afl'urance given by Humboldt, that it is impoflible b*
produce the contradtions, in a portion of the middle prei
pared in fuch away as to divert: it entirely of every ner¬
vous ramification. It is, notwithrtanding, certain, that
the coatings of the mufcles alone have been fometimes
efficacious in the produdtion of the galvanic effedt; and
this would be an inconteftible proof of an irritation inde¬
pendent of the nerves, if it were not likewife certain,
that this irritation is capable of penetrating into the in¬
ternal tilfue of the organs, in which the nerves are con¬
cealed. It would, however, be too rarti to circumfcribe
to the nervous and fenfible fibres, the imprefiion of the
metallic ftimulus, feeing that, independently of feveral
rational arguments which prove the contrary of this affer-
tion, experiments have demonftrated that the adtion of
galvanifm is directed both to the vafcular and nervous
fy (terns.

Several galvanic exp riments and obfervations have
been recently publifhed by M. Bichat, phyrtcian to the
Hotel Dieu in Paris, and author of a celebrated work on
anatomy. In fpeaking of the influence of the dertrudtion
of the brain on that of the heart, after having proved,
conformably to obfervation and experience, that it is not
immediately by the interruption of the cerebral adtion
that the heart ceafes to adt, he confirms this fundamental
datum of phyfiology and pathology, by a feries of galvanic
experiments, which demonrtrate that the heart is in all
cales independent of the brain.

“ Thefe experiments,” he obferves, “ were made with
the moft fcrupulous attention, becaufe feveral very re-
fpedtable authors have advanced a contrary opinion,
and have endeavoured to prove that the heart, together
with the other mufcles of organic life, do not differ, as
to their fufeeptibility to the galvanic influence, from the
different mufcles of animal life. I (ball therefore detail'
the obfervations I have made on animals with red and
cold blood.

“ 1. In feveral experiments made on frogs, I coated
the brain, on the one hand, with lead, and the heart and
mufcles of the inferior extremities, on the other, with a
long lamina of zinc, the upper end of which touched the
heart, and the lower end the mufcles. Having, by the
means of filver, eftablilhed a communication between the
coatings of the mufcles and thofe of the brain, the move¬
ments of the limbs conftantly followed ; but I could not
perceive any acceleration in the contractions of the heart*
when it ftili continued to beat ; and when its aCtion had
entirely ceafed, it did not difplay the fmalleft movement.
Whichever may be the voluntary muffle that is coated
at the fame time with the heart, with a view to a com¬
panion of the phenomena they exhibit at the moment of
the metallic communication, there is conftantly a marked
and decided difference.

“ 2. In the cafe of other frogs, I coated, with a com¬
mon metallic wire, on the one hand, the cervical part of
the fpinal marrow, in the upper region of the heart, to
the end that the coating might be above the part where
the nerves which proceed from the great intercoftal nerve,
and thence to the heart, originate ; and, on the other
hand, the heart, and any one of the voluntary muffles.
I conftantly noticed a refult fimilar to the one which at¬
tended the preceding experiment, whenever the commu¬
nication was eflablifhed. There were invariably violent
agitations in the voluntary mufcles, without any vifible
alteration in the contractile movements of the heart.

“ 3. I endeavoured to denudate the nerves which
lead to the heart of frogs. Several greyifh filaments,
fcarcely perceptible, with the nature of which, I muff
acknowledge, I am not fully acquainted, were coated
with a metallic fubftance, at the fame time that the heart
was made to reft on a fubftance of a fimilar nature. When
the communication was eflablifhed by means of a third
metal, not the fmalleft fenfible efteCt was to be perceived.
It appears to me that thefe trials, which had been partly
made before I engaged in them* are well calculated to
1 decide.

ELECT

decide-, in a pofitive maimer, whether the brain has any
diieft influence on the heart, more particularly when they
are repeated with the precautions which were taken by
me, to coat fticc-effively, and alternately, the internal and
external furfaces, and the fubftance even of the latter
organ. In each of thefe experiments the natural difpoffi.
tion was preferred between the different parts which ferve
to unite the heart with the brain.

“ 4. There is another mode of making the experiment,
which confills, in the fi rft place, in detaching the heart
from the bread. Secondly, in bringing it in contact with
two different metals, at two points of its furface, or with
portions of flefli coated with metals. And, thirdly, in
eftablifhing a communication between the coatings, by
means of a third metallic fubftance. In thefe cafes, Hum¬
boldt obferves that he has feen the movements produced.
I muff confefs, notwithftanding, that although I have
frequently repeated thefe experiments, with a ftridt ad¬
herence to the forms prefcribed, I could never perceive
any fuch refult.

“ I proceed now to experiments made on animals with
red and warm blood. It became the more neceffary to
try them, becaufe the mode of the contradtibility of ani¬
mals with red and cold blood, differs eflentially from that
of animals with red and w-arm blood.

“ 1. In the conrfe of the winter of the year 1798, I was
authorized to make different experiments on the bodies
of the unfortunate perfons who had been guillotined.
Thefe bodies were brought to me about twenty minutes
after the execution had taken place. In feveral of them
the motive faculty was extinguished ; while, in others, I
was enabled to excite it, with a greater or lefs degree of
facility, in all the mufcles, by the ordinary methods which
are reforted to on thefe occalions. It was more particu¬
larly manifefted in the mufcles of animal life, by means
of the galvanic proceffes. I could never fucceed, how¬
ever, in the proaudtion of the fmallefl: movement, when
I coated, either the fpinal marrow and the heart, ot the
latter organ and the nerves it receives from the ganglions,
by the great intercoftal, or from the brain, by the par
vagum. Notv ithftanding this, when mechanical exciters
were applied, in a diredt and immediate way, to the flefliy
fibres, contractions enfued. Did this arife from the ner¬
vous filaments of the heart having been for home time in-
fulated from the brain ? But, in fuch a cafe, why did thofe
be'onging to the voluntary mufcles, which were likewife
infulated, favour the production of the galvanic phe¬
nomena? The following experiments will clear up this
doubt.

“ 2. In experiments made on dogs and guinea-pigs, I
coated, with two metallic fubftances, in the firft place,
the brain and heart ; next, the trunk of the fpinal mar¬
row and the latter organ ; and, finally, that organ and
the nerve of the par vagum, from which it receives feve¬
ral nerves. The two coatings having been made to com¬
municate, there was not the fmallefl apparent refult : I
could not perceive that the movements were re-produced,
after they had ceafed ; nor that they were accelerated
during t heir continuance.

“ 3i The cardiac nerves of two dogs having been coat¬
ed, both in their anterior and pofterior filaments, another
coating was applied to the heart, fometimes at its ante¬
rior furface, and at others at its pofterior furface, and at
others, again, at its fafciculi. The communication, as in
the preceding experiment, did not produce any apparent
movements. In experiments of this defcription, the com¬
munication ought not to be made until a certain portion
of time has elapfed after the coating has been placed on
the heart, to the end that what is merely the effect of
metallic irritation, may not be afcribed to galvanifm.

“ 4. Humboldt obferves, that when the heart is fud-
denly. detached from the cavity of the pericardium, taking
care that feveral of its infulated nerves fliould ftill re¬
main attached to the vifcus, contractions may be pro¬
duced by coating the latter with a metallic fubftance.

R r C I T Y. $39

and by touching the coating with another metal. I-- tried
this experiment repeatedly, but without fuccefs, except
in one particular inftance, which was attended by feeble
contractions. On the other hand, I fucceeded, almoft in¬
variably, in producing contractions in animals with red
and warm blood, when I took out the heart, and brought
it in contaCt, at two different points, with, metallic fub¬
ftances, between which a communication was eftablifhed.
It appears to me that this is the only mode of producing
on that organ, efficacioufly and demonftratively, the gal¬
vanic phenomena. It does not, however, prove what is
the objeCt of my prefent refearches, namely, whether the
brain has a direCt influence on the heart. If, indeed, we
grant that the galvanic phenomena have, on thefe two
kinds of mufcles, an equal influence, what is proved by
this faCt ? Nothing more than that thefe phenomena are,
in their fucceffion, governed by laws which are altoge¬
ther different from thofe of the phenomena of the nerves
with which thefe mufcles correfpond.”

Having difeuffed this important phy (iological queftion,
M. Bichat proceeds to treat of the influence the deftruc-
tion of the vital energy of the brain has on that of the
refpeCtive organs, which he divides into thofe of animal
life, and thofe of organic life. He enquires, irt the .firft
place, whether the interruption of the organic functions,
is a direCt effeCt of the ceffation of the cerebral action.
After having proved, as he Jiad already done in the pre¬
ceding article, both by obferVation and experience, that
all the internal functions are, in the fame way with the
aCtion of the heart, withdrawn from the direCt afcendancy
of the brain, and that, confequently, their interruption
cannot be immediately derived from the deftruction of
that organ ; and after having eftablifhed, anatomically
and fubftantially, that the organic functions are not fub-
jeCted to the immediate influence of the brain, feeing
that the greater part of the vifeera by which thefe func¬
tions are performed, receive few, if any, of the vertebral
nerves, but are rather fupplied with the nervous filaments
arifing from the ganglions, fuch as are obferved in the
liver, kidneys, pancreas, fpleen, intefiines, Sec. he de-
monftrates the truth of the principle he has eftablifhed,
by experiments on living animals. Thefe experiments
were made on the ftomach, inteftines, bladder, uterus.
See. of animals with warm blood, and were conftantly at¬
tended by a refult fimilar to the above.1 They were after¬
wards repeated on cold-blooded animals; and juftified the
general inference which he draws, namely, that “ with
relation to the galvanic fluid, as well as in every other
point of view, there is an enormous difference between
the mufcles of animal life, and thofe of organic life.”

The arrangement of galvanic combinations, its che¬
mical proceffes, and general laws, may be fummed up as
follows: Two diflimilar metals, with an interpofed fluid
or a (ingle metal, expofed to the aCtiou of two different
fluids ; or any one of the conducting fubftances on which,
unequal aClious can be induced by different fluids; con-
ftitute a fimple galvanic combination. A feries of Inch
combinations is denominated a galvanic battery.

When two metals are employed, they produce site
greateft effeCt, when the particular quality of one of them
renders it extremely difficult of oxydation, while the other
unites with oxygen with the greateft facility. If, upon
a polifhed plate of fteel, water be laid, under the corn-'
mon temperature of the atmofphere, in the conrfe of two,
or three days the furface will be confiderubly oxydated.
This is occafioned by the decompofition of the water.
If, upon a ffmilarly moiftened furface of fteel a plate of
zinc be placed, at the end of two or three days the fur¬
face of the fteel will be found covered with a white pow¬
der, which is the oxyd of zinc. When it is wiped off,
the fteel will ftill polfefs its original polifh. This proves
that the zinc unites more readily with oxygen than does
the iron; but if a plate of filver be fubftituted to the zinc,
then the fteel will be oxydaied. Confequently, filver is
more difficult of oxydation than fteel, and fteel than zinc.

Silver

440

ELECTRICITY.

Silver and zinr, or gold and zinc, form the mod per¬
fect galvanic combination. All metalic bodies are ex¬
cellent condudtors of eledtricity ; but, when oxydated,
they become non-condudtors. In this change ot capacity
electricity is given out. A piece of zinc, placed in a
weak folution of fulphuric acid, is fubjedted to but a
trifling alteration, compared to the change which enfues
when it is brought in contadt with a piece of filver.
This curious phenomenon was firft noticed by Dr. Allie;
and was by him advanced as an argument in favour of
galvanifm being the refult of a chemical operation.

A plate of filver, and a plate of zinc, with a piece of
cloth, or of any bibulous fubftance, moiftened in water,
placed between them, conftitute a fimple galvanic com¬
bination. In this cafe the zinc becomes oxydated on the
portion of its furface which is in contadt with the wet
medium. If a prepared frog be fubftituted for the
moiftened cloth, the humidity on its furface will produce
fimilar eftedts on the zinc ; and when the circuit is com¬
pleted between the filverand zinc, by any fubftance which
is a condtrdtor of eledtricity, the mr.fcles of the frog will
be thrown into adtion. Thefe contractions will be renew¬
ed every time the circuit is completed. By a prepared frog^
is undet'ftood, a frog divided into two portions by a pair ot
feiftars, through the middle. of its body and Ipine, the
vifeera being removed, and the lower part ikinned. The
fciatic nerves rife very high up in the fpine in this animal,
and are very difcernible when it is thus arranged. When
it is intended to arm the nerves, after the introdudtion of
a pair of pointed feiftars beneath them, the fpine is cut
through without dividing them. A portion of the infe¬
rior part of the fpine ftiould be afterwards feparated ; fo
as to leave room for the nerves to be covered by a piece
of tin-foil. This is what is denominated armings or coat,
ing, the nerves. In fome experiments, it is more conve¬
nient to feparate the lower extremities, and employ the
crural nerve.

If a ftngle metal be employed, it rnuft be of fuch a de-
feription as not to be eaftly added upon by water. Thus,
,jf a filver Qup, nearly filled with a weak folution of nitric
acid, be placed in a glafs velfel containing common water,
a fimple galvanic combination will be formed ; feeing
that the iniide of the filver veflel will become oxydated
by the acid, while its external furface will not undergo
any change. If a prepared frog be made to form the cir¬
cuit between the two fluids, immediately on its comple¬
tion the convulfions will be produced. The more adiive
the fluid which is employed, the more powerful will be
the eftedts. Thus, fait water is better than common wa¬
ter ; and dcid and water than fait and water. Volta
aferibes this difference to tlie condudting powers of the
fluids, and not to any changes induced in the metallic
bodies employed.

After a certain period, the metal the moft liable to oxy-
dation has its furface oxydated ; and till this is removed
the galvanic operation ceafes. Whenever a metal be¬
comes oxydated, its capacity foreledtricity is diminiftied :
oxygen cannot enter into union with a metallic lubftance,
without the eledtricity which conftituted a portion.of the
metal being given out. A metal which is in a ftate of
giving out electricity, will evince politive figns of the
eledtric fluid, and occafion a fenfible eledtrofeope to di¬
verge with the fame ftate of eledtricity as is produced by
excited glafs.

In the feries of metals, of gold, filver, copper, iron,
tin, lead, zinc, each will become pofttive by its combi¬
nation with that which precedes it, and negative with
that by which it is followed. Thus, gold and filver form
a fimple galvanic combination. If a fluid be employed
which will adt on the filver, and not on the gold, as hap¬
pens with the nitric acid ; in this cafe the filver will be
the oxydable metal, and will therefore give out a portion
of its combined eledtricity. This equally applies to cop¬
per and iron, to iron and tin, & c. Silver, when com¬

bined with gold, exhibits pofttive figns ; but when it is
arranged with copper, it evinces negative figns.

As all metals, with the exception of gold, undergo
fome fmall changes on the application of an oxydating
fluid, the moft perfedt galvanic combination is confti¬
tuted, when one of the metals undergoes the greateft
change, and the other the leaft. When zinc and copper
are employed with a folution of a muriat of ammonia,
the muriatic acid adts upon the zinc, and a portion of am¬
monia attacks the copper. In this way the galvanic ef.
fedt is not fo powerful as if gold had been employed.
All fubftances which are condudtors of electricity are
likevvife condudtors of galvanifm, and in precifely the
fame order: the moft perfedt condudtors being metallic
fubftances; next charcoal, mul'cular flefli, &c. nearly in
the following order:

Conductors. — All the metals. — Minerals containing
metals not oxydated. — Vegetable coal. — Mineral coal. —
Carbonated blend. — Aluminous fchift. — Inflammable
fchift. — Siliceous fubftances containing carbon. — Grey
manganefe, arifing from the carbon it contains. — Muf-
cular fled). — Membranes, nerves, ligaments, and blood-
veflels, whether moift or dry. — Morellsand mufhrooms. — i
White of an egg. — Water, blood, juices of plants.™
Cellular tilTiie of vegetables. — Spirit of wine. — Wine,
beer, acids, alkaline folutions, foft foap, and flame,
(doubted by fome.)

Non-conductors. — Oxyds of metals. — Oxyds of
carbon. — Gates. — Periofteum. — Hair. — Epidermis and
cuticle. — Fibres of wood. — Glafs. — Amber. —White of
an egg hardened. — Oil, refins, and gums.

Volta divides the condudtors of eledtricity into two
clafles, dry, and moift. The dry condudtors he ranks in
the firft clafs ; and the moift condudtors in the fecond.
When a moift condudtor and a dry condudtor are brought
into contadt, a difturbance of the eledtrical fluid takes
place. The mode in which this difturbance is produced,
he does not venture to conjedture ; and it is oftentimes
fo low as fcarcely to be detedted by any means at prefent
known.

Mr. Pepys has contrived an ingenious apparatus to be
adapted to Bennet’s eledtrolcope, fhewn at O, fig. 24, in
the Electricity Plate III. for the purpofe of evincing all
fuch fmall dates of eledtricity, developed in galvanic
experiments. Witli this view, inftead of the tin-foil
coatings within. fide the glafs, lie has fubftituted two
plates, n,e, forming an acute angle, which, by a regulat¬
ing ferew, can be adjufted to any required diftance from
the gold leaves. The angular part is fecured to the bot¬
tom ; the open part perpendicularly upwards ; and the
gold leaves, reprefented oppofite c, hang between them.
By this ingenious mode of approximating the coatings to
the gold leaves, the refiftance being diminiftied, a weaker
intenfity of eledtricity fuffices for their difturbance. — ■
Owing to its fuperior fallibility, this inftrument is now
generally denominated the Galvanometer .

Mr. Read, well known by his valuable obfervations ©n
atmofpherical eledtricity, is the firft who applied the
galvanic condenfer to this eledtrofeope ; to the end that
it fhould alfo evince fmaller intenfities of eledtricity.
The very minute portion of the fluid given out by the
ftngle contadt of two different metals, does not produce
any difturbance of the gold leaves ; but when feveral mi¬
nute portions are accumulated, a feparation of the leaves
will take place. The eledtrofeope, in its fimple ftate,
will be as much charged the firft time as if the contadt
had been made a tlioufand times, and cannot therefore
acquire a greater quantity of the fluid than fuffices to
place it in equilibria with the metallic plates. This por¬
tion being inadequate to the production of any divergency
of the gold leaves, Mr. Read applied the principle of the
eledtrical doubler to the above inftrument, by which
means he was enabled to charge an intervening plate of
air. By thus accumulating every minute portion of the

eledtri*

441

ELECTRIC I T Y.

e'eflrk fluid imparted by tbe metallic plate, and by ap¬
parently condenfing and increafing its intenfity, he ulti¬
mately fncceeded in producing marked figns of difturb¬
ance, The conftrudtion of this apparatus is ihewn in the
fame figure ; where a circular brafs plate, b, about four
inches in diameter, is foldered to the brafs cap' of Ben-
net’s eledtrofcope, O ; and, at a right angle with the
plane of the cat), a fimilar brafs plate, a, connected with a
brafs rod, F, and moveable about the joint, g, completes
the apparatus. The latter plate, a, is non-infulated, and
is never in contadt with the plate b, being placed at fuch
a diftance as to allow a thick card to pais between. Con-
fequently there w ill be a plate of air between a and b ;
and the charging of this plate of air is precifely on the
principles defcribed in the explanation of the Leyden
phial.

Fig. 25, in the fame engraving, reprefents two metal¬
lic plates, A and B, about fix inches in diameter, with
infulating 'handles, as at CC. One of thefe plates is made
of zinc, and the other of copper. When they are brought
frequently into contadt, and when, on each feparation,
one of them, for infiance, the zinc plate, is, by its infu¬
lating handle, made to touch the cap of the eledtrofcope
O, fig. 2 4, each portion of the eledtricity communicated
to the cap, becomes equally ditfufed throughout the
whole metallic medium in contact with it, the plate, b,
participating of the efl'edt. The furrounding air is to
feebly adted on by t his very fmall intenfity, that unlefs-
jts refiftance be confiderably diminifhed, no fenfible ef¬
fects will be produced. The very fmall plate of air be¬
tween the two plates ab, becoming influenced by this
weak ftate of eledtricity, the proportion of the fluid it
receives on the fide oppofed to the plate b, it gives out
at the fide contiguous to the plate a, which, not being
infulated, admits it with facility. In this way a may be
conlidered as the coating of the outfide of the jar, and b
as the infide coating. On every fuccefiive charge tire
plate of air becomes additionally acted upon. So long
as the plates a and b are preferved in this date, no fepa¬
ration of the gold leaves, reprefented oppofite c, takes
place. When a Leyden phial is charged, and then placed
on an infulating ftand, if a communication be formed
with the external coating and an eledtrofcope, no difturb-
ance will take place. The air in the external furface be¬
ing in a precife balance with the air on the internal fur-
face, no change can take place on one fide fo long as the
other fide is kept infulated. Thus it is with the con-
denfer : the inftant the plate a is feparated from the plate
b, the eledtricity which had been imparted and received
by the intervening plate of air, being now expofed to the
atmofpheric mafs, moves in the direction in which it
meets with the leaf! refiftance. This direction is the me¬
tallic cap of the eledtrofcope ; and, according to the
quantity thus regurgitating, the gold leaves c, become di¬
verged. The ftate of eledtricity is always pofitive, if
the zinc plate be applied ; and negative, if the applica¬
tion of the copper-plate be made.

If either the zinc or the copper-plate, be applied to
the part of the cap n, which is diredtly oppofite to the
plate b, the effects will be (Longer than when it is applied
nearer to the plate b. This obfervation was firlt made
by Mr. Read; and feems to accord with Volta’s notion
as to moto-eledfric power. It is a further confirmation
of the idea, that the real condudfors of eledtricity are re¬
plete with that principle ; and that the fir ft effedts pro¬
duced, are occasioned by the difturbance of the natural
eledtricity of the body. It is well known to be a com¬
mon property of all univerfally diffufed- fluids, to be
more powerfully adted upon in the part which is in a line
of diredtion with the impelling power. This is the cafe
with the tranfmiflion of found through folids or fluids,
and alfo with the apparent motion of light. The fuc-
ceflive impulfes adding at n, the natural electricity of the
plate b, will alfo more powerfully difturb the intervening
plate of air, than when the contadt is made at any other

Vou VI. No. 363,

part of the cap. In fuch a cafe, the motion communi¬
cated to the eledtricity of the plate b, will be weakened
in proportion to the obliquity of the diredtion. This
fa 61 is eafiiy proved, by the greater number of contadfs
requilite in one diredtion than in the other. It would
perhaps be more corredt to call this inftrument a galva-
vifcopc , feeing that it does not fo corredtly meafure the
powers of a battery as one hereafter mentioned, which
may therefore he more properly regarded as a galvano¬
meter. When two diflimilar metals are employed, fuch
as a plate of lilver and a plate of zinc, after frequent ufe,
the zinc becomes changed on its furface, lofes its metal¬
lic fplendour, and has an oxydated appearance. The ex¬
periments of A (he and Fabroni alfo tend to prove certain
chemical changes effected by the contadt of two dillimi-
lar metals with an interpofed fluid. Suppofe Z, fig. 26,
in the Eledtricity Plate III. to reprefent a plate of zinc ;
S, a plate of filver ; and F, a prepared frog lying between
them. Upon completing the circuit between the filver
and zinc plates, by means of the condudtor C, the muf-
cles of the frog are inftantly thrown into violent convul-
fions; and thefe adtions are repeated as often as the con¬
tadt is made, or the circuit complete, by the condudting
wire and the two metals. When the prepared frog is in
a deficcated ftate, without any humidity on the portions
in contadt with the two plates, no contradtions enfue.

The mufcular fibres of a frog are (o extremely fenfible
to the influence of electricity, as to form the mod deli¬
cate eledtrofcope hitherto known. The great fallibility
of the gold-leaf eledtrofcope of Mr. Bennet, is well
know'll ; but, notwithftanding the improvement of Mr.
Read’s condenfer, it evinces no difturbance by the Am¬
ple contadt of two diflimilar metals. But when the plate
ot zinc, and the fimilar plate of copper, with infulating
handles, as fhewn at fig. 25, are brought into contact
about twenty times, and one of the plates applied, on
each contadt, to the condenfer; upon removing the lat¬
ter, the leaves of gold are feen to diverge. The (late of
eledtricity with which they diverge, is invariably pofi¬
tive, if the zinc plate be applied to the eledtrofcope ;
and negative, if the application be on the fide of the cop¬
per-plate. I11 this cafe, the plates muft be at leaft five or
(lx inches in diameter. Yet we fee, on the other hand,,
that a very minute portion of zinc and filver will pro¬
duce violent convuifions in the limbs of a frog.

If ten perfons moitten their hands with fait and water,
and form a circuit, by holding the hands of each other;.,
and if, in this circuit, a prepared frog be placed, one of
the perfons holding the animal by the feet, and another
by the (pine, at the fame time that the firfi perfon in the.
circuit has in his difengaged hand a half-crown, and the
laft perfon a plate of zinc heid in the fame way, each
time the two metals are brought in contadt, the frog will,
become convulfed.

Gren has remarked how the fenfations of feeing and
tailing may at the fame time be produced, by a very
(hiking experiment, which is as follows : “ The mufcu¬
lar motion, as well as the fenfations of feeing and tak¬
ing, may be produced at the fame inftant, by means of
the electric (beam. Let four perfons ftand upon a fome-
what imperfedt conductor, and communicate between
themfelves in this way: let the firfi perfon hold in his.
right hand, well moiftened, a cylinder of zinc, .and touch
with the finger of his left hand the point of the finger
of the fecond perfon, who, again, fliould touch with his
finger the bare eye ball of the third : now, let the latter
hold the legs of a prepared frog in his well-mdiftened,
hand, at the fame inftant that the fourth perfon, w ith his
moiftened right hand, lays hold of the rump of the frog,
holding in his moiftened left hand a cylindrical piece of
filver. If the firft and laft of the perfons, who form this,
feries bring this zinc and filver into co.madt, and in this,
way complete the circuit, the perfon whole tongue is
touched will perceive an acidulous tafte ; the touched
eye of the third perfon will perceive a fiafti of light ; and
5 U ihe

442 ELECT

the thighs of the frog, which are held by the third and
fourth perfons, will be violently convulfed.”

Aldini and Humboldt have both obferved, that, if the
legs of a prepared frog be immerfed in mercury, and the
nerves be brought in contact with the external furface of
that fluid, the convulfion will take place every time the
circuit is formed. From this experiment thefe phyflolo-
gifts have .deduced, that diflimilar metals are no ways
neeeflary. The celebrated Volta properly obferves that,,
although one metal is tints apparently employed, the
different dates in which the mercury is found, conftitute
what. may be confidered as two diflimilar metals. As
mercury, the inltant it is expofed to the air, becomes
oxydated, a part of the animal being in contact with the
fluid in its metallic (late, and the fciatic nerve being
equally fo with the oxydated furface, convulfions will
neceffarily enfue. From all the experiments hitherto
brought forward, in which convulfions have been pro¬
duced by the influence of diflimilar metals, it would ap¬
pear that the difengaged electricity is from the oxydated
Jurface of the metal ; and that t he mufcular fibres of the
frog are, in confequencc of their exquifite fenfibility, con¬
vulfed by the trammiffibn of the electricity from the non-
oxydated plate to the oxydated plate.

ft has been already obferved, that a fimple galvanic
combination may either confift of two diflimilar metals,
and an interpofed fluid, or of a Angle metal placed be¬
tween two different fluids, one of which aCls on the me¬
tal without its being influenced by the other. Let A B,
fig. 27, in the fame engraving, represent two glaffes, one
Tilled with a diluted folution of nitrous acid, and tha
other with water. It thefe two veflels be connefted by
a,copper arc, aby a fimple galvanic combination will be
formed. The part of the copper in the diluted folution
of nitrous acid will be oxydated, while the portion in
the veil'd of water will not be aCted on. If one of the
extremities of a prepared frog, as at F, be placed in one
of the liquids, as foon as the other extremity is brought
in contact with the liquid in the other veflel, convulfions
will enfue. This effeCt is more ffrongly produced in the
experirnent-repi efented at fig. 28, in which B D is a glafs
di!h filled with a folution of the fulpluire of pot-a(h ; and
A, a filver cup, or a falt-cellar, placed withinfide, and
neatly filled with a weak folution of nitric acid. By this
arrangement a pcrfcEl galvanic combination is produced ;
as foon as a prepared frog is made to form a communica¬
tion between one of the fluids and the other, it will be
convulfed.

Upon the principles of fimple galvanic combinations,
many curious phenomena are explicable. Formerly, in
applying copper (heets to the bottoms of (hips, it being
the ufage to employ iron bolts, it was obferved that the
copper foon became loofened in the part where the two
metals were in contaft. This arrangement conftituted a
fimple galvanic combination of two diflimilar metals, and
an interpofed fluid. In this cafe the interpofed fluid was
the fea-water, or a folution of the muriat of foda, and the
metallic fubffances, the iron and copper. In a fimilar
arrangement, the iron, the moff oxydable metal, in be¬
coming oxydated in the part more immediately in contaft
with the copper, is foon deffroyed, and detached from
the latter fubftance. In 1795, Creve firft (hewed that,
in every fimple galvanic combination, water is decom-
pofed. The oxygen, in thefe combinations, enters into
union with the metal ; and the hydrogen is evolved.

The difcoloration of a filver fpoon, in the aft of eating
eggs, is a curious galvanic operation. Mr. Carlifle, by
a very ingenious analyfis, has proved the exiffence of
fulphur, both in the yolk and in the albumen of an egg.
A tea-fpoon left immerfed in either of thefe fubffances,
undergoes no difcoloration ; but the above remarkable
phenomenon takes place in the aft. of eating the egg;
the bowl of the fpoon which is mod in the mouth, being
always found to be difcoloured. In this cafe the galva¬
nic combination confifts of the fulphurated folution, the

LICIT Y.

filver tea-fpoon, and the faliva. In every galvanic ope¬
ration Creve has (hewn that water is decojupofed. The
nafeent hydrogen, readily uniting with the fulphur, forms
fulphurated hydrogen gas, which produces the difcolora¬
tion. It is this gas, evolved from our coals in the aft of
combuftion, which occafions a fimilar tarnilh to the filver
employed for domeftic purpofes.

Mr. Davy, chemical profeffor at the royal inllitution
of London, obferves, that charcoal pofieffes a fimilar pro¬
perty with metals, of forming a galvanic combination
with two diflimilar fluids. Suppofing, according to him,
A and B, fig. 29, to reprefent two glades, one filled with
nitric acid, and the other with water: if a communica¬
tion be formed, by means of an angular piece of charcoal
CD, a galvanic combination will be produced. Charcoal
is an excellent conduftor of electricity, and ranks next to
metallic fubffances. It has been aliened, that it was firft
employed by Fontana as a conduftor of galvanifm ; but
the earlieff experiment was made by Volta.

Humboldt having noticed that the Lydian (tone is a
conduftor, fufpefted it to poffefs that properly in confe-
quence of a certain portion of carbon it contains. On
burning it with cauftic pot-a(h, in an open veflel, the
pot-alh became mild, and effervefeed with acids. A proof
was thus obtained of its having acquired carbonic acid.
From this obfervation we may perceive how delicate a
teft galvanifm is, in detefting carbon in a fubftance in
which the prefence of that principle was not even fuf¬
pefted. So great, at the fame time, is the fenfibility of
galvanifm to good condufting media of this defcription,
that it evinces inffantaneonfly the exiffence of the final left
portion of carbon. All fubffances which have this prin¬
ciple diifufed through them, become galvanic conduftors.

Some perfons have fuppofed galvanifm to differ from
eleftricity, becaufe the • condufting powers of charcoal
have been found to be greater for the former than for the
latter principle. This is, however, far from being the
cafe. Charcoal preferves the fame rank in the order of
conduftors, both for eleftricity and for galvanifm. That
it is found fuperior to metals, in the deflagration of the
latter fubffances by galvanic precedes, does not depend
upon its condufting power, but upon its aiding principle
of combuftion.

Volta has obferved, that various parts of animals can
be excited without the aid of metals ; and feveral inge¬
nious methods have been propofed by Galvani for this
purpofe. In the opufculi of Milan, an account is given
of Aldini’s experiments, made in the prefence of the in-
ftitute of Bologna, in 1794. A prepared frog having been
immerfed in a flrong folution of tiie muriat of foda, and
removed from thence, the learned profeffbr held one of
the extremities in his hand, and allowed the other to
hang freely down. While the animal was in this petition,
he raifed up the nerves with a glafs rod, on fiiddenly re¬
moving which, as often as the nerves touched the muf-
cular parts, convulfions were produced.

Animal fubffances, as conduftors of eleftricity, have
their capacities proportioned to their condufting powers.
No change can be induced in thefe fubffances, without an
adequate change in their capacities. Both the mufcular
fibre, and the nervous fubftance, in their healthy living
Ifate, and connefted with the fources by which their ener¬
gies are preserved, are, with refpeft to eleftricity, in a
precife balance with each other. When a portion of ani¬
mal fubftance is detached and feparated, changes are in¬
duced, and decompofitions effefted. In cold-blooded ani¬
mals, the procefs being very flow, the mufcular fibres
remain for a long time fufceptible to So pervading a fti-
mulus as eleftricity. When the fubftance is immerfed in
a folution of the muriat of foda, the nervous and 'mufcu¬
lar parts feem not to undergo equal changes. The part
which is the moft rapidly afted on, will leave the other
in a negative date of eleftricity; and, on the communica¬
tion being formed, convulfions will be produced. If the
communication be made through the medium of a warm¬
blooded

44.1

ELECTRICITY.

blooded animal, fimilar effects will enfue, A curious
experiment was tried by La Grave, and related in the
Memoirs of the Galvanic Society of Paris. A feries of
g.d vanic combinations having been formed of brain and
mufcle, cut into fliccs, and layers of hat, moiftened in
folurjon-of the. muriat of foda, evident galvanic effects
were induced.

Animal fubftances are fuperior condudtors to thofe
which belong to the vegetable kingdom. The fubftances
which conftitute the intermediate link between animals
and vegetables, Arch as nmftirooms and morells, preferve
the fame order in their Gondufting powers. Gehlefi, in
his Philofophical Dictionary, firft remarked this curious
circumftance, which is not dependent on their humid
date, (ince, when they are cut and dried, they are found
to be good conductors.

Vaiii was the firft to notice that a ligature applied to a
nerve, prevents the mufcle from being convulfed by me¬
tals. Trattori obferved, that this is not an invariable
confequence. Valli, in his fubfequent obfervations, dif-
covered, that if the ligature be made elofe to the infer-
tion of the nerve in the mufcle, it entirely impedes its
movements ; but if at a diftance, the experiment i'ucceeds.
perfectly well. However a nerve may be lacerated, if a
final 1 fibre of communication be left, the convulfions will
be produced. When the nerves of warm-blooded animals
are applied to the nerves of cold-blooded animals, the
contractions do not take place. Thus, the crural nerve of
a moufe being applied to the crural nerve of a frog, and
the nerves feparated by about the half of a line, the con¬
tractions do not enfue. But if a nerve of the fame frog
be divided, and the parts feparated about a line from
each other, upon completing the circuit, the contractions
will take place.

After pointing out thefe fimple galvanic combinations,
it will be proper to advert to the effect of an increafe of
the feries of metals. Volta obferves, that “ a feries of
this nature refembies an eleCtric battery, weakly charged,^
aCting inceffantly, and which charges itfelf after each
explolion.” Inftead of confiding of infulating plates or
electric ftrata, it is armed with conductors. The firft ar¬
rangement he terms a couronne de tajfes, confiding of glafs
tumblers, half filled with water, or fait and water, and
forming a regular union by a feuies of metallic arcs, as
reprefented at fig. 30, in which the plates marked S, are
either of filver or copper, and thofe marked Z, of zinc.
The arcs a, a, a , may be formed of any fubftance which
is a good conductor of eleCtricity ; and the two metals in
each glafs fhould be foldered to the metallic arc, in any
part above the one which is immerfed in the liquid. Volta
remarks, that alkaline folutions are employed with the
bed: effeCt, when one of the metals is tin, and the other
lilver or copper. If zinc be fubftituted for tin, then falt-
water is preferable. When thirty or forty of thefe glades
are arranged, one of the experimenter’s hands being
placed in the fluid contained in the firft clafs, and. the
other hand in the la ft of the feries, a fhock is experi¬
enced. As often as the circuit is completed, the fame
fenfations recur.

Mr. Cruickfhank, chemift at Woolwich, has confide-
rably improved the conftruction of the Voltaic pile. Thus
is reprefented in the EleCtricity Plate III. at fig. 31 ;
where A B C D is a wooden trough formed of hard baked
mahogany; about thirty inches long. Withinftde, fifty
grooves are cut in the Tides and bottom, at equal diftances
from each other. Thefe grooves fhould be of a thicknefs
corref'ponding to the metallic plates in the Voltaic pile.
The plates are cemented feparately in each of the grooves,
fo that the fluid will not pals out of one cell into the
other. The plates conlift of zinc foldered to copper;
and in whatever direction- the firft: of them is cemented
into the box, all the others mud preferve the fame order.
Suppofing the copper fide of the firft to be towards B ;
all the others fhould be fo placed in the box as to have
their copper ficies towards B, and their zinc furfaces to¬

wards C. When they are thus arranged, the end C D is
called the zinc end of the battery; and the end A B the
copper end. In this date the inftrument is complete.
This conftruCtion poffefies many advantages which the
pile does not. The fluid is applied with greater facility.
The apparatus is more Convenient for experiments; it
continues to be aCtive confiderably longer ; and is attended
with little or no trouble ih cleaning. In the Voltaic pile,
after it has been once 11 fed, the zinc furface of the plates
becomes oxydated ; infomuch, that before they can again
be ufed, they mud be (craped or filed, which is a tedious
and troublefome operation. In the trough every fuccef-
five operation cleans the plates, by diflolving the oxy¬
dated furface of the zinc.

Volta fuppofed the fluid employed to a Cl merely as a
conductor ; and that the differences in fluids depend en¬
tirely on their different conducting powers. It has been
fliewn, by the experiments of Aftie, Creve, Fabroiii, and
others, that the fluid aCts chemically 011 the eafieft oxyd-
able metal ; and that thofe fluids produce the moft aCtive
effects, which influence the metallic fubftance the moft
powerfully. Thus acids, alkalies, neutral falls, &c. aCt
more powerfully than fimple water. Acid folutions are
fiill'more powerful than the former. One part of nitric
acid, blended with about twenty parts of water, forms a
very aCtive mixture. As this mixture evolves nitrous
gas, , it is injurious to refpiration ; befides which, the
nitric acid is very expenfive. Sulphuric acid, combined
with water, anfwers very well, but its aCtion is top quick.
In operating on the zinc, it difengages fuch quantities of
hydrogen gas, as to be very troublefome, and is frequent¬
ly attended with fuch evolutions of heat, as to loofen the
cement. About an ounce of the muriatic acid, or fpirit
of fait of the (hops, blended with a pint of water, con-
ftitutes a convenient mixture, which u6ts tranquilly and
uniformly, decompofmg the water fo (lowly, that the hy¬
drogen gas which is evolved does not annoy the opera¬
tor; the trough, by the employment of this acid mix¬
ture, is kept uniformly clean.

When, for any experiment, feveral batteries are requi-
fite inftead of one, they fhould be placed in precifely the
fame order as if two, three, or more, batteries, were to con¬
ftitute one trough only ; obferving, throughout the whole
of. the feries, that the zinc furface of one of the plates
fhould be conflantly oppofite to the copper furface of the
next plate in the feries ; and that the troughs fhould be
connected to each other by fome metallic fubftance. A flip
of copper ftieeting, about half the width of the trough,
anfwers this purpofe very well.

On the continent, the Voltaic pile dill continues to be
employed; the advantages of Mr. Cruickfliank’s trough,
perhaps, not being as yet known. To render its aCtion
more permanent, Monf. Ifatn has fubftituted to the moif-
tened cloths, fait juft fufficiently moiftened to be formed
into a layer. He obferves, t hat a pile thus formed, re¬
tains its powers for a month. The quantity of metallic
fubftance deftroyed by the acid is very trivial; fince it
only aCts'when the circuit is completed. A trough, how¬
ever, will, with due care, laft ten or twelve years, if it
even be employed feveral hours daily. The fluid, when
poured in, fhould not afeend higher than about a fourth
of an inch from the top of the plates ; and when the
trough is filled, it fhould, as well as the upper furface of
the plates, be wiped dry.

When a fingle metal is employed, fuch as copper, the
plates are cemented in the fame manner: in one of the
cells fimple water is introduced ; and in the oilier a folu-
tioti of nitric acid. This battery is by no means fo power¬
ful as when zinc is employed with copper, and one fluid
only. So, likewife, if plates of gold and filver be foldered
together, a folnlion of nitric acid will be found to anfwer,
becaufe it will oxydate the filver, and not the gold. Any
metallic combinations inay be formed, if the fluid which
is employed will act on one of the metals, and not on the
other: their powers will, however, be feeble, becaufe

their

444

ELECTRICITY.

their changes are trivial when compared to thofe of a
combination of filver or copper with zinc. Tire latter of
thefe metals oxydates fo readily, as to give out its com¬
bined eleftricity with greater facility than any other me¬
tal. In an extenfive battery, (liver plates would become
expenfive; and, as copper only lofes one-fifth of the
power, or, in other words, as eighty plates of filver and'
zinc are equal in power to about 100 plates of copper and
zinc, the difference is amply compenfated by the laving.

Soon after the important communication of Volta on the
felf-charging power of his moto-eleftric apparatus, the 'ce¬
lebrated French chemifls, Fourcroy, Vauquelin, and The-
nard, fuppoling, a priori , that the effefts would be in
proportion to the metallic furfaces expofed, conftrufted
plates of zinc and copper about nine or ten inches in dia¬
meter. The plates which had been previouily employ¬
ed, rarely exceeded the (ize of half-a-crown. As one of
thefe large plates expofed a furface about forty times
greater than that of the fmall plates, it was expected
that tire eilefts produced from ten fuch plates would
have equalled the eft e£ls of four hundred of the fmaller
ones ; but, to their great furprife, they found that the
fenfations were the fame, from an equal number of each ;
and that the extent of furface did not make any fenfible
difference. The power appeared to be regulated by the
number of the plates, and not to be influenced by the
furfaces expofed. They were equally furprifed, when
they found that a feries of ten large plates, the effefts of
which on the human frame could with difficulty be per¬
ceived, pofieffed a power of burning finely-drawn wires,
and of deflagrating laminated metals, fuch as gold and
filver leaves, equal to that of four hundred fmaller plates,
the fum of whole furfaces was equal to the furface of the
larger ones. Thefe curious fafts led to an important de-
duftion, that “ the influence of the galvanic fluid on the
human frame, is in proportion to the feries, or number of
the plates employfcd ; while its etfefts on metals are in
the ratio of the furfaces expofed.”

In difeharging a galvanic battery, the fenfation will be
in proportion to the number of plates between the points
of contaft. We will fuppofe the trough, A B C D, fig.
31, to confift of fixty plates. If, between B and 1, there
are fifteen plates ; and between 1 and 2 ; 2 and 3 ; and 3
and C, the fame number ; and if one of the hands be ap¬
plied at B, and the other at C, the whole force of the
battery will be communicated. But if one of the hands
be applied at B, and the other at 1, only one-fourth of
the (hock will be felt; and it is consequently in propor¬
tion to the number of the plates between the two hands,
in this way a given power of eleftricity is divided into
any required minute portions, with an accuracy which
cannot be imitated on the common eleftrical apparatus.

When a communication is formed between B and C,
it appears, on a tranlient view, to controvert what has
been already dated, relative to the neceffity of connedf-
mg the zinc fide and the copper fide of the fame inden-
tical plate, in order to produce a difcharge ; feeing that
the charges of all the plates are thus, communicated.
Upon a little reflection, it will, however, be obvious,
that this is a neceffary refult, and a powerful confirma¬
tion of the doftrine already laid down. When one of the
Iiands is applied at B, fuppofing the latter to be what is
termed the copper part of the trough, and the end C the
zinc part, the hand at B is not only in contaft with the
copper furface of the firft plate, but, on account of the
regular chain of conducting media, it is alfo connected
with the copper furfaces of the other plates. In the
lame way the hand at C, which touches the zinc furface
of the lame plate, is, by a fimilar channel of communi¬
cation, in conducting- union with the zinc furfaces of all
the plates towards B. Let us fuppofe the plates alone,
from B to 1,. to be under the galvanic action 3 and the
cells from 1 to C to be filled with pieces of charcoal :
upon forming t he communication between B and C, the
united powers of only fifteen plates will he tranfmitted.

Now, the plates from 1 to C, in this cafe, aft merely as-
condufting media. It is precifely the fame when all the
cells are filled with an acid folution. This fluid keeps
up the conneftion of the chain from plate to plate ; and*
they then reciprocally aft as conducting media to each
other. From thefe obfervations may be perceived the
neceffity of the cells being infulated in fuch a way as
that the fluid cannot pals from one to the other. If
fuch a communication (hould exifi, there would then be
a connecting medium from the copper furface to the zinc
furface of the fame plate. On this account it is necef-
fary that each plate (hould be well cemented in the ap¬
paratus. When a battery is carelefsly made, the appear¬
ance of the plates will evince the non-infulation of the
cells. As was before obferved, the oxvdifying procefs
can only continue in, proportion as the decompofed elec¬
tricity is difengaged. Tims the plates which confiantly
have a connecting and conducting medium from the cop¬
per furface to the zinc furface, are rapidly oxydated ;
while the other plates merely undergo changes, at each
of the inftants when the circuits are completed.

In combining feveral batteries, care ffiould be taken
that they be nearly of equal force. If an imperfeft bat¬
tery be interpofed, the united power of the whole will
be merely equal to the fame feries of the imperfect one.
In precedes of deflagration, a battery confiding of fmali
plates ffiould not be ranged with a battery having large-
large plates, the effefts of the latter being diminiflied"
confiderably by the former.

In difeharging the Voltaic pile, as ffievvn at fig. 22, in
the engraving, the whole charge goes off at once. If one’
hand be placed at f, and the other at g , the whole (hock
isindantly communicated. This pile Volta calls a nioto-
eleftric apparatus : its power of electrification continues
as long as the pieces or difes of cloth or pafteboard re¬
main moift ; as foon as they become dry, its power ceafes.
This pile has been improved by Mr. Nicholfon, for the
more obvious operation of decompofing water. It oc¬
curred to him, that if the (hock were to be tranfmitted'
through an interrupted circuit in water, the faft of the
decompofition would be clearly afeertained. With this
view lie conftruftcd an apparatus, reprefented at fig. 23,
in which AB reprefents the Voltaic pile, and CD a glafs
tube filled witli water, a wire proceeding from the upper
part of the pile into the tube at C, and ending at <?, while
another wire paffes from t he bottom of the pile through '
the end D towards f leaving an interruption oppolite
ef. The apparatus having been thus arranged, one of-
the wires was obferved rapidly to give out a gas, which,
on examination, proved to be hydrogen ; while the other
became oxydated. When wires of gold or platina were
employed, thefe being non oxydable metals, oxygen was,
as well as the hydrogen gas, given out. It was invaria¬
bly remarked, that the wire connefted with the zinc end
of the battery gave out oxygen, and the other wire hy¬
drogen, gas; as more particularly deferibed in the expe¬
riments made by Meffrs. Carlifie and Nicholfon, men¬
tioned above. Perhaps the arrangement reprefented as
affixed to the trough, fig. 31, may be more convenient.
A wire, r, which Aides on one of the plates, fupports a
brafs cup, in the center of which is a pair of brafs pin--
cers holding a piece of. gold wire; over thefe pincers a.
glafs tube is placed, having, at its extremity, 0, a piece
of gold wire fealed in with a glafs, which (hould not
touch the wire at p. The tube and brafs cup being filled
with water, a wire, orm, connefted with the top of the
glafs tube, joins the other end of the battery, by which
means the circuit is completed, and the decompofition
goes on. As the gafes are difengaged, they rile up to
tire top of the glafs tube, and, preffing the water into tiie
cup, the procefs will go on till the whole of it is preflfed.
beneath the upper wire. The operation then ceafes.1

The decompofition of water by eleftricity, according
to the mode adopted by Van Marum, is a very tedious
procefs. Dr. Wollafton’s method above deferibed, by
i the

415

ELECTRICITY.

the means of very fmall gold wires, fucceeds in decom-
pofing water by the eledtrical machine, nearly in the
fame manner as is effedted by galvanifm. Van Marum’s
method is by an interrupted explofion ; while, in the cafe
of Dr. Wollafton’s, the production is tranquil and pro-
greflive/

The decompofition of water by the galvanic pile, is of
great life in the elucidation of its decompofition by elec¬
tricity, which has excited fo much the attention of phi-
lofophers. Tt has appeared difficult to comprehend how
an electrical explofion (hould effeCt a decompofition of
water; and, when it has been decompofed, (hould ccca-
fion its re-compofition. By the galvanic operation, we
find this to be occafioned by the palfage of a conllant
current of a fmall intenfity of electricity, palling through
an imperfeCtly conducting medium. The refiftance it
meets with occafions the reparation of the conftituent
parts of the water, the aCtual fubftance of which is per¬
vaded by this fubtile principle, which thus breaks the
bond of union of its conftituent parts. When thefe gafes
‘are inflamed by the eleCtric fpark, it is not the eleCtri-
cky which. direCtly. occafions the explofion ; it being pro¬
duced by the caloric elicited from other fubftances, by
the interrupted palfage of the eleCtric fluid.

It is a curious and remarkable faCt, that inflammable
fluids, fuch as oil, alcohol, &c. cannot be decompofed
by the galvanic procefs, unlefs by the medium of the
palfage of a fpark. Thus, in the preceding engraving,
at fig. 32, let us fuppofe C D to reprefent a glafs vefifel
half filled with alcohol; let A B be two pieces of well-
prepared charcoal, one of them connected, by means of
a wire, with the zinc end of a powerful battery, and the
other piece joined in the fame way to the copper extre¬
mity. As often as the ends E F, which are immerfed in
the alcohol, are brought into contaCt, a brilliant fpark is
produced, and bubbles of air are given out. Upon con¬
tinuing the procefs, provided the battery be very power¬
ful, the fpirits will almoft boil. The air, which is ra.
pidly difengaged, when collected in a receiver, proves to
conlift of carbonic acid gas, and hydro-carbonat gas. As
alcohol is compofed of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, at
the inltant of decompofition new combinations take place.
The nafcent hydrogen, uniting with the carbon, confti-
tutes the hydro-carbonat; and the remaining portion of
carbon, blended with the oxygen, forms the carbonic
acid. Th.e fame refults follow the decompofition of oil.

The decompofition of water by galvanifm is governed
by the laws which apply to animal fubftances. The ra¬
pidity of the decompofition is in proportion to the num¬
ber of the plates, and not to the furface ; till we reach
the limits particularized,, in fpeaking of the influence of
fmall plates. In the battery of (ix hundred fmall plates
before defcribed, the decompofition is by no means equal
to a battery of fixty plates each of which has a furface
of four inches.

We are fold that it was with the celebrated electrical
apparatus at Haerlem, madeby Mr. Cuthbertfon, that the
beautiful metallic oxyds were firft (truck upon paper,
each of the metals having produced its peculiar charac-
teriftic tint. The mode of performing thele curious ex¬
periments is reprefented in the Electricity Plate III.
fig- 33- AB is a plate eleCtrical machine, on tire fame
principle with that In the Teylerian mufeum at Haer¬
lem ; CD a battery ex poling a coated furface of about
eighteen feet ; and GH a fine metallic wire, Tecured by
pins in fuch a way as to be railed from the paper about
cne-eighth of an inch. The frame of wires is connected
with the battery by means of the chain F. Upon dis¬
charging the battery by the rod E, the wire explodes,
and isdiflipated in the air. Having been difperfed in
every direction, a portion of it (trikes on the paper, on
which it imprefles beautiful rays. Gold wire gives a
purple tint, copper a bright green, tin a greenilh yellow,
lead a pale green, & c.

A powerful charge of electricity oxydates a confider-
Vol. VI.. No. 363.

able length of metallic wire; while galvanifm aCts on
fucceflive portions of the metal, whenever it is excited
by a conducting medium. EleCtricity produces all its
effeCts by one hidden and violent difeharge; while gal¬
vanifm operates by its continual current. It is on this
account, that the fenfations produced by their diverfe
aCtions, are materially different. The eleCtric (hock,
from a very fmall jar, operates on the body by a hidden
and percullive eifeCt ; while the one which follows the
galvanic procefs feems to arife from a conftant current,
attended by a jarring and tremulous fenfation.

All finely-drawn metallic wires are rapidly burnt by
means of a large galvanic battery, the powers of which
are in general afcertainable by the extent of fine fteel
wires, fuch as the pendulum fprings of watches, which
the battery will inftantly render red-hot. This confti-
tutes the mod correCt galvanometer ; while the other, on
which we have already touched, ought to be termed a
galvanifcope. A powerful battery .will induce 'a red heat
on feveral inches of the above fteel wire.

To deflagrate finely laminated metals, good charcoal
is the bed medium which can be employed. As the
fubftance of the metallic leaves, when laminated, is much
thinner than that of any wires which can be drawn, the
deflagrations are more brilliant, and the light extremely
vivid. Gold leaf, having the thicknefs of the 1.282,000th
part of an inch only, is not merely deflagrated, but is
likewife completely oxydated, and reduced to a purple
powder. Silver leaf, which is thicker than gold leaf in
the proportion of feven to four, is likewife converted
into an oxyd, and exhibits a beautiful greenilh light.
We tints fee that, by the powers of galvanic eledtricity,
two metals which relift: the utmoft force of our furnaces,
are rapidly oxydated.

Copper leaf has a thicknefs nearly five times greater
than that of gold leaf. In its deflagration, red ignited
particles of copper are detached, on this account, that
copper requiring a very high temperature before it titles,
the ignition takes place firft. The copper, before it
melts, is conftantly red-hot, which is not the cafe with
tin, lead, &c. The Dutch (liver leaf, a compofition of
tin and zinc, about ten tiyies as thick as g-old leaf, is de¬
flagrated with rapidity. Tin-foil, which is alio a com¬
petition of tin and zinc, is about three hundred times
thicker than gold leaf. Narrow (lips of this fubftance
are alfo eafily deflagrated. In fhort, all metals, if in a
due ftate of tenuity, are capable of being deflagrated.

In a medical view, galvanic ele&ricity certainly merits
our attention beyond any mere philpfophical refearch ;
itlafmuch as its peculiar excitation of the animal func¬
tions, offers, an inftantaneons and powerful ftimulus in
many cafes, where other means cannot be fo readily ap¬
plied. In the prefent date of our knowledge of the
principles of galvanifm, it has not been afeertained whe¬
ther any particular corporeal derangements are the caufes
or effects of a change in the refpedtive capacities of the
difeafed parts for electricity. The afeertainment of this
point would be a conliderable defideratum in medicine.
The attion of galvanifm on the mufcular and nervous
fyftems, is found to.be more violent, in proportion to its
imenfity, than that of common electricity. The charge
of a galvanic battery, fo feeble as not to be able to dif-
turb a gold-leaf eledtrofeope, when propelled, through
the head, is faid to produce a ftronger fenfation than the
one which is experienced from one hundred times the
fame intenfity, produced by a Leyden phial.

In an age like 4 he prefent, when a flow, and progref-
five progrefs in the fciences is too apt to be confidered
as a ftationary date; in an age, in (liort, when a defire
feems manifefted to colled! the fruits before the flowers
are formed, the experiments which have, from the mo¬
ment they were conceived and made, promifed a fpeedy
and immediate application to th.e healing art, cannot
have failed to attraft the particular attention of the pub¬
lic; by whom fuch an application was in a manner an-
5 X ticipated.

446 ELECTRICITY.

ticipated. It is thus that galvanifm has been occafion-
ally recommended as the criterion of death, and at other
times as a powerful and falutary flirnulus in the difeafes
of the nerves. But, when an idea was in the fil'd: indance
formed of the eledtric fluid and its properties, was it not
immediately thought, that, in its adtion on the human
body, it would fupply a remedy for all the difeafes to
which it is fubjedt ? In the fame way, after having no¬
ticed tire galvanic phenomena, it has been ridiculoufly
imagined that two pieces of metal, employed in a parti¬
cular way, would, as it were by enchantment, recall to
life thofe who have peri filed by afphyxy, redore fight to
the blind, re-edablidi, in all cafes of paralyfis, the ufe
of the limbs; and, in a word, produce more falutary ef-
fedts than the faculty have been enabled to obtain, from
tire multitude of chemical, mechanical, and other, reme¬
dies, which have been employed for fo many ages. Such
was the fhort-lived delufion of metallic traElors.

Dr. Grapengieder, in his late celebrated v/ork on Me¬
dical Eledtricity, publiflied at Berlin, recommends gal-
vanifm in the following cafes : i. In palfies of the extre¬
mities, occafioned by the debility or celfation of the ner¬
vous adtion, and in thofe even which have been prima¬
rily determined by other caufes, fuch as the compreffion
of the brain, the repercudion of an exanthenratic affec¬
tion, or a rheumatic affedtion, when thefe caufes have
been advantageoudy combated by the ufual means. 2.
Galvanifm is indicated in cafes of a debility of fight, and
in the gulta ferena, when thefe complaints are folely
afcribable to a want of excitability in the optic nerve.
3. It is calculated for deafnefs arifing from a nervous de¬
bility, and for particular buzzings in the ears. In the
cafe of deafnefs, the caufe is fometimes very difficult to
afeertain; but is invariably of the •utmoft importance.
With refpedt to the latter fymptom, when it arifes, as
frequently happens, from the galvanic application, it is
not attended by any particular inconvenience, when it
ceafes with the operation itfelf. But when it continues
for feveral hours after, it is a bad'omen. In forn.e cafes
this application produces in the ears a fenfation of found
finiilar to that of boiling water; to that of the whiffling
of the winds; of the ringing of bells; or of the loud
chirping of birds. 4. Galvanifm appears to be calcu¬
lated for the treatment of hoarfenefs, and for that of
aphony arifing from a defedt of nervous adtion. Should
thefe fymptoms follow an inflammation, or fupervene
after the fatigue occafioned either by Tinging or by cry¬
ing, it will fuffice to make the application of the battery,
or even of tire fimpl,e apparatus, to the moidened {kin.
But if they diould appear to be the refult, either of ca¬
tarrhal, exanthematous', rheumatic, arthritic, or venereal,
additions, the preferable mode would be, to apply the
mod (imple apparatus to the wounds of vedcatories. It
is true that this apparatus adts lefs forcibly ; but it has
this advantage, which is effential in the above-cited cafes,
that the patient will be enabled to bear its adtion much
longer. This author alfo apprehends that galvanifm may
likewife be fuccefsfully employed, as a refoiutive, in cer¬
tain chronical cafes of fciatica ; in the white fwellings of
the joints'; in tumors of the glands of the neck ; and in
incipient cafes of meliceris and atheroma. He obferves
that he derived fome advantage from it, in a cafe of me.
tTtalis, accompanied by indammation, at the articula¬
tions of the elbow and thigh; but that he conliders gal¬
vanifm, which is in all cafes a powerful ftimulant of the
vital forces, to bfe principally a powerful mean to be em¬
ployed, as an auxiliary at the lead, in the treatment of
many of the difeafes of the nervous fydem. Independently
of its ftimulating adtion, when it is applied over velica-
tories, it operates as a powerful derivative.

Valuable, however, as the galvanic influence may ap¬
pear to be as an auxiliary to medicine, and J'afe as may be
its application in judicious hands ; yet being unqueftion-
ably the very fame agent as that which operates in medi¬
cal eledtricity, the fame caution, and perhaps a greater,

becomes neceflary in the ufe of it, feeing that its force
upon the animal economy is fuppofed to be more power¬
ful, and its intendty greater on the vital organs. As it
is admitted on all hands, that an injudicious treatment
of the patient by common eledtricity is extremely dange¬
rous, fo it follows that the application of the eledtric
fluid from the Voltaic pile can never be fafe, unlefs di-
redted by perfons of. fkill and knowledge in medical
fcience.

An account is given by Mr. Sprenger, of Jena, of his
method of adminiftering galvanifm in cafes of deafnefs.
A fmall ball is applied to the external orifice of the ear,
and a much larger one is held in the patient’s hand. The
communication is then formed and interrupted alternate¬
ly, by the means of machinery, once In every fecond,
for about four minutes daily, for a fortnight or more.
He aflerts, that he has thus reftored the fenfe of hearing
to forty-five perfons, and to four of them that of fmelf-
ing alfo. Thofe who were completely deaf experienced
relief, with fcarcely any exception ; but a partial deaf¬
nefs did not appear to receive the fame benefit.

Several curious experiments on the treatment of dif¬
eafes by galvanic eledtricity, have been recently made
by the members of the fchool of medicine in Paris. The
following is a brief ftatement of the one which appears
to be mod interefting. The firft confideration was the
application of the effedts of the pile of Volta to the ani¬
mal economy; and the conclufions which were drawn
were to this effedt : 1. That, in the employment of the
above pile, the galvanic influence penetrates and affedts
the nervous and mufcular organs, more profoundly than
the common apparatus, the latter being calculated by
the cuftomary meafure of medical eledtricity. 2. That
the eifedts of the pile produce powerful contradtions, and
ftrong fenfations of pricking and burning, in parts which
are, by their difeafed (late, rendered infenfible to fparks,
and even to eledtrical fliocks. 3. That the duration of
this adtion is fuch, as to warrant a hope that an effica¬
cious excitement, capable of being fuccefsfully employed
in the treatment of cafes of paralyfis, may be found in the
Voltaic pile.

In the application of this apparatus it was likewife ob-
ferved, that the effedts produced appeared to be propor¬
tionate to the e.xtent of the points of contadl ; infomuch
that the mod powerful excitation enfued, when the com¬
motion was effedted by the meeting of the condudtors
emanating from the galvanic pile, with metallic conduc¬
tors fixed on the difeafed part, the contadl being of a
greater or lefs extent.

The experiment above alluded to was made under the
immediate direction of M. Hall?. A patient, the whole
of whofe mufcles on the left fide of the face were in a
palfied date, in confequence of a fluxion brought on by
the adtion of cold, bad been eledtrified feveral times, but
felt neither fenfation nor contradlion when the fpark was
diredted to the affedted part. Indeed, he was fcarcely
fenfible of a flight contradlion in the great zygomatic
mufcle, when tire application of the eledtricity was made
by commotion. This individual was fubjedted to the
galvanic adtion of a pile condriidted with fifty metallic
plates; and a communication was eflablifhed between
different points of the difeafed cheek and the two extre¬
mities of the pile, by means of metallic chains and ex¬
citers. At the indant of contadl, all the mufcles of the
face became contradted. The patient felt not only a pain,
but a very difagreeable fenfation of heat. The eye was
convulfed ; the tears flowed involuntarily ; and a pain
and. fwelling enfued at the different points which had
been touched. Occafional applications of the galvanic
influence for about fix months, effedled a cure.

Vaffalli-Eandi, in his Report on the Adtion of Galva¬
nifm, and on the Application of this Fluid, and of Elec¬
tricity, to Medicine, has the following remarks: “ I
confider galvanifm as a modification of eledtricity ; a mo¬
dification which renders this fluid more adtive; as the

fmall

ELECT

fmall flame feparated by the blow-pipe is far more ar¬
dent than the large one from which it is taken. I have
read to the academy of Turin feveral experiments, which
feem to fupport this comparifon between electricity and
galvanifm. Animals which were only thinned by the
thronged fparks from a magic picture, were killed in lefs
than three minutes by a very weak degree of galvanifm.
The fluid of a pile compofed of twenty-five plates of til-
ver and zinc, of the lize of a crown piece, intermixed
with pieces of pafteboard moidened in water faturated
with muriat of ammonia, oxydates the metals in decom-
poflng the water, while it is fcarcely fenfible in the fin¬
gers, and gives only final 1 fparks. The brilliant electric
fparks which excite in onr bodies a drong fenfation of
pricking, neither oxydate t lie metals, nor decompole the
water, if they do not communicate a fhock. Having
made the galvanic current to pafs through the body of a
frog, its fluids were decompofed, and I faw it (well up
fo much, that it could no longer plunge into the water,
though poffeffed of great vitality, which I never obferved
to be the cafe in frogs when tormented by drong eleftric
fparks. All thefe fadds, to which-many more of a fimilar
kind might be added, confirm the great activity of gal¬
vanifm when compared with eledtricity. Hence it re-
fults, that the electric fluid of the Voltaic pile may be
very ufefi'il in cafes in which common eledtricity would
not have fuffreient activity.

Mr. C. H. Wilkinfon, in his Elements of Galvanifm,
publifhed in 1804, gives the following details, as reful t-
ing from his medical pradtice of galvanic eledtricity :
“ When paralytic affedtions arife from organic defedt, as
in cafes of palfy of the lower extremities, from difeafed
fpine, no good effedts can be expedted to -refill t from the
application of galvanifm. In cafes of hemiplegia, or palfy
on one fide, arifing from the prefiure of extravafated fluid
in or upon the brain, the ftimulus of galvanifm would, it
appears to me, be injurious, in confequence of its adtion
increafing t lie extravafation. In one cafe, of a perfon
about the age of thirty, of a full plethoric temperament,
who fuffered the lofs of the ufe of one of the fide ., from
an apopledtic attack, I applied gentle fhocks of galvanifm
through the fide of the brain oppofite to the atfedbed part
of the body. Upon the third day, a confiderable giddi-
nefs took place ; and the veffels of the eyes became tur¬
gid. I immediately difeontinued the application, and in
a few days thefe unfavourable fymptoms difa'ppeared.

“ Thefe cafes are but few in number, when compared
with thofe which arife from a defective energy in jhe
brain itfelf. In tliefe latter infiances galvanifm has often
proved of very confiderable advantage. By the means
of galvanifm, I have never fucceeded in perfectly re-
fioring the patient to his original fenlibility ; but have,
in many inftances, confiderably afiifted the powers of mo¬
tion. Very foon after the application of galvanifm, an
areolous rednefs is perceived ; and, if it be perfevered in
too long, vefications and fubfequent ulcerations are pro¬
duced. Thefe fymptoms, which are a little troublefome
for the moment, do not require any particular treatment
in their cure. The part of the body to which the con¬
ducting wire from the copper fide of the battery is ap¬
plied, is always the moft powerfully aCted on ; and, if
the conducing wires be kept in contact with the metal¬
lic leaves, for the fpace even of half a minute, without
being removed, the one from the copper fide will pro¬
duce an acute pricking fenfation, Very much refembling
the bite of a leech.

“In fome cafes, attention ought to be paid to this dif¬
ference between the ends of the battery. When it is
wiiiied to aft on one part of the body more powerfully
than on the other, the conducing wire from the copper
end (hould be placed on that particular part. This dif¬
ference in power correfponds with the effeCls experienced
from the charged Leyden jar, in the cafe of which the
part of the body connected with the negative fide of the
jar is more powerfully aCted on than the part connected

R I C I T Y. 447

with the pofitive fide. In recent cafes of hemip'egia,
very good effects are foon perceived. After a few pli¬
cations-, -a fenfation of returning warmth is felt ; and the
aCtion of the mufcles of the arm reftored, as often as the
circuit is completed. The effcCts of ttiis principle, when
it is applied to the human body, are not fo painful as
thofe of electricity, notwithftanding its aCtions are more
powerful. By preventing the mufcles from remaining
conftantly in a ftate of torpid inactivity, the lofs of fub-
ftance which would otherwife take place is guarded
againft.

“ From the reports of the foreign practitioners, it
would appear that galvanifm is a fpecific in cafes of deaf. 1
n efs. Its fuccefs, in thefe cafes, feems to depend on the
caufe which occafions the defect of hearing. In that of
perfons born deaf, and neceffarily dumb, it feems to arife
from the difeafed ftate of the femicircular canals, which,
inftead of being filled with a fluid capable of tranfmit-
ting impreflions, contain an inelaftic cafeous-like fub-
fiance. Under tliefe circumftances, no good effeCt can be
expeCted to be derived from gaivanifm. It is fortunately
in the particular fpecies of deafnefs which can rarely be
relieved by any other means, that galvanifm is moft ad-
vantageoufly employed, namely, in a defective energy of
the auditory nerve. This fpecies of deafnefs is afeertain-
able by the common practice of placing a fonorous body
in contaCt with the teeth. If the communication of found
fiiould not be thus rendered more diftiiiCt, we may con¬
clude that the defeCt originates in the nerve; feeing that,
provided the deafnefs had been owing to any derange¬
ment of the other parts of the ear, the found, tranfmit-
ted by the medium of the teeth, through the connecting
bony fubftance, to the feat of hearing, would have been
diftinCtly perceived. When one ear only is affected, it is
not iteceifary to introduce the apparatus into the meatus
of the other. In thefe cafes I have directed its paflage
through the atfeCted ear, and to the hand on the other
fide. This is conveniently done by immerfing the hand
in a glafs of water, in which the conducting wire is
placed.

“ In involuntary aCtions of the mufcles, I know of no
remedy fo efficacious as galvanifm. In a contracted ftate
of the fingers, or hands, however violently the latter may
be clenched, on the application of this principle for the
fpace of a few minutes, it rarely fails to induce a relaxa¬
tion. In cafes of cramp, if of long continuance, and even
of tetanus, or locked jaw, it has afforded relief in a ftiort
fpace of time. In contractions of the joints, and in all
cafes of rigidity, it is found a very advantageous ftimu¬
lus, which will greatly contribute to the reftoration of
motion. In the ftilfnefs of the joints, occafioned by the
gout, it has come under my obfervation that the ftimu¬
lus of galvanifm, conjointly with the flefii-brufli, has been
attended by the happieft effeCls.

“ Perhaps in no cafe are the advantages of galvanifm
more fenfibly experienced, than in indolent tumors, or
fcrophulous Ivvellings, which have long remained ftation-
ary. By the influence of this principle, tumors of this
kind have in a few days been brought either into a ftate
of fuppuration or refolution. Many fwellings are of Inch
a nature, that their removal by either of thefe means is
defirable. I have frequently applied the galvanic prin¬
ciple witli the utmoft fuccefs in inguinal tumors, which
had refilled every other curative intention. The obtufe
aching fenfation, generally attendant on tliefe indolent
tumors, is very fpeedily removed. In fcrophulous affec¬
tions of the neck, it has been found very beneficial.

“ When the extraordinary influence of the principle of
galvanifm, on the mufcular fibres of dead animals, was
firft obferved, it was natural to expeCt that great advan¬
tages would refult from its employment in thofe particu¬
lar cafes in which life is not extinguiftied, but its influ¬
ence on the animal organization merely fufpended. The
divided part of an animal, when cut off from the fources
which might be deemed abfolutely requilite to the fiip-

port

448

E L E

port of its living energies, dill evinces manifeft figns of
the exigence of a vital principle, when roofed into ac¬
tion of galvanifm. Thus the mufcular contractions in¬
duced by the influence of a fmall portion of eleCtricity,
were ftrongly manifefted in the experiment on the frog,
which led Galvani to his important difcovery. Though
the frog, in Galvani’s experiment, was at a diftance from
the machine, and not at all connected with it, yet as of¬
ten as the muffles were touched with tiie differing knife,
upon a fnark being drawn from the prime conductor of
the eleCtrical machine, the mufcles of the frog were fet
in motion. But Mr. Wilkinfon has placed this fact in a
ftronger point of view, by a very curious experiment on
an ox’s head, which was thrown into convulfive motions
by the influence of fix galvanic batteries. ‘ When the
head is warm, and has not been long feparated from the
body of the animal, (fays this writer,) the convulfive
actions are very confiderable. The eyes open fpontane-
oufly, and the pupils become dilated. The ears and
hocus move with a confiderable force ; and when the
tongue is drawn out, and even fecured to the table by
perforating it with an iron (kewer which is made to, pe¬
netrate into the wood more than half an inch, I have fre¬
quently obferved a retraction of that organ, fo powerful
as to detach the (kewer from the table, and to throw it
up into the air, to the diftance of nearly, a yard. When
I fubjeCted an entire (beep to the galvanic influence, the
motions refembled the convulfive druggies of animals in
an epileptic date, and were much more powerful than
the natural actions. The horfes recently killed, which
I likewife gal vanized, required two perfons to redrain the
motions of each of the legs.’

“ When life is merely fufpmded, and the principle of
irritability not dejlroyed, the dimulus of galvanifm, pru¬
dently employed, may roufe the dormant energies of vi¬
tality, and redore the fydem to its aCtive date. Fortu¬
nately, in mod cafes of afphyxia, the principle of irrita¬
bility is not in any degree ledened. An animal, whether
drowned in water or in hydrogen gas, exhibits nearly the
fame fymptoms. When expofed to either of thefe me¬
dia, the pulfe foon becomes weak and frequent; the ani¬
mal feels at the bread an anxiety which it druggies to
relieve ; and thefe difficulties increafe until it falls down
without fenfe or motion.

“In cafes of fufpended animation, whether from drown¬
ing, dpangling, or expofure to noxious gafes, the body
tV fiiould be diverted of its clothing! and placed in a warm
bed, nearly approaching to the natural temperature. If
it can be procured, air, with an increafed proportion of
oxygen, (hould be introduced into the lungs; and, at
the fame inrtant, very gentle galvanic (hocks (hould be
parted through the body, in fuch a direction as to influ¬
ence the heart. By combining this principle with the
other ufiial means, the mod advantageous effeCts may be
expeCted. In the cafe of Forrter, a condemned criminal,
five or fix hours after his execution, fuch motions were
produced by the galvanic apparatus, as to lead the prac¬
titioners who were prefent, to.fuppofe that, at this late
period, even a recovery might, by perfeverance, have
pofilbly enfued. The general idea that, in cafes of hang¬
ing, the vertebrae are didocated, is erroneous. Ver/few
indances have occurred of any organic derangement ; in-
fornuch, that whether the death be occafioned by hang¬
ing or drowning, the caufe- is merely fufibcation.

“ I have conrtantly entertained a perfuafion, that com¬
plete death takes place from the arteries being emptied
of their contents. In the lad convulfive agonies, thofe
arterial terminations, which do not admit the partage of
red blood, having lod their redding power, furt'er the
whole of the blood to be emptied into the venous fyf-
tem. In this way the energy of every part of the body
is dertroyfed.”

Galvanic experiments were very lately made by Mr.
Carptte, in the prefence of Dr. Pearfon, and other medi¬
cal gentlemen, on the body of Michael Carney, a crimi-

E L E

nal, executed for murder. The principal objeCt was to
afeertain whether galvanifm, applied immediately to thf
nerves, could excite aCtion in the internal parts, and par¬
ticularly thofe fubfervient to rejpiration. With this view
an opening was firrt made into the windpipe, and about
three pints of oxygen gas thrown into the lungs; the
phrenic nerve was then expofed to conductors applied to
it, and to the inlide of the reCtum, the lungs being at the
fame time occafionally inflated ; yet no addon could be ex¬
cited in the diaphragm : the nerves do not feem to be con¬
ductors of the galvanic fluid. Conductors applied to the
infide of the reCtum and nortrils, excited very confider¬
able contractions in the right auricle, more than three
hours after death ; yet the ventricles were perjedly motionlefs.
Thefe experiments were conducted with perfeCt accuracy
and fcience ; but no new fact appears to have been af.
certained, favourable to the dimulus of the refpirable
organ. This refult teems therefore to manifeft one gene¬
ral and ferious faCt — namely, that when the functions of
animal life are annihilated, the active powers and influ¬
ences of nature, aided even by the mod ingenious arti¬
fice of man, are incompetent to redore the aCtion of the
lungs, or what is termed rejpiration. This experiment
indifputably proves, that how much foever eleCtricity
might agitate and dirturb dead matter, it has no power
whatever in the revivification of human life.

ELEC'TRIDES, in ancient geography, ifiands in the
Adriatic fea, which received their name from the quan¬
tity of amber (c letlrum) which they produced. They
were at the mouth of the Po, according to Apollonius of
Rhodes : but fome hiftorians doubt of their exidence.

Plin. Mela. *»

ELECTRI'FEROUS, adj. [from the Lat. eleElrum, am¬
ber, and fern, to bear.] Bearing amber, producing amber.

ELEC'TRINE, adj. [from eleElrum, Lat.] Belonging
to amber.

ELECTRO'METER, f. An indrument for meafuring
or afeertaining the firength or intenfity of the eleCtric fiuid,
whether accumulated by an eleCtrical machine, or gene¬
rated fpontaneoufiy in the atmofphere, &c. See the pre¬
ceding article Electricity, p. 414-419.

ELECTRO'PHORUSjy. The mod (itnple, yet by fome
called perpetual, eleCtrical machine. See Electricity,
P-4G-

ELEC'TROSCOPE,y. An indrument condruCted of
very delicate materials, fo as to be influenced by the
fmalled portions of eleCtricity ; for indancc, of fine flaxen
or filver threads, with or without pith-balls, as invented
by Mr. Canton; or (lips of gold leaf, as firrt contrived
by Mr. Bennett. Thefe indruments have ufually been
termed elcElrometers, but improperly, becaufe they are by
no means calculated to meafure intenfe eleCtricity. They
merely (hew, by their eafy dirturbarree, the prefence of
fmall portions of eleCtricity ; as is implied by the word
eleElroJcope. For the adoption of this diftinCtive term in
eleCtricity, we ate indebted to Beccaria.

ELEC'TRUM,yi [from viAe y.roq, Gr. the fun, becaufe
of its bright (liming colour, or from eAkw, to draw, be¬
caufe of its magnetic power.] -Medical name of amber.

ELEC'TRYON, a king of Argos, fon of Perfeus and
Andromeda. He was brother to Alcaeus, and father to
Alcmene. He Cent his fons againrt the Teleboans, who
had ravaged his country, and they were all killed except
Lycinmius. Upon this, EleCtryon promifed his crown
and daughter in marriage to him who could undertake
to punifh the Teleboans for the death of his fons. Am¬
phitryon offered himfelf and lucceeded. EleCtryon in¬
advertently perilhed by the hand of his (on- in-law.
Apollod.

ELEC' T U ARY, J. [_clcElarium, Lat. Ccc'us Aurel. which
is now written cledluary.'] A form of medicine made of
conferves and powders, in the confidence of honey — .Elec¬
tuaries made up with honey or fyrup, when the confid¬
ence is too thin, ferment ; and when too thick, candy.

By both which the ingredients will be altered or impair-
2 ** ed,

E L E

ed. Quincy . — We meet with divers electuaries, which have
no ingredient, except fugar, common to any two of them.
B.yle. See Phahmacy.

ELEEMO'SYN A CARUCARUM, or proaratris, or
aratri, f. in our ancient cuftoms, a penny which king
Ethelred ordered to be paid for every plough in Eng¬
land, towards the fupport of the poor. Sometimes it is
alfo called elccmofyna regis , becaufe firft appointed by the
king.

ELEEMOSYN A'RIUS, f. The almoner or officer
who received the eleemofynary gifts and rents, and dif-
pofed of them to charitable and pious ufes.

ELEEMO'SY NARY, adj. [eAevj^os'di'u, Gr.] Living,
upon alms; depending upon charity. Not ufed. Relative
to charitable donations. — Which your majedy muff enter¬
tain in the higheft degree for thofe great perfonages, whore
refpedfable names lland upon your eleemofynary lift. Cluj-
tcrfcld. — The eleemofynary fort (of corporations) are fuch
as are conftituted for the perpetual diftribution of free
alms. B/ackffone.

ELEEMO'SYNARY,yi A place in a motiaflery, where
the common alms were laid up; alfo the almoner’s of¬
fice, to which peculiar rents were allowed.

E'LEGANCE, or Elegancy, f. \_clegantia , Lat.]
Beauty rather foothing than ftriking ; beauty without
grandeur ; the beauty of propriety, not of greatnefs. — St.
Auguftine, out of a kind of elegancy in writing, makes fome
difference. Raleigh. — Any thing that pleafes by its nice¬
ty. In this fenfe it has a plural. — My competitions in
gardening are altogether Pindarick, and run into the beau¬
tiful wildnefs of nature, without the nicer elegancies of art.
SpeSlator.

E'LEGANT, adj. \_elegans, Lat.] Pleating by minuter
beauties. — Trifles themfelves are elegant in him. Pope. —
There may’fl thou find fome elegant retreat. London. —
Nice; not coarfe ; not grots. — Polite with candour ; ele¬
gant with eafe. Pope.

E'LEGANTLY, adv. In fuch a manner as to pleafe.
— Now read with them thofe organic arts which enable
men !o difeourfe and write perfpicuoufly, elegantly , and
according to the fitted (tile of lofty, mean, or lowly. Milton.

In a poem elegantly writ,

I will not quarrel with a flight miflake. Rofcommon.

iSeatly ; nicely ; with minute beauty ; with pleating pro¬
priety. — Whoever would write elegantly , mull have re¬
gard to the different turn and juncture of every period :
there mud be proper didances and paufes. Pope.

ELE'GIA,/-. [sAsysia, Gr. are elegiac verfes, from
£*ayo£, mourning : ’ but what has that to do with this
plant ?] In botany, a genus of the clafs dioecia, order
triandria, natural order calamarise, (junci, JuJf.) The’
generic charabters are — I. Male. Calyx: fpathes with¬
in fpathes, remote, one-valved, coriaceous, lanceolate,
deciduous ; fpadix filiform, jointed, with an ament at
each joint; ament loofe, with pedicelled florets, diflin-
guiflied by a brabte ; brabte briflle-fliaped, membrana¬
ceous, flat, longer than the florets; perianthium proper,
of fix, bridle-fhaped, chaffy, loofe, leaflets. Corolla :
none. Stamina : filaments three, very fliort ; antherse
incumbent, 'oval, larger than the perianthium. II. Fe¬
male, on a diflinbt individual. ; Calyx, fpathe as in the
male, but fhorter ; fpadix as in the male ; ament with a
compound raceme; perianthium proper, fix-leaved; valves,
the three outer lanceolate, channelled, petaloid, equal ;
corolla, none ; pidillum, germ fomewhat oblong ; flyles
three,* filiform,' the length of the perianthium ; digmas
fimple.

Eiegia, fird didinguifhed by Linnaeus from the genuls
redio, and afterwards immerfed in it by him, is fettled
by Thunberg to be didinbt from redio, in a difiertation
on that genus. There is, however, but one fpecies, Eie¬
gia juncea : it is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and
lias the habit of a rufh ; the dems are feveral, about a

Vol. VI. No. 363.

E L E 449

foot high, round, fmooth, filled, as it were, like thofe cf
a rufh; hard, drong, very fimple, fcarcely fo thick as a
quill, with a fimple joint. There are fcarcely any leaves,
but two or three leafy flieaths towards the root, imbri¬
cated over each other, and of a brown colour; there is
alfo a rudiment of a fimilar fheath towards the middle of
the dem ; the fpathe is terminal, and divided into other
interior ones, which are alfo compound ; the parts of
fructification are not very eafily made out, but are mod
clear in the female flowers.

ELEGI'AC, adj. [ clegiacus , Lat.] Ufed in elegies.
Pertaining to elegies. Mournful; forrowful :

Let elegiac lay the woe relate.

Soft as the breath of didant flutes. Gay.

ELEGIAM'BIC, adj. A fort of verfe ufed inHorace’s
Epodes.

ELEGIO'GR APHER, f. \elegiographv.s, Lat. sAsysic- •
ypotpo<;, of eheysia, and yp oetpeu, Gr. to write.] A writer of
elegies.

ELE'GIT, f. [from the, words in the writ, elegit fibi
liberari, Lat.] A writ of execution founded on the ftat-
Will. II. c. 13. Edw. I. c. 18. that lies for him who hath
recovered debt or damages, or upon a recognizance in
any court agafnd one not able in his goods to fatisfy the
fame ; directed to the fheriff, commanding him to make
delivery of a moiety of the party’s land, and all his goods,
beads of the plough excepted. And the creditor fhall
hold the faid moiety of the land fo delivered unto him,
until his whole debt and damages are paid and fatisfied ;
and, during that term, he is tenant by elegit. Co. I.it. 2S9.

Upon an elegit, the fheriff is to deliver one half of all
houfes, lands, meadows,- and padures, rents, reverdons,
and hereditaments, wherein the defendant had any foie
edate in fee, or for life, into whofe hands foever the fame
do afterwards come ; but not of a right only to land, an
annuity, copyhold lands, &c. Plozvd. 224. And by it the
plaintiff, &c. elects omnia bona & catalla of the defendant,
prater boves & afros dc caruca fua ; and alfo a moiety of all
the lands which the defendant had at the time of the
judgment recovered ; but it ought to be ftied within a
year and a day after the judgment, F. N. B. 267. But
though by this flatute the lands of the debtor are made
liable, as well as his perfonal edate, yet if the creditor takes
out an elegit, and it appears fo the fheriff that there are
goods 'and chattels fufficient of the debtor’s to fatisfy the
debt, lie ought not to extend the lands. 2 Inf. 395. But
an eiegit executed upon goods only, is not a fieri. facias,
for a fieri facias is executed by fale by the fheriff; but
the elegit by the appraifement cf the goods by a jury,
and delivery to the party, r Lev. 92.

Upon this writ the fheriff is to impanel a jury, who
are to make enquiry of all the goods and chattels of the
debtor, andYo appraife the fame, and alfo to enquire as
to his lands and tenements; and, upon fuch inquidtion,
the dierifl' is to deliver all the goods and chattels, (except
the beads of the.plough,) and a moiety of the lands, to the
party, and mud return Iris writ, in order to record fuch
inquidtion in that court, out of which the elegit iffued ;
and, when the jury have found the feifin and value bf the
land, the dieriff, and not the jury, is to let out and de¬
liver a moiety thereof to the plaintiff, by metes and
bounds. Cro. Car. 319.

All writs of execution may be good, thoug-h not re¬
turned, except an elegit; but that limit be returned, be¬
caufe an inquidtion is to be taken upon it, and that the
court may judge of the fufficiency thereof. 4 Rep. 65. It
has been ruled, that if more than a moiety of the lands is
delivered on an elegit by the dieriff, the fame is void for
the whole. 2 Salk. 563. And the dierilf cannot fell any
thing, but what is found in the inquidtion ; and, there.,
fore, if he fell a term for years, See. mif-recited in the
inquidtion, as to the commencement thereof, the fale is ,
void. gRep. 74.

$ Y U

450

E L E

In debt upon bond, the defendant before the trial con¬
veyed his lands to another, See. but he himfelf took the
profits ; notwithftanding this conveyance, a moiety of his
lands was extended on an elegit. Dyer, 294. It two per-
fons have each of them a judgment againft one debtor,
and he who hath the fird judgment brings an elegit, and
hath the moiety of the lands delivered to him in execu¬
tion, and then the other judgment creditor files out an¬
other elegit, he (hall have only a moiety of that moiety
which was not extended by the firft judgment. Cro. Eliz.
483. When lands are once taken in execution on an ele¬
git, and the writ is returned and filed, the plaintiff (hall
have no other execution. 1 Iw. 92. And if the defendant
hath lands in more counties than one, and the plaintiff
awards an elegit to one county, and extends the lands
upon the elegit, and afterwards files the writ, he cannot,
after that, fue out an elegit into the other counties ; but
he may immediately after entry of the judgment upon the
judgment-roll, award as many elegits into as many coun¬
ties as . he thinks fit, and execute all, or any of them, at
his pleafure. 1 Lil. Air. 509.

E'LEGY, J'. [ elegus , I.at.] A mournful fong. — He
hangs odes upon hawthorns, and elegies upon brambles,
all forfooth deifying the name of Rofalind. Shakefpeare. —
A funeral fong :

So on Meander’s banks, when death is nigh,

The mournful fwan (ings her own elegy. Dryden.

A (hort poem without points or affected elegancies.

ELE'I, a people of Elis in Peloponnefus. They were
formerly called Epei. In their country was the temple of
Jupiter, where alfo were celebrated the Olympic games,
of which they had the fuperintendance. Their horfes
were in great repute, hence Eleiequi, and Elea palma. Lucan.

ELEl'THI AS, anciently a magnificent city of the The-
bais, or Upper Egypt, where are the ruins of a fpacious
temple, fuppofed to have been dedicated to Ifis. In fe-
veral compartments of the ruined walls are a great va¬
riety of curious paintings, which plainly indicate the
hand of a mafter. Some oxen at plough are reprefented
as harneffed by the horns, and driven by the man who
holds the plough ; and in another compartment there is
a plough drawn by four men, harneffed two and two.
The paintings are at this day fo perfeft, that M. Coftsz,
who publifhed an account of thefe antiquities in 1802,
declares that the grain Mattering from the lower’s hand,
is plainly feen to be barley, which was employed in
making bread long before wheat, which this author fup-
pofes was not in common ufe in Egypt till the reign of
Ptolemy Soter. Among all the paintings there is no inflru-
ment refembling a harrow ; but oxen are feen treading
out the corn, exactly’ as mentioned in Dent. xxv. 4.

ELE'LEUS, a furname of Bacchus, from the word sys-
\iv, which the Bacchanals loudly repeated during hisfef-
tivals. Ovid,

E'LEMENT, /. [ clementum , Lat.] The firfi or condi¬
ment principle of any thing. — Simple fubftances are either
fpirits which have no manner of competition, or the firft
p inciples of bodies, ufually called elements, of which
other bodies . are compounded. Watts. — The four ele¬
ments, ufually fo confidered, until the late improvements
in chemiftry, were earth, fire, air, water, of which our
•world is compounded. When ufed alone in common
fpeech, element commonly means the. air.. — The king is
but a man : the violet fmells to him as it doth to me ;
and the element (hews to him as it doth to me. Shakefpeare.
—The heavens and the earth will pafs away, and the de¬
ments melt with fervent heat. Peter.

The king,

Contending with the fretful elements,

Bids the wind blow the earth into the fea,

Or fwell the curled waters. Shakefpeare.

The proper habitation or fphere of any thing j as water

E L E

of fifii.— They (hew that they are out of their element,
and that logic is none of their talent. Baker. — An ingre¬
dient ; a condiment part :

Who fet the body and the limbs

Of this great fport together, as you guefs?

- One fure that promifes no element

In fuch a bnfinefs. Shakefpeare.

The letters of any language. The lowed or fird rudi¬
ments of literature or fcience. — With religion it fareth
as with other fciences ; the fird delivery of the elements
thereof mud, for like confideration, be framed according
to tire weak and (lender capacity of young beginners.
Hooker. — We, when we were children, were in bondage
under the elements of the world. Gal . iv. 3.

Democritus dands at the head of the elementary plri-
lofophers, in which he is followed by Epicurus, and
many others after them of the Epicurean and corpufcu-
lar philofophers. Among thofe who hold the elements
corruptible, fome will have only one, and fome feveral.
Of the former, the principal arc, Heraclitus who held
fire, Anaximenes air, Thales Milefius water, and Hefiod
earth, as the only element. Hefiod is followed by Bernar-
din,Telefius ; and Thales by many of the ancient chemifis.
Among thofe who admit feveral corruptible elements,
the principal are the Peripatetics ; who, after their leader
Aridotle, contend for four elements, viz. fire, air, water,
and earth. Aridotle took the notion from Hippocrates;
Hippocrates from Pythagoras; and Pythagoras from O-
cellus Lucanus, who, it feems, was the fird author of it.
The Cartefians admit only three elements, fire, air., and
earth, SeeC artesian Philosophy. — Sir IfaacNewtonob-
ferves, that it feems probable that God, in the begining,
formed matter in folid, mafiive, bard, impenetrable, move-
able, particles, of fuch fizes and figures, as mod conduced
to the end for which he formed them ; and that thefe
primitive particles, being folids, are incomparably harder
than any porous body compounded of them ; even fo hard
as never to wear out ; no ordinary power being able to
divide what God made one in the fird creation. While
the particles remain entire, they may compofe bodies of
one and the fame nature and texture in all ages; but
fhould they wear away, or break in pieces, the nature of
things, depending on them, would be changed ; water
and earth, ccmpofed of old worn particles, and fragments
of particles, would not be of the fame nature and texture
now, with water and earth compofed of entire particles
in the beginning. And, therefore, that things may be
lading, the changes of corporeal things are to be placed
only in the various feparations, and ri?w affociations and
motions, of thofe permanent particles; compound bodies
being apt to break, not in the midd of folid particles,
but where thofe particles 1 are laid together, and only
touch in a few points. It feems to him, likewife, that
thefe particles have not only a vis inertia, with the padive
laws of motion thence refultirig, but are alfo moved by
certain aTive principles; fuch as gravity, and the caufe
of fermentation, and the cohefion of bodies.

To E'LEMENT, v. a. To compound of elements. —
Whether any one fuch body be met with, in thofe faid
to be elemented bodies, I now quedion. Boyle. — To confti-
tute ; to make as a fird principle :

Dull fublunary lover's love,

Whofe foul is fenfe, cannot admit

Of abfenfe, ’caufe it doth remoye
The thing which elemented it. Donne.

ELEMEN'TAL, adj. Produced by fome of the ele¬
ments :

Soft yielding minds to water glide away,

And (ip with nymphs their elemental tea. Pope.

Arifing from fird principles. — Leeches are by fome ac¬
counted poifon, not properly, that is- by temperamental
contrariety, occult form, or fo much as elemental repug-
3 nancy ;

451

E L E

nancy; but inwardly taken, they fallen upon the veins,
and occafion an eff'ulion of blood. Brown.

ELEMENTA'RITY, or Elemen'tariness,/'. Con¬
taining rudiments or fil'd principles ; the fimplicity of
nature, or abfence of compofition ; being uncompound¬
ed. — A very large clafs of creatures in the earth, far
above the condition of elementarily . Brown,

ELEMEN'TARY, adj. Uncompounded ; having only
one principle or conftituent part. — The elementary falts of
animals are not the fame as they appear by diftillation.
Arbuthnot. — Initial ; rudimental. — It is probable, that be¬
fore the time of Ariftotle there were elementary treadles
of geometry, which are now loft. Reid.

ELEMEN'TATED, adj. Made up of the elements,
compofed of the elements. Not much ufed. Scott.

ELE'MI, or Elemni,/! called gum-elemi, a dry refinous
fubftance, brought from the Eaft Indies and Ethiopia;
an inferior fort is the produce of a fpecies of olive-tree in
the Spanilh Weft Indies; the amyri Jelemif era. Linn. The
elemi tree is alfo called rnyrobalauus Zcylanicus ; elemnifera
curajj'avica arbor ; kakuria. What we have from the eaft
is wrapped in flag-leaves ; is foftifli, fomewhat tranfpa-
rent ; of a pale whitifh yellow colour, inclining to green;
inflammable, and of an agreeable flavour when melting;
to the tafte it is bitferifti ; it diflblves totally in redtified
fpirit of wine ; by diftillation with water, about one ounce
of eflential oil is obtained from fixteen of the gum.

ELEMI'FERAjyi in botany. See Amyris.

ELEN'CH, or Elf.nchus,/’. \_elenchus, Lat. from e \zy-
p^o?, Gr.] In antiquity, a kind of ear-rings fet with large
pearls. In logic, a vicious or fallacious argument, which
deceives under the guife of truth ; the fame with what
is now called Jbphifm. — Dilcover the fallacies of our com¬
mon adverfary, that old fophifter, who puts the moil
abufive elenck on us. Decay of Piety .

ELENC'TICAL, adj. [ elendicus , Lat. of of

sAe yxu> Gr. to refute.] That ferves to convince or confute.

ELEN'GI,yi in botany. See Mimusops.

E'LENT, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of
Auftria : fix miles north-north-weft of Brugg.

ELEOSAC'CH ARUM,y: [of e^iov, Gr. oil, and fac-
carurn, Lat. fugar. ] A mixture of oil and fugar together,
which is ufed with the diftilied oils, to make them mix
with aqueous fluids for prefent ufe.

ELEOSELI'NUM,^. in botany. See Apium.

E'LEOTS, f. Some name the apples in requeft in the
cyder countries fo ; not known by that name in feveral
parts of England. Mortimer.

E'LEPH, a city of Paleftine, fituated in the tribe of
Benjamin. JoJh. xviii. 28.

• E'LEPHANT, f. [elcphas, Lat.] The largeft of all
quadrupeds, for whole fagacity, faithfulnefs, prudence,
and even underftanding, fee the article Elephas.

The elephant hath joints, but not for courtefy ;

His legs are for neceflity, not flexure. Shakefpeare.

Ivory ; the teeth of elephants :

High o’er the gate, in elephant and gold,

The crowd fliall Casfar’s Indian war behold. Dryden.

E'LEPHANT (knights of), f. An order of knighthood
in Denmark, conferred upon perfons of quality and me¬
rit. It is alfo called the order of St. Mary. Its inftitution
is faid to have been owing to an officer among the Danifli
croifes having killed an elephant, in an expedition againft
the Saracens, in 1184; in memory of which king Canu-
tus inftituted this order, the badge of which is a towered
elephant, with an image of the Virgin Mary encircled
with rays, and hung on a blue ribbon, like the George
in England.

E'LEPHANT MOUNTAIN, a mountain on the fouth-
eaft coaft of the ifland of Ceylon : feventy-four miles fouth-
eaft of Candy.

E'LEPHANT’s FOOT. See Elephantopus,

E L E

ELEPHAN'TA, a Anal 1 ifland in the Indian Sea, on
the weftern coaft of Hindooftan, about five miles from
Bombay, ceded to the Englifh by the Mahrattas. Its
proper name is Gali Pouri ; but the Portuguefe, while in
their poffeflion, gave it the name of Elephanta, from the
figure of an elephant, as large as life, coarfely, but cor¬
rectly, fculptured out of very hard and durable black
ftone, Handing on a platform near the landing-place, at
the foot of a mountain. In the interior of the ifland is a
moft curious Hindoo temple, cut or mined in the folid
rock, and decorated with images of the ancient Brahmin
idol worth ip ; for particulars of which, fee the article
Hindoostan.

ELEPHANTIA'SIS, f. [from 6A£ <p Gr. the ele¬
phant.] A horrible cutaneous diforder, in which the legs
grow fcaly, rough, and wonderfully large, like the legs
of an elephant.

ELEPHANTI'N A, or Elepran'tine, a beautiful
ifland of the Nile, famous for the ruins of an ancient
temple; fituated near Syene, at the fouthern extremity
of Upper Egypt, and forming part of the falls or cata¬
racts which terminate the navigation of the Nile in
Egypt. .See p. 353, of this volume.

ELEPH AN'TINE, adj . \_elephantinus, Lat.] Pertaining
to. the elephant. In Roman antiquity, it w'as an appel¬
lation given to the books wherein were regiftered the
tranfadtions of the fenate and magiftrates of Rome, of the
emperors or generals of armies, and of the provincial ma¬
giftrates; the births and claffes of the people, and other
things relating to the cenfus. They were fo called, as
being made of leaves of ivory or elephants talks.

EI.EPH AN'TIS, a poetefs who wrote lafeivious verfes.
Martial. — A princefs by whom Danaus had two daugh¬
ters. Apollod. — An ifland in the river Nile, in Upper
Egypt ; with a town of the fame name, called Elcphan -
tina. Strabo.

ELEPMANTO'MACHI. See Ethiopia.

ELEPFIAN'TOPUS,/. Elephant’s Foot; [fo named
by Vaillant, from the lhape of the lower leaves in the
firft fpecies.] In botany, a genus of the clafs fyngenefia,
order polygamia fegregata, natural order of compofita?
capitatae, (corymbiteras, Jufj.) The generic characters
are — Calyx : involucre of three broad, lharp, leaflets,
many-flowered, large, permanent, without an umbel;
perianthium partial, four-flowered, oblong, imbricate;
feales lance-fubulate, mucronate, upright, of which the
four longer are equal. Corolla: compound tubular;
corollets hermaphrodite, five or four, equal, difpofed in
a fingle circle; proper one-petalled, tubular; border
narrow, five-parted, nearly equal. Stamina: filaments
five, capillary, very ftiort ; antherre cylindric, tubular.
Piftillum : germ ovate, crowned; ftyle filiform, length
of the ftamens ; ftigmas two, (lender, fpreading. Peri-
carp.ium: none; calyx unchanged. Seeds: folitary, cora-
p re (fed ; down briftle.form. Reeeptaculum : naked. — ■
Effential CharaEler. Calyx, four-flowered ; corolla tubular,
hermaphrodite ; reeeptaculum naked ; down briftle-form.

Species. 1. Elephantopus fcaber, or rough-leaved ele¬
phant’s foot : leaves oblong, fcabrous. This fends out
from a perennial root many oblong rough leaves, which
fpread near the ground ; between thefe, in the fpring,
arifes a branching ftalk, little more than a foot high. The
fide-branches are fhort, and generally terminated by two
heads of flowers, each on a ftiort peduncle. The florets
are of a pale purple colour. Dillenius deferibes it more
particularly : height commonly eighteen inches or two
feet ; Item rigid, round, and hairy, the thicknefs of the
little finger at the bottom ; leaves embracing, much
wrinkled, hirfute, with hairs over the whole furface,
ferrate, but the ferrature frequently not very confpicuous,
becaufe the leaves are fo much wrinkled and bent. From
the axils of thefe, towards the top, fpring forth the
flowering branches, terminated by leafy heads collected
in bundles ; each having two or three leaves under it,

inftead

452

E L E

E L E

i i (lead of a common calyx ; in the bofom of thefe is the
flower, the proper calyx of which confifts of many nar¬
row, (harp-pointed, pungent, fcales, and contains three,
four, or five, florets, very pale purple, tubular, com¬
monly divided into five narrow fegnients. Seeds cylin-
dric-comprefled, crowned with dry white fegnients inftead
of a pappus. According to Browne, it riles generally
from half a foot to three or four feet in height; and is
generally adorned with a great number of flowers, ga¬
thered into pretty large heads, at the extremities of the
branches. The feeds are of an oblong form, each crown¬
ed with five little bridles. The common peduncles are
very long, and terminate the branches; but, at thijjfepa-
rations of them, there is always a fmaller head growing
to the (lem, without any fupporter. It is fuppofed to be
a native of both Indies; Mr. Miller received it from
feveral parts of America. Browne fays,, it is frequent
enough on the north fide of the ifland of Jamaica. Vail-
lant gave this plant the name of elephantopus, becaufe he
took it to be the fame with the anajchotiadi oftheHortus
Malabaricus, which figniries the foot-flcp of an elephant.
The accurate Dillenius, however, is doubtful of this;
and, perhaps, after all, the Eaft-Indian and Weft-Indian
plants may be different fpecies. This is a perennial
plant, and flowers at the end of fu miner, and beginning
of autumn ; but rarely produces feeds in England. It
was cultivated in the botanic garden at Chelfea in 1695.
Browne fays, that it is accounted a good vulnerary, and
much tiled in confumptive cafes in t lie Eaft Indies. The
leaves are frequently tifed, inftead ofcarduus benedithis,
among the inhabitants of the French WefiTndia i Hands.

2. Elephantoptis tomentofus, or woolly-leaved ele¬
phant’s foot : leaves ovate, tomentofe. Root-leaves four
inches long and three broad, having many tranfverfe
nerves ; they fpread flat on the ground, and from among
them rifes a Iliff (talk, about a foot high, dividing into
feveral branches, and terminated by two flowers, which
make little appearance ; they come out in July, but the
feeds never ripen in this country. It grows naturally in
South Carolina; and frequently comes up as a .weed in
earth fent over thence with other plants. Linnaeus re¬
marks, that it is very nearly allied to the preceding.

3. Elephantopus fpicatus, or (pike-flowered elephant’s
foot : leaves ovate-lanceolate, ferrate, fcabrous ; bundles
of flowers felllle, lateral ; Item branched. This gene¬
rally rifes to the height of fifteen or twenty inches, fome-
times more. At firft coming up it has ma% leaves, five
inches long, and an inch and a half broad where broadelt;
beginning very narrow, they continue fo for two inches,
and end in a round point ; they are hard, fmooth, dark-
green, and indented about the edges. From among thefe
a round, firong, green, (talk rifes, four feet high, with an
embracing leaf at each joint ; it has branches towards
the top, ftdnding round at every joint, divided into others,
which are befet with fmaller leaves; from the axils of
thefe come out the flowers, without any peduncle, (land¬
ing in feveral green leaves; the corollets are white. Lin¬
naeus has called. the corollets ligulalc, whereas they are
plainly tubular, .equally and deeply fivc-cleft ; he was,
-perhaps, led into the mi flake, from the two outmeft feg-
ments being fometimes glued together. Native of Ja¬
maica, Hifpaniola, and Guiana.

4. Elephantopus anguflifolius, or rough-leaved ele¬
phant’s foot : ftem-leaves linear-lanceolate entire, vil-
]ofe ; flowers glomerate, in fqjlile and peduncled bun¬
dles; (lem Ample. Native of Jamaica : Sloane found it
about Mount Diablo very plentifully. '

Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants are propagated
by feeds, which (liould be fovvn on a hot-bed in the
fpring; and, when the plants are come up, they muli be
tranfplanted into pots filled with frelli light earth, and
plunged into a hot-bed of tanners’ bark, obferving to wa¬
ter and fltade them until they have taken root ; then you
(hotild let them have a large (hare of freflt air in warm
weather, and they will require to be frequently refreflted

with water. The firfl, having a perennial root, if it is
planted in a pot, and (heltcred in the winter from froft,
may be preferved feveral years, and will annually flower;
but the fecond fort feldom continues longer than two
years.

E'LEPHAS, f. [fXs (pa;, Gr. sbn elepli, Heb.] The
Elephant; in zoology, a genus of quadrupeds belong¬
ing to the order of bruta. The characters are thefe : it
lias no foreteeth in either jaw, and the tufks are very long;
probofeis or trunk long and prehenfile ; body fomewhat
naked. Linnaeus deferibes this animal as follows : “The
mighty elephant inhabits the torrid zone in Afia and ^
Africa, in fwampy places, and by the fides of rivers;
feeds on the leaves and branches of young trees, particu¬
larly plantains, eating even the wood ; devours grain vo-
racioufly ; is gregarious, docile, long-lived, fagacious,
though the brain is fmall ; probofeis long, extenfile, con-
traiTile, furnifhed at the end with a hook, ferving the
purpofe of a hand, with which it takes its food and drink,
and which being cut off, the animal dies; is afraid of
mice, left when afleep they ftiould creep into the trachea ;
urines backwards; copulates like other quadrupeds ; the
female is gravid a year ; the young fuck the mother with
the lips; carries a turret on its back, its guider fitting
upon the neck; moves quickly ; fwims dexteroufly : is
armed for war by the Indians, and was formerly by the
Romans, with feythes. It is the largeft of all known
quadrupeds, fometimes weighing 4500 pounds; body ci¬
nereous, fometimes reddifh or white, thinly fet with hairs;
probofeis flat beneath, tip truncate; eyes fmall ; tulks,

Which are only jn the upper jaw, far extended beyond
the mouth, refemble horns, marked with curled fibres ;
thefe are the ivory of the (hops, and fometimes weigh
150 pounds each; ears large, pendulous, dentate; (kin
thick, callous, almoft impenetrable by mu fleet-balls, and
yet fenfible of the fling of flies ; teats two, near the bread;
knees flexible ; neck fhort ; hoofs five on each fore-foot,
four on each hind-foot.” The admeafurements of dif¬
ferent naturalifts have afeertained the largeft elephant
hitherto known, to be as follows : from the front to the
origin of the tail, fixteen feet long ; from the end of the
trunk twenty-five feet, and about fourteen feet high.

The circumference of the neck feventeen feet, and the
circumference of the. body at the groffeft part twenty-five
feet; the tail about fix feet long, and two and a half in •
circumference. The circumference of the legs about fix
feet. Thefe are the dimenfions of the largeft ever mea-
fured. But the animal differs in fize in different coun¬
tries. The muzzle is very different from that of any
other quadruped ; it is nothing but the origin of its long *
trunk which hangs between the two large tulks; the
mouth appears behind the trunk, which ferves,in place
of an upper lip, and the under lip terminates in a point.

The trunk readily performs all the fundtions of a ftrong
and dexterous arm ; it is about eight feet long, five feet
and a half in circumference near the mouth, and one foot
and a half near the extremity : it is a pipe of an irregu¬
lar conical figure, and widened at the end : the fuperior
fide of the trunk is convex, and furrowed tranfverfely ;
and the. inferior fide is flat, and has two longitudinal
rows of fmall protuberances refcmb.ling the tentacula of
the filk-worm. The upper part of the trunk correfponds
with the extremity of the nofe in other quadrupeds, and
anfwers the fame intention ; the inferior part ferves as
an upper lip, including the noftrils at the fame time. -
For the trunk is a continued canal, divided into two ca¬
vities by a^longitudinal partition: thefe cavities afeend
along the forepart of the upper jaw, where they make a
turn inward, and defeend into the palate, and then ter¬
minate in two feparate orifices; they have ljkewife each
a feparate orifice at the end of the trunk. At the place
where thefe cavities make a turn, and before they enter
into the bones of the head, there is a moveable cartila¬
ginous plate fituated in fuch a manner as enables the ani¬
mal to (hut the canal, and to prevent the water with

which

ELEPIIAS

4.53

E L E P II A S.

which it occafionally fills the trunk from entering into
the p adage of the nofe, where the organs ferving for the
fenfation of fmell are placed. The elephant can move
the trunk in all directions ; lie can extend or fiiorten it
at pleaftire, without altering the diameters of the two
canals within. By this means refpiration is not inter,-
rupted, whatever be the fituation of the trunk ; and the
water is allowed to remain till the animal choofes to
throw it out by an exfpiration. Each canal is lined with
a fmooth ftrong membrane, and the ftirface of the trunk
is covered with another ftrong membrane or fkin. The
fubftance contained between the exterior and interior
membranes, is a compofition of longitudinal and tranf-
verfe mufcles, which ferve to extend and contsaft the
length of the trunk. At the extremity there is a con¬
cave protuberance, in the bottom of which are the two
paflages of the noftrils. The inferior part of the protu¬
berance is thicker than the (ides, and the fuperior part is
ftretched out like a finger about five inches long; which,
together with the edges of the whole extremity of the
trunk, aftumes different figures accordihg to the neccfli-
ties of the animal, [t is by this organ that the animal
lays hold of food or other fubftances ; which he ma¬
nages with as much dexterity as a man does his hand,
taking up grains of corn, or the fmalleft blades of grafs,
and conveying them to his mouth. When he drinks, he
thrufts his trunk into the water, and fills it by drawing
in his breath and exhaufting the air : when the trunk is
thus filled with water, he can either throw it out to a
great diftance, or drink it by putting the end of the trunk
in his mouth. The longevity of the elephant, though
not well afeertained, is neverthelefs afferted to be of very
confiderable duration. It is faid that forne have lived in
a domertic ftate upwards of one hundred and thirty years;
and in a ftate of nature they are fuppofed to live upwards
of two hundred years, and to be capable of propagating
their fpecies until they arc one hundred and twenty years
old. No quadruped beftdes the elephant is furnifhed
with a trunk; though the probofees of the tapiir and
great ant-eater approach fomewhat towards it. In the
infeCf tribes, however, great numbers are diftinguifhed
by this conformation.

The elephants of Afia and of Africa, appear to be two
very diftintt fpecies; and have been noticed and deferibed
as fuch by feveral modern writers. The Afiatic elephants
are divided by the natives of Bengal into, two cafts, the
koomareah, and the merghee ; without any regard to the ap¬
pearance, (hape, or lize, of the talks; as thefe circurn-
ftances ferve merely to characterize- fome varieties, as
well as the difference of fex or age. The koomareah
call is a deep-bedied, ftrong, compact, elephant, with a
large trunk, legs Ihort, but thick in proportion to the
fize of the animal. The merghee call, when full grown,
is taller than the former, but has not fo compact a form,
nor is he fo ftrong, or fo capable of bearing fatigue ; his
legs are long, he travels fait, has a lighter body, and his
trunk is both Ihort and (lender, in proportion to his height.
A large trunk is always efteemed a great beauty in an
elephant ; fo that the koomareah is pteferred, not only
for this, but for its fuperior ftrength, by which it can
undergo greater fatigue, and carry heavier loads than the
merghee. As there appears, however, no predilection in
any of thefe elephants to have connection with his own
particular kind, from an indiferiminate intercourfe feve¬
ral varieties are produced, partaking of the qualities of
their refpeCtive progenitors. This mixed breed is in
greater or lefs eftimation, in proportion as it partakes of
the qualities of the koomareah, or merghee, call.

Of the African breed of elephants we have the follow¬
ing account in Park’s Travels: “ Elephants are very
numerous in the interior of Africa, and appear to be a
diftinCt fpecies frofn thole found in Afia. Blumenback,
in his figures of objects of natural hiftory, has given good
drawings of a grinder of each ; and the variation is evi¬
dent. M. Cuvier alfo has given, in the Magazin Ency-

Vol, VI, No. 363.

clopedique, a clear account of the difference between,
them. As I never examined the Afiatic elephant, I have
chofen rather to refer to thofe writers, than advance this
as an opinion of my own. It lias been faid, that the Af¬
rican elephant is of a lefs docile nature than the Afiatic,
and incapable of being tamed. The negroes certainly do
not at prefent tame them ; but when we conlider that
the Carthaginians had always tame elephants in their ar¬
mies, and actually tranfported fome of them to Italy in
the courfe of the Punic wars ; it feems more likely that
they fiiould have poftefied the art of taming their own
elephants, than have fubmitted to the expence of bring¬
ing fuch vaft animals from Afia. Perhaps, the barbarous
praCtice of hunting the African elephants for the fake of
their teeth, has rendered them more untraClable and ra¬
vage, than they were found to be in former times.

“ The greater part of the ivory which is fold on the
Gambia and Senegal rivers, is brought from the interior
country. The lands towards the coaft are too fwampv,
and too much interfeCted #ith creeks and rivers, for lo
bulky an animal as the elephant to travel through, with¬
out being difeovered ; and when once the natives difeern
the marks of his feet in the earth, the whole village is
up in arms. The thoughts of feafting on his flefli, making
fandals of his hide, and felling the teeth to the Europeans,
infpire every one with courage ; and the animal feldom
efcapes from his purfuers ; but in the plains of Bambarra
and Kaarta, and the ex ten five wild of Jallonkadoo, the.
elephants are very numerous; and, from the great fcar-
city of gunpowder in thofe diftriCts, they are lefs annoyed
by the natives. Scattered teeth are frequently picked up
in the woods, and travellers are very diligent in looking
for them. It is a common practice with the elephant,
to thruft his tufks under the roots of fuch fhrubs and
bullies as grow in the more dry and elevated parts ot the
country, where the foil is fliaHow. Thefe bullies lie ealily
overturns, and feeds on the roots, which are, in general,
more tender and juicy than the hard woody branches, or
the foliage ; but when the teeth are partly decayed by
age, and the roots more firmly fixed, the great exertions
of the animal, in this practice, frequently caufes them to
break or fall oft'.

“ There are certain feafons of the year, when the ele¬
phants colleCl into large herds, and traverfe the country
in queft of food or water; and as all that part of the
country, to the north of the Niger, is deftitute of river?,
whenever the pools in the woods are dried up, the ele¬
phants approach towards the banks of that river. Here
they continue until the commencement of the rainy fea-
fon, in the months of June or July; and, during this
time, they are much hunted by fuch of the Bambarrans
as have gunpowder to fpare. The elephant hunters fel-
doni go out fingly ; a party of four or five join together ;
and, having each furnifhed himfelf with powder and ball,
and a quantity of corn-meal in a leather bag, fufficient for
five or fix days provifion, they enter the moft unfrequented
parts of the wood, and examine with great care every
tiling that can lead to the difeovery of the elephants.
In this purfuit, notwithftanding the bulk of the animal,
very great nicety of obfervation is required. The broken
branches, the fcattered dung of the animal, and the marks
of his feet, are carefully infpeCted ; and many of the hun¬
ters have, by experience and obfervation, become fo ex¬
pert in their fearch, that as foon as they obferve the foot¬
marks of an elephant, they will tell almoft to a certainty
at what time it palled, and at what diftance it will be
found. When they difeover a herd of elephants, they
follow them at a diftance, until they perceive fome one
ftray from the reft, and come into fuch a fituation as to
be fired at with advantage. The hunters then approach
with great caution, creeping amongft the long grafs, un¬
til they have got near enough to be fure of their aim.
They then dilcharge all their pieces'at once, and throw
themfelves on their faces among the grafs. The wounded
elephant immediately applies his trunk to the different
5 Z wounds $

E L E P H A S.

454

wounds; but being unable to extraft the ball, and fee¬
ing nobody near him, he becomes quite furious, and runs
about amongft the bullies, until, by fatigue and lofs of
blood, he has exhauded himfelf, and affords the hunters
an opportunity of firing a fecond time at him, by which
he is generally brought to the ground. The (kin is now
taken off, and extended with pegs, to dry ; and luch parts
of the flefh as are mod edeemed are cut up into thin
dices, and. dried in the fun, to ferve for provifions on
fome future occaftons. The teeth are (truck out with a
light hatchet, which the hunters always carry along with
wi'tli them ; not only for that purpofe, but alfo to enable
them to cut down fuch trees as contain honey; for, though
they carry with them only five or fix days provilions,
they will remain in the woods for months, if they are
fuccefsful ; and fupport themfelves upon the flelh of
fuch elephants as they kill, and wild honey,”

Mr. Browne, too, in his travels through part of the in¬
terior of Africa to the kingdom of Fur, informs us that
“ the elephant is feen, in the places he frequents, in large
herds of four or five hundred. The natives hunt him on
horfeback, having ftngled out a draggler from the herd ;
or aim at him with fpears from the trees; or make pits
into which he falls. The African elephant is fmailer
than the Afiatic, and probably a different fpecies. The
flefh is an article of food in great efteem with them ; and
the fat forms a valuable unguent.”

The method of taking wild elephants in the Eaft-Indies,
is thus related by John Corfe, efq. firft publiihed in the
third volume of the Afiatic Refearches. “ In the month
of November, when the weather has become cool, and
the fwamps and marfhes, formed by the rains in the five
preceding months, are lelfened, and fome of them dried
up, a number of people are employed to go in qued of
elephants. At this feafon the males come from the re¬
cedes of the fored-, into the outikirts, whence they make
noifturnal excurfiotis into the plains in fearch of food,
and where they often deftxoy the labours of the hufband-.
man, by devouring and trampling down the rice, fugar-
canes, &c. A herd of elephants, from what I can learn,
lias never been feen to leave the woods: fome of the
larged males often dray to a didance, but the young ones
always remain in the fored under the protection of the
pfilmai, or leader of the herd, and of the larger elephants.
The goondahs, or large males, come out fingly, or in final l :
parties, fometimes in the morning, but commonly in the
evening, and they continue to feed all night upon the
long grafs, that grows amidd the fwamps and marfnes,
and of which they are extremely fond. As often, how¬
ever, as they have an opportunity, they commit depre¬
dations on the rice-fields, (ugar-canes, and plantain-trees,
which oblige the farmers to keep regular watch, under
a, ('mail cover, eroded on the tops of a few long bamboos,
about fourteen feet from the ground : and this precaution
is necelfary to protect them from the tigers, with which
ibis province abounds. From this lofty dation the alarm
i^ foon communicated from one watchman to another,
and to the neighbouring villages, by means of a rattle
with which each is provided. With their (bouts and
cries, and noife of the rattles, the elephants are gene¬
rally feared, and retire. It fometimes, however, hap¬
pens, that the males advance even to the villages, over¬
turn the houfes,,and kill thofe who unfortunately come
hi their way ; u nlefs they have had time to light a num¬
ber of fires: this element feems to, be the mo ft dreaded
by wild elephants, and a few lighted vvhifps of draw or
dried grafs, feld,om fail to dop their progrefs. To fecure
one of the males, a very different method is employed
from that which is taken to fecure a herd : the former is
taken by hopmkits, or female elephants trained for the pur¬
pofe ; whereas the latter is driven into a ffrong enclo¬
sure, called a keddah.

“ As the hunters know the places where the elephants
come to feed, they advance towards them in the evening
Hith four koomkees, the number allotted to. each hunting

party. When the nights are dark, the male elephants
are difeovered by the noife they make in cleaning their
food, by whifking and ftriking it againd their fore-legs ;
but by moon-light they can be feen didiaC'tly at fome
didance. As foon as they have determined on the goon-
dah they mean to fecure, three of the koomkees are con¬
ducted flowly by their makotes (drivers), at a moderate
didance from each other, near to the place where he is
feeding; the koomkees advance very cautioudy, feeding
as they go along, and appear like wild elephants, that
had ftrayed from the jungle or fored. When the male
perceives them approaching, if he takes the alarm and
is vicioufly inclined, he beats the ground with his trunk,
blowing marks of difpleafure, and that he will not allow
them to approach nearer: if they perfid, he will attack
and gore them with his tufks : for which reafon they take
care to retreat in good time. But (liould he be amoroufly
difpofed, which is generally the cafe, he allows the fe¬
males to approach, and fometimes he even advances to
meet them.

“ When from thefe appearances the mahotes judge
that he will become their prize, they conduft two of the
females, one on each fide dole to him, and make them
advance backwards, and prefs gently with their poderiors
againd his neck and (boulders: the third female then
comes up and places herfelf direClly acrofs his tail ; in this
fituation, fo far from fufpebting any defign, he begins to
toy with the females, and car.efs them with his trunk.
While thus engaged, the fourth female is brought near,
with ropes and proper allidants, who get under the belly
of the third female, and put a flight cord (the chilkah ),
round his hind legs; fhould he move, it is eafily broken,
in which cafe, if he takes no notice of this flight confine¬
ment, nor appears fulpicions of what was going forward,
the hunters then proceed to tie his legs with a drongcord
(called bundah ), which is palled alternately, by means of
a forked dick, and a kind of hook, from one leg to the
other, forming the figure 8 ; and as thefe ropes are diort,
for the convenience of being more readily put around his
legs, fix or eight are generally employed, and they are
made fad by another cord, (the dagbearee,) which is paded
a few turns perpendicularly between his legs, where the
folds of the bundahs interfect each other. A drong ca¬
ble, (the phand, ) with a running noofe, fixty cubits long,
is next put round each hind leg immediately above the
bundahs, and again above them, fix or eight additional
bundahs, according to the fize of the elephant, are made
fad, in the fame manner as the others were : the putting
on thefe ropes generally takes up about twenty minutes,
during which the utmod dlence is obferved, and the
mahotes, who keep flat upon the necks of the females,
are covered with dark-coloured cloths, which ferve to
keep them warm, and at the fame time do not attra6t the
notice of the elephant. While the people are thus em¬
ployed in tying the legs of the goondah, he caredes fome¬
times one, and fometimes another, of the feducers, kootnee ,
by. which his defires are excited, and his attention di¬
verted from the hunters-;, and in thefe amorous dalliances-
he is indulged by the females. But if his padions (hould
be fo roufed, before his legs are properly fecured, as to
induce him to attempt leaping on one of the females, the
mahote, to infure his own fnfety, and prevent him grati¬
fying his dedres any farther, makes the female run away,
and at the fame time, -by. raidng his voice and making a
noife, he deters the goondah from purfuing ; this how¬
ever happens very feldom ; for he is fo fecured by the
preflure of a koomkee on each fide, and one behind, that
lie can neither turn himfelf, nor fee any of the people,
who always keep fnug under the belly of the third fe¬
male that dands acrofs his tail, and which ferves both
to keep him deadv, and to prevent his kicking the people
who are employed in fecuring him; but in general he is
fo much taken up with his decoyers, as to attend very
little to any thing elfe. In cafe of accidents, however,
fhould the goondah break loofe, the people upon the firft
2 alarm

455

EL1PHAS.

alarm can always mount on the backs of the tame ele¬
phants, by a rope that hangs ready for the pnrpofe, and
thus get out of his reach. When his hind legs are pro¬
perly fecured, they leave him to himfelf, and retire to a
fmall diftance : as foon as the koomkees leave him, he
attempts to follow, but finding his legs tied, he isroufed
to. a fenfe of his fituation, and retreats towards the jungle
or forelt ; the mahotes follow at a moderate diftance, on
the tame elephants, accompanied by a number of people,
who, as foon as the goondah paftes near a tree, make a
few turns of the phands, or Iqng cables, that are trailing
behind him, around its trunk ; his progrefs being thus
ftopt, he becomes furious, and exerts his utmoft force to
difengage himfelf, nor will he then allow any of the
koomkees to come near him, but is outrageous for fome
rime, falling down and goring the earth with his tulks.
If by thefe exertions the phands are broken, which fome-
times is effedted, and he efcapes into the thick jungle,
the malvotes dare not advance for fear of the other wild
elephants, and are therefore obliged to leave him to his
fate ; and in this hampered fituation, it is faid, he is un-
generoufiy attacked by the other wild elephants,

“ As the cables are very ftrong and feldom give way,
when he has exhaufted himfelf by his exertions, the
koomkees are again brought near, and take their former
pofitions, viz. one on each fide, and the other behind.
After getting him nearer the tree, the people carry the
ends of the long cables around his legs, then back and
about the trunk of the tree, making, if they can, two or
three turns, fo as to prevent even the poflibility of his
efcape. For ft ill farther fecurity, as well as to confine
him from moving to either fide, his fore-legs are tied
e-xadH.y in the fame manner as the hind-legs were, and
the phands are made faft to trees or flakes driven deep
into the earth. During the procefs of tying both the
hind and fore legs, the fourth koomkee gives aftiftance
where necefiary, and the people employed cautioufly
avoid going within reach of his trunk ; and when he at¬
tempts to feize them, they retreat to the oppofite fide of
the koomkees, and get on them, if necefiary, by means
of the rope above-mentioned, which hangs ready for
them to lay hold of. Although, by thefe means, he is per¬
fectly fecured and cannot efcape, yet as it would be both
unfafe and inconvenient to allow him to remain in the
verge of the jungle, a number of additional ropes are af¬
terwards put on, for the purpofe of conducting him to a
proper ftation. When the goondah has become more
fettled, and ate a little food with which he is fuppiied as
foon as he is taken, the koomkees are again brought near,
and a ftrong yop z, phara, is then put twice round his body
like a girth, and tied behind his fhoulder; then the long
end is carried back dole to his rump and there faftened,
after a couple of turns more have been made round his
body. Another cord is next faftened to the phara, and from
thence carried under his tail like a crupper ( dooblah ), and
brought forward and faftened by a turn or two, to each of
the pharas, or girths, by which the whole is connected,
and each turn of thefe cords ferves to keep the reft in
their places. After this, a ftrong rope (the toomm ) is put
round his buttocks, and made faft on each fide to the
girth and crupper, fo as to confine the motion of his
thighs, and prevent his takingafull ftep. Thefe fmaller
ropes being properly adjufted, a couple of large cables
(the; dools) , vyith running noofes, are put round his neck,
and after being drawn moderately tight, the noofes are fe¬
cured from running. defer,. and then tied to the ropes on
each fide forming the girth and crupper already men¬
tioned ; and thus all thefe ropes are connected and kept
in their proper places, without any rilk of the noofes of
the dools becoming tight, fo as to endanger the life of the
elephant, in his exertions to free himfelf. The ends of
thefe cables are made faft to two koomkees, one on each
fide of the goondah, by a couple of turns round the belly,
clofe to the fhoulder, like a girth, where aturn is made, and
it is then carried acrofs the cheft and faftened to the girth

on the oppofite fide. Every thing being now ready, and
a paftage cleared from the jungle or wood, all the ropes
arc taken from his legs, and only the tooman remains
round his buttocks to confine the motion of his hind legs :
the koomkees pull him forward by the dools, and the
people from behind urge him on. Inftead of advancing in
the direction they with, he attempts to retreat farther into
the jungle, he exerts all his force, falls down and tears
the earth with his tufks, fereaming and groaning ; and
by his violent exertions often bruifes himfelf very much,
and inftunces happen of their furviving thefe violent ex¬
ertions only a few hours, or at mod a few days. In ge¬
neral, however, they foon become reconciled to their
fate, will eat immediately after they are -taken, and, if
necefiary, may be conducted from the verge of the jungle
as foon as a paftage is cleared. When t he elephant is
brought to his proper (lation and made faft, he is treated
with a mixture of feverity and gentlenefs, and in a few
months (if docile) he becomes tradable, and appears
perfectly reconciled to his fate. It appears fomewhat
extraordinary, that though the goondah ufes his utmoft
force to difengage himfelf when taken, and would kill
any perfon coming within his reach, yet he never, or at
lead feldom, attempts to hurt the females that have en-
fnared him, but on the contrary feerns pleafed., (as often
as they arebrought near, in order to adjuft his harnefiing,
or move and fiacken thofe ropes which gall him,) foothed
and comforted by them, as it were, for the lofs of his li¬
berty. All the elephants, foon after they are taken, are
led out occafionally for exercife by the koomkees, which
attend for that purpofe.

“Having thus related the manner in which the male
elephants, called goondahs, are fecured, I f h all next de-
feribe the methods I have feen employed for fecuring a
herd Of wild elephants. Female elephants 'are never
taken fingly, but always in the herd, which confilts of
young and old of both fexes. This noble, docile, and
ufeful, animal, feems naturally of a focial difpolition, as
a herd in general confifts of from about forty to one hun¬
dred, and is conducted under the direction of one of the
oldeft and largeft females, called the palmai, and one of
the largeft males. When a herd is difeovered, about
five hundred people are employed to furround it, who di¬
vide themfelves into fmall parties', called chokeys, confid¬
ing generally of one mahote and two coolies, at the dif¬
tance of twenty or thirty yards from each other, and form
an irregular circle in which the elephants are inclofed :
each party lights a fire, and clears a foot-path to the ftation
that is next him, by which a regular communication is
formed through the whole circumference from one to the
other. By this path reinforcements can immediately be
brought to any place where an alarm is given. The firft
circle (the dazvkee), being, thus formed, tire remaining part
of the day and night is fpent in keeping watch by turns,
or in cooking for themfelves and companions. Early
next morning, one man is detached from each (lation, to
form another circle in that direction where they wifh the
elephants to advance. When it is finifhed, the people,
ftationed nearefl to the new circle, put out their fires, and
file off to the right and left, to form the advanced party,
thus leaving an opening for the herd to advance through ;
and by this movement both the old and new circle are
joined, and form an oblong. The' people from behind,
now begin fliouting and making a noife with their rattles,
tomtoms, or drums, & c. to caufe the elephants to advance;
and as foon as they are got within the new circle, the
people clofe up, take their proper ftations, and pafs the
remaining part of the day and night as before. In the
morning the fame procefs is repeated, and in this manner
the herd advances flowly in that direction, where they
find themfelves lead incommoded by the noife and cla-,
rnour of the hunters, feeding, as they go along, upon
branches of trees, leaves of bamboos, & c. which come
in their way. If they fufpecled any fnare, they could
ealily break through the circle ; but this inoftenfive ani-

450

E L E P 1^ A S.

mil, going merely in qued of food, and not feeing any
of the people-who fitiTound hint, and who are concealed
by th.e thick jungle, advances without fufpicion, and
appears only to avoid being pedered by their noife and
din. As fire is the thing elephants feem mod afraid of
in their wild date, and will feldom venture near if, the
hunters always have a number of fires lighted, and par¬
ticularly at night, to prevent the elephants coming too
near.

“ In this manner the herd is gradually driven to the
kcddak, or place where they are to be fecured. As the
natives are extremely flow in their operations, they fel¬
dom bring the herd above one circle in a day, except on
an emergency, when they exert themfelves and advance
two circles. The feafon is then fo mild, that the people
fleep at night by the fires they have lighted, and an ac¬
cident feldom happens except to dragglcrs about the
outfkirts of the wood, who are fometimes carried off by
tigers. The keddah, or place where the herd is to be
fecured, is differently conftructed in different places:
litre it confids of three enclofures, communicating with
each other by means of narrow openings or gateways.
The outer enclofure, where the elephants are to enter,
is the larged: ; the middle one is generally, though not
always, the next in fize; and the third or inner is the
ftnalled : thefe proportions, however, are not always ad¬
hered to in making of a keddah, nor indeed does there
appear to me any reafon for making three enclofures;
but as my intentions are merely to relate faffs, I fliall
proceed to obferve, that when in the third or lad enclo¬
fure, the elephants are then only deemed fecure : here
they are kept fix or eight days, and are regularly, though
fcantily, fed from a fcaffold on the outfide, clofe to t lie
entrance of an outlet called the roomee, which is about
fixty feet long and very narrow, and through which the
elephants are to be taken out one by one. Thefe enclo¬
fures are all pretty drong, but the third is the drongefl;
nor are the elephants deemed fecure, as already obferved,
till they have entered it. This enclofure has, like the
other two, a deep ditch on the infide ; and, upon the
bank of earth that is thrown up from the excavation, a
row of drong pallifades of middle-fized trees is planted,
drengthened with crofsbars, which are tied to them about
the didance of fourteen inches from each other; and thefe
are fupporled on the outfide by drong pods like but-
trelfes, having one end funk in the earth, and the other
prefling again!! the crofs bars to which they are fadened.
When the herd is brought near to the fird enclofure, or
baigcotc, which has two gateways towards the jungle,
through which the elephants are to advance, (thefe as
well as the other gateways, are difguifed with branches
of trees and bamboos, duck in the ground fo as to give
them the appearance of a natural jungle,) the greateft
difficulty is to get the herd to enter this fird or outer en¬
clofure ; for, notwithdanding, the precautions taken to
difguife both the entries as well as the palifade which
furrounds this enclofure, the palmai, or leader, appears
to'fufpeft fome fnare, from the difficulty and hefitation
with which in general die pafles into it ; but, as foon as
fhe enters, the whole herd implicitly follows. Immedi¬
ately, when they are all paded the gateway, fires are
lighted round the greated part of the enclofure, and par¬
ticularly at the entries, to prevent the elephants from
returning. The hunters from without then make a ter¬
rible noife by diouting, beating of tomtoms, firing car¬
tridges, &c. to urge the herd on to the next enclofure.
The elephants, finding themfelves enfnared, roar, and
make a noife; but, feeing no opening except the entrance
to the next enclofure, and which they at. fird generally
avoid, they return to the place through which they lately
paded, thinking, perhaps, to efcape, bu£ now find it
drongly barricaded, and, as there is no ditch at this
place, the hunters, to prevent their coming near and
forcing their way, keep a line of fire condantly burning
all along where the ditch is interrupted, and fupply it

with fuel from the top of the palifade, and the people
bom without make a noife, (limiting, and hallooing to
drive them away. Whenever they turn, they find them¬
felves oppofed by burning fires, except towards the en¬
trance of the fecond enclofure, or doobraze-cot.e. After
traverfing the baigcote for fome time, and finding no
chance of ef'caping but through the gateway into the next
enclofure, the leader enters, and the red follow : the gate
is indantly flint, by people who are dationed on a fmall
fcadbld immediately above it, and drongly barricaded,
fires are lighted, and the fame difcordant din made and
continued, till the herd has paded through another gate¬
way into the inner enclofure, or rajecotc, the gate of which
is fecured in the fame manner as the former. Tire ele¬
phants, being now completely fuiTOunded on all (ides,
and perceiving no outlet through which they can efcape,-
appear defperate, and in their fury advance frequently
to the ditch, in order to break down the palifade, in¬
flating their' trunks, fereaming louder and fliri Her than
any trumpet, fometimes grumbling like the hollow mur¬
mur. of didant thunder, but, wherever they make an at¬
tack, they are oppofed by- lighted fires, and by the noife
and fliouts of the hunters. As they mud remain fome
time in this enclofure, care is always taken to have part
of the ditch filled with water, which is (applied by a
fmall dream, either natural, or condutted through an ar¬
tificial channel from fome neighbouring refervoir. The
elephants have recourfe to this water to quench their
third and cool themfelves after their fatigues, by fuck¬
ing the water into their trunks, and then (quirting it
over every part of their bodies. While they remain in
this enclofure, they continue fulky, and feem to meditate
their efcape; but the hunters build huts, and form an en¬
campment, as it were, around them, clofe to the palifade ;
watchmen are placed, and every precaution ufed, to pre¬
vent their breaking through.

“ When the herd has continued a few days in the ked¬
dah, the door of the roomee is opened, into which fome
one of the elephants is enticed to enter, by having food
thrown fird before, and then gradually further on into
the paflage, till the elephant has advanced far enough to
admit of the gate being (hut. Above this wicker-gate,
or door, two men are dationed on a fmall fcaffold, who
throw down the food. When the elephant has paffed
beyond the door, they give the fignal to a man who, from
without, fluits' it by pulling a rope, and they fecure it
■by throwing two bars that dood perpendicular on each
fide, the one acrofs the other ; and then two limilar bars
are thrown acrofs each other behind the door next to the
keddah, fo that the door is in the center : for farther
fecurity, horizontal bars are pulhed acrofs the roomee,
through the openings of the palifades, both before and
behind thofe erodes, to' prevent the poflibility of the
doors being forced. The roomee is fo narrow, that a
large elephant cannot turn in it; but, finding his retreat
thus cut oft', he advances, and exerts his utmod force to
break down the bars, which were previoufly put acrofs a'
little farther on in the outlet, by running againd them,
fereaming and roaring, and battering them, like a ram,
by repeated blows of his head, retreating and advancing
with the utmod fury. In his rage, lie rifes and leaps
upon the bars with his fore-feet, and drives to break them
down with his huge weight. In February, 1788, a large
female elephant dropt down dead in the roomee, from
the violent exertions flie made. When the elephant is
fomewhat fatigued by thefe exertions, drong ropes, with
running noofes, are placed in the outlet by the hunters;
and as foon as. he puts a foot within the noofe, it is im¬
mediately drawn tight, and fadened to the palifades.
When all his feet have been made pretty fad, two men
place themfelves behind fome bars, that run acrofs the
roomee, to prevent his kicking them, and with great
caution tie his hind-legs together, by palling a cor.d al¬
ternately from the one to the other, like the figure 8, and
then fadening thefe turns as above deferibed. After this.

457

E L E P H A S.

flie phara, dools, See. are put oh in fucceffion, in the
fame manner as on the goondah, only that here the people
are in greater fecurity. While thefe ropes are making fa ft,
the other hunters are careful not to go too near, but keep
on the outfide of the palifade, and divert his attention
as much as they can, by fupplying him with grafts, and
fometimes with plantain-leaves and fugar canes, of which
he is remarkably fond, by prefenting a (lick, giving him
hopes of catching it, or by gently ftriking or tickling his
probofeis. He frequently, however, feize's the ropes with
his trunk, and endeavours to break them, particularly
thofe with which his feet are tied, and' fometimes tries
to bite them through with his grinders; but the hunters
then goad him with (harpened bamboos, or light fpears,
fo as to make him quit his hold. Thofe who are em¬
ployed in putting the ropes round his body, hand above
him, on a fmall kind of platform, confiding of a few bars
run acrofs through the openings of the palilades, and, as
an elephant cannot fee any thing that is above, and rather
behind his head, they are very little incommoded by him,
although he appears to fmell them, and endeavours to
reach them with his trunk. When the whole apparatus
is properly fecured, the ends of the two cables (dools),
whieh were faftened round his neck, are brought forward
to the end of the roomde, where two female elephants
are waiting; and to them thefe cables are made faft.
When every thing is ready, the door, at the end of the
outlet, is opened, the crofs bars are removed, and the
paffage left clear. The ropes, that tied his legs to the
palifades, are loofened, and, if he does not advance rea¬
dily,- they goad him with long poles, fharpened at the
ends or pointed with iron, and urge him" on with their
noife and din, and, at the fame time, the females pull
him gently forward : as foon as he has cleared theroomee,
his conductors feparate, fo that if he attempts to go to
one fide, he is prevented by the elephant, that pulls in
the oppofite direction, and vice verfa. The bundahs,
which tie his hind legs, tliough but loofely, yet prevent
his going fall: ; and, thus fituated, he is conducted like
an enraged bull, that has a cord faftened to his horns on
each fide, fo that he cannot turn either to the right or
left to avenge himfelf. In like manner is this noble ani¬
mal led to the next tr.ee, as the goondalis, before-men¬
tioned, were. Sometimes he becomes obftinate, and will
not advance ; in which cafe, while one of his conductors
draws him forward, the other comes behind and pufhes
him on : ftiould.he lie down, fhe puts her fnout under
and raifes him up, fupporting him on her knee, and with
her head puftiing him forward with all her ftrength, the
hunters likewife aftift by goading him, and urging him
forward by their noife and din: fometimes they are even
obliged to put lighted torches near, in order to make
him advance. In conducting fmall elephants from the
roomee, only one cable and one koomkee are made ufe of.
As foon as each elephant is fecured, he is given in charge
to the rnahote, or keeper, who' is appointed to attend and
inftruCt him ; and, under him, there are from two to five
coolies, according to the fize of the elephant, in order
to aftift and to fupply food and water, till he becomes fo
traCtable as to bring the former himfplf. Thefe people
ereCt a fmall hut immediately before him, where the
rnahote, or one of the coolies, conftantly attends, fupplies
him with food,' and foothes and careftes him by a variety
of little arts. By degrees he advances cautioufly to his
tides, and ftrokes and pats him with his hand, fpeaking
to him all the while in a foothing tone of voice, and, in
a little time, he begins to know his keeper, and obey his
commands. Thus the rnahote becomes familiar to him,
and at length gets upon his back from one of the tame
elephants, and, as the animal becomes more traCtable, he
advances gradually forward towards his head, till at laft
he is permitted to feat himfelf on his neck, front which
place he afterwards regulates and direCts all his motions.
While they are training in this manner, tlie ta’me ele-
¥ol, VI. No.. 364.

phants lead out the others in turn, for the fake of exer-
cife, and likewife to eafe their legs from the cords with
which they are tied, andi which are apt to gall them rnoft
terribly, unlefs they are regularly flacked and fhifted. In
five or fix weeks the elephant becomes obedient to his
keeper, his fetters are taken off by degrees, and generally,
in about five or fix rponths, he fuffers himfelf to be con¬
ducted by the rnahote from one place to another : care,
however, is always taken not to let him approach his
former haunts, left a recollection of the freedom he there
enjoyed, Ihould induce him again to recover his liberty.
This obedience to his conductor feenis to proceed partly
from a fenfe of generofity, as it is, in fome meafure, vo¬
luntary ; for, whenever an elephant takes fright, or is
determined to run away, all the exertions of the rnahote
cannot prevent him, even by beating or digging the
pointed iron hook into his head, with which he direCts
hint ; on fuch an occafion the animal totally difregards
thefe feeble efforts, otherwife he could ftiake or pull him
off with his trunk, and dafti him in pieces. Accidents of
this kind happen almoft every year, efpecially to thofe
muhotes who attend the large goondalis, but fuch acci¬
dents are in general owing to their own careleffnefs and
negleCt. It is neceftary to treat the males with much
greater feverity than the females to keep theirt in awe ;
but it is too common a practice among the mahotes, either
to be negligent in tiling proper meafures to render their
elephants docile, or to truft too much to their good-na¬
ture, before they are thoroughly acquainted with their
difpofitions. The iron hook, with which they direCt
them, is pretty heavy, about (ixteen inches long, with a
ftraight fpike advancing a little beyond the curve of the
hook, fo that altogether it is like the boat-hook which
ferrymen or boatmen life, faftened to a long pole.”

The natural hiftory of this animal has been till lately
very ill underftood. Much of abfurdity and indecorous
fable has in confequence been impofed on the credulous
public, particularly concerning the mode of propagation
and geftation of the elephant. De Feynes and Taver/iier,
J, C. Wolfe, and the comte de Buffon, affure us,, with
great gravity, that thefe monftrous animals embrace like
man and woman : that “ the male makes a pit or hollow
in the ground, and aflifts his confort to lay herfelf on her
back; and, in cafe he finds her perfectly compliant and
agrebable, very complaifantly helps her up again after
the bufinefs is finifhed, (for flie cannot poffibly rife of
herfelf,) by throwing his trunk round her neck!” — •
“ Thefe animals,” fays Tavernier, “ cannot intermix in
any other manner: they require, therefore more time and
conveniency for this operation than other quadrupeds ;
and it is perhaps for this reafon that they never copulate
but when they enjoy full liberty, and have every neceft-
fary article at their command. The female mail not only
confent, but folicit the male, by a pofition which Ihe
never aHumes unlefs when (he thinks herfelf in perfeCt
retirement.”

M. Bles, and the comte de Buffon alfo affure us, that
“ elephants obferve the greateft delicacy in their amours,
abhorring nothing fo much as to be feen on thofe occa-
lions. The troop divide themfelves into couples, (teal
off into the raoft fecret recedes of the foreft, and there
give way to all the impulfes of nature.” — The mode of
connection, fays Button, “cannot be like that of other
quadrupeds, becaufe the female hath the vagina placed
near the middle of the belly ; and on the other hand, the
male organ is by no means proportioned to the magnitude
of the animal’s body, nor capable of being extended to fo
long an interval : naturalifts as well as travellers agree,
that the penis does not exceed that of a horfe, either in
length or diameter.” But it is plain that thefe naturalifts
and travellers, any more than comte de Button himlelf,
had never feen, or correCtly examined, the living ani¬
mals, or they would not have impofed fuch unfounded
ftories upon the credulity of their readers.

6 A

« The

45S

&

E L E P H A S.

“ The approach of the feafon of love,”- argue thefe
writers, “ is very eafily known, becaufe for fome days
before it happens, an oily liquor is feen to flow from a
fmall hole on each fide the head, in both fexes. The
domeflic female on thefe occafions fometimes makes her
efcape, and joins .the wild males in the1 woods. Some
days afterward her cornack or keeper goes in qtieft of
her, and calls her by her name till (lie comes. She fub-
mits to him with complacence, and'allows herfelf to be
conducted home, and fiiut up in the rtable. From cafes
•of this kind, it has been afcertained, that the female ele¬
phant brings forth-at the end of nine months.” This
opinion was alfo adopted by Mr. Pennant, becaufe he ap¬
peared to have no better information. See Encyclopaedia
Britannica, vol.'vj. p. 549, 550, &c.

But the advances recently made in feience and litera¬
ture have not only detected thefe impofitions, but have
afforded likewife the mod fatisfadtory accounts of the
natural hiftory and economy of this noble animal. In the
“ Anatomique d'un Elephant ,” by Peter Camper, profefl’or
of anatomy in the Athenium of Amfterdam, publifhed at
Paris, in folio, in 1802, with twenty fuperb engravings,
the phyfiology of the elephant is clearly defined. The
information derived from this fource, is likewife confide-
rably aided by “ Obfervations on the Manners, Habits,
and Natural Hiftory, of the Elephant, ” by John Corfe,
efq. publifhed in the Tranfaftions of the Royal Society
of London for 1799 ; and to whom the world is indebted
for the preceding account of the method of taking wfild
elephants. By a refidence of more than ten years in
Bengal, and by having the elephant-hunters for five years
under his abfolute direftion, viz. from 1792 to 1797, he
was peculiarly qualified to render the fubjeft of this
article particularly interefting and inftrudtive.

“ The elephant (fays Mr. Corfe) has been declared to
poflefs the fentiment of modefty in a high degree ; and,
by fome, his fagacity was fuppofed to excite feelings for
the lofs of liberty, fo acute, as to caufe him to refufe to
propagate hi.fpecies while in flavery, left he fhould en¬
tail on his p; ogeny a fate limilar to his own ; whilft others
have afierted, that he loft the power of procreation in the
domeftic ftate. So circumftanced, I was defirous of taking
advantage of my fituation, and of making fuch experi¬
ments and obfervations, as might tend to render more
perfefl the natural hiftory of this ufeful animaj. The
young of the elephant, at its birth, is about thirty-five
inches high ; and, as a knowledge of its progreflive
growth forms the beft criterion by which we can judge
of the age of this animal, I (hall here note fome obferva¬
tions made on this fubjeft, till the elephant lias attained
its full’ fize ; for, after this period, till figns of old age
appear, I do not know any marks by which a tolerable
guefs can be made of the number of its years, unlefs we
could examine the teeth accurately ; and, even then, there
would be much uncertainty. The following obferva¬
tions, of the gradual increafe of growth, were made up¬
on a young elephant belonging to Mr. Stephen Harris,
which was accurately meafured from time to time, and
upon a female elephant of my own, till I left Tiperah.
Mr. Harris’s elephant, at its birth, October 16, 1789, was
thirty-five inches high.

Feet. Inches.

In one year he grew ix inches, and w'as
In the 2d year 8

In the 3d year 6 .

In the 4th yeah 5

In the 5th year 5 .

In the 6th year 3 \ .

In the 7th year 2| .

3 10 high.

4 6
5 °

5 5

5 i°

6 if

6 4

“ Except during his fourth and fifth years, the above
xneafurement fiiews a gradual decreafe in the proportion
tof growth for every year; and there was no opportunity
of tracing, the growth of this elephant farther than its
feventh year. Another elephant, fix. feet nine inches

high at the time flie came into my pofleftion, was fup-
pofed to be fourteen years old ; but, as the accuracy of
the hunters cannot be depended on, it will be proper to
take Mr. Harris’s elephant, whofe age is exactly known,
as a ftandard ; and, judging.from its annual increafe, this
will lead vis to confider the elephant, at the time I re¬
ceived her, to be only eleven years old ; giving a period
of four years, for the addition of five inches. I have
made a greater allowance of time, on account of this ele¬
phant being a female, and Mr. Harris’s a male, which
there is much reafon to believe grows fafter.

“ During the next five years, before fhe was covered,
file grew only fix inches ; but, what is extremely curious,
while pregnant, Ihe grew, in twenty-one months, five
inches; and, in the following feventeen months, though
again pregnant, file grew only half an inch ; at which
time flie was fent from Comillah, as I was then preparing
to leave India. At this time (lie was about nineteen
years old, and had, perhaps; attained her full growth.
Her young one was then (November 1796) not twenty
months old ; yet he was four feet five inches and a half
high, having grown eighteen inches fince his birth ; which
is the greateft progreflive growth, in the elephant, that I
have known. Thefe obfervations, when applied to the
general growth of elephants, are to be taken with fome
allowance; fince, during the ftate of the firft pregnancy,
there is fo great an irregularity in the growth of female
elephants, as alone occafions confiderable difficulty, even
fuppofing the progreflive growth nearly equal in the (pe-
cies. It is probable, however, that this is not by any
means equal ; for, as elephants vary greatly in fize; and
as males are generally much taller than females, we muft
conclude they either grow fafter, or are longer in attain¬
ing their full growth. But it may be fufely afierted,
that elephants, like mod quadrupeds, propagate their
fpecies . before they have acquired their full growth.
Many females have been known, when taken while preg¬
nant, to have grown feveral inches higher before de¬
livery; and, as it has been dated, that the female ele-
■phant on which my obfervations were made, could not
exceed fixteen years when (lie received the male, it is
probable the wild female elephants are in heat before
that period.

“ If, from the above data, it may be allowed to form
a probable conjedture, elephants attain their full fize be¬
tween eighteen and twenty-four years of age. The height
of the elephant, I believe, has been often much exagge¬
rated. In India, the height of females is, in general,
from feven to eight feet ; and that of males, from eight
to ten feet, meafured at the fhoulder. I have never
heard but of one elephant, on good authority, that much
exceeded ten feet; this w'as a male belonging to Afoph
ul Dowlah, vizier of Oude. His dimenfions were as fol¬
low : meafured on the 18th of June, 1796.

Feet. Inch.

From foot to foot, over the (boulder ... 22 iof
From the top of the fhoulder, perpendicular

height . 10 6

From the top of the head, when fet up, as he

ought to march in ftate . 12 2

From the front of the face to the infertion of

the tail . . . . . 15 11

“ Captain Sandys, of the Bengal eftablifiiment, (hewed
me a lift of about one hundred and fifty elephants, of
which he had the management during the war with Tip-
poo Sultaun, in Myfore, and not one of them was ten
feet, and only a few males nine feet and a half high. I
was very particular in afcertaining the height of the ele¬
phants employed at Madras, and with the army under
marquis Cornwallis, where there were both Ceylon and
Bengal elephants ; and I have been aflured, that thofe of
Ceylon were neither higher, norfuperyor, in any refpedt,
to thofe of Bengal.

“ The Madras elephants have been faid. to be from

feventeen

E L E P H A S.

Seventeen to twenty feet high; but, to fliew how much
the natives of India are inclined to the marvellous, and
how liable Europeans themfelves are to miftakes, I will
relate a circumftance that happened to myfelf. Having
heard, from feveral gentlemen who had been at Dacca,
that the nabob there had an elephant about fourteen feet
hi'wh, I vvas de [irons to meafure him; efpecially as I had
feen him often myfelf, during the year 1785, and then
fuppofed him to be above twelve feet. After being at
Tiperah, and having feen many elephants caught, in the
years 1786, 1787, and 1788, and finding all of them much
inferior in height to what I fuppofed the nabob’s ele¬
phant, I went to Dacca, in 1789, determined to fee this
huge animal meafured. At firft, I fent for the mahote or
driver, to afk fome queftions concerning this elephant ;
he, without hefitation, allured me he was from ten to
twelve cubits, that is, from fifteen to eighteen feet, high;
but added, he' could not, without the nabob’s permillion,
bring me the elephant to be examined. Penmfiion was
accordingly alked, and granted : I had him meafured ex-
aftly, and was rather furprifed to find he did not exceed
ten feet in height. The Eaft-India company’s ffandard,
for ferviceable elephants, is feven feet and upwards, mea¬
fured at the {boulder, in the fame manner as horfes are.
At the middle of the back they are confiderably higher;
the curve or arch of which, particularly in young ele¬
phants, makes a difference of feveral inches.

“ It has been dated by Bufifon, and others, that the fa-
gacity of the elephant is fo great, and his memory fo re¬
tentive, that when once he has received an injury, o.r
been in’ bondage, and afterwards efcapes, it is not pofil-
ble, by any art, again to entrap him. Great as my par¬
tiality is for this noble animal, whofe modes of life and
general fagacity I have had fo many opportunities of ob-
ferving, yet a regard to truth compels me to mention
fome faffs, which contradidt that opinion. The follow¬
ing hiftory of an elephant taken by Mr. Leeke, of Long¬
ford Hall, Shropfnire, while refident at Tiperah, con¬
tains many interefting particulars on this fubjedt. The
cJephant was a female, and was taken at firft", with a herd
of many others, in 17 65, by rajah Kifliun Maunick, prin¬
cipal zemindar of Tiperah, who, about fix months after,
gaVe her to Abdoor Rezah, a man of rank in the diftridt.
In 1767, the rajah fent a force againft Abdoor Rezah, for
fome refradtory condudt ; who, in his- retreat to the hills,
turned- her loofe into the woods, after having ufed her
above two years as a riding elephant. In January, 1770,
fhe was retaken by the rajah; but, in April, 1771, file
broke loofe from her pickets, or faftenings, in a ftormy
night, and efcaped to the hills. On the 25th of Decem¬
ber, 1782, fhe was driven by Mr. Leeke’s elephant hun¬
ters into a keddah, as above defcribed ; and, the day fol¬
lowing, when Mr. Leeke went to fee the herd that had
been fecured, this elephant was pointed out to him by
the hunters, and particularly by a driver who had had
charge of her for fome time, and well recolledled her.
They frequently called to her by name; to which fhe
feemed to pay fome attention, by immediately looking
towards them, when her name, Juggut-Pcauree, was re¬
peated ; nor did fne appear like the wild elephants,
which were conftantly running about the keddah in a
rage, but- feemed perfeftly reconciled to her fituation.
From the 25th of December to the 13th of January, (a
fpace of eighteen days,) fhe never went near enough the
outlet {or roomee) to be fecured ; from a recollection,
perhaps, of what fhe had before buffered. Orders, hovV-
ever, had been given not to permit her to enter the out¬
let, had fhe been fo inclined, as Mr. Leeke wifhed to be
prefent when fhe was taken out of the keddah. On the
13th of January, 17183, Mr. Leeke went out, when there
were only herfelf, another female, and eight young ones,
remaining in the enclofure. After the other female had
been fecured, by means of the koomkees, or female de-
coyers, fent in for that purpofe, the hunters were ordered
to call Juggut-Peaum. She immediately came to the

459

fide of the ditch, within the enclofure ; on which, fome
of the drivers w ere defired to carry in a plantain-tree, the
leaves of which file not only took from their hands, with
her trunk, but opened her mouth, for them to put ajeaf
into it, which they did, firoking and' tare, fling her, and
calling to her by name. Mr. Leeke, feeing the animal
fo tame, would not permit the hunters to attempt tying
her; but ordered one of the trained elephants to be
brought to her, and the driver to take her by the ear,
and order her to lie down. At firft, fhe did not like the
koomkee to go near her, and retired to a diftance, feem-
ingly angry; but, when the drivers, who were on foot,
called to her, fhe carfie- immediately, and allowed them
to ftroke and carefs her, as before ; and, Th_ a few mi¬
nutes after, permitted- the trained females to be familiar.
A driver, from one of thefe, then faftened a rope round
her body, and inftantly jumped on her back ; which, at
the moment, lhe did not like, but was foon reconciled
to it. A fmall cord was next faftened round her neck,
for the driver to put his feet in, who, feating himfelf on
the neck, in the ufual manner, drove her about the ked¬
dah, the fame as any of the tame elephants. After this,
he ordered her to lie down, which fhe inftantly did ; nor
did file rife till fhe was defired. He fed her from his feat,
gave her- his -flick to hold, which fne took with her
trunk, and put into her mouth, kept, and then returned
it, as flie vvas directed, and as fhe formerly had been ac-
cuftomed to do. In ftiort, file was fo obedient, that had
there been more wild elephants in the keddah, . to tie,
fhe would have been ufeful in fecuring them. Mr. Leeke
himfelf then went up, took her by the ear, and bade her
lie down; a command fhe inftantly obeyed.

“ I have known feveral other inftances of elephants
being taken a fecond time ; and was myfelf a witnefs both
of the efcape and retaking of one, as follows: In June,
1 7S7, Jattra-Mungul, a male elephant, taken the year be¬
fore, vvas travelling, in company with fome other ele¬
phants, towards Chittigong, laden with a tent and fome
baggage, for our accommodation on the journey. Having
come upon a tiger’s track, which elephants difcover rea-
dily by the fmell, he took fright, and ran ofF to the
woods, in fpite of the efforts of his driver. On entering
the wood, the driver laved himfelf, by fpringing from
the elephant, and clinging to the branch of a tree under
which he was paffing ; when the elephant had got rid of
his driver, he foon contrived to fhake off his load. As
foon as he ran away, a trained female was difpatched af¬
ter him, but could not get up in time to prevent his
efcape ; fire, however, brought back his driver, and the
load he had thrown off, and we proceeded, without any
hope of ever feeing him again. Eighteen months after
this, when a herd of elephants had been taken, and had
remained feveral days in the enclofure, till they were
enticed into the outlet, there tied, and led out in the
ufual manner, one of the drivers, viewing a male ele¬
phant very attentively, declared he refembled the one
which had run away. This excited the ouriofity of every
one to go and look at him ; but, when any perfoir came
near, the animal Aruck at him with his trunk, and, in
every refpeCl, appeared as wild and outrageous as any of
the other elephants. At length, an old hunter, coming
up and examining him narrowly, declared that he was the
very elephant that had made his efcape about eighteen
months before, Confident of this, he boldly rode up to
him on a tame elephant, and ordered him to lie down,
pulling him by the ear at the fame time. The animal
feemed quite taken by furprife, and inftantly obeyed the
word of command, with as much quicknefs as the ropes,
with which he was tied, permitted ; uttering, at the fame
time, a peculiar thrill fqueak through his trunk, as he
had formerly been known to do; by which he was imme¬
diately recognized by every perfon who had ever been
acquainted with this peculiarity.

“ Thus we fee that this elephant, for the fpace of
eight or ten days; during which he was in the keddah,

and

E L E P H A S.

460

and even while he was tying- in the outlet, appeared
equally wild and fierce as the bolded elephant then taken ;
fo that he was not even fufpeCted of having been for¬
merly taken, till he was conducted from the outlet. The
moment, however, he was addreffed in a commanding
tone, the recollection of his former obedience feemed to
rufli upon him at once ; and, without any difficulty, he
permitted a driver to be feated on his neck, who, in a
few days, made him as tradable as ever. Thel'e, and
feveral other inftances which have occurred, clearly
evince, that elephants have not the fagacity to avoid a
fnare into which they have, even more than once, fallen ;
nor that, if domeftic females were fuffered to (tray into
the woods in queft of the males, they would ever return,
at the' call of their cornack, to fiavery again. Befides,
in what part of thole immenfe forefts ffiould he go to
find them }

“ The general idea that tame elephants would not
breed, has doubtlefs prevented trials being made, to af-
.certain whether, under particular circumftances, this fup-
pofed reludance could be got the better of. I was how¬
ever convinced, from obfervation, as well as from fome
particular faffs, ‘that elephants had their feafons in which
they were in heat; I (hall, therefore, firft mention the
circumftances which induced me to attempt breeding from
tame elephants, and then relate the fuccefs of the expe¬
riments inflituted for this purpofe. The circumftances
to which I allude, happened in January, 1790, at a ked-
dah near to Comillah, the capital of Tiperah. Meffirs.
Henry Bnller and George Dowdefwell, of Chittigong,
being then on a vifit at Comillah, accompanied me and
feveral others, to fee a herd of elephants which had been
lately taken. Our vifitors then propofed a trial being
made, of tying the wild elephants immediately, in the
keddah, in the manner prattifed at Chittigong, inftead
of w-aiting till they, were enticed, one after another, into
the narrow outlet, there to be fecured, and led out in the
ufual manner. This mode they recommended fo earneft-
ly, from a conviction of its fuperior utility, that Mr.
John Buller, to whom the keddah belonged, aflented to
the trial being made, and gave orders for the trained
females, and proper alliftants, to go diredly within the
enclofure. Having but few trained females prefent, it
was judged advifable to fend in a fine male elephant,
taken many years before, and thoroughly broke in, to
affift them, as well as to keep the herd in awe. He had
no fooner entered the enclofure, and been brought near
the herd, than, difcovering one of the females to be in
heat, impelled by defire, and eager to cover her, he
daftied through the herd, regardleis of the orders and fe-
vere difcipline of the driver, and had nearly accompliftied
his purpofe. The driver, being alarmed for his own fafe-
ty, exerted in vain all his ftrength, to turn him, and bring
him from among the wild elephants ; but the drivers of
the trained females, coming fpeedily to his affiftance, foon
furrounded this furious animal, and feparated him from
the herd. In refentment, however, of his difappoint-
ment, he attacked a fmall koomkee, with luch violence'
as completely overturned her and her rider ; and, had he
not been of the fpecies* called mucknah, which have not
the long tulks, he mod probably would haVe transfixed,
and killed her on the fpot: fortunately, neither (lie nor
her driver received any confiderable hurt. This accident
prevented the trial being then made, to tie the wild ele¬
phants in the manner propofed.

“ Reflecting on the difobedience fhown by an elephant
remarkably docile, and which had been domefticated for
many years, when his paflions were excited, and recol¬
lecting alfo, that a wild elephant had covered a female,
in February, 1778, before many fpeCtators, juft after the
herd had been fecured in the enclofure, I was affiured in
my own mind, that it was not from any fenfe of modefty,
either wild or tame elephants did not gratify their pailions
in public ; but no opportunity offered of profecuting this
enquiry, till 1792. Having then taken upon myfelf the

management cf the elephant hunters, a very fine male
was caught in November : he was both young and hand-
fome, and alfo of a mod docile difpofition ; I therefore
promifed his driver a confiderable gratuity, if he would
get him into high order, fo that I might "have an oppor¬
tunity of bringing his procreative powers to trial, with a
tame female'.

“ In March, 1793, the driver of a favourite female
elephant informed me, that (lie had then figns of being
in heat ; and that, if the male and (lie were kept toge¬
ther, and highly fed, an intimacy would probably foon
take place. They were therefore, ihortly after this,
brought near to Comillah, where a fpaciouS fhed was
erected for their accommodation. In the day they went
out together to feed ; they alfo brought home a load of
luch fucculent food as their drivers and attendants Could
colleft. After their return, they flood together, dept
near each other, and every opportunity was granted them
to form a mutual attachment. It is always a good lign,
when an elephant lies down to deep, within a few months
after he is taken ; as it (hews him to be of a good temper,
not fufpicious, but reconciled to his fate. Elephants,
particularly goondahs, have been known to (land twelve
months at their pickets, without lying down to deep ;
though they fometimes take a nap (landing. In this way
a partiality took place, as was evident from their careffing
each other with their trunks ; and this without ceremony,
before a number of other elephants, as well as their at¬
tendants. Near the end of June, I was fatisfied the male
would not, even to regain his freedom, quit the objeCt of
his regard ; I therefore ordered the keepers to picket
the female, by one of her fore-legs only, in the houfe
where they flood, but to leave the male at full liberty.
Fearful, however, of hurting their fuppofed delicacy,
and thinking the nearnefs and fight of the attendants
might poflibly give umbrage to their modefty, I defired
them to remain quiet in a little hut, ereCled on the out-
fide of the building appropriated to the elephants, where
they could fee equally well as if nearer.

“ On the evening of the. 28th of June, 1793, the male
was let loofe from his pickets ; and, foon after, he covered
the female without any difficulty, although before this
fhe never could have received the male, being taken
when very young, about five years and a half prior to
this period. The male was then led quietly to his (fall ;
but, early in the morning of the 29th, he became fo trou-
blefome, that the drivers, in order, as they faid, to quiet
him, but partly, I fufpeCt, to indulge their own curio-
fity, permitted him to cover her a fecond time ; which
he readily did, before the ufual attendants, as well as a
number of other fpeCtators. About two in the afternoon
of the fame day, I was delired to repair to the place
where the elephants flood, as the male had been trying
to get nearer the female. On this, I proceeded to the
fpot, with captain Gregory; when we arrived, I ordered
the male to be freed from his (hackles ; and, after fome
time toying, and a few mutual carefles, we had the fa-
tisfadlion to fee him cover the female. She remained
perfectly (till during the coitus. When the male had
finiftied, he flood >quietly by her fide, while (he carefled
him with her trunk ; and, as they then appeared well
pleafed, and gentle as ufual, I went up and patted them
both, as I had formerly been accuftomed to do, without
the ('mailed apprehenfion. In the evening, they were
both brought home to be fed ; and, though only a few
hours had elapled (ince his lad embrace, the male feemed
inclined to make another attempt ; to which I would
have confented, to gratify a croud of people then pre¬
fent, had I not learned, that he had covered the female
in the open plain, about ten in the morning, when going
out for food, in fpite of the exertions of the drivers and
attendants ; at lead fo they alleged, in excufe for having
permitted it, contrary to my orders. As he had already
covered four times in about fifteen hours, I was afraid a
further indulgence might be prejudicial, and therefore
2 would

E L £

would not permit it; efpecially as Mr. Imhoff, to whom
lie belonged, was abfcnt. That gentleman, however,
returned two da’ys after ; but, when the two elephants
were brought together, in-. order that Mr. Imhoff’s cu-
riofity might be indulged with fo novel a fight, the fe¬
male, being no longer in heat, was fo uncivil as to give
the male a kick in the face, when he was ufing what (he
then thought improper liberties; nor did (lie afterwards
permit him to cover her, though, when (landing toge¬
ther, they mutually indulged in a few' careffes.

“ During the time they were kept together, the male
never (liowed ligns of his pafiions being excited, by any
exudation from the duffs of the glands near his temples;
which has been confidered asThe fign of a male elephant
being peculiarly ready for the female. This, I am in¬
clined to believe, is a vulgar error; as not one of the
elephants I have feetT cover, in a domeftic (late, nor any
of the males which were caught fingly, or rather en¬
trapped, by their defire to have connexion with the tame
females, had, at thofe times, the ftnalleft appearance of
fitch an exudation. Had this happened, in any one in¬
fiance, during my refidence in Tiperah, T niuft have
known it; for, when this exudation takes place, the ele¬
phant has a dull heavy look, and it is dangerous for
ftrangers to go near him. I have feen elephants in this
fituation, after they had been many years caught ; but,
though they were then faid to have their pafiions ex¬
cited, I have never known one to cover during the con¬
tinuance of this exudation: nor have elephants, fo far as
I have been able to obferve, any particular fealons of
love, like horfes. Of five inftances of elephants covered
at Tiperah, one received the male in February, another
in April, a third in June, a fourth in September, and the
fifth in October. Befides thefe, an attempt was made by
a tame male, to cover, in the month of January, a wild
female, then in heat. When the female is in heat, the
parts of generation (how it, by the fulnefs of the labia;
and, if (lie is placed near a male, (lie endeavours, by ca¬
reffes, to excite his defires. It may here be proper to
obferve, in refutation of what has been affected by the
comte de Button, and for the purpofe of correcting the
errors of other zoologifts in this fo much mifreprefented
article of natural hiftory, that the penis of a full-grown
elephant is from two feet four to tw'o feet fix inches in
length, and from fourteen to fix teen inches in circumfe¬
rence. I caufed the penis of two males to be meafured,
after their pafiions were excited, in order to afcertain the
real faft. On fome occafions, I have feen the penis ab-
folutely touch the ground, when the elephant has been
walking.

“ After the female had been covered by the male, as
above related, there being then no other female ready,
he was placed with an elephant which had had a young
one about four years before, and fome months ago was
reported to have been in heat. It was thought, after
Come trial, that (he was likely to permit him to cover, as
(he careffed Tim occafionally, and roufed his pafiions ;
but (he would not allow him to gratify his defire. The
drivers, tired of this coynefs, and ftimulated perhaps by
the hopes of another gratuity, were fo brutal as to tie
her, and let the male make an attempt upon her, while
tied. His attempt, however, was to no purpofe ; though
he continued his efforts till he appeared to be quite ex-
haufted. This being told me, I feverely reprimanded
the people ; and ordered the female to be left at full li¬
berty to rej eft or receive the male, as '(he might think
proper. Here, however, was pofuive proof, that the
male would have effefted his purpofe by force, when he
found he could not obtain it any other way. lie remained
at Comillah till Oftober, 1793, without my being able
to procure a female that was in heat ; he was then fent
to Calcutta.

“ I now became extremely folicitous about the health
of the female which was covered in June; and gave par¬
ticular direftions not to overheat her, but merely to give
Vol. VI. No. 364.

P H A S. 461

her as much food and exercife as were likely to keep
her in the heft , condition, as (lie, was now known to be
pregnant. In three months after (he was covered, (lie
became. fuller, her flefh felt fofter, and her breads began
to (well. Thefe marks of her being with young, were
fo evident to the driver, that he mentioned them of his
own accord ; which convinced me, that an elephant,
threg months after conception, may be known by the
keepers to be pregnant. She was (even feet three incites
high, when covered ; but, after this increafed fo faft, not
i:t bulk only, but alfo in height, as to exceed feven feet
eight incites, before (he brought forth. On the i6tffof
March, 1795, (lie produced a fine male ; juft twenty
months and eighteen days after (lie was firft covered.
The young one was thirty-five inches and a half high ;
and had every appearance of having arrived at fits full
time, being the largeft I had known produced in Tipe¬
rah. We have many young produced every year, by
the females which are taken while breeding, and thefe
feldont exceed thirty-four inches; this, however, may be
owing to the weak and reduced (late the mothers are
brought to, while breaking in.

“ The young of the elephant, at lead all thofe I have
feen, begin to nibble and fuck the bread Toon after birth ;
prefiing it with the trunk, which, by natural inftinft,
they know will make the milk flow more readily into the
mouth, while fucking: but the young certainly never
fuck with the trunk, as afferted by fome authors. Ele¬
phants never lie down to give their young ones fuck ;
and it often happens, when the dam is tall, that (lie is
obliged, for fome time, .to bend her body towards her
young, to enable him to reach the nipple with his mouth ;
confequently, if ever the trunk was ufed to lay hold of
the nipple, it would be at this period, when he is making
laborious efforts to reach it with his mouth, but which
he could always eafily do with his trunk, if it anfwered
the purpofe. In fucking, the young elephant always
grafus the nipple (which projects horizontally from the
bread) with the fide of Ills mouth. I have very often
obferved this ; and fo fenfible are the attendants of it,
that, with them, it is a common praftice to raife a final!
mound of earth for the young one to (land on, and thus
lave the mother the trouble of bending her body every
time (he gives fuck, which (he cannot readily do when
tied to her picket.

“ Tame elephants are never fnffered to remain loofe ;
as inftances occur of the mother leaving even her young,
and efcaping into the woods; from which they never re¬
turn of their own accord, as has been fo confidently af¬
ferted. Another circumftance deferves notice : if a wild
elephant happens to be feparated from her young, for
only two days, though giving fuck, (he never afterwards
recognizes or acknowledges it. This reparation fome-
times happened unavoidably, when they were enticed
feparately into the outlet of the keddah. I have been
much mortified at fuch unnatural conduft in the mother;
particularly when it was evident the young elephant knew
its dam, and, by its plaintive cries and fubmiflive ap¬
proaches, folicited her afliftance. „

“ Having mentioned a fufficient'nurrib'er of inftanefes,
to prove the ability, as well as the inclination, of the
elephant, to propagate his fpecies in a domeftic (late, and
that without any (igns of- peculiar modefty, and having
afeertained the period of geftation to be twenty months
and eighteen days, it may be neceffary to obferve, that
it is a difficult matter to bring a male, which has been
taken about the prime of life, into good condition to aft
as a ftallion ; for, being naturally bolder, and' of a more
ungovernable difpofition, than the female, he is not in
general eafily tamed, till reduced very low ; and it re¬
quires confiderable time, as well as much expence and
attention, before lie can be brought into fuch higli order
as is requifite. He muft alfo be of a gentle temper, and
difpofed to put confidence in his keeper ; for he will not
readily have connexion with a female, wliilft under the
6 B influence

E L E P H A S.

462

influence of fear or diflruft. Of this I have feen many
inftances ; nor do I recollect one male elephant in ten,
which had been taken after having attained his full
growth, much difpofed to have connexion with a female.
This is a mod convincing proof, that thofe males which
are taken early in life, and have been domefticated for
many years, more readily procreate their fpecies than
elephants taken at a later period. In their wild (late,
however, they (how no reluctance ; for, befides all the
males that aVe entrapped, from their delire to have con¬
nexion with the trained females which, though not in
heat, are carried out to feduce them, feveral inftances
have occurred, of wild elephants covering, immediately
after being taken, in the keddah.

“ On the 3d of April, 1795, a very fine male elephant
covered a female twice, in the midft of the wild herd,
and before all the hunters. On the 4th, I faw him at¬
tempting to cover a third time, when he was fuddenly
dilturbed, by the noife the hunters made to drive away
forne of the herd which had come too near the palifade.
In confequence of this interruption, he threw down firft
one and then another fmall elephant, and gored them ter¬
ribly with his tufks, though they came betw'een him and
the female only for their protection : he had, before this,
killed four, and wounded many others. When the poor
animals were thrown down, confcious of their impending
fate, they roared mod piteoully ; but, notwithstanding
their proftrate fituation, and fubmiffive cries, he unfeel¬
ingly and deliberately drove his tufks through, and tranf-
fixed them to the ground; yet none of the large ele¬
phants, not even the dams of the fufterers, came near to
relieve them, or feemed to be fenfibly affeCted. This
favage animal had been then confined four days in the
enclofure, along with the herd, upon a very fcanty al¬
lowance of food, and could have but very little hope of
efcaping ; yet here his paflions were flronger than his
fears. It was on account of this favage dilpofition, the
hunters had alked permiflion to flioot him, before I had
either feen him or the herd, and thence judged he was a
goondah, that had lately joined. Having never before
known any elephant killed wilfully, in the keddah, by
the larger males, and having no idea that he would com¬
mit fuch terrible havock, I unluckily refuted to grant
their requeft, being defirous to fave fo (lately an elephant.
When the palifade was finiflicd, I got him tied, and led
out ; but, not brooking reftraint, he languifhed about
forty days, after he was fecured, and then died. From
this inftance, as well as many concurring circumftances,
1 am convinced that thefe goondahs generally leave the
herd of , their own accord, and join it when they think
proper, or are induced to it from a female being in heat;
yet it has been fuppofed, that they are driven from the
herd, at an early period of life, by their feniors. This
appears improbable, as it is not often that very large'
males are taken with an herd of elephants ; for, depend¬
ing on their own ftrength, they ftray lingly, or in fmall
parties, from the woods into the plains, and even to the
villages; and it is in thefe excurfions they are taken, by
means of the trained femaies. As thefe goondahs are
much larger, and flronger, than the males generally taken
with the herd, it is not probable they would fubmit to
he driven from it, hnlefs at an early period. I have fel-
dom feen, in a herd of elephants, a male fo large as may
be commonly met with among two or three goondahs ;
but, if thefe lad were driven from the herd when young,
the very reverie would be obferved.

“ In the courfe of this narrative, I have, in general,
related only fuch particulars concerning the elephant as
came within my own knowledge, and which were either
not known, or not publifhed. To enter into a particular
hiftory of the elephant was not my intention ; and, al¬
though the procreation of tame elephants has been proved,
yet the expence incurred by breeding them, may deter
others from making attempts of this kind. But it opens
a field of curious enquiry to the naturaliftj and, now that

the facility with which it may be done is afeertained, it
fuggefts itfelf as a mode by which the breed of elephants
may be improved, in fize, ftrength, and aftivity. In this
way, any expence which might be incurred, vVould more
than repay itfelf, in the future benefits to be derived from
a fuperior breed of elephants.”

From the kaomareah and merghee calls of Afiatic ele¬
phants above-deferibed, the funkarcah breed is produced,
befides other varieties. But the nearer an elephant ap¬
proaches to the true koomareah, the more he is prefer¬
red, efpecially by the natives, and the higher price lie
will confequently bear. Europeans are not fo particu¬
lar, and will fometimes prefer a merghee female for hunt¬
ing and riding on, when (lie is known to have good paces,
and to be of a mild and tractable difpofition.

“ The elephants for the fervice of the Eaft-India com¬
pany, (fays Mr. Corfe,) are generally taken in the pro¬
vinces of Chittigong and Tiperah ; but, from what I
have heard, thofe to the foutbward of Chittigong, in the
Burmah territories and kingdom of Pegu, are of a fupe-
perior breed. In confirmation of this opinion, I may ob¬
serve, that the elephants taken to the fouth of the Goomty
river, which divides the province of Tiperah from eaft
to weft, are generally better than thofe taken to the north
of that river ; and, though elephants are taken at Pilibet,
as far north as latitude 29 deg. in the vizier of Oude’s
territories, yet the vizier, andalfo the officers of his court,
give thofe taken in Chittigong and Tiperah a decided
preference, they being much larger and flronger than the
Pilibet elephant. Till the year 1790, Tiperah was a part
of the Chittigong province ; and, fo fenfible was the Ben¬
gal government of the fuperiority of the fouthern ele,-
phants, for carrying burdens, enduring fatigue, and be¬
ing lefs liable to cafualties, that, in the late contracts
for fupplying the army with thofe ufeful animals, the
contraftor was bound not to fend any elephant to the
military ftations, taken north of the Chittigong province.
Hence we may conclude the torrid zone to be the natu¬
ral clime, and the mofl favourable for producing the
largeft, the bed, and the hardieft, elephant ; and that,
when this animal migrates beyond the tropics, the fpe¬
cies degenerates. On the coafl of Malabar, elephants are
taken as far north as the territories of the coorgah rajah ;
but thefe are much inferior to the Ceylon elephant, and,
from this circumflance, the report of the fuperiority of
the Ceylon elephant to all others has probably originated.
Mod of the accounts we have had refpefting the Afiatic
elephant, have been given by gentlemen who reiided
many years ago on the coafl of Malabar or Coromandel ;
where, at that time, they had but few opportunities of
feeing the Chittigong or Pegu elephant.

“ After premising thefe general obfervations, I may
here obferve, with refpe£t to elephant’s tufks, that thofe
in fome of the females are fo fmall as not to appear be¬
yond the lip, whilll in others they are almoft as large as
in one variety of the koomareah male, named mooknah .
The largeft tufks, from which the bed ivory is fupplied,
are taken from that variety, of the male named dauntelah,
or toothy , in confequence of his large tufks, and whole
countenance, from this circumflance, is the raoli oppo-
fite, in appearance, to that of the mooknah ; which, as
juft obferved, is hardly to be diftinguifhed, by his head,
from a female elephant. Though there is a material dif¬
ference in the appearance of a mooknah and a dauntelah,
yet, if they are of the fame cad, ( zat ,) fize, and difpofi¬
tion, and perfedl, that is, free from any defeat or blemifti,
there is fcarcely any difference in their price. An ele¬
phant is faid to be perfect, when his ears are large and
rounded ; his eyes full and lucid, of a dark hazle colour,
free from fpecks ; the roof of his mouth, and his tongue,
free from black fpots of any confiderable fize ; his trunk
large, and his tail long. His head muft be well fet on,
and carried rather high. The arch or curve of his back
rifing gradually from the (boulder to the middle, and
thence defeending to the infertion of the tail ; and all

E L E ]

Ms joints firm and firong. The figure of the elephant
given in the annexed engraving, is of the mooknah breed,
and was tranfmitted to the editors as a real and ftriking
portrait of one which had been in the family of the na¬
bob of Arcot upwards of a hundred years. His tufks,
which were never long, had fallen many years before his
portrait was taken, as fuppofed, from extreme old age.

“ The varieties between the mooknah and dauntelah
are confiderable, and for thefe there are appropriate
names, according as the form of the tilths varies from the
projecting horizontal, but rather elevated, curve of the
pullung daunt of the perfect dauntelah, to the nearly
ftraight tu,fks of the mooknah, which point directly down¬
wards. Pullung fignifies a bed or cot, and daunt, teeth ;
and, from the tutks projecting fo regularly, and being a
little curved and elevated at the extremities, the natives
fuppofe a man might lie on them at his eafe, as on a bed.
When a dauntelah has never had but one tufk, and this
of the pullung fort, he is faid to be a goneijh or gancfa ,
and will fell to the Hindoo princes for a very high price,
to be kept in (fate, and worshipped as the Hindoo god of
w-ifdom. I have feen elephants apparently of this kind;
but, when accurately examined, the tufk wanting ap¬
peared to me to have been loft by accident, fo that I can¬
not fay I ever faw a male which had originally only one
tuflc.

“ A fecond variety of the dauntelah is, when the large
tufks point downwards, proje&ing only a little way beyond
the trunk; he is then faid to have foor or choor daunt ;
that is, hog’s teeth. A third variety is the puttel-dauntee,
whofe tufks are Straight, like thofe of the mooknah, only
much longer, and thicker. A fourth variety is the an -
kcos-dauntee, or crooked, where one tufk grows nearly ho¬
rizontal-, like the pullung-daunt, and the other like the
puttel-daunt. Befides thefe, the elephant-keepers notice
other varieties, which are lefs diftinCt.”

The elephants of Ceylon, Cochin-china, &c. being of
the true Afiatic fpecies, are more or lefs fubject to the
fame varieties. Thofe in China, as we are informed by
fir George Staunton, are brought from the neighbourhood
of the equator, and are of a lighter and fmaller breed
than thofe of Cochin-china. “ Thefe, however difcreet
in their amours, (fays fir George,) are found to unite in
the manner of other quadrupeds, notwithftanding a for¬
mation apparently inconvenient on both fides, but which
accommodates itfelf to particular purpofes.” See Em-
baffy to China, vol. ii. p. 312.

The mode of dentition in the elephant, is a new and in-
terefting fubjedl of investigation, which has been pur-
fued with great labour and attention by Mr. Corfe. “All
the tufks in the male (fays this writer) are fixed very
deep in the upper jaw ;' and the root or upper part, which
is hollow and filled with a core, goes as high as the in-
fertionof the trunk, round the margin of the nafal open¬
ing to the throat ; which opening is juft below the pro¬
tuberance of the forehead. Through this opening the
elephant breathes, and by its means he fucks up water
into his trunk; between it and the roots of the tufks
thefe is only a thin bony plate. The firft or milk tufks
of an elephant never grow to any fize, but are fhed be¬
tween the firft and fecond year, when not two inches in
length. Thefe, as well as the firft grinders, are named
by the natives dood-kau-daunt, which literally fignifies milk
teeth. The tufks which are filed have a confiderable part
of the root or fang abfbrbed or decayed before this hap¬
pens ; as may be feen, by comparing one that has been
ihed, with another lodged in the locket of a young ele¬
phant, before it had cut the gum. The time at which
the tufks cut the gum, varies confiderably. I have known
a young one get his tufks when about five months old ;
whereas, the tufks of another did not cut the gum till he
was feven months old. Thofe tufks which are deciduous,
are perfect, and without any hollow in the root, in a foetus
which is come to its full time ; at this period, the focket
of the permanent tufk begins to be formed; on the inner

HAS. 463

fide of the deciduous tufk. A young elephant fhed one
of his milk tufks on the 6th of November, 1790, when
near thirteen months old, and the other on the 27th of
December, when above fourteen months old : they were
merely two black. coloured (lumps, when died; but, two
months afterwards the permanent ones cut the gum, and,
on the 19th of April, 1791, they wrnre an inch long, but
black and ragged at the ends. When they became longer,
and projected beyond the lip, they foon were worn
fmooth, by the motion and fridlion of the trunk.

“The permanent tufks of the female are very frhal-1,
in companion with thofe of the male, and do not take
their rife fo deep in the jaw ; but they ufe them as wea¬
pons of offence, in the fame manner as the male named
mooknah ; that is, by putting their head above another
elephant, and prefting their tufks down into the animal.
Thefe tufks are never fhed, except by accident, or ex¬
treme old age ; and fometimes they grow to a very large
fize in the male dauntelah. The larged I have known in
Bengal, did not exceed feventy-two pounds, avoirdupois:
at Tiperah, they feldom exceed fifty pounds; but both
thefe weights are very inferior to that of the tufks brought
from other places to the Indja-houfe, where 1 have feen
fome near 150 pounds each. From what part of Alia
they came, I could not learn, but fufpedf they were im¬
ported from Pegu to Calcutta, and thence to London.

“The African elephant is faid to be fmaller than the
Afiatic ; yet I am credibly informed, by the ivory-dealers
in London, that ‘the larged tufks generally come from
Africa, and are of a better texture, and lefs liable to turn
yellow, than the Indian ivory, after being manufactured.
This probably is owing to the tufks having lain longer in
Africa, before they were imported, than thofe brought
from Afia. In the latter country, moft of the tufks ex¬
ported are taken from elephants immediately after their
death ; whereas, the Africans find many teeth in the de-
fert places which have been frequented by this animal.
The intenfe heat of a vertical fun will undoubtedly ren¬
der the ivory firmer and harder, if the tufks happen to
lie on the fcorching fand, or in any other dry fituation.

“ The increafe of the tufk arifes from circular layers
of ivory, applied internally, from the core on which they
are formed, fimilar to what happens in the growth of the
horns of fome animals. When the tufks of the living
elephant are fawn through, and the remaining portion ex-
poled fome months to the air, this ftruCture is clearly
fliewn. If the period in which one of thefe circular
layers is completed could be afeertained, this might lead
us to fix, with tolerable precifion, the age of an elephant,
by counting the circles in each tufk. Cutting off a por¬
tion of the tufks of a living elephant is a common prac¬
tice ; it is done with a view to make the tufks grow
thicker, when they are too long and (lender, and alfo
fometimes for the fake of uniformity, when they grow in
a wrong direction.

“ With regard to the ftruCture of the grinders, it rauft
be obferved, that a grinder is compofed of feveral diftinCt
laminte or teeth, each covered with its proper enamel ;
and that thefe teeth are merely joined to each other by
the common olleous matter. This, being much fofter
than the enamel, wears away fafter by the maftication
of the food ; and, in a few months after fome of thefe
teeth cut the gum, the enamel remains confiderably high¬
er, fo that the furface of each grinder loon acquires a
ribbed appearance, as if originally forined with ridges :
tli is however is not the cafe, as may be feen by examining
a grinder juft cutting the gum, but both its fides have a
fluted form, owing to the junction of the different ftrata.
Thefe ftrata, when firft formed, have no firm attachment
to each other, but always appear feparate and diftindt,
when contained in their bony fockets within the jaw, af¬
ter their membranes and foft parts are deftroyed. Before
any part of a grinder cuts the gum, there is a bony cruft
formed above the enamel, which gives a fmoothnefs to the
grinding fmface. But, after the grinders cut the gum.

4(54 E LEP

and the convex furface has been worn down by the tritu¬
ration of the food, each lamina appears to have been
formed on feveral points, which are covered by a ftrong
enamel. There are from four to eight of thefe points,
joined together by the common bony matter, which fills
up the fpace between the enamelled portions. When
the grinder, however, is farther advanced in the mouth,
its foremoft laminae are gradually worn down by the maf-
tication of the food ; and thefe enamelled points or den-
ticuli difappear, one after another, till the enamel, at lad,
runs quite acrofs the tooth, (urrounding the central part
on which it was formed, and taking the irregular indented
plaited flutpe of the lamellae. This bony centre, on
which the enamel is formed, is harder than the matter
which joins the teeth together, does not wear fo faft, and
confequently remains higher.

“ The number of teeth of which a grinder is compofed,
varies from four to twenty-three, according as the ele¬
phant advances in years; fo that a grinder, or cafe of teeth,'
in full grown elephants, is more than fufficient to fill one
fide of the mouth; in proportion, however, as the fore-
mod layers are worn away, the fucceeding ones come for¬
ward, to fupply their places. The denticuli of which
each layer or tooth is compofed, are much larger, and
fewer in number, in old than in young elephants ; in con-
fequence of this, t lie fame number of laminae generally
fills the jaw of a young or of an old elephant; and, from
three till fifty years, there are from ten to twelve teeth
or laminae in ufe, in each fide of either jaw, for the rnaf-
tication of the food,

“ When feveral of the anterior teeth of which a grinder
is compofed have been completely formed, and each tooth
covered with its proper enamel, they become firmly
united (beginning at the fore part) by the intervention of
the common bony matter, which gradually fills up the
interllices between them. When tiie bodies of feveral of
the anterior laminae have been connedled together, the
inferior edge of each becomes united in the fame manner,
to the. one next it, till the whole are thus gradually
joined, and form a grinder or cafe of teeth. As foon as
the anterior part of the grinder is thus firmly united, the
fangs or roots are next added: thefe, at firft, appear in
the form of a thin curtain or lamella of bone; extending
backwards, along fome of the anterior laminae, at their
lowec edges. A fang common to the three anterior teeth,
fii ft begins to be fonned by the oflification {hooting acrofs
from each fide, in a circular direction, at the anterior por¬
tion of the firft and the pofterior part of thp third lami¬
na. Thefe join and become longer, alfuming a conical-
fhape : the hollow is gradually filled up by" fucceffive
layers of the fubftance of the tooth, as the fang length¬
ens, till at lad it becomes folid. This, however, does
not happen, till the three layers to which the fang is at¬
tached are nearly worn away. When its ofiification is al-
moft completed, another procefs begins to take place,
which is, the abforption of the fang from its external
furface.

“ By the time that the anterior layers of the grinders
are completely worn down, both the fangs and the alve¬
olar procefies begin to be abforbed. Their places are
gradually fupplied by the next laminae of the grinder,
and their fangs, coming forward in a confiant fuccefiion.
When the laft tooth of a grinder has advanced fufficiently
in the jaw to fupply the place of its predeedfor, the an¬
terior tooth of the next fucceeding grinder comes for¬
ward, to fupply its place. From this peculiar manner in
which the grinders are fupplied from behind, but never
from beneath, a preceding grinder, (as is the cafe in the
human fpecies, and in moll other animals,) it mull ap¬
pear evident, that an elephant can never (lied his teeth ;
but, from this regular fuccefiion, he may, at one period,
have o: ly a fingle grinder in each fide of either jaw ; at
another, there may be one and part of a fucceeding
grinder; even a ftill greater variety in the appearance of
the grinders will take place, according as the anterior one

H A S.

is more or lefs worn away, and the wafie fupplied by its
fucceffor. In this manner, the growth of new teeth,' to
compofe a fucceeding grinder, and the ofiification and
formation of the fangs, are conftantly going on, in regu¬
lar fuccefiion ; fo that, after the fecond year, the mouth
of the elephant is conftantly filled with as many laminae
of the grinders on each fide as it can hold.

' “ While the grinders thus advance forward in the

mouth, in regular fuccefiion, the alveolus or focket of
each advances along with them ; and, as the anterior
fangs are abforbed or decayed, the fame. procefs is going-'
on in the alveoli. In like manner, the partition between
this and the incipient alveolus of the next fucceeding
grinder will come forward in the jaw, in proportion as the
grinder itfelf comes into ufe. In the partition between
each alveolus there is a communication, which, in young
elephants, is larger than in thofe farther advanced in
years ; and it i„s probable, that this canal or (inus between
the different alveoli,- admits the paftage of an elongation
of the membrane, from the anterior to the pofterior
grinder. The time requifite for the complete formation
of one of thefe cafes of teeth, conftituting a grinder, va¬
ries from two to fix or eight years ; and, when an elephant
has attained its full fize, a conliderable number of the
anterior laminae mull be worn away, and the fangs ab¬
forbed, before the pofterior ones can be fufficientiy ad¬
vanced to cut the gum.

“ In the lower jaw, the fame circumftances take place ;
tiie teeth of the grinders rife by the addition ot their
fangs, force their way through the alveoli, and cut the
gum, as they advance forward in the jaw. The grinding
furface in the lower jaw has rather a concave form, to
adapt itfelf to that of the grinder in the upper jaw.
The number of layers does not always correfpond with
thofe of the grinder in the upper jaw ; but, like them,
conftfts of from four to about twenty-three teeth or lami¬
nae. In the lower jaw, the portion of the alveolus which
is attached to the inner plate, is thick and fpongy ; and,
through the under part of this fpongy fubftance, there is
a large foramen, for tranfmitting the blood-velfels and
nerves which fupply the teeth and lower jaw. The al¬
veolus or focket of the grinder advances in the fame
manner in the lower as in the upper jaw; and, as the
fangs are abforbed, it is abforbed alfo. In proportion as
the fangs or roots are added to the grinder, it rifes through
the alveolus, and cuts the gum ; at the fame time, the
bottom of the alveolus, in which the grinder is formed,
becomes more fpongy, and (boot's up between the fangs,
firmly embracing them, and thus preventing the grinder
from being lhaken or difturbed by the trituration of the
food.

“ The firft fet of grinders, or milk teeth, begin to cut
the gum eight or ten days 'after birth ; and the grinders
ot' the upper jaw appear before thole of the lower one.
Though this happens at firft, yet, in a few months, the
grinders in the lower jaw come forward fafter than thofe
of the upper. In about fix weeks, thefirft let of grinders k
can be eafily felt, confiding of four teeth, viz. one on
each fide of either jaw; and, as young elephants begin
to eat grafs, or fome foft fuccule'nt food, before they are
three months old, we may conclude, that the firft fet of
grinders have then completely cut the gum, and that
dentition is not attended with any fymptoms of pain, or
irritation, in the fyftem. By a let I mean four, one
grinder in each fide of either jaw. The- milk grinders
are not (hed, as the tufks are, but are gradually worn
away, during the time the fecond fet are coming forward ;
and, as foon as the body of the grinder is nearly worn
away, the fangs begin to be abforbed.

“ I have not been able to afeertain the exaft time when
the fecond fet of grinders make their appearance, as I
could never get an elephant to open his mouth in Inch a
manner as to permit me to examine his teeth accurately ;
but, when the elephant is about two years old, the fecond
fet are completely in ufe. At this period, the third fet
2 begin

E L E :

begin to cut the gum.' From tlie end of 'the fecond to
the beginning of the lixth year, the third fet come gra¬
dually forward, as the jaw lengthens, not only to fill up
this additional fpace, but all’o t,o fivpply the place of the
fecond fet, which are, during the fame period, gradually
worn away, and their fangs abforbed.- From the begin¬
ning of the lixth to the end of the ninth year, the fourth
fet of grinders corite forward, to fupply the gradual wade
of the third fet. After this period, feveral other-lets are
produced. In what time thefe fucceeding grinders come
forward, in proportion to their predeceffors, I have not
been able to afcertain ; but, from the data already given,

I conclude, that every fucceeding grinder takes at lead a
year more than its predcceffor to be completed; confe-
quently, that the fifth, fixth, feventh, and eighth, fet of
grinders, (a further fuccedion I have not been able to
trace,) will take from five to eight years (and probably
much longer) each fet, before the poderior lamina has
cut the gum. All thefe circumdances conddered, I may
venture to affirm, that the formation of the teeth and
mode of dentition, in the elephant, has but little analogy
with thofe of any other quadruped ; nature having, by
a peculiar and . wonderful contrivance, and in the mod
convenient manner, fupplied this animal with a regular
fuccedion of teeth, until he attains a very advanced pe¬
riod of life.

“ The mode in which the elephant’s grinders are ori¬
ginally-formed, my Ihort day at Tipeiah did not allow
me fuffieient opportunities to invedigate ; but, fmce my
return to England, I have had frequent converfations
with Mr. Everard Horne, F.R.S. upon that fubjeCt,
who, from an examination of the teeth brought home
by me, and fome preparations in the late Mr. Hunter’s
collection, has been enabled to profecute the fubjeCt
with condderable fuccefs.”

The objeCt of this gentleman was not only to explain
the druCture of the elephant’s teeth, and hence the dif¬
ferent lources and didinCtions between ivory and bone ; but
alfo to diew the general principle upon w'hich all teeth
are formed, that have the enamel intermixed with the
fubdance of the teeth ; a fubjeCt which appears never
before to have been invedigated.

“The teeth of the elephant (fays Mr. Home) differ
from others, in being compofed of a great many flattened
oval procelfes ; thefe, while growing, are detached ; but,
when completely formed, their bafes unite together, and
make the body of the tooth, to which the fangs are af¬
terwards added ; .and, as the fangs are lengthened, the
tooth rifes in the jaw. This is what may be conddered
as the tooth itfelf, being compofed of the fame materials
as the teeth of carnivorous animals ; but, in addition,
there is another fubdance, which unites all the procelfes
together, laterally, into one mafs ; this is fofterthan the
fubdance of the tooth, and, upon examination, proves to
be dmilar, in its texture and formation, to common bone.
As teeth have been hitherto conddered of the fame tex¬
ture with common bone ; it is probable that nothing but
the two fubdances being united in the fame mafs, could
have led me to the difcovery of their differing materially
from each other. It will therefore be proper to explain
the circumdances which fird gave me the prefent view of
the fubjeCt.

“To obtain an accurate knowledge of the different
parts of the elephant’s tooth, a longitudinal feCtion was
made, of one that was full grown. This feCtion expofed
the lateral connection between the different proceffes, and
the intermediate fubdance which unites them into one
mafs ; it alfo (hewed the mode in which the proceffes are
continued into the body of the tooth and fangs. That
the internal druCture might be made more diltinCt, the
furface of this feCtion was polifhed very highly, which
led to the difcovery of the proceffes of the tooth having
a more compaCt texture than the intermediate fubdance ;
for, although both had the fame appearance after being
fawn, the proceffes bore a polifli, which the other did not,
Vol. VI. No. 364.. :

' H A S. '46a

and were laminated, like ivory; while the other parts
were porous, like the internal druCture of common bone.
This led me to. examine preparations of the elephant's
teeth, in a growing date, preferved in fpirit, which ex¬
plained the mode of growth of thefe two fp.bjfances to
be different. In thefe preparations it was found, that
the proceffes of the tooth, which may be called ivory,
were all formed upon fo many portions of one common
pulp, which had its origin in the jaw ; and that the in¬
termediate fubdance, which may be called bone , was
formed upon a fpeCies of ligament fituated immediately
under the gum, from which, membranous elongations ex¬
tended into the fpaces between the procelfes of the tooth,

“ This druCture of tooth is not peculiar to the ele¬
phant, but common to the teeth of all animals whole,
food requires to be ground, or much bruifed, before it is
lwallowed. In the elephant’s tooth, from the largenefs
of its fize, the parts are ‘more didinCt, and more readily
confraded with each other ; but, in other animals, even
thofe of a final 1 fize, as the fheep, the diflerent druClures
are readily detected. It is fingular that this druCture
dlould have efcaped the accurate invedigation of the late
Mr. Hunter; particularly as the formation of the teeth
was one of the fird objects. he employed himfelf upon ;
and he continued to purfue it to the end of his life,
marking the varieties which occur in different •animals.

. “ A mixture of bony matter with the enamel and the
fubdance of the tooth, is a druCture, as has been men¬
tioned, not confined to the elephant, being common to all
truly graminivorous, quadrupeds. But the whole num¬
ber of grinding teeth belonging to each fide of the jaw
being confined in a cafe of bone, fo as to form one large
grinding furface, and the teeth being pufiied torwaid
from behind, indead of a fecond fet being formed imme.
diately under the fangs of the fird, as in other animals,
are peculiarities not met with in any teeth hitherto de-
feribed, except thofe of the elepharif, and the_/i« jEthio-
picus. It is curious that the Ethiopian hog fltould djifer
fo widely from all the others. of its genus, in refpeCt to
its teeth ; and Oiould be allied to the elephant in the
druCture of its tufks, the mode of formation of the grind¬
ing teeth, and the manner in which they fucceed one ano¬
ther. From thefe circumdances it appears, that the Jus
/Ethiopicus, in a natural date, is fupplied with a different
kind of food from that of other hogs, and is an animal
of greater longevity.”

This fingular mode of dentition has not been noticed,
by profeffor Camper, in bis ingenious work above-men¬
tioned ; but he has fhewn that the druCture of the cra¬
nium is admirably adapted to afford a fuffieient extent of
furface for the infertion of the tufks, the probofeis, and
mufcles, without unneceffarily i’ncfeafing its weight; for
otherwise the animal would never have. been able to carry
its head ereCt. We filial 1 give a tranflation of the ac¬
count of this piece of mechanifm as follows : “ In order

to include the encephalon within proper bounds, and to
allow a fuffieient fpace for the infertion of the tufks, pro¬
bofeis, and mufcles, without loading the head with a
weight of offeous matter, the tables are feparated from
each other by a great number of bony partitions, pro¬
longed to the didance of feveral inches. The intervals,
filled by an infinity of little cells more or lefs fpacious,
communicate with the throat by means of the eudachian
tube, and are charged with air, indead of blood or mar¬
row, which are generally found in the diploe of the mam¬
malia clafs. Perrault, Blair, and Daubenton, have re¬
marked this druCture in the elephant, boar, and other
quadrupeds: but M. Camper was the fird to notice its
analogy with the druCture of the cranium in birds. The
odrich and the eagle, but above all the owl tribe, parti¬
cularly the fcreech-owi, have the tables of the fleu 11 fe¬
parated by numerous cells, perfectly dmilar to thofe
which didinguifh the elephant. The atmofpheric air
enters them in the fame way ; and this admirable mecha-
nifm, which birds particularly require to diminiffi the
6 C weight

466

E L E P H A S.

weight of their bones, was necefiary to the elephant, in
order to lighten its head, which would have othervvife
been much more heavy than the animal could have been
able to fupport.”

What ha; been here dated of the procefs of dentition
in the elephant, we have endeavoured to illudrate by the
annexed Engraving. Fig. i, reprefents the deciduous or
milk grinder , worn down to the fangs, with the action of
abforption or decay going on both in the fang and body
of the grinder. Where the abforption has taken place,
the grinders and roots have a rough ulcerated appearance.

Fig. 2, is intended to reprefent a deciduous or milk
tu/Ii of an elephant, with the procefs of abforption or de¬
cay taking place in the fang of the tufk, in order to its
being died. A, the deciduous tufk, projefting from its
focket. 8, the middle of the tufk, where the decay has
commenced. C, the crooked fang, which mud be ab-
forbed, before the body of the deciduous tufk can be
died, to make way for the permanent one. D, the fmai)
rounded cavity, which is the incipient focket for the per¬
manent tufk, which is now to take place.

Fig. 3, exhibits the fird and fecond grinders in the
lower jaw ; A, is the anterior or milk grinder, reprefented
above; this is feen to confift of four laminae ; and as this
is abforbed, the others come forward to fupply its place.
B B, the two fangs not yet full grown, but being dill hol¬
low at the points. C C, the fecond grinder, confiding of
nine teeth. D, the fang common to the three anterior
ones, partly formed. E, the hony lamellae or incipient
roots, partly added to the next three teeth. F, the three
poderior teeth or laminae, jud beginning to unite.

Fig. 4, diews the inferior parts of the grinder in the
lowdr jaw, and the manner in which each tooth or lamina is
joined to the one next it. The three anterior teeth are
completely joined to each other, and are partly feen within
their common fang ; but the jundfion of the three pof-
terior ones is not complete, except at the centre. The
roots of thefe, at the lower part, are beginning to be
formed ; but, anteriorly, are farther advanced, and join
the fang common to the three foremod teeth, as being
fird to cotne into ufe. A A, the nine teeth of which the
grinder is compofed. B, the three anterior teeth, com¬
pletely joined to each other. C, three of the poderior
teeth, where the union is completed only in the middle.
D D, the fpace between the lamellae of the feparate teeth,
where they are approaching to join each other, and cover
the enamel. EEE, the centres of the different teeth,
which will afterwards be filled up, as the oflification of
the fangs advances.

Fig. 5, diews the grinder of the lower jaw in its ma¬
tured date, and reprefents the gradual mode in which one
fet or cafe of teeth fucceeds another, in proportion as the
anterior ones are worn away and abforbed. F F, diews
the uneven furface of the grinder, with the enamel fur¬
rounding the bony matter of each tooth which has cut
the gum, and come into ufe. GG, the fluted appearance
of the grinder, by the junction of the different teeth of
which it is compofed.

Fig. '6, reprefents a grinder of the upper jaw, worn
away almoft to the fangs, even at the poderior part: the
anterior part completely worn away, and great part of
the roots and their alveolar proceffes abforbed. In this
grinder, the indented puckered form of the enamel is
finely (hewn, and alfo its ribbed furface. Of the three
teeth of the lucceeding grinder, which had lad cut the
gum, the aftermod tooth thews eight denticuli or points,
each furrounded with its proper enamel : the ne.xt diews
five denticuli ; but the anterior tooth of this grinder has
the centre completely furrounded with enamel. The
appearance of this grinder is very happily reprefented ;
the poderior teeth neared the gum being covered with a
whitilh bony crud above the enamel ; but, nearer the
roots, they are not yet joined together. H H, the alveolar
procelfes, which proceed from the alveolus, between the
>oots of the grinders. I, the fmooth bony furface of the

three anterior layers of the grinder, without enamel,
which has been completely-worn away. KKK, the ena¬
mel of the dilferent teeth, ftirrounding their bony cen¬
tres. LLL, the centres of the teeth of which a grinder
is compofed. MM, the bony matter which joins the
teeth to each other. N N, the denticuli or points of the
teeth, before they are much worn down ; each point fur¬
rounded with its proper enamel.

There is an obvious variation between the teeth of the
African and Afiatic elephants. In the African elephant,
the procelfes of which the tooth is compofed are not Rat¬
tened ovals, as in the Afiatic, but are in the form of an
oblong fquare or parallelopipedon, fo that, in the middle
line of the tooth, the procelfes are in contaft with each
other, although at no other part ; by this means, the mid¬
dle line of the tooth is the harded ; the whole furface
therefore does not wear regularly, as in the Afiatic ele¬
phant, but with a ridge in the middle. To fhew the true
lhape of each procefs, it is necelfary that the points fiiould
be worn down to fome depth, as reprefented in the grinder
of an African elephant, at fig. 7, where indeed this is
only the cafe with the four larged; the other three,
which are lefs worn, (hew the different thickneffes of the
procelfes, nearer their termination on the tipper furface
of the tooth, having not been brought fo much into ufe.

I11 remote ages great pains were taken in taming ele¬
phants for war. When Alexander penetrated into In¬
dia, the natives oppofed him upon the tame elephants,
which they had trained to military difeipiine. The ma-
jedic elephant, on which Porus rode in his battle with
Alexander, difplayed a drong attachment to his niader.
When the Indian monarch, exhauded with fatigue, and
covered with wounds, obdinately refufed to retire or
yield himfelf a prifoner, and the Grecian foldiers prefled
hard upon him, his elephant dill obeyed his direction ;
and, though all his companions had fled, he dill defend¬
ed, his mailer, and attacked thole who approached againft
him, with firm and ardent courage. The Greeks, who
at fird beheld the elephant with terror, after triumphing
over the nations of the ead, introduced them into their
own armies. Either a part of thofe very elephants which
Alexander had brought from India, or others introduced
foon after into Greece, were carried by Pyrrhus. into Italy,
when he went to oppofe the Romans. His elephants,
with the Macedonian tadtics, rendered him, at fird, no
unequal match to the warriors of Rome. But Roman
difeipiine, and Roman magnanimity, foon triumphed over
li is military dull, and his gigantic cavalry. The Cartha¬
ginians, as well as Pyrrhus, found them but weak aids
againlt Roman valour. Elephants were often after that
exhibited at Rome. In the circus they were at fird
driven about, and (lain with darts. They were after¬
wards oppofed to bulls, and to the rhinoceros. Pliny
relates that a number of elephants, exhibited in the cir¬
cus by Pompey, when they found themfelves dedined to
immediate death, made a vigorous, but inefteftual, ef¬
fort to break through the iron railing in which they were
inclofed : frullrated in the attempt, they, with a wailing
tone, and, in a fuppliant podure, feemed to implore the
compafiion of the (peftators : and fo impulfively were the
whole people faid to be attested with the didrefs and the
fe'nfibility (hewn by thofe majefiic animals, that they with
one affent arole, and imprecated dedrudtion on the head
of the magnificent general vyho had entertained them with
fuch an affecting Ipectacle; imprecations, fays the hifto-
rian, which foon after took eftedt.

The fuccelfors of Alexander appear to have long con¬
tinued the ufe of elephants in their armies. One of the
brave Jewilh brothers, the Maccabees, terminated his
life in a glorious manner, by piercing the belly of an ele¬
phant, in the army of one of thofe monarchs fighting
againlt his countrymen, with a deadly wound, and lufier-
ing himfelf to be crulhed-to death under the falling mafs.
Elephants trained to war among the Greeks, had turrets
raifed on their backs, from which troops of armed men

annoyed

ELEPHA S.

London. Published as die Act directs 3 for c7i ?.z$o4-by dWidces

E L E

annoyed the enemy j while a perfon fitting on the neck,
diredted the motions of the elephant, and animated him
to fight with his trunk. But, when feared or wounded,
thev difdained all government, and fpread confufion, not
lefs readily among their friends, than through the ranks
of the adverfe army.

The eaft: is the great theatre on which the ftrength,
the ingenuity, and the generous qualities, of this noble
animal have been difplayed. The Indian princes eftimate
their power and grandeur By the number of their ele¬
phants. Many of the Indians are perfuaded that fo ma-
jeftic a body mull be animated by the foul of a departed
king or hero. In Siam, Pegu, and Laos, white elephants,
and elephants with one tufk, are viewed with peculiar
veneration, as the living manes of deceafed emperors.
Each has a fplendid habitation, a faithful domeftic to at¬
tend him, golden velfels, choice food, and fplendid robes!
They are fubjedled to no fervile labours, and are taught
to bow the knee to the emperor, but before none elfe.

In China, according to fir George Staunton, the ele¬
phant is (till found as an appendage of greatnefs, both
about the palaces', and in the cavalcades, of the emperor.
It is there no lefs regarded for its docility and ftrength,
than for its difpofition to be ufeful and obedient to man
in all its labours. In Cochin-China, according to the
fame author, elephants are trained for war, by placing
ranks of foldiers, carved in wood, before them, whom
they are taught to attack with great fury, feizing them
with their trunks, tolling them in the air, and trampling
them under foot. In that country they alfo ferve^ for
food, and are preferred to the flefh of the buffalo. See
the article Cochin-China, vol. iv. p. 728.

During our war in India againft Tippoo Sultaun, the
marquis Cornwallis employed elephants to great advan¬
tage, in conveying the baggage and (lores of the Englilh
army. “ The great objection at firft made to elephants
being employed, (fays major Dirom, in his Narrative of
that Campaign,) was the difficulty of their fubfiftence;
as it was fuppoled they could not live without a very
large daily allowance of rice. This idea, which their
keepers are interefted and careful to inculcate, neceffity
and experience have at length fet afide. The elephant
is not only the mod powerful and mod ufeful, but one of
the mod hardy animals that can be employed with an
army. He carries a load equal to fixteen bullocks, and
without rifle of lofs or damage on the march. He fubfifts
upon the leaves or fmall branches of trees, on the fugar-
cane, or the plantain-tree : in ftiort, he lives upon forage
•which horfes and bullocks do not eat; any kind of grain
will fupport him, and he will work as long without grain
as any other animal. The lofs of elephants, although
they had their full fliare of hardfhip and fatigue, was in-
confiderable in proportion to that of cattle : and far from
being an incumbrance, or an expeMentof neceffity to fup-
ply the want of bullocks, they will hereafter be confi-
dered. as the firft and mod elfential clafs of cattle that
dught to be provided for the carriage of an Indian army.”

A tame elephant is really the molt docile, gentle, anff
obedient, of all animals. He forms an attachment to his
keeper; comprehends figns ; learns to diftinguifh the va¬
rious fleftions of the human voice, as exprefiive of anger,
approbation, or command ; is even capable of being taught
to underftand the import of articulate language; adopts,
in many inftances, the manners and the fentiments of man¬
kind ; difeovers a fenle of duty, and of honour, and ex-
pefts to be honeftly dealt with; is generous, grateful,
patient, magnanimous, and humane. Hence many ludi¬
crous ftories, compounded of truth and fable, have been
related of the elephant, merely to place his fentient ac¬
quirements in a pleating point of view. But there are
fufficient well-attefted proofs of his docility and intelli¬
gence, without any neceffity of reforting to the marvel¬
lous. M. d’Obfonville relates an anecdote of an elephant
which places him in a very amiable light. In the Lak-
naor, the capital of Soubah, during the rage of an epi-
4

PHAS. 4 #57

demic diftemper, the principal road to the palace gate
was covered v\ ith lick and dying people, extended on the
ground, and incapable of moving, though at a time when
the nabob was to pafs on his elephant. The indifference
of the prince about the lives of his perifliing fubjefls,
the hafte with w'hieh he was to pafs, and the towering
motions and heavy fteps of the elephant, feemed to
threaten inevitable death to thofe unhappy wretches
who chanced to be in his way. But the generous qua¬
druped, without receiving, any command to the purpofe,
ard even without flackening his pace, dexteroully aflifted
the poor creatures with his trunk, removing fome, railing
others, and ftepping over the reft ; fo that none fuftered the
flighted injury.

A ftill more lingular fa ft is related by the fame author.
An elephant, who, in the courfe of the war between the
French and Englifh- in the Eaft Indies in 1759, had re¬
ceived a wound by a cannon ball : af'er being once or
twice conduced to the hofpital to have his wound drefled,
he conftantly attended of himfelf at the proper time, till
it was healed. That the furgeon might operate, he rea¬
dily extended himfelf on the ground. Fie bore withqia-
ti nee the application even of a burning cauftic to his
wound. The acutenefs of the pain would fometimes
force from him a plaintive groan ; but to the hand who,
by inflicting momentary torments, fought to accompliih
his cure, he exprefled none but emotions of gratitude.
Gratitude is indeed reprefented by all who have had op¬
portunities of obferving his manners, as the tiioft eminent
feature in the character of the domeftic elephant.

Yet, in a wild (late, the rage and fury of this animal is
unfpeakable. A more convincing and affeCting proof of
it cannot be adduced, than that given by captain Edward
Riou, in his Journal of a Journey from the Cape of Good
Hope, publilhed in 1792. “A large male elephant (fa\s
this writer) came one day up to the waggons. Weinftantly
purfued and attacked him; when, after he had received
feveral (hot, and had twice fallen, he crept into a very
thick thorny underwood. Thinking that we had fully
done for him, Tjaart Vander Waldt, Lodewyk Prins, and
Ignatius Mulder, advanced to the (pot where he was hid,
when he rulhed out, in a furious manner, from the
thicket, and with his trunk catching hold of Lodewyk
Prins, who was on horfeback, pulled hint off, and trod
him to death ; and, driving one of his tufl-cs through the
man’s body, threw him into the air, to the diftunce of
thirty feet. The others, perceiving that there was no
pollibility of efcaping on horfeback, difmounted, and
crept into the thicket to hide themfelves. The elephant
having nothing now in view, but the horfe of Van def
Waldt, followed it for fome rime: but turned about,
and came to the fpot near to where the dead body lay,
looking about for it. At this inftant our whole party re¬
newed the attack, in order to drive him from the fpot ;
when, after he had received feveral lhots, he again ef-
caped into the thickeft of the wood. We now tliougl t
that he was far enough off, and had already begun to dig
a grave for our unfortunate companion; at which we
were bufily employed, when the elephant ruftied out
again, and driving 11s all away, remained by himfelf there
on the fpot. Tjaart Vander Waldt got another fliot at
him, at the diftance of an hundred paces. We every
one of 11s then made another attack upon him ; and, hav¬
ing now received feveral more bullets, he began to (tag.
ger ; then falling, the Hottentots, with a fliot or two
more, killed him, as lie lay on the ground. The fury of
this animal is indefcribable. Thole of our party who.
knew any thing of elephant-hunting, declared, that it
was the fleeted and ntuft furious they had ever beheld.”
Truly aftoniftiing it is, that an animal, fo powerful and
implacable in its wild ftate, fttould fo ealily be tamed ;
and fo foon be made fublervient to the purpofes and
pleafures of man !

With refpeft to the natural affeftion of thefe animals
towards each other, the Dutch writers -appear ti) have

given

463 E L £

given us the mod authentic information. We are told
by thofe hiftorians, that, in the ifland of Ceylon, now be¬
longing to Great Britain, the elephants live in fmall
troops or families.' In wandering from place to place,
the males, who are armed with the larged talks, put
themlelves at the head of the troop. Thefe are the fird
to face every danger. In fwimming over any large river
they lead the van, and feek out a landing-place ; next
follow the young elephants that have not yet attained
their full growth, clinging together by the trunks ; the
red of the full-grown bring up the rear.

But the mod driking feature of fexual regard in this
animal, was exemplified in the manners of a male and
female elephant, brought to Paris from the Hague, in
1797. The place allotted for their reception had been
long prepared. It is a fpacious hall in the mufetim of
natural hidory, well aired and lighted, A dove is placed
in it to warm it during the winter, and it is divided into
two apartments, which have a communication with each
other by means of a large door refembling a portcullis.
The enclofure round thefe apartments confids of rails
made of drong thick beams ; and a fecond enclofure, bread
high, runs round them, to keep the fpeftators at fome
didance, and prefe.rve them from accidents. The morn¬
ing after their arrival, thefe animals were put in poffef-
fiOn of their new habitation. The fird conduced to it
was the male, who ilfued from his iron cage with precau¬
tion, and feemed to enter his apartment with a degree of
fufpicion. His fird care was to reconnoitre the place.
He examined each bar with his trunk, and tried their fo-
lidity by diaking them. Care had been taken to place
on the outdde the large fcrews by which they are held
together. Thefe he fought out, and, having found them,
tried to turn them, but was not able. When he arrived
at the portcullis, which leparates the two apartments,
he obferved that it was fixed only by an iron bar, which
rofe in a perpendicular direction. He raifed it with his
trunk, pufhed up the door, and entered into the fecond
apartment, where he received his breakfad. He ate quiet¬
ly, and appeared to be perfectly eafy. During this time
people were endeavouring to make the female enter. It
is proper here to mention the former mutual attachment
of thefe two animals, and with what difficulty they were
parted at the Hague, and induced to travel feparately.
From the time of their departure they had not feen each
other, not even at Cambray, where they paded the win¬
ter. They had however been fenfible that they were
near neighbours. The male never lay down, but always
dood upright, or leaned againd the bars of his cage, and
kept watch for his female, who lay down and dept every
night. On the lead noife, or the fmalled alarm, he fent
forth a cry to give notice to his companion. The joy
which they expreded on feeing each other, after fo long
a feparation, was very remarkable. When the female
entered, die fent forth a cry expreflive only of the plea-
fure which fhe felt at finding herfelf more at large. She
did not at. fird obferve the male, who was bufy feeding
in the fecond apartment. The latter alfo did not imme¬
diately difcover that his companion was fo near him; but
the keeper having called him, he turned round, and im¬
mediately the two animals rulhed toward each other, and
fent forth cries of joy fo animated and loud, that they
fhook the whole hall. They breathed alfo through their
trunks with fiich violence, that the blad refembled an
impetuous gud of wind. The joy of the female was the
mod lively; fhe expreded it, by quickly flapping her
ears, which fhe made to move with adonifhing celerity.
She drew her trunk .over the body of the male with the
utmod tendernefs. Site, in particular, . applied it to his
ear, where fhe kept it a long time, and, aftCr having
drawn it over the whole body of the male, die would of¬
ten move it affectionately towards her own mouth. The
male did the fame thing over the body of. the female ;
but his joy was more concentrated. Fie feemed to ex-
prefs it by his -tears, which fell from his eyes in abun-

E L E

daneef The fociety of thefe two animals, their habits,
their mutual tendernefs, and their natural attachment,
dill excited by the privation of liberty, may hereafter
furnifh curious obfervations for the hidory of their fpe-
cies, (liould they be able to endure the vicifiitudes of
our climate, Thefe two elephants, which are natives of
Ceylon, were brought to Holland when quite young.
They are now about twenty years of age ; and their height
is from feven to eight feet. We might here remark, that
all the elephants heretofore imported into Europe, how¬
ever liberally fed, and carefully managed, have perifhed
by a premature death. At St. Petei (burgh, though
clothed, and kept in houfes warmed by doves, and fed
on rice, their mod favourite food, they could not furvive
the feverity of the climate.

The tulks of the elephant have long been applied, un¬
der the denomination of ivory, to a variety of important
ufes in the arts. In the country of Sogno, in Lower
Ethiopia, the natives didil a water from the bones of the
elephant’s legs, which they edeem- an excellent remedy
for adhma, fciatica, and feveral other complaints. The
Giaghi regard the tail of this animal with religious vene¬
ration. When a chief or fovereign dies, an elephant’s
tail is confecrated to preferve his memory. But a (acred
tail mud always have been cut off from a living elephant,
and at a Angle droke.

Over all the north of Afia, and through feveral other
parts of the globe, entire or partial (keietons of the ele¬
phant are occaiionally found in a foil'll date. Grinders
and tudcs are numerous throughout Siberia. Thefe were
once aferibed to an imaginary animal under the name of
mammoth. In America too, there are large animal (keie¬
tons found in a. foil'll date, which, though their druCture
appears fomewhat different from that of the elephant,
they approach, however, nearer to this than to any other
known fpecies, and are therefore now referred to this
genus. See the article Mammoth.

We are greatly indebted to Mr. Corfe, and Mr. Eve-
rard Home, .for the new and valuable information con¬
tained in this article.

E'LEPHAS,yi in botany. See Rhinanthus.

E'LERO, a river of Piedmont, which runs into the
Tanaro, near Carri.

ELESCHE'VI, a town of Ruffian Siberia, in the go¬
vernment of Tobolflc, on the Tchulim : eighty-four miles
ead-north-ead of Tomfk.

ELET'TARI, f. in botany. See Amomum.

To E'LEVATE, v. a. \_elevo , Lat.j To raife up aloft.
— This fubterranean heat or fire, which elevates the water
out of the abyfs. Woodward. — To exalt; to dignify. — A
gentleman of the popular faCtion had been long declaim¬
ing againd any kind of honours, that tended to elevate a
body of people into a didinct fpecies from the red of the
nation. Skenjlone. — To raife with great conceptions. — In
all that great extent, wherein the mind wanders, in thofe
remote (peculations it may feem to be elevated with, it
dirs not beyond fenfe or reflection. Locke.

Now rifing fortune elevates his mind,

He (bines unclouded, and adorns mankind. Savage.
To elate with vicious pride :

To mifehief fwift, hope elevates , and joy
Brightens his cred. Milton.

To leflen by detraction. This fenfe, though legitimately
deduced from the Latin, is not now in tile. — When the
judgments of learned men are alleged againd you, what
do they but either elevate their credit, or oppofe unto
them the judgments of others as learned ?. Hooker.

E'LEVATE, part. adj. Exalted; raifed aloft :

On each fide an imperial city dood,

With tow’rs and temples proudly elevate

On feven fmall hills. Milton.

ELEVA'TION, f. [ elevatio , Lat.] The aCt of railing
aloft. — The difruption of the (trata, the elevation of fome,

and

460

E L E

and depreflfion of others, did not fall out by chance, but
were directed by a difcerning principle. Woodward— Ex-
altation ; dignity .—Angels, in their feveral degrees of
elevation above us, may be endowed .with more cornpre-
henfive faculties. Locke.— Exaltation of the mind by no¬
ble conceptions.— We are therefore to love him with all
poilible application and elevation of fpirit, with all the
heart, foul, and mind. Worm.— Exaltation of ftyle.— His
ftyle was an elegant perfpicuity, rich of phrafe, but'fel-
dom any bold metaphors ; and fo far from tumid, that it
rather wanted a little elevation. Wotton— Attention to ob¬
jects above us. All which different elevations of fpirit

unto God are contained in the name of prayer. Hooker. _

The height of any heavenly body with refpett to the
horizon.— Some latitudes have no canicular days, as thofe
which have more than feventy-three degrees of northern
elevation, as Nova Zembla. Brown.

ELEVA'TOR,/; [front elevate.'] A raifer or lifter up.

ELEVA'TOR, f. in anatomy, the name of feveral
mufcles, <fo called from their ferving to raife the parts of
the body to which they belong. In forgery, it is an in¬
urnment for railing depreffed or fraChued parts of the
Ikitll. See Surgery. r

ELEV A'TOR, J'. A machine for railing any thin°- to
an height front the furface of the earth; lately invented
by Dr. Collin, of the American Philofophical Society
who was honoured with the Magellanian gold medal for
this invention. The main body of the bafe is a rectan¬
gular folid floor, as reprefented in the figure. The pil¬
lars A A, Hand vertical
on the long diameter of
the bafe, equally diffant
from its ends. Their feet
enter into it, and are by
ffrong faftenings incorpo¬
rated with itsbody. Thefe
pillars are pairs. Their
inner Tides have grooves
frompop to bottom, which
terminate by offsets in cy-
lindric fegments. Near
the tops are central ern-
brafures, whofe (ides are
fortified with iron plates
that reach within the fo-
lid parts above and be¬
low. The pulleys are of
metal, with fteel axes and
brafs naves for eafy turn¬
ing, and deep channels
for fecuring the cords.
The pillars are joined by
three pairs of ribs. Thefe
are rectangular ; and wide,
but comparatively thin ;
placed horizontally, be¬
tween the tops and era.
brafures, about the mid¬
dles, and near the feet.
Their ends are clofely fit-

r - 7 — —

well faftened. The piers
R B, are more flender than
A A, with fhorter heads;
but the length of their bodies is equal to the whole of
thefe. They have fimilar grooves, embrafures, pulleys,
and joining ribs. Their faces are parallel reCtangles. The
backs of their bodies have tongues along the middles that
fit the grooves of A A. Thefe are vertical reftangular
ridges, and parts of the very pieces, formed by cutting
down both Tides to a proper level. Thele lower furfaces,
being even and fmooth, will thus move clofe along the
correfponding plain parts of A A, while the tongues glide
in contaCt with the (ides of the grooves. The cords a a ,
are well paired in length and texture. They ply over the
Vol. VI. No. 365.

E L E

pulleys of A A, in the faid hollows behind the grooves;
having their ends fixed under the feet of B B, and on the
boxes of the windlafs. This is well fecured in the bafe,
clofe to and right beneath the pillars. The cords bb are
faftened by one end on the heads of A A.. They pafs over
the pulleys of B B, and reach as far below them as a a
reach below the pulleys 'of A A, which is the diftance of
thefe pulleys from the bafe. Their other ends are tacked
a little above the bottoms of the piers C C. Thefe piers
are with their apparatus framed like B B ; have lefs bulk
and fhorter heads. Their pulleys clear the tops of B B
when the machine is down. The cords cc have the fame
length with bb, below the pulleys of CC; plying over
thefe; faftened on the head's of B B, and fontewhat above
the bottom of the pier D. This is a (ingle piece. It has
two backs to fit the grooves of C C, formed like the backs
ot the other pieces. A frame is accurately fixed and poiied
on the top of D. In this the load L is placed, fo that its
center of gravity is exaCtly or very nearly over the center
of the frame. When the power begins to wind the cords
aa, thefe raife the piers B B. As they rife, their pulleys
recede from the tops of A A, and by ftretching the cords
bb, lift the piers CC. Thefe recede at the fame time
from the tops of B B, and lift the pier D. Thus while
B B are wound up front the bafe to the height of the pul¬
leys of A A, D rifes treble that height ; and, however
great may be the number of moving pieces, it multiplies
the celerity and acquired elevation of the uppermoft by
that of the firft. As the duration and celerity of all the
movements is the fame, the lengths of all the cords be¬
low the refpeflive pulleys muff be equal. As the whole
acquired elevation is by thofe parts of the piers which
are drawn out of their folds, thefe ought to have a very
great proportion. Therefore B B reach the bafe when
down ; and the heads of A A are but long enough to, keep
them fafe in their grooves, when drawn up. Again, as
the ends of the cords bb will be above the bafe according
to the length of the heads of A A, the heads of B B are
(hortened, and the bodies of C C are prolonged below
thofe ends in order to fave room, and yet afford thefe
piers a fecure depth in the grooves of B B, when drawn
up. On the fame principle the heads of CC are fliort-
ened, and a part of D left under the ends of cc. '1 he pier
D prelfes the cords cc by its own weight, and the load I,.
This preffure caufes an equal pulling, and confequential
refiftance in the tops of the piers B B. The pulleys of the
piers C C muff bear this double preffure — 2 L 2 D.
Thefe therefore prefs the cords bb, with faid weight and
their own — 2L + 2D+CC. This doubled = 41. -|-
4 D + 2 C C is the preffure on the pulleys of B B : but
their heads are pulled up by L + D : the difference of
thefe forces added to their own weight is the preffure of
thefe piers on the cords a a, — 3L+3D + 2CC+BB.
The power on the windlafs muff be equal to this. The
form of the windlafs determines, in combination with
the preceding, the fpeed of operation, and the degree of
power. It admits various modes : for example, one might
be placed on either fide of the pillars, with long handles
on the winches, by which eight men can work together.
This model is intended to (hew confiderable effeCls from
an eafy apparatus; accordingly two men lift another, and
three tiers of piers; they are aided by a fufticient pro¬
jection of the winches beyond the femidiameter of the
boxes: this has fuch proportion to the height of the pul¬
leys in the pillars, and the equal length of the cords a a
below them, that the whole winding is done by a few
turns. The dimenfions of the piers are not fpecified ;
but the machine has great liability, and the bafe is not
extenfive.

This machine combines thefe advantages: ready ap¬
proach to heights otherwife not accellible without great
trouble; fpeedy afeent and defeent ; convenient folding
for keeping under cover, and for eafy conveyance. It can
be applied to feveral ufeful purpoles: quick hoifting and
lowering of things on many occalions ; particularly laving
6 D of

470 E L E

of poods from upper' ftories in cafies>of conflagration;
high elevation and fpeedy exchange of lignals ; thefe
being light may be raifed three hundred feet, and above
interjacent hills; elevation of a. perfon for taking views,
and quick defcent when required; as on reconnoitring an
enemy vyithin fliot: a 'machine calculated for lifting him
at lead one 'hundred feet by eight men can be light enough
for carrying on a waggon by two horfes.

ELE'EE, f [Fr.] Difciple. — He attached himfelf to
fir Robert Walpole, and was one of his ableft eleves.
Cheflerfield's Characters. .

ELE'VEN, adj. [senblepen, Sax.] Ten and one; one
more than ten. — Had I a dozen fons, and none lefs dear
than Marcius, I had rather eleven die nobly for their
country, than one voluptuoufly forfeit out of a£tion.

Shakefpeare.

ELE'VENTH, adj. The next in order to the tenth. —
In the eleventh chapter he returns to fpeak of the building
of Babel. Raleigh.

ELEU'SINE,yi in botany. See Cynosurus.

ELEUSI'NIA,/; A celebrated feftival obferved every
fourth year by the Celeans, Phliafians, as alfo by the
Pheneatae, Lacedaemonians, Parrhafians, and Cretans; but
more particularly by the .people of Athens, every fifth
year, at Eleufis in Attica, where it was introduced by
Eumolpus, B. C. 1356. It was the mod celebrated of all
the religious ceremonies of Greece, whence it is often
called by way of eminence, p.vdrrijgia, the myderies. It
was fo fuperditioufly obferved, that if any one ever re¬
vealed it, it was fuppofed that he had called divine ven¬
geance upon his. head, and it was unfafe to live in the
fame houfe with him. Such a wretch was publicly put
to an ignominious death. This feftival was facred to
Ceres and Proferpine; every thing contained a myftery,
and Ceres herfelf was known only by the name of cc-^na,
from the forrow and grief («%So;), which the fuffered for
the lofs of her daughter. This myfterious fecrefy was
folemnly obferved, and enjoined to all the votaries of the
goddefs; and if any one ever appeared at the celebration,
either intentionally, or through ignorance, without pro¬
per introduction, he was immediately punithed with death.
Perfons of both fexes and all ages were initiated at this
Solemnity, and it was looked upon as fo heinous a crime
to negleft this facred part of religion, that it was one of
the heavieft accufations which contributed to the con¬
demnation of Socrates. The initiated were under the
more particular care of the deities, and therefore their
life was fuppofed to be attended with more happinefs
and real fecurity than that of other men. This benefit
was not only granted during life, but it extended beyond
the grave, and they were honoured with the firft places
in the Elyfian fields, while others were left to wallow in
perpetual filth and ignominy. As the benefits of expia¬
tion were fo extenfive, particular care was taken in exa¬
mining the character of fuch as were prefented for initia¬
tion. Such as were guilty of murder, though againft
their will, and fuch as were convifted of witchcraft, or
any heinous ct'inre, were not admitted, and the Athenians
fuffered none to be initiated but fuch as were members
of their city. This regulation, which compelled Her¬
cules, Caftor, and Pollux, to become citizens of Athens,
was briefly obferved in the firft ages of the inftitution,
but afterwards all perfons, barbarians excepted, were
freely initiated. The feftivals were divided into great
and lefs myderies. The lefs were inftituted from the fol¬
lowing circumftance : Hercules palled near Eleufis while
the Athenians were celebrating their myderies, and de-
fired to be initiated. As this could not be done, becaufe
lie was a ftranger ; and as Eumolpus was unwilling to
difpleafe him on account of his great power, and the fer-
vices which he had done to the Athenians, another fefti¬
val was inftituted without violating the laws. It was
called //. lyga., and Hercules was folerpnly admitted to the
celebration, and initiated. Thefe lefs myfteries were ob¬
ferved at Agrae near the tliffiis. The greater were cele-

E L E

brated at Eleufis, from which place Ceres has been called
Eleufmia. In later times the fmaller feftivals were prepa¬
ratory to the greater, and no perfon could be initiated at
Eleufis, without a previous purification at Agrae. This
purification they performed by keeping themfelves pure,
chafte, and unpolluted, during nine days, after, which
they came and offered facrifices and prayers, wearing gar¬
lands of flowers, called icqu.E«a,‘Or ipetfia., and haying un¬
der their feet A to; y.ahov, Jupiter’s (kin, which was the
Ikin of a viffim offered to that god. The perfon who
affifted was called v^avoe, from water, which was

tiled at the purification, and they themfelves were called
iy.va-ra.i, the initiated. A year after the initiation- at the
lefs myfteries, they facrificed a fow to Ceres, and were
admitted in the greater, and the fecrets of the feftivals
were folemnly revealed to them, from which they were
called zlpoooi, and Enwrai, infpeftors. The inftitution
was performed in the following manner: The candidates,
crowned with myrtle, were admitted by night into a place
called (xvri no; tnjswfy the myftical temple, a vaft and ftu-
pendous building'. As they entered the temple, they
purified themfelves by w a filing their’ hands in holy water,
and received for admonition that they were to come with
a mind pure and undefiled, without which the cleannefs
of the body would be unacceptable. After this, the holy
myfteries were read to them, from a large book, called
becaufe made of two ftones, <7nrgea, fitly ce¬
mented together. After this, the prieft, called
propofed to them certain queftions, to which they readily
anfvvered. After this, ftrange and amazing objects pre¬
fented themfelves to their fight, the place often feemed
to quake, and to appear fuddenly refplendent with fire,
and covered with gloomy darknefs and horror. Some¬
times thunders were heard, or flaflies of lightning appeared
on every fide. At other times hideous noifes and bowlings
were heard, and the trembling fpeftators were alarmed
by hidden and dreadful apparitions. This was called
cevroil'ix, intuition. After this, the initiated were dif-
miffed with the barbarous words of y.o fig, o//.iree%. The
garments in which they were initiated were held facred,
and of no lefs efficacy to avert evils than charms ,and
amulets. From this circumftance, therefore, they were
never left off before they were totally unfit for wear, af¬
ter which they were appropriated for children, or dedi¬
cated to the goddefs. The chief perfon that attended afi
the initiation was called jegopamif, the revealer of facred
things. He was a citizen of Athens, and held his office
during life, though among the Celeans and Phliafians it
was limited to the, period of four years. He was obliged
to devote himfelf totally to the fervice of the deities ;
his life was chafte and fingle, and he ulually anointed his
body with the juice of hemlock, which is faid,.hy its ex¬
treme coldnefs, to extinguifli the carnal appetite. The
hierophantes had three attendants; the fit ft was called
'oa.oovvai;, torch-bearer, and was permitted to marry. The
fecond was called y.rgvij, a crier. The third adminiftered
at the altar, and was called 0 ett: (i u\j.u. The hierophantes
is faid to have been a type of the powerful Creator of all
■things, of the Sun, xjipvf of Mercury, and 0 ztti

(iufj.ee of the Moon. There were, befides tliefe, other in¬
ferior officers, who took particular care that every thing
was performed according to cuftom. The firft, called
/ ia.at’kivc , was one of the archons ; he offered prayers and
facrifices, and took care that there was no indecency or
irregularity during the celebration. Befides him there
were four others called ett^ze Avjtoi, curators, eleited by the
people. One of them was chofen from the facred family
of the Eumolpidse, the other was one of the Ceryces,
and the reft were from among the citizens. There were
alfo ten perfons who affifted at tjiis,and every other fefti¬
val, called lepovroiot, becaufe they oftgred facrifices. This
feftival was obferved in the month Boedromion or Sep¬
tember, and continued nine days, from the 15th till the
23d, During that time it was unlawful toarreft any man,
or prefent any petition on pain of forfeiting a thoufand

drachmas.

E L E

drachmas, or, according to others, on pain of death. It
was'alfo unlawful for thofi? who were initiated to fit upon
the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, or weazels.
If any woman rode to Eleufis in a chariot, (he was
obliged, by an edi6l of Lycurgus, to pay fix thoufand
drachmas.' The defign of this law was to deft'roy all dif-
tindtion between the richer and poorer fort of citizens.
The firft day of the celebration was called ayopyo;, affem-
bly, as it might be faid that the worlhippers firft met to¬
gether. The fecond day was called a\a oe yjjtrrat, to the
fea, you that are initiated, becaufe they were commanded
to purify themfelves by bathing. On the third day fa-
crifices, and chiefly a mullet, were offered ; as alfo barley
from a field of Eleufis. Thefe oblations were called
Sra, and held fo facred, that the prieffs themfelves w'ere
not, as in other facrifices, permitted to partake of them.
On the fourth day they made a folemn proceflion, in which
the y.aKa9icv, holy bafket of Ceres, was carried about in a
confecrated car ; while on every fide the people fhouted,
Xaipe Av^te^, Hail, Cerfes ! After thefe, followed women,
called Kiaroipopoi, who carried bafkets, in which were fe-
fanum, carded wool, grains of fait, a ferpent, pomegra¬
nates, reeds, ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The fifth
was called n run Kay.na.fruv nyspa, the torch day, becaufe
on the following night the people ran about with torches
in their hands. It was ufual to dedicate torches to Ceres,
and contend which Ihould offer the biggeft, in commemo¬
ration of the travels of the goddefs, and of her lighting
a torch in the flames of mount Etna. The fixth day
was called layya;, from Iacchus, the fon of Jupiter and
Ceres, who accompanied his mother in her fearch after
Proferpine, with a torch in his hand. From that circum-
ftance his ftatue had a torch in its hand, and was carried
in folemn proceflion from the Ceramicus to Eleufis. The
ffatue, with thefe that accompanied it, called Iayyayuyoi,
were crowned with myrtle. In the way, nothing was
heard but finging, and the noife of brazen kettles, as the
votaries danced along. The way through which they
iffued from the city was called nga ofroc, the facred way ;
the l'efting place, u^a awn, from a fig-tree which grew in
the neighbourhood. They alfo flopped on a bridge over
the Cephifus, where they derided thofe that palled by.
After they had palled this bridge, they entered Eleufis by
a place called yvaruvi zKrofro;, the myftical entrance. On
the feventh day were fports, in which the victors were
rewarded with a meafure of barley, as that grain had been
lirft fown in Eleufis. The eighth day was called Emfrav-
fiov Yiyspa, becaufe once Hifculapius, at his return from
Epidaurus to Athens, was initiated by the repetition of
the lefs myfteries. It became cuftomary, therefore, to
celebrate them a fecond time upon this, that fuch as had
not hitherto been initiated might be lawfully admitted.
The ninth and laft day of the feftival was called nKriy.o
yoa i, earthen veffels, becaufe it was ufual to fill two fuch
velfels with wine, one of which being placed towards the
eaft, and the other towards the weft, which, after the re¬
petition of fome myflical words, were both thrown down,
and the wine, being fpilt on the gropnd, was offered as a
libation. Such was the manner of celebrating the Eleu-
finian myfteries, which have been deemed the mod facred
and folemn of all the feftivals obferved by the Greeks.
Some have fuppofed them to be obfeene and abominable,
and that from thence proceeded all the myfterious fecrecy.
They were carried from Eleufis to Rome in the reign of
Adrian, where they were obferved with the fame cere¬
monies as before, though perhaps with more freedom and
licentioufnefs. They lafted about 1800 years, and were at
laft abolifhedbyTheodofius the Great. JElian. Paufanias.

ELEU'SIS, anciently a city in Attica, between Megara
and the Piraeus, celebrated for the feftivals of Ceres,
above deferibed. It is now a fmall village, at the eaftern
extremity of a rocky brow, on which was once a caftle ;
and is inhabited by a few Albanian families, employed in
the culture of the plain, and fuperintended by a Turkilh
2

ELF 471

governor, who relides in an old fqnare tower. Its exten-
ftve ruins. ftill manifeft its ancient magnificence, and afford
various fubjefts of information and curiofity to the anti¬
quarian and inquifitive traveller.

ELEU'TKERA, or Alabaster Island, one of the
Bahama iflands ; the climate is healthy, and the foil is
fertile. It has a fort and a fmall garrifon. Lat.25.14. N.
Ion. 76. 31 . W. Greenwich.

ELEUTHE'RIA, a feftival celebrated at Platrea in ho¬
nour of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the affertor of liberty, by
delegates from almoft all the cities of Greece. Its in-
ftitution originated in this : after the victory obtained by
the Grecians under Paufanias over Mardonius the Per-
fian general in the country of Platasa, an altar and ftatue
were erected to Jupiter Eleutherius, who had freed the
Greeks from the tyranny of the barbarians* It was fur¬
ther agreed upon in a general affembly, by the advice of
Ariftides the Athenian, that deputies fhould be fent every
fifth year from the different cities of Greece to celebrate
Eleutherian feftivals of liberty. The Platseans celebrated
alfo an anniverfary feftival in memory of thofe who had
loft their lives in that famous battle. The celebration
was thus : At break of day a proceflion was made with a
trumpeter at the head, founding a fignal for battle.
After him followed chariots loaded with myrrh, garlands,
and a black bull, and certain free young ,men, as no flgns
of fervility were to appear during the folepinity, becaufe
they, in whofe honour the feftival was inftituted, had died
in the defence of their country. They carried libations
of wine and milk in large eared Velfels, with jars of oil
and precious ointments. I, aft of all appeared the chief
magiftrate, who, though not permitted at other times to
touch iron, or wear garments of any colour but white,
yet appeared clad in purple ; and, taking a water-pot out
of the city chamber, proceeded through the middle of
the town with a fword in his hand, towards the fepulchres.
There he drew water fropn a neighbouring fpring, and
wafhed and anointed the monuments ; after which he fa-
crificed a bull upon a pile of wood, invoking Jupiter .and
infernal Mercury, and inviting to the entertainment the
fouls of thofe happy heroes who had perilhed in the de¬
fence of their country. After this he filled a bowl with
wine, faying, I drink to thofe who loft their lives in the
defence of the liberties, of Greece. There was alfo a fef¬
tival of the fame name obferved by the Samians in ho¬
nour of the god of love. Slaves alfo, when they ob¬
tained their liberty, kept a holiday, which they called
Elevtkeria .

ELEUTKE'RUS, in ancient geography, the name of a
river in Paleftine. 1 Macc. xi. 7.

ELEU'THES, a kingdom of Tartary, fttuated on the
north-weft of Chinefe Tartary. It was conquered, in
1759, by the emperor of China.

ELF,y. plural elvesj [elf Welfli. Baxter’s Gloff. ] A
wandering fpirit, fuppofed to be feen in wild unfrequented
places ; ~ fairy :

The king of elfs and little fairy queen

Gambol’d on heaths, and danc’d on ev’ry green. Dryd.

If e’er one vifion touch’d thy infant thought,

Of all the nurfe and all the prieft have taught;

Of airy elves by moonlight fliadow feen

The filver token, and the circled green. Pope.

A devil :

That we may angels feem, we paint them elves ;

And are but fatires to fet up ourfelves. Dryden .

[Figuratively.] A diminutive. perfon :

Though now he crawl along the ground fo low.

Nor weeting how the mufe Ihould foar on high,

Wiftieth, poor ftarv’ling elf his paper-kite may fly.

• . Shenfone .-

To ELF, v. a. To entangle hair in fo intricate a man¬
ner, that it is not to be unravelled. This the vulgar have

fuppolei

472 E L G

fuppofed to be the work of fairies in the night ; and all
hair fo matted together, hath had the name of elf-locks.
Hamner.

My face I’ll grime with filth,

Blanket my loins, elf all my hair in knots. Shakefpeare.

ELF-ARROWS, fi in Englifh antiquity, flint-ftones
fiiarpened on each fide in (hape of arrow-heads, made ufe
of in war by the ancient Britons ; of which feveral have
been found in England, and greater plenty in Scotland,
where it is laid the common people imagined they dropt
from the clouds ; or were made by the elves or fairies.
See the article Archery, vol. ii. p. 51.

ELFE'DSJ, a mountain of Arabia, in the province of
Yemen : twelve miles north-eaft of Abu-Arifch.

EL'FELD, or Eltvil, a town of Germany, in the
circle of the Lower Rhine, and electorate of Mentz :
fourteen miles north-weft of Mentz.

EL'FIN, adj. Relating to fairies ; elfiflt ; belonging to
elves':

Now when that idle dream was to him brought,

Unto that elfin knight he bade him fly,

Where he llept foundly. Spenfer.

EL'FIN, f. Little urchin :

And in thofe elfins’ ears would oft deplore

The times, when truth by popith rage did bleed. Skenfi.

ELF'ISH , adj. [telp, Sax. larva. ] Clad in difguife :
Thou talk’d: it fmoothly, (tripling ; yet we fear,

Thou art fome elfijh truant. Mafia's Argentile.

ELF'LOCK, f. Knots of hair twifted by elves :

This is that veryMab,

That plats the manes of horfes.in the night,

And cakes the elf-locks in foul iluttifh hairs,

Which, once untangled, much misfortune bodes.

Shakefpeare.

ELFS'BORG GAMLA, or Old Elfsborg, a town
of Sweden, in the province of Weft Gothland, with a
ftrong caftte near the fea. In 1563 it was burned, and the
caftle taken by the Danes ; but reftored to the Swedes.
In 1611, the Danes became matters of it again; but two
years after it was returned to the Swedes: four miles
fouth-weft of Gottenburg.

ELFS'BORG (New), a fortrefs of Sweden, in the
province of Weft Gothland, built in the year 1646, on an
ifland at the mouth of the Moldal : four miles weft of
Gothenburg.

EL'GA, a river which rifes three miles north from
Penna Macor, in Portugal, and runs into the Tagus, be¬
tween Alcantara and Rofmarilhal, feparating the coun¬
tries of Spain and Portugal during its whole courfe of
about thirty miles.

ELGATTAR', a town of Africa, in the country of
Algiers: thirty-feven miles fouth of Bona.

EL'GEND, a town of Arabia, in the country of Ha-
dramaut : fixty miles weft of Hadramaut.

ELGG, a town and lordfliipof Swili’erland, in the can¬
ton of Zurich.

ELGIEHA'MA, a town of Africa, in the empire of
Morocco, about two leagues from mount Atlas.

EL'GIN, a town of Scotland, and capital of the county
of Murray, or Elginthire, near the river Lottie, formerly
the fee of a bifliop. Ruins of the cathedral, founded in
1224, yet remain, and give evidence of its ancient magni¬
ficence. The lead was taken off the cathedral to pay
the troops, in the year 1567. The town and cathedral
were burnt in 1337, by the earl of Buchan, called the
W'oif of Badoioch, for his impiety : thirty miles eaft of In.
vernefs, and one hundred north of Edinburgh.

EL'GIN (County). See Murray.

EL'GIS, a town of Egypt: fix miles fouth of Abu-
Girgeh.

ELGOY'BAR, a town of Spain, in the province of
Guipufcoa ; thirteen mileswetl-fouth-weft of St.Sebaftian,

E L I

EL'GUZE, /. in aftronomy, the bright ftar in the left
thoulder of Orion.

EL'HAM, a fmall town in Kent, fituated on the lefler
Stour, between Wye and Hythe, ten miles from Canter¬
bury, ten from Dover, fix from Folkftone, and fixty-feven
from London. It lies low, and clofc by is exceeding good
running-water: the land in general is poor, cold, and
ftoney. The place has in ages paft been confiderably lar¬
ger. Its market, which was formerly kept on Mondays,
is not in ufe at prefent. There are four annual fairs, viz.
Palm Monday, Eaftei; and Whit Mondays, qnd the 20th
of Oftober. Here is a good charity-fchool, founded by
the late lir John Williams, knight.

ELHAM'MA, or El Hamma, a town of Africa, in the
country of Tripoli. Lat. 34. N. Ion. 28. 26. E. Ferro.

ELHA'NAN, [Heb. thegraceof God.] Aman’s name.

E'LI, ['by Heb. i.e. offering or lifting up.] High-prieft:
of the Ifraelites, and judge of that people for forty
years, was of the family of Ithamar, the younger branch
of Aaron’s houfe, and appears to have united the prieftly
and judicial character about the year before Chrift 1 1 56.
During almoft the whole of his adminiftration, the Ifra¬
elites were in a (late of vaffalage to the Philiftines, into
whofe hands they were delivered as a puni foment for
their national vices and degeneracy; and Eli, notwith-
ftanding that he appears to have been a pious and good
man, contributed much to that degeneracy, by his want
of fortitude and refolution in reproving and punifoing
immorality, and by fuft'ering even his own fons, Hophni
and Phineas, to countenance, by their praftice, the ex-
ceffes of debauchery and irreligion. This remiflnefs in
Eli was fo offenfive to God, that a prophet was commit-
fioned to upbraid him for his ingratitude and indifference,
and to predidt the approaching ruin of his houfe. Young
Samuel was alfo apprifed, in a vition, of the punifliment
which would fhortly be inflicted upon Eli’s family ; and,
when folemnly adjured not to conceal what had been re¬
vealed to him, he related the particulars of the divine
denunciation. On hearing. them, the aged high-prieft,
fenfible how juftly he merited the threatened calamity,
could only exclaim, “ It is the Lord ; let him do what
feemeth him good.” Not long after this, the Ifraelites,
having fuftained confiderable lofs in an attempt to eman¬
cipate themfelves from their thraldom, brought the ark
of God into their camp, to invigorate their people with
frefh courage, and to ftrike a terror into their enemies.
But this extraordinary meafure was only a prelude to
their complete defeat, in which the two tons of Eli, who
bare the ark, were killed, and that facred fymbol of the
divine prefence fell into the hands of the Philiftines.
When tidings of thefe fatal difafters were brought to Eli,
he was unable to bear up under the afflicting intelligence,
and falling backwards from his feat, broke his neck, and
died. At the time of his death he was ninety-eight years
of age.

ETIAB, [Heb. God is my father. ] A man’s name.

ELI'ADA, [Heb. the knowledge of God.] A man’s
name.

ELLAKIM, [of Sn God, and c'p he arofe ; i.e. God
arifes.] A proper name of a man in leripture.

ELPAM, [Heb. the people of God.] A man’s name.

E'LIANT, a town of France, in the department of Fi-
nifterre, and chief place of a canton, in the ditlriCt of
Qujmper : two leagues and a half eaft of Quimper.

ELI'AS, [Heb. the powerful God.] A man’s name.

ELI'AS LEVITA, a learned Jewiih rabbi, who flou-
riflted in the fixteenth century, was a native of Germany,
but fpent the greater part, of his life at Rome and at Ve¬
nice, in which cities he taught the Hebrew language ti>
numerous Chriftian pupils. He was one of the mod
learned and enlightened critics of whom the modern Jews
have to boaft, who judicioufly exploded many of their
unfounded traditions ; and, among others, that which re¬
fers the invention of the vowel-points to fo high an an¬
tiquity as the time of Ezra, alcribing it, with greater

pirebability.

ELI

probability, to the Jewifh doctors of the fchool of Tibe¬
rias, about the fixth century of the Chriftian era. His
work, entitled Hajforet. Havunafforct , and his Scpktr Zickro-
ncth, or Col leftion of Maflbreiic Obfervations from an¬
cient Authors, will be found of effential fervice in iliuf-
trating the difficulties of the M a flora. He. llafalfo con¬
tributed more than any other of the learned Jews to faci¬
litate our acquaintance with the Targums, or Chaldee pa-
'raphrafes, by drawing- up A Cltaldaic, Talmudic, and
Rabbinic, Lexicon, which was publifhed in 1.541., in folio.
Befides the treadles above-mentioned, he was the author
of a Hebrew gloflary, entitled Thijbi , publifhed by Paul
Fagius, in Hebrew and Latin, in 1542, 8vo. feveral works
on Hebrew grammar, befides illuftra-tioins of.Kimchi’s
valuable performance on the fame fubjeft, highly ufefnl
to thole who would thoroughly underftajtd the Hebrew
tongue. Traditio DoSlriiut, 4:0. in Hebrew, i538,.and'with
the verfion of Munfter, in Svo. 1539. Colltciio Locorum in
qui&iis G/ialdails Parapkraflts interjccit Npmen Chrijii , vetja a
Genebra rdo, 8 vo . 1572.

ELI'ASHIB, [Heb. the God of converfion.] A man’s
name*

ELI'ATHAI-I, [Heb. my Gcd comes.] The name of a
Yuan.

E'LICHMAN (Jolin), a native of Silefia in the feven-
teenth century, who practifed phyfic at Leyden, and was
remarkable for underftanding fixteen languages. He fup-
ported an opinion, that the German and Perfian lan¬
guages were derived from the fame origin. His Latin
tranflation of The Tablet of Cebes, with the Arabic
verfion and the Greek, was printed at Leyden in 1640,
under the care of Salmafius.

ELICMRY'SO, f. in botany. See Achyranthes,
Baccharis, Iva, Tarchonanthus, and Conyza.

ELICHRY'SUM, f. in botany. See Athanasia,
Chrysocoma, Conyza, Guaphalium, Stoebe, Ta-
nacetum, Tarchonanthus, and Xf.ranthemum,

To ELPCITE, v.a. [clicio, Lat.] To flrike out; to
fetch out by labour or art. — Although the fame truths
tnay be elicited, and explicated by the contemplation of
animals, yet they are more clearly evidenced in the con¬
templation of man. Hale-.

ELI'CIT, adj. [_elicitus, Lat.] Brought into aft;
brought from poflibiiity to real exigence — The fchools
difpute whether, in morals, the external action fuperadds
any thing of good or evil to the internal elicit aft of the
will. South.

-ELICIT A'T.ION, f. [_elicio, Lat. ] The elicitation which
the fchools intend, is a deducing of the power of the
will into aft : that drawing which they mention, is merely
from the appetibil ity of the objeft. Bramhall.

To E'LIDE, v.a. [ dido , Lat.] To break in pieces; to
crufh.— We are to cut oft’ that whereunto they, from
whom thefe objeftions proceed, fly for defence, when the
force and ftrengrh of the argument is elided. Hooker.

ELIE'NESS, a cape of Scotland, on the fouth coaft of
the county of Fife, at the mouth of the frith of. Forth.
Lat. 56. 10. N. Ion. 8.22. E. Edinburgh.

ELIE'ZER, faid to have been a Jewifh rabbi, and au¬
thor of a work, entitled The Chapters of Rabbi Eliczer,
which is a compound of hiftory and allegory. It is held
in efteem among the Jews, and confidered as one of the
mod ancient books in their pofleffion. Some of them
have placed the author in To early a period as the year
73 or 75 of the Chriftian era, and reprefent him to have
been one of the compilers of the Mifhna, Father Morin,
■however, has (hewn, that the writer of that book did
not compile it before the year 700; and that he was moft
probably an impoftor, who affumed the name of Eliezer,
and collected the fabulous materials which are difperfed
through it, from the Talmud and other rabinical writings.
Vorftius, in the preface to his tranflation of it, gives it as
his opinion, that it is of a much later date than the Jews
pretend ; and, though it is replete with abfurd tales and
-fables, it furnifhes many valuable interpretations, which

Vql. VI. No. 365.

E L I 473

ferve to III uftrate the hiftory and the traditions of the
Jews.

. ELIGIBILITY, f. Worthinefs to be chofen.— The
bufinefs of the will is not to judge concerning the nature
of things, but to choofe them in confequence of the re¬
port made by the underftanding as to their eligibility or
goodnefs. Fiddes.

EL'IGIBI.E, adj. [eligibility Lat.] Fit to be chofen;
worthy of choicej preferable. — Certainty, in deep dif-
trefs, is more eligible than fufpenfe. Clarijja.

EL'IGI BLE1TESS, f Worthinefs to be chofen; pre,
ferablenefs. -

ELIGURI'TION, [Lat.] The aft of hafty eating or
devouring.

ELIHO'REPH, [Heb. the god of winter.] A man’s
name.

ELI'HU, [of "Fn my God, and ton lie, i.e. he is my
God.] One of Job’s friends.

ELI'JAH, [of God, and n* the Lord, i.e. Gcd the
Lord.] Sometimes called Elias, one of the greateft of
the .Hebrew prophets, had the furname of the Ti/hbit(,
moft probably from the town or diftrift in. which he was
born, and was a refident among the inhabitants of Gilead,
if not a native of their country. He commenced his pro¬
phetic office nearly 920 years before Chrift, under the
reign of Ahab, who was a prince of an impious charafter,
and introduced among the Ifraelites the abominable rites
of the Sidonian idolatry. The fil'd comtnifiion which
the prophet received, was to appear before Ahab ; and,
after feverely reproving him for his apoftacy, to threaten
him with a long drought, in which there fliould be no
rain, unlefs it were in anfyver to the prophet’s prayers.
For this reproof Ahab was fo incenfed againft Elijah,
that he determined to make him feel his vengeance ; but
the prophet, on receiving a divine admonition, withdrew
from his power, and retired to a fecret place, where he
was for fome time miraculoufiy fuftained. We refer to
the facred books for the particulars of his million, the
narrative of which cannot be abridged without injury to
its beauty and effeft. Elijah’s tranflation took place in
the year 896 before Chrift. The Jews, by mifeonftruing
the prophecy in Malachi iv. 5. had very generally enter¬
tained the opinion, that before the advent of the Meffiah,
Elijah would again perfonally appear on the earth, as the
harbinger of that illuftrious charafter. But, it they had
interpreted the prophetical language in this paffage in the
fame manner which they were obliged to adopt in others,
where a future prophet was .promiled in the name of 4.
preceding one, as, for inftance, the Meffiah himfelf under
the name of David, they could not have fallen into fnch
an error. They would only have expefted the coming
-of a prophet, as the forerunner of the Meffiah, who
Ihould appear in the fpirit and power of Elijah, or ani¬
mated by the fame fanftity, courage, and zeal lor refor¬
mation, which diftinguilhed that celebrated prophet. As
to the numerous apocryphal tales and reveries which fome
of their writers, as well as fome Chriiiians and Maho¬
metans, have related concerning this prophet, we have
no room for their infertion. The curious reader may find
fpecimens of thefe fables in 'Bayle. Origen has cited a
book, entitled The Ailumption, Apocalypfe, or the Se¬
crets of Elias, which he feemed to confider in the light
of a genuine production ; but it is now generally allowed
to be fuppofitious.

ELI'KA, [Heb. the pelican»of God.] A man’s name.

E'LIM, [Heb. the valleys.] The fifth encampment of
the Ifraelites in their journey from Egypt to Canaan:
here they found twelve wells of water, and feventy palm-
trees. Exod. xv. 27.

ELIMA'IS. See Elymais.

To E'LIM ATE, v.a. [ elimatum , fup. of elimo , Lat.]
To file ; to polith ; to fmooth.

ELI'MELECFI, [Heb. God, my king.] Aman’sname.

ELIMINA'TION, J. [elimino, Lat.] The aft of ba-
ni flung ; the aft of turning out of doors ; rejection.

6E ELINGUA'TIQN

E L I

474

ELINGUA'TION, f. [Lat.l The aft of cutting out
the tongue.

F.'LINS, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Brac-
3aw : twenty-fix miles north-eaft of Braclaw.

ELJOBE'LE, a town of Arabia, -in the country of
Yemen : twenty-eight miles fouth of Abu-Arifch.

ELIOCAR'MOS, f in botany. See Orn ith og a lum,

ELIOE'NAI, [Heb. my eyes are towards him.] A
man’s name.

ELI'OT (John), a pious divine of the feventeenth
century, and not undefervedly called the apoftle of the
North- American Indians, was born in England, in 1604 ;
but we are not informed of the place of his birth. He
appears to have been educated in the univerfity of Cam¬
bridge ; after which he engaged in the employment of an
ulher to a fchool. Having connefted himfelf, however,
'with the puritan party, he became involved in the feve-
jities exercifed towards them during the reign of
Charles I. and determined, like many others, to remove
to America. This refolution he put in praft ice in 1631 ;
and, arriving at New England, became a member of the
congregational church at Bolton. From hence, in 1632, he
removed toRoxbury, where he was ordained minifter <ind
fpent tire greateft part of his life. Mr. Elioi’sglory arifes
from the difinterefted zeal and indefatigable labours by
which he endeavoured to introduce the advantages of
civilization and cliriftian knowledge into the barbarous In¬
dian tribes. To this work he began to devote a confide-
rable part of bis time in 164.6, having been encouraged to
the undertaking by many vvell-wilhers to the interefts of
humanity and virtue, and particularly by his brethren in
the miniltry, who engaged to fupply his place in the church
at Roxbury whenever he fliould be ablent among the In¬
dians. The firft ftep he took was to learn their language,
and reduce it to the form of a grammar, which he after¬
wards pu'olifiied. Having overcome this difficulty, he paid
his firft vifit toan aflembly of Indians, to whom he preached
in their native tongue, inthe yearabove mentioned. The
iuccefs which lie met witli encouraged him to perfevere in
his truly philanthropic undertaking during the remainder
of his life ; dividing his time between the Indians, and
his flock at Roxbury, and not dilheartened by the incre¬
dible hardlhips to which he was obliged to fubmit, the ob-
ftacles which he met with in the prejudices, fufpicions,
and brutal manners, of the favages, and the terrible dangers
to which he was oftenexpofed. His zeal and diligence like-
wife prompted him to engage in the arduous talk of translat¬
ing the whole Bible into the Indian language. When this
work was completed, it was printed for the firft time at
Cambridgein New England, in 1664, and, a little timeafter
Mr. Eliot’s-death, a lecond time, with the correlations of
Mr. Cotton, minifter of Plymouth, who was h fellow-la¬
bourer in the Indian million. Mr. Eliot tranflated into
the fame tongue leveral Englifti treatifes in practical di¬
vinity, catechifms, grammars, &c. By his influence many
of the wandering Indian tribes were collected into regular
focieties, and formed into congregations, which were in-
limited by him, and others who joined him in the work,
in the manner heft fuited to their capacities'; and fchools
were appointed, in which great numbers foon became pro¬
ficients in reading and writing, and feveral wehe qualified
for a more liberal education, which they afterwards re¬
ceived. To aid and encourage thefe meafures for human,
iling and converting the Indians, large contributions were
made in England, with which eftates were purchafed, and
placed in the hands of truftees, who were afterwards incor¬
porated by charter, under the name of The Society for
the Propagation of the Gofpel in Foreign Parts. Mr.
Eliot’s miilionary labours were continued as long as his
. bodily ftrength permitted; and, even when lie was in the
eighty-fourth year of his age, we are informed, that he was
cccafionally engaged in preaching to his Indian converts,
lie died at Roxbury in 1690, when he had nearly. attained
to the advanced period of eighty-fix years.

ELPOTT (Alexander), Ion of fir Gilbert Eliott, of

E L I

Stobbs, and brother of lord Heathfield, was one of the
Englifti council at Bengal, under Mr. Haftings, and was
allowed to polfefs the moft elevated fpiric that ever dig¬
nified human nature. At that period, the French intrigues
at the court of Poonah, added to their hopes of detach¬
ing the aifeftion of the Berar Rajah from the Englifti,
endangered the exiftence of the Englilh empire in the
Eaft. To preferve the alliance of that prince, Mr.
Haftings fixed on Mr. Eliott to be refidentat the court of
Nagpour. Another accident happened after he had left
Bengal for that purpofe, which caufed him to redouble-
his fpeed : M. Chevalier, the French governor of Chan-
dernagore, had efcaped from thence, and was purfuing
the fame route before him. M. Chevalier was a perfon
of firft-rate abilities, and as warm in the intereft of
France as Mr. Eliott was in that of England. He alfo
was on his way to Nagpour; and from thence intended
to return to France, where his great knowledge of t he
politics of India would have enabled his court to form
plans t lie moft pernicious to the fafety of our Indian em¬
pire. Mr. Eliott had fet out in the rainy feafon, without
any profpect of accommodations neceifary to his preca¬
rious ftate of health, labouring under a diforder peculiar
to the eaft, originating in bilious obftruftions, the cure of
which depended on the quantity of mercury. I11 thofe
circumftances, he heard that M. Chevalier was at no
great diftance before him ; he pulhed on by forced jour¬
neys unfortunately, juft as he had his cbace in view,
his progrefs was retarded by a hidden overflow of one
of the great branches of the Cattack river, Regardlefs
of his health, or the dangerous medicines he had taken,
he plunged into the rapid ftream, followed by a few of
his attendants and fepoys, and found M. Chevalier before
him at the capital Cattack. He claimed his perfon as an
Englifti priloner with fuch powerful eloquence, that the
rajah iurrendered him. Mr. Eliott then engaged the
paroles of M. Chevalier and his companion M. Mom
neron, to return and furrender themfel v-es at Calcutta, to
the governor-general, which they did in the moft honour¬
able manner. Mr. Eliott purfued his journey, and, in a
few days, in October, 1778, at a fmall caravanfera, fell,
devoted to genuine patriotifm and fidelity to the interefts
cf his country. The Mahrattas have fince built round
it a town ; and, ftill farther to preferve his memory,
named it, in honour of him, Eliott-gunge , or Eliott’s town;
Mr. Haftings caufed a monument to be erefted over his
grave : he experienced an affliction equal to his lofs ;
and, in his palfage to England, compofed an Elegy ex-
prellive of it, in imitation of Horace, ode xvi. book ii.
equally a proof of his affeffion, as of his elegant turn for
compofitions of this nature. It has been twice reprinted.-
ELl'OTT (George Augnftus, lord Heathfield), a mili¬
tary officer of Angular merit, the youngeft fon of fir Gil¬
bert Eliottof Stobbs, in Roxburgfhire, Scotland. He. was
born about 1718; and after receiving the rudiments cf
education under a domeftic tutor, was fent at an early age
to the univerfity of Leyden, where he improved himfeif
inclaffical learning, and acquired a knowledge of the French
and German languages. As he was deftined to a military
life, his father properly refolved to gi ve him a profeffional
courfe of inftruftion. At the royal military fchool of La
Fere, in Picardy, he made himfelf mafter of the theory of
taffies, and of fortification and engineering in all their
branches ; and then proceeding to the praffice of the art,
he made a tour through thofe parts of t he continent which,
afforded the moft inftruftion, and concluded with ferving
forne time as a volunteer in the Pruflianarmy. Returning
to Scotland, he was entered as a volunteer in the 23d re¬
giment of foot, then lying at, Edinburgh. He afterwards
entered into the aTtillery corps at Woolwich ; and at length,
fully accontplilhed in dilcipline of various kinds, was pre-
fented by his uncle, colonel Eliott, with an adjutant’s
commiflion in the fecond troop of horfe grenadiers. He
diligently employed himfelf in perfecting the difeipline of
is troop, with which he went to Germany in, the war

that

E L I

Hiatenfued. , He was in feveraL aCtions, and received a
wound at the battle of Dettingen. He rofe through the
gradations ofcaptain, major, and lieutenant-colonel ; and
was afterwards appointed aid-de-camp to George II. and
became diftinguilhed as an able officer. In 1759, he was
appointed to raife the regiment of light hprfe which made
jtfelf fo well known, under the name of Eliott’s, for ac¬
tivity, difcipline, and enterprife. This he commanded in
Germany, where he ailed as a ftafF-officer, and on all occa-
lions maintained his reputatios. He was recalled from
the continent, in order to be fent as fecond in command
on the expedition againd the Havannah. There he not'
only diftinguilhed himfelf in his military capacity, but dis¬
played alfo a difinterefted regard tojuftice. His regiment,
the 15th of light dragoons, obtained from the king the
horlorary appellation of Royals. The general continued
to pay that attention to military affairs which became his
ruling paftion ; and in 1775, he was named commander-in¬
chief of the troops in Ireland. But 'finding that there
were political interferences in this department which he
could not brook, lie folicited to be recalled ; and was foon
after appointed to a ftation in which he might exercife his
talents without controul. This was the important place
of governor of Gibraltar, which proved the c hief theatre
of his glory. For this lie was excellently fitted by a habit
of unremitting vigilance and undeviating regularity, inad¬
dition to his thorough knowledge of all the detail of forti-
ficationand gunnery. He had, moreover, accuftomed him¬
felf toamode of life which rendered him fuperior to every
inconvenience and privation that can occur in a befieged
fortrefs. The fiege of Gibraltar, which began foon after
thedeclaration of hoftilities by Spain, was one of the mod
remarkable events of the war, and attracted the notice of
all Europe. With a fmall number of men, Eliott foiled
all the attempts of a numerous foe; and when the opera¬
tions of the fiege were quickened, and rendered more for¬
midable, by the aid of a more aftive enemy, he (till main¬
tained that fuperiority of defence which kept danger at a
diftance. The final grand attack by the famous floating
batteries, afforded one of the mod awful fpeftacles of de-
ltruftion ever beheld. Befides the fpirit of exaft difci¬
pline which he infilled into hisgarrifon, and his judicious
management of the means of defence, he was very alfidu-.
ous in his attention to the prefervation of the health of his
men, under their long privations of frefii and wholefome
diet. His own partiality for vegetable food fuggefted to
him extraordinary efforts to form gardens on the fcanty
foil, which fucceeded to a degree that proved highly bene¬
ficial. On bis ret urn to England after the peace, the general
was received with great applaufe by the public; and the
king, befides conferring upon him the order of the Bath,
railed him to the peerage in 17S7, by the ftyle of Lord
Heathfield, baron of Gibraltar. He was meditating a re¬
turn to his government, with the intention of ending his
life on the rock he had fo well defended, when lie was
feized by a paralytic ftroke, which carried him off at Aix-
la-Chapelle, in July, 1790, in his feventy-third year. By
his lady, the daughter of fir Francis Drake, of De vonfliire,
he left a fon and a daughter.

ELI'PHALET, [Heb. the God of deliverance.] A
man’s name.

EL'IPHAZ, [of bx God, and ns he ftrengthened, Heb.
the ftrength of God.] One of Job’s friends.

ELIQUA'TION, f. an operation in chemiftry, by
means of which a more fufible fubftance is feparated from
another which is lefs fufible. It confifts in the applica¬
tion of a degree of heat fufficient to fufe the former, but
xiot the latter. It may be effected either by ufing a per¬
forated crucible, or in the large way, by a furnace con-
Ilrufted to anfwer the fame purpofe. In order that a fe-
paration may follow by this method, it is neceflliry that
the combination between the two fubftances Ihould be by
no means intimate. Thus fulphur may be feparated from
its earthy admixtures by the gentle heat neceftary to fufe
ft ; but it cannot, in the fame manner, be feparated from.

E L I 475

its metallic combinations. So likewife lead may be fe¬
parated by eliquation from copper ; but tin cannot.

, E'LIS, a country of Pelopohnefus at the weft of Ar¬
cadia, and north of Meflenia, extending along the couft,
and watered by the river Alpheus. The capital of the
country is called Elis , now Bdmdcre. It was originally
governed by kings, and received its name from Elens,
one of its monarchs. Elis was famous for the horfes it
produced, whofe celerity was fo often known and tried
at ‘the Olympic games. Virgil.

ELI'S'A VET GRAD, a town of Ruffia, in the go¬
vernment of Ekaterinoflav, on the Ingul : 108 miles weft
of Ekaterinoflav.

ELI'SHA, Heb. of bx and inir', falvation, &c.

i.e. the falvation of God.] The fon of Shaphat, a He¬
brew prophet, and the fuccelfor of Elijah, was taken
from the plough to be initiated in the duties of the pro¬
phetic character. From the particulars, however, which
are recited by the facred hi dorian,- he appears to have
been a perfou of fome weight in the community ; for
when Elijah found him, “he was ploughing with twelve
yoke of oxen before him, and he with the twelfth.” The
number of working cattle and fervants employed by him
lead us to conclude that he was a wealthy agriculturift,
who, according to the manners of ancient times, took
himfelf an aftive part in the labours of the field, Eli¬
jah’s manner of informing him that he was felefted to
become his fervant and difciple was by catling his mantle
upon him. He was prefent when Elijah was translated ;
upon which event he entered on the exercife of the pro.-'
phetic office, and foon gave, proof of the authority which,
was transferred to him, by miraculoufly correcting the
pernicious qualities in the waters at Jericho, and curing
the barrennefs of the foil. We refer the reader to the
fcripture account of this celebrated prophet, who died
about the year before Chrift 830.

ELI'SHAH, [Heb. it is God.] A man’s name.

ELI'SHAH (iilesot), fo named from Elifhah, grandfonof
Japheth; reprefented by the prophet Ezekiel, as trading
with Tyrus. Ezek. xxvii. 7. Gen. x. 4.

EI.ISH'AMAH, [Heb. God heareth.] A man’s name.

ELISH'EBA, [Heb. the oath of God.] The name ol-
a woman.

ELI'SHUA, [Heb. God my falvation.] Aman’sname.

ELl.'SION, y. [ difto , Lat.] The aft' of cutting-off;
as, can't tti attempt, there is an elilion of a fyllable. — You
will . obferve the abbreviations and elifions, by which con-
fonants of moll obdurate founds are joined together,
without any foftening vowel to intervene. Szvi/t. — Divi-
fion ; feparation of parts. — The caule given of found,
that it would be an dijioii of the air, whereby, if they
mean any thing, t hey mean a cutting or dividing, or elle
an attenuating of the air, is but a term of ignorance.
Bacon.

ELI'SORS,y [electors, in law.]. In cafes of challenge •
to the fheriff and coroners for partiality, &c. the venire
to fummon a jury IHa.ll be direfted to two clerks ot the
court, or two perfons of the county named by the court
and fworn. And thefe two, who are called elilors, fil'd 1
indifferently name or choofe the jury ; and their return is
final, nc challenge being allowed to theirarray. Co. Lit. 158.

ELIXA'TION, f [elixus, Lat.] The aft of boiling-
or (tewing any thing. — Even to ourfelves, and more per¬
fect animals, water performs no lubftantial nutrition ^
ferving for refrigeration, dilution of folid aliments, and
its elixutim in the ftomach. Broom.

E L I X' I R , J. [from cDpbx elekjer, Arab.] A medicine
ma.de by ftrong infufion, where the ingredients are almoft
diflblved in the menftriuim,,and form a compou ad t induce ;
For when no healing art prevail’d.

When cordials and elixirs fail’d,

On your pale cheek he dropp’d the fhovv’r.

Reviv’d you like a dying fiow’r. IValier.

The extraft or quiutefience of any thing. — In the foul,

. x when

E L I

476

when the fupreme faculties move regularly, the inferior
paflions and affections following, there arifes a ferenity
infinitely beyond the higheft quinteffence and elixir of
worldly delight. South. — Any cordial ; or invigorating
fubftance :

What wonder then, if fields and regions here
Breathe forth elixir, pure! Milton.

EI.IXI V A'TION, f. [from eliXo, to boil, or lixivium,
Lat. ley. ] The extraction of a fixed fait from vegetables
by an affufion of water.

ELI'ZABETH, [EAtcrr-d^r, Gr. of jnir'bN, Heb. God
hath fworn.] The mother of John Baptifr. — A woman’s
name. Bryant obferves that it was a Canaanitifh
name, the fame as Elifa, Eleufa, Elafa, of Greece and
other countries; It was a compound-of El-Ecs, and re¬
lated to the god of light. It was, made a femininein af¬
tertimes, and. was a nameaffumed by w-omen of the coun¬
try ftiled Phenicia, as well as by thofe of Cartilage.
Hence Dido has this as a fecondary appellation ; and men¬
tion is made by the poet of Dii morientis Eliza:, though it
was properly the name of a deity. Th.evvorfhip of Elifa
was carried to Carthage from Canaan and Syria : in thefe
parts (lie was fir ft worftiipped ; and her temple from that
■worftiip was called Eliza-Betk.

ELI'ZABETH, queen of England, daughter of Henry
VIII. and Anna Boleyn, born at Greenwich, September
7th, 1533. She was early inftruCled in the learned lan¬
guages ; and acquired likewrfe confiderable knowledge of
the Italian, Spanifti, and French, languages. That the
Latin W3S familiar to her, is evident from her fpeech to
the univerfity of Cambridge, and another to that of Ox ford,
when Hie was near fixty ; alfo from her fpirited anfwer to
the Polifh ambaffador in 1598. She had likewife a tafte
for poetry and mufic. She wrote, 1 . The Mirror, or Glafs
of the Sinful Soul. This was tranflated out of the French
verfe into Englilh prole, when ftie was only eleven years
of age. It was dedicated to queen Catherine Parr. Pro¬
bably it was never printed;, but the dedication and pre¬
face are preferred in the Sylioge epiftolaruni, in Hearne's

ition of Livii Eoro-jfulienfis. 2. Prayersand Meditations,
&c. dedicated to her father, dated at Hatfield, 1545.
Manufcript, in the royal library. 3. A dialogue out of
Xenophon, in Greek, between Hiero a King, and Simonides
a Poet. 4. Two Orations of -Ifocrates, tranflated into
Latin. 5. Latin Oration at Cambridge ; preferved in the
king’s library. 6. Latin Oration at Oxford. 7. A Com¬
ment on Plato. 8. Boethius de cohfolatione pkilofophia, tranf¬
lated intoEnglifti 1593. 9 .Sallujl de hello Jugurthino, tranf-

lated into: English 1590. 10, A play of Euripides-; tranf¬

lated into Latin. 11. A Prayer for the life of her fleet in
tlie great expedition in 1596. 12. Part of Horace’s Art

of Poetry, tranflated into Englifli 1598. 13. Plutarch de

curiofitate , tranflated into Englilh. 14. Letters on various
occafions to different perfons ; feveral lpeeches toller par¬
liament ; and a number of other pieces. See the article
England in this volume, for her noble reign, and high
character.

ELI'Z A BETH, emprefs of Ruffia, diftinguifhed by her
fignal clemency. She made a vow, that no perfon (hould
be put to death in her reign, and fhe ftridtly obferved it.
See the article Russia.

ELI'ZABETH, a county of the American States, in
Virginia, between York and James rivers, having War¬
wick and York counties on the weft, and Chefapeak bay
on the eaft and north. There are feveral fmall iflandson
its fea coaft, the chief of which are Long and Egg iflands.
Point Comfort is the fouth-eaftern extremity of the
county. It contains, by the cenfus of 1796, 3450 inha¬
bitants.

ELI'ZABETH, the fouthern arm of James river, in
Virginia, North America. It affords an excellent har¬
bour, large enough for three hundred ftiips. The chan¬
nel isfrom one hundred and fifty to two hundred fathoms
wide ; and at common flood tide it has eighteen feet water

ELK

1 '

to Norfolk, which (lands near the mouth of its eafter*
branch. The fouth branch rifes in the Difmal Swamp,
Craney ifland, at the month of Elizabeth, lies five miles
fouth-w'eft of Point Comfort, at the mouth of James
river.

ELI'ZABETH, a townfliip of the American States*
in Lancafter county, Pennfyl vania, with a Dutch church:
eighteen miles north-weft by weft of Lancafter, and eighty-
four weft by north of Philadelphia.

ELI'ZABETH BAY, a bay in the drafts of Magellan.
Lat. 53. 43. S. Ion. 73. 24. W. Greenwich.

ELI'ZABETH ISLAND, in the drafts of Magellan,
in South America. Here frefti water, herbs fit forfallad,
and wild fowl, may be had in great plenty. The fnores
alfo abound with Ihell-filh.

ELI'ZABETH ISLANDS, feveral fmall iflands on
the fouth eaft fide of Buzzard’s bay, in North America,
extending fouth-weflerly from the extremity pf Barn-
ftaple county, in Maffachufetts, and bearing north-weft
from Martha’s Vineyard ; fituated between 41. 24. and
41.32. north latitude, and between 70. 38. and 70.56.
weft longitude. They are about fixteen in number ; the
chief of which are Nalhawn, Pa.fqoi, Nafhawenna, Pine-
quefe, and Chatahunk iflands. All thefe belong to Cuke’s
county.

ELI'ZABETHTOWN, a poft-town and borough of
the American States, in Effex county, New Jerfey; plea-
fantly fituated on a fmall creek which empties into Ar¬
thur Kull. Its foil is equal to any in the flate . In the
town are two brick churches, one for Prefbyterians, very
handfome, the other for Epilcopalians, and an academy.
This is one of the oldeft towns in tire date, having been
purchafed of the Indians as early as 1664, and fettled foon
after: fix miles fouth of Newark, and fifteen fouth-weft
by weft of New York.

ELl'ZARETHTOVFN, a poft-town of the American
States, in Maryland, and capital of Wafhington county,
formerly called Hagarftovm, feated in the fertile valley
of Conegocheague. It has feveral ftreets regularly laid
out, and the houfes are principally built of brick and
ftone. Epilcopalians, Prefbyterians, and German Lu¬
therans, have each a church. The court-houfe and mar-
ket-houfe are hanufome buildings, and the jail is of ftone,
and fubftantial. The trade with the weftern country is
confiderable; and there are a number of mills in the
neighbourhood, on Antietam creek.

ELI'ZABETHTOWN, the chief town of the Ame¬
rican dates, in Tyrrel county, in Edenton diftri.61, North
Carolina : forty miles from Fayetteville, and fifty-five
from Wilmington.

ELI'ZABETHTOWN, a poft-town of the American
States, and the chief in Bladen county, North Carolina,
fituated on the north-weft branch of Cape Fear: thirty-
fix miles fouthward of Fayetteville, and forty-feven
north-weft of Wilmington.

ELIZE'US, the name of a man. Ecclus. xlviii. 12.

ELI'ZUR, [Heb. God my rock.] A man’s name.
ELK,/i [aelc, Sax.] See the article Cervus, vol. iv.
P- 51 •

And, fcarce his head

Rais’d o’er the heapy wreath, the branching elk
Lies flutnb’ring filent in the white abyfs. Thomfon.

ELK, a creek in Northumberland county, Pennfylva-
nia, which uniting with Penn’s creek, falls into the Suf-
quehanna, five miles below Sunbury.

ELK, a navigable river of the eaftern fhore of Mary¬
land, which rifes in Chefter county, Pennfylvania, by
two" branch.es ; Big and Little Elk creeks. At their con¬
fluence (lands Elkton.

ELK, a navigable river, in the date of Tennelfee. It
rifes on the north-weft fide of Cumberland mountain,
runs fouth-wefterly, and falls into the Tenneffee, a little
above the Mufcle llioals ; .about forty miles weft-north-
weft of the Creeks’ Crofting Place.

ELK,

ELL

ELL

477

ELK LAKE, one of the chain of fmall lakes in North
America, which connects the lake of the Woods with
lake Superior. Lat.48.4i.N. Ion. 93. W.

ELKA'NAH, [Heb. the reed of God.] A man’s
name.

ELKAR'RIE, a town of Arabia, in the country of
Yemen: twenty-four miles north-eaft of Abu-Arifch.

ELKAS'SAREN, a town of Arabia, in the country
of Yemen: eight miles eaft of Chamir.

ELKAT'TA, a town of Egypt : fourteen miles north-
weft of Cairo.

ELKE,y. A kind of yew to make bows. Statute 32
Hen. VIII. c, 9.

EL'KO, or Edko, a lake of Egypt, formed in the
year 1800, by an encroachment of the fea. See the article
Egypt, p.363, of this volume.

ELK'RIDGE, a town of the Atnerican States, in Ann
Arundel county, Maryland, fituated on the fouth bank
of Patapfco river, and on the weft tide of Deep Run ; fa¬
mous ft.r the bright tobacco called kite's foot : eight miles
fouth-weft of Baltimore, and nineteen north-weft of An¬
napolis. Lat. 39. 12. 30. N.

ELK'TON, a poll town of the American States, of
confiderable trade, (ituate at the head of Chefapeak bay,
in Maryland, and the capital of Cecil county. It is
feated at the confluence of the head branches of Elk
river, thirteen miles from its mouth at Turkey Point, and
a mile above French town. The tide flows up to the
town, and it enjoys great advantages from the carrying
trade, between Baltimore and Philadelphia. Upwards of
250,000 bufhels of wheat are colledted here annually, for
fupplying thofe markets, and the neighbouring mills :
twelve miles fouth-weft of Chriftiana bridge, ten north-
eaft of Churleftown, forty-feven fouth-weft of Philadel¬
phia, and fifty-fix north-eaft of Baltimore.

ELK'UVAR, a river of Ruflia, which runs into the
Tobol. Lat. 52. 55. N. Ion. 81. E. Ferro.

ELL, fo. [eln, Sax. ulna, Lat.] A meafure containing
forty-five inches, or a yard and a quarter. — They are laid
to make yearly forty thoufand pieces of linen cloth, reck¬
oning two hundred ells to the piece. Addijon.

The ells raofi ufed with us are the Englifh and Fle-
mifh ; the former containing three feet nine inches, or one
yard and a quarter; the latter only 27 inches, or three
quarters of a yard ; fo that the ell Englifh is to the Fle-
mifh ell as five to three. In Scotland, the ell contains
37 t25 Englifh inches. M. Ricard, in his Treatife of Com¬
merce, reduces the ells thus: 100 ells of Amfterdam are
equal to 98A of Brabant, Antwerp, and Bruffels; to 58^
of England and France; to 120 of Hamburgh, Francfort,
Leipfic, and Cologne; 125 of Breflaw; 110 of Bergen
and Drontheim ; and 117 of Stockholm.

EL'LA, [ellen, Sax. valour.] The find king of the
South Saxons.

EL'LAR, a town of Germany, in the circle of Well-
phalia, and principality of Naflau Dillenburg: twelve
miles fouth fouth-eaft of Dillenburg.

ELLASAR', the king of which joined Chedorlaomer,
when he invaded Canaan, and was vanquifhed by the
patriarch Abraham. Gen. xiv. It bears great affinity in
name with Thelafar, 1 ‘Kings, xix. 12. and Telaflar, Ifoaiah,
xxxvii. 12. which, though differently fpelt, are one in
reality; and Ellafar is very probably the fame place.

ELLE'BORINE,y. in botany. See Astrantia, Cv-
Pripedium, and Serapias.

ELLE'BORUM, and ELLEBO'RUS, fo in botany.
See Helleborus.

EL'LEDAT, a town of the ifland of Ceylon: twelve
miles fouth of Candy.

EL'LEHOLM, a fea-port town of Sweden, on the
fouth ccaft of the province of Blekingen, on the Baltic:
eight miles weft of Carlfcron.

EL'LEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft,
phalia, and duchy of Juliers; four miles lbuth.eaft of
Juliers,

Vol. VI. No. 365.

EL'LENBOGEN, a town of Germany, in the county of
Bregentz : feventeen miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Bregentz.

EL'LENHOSEN, a town of Germany, in the county of
Bregentz : fourteen miles eaft-north-eaft of Bregentz.

ELLERE'NA, a town of North America, in Mexico,
and province of Zacatecas : twenty-five miles weft of
Zacatecas.

ELLERE'NA, or Elerena, a town of Spain, in the
province of Eftremadura, belonging to the knights of the
order of St. Jago, by whom it was founded: fifty-five
miles north of Seville, and fifty-two weft of Cordova.
Lat. 38. 8. N. Ion. 10. 48. E. Peak of Te eriffe.

EL'LESMERE, a neat and pleafant town in the coun¬
ty of Salop, diflant from London 144 miles, fixteen from
Shrewfbury, and twenty-three from Chefter. This town is
of Saxon origin, and takes its name from the wafer, which
was called Aelfomere, or thegreateft mere, being the chief in
this part of the county. This lake is one hundred acres
in dimenfions; and is exceedingly well flocked with fifh.
The environs have two advantages; a good town borders
on one fide ; the fine park of Ockle, or Ottley, on the other.
This is the ancient feat of the Kynaftons. The manfion
appears to be very old, and (lands low ; but the park is very
fine, having the greateft quantity of the fined elm-trees per¬
haps to be found in any part of England. Ellefmere water
is the property of the duke of Bridgewater ; and from this
place his grace takes the title of baron. This town has lit¬
tle to boaft except its fituation. The principal trade is
that of malt, the barley of the neighbourhood being re¬
markably good. It has a market on Tuefdays; fairs,
third Tuefday in April, Whit-Tuefday, AugUft 25, and
November 14. On Caftlehill there is one of the fined
bowling-greens in the kingdom; nine different counties
are feen from the green. A new canal is cut to this town,
called the Ellefmere canal. The country round Ellef¬
mere is moftly flat, dirty, and unpleafing. On the ap¬
proach to the town it becomes more agreeable, and about
it breaks into mod beautiful rifings, fertile, and finely
wooded. The bottoms are indeed deftitute of rivers, but
frequently filled with li.tle lakes, called metes , elegantly
bordered by the cultivated hills. It is Angular, that none
of thernare the parents of dreams ; their increafe from rain
and fprings, and their lofs by exhalations, appear to keep
equal pace.

ELL'FELD, a town of Germany, in the circle of Up-
per Saxony, and circle of the Vogtland: two miles fouth
of Auerbach.

ELLICI-1POUR', a city of Rindooflan, and capital of
a circar of the fame name, in the country of Berar, fub-
jedt to the Nizam. It was formerly the capital of Berar:
144 miles north-eaft of Aurungabad. Lat. 21. 12. N. Ion.
78. 5. E. Greenwich.

EL'LINGTON, a towmfliip of the American States,
in Tolland county, Connedlicut: twelve miles north-eaft
of Hartford city, and fix weft of Tolland.

ELLI'PSE,/ An oval figure. — A circle feen obliquely
will appear an ellipfoe. Reid. See Conic Sections, vol v.p. 80.

ELLIP'SIS, fo. [ \dhpfoe , Fr. ellijje, It. ellipfos, Lat. of
eXAei^k. Gr.] A figure of rhetoric, by which fomething
is left out neceflary to be fupplied by the hearer; as, the
thing l love y for the thing which I love. — The words are de¬
livered byway of ellipfos , Rom. iv. 18. Hammond. — [In geo¬
metry.] An oval figure generated from the fedtion of a
cone, by a plane cutting both fides of the cone, but not
parallel to the bafe, which produces a circle, and meet¬
ing with the bafe when produced. Harris.

ELLIP'SOID, fo. An elliptical (pheroid, being the
folid generated by the revolution of an ellipfe about

either axis.

ELLIP'TIC, or Elliptical, adj. Having the form
of an ellipfis ; oval. — In animals, that gafher food from
the ground, the pupil is oval or elliptical-, thegreateft
diameter going tranfverfely from fide to fide. C/teyne. — ■
According to ellipfis, the rhetorical figure. — See where
this elliptical phrale is expreffed at length. Tyrwlutt.

■ 6 F ELLIPrOTDEn,

E L N

478

ELL

ELLIPTO'IDE, f. An infinite or indefinite ellipfis,
defined by the indefinite equation aym*n — bxm. a — x"
when in or n are greater than i : for when they are each
— i, it denotes the common ellipfe. There are feveral
kinds or degrfees of elliptoides, denominated from the ex¬
ponent m + n of the ordinate y. As the cubical elliptoide,
exprefTed by ayz — bx2.a — x ; the biquadratic, or fur-
folid ay 4 — bx2 . a — x2 ; &C.

EL'LIS, [according te Camden from Ellas.'] Formerly
a Chriftian name, now a furname.

ELLI'SlA,yi [fo named in memory of John Ellis, F.R.S.
author of a treatile on Corallines, &c.] In botany, a ge¬
nus of tlie clafs pentandria, order monogynia, natural
order of luridae, (borragineae, Jiff.) The generic cha-
rafters are — Calyx:- perianthium one-leafed, five-parted;
divifions (harp, gaping. Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-
form, fmaller than the calyx ; border five-cleft. Sta¬
mina: filaments five, fhorter than the tube; antherae
roundifii. Pifiillum: germ roundilh ; ftyle filiform, fliort ;
fiigma two-cleft, oblong. Pericarpium: capfule bag-
form, leathery, two-valved, two-celled, the calyx then
very large, flat, flar-form. Seeds: in each cell two,
globofe, black, hollow-dotted; but one feed over the
other, fcarcely feparated by a tranfverfe partition. — EJfen -
tial CharaEler. Corolla funnel-form, narrow; berry dry,
two-celled, two-valved ; feeds two, dotted, one placed
over the other.

Ellifia nyhtelea, or cut-leaved ellifia: a fingle fpecies.
It is allied to hydrophyllum. Root annual; Item herba¬
ceous, brittle., dichotomous, very much branched, dif-
fufed, proftrate, round; leaves refembling thofe of hy¬
drophyllum, alternate, petioled, pinnatifid, during folia¬
tion imbricate backward, the divifions (harp, with a tooth
on each fide ; flowers drooping; corolla white, with mi¬
nute purple dot's on the infide of the divifions. The peti¬
tion of the feeds is Angular. Native of Virginia; flowers
in July and Auguft. See Duranta.

EL'LOBUS, adj. [from ev, in, and Ao£o?, a lobe. ] In
botany, an epithet of fuch feeds as are contained in pods
or lobes.

ELLO'RE, one of the northern circars of Hindooftan,
fituated to the north-eaft of Condapilly, and north-weft
of the Bay of Bengal.

ELLO'RE, a town of Hindooftan, and capital of a cir-
car of the fame name, thirty-two miles north of Mafuli-
patam. Lat7i6. 43.N. Ion. 81.11.E. Greenwich.

EL'LYS (Anthony), a learned prelate of the church
of England in the eighteenth century, born in 1693, but
at what place is uncertain. He was entered at Clare-hall,
Cambridge, where he took his degree of bachelor of arts
in 1712, and that of mafter of arts in 1 7 16. In 1724 he was
prefented to the vicarage of St. Olave, Jewry, in the city
of London, and to the reftory of St. Martin, Ironmonger-
lane ; and in the following year was promoted to a prebend
flail in the cathedral church of Gloucefter; he was after¬
wards vicar of Great Marlow, in Buckinghamftiire. In
1728, when George II. paid a vifit to the univerfity of
Cambridge, Mr. Ellys was one of the perfons who were
created doftors of divinity on that occafion. In 1736,
he publifhed A Plea for the Sacramental Teft, as a juft
Security to the Church eftablilhed, &c. 4to. which was
afterwards reprinted among his pofthumous pieces. His
next publication was intitled, Remarks on an Elfay con¬
cerning Miracles, publifhed by David Hume, Efq. 4to.
1752 ; which is a fenfible and candid work. In the fame
year Dr. Ellys was promoted to the fee of St. David’s;
which advancement he owed to the reputation of having
been employed for many years in preparing for the prels
a grand work, the defign of which fhould be to illuftrate,
confirm, and vindicate, the principles of religious liberty,
and the reformation from popery as founded upon thofe
principles. Why this work did not make its appearance
during the bifhop’s life-time, has not been fatisfaftorily
explained. After his promotion to St. David’s, Dr. Ellys

continued to hold his prebend of Gloucefter, and his city
preferment in commendam. He died at Gloucefter, in 1761,
aged fixty-eight years. After his death, in 1763, was
publifhed the firft part of the great work which had been
the principal objeft of the bifhop’s life, intitled, Tracts
on the Liberty, fpiritual and temporal, of Proteftants in
England, &c. 4to. The fecond part appeared in 1765,
intitled, Tracts on the Liberty, fpiritual and temporal,
of Subjects in England, 4to.

ELM, f [Saxon.] In botany. See the article Ulmus.

The rural feat,

Whofe lofty elms and venerable oaks,

Invite the rook, who high amid’ the boughs

In early fpring his airy city builds. Thomfon.

It was ufed to fupport vines, to which the poets allude :
Thou art an elm, my hufband ; I a vine,

Whofe weaknefs married to thy ftronger ftate,

Makes me with thy ltrength to communicate. Shakefpearc.

ELM, a town of Swiflerland, in the canton of Glaris:
fix miles fouth of Glaris.

EL'MA, a river of Ruftia, which runs into the Pet-
chora, at Elma.

EL'MA, a town of Ruftia, in the government of Arch¬
angel, at the conflux of the Elma and the Petchora : 312
miles eaft of Archangel.

ELMAHAD', a town of Arabia, in the country of Ye¬
men : eight miles north-north-weft of Zcbid.

EL'MACIN (George), an Egyptian of Syrian defeent,
fon of a fecretary to the council of war under the fultans
of Egypt, fucceeded his father in the fame office, A. D.
1238. He is known as the author of a chronicle of the
Mahometan caliphs, written in Arabic, which commences
with Mahomet, and goes down to the reign of Moftader-
Billah, who died in the year of the hejira 312, A. D.
1 1 18. From the manner in which this hiftorian mentions
the Chriftians, it is concluded that he was of their re¬
ligion. His work was printed in Arabic, with a Latin
verfion by Arpenius, at Leyden, in 1625, under the title
of Hijloria Saracenica. See the Article Egypt, p. 368^
of this volume.

ELMEDE'A, or Elmadia, or El Medea, called like-
wife Africa, a fea-port town of Africa, in the country
of Tunis; formerly a place of great ftrength and import¬
ance ; hut the harbour is now ruined and choked up : fix
leagues north of Cape Oudia.

EL'MEDINE, or Almedine, a town of Africa, in the
empire of Morocco, on the edge of Mount Atlas.

EL'MEDINE, a town of Africa, in the empire of Mo¬
rocco, near the fea-coaft.

EL'MEN, or Alt Salza, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, and the principality of Magde¬
burg : ten miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Magdeburg.

EL'MENAU. See Ilmenau.

EL'MESHORN, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Holftein : eighteen miles north-weft of Hamburg.

ELMO'DAM, [Heb. the God of meafure.] A man’s
name.

EL'MORE, a townfhip of the American States in Or¬
leans county, Vermont.

ELN, y. A meafure of three feet and one inch. Phillips.

ELNA'THAN, [Heb. the gift of God.] A man’s name.

ELNBO'GEN, a town of Bohemia, and capital of a

circle, or diftrift, within the circle of Saalz, called the
Circle of Elbogen, or Lokct ; fituated on a rock, furrounded
with mountains, near the Egra : fixty-two miles weft of
Prague, and thirty-two fouth-weft of Saatz.

EL'NE, a town of France, in the department of the
Eaftern Pyrennees, and chief place of a canton, in the dif-
trift of Perpignan; formerly the fee of a bjlhop, fuffra-
gan of Narbonne. It fuffered very much in the civil
wars, during the reign of Louis XI. in the feventeenth
century : two leagues and a half fouth-fouth-eaft of Per¬
pignan,

EL'NE.

E L O

EL'NE, a river of England, in the county of Cumber¬
land, which runs into the Irifti Tea: four miles north of
Workington.

EL'NIA, a town of Rtiffia, in the government of Smo-
lenfk : thirty-two miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Smolenfk. Lat.
54. 25. N. Ion. 51. 5. E. Ferro.

ELOCU'TION, f. [docuiio, Lat.] The power of fluent
fpeech. Power of fpeaking ; fpeech :

Whofe tafte, too long forborne, at firfl effay
Gave elocution to the mute, and taught
T he tongue not made for fpeech to fpeak thy praife. Milt.
The power of expreffion or diftion ; eloquence ; beauty
of words. — The third happinefs of a poet’s imagination
js elocution, or the art of clothing or adorning that thought
fo found, and varied, in apt, fignificant, and founding,
words. Dry den.

ELO'DES, f. [from <->,0$, Gr. a fnarfh or fwamp.] A
bog, a place full of fens. Phillips. — The medical term for
the fweating fever, from its great moifture.

E'LOGY, or Eulogy, f. [doge, Fr. elogio, Ital. and
Span, elogium, Lat. of zvXoynov, Gr.] Praife ; panegyric.
— Some excellent perfons, above my approbation or dogy,
have confidered this fubjedt. Holder.

ELO'HI, or Ei.ohim, in feripture, one of the diftin-
guifhing names of Jehovah.

ELO'I, [Syr.] My God.

To ELO'IGNE, or Eloine, v. a. [ eloigner , Fr.] To
put at a diftance ; to remove one far from another:

I’ll tell thee now, dear love ! what thou (halt do
To anger deftiny, as fhe doth us ;

How I fhpl 1 flay though the eloigne me thus,

And how pofterity (hall know it too. Donne.

In law, to remove or fend a great way off : in this fenfe
it is ufed where it is faid that if fuch as are within age be
eloined, fo that they cannot come to fue perfonally, their
next friends (hall be admitted to fue for them. 13 Edw. I.
e, 15.

To ELO'INE. See To Eloigne,

ELOIGN'MENT, J'. Remotion. — He difeovers an
eloignmcnt ■ from vulgar phrafes much becoming a perfon
of quality. Skenjlone.

ELOI'SA. See Heloise.

E'LON, a city of Paleftine, fituated in the tribe of Dan.
JoJh. xix. 43:

E'LON-BETII-HANAN, a city of Paleftine, probably
the above city ; one of the ftations of Solomon’s pur¬
veyors. 1 Kings, iv. 9.

ELONGA'TA,yi in law, a return of the flieriff in re¬
plevin, that cattle are not to be found, or are removed, fo
that he cannot make deliverance, & c. 2 Lil. Abr. 454.

To ELON'GATE, v. a. [from longus, Lat.] To length¬
en; to draw out; to protract; to ftretch. To put far¬
ther off. — The firft ftar of Aries, in the time of Meton
the Athenian, was placed in the very interfeftion, which
is now elongated and moved eaftward twenty-eight degrees.
Brown .

To ELON'GATE, v. n. To go off to a diftance from
any thing. — About Cape Frio in Brafilia, the fouth point
of the compafs varieth twelve degrees unto the weft;
but elongating from the coaft of Brafilia, towards the ftiore
of Africa, it varieth eaftward. Brown.

ELONG A'TION,y. The a£t of ftretching or length¬
ening itfelf. — To this motion of elongation of the fibres,
is owing the union or conglutination of the parts of the
body when they are feparated by a wound. Arbuthnot. — .
The ftate of being ftretched. An imperfedt luxation,
when the ligament of any joint is fo extended or relaxed
as to lengthen the limb, but yet not let the bone go quite
out of its place. Quincy. — Elongations are the effect of an
humour foaking upon a ligament, thereby making it lia¬
ble to be ftretched, and to be thruft quite out upon every
little force. Wifeman. — Departure; removal. — Nor then
had it been placed in a middle point, but that of defeent,
®r elongation. Brown , — Diftance ; fpace at which one thing

E L O 479

is diftant from another. — The diftant points in the celef-
tial expanfe appear to the eye in fo fmall a degree of
elongation from one another, as bears no proportion to
what is real. Glanville. — See the article Astronomy,
vol. ii.

E'LONITE,y A defeendant of Elon.

To ELO'PE, v. a. [loopen, Dut. to run. ] To run away;
to break loofe ; to efcap.e from 'law or reftraint. — It is
neceffary to treat women as members of the body politic,
fince great numbers of them have doped from their allegi¬
ance. AddiJ'on.

The fool whofe wife elopes fome thrice a quarter,

For matrimonial folace dies a martyr. Pope.

ELO'PEMENT, f. Departure from juft reftraint ; re-
jedlion of lawful power: commonly ufed of a wife, — An
elopement is the voluntary departure of a wife from her
hufband to live with an adulterer, and with whom ftie
lives in breach of the matrimonial vow. Ayliffe.

E'LOPS, f. [e)\;\oi]/, Gr. a fifh, or other dumb animal,
which Milton feems to have miftaken for a ferpent.] In
ichthyology, a genus belonging to the order of abdomi-
nales. The generic character arifes from the great num¬
ber of rays in the membrane of the gills, being moflly
thirty and upwards, and armed on the outfide and in the
middle with five teeth. Linnaeus has but one fpecies,
which was firft difeovered by Sloane, and formed into a
genus by Linnaeus ; it has feven fins, and tire head is
fmooth ; teeth in the edges of the jaws and palate.

1. Flops faurus, the faur-fifh. Specific charadter, tail
armed above and beneath ; a long plate at the chin.
This plate is formed of a thin oval bone, fixed in front
to the lower jaw, and behind to the membrane of the
gills, where the lower jaw joins that membrane. It
feems deftined to fupport the membrane of the gills,
which is furnifhed only with very weak rays, though to
the number of thirty-four ; the pedtoral fin has 18 rays,
the ventrals 15, the anal -Jj, the tail 30, the dorfal ; (the
upper figures denoting the fpinous rays, the lower the w hole
number.) The head is compreffed, without feales, long,
and fomewhat flatted at top; the lower jaw is longer than
the upper, and both, as well as the palate and tongue, are
furnifhed with a great number of fmall teeth ; the bones
of the lips are long, and fomewhat ferrated. The noftrils
are double. The eyes are almoft vertical, with double
irides, yellow and red. The gills have a wide aperture,
and the membrane is loofe. The lateral line runs (trait
to the middle of the tail, which is bifurcated. The
feales are thin and fmooth. The rays of the fins are foft,
tender, and fplit at the extremities. The back is bluifli,
the fides and belly filvery, the fins red and grey. There
is an appendage above the ventral fin, and (what has been

• obferved in no other fifh) alfo above the pectoral. There
is a round fpot and a long one on the fin of the tail. The
ventral fin is oppofite the dorfal, Linnaeus deferibes his
faurus with a double branchial membrane, and a fpine at
the origin of the tail-fin both above and below ; thefe
peculiarities Bloch did . not obferve in the fpecimen he
examined, which leads him to doubt whether his might
be a different fpecies, or at leaft whether Linnaeus’s might
not be the male. It is found in Carolina and the Weft-
Indian feas,

2. Elops megalops, the great- eyed faur-fifh. This is
a new fpecies deferibed by Cepede from Commerfon’s
MSS. The eyes are very large; and it has twenty-four
rays only in the membrane ; not having thirty, to anfwer
exadtly the generic character, therefore Cepede has made
it a diftindt genus, by the name of Megalops, or large-
eye. The laft ray of the dorfal fin terminates in a very
long thin filament. Commerfon difeovered it near fort
Dauphin, in the ifland of Madagafcar.

EL'OQUENCE, f. [ eloquentia , Lat.] The power of
fpeaking with fluency and elegance. See Oratory.
Adlion is eloquence, and the eyes of the ignorant
More learned than the ears, ' " Shakefpcare.

Hi j -

480 E L P

His infant foftnefs pleads a milder doom,

And fpeaks with all the eloquence of tears. ' Heigh.
Elegant language uttered with fluency:

Fit words attended on his weighty fenfe.

And mild perfuafion flow’d in eloquence. Pope.

EL’OQUENT, adj. [cloquens, Lat.] Having the power
oforatory; having the power of fluent and elegant fpeech,
— The Lord of hofts doth take away the captain of fifty,
and the honourable man, and the counfellor, and the cun¬
ning artificer, and the eloquent orator. Ifaiah , iii. 3.

O death ! all eloquent, you only prove

What dull we dote on, when !tis man we love. Pope.

ELO'R A, a town of Hindooftan, in the country of An-
rungabad ; celebrated for its pagodas, cut out of the na¬
tural rock : thirteen miles north of Aurungabad. Thefe
pagodas extend to within a very fmall diflance of Dowr-
latabad, and refemble the fubterraneous work at Ele-
phanta; but are infinitely fuperior in magnitude. Theve-
not, who vilited them, fays, that they reached above two
leagues, a matchlefs aflemblage of temples, choultries,
and chapels, fupported by columns, and covered with
ftatues of cololfal fize, but of bad fculpture, being of
great antiquity, and the work of the early Hindoos : but
more probably of colonies from Egypt.

E'LOTH. See Elath.

E'LOTZ, a town of Ruffia, in the government of Or¬
lov : 112 miles, eaft-north-eaft of Orel. Lat.53.20. N.
Ion. 57. E. Ferro.

ELOV'KA, a town of Ruflia, in the government of
Tcbolflc : fixteen miles weft-north-weft of Tomfk.

ELO'YES, a town of France, in the department of
Vofges, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrict of Re-
miremont : two leagues and a half fouth-eaft of Epinal.

ELPE'NOR, one of the companions of Ulyfles, changed'
into a hog by Circe’s potions, and afterwards reflored to
his former fliape. He fell from the top of a houfe where
he was deeping, and was killed. Homer.

EL'PHIN, a town of Ireland, in the county of Rof-
Common ; the fee of a bifliop, faid to have been founded
by St. Patrick, in the fifth century ; the cathedral is the
parifli church, neither large nor elegant ; the bifhop’s pa¬
lace is near the town : eight miles north of Boyle, and
fixteen north of Rofcommon.

EL'PHINSTON (William), an eminent Scotch pre¬
late, born at Glafgow in 1431. He was educated in the
univerfity of that place, and afterwards went to France
to ftudy civil and canon law in the univerfity of Paris,
where he became a profeffor of that faculty, and conti¬
nued to deliver lectures with confiderable reputation for
the fpace of fix years. He then returned to his native
country, where he entered into orders, and was at firft
promoted to be official of Glafgow, and afterwards of St.
Andrew’s. He was alfo admitted a member of the king’s
council. A mifunderftanding having taken place between
James III. of Scotland, and Louis XI. of France, he was
nominated joint commiffioner with the bifhop of Dun-
keld and the earl of Buchan, who repaired to the court
of Verfailles, and fucceeded in terminating the differences
which had occafioned their appointment. For the pru¬
dence and eloquence which Elphinfton difplayed on this
occafion, he was, on his return, promoted to the bifhopric
of Rofs ; whence, about the year 1484, he was tranflated
to the fee of Aberdeen, and at the fame time made chan¬
cellor of the kingdom. On the acceflion of James IV.
his talents as a ftatefman were again called into a£tion,
and he was appointed ambaflador to the emperor Maxi¬
milian, to endeavour to bring about a marriage-treaty
between his daughter and the king of Scotland ; but he
found that the princefs was already promifed elfewhere,
and returned home, not without rendering beneficial fer-
vice to his country, by the negociations which he carried
on for terminating an enmity of long ftanding between
the Dutch and Scotch. By his influence the bull was ob¬
tained from the pope for eftablifhing an univerfity at
Aberdeen; and to his perfonal exertions and fuperin-

ELS

tendence was it chiefly owing that the building of King’s
college was undertaken and completed. To that foun¬
dation he proved himfelf a munificent benefactor, and
bequeathed large fums of money for its fupport. He
died in 1514, about eighty-three years of age. He was
the author of a hiftory of his native country, of which
the belt, if not the only entire copy, is among fir Thomas
Fairfax’s manufcripts, in the Bodleian library at Oxford.

ELPINI'CE, a daughter of Miltiades, who married a
man that promifed to releafe from confinement her bro¬
ther and hufband, whom the laws of Athens had made
refponfible for the fine impofed on his father. C. Nepos.

EL'RICH, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Saxony, and county of Klettenburg; formerly the capi¬
tal of the county. Here are fome confiderable manufac¬
tures : fix miles north-weft: of Nordhaufen.

ELS, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Brunn :
thirty-two miles weft of Olmutz, and twenty-four north-
north-weft of Brunn.

EL'SA, a river of Tufcany, which runs into the Arno,
about a mile weft from Empoli.

ELS'DON, a fmall town in the county of Northumber¬
land, diftant 300 miles from London, and twenty-eight
from Newcaftle. It has no market, and oi.ly one fair,
Auguft 26. An imperfeft altar was dug up here fome
time ago, with the bones of beads, burnt afhes, and
broken urns. Near Elfdon was the field of battle between
the Englifti and Scots in 1388, wherein Henry Percy,
called Hotfpur, was taken prifoner ; and Douglas, the
Scots general, was killed. On this battle was founded
the ancient hiftorical ballad of Chevy-chace, the field of
battle being fituated near the river Rhead, on the fouth
fide of the Cheviot-hills. The entrenchments are ft ill
vifible, and a number of tumuli fcattered over the adja¬
cent ground, mark to future ages the daughter of that
famous conteft.

ELSE, pron. [ellep, Sax.] Other; one befides ; it
is applied both to perlons and things. — To ftand ftained
with travel, and fweating with defire to fee him; think¬
ing of nothing el/e, putting all affairs c/e in oblivion, as
if there were nothing elje to be done but to fee him.
Shake/peare.

Fie fays, ’twas then with him, as now with you ;

He did it when he had nothing elfe to do. Denham.

ELSE, aiv. Otherwife. — What ways are there where¬
by we fhould be aflured, but either by an internal im-
preffion of the notion of a God upon our minds, or elfe by
fuch external and vifible effeCts as our reafon tells 11s
rruift be attributed to fome caufe? Tillot/on. — Befidej ex¬
cept that mentioned :

Pleafures which no where elfe were to be found.

And all Elyfium in a fpot of ground. Dryden .

It has fometimes or before it fuperfluoufly :

Be more abftemious,

Or elfe good night your vow. Shake/peare .

Elfewhere :

But if thee lift to fee thy courfer ronne,

Or prove thyfelfe, this fad encounter fttonne,

And feek els without hazard of thy hede. Spenfer,

ELSE, a river of Silefia, which runs into the Oder,
near Oderberg.

EL'SEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft,
phalia, and bifhopric of Paderborn: two miles weft-
north-weft of Paderborn.

EL'SEWHERE, adv. In any other place. — Although
feafoned bodies may and do live near as long in London
as elfewhere, yet new comers and children do not. Graunt's
Bills of Mortality. — In other places; in fome other place;

Let us no more contend, nor blame

Each other, blam’d enough elfewhere. Milton.

ELS'FLETH, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Weftphalia, and county of Oldenburg ; at the conflux of
-a the

ELS

the Hunte and the Wefer, whole toll amounts to 30,000
rixdoliars a-year: fev. nteen miles north-eaft of Oldenburg.

ELS'GAU, a part of the bifhopiic of Bale, which lies
between the. mountains and the Larg, comprehending the
town and bailiwic of Porentrui, and twenty parifhes.

ELSHEI'MER (Adam), a painter of great merit,
born in 1.574, at Frankfort-on-the-Main. A decided in¬
clination for the pencil caufed him to be placed for in-
ftru&ion under Philip Uffenbach, who was foon ftirpaffed
by his fcholar. A laudable ambition to excel infpired
Elflfeimer with the refolution of completing his ftudies
in Italy. Attentive to nothing but his improvement, he
avoided Society, and employed himfelf affiduoufly in co¬
pying the various objects of art and nature prefented by
that country, in which he was affifted by a happy me¬
mory, which enabled hint to. copy with great exadfnefs
in the morning, what he had contemplated the preceding
evening. He formed to himfelf a peculiar ftyle of paint¬
ing, confifring of landfcapes, with hi/lorical figures in
final], which he finifiied with exquifite neatnefs. The
diminutive fize of his pictures did not prevent a grand
tafie in his defigns, and no one better underllood the ma¬
nagement of lights and fliades, and all the magic of co¬
louring. His drawing is correct, his touch light and fine,
and his pieces will bear the minuted examination. He
purchafed thefe excellences by the renunciation of for¬
tune ; for he worked fo flowly, that though in his life¬
time his pidtures bore an extraordinary price, he was un¬
able to live by his profeffion. He refided in Italy, where
he married, and had a large family. He was received
into the academy of St. Luke, and was patronifed by the
pope; yet he became overwhelmed with debt, and was
throwm into prifon. His friends releafed him from con¬
finement ; but the difgrace fo preyed upon his fpirits,
that he foon after died at Rome, in 1620, at the age of
forty-fix. He left feveral capital performances, which
are highly valued. His principal pidture is the Flight
into Egypt, of which there is a print by his friend and
benefadlor, count Goud. Several others of his works
have been engraved. It is faid to have been from the.
ftudy of his manner that David Teniers and Bamboccio
acquired their excellence.

EL'SINBURG. See Helsingborg.

EESINO'RE. See Helsingof.r.

. ELSNAB'BEN, a fea-port town of Sweden, in the
province of Sudermania, on the coaft of the Baltic :
thirty-two miles eaft-north-eaft of Nikioping.

ELS'NER (James), doftor of theology, a counfellor
of the confifiory to his Prufiian majefty, firft preacher in
the reformed parochial church of Berlin, and direftor of
the philological clafs in the academy of fciences, born in
March, 1692, at Saalfeld, in Pruffia, where his father,
a rich citizen originally from Bohemia, deftined him for
trade, and therefore treated him with great feverity on
account of his attachment to letters. After he had re¬
ceived the rudiments of his education in the provincial
lchool, he went to Utrecht and Leyden, where he formed
an intimacy with the mod eminent literary characters of
thofe two cities. In 1720 he left Holland, in confequence
of an invitation from his Priiflian majefiy, to be profeflor
of theology and of the oriental languages at Lingen ; but
before he quitted Utrecht he got himfelf admitted to the
degree of doftor; and on taking pofleffion of his new of¬
fice, delivered an excellent oration on the zeal proper for
a divine. At the fame time he was appointed paftor of the
church in that city; but he had fcarcely remained two
years in this fituation, when he was made firft mafter of,
Joachim’s fchool at Berlin. On the 28th of October,
1722, he pronounced an inaugural difcourfe on the obli¬
gation of uniting piety to learning; and the month after
was chofen a member of the royal academy of fciences.
His occupations did not prevent him from appearing in
the pulpit, and his difcourfes were heard with great ap¬
probation. As he had a ftrong predilection for the mi-
niftry, he refigned his reCtorfliip in 1730, and accepted

Vol. VI. Ho. 366.

E LS 431

the place of paftor of the parochial church of the Cloifter.
He was alfo made a counfellor of the confiftory, and he
retained the infpettion of the fchool in which he had been
reCtor. In 1742, El finer became director of the clafs of
the belles-lettres in the royal academy; and when the
fociety was renewed in 1744, lie retained the fame office,
and maintained the character which he had always flip-
ported, both by attention to his academical duties,
and by the learned diftertations with which lie enriched
the memoirs of the inftitution. He died on the 8th of
OCtobcr, 1750. His principal works are, 1 . Obfervationes'
Jacra in Novi Tejiamenti I.ibros, Tom. i. Libras hijloricos corn-
plexus ; Utrecht, 1720, 8vo. 2. Tom. ii. Epijlolas Apojlolo-
rum £? Apocalypjin complexus ; ibid. 1728, Svo. 3. Dijfertat.
in Locum AB. xiii. 48 ; Lingen, 1721, 4to. 4. Dijfcitat.
in Locum vexatum Deut. xxix. iS; ibid. 1721, 4to. Both
thefe are to be found in Thefaurus Llollandicus . 4. Common -

tatio in illujlrc Jacobi Oraculum, Gtncf. xlix. 10, eminentijjimum
V entaiis Chrijhana Propvgnaculum , nova Ratione communitum ;
Berol. 1729, folio. 5. New Defcription of the State of
the Greek Chriftians in Turkey, with Annotations ; ibid.

-1 737» Svo. 6. The Epiftle of Paul to the Philippians
explained, in a Series of Sermons, with Notes, and an
Introduction ; ibid. 1741, 4to. 7. Schediajina criticum, quo
AuEleres aliaque Anliquitatis Monumcnta, bjcriptioncsAtcm &
Numifmata emendantur , vindicantur & expomintur, ad Continna-
tionem, Tom. vii. Mijcdlaneorum Regie? Societat. Scicntiarum
Bcrohn ; ibid. 1744,410. 8. Continuation of the Newell

Defcription of the State of the Greek Chriftians in Tur¬
key; ibid. 1747, Svo. Befides thefe works, he wrote fe¬
veral diftertations on different fubjeCts, which may be
found in tiie TranfaCtions of the Academy of Sciences at
Berlin.

EL'STER, a town of Germany, in the circle of Up¬
per Saxony, and circle of Thuringia : fix miles eaft of
Wittenberg.

EL'STER, a river of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Saxony, which paffies by Adorf, Oelnitz, Plauen, Zeitz,
Pegau, I.eipfic, &c. and joins the Sala about five miles
from Halle.

EL'STER, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Saxony, on a river of the fame name, in the circle of the
Vogtland: ten miles fiouth of Oelnitz.

EL'STER (Scl\wartz), or Black Elster, a river of
Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, .which rifes
about ten miles eaft from Stolpenin, in the marggraviate
of Meiffen, and runs into the Elbe fix miles eaft of
Wittenberg.

EL'STERBERG, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and circle of the Vogtland : fifteen miles
fouth-weft of Zwickau.

ELSTERWER'DA, a town of Germany, in the circle
of Upper Saxony, and marggraviate of Meilfien: fevcn7
teen miles north of Meiffen, and twenty-fix north-north-
weft of Drefden.

EL'STOB (William), an Englifh divine and antiquary,
born at Nevycaftle-upon-Tyne, in 1673. His grammatical
education he received at Eton, whence he was Cent to
Catharine-hall, Cambridge ; but the air of that country
not agreeing with him, he removed to Queen’s-college,
Oxford. In this feminary he acquired fo much reputa¬
tion, that he was chofen fellow of Univerftty-college, and
appointed one of the tutors of that inftitution. In 1697,
he was admitted mafter of arts; and, in 1701, he tranflated
into Latin the Saxon Homily of Lupus, with notes, for
Dr. Hickes. About the fame time he tranflated into Eng-
lifih fir John Cheke’s Latin verfion of Plutarch De Super-
Jlitione, which tranflation was printed at the end of Strype’s
Life of Cheke. In 1702, M17. Elftob was appointed rec¬
tor of the united parifties of St. Swithin and St. Mary
Bothaw, in the city of London; which appears to have
been the only eccl.efiaftical preferment that he ever ob¬
tained. In the following year he publiflied an edition of
Roger Afcham’s Latin Letters. He was alfo the author
cf An Elfiay on the great Affinity and mutual Agreement
6 G between

482

ELS

E L T

between the two Profeffions of Law and Divinity,- which
was printed at London, with a preface by Dr. Hickes. In
1709, Mr. Elftob publifhed, in the Saxon language, with
a Latin tranflation, The Homily on St. Gregory’s Day.
He had alfo compiled an Elfay on the Hiftory and Ufe of
the Latin tongue; collected materials for a Hiftory of
Newcaftle, &c. the manufcripts of which are now loft;
and he had projected fcveral literary deftgns, the execu¬
tion of which was prevented by his death? which took
place in 1714, when he was only forty-one years of age.
The moft confiderable of his deftgns was an edition of
the Saxon laws, with great additions, and anew Latin
verfion by Somner, together with the notes of various
learned men ; and a prefatory hiftory of the origin and
progrefs of the Englifti laws, down to the Conqueror,
and to Magna Charts. This great plan was completed,
in 1721, by Dr. David Wilkins, who, in his preface,
fneaks in very handfome terms of Mr. Elftob’s proficien¬
cy in Saxon lore, and the lofs which the lovers of anti¬
quarian learning had fuftained from his early death. He
intended alfo a tranflation, with notes, of Alfred’s Para-
phraftic Verfion of Orolius ; of which his tranfeript, with
collations, was in the pofleflion of the late Dr. Pegge ;
and another tranfeript by Mr. Ballard, with a large pre¬
face on the ufe of Anglo-Saxon literature, is in the li¬
brary of the fociety of antiquaries.

EI/STOB (Elizabeth), filter of the preceding, born
at NeWcaftle, in 1683. The rudiments of her education
flie is faid to have received, from her mother, of whofe
inftructions fhe was deprived by her death when Eliza¬
beth was only eight years of age. Upon that event, her
guardians endeavoured to difeourage as much as poflible
her application to literature, confidering it to be an im¬
proper purfuit for her fex ; but their efforts were fruit-
lefs, and the was permitted to indulge her favourite pro-
penfity- When, in the year 1709, Mr Elftob publifhed
the Hotniiy on St. Gregory’s Day, (he accompanied it with
an Englifti tranflation, and a preface, in which flie anfyvers
the objections made to female learning, by producing the
example of the celebrated Anna Maria Schurman, whom
flie calls the glory of her fex. Her next publication was
a tranflation of Madame Scudery’s Elfay on Glory. She
likewife afiifted her brother in an edition of Gregory’s
Paftoral, which was probably intended to include both
the original and the Saxon verfion ; and fhe had tran-
feribed all the hymns from an ancient manufeript in Sa-
lifbury cathedral. By the encouragement of Dr. Hickes,
fie undertook a Saxon Homiliarium, with an Englilh
tranflation, notes, and various readings. And to promote
that defign, Mr. Bowyer printed for her, in 1713, Some
Teftimonies of learned Men, in favour of the intended
Edition of the Saxon Homilies, concerning the Learning
of the Author of thefe Homilies, &c. and the lord trea-
furer obtained for her queen Anne’s bounty towards print¬
ing that work. But the queen’s death foon deprived
Mrs. Elftob of that benefit ; and flie was not otherwife
fufficiently patronifed fo as to be able to complete her
defign. A few only of the Homilies were printed at Ox¬
ford, in folio. In the year 1715, (lie publifhed a Saxon
Grammar, the types for which had been cut at the ex¬
pence of lord-chief-juftice Parker, afterwards earl of
Macclesfield. She had other literary deftgns in view,
which the narrownefs of her circumftances and the want
of the neceflary encouragement prevented her from pro¬
secuting ; and after her brother’s death flie became re¬
duced. In this lituation, fome worthy friends, by a re¬
commendation of her to queen Caroline, obtained for her
a penlion of twenty guineas a-year. On the death of that
princefs, however, (he was again involved in difficulties,
and, though miftrefs of eight languages belides her own,
was obliged to Solicit employment as a preceptrefs of
children. It was her good fortune, in 1739, t0 be re¬
ceived in this capacity into the family of the duchefs
dowager of Portland, where fhe continued till her death,
jn 173(3, aged feventy-three.

EL'STRA, a town of Lufatia: two miles fouth of
Camenz.

ELS'WICH (John Herman de), a learned German
Lutheran divine, born at Rendfburg, in Holftein, in 1684.
He profecuted his ftudies fuccefli vely at Lubeck, Roftock,
Leipfic, Jena, and Wittemberg; and in the latter univer-
fity took his degree of mafter of arts. In 1717, Ire was
fettled in the exercife of the miniftry at Stade, at which
place he died in 1721. Though fo young at the time of
his death, he left behind him various works, which re-
fle£t credit on his literary diligence; and plans of others
which he did not live to complete. Among the former
are, r. An edition of Peter Simonius’s treatife De Literis
Percuntibus , with notes. 2. Epijlola familiarcs varii, theo-
logici potijjimum , Arguments. 3. An edition of Launoy’s
treatife De Varia Arijlotelis Fortuna in Schola Parifievfi ; to
which he added, Sckediafma de varia Arijlotelis in Scholis
Protejlantium Fortuna. 4. Commentatio de Rdiquiis Papatus
Ecelejia Lutheran a temere affliElis. 5. Dijfcrtatione's de Mclchi-
Jcdecho. 6. Formula Concordia in Dania non combujla. 7. Rc~
centiorum in Novum Foedus Critica. 8. Fanaticorum Palinodia.
9. Obfervationes Philologica fuper Wittcri Comment ationan in
Genefim ; and, 10. Vindicia Diafcepfeos Hunniana.

ELSYN'GE (Henry), a perfon eminent for parliamen¬
tary knowledge, born at Batterfea, in 1598. His father
was clerk of the houfe of lords. Henry was educated at
Weftminfter-fchool and Chriftchurch-college, Oxford, and
afterwards fpent feven years in foreign travel. He was
highly valued for his accomplifliments; and by the inte-
reft, it is faid, of archbiffiop Laud, obtained the place of
clerk of the houfe of commons, which he filled with An¬
gular ability and good conduct. He acquired the efteem
of all parties in times of great turbulence and faction, and
kept his poll under the long parliament till December,
1648, when he defired permiilion to refign. A decline of
health was the pretext ; but it was underftood that he was
unwilling to take any part in the trial of the king. He
retired to his houfe at Hounllow, and there died in 1634.
His principal work is intitled The ancient Method and
Manner of holding Parliaments in England ; printed firft
in 1663. It is a fmall piece, but valuable from its mat¬
ter and method. It has been feveral times reprinted;
the laft edition, in 1768, is the moft correft, arid is en¬
riched by a large addition taken from the author’s origi¬
nal manufeript in the Britifti Mufeura.

EL'TEKEH, a city of Paleftine, fituated in the tribe
of Dan; and one of the cities of the Levites, of the fa¬
mily of Kohath. JoJh. xxi. 23.

EI.'TEKON, a city of Paleftine, in the tribe of Judah,
fituated in the mountains of that province. Jqfh.w.$ 9.

EL'TEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft-
phalia, and duchy of Cleves : five miles north of Cleves.

EL'TERLEIN, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and circle of Erzgebirg: two miles eaft-
north-eaft of Grunhayn.

ELT'HAM, a pleafant town in the county of Kent,
eight miles from London, on the road to Maidftone, and
midway between Bromley and the Thames. Anthony
Beck, bifliop of Durham, having fraudulently fecured the
pofleflion of this manor, in 1290, beautified the capital
manfion, and left it to Eleanor, the queen of Edward I.
Edward II. frequently refided here. His queen was here
delivered of afon, who had the name of John of Eltham.
Poflibly from this circumftance, it is improperly called
King John’s Palace; unlefs it obtained this appellation
from the fumptuous entertainment given here by Edward
III. to the captive King John of France. Succeeding
princes, and particularly Henry VII. enlarged and improved
this palace ; but it was neglefted, after Greenwich became
the favourite country refidence. The Britifti princes often
celebrated their feftivals at Eltham with great pomp.
The laft of thefe feafts was held at Whitluntide, in 1315,
when Henry VIII. created (irEdward Stanley baron Mont-
eagle, for his fervices at Flodden-field. Part of the (lately
hall which was the feene of thofe feafts, is ftill in being,
2 and

483

E L V

and is ufed as a barn. The roof is fomewhat like that of
Wedminfter-lvall. The large moat round the palace, al¬
though the greateft part of it is dry, and covered with ver¬
dure, has dill two done bridges over it, one of which con-
fids of four arches. The farm-houfe in the inclofure,
though fomewhat modernized, was part of this ancient
palace. In the garden of Mr. Dorrington is the conferva-
tory, in which were formerly kept the exotics of that emi¬
nent botanid, Dr. Sherrard. The Hortus Eltkamiefrfis is
well known to the curious in botany. On Shooter’s-hill,
in this pari (h, the eye is charmed with the iovelied of pro-
fpefts. Here are two charity-fchooJs well endowed. It
lias a market on Mondays ; and five fairs, viz. Palm-Mon¬
day, Eader-Monday, Whit-Monday, and October to.
Near Eltham is Chid’elhurd, noted for the retirement of
the famous Camden, who here compofed thegreated part
of his Annals of Queen Elizabeth. Here the prefent lord
Camden has a noble feat, in whofe park may be feen that
celebrated piece of ancient architecture, called the Lan¬
tern of Demodhenes.

ELT'MAN, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Franconia, and bifhopric of Wurzburg : eight miles
wed-north-wed of Bamberg, and forty ead-north-ead of
Wurzburg.

EL'TOLAD, or Tolad, a city of Paledine, in the
tribe of Judah, fituated in the fouthern parts of that pro¬
vince, near the borders of Edom ; it was afterwards af-
figned to the tribe of Simeon, as their inheritance was
included within that of Judah. JoJli. xv. 3°. xix. 4. and
1 Chron. iv. 29.

EL'VAS, a city of Portugal, in the province of Tra-
los-Montes, the fee of a bidiop fiiffragan of Evora, faid
to have been founded by the Gauls, in the year of the
world 3009. It contains, befides the cathedral, three
parifh churches, two hofpitals, and feven convents. The
Spaniards befieged it in 1659; and the French and Spa¬
niards in 1706, without fuccefs. The town and envi¬
rons contain 12,000 fouls; near it is a fortrefs, called
the Lippe, built in 1764, under the direction of count
Erned de Schomberg Lippe. An academy was founded
here in 1733 : 104 miles ead of Lifbon. Lat. 38. 44. N.
Ion. 11. 43. E. Ferro.

To ELU'CIDATE, v.a. \_ducido, Lat.] To explain;
to clear ; to make plain. — To elucidate a little the matter,
let 11s confider it. Boyle.

ELUCIDA'TION,y Explanation; expofition. — We
diall, in order to the elucidation of this matter, fubjoin
the following experiment. Boyle.

ELUCIDA'TOR,y. Explainer; expofitor ; commen¬
tator. — Obfcurity is brought over them by the courfe of
ignorance and age, and yet more by their pedantical elu¬
cidations. Abbot.

ELUCUBRA'TION, f. [from the Lat. e, from, and
lucubro , to dudy by candle-light.] The aft of dudying by
candle-light, the produce of cloie dudy.

To ELU'DE, v. a. [ eludo , Lat.] To efcape by drata-
gem ; to avoid any mifchief or danger by artifice. — He
who looks no higher for the motives of his conduct than
the refentments of human judice, whenever he can pre¬
fume himfelf cunning enough to elude , rich enough to
bribe, or drong enough to refid it, will be under no re-
draint. Rogers. — -To mock by an unexpected efcape ;

My gentle Delia beckons from the plain,

Then, hid in diades, eludes her eager fwain ;

But feigns a laugh to fee me fearch around,

And by that laugh the willing fair is found. Pope.

ELU'DIBLE, adj. Poflible to be defeated. — There is
not any common-place more infided on than the happi-
nefs of trials by juries ; yet if this blefled part of our law
be eludible by power and artifice, we (hall have little rea-
fon to boad. Swift.

ELVE'LA. See Agaricus, Helvella, and Tre-

MELLA.

EL' YEN, a town of France, in the department of the

E L V

Morbiban, and chief place of a canton, in the didrift of
Vannes : two leagues and a half nonh-ead of Vannes!

ELVES, the plural of elf. See Elf.

Fairy elves s’

Whofe midnight revels by fome fored fide,

Or fountain, fome belated peafant (ees,

Or dreams he fees. ' Milton.

Ye fylphs and fylphids to your chief give ear;

Fays, fairies, genii, elves, and demons, hear. Pope.

EL'VESLOCK, f. Knots in the hair fuperditioufly
fuppofed to be tangled by the fairies. — From the like
might proceed the fears of polling elve/lock, or compli¬
cated hairs of the head. Brown.

' EL'VISH, adj. [the plural of elf: it is written more
properly eljijh .] Relating to elves, or wandering fpirits.
— Thou elvifi markt, abortive rioting hog ! Shakefpeare.

No nnife hath been fo bold,

Or of t he latter or the old,

Thofe elvijh fecrets to unfold,

Which lie from others reading. Drayton.

ELU'L, f. in ancient chronology, the twelfth month
of the Jewifii civil year, and the fixth of the ecclefiadi-
cal : it confided of only twenty-nine days, and anfwered
nearly to our Augud.

ELUM'B ATLD, adj. [ elumbis , Lat.] Weakened in the
loins.

EL'VO, a river of Italy, which runs into the Sefia,
two miles north of Vercelle.

ELU'SION.y. \_duJio, Lat.] An efcape from enquiry
or examination ; a fraud ; an artifice. — An appendix, re¬
lating to the tranfnnitation of metals, aetefts the impof-
tures and elujions of thofe who have pretended to it.
Woodward.

ELU'SIVE, adj. Praftifing elufion; ufing arts to efcape:
Elujive of the bridal day, (he gives
Fond hopes to all, and all with hopes deceives. Pope.

ELU'SORY, adj. Tending to elude; tending to de¬
ceive ; fraudulent, deceitful ; fallacious. — It may be fear¬
ed they are but Parthian flights, ambufeade retreats, and
elufory tergiverfution. Brown.

To ELU'TEl, v. a. [ duo , Lat.] To wafii off. — The more
oily any fpirit is, the more pernicious; becaufe it is harder
to be eluted by the blood. Arbuthnot.

ELUTE'RIA,y. in botany. See Cluvtia.

ELU'THERA, or Alabaster, one of the Bahama or
I.ucaya iflands, where above fixty families formerly fet¬
tled under deputy-governor Holmes, and erected a fort.

ELUTHE'RI A. See Eleutjheria.

To ELU'TRIATE, v. a. \_dutrio, Lat.] To decant; or.
(train out. — The preffure of the air upon the lungs is
much lefs than it has been computed by fame ; but (till
it is fomething, and the alteration of one-tenth of its force,
upon the lungs mud produce fome difference in elutriating .
the blood as it pafies through the lungs. Arbuthnot. •

ELUTRI A'TION, /. A term ufed by chemifts to de--
note the procefs of waihing, as praftifed by metallurgifts
and others; and indeed this laft and more familiar word
is now molt frequently ufed. Thus the metallic ores are
cleared of earthly admixtures by elutriation, that is to
fay, wafhing with water, which carries off the lighter
earthy parts, while the heavier metallic parts fubfide to
the bottom.

ELU'VIES,y. [a quagmire, from duo, Lat. to cleanfe.]
The effluvium from a foul or fwampy place. Alfo the hu¬
mour difeharged in a fluor alhus.

EL'VIUS (Peter), fecretary of the royal academy of
fciences at Stockholm,, born at Upfal in 1710, and applied
to mechanics under Triewald and Polheim, and to the
higher mathematics under Klingflierna, who firft intro¬
duced them into Sweden’. In 1738, the royal college of
mines entrufted him with the care of its collection of.

machines*.

484

E L W

machines. Tn 1740, he conftrutted a fulling-mill ac¬
cording to a theory of his own; and, in 1748, in conjunc¬
tion with baron C. Harleman, he went to afcertain the
pofition of the Swedifh fcSkes. During this excurfion,
lie determined the fituation of Gottenburgh and the ad¬
jacent coaft, of which he conftruffed charts. Much might
have been expected from the zeal and activity of this
eminent man, had he not been carried off by a premature
death, in the thirty-eighth year of his age, on the 27th
of September, 1749. The academy of fciences caufed.a
medal to be (truck in honour of his memory, and the
journal of his laft tour to Trollhatta was publiftied, in
the Swedifh language, at Stockholm, in 1751.

ELU'ZAI, [Heb. God my ftrehgth.] A man’s name.

EL'WAD-AD, a town of Arabia, in the country of
Yemen : thirty miles louth-fouth-eaft of Chamir.

ELWAN'GEN, a principality of Germany, bordering
on the duchy of Wurtemberg, in the circle of Swabia.
It was firft a Benedidtine convent, founded in 764, after¬
wards became an abbey; and, in 1461, fecularifed into
a provoftfhip and principality ; and is protedted by the
duke of Wurtemberg. It pays eighty florins for a Ro¬
man month, and is taxed 175 rix-dollars and feventy-
eight kruitzers. The prince lias a regency, an ecclefiaf-
tical council, and a chamber of finances.

ELWAN'GEN, a town of Germany, and in a princi¬
pality of the fame name, on the river Jaxt: thirty-two
miles north 'of Ulm, and forty two north-north-weft of
Augfburg. Lat.48.53-N. Ion. 27. 47. E. Ferro.

EL'WfiS (John), an eccentric genius, admitted to no¬
tice in this Encyclopaedia, merely from the Angularity of
his character as a mifer. He was member for Berklhire
in three fucceilive parliaments. His family name was
Meggot ; and his father was a brewer of great eminence,
diftinguiflied by no peculiarity of charadter : but his mo¬
ther, though (lie was left nearly ioo,oool. by her huf-
band, is faid to have ftarved herfelf to death ! At an
early period of life he was fent to Weftminfter fchool,
where he remained for ten or twelve years. During that
time he certainly had not mifapplied his talents ; for he
was a good claflical fcholar to the laft: and it is a cir-
cumftance not a little remarkable, though well authen¬
ticated, that he never read afterwards, nor had he ever
any knowledge in accounts ; to which may in fome mea-
fure be attributed the total ignorance he was always in
as to his affairs. From Weftminfter fchool Mr. Meggot
removed to Geneva, where he entered upon purfuits
more agreeable to him than ftudy. The riding-mafter of
the academy there had then to boaft, perhaps, of three
of the boldeft riders in Europe, Mr. Worfley, Mr. El-
wes, and fir Sydney Meadows. Of the three, Elwes was
reckoned the moft courageous ; the young horfes were
always put into Ins hands, and he was the rough-rider to
the other two. On his return to England, after an ab-
fence of three years, he was to be introduced to his un¬
cle, fir Harvey Elwes, who was then living at Stoke in
Suffolk, the moft perfect picture of human penury then
.exifting. The attempts at faving money w’ere in him fo ex¬
traordinary, that Mr. Elwes, perhaps, never quite reached
them, even at the laft period of his life. Of what tem¬
perance can do, fir Harvey was an extraordinary inftance.
At an early period of life he was given over for a con-
fumption, and he lived till betwixt eighty and ninety
years of age. On his death, his fortune, which was at
leaft 250,000!. fell to his nephew Mr. Meggot, who by
will was empowered to affume the name and armorial
bearings of Elwes. To this uncle, and this property,
Mr. Elwes fucceeded when he had advanced beyond the
fortieth year of his age. And for fifteen years previous
to this period, he was known in the moft fafhionable and
extravagant circles of London. He had always a turn
for play ; and it was only late in life, and from paying
always, and not always being paid, that he conceived
difguft at it. The theory which he profefled, “ that it
was impoflible tp a(k a gentleman fos- money,” he per-

E L W

feCtly confirmed by the practice ; and he never violated
this feeling to the lateft hour of his life.

The manners of Mr. Elwes were fuch ; fo complacent,
fo attentive, fo. gentlemanly, and fo engaging, that rude-
nefs could not ruffle them, nor ftrong ingratitude break
their obfervance. He retained this peculiar feature of
the old court to the laft : but he had a praife beyond this ;
he had the moft gallant difregard of his own perfon, and
all carecabout himfelf, that can be imagined. The in-
ftances in younger life, in the moft imminent perfonal
hazard, are innumerable ; but when age had defpoiled
him of his atlivity, and might have rendered care and at¬
tention about himfelf natural, he knew not what they
were : He vviftied no one to afiift him : “ He was as young
as ever ; he could walk, he could ride, and he could dance ;
and he hoped he fhould not give trouble even when he
was old He was at that time feventy five ! It is curi¬
ous to refiedt how he contrived to mingle fmall attempts
at faving, with objects of the moft unbounded diffipation.
After fitting up a whole night at play for thoufands with
the moft fafhionable and profligate men of the time, amidit
fplendid rooms, gilt fofas, wax lights, and waiters atten¬
dant on his call, lie would walk out about four in the
morning, not towards home, but into Smithfield, to meet
his own cattle, which were coming to market from Thay-
don-hall, a farm of his in Effex! There would this fame
man, forgetful of the feenes he had juft left, ftand in the_
cold or rain bartering with a carcafs butcher for a (lul¬
ling ! Sometimes, when the cattle did not arrive at the
hour expedled, he would walk on in the mire to meet
them ; and mqre than once has gone on foot the whole
way to his farm without flopping, which was feyenteen
miles from London, after fitting up the whole night.
Had every man been of the mind of Mr. Elwes, the race
of innkeepers muft have perifhed, and poftchaife and port¬
ing taxes muft have returned unprodudtive to thofe who
made them; for it was the bufinefs of his life to avoid
every kind of expence. He always travelled on horfe-
back or on foot. To fee him fetting out on a journey,
was a matter truly curious ; his firft care was to put two
or three eggs, boiled hard, into his great coat pocket, or
any (craps of bread which he found; baggage he never
took: then mounting one of his hunters, his next atten¬
tion was to get out of London into that road where turn¬
pikes were the feweft: then, (lopping under any hedge
where grafs prefented itfelf for his horfe, and a little water
for himfelf, he would fit down and refrefti himfelf and
his horfe together. His chief refidence at this period of
his life was in Berkfhire, at his feat at Marcham. Here
he had two natural foils born, who inherit the greateft
part of his property. The keeping a pack of fox-hounds,
was the only inftance in the whole life of Mr. Elwes of
his ever facrificing money to pleafure ; and it may be fe-
ledted as the only period when he forgot the cares, the
perplexities, and the regret, which his wealth occafion-
ed. But even here every thing was done in the moft fru¬
gal manner. Scrub, or Mungo, when compared with
Mr. Elwes’s huntfman, had an idle life of it. This fa¬
mous huntfman might h^ve fixed an epoch in the hiftory
of fervants : for in a morning, getting up at four o’clock,
he milked the cows; he then prepared breakfaft for Mr.
Elwes, and any friends he might have with him; then
(lipping on a green coat, he hurried into the ftable, faddled
the horfes, unkenneled the hounds, and away they went to
the coverts. After the fatigues of hunting, he refrelhed
himfelf by rubbing down the horfes; then running into
the houfe to lay the cloth, and wait at dinner ; then hur¬
rying again into the ftable to feed the horfes, diverlified
with the cows to milk, the dogs to feed, and the hunters
to litter down for the night. In the penury of Mr. Elwes
there was fomething that feerned like a judgment from
heaven. All earthly comforts he voluntarily denied him¬
felf: he would walk home in the rain in London rather
than pay a (hilling fora coach ; he would (it in wet clothes
looner than have a fire to dry them 3 he would eat his pro-

vifions

E L W E S. ' 485

vifions in the laft ftage of putrefaction fooner than have a
frefli joint from the butcher.

Mr. Elwes had refided about thirteen years upon his
uncle’s^ellate in Suffolk, when the conteft for Berkfhire
,p re fen ted itfelf on the diffolution of the parliament; and
when, to preferve the peace of that county, he was nomi¬
nated by lord Craven. Mr. Elwes, though he had re¬
tired from public bufinefs for fome ye’ars, had /till left
about him fome of the feeds of more aCtive life, and he
agreed to the propofal. It came farther enhanced to him,
by the agreement, that he was to be brought in by the
freeholders for nothing. Ail he did on the occasion was
dining at the ordinary at Reading; and he got into par¬
liament for eighteen-pence! Though a new man, Mr.
Elwes could not be called a young member ; for'hewa.s
at this time nearly fixty years of age. But he was in
pofTeffion of all his activity; and, preparatory to his ap¬
pearance on the boards of St. Stephen’s chapel, he ufed
to attend conftantly during the races and other public
meetings in all the great towns where his voters refided.
At the different affemblies, he would dance among ft the
youngeft to the laft, after riding on horfeback, frequently
in the rain, to the place of meeting.

The honour of parliament made no alteration in the
•drefs of Mr. Elwes ; on the contrary, it feemed to have
attained additional meannefs; and nearly to have reached
that happy climax of poverty, which has rriore than once
drawn on him the companion of thofe who palfed him in
the flreet. For the fpeaker’s dinners, however, he had
one fuit, with which the fpeaker in the courfe of the
feflions became very familiar. The rninifter likewife was
well acquainted with it; and at any dinner of oppolition
Hill wa§ his apparel the fame. The wits of the minority
ufed to fay, “ that they had full as much reafon as the
rninifter to be fatisfied with Mr. Elwes, as he never turned
his coat.” At this period of his life Mr. Elwes wore a
wig. Much about the time when his parliamentary life
ceafed, that wig became worn out ; fo then, being older
and vvifer as to expence, he wore his own hair; which,
like his expences, was very fmall. All this time the
income of Mr. Elwes was increafing hourly, and his pre¬
lent expenditure was next to nothing; for the little plea-
lures, he had once engaged in, he had now given up. He
Kept no houfe, and only one old lervant, the huntfman,
and a couple of horfes : he refided with his nephew ; his
two fons he had ftationed in Suffolk and Berkfhire, to
look after his refpeftive eftates ; and his drefs certainly
was no expence to him; for had not other people been
more careful than himfelf, he would not have had it even
mended.

As Mr. Elwes came into parliament without expence,
he performed his duty as a member w'ould have done in
the pure days of our conftitution. What he had not
bought, he never attempted to fell ; and he went forward
in that ftra-ight and direft path, which can alone fatisfy a
reflecting mind. Amongft the fmaller memorials of the
parliamentary life of Mr. Elwes may be noted, that he
did not follow the ctiftom of members in general, by fit¬
ting on any particular fide of the houfe, but fat as occa-
fion prefented itfelf, on either indifcriminately ; and he
voted much in the fame manner, but never rofe to fpeak.
In his attendance at the houfe, he was always early and
late; and he never left it for dinner, as he had accuf-
tomed himfelf to falling, fometimes for twenty-four hours
in continuance.

When he quitted parliament, he was, in the common
phrafe, “a filh out of water!” The ftile of Mr. Elwes’s
life had left him no domeftic fcenes to which he could
retire; his home was dreary and poor; his rooms re¬
ceived no cheerfulnefs from fire; and while the outfide
had all the appearance of a “ Houfe to be let,” the in-
fide was a defect ; but he had his penury alone to thank
for this, and for the want'^of all the little comforts and
.confalations which Ih.ould attend old age, and fmooth
the palfage of declining life. At the clofe of the lpring
Vol. VI. No. 3«6.

of 1785, he wifhed again to vilit, which he had not done
for fome years, his feat at Stoke, in Suffolk. But then
the journey was a mod ferious objeCt. The famous old
fervant was 'dead ; the horfes that remained with him
were a couple of worn-out brood-mares ; and he himfelf
was not in that vigour of body in which he could ride
fixty or feventy miles on the fuftenatice of two boiled
eggs. The mention of a poft-chaife was a crime— *“ He
afford a poft-chaife, indeed! where was he to get the
money?” At length he was carried into the country as
he was carried into parliament, free of expence, by a gen¬
tleman who was certainly not quite fo rich as Mr. Elwes.
When he reached Stoke, once the feat of more aCtive
fcenes,- and where his fox-hounds .had fpread fomewhat
like vivacity around, he'remarked, “he had expended
■ a great deal of money once very foolilhly ; but that a
man grew wifer by time.”

The rooms af this feat, which were much out of repair,
and would have fallen in but for his fon, John Elwes, efq.
who refided there, he thought too expenfively furnilhed,
as worfe tilings might have ferved. If a window was
broken, there was to be no repair but that of a little
brown paper, or piecing in a bit of broken glafs. To
fave fire, he would walk about the remains of an old
greenhoufe, or fit with a fervant in the kitchen. During'
the harveft, he would amtife himfelf with going into the
fields to glean the corn on the grounds of his own te¬
nants; and they ufed to leave a little more than ebramon
to pleafe the old gentleman, who was as eager after it as
any pauper in the parilh. In the advance of the feafon,
his morning employment was to pick up any dray chips,
bones, or other things, to carry to the fire, in his pocket.

As no gleam of favourite paflion, or any ray of amu le¬
nient, broke through this gloom of penury, his infatia-
ble defire of faving was now become uniform and fyftema-
tic. He ufed Hill to ride about the country on one of the
brood mares ; but then he rode her very economically, on
the foft turf, adjoining the road, without putting himfelf
to the expence of fnoes, as he obferved, “ The turf was
fo pleafant to a horfe’s foot!” And when any gentleman
called to pay him a vifit, and the boy who attended in
the ftables was profufe enough to put a little hay before
his horfe, old Elwes would liily fteal back into the fta-
ble, and take the hay very carefully away. That very
ftrong appetite which Mr. Elwes had in fome meafure
reftrained during the long fitting of parliament, he now
indulged mod voracioufly, and on every thing he could
find. To fave, as he, thought, the expence of going to a
butcher, he would have a whole fheep killed, and To eat
mutton to the — end of the chapter. When he occafion-
ally had his river drawn, though fometimes horfe-loads
of fmall filh were taken, not one would he fuffer to be
thrown back; for he obferved, “ He fbould never fee
them again!” Game in the laft: Hate of putrefaction, and
meat that walked about his plate, would he continue to
eat, rather than have new things killed before the old
provifion was finilhed. With this diet, the charnel-houf®
*of fuftenance, his drefs kept pace, equally in the laft ftage
of abfolute diffolution. Sometimes he would walk about
in a tattered brown-coloured hat, and fometimes in a red
and white woollen cap, like a prifoner confined for debt.
His (hoes he never would fuffer to be cleaned, left they
ftiould be worn out by the brulh. But (till, with all this
felf-denial, that penury of life to which the inhabitant
of an alms-houfe is not doomed, ft i 11 did he think he was
profufe, and frequently fay, “ He rand be a little more
careful of his property.” His difquietude on the fub-
jeCt of money was continual. When he went to bed, he
would put five or ten guineas into a bureau; and then,
full of his money, after he had retired to reft, and lome-
ti tries in the middle of the night, he would come down
to fee whether it was fafe.

The feene of mortification at which Mr. Elwes was
now arrived, was all but a denial of the common iiecefla-
ries of life; and indeed it might have admitted a doubt,

6 H whether

E L W

ELY

486

whether or not, if his manors, his fifh-ponds, and fome
grounds in his own hands, had not furnilhed a fubfifteiice,
where he had not any thing aftually to buy, he would not,
rather than have bought any thing, have ftarved. Strange
as this may appear, it is not at all exaggerated. He one
day, during this period, dined upon the remaining part of
a moor-hen, which had been brought out of the river by
a rat ! and at another he ate an undigefted part of a pike
which a larger one had fwallowed, but had not finiftied,
and which were taken in this date in a net. At the time
this circumftance happened, he difeovered a ((range kind
of fatisfafrion ; for he faid to a friend, “ Aye ! this was
killing two birds with one (tone !” In the room of all
comment, of all moral, let it be remarked, that at this
time Mr. Elwes was perhaps worth nearly eight hundred
thoufand pounds! and, at this period,' he had not made his
will, of courfe was not faving from any fentiment of af¬
fection for any perfon.

The fummer of 1788 Mr. Elwes paffed at his houfe
in Welbeck-ffreet, London; and he paffed that fummer
without any other fociety than that of two maid-fervants ;
for he had now given up the expence of keeping any
male domefticl His chief employment ufed to be that of
getting up early in a morning to vifit fome of his houfes
in MaVy-le-bone, which during the fummer were repair¬
ing. As he was there generally at four o’clock in a morn¬
ing, he was of courfe on the fpot before the workmen ;
and he ufed contentedly to fit down on the fleps before
the door, to fcold them when they came. The neigh¬
bours, who ufed to fee him appear thus regularly every
morning, and who concluded, from his.apparel, lie was
one of the workmen, obferved, “ there never was fo
punctual a man as the old carpenter.” During the whole
morning he would continue to run up and down (fairs to
lee the men were not idle for an inftant, with the fame
anxiety as if his whole happinefs in life had been centered
in the finilhing this houfe, regardlefs of the greater pro¬
perty he had at (lake in various places, and for ever em¬
ployed in the minutiae only of affairs.

In the mufcular frame of Mr. Elwes, there was every
thing that promifed extreme length of life; and he lived
to above feventy years of age without any natural difor-,
der attacking him: but, as lord Bacon has well obferved,
• * the minds of fome men are a lamp that is continually
burning;” and fuch was the mind of Mr. Elwes. Re¬
moved front thofe occafional public avocations which
had once engaged his attention, money was now his only
thought. He rofe upon money — upon money he lay down
to reft; and as his capacity funk away from him by de¬
grees, he dwindled from the real cares of his property
into the puerile concealment of a few guineas. This little
ftore he would carefully wrap up in various papers, and
depofiting them in different corners, would amufe him-
felf with running from one to the other to fee whether
they were all fafe. Then forgetting, perhaps, where he
had concealed fome of them, he would become as fe-
rioufly afflifted as a man might be who had loft all his
property. Nor was t he day alone thusfpent: he would
frequently rife in the middle of the night, and be heard
walking about different parts of the houfe, looking after
what he had thus hidden and forgotten.

Mr. George Elwes having been fettled at his feat at
Marcham in Berkthire, he was naturally defirous that, in
the aftiduities of his wife, his father might at length find
a comfortable home. In London he was certainly moll
uncomfortable ; but (fill, with thefe temptations before
and behind hint, a journey with any expence annexed to
it was infurmountnble. This, however, was luckily ob¬
viated by an offer from his friend Mr. Partis, to take him
to his ancient feat in Berkftiire, with his purle perfectly
tvhole. But there was one circumftance dill very diftref-
fing: the old gentleman had now nearly worn out his
laft coat, and he would not buy a new one ; his foil,
therefore, vpith a pious fraud, contrived to get Mr. Partis
.to buy him a coat, and make him a prefent of it. Thus,

formerly having had a good coat, then a bad one, and at
laft no coat at all, he tvas kind enough to accept one from
a neighbour,

Mr. Elwes carried with him into Berkftiire five guineas
and a half, and half-a-crown. Left the mention of this
fum may appear Angular, it (hould be noticed, that pre¬
vious to his journey he had carefully wrapped it up in
various folds of paper, that no part of it might be loft.
On the arrival of the old gentleman, Mr. George Elwes
and his lady did every thing they could to make the
country a feene of quiet to him. But “ he had that with¬
in” which baffled every effort of the kind. Of his heart,
it might be faid, “ there was no peace in Ifrael.” His
mind, caft away upon the vaft and troubled ocean of his
property, extending beyond the bounds of his calcula¬
tion, returned to amufe itfelf with fetching and carrying
about a few guineas, which in that ocean was indeed a
drop. But nature had now carried on life nearly as far
as (he was able. The firft fymptoms of more immediate
decay was his inability to enjoy his reft at night. Fre¬
quently would he be heard at midnight as if ftruggling
with fome one in his chamber, and crying out, “ I will
keep my money, I will ; noboby fnall rob me of my pro¬
perty.” On any one of the family going into his room,
lie would ftart from this fever of anxiety, and, as if
waking from a troubled dream, again hurry into bed, and
feem unconfcious of what had happened. At length, on
the 26th of November, 1789, expired this miferably rich
man, whofe property, nearly reaching to a million fterl-
ing, extended itfelf almoft through every county in Eng¬
land. His property was divided between his two natu¬
ral fons.

EL’WY, a river of North Wales, which runs into the
Cluyd near St. Afaph.

EL'XAT, or Elcesai, the reputed founder of the fe£t
of the Elcefaites, or Sampfaeans, was a Jew by nation,
who appears to have propagated his opinions in the be¬
ginning of the fecond century, under the reign of the em¬
peror Trajan. According'to Epiphanius, it is doubtful
whether he is to be claffed among Jews or Chriftians.
But from what that writer has himfelf further related of
the refpeft paid to him by the followers of four fe£!s,
who, in fome m'eafure, borrowed their opinions from
hint, viz. the Ebionites, two forts of Nazarenes, and the
Offenes; and the mod credible judgment that can be
formed concerning their tenets, we conceive that he is
clearly to be ranked among Chriftians. It feerns mod
probable that his followers concurred generally, if not-
entirely, with the fe£ts above-named in their diftinguifli-
ing opinions. It appears that they regaled many parts
of the Old Teftament, and the Gofpels at lead in the
New, as facred books, but that they rejected fome, if
not all, of the apoftolical writings. It does not appear
that this fe£t ever fpread much beyond the confines of
Paieftine.

ELY, [probably of eXo?, Gr. a marffi, or helig , C. Br.
a willow, becaufe, like other fenny places, it abounds
with willows. ] The ancient city and metropolis of the
county of Cambridge, fituated on the Qufe, in a fenny
country, called The IJle of Ely , which extends forty miles
weft, fix north, fix lonth, and three eaft, from the city.
It was eredted into a bifliopric in the year 1 107, in favour
of Hervey, removed from Bangor. The bilhop poffeftes
nearly all the rights 6f a county palatine, and is fovereign :
he appoints a judge to hear and determine all caufes within
the ifle, holds aftizes, gaol delivery, and quarter feffions.
of the peace within the liberty, and has his chief and un¬
der bailiffs for execution of procefs, and his cuftos rotu-
lorum : yet it is not a county palatine, but a royal fran-
cliife. See the article Countv, vol.'v. p. 290. Here
was an abbey of nuns in the feventh century, which was
deftroyed by t lie Danes in the year 86S. In the year 970,
an abbey of monks was founded, which, in 1413, was
mitred, and continued till the diffolution, when it was
yalued at 10S4I. The cathedral, which is its chief orna¬
ment.

ELY

487

ELY

jnent, lias a (lately lantern, feen at a vaft diftance; but it
feems to totter with every blaft of wind. The choir was
removed to the eaft end of the church, and a general re¬
pair took place in 1792, when a very handfome window
of painted glafs was put up at the eaft end, over the altar.
The city is not populous nor beautiful, but has great
plenty of provifions ; the number of inhabitants is about
2500. It has one broad handfome well-paved ftreet ; and
it is the only city in England fubordinate to the biftiop in
its civil government, and unreprefented in parliam'ent.
The ifle of Ely, from its fenny fituation, has frequently
held out a longtime againft foreign and domeftic foes;
and particularly was the laft place in the kingdom which
fubmitted to William the Conqueror. Here is a free-
fchool and two charity-fchools. The aflizes are held
here in March or April, and a t Wifbeach in October.
The market is on Saturday. Fairs, Afcenfion-day and
Qftober 29. The diocefe contains all Cambr.idgefltire,
and the ifle of Ely, excepting Ifelham, which belongs to
the fee of Rochefter, and fifteen other parifhes that are
in the diocefe of Norwich ; but it has a pari (h in Norfolk,
viz. Entneth. The number or parifhes in this diocefe are
741, whereof feventy-five are impropriate. This fee hath
given two faints and two cardinals to the church of Rome ;
and to the Englifh nation nine lord chancellors, feven lord
treafurers, one lord privy-feal, one chancellor of the ex¬
chequer, one chancellor to the univerfity of Oxford, two
matters of the rolls, and three almoners. To the cathe¬
dral belong a bifhop, a dean, an archdeacon, eight pre¬
bendaries, with vicars, lay-clerks, chorifters, a fchool-
mafter, ulher, and twenty-eight king’s fcholars. Ely is
feventeen miles north of Cambridge, and lixty-nine north
of London.

ELYCH'NIOUS, adj. Having no match, v.oid of light.
Cole. Not ufed.

ELYCHRY'S-UM,/. in botany. See St^helina.

ELYMA'JS, a country of Perfia, between the Perfian
gulf and Media. The capital of the country was called
Elymais, and was famous for a rich temple of Diana,
which Antiochus Epipbanes attempted to plunder. The
Elymeans aftifted Antiochus the Great in his wars againft
the Romans. None of their kings are named in hiltory.
Strabo.

EL'YMI, a nation defcended from the Trojans, in al¬
liance with the people of Carthagei Paufanias.

EL'YMAS, [Arab, a magician.] A man’s name.

EL'YMUS,y'. [from Gr. to involve, the fpike in
fome fpecies being involved in the involucre.] In botany,
a genus of the clafs triandria, order digynia, natural or¬
der gramina, graminese, or grades. The generic cha-
radfers are — Calyx : receptacle, common, lengthened in¬
to a fpike ; glume four-leaved, two-ranked, two fubulate
leaflets being placed under each fpikelet. Corolla: two-
valved ; valve exterior, larger, acuminate, awned, inte¬
rior flat; neftary two-leaved ; leaflets' oblong, (harp, ci-
liate. Stamina : filaments three, hair-form, very fliort ;
antherae oblong, two-cleft at the bafe. Piftillum: germ
top-fhaped, ftyles two, divaricated, hairy, infletfed ; ftig-
mas fimple. Pericarpium : none ; corolla involving the
feed. Seed: Angle, linear, convex on one fide, covered.
— EJfential Character. Calyx, lateral, two-valved, aggre¬
gate, many- flowered.

Species. 1. Elymus arenarius, or fea lime-grafs : fpike
upright, clofe ; calyxes tomentofe, longer than the flo¬
ret. Leaves reedy, glaucous or whitifh, involute and
mucronate, channelled and rigid ; fteriis two or thtee feet
high and more, (Lengthened by three or four joints ;
fpike tomentofe, linear, eight or nine inches long, as large
as a full-fized ear of wheat, but lefs compact; fpikelets
two, ftraight, two-flowered, awnlefs. Like aruttdo armaria,
or fea-reed-grafs, it prevents the ■ fea-fand from blowing
about by means of its matted roots. Dr. Withering con¬
jectures that it may poflibly admit of being made into
ropes, as ftipa tenaciflima is in Spain. It is perennial, fre¬
quent on the fea-coaft in many parts of Europe, and flow¬
ers from June to Auguft.

2. Elymus Sibiricus, or Siberian lime-grafs : fpike pen¬
dulous, clofe ; fpikelets in pairs, longer than the calyx.
Stems tall, round, and fmooth ; leaves moderately broad,
and commonly diftinguiflied by a kind of glaucous pow¬
dery complexion on the under fides. Perennial ; native
of Siberia, flowering in June and July.

3. Elymus Philadelphicus, or Philadelphia lime-grafs :
fpike pendulous, patulous ; fpikelets fix-flowered, the
lower ones ternate. This, in its habit and whole ftn\c-
ture, is extremely fimilar to the canadevfis, but the fpikes
in this are nodding or defeending : the fpikelets in this
are alfo fix-flowered ; in the other fonr-fiowered : in this
alfo the awns are lefs ftraight, and a little flexuofe, even
while flowering ; whereas in the other they are ftraight :
the calyx is as fhort again as the fpikelet. Native of
Philadelphia; perennial.

4. Elymus Canadenfis, or Canadian lime-grafs : fpike
nodding, patulous; lower fpikelets ternate; upper bi-
nate. This agrees in moft circumftances with the fetond *
fpecies; it differs, however, in thefe : 1 . The fpikelets
are villofe, not naked. 2. The involucres end in an awn
longer than the (pikelet itfelf ; ^vhereas, in the othef,
the awn is much (horter than the fpikelet. 3. The lower
fpikelets are three together; but, in elymus Sibiricus,.
they are no more than two. 4. The (pikelets, when in
flower, (land wide from the fcape ; whereas, in the other,
they approximate to it. At the bafe of each floret, on
the infide of the (pikelets, is a dot or fpot of a rufous-
brown colour. The leaves of this are bluifli, efpecially
underneath, which is not the cafe in elymus Sibiricus.
The awns alfo of the corolla, when the feed is ripening,
from fpreading become reflex, which in the other ipe-
cies they do not. Native of Canada and Virginia. Intro¬
duced before 1699, by the Rev. John Bannifter. It flowers
in July and Auguft, and is perennial.

5. Elymus caninus, bearded or dog’s lime-grafs, or
wheat-grafs : fpike nodding, clofe; fpikelets ftraight,.
without any involucre; the lowed double. Leaves bare
of hairs underneath. It differs from triticum repens, in
the root not being creeping; the fpikelets longer, ^nar¬
rower, and rounder, furnifhed with long awns ; whereas,
in triticum repens, they are very fhort, if any. Linnaeus
removed this from the genus triticum, wherein he had
firft placed it, on account of the lower (pikelets being in
pairs. Schreber never could difeern this. Krocker, how¬
ever, affirms that it really is fo in the Silefian plants.
Perennial; growing in woods and hedges; as between
Greenwich and Woolwich, about Croydon,. Ripton wood,
Huntingdonfhire, Stokenchurch woods, Oxfordlhire, &c„
in the north frequent. It flowers in June .and July.

6. Elymus tener, or pliant elymus: (pike pendulous ;
florets double. Culm two feet high, fmooth and even,
with red joints. Native of Siberia.

7. Elymus Virginicus, or Virginian lime-grafs: fpike
ere 61 ; fpikelets three-flowered ; involucre (Leaked. In
this fpecies the fpike exceeds that of an ear of common
barley, and there are two fe Hi 1 e involucres affixed to each
denticulated axis or bafe : each of thefe involucres con-
fifts of two rays, which are longer than the flowers, and
thicker, and are terminated by a long awn. Perennial;,
native of Virginia; introduced in 1781 by Mr. William
Curtis.

8. Elymus Europseus, or wood lime-grafs, or barley-
grafs : lpike upright; fpikelets two. flowered,, equal to
the 1 involucre. Culm upright, (lout, two feet high and
more, having four or five Joints-. The leaf at each of
thefe is about a fpan in length, and a quarter of an inch
or more in breadth ; fmooth to appearance, but roughUh
to the touch, efpecially round the edges. It very much
refembles elymus Virginicus ; but ihe leave.-, of- the in-

1 volucre are not (cored, as they are in that. The florets,,
together with their awns, are longer than the involucre;
they are two in number, whereas in that they are three.
In ftrudture it is an elymus; inhabit it approaches ra¬
ther more to the hordeum: in truth, it feems the con-
nedting link between both. Native of Germany, Swif.

j ierlandj

E M A

4 SB ELY

ferland, England, in woods, with us in a calcareous foil,
as near Berkhamftead, in Herts ; Marlow and Harnbieton,
in Bucks; Henley and Stokenchurch, in Qxfordftiire ;
Ripton woods, Huutingdonfhire ; rocks oppofite Mat-
lock baths ; in the north frequent. Perennial ; flower¬
ing in June. It is a coarfe grafs, like nioft of thofe which
grow in woods ; and like them is loinetimes drawn up to
a great height.

9. Elymus caput Meduftc, or Portugal llme-grafs :
fpikelets two-flowered; involucres bridle-form, fpreud-
ing very much. Native of Spain and Portugal, on the
coafts. Annual; flowering in July.

10. Elymus hyftrix, or rough lime-grafs : fpike up¬
right; fpikelets without involucre, fpreading. Native of
the Levant ; flowers here in July and Augult.

11. Elymus giganteus, or large elymus; fpike ercci,
dole ; fpikelets in fixes, fix-flowered, villofe ; calyxes
awl-lliaped, fmooth, longer that the fpikelets. Its coun¬
try is-iinknown. For the propagation and culture, fee
Grass : and fee Hordeum and Zizania.

EL'YOT (fir Thomas), a learned man in the reign of
Henry VIII. fon of fir Richard Elyot, of Suffolk, born
about the commencement of the fixteenth century. He
was educated at St. Mary’s-hall, Oxford, ancl afterwards
travelled abroad. On his return lie was knighted, and
■ employed by the king in various embafiies. He was at
Rome in 1532, negociating the affair of the divorce of
queen Catharine; and, in 1536, was fent to the emperor
■Charles V. He lived in habits of intimacy with feveral
of the learned men of his time, among whom were lir
Thomas More, and Leland the antiquary, the laft of whom
addrefied a copy of Latin verfes to him in his Encomia il-
liiftrium Virorum. He died in 1546. SirThomas Elyot
was the author of a number of works, which appear to
have bqen chiefly tranflations and compilations, but had
their ufe at the time in promoting knowledge and enrich¬
ing the Englifli language. One of the tnoft noted of tliefe
was his Cafiell of Health, feveral times reprinted.
Another work entitled The Governor, became popu¬
lar. Its purpofe was to give moral inftruftions to the
higher orders of fociety. I ts futirical vein is faid to liave
given fome offence; but the book was much applauded
by the king. He alfo wrote on education ; on remarka¬
ble events in Englifli hiftory ; on good women ; and a
library or dictionary. It ought not to be omitted, that
he is ranked among literary impofiors, on account of his
Image of Governance compiled of the ACts and Sen¬
tences notable of Alexa'nder Severus, which he pretend¬
ed to have tranflated from a Greek manufcript of Encol-
pius, lent him by a Neapolitan gentleman, but which is
proved to liave been taken from Lumpridius and Herodi-
an, with mifreprefentations and "additions from his own
invention.

E'LYS BAY, a bay of the ifland of Antigua, on the
north court, a little to the fouth of Beggar’s Point.

ELY'SIUM,/ [eA va<nv, Gr. or of py, Heb. to rejoice.]
The place affigned by the heathens to happy fouls ; any
place exquilitely pleafant :

To have thee with thy lips to flop my mouth,

So fiiould’lt thou either turn my flying foul.

Or I (bould breathe it fo into my body,

And then it liv’d in fweet Elyfium. Shakejbcare.

According to the mythology of the ancients, Elyfiurrf
was the paradife where the fouls of the virtuous were
placed after death. "There happinefs was complete, the
pleafures were innocent and refined. Bowers for ever
green, delightful meadows, with pleafant dreams, were
the ,mofl finking objeCts. The air was wholefome,
ferene, and temperate; the birds continually warbled in
the groves, and the inhabitants were defied with another
fun and other ftars. The employments of the heroes who
dwelt in thefe regions of blils were various; the manes
of Achilles are reprefented as waging war with the wild
hearts, while the Trojan chiefs are innocently exerciling

themfelves in managing horfes, or in handling arms. Ta
thefe innocent amufements fome poets have added contir
nual feafting and revelry, and they fuppofe that the Ely-
fian fields were filled with all the incontinence and volup-
tuoufnefs which Mahomet has pictured to his difciples as
the reward of every true mu (Tel man, who rtiould perirti in
attempting to eftablifh the doCtrines of the Koran. The
Elyfian fields were, according to fome, in the fortunate
iflands on the court of Africa, in the Atlantic. Others
place them in the irtand of Leuce ; and, according to the
authority of Virgil, they were (ituate in Italy. Accord¬
ing to Lucian, they were near the moon ; or in the center
of the earth, if we believe Plutarch. Virg./En.v i. Homer.
Od. iv. — Dr. Bryant and other modern writers place the
Elyfian fields upon the fide of the charonian canal, near the
ancient Memphis, in E^ypt.

ELY'TRA,/ The liiells or wing-cafes of the coleop-
tric order of infeCis. They are generally highly poliflied,

• and enriched with various colours. See the article En¬
tomology, in this volume.

ELY'TROCELE,/. [from EXtrrpoi', Gr. the vagina, and
kvjA y„ a tumour.] In medicine, a hernia in the vagina.

ELYTROI'DES, J. [from eXvrpoii, Gr. a Iheath, and
etooc, a likenefs. ] In anatomy, the' name of the tunica va¬
ginalis, becaufe it includes the tefies as it were in a Iheath.

ELY'TRON,/. [from eAv&>, Gr. to involve.] The va¬
gina. A fheath. In anatomy, the membranes which in¬
volve the fpinal marrow are called elytra.

EL'ZE, or Eltz, a town of Germany in the circle of
Lower Saxony, and bilhopric of Hildefiieim, on the
Saale : nine miles fouth-weft of Hildelheim.

EL'ZEVIRS, famous printers of Amfterdam and Ley¬
den, are jurtly commemorated for the many valuable
books they printed, and the perfection to which they car¬
ried their 3rt, at a comparatively early period. Lewis,
the firft of t he family, was diftinguilhed for his editions
from the year 1395. He was lucceeded by Bonaven-
ture, Abraham,. and Daniel, the latter of whom died
about 1680. The Elzevirs were lefs learned than the
Etiennes, (Stephenfes,) but they equalled them in the
choice of books and the knowledge of bnfinefs, and fur-
parted all the world in the beauty of typography. Their
(mail types, in particular, have a clearnefs and elegance
which perhaps have never been equalled. Their Virgil,
Terence, Greek Teftament 1633, and fome other books
diftinguilhed by characters in red ink, are reckoned maf-
ter-pieces ; and the belt of their dallies (till maintain a
high value. Tlie laft catalogue of their editions was
printed by Daniel in 1674, in (even parts, but it contains
many books not of their own printing.

’EM. A contraction of them :

For he could coin and counterfeit
New words with little or no wit ;

And when with hafty noife he fpoke ’em ,

The ignorant for current took ’em. Hudibras.

EMACER A'TION, f. A making lean or wafting;
alfo foaking or fowfing.

To EMA'CIATE, v. a. \_ernatio, Lat.] Towafte; to
deprive of flelh. — All dying of the confumption, die ema-
dated and lean. Graunt.

To EMA'CIATE, v. n. To lofe flelh; to pine; to
grow lean. — He emanated and pined away in the too
anxious .enquiry of tlie lea’s reciprocation, although not
drowned therein. Brown.

EMACI A'TION, J\ [ emaciatus , Lat.] The a.Ct of
making lean. The (late of one grown lean. — Searches
cannot tell whether this emaciation or leannefs were from
a phthifis, or from a heCfic fever. Graunt.

EMA'CITY, f. [ emacitas , Lat.] A defire to be al¬
ways buying.

To EMA'CULATE, v.a. [emacularc., Lat.] To take
out fpots.

EM ACUL A'TION,/. [emaculo, Lat.] The ad of free¬
ing any thing from fpots or foulnefs.

E'MANANT.

E M 13

E'MANANT, \_emanans, I, at.] I (Thing from fome-
diing elfe. — The firft aft of the divine nature, relating
to the world, and his adminiftrption thereof, is an emanant
aft : the mod: wifeceunfel and purpofe of Almighty God,
terminate in thofe two great tranfient or emanant afts or
works, the work of creation and providence. Hale.

To E'MANATE, v. n. [ emano , Lat.] To iffue or Row
from fomething elfe. — They have their rrfidence in a
city, whofe conflitution has emanated, neither from the
charter of their king, nor from their legillative power.
Burke.

EM AN A'TION, f. lemanatio, Lat.] The aft of iffu-
ing or proceeding froth any other fubftance.— Ariftotle
faid, that it dreamed by connatural refult and emanation
from God, the infinite and eternal Mind, as the light if-
fues from the fun. South. — That which i (flies from an¬
other fubftance; an efflux ; effluvium. — The experience
of thofe profitable and excellent emanations from God,
may be-, and commonly are, the firff motive of our love.
Tdylor. 1

Such were the features of her heav’nly face ;

Her limbs were form’d with fuch harmonious grace ;

So faultlefs was the frame, as if the whole -

Had been an emanation of the foul. Dry den.-

EMAN'ATIVE, adj. [from emano, Lat.] Iffuing from
another.

To EMAN'CIPATE, v. a. [emancipo, Lat.] Tofetfree
from fervitude ; to reffore to liberty. — Having received
the probable inducements of truth, we become emanci¬
pated from teffimonial engagements. Brown. — They eman¬
cipated themfelves from dependence. Arbuthnot.

EMANCIPATION,/. The aft of fettingfree; de¬
liverance from flavery. — Obftinacy in opinions holds the
dogmatift in the chains of error, without hope of emanci¬
pation. Glanville.

EMAN'UEL, or Immanuel, a name given to Chrift.
A man’s name. *

EM ANtJEN'SIS, / One who writes what another
dictates or direfts. This is more ufually written ama-
■nuenjis.

To EMAR'GINATE, v. a. [ margo , I.at.] To take
away the edge or margin of any thing,

EMAR'GIN ATED, pari. Deprived of the margin,
cut or indented in the form of a heart, indented on the
edge.

EMARGTNA'TION,/. Cleaning off the feurf which
gathers ajaout the edge of a wound, Scott.

EM AS'CULATE,/. [from emafc.ulo, Lat. to render im¬
potent.] The malady or imperfeftion of having the te (ti¬
des in the belly, and not fallen into the ferotum.

To EMAS'CULATE, v. a. \_emafculo, Lat.] To caf-
trate ; to deprive of virility. — When it is found how
many ewes, fuppofe twenty, one ram will ferve, we may
geld nineteen ; for if you emafculate but ten, you (hall, by
promifeuous copulation, hinder the increafe. Graunt. —
To effeminate ; to weaken ; to viciate by unmanly foft-
nefs. — Dangerous principles impofe upon our underftand-
ings, emafculate our fpirits, and fpoil our temper. Collier.
From wars and from affairs of (late abftain ;

Women emafculate a monarch’s- reign. Dry den.

EM ASCULA'TION,/ Caftration. Effeminacy; wo-
manifii qualities'; unmanly foftnefs. See the article Cas¬
tration, vol. iii. p. 891.

EMA'THIA, a name' given anciently, and particularly
by the poets, to the countries which formed the empires
of Macedonia and Theffaly. Virgil.

EMA'THION, a (on of Titan and Aurora, who reigned
in Macedonia. The country was called Emalkia from his
name. Some fuppofe that he was a famous robber de-
ffroyed by Hercules. Ovid.

EMBA'BEH, a town of Egypt, near the pyramids of
Girgeli, two miles weft, of Cairo.

Vol. VI. No. 366.

EMB 480

To EMBA'LE, v. a. \_embpller, Fr.] To make up into
a bundle. To bind up ; to inclofe :

Below her ham her weed did fofnewhat train,

And her ftraight legs mod bravely were enibapd
In golden bufkins of coftly cord wain. Sperfer.

EMBA'LL, v. a. \_emballcr , Fr.] To make up in a
ball. Shahefpcare.

7VF.MB A'LM, v. a. \embaumer , Fr . onbalfajper , Span.]
To impregnate a body with aromatics, that it may refill
putrefaftion. See Egypt, p. 352, of this volume.

Verfe embalms virtue, and tombs or thrones of rhymes,
Preferve frail tranfitory frame as much
As fpice doth bodies from corrupt air’s touch. Donne.
Mufe ! at tl\at name' thy facred forrows (hed ;

Thofe tears eternal that embalm the dead. Pope.

EMBALM'ER, f. One that praftifes the' art of em¬
balming and preferving. bodies. — The Romans were not
fo good cmbalmcrs as the Egyptians, fo the body was ut¬
terly confirmed. Bacon.

D F.MBAR', ti. a, To (hut; to enclofe :

Themfelves for fear into his jaws to fall,

He forc’d to caftle ftrong to take their flight ;

Where firft embar'd in mighty brazen wall,

He has them now four years befieg’d to make them thrall.

Sptmfer.

To flop ; to hinder by prohibition ; to block up :

If this commerce ’twixt heav’n and earth- were not
Embar'd , and all this traffic quite forgot.

She, for whofe lofs we have lamented thus,

Would work more fully and pow’rfuljy on us. Donne.

EM'B A P , a town of Africa, in the country of Senegal.

EMB ARC ADE'RE, J'. (on the American coaft.) A
haven or bay which ferves fome inland city as a port or
place for flopping. Scott.

EMBARCA'TION, f. The aft of putting on fliip-
board. — The French gentlemen were very folicitous for
the cmbarcation of the army, and for the departure of the
fleet. Clarendon. — The aft of going on fhipboard.

EMB AR'GO, /. \_embargar, Span.] A prohibition to
pafs; in commerce, a. flop put to trading veffels. — After
an embargo of our trading (hips in the river of Bourdeaux,
and other points of fovereign affront, there did fuccecd
the aftion of Rheez. IVotlon.

To EMB AR'GO', v.a. To lay on an embargo ; to de¬
tain. — The embargo upon our Drips in the ports of Ruffia
was in confequence of feveral captains attempting to
fmuggle wheat on-board. Thofe difeovered were i rn me¬
diately embargoed, and others were prevented from pro¬
ceeding to fea, until they fhould be fearched. Evening
Mail.

To EMB-A'RK, v. a. \cmbarquer, Fr.] To put on (hip-
board. To engage another in any affair. — The king had
provided a good fleet, and had caufed a body of three
thoufand foot to be embarked on thofe (hips. Clarendon.
Straight to the (hips .Eneas took his way,

Embark'd his men, and (kim’d along the fea. Dryden.

To EMBA'RK, v. n. To go on fhipboard. To engage
in any affair :

I fhould with fpeed embark,

And with their embaffy return to Greece. Phillips.

EMB AR'QUEMENT, f. [Fr. from to embark. ] The
(late, or being on fhipboard ; any thing put on fhipboard,
a cargo, in which laft fenfe it apparently occurs in Shake-
fpeare’s Coriolanus. — Embarquement all of fury. — Mr. Ma-
fon in his Suppl. to Johnfon, confounds the word with
embargo. Monthly Mag.

To EMBAR'RAS, v. a. \_embaraffer, Fr.] To perplex ;
to. diftrefs; to entangle. — I law my friend a little embar -
raffed , and turned away. Spectator.

6 I

EMB AR'R ASS-

E M B

490

EMB AR'R ASSMENT,y. Perplexity; entanglement.

• — Let your method be plain, that your hearers may run
through it without ernbarraffment, , and take a clear view of
the whole. Weils.

To EMBA'SE, v. a. To vitiate; to depauperate ; to
lower; to deprave ; to. impair. — I will rather choofe to
wear a crown of thorns, than to exchange that of gold for
one of lead, whole embafed fiexiblenefs (hall be forced to
bend. King Charles. — A pleafure high, rational, and' an¬
gelical ; a pleafure embafed with no appendant ding ; but
fuch a one as being honey in the mouth, never turns to
gall or gravel in the belly. South. — To degrade ; to vilify:

Joy of my life, full oft for loving you
I blefs my lot, that was fo lucky plac’d ;

But then the more your own mifliap I rue.

That are fo much by fo mean love embas’d. Spenfer.

EM'BASIS, f. [from tv, Gr. in, and Gctwu, to go.] A
deep tub or veffel for wafliing the body, generally ap¬
plied to medical baths.

EMB AS'SADE,yi [Fr.] Embafly :

But when Iter words embaffade forth (he fends,

Lord ! how fvveet mu lie that unto them lends! Spenfer.

EMB AS'SADOR, f. One fent on a public meflage.
See the article Ambassador, vol. i. p. 398.

EMB AS'S ADRESS, f. A woman fent on a public
meflage :

With fear the modeft matron lifts her eyes,

And to the bright embaffadrefs replies. Garth.

The wife of an embaflador.- — Do you frequent the Dutch
embalTador or embajfadrefs . Chef erf eld.

EM'BASS AGE, or Embassy, f. [It may be obferved,
that’ though authors write almoft indiferiminately embaf-
Jador or ambaffador, embajfage or ambaffage ; yet there is
fcarcely an example of ambaffy, all concurring to write em~
baffy .] A public melTage: a meflage concerning bufinefs:
The. peace polluted thus, a chofen band
He firfl: cormniflions to the Latian land,

In threat’ning tmbaffy. Dryden.

Any folemn meflage. — He fends the angels on embajjies
with his decrees. Taylor. , — An errand, in an ironical fenfe.
— A bird was made fly with fuch art to carry a written
embajfage. among the ladies,, that one might fay, If- a live
bird, how taught.? .If dead, how made ? Sidney.

Nimble mi (chance, that art fo light of foot,

Doth not thy embajfage belong to me ;

And am I lad that know it ? Shakefpeare.

EMB AS'S AGE, f. Conveyance of thoughts :

And ever and anone, when none was ware,.

With fpeaking looks, that elofe embaffage bore,

He rov’d at her, and told his fecret care. Spenfer.

EMBA'TER,y. The hole or look-through to take aim
by in a crofs-bow.

EMBAT'TILED, part. adj. in heraldry, indented like
battlements :

Wearing a diaderne embattil'd wide

With hundred turrets, like a turribant. Spcrfer.

To EMBAT'TLE, v. a. To range in order or array of
battle:

The Engli(h are embattled ;

To horfe ! you gallant princes, drait to horfe ! Shahefp.

Embattl'd nations' drive in vain
Our hero’s glory to redrain :

Streams arm’d with rocks, and mountains red with fire,

In vain againd our force confjpire. Prior.

On their embattl'd ranks the waves return,,

And overwhelm the war 1: Milton.

EMB

To EMBAT'TLE, v. n. To be ranged in battle array:

The night

Is (liiny, and they fay we dial 1 embattle

By the Second hour of the morn. Shakefpeare.

EM'B AUL, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Da¬
rnel. Lat. 15. 15. N. Ion. 15. 37. W. Greenwich,

To E.MBA'Y, v. a. [from baigner , Fr. to bathe.] To
bathe ; to wet ; to wadi. Notufd:

Every fenfe the humour fw.eet embay'd ,

And, dumb’ring foft, my heart did' deal away. Spenfer.
[From bay.\ To inclofe in a bay; to land lock:

If the invading fleet

Be not inflielter’d and embay'd , they are drown’d. Shakefp..

To EMBEL'LISH, v. a. \_embellir, Fr.] To adorn; to
beautify; to grace with ornaments; to decorate. — That
which was once the mod beautiful fpot of Italy, covered
with palaces ,. cmbellified by emperors, and celebrated by.
poets, has now nothing to (hew but ruins. Addifon.

How nmch more beauteous had the fountain been,
Embellifi'd with her fird created green ;

Where crydal dreams through living turf had run,
Contented vvith ail urn of native done. Dryden.

EMBEL'LISHMENT, f. Ornament ; adventitious..
beauty; decoration; adfeititious grace; any thing that
confers the power of-pleaiing :

Culture the wild licentious favage
With wifdom, difeipline, and liberal arts,

Th’ embellifhments of life. Addifon.

EM'BER-DAYS, certain days obferved by the church
at four different feafons of the year ; viz, the Wednefday,
Friday, and Saturday, next after Quadragefima Sunday, or
the fird Sunday in Lent ; the next after Whitfunday ; after
Holyrood or Holycrofs, the 14th day of September; and
after St. Lucy, the 13th day of December. The name is
derived, from embers or allies, which it is fuppofed were
ftrewed on the head, on thefe folemn occadons.

EM'BER WEEKS, tliofe weeks in which the Ember-
days fall. Ember-weeks are now chiefly noticed on ac--
count of the ordination of prieds. and deacons ; becaufe the
canon appoints the Sundays next after the Ember-weeks
for the folemn times of ordination; though thebifhops, if
they pleafe, may ordain on any Sunday or holiday.

EMBE-Rl'ZAj.y. the Bunting ; in ornithology, a
genus of birds belonging to the order of pafferas. The
bill is conical, and the mandibles recede from each, other
towards the bale the inferior mandible has the fide. nar¬
rowed! nwards ; the upper, with a hard knob within..
This genus contains no lefs than feventy-four fpecies,
befides many varieties, fome or other of which are found
in all parts of the known world. They are as follow :

1. Emberiza nivalis, the fnow bunting. The bleak
mountains of Spitsbergen, the Lapland Alps, the fliores
of Hudfon’s-bay, and perhaps countries dill more north¬
erly, are, during the Tummer months, the favourite abodes
of this bird. The exceflive feverity of thefe inhofpitable
climates, changes part of its plumage into white in win¬
ter. It has a pleafing variety of appearance from a di-
verfified intermixture of white, black, and ferruginous;,
and the combinations of thefe colours are affedted by the
feafon, and by the temperature of the countries they in¬
habit. In winter, the head, the neck, the coverts of the
wings, and all the under part of the body, are in the
male white as fnow, with a light and almod transparent
tint of ferruginous on the head only ; the back is black ;
the quills of the wings, and of the tail, partly black,
partly white. In fummer, the head, the neck, the under
part of the body, and even the back, are ftained with
tranfverfe ferruginous waves of various intenfity, but ne¬
ver fo deep as in the female, of which it is the predomi¬
nant colour, and difpofed in longitudinal ftripes. In fome

fubjedls

E M B E

fubjefls the neck is cinereous, the back cinereous varie--
gatecT with brown; a purple tinge round t lie eyes; a
reddilh cart on the head, &c. The colour of the bill is
alfo variable ; fometimes yellow, fometimes cinereous at
the'bafe, and generally black at the point. In all, the
noflrils are round, lomewhat prominent, and covered
with (mail feathers ; the tongue is a little forked; the
eyes are fmall'and bl-ack ; the legs black. Thefe birds
leave the mountains when the fnovvs and frofts will not
permit them to procure their food ; and they return in
fpring to their icy fummits. Though they do not always
hold the fame route, they are commonly feen in Sweden,
in Saxony, in Lower Sirefia, in Poland, in Red Ruflia,
and in Podolia. They are very rare in the fouth of Ger¬
many, and almofi entirely unknown in Svviflerland and
Italy. In the time of their paffage they keep conffantly
along the roads, picking up fmall feeds, and every fort
of grain. This is the proper feafon for catching them.
They are valued for the Angularity of their plumage, and
the delicacy of their flefli. This bird is found in the
northern parts of Great Britain, and is called in Scotland
fnowfake, appearing in great flocks in the fnowy feafon,
and luppofed to be the certain forerunner of hard weather.

A few breed in the fame places with the ptarmigans.
They are' found in all the northern latitudes, without
exception, as far as our navigators have been able to
penetrate ; even beyond Spitzbergen, upon remote fields
of ice, and in large flocks: what can be found there for
food, is difficult to determine, as they are grauivorous
birds, and the only fpecies of the genus found in that
frozen climate. In America they advance no farther to
the fouth than Nova Scotia, never being found at New
York. The more northward t hey are found, the whiter
the plumage becomes. Thefe birds are of the fize of the
chaffinch. They probably breed in Spitzbergen, and cer¬
tainly in Greenland, where they make their nefts in tire
Allures of the mountain rocks, employing grafs for the
outfide, feathers for the' inflde, and the down of the arftic
fox for lining. They lay five white eggs fpotted with
brown. They fing fweetly, fitting on the ground. In
autumn, when they iflue from their frozen retreats, they
gradually and fucceflively vifit all the northern parts of
Europe. They enter Britain by the north of Scotland ;
at firft they are lean, but foon grow, fat and delicious;
the Highlands abound with them. They appear at Hud-
fon’s-bay in April, retire northward in May to breed,
and pay another vifit in September. They live in vaft
flocks, feed on grafs, feeds, & c. and are eaflly caught.
Their colour, being produced by the degree of cold to
which they are expofed, is neceflarily variable.

There are three other varieties of this fpecies : the firff
lias the whole of the white parts tinged with yellow ; and
the throat and fore part of the neck marked with very '
fmall brown fpots ; but agrees with the preceding in all
other refpefts, In the fecond variety almofi the whole
of the head, the upper part of the neck, back, rump,
tail, and wing-coverts, are yellowifh white; round the
bill, and all the under parts, blackifh. The other va¬
riety is called the pied bunting: the eye-lids are black,
.the irides are white ; the head, throat, and neck, white;
but at the lower part of the neck are three circles, the
upper one of a lead-coloured blue, the next white, and
the lowed blue : on the bread is a denticulated blueifli
mark; wing-coverts and quills white, with a mixture of
greenifh yellow in fome places, and black in others :
the eight middle tail-feathers, white; the legs and claws
fledf-colour. This variety was found in the county of
Effex.

a. Emberiza mudelina, the tawny bunting : a fize
larger than the preceding ; length near feven inches : bill
yellow, tip black ; crown of the head tawny ; throat al-
moft white, changing to a dull yellow near the bread,
.which, with the under parts, is white dallied with yel-
lowifh marks ; the back and fcapular feathers are black,
«dged with pale reddifh brown: rump, and upper tail-

R I Z A. 49 1

coverts, half white half yellow : the four middle tail-
feathers are dufky black, fringed with white; the three
outer ones on each dde white, marked with a dufky fpot
on the outer web; but the third on both v.ebs at the tip.
This fpecies is fometimes met with in the northern parts
of England, but not often.

3. Emberiza montana, the mountain bunting : bill
fhort, and black at the tip, the red yellow; forehead
dark chefnut ; hind part of theTead and cheeks lighter;
the back afh-coloured, lpotted with black ; the throat
white; bread and belly waved with flame-colour; the
fetting-on of the wings grey; the five fird feathers black-
ifh brown, the reft white, the point of each dallied with
brown; the three outer tail-feathers white, the red dark
brown. This is fometimes found in Yorklhire and
Northamptondiire.

4. Emberiza hyemalis, the black bunting: bill white ;
head, throat, neck, back, fcapulars, rump, and upper
tail-coverts, black, inclining to lead-colour; from the
bread to the vent white; quills and tail black: thofe in
the Britidi and Leverian Mnfeums have the tip of the
bill black; the fore part of the neck lead-coloured, and
the two outer tail feathers with ferruginous margins.
They vifit Virginia and Carolina in winter only, chiefly
in fnowy weather ; and are called the chuck bird.

5. Emberiza hortulana, the ortolan : -this delicate bird
is fmaller than the yellow-hammer ; bill yellowifii ; head
and neck cinereous olive; round the eyes yellowifii;
throat the fame, bordered on each fide with a cinereous
line ; back and fcapulars browmidi chefnut, mixed with
black in the middle of the feathers, inclining mod to
chefnut towards the rump; the under parts' very pale
rufous ; wing-feathers brown, deeped in the middle ;
fome have rufous and others grey edges ; tail deep brown,
with rufous edges, except the outer feather, which is
edged with white, and t he inner part of the next tipped'
with white. The female differs in having the head and
neck inclining to afli-colour, marked with fmall black
lines down the fhaft of each feather; in other refpeiits
like the male. Thefe birds are found in feveral parts of.
Europe, but are not met with in England; they are com¬
mon in France and Italy, and in fome parts of Germany
and Sweden, migrating from one to the other in fpring
and autumn ; and in their paflage are caught in numbers,,
and fatted for the table. This is done ealily, by inclofing
the birds in a dark room, fetting before them plenty of
oats and millet, with which they foon grow To fat, that
they would die from that caufe alone, did not their feed¬
ers kill them in time, for the fake of emolument. Their
flefli is faid to be one of the moll exquifite morfels yet
known, being as it were a lump of rich fat ; and the birds
arrived at this ftate will often weigli three ounces each.
They are very common in the fouth of Ruflia, and in Si¬
beria, as far as the river Ob ; but they never go far to
the north. This bird will fing, and has been kept for
that purpofe. The note is not unlike that of our yellow-
hammer, but finer and fvveeter. In fome parts it makes
the tie ft in a low hedge ; in others, on the ground. It is
carelefsly conftructed, not unlike that of the lark. The
female lays four or five greyifh eggs, and in general has
two broods in a year. It frequents oat-fields, of whigh
it feems very fond, foon growing exceeding fat, and fuf-
ficiently fo for tile table; but never reckoned fo delicious
as when fattened artificially.

There are four varieties of the ortolan: the firft is all
over of a ftraw-colour, except the edge of the wing and
the quills, which are white; the bill and legs reddifiu
The fecond is wholly white, as pure as that ot the fwan.
The third differs but little from the common fpecies,.
except in the tail, which is almoft wholly white. In the
fourth' variety the whole body is blackilh, except the
head and heck, which incline to green ; the bill red;,
the legs cineheous. Buffon alfo mentions a further va¬
riety, which had the throat yellow mixed with grey, a
grey bread, and a rufous belly,

1, 4. Emberixa-

492 ' E M 13 E

6. Embeviza Sir, ends, the Cliinefe bunting : bill pale
rufous; irides yellow; top of the head, and all the up¬
per parts of the body, of a reddifh rufous colour, with
yellowifli edges-; the lefl’er wing-coverts very light yel¬
low; the fecond quills deep brown, edged with rufous
grey; the prime quills umber-colour, edged with dull
yellow ; the throat, bread, belly, and vent, fine yellow;
down the middle of the belly a longitudinal (freak of
brown; the tail is alfo of this colour, edged with gi'ey .-
Found in theTouthern provinces of China, in the months
of Odlober, November, and December.

7. Emberiza citrinella, the yellow-hammer: length fix
inches and a quarter ; bill dufky; irides hazel ; crown of
the head in fome of a beautiful pale, and in others of a
full yellow; nape greenilh ; cheeks yellow ; over the
eyes a brownifli flripe, palling backwards; the hind part
of the neck, and upper parts of the body, are blackifh
down the fiiaft, rufous on the, (ides, and fringed with
grey ; rump pale tawny ; chin, and under parts, yellow,
inclining to reddifh on, the bread, and dallied with dufky
on the (ides; the wings are reddifh brown, olive or dufky,
mixed, and edged chiefly with grey ; the tail brown, a
little forked ; the two middle feathers edged- with grey,
the others outwardly .with olive, except at the ends,
where the margin is grey-* the outernietfl' are-edged with
white ; and a (pot of white-juA at the tip. The female ;
is much duller in colour, and has very little yellow about
the head. This is one of the mod common of our Britifh
birds, known every where to make a tied compofed of
hay, or draw mixed with a little mofs, dried leaves, and
(talks, very ill put together, and lined with hair or wool ;
generally on the ground, though now and then in a low
bufh. The eggs in general five or fix in number, marked
with brown or blackifh irregular breaks, with here and
there. a blotch. This bird has more than one brood in a
year. It is reckoned with us of little value ; its note
trifling, and is therefore never kept in a cage ; though in
fpring the male has a- fort of fong, confiding of (even
■notes ; (I x of the fird are of equal tones, and pretty quick ;
the lad (harper than the others; and continued to the
-length at lead of three of the fird. Qlina fays, that t hey
partly imitate the warble of the chaffinches, with which
they alfociate. Fri.fch relates that they adopt fomething
of the Cong of the canary, when they hear it young ; and
Aldrovandus (peaks of its fine warble; which would im¬
ply that in more favourable climes their notes improve.
This bird is found throughout Europe, and feeds both
-on grain and infefts. The flefli, for the table, does not
def'erve commendation, when caught at large, as it is
bitter; but how it might improve if fatted like the or¬
tolan, is not certain. Buffon confiders it in this refpedt
-very nearly allied to the ortolan; and in Italy, where
they eat all Tmall birds without diflindlion, they are
thought to be very good.

3. Emberiza miliaria, the common bunting : lize of the
yellow-hammer, but dourer in the body : bill pale brown, ;
general colour of the plumage pale olive brown, with a
blackiih dafli down the (haft of each feather, which is r
fringed on the edge with rufous; under parts plain yel-
lowilh white, dadied on the (ides with dufky; quills dufky,
with yellowifli edges; tail-feathers the fame, and forked.
The female differs little, exqept in palenefs of colour.
This is alfo common in England, but much lefs lb than
the lad ; and in winter unites with them in large flocks.
The female builds the ned three or four inches from the
ground, on fome tuft of decayed herbage or dead plant,
and lays five or fix eggs. During the time of the hen’s
fitting, the male is leen on fome bare branch of an adja¬
cent tree; uttering a tremulous kind of note, three or
four times repeated. At the end of harved they are
caught in nets ; and, from tljeir (imilar plumage, are fold
for larks to the ignorant; and, indeed, by the better in¬
formed they pafs by the name of hunting larks. Though
thefo birds remain the whole year in, England, yet we
find them named as migratory on the continent. In

, R I Z A.

France they are rarely feen in winter, departing with the
fwallow ; and are laid to be more plenty about Rome than
elfewhere. They are common throughout Germahy, the
font hern parts of RulTia, Sweden, and Denmark, but not
in Siberia.

9. Emberiza fchcenielus, the reed bunting : fize of
the yellow-hammer ; bill brown; irides hazel ; the head,
throat, fore part of the neck, and bread, black; on each
fide of the neck a pale fireak, which palfes backward,
encircling the back part of the, neck as a ring ; the up¬
per parts of the body and wings brownifli red, with a
fireak of black down the fhaft-s; the lower part of the
bread and belly white, dreaked with dufky on the Tides ;
the eight middle tail-feathers black; the two middle
ones edged with rufous. In young birds the black on the
head is mixed witit brown. The female has the head and
neck partly of the- fame colour as the upper parts of the
body; otherwife is marked like the male, though more
dull. This bird frequents the marfhy grounds in Eng¬
land, efpecially where reeds grow ; between four of which
it faflens its- nett, two or three feet above the water. It
is compofed of dry grafs dalles, and lined within with tire
foft down of the reed ; the eggs are four or five in num¬
ber, of a bluidi white, marked with irregular ptirplifli
veins, mod confpicuous at the large end. Its refort is
for the mod part near the water; and it is likely that it
feeds on the feeds of the reed, like the bearded titmoufe.
With 11s they remain the whole year, but in fome parts
of the continent they are migratory. In Lorraine num¬
bers are feen palling on their paflage to other parts, both
in fpring. and autumn, though fome few day there the
whole year. The extreme limits of their peregrination
are between Sweden and Italy. In fpring the male fits
perched on a reed, and has a pleafing kind of warbling
fohg. It is frequently heard to fing in the night, as well
as day. There is a variety of the reed bunting, with the
head and neck dufky black; upper parts of the body
brown; wing-coverts incline to afh colour; prime quills
dulky, edged with cinereous ; fecondaries dufky, the
outer webs brown; the fix middle tail-feathers dufky ;
the two outer ones wholly white, -fringed with dufky near
the tip ; under parts of the body pale. Found at the
Cape of Good Hope.

10. Emberiza Provincialis, the mudachio bunting:
length little more than four inches-: bill dufky; upper
parts not unlike the reed fparrovv ; through the eye a
(treak of white palfes on eacii lide of the neck ; under the
eye a large patch of black 4 chin white; on each fide the
throat is a dreak of black ; the bread and fides pale
brown, fpotted with black; the red of the under parts
white; acrofs the middle of the wings a bar of white;
quills and tail duflty, edged with rufous ; legs pale brown;
Inhabits Provence; feeds on grain, and perches often.
In April it is faid to fing agreeably. It is called there
chic-gavotte, and chic-moudache.

•11. Emberiza Lefbia, the Lelbian bunting : very fimi-
lar to the lad, but lias not the black fpot under the eye ;
having, indead of it, only three narrow black bands, the
fpaces between which are white; it is alfo white round
the eye ; the bread, rump, and fides, are not fpotted with
dufky; the tail-feathers are white, except the two mid¬
dle, which are dulky, edged with rufous. This alfo in¬
habits Provence, and dilfers in not being in fong till June;
it is more rare than the lad, and very w.ild ; and from
fetting up a let earn on the approach of any of the birds
of prey, it is called chic de Mitilene. The Greeks in
the illand of Leffcos, or Metelin, are (aid to -life this in-
flindt of the Lelbian bunting to advantage, by placing
one of thefo birds among their poultry in their yards, in
a drong cage; by which means the fowls there kept are
fooiier advifed of the approach of the hawk, or other
bird of prey, than by any oilier method.

12, Emberiza I.otharinica, the Lorraine bunting : bill
brownifli flefli colour ; upper parts of the head,, neck,
and body, rufous, dallied with black ; fides of the head

pale ;

EMBERI2A.

» * » t > ' '

W*>

Jen.fuWtWieJ sis che ActdirecAr. Sept?i&xSe§ JfV JWtTkes .

E M B E R I Z A.

4f}.:

pale ; through the eye a ftreak of black ; from the bafe
of the lower mandible, and round the chin, riling to the
ears, another ftreak of black ; the under parts, as far as
the bread:, pale afh-colour, dotted with black ; from
thence to the vent deep rufous ; leffer wing-coverts pale
afh-colour ; the others rufous and black mixed ; the two
middle tail-feathers rufous; the others part black and
part white ; legs brown. The female is not fo large as
the male ; bill black at the point ; upper parts much
dike the male ; no black (freaks on the fide of the head ;
but inftead, a whitifh trace over the eye, and a patch of
rufous beneath it ; the under parts are white, which paffes
backwards on each fide of the neck, like a half colour.
Inhabits Lorraine.

13. Emberiza Ludovicia, the Louifianian bunting:
bill rufous, fpotted with black ; the head, throat, and
fore part of the neck, pale rufous ; the top of the head
is furrounded with a wreathed irregular (freak of black,
fomewhat like a horfe-flioe ; beneath the eye is a (freak,
and feveral leffer markings of black ; the upper parts of
the body rufous, dallied with black ; the lower part of
the back, the rump, and upper tail-coverts, black ; bread
^and fides rufous ; belly, thighs, and under the tail, rufous
white ; greater wing-coverts black, with rufous edges.
Inhabits Louifiana.

' 14. Emberiza. pfittacea, the parrot bunting : fize of a

fparrow : length eleven inches and a half: general co¬
lour a grey i fit afli ; the bafe of the bill furrounded with
pale red ; wings yellow and pale red mixed ; the tail the
colour of the body ; the two middle feathers much longer
than the others, and tipped with chefnut. Inhabits Brafil.

15. Emberiza paradifaea, the paradifc bunting : fize of
the hedge-fparrow : the bill lead-colour ; irides hazel ;
the head, chin, and fore part of the neck, back, wings,
and tail, black ; neck behind pale orange ; bread, and
upper part of the belly, a full orange ; lower belly, and
thighs, white; vent black ; the two middle tail-feathers
are four inches in length, very broad, and ending in a
long thread ; the two next are thirteen inches in length,
very broad in the middle, narrower at the end, and ra¬
ther pointed ; from the middle of the (haft of this lad
arifes another long thread ; the red of the tail-feathers
are only two inches and a quarter long; the two middle
long ones are placed fomewhat vertically, and appear un¬
dulated acrofs, and are more glofly than the others ; the
legs flefh-colour. The female is wholly of a deep brown,
alrnod black ; but does not gain the full plumage under
three years. This fpecies moults twice in a year. The
male is deditute of the long taiKfeathers fix months out
of twelve; it moults in November, when it fird lofes
them, and the plumage is of a mixed black and reddidi
colour, and the head dreaked black and white. It moults
again late in the fpring, when it receives the fummer
plumage ; but the tail-feathers are fcarcely complete till
June, though they fall again in November. The females,
when young, are nearly like the males in their winter
drefs. This bird is common about Angola, and other parts
of Africa; and is called la veuve , or widow bird, from
the colour. But' Edwards gives another reafon for the
name — being a corruption of Whidah, a tort in Africa,
in the neighbourhood of which they are very common.
Whidah bird, and widow bird, are founds very fimilar.
They are often brought into Europe, where they fell for
a great price, and frequently live many years, being in
general lively aftive birds.

16. Emberiza ferena, the dominican bunting : fmaller
than the preceding: bill red; upper part of the head
black, the crown rufous white ; the back part of the
neck, beneath the head, is rufous white, which paffes
forwards to join with the under parts, all of which, from
the chin, and beneath the eyes, are alfo rufous white ;
the hind part of the neck, and back, are black, edged
with white ; inner wing-coverts white ; reft of the wing
black ; the quills edged with white ; the tail is black :

Vql. VI. No. 367.

the two middle feathers are pointed at the ends, and are
more than two inches longer than the others, all of which
leflen in length as they are placed outwardly ; three ot
them, next to the middle feathers, have white tips, and
the two outer ones are white on the infide, and pale ru¬
fous without. The female is of an uniform brown co¬
lour; and the feathers of the tail are all of equal lengths,
the two middle ones not being longer than the others.
This fpecies moults twice in the year, like the preceding’;
and, like that, lofes, for a time, its long tail-feathers.

17. Emberiza vidua, the widow bunting: fize fome¬
what lefs than a fparrow : bill red ; head, and all the up¬
per parts, of a greenifti black; fides of the head, and un¬
der parts, white, the black forming an half collar ; acrofs
the wing-coverts is a band of white ; the quills are fringed
with brown ; the tail-feathers are twelve in number ; four
of thefe veryftong, the two middle ones being ten inches and
a half in length, and the next on each fide nine inches ; the
c-.hers even; the long ones are wholly black ; the others
black on the outer webs, and white within ; the two co¬
lours obliquely divided, having mod white on the outer
feathers ; legs black. Native of India.

18. Emberiza principalis, the variegated bunting : bill
red ; the upper parts of the head and body are black and
rufous mixed, the black occupying the middle of each
feather ; the fides of the head, and under parts, are white,
except the bread:, which is of a pale rufous ; the leffer
wing-coverts are white, the greater black, with rufous
edges; the tail is compofed of twelve feathers; the two
middle ones exceed the others by five inches and a half ;
the next on each fide are one inch (horter, thefe are deep
black ; the others, which are (liort, and of equal length,
are of a dull brown colour, margined with pale brown,
and marked each with a white fpot at the inner web ; legs
flefh-colour. Edwards obferves, that this bird foon re¬
covers the long feathers after moulting, contrary to the
Whidah, or paradife bird, which is often half a year with¬
out them. This fpecies is found at Angola, and’generally
throughout India.

19. Emberiza regia, the royal bunting: fize of a lin¬
net : bill red ; upper parts of the plumage black ; fides
of the head, and round the neck, rufous; the hind part
of the neck is fpotted with black; lower part of the
thighs and vent black; the four middle tail-feathers are
ten inches long, and are webbed only about two inches

- at the ends ; the reft of them are fimple (hafts, with fcarce¬
ly the lead perceivable rudiment of a web ; the others are
(hort and black. The female is brown, and has not the
long tail-feathers. Thefe birds moult twice a-year, and
in the winter the male is very little fuperior to a linnet
in colour, having the plumage nearly like it, only the
grey a little brighter. It inhabits Africa, from the coafts
of which thefe birds are fometimes imported into Eng¬
land.

20. Emberiza longicauda, the long-tailed bunting: a
large fpecies, fize of a fong thru (It ; total length twenty
inches ; from the bill to the fetting on of the tail only
five. The bill is ftrong and dulky; the noftrils nearly
hid in the feathers; the general colour of the plumage
is deep glofty black ; the lelfer wing-coverts are crimfon,
below this a bed of white ; fome of the quills are white
at the bafe, but hid when the wing is clofed ; the fecond
quills are as long as the prime ones ; the tail is compofed
of twelve feathers, which hang fidevvays, like thofe on
the fides of a cock’s tail ; fix of the middle ones are very
long, but unequal in themfelves, the two longeft are fif¬
teen inches, the next on each fide fourteen inches, and
the next only eleven inches and a half ; the others much
(horter; the legs are brown, of the fize of thofe of a
thrufli ; claws long and hooked. This is indigenous to
the Cape of Good Hope.

21. Emberiza Panayenfis, the Panayan bunting: fize
of a hedge-fparrow : colour wholly black, except a large
bright red fpot on the bread ; four of the tail-feathers

6 K. are

404 E M B E

are very long and pointed, hanging down like thofe of
the whidah, or paradife bird, and are all of a length. It
inhabits the I He of Panay.

22. Emberiza. Angolenfis, the Angola bunting: fize
of a finch : bill Ihort, like that of a bulfinch ; top of the
head and neck yellow ; reft of the body black ; tail long.-
Salerne calls the breaft fire-coloured, in his fpecific de-
feription of it, which fuggefts that it may have fome re¬
ference to the laft fpecies. Native of Angola.

23. Emberiza Capenfis, the Cape bunting : bill dufky,

upper part rufous -yellow, varied with black; top of the
head and neck grey and black mixed ; fides of the head
and chin white, crofted with two ftreaks of black, the one
through the eyes, the other beneath them; the under
parrs yellowifh white; the lefler wing-coverts rufous;
the greater ones, quills, and tail, dufky, with rufous
edges. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. There are
three other varieties of this bird. In the firft, the top of
the head and fides are yellow i fit white ; over the eye from
the noftrils an arched ftripe of black; behind the eye a
fecond ; and from the lower mandible another, quite ir¬
regular ; the lower part of the neck and back are brown;
all the under parts yellow, inclining to red on the breaft,
and verging to white at the chin and vent. The fecond
variety has the upper parts rufous brown; the middle of
the feathers dufky; the rump afh-colour; the middle of
the wing rufous longitudinally the whole way from the
bend ; t he under parts of the body white ; the head is
not black, but only two black ftreaks on the fides ; the
tail wholly brown, edged with rufous. The third va¬
riety has the top of the head variegated with black and
grey, and two ftreaks of black in the fame places as the
preceding, but broader; fides. of the head grey, under
parts dirty white ; fides of the body pale rufous. But¬
ton fays this is common at Cayenne, where it is called
.ionjour-commandeur, from its cuftorn of frnging at day¬
break. ’

24. Emberiza fufea, tire brown bunting: fize of the
yellow-hammer; bill flefh-cotoured ; noftrils covered with
fmall tufts of feathers ; on the cheeks, and beneath the
bill,, are other tufts ; head pale brown ; back, wings, and
breaft, the fame, fpotted with darker brown ; belly white;
quills and tail brown, barred with deep brown; legs rofe-
colour. Inhabits China.

23. Emberiza oryzivora, the rice bunting: fize of
the fparrow ; bill dufky; the fore part and fides of the
head, ail the under parts, and the back, are black ; the
feathers- on the head, back, and thighs, have rufous mar¬
gins ; the back part of the head and neck are plain ru¬
fous, but pale, or rather buff-colour; fcapulurs, and lef-
fer wing and upper tail-coverts, white; the reft of the
wing-feathers black, edged with brown ; the quills edged
with yellowifh grey ; the tail is black; in fhape rather
forked; all the feathers ending in a (harp point ; the tips
brown. The female is of the fame fize and fhape, but
the general colour rufous, verging to brown. This fpe¬
cies is migratory, but does not exceed the bounds of Ame¬
rica. It is found in Cuba in flocks .about September,
and from thence they take their departure for Carolina,
and fo on to other parts, flaying in each only fo long as
the rice continues green; for when ripe they will not
touch it. They appear in Rhode Ifland and New York
at the end of April, or the fecond week in May, fre¬
quenting the borders of fields, and living on infeiSts, &c.
till the maize is fit for their palate ; when they begin by
pecking holes in the fides of the hufks, and, after fati-
ating themfelves, go on to another; which admits the.
rain, and fpoils the plants. They continue there during
the fummer, and breed, returning as autumn approaches,
to the fouthward. They are frequently found mixed with
the red-winged oriole, and are alfo feen with the blue
jays. The males and females do not arrive together,
the females come firft. This fpecies is known in Ame¬
rica by the names of Bob Lincoln and conquedle ; and is

R I Z A.

called by fome the white-backed maize thief ; but is faid
to have a fine note. There is a variety of this fpecies
with the head, neck, body, and upper wing-coVerts, olive
brown; the Under parts pale yellow ; the rump and up¬
per tail-coverts yellow, crofted with lines of brown ; the
greater wing-coverts are black, edged with white. This
is found in Louifiana, and has ail the habits of the pre¬
ceding.

26. Emberiza cirlus, the cirl bunting : fize of the yel¬
low-hammer ; bill brown ; head olive green, with a dufky
line down the (haft of each feather; fide of the head yellow,
with a dafh of black between the bill and eye ; the hind
part of the neck, back, and rump, brown ; the feathers
dufky in the middle ; the under parts, from the chin, are
yellow; the breaft inclining to brown, and a 'few dufky
ftreaks on the fides of the body ; acrofs the throat a yel¬
low band; the tail is brown, edged with grey, and a fpot
of white on the inner web for half the length. The fe-.
male is not unlike the male on the upper parts ; the un¬
der are yellow, ftreaked with dufky, inclining to white
at the chin and vent ; in fome the breaft inclines to green.
Thefe birds inhabit the warmer parts of France and Ita¬
ly, and frequent newly ploughed lands, feeding on grain,
worms, and infects ; they are often found among flocks
of chaffinches.

27. Emberiza cia, the foolifh bunting: bill dufky;
head afh-colour, fpotted with black; the reft of the up¬
per parts rufous grey, with a blackifh fpot down the
(haft of eaeh feather, inclining mod to rufous on the
rump; (ides of the head grey; over the eyes a white
(f reak ; and through the eyes, from the bill, a black one ;
the under parts of the body rufous, but almoft white on
the throat; breaft inclining to cinereous; quills dufky,
edged with white; tail black; the two outer feathers
beyond the middle white. The female has a cinereous
line on tire crown, varied on the (ides with ferruginous
and black. This fpecies frequents the warmer parts pf
Europe, and chiefly inhabits in the mountainous diftridts,
where it is folitary ; it has gained the name of foolifh
fparrow, from being fo tame as to be caught by anv fnare.
It is found in the fouth of Siberia, front the river Jeneife
to the lake Baikal, but neither in Ruffia nor the-weft of
Siberia.

28. Emberiza quelea, the black-faced bunting : fize of
the houfe fparrow ; bill ftout and red ; forehead, throat,
and cheeks, black ; the reft of the head and upper parts
rufous grey ; the middle of the feathers on the back and
upper parts dufky ; the under parts pale rufous, inclining
to white on the breaft and belly; quills and tail blackifh,
with cinereous margins ; legs flefh-coloured. The female
wants the black about the head, othenvife like the male.
Native of Africa. There is a variety of this bird with
the head, neck, and under parts, red, inclining to rufous ;
the upper parts brown and dufky mixed; the forehead,
between the bill and eye, and round the throat, black.
Inhabits Senegal.

29. Emberiza textrix, the weaver bunting: fize of a
chaffinch; bill horn-colour ; the plumage above reddifh
brown ; over each eye, and down the middle of the crown,
a ftreak of yellow ; fides of the head mottled yellow and
black ; rump and under parts yellow; down the middle
of the breaft ablack ftreak, broad, and a little divaricated
on the fides. In winter the yellow colour difappears, and
the bird is wholly of a brownifh colour, like a fparrow.
This bird, like the weaver oriole, lias the difpofition to
interweave filk between the wires of its cage.

30. Emberiza rubra, the crimfon bunting : bill dufky ;
head, breaft, rump, upper tail-coverts, and thighs, crim¬
fon ; hind part of the neck and back blackillt and olive
mixed, with here and there a dafh of crimfon; wings
blackifh, with pale edges; quills and tail black, edged
with greyifh green; lower part of the breaft, belly, and
vent, afh-colour; legs flefh-colour. Inhabits the I fie of
France.

31. Emberiza

E M B E

31. Emberiza familiaris, the familiar bunting: the
bill is pointed, (trait, narrow, and black ; head, neck, and
bread, afh-coloured, the upper parts ot t he body afh-
colour fpotted with brown ; under the wings, and towards
the tail, yellow; tail tipped with white. This was met
with at Java, by Mr. Olbeck, and was exceedingly fami¬
liar ; for if t lie cage door was opened, it would jump upon
the firlt perfon’s hand that was*bflered ; if any one whittled
to it, it would fing very fweetlyin return ; if it favva d i fit
of water, it went immediately and bathed itfelf. It fed
on rice.

32. Emberiza flaveola, the yellow-faced bunting : fize
of a hedge fparrow : forehead and throat yellow ; general
colour grey. Native place uncertain ; but Linnaeus fays
that it inhabits warm countries.

33. Emberiza amazona, the amazon bunting : fize of
a titmdufe : general colour brown; crown of the head
yellow ; bafe of the wings beneath, and vent, whitifli.
Inhabits Surinam.

34. Emberiza olivacea, the olive bunting: about the
fize of a wren; bill grey brown; the head, and upper
parts of the body, olive green ; throat orange ; between
the bill and eye a fpot of yellow dretching over the eyes ;
fore part of the neck, and upper part of the bread, black ;
the under parts olive grey ; edge of the wings yellow ;
quills brown, edged with olive green ; tail of this lad
colour; legs brown. In the female' the colours are lefs
brilliant. Inhabits S't. Domingo.

35. Emberiza paderina, the paderine bunting : fize of
the reed bird : head ferruginous adi-colour ; fome of the
feathers on the crown black ; behind the eye a pale dreak,
and on each from the chin a white line ; back grey brown ;
the middle of each feather black ; the fore part of the
neck black, with the margins of the feathers pale; the
under parts cinereous white, blotched with pale ferrugi¬
nous on the fides; wings, for the mod part, ferruginous,
with yellowifh margins; tail a little forked, and black;
the two middle feathers margined with ferruginous; the
two outer ones are obliquely black and white, divided
longitudinally; legs brown. The female is like the male,
but wants the black head and chin. Inhabits Rudia ; and
is feen in great plenty along the Jaick in autumn, migra¬
ting in pairs to the foutliward : the fledi is accounted ex¬
cellent.

36. Emberiza ferruginea, the ferruginous bunting:
head, neck, bread, and fides, ferruginous;- belly white ;
wings ferruginous, with two white marks on the prime
quills ; tail the fame. Inhabits Rudia.

37. Emberiza Americana, the American bunting : fize
of the yellow-hammer ; bill brown; the upper parts of
the plumage cinereous, dreaked with brown on the back:
over the eye a dreak of yellow ; and another, pading un¬
der the eye ; chin white ; on the throat a large triangular
fpot of black ; bread, and middle of the belly, yellow :
fides, over the thighs, dreaked with dulky; greater wing-
coverts tawny ; quills and tail dulky, with pale edges;
legs brown, The female is like the male above ; but has
r.o black fpot on the throat, nor dreaks above the eye.
Inhabits America.

38. Emberiza Brafilienfis, tli£ Brafilian bunting : fize of
a fparrow : bill and eyes black ; the crown, throat, neck,
and under parts, yellow ; back, fcapulars, wings, and tail,
varied with greenifli, yellow, and brown; legs brown.
The female has not the gaudy colours of the male, being
plain, like a fparrow. They are natives of Brafil, and the
male has an agreeable note.

39. Emberiza Mexvcana, the Mexican bunting : bill
pale ; head, as far as the crown, fides of the head, throat,
and fore part of the neck, yellow ; the upper parts brown,
tending upwards, to the eye in a point ; the under parts
dull white, fpotted with brown ; quills and tail edged
with pale brown. Native of Mexico.

40. Emberiza militaris, the military bunting: head
End back yellowitti brown ; bread, and lower part of the

z

R I Z A. 495

back, yellow; (boulders greenidi ; belly white; quills
and tail brown ; the outer edges yellowifh' at the tips.
Found in the i (land of Malta.

41. Emberiza melanocephala, the black-headed. bunt¬
ing : fize of the yellow-hammer: head black, extend¬
ing to the middle of the neck; back rufous; throat,
bread, belly, thighs, and rump, yellow ; fides of the
bread inclined to rufous ; quills brown, .with whitifli mar¬
gins; tail plain brown, but paler than the quills.

42. Emberiza brumalis, tire brumal bunting : fore¬
head, and round the eyes, yellow; bind-head, neck, and
fides, cinereous ; back yellowidt brown ; the under parts
of the body and vent yellow; thighs whitifli; quills'
brown, with, yellow edges. This fpeciesis common about
Tyrol, in Auftria, where it is called citrincl/o ; is frequently
caught in November, and kept in a cage for its fong.

43. Emberiza erythrophthalma, the towhe bunting:
bill brown; hides red ; head, throat, neck, back, wing-
coverts, and rump, black ; bread, belly, fides, thighs, and
under tail-coverts, dull red ; middle of the belly white ;
quills and tail black, the firfi edged with white, the laft a
little forked ; legs brown. The female is wholly brown,
except on the bread:, which has a flight tinge of red.
This fpecies inhabits Carolina, and frequents the mod
fiiady woods; vilits New York in the fpring ; has no fong,
but a kind of twittering note ; and is a reftlefs bird. It
is called the American btilfinch.

44. Emberiza leucophrys, the white-crowned bunting :
fize of a chaffinch ; bill fle(h-colour ; on the crown a white
ftripe, which does not quite reach, the bill ; on each fide
of this is a (tripe of black ; over the eyes a line of white,
which paffies to the vertical ftripe behind ; neck.cinereous,
paleft on the bread ; back ferruginous brown ; rump cine¬
reous ; wings brown ; the outer edge of the prime quills'
very pale; the inftdes cinereous; acrofs the wings two
bands of white ; the badard wing, and the under parts,
are white; the bread affi-colour; vent and thighs yel¬
low ; tail brown. The female is much like the male.
This fpecies inhabits Canada, and vifits Severn Settle¬
ment in June; it is alfo met with at Albany Fort in
May ; yhere it days the dimmer, and departs in Sep¬
tember. It makes its ned in the bottom of wil¬
lows, and lays three chocolate-coloured eggs; its chief
food is feeds of grafs, worms, grubs, and o'ther in-
fefts.

45. Emberiza lu&uofa, the wreathed bunting : fize of
thetitmoufe; bill black; a white line goes from the fore¬
head to the nape, where it ends; in the middle of each
wing is a white fpot ; the forehead, bread, belly, rump,
and vent, are white ; the red of the plumage is black.

46. Emberiza aureola, the yellow-breaded bunting : bill
tranfparent, except at the edge of the upper mandible^ where
it is blackifh ; forehead blackifti, with a dark (hade on thd
crown ; hind head, nape, and between the wings, rufous ;
the feathers fringed with grey at the tips ; back and rump
hoary, and fome of the (hafts blotched with black ; fcapu¬
lars wlrite ; outer webs of the fecond wing-coverts rufous ;
quills brown, with white edges ; bread and belly yellow ;
acrofs the bread a ferruginous crefcent ; under tail-coverts
white; tail brown. The female has the crown blacker,
and the margins of the feathers on the back more hoary ;
otherwife like the male. Inhabits the pine foreds of
Catharinefburgh. Aljfo met with on the poplars and wil¬
lows in the ifiands of the Irtidi, and other rivers in Siberia
and Kamtfcliatka.'

47. Emberiza Sandwichenfis, the Sandwich bunting :
bill dulky ; upper parts of the body brown ; each feather
daffied down the (haft with darker brown ; at the nodrils
arifes a dreak of yellow, which palles over the eyes to the
hind-head ; and from the gape is a dark one, palling under
the eye ; iides of the head, between the dreaks, dulky;
the under parts of the body dulky white, dallied with
brown ; the middle of the belly plain dulky white ; quills
brown, with paler edges ; tail brown ; legs dulky. This

was

E M B E R I Z A,

4i)6

was met with at Oonalaflika, and Sandwich Sound, by
our late voyagers.

48. Emberiza Oonalaflika, the Oonalaflika bunting:
length feven inches; upper parts of the body and tail
pale brown, with a rufous tinge ; the under parts dufky
white, dafhed with blackifli, as in the laft defcribed : the
middle of the belly plain dufky white. Brought from
Oonalathka, with thd preceding fpecies.

49. Emberiza atricapilla, the black-crowned bunting :
fize of the preceding; bill fhort and dufky; crown of the
head a fine yellow' ; forehead, and through the eyes, black,
palling to the hind head, which is afh-coloured ; the up¬
per parts of the body are reddifh brown, marked down
the middle of each feather with dark brown; coverts and
quills fringed on the edges with a paler colour; rump
pale olive brown ; chin dufky white ; throat, bread, and
belly, afh-coiour, marked down the middle of the lad
with pale yellowifh buff-colour; tail even at the end,
and of a plain brown; legs brown. Inhabits the Sand¬
wich Iflands.

50. Emberiza pithyornus, the pine bunting : fize of
the- yellow. hammer ; bill dull white ; head fafciated ; fird
a broadifh hoary dreak down the middle, and on each fide
a black one meeting at the hind head; below this the
nape is hoary; through the eyes a rufous ftripe ; below
it, on the cheeks, a triangular fpot of white, and on the
temples one of black of the fame figure ; fides of the
neck, and throat, ferruginous ; on the bread a large tri¬
angular fpot ; middle of the belly hoary ; fides rufous;
vent.vvhitifh ; back and rump rufous; the coverts, and
fecond quills, brown, edged with rufous; greater quills,
and tail, blackidt, with white margins. The female is
wholly varied with grey and pale rufous ; bottom of the
belly dufky white ; the-'red as in the male. Gmelin found
this fpecies at Adracan, and on the fiiores of the river
Don, among the reeds. It is alfo met with in the pine
forefts of Siberia ; and from the Uralian chain quite to
the Lena ; but it does not vifit Rudia, though fometimes
found in winter about the Cafpian fea.

51. Emberiza cinerea, the cinereous bunting : bill pale
brown; upper part of the head chefnut, with a dafti of
brown down the middle of each feather; the red of the
upper parts the fame, but more inclined to grey; the
rump wholly grey; upper and under tail-coverts rufous
white ; the under parts dufky white, marked with chef-
nut fpots ; quills, and tail, brown, edged with reddifh
grey; legs pale brown. The female is much more inclined
to grey. Inhabits America, migrating from the north into
New York in March, and reds in flocks upon the lower
branches of the jed cedars.

52. Emberiza coerulea, the blue bunting : fmaller than
the preceding; crown dull rufous; the upper parts of
the neck, and body, mixed rufous and blue; beneath,
the fame, but the rufous colour pale; greater coverts,
quills, and tail, brown, with the outer edges rufous; legs
brown. Inhabits Canada.

53. Emberiza purpura, the mazarine bunting: bill
deep lead-colour; the general plumage fine purple blue;
the top of the head deeped ; greater quills brown, edged
with mazarine blue ; tail brown, with a light tinge of
blue ; legs brown. The female differs from the male,
being much like the linnet in colour. The male is like
the female in fnoulting-time, and is only blue when in
full plumage. It may alfo at that time be known from
the female, as the edge of the wing is of a deep mazarine
blue, whereas in the female it is greenifh brown. This
fpecies inhabits Carolina, where it is called by Come the
parfon , by others the bifhop. It is chiefly found in the in¬
ner parts, an hundred and fifty miles from the fea, and
frequents the mountains. Is faid to fing like our linnet.
The Spaniards at Mexico call it, azul lexos, or far-fetched
blue-bird. It is common at New York; comes the be¬
ginning of April, and frequents the orchards when in
bloom; but principally feeds on millet.

54. Emberiza ciris, the painted bunting : fize of a
hedge-fparrow ; bill grey brown ; h ides hazel ; head and
neck violet ; round the eyes red ; upper part of the back,
and fcapulars, yellow green ; the lower part, rump, and
all beneath, red; the leffer wing-coverts violet brown,
with a tinge of red ; the greater of a dull greenifh colour;
quills brown, with the edges green and red ; the tail is
brown ; the two middle feathers inclined to red, and the
others margined outwardly with the fame; legs brown.
The female is dull green above, and beneath yellow-
green ; quills brown, fringed with green ; the tail is
brown and green mixed. This bird varies exceedingly :
neither fex arrives at the full plumage till the third year.
In the firft, both male and female are brown : the male
has the blue head the fecond year, but the reft of the
plumage is blue green; the wings and tail are brown,
edged with blue green. The female, at that time, in¬
clines greatly to blue. Befides this, they moult twice in
the year. Hence it is not w-onderful that fcareely any
two birds are quite alike. They inhabit the warmer
parts of Canada, and all the parts between that and Mex¬
ico, Brafil, Guiana, &c. At Carolina none are feen near
inhabited parts, nor nearer than an hundred and .fifty
miles from the fea. They build on the orange and ci¬
tron-trees, but are found there only in fummer. They
feed on millet, fuccory, and other feeds ; and frequently
are kept in cages in England. The Dutch breed thefe
birds in Holland, like canary-birds. One variety of this
bird has the under parts yellowidi, except a fmall fpot of
red on the bread, which only lafts for a'time. The fol¬
lowing moult it difappears, and, inftead of it, the whole
under fide is whitifh ; and the male greatly refembles the
female. It is, perhaps, this variety which caufed Lin¬
naeus to fay that the female is blue all over, except the
belly, which is white. Tire Spaniards call thefe birds by
the name of maripofa\ the Englifli, nonpareil.

55. Emberiza quadricolor, the four-coloured bunting:
fmaller than the preceding ; bill dufky ; head, and neck,
blue; back, wings, and end of the tail, green; upper
part of the tail, and its coverts, and the middle of the
belly, red ; the bread, and lower part of the belly,
brown; legs flefh-colour. Inhabits Java.

56. Emberiza cyanopis, the blue-faced bunting : lefs
than a hedge-fparrow ; bill lead-colour ; the plumage on
the upper parts green ; lower part of the back, and rump,
rufous ; upper tail-coverts red ; the forehead, cheeks,
and throat, fine blue, gradually changing into rufous to¬
wards the bread, which, with the belly, thighs, and
fides, are of this laft colour; but the middle of the belly
is red ; the quills are brown, with green edges ; the tail-
feathers brown, except the two middle ones, which are
green, and all of them fringed with red ; legs grey. Na¬
tive of Java.

57. Emberiza viridis, the green bunting : fize of our
greenfinch ; bill greenifh brown ; upper parts of the bird
green ; the under, white ; quills and tail blue, w ith white
lhafts ; legs black. Inhabits the Eaft Indies.

58. Emberiza Platenfis, the Plata bunting: length
eight inches ; bill cinereous, convex, and pointed ;■ irides
chefnut ; the upper parts of the plumage greenifh brown,
verging to yellow, and marked with a few traces of black
on the back; the edge of the wing bright yellow ; quills,
and outer tail-feathers, edged with the fame ; the under
parts of the body cinereous white ; legs lead-coleur.
Native of Buenos Ayres, on the river Plata in South
America.

59. Emberiza Borboniae, the Bourbon bunting: this
is the fize of a yellow-hammer ; bill brown ; the whole
plumage of an high rufous red colour, except the wings
and tail, which are dufky red ; legs the fame, but tinged
with yellow. Inhabits the I fie of Bourbon.

60. Emberiza calfat, the red-eyed bunting: bill, irides,
and legs, rofe-colour; head black; all the upper parts
of the body, wings, and tail, bluifh alh-colour; the laft

edged

E M 1? .

edged with black; the throat black; bread: and 'belly
vinaceous; round the eyes naked, and of a rofe-colour ;
from the gape of the mouth to the hind-head a white
ftripe; the under tail-coverts, white. Native of the ide
of France, where it is called gal. Jett, or caljat.

61. Emberiza chloro'cepjjala, the green-headed bunt¬
ing; bill brown; head and neck, as far as the bread,,
d u 1 1 olive green ; back, and wing-covert.s, dufky brown,
mixed with black, paled on the rump; the red: of the
wings, bread, and belly, deep1 brrvvn ; tail brow a, fork¬
ed; legs yellowidi. That figured- in Brown’s colleftion,
was caught in Mary-le-bone fields, near London, by a
bird catcher.

62. Emberiza grifea; the grey bunting: fize of.a lark;
head grey ; the red of the body pale grey; butthe up¬
per wing-coverts and bread are mixed with reddifh ; the
-quills and tail are white within; without grey, mixed
with red. Inhabits 'Surinam, in South America; feeds
on maize ; and is (aid to fing as fine as the nightingale.
The natives call it ow ir.mbucko.

63. Emberiza Surma-mends, the Surinam bunting:
about the (ize of a lark, and 1 ike i t in colour; bill ra¬
ther large, with a knob on the upper mandible, and the
fides of the lower one are higher than ufual, and angu¬
lar; the chin, bread, and belly; are of a whitilh yellow,
i'pefted with oblong black fpots on the bread. Native
-of Surinam.

64. Emberiza Maelbyenfis, the Maelby bunting : fize
of the yellow-hammer ; "bill and legs pale rufous; eyelids,
i’pot between the bill and eye, the chin, upper part of the
throat, and fides of the neck and vent, dufky white ; fore¬
head, crown, lower part of the neck before, and upper
part of the bread, bluiflt alh-colour ; lower part of the
bread, belly, and thighs, ferruginous; back ferruginous,
marked with acute black fpots ; wing-coverts black, edged
with ferruginous; quills dufky, with pale ferruginous
margins; tail-feathers, ten in number, black; the four
outer ones, half way from the tips, white; the outer mar¬
gins black. This was found in Sweden, at Maelby, a
feat of count Carl Ton, in Sodermanland.

65. Emberiza Afiatica, the Afiatic or Gaur bunting :
a fmall fpecies ; length four inches and a half; bill pale
rofe-colour; head, neck, back, bread, and belly, cine¬
reous, paled beneath ; wings and tail brown, with paler
edges ; legs pale blue. Native of the Ead Indies, where
it is called gaur, and was brought into England by lady
Impey.

66. Emberiza pufilla, the dwarf bunting : above grey
ferruginous, beneath whitilh ; throat (potted ; head with
alternate longitudinal tedaceous and black bands. Inha¬
bits the fnovvy mountains of Dauria, and is very fmall.

67. Emberiza rudica, the rudic bunting : head black,
■with three longitudinal white bands ; chin, body beneath,
and two outmod tail-feathers each fide, obliquely white ;
neck and (boulders ferruginous-; back grey ferruginous ;
throat with tedaceous (pecks. Inhabits the woods of
Dauria ; fize of t he reed-bird.

68. Emberiza fucata, the dained bunting : general plu¬
mage grey ferruginous ; ears with a round rufous fpot ;
eyebrows, line beneath the eyes, and throat, white ; chin
furrounded with a brown fpotted circle ; crown, and part
of the neck, hoary a(h ; the (hafts of the feathers brown.
Inhabits the rocky parts of Siberia.

69. Emberiza (podocephala, the hoary bunting: the
general cad of the plumage is hoary ; beneath pale draw-
colour ; frontlet black ;■ head and neck hoary afli. In¬
habits near the water-falls of Dauria ; and is a fmall
fpecies.

70. Emberiza chryfophrys, the golden-brovved bunt¬
ing : fize of the yellow-hammer ; general colour ferrugi-
. nous ; crown black; eyebrows citron, or gold-colour;

from the middle of the crown to the nape a white band.
-Inhabits the Daiirian Alps with the preceding.

71. Emberiza rutila, the flame-coloured bunting : fize
©f the chaffinch ; principal cad of the plumage is blood-

Vql. VI. No. 367.

E" M B 4.97

coloured rufous ; beneath fulphur ; wings grey-ru fly. -In¬
habits Siberia.

72. Emberiza cocci-nea, the fcarlet bunting: body
above filvery, beneath crimfon ; vent white; billhead,
and quil '-feathers, k black ; hind-head and tail black-blue;
(ize'of a fparrovv. Inhabits the woods round Baden.

73. Emberiza Badenfis-, the Baden bunting: general
colour of the plumage olive, dreaked. with black ill)-, be¬
neath paler; chin orange; bread dreaked with blackilh;
bill a-bbve black, beneath yellowidi ; upper mandible
with a Angle obtiife tooth in the middle ; nodrils feather¬
ed ; tongue finort ; quill-feathers fixteen ; tail-feathers
twelve ; legs ypllowifli ; claws black. Native of Baden.

74. Emberiza. ruficapilla, the brown-headed bunting:
fize of a hedge-fparrow ; top of the' head, neck, and back,
a lively brown; beneath cinereous; chin ferruginous;
frontlet white, above reddifh brown ; tail black.

EM'BERS, /! [without a lingular; aemyjua, Sax. allies;
einmyria , I (land, hot aflies or cinders.] Hot cinders; allies
not yet extinguidied :

He Laid, and refe, as holy zeal infpires :

He rakes.hot embers, and- renews the fires. Dry dm.

To JLMB.EZ'ZLE, v. a. [This word feems corrupted
by an ignorant- pronunciation from imjbecil. ] To appropri¬
ate by breach of truft ; to turn what is e-ntrufied in his
hands to his own life. — He had embezzled the king’s trea-
fnre, and extorted money by way of loan from all men.
Hayward. — To wafte ; to (wallow up in riot:

When thou had embezzl'd all thy (lore,

Wliere’s all thy father left ? Dryden.

EMBEZ'ZLEMENT, f. The aft. of appropriating to
himfelf that which is received in trull for another. The
thing appropriated.

To EMBLA'ZE, v. a. [ blafonner , Fr.] To adorn with
glittering embellilhments :

Tli’ unfought diamonds
Would fo emblaze the forehead of the deep ,

And fo beftud with liars, that they below

Would grow inur’d to light. . Milton.

To. blazon; to paint with, enfigns armorial :

He from the glittering (faff unfurl’d
Th’ imperial enlign, dreaming to the wind,

With gems and golden Iivdre ricli emblaz'd ,

Seraphic arms and trophies. Milton.

To EMBI.A'ZON, v. a. [ blafonner , Fr.] To adorn with
figures of heraldry ; to grace with enfigns armorial. To
deck in. glaring colours; to fet out pornpoufly to fiiew. — •
We find Augudus, for fome petty conqucd, emblazoned
by the poets, to the highed pitch. Hakewell.

EMBLA'ZONRY,/ Pictures upon diields;

Him round

A globe of fiery feraphim inclos’d,

With bright emblazonry and horrent arms. Milton.

EM'BLEM,y. \_embltme, Fr. emblema, Lat. s^Sxyi /ao., of
ijjtQeiMm, G . ] Inlay; enamel; any thing, inferted into the
body of another. An occult reprefentation ; an allufive
picture; a typical delignation ; hieroglyphic writing. —
If you draw your bead. in an emblem , (hew a landscape of
the country natural to the bead. Peacham.

Gentle Thames,

Thy mighty mader’s emblem., in whofe face

State meeknefs, heighten’d with majedic grace. Denham.

“Emblems (fays Dr. Bryant) feem, in the firdages of
the world, to have been fimilar in mod countries, and to
have almod univerfally prevailed. The facred writers
often alude to them ; ana they were retained even in the
church of God. The fymbols thus admitted were origi¬
nally devifed, to put people in mind of what had palled
in the infancy of the world. The whole was defigned
as a difplay of God’s wifdom and goodnefs : and to tranf-
mit to pofteriiy memorials of the prefervation of mankind.

' 6 L Thefe

E M B

498

Thefe fymbols in ancient times were inftead of writing;
harmlefs, if not abufed : and of great confequence when-
diredfed to a proper purpofe. Such were the Serpent,
the Ark, the Iris, the Dove ; together with many others,
to which there are apparent allufions in Scripture. Thefe
wereknown tothe Ifraelit^sbeforetheirdefcent intoEgypt :
being originally from that country beyond the flood,
where their fathers of old refided ; and, when properly
applied, they were as innocent as the elementary charac¬
ters, by which the fame hiftories were in aftertimes re¬
corded. The lifting up of the Serpent in the wildernefs
was an emblem of a prophetic detignation, and as perti¬
nent to the people, to whom it was exhibited, as the pur¬
port would have been, if expreffed by letters, and written
at length upon a tablet. It is' true, that thefe fymbols
\vere at lad perverted ; and the memorials above-mention¬
ed degenerated into idolatrous rites and worfliip. See the
article Egypt, p. 372 of this volume. It waS accordingly
she purpofe of Providence, in its difpenfation to the Ifrael-
ites, to withdraw them from this idolatry of the Gentiles:
and this was effefted, not by denying them the ufe of thofe
characters, which were the current types of the world,
and to which they had been conftantly ufed, but by adapt¬
ing the fame to a better purpofe, and defeating the evil
by a contrary deftination. Upon the refling- of the Ark
upon Mount Baris, and the appearance of the Bow in the
clouds, it pleafed God to make a covenant with man, and
fo afford him fome gracious promifes. A memorial of this
was preferved in the Gentile world. They reprefented
this under the type of an Ark ; which they Ailed Baritk,
in alluffon to the covenant. Some ages after, another
covenant ofa more peculiar nature was made by the Deity
w ith the poflerity of Abraham : and a law was promulga¬
ted from mount Sinai.' In confequence of this, another
Ark by divine appointment was framed, feemingly in op-
pofltion to the former; and this too was called the Ark
of the covenant. This I mention, becaufe many perfons
have been alarmed at finding fometimes the fame fymbols
among the Egyptians as were to be found in the ordinances
of the Ifraelites. B'orh Spencer and Marfliam have ani¬
madverted upon this : and feem to have carried their
notions too far ; for from them one might be induced to
imagine, that the Law of Mofeswas, in a manner, founded
upon the rites of Egypt. But there is not the leaf! rea-
i'on for fitch a furmife. The religion of the two nation's
was effentially different: and, though fome fymbols were
fimilar, yet it does not follow, that they were borrowed
from that quarter. They were many of them general
types, of great antiquity, and known to the whole world. ,r

To EM'BLEM, v. a. To reprefent in an occult or il-
lufive manner. Not ufed. — The primitive fight of elements
doth fitly emblem that of opinions. Glanvillc.

EMBLEMA'TIC, or Emb lema'Tic al, adj. Cbm-
priling an emblem ; allufive; occultly reprefentative 4
In the well-fraiivd models.

With emblematic fkill and myftic order*

Thou Ihew’dft where tovv’rs on battlements fhould rife,
Where gates (hould open,. or where walls fhould compafs.

Trior.

Dealing in emblems ; ufing emblems :

By tongue and pudding to our friends explain
What does your emblematic worfhip mean. Trior.

EMBLEMA'TICALLY, adv. In the manner of em¬
blems ; allufively ; with occult reprefentation. — Others
have fpoken emblematically and hieroglyphically, as to the
Egyptians ; and the phoenix was the hieroglyphic of the
fun. Brown. — He took a great done, and put it up under
the oak, emblematically joining the two great elements of
xnafonry. Swift.

EMBLEM'ATIST, f. Writers or inventers of em¬
blems. — Thefe fables are (fill maintained by fymbolical
writers, emblematijl's , and heralds. Brown.

EM' B LEMENTS,/. [from embladence de bled, Fr. corn
fprung or put up above ground.] In law, the profits of

v

E M B

Town land : but the word is fometimes ufed more largely,
for any produtts that arife naturally from the ground, as-
grafs, fruit, &c. In fome cafes, he who fovved the corn1
(hall have the emblements ; and in others not : a leffee at-
will lows the land, he fliall have the emblements ; though
if the lelfee determines the will himfelf, he (hall not have
them, but the lelfor. $Rep. 116. If leffee at will fows the
land with grain, or other thing yielding annual profit, and
the leflor enters before feverance; yet the leffee (hall
have it : but where the leflee plants young fruit-trees, or
other trees, or fows the land with acorns, &c. he fliall not-
have thefe: and if fuch tenant by good hufbandry make
.the grafs to grow in greater abundance ; or fow the land
with hay-leed,,by which means it is increafed, if the leflor
enters on the leffee, the leffee Avail not have it, becaufe
grafs is the natural profit of the foil. Co. Lit. 55.

Where tenant for life fows the land, and dies, his ex¬
ecutors fliall have the emblements, and not the leflor or
him in reverfion ; by reafon of the uncertainty ofthe eflate.
Cro.Eliz. 463. And if a tenant for life plant hops, and
dies before leverance, he in reverfion fliall not have them,
but the executors of tenant for life. Cro.Car. 51 5. If
tenant for years fow the ground, and die before feverance,.
the executor of the leffee fliall have the corn j and where
leffee for life leafes for years, if the lelfee for years fow
the land, and after leffee for life dies before feverance, the
executor of leflee for years fliall have the emblements. z-
Danv.Abr. 763. So it is alfo if a man be tenant for the
life of another ; and cejlui quevie, (lie on whole life t he land’
is held) dies after the corn fown, the tenant pur aulcr vie-
fball have the emblements. The fame is alfo the rule if
a life-eflate be determined by the aft of law. Therefore,
if a leafe be made to htilband and wife during coverture,
(.which givesthem a determinable eflate for life,) and the
hufband fows the land, and afterwards they are divorced
a vinculo matrimonii, the hufband fliall in this cafe have the
emblements ; for the fentence of divorce is the aft of the
law. 5 Rep. 1 16. But, if an eflate for life be determined’
by the tenant’s own act, (as by forfeiture for wafte com¬
mitted ; or if a tenant during widowhood, thinks proper to-
marry ;) in thefe and fimilar cafes, as in that of a tenant at
will determining his own tenure, the tenants fball- not be-
entitled to take the emblements, 1 Injl. 55,

If tenant for years fows ground, and before his corn is
fevered, the term which is certain expires; the leflor or
he in reverfion fliall have the emblements; but he mufb
firft enter on the lands. iLil. Abr. 511. A leffee for life
or years fows the land, and after furrenders, &c. before
feverance, the leflor fball have the corn. 2 Danv. 764. If
there be leffee for years upon condition that, if lie commit
wafte, &c- his eflate fliall ceafe; it lie fows the ground
with corn, and after doth wafte, the leflor fliall have the
corn. Co. Lit. 35. And where q lord enters on his tenant
for a forfeiture, he fliall have the corn on the ground.

AtRjep.r-L. - ‘

Though if a feme copyholder for her widowhood fows
the land, and before feverance takes hufband, fo that her
eflate is determined, the lord fliall have the emblements;
yet if fuch a feme copyholder durante viduitate, leafes for
one year according to cuflora, and the leflee fows the land,
and afterwards the copyholder takes hufband, the leffee
fliall have the corn. zDanv. 764. If a hufband holds
lands for life, in right of his wife, and fow the land, and
after ftie dies before feverance, he fliall have the emble¬
ments. 1 Nclf. Abr. 701. And where the wife hath an
eflate for years, life, or in fee, and the hufband fows. the
hind, and dietli, bjs executors fliall have the corn. But
if tlie hufband and wife are joint-tenants, though the huf¬
band low the land- with corn, and dies before ripe, the wife,
and not his executors, fliall have thecorn, (he being the fur-
viving joint-tenant. Co. Lit. 199. When a widow is en¬
dowed with lands fown, fhe fliall have tlieemblements, and
not the heir. And a tenant in dower may dilpofe of corn
fown on the ground ; or it may go to her executors, if fhe
die before feverance. zlnjl, 80. Si. And by the particular

provifior.3.

E M H

E M B

provisions of 28 Hen.' VI 1 1. c, r 1 , ifa parfon fotlvs liis glebe,
and dies, his executors Shall have the corn : and fuch
parfon may by will difpofe thereof. 1 Rol. Abr. 655.

If tenant by ftatiite-merchant fows the land, and before
feverance a eafual profit happens, by which he is fatisfied,
yet he Shall have the corn. Co. Lit. 5 5. Lands fown are
delivered in execution upon an extent, the perfon to whom
delivered Shall have the corn on the ground. 2 Leon. 54.
And judgment was given againft a perfon, and then he
fowed the land, and brought a writ of error to reverfe the
judgment, but it was affirmed; and adjudged that the
recoveror Shall have the corn. 2.B11IJI. 213. If a diSTeifor ,
fows the land, and afterwards cuts the corn, but before it
is carried away, the diSfeifee enters; the dilfeifee (hall
have the corn. Dyer, 31. 11 Rep. 52. A perfon feifed in
fee of land dies, having a daughter, and his wife privement
enfeint with a Son ; the daughter enters and fows the land,
and before feverance of the corn, the fon is born ; in this
cafe the daughter Shall have the corn, her eftate being
lawful, and defeated by the a£t of God ; and it is for the
public good that the land Should be fown. Co. Lit. 55.

A man feifed in fee-fimple fows land, and then devifes the
land by will, and dies before feverance ; the devifee Shall
have the corn, and not the devifor’s executors. Cro.Eliz.
61. Ifa perfon devifes his lands fown, and fays nothing
of the corn, the corn Shall go with the land to the devifee :
and when a man feifed of land, in fee or in tail, fows it,
and dies without will, it goes to the executor, and not the
heir. loEdw. IV. 1 b. 21 Hen. VI. 30a. 37 Hen. VI. 35$.
A devifee for life dies, he in remainder Shall have the em¬
blements with the land. Hob. 132. Tenant in fee fows-
the land, and devifes it to A. for life, remainder to B. for
life, and dies; A. dies before feverance, B. in remainer
Shall have the cor A, and not the executor of the firft tenant
for life. Cro. Elix.6 1. Where there is a right to emble¬
ments, ingrefs, egrefs, and regrefs, are allowed by law, to
enter, cut, and carry them away, when the eftate is deter¬
mined. xlnjl. 56.

EM'BLERS DE GENTZ, [Fr.] A Stealing from the
people : The word occurs in our old rolls of Parliament.
Whereas divers murders, emblers degentz, and robberies,
are committed, & c. Rot. Pari. 21 Edzo. III. n .62.

EM'BLICA, f. in botany. See Phylla.nthus.

EM'BLICHEIM, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Weftphalia, and county of Bentheim : ten miles north-
north-weft of Nienhus.

EM'BOLI, a town of European Turkey, in the pro¬
vince of Romania : a colony from Athens. It is called
by the Christians Chrijlopolis, but is little better than a
heap of ruins : forty eight miles eaft of Saloniki.

EM'BOLISM,_/'. [e^oAict^o;, Gr.] Intercalation ; in-
fertion of days or years to produce regularity and equa¬
tion of time. As the Greeks ufed the lunar year, which
contains only 354 days, that they might bring it to the
folar year of 365 days, they had an embolifin every two or
three years, when they added a thirteenth lunar month.

EMBOLIS'MIC, adj. belonging to the intercalary; is
chiefly ufed in fpeaking of the addition.* months inferred
by chronologifts to form the lunar cycle of 19 years. The
1-9 folar years confiding of 6939 days and 18 hours, and the
19 lunar years only making 6726 days, it was found necef-
fary to intercalate or infert 7 lunar months, containing 209
days; which, with the four bilfexdle days happening in
the lunar cycle, make 213 days, and the whole 6939 days,
the fame as the 19 folar years, which make the lunar cy¬
cle. In the courfe of nineteen years there are 228 com¬
mon moons, and 7 embolifmic moons, which are distri¬
buted. in this, manner, viz. the 3d, 6th, 9th, nth, 14th,
17th, and 19th, years,, are embolifmic, and Sb contain 384
days each. And this-was the method of computing time
among the Greeks: though they did not keep regularly
to if, the Jews did. The method ofthe Greeks was fol¬
lowed by the Ropians till the time of Julius Caefar. The
embolifmic months, like other lunar months, are fome-
times of 30 days, and fometimes only 19 days, The embo-

499

lifmic epaCts are tliofe between 19 and 29 ; which are fo
called, becaufe, with the addition of the epaCt 11, they
exceed the number 30; or rather, becaufe the years
which have thefe epaCts, ‘are embolifmic ; having 13
moons each, the 13th being' the embolifmic.

EM'BOLUM, f. [from e y&aXhu, Gr. to caft out.]
With anatomists, a term for the penis, becaufe it ejeCts
the femen.

EM'BOLUS.yi Gr.] Any thing inferted and

afting in another, as the Sucker in a pump. — Our mem¬
bers make a fort of an hydraulic engine, in which a che¬
mical liquor refembling blood is driven through elaftic
channels by an embolus, like the heart. Arbuthnot.

To EMBO^SS, a. «. [from bojje, Fr. a. protuberance.]
To form with protuberances; to cover with fomething,
rifing int& lumps or bunches :

Timon hath made his everlafting manfion
Upon the beached verge of the fait flood ;

Which once a-day, with his embojfed froth

The turbulent Surge Shall cover. - Shahjpcare.

To engrave, with relief, or rising, work, as the gilt paper-
covering children’s books ; which is called emt/ojfed paper
Then o’er the lofty gate his-art embojs’d-
Androgeo’s death, and oSf’rings to his ghoft. Dryden.
[From emboijlcr, Fr. to inclofe in a box.] To inclofe ; to
include; to cover:

The knight liis thrillanf fpear again affay’d

In his brafs-plated body to embojs. Spenjer.

And in the way, as She did weep and wail,

A knight her met, in mighty arms embofs’d. Fairy Queen.
\_Embofcare, Ital.] To inclofe in a thicket :

Like that felf-begotten bird

In th’ Arabian woods embojl. Milton. '

To hunt hard. — When a deer is hard run, and foams at
the mouth, he is faid to be embojl: a dog alfo, when he is
Strained with hard running1, efpecially. upon hard ground,
will have his knees Swelled, and then he is faid to be em¬
bojl, from bojje , French, a tumour. Hanmer.

Oh, be is more mad

Than Telamon for his Shield ; the boar of Theflaly
Was never fo embojl. Skakejpeare.

EMBOSS'MENT,y. Any thing. Standing out from the.
reft; jut; eminence. Relief; rifing work. — They are at
a lofs about the word pendentis ; fome fancy it expreftes-
only the great embojjment of the figure, others believe it
hung off the helipet in alto relievo. Addijon.

EMBOTH'RIUM, J'. [fo named by Forfter, from t«
and j3o0p 101, Gr. a little pit or hollow ; the antherae being
placed in a hollow of the petal.] In botany, a genus of
the clafs tetrandria, order monogynia,. natural order pro-
teas. The, generic characters are — Calyx : none. Co¬
rolla : petals four, linear, oblique; with the tip broader;
roundifh, concave, ftaminiferous ; after fecundation revo-
lute. Stamina : filaments four, very fnort, on each pe¬
tal one or none ; antheras oblong, within the cavity of
the petal, largifh. Piftillum : germ linear; afeending, in¬
flex ; Style none ; Stigma roundifh, plane in-fpont, behind1
concave, large. Pericarpium : follicle round, one-celled.
Seeds: four or five ovate,, comprelfed, with a winged
membrane on one edge. — EJfential CharaEler. Corolla,, ,
four-petalled ; antherae feSfile, fitting on the tips of the
petals; follicle round.

Species. 1. Embothrium umbellatum : umbels axilla¬
ry, very Simple, peduncied ; leaves oblong, veinlefs; an¬
therae fefiile. A handfame Shrub; flowers fmall and red.,
in folitary umbels. Native of New Caledonia.

2. Embothrium coccineum, or fcarlet embothrium :
thyrfes terminating, fefiile ; antheras pedicelled ; leaves
obovate, veined, .oblong-ovate, ending in a citfp. The
whole plant is fmooth ; Stem Shrubby ; leaves fcattered,.
having one nerve branching on both (Ides, on Short peti-
olesj dilated at the bafe^ and reddish 5 buds red, with Ian*

ceolatej,

oCO E M B

ceolate, reflex fcales ; flowery in fpikes., terminating;
corolla fcarlet, tubular-incurved, with an anther lying in
the broad end of each of the four petals ; feeds in the fol¬
licle imbricate, with a (harp wing. Found in Terra del
Fuego by Forfter, and in f lie Straits of Magellan by Com-
merfon, who named it i.xora. Its common name is catas.
Several other fpecies have been obferved in Peru and
Chili.

3. Embothrium fpecioflflinium, or beautiful emboth-
rium. This is a magnificent (limb; a native of New
Holland : it grows to the height of eight of ten feet,
with fevered fun pie, wand-like, round, branches, clothed
with numerous large, alternate, bright-green, leaves,
from four to fix inches long; ob, ovate and blunt, but tip¬
ped with a fmall point : they are-more or lefs ferrated on
the fides. The flowers grow in a very denfe Ample head
bn the top of each branch, and the head is furrounded
at the bafe with numerous lanceolate leaves, or rather
bractes, conliituting the involucre: thefe, as well as the
.flowers themfelves, are of a rich fanguine red.

4. Embothrium filaifolium, or fniallage-leaved em¬
bothrium. Native of New Holland. The ffems, which
are feveral, grow three or four feet high or more, and are
upright, and alternately branched, and have alternate
leaves, which in fliape much refemble tliofe of the Peu-
cedanum (Hairs; the upper and lower leaves are, how¬
ever, more Ample : the flowers .(land- in a long loofe ter¬
minal fpike, and are white, with the tips of the petals
-revolute.

To EMBOT'TLE, v. a. l^bbuteilk, Fr.] To include in
bottles; to bottle :

Stirom, firmed fruit
Embattled, long as Priamean Troy

With flood the Greeks, endures. Philips.

EMBOUL', a town of Africa, in the country of Se¬
negal . 1

To EMBOW^EL, v. a. To put into bowels, as into the
bowels of the earth. Dr. Johnfon has erroneoufly de¬
fined this word, “to evifeerate ; to deprive of the en¬
trails; to exenterate.” Mr. Burke in one infiance has
ufed the word in that manner. He writes thus in his
Reflections: — “ In England we have not yet been com¬
pletely embowilled.o'i our natural entrails.” He was pro¬
bably mi-fled' by t he carlelfnefs of Dr. Johnfon. See Dis-
bowel. — Spcn/er underftood and ufed the word aright :
He, with his dreadful inftrument of ire,

Thought fure have pounded him to powder foft.

Or deep embowcll’d in the earth entire.

Where the meaning is “put into the bowels of the earth.”
—In like manner the word is ufed by Shakefpeare :

Imbowell’d wj.ll I fee thee by and by;

Till then in blocrd by noble Percy lie. Henry IV.

Where the meaning is put into the bowels of the earth,
or buried ; and certainly not, as Jojfnfon fuppofes, exen-
terated. Of fuch brutality prince Henry was incapable.
— In like manner the word is ufed by Milton:

The roar

Embowell'd with outrageous noife the air, -
And all her entrails tore.

.Where the noife is metaphorically deferibed as intro¬
ducing itfelf into the bowels of the air, and tearing them.
— The paffage from Philips is quaint and unclear : he
talks of Minerals that the embowell’d earth difplays ; mean¬
ing, apparently, “ minerals which within its bowels the
earth difplays. The other paffage from Shakefpeare I
know not where to feek : if it occurred in Richard II.
or Henry VIII. and related to the Lollards, or the Pro-
tefiants, one might with propriety fay,

The fchools,

Embowell'd of, their doftrine, have left off
The wholefome lore.

Meaning the fchools, or uni verfi ties, “which have re-

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ceived into their ‘bowels the new doctrines.”' And thus
every one of Dr. Johnfon’s cafes would be a precedent
againff his definition. Monthly Mag.

7b EMBOW'ER, v. n. To bovver:

But the fmall birds, in their wide boughs embowering,

C haunted their fundry tunes with fvveet concert. Sptnfer.

To EMBRA-'CE, v\ a. \_embrajjcr, Fr.] To hold fondly
in the arms ; to fqueeze in kindnefs :

Embrace again, my fons! be foes no more ;

Nor ftain your country with her children’s. gore. Dryden.
To feize ardently or eagerly ; to lay hold on ; to wel¬
come ; to accept willingly any thing offered. — They who
are reprefented by the. wife virgins, embraced the profeffion
of the Chrifiian religion. Tillotfon.

f take it, your own bufmefs calls on you,

And you embrace th- occafion to depart. Shakefpeare.

To comprehend; to take in: as, Natural philofophy em¬
braces ntany Jciaiccs. To comprife; to inclofe ; to con¬
tain ; to encompafs ; to encircle;

Low at h.is feet a fpacious plain is plac’d,

Between the mountain' and the ftream -embrac’d. Denham .
To admit; to receive. — If a man can be affured of any
thing, without having examined, what is there that lie
may not embrace for truth ? Locke. — To find ; to take :
Fleance, his fon,

Whofe abfence is no lefs material to me
Than is h.is father’s, inuft embrace the fate
Of that dark hour. Shakefpeare.

To fqueeze in a hoftile manner. To tie ; to fallen :
- They feiz’d at laft

His courfer’s bridle, and his feet embrac'd Dryden.

[From imbracciare, Ital.] To put on :

Who feeing him from far fo fierce to.pricke,

His warlike armes about him-gan embrace. Spcnfer.

To EMBRA'CE, v. n. To join in an embrace :

I, el me embrace with old Vincentio ;

And wander vve to lee thy honed, fon,

Who will of thy arrival be full joyous. Shakefpeare.

EMBRA-'CE, f. Clafp ; fond preffure in the arms ;
hug. An hoftile fqueeze ; crufli :

Thames, the mod lov’d of all the ocean’s fons
By his old fire, to his embraces runs. Denham .

EMBR A'CEMENT,yi Clafp in the arms ; hug ; em¬
brace.— There cheriftiing- one another with dear, though
chafte e mbracemtnls, with fvveet, though cold kiffes, it
might feem that love was come to play him there without
darts. Sidney.

Thus death becomes a rival to 11s all,

And hopes with foul embracements her to get.

In whofe decay virtue’s fair ftirine nnift fall. Sidney.
Hoftile hug; grapple. — Thefe beads, fighting with any
man, (land upon their hinder feet, and fo this did, being
ready to give me a (hrewd embracement. Sidney. — Com.
prphenfion. — Nor can her Wide embracements filled be. Da¬
vies. — State of being contained ; inclofure. — The parts in
man’s body eafily reparable, as fpiiits, blood, and flefti,
die in the embracements of the parts hardly reparable, as
bones, nerves, and membranes. Bacon. — Conjugal endear¬
ment. — I would freelier rejoice in that abfence, wherein
he woifhonour, than in the embracements of his bed, where
he would fhevv mod love. Shakefpeare. — Willing accept¬
ance. — Both of them being. -God’s inftruments for the
converllon of the Northumbrians to the embracement of
Chrifiian religion. Weever.

EMBR A'CEOR, f. f mbrajour, Fr,] In law, he that,
when a matter is in trial between party and party, comes
to the bar with one of the parties, having received fome
reward fo to do, and (peaks in the cafe; or privately la.

x hours

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501

E M B

hours the jury, or (lands in (lie court to furvey and
overlook them, whereby they are awed or influenced, or
put in fear or doubt of the matter. 1 9 Hen. V II . c. 13.
But lawyers, attorneys, & c. may (peak in the cafe tor
their clients, and not be embraceors : alfo the plaintiff
may labour the jurors to appear in his own caufe ; but a
‘((ranger mil ft not do it : for the bare writing a letter to a
perfon, or parol requeft for a juror to appear, not by the
party himfelf, hath been held within the (latutes again ft
embracery and maintenance. Co. Lit. 369. Hob. 294. If
the party himfelf inftru'ft a juror, or profnife any' reward
for his appearance, then the party is likewife an etnbra-
ceor. And a juror may be guilty of embracery, where
lie by indirect prabtices gets himfelf fworn on the tales,
to ferve on one fide. 1 Ltl. 513. There are divers (latutes
relating to this offence and maintenance. See the article
Maintenance.

EMBRA'CER, f. The perfon embracing. — Yet are
they the greateft embracers of pleafure of any other upon
earth; and they cfleem of pearls as pebbles, fo they may
fatisfy theipguff, in point of pleafure or revenge, Howel.

EMBR A'CERY, yi in law, an attempt to influence a
jury .corruptly to one. fide, by promifes, perfuafions, en¬
treaties, money, entertainments, and the like. The pu-
nifliment for the perfon embracing, (the embrace or, ) is
by fine and imprifonment ; and for the juror fo embraced,
if it be by taking money, rhe punifhment is (by various
fiats, of Edw. III. viz. 5 Edw. III. c. 10. 34 Edw.. III.
c. 8. 38 Edw. III. c. 12.) perpetual infamy, imprifon¬
ment for a year, and forfeiture of ten-fold value. 1 Hawk.
:P. C. c. 85.

EMBR A'SURE, f. [Fr.] In architecture, an enlarge¬
ment of the aperture or opening of a door, or window,
within fide the wall, (loping back inwards, to give the
greater play for. the opening of the door, cafement, &c.
or to take in more light. In fortification, the apertures
xir holes through which the cannon are pointed, whether
in cafemates, batteries, or in the parapets of walls. In
the navy, they are called port-holes. The embrafures
are placed twelve or fifteen feet apart from each other;
being made (loping or opening outwards, from fix to nine
feet wide on the outfide of the wall, and from two to
three within, to allow the gun to tfaverfe from fide to
fide. Their bafe is about two and a half or three feet
above the platform on the infide of the wall, but (loping
down outwards, fo as to be only about one and a half
above it on the outfide ; in order that the muzzle on oc-
caffon may be depreffer], that the gun may (hoot low, or
downwards. — This fort, which is faced with done, has
eighteen or twenty embrafures . Carteret's Voyage in HawkcJ-
wortk. — [In Shakcjpeare.] Embraoe :

Beguiles our lips

Of all rejoindufe, forcibly prevents

Our. lock’d anbrajures. Troilus and CrcJJida.

To EMBRA'VE, v. a. [from brave.'] To decorate ; to
embellilh ; to deck ; to grace ; to adorn. Not in vje :

So, both agree their bodies to engrave;

'The great earth’s womb they open to the dry,

And, with fad cyprefs, feemiy it embrave. SpenJ'er.

EMBREW'ED, adj. in heraldry, dipt in blood.

EMBRHU'HREN, a town of Germany, in the circle
-of Wefiphalia, and bifhopric of M 11 after : ten miles
north-north-weft of Rheine.

To EM'BROCATE, v. a. Gr.] Tp rub any"

part difealed with medicinal liquors. — I returned her a
glafs with oil of rofes and vinegar, to embrocate^ her arm.
IV if email.

EM BROC A'TION, f. The aft of rubbing any part
difeafed with medicinal liquors or ("pints. The lotion
with which any difeafed part is waftied or embrocated. —
We endeavoured to eafe by difeutient and emollient cata-
plafms, and embrocations of various forts. Wfeman.

To EMBROI'DER, v. a. [ broder , Fr.] To border with
ornaments ; to decorate with figured work ; to diverfify

Vol. VI. No. 367.

/

with needlework ; to adorn a ground with raifed figures
of needlework. —Such an accumulation of favours is
like a kind of embroidering, or lifting of one favour upon
another :

Embroider'd purple clothes the golden "beds;

This (lave the floor, and that the table fpreads. Pope.

EMBROI'DERER, f. One that adorns clothes with
needlework. — Blue (ilk and purple, the work of the em¬
broiderer. Ecclcf

EMBROIDERY, J\ Figures raifed upon a ground ;
variegated needlework. — Laces and embroideries arb more
coftly than either warm or comely. Bacon.

Next tli e fe a youthful train their vows exprefs’d,

With feathers crown’d, with gay embroidery drefs’d. Pope.
Variegation; diverfity of colours. — If the natural embroi -
dety of the meadows were help t and improved by art, a
man might make a pretty landscape of his own pofleffions.
Spedator.

By 22 Geo. II. c. 36. no foreign embroidery, or gold
and (liver brocade, '(hall be imported, upon pain of being
forfeited and burnt, and penalty of iooI. for each piece.
No perfon (hall fell, or expofe to fale, any foreign em¬
broidery, gold or (ilv.er thread, lace, fringe, brocade, 01-
make up the fame into any garment, on pain of having
it forfeited and burnt, and penalty of 100I. All filch
embroidery. See. may be feized and burnt ; and the mer¬
cer, &c. in whofe cuftody it was found, (hall forfeit iool.

Tv EMBROIL', v. a. fbfouilUr, Fr. ] To difturb ; to
confufe ; to cliff radt ; to throw into commotion; to in¬
volve in troubles by diffention and difeord :

Rumour next, and chance,

And tumult and eonfufion, all embroil'd.

And difeord with a thoufand various mouths. Milton.

To perplex ; to entangle. — The Chriftian antiquities at
Rome, though of a frefher date,' are fo embroiled with fa¬
ble and legend, that one receives but little fatisfafilion.
Addifon. — In the following paflage the word feems im¬
properly ufed for broil or burn. — That knowledge, for
which we boldly attempt to rifle God’s cabinet, (hould,
like the coal from the altar, ferve only to embroil and con-,
fume the iacrilegious invaders. Decay of Piety.

To EMBRG'THEL, v.. a. \_brothel , brodel. ] To inclofe
in a brothel :

Men, which choofe

Law practice for mere gain, boldly repute,

Worfe than embrothel'd (irumpets proftitute. Donne.

EM'BRUN, a city of France, and principal place of
a diftriiSt, in the department of the Higher Alps, on the
Durance; before the revolution, the fee of an archbifhop,
containing five parifiies, and about 12,600 inhabitants. it
was taken in 1692, by Vidtor Amadeus II. king of Sardi¬
nia, but abandoned foon after ; and, a little time after,
Louis IV. built Mount Dauphin, to prevent the like cir-
cumftance another time: fix leagues eaft of Gap. Lat.
44. 24. N. Ion. 24. 9. E. Ferro.

EM'BRYO, or EMBRYON,yi [from e u.Zpva, Gr. to
pullulate or bud forth.] The offspring yet unfinilhed in
the womb. See the article Conception, vol. v. p. 4.
— The bringing forth of living creatures may be accele¬
rated, if the embryo ripeneth and perfecteth fooner. Ba¬
con. — An exclufion before conformation, before the birth
can bear the name of the parent, or be fo much as pro¬
perly called an embryon. Brown.

When the crude embryo careful nature breeds.

See how (he works, and how her work proceeds. Blackm.
The (late of any thing yet not fit for production ; yet un-
finifhed. — The company little fufpected what a noble
work I had then in embryo. Swift.

EM'BRYONATE, adj. Belonging to an embryo. Scott.

EMBRYOTHLAS'TES.y; [from By.fyvvy, Gr. the foe¬
tus, and 6asc^, to break.] In forgery, an inftrumentfof
breaking the bones.of a dead feetus to promote its delivery.

6 M EMBRYO'.

o 0-3

E M £

E M E

EMBRYOTOMY, _/! [ embryotomia , Lat. from z^Zovuv,
Gr. a fcetus, and rs/Avai, to cut.] The operation of cut-
ting a child from the womb of its mother, in obdruCted
parturition.

EMBRYUL'CUS,yi. [from Gr. a fcettrs, and

sAaiy, to draw.] An indrument for drawing a child from
the womb.

EMBS, or Ems, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Swabia, and county of Embs, or Hohenembs, near which
are fome baths impregnated with fulphur : ten miles
fouth of Bregentz.

EMBS, or Hohenembs, a fmall county of Germany,
in the circle of Swabia, fouth of the county of Bregentz,
and the lake of Condance, about ten miles long, and five
broad, ereCted into a county by Charles V. and now be¬
longing to the houfe of Auftria. Its Roman month is
twenty florins, and tax fixty rixdollars.

EM'DEN, a fea-port of Germany, in the circle of
Wedphalia, and capital of the county of Ead Frifeland,
on the eafl fide of the Embs, near the mouth ; large,
ffrong, and commercial, divided into Old and New Town,
with two fauxbourgs. It contains three churches for
Calvinifts, befides places of worfnip for Roman catholics,
Lutherans, Mennonites, and jews. It was taken by the
French in 175'/, who evacuated it the next year. It was
afterwards again taken by the French ; but the prince of
Soubife exacting too fevere contributions, the peafants
rofe, and drove the enemy out of the town and country.
It is a free port. The right of protection has been pur-
chafed by the king of PruHia of the Dutch. Its terri¬
tory includes feveral towns and villages. Lat. 53. 22. N.
Ion. 24. 34. E. Ferro.

EME ,f. [eame, Sax.] Uncle. Now obfolete :

Whtld they were young, Caffibelan their emey
Was by the people chofen in their dead ;

Who on him took the royal diadem,

And goodly well it long time governed. Spcnfer.

EMEGIA'GEN, a town and fortrefs of Africa, in the
empire of Morocco.

EMEND'ABLE, adj. \_emendo,'La.t.~\ Capable of emen¬
dation ; corrigible.

EMEN'DALS, f. \_emenda,- Lat.] An old word flill
made life of in the accounts of the fociety of the Inner
Temple; where fo much in emendals at the foot of an
account, on the balance thereof, (ignifies fo much money
in the bank or flock of- the houfes, for reparation of Iof¬
fes or other emergent occafions : quod in rejlauraiionem
dantni tribuitur. Spelm.

EMENDA'RE,yi [ emendamfolvere , Lat.] Inlaw, that
principle which direCts to make amends for any crime or
trefpafs committed. Leg. Edw. ConfeJJ'. c. 35, Hence a
capital crime, not to be attoned by line, was faid to be
inemcndabilc . Leg. Canut. p. 2.

EMENDATION, f. \_emendo, Lat.] Correction; al¬
teration of any thing from worfe to better. — The elfence
and relation of any thing in being, is fitted, beyond any
emendation , for its aCtlon and ufe ; and fliews it to proceed
from a mind of the higheft underdanding. Grew. — An al¬
teration made in the text by verbal criiicilm. — Who, in
Iris emendations upon Suidas, has lhewn a critical acumen.
Harris.

EMENDA'TOR, f. \_emendo, Lat.] A corrector; an
improver; an altererfor the better.

E'MER-YAPAR, a town of Afia, in Thibet: feven-
teen miles from Cha-tcheou.

EM'ERALD, / [ emeraude , Fr. fmaragdas, Lat.] A
tranfparent precious (tone, of a green colour. See the
article Gem and Mineralogy.

Nor deeper verdure dies the robe of fpring,

When fir ft fhe gives it to the fouthern gale.

Than the green emerald Avows. . Thomfon.

EM'ERALD MOUNTAIN, a mountain of Egypt,
anciently famous for the production of emeralds, and
■ fuppofed to be fituated in the range bordering on the

Red Sea, towards Coftir. Tt is imagined that thefe ernt
ralds confided of cfyftallized cockle ; which, where found
of a green colour, and free from flaws, is called emerald.
by the jewellers. Hence the cockle fpar brought from
Egypt is called mother of emeralds. It is probable that
this cockle was, in ancient times, fafhionable in Egypt
under the name of emerald ; but it is of a deeper green
than the true emeralds, and alfo wants their tuftre. See’
the article Egypt, p. 388, of this volume.

To EMER'GE, v. n. [ em/rgo , Lat.] To rife out of any
thing in which it is covered. — They emerged , to the up¬
per part of the fpirit of wine, as much of them as lay
immerfed in the fpirit. Boyle.

Thetis, not unmindful of her foil,

Emerging from tile deep, to beg her boon. Dryden.
To iffue ; to proceed. — If the prifm was turned about
its axis that way, which made the rays, emerge- more ob¬
liquely out of the fecond refraCting furface of the prifm,
the image foon becamean inch or two longer. Nwton. —
To rife ; to mount from a Hate of deprefflon or obfeurity;,
to rife into view :•

Darknefs, we fee, emerges into light ;

And Aiming funs defeend to fable night. Dryden „

When, from dewy (hade emerging bright,

Aurora Breaks the (ky with orient light. Pope.

EMER'GENGE, or Emergency, f. The aft of riling:
out of any fluid by which it is covered. — We have read
of a tyrant, who tried to prevent the emergence of mur¬
dered bodies. Brown. — The aCt of rifing or darting into
view. — The white colour of all refracted light, at its
very fird emergence , where it appears as white as before
its incidence, is compounded of various colours. Newton:
— Aiiy fudden' occadon ; unexpected cafualty. — Mod of
our rarities have been found out by cafual emergency, and
have been the works of time and chance rather than of
philofophy. Glanvillc. — Prefling necedity ; exigence. A
fenfe not proper. — -In any cafe of emergency, he would em¬
ploy the whole wealth of his empire, which he had thus
amaded together in Ii is fubterraneous exchequer. Addif.

EMER'GENT, adj. Riling out of that which over¬
whelms or oblcures it :

Immediately the mountains huge appear
Emergent, and their broad bare backs upheave
Into the clouds. Milton.

Rifing into view, or notice, or honour. — The man that:
is once hated, both his good and his evil deeds opprefs
him ; he is not eafily emergent. Ben Jonfon. — Proceeding
or i(j[uing from any thing. — The Stoics held a fatality,
and a fixed unalterable courfe of events; but then they
held alfo, that they fell out by a necedity emergent from,
and inherent in, the things themfelves. South. — Sudden
unexpectedly cafual. — All the lords declared, that, upon
any emergent occafion, they would mount their fervants
upon their liorfes. Clarendon.

EMER'GENT YEAR, f. in chronology, the epoch,
or date, from whence any people begin to compute their
time or dates. So, our emergent year is fometimes the
year of the creation, but more ufually the year of the
birth of Chrilt. The Jews ufed that- of the Deluge, or
the Exodus, &c. The emergent year of the Greeks,, was
the beginning of the Olympic games; while that of tils
Romans was the date of the building of their city.

EM'ERODS, or Emeroids, f. [corrupted by igno¬
rant pronunciation from hemorrhoids, Gr. ] Pain¬

ful fwellings of the hemorrhoidal veins piles. — He de-
droyed them, and fmote them with -cmerods: 1 Sam.

EMER'SION,yi [from emerge .] In altronomy, the re¬
appearance of the fun, moon, or other planet, after having
been eclipfed, or hid by the interpofition of the moon,
earth, or other body. The emersions and immerlions of
Jupiter’s fird fatellite, are particularly ufeful for finding
the longitudes of places; the immerlions being obferved
from Jupiter’s conjunction with the fun, till his oppofi-

tion 3

E M £

tion ; and the emerfions from the oppofition till the con¬
junction. But within fifteen days of the conjunction,
both before and after it, tliey cannot be obferved, becaufe
the planet and his fatellites are tfien loft in the fun’s
light.. — Emtrfum is alfo ufed when a (tar, after being hid by
the fun, begins to re-appear, and to get out of his rays.

EMER'SION, f in phyfies, the rifing of any fiolid
above the furface of a fluid that is fpecifically heavier
than the folid, into which it had been violently im-
rnerged, or pufhed. It is one of the known laws of liy-
droftatics, that a lighter folid, being forced down into a
heavier fluid, immediately endeavours to emerge ; and
that with a force equal to the excefs of the weight of a
quantity of the fluid above that of an equal bulk of the
folid. Thus, if the body be immerged in a fluid of double
its fpecific gravity, it will emerge again till half its bulk
be above the furf ce of the fluid.

EM'ERSON (William), an eminent Englifh mathema¬
tician, born at Hurworth, near Darlington, in the county
of Durham, in 1701. His father, who taught a fchool,
was a proficient in the mathematics'; and by his inftruc-
rions, and the books of which he was poflelfed, was his
fon’s genius for mathematical (Indies firft unfolded. He
devoted himfelf to a long life of ftudious retirement, in
which he wrote his numerous treatifes. On the 20th
of May, 1782, he fell a viftim to the (lone, in his native
village, when he was near eighty-one years of age. Mr.
Emerfon, from the ftrengthof his mind, and the clofenefs
of his application, had acquired a deep knowledge of all
the branches of mathematics and phyfics. He was alfo
well (killed in the fcience of mufic, the theory of founds,
and the various fcales ancient and modern, but appeared
to poor advantage as a performer. The following is a
lift of his publications: 1. The DoCtrine of Fluxions,
8vo. 174S. 2. The Projection of the Sphere, orthogra¬
phic, ftereographic, and gnomonical, 8vo. 1749. 3. The

Elements of Trigonometry, Bvo. 1749. 4. The Princi¬
ples of Mechanics, 4to. 1754. 5. A Treatife of Naviga¬
tion, 1 21110. 1755. 6. A Treatife of Algebra, in two

books, 8vo. 1765. 7. The. Method of Increments, 8vo.

8. The Arithmetic of Infinites, the Differentia! Method,
and the Elements of the Conic Sections, in three books,
8vo. 1767. 9. Mechanics, or the DoCtrine of Motion,

&c. with the Laws of Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
8vo. 1769. 10. The Elements of Optics, in four books,

8vo. 1768. 11. A Syftem of Aftronomy, 8vo; 1769.

12. Mathematical Principles of Geography, Navigation.,
and Dialling, Bvo. 1770. 13. Clyccniathelis, or an eafy

Introduction to the feveral Branches of the Mathematics,
8 vo. 1770. 14. A Commentary on Sir Ifaac Newton’s

Principia, with a Defence of Sir Ifaac againft the Objec¬
tions made to feveral Parts of his Works, Svo. 1770.
15. A volume of TraCts, in Svo. 1770. And, 16. An¬
other of Mifcellanies, containing feveral Mathematical
Subjects, 8vo. 1776.

E'MERSTORFF, a town of Germany, in the archdu¬
chy of Auftria, cn the Danube: Tixteen miles above Crems.

EM'ERUS. See Hsch-ynomene and- Coronilla.

E'M K R Y_, f. ' \_fmyris , Lat. efmeril, Fr.] A mineral,
which yields to no fubftance in hurdnefs, except the dia¬
mond. — The lapidaries cut the ordinary gems on their
wheels, by fprinkling the wetted powder of emery over
them ; but it will not touch the diamond. It is conftantly
ufed in cleaning and polilhing fteel. See the article Mi¬
neralogy.

EME'SA, a town of Afiatic i urkey, in the pachalic
of Dumafcus : twenty-five miles (otrth of Hama.

EME'TIC, or Emittic.vl, adj. [ emetica , Lat. from epea),
Gr. to vomit.] Having t he quality of provoking vomits.
— Various are the temperaments and operations of herbs ;
Lome purgative, forne emetic, and fome fudorific. Hale.

EME'TIC, f. A medicine which provokes vomiting.

EME'TICALLY, adv. In fuch a manner as to pro¬
voke to vomit. — It has been complained of, that prepa¬
rations of filver have produ&d violent vomits j wliqreas
1

E M I .503

we have not obferved duly-refined filver to w.ork emeti-
cally , even in women and girls. Boyle.

E'METZ, a town of Ruffian Siberia, in the govern¬
ment of Tobolfk : twenty-eight miles weft of Ifchim.

EMIC A'TlON,yi [_emicatio, Lat. ] Sparkling; flying
off in fmall particles, as fpriglitly liquors. — -Iron, in aqua¬
fortis, will fall into ebullition with noife and emication , as
alfo a crafs and fumid exhalation. Brown.

EMIC'TION,/! [from emiElum, -Lat. ] Urine; what is
voided by the urinary paflages. — Gravel and ftone grind
away the flefh, and eff'ufe t he blood apparent in a fan-
guine emiElion. Harvey ..

EM'I GR A NTS, f. [of emigrans, Lat.] Thofe who go
out of their own country to refide in another, oonftrained
either by poverty or perfecution, as the Palatines, StraL
burghers, French priefts, &c.— All thefe emigrants were
to receive pay and fubliftence for fome years at the public
expence. Robertfon.

To EM'IGRATE, v. a. \emigro, Lat.] To remove from
one place to another.

EMIGRA'TION, f. Change of habitation ; removal
from one place to another. — We find the originals of
many kingdoms either by victories, or by emigrations, or
intefline commotions. Hale.

EM1LI' (Paul), (y Emilias , Lat.) an hi ftorian of reputa¬
tion, native of Verona. He had obtained a great charac¬
ter in Italy, when t he cardinal de Bourbon brought him
to France in 1487. After the death of his patron, Paul
was obliged for his fubfiftence to teach the languages in a
college of the univerfity. Through the recommendation
of Stephen Poncher, bifhop of Paris, he was engaged by
Louis XU. to write in Latin the hiftory of France, and
for this purpofe he was gratified with a canonry in the
cathedral of Notre Dame. He retired to the college of
Navarre, where he applied for near thirty years afiidit-
oufly to his labour, which he brought down, in ten books,
from Pharamond to the fifth year of Charles VIII. Of
this work the firft four books were publifhed about 1516 :
two more were added in a fecond edition; and he left
four more, the laft bf which being imperfeCt, was com¬
pleted by Daniel Zavarifi. The whole was p ub 1 i fined to¬
gether at Paris in 1539, and has been feveral times re¬
printed, and tranflated into foreign languages. He is-
praifed as the firft writer who gave to Trench hiftory a juft
form and method. Emili died at Paris in 1529.

EMIL'IA, a woman’s name.

'E'MIMS, [Heb. a formidable people.] Ancient inha¬
bitants of the land of Canaan beyond Jordan, who were
defeated by Chedorlaomer and his allies. Gen. xiv. 5.
They were beaten in Shaveh-Kirjathaim, which was. in t lie
country of Sihon, conquered from the Moabites. JoJh.y. iik
19-21. The Emirns were a warlike people, of a gigantic
ftature, great and many, and tall as the Anakinis.

EMILLE'GUE, one of the Pelew i-flands.

EM'INENCE, or EMinency, f. \_emincntia, Lat.]
Loftinefs ; height. Summit; hjgkeft part. — Mountains
abound with different vegetables, every vertex or epii-
nency affording new kinds. Ray. — A part rifing above the
reft. — They muft be imooth, almoft imperceptible to the
touch, and without either eminence or cavities. Dryden. —
A place where one is expofed to genera! notice. — A
fatyr or libel on one of the common (lamp, never meets
with that reception as what is aimed at a perfon whofe
merit places him upon an eminence, and gives him a more
confpicuous figure. Addijon. — Exaltation ; eonlpicucuf-
nefs ; (late of being expofed to view ; reputation ; cele¬
brity ; fame; preferment; greatnefs. — When men can¬
not arrive to any cminency of eftate, yet religion makes a
compenfation, by teaching content. Ti'llotjon. — Supreme
degree. A title given to cardinals :

Whatever pure thou in the body enjoy’d,

And pure tlipu wert created, we enjoy

In eminence. Milton .

Notice ; diftinction l

' Let

S04 E M I

Let your remembrance (till apply to Banquo ;

^ Prefen t him eminence both with eye and tongue. Shakefp.

EM'INENT, adj. ^cminens^ Lat. ] High ; lofty. — Thou
haft built unto thee' tin' eminent place. Ezek. ■

Satan, in gefture proudly' eminent,

- Stood like a tow’r. Milton.

Dignified; exalted:

.Rome for your fake fliall pufti her conquefts on,

And bring new titles home from nations won,

To dignify lo eminent a fon. Dryden.

Confpicuous ; remarkable.— She is eminent for a lincere
piety in the practice of religion. Addifon.

Eminent he mov’d

In Grecian arms, the wonder of his foes. Glover.

B.MINEN' I I AL EQUATION, f. A term tifed by
feme algebraifts, in the inveftigatiou of the areas of enr-
vilineal figures, for a kind of aftumed equation that con¬
tains another equation eminently, the latter being a par¬
ticular cafe of the former.

EMINENTLY, adv. Confpicuoufly ; in a manner that
attracts obfervation :

Such as thou haft folemnly elebted,

With gifts and graces eminently adorned. Milton.

In a high degree. — All men are equal in their judgment
of what is eminently heft. Dryden.

E'MIR, f. a title of dignity among the Turks, figni-
fying a prince. o This title was-firft given to the caliphs ;
but when they affumed the title of fuTtans", that of emir
remained to their children ; as that of C;e far among the
Romans. At length the title came to be attributed to
all who were judged to defeend from Mahomet by. his
daughter Fatimah, and who wear the green turban. The
Turks alfo call the vizirs, ba/haws, or governors of pro-
■vinces, by this name.

E'MIR, a town of Curdiftan, fituated on the weft fide
of a well-cultivated and pleafaht valley, with a fine river
running towards the north.

E'MIR-B.ACH A, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the
province of Natolia: eighty miles weft of Tocat.

EM'I SS ARY, f. [ emijfarhis , Lat.] One fent out on
private meffages; afpy; a fecPet agent. — Clifford, a nemif-
fary and fpy of the king’s, fled over into Flanders with his
privity. Bacon.

You fliall neither eat nor fleep,

No, nor forth your window peep.

With your cmijfary eye,

To fetch in the forms go by. ' Ben JunJbn.

One that emits or fends out. A technical fen fe. — Where-
ever there are emijfaries, -there are abforbeiit veftels in the
(kin ; and, by the abforbeiit veifels, mercury will pafs
into the blood. Arbuthnot.

EMIS'SILE, adj. Capable of being call out, capable
of being lent out. Scott. Not much ufed.

EMlS'S10N,y'. \_cmijJio, Lat.] The act of fending out ;
— Tickling caulelh laughter: the caufe may be the emif-
Ifio.n of the fpirits, and fo of the breath by a flight from
titillation. Bacon. — Afiedtion, in the ftate of innocence,
was happily pitched upon its right objedt j it flamed up
in diredt fervours of devotion to God, and in collateral
emij/ions of charity to its neighbour. South.

To EMIT','0. a. [ emit to , Lat.] To fend forth ; to left
go ; to give v.ent to. — The foil, being fruitful and rich,
emits ftcams, confiding of volatile and trdtive parts. Ar¬
buthnot.. — To let fly ; to dart :

Pay facred rev’rence to Apollo’s long;

Left, wrathful, the far-fhooting god emit
His fatal arrows. Prior.

To iffue out juridically. — That a citation be valid, it
ought to be decreed and emitted by the judge’s authority,
and at the inftance of the party. Aylijfe.

E M M

"EM'I.Y, a village of Ireland, in the County of Tippe¬
rary ; the fee of a bifhop, Laid to have been founded fo
early as the fifth century; and afterwards erected into an
archbifhopric. In 1568, it was united to Cafhel, in which
ftate it ftill continues : fifteen miles weft of Cafhel.

EM'LYN (Thomas), an eminent Englifti proteftant-
diflenting divine, born at Stamford in J.incolnfbire, in
1663.. His parents were frequenters of the eftabliftied
church, but, being inclinable to the principles. of the non-
conformifts, chofe to bring up their fon to the miriiftry in
that connection. Mr. Emlyn .made his ficft appearance',
in the character of a preacher', in December,, 1682. In
1683, he became chaplain to the courttefs of Donegal, who
then lived in London, and in the year following went over
with her and her family to Belfaft in Ireland, where fhe
was married to fir William Franklin; who, having a good
eftate in the weft of England, offered him a confiderable
living in that country ; but this offer he declined, on ac^
count of his diffatisfaCtion with the terms of minifterial
conformity, though at that time he entertained no Icru-
ples on the I'ubjeCt of the Trinity. He was the author
of a confiderable number of tracts on religious controverly.
In the year 1731, he alio wrote Obfervations on Dr. Water-
land’s Notions in Relation to Polytheifm, Ditheifm, &c.
and in the lame year drew up fome Memoirs of the Lite
and Sentiments of the Rev. Dr. Samuel Clarke. Thofe
pieces were not publilhed till a complete collection was
made of the author’s works in 1746, in two volumes 8vo.
to which are added Memoirs of his Life! He died on the
30th of July, 1743, in the feventy-ninth year of his age..
His fon, Mr. Sollom Emlyn, who was bred to fhe law.,
and became an eminent counfellor, was employed to pub-
lilh lord-chief-juftice H.de’s Hiftory of the Pleas of the
Crown, which he did in 1736) >n two volumes folio, to¬
gether with a preface and large notes,

EM’MA, a woman’s name.

EMM A'NUEL, or Immanuel, a Hebrew word which
occurs Ifaiah viii. 14, in that celebrated prophecy, where¬
in he declares to Ahaz the birth of the Mefliah, who was
to be born of a virgin, and be Emmanuel, that is, God
with us. The fame prophet (viii. 8.) repeats the fame
thing, while he is fpeaking of the enemy’s army, which,
like a torrent, was to overflow Judea. “ The ftretching
out of his wings fliall fill the breadth of thy land, O Em¬
manuel.-” The evangelift Matthew, i. 23. informs 11s,
that this prophecy was accompliftied in the birth of
Chrift, in whom the two natures divine and human were
united, and who in this fenfe was really Emmanuel, or
God with us.

EM'MAUS, a village of Paleftine, fituated in Judea,
fixty furlongs froim Jerufalem ; near which, Judas Mac-
cabeirs- vanquiftied the army under the command of Gor-
gias ; and where Chrift, after his refurreef ion, made him-
felf known to two of his difciples. 1 Macc. iv. Luke,
xxiv. 13.

EM'ME, a river of Swifferland, which rifes near Ent-
libuch, in the canton of Lticern, and runs into the Aar
at Biberifch, in the canton of Soleure, through a fertile
valley, called Emmenthal.

EMMELOO'RT, a town in the north part of the
ifiand of Schockland, in the Zuyder fea : ten miles eaft
of Vollenhovp.

F.MMEN'AGOGUES, f. [ ' emmenagoga , Lat. from e/x-
fMtnct, Gr. the menfes, and a.yu>, to move.] Medicines
that promote the courfes, either by giving a greater
force to the blood in its circulation, or by making it
thinner. Quincy. — F.mmenagogucs are fuch as produce a
plethora, or fulnefs of the veffels, confequently Inch as
ftrengthen tlie organs of digeftion, fo as to make good
blood. Arbuthnot.

EMMEN A LO'Gl A,yi [from tjjy.r.r.a, Gr. the menfes,
and Xoyoc, a difconrle.] A treatife on the emmenia.

EMMENDIN'GEN, a town *of Germany, in the cir¬
cle of Swabia, and marggraviate of Baden, on the Enz :

feven

E M O

fevcn miles north of Fry burg, and nineteen fouth-fouth-
eart of Strafburg.

EMME'NIA, f. "[from vj, in, and Gr. a month.]
A term with phyficians for the monthly purgation of
women.

EM'MERICH, or Embrich, or Emmeric’k, a town
of Germany, in the circle of Wettphalia, and duchy of
Cleves, furrounded witli walls and ditches in 1247. It
contains four churclie's, for Lutherans, Calvinifts, Roman
catholics, and Mennonites, one each ; the Roman catho¬
lics have four convents. It has a voice and feat at the
provincial affemblies. It was taken by the French in 1672,
and reftored to the debtor of Brandenburg in 1673: lix
miles eafl of Cleves. Lat. 51, 51. N. Ion. 23, 40. E. Ferro.

EM'MKT,/. [a:me«e, Sax.] An ant; a pifmire.
See the article Formica. ,

To EMMEW', v. a. To mew or coop up :

This outward-fainted deputy,

Whofe fettl’d vifage and delib’rate word,

Nips youth i’ th’ head, and follies doth emmew.

As faulcon doth the fowl, is yet a devil. Shahcfpcare.

EM'MIUS (Ubbo), a learned philologifl and hiftorian,
horn in 1547 at Gretha, a village in Eafl Friefland, of
which his father was paftor. He fludied at the univerfity
cl Roftock, where he attended the lectures of David
Chytrasus and Henry Bruce, On the death of his father
he returned to his native place, where he lived and en¬
gaged hs matter of the fchcol of Norden in Eafl Friefland,
in 1579. Under his direblion this feminary fl.oiiriflied
greatly ; but as he declined to fubfcribe the confeflion of
Auglburg, lotne bigotted Lutherans caufed him to be de¬
prived of his falary, and prohibited from teaching. He
therefore accepted an invitation to undertake the fame
office at Leer, to the fchool of which he gave a reputation
which durably injured that of Norden. Several Calvi-’
nitts expelled by the Lutherans from Groningen came to
refide at Leer, and contracted an intimacy with Emmins.
Through their influence, when Groningen alfociated itfelf
with the United Provinces, and planned the re-eftablilh-
ment of its college, Emmius was invited to become its di¬
rector, with the power of forming fuch ftatutes for its
government as he fliould think proper. He removed
thither in 1594, and exercifed his office near twenty years
to the great advantage of the inftitutio.n. At the end of
that time, the city of Groningen having erefted its col¬
lege into an univerfity, Emmius was appointed profeflbr
of hiftory and Greek. This fituation he retained to old
age, and no offers from other univerfities could tempt
him to remove. He died at Groningen in 1623, in the
feventy-ninth year of his age. The principal works of
Emmius are, 1. Decades Rcrum Frifcarum, folio, 1616; a
valuable performance, and the more fo, as his fuperiority
to the national partiality fo common in hiftorians of their
own country, has led him to rejebt and refute the fables
concerning the Frilian antiquities related by other au¬
thors; yet he has incurred reproach for this attachment
to truth. 2. Vetus Gracia illuflrata, 3 vols. Svo. 1626; a
valuable fummary of the geography, hiftory, polity, Sic.
of ancient Greece. 3. Opus Chronologicum Novum , folio,
1619. 4. Chronologica Rerum Romanarum , cum ferie Confulum,
folio, 1619. 3. Appendix Chronologica, folio, i'620. All

thefe difplay a profound knowledge of hiftory, and have
been much applauded by learned men.

EM'MOR, [from the Heb. fignifying an afs.] The
name of a man.

Jo EMMC'VE, v. a. \_emmouvoir, Fr. ] To excite ; to
roufe ; to put into emotion. Not ufed.

One day, when him high courage did emmove,

He pricked forth. Spenfer.

EMOL'LIENT, adj. [ emolliens , Lat.] Softening, flip¬
ping- — Barley is emollient, moiftening, and expectorating.
— Diuretics are decoctions, emulfions, and oils of emollient
vegetables, fo far as they relax the urinary pafTages :

Vol. VI. No. 368. v '

£ M 1>

-SQ5

fuch as relax ought to be tried before fuch as ftimulate.
Arbutknot.

EMOl?LIENTS, y. Such things as flieath and foften
the afperities of the humours, and relax and fupple the
folids at the fame time. ■ Quincy. — Emollients ought to be
taken in operr'air, to hinder them from perfpiring, and on
empty ftomachs. Arbuthnot.

EMOLLI'TION, f. [ emollitio , Lat.] The a<St of foft-
ening. — Laflitude is remedied by bathing, or .anointing
witlr'oil arid warm water.; the caufe is, for that all lafii-
tude is a kind of contufion and compreflion of the par ,
and bathing and anointing give a relaxation or emollction.
Bacon.

EMO'I.UMENT, f. \_emolumentum, Lat.] Profit; ad¬
vantage. — Let them confult how. politic they were, for a
temporal emolument to throw away eternity. South. — No¬
thing gives greater fatisfablion than the ferife of having
difpatched a great deal of bufinefs to public emolument'.
Taller.

EMOLUMEN'TAL, adj. Ufefnl, — Who receive and
promote his dictates in all that is laudable, and truly
cmolumental of this nature. Evelyn's Preface.

EMON'GST, prep, [fo written by Spenfer. ] Among:

The merry birds of every fort,

Chaunted aloud their chearful harmony ;

And made emongf themfelves a fweet confort,

That quick’ned the dull fp’rit with mufical comfort.

Fairy Queen.

EMO'TION, f. [Fr.] Diflurbance of mind; vehe¬
mence of paffion, or pleafing or painful. — I wili appeal
to any man who lias read this poet, whether he finds not
the natural emotion, of the fame pafiion in himfelf, which
the- poet deferibes in his feigned perfons > Dryden. •
Tliofe rocks and oaks that fuch emotion felt,

Were rural maids whom Orphe.us taught to melt. Granville.

EMOUI', or Hia-men, an ifland near the fouth-eaft
coaft of China, in the province of Fo-kien, about fifteen
miles in circumference, with a port capable of containing
any number of vefiels, witli fufficient depth of water";
where the emperor keeps a garrifon of feveral thou fluid
men. In the beginning of the eighteenth century it was
frequented by European veffels for trade, but is now neg-
leCted for Canton. Lat. 24. 30. N. Ion. 1 . 32. E. Peking.

To EMPA'LE, v. a. [ empaler , Fr.] fto fence with a,
pale :

How happy’s he, which hath due place affign’d
T’ his beafls, and difaforefted his mind ?

Empal'd himfelf to keep them out, not in;

Can fow, and dares truft corn, where they have been.

Donne.

To fortify. — ‘The Englifh empaled, themfelves with their
pikes, and therewith bare off their enemies. Hayward . — •
To inclofe ; to flint in :

They have empal'd within a zodiac
The free-born fun, and keep twelve figns awake
To watch his fteps: the Goat and Crab controul
And fright him back. Donne.

To put to death by fpitting on a flake fixed upright:

Let them each be broken on the rack ;

Then, with what life remains, empal'd, and left
To writhe at leifure round the bloody flake. Addifon.

EMPA'LEMENT, f. The kind of punifliment in
which a fharp pole was thruft up the fundament. I11
botany, the calyx, that part which furrounds and fup-
ports the petals or flower leaves of a plant.

EMPATING, part. aEl. Fencing, fortifying, inclofing,
putting to death by fpitting the body on a pole.

EMPAN'NEL, f. [from panne, Fr.] The writing or
entering the nahies of a jury into a parchment fchedule,
or roll of paper, by the fheriff, which lie lias fummoned
to appear for the performance of fuch public feryice as
juries are employed in, Cowel.

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To EMPAN'NEL, v. a. To fmnmon to ferve on a
jury. — I (hall not need to empannel a jury of moralids or
divines, every man’s own bread fufficiently indrubting
him. Government of the Tongue.

EMPAR'LANCE, f. in law, fee Imparlance. — A
parley in the midfi of a conflict :

Full often times did Britomart affay

To fpeak to them, and fome emparlance move. Sperfer.

EM'PASM,/! [ empafma , Lat. from evj and nacrco, G r.
to Iprip.kle.] A medicine compofed of fvveet powders, to
take away fweatf correct the bad feent of the body, and
allay inflammations, by being fprinkled or rubbed upon
the parts affebted.

To EMPAS'SION, v. a. To move with paflion ; to
affect drongly; to throw off from equanimity :

So (landing, moving, or to height upgrown,

The tempter, all empajjion’d, thus began. Milton.

EMPAS'SION A T E , adj. Strongly affe&ed :

With the neare touch whereof in tender hart
Tiie Briton prince was fore empajjionatc.

And woxe inclined much unto iter part. Spetifer.

EMPE'DOCLF.S, an eminent Sicilian philofopher and
poet, a native of Agrigentum, who flourifhed about the
84th olympiad, or 444 years before (Thrift. Upon the
deatli of his father Meto, who was a wealthy citizen of
Agrigentum, he became a man of confequence and weight
among his fellow-citizens, and fecured their confidence
and efleem by efpoufi ng, in all druggies of a political na¬
ture, the interests of the great body of the people, and
by the liberal and generous purpofes to which he applied
a confiderable fliare of his large paternal eflate. Among
other inftances, he bellowed a part of it in the form of
dowries, on indigent young women, who by thofe means
were enabled to marry into refpebfuble connections. There
was fomething of oflentation, however, in the didinbtion
of drefs which heaffumed, wearing a purple robe, .a golden
girdle, and a Delphic crown ; in the numerous train of fer-
vants by which lie chofe to be attended ; and in the grave
and commanding afpedl which he always maintained. Such
(lately appearances would have been confidered a^ indica¬
tions, in mod men, of a wifh to obtain the polfeflion ot
fovereign power. But Empedocles had no inch defire.
On the contrary, he was, as Ariftotle affirms, utterly
averl'e to taking any government upon him, and, accord¬
ing to Xanthus, refufed a crown which was once offered
hint, whether by the Agrigentines, or by what other
people, we are not informed; (hewed himfelf a deter¬
mined enemy to tyranny, under whatever form it was at¬
tempted to be eftablifned ; and condantly employed his
wealth and influence in preferving and defending the
rights and liberties of his countrymen. Empedocles alfo
pofieffed poetical talents. Some of his pieces were fung
at the Olympic games ; and his dile is faid by Aridotle to
have been homerical, forcible in expreffion, and adorned
with numerous m'etaphofs and other poetical figures.
Henry Stephens has collected fragments of his verfes
which are difperfed through various ancient writers; and
Their exidence affords fome ground for the opinion of
Fabricius, that Empedocles was the real author of that
ancient fragment which bears the name of The Golden
V.erfes of Pythagoras. He is alfo faid to have written
fome tragedies, and treatifes on politics. That he was an
eminent maderof the art of eloquence, may be concluded
not only from the effebts produced on his fellow-citizens
by his harangues to them, but from the circumdance that
Georgius Leontinus, a celebrator orator, was his pupil.
There is much uncertainty in the accounts relative to
the time and manner of his death. According to certain
writers, he perilhed in the burning crater of mount Etna.
(Me of their accpunts dates, that he incautioufly (lipped
into it while attempting to examine the phenomenon;
and that the accident was difeovered by means of one of
3iis brazen fundals, which was thrown out from the moun-

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tain in a fubfequent eruption. Strabo, however, and
other writers, rejebt this-dory as fictitious. Timaeus’s
relation, mod probably, is the true one, which affirms
that towards the clofe of his life, Empedocles went into
Greece, and that he never returned to Sicily; by which
means the time and manner of his death remain unknown.
According to Aridotle, he died when he completed his 60th
year; but fome make him 67, and others 309, years old.
A datue was eredted to his memory at Agrigentum, which
was afterwards carried to Rome. The following is the fub-
flance of his philofophy, ascolledted from his Fragments:
That it is impoffible to judge of truth by the fenfes, with¬
out the aid of reafon, which is led, through their medium,
to contemplate the real nature and immutable effences of
things ; that the fird principles of nature are of two kinds,
adtive and paffive, the former of which is unity, or God,
the latter, matter; that the adtive principle is a fifbtle
ethereal fire, intelligent and divine, which gives being to
all things, animates all things, and into which all things
will finally be refolved ; that there are in the regions of
the air numerous demons, emanations from the divine
•nature, who prefide over human affairs ; that brute ani¬
mals are allied to the Divinity, as conflituting a part of
thofe animated beings which the fame fpir-it unites to it-
felf, and to one another, on which account it is unlaw¬
ful to kill or eat animals; that the world is one whole,
circutnfcribed by the revolution of- the fun, and fur-
rounded by a mais of inabtive matter; that the fird ma¬
terial principles of the four elements are limilar atoms,
indefinitely (mail, and of a round form, poffeffing the
primary qualities of frienddiip and difeord ; that thefe
atoms being excited to motion by the energy of the in-
telledhial fire, or the divine mind, homogeneous parts
became united, and heterogeneous feparated, and the
four elements compofed of which all bodies are genera¬
ted ; that all motion, as well as all life and being, mud
therefore be aferibed to God ; that the fird principles of
the elements are eternal ; that nothing can begin to exifl,
or be annihilated, and that all the varieties of nature are
produced by combination or feparation ; that in the for¬
mation of the world ether was fird fecreted from chaos,
then fire, then earth, by the agitation of which were pro¬
duced water and air ; that the heavens are a folid body of
air crydallifed by fire; that the dars are bodies compofed
of that fiery fubdance which proceeded from ether at its
fird fecretion, and fixed in the crydal of heaven, while
the planets wander freely beneath it; that the fun is-of
a fiery mafs, larger than the moon ; that the moon is in
the form of a hollow difh, and twice as far from the fun
as from the earth; that the foul of man confids of two
parts, the fenlitive, produced from the fame fird princi¬
ples w ith the elements, and the rational, a demon fprung
from the divine foul of the world, and placed in the
body by way of punifliment for its crimes in a formeV
date, which it is to fudain till it is fufficiently purified
to return to God ; that in the courfe of the tr'atffmig ra¬
tion to which all human fouls are liable, they may inha¬
bit not only different human bodies, but the bodies of
any animal or plant; and that all nature is -fubjebt to
the immutable and eternal law of necefiity.

To EMPE'OPLE, v. a. To form into a people or com¬
munity :

Fie wonder’d much, and ’gan enquire
What dately building durd fo high extend
Her lofty towers unto the darry fphere,

And what unknown nation there empeopled were? Spenfr „

EMPEREU'R (Condantine P), a. learned Dutch di¬
vine and oriental fcholar, native of Oppyck, in FJolland-
He applied himfelf to the fludy of jurifprudence and'
theology, and took the degree of doblor in the latter fa¬
culty. But he principally didinguiffied himfelf by his
proficiency in oriental literature, and Jewiffi antiquities.
After having made himfelf acquainted with the Syriac,.
Arabic, and Hebrew, languages, he took much pains to

encourage '

£ M F

encourage the ftudy of them among Chriftian fcholars ;
and he alfo employed himfelf. in refuting the objections
of the Jews againft the Chriftian religion. Drufius and
Erpenius were his matters in the oriental tongues. He
was profefi'or of theology and of Hebrew at Harderwyck
during eight years, after which he was appointed pro-
feflbr of Hebrew at Leyden in 1627. On that occafion he
pronounced an oration Dc dignitate & utilitatc Lingua He¬
braic*. He died in 1648, at an advanced time of life, and
not long after he had entered on the duties of theological
profeifor in the univerlity of Leyden. His tranflations of
Jewifh books and Talmudical writings, though not tree
from faults, deferve to be reckoned among the be ft works-,
of that defeription, and are accompanied with ufeful notes
and remarks. His works were, 1. Difputationes theolo¬
gies Hardevicenae. 2. Paraphrafis Jourrnis Jachiadae in
Danielem. 3. Itinerarium Rabbi Benj. Tudel. 4 . Halicot
Olam, feu Clavis Talmtidicae. 3. Middot, feu de Templo
Hierofolymitano, & de menfuris Templi. 6. Brava Cava,
feu de Damnis. 7. Abarbanel & Alcheifch in E(ai liii.
with a refutation of the Grammar of Mofes Kimchi ; and
an edition, with ufeful remarks, of Bertram’s valuable
treatife De Republica Hebraorum.

EMPE'RISHT, part. adj. Perifhed :

That his fad mother feeing his fore plight

Was greatly woe-begon, and gan to feare

Lead liis fraile fenfes were emptrijht quight. Spcnfer.

EM'PEROR,yi \_empereur, Fr. imperator, Lat.] The
higheft ruler of large kingdoms and territories ; a title
anciently given to renowned and victorious generals of
armies, who acquired great power and dominion. And
this title is not only given to the emperor of Germany,
as emperor of the Romans ; but was formerly belonging
to the kings of England, as appears by a charter of king
Edgar., It was alfo a title taken by fome of the early
kings of France. See the articles France and Germany.

EM'PERY, f. [ empire , Fr. imperium, Lat.] Empire;
fovereignty; dominion. A word out of vje ;

A lady

So fair, and fatten’d to an empery.

Would make the great’ft king double. Shakcfpeare.

EM'PETRUM, f. [from ev and orBr^o;, a rock ; fo
named from the place of i;s growth.] In’botany, a genus
of the clafs dioecia, order triandria, natural order of
ericae. The generic characters are — I. Male. Calyx :
perianthium three-parted ; divifions ovate, permanent.
Corolla : petals three, ovate-oblong, narrower at the bate,
larger than the calyx, withering. Stamina: filaments
three, capillary, very long, hanging forwards ; antherre
upright, fhort, two-parted. II. Female. Calyx: peri¬
anthium as in the male. Piftillum: germ fitperior, cie-
prefifed ; ftyle fcarce any ; fiigmas nine, reflex-expand¬
ing ; (ftyles three to nine. Gartner.) Pericarpium : berry
orbiculate, deprefled, one-celled, larger than the calyx.
Seeds: nine, jointedly placed in a circle, on one fide
bulging, on the other cornered ; (feeds three to nine, G.)
— Efential Ckarafiler. Male.. Calyx, three-parted ; corolla
three-petalled ; (lamina, long. Female. Calyx, three-
parted, corolla, three-petalled; ftyles, three to nine;
berry, three to nine.

Species. 1. Empetrum album, or white-berried heath :
ereCt. This differs from the following fpecies in having
the fmaller branches pubefeent ; the leaves longer, fome-
what fcabrous on their upper furface, and channelled un¬
derneath. Berry guarded at the bafe by the calyx, flefhy,
white, (hining. Seeds two or three, feldom more, bony,
on one fide convex and obfeurely furrowed, on the other
angular or flattilh. Native of Portugal.

2. Empetrum nigrum, or black-berried heath, crow or
crake-berry. A fmall decumbent (hrub. The outer bark
deciduous, and of a brown colour, the inner yellow.
Branches rough with the remains of the petioles. The
terminating bud confilts of five membranaceous leaflets,
hairy at the edge ; this puts forth five little brandies, of

E M P 507

which four are in a whorl. The leaves are in fours;
they are fomewhat three-cornered, with a white linear
keel, and petioled. Flowers axillary, feflile, (olitary,
furrounded by a bradle refembling an outer three-parted
calyx ; calyx whitifh, petals purple ; filaments very long,
and purple, with brcwnifii black anthers. The female is
like the male, but the Item is redder; the leaves deep
green, in fives; piftil black. Berries brownifli black,
when ripe ; the colour and fize of juniper berries, marked
at the top with a fmall round hole, protected at the bot¬
tom with a whitifh three-leaved calyx, and a red corolla
of three petals': the flefli is rather firm, and pale green,
except that towards the circumference it is purplifli ; re¬
ceptacle central, columnar, (lender. From fix to nine
bony pale-coloured feeds are placed round this in a ring,
and fixed to it a little above the bafe. Linnaeus informs us
that lie once, and once only, met with a plant which had
hermaphrodite flowers. Profeffor jacquin obferved fe-
veral with three, two, and even one, ftamen only ; a few
females, but no males; the ftamens are very upright,
(tiff, and (traight. Native of the northern parts of Eu¬
rope, generally in elevated fituations, both on dry, bar¬
ren, and moorilh or boggy foils; in moors from the Baltic
to the Eaftern Ocean, in Kamtfchatka, and the ides to¬
wards America ; in the mountains of Lapland, and at the
mines of Fahlun it abides, when other plants have pe¬
rifhed with the cold ; in Warwickfhire, Staffordfhire,
Derbyfhire, and the northern counties of England, it is
frequent; alfo in Scotland. The Highlanders and chil¬
dren in Scotland eat the berries, but they are no very
definable fruit ; and taken in large quantities are faid to
bring on a (light head-ach. The Ruffian peafants, how¬
ever, eat them; and the Kamtfchadales gather great quan¬
tities of them to boil with their filh, or to make a fort of
pudding with the bulbs of their lilies. They are efteemed
antifcorbutic and diuretic. Groufe and heath-cocks feed
upon them, and they give the excrement a tinge of pur¬
ple. Boiled in alum-water they afford a dark purple dye ;
and boiled with fat they are faid to be tiled in dying otter
and fable (kins black. Cattle do not feem to browfe on
this (hrub. Linnaeus fays that it flowers in April with
the elm ; with 11s it flowers in April and May.

Propagation and Culture. Thefe little fhrubs are feldom
propagated in gardens unlefs for variety fake ; but they
may be cultivated in (hady places, and will thrive very
well in gardens, where the foil is flirt'. The plants fhould
be procured from the places where they grow naturally,
for the feeds remain a year in the ground before they ve¬
getate, and afterwards are very (low in their growth. If
they are planted on a mold boggy foil in autumn, they
will get roots in the winter, and will require no farther
care than to clear them from weeds; for thefe low fhrubs
commonly grow upon tiie tops of wild mountains, where
the foil is peaty, and full of bogs. See Begonia.

EM'PHASIS, f. \_emph.afc , Fr. emphafs, Lat. eyfa<ric,
Gr.] In rhetoric, a remarkable ftrefs laid upon a word
or (entence ; particular force imprefled by (file or Pro-
n line i a t i o n . — Emphafs not fo much regards the time as a
certain grandeur, whereby fome letter, fyllable, word,
or fentence, is rendered more remarkable than the reft,
by a more vigorous pronunciation, and a longer (lay upon
it. Holder.

EMPHA'TIC, or EmPhatical, adj. [ emphatiqve , Fr.
enfalico, It. emphaticus, Lat. of sy.party.o^, of ev and (pa, iva,
Gr.] Forcible; ftrong; (hiking-. — Where he endeavours
to dilfuade from carnivorous appetites, how emphatical is
his reafoning ! Garth. — Striking the light . — It is common¬
ly granted, that emphatical colours are light itfelf, modi¬
fied by refraction. Boyle.

EMPFI A'TICALLY, ad.v. Strongly; forcibly; In a
ftriking manner. — How emphatically and divinely does every
word proclaim the truth of the golpel. South. — Accord¬
ing to appearance. — What is delivered of the incurvity of
dolphins, muft be taken emphatically, not really, but in ap¬
pearance, when they leap above water, and fuddenly fhoot

down

SOS

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down again. Brown. — With emphafis.- — This introduced
pretty generally the right of difpofing one’s property by
teftament, according to the p.leafure of the deceafed ;
which we therefore emphatically (file his will. Blackfiphe.

EMPHEREPY'RA, f. in mineralogy, a genus of iron
ftone.

EMPHERO'MENUS, f [from Gr. to bear.]

A term with phyficians.for urine which has feaiment.

EMPHRA,C'TlCS,yfi [ emphraBica , Lat. from e/^^arla),
Gr. to obflruft.] Medicines which applied to the lk in
■fit iit up the pores.

EMPHRA'GMA, or Emphraxis, f. An obftruftion
or impediment.

EMPHYSE'MA, /. [from eypvcracj, Gr. to inflate.]
A tumour arifing from air admitted into tire cellular
.membrane.

EMPHYSE'MATOUS, adj. [from cjj.tppar^xci, Gr.]
Bloated ; puffed up; fwollen. — The (igns of a gangrene
ai*e thefe: the inflammation lofes its rednefs, and becomes
.du fid (h and livid ; the tenfenefs of the (Ivin goes .off, and
feels, to the touch flabby or emphyjeviatous ■, and vefica-
tions, filled with ichor of different colours., fpread all
over it. Sharp.

EMPHYSO'DES,/. With phyficians, an extreme heat
-in fevers which occafions puftules and inflammations in
the mouth.

EMPHYTEU'SIS, f. [from sn, in, and < p'vruvu , Gr.
to plant.] The aft of planting; the aft of clearing lands
-for plantation; the tenure of lands on condition of plant¬
ing; the alienation of lands on condition of planting, and
paying a fmall annual .rent to the original proprietor.

EMPHYTEU'TA, or Emphyteutes, f. The tenant
that rents land on condition of planting it.

EMPHYTEU'TIC, adj. Belonging to emphyteufis ;
let out to farm ; let. on condition of planting. Scott.

To EMPIER'CE, v. a. To pierce into; to enter into
by violent appulfe :

The weapon bright,

Taking advantage of his open jaw,

Ran through’ his mouth with fo importune might,
That deep cmfiierc'd his darkfome hollow maw. Spcnfer.

EMPI'GHT, pifeterite and part, from to pight, or pitch.
See Pitch. Set; fixed; fattened :

But he was wary, and ere it empight

In the meant mark, advanc’d his Ihield atw.een. Spcnfer.

EM'PIRE,./. [empire, Fr. imperium, Lat.] Imperial
power ; fupreme dominion ; fovereign command :

Affert, ye fair ones, who in judgment fit,

Your ancient empire over love and yvit. Rowe.

The region over which dominion is extended. Command
over any thing. — A nation extended over vaft trafts of
land, and numbers of people, arrives in time at the an¬
cient name of kingdom, or modern of empire. Tattle.
Sextus Pompeius

Hath given the dare to Caefar, and commands

The empire of the fea. Shakefpeare.

EM'PIRES, Duration of. — No precife duration can be
fixed to the Eaftern empires, owing to the inaccuracy of
hiftorical accounts ; the follojving ftatement of the prin¬
cipal of them feems the beft authenticated and neared
the truth. The Affyrian empire,, over a great part of
Afia, from Ninus .to Sapdanapalus, laded, according to
Judin, 1300 years; Eufebius fays *240; Georgius Mo-
nachus, 1340. The empire of Ada was transferred from
the Affyrians to the Medes in the 317th year before Chrid:
their reign, according to Eufebius, was about 260 years,
although Diodorus and Georgius Monachus differ from
him, and alfo one another, in the names of the kings, and
dates of their reigns. From the foundation of the Perfian
empire by Cyrus, to its dedruftion by Alexander, about
232 years elapfed. The Macedonian empire, from its
foundation by Philip, to the nth year of king Perfeus,

E M P

when it was reduced to a Roman province by Papins
Aimilius, laded, according to Judin, 192 years. Tire
Roman e'mpire, from the foundation of the city of Rome,

7 53 years before Chrid, to the final dedruftion of the
wedern empire by Odoacer, in the 476th year of the
Chlifiian era, laded 1229 years.

All thefe empires owed their origin and increafe to
conqued, and an union of didonant parts; they therefore
fell to pieces fo foon as luxury and effeminacy had under¬
mined them, and the bravery of the ancient founders had
become extintl in their poderity. Enterprifing people
vyere foon found ready to take advantage of their degene¬
racy. The Alfyrian and Roman empires were the flowed
in growth, and the longed in decay. The Chinefe is the
mod remarkable empire, as well for its durability, as for
the .invariable continuation of the fame laws and manners
for a long (ucceffion of ages. Its hidory, .however, is
very little known by Europeans, and what the Chinefe
themfe.lves pretend to give of it, is too fophidicated by
fable to be believed. It is neverthelefs certain, that after
being conquered by the Tartars, they dill preferved the
fame laws, religion, and language ; and as the conquerors
became lod in the immenfe numbers of the conquered,
.and by degrees affumed their manners, the dominions of
the Tartars might be faid to be added to the Chinefe
empire.

The Britifh empire refembles the Affyrian and Roman
in the (lownefs of its growth, and the Chinefe in the fate
of its invaders. The Saxons, Danes, Romans, and Nor¬
mans, after their fucceflive irruptions, remained modly
in England, and formed, in prOcefs of time, one nation,
governed by one law, and acknowledging fubjeftion to
one prince. England, by its fubjeftion and union with
Ireland, Wales, and Scotland, laid the foundation of the
Britifh empire ; and by its conquefts and colonies in every
part of the globe, and more particularly by its commerce
and manufaftures, raifed it to that pitch of grandeur as
to be fecond to none. Befides having given birth to the
United States of North America, a nation nearly as po¬
pulous as itfelf, it is now forming fettlements in New
South Wales, with the fame unremitting watchfulnefs,
toil, and labour, as attended the foundation of the Uni¬
ted States.

The foundation of the American republic affords a
fplendid fpeftacle to the eye of the univerfe. Its in-
creating ffrength may place it in the foremoft rank of
nations ; and, if the Americans continue united, and know
where to place a proper bound to their loye of dominion,
there is a great probability that it will be as durable as
any empire the world lias witneifed ; but, if they difunite,
or diminifh their internal ffrength by too great an exten-
fion of their pofleflions, they will become petty dates;
perpetually ftruggling with each other, and a prey to
faftious-defigiiing men. All the advantages attending the
monarchies or republics of t lie old world, center in the
new, as well as others which they never poffelfed. The
Affyrian, Perffan, Macedonian, and Roman, empires, the
dominions of Charlemagne, and the Saracens, \arofe from
conqueft, and the uniting of kingdoms different in arts,
manners, languages, and religions. The American em¬
pire is formed by commerce, and the arts of peace ; by
people arifing from the fame ftock; emigrating from the
fame country ; poffefling the fame language, religion,
laws, manners, and purfuits ; for the fmall variation in
fome diffrifts, owing to the intermixture of Germans,
forms only a very flight exception, which will be entirely
done away in the courfe of a very few generations. By
this intimate conneftion of men and morals, the caufe,
which accelerated and finally proved the overthrow of
the Eaftern empires, is totally done away in the Weffern.
The extent of the United States is connnenfurate with
any probable increafe of population for ages to come ;
and it poffeffes all the folid advantages of the Chinefe
empire, without the fatal neighbourhood of the Tartars.
By the ceflion of Louitiana, the Americans have gained a

vail

EM : P

vaft increafe of territory; and tire free navigation of tire
Miflifllppi, which' is, thereby fecured to them, will increafe
tire population of the weftern parts, and form a complete
barrier on that fide. The two Floridas can never be an
objedl of terror to them; and, in cafe of a rupture be¬
tween Spain and the United States, will foon be taken
pofieflion of by the latter. The Britifh pofieftions on the
north and weft are alone to be dreade'd, and in the latter
quarter' they are ftrongly guarded by the forts eftablifhed
by the Britifh, and lately delivered up to the Americans,
according to the treaty of Paris. Thus fituated, the
United States appear formed by nature for a great, per¬
manent, and independent, government. Such an exten-
five trad! of country, covered with a people fprung from
an adtive and induftrious nation, wliofe example they
feem anxious to emulate, ought to form a commonwealth
as indilfoluble as humanity will allow.

EMPI'RIC, J. [ empiricus , Lat. from tv, Gr. in, and
weipa, experience.] This word feems to have been pro-
nounced empiric by Mi ! ton, and empiric by Dryden. Milton’s
pronunciation is to be preferred. John/bn. A trier; an
experimenter; fuch perfons as have no true education
in, or knowledge of, phyfical practice, but venture upon
hearfay and obiervation only. Quincy. — Such an averfion
and contempt for all manner of innovation, as phyficians
are apt to have for empirics , or lawyers for pettifoggers.
Swift.

Th! illit’rate wwiter, cmp'ric- like applies
To each difeafe unfafe chance renrredies ;

The learn’d in fcltool, whence fcience fir ft began,
Studies'with care th’ anatomy of man. Dryden.

EMPI'RIC, of Empirical, ad], Verfed in experi¬
ments :

By fire

Of footy coal, the empiric alchemift
Can turn, or holds it poffible to turn,

Metals of droflieft ore to perfedt gold. Milton.

Known only by experience ; pradtifed only by rote, with¬
out rational grounds. — The moft fovereign prefcription
in Galen is but empiric to this prefervative. Shakefpeare .
In extremes, bold counfels are the beft ;

Like empiric remedies, they laft are try’d,

And by th’ event condemn’d or juftify’d. Dryden.

EMPI'RICALLY, 1 adv. Experimentally; according
to experience. — We fiiall empirically and fenfibly dedudt
the caufes of blacknefs from originals, by which we ge¬
nerally obfefve things denigrated. Brown. — Without ra¬
tional ground ; charlatanically ; in the manner of quacks.

EMPI'RICISM, f. Dependence on experience with¬
out knowledge or art ; quackery.

EM'PIS, f in entomology, a genus of infedts belong¬
ing to the order diptera. The characters are thefe :
mouth with an infledled fucker and probofeis : fucker
with a /ingle-valved fiieath, and three bridles : feelers
fliort and filiform : antennae fetaceous. There are twen.
ty-nine fpecies1 of this infedt now known, moft of them
very minute, which live by fucking out the blood
nnd juices of the larger animals. Five of the fpecies are
found in England ; the larged of which is the empis livi-
da, feen frequently in our gardens upon plants and flow¬
ers ; the head is fmall, of a, roundifh form ; the thorax
gibbous, of a pale green colour, with three longitudinal
lines or bands. The eyes are of a reddifh brown ; the
upper part of the abdomen of a dufky dun colour ; the
feet are long, hairy, and of a paler brown ; the wings are
incumbent, rather long, with dun-coloured veins. This
is corredtly figured in the engraving.

EMPLA'GIA, f. [Gr.] With phyficians, a palfy.
Scott.

EMPLAS'TER, f. \_emplatre, Fr. impiajlro, Ital, £jM,.
irXud\fcv, Gr. This word is now -always pronounced, and
generally written plajler.~] An application to a fore of an
oleaginous or vifeous fubftance, fpread upon cloth. See

Vol. VI. No. 36S.

E M P 60(|

Plaster. — All emplajlcrs, applied to the breads, ought
to have a hole for the nipples. V/iJcman.

To EMPl.AS'TER, t>. a. To cover with a plafter. —
They mu ft be cut out to the qtiick, and the fores etnplaf-
tered with tar. Mortimer.

EMPLAS'TIC, adj. [tfj.7rX1zdhy.oc, Gr.] Vifeous; glu¬
tinous; fit to be applied as a plafter. — Refin, by its em-
plajlic quality, mixed with oil of rofes, perfedts the con-
codtion. Wifeman. — Emplajlic applications are not fuffi-
cient to defend a wound from the air. Arbuthnot.

To EMPLE'AD, v. a. To indidt ; to prefer a charge
againft; to accufe. — Antiquity thought thunder the im¬
mediate voice of Jupiter, and anpleaded them of impiety
that referred it to natural cafualties. Glanville.

Since none the living villains dare emplead,

Arraign them in the perfons of the dead. Dryden.

EMPLEU'RUM, f. [tjj.TrXtvyoc, Gr. latera plena ha-
bctis . ] In botany, a genus of the clafs monoecie, order te-
trandria, natural order aggregatae, (rutacete, Jujf.) The
generic charadters are — I. Male flowers. Calyx : peri-
anthium one-leafed, bell-fhaped, four-toothed, perma¬
nent. Corolla : none. Stamina : filaments four, awl-
fliaped, longer than the calyx, patulous ; antherse oblong,
fubquadrangular, retufe. II. Female flowers on the
fame plant. Calyx: as in the male. Corolla: none.
Piftillum : germ fuperior, oblong, comprelfed, termi¬
nated by a leafy, eredf, procefs ; ftyle, none ; ftigma
placed on the lateral toothlet of the germ, cylindric, de¬
ciduous. Pericarpium : capfule oblong, comprefled,
crowned by a leafy procefs, one-celled, opening along the
ffraighter margin. Seed: folitary, oblong, covered with
a fubcoriaceous bivalve aril. — EJfendal CharaBer. Male.
Calyx, four-cleft ; corolla, none. Female. Calyx, four-
cleft, inferior; corolla, none; ftigma cylindric, placed
on the lateral toothlet of the germ ; capfule opening on
the fide; feed, one, arilled.

Empleurunr ferrulatum, or cape empleurum, a fingle'
fpecies. This is a Ill rub with wand-like ev?n branches;
leaves like thofe of a willow, alternate, fubpetioled, li¬
near lanceolate, even above, beneath longitudinally wrink¬
led, fmooth, quite entire on the edge, but appearing to
be ferrate by pellucid dots; flowers fmall, moft of them
male. In the habit and aril of the feed it refembles diof-
ma, but it hasuio corolla, abdonly a fingle capfule. Firft
obferved by Sparrmann, at the Cape of Good Hope; in¬
troduced here by Mr. Francis MalTon in 17.74.

To EMPLO'Y, v. a. [ emploier , Fr.] To bufy; to keep
■at work; to exercife. It is ufed both as agent; as, The
king employed the minifter ; or caufe, as The public credit em¬
ployed the minijlcr :

For thrice, at leaft, in compafs of the year,

Thy vineyard mu. ft employ the fturdy fteer. Dryden.

In the following quotations it is ufed with in, about, to,
and upon, before the object. To feqms lefts proper. — .
Their principal learning was aplied to the courfe of the
ftars, and the reft was employed in difp laying the brave ex¬
ploits of their princes. Temple. — Our.reafon is often puz¬
zled, becaufe of the imperfedtion of the ideas it is em¬
ployed about. Locke. — The proper bufinefs of the under-
ftanding is not that which men always employ it to. Locke.
— This is a day in which the thoughts of our countrymen
ought to be employed upon {e. rious fubjedts. AddiJ'ou.

On the happy change, the boy

Employ'd his wonder and his joy. ' Piior «

To ufe as an inftrument :

The cleanly cheefe-prefs the could never turn ;

Her awkward lift; did ne’er employ the churn. Gay.

■ iy, ■: L..,'; . ' ■> ■ • -- i - . ‘

To ufe as means. — The money was employed to the making
of galleys, 2 Mac.

Peace is not freed from labour, but from noife ;

And war more force, but not more pains, employs. Dryd.

6 0 To

510

E M P

To life as materials. — The labour of thofe who felled
and framed the timber employed about the plough, muft be
charged on labour. Locke. — To commiflion ; to entrufl
with the management of any affairs. — Jonathan and Ja-
haziah were employed about this matter. Ezra, x. 15. — To
fill up with bufinefs :

To fludy nature will thy time employ ;

Knowledge and innocence are perfect joy. Dry den.

To pafs or fpend in bufinefs:

Why, whilfl we druggie in this vale beneath,

With want and forrovv, with difeafe and death,

Do they more blefs’d perpetual life employ

In fongs of pleafure, and in feenes of joy ? Prior.

EMPLO'Y, f. Bufinefs; obje£l of induflry :

Prefent to grafp, and future dill to find,

The whole employ of body and of mind. Pope.

Public office. — The honours and the burdens of great
poffs and employs were joined together. Attcrbury.

EMPLOYA'BLE, adj. Capable to be ufed ; proper
for life. — The objections made againfl the dodtrine of the
chemitts, feetn employable againft this hypothefis. Boyle.

EMPLOY'ER, J'. One that ufes, or caufes to be ufed.
— That man drives a great trade, and is owner or employer
of much (hipping, and' continues and increafes in trade
and (hipping. Child on Trade.

EMPLOY'MENT, f. Bufinefs; objedt of induftry;
objedt of labour. Bufinefs; the date of being employed.
Office; pod of bulinefs. — Leaders, on each fide,- inftead
of intending the public weal, have their hearts wholly
fet toget or to keep employments. Swift. — Bufinefs intruded :
Call not your flocks. for me; I ferve the king,

On whofe employment I was fent to you. Skakefpeare.
Implement :

My flay hath been prolongued
With hunting obfeure nooks for thefe employments.'*

[* An iron crow and a halter.] Chapin. Widow's Tears.

EMPNEUM ATO'SIS, f. [from tv, in, and nnu, to
blow.] With phyficians, an inflation of the flomach, or
womb, or any other part.

To EMPOI'SON, v. a. \_empoifonner , Fr.] To deflroy
by poifon ; to deflroy by venomous food or drugs*; to
poilon. — M11 (h rooms caufe the incubus, or mare in the
ftomach, therefore the forfeit of them may fuffocate and
empoifen. Bacon. — To taint with poifon; to envenom.
This is the more ufual fenfe. It frequently occurs with a
metaphorical meaning in poetry. — Or want’s empoifon'd
arrow, ridicule. Shciiftone.

One doth not know,

How much an ill word may empoifon liking. Shakefpeare.

EMPOI'SONER, f. [empofonneur, Fr.] One who de-
ftroys another by poilon. — He is vehemently fufpedted to
have been the empoifoner of his wife, thereby to make va¬
cant his bed. Bacon.

EMPOI'SONMENT,/! [empoifonnement, Fr.] The prac¬
tice of deflroying by poifon. — It were dangerous for fe-
cret empoifonments . Bacon.

EM'POLIS, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Tuf-
cany, fituated on the Arno : fifteen miles wed of Flo¬
rence. It is deferibed by Dr. John Targioni Tozetti, in
his Travels through Tufcany, publiflied in 1792, as- fol¬
lows : “ Empolis is fituated as happily as can be defired
for a great metropolis ; in the middle of an immenfe plain,
falubrious and fruitful, well aired, furrounded by deli¬
cious and abundant bills, neither too far from, nor too
.near to, the. mountains, and rifes above a majedical navi¬
gable river, lufficiently near to the fea. I never cad my
eyes on this fuperb town without feeling an indignation
againd the famous Farinati Degli Oberti, who, in 1260,
dared fingly to oppofe the projedl of dedroying Florence,
and removing the inhabitants to Empolis. This tranf-
migration was certainly not to the tade of our ancedors,
but would have been extremely advantageous for its;

E M P

for Empolis would have become, in time, a town infi¬
nitely more beautiful, and more falubrious, than Flo¬
rence : remains of the admired ages of antiquity have
been found in it, and it has been confiderable alfo in
more modern times. The prefent houfes are very low,
and into mod of them the entrance is by a defeent ; which
dievvs the furface of the earth to be new foil, fomewhat
raifed.”

EMPORE'TIC, adj. [emporetiats , Lat. of ttjiro^-n y.oe,
Gr.] That which is difpofed of at markets, or in, mer¬
chandize.

EMPO'RIiE, anciently a double city of the Hither
Spain, near the Pyrenees ; feparated by a wall ; one part
was occupied by the Greeks of Phocasa, whence origi¬
nally aredhe Maifilienfes ; the other, by native Spaniards,
to whom, was added by Augudits a Roman colony. Now
Ampurias, in Catalonia.

EMPO'RIUM,/. [from t/jmocta, G r. to negotiate. ] A
place of merchandize ; a mart; ‘a town of trade; a com¬
mercial city:

And while this fam’d emporium we prepare,

The Britifh ocean fhall fuch triumphs boad,

That thofe who now difdain the trade to fliare,

Shall rob like pirates on our wealthy coad. Dryden.
The brain is fo called, as being the place where all ra¬
tional and fenfitive trail fa.flions are colle6ted. *

EMPO'RIUM, two ancient cities near Placentia ; one
fortified and guarded by a ftrong garrifon, at which Han¬
nibal met a repulfe : the other, Hannibal took and plun¬
dered ; now thought to be Ponte Nura, in the duchy of
Placentia.

7bEMPO'VERISH, v.a. [panvre, Fr.] To make poor;
to depauperate ; to reduce to indigence. — To leffen fer¬
tility; as, tillage empoverijkcs land. — For fenfe of honours,
if it empoverijhetk a man, it is, in his efleem, neither honour
nor fenfe. South.

Frefh rofes bring,

To ftrow my bed, ’till the empovtrijV d Spring
Confefs her want. Prior .

EMPO'YrERISHER, f. One that' makes others poor.
That which impairs fertility.* — They deflroy the weeds,
and fit the land for after-crops, being an improver, and
not an impqverijhcr , of land. Mortimer.

EMPO'VERISHMENT, f. Depauperation; caufe of
poverty; drain of wealth. — Being paid, as it is, now
fome, and then fome, it is no great burden unto her, nor
any great enipoverijhment to her coffers. Spcnfer’s Stale of
Ireland.

To EMPOW'ER, v. a. To authorife; to commiflion;
to give power or authority to any purpofe. — You are em¬
powered,. when you pleafe, ip give the final decifion of
wit. Dryden. — To give natural force ; to enable. — Does
not' the fame power that enables them to heal, empower
them to deflroy ? Baker.

EM'PRESS, f. [contrafted from emperefs, w hicli is re¬
tained by JonJon in the following lines.] The queen of an
emperor :

Let your nimble feet

Tread fubtile circles, that may always meet

In point to him ; and figures to exprefs

The grace of him, and his great emperefs. Ben Jonfon.

A female inveded with imperial dignity ; a female fove-
reign. — Emprefs of this fair world, refplendent Eve ! Milton.
Wifdom, thou fay’d, from heav’n receiv’d her birth ;

Her beams tranfmitted to the fubjeft earth;

Yet this great emprefs of the human foul,

Does only with imagin’d power controul. Prior.

EMPRI'MED, adj. with hunters, feparated from the
herd.

EMPRI'SE,/ [Fr.] Attempt of danger; undertaking
of hazard ; enterprife :

Fierce faces threan’ning wars;

Giants of mighty bone, and bold emprife. Milton.

Thus,

511

E M P

E M P

Thus, ’till the fun had traveled half the fkies,

Ambu fil’d we lie, and wait the bold emprife. Pope,

EMPROSTHO'TONUS, f. [from Gr. be¬

fore or forwards, and meiva, to extend.] A fpafmodic con-
traftion, where foine part of the body is bent forwards.

EMP'TIER, /. One that empties; one that makes any
place void by taking away what it contained. — The emp-
ticrs have emptied them out, and marred their vine-
branches. Nahum , ii. 2.

EMP'TINESS, f, Abfence of plenitude ; inanity:

Defolation reigns

And emptinefs-, difmay’d, unfed, unlrous’d,

The widow and the orphan droll. Philips,

The hate of being empty :

Ilis coffers found

With hollow poverty and emptinefs. Shakefpcare.

A void fpace; vacuity; vacuum. — The ordinary air in
which we live and refpire, is of fo thin a compofition,
that fixteen thoufand one hundred and forty-nine parts of
its dimenfions are mere emptinefs and nothing ; and the re¬
maining one, only material and real fub dance. Bentley. —
Want of fubdance or folidity.— ’Tis this which caufes the
graces and the loves to take up their habitations in the
harded marble, and to fubfid in the emptinefs of light and
fliadow. Dryden. — Unfatisfaftorinefs ; inability to fill up
the defires.— Form the judgment about the worth or
emptinefs of things here, according as they are or are not
of ufe, in relation of what is to come after. ■ Atterbury
Vacuity of head; want of knowledge:

and empty- headed fools ? Raleigh. — Unfruitful ; barren.' —
Seven empty ears blafted with the eafl wind. Geriefs. —
Ifrael is an empty vine. Hofca. — Wanting fubftance ; want¬
ing folidity ; vain :

The god of deep there hides his heavy head.

And empty dreams on every leaf are fpread. Dryden.

To EMPTY, v. a. To evacuate ; to exhaud ; to de¬
prive of that which was contained in it. — The Euxine
iea is conveniently fituated for trade, by the communica¬
tion itjias both with Alia and Europe, and the great navi¬
gable rivers that empty themfelves into it. Arbuthnot.

Boundlefs intemperance
In nature is a tyranny : it hath been
Th’ untimely emptying of the happy throne,

And fall of many kings. Shakcfpeare .

To EMPTY, v. n. To become empty :

The chapel empties ; and thou may’d be gone
Now, Sun. «■ Ben Jonfon.

“ Empty veffels make the loudefl found.” — Agreeable
to the words of divine wifdom, a fool’s voice is. known
by a multitude of words. Thofe who have lead: worth,
are generally fulled ; whereas, on the contrary, thofe who
podefs excellent qualities, are mod filent on their own
praife. The French fay, as we: Les tonneaux void.es, font
le plus de bruit. The Italians : La piu cattiva ruota del carro
fempre cigola : The word wheel of the cart cracks fil'd.
1 he Arabians have a proverb to the fame effeft, taken
from a thunder-cloud, which makes a great report, but
yields no rain.

Eternal fmiles his emptinefs betray,

As (hallow dreams run dimpling all the way. Pope.

EMP'TION, f. \_emptio , Lat.] The aft of purchadng ;
a purchafe. — There is a difpute among the lawyers, whe¬
ther Glaucus’s exchanging the golden armour with the
brazen one of Tydides, was emption or commutation. Ar¬
buthnot.

EMP'TIONAL, adj. Belonging to buying.

EMP ri'TIOUS, adj. Capable of being bought, fale-
able. Scott.

EMP'TIVE, adj. [from the Lat. emo, to buy; but not
muchufed.] Bought; hired. Scott.

EMP'TORY, f. Not fo common a zoordK An empory ;
a mart. Cole.

EMPTURI'TION, f. [from the Lat. emptus, bought. ]
The inordinate defire of buying. Cole. Not ufed.

EMPTY, adj. [aemtxjj, Sajc. ] Void; having nothing
in it; not full. — I did never know fo full a voice ifiiie
from fo empty a heart ; but the faying is true, the empty
veflel makes the greated found. Skakefpeare.— Evacuated ;
no longer full :

Himfelf he frees by fecret means unfeen,

His (hackles empty left, himfelf efcaped clean. Spenfer.
Devoid ; unfurnidied :

Art thou thus boldened, man, by thy didrefs,

That in civility thou feem’d fo empty ? Shakcfpeare.

Unfatisfaftory ; unable to fill the mind or defires.—
Pleas’d in the filent fliade with empty praife. Pope.* _ With¬

out any Thing to carry; unbunhened ; 'unfreighted.—

They beat him, and fent him away empty. Matthew. _ When

ye go, ye (hall not go empty. Exodus.

Yet all the little that I got, I fpent;

And dill return’d as empty as I went. ' Dryden,

Hungry ;

My falcon now is (harp and pad! ng. empty,

And, till (he (loop, (he mud not be full-gorg’d.

For then (he never looks upon her lure. Shakefpcare.

Vacant of head ; ignorant ; unlkilful ; unfurnidied with
materials for thought. — How comes it that fo many
wojthy and wife men depend upon lo many unworthy

EMP'TYSIS,y. [from eptrlvu, to fpit.] A difeharge
of blood by fpitting.

To EMPUR'PLE, v. a. To make of a purple colour; i
to difcolour with purple :

The deep,

Empurpled ran, with gudiing gore didain’d. Philips .

EM'PUS, a tow'n of France, in the department of the
Var, and chief place of a canton, in the didrift of Dra-
guignan: five miles north wed of Draguignan.

EMPU'SA,y. [from the Greek.] A hobgoblin; a
fpirit which was fuppofed to go on one leg. Philips.

To EMPUZ'ZLE, v. a. To perplex ; to put to a (land.
— It hath empuzzled the enquiries of others to apprehend,
and enforced them unto drange conceptions to make out.
Brown.

EMPYE'MA, f. [from si/, within, and trow, Gr. pus.],
A collection of purulent matter in any part vvhatfoever ;
generally tiled to fignify that in the cavity of the bread
only, and which fometimes happens upon the opening of
ablcedes or ulcerations of the lungs, or membranes in-
cloling the bread. Quincy. — An empyema, or a collection of
purulent matter in the bread, if not fuddenly cured, doth
undoubtedly impel the patient into a phthifical confump-
tion. Harvey. — There is likewife a confumption from an
empyema, after an inflammation of the lungs; which may
be known from a weight on the diaphragm, oppredion of
the lungs, a difficulty of breathing, and inability to lie
on one fide, which is that which is found. Arbuthnot.

EMPYEMA'TICS, f. [empyemata, Laf. from ei/, and
trow, pus.] Medicines which fuppurate or produce pus.

EMPY'REAL, adj. Is/xtripo*;, Gr.] Formed of fire;
refined beyond aerial; pertaining to the highedana puicd
region ol heaven. [Tickell accents it on the penult.]

Now went forth the morn,

Such as in higlied heav’n, array’d in gold

Empyreal. Milton.

Go, foar with Plato to th’ empyreal fphere.

To the fil'd good, fird perfeft, and fird fair. Pope,

But empyreal forms, howe’er in fight

Gadi’dand difmembered, eafily unite. Tickell ,

EMPYRE'AN, f [e^i/poc, Gr,] The highed heaven;

The

512

EMU

The Almighty Father from above,

From the pure empyrehn where he fits

High thron’d above all height, bent down his eye. Milt.

EMPY'REUM, or Empyreu'ma, f. [from
Gr. to kindle.] The imperfeft combuftionof any matter
in boiling or diftillation, which thence gives a particular
offenfive fmell. Quincy. — It is fo far from admitting , an
empyrcum , that it burns clear away without leaving any
cinders, or a dull about it. Harvey. — The hopes of an
elixir infenfibly evaporate, and vanifh to air, or leave in
the recipient a foul empyreuma. Decay of Piety.

Macquer obferves, tilth empyreuma is the peculiar
fmell of burned oils, and that no other but oily fubflances
can produce it. He even propofes this indication as a teft
of the prefence of oil, in bodies which contain too fmall
a quantity of that fluid to admit of any other way of ex¬
hibiting it.

EMPYREUMA'TICAL, adj. Having the fmell or
fade of burnt fubflances. — Empyreumatical oils, diftilled by
flrong fires in retorts, may be brought to emulate eflential
oils drawn in limbecks. Boyle.

EMPYRG'SIS, f. \_iy.Trvpou, Gr.] Conflagration; ge¬
neral fire. — The former opinion that held thefe cataclifms
and empyrojes univerfal, was fuch as held that it put a to¬
tal confummation unto things in this lower world, efpe-
cially that of conflagration. Hale.

EMS, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper
Rhine, and principality of Hefle Darmftadt : feven miles
eafl-fouth-eaft of Coblentz.

EMS, or Emer, a river of Germany, in the circle of
Weftphalia, which rifes in the bifhopric of Paderborn,
pafles through the bilhopric of Munfler and Eaft Frief-
land, and runs into the German Ocean, a little below
Emden.

EMS'BACH, a river of Germany, in the circle of the
Lower Rhine which runs into the Lahne, three miles
eafl from Limburg, in the electorate of Treves'.

EMS'WORTH, a fmall port on the coaft of Hamp-
fhire, two miles from Havant, feven from Chichefter and
eleven from Portfmouth. It is famous for the peculiar
flavour of its oyfters.

EMU'CI D, adj. [from the Lat. muceo, to be mufty.]
Mouldy. Scott. Not much ufed.

To EM'ULATE, v.a. \_amulor, Lat.] To rival; to
propofe as one to be equalled or excelled. To imitate
with hope of equality, or fuperior excellence :

Thofe fair ideas to my aid I’ll call,

And emulate my great original. Dryden.

V^hat though no weeping loves thy allies grace.

Nor polifn’d marble emulate thy face. Pope.

To be equal to ; to rife to equality with. — I fee how thy
eye would emulate the diamond. Shakcjpeare.

We fee no new-built palaces afpire.

No kitchens emulate the veftal fire. Pope.

To imitate; to copy; to referable. — It is likewife at¬
tended with a delirium, fury, and an involuntary laugh¬
ter, the conVullion emulating this motion. Arbuthnot.

EMULA'TION, f. [annulatio, Lat.] Rivalry; defire of
fuperiority. — There was neither envy nor emulation
amongfl them, i Mac.

A noble, emulation heats your breaft,

And your own fame now robs you of your refi:

Good actions flill mu'ft be maintained with good,

As bodies nourilh’d with refembling food. Dryden.
Envy; defire of deprefling another; conteft; contention;
difeord :

What madnefs rules in brainfick men,

When for fo flight and frivolous a caufe,

Such factious emulations fliall arife ! Shakcfpcare.

EM'ULATIVE, adj. Inclined to emulation; rival¬
ling ; difpofed to competition.

E N

! -

EMULA'TOR, f. A rival; a competitor.- — In fupe-
riors it quench, eth jealoufy, and layeth their competitors
and emulators alleep. Bacon.

To EMU'LE, v. a. \_amlor, Lat.] To emulate. Not in
ufe.

He fitting me befide, in that fame lhade,

Provoked me to play fome pleafant fit ;

Yet emuling my pipe, he took in hand
My pipe, before that emuled of many.

And plaid thereon; for well that (kill he could. Spenf.

To EMUI/GE, v. a. [cmulgeo, Lat.J To milk out; to
flroke gently.

EMUL'GENT, adj. [emulgens, Lat. ] Milking or drain¬
ing out. The emulgent veflels are the two large arteries
and veins which arife; the former from the defeendina-
trunk of the aorta, or great artery ; the latter from the
vena cava — Through the emulgent branches the blood is
brought to the kidneys, and is there freed of its ferum.
Cheyne.

EM'ULOUS, adj. \_amulus, Lat.] Rivalling; engaged
in competition. — She is in perpetual diffidence or aftual
enmity with her, but always emulous and fufpeftful of her.
Howell. — Defirous of fuperiority; defirous to rife above
another; defirous of any excellence polfelTed by another j
with cf before the object of emulation :

By flrength

They meafure all, of other excellence

Not emulous nor care who them excels. Milton.

By fair rewards our noble youth we raife

To emulous merit, ancl to thirft of praife. Prior.

Factious; contentious:

Whofe glorious deeds, but in the. fields of late,

Made emulous millions ’mongfl the gods themfelves,

And drave great Mars to faction. Shakefpeare.

EM'ULOUSLY, adv. With defire of excelling or out¬
going another:

So tempt they him, and emuloufy vie

To bribe a voice that empires would not buy. Granville.

EMUL'SION, f. [, emulfio , Lat.] A, form of medicine,
by bruifing oily feeds and kernels, and drawing out their
fubflances with fome1 liquor, that thereby becomes milky.
Quincy.—1 The aliment is diflolved by an operation refem¬
bling that of making an emulfion\ in which operation the
oily parts of nuts and feeds, being gently ground in a
marble mortar, and gradually mixed with fome watery
liquor, are diflolved into a fweet, thick, turbid, milky
liquor, refembling thechyle in an animal body. Arbuthnot.

EMUNC'TORIES, J, [ cmunBorium , Lat.] Thofe parts
.of the body where any thing excrementitious is feparated
and collected, to be in readinefs for ejeftment. Ouincy. —
Superfluous matter deflows from the body under their
proper cmunElorics. Brown. — Difcourfing of the lungs, I
(hew that they are the grand emunElory of the body; that
the main end of refpiration is continually to difeharge
and expel an excrementitious fluid out of the inafs of
blood. Woodward.

EMUND A'TION, /. [from the Lat. c, from, and mun -
do, to cleanfe.] T he aft of cleanfing. Scott. Not much ufed,

EMUNG'S, one of the Pelew iflands.

EMUSCA'TION, f. [from the Lat. e , from, and >nuf~
ci/s, mofs.] The aft of clearing a tree from mofs. Scott.

'EN, an infeparable particle borrowed by us from the
French, and by the French formed from the Latin in.
Many words are uncertainly, written with cn or in. In
many words en is changed into an for moVe eafy pronun¬
ciation.

EN DOR, a city of Paleftine, in the half tribe of Ma-
nafleh, weft of Jordan, fituated near the Mediterranean;
whither king Saul went to confult the witch that refided
there. Jofi.xv ii. n. The woman at En-dor, who had
a familiar fpirit, is called a'x, Oub, or Ob: and it is in¬
terpreted Pythonijja, The place where Ihe refided, feems

to

.ENA

to have been named fr6m the worfhip there inftituted :
for En-dor is compounded of En-Ador, and fi'griifies Fans
pytkonis , the fountain of light, the oracle of the god
Ador.. This oraqle was probably founded by the Ca-
liaanites; and had never been totally fupprefled.

EN-EGLAIM, a city of Paleftine, fituated. near the
Dead Sea. Ezek. xlvii. io.

EN-GANNlM, a city of Paleftine, fituated in the tribe
of KTachar ; and one of the cities of the Levites, of the
family of Gerfiion. Jofi.xx i. 29. Alfo the name of . ano¬
ther city of Paleftine, in the tribe of Judah, fituated in
the low parts of that province, jojh. xv. 34.

EN-GEDI, [Heb. a fountain of happinefs.] A city of
Paleftine, in the tribe of Judah, fituated in the wildernefs
of Judah ; in the ftrong holds of which, David concealed
himfclf from tlierage of Saul . Jofh . xv . 6 1 . iS«j».xxiv. 1.

EN-HADDAH, a city of Paleftine, fituated in the
tribe of llfachar. Jofi.x ix. 21.

EN-HAKKORE, [Heb. the well of him that called. J
The name given by Sampfon, to the well at which he re-
-fre flted himfelf, after his flaughtpr of the Philistines with
the jaw-bone of an afs. Judges xv. 19.

EN-HAZOR, a city of Paleftine, fituated in the tribe
of Naphtali. Jofi.x ix. 37.

EN-MISHPAT,or Kadesh. Gen.xiv. 7. SeeKADESH.
EN-RIMMON, a city of Paleftine, fituated in the tribe
of Judah. Nchem. xi. 29 .

EN-ROGEL, [or the well Rogel,] fituated in Pa-
ieftine, in the tribe of Judah, upon the boundaries of
that province and Benjamin. JoJ'n.xv. 7. xviii. 161
EN-SHEMESII, [i.e, waters of the fun,] waters of, fi¬
tuated in Paleftine, near the boundaries of Judah and
Benjamin. Jofi.xv . 7. xviii. 17.

EN-TAPPUA.H, or Tafpuah, a city of Paleftine, fi¬
tuated juft within the border df Manatfeh, weft of Jor¬
dan, but belonging to the tribe of Ephraim. Jofi. xvii. 7, S.

To ENA'BLE, v. a. To make able; to empower; to
fupply with ftrength or ability. — He points out to him
the way of life, Hrengthens his weaknefs, reftores his
lapfes, .and enables him to walk and perfevere in it. Rogers.

EN'ABY, a town of Sweden, in the province of Eaft
Gothland: twenty-five miles fouth of Linkioping.

EN'ACH,yi In the cuftoms of Scotland, the latisfac-
tion for a crime; the reco.mpence for a fault.

To E.NA'CT v. a. ToaCt; to perform ; to effeCt. Not
in „fe. — In true balancing of juftice, it is flat wrong to pu-
ni(h the thought or purpofe of any before it be enabled.
Legi/lator. — To eftablifii by law; to decree:

■It is enabled in the laws of Venice,

If it be proved againft an alien.

He feek the life of any citizen,

The party, ’gainft the which he doth contrive,

Shall feize on half his goods. Shakcfpcare.

To reprefent by adtion. — I did enaEl Hedtor. Shakfpeare.
ENA'CT, /. Purpofe ; determination.

ENACT'OR, /. One that forms decrees, or eftabliflies
daws . — The great author of our nature, and aiablor of
this law of good and evil, is highly diftionoured. Atter.
bury. — One who pradtifes or performs any thing. Not ufed.

The violence of either grief or joy,

Their own cnabiors with themfelves deftroy. Shakcfpcare.

ENA'CTURE, f. Effedl. MaJ'on, who quotes the pre¬
ceding example, which in fome editions has enablures for
. enablers.

EN'AiMA,yi [from £K, and blood.] Any medi¬
cine appropriated to bleeding wounds.

EN AL'LAGE, f. [of Ei/aAAaTTsu, Gr. to change.] A
figure in grammar, whereby fome changers made of the
comriion modes of fpeech, as when one mood or tenfe of
a verb is put for another.

ENAM, a city of Paleftine, in the tribe of Judah; fi¬
tuated in the low parts of that province. JoJh.xv '. 34.

To EN AM'BUSH, v. a. To hide in ambufli ; to hide
with hoftile intention :

Vol. VI. No. 368.

ENA 513

They went within a vale, clofe to a flood, whofe ftream
Us’d to give all their cattle drink, they there enatnbufk'd
them. Chapman.

To ENA'MEL, v. a. [from dmel. See Amel,] To in¬
lay ; to variegate with colours, properly with colours
■fixed by fire :

Mull I, alas!

Frame and enamel plate, and drink in glafs? Donne,

See Pan with flocks, with fruits Pomona crown’d ;

Here bluffing Flora- paints th’ enamell'd ground. Pope .

To lay upon another body fo as to vary it:

Higher than that wall, a circling row
Of goodlieft trees, laden with faireft fruit,

BloToms, and fruits at once of golden hue.

Appear’d with gay enamell'd colours mix’d. Milton.

To ENA'MEL, v. n. To pradiife the life of enamel. — -
Though it were foolifli to colour ox enamel upon the
glades of teiefcopes; yet, to gild the tubes of them may
render them more acceptable to the ufers, without leiTen-
ing the clearnefs of the object. Boyle.

ENA'MEL, f. Any thing enamelled, or variegated
With colours fixed by fire. — There are various forts ot
coloured glades, paftes, enamels , and factitious gems.
Woodward.

Down from her eyes welled the pearles round,

Upoipthe bright enamel of her, face;

Such honey drops on fpringing flowers are found,

When Phoebus holds the crimfon morn in chafe. Fairf.

The fubftanee inlaid in other things.

ENA'MELLER, f. One that pradtifes the art of ena¬
melling.

ENA'MELLING, f. The art of .preparing and laying
enamel upon metals, .porcelaine, Sec. and of colouring,
ainting, and burning in, the fame, by means of the muf-
e, or enaraeller’s lamp. This art has been greatly de-
prefted and retarded in Engand, by the confiderable ad¬
vantage the enamelled derives from a difeovery of any
colour uncommonly brilliant, clear, or hard. On this
account the artift naturally endeavours to keep his procefs
a fecrefc, as the fouree of private gain. The principal in¬
gredients of enamel colours have been, however, long
known. There are two kinds of enamel, the opake and
the tranfparent. Tranfparent enamels are ufually ren¬
dered opake by adding putty, or the white calx of tin, to
them. The bafts of all enamels is therefore a perfectly
tranfparent and fufible gl^fs. The calx of tin renders
this of a beautiful white, the perfection of which is great¬
er when a fmall quantity of manganefe is likewife added.
If the calx of tin be not fufticient to*deftroy the tranfpa-
rency of the mixture, it produces a femi-opake glafs, re-
fembling the opal. Clouet, in his Refearches refpeCting
the Compofition of Enamel, publilhed in 1S00, gives the
following improved methods of producing the mod beau¬
tiful and permanent colours :

White enamel, either for china-ware, or the purpofe
of being applied on metals, is compofed in the following
manner : Firft calcine a mixture of lead and tin, which
may be varied in the following proportions, viz. for one
hundred parts of lead, fifteen, twenty, thirty, and even forty
of tin. A mixture of lead and tin calcines very eafily in
contaCt with the air. As loon as this mixture is brought
to a red heat, it burns like charcoal, and is calcined very
fpeedily. The compofition which calcines beft, is that
which in one hundred pounds of lead contains from twenty
to twenty-five of tin. The tin here meant is pure tin. In
proportion as the calcination is eftetfted, take out the cal¬
cined part, and continue to oxydate the reft until the
whole has become pulverulent, and of an uniform colour.
When the proportion of tin exceeds twenty-five or thirty,
a ftronger fire is neceflary to produce the calcination. A
hundred parts of the calx above mentioned, which in the
French potteries is called calcine, is genet ally taken with
one liundred parts of fand. From twenty-five to thirty
6 P pounds

514

E N A ME

pounds of fea-falt, or muriat of foda, are added : the
whole is well mixed together, and it is- fufed in the bot¬
tom of a furnace in which potter’s ware is baked. This
matter is generally placed on fand, on lime quenched in
the open air, or on allies. The bottom of the mafs is in
general badly fufed. This, however, does not prevent
the matter, after it has been pounded, and applied on
the articles, from becoming exceedingly white and hard
in tire furnace. This proccfs is that generally ufed in
potteries. In the compofitions dellined for china-ware,
the proportion of twenty-five parts of tin to one hundred
of lead is" never exceeded : for common earthen-ware,
the manufafhirers are even fatisfied with fifteen of tin to
one hundred of lead. If it be wiflred to obtain an enamel
whiter and more fufible, the quantity of fand mult be di-
minilhed ; but there is no necefiity for augmenting that
of the fea-falt, or muriat of foda, as the whitenefs and
opacity depend on the quantity of tin. But it is necef-
fary to employ fome further manipulations, when white
enamel is required proper for being applied on metals,
and to give all the perfection of which it is fufceptible.
In that cafe the fand mult be calcined in a Itrong heat,
with a quarter of its weight of marine l'alt, either in a
fmall quantity in a crucible, or on a large fcale in a pot¬
ter’s furnace. If it be wilhed to have a very fufible ena¬
mel, add minium, or lead calcined by the former opera¬
tion, and nearly as much fea-falt; this produces a white
mafs half fufed and porous, which is to be pulverifed and
employed in the compofition of enamel inltead of fand,
and in the fame proportions as fand.

When it be wifiied to have fluxes for the colours, the
fame compofitions may be employed, except that little
or no tin is to be put into the lead. Nitre and borax are
now generally ufed for making this glafs. The follow¬
ing are recommended as the belt, upon trial by C.
Clouet; three parts of filiceous land, one of chalk, and
three of calcined borax, give a matter .proper to be ufed
as a flux for purples, blues, and other delicate colours.

Three parts of white or flint glafs, one of calcined bo¬
rax, a quarter of a part of nitre, one of the. white Oxyd of
antimony made with nitre well waflied, give an exceed¬
ingly white enamel, which may ferve alfo as a flux for
purple, and particularly for blue.

Sixty parts of enamel fand or lefs, thirty of alum, thir¬
ty-five of fea-falt, and a hundred of minium, or any other
oxyd of lead, give a white enamel when the fluxes do
not predominate too much, and a gelatinous glafs when a
great deal of fluxes has been added. This glafs is good
for red, and the enamel may be applied to all kinds of
clay capable of fuftaining a ftrong heat. It is of great
importance to remark, and to know, that the fand em¬
ployed for enamel muff not be fand which contains only
fdex : fand of that kind alone is of no ufe. The fand
proper for this purpofe is that which contains talc with
filex. To make a fand proper for enamel and the fluxes
of colours, there nihil be nearly one part of talc and
three of filiceous fand. The principal quality of good
enamel, and that which renders it fit for being applied on
porcelaine, or on metals, is the facility with which it ac¬
quires lufire by a moderate heat, withqut entering into
complete fufion. Enamels applied to thefe purpofes
mull polfefs this quality. They do not enter into com¬
plete fufion ; they aflunie only the ftate of pafie, but of a
palte exceedingly firm ; and yet when baked one might
fay that they had been completely fufed.

There are two methods of ornamenting or painting on
enamel: on raw, or on baked, enamel. Both thefe me¬
thods are employed, or may be employed, for the fame
objedl. Solid colours, capable of fuftaining the fire ne-
ceflary for baking the enamel ground, may be applied in
the form of tilled enamel on that which is raw, and the
artifl may afterwards finifh with the tender colour's. The
colours applied on the ratv material do not require any
flux ; there is one, even, to which lilex mull be added,
that is, the calx of copper, which gives a very beautiful
s

LLIN-G,

green. All the colours'may be produced by the metallic
oxyds. Thefe colours are more or lefs fufed iu the fire,,
according as they adhere with more or lefs ftrength to-
their oxygen. All metals which readily lofe their oxygen-
cannot endure a great degree of heat, and are unfit for
being employed on the raw material.

Purple.— This colour is the oxyd of gold, which may
be prepared different ways ; as by precipitating, by means
of a muriatic folution of tin, a nitro-muriatic folution of
gold much diluted in water. The lead quantity pofiible
of the folution of tin will be fufficient to form this preci¬
pitate. The folution of tin mull be added gradually un¬
til the purple colour begins to appear: it is then put into
an earthen veil'd to dry llovvly. But the colour is always
more beautiful, if the precipitate is ground with the flux
before it has become dry. The different folutions of
gold, in whatever manner precipitated, provided the gold
is precipitated in the ftate of an oxyd, give always a.
purple colour, which will be more beautiful in propor¬
tion to the purity of the oxyd p but neither the copper
nor filver, with which gold is generally found alloyed,,
injure this colour in a fenfible manner: it is changed,,
however, by iron. The gold precipitate which gives the
mod beautiful purple is certainly fulminating gold, which'
lofes that property when mixed with fluxes. Purple is
an abundant colour ; it is capable of bearing a great deal
of flux, and in a fmall quantity communicates its colour
to a great deal of matter. It appears that faline fluxes
are better fuited to it than thofe in which there are me¬
tallic calces. Thole, therefore, which have been made
with filex, chalk, and borax, or white glafs, borax, and
a little white oxyd of antimony, with a little nitre, ought
to be employed with it. Purple will bear from four to
twenty parts of flux, and even more, according to the
fhade required. Painters in enamel employ generally for
purple a flux which they call brilliant white. This flux-
appeal's to be a femi-opake enamel, which has been drawn
into tubes, and afterwards blown into a ball at an ena-
meller’s lamp. Thefe bulbs are afterwards broken in
Inch a manner that the flux is found in fmall feales, which,
appear like the fragments of fmall hollow fpheres. Ena¬
mel painters mix this flux with a little nitre and borax.
It is to be remarked, that purple will not bear a ftrong.
heat.

Red. — We have no metallic oxyd capable of giving
diredlly a fufed red; that is to fay, we have no metallic
calces which, entering into fufion, and combining under,
the form of tranfparent glafs with fluxes or glafs, give
diredlly a red colour. To obtain this, it mud be com¬
pounded different ways, as follows : Take two parts, or
two parts and a half, of fulphat of iron and of fulphat of
alumine ; fufe them together in their water of cryftalli-
fation, and mix them well together. Continue to Heat
them to complete drynefs ; then increafe the fire fo as to
bring the mixture to a red heat. The laft operation mull
be performed in a reverberating furnace. Keep the, mix¬
ture to a red heat until it has every where affuined a beau¬
tiful red colour, which may be afeertained by taking out
a little of it from time to time, and fullering it to cool in
the air. The. red oxyds of iron give a red colour; but
this is exceedingly fugitive : for, as foon as the oxyd of
iron enters into fufion, the portion of oxygen which gives
it its red colour leaves it, and it becomes black, yellow,
or greenilh. To preferve, therefore, the red colour of
this oxyd in the fife, it mull be prevented from vitrifying,
and abandoning its oxygen. Clouet tried a variety ot"
different fubflances to give it this fixity, but none of them
fucceeded except alum. The doles of alum and fulphat
of iron may be varied.. The more alum, the paler will
be the colour. Three parts of alum to one of fulphat of
iron give a flefh colour. It is alum alfo which gives this
colour the property of becoming fixed at a very ftrong
heat. This colour may be employed on raw enamel : ic
has much more fixity than the purple, but not fo much
as the blue of cobalt. It may be waflied to carry off the

iuperfiugus.

515

ENAMELLING.

fuperfluous (aline matter, but it may be employed alfo
without edulcoration ; in that flate it is even more fixed
and more beautiful.' It does not require much flux ; the
flux belt fuited to it is compofed of alum, minium, ma¬
rine fait, and enamel fand. This flux mlift be com¬
pounded in fuch a manner as to render it fufficiently fufible
for its objedt : from two to three parts of it are mixed
with the colour. In general, three parts of flux are ufed
for one of colour: but this dofe may, and ought to be,
varied, according to the nature of the colour, and the
(hade required. Red calx of iron alone, when it enters
into fufion with glafs, gives a colour which feems to be
black; but if it be diluted with a fufficient quantity of
glafs, it at laft becomes of a tranfparent yellow. Thus,
the colour really produced by calx of hon combined with
glafs is a yellow colour, but which being accumulated
becomes fo dark that it appears black. In the procefs
above given for making the red colour, the oxyd of iron
does not fufe : and this is the effential point ; for, if this
colour is carried in the fire to vitrification, it becomes
black, or yellowifli, inftead of red, and difappears if the
coat .be thin, and the oxyd of iron prefent be only in a
frnall quantity.

Yellow.— Though yellow may be obtained in a diredfc
manner, yet compound yellows are preferred ; becaufe
they are more certain in their effedf, and more eafily ap¬
plied, than the yellow., which may be directly produced
from filver. The compound yellows are obtained in con-
fequence of the fame principles as the red colour of iron.
For this purpofe metallic oxyds are employed, the vitri¬
fication of which mud be prevented by mixing with them
other fubftances, fuch as refraftory earths, or metallic
oxyds difficult to be fufed. The metallic calces which
form the bafes of the yellow colours are generally thofe
of lead ; as minium, the white caht of lead, or litharge,
the white calx of antimony, called diaphoretic antimony :
that called crocus metallorum is alfo employed. This
regulus, pulverifed. and mixed with white oxyd, gives
likewife a yellow. The following are the different com-
pofitions ufed: one part of the white oxyd of antimony,
one of the'white oxyd of lead (or two or three) ; thefe
dofes are exceedingly variable ; one part of alum, and
one of fal-ammoniac. When thefe matters have been all
pulverifed, and mixed well together, they are put in a
veflel over a fire fufficient to fublimate and decompofe
the fal-ammoniac ; and when the matter has aflumed a
yellow colour, the operation is finiflied. This in the
(hops is called Naples yellow. The calces of lead mixed
in a frnall quantity either with filex oralumine, alfo with
the pure calx of tin, exceedingly white, give likewife
yellow's. One part of the oxyd of lead is added to two,
three, or four, of the other fubftances above-mentioned.
In thefe different compofitions, for yellow, we may life
alfo oxyd of iron, either pure, or that kind which has
been prepared with alum and vitriol of iron : thus diffe¬
rent (hades of yellow may be obtained. Yellows require
fo little flux, that one or two parts, in general, to one of
the colour, are fufficient ; faline fluxes are improper for
them, and efpecially thofe which contain nitre. They
muff be ufed with fluxes compofed of enamel fand, oxyd
of lead, and borax, without marine fait. A yellow may
be obtained diredfly from filver; for which may be ufed
fulphat of filver, or any oxyd of that metal mixed with
alumine or filex, or with both, in equal quantities. The
whole mult be gently heated until the yellow colour
appear; and the matter is to be employed with the fluxes
pointed out for yellows. Yellow of ''filver, like purple,
cannot endure a ftrong heat : a nitric folution of filver,
precipitated by the ammoniaeal phofphat of foda, will
obtain a yellow precipitate, which may -be ufed to paint-
in that colour with fluxes, which ought then to be a
little harder.

Green. — This colour is obtained diredtly from the
oxyd of copper. All the oxyds of copper are good : they
require little flux, which mull not be too fufible j one

part or two of flux will be fufficient for one oxyd. This
colour agrees with all the fluxes, the faline as well as
the metallic; which tends to vary a little the fliades. A
-mixture of yellow and blue is alfo ufed to produce green.
Thofe who paint figures or portraits- employ glafs com¬
pofed in this manner ; but thofe who paint glazed vef-
fels, either earthen-ware or porcelain, employ in general
copper green. Independently of the beautiful green co¬
lour produced by oxydated copper, it produces alfo a
very beautiful red ; but it is exceedingly fugitive. The
oxyd of copper gives red only when it contains very little
oxygen, and approaches near to the flute of a regulus.
Notwithftanding the difficulty of employing this oxyd, a
method has been found to (lain tranfparent glafs with
different (hades of a very beautiful red colour by means
of it. It is exceedingly difficult to make this colour
well ; but when it fucceeds, it has a great deal of fplen-
dour. By employing the calx of copper alone for the
proceffes above-mentioned, we obtain a red fimilar to the
mod beautiful carmine. The calx of iron changes the
red into vermilion, according to the quantity added. If
we had certain procefles for making this colour, we fliould
obtain all the (hades of red from pure red to orange, by
ufing, in different proportions, the oxyd of copper with
that of iron. The calx of copper fufes argil more eafily
than filex ; the cafe is the fame with calx of ii;on. If we
fufe two or three parts of argil with one of the oxyd of
copper, and if the heat be fufficient, we obtain a very
opake enamel, and of a vermilion red colour: the oxyd.
of copper pafles from red to green through yellow ; fo
that the'enamel of copper, which becomes red at a ffrong
heat, may be yellow with a weaker heat. The fame effedl
may be produced by deoxydating copper in different de¬
grees : this will be effected according as the heat is more
or lefs intenfe. The above compolition might alfo be
employed to give a vermilion red colour to porcelaine
but the heat of the porcelaine furnace muft be of fufficient
ftrength to produce the proper effeiff.

Blue. — This colour is obtained from the oxyd of co¬
balt. It is the mod fixed of all colours, and becomes
equally beautiful with a weak as with a ffrong heat. The
blue produced by cobalt is more beautiful the purer it is,
and the more it is oxydated. Arfenic does not hurt it.
The faline fluxes which contain nitre are thofe beft fuited
to it. But the flux which gives to cobalt blue the great-
eft fplendour and beauty, is that compofed of white glafs
(which contains no metallic calx), of borax, nitre, and
diaphoretic antimony well wafhed. When this glafs is
made for the purpofe of being employed as a flux for
blue, we add lefs of the white oxyd of antimony ; a fixth,
of the whole is fufficient.

Violet. — Black calx of manganefe, employed with
faline fluxes, gives a very beautiful violet. By varying-,
the- fluxes, the ffiade of the colour may alfo be varied
it is very fixed as long as it retains its oxygen. The oxyd
of manganefe may produce different colours ; but for that
purpofe it will be neceffary to fix its oxygen in it in dif¬
ferent proportions. Thefe are all the colours obtained,
from metals. From hence it is evident that fomething,
ftill remains to be difcovered. We do not know what
might be produced by the oxyds of platina, tungften,
molybdena, and nickel: all thefe oxyds are ftill to be
tried ; each of them muff produce a colour, and perhaps,
red, which is obtained neither diredtly nor with facility
from any of the metallic fubftances formerly known and
hitherto employed.

Thofe who paint on enamel, on earthen-ware, porce-
laine, &c- nnift regulate the fufibility of the colours by
the mod tender of thofe employed ; as, for example, the
purple. When the degree which is beft fuited to purple
has been found, the other lefs fufible colours may be fo
regulated (by additions of flux,) when it is neceffary
to fufe all the colours at the fame time, and at the fame
degree of heat. We may paint alfo' in enamel without
flux 5 but all the colours do not equally ftand the heat

neceffary

5)$ ■ _ E N A M E

neceflary to be employed. If the, enamel, however, be
very fufible, the colours may all penetrate it. This man¬
ner of painting gives no thicknefs of colour; on the con¬
trary, the colours fink into the enamel at the places where
the tints are drongeft. To make them penetrate, and
give them ludre, a ftrong fire will be neceffary to fofren
the enamel, and bring it to a date of fufion. This" me¬
thod cannot be praftifed but on enamel compofed with
fand. It will be readily conceived, that the colours and
enamel capable of enduring the greated heat, are the
mod folid, the mod durable, and the lead liable to be
changed by the air. A mixture of thefe different enamels
produces a great variety of intermediate colours, accord¬
ing to their nature and proportion. In this branch of the
art, the coloured enamels are fometimes mixed with each
other, and fometimes the calces are mixed before they
are added to the vitreous bafes.

The enarnciler, however, though provided with a fet
of good colours, is very far from being in a dtuation for
pradtifing the art, unlefs he be fkilled in the methods of
applying them, and the nature of the grounds upon which
they are to be laid. Many of the metals are too fudble
to be enamelled, and almoft all of them are corroded by
the aftion of the fufedglafs. For this reafon, none of
the metals are tiled btitgold, diver, and copper. Platina
has indeed been ufed; but of its effects and habitudes
with enamels, very little can yet be faid, for want of a
fufficieiit number of experiments. The pored gold of
twenty-four carats is calculated to produce the bed eftefit
with enamel ; becaufe it -entirely preferves the metallic
brilliancy, without undergoing any calcination in the dre.
Being alfo lefs fufible, it admits of a more refractory, and
confequently a harder and more beautiful, enamel. It is
not ufual, however, to enamel upon dner gold than twen¬
ty-two carats ; and the operation would be very defec¬
tive, if a coarfer kind than that of eighteen carats were
ufed. For in this cafe more alkali mud be adde'd to the
enamel, to render it more fufible; and this addition would
at the fame time render it fofter and lefs brilliant.

Theartid begins his operation, by breaking the enamel
into frn all pieces in a deel mortar, and afterwards pulveri-
fing it in a mortar of agate. He is careful to add water in
this part of his- procefs, which prevents the fplinters of
glafs from flying about. There are no means of explain¬
ing the point at which the trituration Ought to be given
up, as this can be learned only by experience. Some
enamels require to be very flnely triturated; but others
may be ufed in the form of a coarfe powder. As foon as
he apprehends that his enamel is fufliciently pounded, he
wadies it by agitation in very clear water, and pouring off
the fluid as it becomes turbid. This operation, which is
made for the purpofe of carrying'off dud and every other
impurity from the enamel, is continued until the water
comes off as clear as it was poured on. The workman
puts his enamel, thus prepared, in a white china or ear¬
then faucer, with water poured on it to the depth of about
one tenth of an inch. He afterwards takes up this ena¬
mel with an iron fpatula, as equally, as podible. As the
enamel here fpoken of is tranfparent, it is ufual to orna¬
ment the Airfare of the gold with rofe-work, or other
kinds of work, calculated to produce a good effect through
the enamel. The thicknefs of this drd layer depends
entirely upon its colour; delicate colours, in general, re¬
quire that it diould have no great thicknefs. The moid
enamel, being thus placed, is dried by applying a very
clean half-worn linen cloth to it, which mud be very care¬
fully done, to avoid removing the enamel by any adlion
of wiping. In this date the piece is ready for the dre.

If it be enamelled on both ddes, it is placed upon a tile,
hollowed out in Arch a manner, that the uncovered edges
of the piece alone are in contact with the iron. But if it
be enamelled on one fide only, it is fimply laid upon the
plate, or on a tile. Two things, however, require to be
attended to. i. If the vvoik be very fmall, or not capa¬
ble of being enamelled on its oppodte fide, the iron plate

L L I N G.

mud be perfectly flat, in order that the work may not
bend when foftened by heat, 2. If the work be of cond-
derable fize, it is always counter-enamelled if podible ;
that is to fay, .an enamel is applied on the back Atrface, in
Order to countera6t the effedd which the other coating of
glafs might produce on the foft metal, when it caine to
contraft by cooling. <

The.enamellers furnace is fquare, and built of bricks,
bedded in an earth proper for the purpofe. It may be
conddered as confiding of two parts, the lower part, which
receives a mufFel, reding on the floor of the furnace, and
open on both ddes. The upper part of the furnace con-
fids of a dre-place, rather larger and longer than the di-
menfions of the mufFel. This dre-place contains the
charcoal, which mud furround the mufFel on all ddes,
excepting at the bottom. The charcoal is put in at a
door above the mufFel, and which is clofed when the dre
is lighted. A chimney proceeds from the fummit of the
furnace with a moderate aperture, .which may be clofed
at the pleaftire of the artid, by applying a cad iron plate
to it. This furnace differs from that of the affayer in the
circumdance that it is fupplied with air through the muf-
fel itfelf ; forif the draught w-ere beneath the mufFel, the
heat would be too drong, and could not be dopped when
requidte. As foon as the dre is lighted, and the mufFel
has obtained the requidte degree of ignition, the charcoal
is difpofed towards the lower part of the mufFel in fuch a
manner as that it 1 h all not fall upon the work, which is
then conveyed into the muff'd with thegreated care upon
the plate of. iron or earthen ware, which is taken up by
long fpring pinchers. The work is placed as near as pof-
dble at the further. extremity of the mufFel ; and as foon
as the artid perceives a commencement of fufion, lie turns
it round wdth great delicacy, in order that the fufion may
be very uniform. And as foon as he perceives that the
fufion has completely taken place, lie indantly removes
it out of the furnace : for the fufion of gold happens fo
very near that of the enamel , that a negledt of a few feconds
might be attended with confiderable lofs. When thq
work is cooled, a fecond jcoaf'of, enamel is applied in the
fame manner as thefird, if neceffary. This, and the fame
cautious management of the fire, are to be repeated for
every 'additional coat of enamel the nature of the work
may demand.

As foon as the number of coatings are fufficient, it be¬
comes neceffary to give an even fur-face to the enamel,
which, though polifiied by the fire, is neverthelefs irre¬
gular. This is done with an Englilh fine-grained file and
water. As the file wears fmootli, dmd is ufed. Much
precaution and addrefs are required in this part of the
work, not only becaufe it is eafy to malqe the enamel
feparate in fplinters from the metal, but likewife becaufe
the colour would not be uniform if it were to be ground
thinner at one part than at another. The-deep fcratches
of the file are in the next place taken out, by rubbing the
furface with a piece of deal wood and fine fand and water.
A polidi is then given by a fecond ignition. This polifh,
however, is frequently infiifficient, and not fo perfectly
uniform as the delicacy of the work may require.

The fubdance ufed by the enamellers, as a-polidiing
material, is known by the name of rotten-done ; which is
prepared by pounding, wafiiing, decanting off the turbid
water, fuffering the fine fufpended particles to fubfide
from this water, and ladly levigating it upon a glafs plate.
The work' is then cemented to a fquare piece of wood
with a mixture of rofin and brick-dud, and by this means
fixed in a vice. The fird operation of polilhing is made
by rubbing the work with rotten-done upon a fmall drait
bar qf pewter. Some delicacy is here required, to avoid
fcratching or producing flaws in the enamel, by prefling
it too hard. In this way the piece is rendered perfectly
even : but the lad brilliant polidi is given' by a piece of
deal wood and the fame rotten-done.

This is the general method of applying enamels; but
fome colours require more precaution in the management

of

517

ENA

of the fire. Opake colours require lefs management than
the tranfparent. A variety of circtnnftances mil ft be at¬
tended to in the management of tranfparent colours'1;
every colour requires gold of a particular finenefs. When
different colours are intended to be placed befide one ano¬
ther, they are kept feparate by a fmall edge or promi¬
nency, which is left in the gold for that purpofe, and is
poliflied along with the enamel. The enamelling upon
filver is effected nearly in the fame manner as that of
gold ; but the changes fuftained by the colours upon the
filver, by the aflion of fire, are much more conGderable
than when gold is ufed. Copper is not much ufed by
enamellers, on account of the difficulty which attends the
attempt to fix beautiful colours upon it. When this
metal is ufed, the common praftice is to apply a coating
of opake white enamel, and upon this other-colours which
are more fufible than the white, A good effect is pro¬
duced in toys, by leaving part of the gold bare. For this
purpofe its furface is cut into fuitable compartments by
vlie engraver. This, however, is an expenfive method,
and is for that reafon occafionally imitated by applying
fmall and very thin pieces of gold upon the furface of the
enamel, where they are fixed by the fire, and afterwards
covered by a tranfparent vitreous coating. For painting
and enamelling glafs, china-ware, &c. See the articles
Glass, Porcelain, and Pottery.

Mr. Brougniart deferibes a method of taking off the
enamel from any toy, without injuring its metallic part.
For this purpofe, a mixture of common fait, nitre, and
alum, in powder, is applied upon the enamel, and the
piece put into the furnace. As foon as the fufion has
taken place, the piece is fuddenly ' thrown into water,
which caufes the enamel to fly off either totally or in part.
The part which may remain is to be removed by repeat¬
ing the fame operation a fecond time.

The procefs adopted by the Ruffian filverfmiths, for
filling up engravings in plate with a black, glaffy, durable
enamel, and which they rriuft have derived from the Per-
fians or Indians, is as follows: They take half an ounce
of (ilver, two ounces and a half of copper, three ounces
and a half of lead, twelve -ounces of fulphur, and two
ounces and a half of fal ammoniac. The metals are
melted together and poured into a crucible, which has
been before filled with pulverifed fulphur made into a
pafte by means of water; the crucible is then immedi¬
ately covered, that the fulphur may not take fire ; and
this regulits is calcined over a fmelting fire until the fiu-
perfluous fulphur be burnt away. This regulus is then
coarfely pounded, and, with a folutionof fal ammoniac,
formed into a pafte, which is rubbed clofely into the en¬
graving on filver plate. The filver is then wiped clean,
and fuffered to become fo hot under the muffle, that the
fubftance rubbed into the ftrokes of the engraving melts
and adheres to the metal. The filver is afterwards wetted
with the folutionof fal ammoniac, and again placed under
the muffle till it becomes red hot. The engraved furface
may then be fmoothed and poliflied without any danger
of the black fubftance, which is an artificial kind of
filver ore (fablerz), either dropping out or decaying. In
this manner is all the filver plate brought from Ruffia
ornamented with black engraved figures, &c.

It is incredible to what a degree of finenefs and delicacy
the threads of enamel may be drawn by the enameller’s
lamp. Thofe which are ufed in imitating tufts of feathers
are fo fine, that they may be wound on the reel like iilk
or thread. The fiftitious jets of all colours, ufed in em¬
broideries, are alfo made of enamel ; and that with fo
much art, that every fmall piece hath its hole to pafs the
thread through wherewith it is fewed. Thefe holes are
made by blowing them into long pieces ; which they af¬
terwards cut with a proper tool.

A method of enamelling culinary utenfils, as a fubfti-
tute for tinning , has been lately invented by M. Rinman,
of the Royal Academy of Stockholm ; for which fee the
article Tinninc.

Vol. VI. No. 369,

E N C

To ENA'MOUR , v. a. \_amour, Fr.] To inflame with
love; to make fond: with of before the thing or perfon
loved. — ’Tishard todifeern whether is in the greateft er¬
ror, he who is enamour'd of all he does, or he whom nothing
of his own can pleafe. Dryden.

He, on his fide,

Leaning half-rais’d, with looks of cordial love,

Hung over her enamour'd. Milton.

ENANGIOMONOSPER'MOUS, adj. [from £„, in,
ayytovy a veffel, g, 01/0 alone, aDd o-7rEp//.«, a feed.] In bo¬
tany ; belonging to that clafs of plants which have but
one feed in the feed veffel.

ENANTTOSIS,/! [jwmswif, Gr. contrariety.] A
rhetorical figure, when that is fpoken by a contrary,
which is intended fliould be underftood, as it were, by
affirmation ; as, There was rage againft refolution ; pride"
againft nobility.

.ENA'RA, a lake of Lapland, the furtheft north ;
about feventy miles in length, and thirty in breadth, at
the wideft part.

ENARE'A, a province of Abyffinia, conquered by the
troops of the Negus at the beginning of the feventeenth
century, fituated at the fouth-weft extremity of the em¬
pire.

ENARGE'A, f. [evapy^tx, evidentia, illuftratio.] In
botany, a genus of the clafs hexandria, order monogynia.
The generic characters are — Calyx: none. Corolla:
petals fix, oblong-ovate, concave, acute; three outer,
and three inner; all marked below the middle with two
green fpots. Stamina : filaments fix, half the length of
the corolla. Piftillum: germ round ifh ; ftyle three-cor¬
nered, thick. Pericarpium: berry fubglobular, three-
celled. Seeds: four or five, globular. — Efential Charader.
Calyx, none; petals fix, oblong-ovate, concave, acute,
three outer, three inner, green-fpotted ; berry, three-
celled, with four or five globular feeds.

Enatgea marginata, a folitary fpecies. The fruit is an
elliptic-fpheroidal berry, fieffiy, the fame confidence
with thofe of Vitis idrea, red purple on one fide, whitiffi on
the other : in each of the three cells there are four or five
globular, rnfefcent feeds. Native of Terra del Fuego.

ENAR'GI A,/, [ii/xpyeia., Gr.] Evidence, or clearnefs
of expreffion.

EN ARRA'TIGN,/! [cnarro, Lat.] Explanation; ex-
pofition.

EN ARTHR.O'STS,y. [from ev, in, and xp^ov, Gr. a
joint.] In anatomy, that fort of articulation where the
round head of one bone moves in the focket of another.

ENATA'TION, f. [cnato, Lat.] The aft of fwimming
out; efcape by fwimming.

ENAUN'TER, adv._ An obfolete word explained by
Spenfer himfelf to mean leji that :

Anger would not let him fpeak to the tree,

Enaunter his rage might cooled be,

But to the root bent bis fturdy ftroke. Spenfer.

EN AVIG A'TION, f. [from the Lat. e, from, and na «
vigo, to fail.] The aft of failing out; the act of failing
by . Little ufed.

EN'BA, a river of Ruffia, which runs into the Cafpian
Sea. Lat. 46.55.N. Ion. 71.40. E. Ferro.

EN'BAR, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the Arabian
Irak, on the Euphrates : forty miles weft of Bagdad.

ENCziE'NIA, the name of feveral feafts celebrated jay
the Jews in memory of the dedication of the temple, by
Judas Maccabaeus, Solomon, and Zorobabel. This term
is likewife ufed in church-hiftory for the dedication of
Chriftian churches.

To ENCA'GE, v. a. To Unit up in a cage ; to coop up j
to confine :

Like Bajazet encag'd the fhepherd’s feoff,

Or like llack-finew’d Samfon, his hair off. Donne.

To ENCA'MP, v. n. To pitch tents ; to fit down for a
time ia a march ; to fettle a temporary habitation. — He
6 Q_ encamped

518

E N C -v

encamped at the mount of god, Exod. xili. 5. — The
French knew how to make war with the Englifli, by not
putting things to the hazard of a battle, but wearing
them by iong lieges of towns, and drong fortified encamp¬
ing s. Bacon.

To ENCA'MP, v. a. To form an army into a regular
camp ; to order to encamp.— The people were encamped
again!! Gibbethon. Kings - « 1

ENC AMP'MENT,/ The adt of encamping, orpitch-
jng tents. A camp ; tents pitched in order. — The ene¬
mies ferved to improve them in their encampments -} wea¬
pons, or fomething elfe. Grew.

When a genlral bids the martial train
Spread their encampment o’er the fpacious plain,

Thick riling tents a canvas city build. Gay.

ENCAN'THIS., f. [from tv, and y.avQoi;, Gr. the angle
of the eye.] An incifted tumour in the inner angle of
the eye.

ENCAR'DIUM, /. [from. tv, and y.a^ia, the heart.]
In botany, the heart or pith of vegetables; a precious
hone in the form of a heart.

ENCAR'PI A, f. [Gr.] In architecture, flower-work or
fruit-work on the corners of pillars.

ENC ATHIS'MA, f. [Gr. ] A bath for the belly.

ENCAU'MA, /. [Gr.] A burning in any part of the
body; alfo an ulcer in the eye, with a filthy fcab.

ENCAU'STIC, adj. [encaujlum, Lat. from tv, and v.caa,
to burn.] Having the property of varnilh ; fo called be-
caufe it is wrought with fire.

ENCAU'STIC PAINTING. SeethearticlePAiNTiNG.

To ENCA'VE, v. a. To hide as in a cave :

Do but encave yourfelf,

And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable (corns.

That dwell in every region of his face. Skakefpeare.

ENCEA'DA da BELA, a town of Africa, in the
kingdom of Adel, on the coad of the Indian Sea : thirty
miles fouth of Cape Guardafu.

ENCE'INTE, f. [Fr.] In fortification, the whole in-
clollire, circumference, or compals, of a fortified? place,
whether built with done or brick, or only made of earth,
and whether with or without baftions, &c.

ENCEL'ADUS, in fabulous hiftory, a fon of Titan
and Terra, the moll powerful of all the giants who con¬
spired againfi Jupiter. He was (truck with Jupiter’s
thunders, and overwhelmed under niount (Etna. Some
fuppofe that he is the fame as Typhon. According to
the posts, the flames of (Etna proceeded from the breath
cf Enceladus ; and as often as he turned his weary fide,
the whole id ‘and of Sicily felt the motion, and (hook from
.its ve'ry foundations. . Virgil.

ENCEPHA'LOCELE, f. [from tyy.tpa.\ov, the brain,
and y.-nMi Gr. a tumour.] 'A rupture of the brain.

ENCE'PHALUM,/. [from tv, within, and y.ttpa.\-/], Gr.
the head.] The brain, containing whatever is within the
feu 11 ; the medullary fubdance of vegetables.

To ENCHA'FE, v.a. [efehauffer, Fr.] To enrage; to
irritate ; ter provoke :

The wind-fliak’d (urge, with high and monflrous main,
Seems to cad water on the burning bear ;

I never did like moleftation view

On the enchafed flood. Skakefpeare.

To ENCHA'IN, v. a. [ enchainer , Fr.] To fallen with
a chain; to hold in chains; to bind ; to hold in bondage:

What fliould I do? while here I was enchain' d.

No glimpfe of godlike liberty remain’d. Dry den.

To link together; to concatenate. — The one contracts
and enchains his words, fpeaking preiflngly and fhort ;
the other delights in long-breathed accents. Holder. .

Tb-ENCHA'NT, v. a. [ enchanter , Fr.] To give effi¬
cacy to any thing by fongs of forcery :

Thefe powerful drops thrice on the threfliold pour,

Awd bathe with this' enchanted juice her door;

E N C

That door where no admittance now is found,

But where my foul is ever hov’ring round. Granville.

To fubdue by charms or fpells. — Arcadia vyas the charmed
circle, where all his fpirits forever fliould be enchanted.
Sidney, — To delight in a high degree:

Too dear I priz’d a fair enchanting face ;

Beauty unchafte is beauty in difgrace. Pope.

ENCHANT'ER, f. \_enchantcur, Fr.] A magitian ; a
forcerer; one who pretends to the art of charms and
fpells.— Such phafms, fuch apparitions, are excellencies
which men applaud in themfelves, conjured, up by the
magic of a ftrong imagination, and only feen within that
circle in which the enchanter Hands. Decay of Piet f.

Ardan, that black enchanter, whofe dire arts
Enflav’d our knights, and broke our virgin’s hearts.

Granville.

ENCHANT'ER’s NIGHTSHADE,/ in botany. See
ClRCiEA.

ENCHANT'INGLY, aclv. With the force of enchant¬
ment. It is improperly ufed in a paflive fenfe in the
following paflage.— He’s gentle ; never fchool’d, and yet
learn’d; full of noble device; of all forts cnchantingly
belov’d. Skakefpeare.

ENCHAN1 'MENT, f. \_enchantement, Fr.] Magical
charms; fpells; incantation; forcery. — The Turks
thought that temped was brought upon them by the
charms and enchantments of the Periian magicians. Knolles.
— Irrefidible influence ; overpowering delight. — Warmth
of fancy will carry the loudefl and mod univerfal ap-
plaufe, which holds the heart of a reader under the
dronged enchantments. Pope.

ENCHAN'TRESS, / [ enciiantcrefe,Yr.~\ Aforcerefs;
a woman verfed in magical arts. — Fell banning hao- ! en-
chantrefs, hold thy tongue. Skakefpeare . — A woman whofe
beauty or excellencies give irrefidible influence:

From this enchantrefs all thefe ills are come ;

You are not fafe till y'ou pronounce her doom. Dryden.
Oft with the enchantrefs of his foul he talks,

Sometimes in crowds didrefs’d. Thomfon.

EN CH AR AX' I S, /. [from tv, and ya^^ccx, Gr. to
fcarify.] A fcarifieation ; an engraving.

To ENCHA'SE, v.a. \enchaffer, Fr.] To infix; to en-
clofe in any other body fo as to be held fad, but not
concealed. — Words, in their natural fituat'ion, Ihine like
jewels enchafed in gold. Felton.

Like polifli’d iv’ry, beauteous to behold ;

Or Parian marble, when enchas'd in gold. Dryden.

To adorn by being fixed upon it :

What feO’fi thou there? king Henry’s diadem,

Enchas'd with till the honours of the world ! Skakefpeare.
To adorn by raifed or embofleJ work :

When was old Sherwood’s head more quaintly curl’d.

Or look’d the earth more green upon the world,

Or nature’s cradle more enchas'd and purl’d ? Ben Jonfon.

The art of cnchafing is pradfifed only on thin metals, as“
watch-cafes, cane-heads, and various toys. It is per¬
formed by driving out the metal, to form figures, frorn
withinlide, fo as to Hand Out prominent from the plane
of the metal. — To mark by incifion :

They took their (words again, and each enchas’d
Deep wounds in the (oft flefli of his drong foe. Fairfax.

ENCHEA'SON,/. [ encheafon , old law French.] Caufe j
occalion. Skinner, towel. Bailey.

Certes, faid he, well mote I fliould to tell

The fond encheafon that me hither led. Spenfer.

ENCHELE'iE, anciently a town of Illyricum, where
Cadmus was changed into a ferpent.

EN'CHELIS, f. in zoology, a genus of worms belong¬
ing' to the order infuforia. It is an animalcula, invifible

to

E N C

E N C .519

to the naked eye, very fimple, and moftly cylindrical.
The fpecies are delcribed under the article Animalcule,
vol. i. p. 718, 719. Three of them, viz. the pumStifera,
caudJta, and retrograda, are reprefented, greatly magni¬
fied, in the Engraving.

EN'CHENREUTFI, a town of Germany, in the circle
of Franconia, and bifhopric of Bamberg: thirty-fix- miles
eaft-north-eaft of Bamberg.

ENCHIRI'DION, f. [from ev, and Gr. a hand.]
A manual, or fmall volume, that may be carried about
in one’s hand ; a pocket-book.

ENCHYMO'SIS, f. [from sv, and yya, Gr. to pour
in.] Blufhing, or the hidden effufion of blood into the
cutaneous veflels. Alfo an extravafation of blood which
makes the part look livid.

To ENCIR'Ct.E, v. a. To furround ; to environ; to
enclofe in a ring or circle ; to enring :

That fl ranger gueft the Paphian realm obeys,

A realm defended with encircling feas. Pope.

ENCIR'CLET, /. A circle ; a ring :

In whofe encirclets. if ye gaze,

Your eyes may tread a lover’s maze. Sidney.

ENCK'I-IUSEN, a fea-port town of Holland, on the
coaft of the Zuyder Sea, which encompafles two-thirds
of it, and forms it into a peninfula ; it takes its name
from two words which fignify fome houfes, confiding ori¬
ginally of only a few fifiiermen’s huts. William, comte
of Holland, gave it the privileges of a town, and fur-
rounded it with walls, in 1355; before that time it had
been burnt down by John d’Arkel and Nicholas de Put-
ten, in 1292. In 1514, an inundation deftroyed part of
the ramparts and fome houfes. In 1517, the Gtieldrians,
who were at war with the Hollanders, attempted to take
it by furprife, but the fudden ebbing of the tide fruft ra¬
ted their defign. It had formerly a good harbour, large,
commodious, and much frequented. In 1394, Albert,
comte of Holland, defirotis to pafs over to Friefland with
his army, affembled here 3000 veflels; Charles' V. and
his fon Philip, embarked from hence to Spain, and all
their Blips were kept in this port ; bur the harbour is
now too much obflru&ed by fand to permit very large
veffels to enter with convenience: it is however a port
of good trade, particularly in fait fifh. The (freets are
xclean, with a great number of canals, the houfes hand-
forne, and the public buildings good, efpecially the town-
houfe, which is embellifhed with a very lofty tower, and
is equal tetany in Holland, except that of Amflerdam.
The three towns, Enckhufen, Hoorn, and Medemblic,
have the privilege of coining money each feven years al¬
ternately: twenty-eight miles nor-th-north-eafl of Amfter¬
dam. Lat. 52. 42. N Ion. 22. 38. E. Ferro.

ENCK'ENDORP, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Holftein : fix milesfouth-ead of Renfburg.

ENCLI'TICS, f. [syxAir ma, Gr.] Particles which
throw back the accent upon the foregoing fyllable.

To ENCLO'SE, v. a. \_endos, Fr.] To part from things
or grounds common by a fence. — The protestor caufed a
_ proclamation to be fet forth againft enclo, hires, command¬
ing that they who had enclofed lands, accuftomed to lie
open, fliould lie them open again. Hayward. — To envi¬
ron ; to encircle ; to furround ; to encompafs ; to fhut in
between other things ; to include. To hold by an ex-
clufive claim. — The fourth row a beryl, and an onyx,
and a jafper: they'lhall be fet in gold in their enclofings.
Exod. xxviii. 20.

The peer now fpreads the glitt’ring forfex wide,

T’ enclofe the lock ; now joins it, to divide. Pope.

ENCLO'SER, f. One that enclofes or feparates com¬
mon fields in feveral diflindt properties. Any thing in
which another is enclofed :

If God had laid all common, certainly

Man would have been th’ enclofer ; but fince now

God hath impal’d us, on the contrary,

Man breaks the fence, Herbert.

ENCLO'SURE, f. The adt of enclofing or environing
any thing. — The membranes are for the comprehenfion
or enclofure of all. Wilkins. — The reparation of common
grounds into diflindt polfellions. — Touching enclofures, a
company of lands included are thereby improved in worth
two or three' parts at the lead. Hayward. — The appro¬
priation of things common. — Let no man appropriate
what God hath made Common ; that is againft judice and
charity, and by miraculous accidents God hath declared
his difpleafure againft fuch cnclofure. Taylor. — State of
being fhut up in any place; encompaflfed, or environed. —
This expreltes particularly the enclofure of the waters
within the earth. Burnet. — The fpace enclofed; the fpace
comprehended within certain limits :

And all, that elfe this world’s enclofure bafe
Hath great or glorious in mortal eye,

Adorns the perfon of her majefty. Spenfer.

Several ; ground enclofed ; ground feparated from the
common. — ’Tis not the common, but the enclofure mull
make him rich. South.

ENCLOU'DED, adj. Covered with clouds. —The
heavens on ev’ry fide enclouded be. Spenfer' s Gnat.

ENCOF'FINED, adj. Enclofed in a coffin. — His body
reded here in quietneffe until the didolution, when for
the gain of the lead in which it was encojfined, it was taken
up and thrown into the next water. Weever.

ENCOLAP'TICE, /. [Gr.] The art of making brafs
plates, and cutting in the figures and letters for inferip-
tions-and laws.

ENCOM'BERMENT, f. [Fr.] Moledation :

The bed advizement was of bad, to let her

Sleepe out her llll without encomberment . Spenfer.

ENCO'M I AST, f. [e •yy.idpia.rvis, Gr.] A panegyrid ;
a proclaimer of praife ; a praifer. — The Jefuits are the
great encomiafs of the Chinefe. Locke.

ENCOMIAS'TIC, or Encomiastical, adj. [from
Eyicw/Aiarixo?, Gr.] Panegyrical; laudatory; containing
praife ; bedowing praife.

ENCOMIAS'TIC, f. [from the adj.'] An encomium ;
a copy of verfes in praife of any perfon.

ENCO'MIUM, f. [EyKfti^iov, Gr.] Panegyric ; praife;
eulogy. — How eagerly do fome men propagate every lit¬
tle encomium their pan/ites make of them. Government of
the Tongue.

A vile encomium doubly ridicules ;

There’s nothing blackens like the ink of fools. Pope.
TVENCOM'PASS, v. a. To-enclofe; to encircle :

Look how my ring encompaffeth my finger ;

Ev’n fo thy bread enclofeth.my poor heart. Shakcfpcare.

Poetic fields encompafs me around,

And dill I feem to tread on ciafiic ground. Addifon.

To flint in ; to furround ; to environ :

He, having fcarce fix thoufand in his troop,

By three and twenty thoufand of the French

Was round encompajfed and let upon. Shakefpeare.

To go round any place ; as, Anfcn encompalfed the world.

ENCOM'PASSMENT, f. Circumlocution; oblique
tendency of talk :

Finding

By this encompaffment and drift of quedion,

That they do know my fon, come you more near.

Shakefpeare.

EN'COPE, f. [Gr. ] An incifion ; a cut; a ga(h.-
ENCO'RE, adv. [Fr.] Again ; once more,. A vocife¬
ration ufed at public theatres, when a performer is de¬
filed by the audience to do the fame thing again:

To the fame notes thy fons filial 1 hum or (nore,

And all thy yawning daughters cry encore. Dunciad.

ENCOUNTER,/, [encontre , Fr.] Duel; fingle fight.5
conflict;

Pallas

£G 0 E N C

Pallas th’ encounter feeks ; but ere he throws
To Tufcan Tiber thus addrefs’d his vows ;

O, facred ftream, direct ray flying dart,

And give to pafs the proud Halefus’ heart. Dry den.

Battle; fight in which enemies rufli againft each other:
As two black clouds

With heav’n’s. artillery fraught, come rattling on »
Over the Cafpian ; then (land front to front,

Hov’ring a fpace, ’till winds the iignal blow
To join their dark encounter in mid air. Milton.

Eager and warm converfation, either of love or anger.
Accidental congrefs; hidden meeting :

Propitious Pallas, to fecure her Care,

Around him fpread a veil of thicken’d air,

To Hum th’ encounter of the vulgar crowd. Pope.

Accofling ; tranfient or unexpected addrefs:

But in what habit will you go along?

—Not like a woman; for I would prevent

The loofe encounters of lafeivious men. Shakefpeare.

Cafual incident; occafion. This fenfe is fcarcely Englifii..
Jfohrfon. — An equality is not fufficient for the unity of
character : ’tis further necellary, that the fame fpirit ap¬
pear in all fort of encounters. Pope.

To ENCOUN'TER, via. To meet face to face; to
front. — The fafhion of the world is to avoid colt, and you
encounter it. Shakefpeare. — To meet in a hoftile manner ;
to rufli againft in conflict. — Putting themfelves in order
of battle, they encountered their enemies. Knolles. — To meet
with reciprocal kindnefs. — See, they encounter thee with
their hearts thanks. Shakefpeare. — To attack; to meet in
the front. — Which way foever we turn, we are encountered
with clear evidences and fenfible demonftrations of a Deity.
Tillotfon. — To oppofe ; to oppugn. — Jurors are not bound
to believe two witnefles, if the probability of the fad; does
reafonably encounter them. Hale. — To meet by accident:

I am mod fortunate thus to encounter you :

You have ended my bufinefs, and I will merrily
Accompany you home. Shakefpeare.

To ENCOUN'TER, v.n. To rufli together in a hoftile
manner ; to conflict :

Encounter fo,

As doth the fury of two defperate men,

Which, in the very meeting, fall and die. Shakefpeare .
To engage; to fight: it has with before the thing. —
Thofe who have the moft dread of death, muft be con¬
tent to encounter with it, whether they will or no. IVake.
Our wars

Will turn into a peaceful comic fport,

When ladies crave to be encountered with. Shakefpeare.
To meet face to face. To come together by chance.

ENCOUN'TERER, f Opponent; antagonift; enemy.
— The lion will not kick witli his feet, but he will ftrike
filch a ftroke with his tail, that he will break the back
of his cncounterer with it. More. — One that loves to accoft
others. An old term:

Oh, tliefe encounterers ! fo gilt of tongue,

They give' a coafting welcome ere it comes:

And wide unclafp the tables of their thoughts
To every ticklifli leader. Shakefpeare.

To ENCOU'RAGE, v. a. [ encourager , Fr.] To ani¬
mate ; to incite to any thing. — They encourage themfelves
in an evil matter. PJ'a. lxiv. 5. — To give courage- to ; to
fupport the fpirits ; to infpirit ; to embolden.— Kinds of
mufic encourage men, and make them warlike, or make
them foft and effeminate. Bacon. — I would neither encou¬
rage the rebels, nor difeourage the proteftants loyalty.
King Charles. — To raife confidence ; to make confident. —
I doubt not but there are ways to be found, to alii ft our
reafon in this moft ufeful part; and this the judicious
Hooker encourages me to fay. Locke.

2

E N C

ENCOU'R AGEMENT, f. Incitement to any action
or practice ; incentive. Inereafe of confidence. Favour;
countenance; fupport.' — The reproach of immorality
will lie heavieft againft an eftabliihed religion, becaufe
thofe who have no religion will profefs themfelves of that
which has the encouragement of the law. Rogers.

For when he dies, farewel all honour, bounty,

All generous encouragement of arts. Otway.

ENCOU'RAGER^yj One that fupplies incitements
to any thing ; a favourer:

live then, thou great encourager of arts,

Live ever in our thankful hearts. Drydcn.

ENCRA'DLED, adj. Put into a cradle :

Begin we firft, where lie cncradled was

In fimple cratch. Sperfer’s Hymns.

EN'CR AT ITES, f. in church hiftory, heretics who
appeared towards the end of the fecond century: they
were called Encratites , or Continentcsy becaufe they gloried
in abftaining from marriage and the ufe of wine and ani¬
mal food.

ENCRE'ASE. See Increase.

TbENCRO'ACH, v.a. [ accrochery from croc, a hook, Fr.]
To make invafions upon the right of another; to put a
hook into another man’s poffeffions to draw them away.
To advance gradually and by ftealth upon that to which
one has no right; with on before the fubjeCt :

This hour is mine ; if for the next I care, I grow too wide,
And do encroach upon death’s fide. Herbert.

To ENCRO'ACH, v.n. To creep on gradually with¬
out right :

Th’ encroaching ill you early fhould oppofe;

Flatter’d, ’tis worle, and by indulgence, grows. Dryden .
To pafs bounds :

Next, fenc’d with hedges and deep ditches round.
Exclude th’ encroaching cattle from thy ground. Dryden.

ENCROACHER, f. One who feizes the poffeflion of
another by gradual and filent means :

The bold cncroachers on the deep,

Gain by degrees huge tradfs of land,

’Till Neptune, with one general fvveep,

Turns all again to barren ftrand. Swift.

One who makes flow and gradual advances beyond his
rights. — Full drefs creates dignity, augments confciouf-
nefs, and keeps at diftance an encroacher. Clariffa.

ENCROACHMENT, f. An unlawful gathering in
upon another man. For example : if two men’s grounds
lie together, the one preffes too far upon the other; or
if a tenant owe two fliil lings rent-fervice to the lord, and
the lord takes three : fo the Spencers encroached to them¬
felves royal power and authority. Cowel.

But this ufurper his encroachment proud

Stays not on man : to God his tow’r intends

Siege, and defiance. Milton.

If it be a man’s known principle to depart from his right,
ill men will make unjuft encroachments upon him. Atterbury.
— To advance into the territories or rights of another. — •
As a man had a right to all he could employ his labour
upon, fo he had no temptation to labour for more than
he could make ufe of: this left no room for controverfy
about the title, nor for encroachment on the right of others.
Locke. — The ancient Romans made many encroachments on
the Tea, and laid the foundations of their palaces- within
the very borders of it. Addifon on Italy. — The people,
fi nee the death of Solon, had already made great encroach,
ments. Swift.

To ENCUM'BER, v. a. \_encombrcr, Fr.] To clog; to
load; to impede. — Encumber'd with his veft, without
defence. Dryden.— To entangle; to embarrafs; to ob-
ftrudb :

The

E N C

c’2-1

The god awak’d,

And tli rice in vain lie fhook his wing,

Encumber' d\n the filken firing. Prior.

To load with debts ; as, His ejlate is encumbered with mort¬
gages.

ENCUM'BR ANCE, /. Clog; load; impediment. —
Philofophers agreed in defpifing riches, at belt confider-
ing them as unnecefiary encumbrances of life. Temple. — Ex-
crefcence ; ulelefs addition :

Strip from the branching Alps their piny load,

The huge encumbrance of horrific woods. Thomfon.

Burden upon an eftate. — In refpedt of the encumbrances of
a living, confider whether it be fufficient for his family,
and to maintain hofpitality. Ayliffc.

ENCY'CLICAL, adj. jeynvn Aw©*, of Gr. a

circle.] Circular; lent round through a large region. —
This council was not received in particular fees, whijfh
is evident from Photius’s encyclical epiftle to the patriarch
of Alexandria. Stilling fleet.

ENCYCLOPEDIA, or Encyclopedy, f. [of vj, in,
v.vv-7\&, a circle, and Gr. learning. ] The circle

of fciences; the round of learning. — In this encyclopedia
or round of knowledge, like the great wheels of- heaven,
we mud obferve two circles, that while we are daily car¬
ried about, and whirled on by the fwing and rapt of the
one, we may maintain a natural and proper courfe in the
fober wheel of the other. Brown. — Every fcience borrows
from all the reft, and we cannot attain any fingle one
without the encyclopady . Glanville. — This art may juftly
claim a place in the encyclopedia, efpecially fuch as Jferves
• for a model of education. Arbutknot.

The firft work of literary eminence prefented to the
world under this title, was the Ditlionnaire Ency elope dique
of Meflieurs D’Alembert and Diderot, which coft above
% twenty years of unwearied application. Of the hiftory
and 'origin of that great and laborious undertaking, the
following particulars are_given by Anthony Fantin-Defo-
doards, in his Louis XT. 0. Louis XVI. publifhed in 1798.

“ While the Janfenites and Molinifts were bufying the
multitude Vvith their controverfies, D’Alembert and Di¬
derot were compiling, under the name of Encyclopaedia, a
vaft repertory of human knowledge. In 1752 appeared
the firft and fecond volumes ; in which the editors had
included reflections on religion and politics,- equally
alarming to the fanatics and to the enemies of public li¬
berty. The priefts, the jefuits efpecially, repeated in-
ceflantly that this lump of argumentations, fome folid
and fome captious, far from teaching men to think, would
only lead them to doubt thofe principles on which the
infti.tutions of fociety depend. The compofition of this
vaft work neceflarily required a multitude of fellow-la¬
bourers. This was a center of union, and a rallying
point for the philofophers; who began to form a body,
wdthout owning it. There was in France an encyclopedic
fed, as there was in Greek an ionic fe£t, an academic
fed. Voltaire, although, remote from the metropolis,
was the cheftain of the encyclopedifts. The afliftance
which he gave, the greatnefs of his celebrity, the univer-
fality of his talents, and his accefs among fovereign
princes, confpired to obtain for him this rank.

“The two editors, vain as they were, confidered them-
felves merely as the lieutenants of Voltaire. To diflipate
prejudice, to annihilate error, to enlighten mankind, to
prepare the reign of concord and beneficence on earth,
formed the bold defign of the encyclopedifts. They un¬
dertook, each in his own department of fociety, to pro¬
pagate, without relaxation, and in every poflible form, a
dodtrine which was abominable in the eyes of the jefuits,
but which their partifans confidered as humane and falu-
taryj The great number of afiiftants, who had not equal
talents, was the principal obftacle to the accornplifhment
of the magnificent ptomifes made by D’Alembert in his
profpedlus of the work. The Encyclopedia is an edifice
of gold and of, drofs. It mull be re-made over and over
Vol, VI. No. 369.

END

again, before it can attain perfedtiop ; and' even then the
difcrepancy of ftyle, and the inequality of erudition and
intelledl, will prevent a than of tafte front regarding it as
an harmonious work, until the whole has been completely
re-written.

“The jefuits were the firft to attack the Encyclopedia :
they entered into this warfare more from intereft and
pique, than from any zeal for the public good. T he En¬
cyclopedia w7as intended to fupplant their dictionary of
Trcvoux ; which was a mortification to the fociety. They
caballed, therefore, againft the new work; arid having
found out twenty articles which were fuf’ceptible of an
ofFenfive interpretation by the civil or ecclefiaftical autho¬
rity, they obtained a decree of council, which condemned
it. The police-officers went to the houfe of Diderot,
and feized his manuferipts: but the Encyclopedifts foon.
recovered this temporary inconvenience. Their main
point was accompliflied ; they had a center of unity, an
eftablifhed hierarchy, a fyftem to inculcate, and figns of
recognition. They knew that perfecution is equally the
aliment of zeal, as of fanaticifm : they fowed with la¬
bour, but they in vain expedled a grand harveft.”

ENCYCLOPEDIST, f. [from encyclopedy .~\ Thecom-
piler or editor of an encyclopaedia.

^NCYST'ED, adj. [ayo-li?, Gr.] Enclofed in a veficle
or bag. — Encyjied tumours borrow their names frofn .a
cyft or bag, in which they are contained. Sharp's Surgery .

END, f. [enb, Sax.] The extremity of the length of
any thing materially extended. Of bodies that have
equal dimenfions we do not life end: the extremity of
breadth is fide. — Jonathan put forth the end of the rod
that w’as in his hand, and dipt it in a honeycomb. 1 Sam.
— Extremity, or laft part in general. — The extremity arid
bounds of all bodies we have no difficulty to arrive at;
but, when the mind is there, it finds nothing to hinder
its progrefs into this endlefs expanfiori : of that it can
neither find nor conceive any end. Locke. — The laft par¬
ticle of any allignabla duration. — Behold the day growetl*
to an end. Judges.

If the world’s age. and death be argued well
By the fun’s fall, winch now tow’rds earth doth bend,

Then we might fear, that virtue, fince fhe fell
So low as woman, fliould be near her end. Donne.

The conclufion or ceffktion of any action. — Jacob had
made an end of commanding his Ions. Genejis. .

Yet vainly mod their age in ftudy fpend;

No end of writing books, and to no end.- Denham.
When end is not ufed materially, it is oppofed to begin¬
ning. — Better is the end. than the beginning thereof. Eccltf.
— The conclufion or laft part of any thing.: as, the end
of a chapter; the end of a difeourfe. — Ultimate ftate;
final doom. — Mark the perfect man, and behold the up¬
right; for the end of that man is peace. Pfalms. — The
point beyond which no profeftion can be made. — They
reel to and fro, and flagger lik’d’ a drunken man, and are
at their wits’ end. PfalmcwU. 27. — Final determination ;
conclufion of debate, or deliberation. — My guilt be on
my head, and there’s an end! Shakefpcare. — Death; fate;
deceafe. — ’Tis the great bufinefs of life to fit ourfelves
for our end, and no man can live well that hath not death
in his eye. L’ EJlrange.

Remember Milo’s end.

Wedg’d in that timber which he flrove to rend. Rofcom.
Ceflation; period. — What is the fign of the end of the
world ? Mattk. — Great houfes fhall have an end. Amos.K —
Limit; termination. — There is no endoi the ftore. Nahum.

— Abolition; total lofs. — There would be an end of all
civil government, if the aflignment of civil power were
by fuch inftitution. Locke. — Caufe of death ; deftroyer:
Take heed you dally not before your king,

Left he that is the fupreme King of kings,

Confound your hidden falfehood, and award
Either of you to be the other’s end. Skakefpeare.

6 R Confcquence;

5£2

END

Confequence; conclufive event ; conclufion.-— The end of
thefe things is death. Rom. vi. 21.

O, that a man might know
The end of this day’s bufinefs ere it come!

But it fufficeth that the day will end. Shakefpcarc,

Fragment; broken piece:

Thus I clothe my naked villainy,

With old odd ends, (tol’n forth of Holy Writ,

And feem a faint. Shakefpeare.

Purpofe ; intention. — There was a purpofe to reduce the
monarchy to a republic, which was far from the end and
purpofe of the nation. Clarendon.

Heav’n, as its inflrument, my courage fends:

Heav’n ne’er fent thofe who fight for private ends. Dryd.

Thing intended; final defign ; the termination of intel-
lefitual profpeft. — 'The end of our fall is to pleafe God,
and make him propitious. Smalridge. — Wifdom may have
framed one and the fame thing to ferve commodioufly for
divers ends. Hooker. — The end of the commandment is
charity. iTim.

Life, with my Indamora, I would chufe;

But, lofing her, the end of living lofe. Drydcn.

For when fuccefs a lover’s toil attends,

Few alk if fraud or force attain’d his ends. Pope.

An END, [Corrupted from on cnd.~\ Upright; eredl:
as, his hair Hands an end. — An End has a iignification in
low language not eafily explained '; as , mojl an end, com-
manly ; perhaps it is properly an end, at the conclufion ; or
corrupted from forne old word not eafily recoverable:

Stay’d thou to vex me here?

Slave, that, dill an end, turns me to diame! Shakcfpeare.

To END, v. a. To terminate; to conclude; to finifii.

> — They have ended all my harveft. Ruth. — That expen-
live war under which, we have fo long groaned, is not yet
ended. Smalridge .• — To dellroy ; to put to death :

The lord of Stadord dear to-day hath bought
Thy likenefs; for, indead of thee, king Harry,

This fword hath ended him. Shakcfpeare.

To END, v. n. To come to an end ; tobefinilhed:
Then eafe your weary Trojans will attend,

And the long labours of your voyage end. Drydcn.

To die: [reXei'lcue.']

Yet happy were my death, mine ending bled,

If this I could obtain, that, bread to bread,

Thy bofom might receive my yielded fpright. Fairfax.

To terminate; to conclude. — Our laughing, if it be loud
and high, commonly ends in a deep figh ; and all the in-
liances of pleafure have a ding in the tail. Taylor. — To
ceafe; to fail. — ‘His fovereignty, built upon either of
thefe titles, could not have descended to his heir, but
mud have ended with him. Locke. — To conclude aftion or
difeourfe :

The angel ended, and in Adam’s ear
So charming left his voice. Milton.

END-ALL, f. Abfolute conclufion:

That but this blow

Might be the be-all, and the end-all, here.

END for End, (a fea term,) when a rope runs all
out of the pully, or off the block, or what it is wound
••jpon.

To ENDA'MAGE, v.a. To mifehief; to prejudice;
to harm. — When an erroneous opinion is publiffied, the
public is endamaged, and therefore it becomes punilhable
by the magidrate. South.

Nor ought he car’d whom he endamaged

By tortous wrong, or whom bereav’d of right. Spenfer,

Shakcfpeare.

END

ENDA'MAGEMENT, f. Damage;

Thefe flags of France that are advanced here,

Have hither march’d to the endamagement. Shakefpeare.

To ENDAN'GER, v. a. To' put into hazard; to bring
into peril. — Every one dedres his own prefervation, and
therefore hath a natural dread of every thing that can de.
ffroy his being, or endanger his happinefs. TillotJ'on.

To force the foes from the Lavinian diore,

And Italy’s endanger'd peace redore. Dryden.

To incur the danger of; to hazard. — He that turneth
the humours back, and maketli the wound bleed inwards,
endangercth malign ulcers. Bacon.

ENDAN'GERMENT, f. Peril:

And bad his fervant Talus to invent

Which way he enter might without endangerment. Spevf.

EN'DE,oneof the fmaller Molucca idands. Lat.8.30;
S. Ion. 1 20. E. Greenwich.

ENDE'AR, ». a. To make dear; to make beloved.
— All thofe indances of charity which ufually endear each
other, fweetnefs of converfation, frequent admonition,
all fignifications of love, mud be exprelfed towards chil¬
dren. Taylor.

And in the mixture of all thefe appears

Variety, which all the red endears. Denham.

ENDEAR'MENT, f. The caufeof love; means by
which any thing is endeared. — Herfird endearments, twining
round the foul. Thomfon. — The date of being endeared ;
the date of being loved. — Is not the feparate property of
a thing the great caufe of its endearment amongd all man¬
kind ? South.

ENDEA' VOUR, f. [devoir, Fr. cndevoir.~] Labour di-
redted to fome certain end; effort to obtain or avoid. —
This is the hinge on which turns the liberty of intellec¬
tual beings, in their condant endeavours after, and deady
profecution of, true felicity. Locke.

Heav’n doth divide
The date of man in divers functions,

Setting endeavour in continual motion. Shakefpeare.

To ENDEA'VOUR, v. n. To labour to a certain pur¬
pofe; to work for a certain end. It has commonly after
before the thing. — I could wilh*that more of our country
clergy would endeavour after a handfome elocution. Addif.
Of old, thofe met rewards who could excel ;

And thofe were prais’d, who but endeavour’’ d well. Pope.

To ENDEA'VOUR, v. a. To attempt ; to eflay :

To pray’r, repentance, and obedience due,

Though but endeavour'd with fincere intent,

My hand fliall not be flow, mine ear not fliut. Milton.

To try at getting. — I’ll endeavour his acquaintance. Ccngr.

ENDEA'VOUR STRAITS, a narrow fea, between
New Guinea and New Holland.

ENDEA'VOUR R 1 VER, a river on the north-ead coafl
of New Holland, with a bar at its mouth, -and not depth of
water for veflels to fail more than a mile above the bar.
Lat. 15. 26.‘Sl. Ion. 145. 12. E. Greenwich.

ENDE A'VOURER, f. One who labours to a certain
end.- — He appears an humble endeavourer, and fpeaks I10-
nedly to no purpofe. Rymer.

ENDEA'VOURMENT, f. Labour:

The hufband-man was meanly well content,

Tryal to make of his endeavourment. Spenfer.

ENDE'C AGON,yi [tv<ity.a.yov(&j, of evS'ence, and ycnct}
Gr. a corner.] A plane geometrical figure of eleven fides
and angles, otherwife called undecagon. If each fide of
this figure be 1, its area will be 9-3656399= y of the
tang, of 7 3-3^7 degrees, to the radius 1.

ENDEDINE'MENUS, [from evhveu, Gr. to turn
round.] A medical term for the eyes, when they turn
round preternaturally in their orbits.

ENDE'IS,

523

END

(

ENDE'IS, a nymph, daughterof Chiron. Slie mar¬
ried zEacus, king of .Egina, by whom Ihe had Peleus
and Telamon. Apollodorus.

ENDEL'AVE, a fmall island of Denmark : eight miles
north of Funen.

F.NDE'MIA, f. [from a, in, and £ ny.o Gr. the mul¬
titude.] A difeafe peculiar to a particular country or
people.

ENDE'MIAL, Endemic, or Endemical, adj. \_ende-
inicus, Lat. from e», and Syi/jM-, Gr. the people.] Peculiar
to a country; u(ed of any difeafe proceeding from fome
caufe peculiar to the country where it reigns: fuch as the
fcurvy to the northern climes. Quincy. — We may bring a
consumption under the notion of a pandemick, or cndemick ,
or rather a vernacular difeafe, to England. Harvey. — S6-
leriander, from the frequency of the plants fpringing up
in any region, could gather what endcmial difeafes the in¬
habitants were fubjebt to. Ray. — What demonstrates the
plague to be endcmial to Egypt, is its invafion and going
off at certain feafons. Arbuthnot.

ENDE'NA, a town of Italy, in the Bergamafco : feven
miles north of Bergamo'.

JbENDEN'IZE, or Endenizen, v.a. To make free;
to enfranchise; to naturalize. — The Engl iff tongue hath
been beautified and enriched out of other tongues, by
enfranchising and endenizing ftrange words. Camden. — It
is virtue that gives glory ; that will endenizen a man every
where. It is only that can naturalize him. Ben Jonfon's
Difcoveries.

EN'DER, a town of Italy, in the Bergamafco : twelve
miles north-eaft of Bergamo.

EN'DER, a river of Scotland, formed by the union of
feveral Small brooks, which runs into the Garry, feven
miles weft of Blair Athol, in Perthfhire.

EN'DERSDORF, a town of Silefia, in the principality
of Neyfze : three miles and a half foil th of Ziegenhals.

EN'DERSDORF, a town of Silefia, in the principality
of Neyfze : three miles and a half South-well of Grotkau.

To ENDEW', v.a. [ufed by Spenfer for] Endow:
Relurne from Whence ye came, and reft a while.

Till morrow next that Tthe elfe fubdew,

And with Sansfoy’s dead dowry you endew. Fairy Queen.

[In falconry,] is when a hawk digefts her meat fo, that She
does not only discharge her gorge of it, but alfo cleanfe
her pannel.

EN'DIAN, a town of Perfia, in the province of Chiu
fiftan: 150 miles fo.uth-fouth-eafl: of Sufa.

EN'DlNG,yi [from end, «.«.] Termination:

The fight was deep imprinted in their hearts,

Who Saw this bloody fray to ending brought. Fairfax.

ENDIN'GEN, a town of Germany, in Atiftrian Swa¬
bia : feven miles north-weft of Friburg.

To ENDITE, v.a. [ enditer , Fr. dibhim, Lat.] To
charge any man by a written accufation before a court of
juftice : as, He was endited for felony. It is oftener writ¬
ten indifly which fee. — To draw up; to compofe; to
write :

Hear how learn’d Greece her ufeful rules endites.

When to reprefs, and when indulge, our flights! Pope.

To ENDI'TE, v. n. To compofe:

Your battles they hereafter ff all endite,

And draw the image of our Mars in fight. Waller.

EN'DIVE,/ In botany. See Cichorium.

END'LESS, adj. Having no end; being without con¬
clusion or termination. — Nothing was more endlefs than
the common method of comparing eminent writers by an
opposition of particular paffages in them. Pope. — Infinite
in longitudinal extent. — As it is pleafant to the eye to
have an endlefs prof peel, fo it is fome pleafure to a finite
tinderftanding to view unlimited excellencies, Tillotfon .—
Infinite in duration 5 perpetual;

END

All our glory extinfl, and happy ftate
Here Swallow’d up in endlefs rnifery ! Milton.

Inceffant ; continual :

Each pleafing Blount Shall endlefs fmiles bellow,

And Soft Belinda’s blulh for ever glow. Pope.

END'S, ESSLY, adv. Inceflantly; perpetually. With¬
out termination of length. — Though God’s promife has
made .a Sure entail of grace to all thole who humbly
feek, yet it no where engages, that it find! importunately
and endiefsly renew its affaults on thofe who have often re¬
pul fed it. Decay of Piety.

END'LESSNESS, f. Extenfion without limit. Per¬
petuity; endlefs duration. The quality of being round
without an end :

The tropic circles have,

Yea, and thofe fmall ones, which the poles engrave,

All the fame roundnefs, evennefs, and all

The endlef 'nefs of the equinoctial. Donne.

END'LONG, adv. In a Straight line,:

Then Spurring at full Speed, ran endlong on,

Where Thefeus fat on his imperial throne. Dryden.

END'MOST, adj. Remote!!; furfheft; at the farther
end.

To ENDOR'SE, v.a. \_endorfer,Yr. dorfumj Lat. ] To
register, on the back of a writing; to fuperferibe. In
commerce, to write ones name on the back of a draft. See
the article Bill of Exchange, vol.iii. p. 29. — Upon
credential letters was endorfed this Superscription, “To
the king who hath the fun for his helmet.” Howell. — -To
cover on the back. This is not ufed.

Chariots, or elephants endors'd with tow’rs
Of archers. - Milton.

ENDORSEMENT, f. Superfcription ; writing on the
back. Ratification:

Th’ endorfement of Supreme delight,

Writ by a friend, and with his blood. Herbert.

To ENDO'SS, v. a. fndoffer , Fr.] To mark on the
back; to put on the back; to mark by incifion :

Her name in every tree I will endofs,

That, as the trees do grow, her name may grow. Spenf.

To ENDOW', v. a. [in dot arc, Lat. endouairer, Fr.] To
enrich with a portion. — He lhall Surely endow her to be
his wife. Exodus. — To Supply with any external goods.
An alms-houfe I intend to endow very handfomely for a
dozen Superannuated hulbandmen. Addifon. — To enrich
with any excellence. — Among thofe who are ^he" molt
richly endowed by nature, and accomplished by their own
industry, how few are there whofe virtues are not ob-
feured ? Addifon. — God did never command 11s to believe,
nor his ministers to preach, any doClrine contrary to the
reafon he hath pleafed to endow us with. Swift. — To be
the fortune of any one :

I do not think

So fair an outward, and fuch Stuff’ within,

Endows a man but him. Shakefpeare.

ENDOW'MENT, f. Wealth beftowed to any perfon
or ufe. The bellowing or affuring a dower; the Setting
forth a Sufficient portion for a vicar towards his perpetual
maintenance, when the benefice is appropriated. Cowel. —
Appropriation of revenue. — A chapel will I build, with
large endowment. Dryden. — Gifts of nature. In this fenfe
it is commonly plural. — By a deSire of fame, great endow -
ments are not Suffered to lie idle and ulelefs to the public.
Addifon.

ENDRO'MlS,y. In antiquity; a coarfe Shaggy mantle,
ufually thrown over the athletae, after their exerciles in
the Grecian games. A Shaggy kind of cloak to wear in
cold weather.

ENDSCHUTZ'j a town of Germany, in the circle ot

Upper

524 END

E N E

Upper Saxony, and circle of Neuftadtt four mile's eaft-
north-eaft of Weyda.

To ENDU'E, v. a. [induo, Lat.] To fupply with men¬
tal excellencies; to invert with intellect pal powers. —
Endue them with thy Holy Spirit. Common Prayer.

Thefe banirtt’d men that I have kept wifhal,

Are men endu'd with worthy qualities. Shakefpeare.

In the following paffage it feems incorrectly .printed for
endow. — Leah faid, God hath endued me with a good
dowry. Gen.

ENDU'RANCE, f. Continuance; lartingnefs. — Some
of them are oT very great antiquity and continuance,
others more late and of \<tl^endurance . , Spaifer s Ireland ,
Patience ; fufferance :

Great things of fin all
One can create; and'in what place foe’er
Thrive under evil, and work eafe out of pain,

Through, labour and endurance. Milton.

State of fuffering. — I would fain know whether that man
lakes a rational courfe to prelerve ldmfelf, who refufes
the endurance oi thefe higher trouble?, to /• Lecture himfelf
from 'a condition infinitely more miferable. South. — De¬
lay; procraftination. Obfolete:

I fhould have ta’en fome pains to bring together
Yourfelf and your accufer, and have heard you
Without endurance further. Shakefpeare.

To ENDU'RE, v. a. [ endurer , Fr. durare, Lat,] To
bear; to fuftain ; to fupport unbroken. — The hardnefs of
bodies is caufed chiefly by the jejunenefs of the fpirits,
and their imparity with the tangible parts, which make
them not only hard, but fragile, and lefs enduring of
preffure. Bacon.

Both were of fliining fteel, and wrought fo pure,

As might the ftrokes of two fuch arms endure'. Dryden.
To bear with patience. — The gout, haunts ufually the
eafy and the rich, the nice and the lazy, who grow to
endure much, becaufe they can endure little. Temple.

So dear I love him, that with him all deaths
I could endure, without him, live no life. Milton.

fons, Paeon, Epeus, and /Eolus, and a daughter called
Eurydice. The fable of Endyniion’s amours with Diana,
or the moon, arofe from his knowledge of artrononty ;
and as he parted the night on fome high mountain to ob-
ferve the heavenly bodies, it came to be faid that he was
courted by the moon. Some fuppofe that there were
two of that name; the fon of a king of Elis, and the
fhepherd or aftronomer of Caria. The people of Hera-
dea maintained that.Endymion died on mount Latmos,
and the Eleans pretended to fliow his tomb at Olympia,
in Peloponnefus. ‘

ENE'AS, a Trojan prince; a man’s name.

To EN'ECATE, v.a. [ eneco , Lat.] .To kill; to de-
flroy.— Some, plagues partake of fuch a pernicious degree
of malignity, that in the manner of a moft prefentaneous
poifon, they enecate in two or three hours, fuddenly cor¬
rupting or extinguirtiing the vital fpirits. Harvey.

ENE'DA, a town of Swirterland, in the canton of
Claris : two miles eaft of Glaris.

ENE'ID, /. [from Eneds.! The heroic poem of Virgil
in honour of Eneas.

EN'EMA. See En^sma.

ENEM AS'SAR, a man’s name. Toh. i. 13.

EN'EMY,yi [ ennemi , Fr. inimicus, Lat.] A public foe,
— The enemy thinks of railing thveefcore thoufand men
for' the next fummer. Addifon. — A private opponent ; an
antagonift. — I fay unto you, love. your enemies., Matt.— Any
one.who regards another with malevolence; not a friend :

Kent in difguife, '

Folldw’d his enemy king, and did him fervice
Improper for a flave. ' Shakefpeare.

-One that diflikes.— He that defignedly ufes ambiguities,
ought to be looked on as an enemy/ to truth and know¬
ledge. Locke.

Bold is the critic, who dares prove
Thefe heroes were no friends to love ;

And bolder he who dares aver,

That they w'ere enemies to war. Prior.

[In theology.] The fiend ; the devil. — Defend us from
the danger of the enemy . Common Prayer.

ENEN'TI-IIUS, in heathen mythology, an idol of the
Phoenicians.

To undergo ; to fuftain. — I wiftt to die, yet dare not death
endure. Dryden. — To-continue in. Notufed. — The deer en-
durcllt the womb but eight months,. and is complete at fix
years. Brown. — [A Latinifm, from induro. ] To harden :
And manly limbs, endur'd with little care
Againft all hard milhaps, and fortunelefs misfare. Spcnfer.

To ENDU'RE; v. n. To laft ; to remain ; to continue.
. — Labour not for the meat which perifheth, but fur that
meat which endureth unto everlafting life. John.

A charm that Audi to age endure

The mind benevolent and pure. Anon.

To brook; to bear ; to admit. — For how can I endure to
fee the evil that (hall come unto my people? Or how can
I endure to fee the deftruftion of my kindred ? EJlh.v iii. 6.

ENDU'RER,yi One that can bear or endure ; fuftainer;
fufferer. — They are very valiant and hardy ; for the moft
part great endurers of cold, labour, hunger, and all hardi-
nefs. Spen/er.— Continuer ; lafter.

END' WISE, adv. Ereftly ; uprightly; on end. — A
rude and unpoliflied America, peopled with flothful and
naked Indians, living in pitiful huts and cab.bins, made
of poles fet tndwife. Ray.

ENDY'MION, in fabulous hiftory, a fhepherd, fon of
LEthlius and Calyce. It is faid that he required of Ju¬
piter to grant to him to be always young, and to deep as
much as he would ; whence ctflme the proverb of En-
dymionis fomnum dormire, to exprefs a long deep. Diana
faw him naked as he dept on mount Latmos ; and was
fo ftruck with his beauty, that die came down from hea¬
ven every night to enjoy his company. Endymion mar¬
ried Chromia daughter of I tonus; by whom he had three

ENERGE'TIC, adj. [si/Eg^Tnio;, Gr.J Forcible; ac¬
tive; vigorous; powerful in effeft ; efficacious. — Thefe
miafms entering the body, are not fo energetic as to vene-

nate the entire mafs of blood in an inftant. Harvey. _

Operative; active; working; not at reft. — If then we
will conceive of God truly, and, as far as we can, ade¬
quately, we mu ft look upon Jiim not only as an eternal
Being, but alfo as a Being eternally energetic. Grew.

To EN'ERGIZE, v. n. To aft with energy. — Thefe
heroic virtues could never have had exiftence, had not
thofe things called evils fir ft. eftablidied them into ha¬
bits, and afterwards given occafion for them to energize.
J. Harris.

ENER'GUMENS, f. In church hiftory, perfons fup-
pofed to be pofl’elFed by the devil, concerning whom there
were many regulations among the primitive Chriftians.
They were denied baptifm and the eucharift; and though
they were under the care of exorcifts, yet it was thougiit
a becoming aft of charity, to offer up for them the pub¬
lic prayers of the church, at which they were permitted
to be prefent.

EN'ERGY, J. [ energia , Lat. from ei>, and egyov, Gr.
work.] Pow’er not exerted in aftion. — They are not efi-
feftive of any thing, but are energies merely; for their
working upon mirrors, and places of echo, doth not alter
any thing in thofe bodies. Bacon. — Force; vigour ; effi¬
cacy ; influence. — Beg the bleft’ed Jefus to give an energy
to your imperfeft prayers, by his moft powerful inter-
ceflion. Smalridge.

What but God, who, boundlefs fpirit all,

And unremitting energy, pervades,

Adjufts, fuftains, and animates, the whole, Thomfon.

Faculty;

Faculty; operation , — Matter, though divided into the
fublimeft 'parts, moved fwiftly, is fenfelefs and (tupid,
and makes no approach to vital energy. Ray. — Strength
of expretlion : force of fignification ; fpirit ; life. — Swift
and ready, and familiar communication is made by f'peech ;
and, when animated by elocution, it acquires a greater
life and energy , ravithing and captivating the hearers.
Holder.

Who did ever, in French authors, fee

The coihprehenfive Englifli energy. Rofcommon.

To ENER'VATE, v. a. [ enervo , Lat.] To weaken;
to deprive of force; to emafcrlate. — Sheepifh foftnefs
often enervates thole who are bred like fondlings at home.
Locke.

On eacli encn&tc firing they taught the note
To’pant, or tremble through an eunuch’s throat. Pope.

ENERVA'TION, f The adt of weakening; emafeu-
lation. — The (late of being weakened ; effeminacy. — This
colour of meliority and preheminence is a fign of enerva¬
tion. and weaknefs. Bacon.

To ENER'VE, v. a. \_enervo, Lat.] To weaken ; to
break the force of ; to crufh. — We ff.all be able to folve
and cnerve their force. Digby.

Such objedt hath the pow’r to foft’n and tame
Severed temper, fmooth the rugged’d brow,

Encrvc, and with voluptuous hope diilolve. Milton.

To ENFA'MISII, v. a. T6 darve ; to famifli ; to kill
with hunger.

ENFA'MOUSED, adj. Made famous :

To Pddus’ diver dream then glides (he on,

E'lfanwnJed by recklefs Phaeton. IV. Browne.

ENFA'NS PERDUS,/ [Fr.] The forlorn hope ; a
military term.

To ENFEE'BLE, v.a. To weaken; to enervate; to
deprive of drength. — My people are with (ickuefs much
enfeebled. Shakcjpcare.

Sure, nature form’d me of her fofted mold,

Enfeebled all my foul with tender padions,

And funk me ev’n below my own weak fex. Adclifon.

E^NFE'LON E D, adj. Full of felonious rage :

With that, like one cnfelon'd or didraught,

She forth did roam. Spenfcr.

To' ENFE'OFF, v.a. \_fcoffamefum. , low tat.] To in-
vell with any dignities or poffellions. — If the c-lded fon
enfeoff the- fecond, reserving homage, and that homage
paid, and then the fecond fon dies without iffue, it will
defeend to the elded as heir, and the feignory is extindl.
Hale.

ENFE'OFFMENT.yi The a£l of enfeoffing. The in-
drument or deed by which one is inveded with poffellions.

To ENFET'TER, v. a. To bind in fetters ; to enchain.
Not in uftt

His foul is fo enfetter'd to her love,

That die may make, unmake„do what die lid. Siiahefpeare.

EN'FIELD (William, LLD.) an elegant and edimable
writer, born at Sudbury, in 1741. He was educated
for -the minidry among the protedant diffenters at the
academy at Daventry, where he didinguifhed himfelf by
his early compofitions. In 1763 he was chofen to the
padoral office by the congregation of Benn’s-garden in
Liverpool, and foon obtained notice as a pleafing preach¬
er, and an amiable man in fociety. During his relidence
in that town, he publifhed two volumes of Sermons, in
i2mo. which were very favourably received, ana alfo a
collection of Plymns, and Family Prayers, the latter of
his own compodtion. In 1770 he accepted an invitation
to undertake the pod of reddent tutor and lecturer in the
belles-lettres in the academy at Warrington. With
great diligence and general reputation he fulfilled thefe
offices for fome years, adding to them that of mathemati-

Vol. VI. No. 369.

cal tutor. He likewife publidied various works, rffod of
them of the clafs of compilations', but excellently calcu¬
lated for the improvement of young perfons. One of the
mod popular of thefe was entitled The Speaker, a (elec¬
tion of mifcellaneous pieces frotv. the bed Engfjfh writers
for the purpofes of recital, to which he prefixed a valua¬
ble effay on elocution. A feqnel to this work was after¬
wards printed under, the title of Exercifes in Elocution.
Of his other publications during this period, were, The
Preacher’s Directory, an arrangement of topics and texts;
The Englifh Preacher, a collection of fermons from vari¬
ous authors, nine vols. 121T10; Biographical Sermons oil
the principal Characters in the Old and New T eft-ament: ;
and feveral fingle fermons on particular occafions. He
alfo drew up Inditutes of Natural Phiiofophyp theoretical
and experimental, in one vol. 4to. a mod valuable work,
which has already paffed two editions, the lad of which
was pub li fined in 1 799. The title of doClor of laws was con¬
ferred upon him during his academical employment by
the univerfity of Edinburgh. After thcvdiTTolution of -the
academy in 1783 he remained two years at Warrington,
occupied with the education of private pupils, and with
his duty as minider of the diffenting congregation there.
In 17S5 he accepted an invitation from the fociety at the
oCtagon diffenting meeting-houfe at Norwich. In that
city lie continued for fome time to purfue his plan of pri¬
vate tuition; -but at length he devoted himfelf entirely to
literary occupations and the padoral office. He was en¬
gaged for a confiderable time in the laborious' talk of
abridging Brnckex’s Midory of Philosophy, ; a work of
great value, but little attractive iu its original form, on
account of its prolixity, and its harffi and involved Latin
dyle. Dr. Enfield publidied his Abridgement in two,
vols. 410. 1791, and probably the tenets, of the different
feels of.phi-lo.fophers were never before difplayed with fo
much elegance and perfpicuity. It was, indeed, his
peculiar talent to exprefs the ideas of other men to the
greated advantage. His language, chafte, clear, -correlt,
and free from all affedlaticn, is one of the bed fpecimetis
of that middle dyle which is fitted for all topics, and he
communicates to his reader all that clearnef§ of idea
which reigned in his own mind. He died on the third of
November, 1797, in his fifty-feventh year. Few men
have lived more generally beloved, or have died more la¬
mented. After his death a publication was made, of his
Sermons, in thr£e vols. 8vo.

EN'FIELD, a neat and pleafant town in Middle fex,
fen miles from London; it is called in fome old records
Enfen, or Infen, from the fenny foil of its pari (It'; but (o
drained fince, that, except the part called Enfield-wafh,
that it is now become good land. It was formerly noted
for-tanning of hides; had a royal palace in the reign of
Henry VII. and the ehace near it is a parcel of the duchy
of Lancafter. In the centre of the ehace are the ru.ins.of
an old manfion, faid to have belonged to the earls- of
Effex. Here is a raolt fumptuous lodge for the ranger;
and the (kirts of the chace are Pored with country-feats
belonging to the citizens of London. This chace was
full ot deer, and all forts of game, when James I. refi.ded
at Theobalds; but in the civil wars it was dripped both
of the game and timber, and let out in farms. Yet after
the redoration it was laid open again, woods and groves,
were re-planted, and the whole chace dored with deer.
But, by an ail of parliament itf 1779, it was disforelfed.
Part of it was allotted to different pari (Ire.s, and e’ncloied,
when it was found to contain 8349 acres; and another
part, referved to the crown, was afterwards fold, in eight
lots, at the office of the duchy of Laneader. The church
is large and very ancient, and has been lately repaired and
beautified. Oppofite the church is an ancient (Iruclure,
built in the reign of Henry VII, by Sir Thomas Lovel.
Henry VIII. is luppofed to have pttrehafed it as a nurfery
for the royal children. Edward VI. went hence to the
Tower on It is acceflion to the throne. In April, t 557, the
Ptincefs Elizabeth was efcorted from Hatfield to Enfield
6 S Chace,

526 E N V

Chace, by a retinue of twelve ladies in white fatin, on
ambling palfries, and twenty yeomen in green, all on
horfeback, that her grace might hunt the hart. On enter¬
ing the chace, (lie was met by fifty archers, in fcarlet boots
.and yellow caps, armed with gilded bows, each of whom
prefented her with a filver-headed arrow winged, with
peacock’s feathers. By way of clofing the fport, the
princefs was gratified with the privilege of cutting the
throat of the buck. In the garden is ftill a fine cedar of
Libanus, planted about the middle of the feventeenth
century. It was planted by Dr. Uvedale, who kept a
flonrifliing fchool in the houfe at the time of the'plague in
1665, and was a great botanift. Tradition fays that the
plant was brought immediately from Mount Libanus in a
portmanteau. Enfield Park, part of this royal demefne,
affords a mod beautiful difplay of rural fcenery. The
market is on Saturdays ; fairs September 23, and Novem¬
ber 3. The river Lea runs through part of the parifli, as
does alfo the New River, which winds in various direc¬
tions, and adds greatly to the beauty of the country.
Here is a free-fchool for boys belonging to the parilh, and
ieveral other charities.

EN'FIELD, a townfiiip of the American States, in
Hartford county, Connecticut, on the eaft bank of Con¬
necticut river, bounded on the north by the Maffachufett’s
line, and fettled in 1681. The parts contiguous to the
river are extremely pleafant and productive : eighteen
miles north of Hartford.

EN'FIELD, a townfiiip of [he American States, in
Grafton county, New Hampfiiire, incorporated in 1761.
It contains by the cenfus 724 inhabitants, chiefly farmers :
eleven miles fouth-eafl of Dartmouth College.

ENFILA'DE, f [French.] A ftraight paffage; any
thing through which a right line may be drawn. In for¬
tification, it is applied to thofe trenches, and other lines,
that are ranged in a right line, and fo may be fcoured or
fwept by the cannon lengthways, or in the direction of
the line. — A battery d' enfilade, is that where the cannon
fweep a right line. — A poji or command d1 enfilade, is a
height from whence a whole line may be fwept at once.

To ENFILA'DE, v.a. To pierce in a right line; to
fweep lengthways by the firing of cannon, &c — The ave¬
nues, being cut through the wood in right lines, were en¬
filaded by the Spanifli cannon. Expedition to Carthagena.

ENFINE', a modern name for Antinoe ; an ancient
city of Egypt, built by Adrian in honour of his favourite
Antinous. See the article Egypt, p. 359, of this volume.

To ENFI'RE, v, a. To fire ; to let on fire ; to kindle.
Obfoletc : • 1

So hard thofe heavenly beauties be etfir'd.

As things divine, lead paffions do imprefs. Spenfer.

To ENFOR'CE, v.a. [erforcir, Fr.] To give flrerigth
to ; to (Lengthen ; to invigorate. To make or gain by
force :

Sometimes with lunatic bans, fometimes with pray’rs
Enforce their charity. Skakefpeare.

To put in ad: by violence. To inftigate ; to provoke;
to urge on ; to animate :

Fear gave her wings, and rage enforc'd my flight
Through woods and plains. Spenfer.

To urge with energy. — To avoid all appearance of difaf-
feftion, I have taken care to enforce loyalty by an invin¬
cible argument. Swift. — To compel ; to conftrain :

For competence of life I will allow you,

That lack of means enforce you not to evil. Skakefpeare.
To prefs with a charge. Little ufed:

If he evade us there,

Enforce him with his envy to the people,

And that the fpoil got on the Antiates

Was ne’er diftributed. Skakefpeare.

To ENFO'RCE, v. n. To prove ; to evince ; to fiiew
beyond contradiction. — Which laws in fuch cafe we mu ft

E N F

obey, unlefs there be reafon (hewed, which may neceffa-
rily enforce that the law of reafon, or of God, doth en¬
join the contrary. Hooker.

ENFOR'CE, f. Power; ftrength. Notvfed:

He now defies thee thrice to Angle fight,

As a petty enterprife of fmall enforce. Milton.

ENFOR'CEDLY, adv. By violence; not voluntarily;
not fponfaneoufly ; not by choice :

If thou did’lt put this four cold habit on,

To caftigate thy pride, ’twere well, but thou
Dolt if enforcedly : thoud’ft courtier be, '

Wert thou not beggar. Skakefpeare.

ENFORCEMENT, f. An aft of violence; compill-
fion ; force offered :

Confefs ’twas her’s, and by what rough enforcement
You got it from her. " Skakefpeare.

Sanftion ; that which gives force to a law. — The rewards
and punifhments of another life, which the Almighty
has eftablifhed as the enforcements, of his law, are of weight
enough to determine the choice. Locke. — -Motive of con¬
viction ; urgent evidence. — The perfonal defeent of God
himfelf, and his affumption of our flefii to his divinity,
was an enforcement beyond all the methods of wifdom that
were ever made life of in the world. Hammond. — Prefling
exigence :

More than I have faid,

The Ic-ifure and enforcement of the time

Forbids to dwell oij. Skakefpeare.

ENFOR'CER, f. Compeller; one who effefts by vio¬
lence. — When a man tumbles a cylinder or roller down
an hill, ’tis certain that the man is the violent enforcer
of the firft motion of it. Hammond.

ENFOUL'DRED, adj. from foudre, Fr.] Mixed with .
lightning. Obfolete :

Heart cannot think what courage and what cries,

With fould cnfouldrecl fmoak and flaftiing fire.

The hell-bred beaft threw forth unto the Ikies. Spenfer.

To ENFRANCHISE, v. a. To admit to the privilege
of a freeman. — The Englifh colonies, and fome fepts of
the Irifhry, enfranchifed by fpecial charters, were, admit¬
ted to the benefit of the laws. Davies.- — Romulus was the
natural parent of all thofe people that were the firft in¬
habitants of Rome, or of thofe that were after incorpo¬
rated and enfranchfed into that name, city, or government.
Hale. — To fet free from (lavery.- — If they won a battle,
prifoners became (laves, and continued fo in their gene¬
rations, unlefs enfranchifed by their mafters. Temple.— To
free or'releafe from cuftody :

His miftrefs

Did hold his eyes loekt in her cryftal looks.

. — Belike, that now fhe hath enfranchis'd them,

Upon fome other pawn for fealty. Skakefpeare.

To denizen ; to endenizen.— Thefe. words have been en -
franchifed amongft 11s. Watts.

ENFRANCHISEMENT,/. Inveftiture of the privi¬
leges of a denizen. — The incorporating a man into any
fociety, or body politic. For example, he that is by
charter made denizen of England, is faid to be evfran-
chifed ; and fo is he that is made a citizen of London, or
other city, or burgefs of any town corporate, becaufe he
is made partaker of thofe liberties that appertain to the
corporation. Couiel. — Releafe from prifon or from flaveiy t

Never did captive With a freer heart

Caft off his chains of bondage, and embrace

His golden uncontroul’d enfranchifement. Skakefpeare.

To ENFREE'DOM, v. a. To make free.— I mean fit¬
ting thee at liberty, cnfrecdoming thy perfon. Skakefpeare' s
Love's Labour lofi.— Thisunufual word (being put into the
mouth of Armado) is probably meant for the coinage of

affeftation. Mafon's Supplement to Johif on’s DiEhonary.

3 ENFRO'ZEN,

ENG

ENFRO'ZEN, part: Congealed with cold. Not ifed:
Yet to augment (he anguifh of my fmart.

Thou- haft enfrozen her difdainful bread:,

That no one drop of pity there doth reft. Spcnfer.

ENG ADT'N A, a diftrfSt in the country of the Grifons,
in a valley on the banks oft the river Inn, bordering on
the" Tyrohjfe, divided into Upper' and Lower. Upper
Engadina is divided into two communities ; the number
of inhabitants is eftimated at four thoufand, four or five
hundred of whom emigrate to foreign countries in diffe-'
rent capacities. The country, on account of its eleva¬
tion, produces pafture, but not fufficient corn for the
wants of the people: Zutz isefteemed the principal place.
Lower Engadina is divided into three communities'; the
foil is more fertile than in Upper Engadina, and produces
abundance of fruit, and all things necefiary for the inha¬
bitants. Cernetzds the principal place.

To ENGA'GE,vr. a. [engager, Fr.] To make liable
for a debt to a creditor :

I have engag'd myfelf to a dear friend.

Engag'd my friend to his mere enemy, -

To find my means. Shakefpeare.

To impawn; to (lake :

They moll perfidioufly condemn

Thofe that engag'd their lives for them. Hudibras.

To enlift; to bring into a party. — All wicked men are of
a party againft religion: fome luft orintereft engageth
them againft it. Tillotfon. — To embark in an affair. — Be¬
fore I engage myfelf in giving any anfwer to this objec¬
tion of inconfumptible rights, I would fee the effeSt cer¬
tainly averred. Digby: — To unite; to attach; to make
adherent. — Good-nature engages every body to him. Ad-
dijon. — To induce ; to win by pleafing means ; to gain :
To ev’ry duty he could minds engage.

Provoke their courage, and command their rage. Waller.

So fhall I court thy deareft truth,

When beauty ceafes to engage!

So thinking on thy charming youth,

I’ll love it o’er again in age. Prior.

To bind by any appointment or contradl. — We have been
firm to our allies, without declining any expence to which
we had engaged ourfelves, and we have even exceeded
our engagement. Atterbury . — To feize by the attention :
as, He was deeply engaged in converfation. To employ;
to hold in bufinefs :

For I (hall fing of battles, blood, and rage,

Which princes and their people did engage. Drydcn.

To encounter; to fight :

The rebel knave, who dares his prince engage,

Proves the juft viiftim cif his royal rage. Pope.

To ENGA'GE, v. n. To conflict ; to fight.- — Upon ad-
vertifement of the Scots army, the earl of Holland was
fent with a body to meet and engage with it. Clarendon. —
To embark in any bufinefs; to enlift in any party :

’Tis not indeed my talent to engage
In lofty trifles, or to fvvell my rage
With wind and noife. . Dryden.

ENGA'GEMENT, f. [from engage ; engagement , Fr.]
The aft of engaging, imparting, or making liable to, a
debt. Obligation by contrail. — We have, in expence,
exceeded our engagements. Atterbury. — Adherence to a par¬
ty or caufe ; partiality. — This practice may be obvious to
any who impartially, and without engagement, is at the
pains to examine. Swift. — Employment of the attention.

■ — Play, either by our too conftant or too long engagement
in it, becomes like an employment orprofeflion. Rogers. —
Fight; confliSt; battle:

Our army, led by valiant Torrifmond,

Is now iifhot engagement with the Moors, Dryden,

ENG bn

Obligation; motive. — This is the greateft engagement not
to forfeit an opportunity. Hammond.

ENGAN'HO, or Enganno, one of the Malayan ides,
in the eaftern Sea ; a little diftant from the fouth-weft Coaft
of the ifland of Sumatra, and about ninety miles fouth of
fort Marlborough. It was fcarcely known to have been
inhabited, by reafon of the inaceeflible rocks, and dread¬
ful- breakers, until Commodore Beaulieu vilited it, who
calls it L.'IJle Trompeufe, and adds, that the natives murder
all that come on Jhore. Mr. Charles Miller, however, found
this account greatly exaggerated. He went on fhore from
our fliips of difeovery, and fays “ the men were from five
feet eight to five feet ten inches high, of a reddish colour,
with black ftra.it hair cut ftiort ; that of the women long,
and rolled into a neat curl on the top of the head. The
men went quite naked ; the women had no more than a
plantain leaf to hide their nakednefs ; the arms of the men
were lances headed with the bone of filh, their canoes
made of two boards fetved together, and the feam filled
with pitch. Their houfes were circular, fupported on
flakes of iron-wood; they had no fort of fowl, cattle,. or
rice ; they lived on cocoa nuts, fugar canes, and fweet
potatoes, orfifh dried in the fmoke. The fifli they caught
with their lances, or in nets very neatly manufactured by
themfelves. Their behaviour was hofpitable, nor did
they give any fort of umbrage, till fome imprudent con-
duC on our fide excited an alarm. Conch fhells, the
murex tritonis, refounded in all parts of the ifland, and
our people thought fit to make a fudden retreat.”

fo ENGA'OL, u.a. Toimprifon; to confine :

Within my mouth you have engaol'd my tongue,

Doubly portcullis’d with fiiy teeth and lips. Shakefpeare .

To ENGAR'RISON, v. a. To proteft by a garrifon. —
Neptune with a guard doth engarrijon her ftrongly. Hou/el.

ENG ASTRIMU'THI,yi [from ev, in, yur-eg, the belly,
and jjrjQtojJMi, Gr. to difeourfe.] In pagan theology, the
Pythians, or priefieffes of Apollo, who delivered oracles
from within, like ventriloquifts, without any aftion of the
mouth or lips. Ancient philofophers are divided upon
the fubject of the engaftrimuthi. Hippocrates mentions
it as a difeafe : others as a kind of divination : others at¬
tribute it to the operation or pofleffion of an evil fpirit :
and others to art and mechanifm. Scottus maintains that
the engaftrimuthi of the ancients were poets, who, when
the priefts could not fpeak, fupplied the defeat by ex¬
plaining in verfe what Apollo didfated in the cavity of
the bafon of the facred tripod.

EN'GELACH, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Lower Saxony, and bifttopric of Flildefheim : fifteen miles
fouth-weft of Alfeld.

EN'GELBERG, an abbey of Swiflerland, in the can¬
ton of Underwald, in a valley furrounded with lofty
mountains. The cantons of Uri, Schwitz, and Unter-
vvald are its protestors : five miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Saxlen. .

EN'GELBERT, [Sax.] A man’s name.

EN'GELBRECHTS, a town of Germany, in the arch- -
duchy of Auftria: five miles north-north-weft of Bava¬
rian Waldhoven.

ENGELHART'ZEL, a town of Germany, in the
archduchy of Auftria : nine miles eaft of Paflau.

EN'GELHAUS, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Saatz : two miles' eaft-fouth-eaft of Carlfttad.

EN'GELHOLM, a fea-port town of Sweden, on the *
eaft fide of the Categat, in a confiderable bay, with good
anchorage: thirty-fix miles north of Lund, and forty-five
weft of Chriftianftadt. In 1678 it was taken by the Danes,
after an obftinate defence, in which the city was reduced
alntoft to a heap of r,uins. . Lat.56.i3.N. Ion. 12. 49. E.
Greenwich.

EN'GELSBERG, a town of Silefia, in the principality
of Appau : five miles north-north-weft of Freudenthal.

EN'GELSBURG, a town, of Pruflia, in the territory
of Culm : twelve miles north-eaft of Culm.

• EN'GELSDORF, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of.
Bolefiaw : ten miles north-north-eaft of Krottau.

EN'GELSTEIN*

50'S ENG

EN'GELSTEIN, a town of Rrufiia, in the proyince of
Natangen : forty-eight miles fouth-eaft of Konigiberg.

ENGELSTET'TEN, a town of Germany, in the arch¬
duchy of Auftria : twenty-three miles eaft of Vienna.

EN'GEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Swabia,
and principality of Stuhlingen : twelve miles north-
north-eaft of Schaff huufen, and twenty-one north-north-
weft of Conftance.

To ENGEN'DER, v.a. [cngcndrer , IT.] To beget be¬
tween different fexes; — This baftard love is engendered be¬
tween luft and idlenefs. Sidney. — To produce; to form:
Oh, nature! thou, who of the felf-fame mettle,

Whereof thy proud child, arrogant man, is pufft,
Engender' ft the black toad and adder, blue. Shakefpeare.
To excite; to caufe; to produce. — It unloads the mind,
engenders thoughts, and animates virtue. Addifon.

S,\y, can you faft? your ftomachs are too young,

And abftinence engenders maladies, Sha/ufpeare.

To bring forth. — Vice engenders fliame, and folly broods
o’er grief. Prior.

To ENGE'NDER,. v. n. To be caufed ; to be pro¬
duced.— Thick clouds are fpread, and dorms engender
there. Dry den.

EN'GENTHAlj,, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Franconia: thirteen miles eaft of Nuremberg.

EN'GER, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft-
phalia, and county of Ravenfberg : three miles weft of
Hervorden.

EN'GER SEE, a lake of Carinthina, ten miles nortli-
north-weft of Feltkirchen.

EN'GERSTORFF, a town of Germany, in the arch¬
duchy of Auftria : ten miles fouth-vveft of Zifterfdorf.

ENGHEEN, or Enghuien, a town of the Netherlands,
in the county of Hainaut, near which was fought the fa¬
mous battle of Steenkirk: eight miles eaft-north-eaft of
Atb., and thirty north-norfh-eaft of Valenciennes.

EN'GIA, an ifland near the coaft of the Morea, in a
gulf to which it gives name; aftciently called Egina,
Oenone, and Myrmidonia, which laft name it obtained from
the activity and induftry of the inhabitants, compared to
ants: about ten leagues in circumference; but rendered
by rocks nearly inacceftible, except on the north-weft.
It has no harbours. It has one town which contains
about eight hundred houfes; and in it are feen the re¬
mains of a temple dedicated to Venus, and of another
dedicated to Jupiter : twenty-five miles louth-fouth-weft
of Athens. Lai. 37. 42. N. Ion. 41 . 20. E. Ferro.

EN'GIA, a gulf on the fouth-eaft coaft of European
Turkey, fo Called from the illand fituated in it, about
fixty miles in length from north-weft to fouth-eaft, and
twenty-five wide at the mouth.

To ENGIL' D, v. a. To illuminate :

Fair Helena, who mo.re engil’ds the night,

Then all yon fiery o’s and eyes of light. Shakefpeare.

E'NGINJD,/. [engin, Fr. ingegno, Ital . ] — Any mecha¬
nical complication, in which various movements and parts
concur to one effedb; — In all engines it mu ft be conlidered,
what weight, every beam is to carry. Adams, — A military
machine:

This is our engine , towers that overthrows;

Our Ipear that hurts, our fword that wounds, our foes.

Fairfax.

Any inftrument. — The fword, the arrow, the gun, with
many terrible engines of death, will be employed. Raleigh .
He takes the feiflars, and extends

The little engine- on his fingers’ ends. Pope.

Any inftrument to throw water upon burning houfes.

Some cut the pipes, and fome the engines play;

And fontc, more bold, mount ladders to the fire. Dryd.
Any means ufed to bring to pafs, or to effect ; commonly in
an ill fenft. — Prayer mu ft be divine and heavenly, which

E N G

the devil with all hisen^ztiet fo violently oppofeth. Duppa.
An agent for another; in contempt:

They had t h ’ efpecial engines been, to rear
His fortunes up into the ftate they were. - Daniel. -
In Mechanics, this term is applied to wheels, ferews, le¬
vers, and all the mechanical powers, combined to Pi ft, eaft,
or fuftain a weight, or produce any other confiderable
effect ; fome of which are for war, as the baiifta, cata-
pulta, fcorpio, battering ram, &rc. others for the arts of
peace, as mills, cranes,, prelfes, clocks, whtches, &c.
which fee under their refpedtive heads; alfo the articles
Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Artillery, &c.

ENG I NE'ER, f. [ engignicr , Fr.] One who manages
engines ; one who directs the artillery of ail .army. He is
denominated either a civil or military engineer, according
as the objedts of his profefiion refpeCt civil or military
ptirpofes. — An author, who points his fatire only at a great
man, is like the engineer who fignalized himfelf by this un¬
generous practice. Addifon.

Him thus enrag’d,

Defcrying from afar, fome engineer, „ ’

Dext’rous to guide th’ unerring charge, defign’d,

By one, nice fliot, to terminate the war. Philips.

A military engineer fliould be an expert mathematician and
draughtfman, and particularly verfed in fortification and
gunnery, being the perfon officially employed to direct
the operations both for attacking and defending work's.
It is their bufinefs alfo to draw the lines of cirdumvalla-
tion and contravallation ; alfo to mark out the trenches,
places of arms, batteries, and lodgments, and in general
to direct the workmen in all Inch operations.

EN'GINERY, f. [from engine,'] The act of managing
artillery. — They may defcend in mathematics to fortifica¬
tion, architecture, enginery, or navigation. Milton. — En¬
gines of war; artillery:

We faw the fee

Approaching, grols and huge, in hollow cube
Training his dev’lifti enginery. Milton.

Machination in general :

Imbibe the novel daylight, and expofe

Obvious the fraudful engin’ry of Rome. Shevjlone.

To ENG'IRD, v. a. [from. gird. ] To encircle; to
furround ; to environ ; to encompafs.

My heart is drown’d with grief.

My body round engirt with mifery ;

For what’s more milerable than difeontent ? Shakfp.

To ENGl'RT, v. a. To engird. — That gold muft
round. engirt thefe brows of mine. _ Shakefpeare. — Johnfoii
lias produced this paflag : for an example of engird. MaJ'on.

ElN'GISO'MA, f. [from tyyiif, Gr. to approach. J A
fuigic.il inftrument for making the parts' of the broken
clavicle meet. Alfo a fraCture of the cranium where the
botie and the membrane of the brain meet.

ENG'LAND, or South-Britain, one of the fmalleft,
though cojifefledly the moft celebrious, of all the coun¬
tries of Europe. It is bounded on the north by Scotland,
on the eaft by the German Ocean, on the foutli by the
EngHfh Channel, and on the weft by St. George’s Chan¬
nel the Atlantic Ocean, Wales, and the Irifii Sea. The
extent of England, including Wales, reckoned jn fquare
miles, is computed at 49,450; and the population being
eftimated at eight millions four hundred t hou land of fouls,
the number of inhabitants to every fquare mile will be
one hundred and fixty-nine. The whole illand extends
from fifty to fifty-eight and a half degrees of north lati¬
tude, whence it is about five hundred geographical miles
in length, divided into two parts, viz. North Britain,
commonly called Scotland ; and South-Britain, or Eng¬
land ; which, from the Land’s End in Cornwall, to the
North Foreland in Kent, is three hundred and twenty
geographical miles. In Britifh miles, the whole length

ENG

LAN D.

of (lie i f! and may be computed at five hundred and eighty,
and th.e breadth, from the points above mentioned, at
three hundred and feventy.

England is interfecled by four very important rivers,
the Severn, the Thames, the Humber, and the Met fey.
The Severn rifes from the mountain Pienlimmon in North
Wales, and after an eaderly courfe to Shrevvfbury, bends
dts progrefs almoft fouth to Glouceder, whence it flows
fouth-wefl into the Bridol Channel, a progrefs of about one
hundred and fifty miles, navigable as far as Welch pool.
Its chief tributary dreams are the northern and fouthern
Avons, the Terne, and the Wye.

The majedic Thames originates in Cotfvvold-hills,
Gloucederfhire ; and maintains a fouth-eaderly direction,
to its egrefs into the German Ocean, after receiving the
Cherwel, the Teme, the Kennet.t," another Wye, the
Mole, and Lee. The Medway flows into the eduary of
the Thames, as the Wye into that of the Severn. The
cottrfe is computed at 140 miles, navigable to Cricklade.
This pre-eminent river may truly boad of wafting to and
from tbe metropolis, the principal riches of the world.

The Humberisa name al mod confined toa large eduary,
which receives many confiderable livers that fertilize the
central parts of England. Ofthefethe Trent is the mod
important, which rifes at Nevv-pool, in Stad’orddiire, and
proceeding North-ead, enters the Humber, after a dire 61:
eo.iirfe of about one hundred miles, being navigable to
Burton in Stafford fh ire. The other principal rivers that
iffue into the Humber, are the Dun, a navigable dream
which runs by Doncader; the Aire navigable to Leeds,
and the Calder navigable to Halifax, both Angularly ufe-
ful in tranfporting the woollen manufaftures ; the Warf,
navigable to Tadcader ; and the noble river Ure, or Oufe,
which runs by York, and forms another grand branch of
the Humber, navigable to Rippon : nor mud the Derwent
be omitted, which is navigable to New Malton ; nor,
though lad and lead, the Hull. The Humber may be regard¬
ed as the dem of a venerable oak, which fpreadsits chief
branches in a horizontal direct ion, and accumulates moidure
from every quarter, for the benefit of the parent dock.

The Merfey prefents a grand eduary; yet its courfe is
not of great extent. It rifes in the wed riding of York¬
fhire, and runs to the fouth-wed; but the eduary bends
towards the north. The direct courfe is not above fifty
miles; and is navigable to Stockport : as the Irvvell to
near Mancheder, and the Weever to near Northwich, and
its mines of rock- fait. Not only thefe rivers, but many
more in different parts of the kingdom are likewife navi¬
gable : the Avon is navigable to Bath, the Perrot to
Ilch.eder, the Tone to Taunton, the Taw to Barndaple,
and another branch to Biddeford ; th.e Camil of Cornwall,
to Wedbridge, while the Plym, Dart, and Ex, can alto
be pervaded to a confiderable height. Another Avon is
navigable to near Salifbufy, th.e Itchin to Wincheder,
the Arun to Arundel, the Oufe to Lewes: the Rother,
which forms the haven of Rye, is yet navigable, though
fallen in fame. The Stour admits boats even to Canter¬
bury ; but the Medway prefents a navigable dream as
far as Tunbridge. On the north of the Thames, the Lee
is navigable to Bidiop’s Stortford and Hertford : the
Crouch conveys boats from the fea to Hull-bridge in Ef-
fex ; the Black-water to Chelmsford, and another branch
to Colclieder. The Stour is navigable to Sudbury; the
Orwell to Stow, the Deben to Woodbridge: the Yare
and Waveney to Fouldiam and Bungay. Next is the
eduary called the Wad), which receives the Oufe, the
Nen, the Welland, the Witham, all dreams of confidera¬
ble navigation. On the north of the Humber, the Tees
admits veflels to Stockton ; the Tyne to Newcadle. On
the wed, the Eden is navigable to Carliffe; the Lon to
Lancader and Hornby; the Dee to Cheder; the Conway
to within two miles of Llanrwd ; the Tivey to Llanpiter.
Milford Haven prefents branches navigable to Haverford-
wed, and to near Widon: and ladly, the Wye may be
purfued as far as Hay, in Brecknockfliire.

Vol. VI. No. 370,

520

In general it may be obfervfed of the Britifh rivers, that
the length of their courfe is inconfiderablc, when com¬
pared with that of the continental dreams. The length
of, the Thames compared with that of the Danube, is only
as one to feven, and with that of the Nile, as one to twelve.
The Kian Keu of China, and the river of Amazons in
fouth America, extend through a progrefs of more than
fifteen times the length of .that of the Thames. The ri¬
vers of the fouthern and middle parts of England, prefent
a driking centrad to thofe of the north ; the former pur-
fuing a (low and inert courfe over mud, between level
banks, amid rich and exlenfive meadows ; while the lat¬
ter roll their clear torrents over beds of gravel, between
elevated banks, and rocky precipices; and even when
verdant levels occur, the dream dill retains its banks and
beds of gravel. England has little to boad of extenfive
lakes ; yet thofe of Conidon, Windermere, and Derwent,
in Cumberland, have been judly celebrated by deferip-
tive and poetical writers, as poffeding beauties ef a rural
and romantic nature, rarely to be fur palled.

Th.e mountains in this country, though not lofty, form
a grand feature of geographical limit and boundary. They
feldcm appear fingle, but are either difpofed in ridges,
called chains, or in cluders. When they can be arranged
under the fird form or denomination, asnhe Alps tor ex¬
ample, or the Pyrenees, they afford great clearnefs to
geographical deferiptions. While Bennevis, the highed
mountain in Scotland, is not much above one quarter of
height of Mont Blanc, tbe fovereign of the Alps, the
Englidi and Welfii fummits afpire to heights dill lels
confiderable ; Snowden being only 3568 Englidi feet
above the fea, while Bennevis is 4387, or, by other ac¬
counts, 4350. But Wharn, in Yorkfhire, was edimated
at 4050. The mountains of Cheviot may be faid to form
a regular ridge, running from the foutH-weft, where they
join thofe of Galloway to the north-ead. But there is
a central ridge which pervades England from north to
fouth, beginning at Geltfdale fored, fourteen miles fouth-.
ead of Carlide, and pading on the wed of Durham and
Yorkfhire, where it contains mines of coal and lead, is
fplit into the appellations of fells and laws. Kelton-fell,
Stanmore, Widehill-fell, Wildboar-fel), Bow-fell, Home-
fell, Bunhill, &c. arife on the wedern limits of York-
diire. Cumberland and Wedmoreland prefent many de¬
tached mountains, Skiddaw, See. which can hardly be
reduced to any didinct arrangement ; but thofe of Cra¬
ven, in the Wed Riding of Yorkfhire, as Wharn, or, as
commonly called by the country people, Wharnfide, In-
gleborough, and Pennigant ; and Pendle on the ead of
Lancader; belong to the Central Chain, which proceeds
fouth, through Derbyfhire to the Peak, abounding with
minerals and natural curiofities ; but here it feems to ter¬
minate, fpreading a little into Chefhire. Still, how ever,
a central chain of fntaller elevation, may be traced, in a
zig-zagline, to near Salitbury, with two diverging and
irregular branches on the ead, one towards Norfolk, ano¬
ther into Kent, while a third runs fouth-wed into Corn¬
wall. To the fird belong the hills of Gogmagog, in
Cambridgediire, &c. to the fecond, the northern hills of
Hampfhire, Surrey, and Kent. Malvern hills, in Wor-
cederfhire, deviate from the central ridge, while thofe
of Cotfwold, in Gloucederdtire, may be regarded as a
continuation of it. The hills of Mendip, Polden, Sedge-
moor, Blackdown, in Somerfetfhire ; the Tores and Wilds
of Dartmore, in Devon ; and the Hills and upland downs
of Cornwall extend this chain to the Land’s End : and,
after palling -this lad rocky province, it expires in the
iflands of Scilly. The fouthern range, commonly called
the South Downs, forms a long and remarkable line of
continuity from wed to ead ; commencing with great ab-
ruptnefs at Old Wincheder, oppofite Poriffiown, inHamp-
diire, and thence continuing over the lofty brow of But-
fur to Uppark, the telegraph heights of Marden, Rook’s
hill above Goodwood-park, bending towards Lavington,
and thence running with incomparable beauty of land
6 T and

530 ENG]

and fea profpeft, and richnefs of pafturage, which lias
given fo much celebrity to the South-down breed of
Iheep, quite to the eaftern extremity of the county of
Suffex, after palling the towns of Steyning, Brighthelm-
ftone, Lewes, &c. and ferving as a barrier to the fea on
the fouthern coaft.

Wales is lift abundant in alpine mountains, efpecially
the northern provinces ; but their orology remains inde¬
terminate, and it would require the ,aftual furvey of
an experienced' engineer, to reduce them to chains or
gfbupes. To begin with the North, Snovyden commands
the firft attention, a mountain of eminent height and
fame. The. top is called Y Widdfa, or the confpicuous,
forming ai molt a point, and prefenting a view of the
county ot Chefter, the mountains of Yorkfhire, parts of
Scotland and Ireland, and the iffes of Man and Angle-
fey. Mr. Pennant obferves, that large coarfe cryftals
are often found in the filfures, and very frequently cubic
pyritae, the ufual attendants on alpine trafts. From
Snowden, a line of mountains extends by the fea to Plen-
limnion, whence iffue the noble rivers, Severn and Wye.
Ol thefe hills, Urrou Seth, Caer Idris, and Moyle Va-
diau, are the molt memorable. The hills on the eafl of
North Wales, are far from attaining fuch confiderable
elevation, and gradually decline to the hills of Shrop-
fliire, of which rfie Wrekin is one of the mod: noted.
A chain alfo proceeds due fouth to near Cardiff, in South
Wales; it is of far, inferior height, and a fmall branch
diverges to the weft, confiftingof Cwn Cothy, Mynydd;
Carreg, Briiley, and Cwm Kerrun-hills. On tjie eaft of
South Wales, are the hills of Hereford (hire, the Black
Mountain, Cufop-hill, Hargeft, Stockley-hill, See.

In the northern and weftern mountains and hills, chalk
is unknown, while it forms a chief material of thofe of
the fouth and eaft. Mr. Pennant obferves, that a line
drawn from Dorchefter, in the county of Dorfet, to the
county of Norfolk, would form a boundary of the great
chalky ftratum which interfefts the kingdom, none being
found in any quantity to the north or weft of that line.
The northern mountains are moftly compofed of lime-
llone, free-ftone, date, or fchiftns, with mines of lead
or coal ; thofe of Derbydiire prefent vaft maffes of lime-
ftone, interfered with thick veins of toad-ftone, by fome
afferted to be the’produce of fire, while others affign an
aqueous origin. See the article Earth, p. 177,0!' this
volume.

The fummit of Skiddaw prefents white (hivery date,
or argillaceous fchiftns ; but fome of the Weftmorelalid
mountains contain filiceous fchiftns; and it is probable
that granite mafy exift in thofe of Cheviot. The vaft
bafe of Ingleborough, near thirty miles in circuit, con-
iifts of linie-ftone ; on the eaft fide full of (hells to near
the fummit, which is of grit and fand-ftone (lag; the
foffils, black and brown marble, thip (late near Ingleton,
rotten-done or tripoli, and fome lead-ore. And fuch is
this chain to its termination ; while further to the fouth,
the eafterly elevations are of chalk ; and thofe on t he weft,
as Mendip-hills, in Somerfetfliire, are wholly calcareous.
The granite begins at Dartmoor, in Devonfhire, and con¬
tinues through Cornwall, where it occurs of various co¬
lours, the grey granite, ormoorftone; thered, or oriental;
the white, the yellow, and the bluifh, or pigeon-coloured.
Near the Lizard and Mullion, are rocks of ferpentine
and fteatites, the latter being alfo found in a fingular va-
riolite, at Thorverton, between Exeter and Upton Pyne.
The china-ftone, or petunfi, ufed in making fine porce¬
lain, is here a decompafed granite, the felfpar having
become foft like lithomarga.

The Welfti mountains abound in various granites, with
large maffes of quartz and ferpentine : a French mine-
rafogift, Coquebert, obferves a fimilarity between the
fubftauCes of the Welfti mountains, and thofe of Wick¬
low in Ireland, whence he infers a primitive junction.
While on the eaft of England the lime-ftone fucceeds the

, A N D.

chalk, (of which change the noble promontory of Flam-
borough-head affords a ftriking inftance,) on the coaft
towards Wales, are found granite, and other primitive
rocks. The Wrekin, about ten miles eaft of Shrewfbnry,
is chiefly compofed of reddifli chert, or petrolilex, with
filece'ous fand-ftone', bafalt, and a kind of granite. The
great coal diftrift of Colebrook-dale, refts-on indurated
clay, while that near Briftol is accompanied by black
freeftone, and even the calcareous freeftone ndar Bath is
interfperfed with numerous veins of coal. The Malvern-
hi 11s, on the fouth-weft of Worcefterfliire, run north and
fouth about ten miles, .and afford many granitic rocks,
with chert and hornblende (late. Thefe notices mull
fuffice on the compolition of the Englifh mountains; a
fubjeft (fays Mr. Pinkerton) which only begins to at¬
tract that attention which its curiolity merits.

England, in its primeval Hate, muft have been half
covered with woods and forefts. Many of the forefts in
the Anglo-Saxon times, were efteemed royal demefnes ;
and the Norman monarch-s were fo much addifted to the
chace, that upwards of dxty forefts at one time apper¬
tained to the crown ; of which the chief now remaining
are the forefts of Dean in Gloucefterlhire ; Sherwood, in-
Nottinghamlhire ; Windfor,.in Berkfliire; the New Po¬
red, and the Foreft of Bere, in Hampfliire. Beddes thefe,
other diftrifts (till retain the name, as Dartmoor-foseft,
in Devondiire ; Enfield-chafe, in Middlefex ; Witham
and Epping-foreft, and that of Henault, in Effex ; Sacy
and Wittleborough-foreft, and Rockingham-foreft, in
Northamptondiire ; Peak-foreft, in Derbydiire ; Malvern-
cliafe and Wyre-foreft, in Worcefterdiire ; Cannock-chafe
and Neidwood-foreft, in Stafforddiire', Mogg-foreft and
Clun-foreft, and that of Hays and Mocktree, in Slirop-
flifre ; Macclesfield-foreft, in Clielhire ; Netherdale-foreft
and Langfter-chafe, in the Weft; Riding of Yorkfhire ;
the foreft of Galtres, and Arkengarth and Stainmore,
and Leyne, in the North Riding; Teefdale and Were-
dale-forefts, in the county of Durham ; Rofendale-foreft,
in Lancaftiire ; Sleddell and Murtindale-forefts, &c. in
Weftnloreland ; Geltfdale and Inglewood-forefts, in Cum¬
berland. The relics of a fob-marine foreft on the coaft:
of Lincolnfhirc, manifeft a ftriking proof of the mutations
and changes on the face of the globe, occafioned by vol¬
canic, eledtric, or other, difturbance in the bowels of tlie
earth, whereby fome t rafts of country are abforbed by
the fea, wliilft others are thrown up from the bottom of
the ocean, and converted into dry land. See the article
Earthquake, p. 207 of this volume.

Of luxuriant fruits, and rich vegetable productions,
England is by nature very fcantily fupplied. The freJ
quent rains, the blafting winds, the nipping frofts, and
the uncertain and -irregular heat of the fun, deny to
this country thofe vegetable tr-eafures, which, in the tro¬
pical regions, offer themfelves in, abundance as food for
man. The humidity of the climate, however, clothes
the vales and meadows, and even the hills and moun¬
tains, with a rich verdure alnioft unknown to any other
country, and Ihevvs how admirably England is adapted to
the growth and fupport of graminivorous quadrupeds.
This partiality of nature in fcanting to the aboriginal in¬
habitants the fupply of vegetable food, while it is pro-
fufely offered to the grazing herds of every kind, obliged
them to depend for their fupport principally on the flefh
of animals; and thus inducing a robuft and vigorous ha¬
bit, gave them (Longer motives to perfonal exertion,
than a more favoured (late in a warmer climate could
have afforded. While the native of the tropical climates
was receiving from the bountiful hand of nature an exu¬
berant fupply of bread-fruit, bananas, and cocoa-nuts,
the aboriginal Briton was obliged to earn his daily food
by the hard labour of each returning day, to chafe tlie
flying deer through the woods, or to difpute his prey
with the boar or the wolf. Thus, the feverity of climate,
and paucity of vegetable food, was the firft germ of in-

duftry

531

ENGLAND.

duftry and invention in England, which, at length, by
the aid of hufbandry and horticulture, has laid all the
vegetable riches of the globe at our feet.

It is the peculiar felicity of England to beinfefled with
very few animals, but what are, or may be made, fub-
fervient to the ufes of man. Of the domeftic kinds, this
country boalts peculiar pre-eminence, particulatly in
horfes, beeves, venifon, and mutton, in confequence of
the natural luxuriance of its paftures. That noble and
ufeful animal, the horfe, is found in England of many
mingled breeds, while mo ft other kingdoms produce only
one kind. The high-bred horfes defcend from Arabian
ftallions, originally barbs. The great ftrength and fize
of the Englim draught-horfes, are derived from thofe of
Germany, Flanders, and Holftein; arid other breeds have
been fo intermingled, that native horfes may be found
adapted to every purpofe of pomp, pleafure, and utility.
Thofe of Yorklhire are celebrated for their great fpirit
and beauty; thofe of Lincolnfhire and Leicelterftiire for
their fuperior draught and ftrength. The fpeed of Child¬
ers was computed at a mile in a minute ; and fuch is the
ftrength of a Yorkthire pack horfe, that he will ufually
carry 420 pounds ; and a mill-horfe of Leicelterfliire will
fupport a weight of 910 pounds. Mr. Pennant, obferves,
that though the Britifli cavalry was remarkable, even in
the time of Julius Ctefar, yet we know nothing of the
primitive breed.

The indigenous breed of horned cattle is now only
known to exilt in Neidvvood.foretl, in StafFordfhire, and
at Chillingham caftle in Northumberland. They are
long-legged and wild like deer, of a pure white colour,
with black muzzles, ears, .and tails, and a ftripe of the
fame hue along the back. The Englifh breeds of black
cattle are almoft as various as thofe of our horfes ; thofe
of Wales and Cornwall are ufually fmall ; while the Lin-
"colnlhire kind derive their great fize from thofe of Hol¬
ftein, fince bred and foftered in their immenfe fens.

The number and value of flieep in England, may be
appreciated from the ancient ttaple commodity of wool.
Of this mod ufeful animal feveraL breeds appear, gene¬
rally denominated from their particular counties or dif-
trifts; thofe of Herefoidihire, Sulfex, Devonfhire, and
Cotfwold-downs, are noted for fine fleeces, while the
Lincolnfhire and Warwickfhire kind, are remarkable fur
the quantity. The Teefdale breed of the county of D ut-
lium, though lately negiebted, ought not to lofe their
fame. The wool is beautiful, but the length of their
legs leffens thfeir value in the'eyes of the breeder. The
mutton of Wales, on the contrary, is efieemed, while
the wool is coarfe, yet employed in many ufeful and fa-
lutary manufactures. 'The Sulfex breed" is remarkable
for black ' faces and fliort legs; but they are chiefly pre¬
ferred on account of their hardy nature, the cafe with
which they pafs the winter on a fpare diet, the finenefs
and value of their fleece, and the facility with which thev
fatten on turnip : hence the South-down breed of fheep
has of late years been in great reqiteft throughout Eng¬
land. Thofe of Leicefterlhire are very large, with abun¬
dance of wool, but coarfe; and without horns, like the
Sulfex breed, with which they have of late been- pretty
much crolfed.

The goat, an original inhabitant of our rocks, has,
even in Wales, begun to yield to the more ufeful breed
of flieep ; that, country being, like Scotland, more adapt¬
ed to tlie woollen manufacture. The breeds of fwine are
alfo various and ufeful: originally the boar was wild, and
hunted in our forefts and woods. England alio abounds
in valuable breeds of dogs, fotne of which were cele¬
brated even in the Roman times. In the reign of Eli¬
zabeth, Dr. Cains enumerates fixteen denominations of
Englilh dogs. Some feem to be now extinCt ; and the
blood-hound only occurs in Staffordthire. The cat is one
of the molt univerfal, and molt identic of animals, thofe
of Angola excepted, with their white fleeces, and thofe
of Rulfia with a bluilh fleece, and eyes of topaz.

Of our favage animals, the molt fierce and deltruCtive
is the wild cat, which is three or four times as large as
the domeltic, with a' flat broad face, colour yellowifh
white, mixed with deep grey, in Itfeaks running from a
black lift on the back ; hips always black, tail alternate
bars of black and white; only found in the moft moun¬
tainous and woody parts. The wolf has been long extinCt,
but the fox abounds. It is fufficient to name the badger,
the fitchet, the martin, the float or ermin, the otter,
fquirrel, dormonfe, rat, and various kinds ot mice. 1 lie
mole, urchin, and bat, feem to become more rare; the
feal is chiefly found on the coaft of Wales.

In the parks of the great, the roe is now extinCt, but
fallow deer abound, of great beauty, and the red deer;
the latter are known by the terms, (tag, hind, young, or
calf; while the former are .ftyled. buck, doe; and fawn ;
the red kind are more vicious. than^he other, and becom¬
ing more uncommmon. Venifon, in its wild ftate, has
been long extinCt in England.

The chief of our birds of prey, are the, golden eagle,
fometimes found on Snowden ; the black eagle has ap¬
peared in DerbyiTiire ; the ofprey, or fe.i eagle, feents ex¬
tinCt in England. The peregrine falcon breedsin Wales ;
and many kinds of hawks in England, rite nightingale,
one of the moft celebrated birds of long, is not found in
North Wales, nor any where to the north, except about
Doncafter, where it abounds ; nor does it travel lo tar
weft as Devonshire and Cornwall. This limitation is re¬
markable, as thefe birds are found in the fevere climate
of Sweden. Englilh poultry feem to originate from Afia ;
the peacocks are from India ; ' the pheafants from Chol-
chis ; the guinea-fowl from Africa. Our final left: bird is
the golden-crefted wren, which fportson the high eft pine-
trees; and our largeft the buftard, Come of which weigli
twenty-five pounds, and are now fcantily found in the open
countries of the Couth and eaft. But the tame buftard,
which is the turkey, richly fupplies the defeCt ; the
largeft are reared in Norfolk and Suffolk. Game abounds
fo much in England, that the right of killing and eating
it conftitutes the moft vexatious of our laws.

The reptiles in England are very few, and rarely injurious;
they are the coriaceous tortoife; frogs, toads, feveral kinds
of lizards : of ferpents, the viper or adder alone is veno¬
mous ; other kinds are the ringed fnake, fometimes found
four feet in length ; and the blind worm, feldom exceed¬
ing eleven inches.

Of filh, the whale feldom appears near the Englilh
coafts, nor the dolphin ; the porpoi/e and others of the
fame genus are not uncommon. The balking flunk fome¬
times appears off the Ihores of Wales. Numerous at e our
edible leu-fifh. Some of the moft celebrated are the tur¬
bot, doree, foal, cod, plaice, mullet, &c. The con-
fumption of herrings and mackarel extends to moft parts
of the kingdom ; but pilchards are confined to the Corn-
i 111 coafts. Our chief river filli are the fttlmon and the
trout, which are brought from the northern parts in pro¬
digious numbers, generally packed in ice ; but fometimes
the trout are brought alive, in veftels provided with a.
well or baton for that purpofe. It is faid that not lefs
30,000 falmon are brought from one river, the Tw'eed,. to
London, in the courfe of a fealon. The lamprey, though
a fea-filh, is chiefly found in tlie Severn ; it refembles the
eel, but has a line of feven apertures near the head. The
charr is chiefly found in the lakes of Westmoreland, the
fides fp rink lea. with red fpots. The umber, or grayling,
fo mew It at refembles the trout. Tlie famlet is the fmallelt
of the trout kind, and has erroneoufly been luppofed the
young of the falmon; in Scotland it is" called the par.
Our carps are from Poland, and the inferior fort from
Pruftia : the tench and perch are efteemed by fome as
dainties of tlie table. The lobfter is found on moft of
the rocky coafts, particularly off Scarborough, and the
Ille of Wight, Portland, Purbeck, &c. Of (Hell-fifti, the
pearl mya, a large kind of nniflel, .was found in the Con¬
way, in Wales, and the Irt, in Cumberland ; but it feems

now

Oo*

ENGLAND.

now confined to Ireland and_Scotland. TheEnglifh oy flers
maintain their Roman reputation ; but they feeni to yield
in flavour to thofe of more northern countries. The
green from Colchefter in Eflex, and the white from Mil-
ton in Kent, have the chief reputation in the London
market.

In valuable mineral productions, England is far from
being deficient. The tin-mines of Cornwall are not only
venerable from their antiquity, but are, it is fuppofed,
the richeft of the kind in the world. Tin is alfo found
in Bohemia,' Saxony, and Hungary, and in the oriental
regions of Malacca, Banca, and Siam, but not in fuch
lading exuberance as in the Cornifli mines. That kind
of (ilver, termed by mineralogifts horn-ore, is alfo found
in that diftriCl ; but the profound fecrecy obferved in
working it, forbids any inveftigation of the amount. The
Huel rock boafts of what is called bell-metal ore ; and
of wolfram. Cornwall alfo produces copper at Redruth,
Helfione, and the Land’s End. The fame metal is found
in Yorkfhire and Statfordfiiire ; but no where in fuch
abundance as in the Parrys mountain, in the north. weft
of Anglefea. This.valuable mine was. difcovered about
thirty years ago.

Lead is found in the Mendip-hills of Somerfetfhire ;
which alfo produce calamine and manganefe. The lead-
mines in Derbyfhire are well known, not only for that
metal, but for the beautiful veins of floor which accom¬
pany it, and which is manufactured into feveral orna¬
mental articles. In general, the northern-central ridge of
mountains abounds with lead ore. The lead-mines of
Aldfton, on the eaftern verge of Cumberland, employ
upwards of eleven hundred men. No metal is fo widely
diffuled through the globe as iron ; and England not only
contains excellent mines, but excels all nations in the va¬
riety of fabrication. The mod remarkable mines of iron,
are thofe of Colebrook-dale, Shropfhire ; Dean-foreft, in
Gloucefterfhire ; with fo me in the north of England, par¬
ticularly near Ulverfton, in Lancafhire. Zinc, in the
form of lapis calaminaris, and blend, is found in Derby-
fhire, Cornwall, and other regions. Nickel and arfenic
fometimes appear in Cornwall ; and recently, what is
called menachanite. But one of the raoft important of
this kind is plumbago, which is found in the ridge of Bor-
rowdale, near Kefwick, in Cumberland.

Gold has been difcovered in various quarters of Eng¬
land, particularly near Silfoe, in Bedfordlhire ; but the
metal has never recompenfed the labour and expence.
The real gold mines of England are thofe of coal, found
in the central, northern, and weftern parts, but particu¬
larly in the northern, round Newcaftle. The whole opu¬
lence of England has been afcribed to her coal, as being
the very foul of her manufactures, and confequent com¬
merce. The coals of Whitehaven and Wigan are more
pure ; and the cannel and peacock coals of Lancafhire
are fo beautiful, that they are fufpected by fome to have
conftituted the gagatcs, or jet, which the ancients afcribed
to Britain. See the article Coal, vol. iv. p. 703, &c.

The mines.of rock-falt in Chefhire particularly dc-
ferve notice. They appear to have been known to the
Romans, as a place called Salince is mentioned by the
geographer of Ravenna. Leland has defcribed them in
the time of "Henry VIII. nor were they unknown even in
the Saxon periods. Thofe of Nortlnvich are the moft
remarkable : at Nirnptwich and Middlewich, are only
lalt-fp rings ; and others occur at Droitvvich, in Worcef-
terfhire, and Wefton in Staffordfhire. The immenfe
mines on the fouth fide of Northwich, were difcovered
about the beginning of the eighteenth century. The
quarries, with their pillars and cryftal roof, extending
over many acres, prefent a beautiful fpedtacle ; the ftra-
tum of fait, lies under a bed of vvhitifh clay, at the
depth of about forty yards.

Marbles and free-ftone, or calcareous fund-fione, of va¬
rious colours and textures, alfo occur; the moft cele¬
brated of the latter are thofe of Portland, Purbeck,

Fine alabafter appears in Derbyfhire; fullers’-earth In
Berkfhire, and fome other countries. Quarries of beau¬
tiful flate are likewife worked in feveral parts; and it is
highly to the advantage of the proprietors of all thefe
mineral productions, as well as to the public at large,
that the mines and quarr ies are for the moft part conti¬
guous to the coaft, whereby their produce can be carried
coaft ways, or tranfported to any part of the world.

England pref'ents an extent of coaft of great variety
and beauty, in every direction except to the north, where
it trends upon Scotland. From the mouth of the Tweed
at Berwick, to Bamborough-caftle, the fhore is fmooth
and fandy ; and the moft remarkable objeCt is Lindesfarn,
or Holy Ifland, divided from Northumberland by a le¬
vel, which is dry at low water, but out of which the
flowing tide oozes fuddenly, aoften to the peril of the
unwary traveller. From Bamborough-caftle to Flambo-
rough-head, are moftly low cliffs of lime-ftone and other
material’s ; and at Sunderland, of a peculiar ftone ufed
in building, and which feems the work of marine infects.
Scarborough (lands on a vaft rock, projecting into the
waves ; but Flarnborough-head is a far more magnificent
object, being formed of lime-ftone, of a fnowy wliite-
nefs, and ftu'pendous height, vifible far off at fea. “Grand
cavei ns (fays Pennant) open on the north fide, giving
wide and folemn admiflion, through moft exalted arches,
into the body of the mountain ; together with the gra¬
dual decline of light ; the deep file nee of -the place, un-
lefs interrupted by the (hiking of the oar, the colliiion
of a fwelling wave againft the (ides, or the loud flutter
of the pigeons, affrighted from their nefts in the diftant
roof, afford pleafures of (cenery, which fuch formations
as this alone can yield. Thefe alfo are wonderfully di-
verlified. In fome parts the caverns penetrate far, and
end in darknefs ; in others are pervious, and give a
romantic paffage by another opening, equally fuperb.
Many of the rocks are infulated, of a pyramidal form,
and (oar to a great height. The bafes of moft are folid,
but in fome pierced through and arched. All are co¬
vered in the feafon of incubation with innumerable flocks
of migratory birds, which refort here annually to breed,
and fill every little projection, every hole, which will
give them leave to reft.”

Hence to the Humber are commonly clay cliffs ; and
near Spurnhead amber is fometimes found. Theextenfive
coaft of Lincolnfhireis flat, part of which appears to have
been gained from the fea ; though, in fome parts, the fea
has in its turn invaded the land, particularly where the re-
mainsof the fub-marine foreft are vilible under the waves.
The county of Lincoln, and part of fix others, form the low
countries of Britain; and the coaft is diftinguilhable by
churches, not by hills. The thoresof Norfolk and Suffolk
prefent fometimes loamy, or clayey precipices, fometimes
hillocksof (and, atid fometimes low and flat (paces. Hun-
ftanton-cfiff rifes to the height of about eighty feet, com-
pofed tif chalk and friable ftone, retting on a Safe of what
is called iron-coloured pudding ftone, projecting into the
fea. The coaft of Eflex is generally low ; but to the
fouth of the Thames, arife continued cliffs of chalk, with
layers of flint, refembling’ mafonry. The North Fore¬
land is a lofty chalky promontory ; and the Cliffs of Do¬
ver are known to every reader of the immortal Shake,
fpeare. This port being moft contiguous to the coaft of
France, it is on that account, in peaceable times, the
principal place of embarkation from England to the con¬
tinent ; and where packets are then conftantly palling and
repairing to and from Calais, Ottend, Boulogne, &c.

From Dover, and the South Foreland, the fhore (lopes
away and becomes flat quite to Dungeneis, which is the
moft noted headland on the coaft of Kent, and terminates
that tract of land which has always been known by the
name of Romney Marfli. From this headland, which is
low, the fouthern coaft of England might be laid to com¬
mence^ as well as the fliores of Suflex. Palling the town
of Haftings to the weftward, Bedcliy rears its venera-
2 ble

WGLAN T)9 including*

ZcnitotttjPu&liWted its die jLt direct?, dp/tf 7^1^04, l\\ J. Tftlk&r.

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.

.

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• • • • • • - irak .

. E N G l

tie head, a lofty promontory, which projefts perpendi¬
cularly aver the beach, and is called by feamen the Seven
(Stiffs, into which it is divided. Within this point lies
Ea ft bo urn Seaford, and the elegant town of Brighthelm-
floqe ; which is alfo a place of regular embarkation for
the continent in peaceable times, and from whence packets
fail' for Dieppe, Havre de Grace, Cherbourg, &c. 1 he

coaft from hynee continues low, as the South Downs re¬
cede fomewhat inland, prefenting -a fmoolh, fapcjy, and
fometimes a deep clayey, (bore, Culver cliff, aqd Dunnofe,
are the next objedlsof elevated grandeur; Bognor racks he-
ipg mere pebbles. Within the Wight, theepaft is more or
left, .flat, but fuperbly variegated with the town.s pf Portf-
mouth, Gofpo.rf, part and Weft Cowes, Yarmouth, the
Southampton river, the p,prt of Lymington, Galfhof and
Hurft caftles, the beautiful verdure of .the New Foreft,
J^ide, St. Helen’s, and other fubordinate villages, The
back of the Wight prefents a lefs pi&urefque, though a
much more majeftic, feene. From Dunnofe to St, Ca¬
tharine’s point, the coaft is rocky and abrupt ; but from
this lofty eminence to the Needles, the eye is prefented
with the*inp(t ftupendous cliffs thet any. wli.ere elfe ap¬
pears, partaking in the fpHeft fe.nfe pf the fubljme and
beautiful. In part of the .months of May and June,,
■which is the breeding fqafon, pliefe ftupendoqs rocks ffavp
their native whitenefs darkened by immenie clouds ,of
large migratory birds, which here annually perform the
duties of incubation, and then retire ; no naturalift knows
where, with their accumulated ofrppying. Thefe ele¬
vated cliffs, and the adjoining co)loflfi,l Needles, which
hand e.reft in the fetj, conftantjy braving the moft tre¬
mendous wi,nps and - waves, have alike afforded ample
1'coye to the genius of the painter and pf the poet.

Fpom the Needle rocks to Chriftclmrch the fliore is
flat, where it prefents a grand view of the church, (itu-
ated in a rich fertile vale, vyhich terminates the coaft of
Hampihire. The. fliore? of Dopfet next commence, and
lead to the port .and handfome county-town of Poole,
long enriched by its extenffve trade to Newfoundland,
Studland Bay., Swanage,- St. Alban’s Head, and Ring,
dead Bay, lead to the calm and beautiful c.ove of. Wey¬
mouth, formed by nature for a royal bathing-place, where
the foft (liken fandy bottom declines with a gentle dope
into the pureft water, and fuits every time of tide, with¬
out even a pebble to offend the nioft tender foot; and
where the furrounding circular expapfe of elevated land
fecludes the valetudinarian from the rude ferutinizing
.eye of the bold and inquifi.tive. Yet is our bark rjp fooner
•fleered from without this calm and unruffled cove, and
the point or promontory of the Ifle of Portland weather¬
ed, than a .fea prefents itfelf, which, in tempeftuous wea¬
ther, fails not to appal the heart of the (touted feaman,
and has conligncd too many to the horrors of a watery
grave. This is the Race of Portland. On this coaft the
lofs of the l-falfewell is for ever to be deplored.

Palling Abbotjbitry and Lyme, we ppprpach the coaft
of Devonlhir.e, and enter the fafe and fecure anchorage of
Torbay, formed by Providence, as an afylum for our
Britifh channel fleets in tempeftuous weather. This bay
lies between Dartmouth and the broad mouth of the Ex,
which carries veflels of a hundred tons burthen up to the
quays of Exeter. Sidmouth is contiguous. The fpa-
■cious haven of Dartmouth is alfo capable of containing a
large number of (bjps, feeure from all winds. Beyond
.this haven-is the Start Point-; from which promontory
the coaft is interfe&ed with many little creeks and har¬
bours quite up to Plymouth Sound. In the midft of the
fea, oppofite this place of anchorage, is the Eddiftonp
.light-houfei a lading monument of the fttperior abilities
of the late Mr. Smeaton, as a civil engineer and ar-
chiteft.

The- coaft of Cornwall begins With Ram-head, and paff-
•ing Eaft Loo.e, extends along to Deadman’s Point, and Fal¬
mouth haven. The fhores .are here moft remarkably in.
curvated, quite up to the Lizard Point ; round -wliich \vp

Vol. VI. No. 370.

, A N II . -

are led into Mount’s Bay, and to the Land’s End, wlieye
the foil them coaft of England terminates. Weathering
this remarkable point, the weftern coqft of England be¬
gins with Penzance, p.alfes the northern fide of the county
of Cornwall, and enters the Briftol channel, which has
the (bores of North Devon aqd Somerfetfliire on one fide,
'and South Wales on the other; palling Cardiff aqd Briftol,
and entering the broad mputh of the Severn, where the con¬
tending currents ponliantly prefent a troubled elenient.

Turning out pf the Briftol channel to the northward,
we enter Milford Haven, (aid to he the fnoft commodious
harbour belonging to Great-Britain, and fufficiently fpa-
cious to contain a thoufand fail of (hipping in perfedt fe-
cm ity : but its approaches are (aid to participate of great
danger- in tempeftuous Weather, and equally hazardous to
get out of it, except with particular winds. Within the
jiaven is, the town and port of Pembroke,, with feve.ral
other bays, roads, and creeks. Proceeding-lienee into St.
George’s channel, after wegtji.enng Grefholm or Gat-
cholfii, we enter St. Bride’s Bay ; and then palling Ram-
fey Ifle and the ancient city of St. David’s, we enter the
fpacious .mouth of Cardigan Bay, wherein are many ports
,and havens .011 the Welfli coaft. Turning out of this bay
round JJardfey Ille, we pqfs the fhores of Caernarvon to
flic Ifle of Aqgipfeq and Holyhead, the celebrated pojnt
of embarkation and debarkation, tp crpls the Irifli Sea
to and from Dublin. Palling round Craven Point, flip
final 1 portions of the (hopes of Denbigh aqd Flint (hire
prefent themfplves, whence we enter the riverD.ee, and
approach the venerable city of.Chefter. Thus, in paffing
from the Briftol channel to the rqpulh pf the Dee, the
principality of V/ales occupies all the central part of the
•w.eftqrn coaft, characterized by an a 1 nioft continued range
of mountains ^nore or lefs vyild and lofty, with interjacent
valleys' more or lefs extenfiye and fertile ; and .thus out
of the twelve Welfli counties, all except three touch tjie
fea coaft in fopac part or other of their boundary.

Turnjpg out of the river Dee to the northward, we en¬
ter Liverpool harbour, and the Merfey ; which, after re¬
ceiving. above Stockport the wafers of the Tame, and
fomewhat low,er thofe of the Irvyell, brings down a con¬
flux of other ft reams from. Mancbefter, winds through a
rich and extenfiye vale, and, after paffing Warrington, di¬
lates into a wide fandy eftuary, which, contracting again,
reaches the fea belpw Liverpool. Such an accefiion of
ports anc} creeks, improved by the natural iqduftry of
the inhabitants, lias contributed to djftinggifh this part
,pf Laqcafhire, fop, .mapufT£ttirhig and commercial enter -
prifq,. efppcially of late. years, beyond every other part of
the kingdom. Here, inftead of haggard jealoufy and nar¬
row-minded oppofuion, the vaff; towns of Mancbefter and
Liverpool are mutual aids to eacli other in the acquili-
tion of wealth.

Proceeding along the extended fhores of Lancafhire,
we enter the Ribble, which is navigable up to Prefton.
Bearing (till to the north, vve enter tlje expanded fandy
bay which disjoins the hundred of Furnefs from its ap¬
propriate county, runs up to the fouth-vveftem corner of
Weft.moreland, .and admits a navigation for fmall veft'els
up to the port of Lancafter, the populous and well-built
capital of the county, and which carries on a confiderable
trade to the WeftrIndies. Furnefs, the disjoined part of
the Lancafhire coaft, is extremely rugged and romantic,
yielding great quantities of iron ore, and (late.. , The long
and narrow Ifle of Walney ferves as its bul\y.ark_againll
the waves of the Irifli Sea. The port of this diftricl is
at Ulverftone, fituated on a (hallow arm of the fea, into
which the Leven and other dreams enter. This arm, as
well <ts the broad eftuary or bay which fopa rates Furnefs
from the -reft of Lancafhire, is continually crofted by
horfes .and carriages at lpw water ; though not without
frequent accidents, and uniform danger.

After paffing Walney Ifle, we enter upon the coaft of
the bleak and dreary county of Cumberland ; which
thpugh barren and mountainous, is extremely rich in mi-
6 U neral

534

ENGLAND.

neral productions. Rttvenglafs is the firft fmall port
which offers it felf to view; then, after pafling the mouths
of two or three fmall rivulets, fucceeds St. Bees. head, a
promontory nofed for the great refort cf fea fowl. A
little beyond, feated on its bay, we reach Whitehaven, a
large handfome town, and a port of confiderable com¬
merce, though entirely of modern date, brought about
by the exertions of the late lord Lonfdale, and lord
Muncafler. Its great fource of traffic is in the collieries
fituated in the vicinity, which are fome of the mod re¬
markable in the kingdom, being wrought under the fea.
Much of the coal is exported to Ireland; and the town
has alfo a confiderable trade with the Weft Indies. Some¬
what further -north, is Workington, a port front Whence
large quantities of coal are likeyvife exported. This was
the landing-place of the unfortunate Mary queen of
Scots, when (he was driven to take refuge in the domi¬
nions of her infidious rival, Elizabeth. In the neigh¬
bourhood of this port is a large iron foundery : and at
fome diftance up the river, at the conflux of the Cocker
with the Derwent, is the opulent town of Cockermouth,
populous, and thriving very faft by its manufactories,
further along fhore lies Maryport, a new town raifed by
the coal-trade. From hence the coaft proceeds northward
to the inlet of Moricambe, at the entrance of Solway
Frith . At Burgh-upon-Sands, on this arm of the fea,
died our great and victorious Edward I. Up this Frith
alfo, we enter the mouth of the Edtn, which leads to
the celebrated city of Carlifle. Thus the weftern coaft of
England terminates like its eaftern fide, upon the fouther.n
extremity of North Britain, once the hardy and warlike
kingdom of Scotland.

Such is the fliort, but faithful (ketch, of the coafts and
fhores of England ; Chores which are defended, in confe-
quence of their peculiar fituation, and the higher blefting
of Providence, by unconquerable and imperifhable bul¬
warks, againft the malevolent attacks of an invading foe ;
namely, the raging fea, the rough and ihconftant winds,
the contending currents, and the beguiling tides, which
deceive the eye, by covering the rock's and ledges near
land, the conftant harbingers of deftruCtion and death to
•ftrahgerSi While, therefore, the hardy and loyal race of
people in England aft with becoming fpirit and unani¬
mity, and in unifon with its “ floating batteries and wood¬
en walls” — its invincible navy, — the theatre of deftruc-
tive war can never reach them, nor, but in a tranfient
manner, difturb their peaceful abodes.

The iflands which are dependent on or attached to the
coaft of England, are of confiderable number and im¬
portance. In the Engliih Channel, firft appears the ifle
of Wight, by the Romans called VeElis, by the Saxons
Vi/it/ond, of an oval form, about twenty miles in length,
and. twelve in breadth. This ifle is fertile and beautiful,
and decorated with many pifturefque villas ; the princi¬
pal port is that of Cowes. ' The chief mineral p'rod lifts
are pipe-clay, and fine white fand, for the fabrication of
pure glafs ; and at Alum-bay, on the north fide of the
Needles, have been found confiderable quantities of na¬
tive alum. At the diftance of about feventy miles from
the Wight, to the fouth.weft arifes the little" ifle of Al¬
derney, off Cape la Hogue; which is afterwards followed
by the more important ifles of Guernfey and Jerfey;
.Sark being a -fmall ifle interpofed between the two latter.
Guernfey, the largeft of thefe ifles, is twelve miles long,
nine broad, and about thirty-fix in circuit. It is verdant,
though the foil be hilly, and barren of wood. The only
town is that of Port St. Pierre. Jerfey is about twelve
miles in length, and fix in breadth, a well watered and
fertile ifland, producing excellent butter and honey.
The winters are milder, but mote windy, than thofe of
England. The inhabitants are computed at 20,000, of
which 3000 afe capable of arms. Alderney is a fmall
ifle, with a town, and about 1000 inhabitants. Sark has
about 300 inhabitants. It is remarkable that thefe
iflands, though fo much nearer, and even in view of the

French coaft, fhould have fo long continued under the
dominion of England. This can only be accounted for
from the free and open fpirit of the people, a mixed
breed, and their love of liberty and a free conftitution ;
and from the great fuperiority of the Britifit navy, which
conftantly protefts them from the rapacity of their neigh¬
bours, >

Returning to the Englifh fliore, we firft defcry the Ed-
diftone light-honfe, beat by all the fury, of the weftern
waves. About thirty miles to the weft of the land’s end,
appear the ifles of Scilly, which have been deemed the
Cafti.terides of the ancients, though thefe recks would
feetn to be too minute to have attracted their notice.
This clufter pretends to the name of 145 ifles, covered
with grafs or mofs, belides innumerable dreary rocks.
The large, id is that of St. Mary, which is about five miles
in circuit, and has a caftle and garrifon : inhabitants about
fix hundred. That of St. Agnes is rather fertile : inha¬
bitants about three hundred. The whole inhabitants of
the Scilly ifles, are computed at about one thou land.
On turning to the north, firft appears the little ifie of
Lundy, fituated in the Briftol channel, about three miles
long, but not a mile in breadth, with about five hundred
acres of good land, fome rivulets, and a caftle. It was
formerly a noted retreat for pirates. Some fmall ifles lye
off the Welfh coaft of Pembrokelhire and Caernarvon, filch
as Caldy, Skomar, Bardfey, and others : but the I fie of
Angtefea deferves more attention, being the Mona of
Tacitus, while the Ifle of Man is more properly the Mo-
nasda of the ancients. Anglefea is about twenty-five
miles in length, and eighteen in breadth. That of Man-
is about thirty miles in length, and fifteen in its g feat eft
breadth. In the midrt is a high mountain, called Snafel.
The chief mineral produftions are black marble, ljate,
lime-ftone, lead, copper, and iron. There are alfo' fome
fmall iflands oft' the eaftern coaft, as Lindisfarm and Co¬
quette ifland, near the mouth of the river of that name,
in Northumberland. The Ifle of Th'anet is now joined
to the land of Kent ; but Sheppey remains a pleafant and
interefting ifle. See all thefe, with the various ports and
places on the Engliih coaft, fully deferibed under their
refpeftive names, in this work.-

PRIMITIVE HISTORY.

It has ever been found a fubjeft of extreme difficulty
to afeertain the origin of the firft fettlers, even in a con¬
tinental country; but particularly in an ifland, like Bri¬
tain, whofe fhores could not but attraft the earlieft at¬
tention of thofe bold and enterprifihg men, who firft
braved the dangers of the ocean in pm fait of commerce,
or in view of gain. Hence the Phoenicians, recorded as
the mod ancient enlightened navigators, are generally
fuppofed to have firft difeovered this ifland; which is the
largeft in Europe; and to have fettled colonies on its
coafts, particularly in Cornwall, for the acquifition of its
tin. Bochart even fuppofes the name Britain, to be de¬
rived from a Phoenician word ; and Huet infers that the
name Caffiterides , or iflands of tin, afterwards reftrUTed to
the ifles of Scilly, was likewife given to it by the Greeks,
in common with Ireland ; but for the various etymolo¬
gies’, .fee the article Britain, vol. iii. p. 415. — The name
of Anglia , or England, was not given to South Britain un¬
til the Saxon heptarchy, when it took that name from the
Angles, a people of the ancient Cjmbric Cherfonefe, or
modern Jutland, who conquered a confiderable portion of
the ifland. See Ang les, vol . i. p.699.'

The earlieft population of this country, however, which
can with more plaufibility be traced, is that of the fouth-
ern Celts, about nine hundred years before the birth of
Chrift, when the Phrygians had acquired the fovefeignty
of the Mediterranean Sea. But the events of that pe¬
riod of our hiftory have been very imperfectly, and in
many inftances unfaithfully, recorded. Add to thefe
difficulties which oppole our refearches on this JtibjeCt,
that the nations of Europe were then a mixed multitude,

, conliflino;

ENG

hordes, which proceeding from the northern regions /of
Afia^the wilds of Phrygia and Scythia, had dilfolved the
petty dates which the primeval condition of fociety had
formed, and made themfelves lords of Europe. Amid
this. confufion, and cladiing interefts of nations, it is al-
nioft impollible to trace any regular feries' of authenti¬
cated events, Yet, as the hiftory ( f ancient times is not
wholly loff, and as the obfeure and imperfeft records in
which it is preferved, may tlirow fome light on the tur¬
bulent t ran fail: ions of that rude and illiterate age, it may
not be uninterefting thus to notice them.

As in later times the Belgic fettlers in England were
fubdned by the northern Saxons, fo the Celtic colony from
the fou til was vanquished by the Cimbri of the north, the
ancedors of the Weldv,- who ftyle themfelves Cymri, and
their language Cymraig, to this day. The original Gaelic
inhabitants appeal then to hwe almod entirely evacuated
the country, and to have retired to Ireland, alfo originally
peopled from Gaul. There, and in the Highlands of
Scotland, to which a Gaelic colony palled from Ireland,
the Gaelic dialed! of the Celtic language dill exids. Sec
the articles Cert^e and Cimbri, vol. iv. p. i8>and 597.

To the Celtic population of England fucceeded the
Gothic. The Scythians or Goths, advancing from Ada,
drove the Cimbri or northern Celts before them ; and, at
a period dill preceding the Chridian era, had feized on
that part of Gaul which is neared to Britain, where they
acquired the provincial denomination of Be/ga, or men of
tumult. Their padage to England followed of courfe :
and when Caefar fird explored this ifland, he informs us,
that the aboriginal inhabitants were driven into the in¬
terior parts, while the regions on the fouth-ead were peop¬
led with Belgic colonies. Tlmfe Belgae may therefore be
judly regarded as the chief ancedors of the Englifli na¬
tion ; for the Saxons, Angles, and othemortliern invaders,
though of didingnidied courage, were inconfiderable in
-numbers, when compared with the Belgic fettlys. “ Till
a recent period (fays Mr. Pinkerton), antiquaries had
imagined that the Belgae ufed the Celtic language, and
had execrated the "cruelties of the Saxons for an extirpa¬
tion which never happened. But as it appears that two-
thirds of England were podeffed by the Belgic Goths, for
fix or feven hundred years before the arrival of the Saxons,
it is no wonder that no Celtic words are to be found in
the Englifh language, which bears more affinity to the
Frific and Dutch, than to the J utlandic or Danidi .” — It is
not decided, whether the Frifones of Procopius be the
Saxons or the Belgae. The original documents evince,
that all thefe northern colonies, while they conquered by
fit per lor valour and hardihood, were far from being fuf-
ficiently numerous to form even a femblance of popula¬
tion. Scarcely an inftance occurs of their being accom¬
panied by women ; and their invafions may, in part, be
paralleled by the fubfequent conqueds of the Danes and
Normans. Yet as the period was far more remote and
barbarous, the changes ^vere greater ; and the Belgic in¬
habitants, the genuine population, feem to have been re¬
duced to various degrees of fervitude, and to have confti-
tuted thofe numerous flaves mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon
times; while intermarriages, and other fortunate circum-
flances, contributed to lighten the Norman yoke. Hence
there feems little room to doubt that the Belgte conditu-
ted the chief ancedors of the Englidi nation, and that their
language gradually prevailed, though tinged in the north
with the Anglic or Danidi, and in the foutli with the
Saxon. This fubjeift has been the longer dvyelt upon,
becaufe it is not only of eflential importance in itfelf, but
becaufe it has hitherto been clouded with many erroneous
aflertions and opinions.

England, or South Britain, when fir ft invaded by the
Romans, was divided into feventeen didinfl: nations, or
feparate dates, whereof the inhabitants were called Dan-
nionii, Durotriges, Belgae, Attrebatii, Regni, Cantii,
Dobuni, Cattieuchlani, Trinobantes, Iceni, Coritani,

L A N D. 535

Cornavii, Silures, Dimetae, Ordovices, Brigantcs, and
Ottadini.

The Danmonii were fituated in that part of Britain
which dands a confiderable way toward the wed, and is
bounded by the Severn fea on the north ; by the Britilh
ocean . on t lie fouth ; and by St. George’s channel on the
wed. In the trad! now comprehending the counties of
Cornwall and Devon, Ptolemy notices the eduary Vex-
alla, formed by the confl uence of the two rivers Pedredtts
and Ivellus, now the Parrett and the 111 ; the promon¬
tory of Hercules, and the promontory Belerium, which
is the mod wedern part of the ifland, now known by the
name of the Land’s End. The principal places, men¬
tioned by the fame geographer, on the fou them coad,
were Voliba, now Falmouth ; the mouth of the Tamara,
on which is now fituated the town of Plymouth ; and the
mouth of the Ifca, now the Ex. The chief inland towns
were Ifca-Danmoniorum, Exeter; Tamare, Tavidock ;
and Uxella, according to Camden, Ledwithiel.

The Durotriges were feated to the ead of the Dan¬
monii, in that tradl which is now called Dorfetlhire. In
this part of the county Ptolemy notices one place only,
which he calls Dunium. It is, however, generally agreed
among the learned, that, indead of Dunium, we fliould
read Durnium; and that this was the ancient name of
Dorcheder, the principal town in the county of Dorfet.

The Belgae appear to have occupied Somerfetlhire,
Wilt(hire,.and Hamplhire. Ptolemy notices, among their
mod condderable towns, thofe of Magnus Portus, Portf-
mouth; Trifantonis Portus, Southampton; Ven;a Belga-
■rum, Wincheder ; Aquae-calidae, Bath; and Ifculis, now
Ilcheftcr.

The Attrebatii, or inhabitants of Berkfliire, are faid
to have come originally from Belgic Gaul, and to have
retained their ancient name in their new fettlement. Their
chief city was Catena, now Wallingford. Antoninus men¬
tions another place Called Spinse, Speenhamland, the
fauxbourg- of Newbury.

The Regni inhabited a tradt of country comprehending
Surry, Sulfex, and part of the fea-coad of Hampfhire.
Ptolemy mentions only one city, viz. Noviomagus, in this
part of the ifland ; but Antoninus notices Othpna, the fite
of the prefent Hadings ; Portus Adurni, now the fmalL
village of Ederington ; and Regnum, now Ringwood,
whither the Regni are faid to have fled for protection
from their invaders.

The Cantii inhabited that portion of country, on the
ead of t he Belgae and Attrebatii, which is now diftin-
■ guidied by the name of Kent. Their chief towns appear
to have been Durovernum, Durobrivis, Durolenum, Por¬
tus Dubris, Regulium, and Portus Lemunis ; now Canter¬
bury, Rochefter, Lenham, Dover, Reculver, and Lime.

The Dobunii are placed, by Ptolemy, on the nofth dde
of the Thames, in the counties of Gloucefterfhire- and
Oxforddiire. The principal places in this diftridt were
Durocornovium, which dood on the die of the prefent
town of Cirencefter ; Altone, Alvington or Abingdon;
and Glevum, now Glouceder.

The Cattieuchlani feem to have podefled the greateft
part of Buckinghamdiire, Bedfordlhire, and Hertford-
diire. Antoninus mentions the following places as be¬
longing to this people : Lactodormn, Bedford ; Magio-
vinium, Adiwell; Durocdbrivis, Hertford ; and Verula-
mitim, the ruins of which, near St. Alban’s, are dill
culled Verulam. Before the arrival of Julius Caefar, tie
Cattieuchlani had fubjugaied a condderable part of the
country belonging to the Dobuni, and were conftantly
engaged in hodilities with their neighbours.

The Trinobantes inhabited the prefent counties of Mid-
dlefex and Elfex, and polfelied the city of Londinium, or
London, which feems to have been founded about the
time of Claudius, and is mentioned by Tacitus as a place
famous for trade and the concourfe of merchants, though
not drftinguilhed with the title of colony. The other
principal towns of the Trinobantes were Durolitum, Cre-

laromagus, .

5S0

ENG]

faromagus, Cortomium, Canialodtiitfuri, and Colonia; now
l.eiton, Burghftead, Cannonden, Malden, and Colchefter.

The Iceni occupied the country bordering oh tliat of
the Trinobantes, and comprehending the prefent coun¬
ties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, and -Huntingdon.
Their chief towns, as mentioned by Ptolemy and Anto¬
ninus, were Villa Fauflini, Cambretonium, Sitontagus,
Venta Icenorum, Garienis Oftium, Tciani, Brarinodkim,
and Durobrivae ; now St. Edmund’s Bury, Brettenh mi,

1 hetford, Yarmouth, Ichborough, Brancufter, and Dorn-
ford : to which we may add Camboritum, on the banks
of the Cam, which are at prefent adorned with the town
and univerfity of Cambridge.

TheCoritanii poffelfed an extenfive territory bordering
on the Iceni, and comprehending the counties of North¬
ampton, Leiceffer, Rutland, Lincoln, Nottingham, and
Derby. Their principal towns were Lindum, Lincoln;
Tripontium, To-.vcefler ; Beneventa, Northampton; Ra-
tae, Leicefter. ; Verometum, Burrowhill ; and Agelocum,
now Idleton. In this- country are (fill vifible the ruins
of fome ancient fortifications and military fences, laid to
have been erefted by Ofiorius, to prevent tire irruption
of thole who inhabited Wales, and t he northern parts of
Britain.

The Cornavi were feated to tire weft of tlte Coritani,
and feem to have poffeffed Warwickfltire, Worcefterfltire,
Stafford lit ire, Shropfhire, and Chefhire. Their principal
pdaces were, Praefidium, Warwick ; Branogenium, Wor-
cefter ; Viroconiuin, out of whofe ruins rofe tlte prefent
town of SJtrewlbury ; Pennocrucium, Penkridge ; Deva,
Chefter ; Condate, Congieton ; and Ruiunium, Ronton.

The Sil ures. inhabited that diflridt which is no r diflin-
guiil ed by tlte' inline, of South. Wales, and cornprifes Rad-
norfltire, Brecknockfhire, and G 1 a m’organ (h ire,' with the
counties of Hereford and Monmouth. Tacitus is of opi¬
nion, that this people came originally from Spain, on
account of their ruddy complexion, their curled hair, and
their fituation over againft that country. In Hereford-
ihire flood Bletium, now the Old Town on the Manor;
Brecknock appears to have been inhabited in the Roman
times. Some ruins of Venta Silurum, or tlte city Venta,
are.ftilL to be feen in Monmouthfiiire. Phily caflle, in
Glamorganfhire, is, in the opinion of Camden, the mod
noble piece of ancient architefifure remaining in Britain.

The Dimetre occupied the remaining part of South
Wales, comprehending Caermarthenfliire, Pembrokefltire,
and Cardigan (hi re. Ptolemy, however, mentions none
of their towns, except Loventium, at the mouth of the
Tuerobis, and Maridunum, now Caermarthen.

The Ordovices are reprefent-ed as a powerful and war¬
like nation, who poffelfed the diftrift called North Wales,
and comprehending Montgonieryfliire, Merionethlhire,
Caernarvpnfhire, Denbiglvfhire, and Flintfhire, In this
country are the veftiges of feveral forts raifed by the
Romans to keep the natives in fubjeftion ; and oppofite
. Caernr.rvonfliire lies tlte ifland of Mona, now Anglefea,
the ancient feat of the Druids ; firft attempted by Pauli-
nus Suetonius, and afterwards reduced by Agricola.

Tiie Brigantes, a numerous and powerful people, are
fair! to halve inhabited Yorkfhire, Durham, Lancafhire,
Wc-flmoreland, and Cumberland, in the weft riding of
Yorkfhire hood the city of Danurrt, nowcaRed Doncafler;
near the confluence of the Calder and the Arc flood La-
geolitim, now dwindled to the fmall village of Caflleford ;
and 1 Curium Brjgantum is fnppofed to liave occupied the
Cue of- the prefent village pf Aldborough, near Borough-
bridge. .Eboracum, now- York, was both a Roman co¬
lony and a municip’um, and contained a palace, in which
tiie emperors Septimius Severus and Confhtntius Chlorus
died. In the ea ft riding, about feven miles from York,
flood Deweiftis, now tiie village Auldby ; and on tiie pro¬
montory OceUiHu, dr Holdernelfe, flood the city of Prae-
torium, now Patrington. In Lancafhire were Mancu-
nium, NJanchefler ; and Alone, Lancafter. In Wefl-
r.iorelahd flood Veteras, now tire village Burgh, and

LAN D.

Aballaba, which retains its ancient name, being called,
by contraction, Apelby. In Cumberland the Romans
threw up fortifications -on fuch parts of the fea-coaft as
were convenient for landing ; and various remains of an¬
tiquity arc hill, vifible in that county.

The Ottadini were fituated in the traft of country now
called Northumberland. Here are (till to be feen many
veftiges of antiquity; but tiie only places taken notiie <-
of by the ancients between Bremenium and Edinburgh
Frith, are Tavi Oftium, the mouth of the Tweed ; and
Caftra Alafa, which mod antiquaries fuppofe to be tiie
fame witli Edinburgh.

Thofe who refided beyond the two friths are compre-
liended, by Dio Ca'flius, under the names of M^alse and
Caledonii ; the former of whom poffelfed the foutli part
of Britannia Barbara, and the latter the north. From
the Caledonii, or Dicalidones, the north part of Britain
was called Caledonia ; and ^tliey appear to have been a
diftindt nation from the Attacotti and Scotti, under tiie
reign of Vajentinian and Valens, for Ammiahus Marcel-
limis, writing of that time, obferves, “ The Piets, under
which denomination are comprehended the Dicalidones
and the Vedturiones, the Attacotti like.wife, a warlike
nation, and the Scotti, roaming about, committed great
deviations.” — Thefe people aredeferibed by Gibbon as
follows: “ The hand of nature had contributed to mark
the ancient 'diftipfftion of tiie Scots and Pidls. The for¬
mer were the men of tiie hills, and the latter thofe of the
plain. The eaflern coaft of Caledonia may be confidered
as a level and fertile country, which, even in a rude Hate
of tillage, was capable of producing a confujerable quan¬
tity of corn; and the epithet of cruitnich, or wheat-eaters,
expreffed the contempt or envy of the Pidl, or carnivo¬
rous highlander. The cultivation of the earth might
introduce a more accurate reparation of property, and the
habits of a fedentary life ; but the love of arms and ra¬
pine was Hill the ruling pa IT] or) of the Pidts : and their
warriors, who ftript themfelves for battle, were diftin-
gui died, in the eyes of the Romans, by the ftrange fafliion
of painting their naked bodies with gaud,y colours and
fantaftic figures, whence their name. The weflern part
of Caledonia irregularly rifes into wild and barren hills,
which fcarcely repay the toil of the hufbandman, and are
mod profitably tiled for the palture of cattle. The high¬
landers were condemned to the occupations of fhepherds
and hunters; and as they feldoni were fixed to any per-
tnanent habitation, they acquired the expreflive name of
Scots, which, in the Celtic tongue, is faid to be equivalent
to that of wanderers or vagrants

Nothing completely fatisfadlory can be advanced re-
fpedting the affairs of Britain before the time of Julius
Caefar, who, having fubjugated all the warlike nations
on the oppofite coafi, conceived tiie defign of bringing
the Britons aifo tinder the dominion of Rome. In order
to facilitate the execution of this projedt, he difpatchcd
C. Volufenus with a fingle galley to view tlte ifland, to
learn the cuftoms and manners of the inhabitants, and to
get fome knowledge of their ports and havens; while the
Roman troops were drawn up in the country of tiie Mo-
rini, now Picardy, and a numerous fleet lay at anchor in
readinefs for tlte deflined expedition. The Britons, re-
ceiving intelligence of thefe preparations, thought proper
to elude the impending danger by voluntary concefTion,
and accordingly fent an efnbaffy to Caefar, offering to
fubmit to the authority of Rome, and Jo deliver ho ft ages
for their fidelity. Caefar received the ambafladors with
apparent kindnefs, but would not abandon his fcheme of
an invafipn, which the proximity of the ifland to the coaft
of Gaul feemed flrongly to invite ; and which the doubt¬
ful intelligence of a pearl fifliery feemed alio to attradt ;
but Caefar concealed that ignoble motive, though it is
acknowledged by .Suetonius.

At that time, according to Caefar and other hiftorians,
the Britons were very numerous, and had their country
well flocked with cattle. Their houles refembled thofe

of

E N G L

of the Gauls ; and they ufed copper and iron plates or
rinses, weighed by a certain (landard, as the circulating ^
medium for money. Their toiVns were a confufed group
of huts, placed at a ftnall didance from one apother, ge¬
nerally in the middle of a wood, to which all the avenues
were guarded by mounds of earth, or with trees. The
people were in a date of barbarifm, much refembling the
Gauls and Germanic tribes on the continent. The ufe of
clothes was but little regarded : the common inhabitants
covered themfelves with the fkins of beafts ; and this'ra-
tlier to avoid giving offence to drangers, who came to
trade with them for corn, tin, and hides, than to defend
their bodies from the rigour of the feafons. It was then
a cudom among the Britons to paint their bodies with
the juice of woad, of a light azure blue; which was
fometimes done for ornament, and fo me times with a view
to terrify their enemies. They diaved the beard, all except
the upper lip, and wore long hair. The arms, both of the
man and woman, who frequently fought by her hu (band’s
fide, were a fword, a lance, and a fliield. Bread-plales and
helmets they looked upon rather to be: incumbrances, and
therefore made but little ufe oT them. They ufually
fought in chariots, fome of which were armed with feythes
at the wheels, and which, being driven furioufly among
the thicked of the enemy, mowed down multitudes at
once. In the rage of war they were fierce and cruel, and
extremely blood-thirdy. When driven to didrefs, they
could fivbfift on the hardeft fare ; and would eat even the
bark and roots of trees. The foil them and middle na¬
tions were faid to be fomewhat more civilized ; and the
Cantii, or inhabitants of Kent, more fo than any of the
red ; they appeared to polfefs loftier fentiments, and to
have had more experience of men and manners.

The general charaCteriftic attributed to the Britons, in
this barbarous and uncultivated age, feemsto have been,
that, though fierce' in the field, and terrible to an enemy,
they were neverthelefs gentle in their domedic capacity,
and took pride in aCts of magnanimity and friendfhip.
Among their own tribes, hofpitality was indulged with
the mod unbounded freedom. The entertainer, when
his humble fare was exhauded, carried his gued to the
honfe of'his next neighbour. Invitations were not waited
for ; nor was it of confequence to be invited. A recep¬
tion equally warm was at all times certain. On thefe occa-
fions, giving way to the movements of the heart, they
delighted in prefents ; but they neither thought them¬
felves entitled to a return for what they gave, nor laid
under an obligation for what they received. They yielded
to the impulfe of padion, and the pleafure they felt was
their recompenfe. Their gifts were directed by no view
of an immediate or didant advantage ; their generodty
was no traffic of intered, and proceeded front no motive
of defign. When fupplied to their defire with intoxicat¬
ing liquors, they were no le'fs invincible in vice than in
valour; yet they applied feduloudy to public affairs, and
debated concerning peace and war. Every one confidered
himfelf interefted in the well-being of his particular tribe.
They marched, on all weighty occalions, to thealfembly
of their prince or leader, where a freedom of fpeech, en¬
tire and unlimited, was allowed them. The age, the
eloquence, the rank, and the honours acquired in war,
were the qualities which procured attention to the fpeak-
er ; and the people were influenced by perfuafion, not
by authority. A murmur, coarfe and rude, expreffed
their dilfent ; whilft the tinkling of their armour was the
mark of their applaufe. Such is to this day the common
date of favage nations.

In their religion they were grofs, like almoft all the
kingdoms of the earth, in that dark and didant age which
preceded about fifty-five years the birth of Ohrid. They
believed in a plurality of ‘fubordinate gods ; but confided
in one Supreme Being, as the author and ruler of the
whole. Their groves or druidical temples were appro¬
priated to the ufes of devotion ; and, in the awful re-
fpeCt infpired by (Hence in the deep recedes of their
Vol. VI. No. 370.

a n n. 537

woods, they felt, or pretended to feel, and to acknow¬
ledge, the power of their deities, and of the Supreme
Being. They confidered the oak as t he emblem of tlie
Almighty ; and accordingly chapletsof it were worn by
the prieds and people in their religious ceremonies ; the
altars were drewed with its leaves, and encircled with
its branches. The fruit of it, or rather its parafitical oit-
fpring, the mifletoe, was thought to contain a divine vir¬
tue, and to be the peculiar gift of heaven. It was there¬
fore fought for on the fixth day of the moop with the
greated earneftnefs and anxiety, and when found, was
hailed with raptures of joy, and carefully laid up in their
facred repofitories. It was then confecrated by the prieds,
and adminidered as a fovereign fpecific in almod every
difeafe to which the natives were fubjeCt. They were
much addicted to augury and divination; and were fond
of drawing prognodics from the running of waters, the
flight of birds, and the neighing of horfes. Their priefts
had greater authority than their kings or chieftains, and
they were governed in all their great undertakings, whe¬
ther of-war or of peace, of flight or of battle, by the im-
pulfes orfuppofed dictates of their divinities, as revealed
or explained to them by their miniders and bards, the
difpenfers of the druidical doCtrines. See Bard* vol.ii.
p. 716, and the article Druids, p. 87, of this volume.

The more common office of m3giflrate, if fuch it might
be called in thofe rude times, was ufually filled by t lie
leader of a tribe, who, with t he body of his officers ami
followers, condituted a court, which heard accufations
and determined concerning crimes. Traitors and deferters
were hung on trees. Cowardice, and the crime againffc
nature, were confidered as of equal atrocity; and the per-
fons convicted of them were choaked in mires and fwamps
by the preffure of hurdles. A corporal puniftiment, and
compenfations in corn and cattle; were the atonements of
fmaller delinquencies.

The remoter and more fequeffered tribes, who dwelt
principally in caves and forefts, were not however fo ci¬
vilized, nor fo religioufly inclined. To the mod favage
fiercenefs, they united an unconquerable fpirit. They
'clothed themfelves with the fkins of beads, fed chiefly
on herbage, and flept on the earth. Tlveir chief depend¬
ence was on their arrows, and their women accompanied
them to the ch^ce, and partook of the prey. A cover¬
ing, inwrought with boughs, was all the (belter which
defended their infants from the rigour of feafons, or the
ferocity of animals. This predatory life, the fierce inha¬
bitants of the caves and mountains of Wales, preferred to
the fatigue of cultivating the earth, or building lints ;
to the agitations of hope and fear attendant on a care of
their own fortunes, and on a connection with thofe of
Others. Unapprehenfive of any danger from men, and
awed by no terror of the gods, they had reached a date
which is nearly unattainable to the utmod human endea¬
vours — that of being entirely without a wiffi.

Amongd all the nations and tribes of Britain, courage,
intrepidity, and fuperior prowefs, were the qualifications
which entitled to the office and jurifdiCtion of a chief ;
and the general of an army was to command lefs by au¬
thority than from example/ He drew refpeCt and obfer-
vation by his activity, his addrefs, and the fplendour of
his exploits. Even the hopes and ambition of the fimple
individual were made to depend on his perfonal exertion
and courage. Yet, with all this. attention to merit, and
with all their rigidnefs of character, they were prone to
deceive and to circumvent. They accounted it merito¬
rious to {teal upon their enemies in the darkeft nights;
they blackened their fhields, and painted their bodies, to
appear more terrible ; and, to give ground, or run away,
and unexpectedly to face about and return to the charge,
was a common and an admired feat of their prudence. It
is alfo remarkable, that, though attentive to jnftice, with
a punctilious exaCtnefs, within the bounds of their parti¬
cular nations, they defpifed it with regard to other ltates
and communities; and hence that continual fource of dif-
6 X fenfion

538

ENG

fenfion and animofity, which kept them at perpetual war
with each other. At home, to commit violence and de¬
predation was a crime of the deepeft dye; but when di¬
rected againft a rival nation, though at peace, was a mark
c¥ valour, and an exprefiion of virtue. To make incur-
fions upon a neighbouring tribe, to carry off their cattle,
and lay waffe their territory, were actions of renown and
greatnefs. Thefe adventures roufed the'ambition of the
valorous, and were enterprifes in which they acquired re¬
putation, and qualified themfelves for fcenes of greater
danger and glory;

The Britifh nations were therefore brave and refolute,
owing to the continual diffenfions among themfelves.
They confequently proved very formidable to the Ro¬
mans; but the fame diffenfions which had taught them
to be refolute in war, alfo prevented them from uniting
in one common caufe, the defence of their country. Yet
when Csefar arrived on the coaft near Dover, he law the
“white cliffs of Albion” covered with aimed men to
oppofe his landing. But finding it impracticable to gain
the fhore where he firft intended, he refolved to choofe a
place of greater fecurity. The place where he made good
liis landing, which was in the year before Chrift 55, was
about eight miles farther on, Tome fuppofe at Deal, where
an inclining fhore and a level country invited his attempts.
Here, however, he alfo found the Britifh chariots and
cavalry drawn up to oppofe his landing, and a material
difficulty proceeded from the conftruiStion of his veflels,
which required a confiderable depth of water, fo that the
foldiers, encumbered as they were with heavy armour,
were obliged to leap into the fea, and wade, with ex¬
treme difficulty, toward the enemy, who, (landing on the
beach, or advancing forward, fecurely threw their darts,
and repulfed their affailants with great facility. This
difadvantage operated fb powerfully on the fpirits of the
Romans, that they feemed unwilling to continue the en¬
gagement ; but on Casfar’s ca tiling his galleys to advance
with their broadfides toward the fhore, whereby his le¬
gions were enabled to come to aftion with their javelins
and arms, the Britons began to give ground ; and the
llandard-bearer of the tenth legion leaping boldly into
the fea, and calling aloud upon his comrades to defend
their enfign, the Romans preffed forward, and began the
fight with their accuftomed fury. The Britons fuflained
the attack, for feme time, with undaunted bravery, and
even threw their auiiilants into great confufion ; but1 they
were at length overpowered, and compelled to elude de-
ftruction by a precipitate retreat.

Upon this defeat the Britons thought-proper to appeafe
thq enemy by timely fubmiflions, and accordingly fent a
deputation to fue for peace. Csefar, anxious to return to
the continent, agreed to pardon them on condition they
delivered a certain number of hoftages. But, in the mean¬
while, the tranfports containing the Roman cavalry, were
driven back, to the ports of Gaul by a tremendous (form ;
and the fleet which lay in the road was greatly damaged,
feverul velfels being dafhed to pieces, and others rendered
totally ufelefs by the lofs of their anchors, cables, and
rigging. The fame night, alfo, the tide rofe fo high,
that the galleys which had been drawn afliore were all
filled with water. Thefe difafters excited a general joy
in the Britifh camp, and itifpired the Britons with the
hope of dcflroying an enemy who was evidently in want
of cavalry, fliips, and provifions. Accordingly the chiefs,
who had alfembled to perform their agreement with Cse¬
far, began to (teal out of the camp, and to collect their
troops with fucli diligence, that they were foon enabled
to attack the feventh legion, vs I10 had been fent out in
q tied of forage, and to revenge their late defeat by put¬
ting numbers of them to death. However, Csefar having
battened to the relief of his countrymen with all his other
troops, the Britons were obliged to retire without com¬
pleting their defign. After this aCtion a heavy fall of
rain, which continued for feveral days, kept the Romans
inactive in their camp.

.AND.

The Britons, in the mean time, were not idle; for, hav¬
ing difpatched meffengers into all parts of the ifland to
invite their countrymen to force the enemy’s camp, they
aftembled a numerous army, and boldly advanced to the
Roman intrenchments ; but Csefar drew up his legions fo
advantageoufly, and attacked the undifciplined Britons fo
vigoroufiy, that they were overthrown with great (laugh¬
ter, and purfeted through feveral of their towns and vil¬
lages, which were facrificed to the vengeance of the Ro¬
mans, till at length the conqueror returned to his camp,
and the vanquifhed Britons confented to purchafe a peace,
by fending double the number of hoftages which had been
required by the former treaty. Caefaiy having obtained
this conceffion, and refitted the greateft part of his veflels,
deemed it advifable to batten his departure, left if he re¬
mained till the equinox his fleet might be again expofed
to the fury of a ftorm, and his troops involved in fome
more ferious embarraflments. The fame night, therefore,
he weighed anchor, and patted over to Gaul, whence he
wrote to inform the fenate at Rome of his fuccefs ; for
whicli a general thankfgiving was appointed for twenty
days.

Provoked foon after at the neglect of the Britifli fiates,
of whom two only fent him hoftages, Ccefar determined
to make another defeent, the following fpring, with a
more powerful fleet and army. Accordingly, during his
winter refidence at Rome, his lieutenants refitted all the
old veflels, and built fo great a number of tranfports, that
on. his return he found fix hundred fliips and twenty-eight
galleys ready to launch. With this formidable fleet he
repuired to the Portus Ttius, now Witfand, between Ca¬
lais 'and Boulogne, and weighing anchor about fun-fet,
arrived with his whole fleet the next day, by noon, at
the fame place where he had landed the year before.
The Britons, aftoniflied at the fight of fo numerous an ar¬
mament, abandoned the fhore, and retired to the hills,
whence they were driven by the Roman cavalry with
confiderable lofs; but, as the day was far (pent, Csefar
gave up the purfuit of the fugitives, and returned to for¬
tify his camp.

Next morning Cnefar refolved to march in queft of the
enemy ; but when he was come within fight of their rear,
lie received the mortifying intelligence that mod of his
fliips were ftranded or dafhed to pieces by a violent ftorm.
This difafter cheeked his progreis, and obliged him to re¬
turn to the fea-fide. However, he fet all the carpenters
in .the fleet and army to work ; drew all his fliips, that
had efcaped the tempeft, on (bore ; and enclofed them
within the fortifications of his camp. This extraordinary
work being completed, by the diligence of the foldiers,
in ten days, Csefar left a fufficient body of men to defend
the intrenchments, and battened with the refidue of his
forces to the place where he had laft feen the enemy.
Upon his arrival lie found their army greatly augmented,
under the conduct of Caffibelan, king of the Trinobantes,
to whom the Britons had unanimoufly committed the ma¬
nagement of the war. Whilft the Romans were on their
march they were attacked by the Britifli chariots and ca¬
valry, but the affailants were repulfed with great (laugh¬
ter, and compelled to retire to the woods. An unex¬
pected Tally was alfo made whilft the Romans were butted
in fortifying their camp ; and three legions were vigo¬
roufiy attacked whilft in queft of forage, but the affailants
were eventually overthrown, and difperfed with confide-
rable lofs. Encouraged by this fuccefs, Csefar led his
troops toward the Thames, in order to crofs that river,
and carry the war into the territories of Caflibelan ; but
when he came to the only place where the river could
be folded, he perceived that t he enemy had fortified the
oppofite bank with (harp flakes, and drawn up a nume¬
rous body of forces to oppofe liis landing. However, the
enterprifing general ordered both his cavalry and the le¬
gions to advance to the attack. Thefe orders were im¬
mediately executed with fuch alacrity and refolution,
that, though the infantry were up to the chin in water,

E N G

the Britons were compelled to abandon the bank, and
Caffibelan, being' unwilling to venture an engagement,
ditbanded the major part of his forces, retaining only four
thoufand chariots, with which he ha raffed the foraging
parties of the enemy, and prevented them front making
excurtions.

Meanwhile the Trinobantes fent an embalfy to Caefar,
tendering their fubmiffions, and requeuing him to appoint
Mandubratius their king and governor, in-head of Caffibe-
lan, who liad forfeited their efteem by fome acts of op-
prellion. Thefe requeds were readily complied with ;
and' the example of the Trinobantes was foon followed
by feveral other hates, which voluntarily fubmitted to
the Romans. Caefar alfo marched with his legions againft
Verulamiunt, now St. Alban’s, Caflibelan’s chief city,
which he foon reduced, notwithdanding the natural
ftrength of the fortifications, and the brave reft fiance of
the inhabitants. To repair this heavy lofs, and divert
the enemy from purfuing his conquefls, Caffibelan per-
fttaded four petty princes of Kent, viz. Cingetorix, Car-
villus, Segonax, and Taximagulus, to raife a body of
forces, and attack the camp where the ffiips were laid up;
but this defign was rendered abortive by the vigilance of
the Romans, and Caffibelan was eventually compelled to
fue for peace. Caefar, having now received a number of-
hodages from the Britons for the performance of their
treaty, caufed his fleet to be launched with all convenient
expedition, left the winter fhould prevent his voyage ; and,
weighing anchor about the fecoud watch of the night,
reached the continent by break of day, after making him-
felf rather the nominal than the real po(TefTbr of Britain
— to which he never after returned.

In his Commentaries, Caefar gives the following ac¬
count of the evolutions of the Britons in battle. “This
is their method of fighting from chariots: they firft ride
to all parts and throw their darts, and frequently break
our ranks by the prancing of their deeds, and rattling
of the wheels; and, when they have got amongfl the
troops of horfe, they alight from their chariots, and fight
on foot; the charioteers in the mean while draw off a
little from the engagement, and place themfclves in fitch
a manner, that, if thefe fhould be overborne by the
numbers of the enemy, they may have an eafy retreat to
them. Thus they perform in battle the nimblenefs of
the horfe, and the firmnefs of the foot ; and fo expert
are they by conflant ufe and exercife, that they can flop
their horfes on full gallop down hill, and can check and
turn them in a fmall compafs, run upon the pole, rife
upon the harnefs, and quickly from thence recover the
chariot.” Upon the whole, the character given by Caefar
himfelf of his enemies, the Britons, confidering their then
a favage date, is much more flattering, than degrading, of
their native courage and magnanimous difpodtion. He
makes no other didindlion between the colonies planted
on its coafls, and thefe interior tribes, than by Amply
calling them Aborigines. — The Rev. Geo. Richards, of
Oriel College, Oxford, in his defeription of this people,
lias drawn the following portrait of the aboriginal Briton :
Rude as the wilds around his fylvan home
In favage grandeur fee the Briton roam:

Bare were his limbs, and drung with toil and cold,

By untam’d nature cad in giant mould.

O’er his broad brawny fbotilders, loofely flung,

Shaggy and long, his yellow ringlets hung.

His waifl an iron-belted falchion bore,

M-afiy, and purpled deep with human gore;

His fcarr’d and rudely painted limbs around
Fantadic horror-driking dgures frown’d,

Which, monder-like, ev’n to the confines ran
Of Nature’s work, and left him hardly man.

Upon the acceffion of Augudus to the imperial purple
of Rome, that emperor had formed a defign of vifiting
Britain; but was diverted from it by an unexpedted re¬
volt of the Pannonians. Some years after he refumed
his defign ; but being met in his way by the Britiffi ent-

L A N D. 539

baffadors, who promised the nceudomed tribute, and made
the ufual fubmiffions, he defided from his intention.
The year following, finding them remifs in their fupplies,
and untrue to theii*former profeffions, he once mjjre pre¬
pared for the invalion of the country ; bat a well-timed
embalfy again averted his indignation, and the fubmiffions
he received feemed to fatisfy liis re fent meat : upon his
death-bed he appeared fenlibl.e of the-o vergro wn extent
of the Roman empire., and he recommended it to his fuc-
cedors never to enlarge their territories. Tiberius fol¬
lowed the maxims^of Augudus; and wifely judging the
empire already too extend ve, made no attempt on Bri¬
tain. Some Roman foldiers having been wrecked on the
Britiffi coad, the inhabitants not only a (lifted them with
the greated humanity, but fent them in fafety back to
theii general. In confeqtience of thefe friendly difpod-
tions, a condant intercourfe of good offices ftiblided be¬
tween the two nations; the principal Britiffi nobility re-
forted to Rome, and many received their education there.

From this time the Britons began to improve in many
of the arts which contribute to the advancement of hu¬
man nature. The fird art which a favage people is gene¬
rally taught by their politer neighbours, is that of war.
The Britons, thenceforward, though not wholly addidted
to the Roman method of fighting, neverthelefs adopted
feveral of their improvements, as well in their arms as in
their arrangement in the field. Their ferocity to Arangers,
for which they had been always remarkable, was miti¬
gated ; and they began to permit an intercourfe of com¬
merce in the internal parts of the country. They dill,
however, continued to live as herdfmen and hunters ;
whild the wild extravagances of Caligula, by which he
threatened Britain with an invadon, ferved rather to ex-
pofe him to ridicule, than the i (1 and to danger. The
Britons, therefore, for almod a century, enjoyed their li¬
berty unmoleded, till at length the Romans, in the reign
of Claudius, began. to think ferioudy of reducing them
completely under their dominion. The expedition for
this purpofe was at drd conducted by Plautius, with that
f’uccefs which ufually attended the Roman arms. Clau¬
dius himfelf, in the year of Chrift 43, finding aftairs fuf-
dciently prepared for his reception, entered the ifland,
and received the fubmidion of fuch dates as, living by
commerce, were willing to purchafe tranquillity at the
expence of freedom. It is true that many of the inland
provinces preferred their native dmplicity to imported
elegance, and, rather than bow their necks to the Roman
yoke, opened their bofomsto the fw.ord. But the fouth-
ern coad, with all the adjacent inland country, was feized
by the conquerors, who fecured the poffefiion by forti¬
fying. camps, building fortreffes, and planting colonies.
The other parts of the country either thought themfelves
in no danger, or continued patient fpedtators of the ap¬
proaching devadation.

Caradlacus, king of the Silures, was the drd who
feemed willing, by a vigorous edort, to refeue his coun¬
try, and repel its infulting and overbearing conquerors.
The venality and corruption of the Roman praetors and
officers, who were appointed to levy the contributions in
Britain, ferved to excite the indignation of the natives,
and give fpirit to his attempts. This rude foldier,
though with inferior forces, continued, for about the
fpace of nine years, to oppofe and harafs the half-dejedted
Romans ; till at length Odorius Scapula was fent over to
command their armies. He was more fuccefsfiil than his
predecelfors. He advanced the Roman conquelts over
Britain, pierced the country of the Silures on the banks
of the Severn, and at length, A.D. 50, came up with
Caradtacus, who had taken poffefiion of a very advanta¬
geous pod upon an inaccedible mountain, fuppofed to be
Caer-Caradoc in Shropdiire, wafhed by a deep and rapid
dream, formed, by the conflux of the Colun and Teme.
The heroic Britiffi chief, when he haw, the enemy ap¬
proaching, drew up his army, compofedof different tribes,
and, going from rank to rank, exhorted them to llrike

the

510 ENG J

the lad: blow for liberty, fafety, and life. To thefe ex¬
hortations his foldiers replied with (bouts of determined
valour. But what eonld undisciplined bravery avail
a gain ft the attack of an army (killed in all the arts of
war, and infpired by a long train of conqueds ? The
Britons were, after an obdinate refidance, totally routed;
and a few days after Caradacus himfelf was impioufly
betrayed and delivered up to the conquerors by Cartif-
mandua, queen of the Brigantes, with whom he had
taken refuge. Notice of the capture of this prince was
received with fuch joy at Rome, that Claudius com¬
manded that he Should be brought from Britain, in order
to be exhibited as a fpedaele to the Roman people. Ac¬
cordingly, on the day appointed for that purpofe, the
emperor afcending his throne, ordered tire captives, and
Caradacus among the number, 'to be brought into his
prefence. The vaflals of the Britilh king, with the fpoils
taken in war, were fird brought forward ; thefe were fol¬
lowed by his family ; and lad of all came Caradac-us,
with an undaunted and a dignified afped. He appear¬
ed no way dejeded at the amazing concourfe of fpec-
tators that were gathered upon this occafion. When
he came before the imperial throne, he addrefled Clau¬
dius in the following magnanimous and fenfible fpeech :
“ If my moderation in profperity, O Claudius L had
been as confpicuous as my birth and fortune, I fhould
now have entered this city as a friend, and not as a
prifoner; nor would you have difdained the friendship
of a prince defcended from fuch illuftrious ancestors, and
governing (o many nations. My prefent condition, I
own, is to you honourable, to me humiliating. I was
lately podelfed of fubjeds, horfes, arms, and riches. Can
you be furprifed that 1 endeavoured to preferve them ?
If you Romans (have a defire to arrive at univerfal mo¬
narchy, muff all nations, to gratify you, tamely fubmit
to fervitude ? If I had fubmitted without a Struggle,
how much would it have diminidied the luStre of my fall,
and of your vidory ? And now, if you refolve to put me
to death, my Story will foon be buried in oblivion; but
if you think proper to preferve my life, I (hall remain a
lading monument of your clemency.” It is greatly to
the honour of Claudius, that lie was fo much charmed
with the boldnefs of his illudrious prifoner, that he par¬
doned him and his whole retinue, and commanded their
chains to.be immediately taken, oft’. ^

Notwithstanding their misfortunes, and the capture of
their king, the Britons vyere not yet fubdued ; and this
ifland was regarded by the ambitious Romans as a field
in which military honour might dill be acquired. The
Britons made one expiring effort more to recover their
liberty, in the time of .Nero, by taking advantage of the
abfence of Suetonius Paulinus the Roman general, who
was employed in Subduing the I (1 e of Anglefey. That
Small ifland, Separated from Britain only by a narrow
channel, (fill continued the chief feat of the Druidical
ceremonies, and constantly afforded a retreat to their de¬
feated forces. It was thought neceffary therefore to Sub¬
due that place, in order to extirpate a religion that dif¬
dained fubmilhon to foreign laws or leaders; and Sueto¬
nius Paulinus, the greateft generahof his age, undertook
the talk, A. D. 59. The Britons -endeavoured to obdrud
his landing on that lad retreat of their falling liberties,
both by the force of their arms, and the terrors of their
religion. The priefls and highlanders were drawn up in
order of battle upon the Shore, to oppofe his landing.
The women, dreffed like furies, with dishevelled hair,
and torches in their hands, poured forth the mod terrible
execrations. Such a fight at firfl confounded and afio-
niflted the Romans, and fixed them motionlefs on the
Spot; fo that they received the firfl; aflau It without be¬
ing able to make' the lead oppodtion. But Suetonius,
exhorting his troops to defpile the terrors of an abfurd
i’uperdition, and the unavailing menaces of poor weak de¬
luded women, impelled them to the attack with re¬
doubled courage; drove the Britons otf the field, burnt

i A N D: .

many of the Druids in the fame fires they had prepared
for their captive enemies, and dedroyed all their confe-
crated groves and altars.

Yet dill the principal tribes of the Britons refolved, by
a general infurredion, to free themfelves at once from
that (fate of abjed fervitude to which they were reduced.
They had many motives to aggravate their refentment ;
the greatnefs of -their taxes, which were levied with un¬
remitting feverity ; the infolence of their conquerors, \Nio
reproached that very poverty which they hadcaufed;
but particularly the cruel treatment of Boadicea, queen
of the Iceni, drove them at lad into open rebellion.
Prafatagus, king of the Iceni, at his death, had bequeath-
, ed one half of his dominions to the Romans, and the
other to his daughters; thus hoping, by the facrifice of
a part, to fecure the red in his family : but it had a dif¬
ferent effect ; for the Roman procurator immediately
took podedion of the whole ; and when Boadicea, the
widow of the deceafed, attempted to remonftrate, lie or¬
dered her to be fcourged like a (lave, and violated the
chadity of her daughters. Thefe outrages excited a re¬
volt through the whole idand. The Iceni, being the
mod deeply intereded in the quarrel, were the fird to
take arms; the other dates foon followed the example:
and Boadicea, a princefs of great beauty, and of an invin¬
cible fpirit, was appointed to head the common forces,
which amounted to 250,000 fighting men. Thefe op-
prelfed people, exafperated by their wrongs, attacked fe-
veral of the Roman fet’tlements and colonies with fuc-
cefs. Suetonius hadened to relieve London, whipli was
already a flourilhing colony ; but he was obliged to aban¬
don that place to the fury of the Britons, London was
therefore reduced to allies; and the Romans, with all
other drangers that were found -in it, to the number of
feventy tlioufand, were, without didindi’on, put to the
fword. Flufhed with thefe liiccedes, the Britons no
longer fought to avoid the enemy, but boldly came to
the place where Suetonius awaited their arrival, poded
in a very advantageous manner, with a body of ten thou-
fand men. The battle was obdinate and bloody. Boa¬
dicea appeared in a chariot with her tw'o daughters, and
harangued her army with mafeuline intrepidity ; declar¬
ing, “ That die, though a woman, was fully determined
to conquer or to die ; the men, if they pleafed, might
live and be flaves.” But the irregular and undifciplined
bravery of her troops was unable to redd the cool intre¬
pidity of the Romans. They were routed with prodi¬
gious daughter : eighty tlioufand peridied in the field,
and an infinite number were made prifoners, while Boa¬
dicea herfelf, fearing to fall into the hands of the vic¬
tor, put an end to her life by poifon. Nero foon aft: r
recalled Suetonius from a government, where, by fud'er.
ing and infliding fo many feverities, be was judged im¬
proper to calm the angry and agitated minds of the na¬
tives. • After an interval of fome confiderable time, during
which Petronius Turpilianus, Trebellius Maximus, ai d
Vedius Bolanus, had fucceeded each other, Cerealis re¬
ceived the chief command from Vefpadan, and by his bra¬
very propagated the terror of the Roman arms. Julius
Frontinus (acceded Cerealis both in authority and repu¬
tation. But the general who finally edablifhed the domi¬
nion of the Romans in Britain was Julius Agricola, who
governed it during the reigns of Vefpafian, Titus, and Do -
niitian, and didinguilhed himfelf as well by his courage,
as by his great humanity.

Agricola, celebrated in hidory both for clemency and
wifdom, formed a regular plan for fubduing and civilizing
the ifland, and thus rendering the acquilition of it ufeful -o
the conquerors. As the northern part of the country was
lead tradable, he carried his viitorio.us arms thither, and
defeated the undifciplined enemy in every encounter. He
pierced into the hitherto inaccedible foreds and moun¬
tains of Caledonia, he drove onward all ihofe fierce and
untradable fpirjts who preferred famine to flavery, and
who, rather than fubmit, chofe to remain in perpetual

hodility,,

ENGl

Iioftility. Nor was it without oppofitioii that he tints
made his way into a country rude and impervious by na¬
ture. He was oppofed by Galgacus, the celebrated Ca¬
ledonian chief, at the head of a numerous army, whom
he defeated in a decilive adtion, and in which confiderable
numbers were (lain. Being thus fuccefsful, he did rj.ot
think proper to purftte the enemy into their retreats ; but,
embarking a body of troops on-board his fleet, he ordered
the commander to navigate the whole coaft ol Britain,
which they had not difcovered to be an ifland till the
preceding year. This armament, purfuant to his orders,
fleered to the northward, and there fubdued the Orkneys;
then making the tour of the whole ifland, it arrived in
the po'rt of Sandwich, without having met with the lead
difafter.

During thefe military enterprifes, Agricola was ever
attentive to the arts of peace. He attempted to humanife
the fiercenefs of-thofe who acknowledged his power, by
introducing the Roman laws, habitsj and cuftoms. He
taught them to defire and to raife all the conveniences of
life, inftrudted them in the art's of agriculture ; and, in
order to protedt them in their peaceable pofleflions, he
drew a rampart, and fixed d train of garrifons between
them and their northern neighbours, cutting oft' the ru¬
der and more barren parts of the ifland, and (ecuring the
Roman province from the invafion of a fierce and necefii-
tons enemy. Thus, in exchange for liberty and inde¬
pendence, the Britons gained urbanity and civilization —
they acquired the manners and language, the arts and
fciences, of the Romans; and, fecured by the fortifica¬
tion which Agricolq had eredted, they lived a long time
in undifturbed quiet, without once thinking of the liberty
they had loft. From that time, A. D. 78, the Romans
feemed more defirous of fecuring what they already po(-
fefled in Britain, than of making new conquefts ; and were
employed rather in reprefling, than in punilhing, their
reftlefs northern invaders.

Nothing remarkable has been recorded concerning
the affairs of Britain from this period till the reign of
Adrian, A. D. 120, when Prifcus Licinius was fent over
to quell the inroads of the Caledonians ; and the emperor
himfelf, arriving (hortly afterward, excited fuch terror
in the breads of thofe marauders, that they haftily eva¬
cuated all the places they had feized, and retired toward
the more northern part of the ifland. Adrian, deeming
it advifable to terminate the war, relinquiflied all tire
tradf of country lying between the Tyne and the two
friths, but caufed a wall to be built, extending from the
Eden in Cumberland to the Tyne in Northumberland, a
diftance of eighty miles, in order to reftrain the Caledo¬
nians from making any irruption into South Britain iit
future. Having thus fettled the affairs of the ifland, and
redrafted feveral grievances, Adrian returned to Rome,
where he was faluted with the title of “ Reftorer of Bri¬
tain.”

During the reign of Antoninus Pius, the Brigantes en¬
deavoured to fhake off the yoke ; and the Caledonians,
having demolifhed a confiderable part of Adrian’s ram¬
part, began to make frefh incurfions into the fouthern
territories. However, Lollius Utbicus chaftifed the re¬
volted Brigantes; compelled the northern barbarians to
retire into their own country ; and confined them within
narrower bounds than before, by a new wall, extending
from the Forth to the Clyde. This wall was palled by
the Caledonians in the time of Commodus, and forne
dreadful deviations were then again committed ; but,
on the arrival of Ulpius Marcellus, the marauders were
defeated, and chafed into their own territories with pro¬
digious (laughter.

The emperor Severus, A. D. 207, divided Britain into
two governments, and beftowed the fouthern part of the
ifland upon Heraclius, and the northern on Virius Lupus.
However, the fouthern territories were (till fo dreadfully
ravaged by the Caledonians, that Severus deemed it ad-
vifeable to repair thither in perfon. Accordingly he let
Vol. VI. No. 371.

, A N D. 54 1

out, with his two fons, Caracalla and Geta, at the head
of a numerous army, and landing on the ifland, marched
with all pollible expedition into the northern countries,
which lie ravaged with fuels fuccefs, that the Caledo¬
nians were compelled to purchafe a peace by relinquifh-
ing part of their territdries, and delivering up their arms.
The victorious emperor then commanded a new wall to
be built for a further defence, and retired to York, where
he fell Tick and died, .A. D. 21 1. His two fons Geta and
Caracalla furceeding to the empire, they immediately re¬
paired to Rome ; and from this time to the reign of Dio¬
cletian, A. D. 2S4, there is a ebafrri in the Britilh hiftory.

In the commencement of Diocletian’s reign, Britain
■was dreadfully infefted by pirates. To repel their incur¬
fions, it was found neceffary to create a naval power; and.
the judicious meafure was p'rofecuted with prudence and
vigour.' Gefforiacum, or Boulogne, in the ftraiglits of
the’ Britifh channel, was chofen by the emperor for the
ftation of the Roman fleet; and the command of it was
entrufled to Carau furs, a Menapean of the fneaneft origin,
but who had long (ignalized his (kill as a pilot, and his
valour as a foldier. The integrity of the new admiral
correfponded not with his abilities. When the German
pirates failed from their, own harbours, he connived at
their pailage, but he diligently intercepted their return,
and appropriated to his own ufe an ample (hare of the
fpoil which they had acquired. The wealth of Carau-
(111s was, on this occafion, very juftly confidered as an
evidence of his guilt ; and orders had been-already given
for his death. But the crafty Menapian forelaw and. pre¬
vented the feverity of the emperor. By his liberality he
had attached to his fortunes the fleet which he command¬
ed, and fecured the barbarians in his intereft. From the
port of Boulogne he failed to Britain, A. D. 287, per-
fuaded the legion, and the auxiliaries which guarded the
ifland, to embrace his party,, and boldly affuming the fo.
vereignty of Britain, under the title of Auguftus, he de¬
fied the juftice and the arms of the legal emperor. While
Britain was thus difmembered from Rome, its import¬
ance was fenfibly felt, and its lofs fincerely lamented.
The Romans celebrated, and then perhaps magnified,
the extent of fo noble an ifland, provided on every fide
with .convenient harbours; the temperature, of the cli¬
mate, and the fertility of the foil, alike adapted for the
production of corn t^nd of cattle; the valuable minerals
with which it abounded; its rich pafttires covered with
innumerable flocks, and its woods free from wild beads
or venomous ferpents. Above all, they regretted the
large amount of the revenue of Britain, whilft they con-
feffed, that fuch a province well deferved to become the
feat of an independent monarchy. During the fpace of
(even years, it was thus polfeffed by Caraufius ; and for¬
tune continued propitious to a rebellion, fupported with
courage and ability. The new Britifh emperor defended
the frontiers of his dominions againft the Caledonians of
the north, invited from the continent a great number of
(kilful artifts, and difplayed, on a variety of coins that
are ftill extant, his tafte and opulence. Born on the con¬
fines of the Franks, he courted the friendlhip of that for¬
midable people, by the flattering imitation of their drefs
and manners. The braveft of their youth he enlifted
among his land or fea forces ; and in return for their ufe-
ful alljance, he communicated to the barbarians a greater
knowledge of military and naval arts. Caraufius ftill
preferved the poffeflion of Boulogne and the adjacent
country. His fleets rode triumphant in the channel,
commanded the mouths of the Seine and of the Rhine,
ravaged the qoafts of the ocean, and diffufed beyond the
columns of Hercules the terror of his name. Under his
command, Britain, deftined in a future age to obtain the
empire of the fea, already alfumed its natural and refpec-
table ftation of a maritime power.

By- feizing the fleet of Boulogne, Caraufius had de¬
prived the Romans of the means of purfuit and revenge.
And when, after a vaft expence of time and labour, a
6 Y nevr

£42

ENGLAND.

new' armament was la>, nched into the water, the imperial
troops, unaccuftomed to that element, were eafily baffled
and defeated by t lae veteran failors of the ufurper. Dur¬
ing the three years which Conftantius employed in pre¬
paring another fleet, adequate to the conqueftof Britain,
he fecured the coalt of Gaul, invaded the country of the
Franks, and deprived the ufurper of the affiftance of thofe
powerful allies. But before the preparations were finifh-
ed, Conftantius received intelligence of the tyrant’s death.
The fervants of Caraufins imitated the example of trea-
fon which he had given them. He was murdered by his
firft minifler AleTus ; and the alTaflin fucceeded to his
power and to his danger. But he poffeffed not equal
abilities either to exercife the one, or to repel the other.
He beheld, with anxious terror, the oppofite (bores of the
continent, already filled with arms, with troops, and with
veffels; for Conftantius had very prudently divided his
forces, that he might likewife divide the attention and
refiftance of the enemy. The attack was at length made
by the principal fquadron, which, under the command of
the prtsfebt A fclepiodatus, an officer of diftinguiftied me¬
rit, had been aflevnbled in the mouth of the Seine. So
imperfebt in thofe times- was the art of navigation, that
orators have celebrated the daring courage of the Ro¬
mans, who ventured to fet fail witli a fide wind, and on
a ftorpiy day. The weather proved favourable to their
enterprife. Under the cover of a thick fog they efcaped
the fleet of Alebtus, which had been ftationed off the Hie
of Wight to receive them, and they landed in fafety on
home part of the weffern coaft. Afclepiodatus had no
jooner difembarked the imperial troops, than he fet fire
to his (hips ; and, as the expedition proved fortunate, his
heroic conduct was universally admired. The ufurper
had pofted himfeif near London, to expebt the formid¬
able attack of Cqnftantius, who commanded in perfion the
lleet of Boulogne; but the defcent of a new enemy re¬
quired his immediate prefence in the weft. He performed
this long march in fo precipitate a manner, that he en¬
countered the whole force of the praefebt with a fmall
body of ha rafted and ditheartened troops. The engage¬
ment was foon terminated by the total defeat and death
of Alebtus; a (ingle battle, as it has often happened, de-
cided-the fate of this great i (land ; and when Conftantius
landed on the (bores of Kent, he found them covered
with obedient fubjebts. Their acclamations were loud
and unanimous; and the virtues of the conqueror may
induce us to believe, that they (incerely rejoiced in a re¬
volution, which, after a feparation of ten years, again re-
ftored Britain to the body of the Roman empire.

The two emperors, Diocletian and Maximian, having
refigned the imperial dignity to Galerius and Conftan¬
tius, the latter paffed over into Britain, (hortly after his
acceflion, and obtained a victory over the turbulent Pibts
and Caledonians : but he alfo fell fick and died at York.
Conftantine, the Ton and fucceffor of Conftantius, altered
the divilion of Britain, which had been formed by Seve-
rus into two provinces only, but which lie now divided
into three; viz. Britannia Prirna, Britannia Secunda, and
Maxima CaTarienfis. The rempval of the imperial feat
from Rome to Conftantiirople, which happened during
this reign, gave the northern nations an opportunity of
making, fieveral irruptions into Britain, and emboldened
the Pibts and Scots to commit many horrid depredations
on the fouthern territories. Six years -after the death of
Conftantine, the continued and deftrubtive inroads of thefe
barbarians, required the prefence of his youngeft fon, who
reigned in the vveftern empire. Conftans therefore vifited
Britain, A. D. 343. The calamities which the conquered
Britons continued to experience, from foreign war and
domeftic tyranny, had been aggravated by the feeble and
corrupt administration of the eunuchs of Conftantius.
The funis of gold and filver which had been liberally
tranfmitted for the payment of the troops, w'ere inter¬
cepted by the avarice of the commanders; difcharges,
«i, at lead, exemptions, from the military Service, were

publicly fold; the diftrefs of the foldiers, who were in-
jurioufly deprived of their legal and fcanty fubfi (fence,
provoked them to frequent defertion ; the nerves of dif-
cipline were relaxed, and the highways were infefted with
robbers ; a fabt, which feems to have efcaped the diligence
of our Britifli antiquaries. The oppreftion of the good,
?nd the impunity of the wicked, equally contributed to
diffufe through the iftand a fpirit of difeontent and re¬
volt ; and every ambitious fubjeqt, every defperate ex¬
ile, might entertain a reafonable hope of- fubverting the
weak and diftrabted government of the Romans in Bri¬
tain. The lioftile tribes of the north, w ho detefted the
pride and power of the Romans, fufpended their domef¬
tic feuds ; and the. barbarians of the land and fea, the
Scots, the Pibts, and the Saxons, fpread themfelves, with
rapid and irrefiflible fury, from the wall of Antoninus to
the ftiores of Kent. Every produdtion of art and nature,
every objebf of convenience or luxury, which they were
incapable of Creating by labour, or procuring by trade,
had been accumulated in the rich and fruitful province
of Britain. “A philofopher (fays Gibbon) may deplore
the eternal difeord of the human race, but he willcon-
fefs, that the defire of fpoil is a more rational provoca¬
tion than the vanity of conqueft.” This rapacious fpirit
long continued to inftigate the poor and hardy Caledo¬
nians : and the fame people, whofe generous humanity
feems to infpire the fongs of Oftian, was always difgraced
by a favage ignorance of the virtues of peace, and of the
laws of war. Their fouthern neighbours have felt, and
perhaps exaggerated, their cruel depredations ; and a va¬
liant tribe of Caledonia, the Attacotti, are accufed, by
an eye-witnefs, of delighting in the tafte of human flefh.
When they hunted the woods for prey, it is faid, that
they attacked the (hepherd rather than his flock ; and
that they curioufty felebted the moft delicate and brawny
parts, both of males and females, which they prepared
for their horrid repafts. If, in the neighbourhood of the
commercial and literary town of Glafgow, a race of ca-
nibals has really exiited, which is afferted in the text of
Jerom, and copied by Gibbon, we may contemplate with
pleafure in the prefent period. of the Scottilh hiftory, the
oppofite extremes of favage and civilized life.

During the fliort reigns of Julian and Jovian, nothing
is mentioned, by hiftorians, concerning the affairs of Bri¬
tain ; but, under Valentinian I. the Pibts, Scots, Atta¬
cotti, Saxons, and other northern nations, committed fuch
outrages, that the defence, or rather the recovery, of
Britain, was entrufted to the abilities of the brave Theo-
dofius. The exploits of that general, the father of a
line of emperors, have been celebrated, with peculiar
complacency, by the writers of the age : but his real
merit deferve,d their applatife ; and his nomination was
received in Britain with univerfal joy. He Seized' the fa¬
vourable moment of navigation, and fecurely landed his
numerous and veteran bands on the Britifli coaft, A. D.
367. In his march from Sandwich to London, Theodo-
lius defeated feveral parties of the barbarians, releafed a
multitude of captives, and, after diftributing to his fol¬
diers a (mall portion of the fpoil, eftabliftied the fame of
difinterefted juftice, by the reftitution of the remainder to
the rightful proprietors. The citizens of London, who
had almoft delpaired of their fafety, threw open their
gates ; and as foon as Theodofius had obtained the aid of
a military lieutenant, and a civil governor, lie executed,
with wifdom and vigour, the laborious talk of the delive¬
rance of Britain. The vagrant foldiers were recalled to
their (tandard ; an edibt of amnefty difpeljed the public
apprehenfions ; and his cheerful example alleviated the
rigour of martial difeipline. The (battered and defultory
warfare of the barbarians, who infefted the land and lea,
deprived him of the glory of a fignal vibtory ; hut the
prudent fpirit, and confumniate art, of the Roman gene¬
ral were difplayed in the operations of two campaigns,
in the years 368 and 369, which fucceftively refeued every
part of the province from the hands of a cruel and rapa-
a -Clous

ENG

clous enemy. The peace of the cities, and the fecurity
of the fortifications, were diligently reftored, by the p;u
ternal care of Theodofms; who with a ftrojjg-band con-
finbd the trembling Caledonians to the northern angle ol
the illand ; and perpetuated, by the name and fettlement
of the new province of Valentia, the -glories of the reign
of Va'lentinian. The voice of poetry and panegyric may
add, perhaps with fome degree of truth, that tire un¬
known regions of Thule were ftained with the blood of
the Pi bis; that the o'ars of Theodofms dalhed the waves
of the Hyperborean ocean ; and that the diftant Orkneys
were the fcene of his naval victory over the Saxon pi¬
rates. He then left t he province with a fair, as well as
fplendid, reputation, A. D. 370, vvitlt the fatisfaCtion of
having reftored Britain to perfect tranquillity.

In the joint reign of the fucceeding emperors, Valen-
tinian II. and Gratian, Maximus ufurped the fovereignty
in Britain. It is not very important to enquire from what
caufes litis revolt was produced. Accident is commonly
the parent of diforder; the feeds of rebellion had tor
fome time been difteminated among the legions in the
illand ; and the name of Maximus was proclaimed by
the tumultuary but unanimous voice, both of the
foldiers and of the- provincials. The emperor, Or the
rebel, for his title was not yet afeertained by fortune,
was a native of Spain, the countryman, the fellow-fol-
dier, and the rival, of Theodofms,' whofe elevation he
had not feen without fome emotions of envy : the events'
of hrs life had long lince fixed him in Britain ; and lie is
faid to have contracted marriage with the daughter of a
wealthy lord of Caernarvonfhire. But he was not in¬
verted with the authority either of governor or general.
His abilities, and even his integrity, are flattered by the
partial writers of that age. In the midft of the tumult,
lie artfully refufed to afeend the throne; and fome credit
appears to have been given to his own pofitive declara¬
tion, that he was compelled, to accept the dangerous pre-
fent of the imperial purple.

From the moment that Maximus hadviolated his alle¬
giance, he could not hope to reign, or even to live, if
he confined his ambition within the narrow limits of Bri¬
tain. He boldly relblved to prevent the defigns of Gra¬
tian ; t lie youth of Britain crowded to his ftandard, and
he invaded Gaul with a fleet and army, which were long
afterwards remembered, as the emigration of a confidera-
hle part of the Britifh nation. The whole emigration
confirted of 30,000 foldiers, and 100,000 plebians, who
fettled in Bretagne. The emperor Gratian, in his peace¬
ful refidence of Paris, was alarmed by their hoftile ap¬
proach ; and the darts which he idly wafted on lions
and bears, might' have been employed jrtore honourably
againft the rebels. The armies of Gaul, inftead of op-
pofing the march of Maximus received him with joyful
acclamations. The emperor fled towards Lyons, with
a train of only three hundred horfe ; and, in the cities
along the road, where he hoped to find a refuge, or at
leaft a paflage, he was taught, by cruel experience, that
every gate is flint againft the unfortunate. Gratian was
amufed by proteftations of doubtful fidelity by the per¬
fidious governor of the Lyonefe, till the arrival of An-
dragathius, the general of the cavalry of Maximus, put
an end to his fufpenfe. That fanguinary officer executed,
without remorfe, the orders of the ufurper. Gratian, as
he role from 1'upper, was delivered into the hands of the
a (fulfill ; -and his body was even denied to the. pious en¬
treaties of his brother Valentinian. The ufurper Maxi¬
mus, however, foon after this, met his fate in the plains
of Italy, where his head was fevered from his body by
the common foldiers in the victorious army of Theodo-
fius, A.D. 388. Britain, in the mean while, was not for¬
gotten : Theodofius was aware of the marauding watch-
fulnefs of the Scots and PiCts, and he therefore wifely
counteracted them : thefe warlike nations were kept in
awe by Chryfantius, who, being entrufled with the go-

L A N D. A 43

vernment of the illand, acquitted himfelf in that capacity
with equal juftice and reputation.

In the early part of the reign of Honorius, A. D. +07,
the vigilance of Stilicho, his brave, but ill-fated, general,
bad fuccefsfuily guarded the illand of Britain from her in-
ceftant enemies both of the ocean, the mountains, and the
Irifti court. But thole reftlefs barbarians could not neg¬
lect the fair opportunity of the foreign war, when the walls
and ftations of Britain were (tripped of the Roman troops.
If any of the legionaries were permitted to return from
the Italian expedition, their report of the court and cha¬
racter of Honorius mult have tended to dilfolve the bonds
of allegiance, and to exafperate the feditious temper of
the Britons. The fpiritof revolt was revived by the ca¬
pricious violence of the foldiers; and the unfortunate,
but ambitious, candidates, who were the objeCls of their
choice, were the inftruments, and at length the victims,
of their palfion. Marcus was the firlt whom, in their
phrenzy, they fet up as the emperor of Britain. They
then violated, by the hafty murder of Marcus, the oath
of fidelity which they had impofed on themfel ves ; and
their difapprobation of his manners may feem to inferibe
an honourable epitaph on his tomb. Gratian, another un¬
fortunate Roman, was the next whom they adorned with
the tit le of king of Britain ; and, at the end of four months,
Gratian experienced the fate of his predecelfor. The me¬
mory of the great Conftantine, whom the Britiftt legions
had given to the church and to the empire, fuggefted the
lingular motive of their third choice. They dilcovered in
the ranks a private foldier of the name of Conftantine, and
t he ir impetuous levity had already feated hi mon the throne,
before they perceived his incapacity to govern. Yet the
authority of Conftantine was lefs precarious, and his go¬
vernment Was more fuccefsful, than the tranfient reigns
of Marcus and of Gratian. He nevertlvelefs metafimilar
fate with his two predeceflbrs, and was put to death as a
traitor.

The Britons, during the bloody war of thelaft king they
had let up, with the army of Honorius, became an eafy
prey to their old enemies the Scots, PiCts, and other
northern nations, who ravaged the country with fire and
fword, and reduced the natives to the molt deplorable
condition. Supplications were now made to Honorius;
and ope legion was fentover, which defeated the invaders
with great (laughter, and chafed them into their ancient
limits: but thefe auxiliaries had no fooner returned to
the continent, than the barbarians poured in upon the
Britilh territories like an overwhelming torrent, and re¬
venged their late defeat by marking their progrefs with
(laughter,, rapine, and defolation. The Britons again made
application to Rome, and again obtained the alliftance of
one legion, which proved effectual for their relief : but
Honorius, fatigued with thefe repeated expeditions, and
reduced to extremities at home, informed the Britons
that they mult no longer loek to Rome for fttccour ; lie
exhorted them to provide for their own fecurity by an
exertion eff their ancient bravery ; and urged the neceftity
of maintaining their independence againft an enemy, whole
ftrength was not, in reality, fttperior to theirown. Hetlieu
relinquilhed all farther claim to Britain, after the greatefl
part of it had been fubjeCt to the Roman empire for the
(pace of near four hundred years.

This revolution dilTolved the artificial fabric of the ci¬
vil and military government, which had been ellablilhed
at the expence of much blood and treafure, in Britain;
and the independent country, during a period of forty
years, till the defeent of the Saxons, appears to have
been ruled by the authority of the clergy, the nobles,
and the municipal towns. Zolimus, who alone has pre-
ferved the memory of this lingular event, very accurately
obferves, that the letters of Honorius' were addrell'ed to
the cities of Britain. Under the protection of the Ro¬
mans, ninety-two confiderable towns had arifen in the (e-
veral parts of the province ; and, among thefe, thirty,

three

544

England;

three cities were diftinguiflied above the reft by their fu-
perior privileges and importance. Each of thefe cities,
as in all the other juri'fdidtions of the empire, formed a
legal corporation, for the purpofe of regulating their do-
tneftic policy ; and tire powers of municipal government
were diftributed among^annual magiftrates, a feleft fe-
nate, and the aflembly of the people, according to the old
model of the Roman conftitution. The management of
a common revenue, the cxercife of civil and criminal
jurifd’idtion, and the habits of public counfel and com¬
mand, were inherent to thefe petty republics ; and when
they aliened their independence, the youth of the city,
and of the adjacent diftridls, vvould naturally range them-
1'elves under the ftandard of the magiftrate. But t lie
cl e (i re of obtaining the advantages, and of efcaping t lie
burthens, of a political fociety, is a perpetual and inex-
hauftible fource of difcord ; nor can it reafonably be pre-
fumed, that the reftoration of Britifh freedom was ex¬
empt from tumult and faction.

The jurifdiction of each city over the adjacent coun¬
try, was fupported by the patrimonial influence of the
principal fenators ; and the finaller towns, the villages,
and the proprietors of land, confulted their own fafety
by adhering to the (belter of thefe riling republics. The
fphere of their attraction was proportioned to the refpec-
tive -degrees of their wealth and populonfnefs ; but the
hereditary lords of ample pofleflions, who were not op-
prefled by the neighbourhood of any powerful city, afpired
to the rank of independent princes, and boldly exercifed
the rights of peace and war. The gardens and villas,
which exhibited fome faint imitation of Roman elegance,
would foon be converted into ftrong cattles, the refuge,
in time of danger, of the adjacent country : the produce
of the land was applied to purchafe arms and horfe's ; to
maintain a , military force of flaves, of peafants, and of
licentious followers ; and the chieftain might aflume,
within his own domain, the powers of a civil magiftrate.
Several of thefe Britifh chiefs might be the genuine pof-
terity of their ancient kings ; and many more would be
tempted to adopt this honourable genealogy, and to vin¬
dicate- th^ir hereditary claims, fo long fufpended by the
ufurpation of the Ciefars. Their lituation and their
hopes vvould difpofe them to affeCt the drefs, the lan¬
guage, and the cuftoms, of their anceftors. If the princes
of Britain relap led into barbarifm, while the cities ftu-
dioufly preferved the laws and manners of Rome, the
w hole ifland muft have been gradually divided by tlje
diftinCtkm of two national parties ; again broken intoa thou-
iand fnbdi vilions of war and fablion, by the various provo¬
cations of intereft and refentment. The public ftrength,
inftead of being united againft a foreign enemy, was thus
confumed in obfeure and inteftine quarrels; and the per-
ional merit which had placed a fucCefsful leader at the
head of his equals, might enable him to fubdue the free¬
dom of fome neighbouring cities ; and to claim a rank
among the tyrants, who infefted Britain after the diflblu-
tion of the Roman government.

The Britilli church might at that time be compofed of
thirty or forty bifhops, with an adequate proportion of
the inferior clergy ; and the want of riches (for they feem
to have been very poor) would compel them to deferve
the public efteem, by a decent and exemplary behaviour.
The intereft, as well as the temper, of the clergy was
favourable to the peace and union of their diltraCted
country ; thofe falutary lefTons might be frequently in¬
culcated in their popular difeourfes ; and the epifcopal
fynods were the only councils that could pretend to the
weight and authority of a national aflembly. In fuch
councils, where the princes and magiftrates fat promif-
cuoufty with the bifhops, and the important affairs of the
ftate, as well as of the church, might be freely debated ;
differences reconciled, alliances formed, contributions im-
pofed, wife refolutions concerted, and fometimes exe¬
cuted; and there is reafon to believe, that, in moments
of extreme danger, a pendragon , or didtator, was elected

by the general content of the Britons. Tliefe paftoral
cares, fo worthy of the epifcopal character, were in¬
terrupted, however, by zeal and fuperftition; and the
Britifh clergy inceflantly laboured to eradicate the Pela¬
gian herefy, which they abhorred, as the peculiar dif-
grace of their native country. See Pelagius.

About forty years after the diflblutio'n of the Roman
government, Vortigern appears to have obtained the fu-
pretne command of the princes and cities of Britain.
That unfortunate monarch has been almoft unanimoufly
condemned for the weak and mifehievous policy of in¬
viting a formidable ftranger, to repel the vexatious in¬
roads of a domeftic foe. His ambaifadors are difpatched,
by the graved hiftorians, to the coaft of Germany ; they
addrefs a pathetic oration to the general aflembly of the
Saxons, and thofe warlike people refolve to a fli it with a
a fleet and army the fuppliants of a diftant and unknown
ifland. If Britain had, indeed, been unknown to the Sax¬
ons, the meafure of its calamities would have been lefs
complete. But the flrength of the Roman government
could not always guard the maritime province againft the
pirates of Germany: the independent and divided dates
were expofed to their attacks ; and the Saxons often join¬
ed the Scots and the Pitts, in a tacit, or exprefs, confe¬
deracy of rapine and deftruCtion. Vortigern could only
balance the various perils, which afl'aulted on every fide
his throne and his people ; and his policy may deferve
either praife or excufe, if he preferred the alliance of
thofe barbarians, whofe naval power rendered them the
moft dangerous enemies, and the mod ferviceable allies.
Hengift and Horfa, as they ranged along the eaftern colift,
with three (hips, were engaged, by the promife of an am¬
ple ftipend, to embrace the defence of Britain ; and their
intrepid valour foon delivered the country from the Ca¬
ledonian invaders. The Ifle of Thanet, a fecure and fer¬
tile diftriCt, was allotted for the relidence of thefe Ger¬
man auxiliaries, and they were fupplied, according to the
treaty, with a plentiful allowance of clothing and provi-
fions. This favourable reception encouraged five thou*
fand frefh warriors to embark with their families in feven-
teen veftels, and the infant power of Hengift was fortified
by this ftrong and feafonable reinforcement. The crafty
barbarian fuggefted to Vortigern the obvious advantage
of fixing, in the neighbourhood of the Pitts, a colony of
faithful allies : a third fleet of forty fhips, under the
command of his fon and nephew, then failed from Ger¬
many, ravaged the Orkneys, and difembarked a new army
on the coaft of Northumberland. It was eafy to forefee,
but it was impofflble to prevent, the impending evils.
The two nations were foon divided and exafperated by
mutual jealoufies. The Saxons magnified all that they
had done arid fuflfered in the caufe of an ungrateful peo¬
ple ; while the Britons regretted the liberal rewards
which could not fatisfy the avarice of thofe afpiring mer¬
cenaries. The caufes of fear and hatred were thus1 in¬
flamed into an irreconcileable quarrel.

Hengift, who had in view the conqueft of Britain, ex¬
horted his countrymen to embrace the favourable oppor¬
tunity : he painted in lively colours the fertility of the
foil, the wealth of the cities, the puftllanimous temper
of the natives, and the convenient filuation of a fpacious
ifland, acceflible on all Tides to the Saxon fleets. The
fucce'five colonies which iffued, in the period of a century,
from the mouths of the'Elbe, the Wefer, and the Rhine,
were principally compofed of three tribes, or nations of
Germany, the Jutes, the old Saxons, and the Angles.
The Jutes, who fought under t he peculiar banner of
Hengift, aflumed the merit of leading thair countrymen
in the paths of glory, and of ereCting the firft indepen¬
dent kingdom. The fame of the enterprife was attri¬
buted to the primitive Saxons; and the common laws
and language of the conquerors are defended by the na¬
tional appellation of a people, which, at the end of four
hundred years, produced the firft moriarchs of South Bri¬
tain. The Angles were diftinguiflted by their numbers

and

545

ENGL

and their fiiccefs ; and they claimed the honour of fixing
a perpetual name on the country, of which they occupied
the mod ample portion. Each intrepid chieftain, accord¬
ing to the meal u re 6f his fame and fortunes, afl'embled
his followers; equipped a fleet of veil'd s; cHofe the
place of the attack ; and conducted his fubfequent ope¬
rations according to the events of the war, and the dic¬
tates cf his private intereft. In the invafion of Britain
many heroes were vanquifhed and fell ; but only feven
victorious leaders afltmied, or at lead Maintained, the ti¬
tle of kings. Seven independent thrones, the Saxon hep¬
tarchy, were founded by the conquerors; a,nd feven fa¬
milies, one of which has been continued, by female fuc-
ceflion, to our prefent fovereign, derived their equal and
facred lineage! from Woden, their provincial god of war.

It has been pretended, that this republic of kings was
moderated by a general council and a fupreme magidrate.
But fucli an artificial fchetr.e of policy is repugnant to
the rude and. turbulent fpirit of the Saxons: their laws
are filent ; and their imperfeft annals afford only a dark
and bloody pcofpeCt of intedine difcor-?.

Hidorians have drangely disfigured the date of Britain
at the time of its reparation from the Roman empire.
Gildas defcribes in florid language the improvements of
agriculture, the foreign trade which Oowed witli every
tide into the Thames and the Severn, the folid and lofty
condruftion of public and private edifices: he accufes
the finfui luxury of the Britifh people ; of a people, ac¬
cording to the fame writer, ignorant of the mod fimple
arts, and incapable, without the aid of the Romans,
of providing walls of done, or of making weapons of
iron for the defence of their native land! But the fa ft'
is, that under the long dominion of the emperors, Britain
had been infenfibly moulded into the elegant and fervile
form of a Roman province, whofe fafety was entruded to
a foreign power. The fubjefts of Honorius contemplated
their new freedom with furprife and terror; they were
left deftitute of any civil or military conditution ; and
their uncertain rulers wanted either (kill, or courage, or
authority, to direft the public force againd the common
enemy. So averfe were the Britons., or fo completely
edranged, from the enjoyment of their ancient liberty,
that Honorius exprefled his furprife at being obliged to
compel the reludtant province to accept a privilege, which
it ought mod ardently to have folicited. Indead of which,
the Britons feem to have regarded the gift of a free con¬
ditution a's the lad and mod cruel evil that could befal
thenj ! In fucli a date of things, the inlrodtiftiQii of ihe
Saxons betrayed their- weakness, and degraded the cha¬
racter botli of the prince and people. Their conflerna-
tion magnified the danger; the want of union di mini died
their refources ; and the madnefs of civil factions was
more felicitous to accufe, than to remedy, the evils,
which t hey imputed to the mifeonduft of their adversa¬
ries. Yet the Britons were furely not ignorant; they
could not be ignorant of the manufacture or the ufe of
arms : the fucc-eflive and dilo'rderly attacks of the Saxons
allowed them to recover from their amazement, and the
profperous or adverfe events of the war added dilcipline
and experience to their native valour.

While the continent of Europe and Africa yielded,
without refiftance, to the barbarians, the Britifli ifland,
alone and unaided, maintained a long, a vigorous, though
an unfuccefsful, druggie, againd the formidable pirates,
who, almod at the fame indant, alfaultCd the northern,
the ealiern, and the fouthern, coads. .The cities which
had been fortified with fk.il!, were defended witli refol.u-
tion ; the advantages of ground, hills, foreds, and rno-
raffes, were diligently improved by the inhabitants; the
conqued of each di drift was purchafCd with blood ; and
the defeats of the Saxons are drongly atteded by the diff
creet lilence of their own annalid. Hengid might liope
to acliieve the conqued of Britain; but his ambition, in
an active reign of thirty-five' years, was confined only to
the poUeflion of Kent; and the numerous colony which

Vol. VI. No. 371 .

A N D.

lie had planted in the north, vvas extirpated by the fword
of the Britons. The life of Cerdic, one of the braved of
the children of Woden, was confumed in the conqued of
Hampfhj-re and the Ifle of Wight ; and the lofs which he
fit flamed in the, battle of Mount Badon, reduced him to
a date of inglorious repofe.. Kenric, his valiant fon, ad¬
vanced into Wiltfhire ; befieged Sarum, at that time
feuted on a commanding eminence ; and vanquilhed art
army which advanced to .the relief of the city. In the
fybfequent battle of Beran-birig, near Marlborough, L is
Britidi enemies difplayed their military fcience. Their
troops were formed in three lines ; each line confided of
three diltinft bodies; and the cavalry, the archers, and
the pike-men, were didributed according to the principles
of Roman faftics. The Saxons charged in one weighty
column, boldly encountered with their fiiort (words the
long lances of the. Britons, and maintained an equal con-
fiift till the approach of night. Two decifive victories,
the death of three Britidi kings, and the reduftion of Ci-
renceder, Bath, and Glouceder, ellablifhed the fame and_
power of Ceaulin, the grandfon of Cerdic, who carried
his victorious arms to the banks of the Severn.

After a war of an hundred years, the independent Bri¬
tons dill occupied the whole extent of the vveltern coafl,
from the wall of Antoninus to the extreme promontory
of Cornwall ; and the principal cities of the inland coun¬
try dill oppofed the arms of the barbarians. Refinance
became more languid, as the number and buldnels of t lie
alfailants continually increafed. Winning their way bv
(low and painful efforts, the Saxons, the Angles, and
their various confederates, advanced from the north, from
the eafr, and from the Couth* till their victorious banners
were united in the center of the ifland. Beyond the Se¬
vern the Britons dill afferted their national freedom,
which furvived even the monarchy of the Saxons. The
braved -warriors who preferred exile to flavery, found a
fecure refuge in the mountains of Wales: the reluftant
fubmidion of Cornwall was delayed for fome ages ; and
a band of fugitives acquired a fettlement in Gaul, by
their own valour, or the liberality of the Merovingian
kings' The wedern angle of Armorica acquired the new
appellations of Cornwall and the LcJJcr Britain ; and the
vacant lands of the Ofifmii were filled by the people of
this ifland, who, under the authority of their counts and
bifliops, preferved the laws and language of their anceff
tors. To the feeble defcendants of Clovis and Charle¬
magne, the Britons of Armorica refufed the cudomary
tribute, fubdued the neighbouring diocefes of Vannes,
Rennes, and Nantes, apd formed the powerful, though
vaffal, date of Bretagne, which was not united to the
crown of France till 1332.

In a century of perpetual, or at lead implacable, war,
much courage, and fome (kill, mud have been exerted
for the defence of Britain. Yet if the memory of its
champions is (almoft buried in oblivion, we need' not re¬
pine; fince every age, however deditute of fcience or
virtue, fufficientiy abounds with afts of blood and mili¬
tary renown. The tomb of Vortimer, the fon of Vorti-
gern, was erected on the margin of the-fea fliore, as a
landmark formidable to the Saxons, whom he had thrice
vanquilhed in the fields of Kent. Ambrofius Aurelian
was a Briton defeended from a noble family of Romans ;
his modefty was eqnul to his valour, and his valour, till
the lad fatal aftion, was crowned with fplendid fuccefs.
But every Britifli name is effaced by the illuftrious name
of Arthur , the hereditary prince of the Silures, in South
Wales, and the eleftive king or general of the nation.
According to die mod rational account, he defeated, in
twelve fucceflive battles, the Angles of the north, and
the Saxons of the wed ; but the declining age of the hero
was embittered by popular ingratitude and domedic miff,
fortunes. The events of his life are lefs intereding than
the Angular- revolutions of his fame. During a period of
five hundred years the tradition of his exploits was pre¬
ferved, and rudely embellifhed, by the obfeure bards of
6 Z Wales

546 ENG]

Wales and Armorica, who were odious to the Saxons,
and unknown to the reft of mankind. Every nation em¬
braced and adorned the popular romance of Arthur, and
his Knights of the Round Table : their names were cele¬
brated in Greece and Italy ; and the voluminous tales of
hr Lancelot and fir Triftram were devoutly ftudied by
the princes and nobles of antiquity.

Refiftance, if it cannot avert, mull increafe the mife-
ries of conqueft ; and conqueft has never appeared more
dreadful and deftruftive than in the hands of the Saxons,
who hated the valour of their enemies, difdained the faith
of treaties, and violated, without remorfe, the moft facred
objefts of Chriftian worfhip. The fields of battle might
be traced, alnroft in every diftrict, by monuments of
bones ; the fragments of falling towers were ftained with
blood ; the Britons, without diftinftion of age or fex,
were maflacred; and the repetition of fuch calamities was
frequent and familiar. The arts and religion, the laws
and language, which the Romans had fo carefully planted
in Britain, were extirpated by their favage fuccefl’ors.
After the deftruftion of the principal churches, the bi-
Ihops, who had declined the crown of martyrdom, retired
with the holy relics into Wales and Armorica ; the re¬
mains of their flocks were left deftitute ; the practice, and
even the remembrance, of Chriftianity were abolifhed.
The proceedings of civil and criminal jurifdiCtion, the
titles of honour, the forms of office, the ranks of fociety,
and even the dotneftic rights of marriage, teftament, and
inheritance, were finally fupprefled ; and the indiferimi-
nate crow'd of noble and plebeian flaves was governed by
the traditionary cuftoms, which had been coarfely framed
for the fhepherds and pirates of Germany. The language
of fcience, of bufinefs, and of converfation, which had
been introduced by the Romans, was loft in one general
defolation.

Out of this ruin of the Roman empire in Britain arofe
the feven petty ftates or kingdoms of the Saxons, which
conftitutes a memorable qpoch in its hiftory. Kengift
kept his ground in the moft opulent and commercial part
of the country, and founded the kingdom of Kent, fixing
his refidence at Canterbury, and leaving his newly-ac¬
quired dominions to his pofterity, A. D.48S. A body of
his countrymen, under the command of iElla and his
three fons, had alfo laid the foundation of the kingdom
of the South Saxons, which included Surry and Suffex,
and extended to the frontiers of Kent. Another tribe of
Saxons, under the command of Cerdic and his fon Kenric,
had landed in the weft, and from thence took the name of
Weft Saxons. Tiieir kingdom, called Wellex, included
the counties of Cornwall, Devonfhire, Dorfet, Somerfet,
Hants, Wilts, Berks, and the Ille of Wight. It was in
oppofing this Saxon invader that the celebrated prince
Arthur acquired his fame.

Frefh {warms of adventurers ft ill pouring over from
Germany, one body of them, under the command of
U'ffa, A. D. 575, feized upon the counties of Cambridge,
Suffolk, and Norfolk, with the i(le of Ely, and gave their
commander the title of king of the Eaft Angles, which
was the fourth Saxon kingdom founded in Britain. Ano¬
ther body of thefe invaders formed a kingdom under the
title of Eflex, or Eaft Saxony, comprehending. Effex,
Middlefex, and partnof Hertford (hire, A.D.585. This
kingdom, which had been difmembered from that of Kent,
formed the fifth Saxon principality founded in Britain.
The kingdom of Mercia was the fixth which was efita-
blilhe'd by thefe foreign depredators, comprehending all
the middle counties, from the banks of the Severn to the
frontiers of the two lad-named diltricts : viz. Gloucefter,
Hereford, Warwick, Worccfter, Leicefter, Rutland,
(Northampton, Lincoln, Huntingdon, Bedford, Bucking¬
ham, Oxford, Stafford, Derby, Salop, Nottingham, and
the reft of Hertfordihire. The feventh kingdom which
they obtained was that of Northumberland, one of the
moft powerful and extonfive of them all. This was formed
from the union of two (mailer Saxon kingdoms, the one,
■called Bernicia, containing the prefent county of North-

. A N D,

umberland, quite up to the Frith of Edinburgh, and the
bifhopric of Durham ; the fubjefts of the other, called
the Deiri, extending themfelves over Lancaftrire, York-
fliire, Cumberland, and Weftmoreland. Thefe kingdoms
were united in the perfon of Ethelfrid, king of Northum¬
berland, by the expulfion of Edwin, his brother-in-law,
from the kingdom of the Deiri, and the feizure of his
dominions. In tills manner the feven kingdoms were efta-'
bliftied in Britain, which were afterwards known in hif¬
tory by the name of the Saxon heptarchy.

This ftrange fubverfion of the populous date and im¬
proving condition of Britain under the Roman j u ri ("pru¬
dence, has perfuaded hiftorians, and even philofophers,
that the provincials of Britain were totally ejsjtirminated ;
and that the vacant land was again peopled by the perpe¬
tual influx, and rapid increafe, of the German colonies.
A partial population doubtlefs fupplied-, in a confiderable
degree, the Englifh who were driven from the coaft; but
neither reafqn nor facts caii jufrify the unnatural fuppofi-
tion that the Saxons remained alone in the country which
they had fubdued. After the fanguinary barbarians had
fecured their dominion, it was their intereft to preferve
the peafants, as well as the cattle, of the unrefi fling coun¬
try, and to encourage the trade and population of the
fubjugated natives, i:i all the interior parts of the ill and .

When the Saxons had eftablifhed their government in
all the defirable parts of the i(land, and having ho longer
the Britons to contend with, they began to quarrel among
themfelves. A country divided into a number of petty
independent principalities, mu ft ever be fubject to con¬
tention, as jealoufy and ambition have more frequent in¬
centives to operate. The wars and revolutions of thefe
little rival, ftates were extremely numerous and fangui¬
nary ; and the accounts of them have (welled the hiftoric
page. But thefe accounts are fo confufedly written, the
materials fo’uninterelting, and filled with fuch improbable
adventures, that a repetition of them can neither gratify
our curiolity, nor augmentour knowledge.

The Chriftian religion never flittered more perfectition
than it now underwent in Britain, from the barbarity of the
Saxon pagans, who maflacred all thofe whom they found
profeffing Chriftianity. This deplorable ftate of theology
in Britain was firft taken into conlideration by pope Gre¬
gory, furnamed Gregory the Great, who undertook to fend
mifiionaries to reclaim the morals of the conquerors. He
named St. Auguftine, and others of the fame fraternity, to
accept this million in Britain. It was not, however, with¬
out fume reluftance, that they undertook fo dangerous a
talk ; but fome favourable circumftances feemed providen¬
tially to prepare the way for their arrival. Ethelbert, king
of Kent, in his father’s life-time, had married Bertha, the
only daughter of Caribert, king of Paris, one of- the de-
feendents of Clovis, king of Gaul. But before he was
admitted to this alliance, he was obliged to ftipulate that
this princefs (hould enjoy the free exercife of tire Chrif¬
tian religion. She was therefore attended to Canterbury,
the place of her refidence, by Luidhard, a Gaulilh pre¬
late, who officiated in a church dedicated to St. Martin,
which had been built by the Romans, near the walls of
Canterbury. The exemplary condudt of this primitive
bilhop, added to the queen’s learning and zeal, made very
ftrong impreffions upon the king, as well as on the reft of
his fubjeCts, in favour of Chriftianity . Auguftine, there¬
fore, on his firft landing in the Ille of Thane.t, fent one
of his interpreters to the Kentilh king, declaring the na¬
ture of his million. The king immediately ordered him
to be furniflied with neceflaries, and even vilited him in
perfon. Auguftine, encouraged by this favourable re¬
ception, proceeded with redoubled zeal to preach the
gofpel. So much afliduity, together with the earneftnefs
of iiis addrel's, the aufterit.y of his life, and the example
of his followers, at length powerfully operated. The
king openly efpoufed the Chriftian faith, while his exam¬
ple wrought fo fuccefsfully on his fubjeCts, that numbers
of them came voluntarily to be bap tiled . The heathen
temples were now changed into places of Chriftian wor-

eng:

/hip, and fiich churches as had been fuftered to decay
were repaired. The more to facilitate the reception of
Chriftianity, the pope enjoined his miffioner' to remove
the pagan idols, but not to tlirow down the altars, ob-
ferving, that the people would be allured to frequent
thofe places which they had formerly been accuftomed
to revere. He alfo permitted thofe feats and cheerful en¬
tertainments which they had been formerly accwftomed to
celebrate near the places of their idolatrous worfhip. The
people thus exchanged their ancient opinions with readi-
nefs, fince they found themfelves indulged in thofe inno¬
cent relaxations which are only immoral when carried to
excels. Auguftine was confecrated arc.hbiftipp of Can¬
terbury, endowed with authority over all the Britifli
churches, and his alfociates, having fpread themfelves
throughout the country, foon completed that converfion
which was fo happily begun.

The kingdom of the heptarchy which next embraced
tl'.e Chriftian faith, was that of Northumberland. Edwin,
a wife, brave, and active, prince, then king of that dif-
tridl, was married to Elthelburga, the daughter of Ethel-
bert, who had been fo lately converted. This princefs,
emulating the glory of her mother, who had been the
inftrument of converting her hufband and his fubjedfs to
Chriftianity, carried Paulinijs, a learned bilhop, -with her
into Northumberland, having previoufly (lipulated for
the free exercife of her religion. Edwin, whom his queen
uncealingly folicited to embrace Chriftianity, for a long
time helitated on the propofal, willing to examine its
doftrines before he declared in their favour. Accord¬
ingly he held feveral conferences with Paulinus, difputed
with his counfellors, meditated alone, and, after a (erious
difeuflion, declared himfelf a Chriftian. The high pried
alfo of the pagan fuperftition foon after declaring himfelf
a convert to the arguments of Paulinus, the whole body
of the people unanimoufty followed their example. The
authority of Edwin, who was thus converted, foon after
prevailed upon Earpwold, king of the Eaft Angles, alfo
to embrace Chriftianity. This monarch, however, after
the death of Edwin, relapfed into his former idolatry, at
the perfuafion of his wife. But upon his deceafe, Sige-
bert, his half brother, who had beemeducated in France,
reftored Chriftianity, and began to introduce literature
among the Angles.

Mercia, the mod powerful kingdom of all the Saxon
heptarchy, owed its converfion, like th,e former, to a
woman. The wdfe of Peada, who was the daughter of
Oftwy, king of Northumberland, having been bred in the
Chriftian faith, employed her influence in converting her
hufband and his fubjefts. But it feems the new religion
was attended with fmall influence on the, manners of that
fierce people, as we find Otto, one of their new-converted
kings, in a few reigns after, treacheroiifly deftroying Ethel-
bert, king of the Eaft Angles, at an entertainment to
which he had been invited. However, to make- atone¬
ment for this tranfgreflion, we find him paying great court
to the clergy, giving the tenth of his goods to the church,
and making a pilgrimage to Rome, where his riches, more
than his penitence, procured him the papal abfo'lution.
It was upon this occalion, the better to ingratiate him¬
felf with the pope, that he engaged to pay him a yearly
donation for the fupport of an Englifh college at Rome ;
and, in order to raife the film, he impofed a tax of a
penny on each houfe poffefled of thirty pence a-year. This
impofition being. afterwards' generally levied throughout
the kingdom, went by the name of Peter. pence, and in fuc-
ceeding" times gave rife to many eccleliaftical abules.

In the kingdom of Efiex., Sebert, who was nephew to
Ethelberf, king of Kent, was alfo prevailed upon by his
uncle to embrace the Chriftian religion. His ions, how¬
ever, relapfed into paganifm and idolatry, and banifhed
Melitus, the Chriftian bifliop, from their territories, be-
caufe he refufed to let them eat the white bread which
was diftributed at the communion. - But Chriftianity was
reftored two or three reigns after, by Sigebert the Good j

^ A N D. 547

and fitch was the influence of its dudlrines upon Qffa, the
third in fticceftion from him, that he. alfo went upon a
pilgrimage to Rome,, and Ihut himfelf up during the reft
of his life in a cloifter.

We know but little of the propagation of Chriftianity
in the kingdom of Sulfex ; but this being the (mailed
principality of the Saxon heptarchy, it is probable that
it was governed in its opinions by fotne of its more pow¬
erful neighbours.. It is faid, that, during the reign of
Cilia, one of its kings, which continued feventy-lix years,
the kingdom fell into' a total -dependence upon that of
Welfex, and to this it is probable that it owed its coii-
verfton. The kingdom of Welfex, which eventually
fwallowed up all t lie reft, deferves more particular 'atten¬
tion. This principality, which, as already related, was
founded by Cerdic, • was, of all the Saxon eftabliftiments
in Britain, the moft active and warlike. The great op¬
position the invaders of this province originally met with
from the natives, ferved to carry their martial fpirit to
the high eft pitch. Ceaulin, a prince equally ambitious
and enterprifing, not fatisfied with conqucfts over the
Britons, attacked the Saxons themfelves, till, becom¬
ing terrible to all, he provoked a general confederacy
againft him ; fo that he was at laft expelled the throne,
and died in exile and mifery. His two fons fucceeded;
and, after a fucceffion of two more, Kynegils inherited
the crown. This prince embraced Chriftianity through
the perfuafion of Ofwald, the king of Northumberland,
his 1'on-ih-law. After fome fucceeding obfeure reigns,
Ceodwalla afcended the throne, an enterprifing, warlike,
and fuccefsful, prince. He fubdued entirely the king¬
dom of Sulfex, and annexed it to his own dominions. He
made alfo fome attempts upon Kent, but was repulfed
with vigour. Ina, his fuccelfor, was t lie moft renowned
and illuftrious of all the kings who reigned during the
heptarchy. This monarch inherited all the military vir¬
tues of Ceodwalla, improved by policy, juftice, and pru¬
dence. He made war upon the Britons, who yet remained
in Somei fetlhire ; and having totally fubdued that pro¬
vince, he treated the vanquilhed with a humanity be¬
fore unknown to the Saxon conquerors. In lefs than a
year after he had afcended the throne of Welfex, he was
declared monarch of the Anglo-Saxons, a remarkable
proof of the great character he had acquired. He com¬
piled a body of laws, which ferved as the ground-work
of thofe which were afterwards publilhed by Alfred. He
alfo aftembled a general council of the clergy, in which
it was determined, that all churches, monafteries, and
places of religious worfhip, which had gone to decay,
ihould be rebuilt or repaired. At length, after a diftin-
guifhed reign of thirty-feven years, and in the decline. of
life, he made a pilgrimage to Rome ; and, on his return,
he .-(hut himfelf up in a cloifter, where he died. To him
fucceeded Ofwald, Cudred, Sigebert, Cenulpli, and Brith-
ric ; all thefe claiming the crown, not entirely by heredi¬
tary right, nor yet totally rejecting their family pretenfions.

It was in the reign of the laft-named monarch, that Eg¬
bert, a grand nephew of king Ina, began to grow popu¬
lar among the Weft Saxons, both on a count of his family
and perlpnal accomplilhments. Being fenfible, however,
of the danger of popularity under Inch a jealous mo¬
narch as Brithric, he withdrew fecretly into France, to
the court of Charlemagne, the mod celebrious prince in
Europe. This was a iciiool in which young Egbert failed
not to make a rapid proficiency ; and he foon acquired
fuch accomplilhments, both in arts and in arms, as railed
him greatly fuperior to any of his countrymen at home.
Nor was it long before this prince had an opportunity of
difplaying his natural and acquired talents; for, Brithric
being poifoned by his wife Eadburga, the nobility re¬
called him from France, in order to fill the throne of his
anceftors. About that time alfo, a fortunate concurrence
of events feemed to prepare the way for his becoming
foie monarch ot the whole country. In all the kingdoms
of the heptarchy, an exaft rule of fucceffion was but little
a ' regarded;

3

548 n - E N G I

regarded; while, at the fame time, family pretenfions
were not laid afide. Every perfon of the collateral line
had an equal claim to alfert his right as thofe who claimed
by direfl defcejit ; fo that the reigning monarch was un¬
der continual apprehenfions from the princes of the blood,
whom he was taught to confider as rivals, and whofe
death alone could qnfure him tranquillity. From this
caufe, together with the monkilh fancy princes then had
of retiring to monafteries, and the liigh opinion of merit
attending the prefervation of chaftity, even in A married
date ; from thefe concurrent ca tiles the royal families had
been nearly extinguilhed in all the kingdoms, except that
of Weffex. Thus Egbert was the only furviving^ defeend-
ant of thofe conquerors who boaltcd their defcent from
Woden ; find confcquently, befidehis perfqnal merit, he
had hereditary pretenfions to the throne of the united
kingdoms. It is indeed probable that lie had already
planned the union of the heptarchy; but, in order to
avert the fufpicions of the neighbouring dates, he at¬
tacked the unconquered Britons in Cornwall, and conti¬
nued to adt as mediator among the Saxon princes, whole-
differences wete become almoft irreconcileable. His mo¬
deration in thefe good offices, the prudence he jnanifeded
in his own government, and his known capacity in the
affairs of war and peace, procured him fuch a degree of
reputation, that he was foon confidered as the -chief of
the Saxon heptarchy.

But his ambition was not to be fatisfied with a mere
nominal fuperiority ; he dill aimed at breaking down all
didinctions, and uniting thefe petty dates; into one great
and fiourifhing kingdom. The king of Mercia was the
fird who furnidred him with a pretext for recovering the
part of his dominions which had formerly been difmem-
bered by that date. Beornulf, the monarch of that coun¬
try, who had long aimed at the fovereignty over the hep¬
tarchy, taking advantage of Egbert’s abfence, invaded
his dominions with a numerous army, compofed of the
flower of his country. Egbert was not remifs in march¬
ing to oppofe hint, with a body of troops lefs numerous
than thofe of Beornulf, but more brave and relolute.
Both armies met at Wilton, and a battle enfuing, the
Mercians were defeated with terrible -daughter.

In the mean time, the victorious Egbert purfued his
conqued into t lie enemies’ country ; and he difpatched
his elded fon, Ethelwolf, with an army, into the kingdom
of Kent, who foon made himfelf rnader of that nation,
and expelled Baldred, their monarch, to whom his fub-
jects had paid a very unwilling obedience. The Ead
Saxons alio, qnd part of Surry, diffatisfied with their fub-
jedtion to the IVlercians, readily fubmitted to Egbert; nor
were the Ead Angles backward in fending ambaffadors
to crave his protection and afliltance, againd that nation
jivhofe yoke they had for fome time endured, and were
refolved no longer to bear. The Mercian king, attempt¬
ing to reprefs their defection, was defeated and (lain ;
and two years after, Ludecan, his fucceffor, experienced
the fame fate: Withalf, one of their eoldermen, foon
after put himfelf at their head, but being driven from
province to province by the invincible Egbert, he was,
at l id, obliged to- take (helter in the abbey of Croyland,
while Egbert made himfelf mailer of the whole kingdom
of Mercia. However, in order to (educe that people to
his dominion, he permitted Withalf to govern the king¬
dom as a yaffil, tributary under him ; thus, at once fatis-
fying his ambition, and flattering the people with an ap¬
pearance of their former government.

The king of Northumberland was the lad that fubmit-
ted to his authority. This date hall been long harnffed
by civil wars and u lurparioris ; all order had been de-.
flroyed among the people, and the kingdom was weak¬
ened to” fuch a degree, that it was in no condition to
wiihfiand Co formidable an invader as Egbert. The inha¬
bitants, therefore, unable to refid his power, and delirous
of polIeHing fome edabliihed form of government, cheer¬
fully lent deputies, who fubmitted to his authority, and

AND.

expreffed their allegiance to him as their fovereign. By
this fubmifiion, all the kingdoms of' the heptarchy were
united under his command ; bur, to gjve Iplendour tp-his
authority, a general council of the clergy and laity’ was
fummoned at Wincheder, where he was folentnly crowned
king of England, by which name the united nations
have been from thenceforth called.

Thus, about four hundred years from the fird arrival
of the Saxons in Britain, A.D.827, the prudence and
policy of Egbert united all the kingdoms of the heptarchy
into one great and formidable date; but fo introduce
knowledge and arts amonglf the inhabitants was a much
more arduous talk. Chridianity had-not hitherto banilhed
their ignorance, or foftened the ferocity of their manners ;
credulity and fuperltition had accompanied the doblrines
of Rome ; and the reverer.ee towards faints and relics
feems almod to have fupplanted the adoration even of
the Supreme Being. Monadic obfervances were edeemed
more meritorious than the adtive virtues ; and bounty to
the church atoned for every violence againd fociety. The
facerdotal habit was the only objedt of refpedt ; hence the
nobility preferred the fecurity and doth of the cloider to
the tumult and glory of war; and the kings, impove-
rilhed by the continual benefactions to the church, were
neither able to reward valour, nor retained influence to
fupport their government. Another inconvenience at¬
tended this corrupt date of Chridianity : the Saxons were
taught by the -monks a profound veneration for the holy
fee ; and the blindnefs and fubmiflive difpodtion of the
people encouraged the fucceffors of St. Peter to advance
every day in their encroachments on the independence of
the Englilh church. In the eighth century, Wilfrid,
hilhop of Lindisferne, the foie prelate of the Northum¬
brian kingdom, appealed to Rome againd the decifions of
an Englilh fynod, and thus laid the foundation of the
papal pretenfions, which were afterwards carried to the
mod difa raceful heights, and fubmitted to with the mod
abjeCh venality.

From EGBERT, the FIRST KING of ENGLAND,
to the NORMAN CONQUEST.

Scarcely had Egbert feated himfelf on the united throne
of the feven kingdoms of England, than the illand found
itfelf expofed to frelh invafions. In the year 819, a
mighty fwarnt of thofe nations bordering on the Baltic,
began, under the denomination of Danes and Normans,
to infed the wellern coads of Europe, and to fill all
places, wherever they came, with daughfer and devalta-
tion. Thefe were, in faCt, no other than the ancedors
of the very people whom they came to defpoil,. and might
be confidered as the original dock from whence the rude
colonies that infeded Britain had migrated fome centuries
before. The Normans fell upon the northern coads of
France; the Danes chiefly levelled their fury againd
England, their fird appearance having been when Brithric
was king of Weffex. It was then that a fmall body of
them landed on the coads of that kingdom, with a view
of fpying out the date of the country ; and having com¬
mitted fome fmall depredations, they fled to their fltips
for fafety. About leven years after this fird attempt,
they made a defcent upon the coad of Northumberland,
where they pillaged a monadery ; but their fleet being
(battered by a dorm, they were defeated by the inhabi¬
tants, and put to the fword. It was not till about five
years after the acceffion of Egbert, that their invafions
became formidable. From that time they continued then-
attacks with uncealing ferocity, until the whole kingdom
was reduced to a date of the mod didrefsful bondage.

No fooner had the Saxons began to negleCt their naval
edablidiment, than the Danes, who lucceeded them in
the empire of the fea, found no difficulty in landing upon
the i lie of Sheppey, in Kent, which they ravaged, and
returned to their diips loaden with the fpoil. TheiGnext
attempt, the year enfuing, was at the mouth of the Tyne,
where they landed fifteen thoufand men, and fnade.good

their

tJic-*lct d/w/s Stm? ic^iScd f>J/ JT.7?7I/ccj .

E N *G I

their ground againft the efforts of Egbert ; who, after an
obftinate bat.le", was obliged to draw off his forces by
night. Within two years after, they landed in Cornwall;
and being joined by the independent Britons there, they
advanced towards the borders of Devonlhire, where they
were totally routed by Egbert, at He ngfd own-hill, near
Kellington. By this victory h,e fecured t lie kingdom from
invafion for a confiderable time; but his death put a
period to the fucceffes of his country, and invited the
enemy to renew their devaftations with impunity.

He was fucceeded by Ethelwolf his fon, A. D. 8 3 S ,
who had neither the courage nor abilities of his father.
Tliis prince had been educated in a cloifler, and had ac¬
tually taken orders during the life of his elder brother;
but, upon his death, he received a difpenfation to quit
the monkifli habit, and to marry. He was fcarcely fettled
ou tlie throne, when a fleet of Donifli veffels, confiding
of thirty-three fail, landed at Southampton, who was re-
pulfed, but not without great daughter on both (ides.
However, no defeat could reprefs the obflinacy, nor any
difficulties invpede the inroads, of thefe fierce invaders,
who-ftill perfevered in their defcents ; and, year after
year, made frefli iiiyafions on the country, marking their
way with (laughter and defolation. Though often re-
pulfed, they generally fucceeded in carrying off the plun¬
der. It was their method to avoid coming, if poflible,
to a general engagement; Tut feathering themfelves over
the face of the country, they carried away, indiferimi-
natcly, as well, the inhabitants themfelves, as all their
moveable poffeflions. If the military force of the coun¬
try was drawn out againft them, the invaders either (food
their ground, if firong enough to oppofe, or retreated to
their (hips, if incapable of refifiance. Thus, by making
continual and repeated defcents, every part of England
was kept in conftant alarm, and every county was fearful
of giving afliftance to the next, as its own fafety was in
danger. From this general calamity the priefis and monks
were not exempted ; they were rather the chief objects
on whom the Danifh idolaters wreaked their refentment.

In this (fate of fluctuating fuccefs 'affairs continued for
fonie time, the Englifh often repelling, and as often being
repulfed by their fierce invaders ; till, at length, the
Danes refolved upon making a fettlement in Hie country,
and landing on the ifie of Thanef, A. D, 852, ftationed
themfelves there. In this place they kept Their ground,
notwithfianding a bloody victory gained over them by
Ethelwolf. From thence they fodn "after removed to the
ifle of Sheppey, which they confidered as more conve¬
nient for their tumultuary depredations. In the mean
time Ethelwolf, infiead of exerting his ftrength to repel
thefe invaders, was more folicitous to obey the dictates
of monkilh fuperfiition. In order to manifeft his devo¬
tion to the pope, he Cent his fon Alfred to Rome, to re¬
ceive confirmation from his holinefs ; and, not fatisfied
with this teftimony of his zeal, he undertook a pilgrimage
thither in perfon. He palfed twelve months in that city,
and gained no fmall applaufe for his devotion, which he
teftified by his great liberality to the church. In his re¬
turn home he married Judith, daughter to the emperor
Charles the Bald ; but, on his landing in his. own domi¬
nions, he was furprifed to find his title to the crown dif-
puted. His fecond fon, Ethelbald, upon the death of his
elder brother, perceiving the miferable (late to which the
kingdom was reduced by the king’s weaknefs and fuper¬
fiition, formed a confpiracy to expel him from the throne.
The people were equally divided between the claims of
the father and fon ; fo that a bloody and unnatural war
feented likely to augment the calamities of the times. A
divifion of the fovereignty at length terminated the dif-
pute; the king, was content with the eaftern part of the
monarchy, while his fon was appointed to govern the
weftern, which was the moft powerful, and the mod; ex-
pofed to danger. Having come to this agreement, a
council was fummoned of all the dates and nobles of the
kingdom ; and, befides the ratification of this grant, a
Vol. VI. No. 371.

AND. 549

tithe of the produce of the land was fettled upon the
clergy.

Ethelwolf furvived this event only two years, when lie
left the kingdom between his two eldefl fons, Ethelbald
and Ethelbert ; the weft being configned to the former,
the eafi: to the latter. The. reign of Ethelbald was fliort,
but diftinguiflied by a number of vices. He married Ju¬
dith, his own mother-in-law ; but was prevailed upon to
divorce her. The reign of his brother was of longer du¬
ration ; and, as we are told, mo-re meritorious. Never-'
thelefs the kingdom was Hill infefted by the Danes, who
committed great outrages. Ethelbald was fucceeded , by
his brother Ethelred, a brave^prince, but whole valour
was infufficient to reprefs the Danifh incurfions. In
thefe exploits he was often afiifted by his younger bro¬
ther, Alfred, afterwards furnamed the Great, who fa-
crificcd all private refentment to the public good, having
been deprived by the king of a large patrimony. It was
during this prince’s reign that the Danes, penetrating
into Mercia, took up their winter quarters at Notting¬
ham. Their next ftation was at Reading, from whence
they infefted the country in every direction. Ethelred,
attended by his brother Alfred, marched againft them
at the head of the Weft Saxons, and after many recipro¬
cations of fuccefs, and feveral obftinate battles, the. .king
died of a wound, and left to his brother Alfred the inhe¬
ritance of a kingdom reduced to the brink of ruin.

Nothing could be more deplorable than the ftate of
the country when Alfred came to the throne. The
Danes had iubdued Northumberland and the Ealt Angles,
and had penetrated into the heart of Weffex. The
Mercians were united againft him ; the dependence upon
the other provinces of the empire was but precarious :
the lands lay uncultivated through fear of continual in¬
curfions ; and the churches and monafteries were burnt
to the ground. In this fituation of affairs, nothing ap¬
peared but objects of terror, and every hope was loft in
defpair. Yet the wifdom and virtues of one man were
alone fufficient to reftore happinefs, fecurity, and order:
all thefe calamities found redrefs from the fugacious Al¬
fred. This prince feerned born not only to defend his
bleeding country, but even to adorn humanity. He had
given very early inftances of •thofe great virtues which
"afterwards adorned his reign ; and was anointed by pope
Leo as future king, when he was lent by his father for
his education to Rome. On his return from thence, he
became every day more the objedtof his father’s fond
regard; and that, perhaps, was the reafon why his edu¬
cation was at fil'd negledted. He had attained the age of
twelve before he was made acquainted with even the firft
elements of literature ; but on hearing, fome Saxon poems
read, which recounted the praife of heroes, his whole
mind was ftimulated, not only to obtain limilar glory,
but al(o "to be able to tranfmit that glory to pofterity.
Encouraged^by the queen his mother, and infpired by a
penetrating genius, he was foon able to read thofe com-
pofitions; and proceeded from thence to a knowledge of
the Latin authors, who directed his tafte, and rectified
his ambition.

He was fcarcely come to the crown when he was obliged
to march againft the Danes, who had feized Wilton, and
were exercifing their ufual ravages on the countries
around. He could only oppofe them with the few troops
he could affemble on a fudden, and a. defperate battle
was fought, to the difadvantage of "the Englilh. But it
was not in the power of misfortune to abate the king’s
ardour, though it repreffed his ability to do good. He
was in a little time enabled to hazard another engage¬
ment ; fo that the enemy, dreading his courage and adti-
vity, propofed terms of peace, which he did not think
proper to refufe. They had by this treaty bound them¬
felves to relinquifh the kingdom ; but, inftead of com¬
plying with their engagements, they only removed from
one place to another, burning and deftroying wherever
they came, while frefli fwarms of their countrymen were
7 A - pouring

550

ENGL

pouring in to their affiftanee. Alfred, thus oppofed to
an enemy whom no ftaticfnary force could fubdue, nor
any treaty bind, found himfelf unable to repel the efforts
of tliofe ^barbarians, who from all quarters invaded him.
It was in vain that he purfued them, and compelled
them to treaties ; tliey broke every league ; and,, continu¬
ing their attacks with ferocious perfeverance, they at
length difpiritcd his army, and induced Ixi s fuperftitious
foldiers to believe themfelves abandoned by heaven,
ftnce it tlifts permitted the outrages of the fierce idolaters
to go on with impunity. Many of them quitted their
country, and retired into Wales, or fled to the continent.
Others, fubmitting to the conquerors, purchafed their
lives by bartering their freedom. In this univerfal de¬
fection, Alfred vainly attempted to remind them of the
duty they owed their country and their king; fo that,
finding his remonflrances ineffectual, he was obliged to
give way to the wretched neceility of the times. Accord¬
ingly, relinq niChing all enfigns of dignity, and difmiffing
his attendants, he dreffed .^himfelf in the habit of a pea-
fant, and lived for fome 'time in the houfe of an herdf-
man, who had been entrufted with the care of his cattle.
In this manner, though abandoned by the world, and
furrounded by enemies in every quarter, ftill he refolved
to continue in his country, in order to feize the flighted
occafions for bringing it relief. In his folitary retreat,
which was in the county of Somerfet, at the confluence
of the rivers Parret and Thone, he folaced himfelf with
mufic, and fupported his humble lot by the hopes of
better fortune. It is faid that, one day, being ordered
by the herdfntan’s wife, who was ignorant of his quality,
to take care of fome cakes which were baking by the fire,
he happened to let them burn, for which flie feverely
reprimanded, or boxed him on the ear.

Previous to his retirement, Alfred had concerted mea-
fures for affembling a few trufty friends, whenever an
opportunity fhould offer of annoying the enemy, who
were now in poffellion of all the country. This chofen
band, ftill faithful tp their monarch, took Chelter in the
forefts and marfties of Somerfet, and from thence made
©ccafional irruptions upon draggling parties of the Danes.
Their fuccefs, in this predatory method of living, encou¬
raged many more to join them, till at length, fufficiently
augmented, they repaired to Alfred, who was by this time
reduced to the laft extremity.

Mean-while, Ubba, the chief of the Danifh com¬
manders, had carried terror over the whole land, and now
ravaged Wales without oppofition. The only place
where he found refiftance was, in his return, from the
raffle of Kenwith, into which the earl of Devonfhire had
retired with a fntall body of troops. This gallant foldier
finding himfelf unable to fuftain a fiege, and knowing the
danger of furrendering to a perfidious enemy, was refolv¬
ed to force his way through the beliegers, fword in hand.
The propofal was embraced by all his followers, while
the Danes, fecure in their numbers, and in their contempt
©f the enemy, were not only routed with great (laughter,
but Ubba, their general, was (lain. This viftory gave
courage to the difpirited Saxons; and Alfred, embracing
th& favourable difpofition, prepared to animate them to
make a vigorous (land. He apprifed them of the place of his
retreat, of the veteran band that had attached itfelf to
him, and inftrutted them to be ready with all their
ftrength at a minute’s warning. But none was found
hardy enough to watch and give intelligence of the forces
and pofture of the enemy. Not knowing, therefore, a
perfon in whom to confide, he undertook this dangerous
talk himfelf. In the Ample drefs of a ftiepherfl, with an
harp in his hand, he entered the Danifh camp, tried all
his arts to pleafe, and was fo much carelfed, that he was
brought into the prefence of Guthrum, the Danifh prince,
with whom he remained fome days. There he noticed
the fupine fecurity of the Danes, their contempt of the
Englifti, their negligence in foraging, and their diflblute
vrafie of fuel) ill-gotten booty.. Having made thefe ob-

A. N D.

fervations, he returned to his retreat,, and difpatched
melfengers to his fubjefits, appointing them to meet him
in arms in the foreft of Selwood — a fumntons which they
gladly obeyed.

It vvasxagainft the mod unguarded quarter of the enemy
that Alfred directed his attack. The Danes, furprifed
to behold an army of Englifti, whom they confidered as
totally fubdued, made but a faint refiftance, notwithftand-
ing the fuperiority of their number. They were routed
with great (laughter: and, though fuch a> efcaped Hed
for refuge into a fortified camp in the neighbourhood, yet,
being unprovided for a fiege, they were foon compelled
to furrender, A.D.876. By Alfred’s permiftion, tliofe
who did not chufe to embrace Chriftianity, embarked
for Flanders, under the command of one of their generals,
named Haftings; Guthrum, their prince, became a con¬
vert, with thirty of his nobles, and the king himfelf an-
f we red for him at the font. Of the pagan Danes who
had enlifted with Haftings, a part foon returned, contrary
to ftipulation, again to ravage that country where they
had been fo mercifully fpared ; and landing on the coaft
of Kent, they advanced towards Rochefter, in hopes of
furprifing that city, They were deterred^ however, from
proceeding, by hearing that Alfred was'iipon his march
to oppofe them. That fucb deprecations might be pre.
vented for the future, this monarch equipped a ftrong
fleet, with which lie attacked and deflroyed fixteen of
their veflels in the port of Harwich. There was ftill the
portof London open to the invaders; but, as that city was
but weakly garrifoned, he foon' reduced it to capitula-
tion. Having augmented its fortifications, and embel-
lifhed it with a number of new edifices, he delivered it
in charge to his fon-in-law, Ethelred, and thus fecured
the whole country from foreign depredators.

Alfred had now attained the meridian of glory; he
poflefted a greater extent of territory than had ever been
enjoyed by any of his predeceffors ; the kings of Wales
did hint homage for their poffeftionsj the Northumbrians
received a king of his own appointing; and no enemy
appeared to give him the leaf! alarm. In this ftate of
tranquillity, which lafted for twelve years, Alfred was
diligently employed in cultivating the arts of peace, and
in repairing the damages which the kingdom had fuftain-
ed by war. After rebuilding the towns which had been
deftroyed by the Danes, he eftabliftied a regular militia
for the defence of the kingdom. He took care that all
his fubjects fhould be armed and regiftered ; he afligned
them a regular rotation of duty ; — a part was employed
to cultivate the land, while others were appointed to
military duty. He took care to provide a naval force
that was more than a match for the invaders, and trained
his fubjedts to naval tactics. A fleet of an hundred and
twenty (hips of war was thus ftationed along the coafts ;
and, being well fupplied with all things necelfary both
for fuftenance and war, it impreffed the incurfive enemy
with awe. Not but that there occafionally happened
fome .very formidable defeents, which the king' found it
difficult to reprefs. Haftings, the Danifh chieftain in
particular, appeared off the coaft of Kent with a fleet of
three hundred and fifty fail ; and, although his forces
were vigoroufly oppofed and repulfed by the vigilance of
Alfred, yet he found means to fecure himfelf in the pof-
feflion of Bamflete, in the county of Effex. But it was
not long before his garrifon was overpowered by a body
of the citizens of London, with great (laughter, and his
wife and two fons made captives. Thefe experienced
the king’s clemency : he reftored them to Haftings, on
condition that he fhould immediately depart from the
kingdom. 'Nor were .the Eaft- Anglian Danes, nor the
infurgents of Northumberland, more fuccefsful. Thefe
broke out in open rebellion ; and, yielding to their favou¬
rite habits of depredation, embarked omboard two hun¬
dred and forty veffels, and appeared before the city of
Exeter. There, however, they experienced a very
bloody reception from Alfred, and were fo difeouraged,

that

*

ENG

that they put to fea again without attempting any other
enterprise. A third body of piratical Danes were dill
more unfuceefsful than either of the former. Great
numbers of them, after the departure of Haftings, feized
and fortified Shobury ; and, having left a garrifon there,
marched along the banks of the river till they came to
Bodington, in the county of Glouceder, where, being re¬
inforced by a body of Welchmen, they threw up en¬
trenchments to defend this camp ; but they were fur-
rounded by the king’s forces* and reduced to the utmod
extremity. After having eaten their horfes, and many
of them perifliing with hunger, they made a defperate
daily, in which numbers were cut to pieces. Thofe who
efcaped being purfned by the vigilance of Alfred, were
finally difperfed, or totally dedroyed. Nor did lie treat
the Northumbrian rebels with lefs feverity. Falling
upon them while they were exer^ifing their ravages in
the Wed, he took t«we.nty of their (hips ; and having tried
all the prifoners at Wincheder, he hanged them as the
common enemies of the date.

Having, by this vigilance and well-timed feverity, given
peace. and fecurity to his fubjefts, iijs next care was1 to
adorn his country by arts, as he had protected it by arms.
He is laid to have drawn up a code of laws ; but thofe
which remain to this day under his name feem to be only
the laws already practiced in the country by his Saxon
ancedors, and to which, probably, lie gave his fanftio.n.
The trial by jury, mulfts, and fines for offences, by fome
afcribed to him, are of a much more ancient date. But
the care of Alfred for the encouragement of learning, did
not a little tend to improve the morals, and redrain the
habits, of the people. When he came to the throne, he
found the Englifli funk into the groded ignorance and
barbarifm, proceeding from the continued diforders of
the government, and from the ravages of the Danes. Fie
himfelf complains, that, on his accetfion, he knew not one
perfoti fouth of the Thames who could fo much as inter¬
pret the Latin fervice. To remedy this defeft, he invited
over the mod celebrated fcholars from all parts of Eu¬
rope; he founded, or at lead re-edablifhed, the univer-
fity of Oxford, and endowed it with many privileges. Fie
gave, by his own example, the dronged incentives to
ftudy. He ufually divided his time into three equal por¬
tions ; one was given to the refection of the body, diet,
andexercife; another to the difpatch of bufinefs; and
the third to dudy and devotion. He made a confiderable
progrefs in gramntar, rhetoric, philofophy, architecture,
and geometry. Fie was an excellent hidorian, an adept
in mufic, and was acknowledged to be the bed Saxon
poet of the age. Fie left many works, of which fome re¬
main to this day. Fie tranfiated the Padoral of Gregory 1.
Boethius de Confolatione, and Bede’s Ecclefiadical Flidory,
-into the Saxon language. Senfible that his illiterate fub¬
jefts were not much fufceptible of fpeculative indruc-
tion, he endeavoured to convey his morality by parables
and dories, and is faid to have tranfiated from the Greek
the fables of ^Efop. Nor did he even negleft the more
mechanical arts of life. Before his time, the generality
of the people chiefly made ufe of timber in building.
Alfred raifed his palaces of brick, and the nobility by de¬
grees began to imitate his example. He introduced and
• encouraged manufactures of all kinds, and no inventor
or improver of any ingenious art was fuffered to go unre¬
warded. Even the elegancies of life began to be brought
to him from the Mediterranean; and his fubjefts, by
feeing the productions of the peaceful arts, were taught
to refpeCt The virtues of judice and indudry, by which
alone they could be procured. It was after a glorious
reign oftwenty-nine years, thus fpent in the advancement
of his fubjeCts’ happinefs, that he died, A. D. 901, in the
vigour of his age, and the full enjoyment of his facul¬
ties, an example to princes, and an ornament to human
nature.

The character of Alfred feems to have made as near
approaches to perfection, as the frailty infeparable from

Li A N D, u. 55 1

human nature will allow. Fie was unquedionably, in
every refpeCt, one of the greateft men that ever gave
fplendour to a throne, or dignified the annals of a peo¬
ple. Flis capacity was naturally brilliant, and was fo
much improved by cultivation, that he became one of
the mod politic and intelligent princes of his time. His
difcernment was quick, his memory retentive, and his
judgment found.’ His talents and virtues were not only
of that fplendid kind which qualified him for- the exercife
of royalty, but were fuch as would have procured him a
high reputation in the fphere of private life. He was
bold, active, and enterprifing ; was pofl’efled of great for¬
titude and vigour of mind, and the mod Heady and inde¬
fatigable perfeverance. ' Thotlgh firm, he was of a mild
and placable temper; and, notwithdanding the elevation
of his rank, he difpiayed on all occafions the mod eafy
condefcenfion, and the mod winning affability. Some in¬
dances of great feverity occur in the hiltory of his reign ;
but even thefe do not derogate from his general character
of lenity and moderation. His aCts of rigour were always
merited, and never unfeafonable ; for the diforders of the
times, which mildnefs and forbearance would have en¬
couraged, required, for their extirpation, the pfe of
powerful remedies. Fie was liberal without profufion,
and charitable without odentation ; and, though pru¬
dently economical in the difpofal of his revenues, he
maintained, in his court every requifite of regal pomp.
His goodnefs of heart was confpicuous in his whole con¬
duct. He confidered himfelf as born to promote, to the
utmod of his power, the accommodation and felicity of
his fellow-creatut.es ; and though he was perfonally re¬
proved by one of his clerical friends for having neglefted
the occafional complaints of thofe who petitioned him
for .redrefs in the reign of his brother Ethelred, this neg-
leCt might, perhaps, generally arife from the weak foun¬
dation on which the allegations of injury reded; and if
it was judly imputed to him, it was amply atoned by his
fubfequent behaviour. His afifeCtion for his people was
ardent and fincere, and was recompenfed by a loyalty
founded on gratitude and attachment. His adminiftration
of juftice was didinguifiied by drift impartiality ; and the
influence of rank and wealth could never procure from
him a more favourable fentence than he would give to
the poored and molt unfriendly peefons in a fimilar cafe.
With refpeft to religion, he was lefs infefted with the
fuperdition of the times than any of his fubjefts. His de¬
votion, though fervent, was rational ; and his firm ad¬
herence to Chridianity arofe not from idle credulity, but
from deliberate dudy and conviftion. Thus did this ex¬
cellent prince did'ufe around him the light of knowledge
and. improvement, and all the bleflings which are dedu-
cihle from a beneficent, liberal, and enlightened, plan of
government. He was, in the drifted fenfe, a patriot
king; one who invariably confulted the true intereds of
his country, and the univerfal welfare of his people,
whom he protefted as a fovereign, and loved as a father.
Fie merited, equally with the amiable Titus, the honour¬
able appellation of humani generis delicia, the delight of
human nature ; and, while the fplendid talents of his
mind, and the glorious aftions of his reign, claimed and
procured to him the furname of Great, the more attrac¬
tive qualities of his heart, and his rondant praftice of
virtue, entitled him to the epithet of Good. Alfred had,
by his wife Ethelfwitha, the daughter of a Mercian earl,
three fons and three daughters. His elded fon Edmund,
died without iflhe during his father’s life-time. Flis third
fon-Ethelward, inherited his father’s paflion for letters,
and lived a private life. His fecond fon Edward, fuc-
ceeded him in the fovereignty of 'England.

Edward was fcarcely fettled on the throne, when his
pretenfions were difputed by-Ethel wald, his coufin-ger-
man, who raifed a large party among his Northumbrians
to efpoufe his caufe. At fin t his exeytidns feemed to be
favoured by 'fortune ; but he was foon after killed in
battle, and his death freed Edward from a dangerous

competitor.

I

E N G L A N D.

competitor. Neverthelefs, the death of their leader was
not fufficient to intimidate his turbulent adherents. Dur¬
ing the whole of this prince’s reign, there were but few
intervals free from the attempts and LnfurreCtions of the
Northumbrian infurgents. Many were the battles he
fought, and the vidfories he won; fo that, though he
might be deemed unequal to his father in the arts of
peace, he did not fall ftiort of him in military talents.
He built fevcral'caftles, and fortified different cities. He
reduced Turkethill, a Danifh invader, and obliged him
to retire with his followers. He fubdued the Eaft An¬
gles, and acquired dominion over the Northumbrians;
themfelves. He was affifted in thefe conquefts by his fif-
ter Ethelfleda, the widow of Ethelbert, earl of Mercia,
who, after her hufband’s death, retained the government
of that province. Thus, after Edward had reduced the
whole kingdom to his obedience, and begun to promote
the happinefs of his people by the arts of peace, he was
prevented by death from the accompljfliment of his de¬
ficits.

To him fucceeded Athelffan, his- natural fon, A. D.
925, the illegitimacy of birth not being then-deemed an
obltaele to the inheritance of the crown. To this prince,
as to the former, there was fonie oppofition made in the
beginning. Alfred, a nobleman of his kindred, is laid
to have entered into a confpiracy againft him, in favour
of the legitimate fons of the deceafed king, who were yet
too young to be capable of governing themfelves. What¬
ever his attempts might have been, he denied the charge,
and offered to clear himfelf of it by oath before the pope.
The propofal was accepted : and it is aflerted by the le¬
gendary, that he had no fooner fw’orn himfelf innocent,
than lie fell into convulfions, and died in three days.
This monarch received alfo feme dilturbances from the
Northumbrian Danes, whom he compelled to furrender ;
and refenting the conduct of Conftantine, king of Scot¬
land, who had given them afliftance, he ravaged that
coun'ry with .impunity, till at length he was appeafed by
the humble fubmiffions of that monarch. Thefe fubmif-
fions, however, being extorted, were infincere. Soon af¬
ter Athelffan had evacuated that kingdom, Conftantine
enteied into a confederacy with a body of Danifli pirates,
and fome Welfh chiefs, who were jealous of Athelftan’s
growing greatnefs. A bloody battle was fought ad Brtinf-
burg, in Northumberland, in which the Englifii monarch
was again victorious. After this fuccefs, Athelffan en¬
joyed his crown in tranquillity ; and he is regarded as one
of the ablefl and molt active of the Saxon kings. During
his reign the Bible was tranfl ate'd into the Saxon lan¬
guage ; and fome alliances were alfo formed with the
princes on the continent. He died at Gloucelter, after a
reign of (ixteen years, A. D. 941, and was fucceeded by
his brother Edmund.

Edmund, like the reft of his predeceffors, met with dif-
turbances from the Northumbrians on his acceffion to the
throne ; but his activity foon defeated their attempts.
The great end, therefore, which he aimed at, during his
reign, was to curb the licentioufnefs of his people, by
extending the mild influence of . Chriftianity. Among
oilier regulations for the benefit of fuciety, he was the
firff monarch who, by l.iw, inftituted capital punifhments
in England. Remarking, that fines and pecuniary mulCts_
were infufficient to rep refs highwaymen and robbers, he
enaCted, that when gangs of robbers were taken, the old-
ell of them fhould be condemned to the gallows. This
was confidered a very fevere law at the time, becaufe
among our early unceftors, ail the penal lavvs were Angu¬
larly mild and merciful. The provilion made by this
monarch againft men of that defperate way of living, was
the caufe of his own death. His virtues, abilities, wealth,
and 'temperance, promifed him a long and happy reign ;
when-, on a certain day, as he was folemnizing a feltival
in G louceffcrffiire, he remaiked that Leolf, a notorious
robber whom he had fentenced to banifltment, had yet the
boldnefs to enter the hall where he was dining, and to fit

at table among the guefts. Enraged at this infolence, he
commanded him to leave the room ; but, on his refilling
to obey, the king, whole temper was haftv, flew at him,
and caught him by the hair. The ruffian drew a dagger.,
and with a furious blow ftabbed the monarch to the heart,
wdio fell dowm on the bofom of his murderer. The death
of the alfaffin, who was inffahtly cut in pieces, was but a
final! atonement for fo horrid a crime.

The late king’s fons were’ too young to undertake the
direction of the government ; his brother Edred was
therefore appointed to fucceed ; and, like his predecef¬
fors,' this monarch found himfelf at the head of a rebel¬
lious and refractory people. The Northumbrian Danes,
as ufual, made feveral attempts to fliake olf the Englifii
yoke ; fo that the king was at lad-obliged to . place garri-
fons in their molt- confiderable towns, and to appoint an
Englifii governor over them, who might fupprefe their
infurreCtions in the bud. About this time, too, the monks
began to^affume the direction in civil affairs ; and, by art¬
fully managing the fuperftitions and the fears of the peo¬
ple, eredted a clerical authority that u’as not ftiaken off
for feveral fucceeding centuries. Edred had blindly de¬
livered over his confcience to the guidance of Dunftan,
abbot of Glaftonbury, who was afterwards canonized;
and this man, under the appearance of fanCtity, concealed
the molt bouiidlefs ambition. The monks had hitherto
been a kind of fecular priefts, who, though they lived in
communities, were neither feparated from the reft of the
world, nor ufelefs to it. They often married ; and were
affiduoully employed in the education of youth, and fub-
~jeCt to the commands of temporal fuperiors. The celi¬
bacy and the independency of the clergy, as being a inea-
fure that would contribute to the eftablilhment of the
papal power in Europe, was warmly recommended by
the fee of Rome to all ecclefialtics in general, but to the
'modk9 in particular. The prefent opportunity offered
of carrying this meafure into an eccleliaftical law', from
the fuperftitions character of Edred, and the furious zeal
of Dunftan. Edred implicitly fubmitted to his directions
both in church and ftate ; and the kingdom was in a fair
way of being converted into a papal province by this zea¬
lous eccleftaftic, when he was checked in the mid ft of his
career by the death of the king, who died of a quinfy, in
the tenth year of his reign, A. D. 954.

Edwy, his nephew, who afeended the throne, as his
own fons were too young to govern, was a prince of
great perfpnal accomplifhments, and of a martial difpoli-
tion. But lie was to inherit a kingdom wherein he had
an enemy to contend with, againft whom all military vir¬
tues could be of little avail. Dunftan, who had governed
during the former reign, was refolved to remit nothing of
his authority in this ; I'o that Edwy, immediately upon
his acceffion, found himfelf involved in a quarrel with the
monks, whofe rage his virtues could neither foften nor
mitigate. He feems to have been eleCted by the l'ecular
priefts in oppofition to the monks ; fo that their whole
body, with Dunftan at their head, purfued him with im¬
placable animofity while living, and even endeavoured to
viiify his character when dead.

There was a lady of the royal blood, named Elgiva,
whofe beauty had made a ftrong impreffion on JEdwy’s
heart. He had even ventured to marry her, contrary to
the advice of his counfellors, as fhe was within the de¬
grees of confanguinity 'prohibited by the canon law. On
the day of his coronation, w hile his nobility- were giving
a loofe to the pleafures of feftivity in the great hall, Edwy
retired to his wife’s apartment ; where, in company with
his mother, he enjoyed the more plealing fatisfaCtion of
her conversation. Dunftan no fooner perceived his ab-
fence, than, conjeCturing the reafen, he rufhed fiercely
into the apartment, and, upbraiding hhn with all the bit-
ternefs of eccleliaftical rancour, dragged him forth in the
molt outrageous manner. Dunftan, it feems, was not
without Ills enemies ; for the king was advifed to punifli
this inful r, by ordering him to account for the money

with

ENG

with which he had been entrufted during the former
reign. This account tiie haughty pried refufed to give ;
wherefore he was deprived of ali the ecclefiadical and ci¬
vil emoluments of which he had been in polfellion, and
banifhed the kingdom. But his exile only ferved to in-
creafe the reputation of his fandtity among the people ;
and Odo, archbifhop of Canterbury, was fo much en¬
raged, that he pronounced a divorce between Edvvy and
E-lgiv-a. Ecclefiadical cenfttres were then attended with
the mod formidable confequences. The king could no
longer relid the indignation of the church, but fubmitted
to part with his beautiful wife. Accordingly Odo lent
into the palace a party of fyldiers, who feized the queen,
and, by his orders, branded heron the face with an hot
iron. She was then carried by force into Ireland, there
to remain in perpetual exile. This injundVion, however,
was too didreding to her feelings; and, being cured of
Iter wound, which was purpofely made to deface her
beauty, die once more ventured to return to the king,
whom die dill tenderly regarded as her hufband. But
misfortune continued to purfue her. She was taken pri-
foner by order of Odo, and put to death in the mod cruel
manner; having the finews of her legs cut, and her body
fkamehilly mangled. In the mean lime, a fecret revolt
againd Edvvy became almod general, indigated by the
archbidrop ; and Dundan returned to England to put
liimfelf at the head of the party. The malcontents now
proceeded to open rebellion; and, having placed Edgar,
the king’s younger brother, about thirteen years of age,
at their head, they foon put him in polfeffion of all the
northern parts of the kingdom. Edwy’s power, and the
number of his adherents, every day declining, he was
obliged to confent to a partition of the kingdom ; when
his death, which happened foon after, freed his enemies
from all further inquietude, and gave Edgar peaceable
podedion of the government.

Edgar being placed on the throne by the influence of
the monks, A. D. 959, affedfed to be entirely guided by
their will in all his fucceeding tranfactions. There has
ever been fome popular cry, fome darling prejudice,
among d the Engl i fh ; and he who has taken the advan¬
tage of it, has always found it of excellent aflidance to
bis government. The fanclity of the monks was the cry
at that time; and tl)e young king, chiming in with the
people, at once promoted their happinefs, and his own
glory. Few Englilh monarchs have reigned with more
fortune, or more fplendour, than Edgar. Fie not only
quieted all domedic infurredtions, but reprelfed all fo¬
reign invafions ; and his power was fo well edablifhed,
and (o widely extended, that he is laid to have been
rowed in his barge by eight tributary kings upon the river
Dee. The monks, whom he promoted, are loud in his
praife ; and yet the example of his continence was no
way correfponding with that chadity and forbearance on
which they chiefly founded their fuperior pretenfions to
landtity. It is indeed fomewhat extraordinary, that one
fho-uld have been extolled for bis virtues by the monks,
whofe irregularities were fo peculiarly oppodte to the
tenets they preached. His fir A tranfgreflion of this fund
was the breaking into a convent, carrying oft' Editlia, a
nun, by force, and even committing violence on her per-
fon. For this adt of facrilege, no other penance was en¬
joined titan that he diould abftain from putting on his
crown for feven years. As for the lady, he was permit¬
ted to continue bis intercourfe with her without fcandal.
There was another miftrefs of Edgar’s, named Elfleda
the Fair, with whom he formed a connection in a very
Angular manner. Being at the houfe of one of his nobles,
and fixing la is affections on' the nobleman’s daughter, he
privately requefted that the young lady diould pafs that
night with him. The lady’s mother, knowing his power,,
and. the impetuofity of his temper, prevailed upon her
daughter feemingly to comply; but, in the mean time,
fubnituted a beautiful domeltic in the young .lady’s place.
In the morning, when the king awoke, indead of being
V.o c. V I. No. 372.

LAND. 5 53

difpldafed at the dratagem, be expreded pleafure in the
adventure; and, transferring his love to Elfleda, die be¬
came his favourite, and maintained an afcendency over
him till bis marriage with Elfrida, daughter to the earl
of Devondiire. The beauty and accomplifliments of this
lady, as reprefented by common fame, excited the paf-
fions of Edgar, and he refolved to have her ;~ but, un¬
willing to credit report, he fent Ethelwald, his favourite
friend, to fee, and inform him, whether Elfrida was in¬
deed that incomparable woman which the world had de-
feribed her to be. 'Ethelwald arriving at the earl’s, had
no fooner cad his eyes upon the lovely fair one, than
he became enamoured of her liimfelf. Such was the vio¬
lence of his padion, that, forgetting his duty to his m af¬
ter, he folicited only his own iutereds, and demanded for
liimfelf the beautiful Elfrida in marriage. The favou¬
rite of a king was not likely to find a refufal ; the earl
gave his confent, and their ‘nuptials were; performed in
private. Upon his return to court, he allured the king
that her riches alone, and her high quality, had been the
only caufe of her celebrity ; and lie appeared amazed
bow the world could talk fo much, and fo unjuftly, of
her charms. The king was fatisfied, and no longer felt
any curiofity, while Ethelwald fecretly indulged in all
the gratifications of connubial love. When lie had, by
this deceit, weaned the king from his purpofe, he took
an opportunity of turning the conversation on Elfrida,
reprefenting, that though the fortune of the earl of De-
vondiire’s daughter would be a trifle to a king, yet it
would be an immenfe acquifition to a needy fubjeCt like
liimfelf. He, therefore, humbly entreated permillion to
pay his addrelfes to her, as die was the riched heirefs in
the kingdom. A requed fo apparently reafonable was
readily complied with ; Ethelwald returned to his wife,
and their nuptials were folemnized in public. His greated
care, however, was employed in keeping her from court;
and he took every precaution to prevent her appearing
before a king fo fufceptible of love, and fo capable of in-
fpiring that padion. But it was itnpoflible to keep his
treachery concealed. Favourites are never without ene¬
mies, who watch every opportunity of riling upon their
ruin. Edgar was foon informed of the whole tranfac-
tion ; but, diffembling his refentnient, he took occafion
to vilit that part of the country where this miracle of
beauty refided, accompanied by Ethelwald, who reluc¬
tantly attended him thither. Upon coming near the la¬
dy’s habitation, he told him that lie hud a curiofity to
fee his wife, of whom he had formerly heard fo much,
and defired to be introduced as his acquaintance. Ethel¬
wald, thunderdruck at the propofal, did all in his power
to diffuade the king from it, but in vain. All he could
obtain, was permiflion to go before, on pretence of pre¬
paring adequately for his reception. On his arrival, he
fell at his wife’s feet, confeding what he had done to be
poffeffed of her charms, and conjuring her to conceal, as
much as poffible, her beauty from the king, v\ ho was but
too fufceptible of its power. Elfrida, little obliged to
him for a padion that had deprived her of a crown, pro-
mifed compliance ; but, prompted either by the vanity
of her fex, or by revenge, die adorned her perfon with
the mod exquifite art, and called up all her beauty on
the occafion. The event anfvvered her expectations ; the
king no fooner faw, than he loved her, and was indantly
refolved to obtain her. The better to effeCt his inten¬
tions, he concealed bis pailion from the hufband, and
took leave with a feeming indifference; but his revenge
was not the lefs certain and fatal. Ethelwald was foon
after fent into Northumberland, upon pretence of urgent
•affairs, and was found murdered in a wood by the way.
Some fav, he was dabbed by the king’s own hand ; fome,
that he only commanded. the adallination ; however this
Jae, Elfrida was brought to court by the king’s own or¬
der, and their nuptials were performed with the ufual fo-
lemnity. Such was the criminal padion of a monarch,
whom the monks have thought proper to reprefent as
7 B ; the

55 4

E N G 1

the mod perfefl of mankind. His reign was fuccefsful,
becaufe it was founded upon a compliance with the pre¬
judices of the people ; but it produced very fenfible evils,
and thefe fell upon his fucceflor. He died after a reign
of fixteen years, in the thirty-third year of his age, being
lucceeded by his fon Edward, whom he had by his fil'd
marriage with the daughter of the earl of Ordmer.

Edward, furnamed the Martyr, was made king, A. D.
951} by the filtered of the monks, but lived only four
years after his accedlon. In his reign there is nothing
remarkable, if we except his tragical end. Though this
young monarch had been from the beginning oppofed by
Elfrida, his dep-mother, who feems to have united the
greated deformity of mind with the higheft graces of per-
fon, yet he ever (hewed her the dronged marks of re¬
gard, and exprefled, on all occafions, the mod tender af-
tedlion for her fon, his half-brother. Hou'ever, hunting
one day near Corfe-cadle in Dorfetdiire, where Elfrida
refided, he thought it his duty to pay her a vilit, though
not attended by any of his retinue. Being thirdy, and
defiring Come liquor to be brought him, while he was yet
holding the cup to his mouth, one of Elfrida’s domedics,
indrufted for that purpofe, dabbed him in the back.
The king, finding himfelf wounded, put fpurs to his
liorfe ; but, fainting with the lofs of blood, he fell from
the faddle, and his foot hanging in the dirrup, he was
dragged by his horfe till he was killed. Being tracked
by the blood, his body was found, and privately interred
at Wareham by his fervaiits.

Ethelred the Second, the fon of Edgar and Elfrida,
fucceeded to the throne, A. D. 978. He was a weak and
irrefolute monarch, incapable of governing the kingdom,
or of providing for its fafety. After a train of didenfions
and vices, which feem to have marked foine of the former
reigns, it is not furprifing that the country was weaken¬
ed ; and the people, taught to rely entirely on preterna¬
tural affidance, were rendered incapable of defending
themfelves. During this period, therefore, their old and
watchful enemies, the Danes, who feem not to have been
overloaded with the comforts or luxuries of life, were
daily gaining ground. The weaknefs and the inexperi¬
ence of Ethelred, appeared to give a favourable oppor¬
tunity for renewing their depredations ; and accordingly
they landed on feveral parts of the coaffs, fpreading ter¬
ror and devaftation. The Englifh, ill-provided to op’
pofe fuch an enemy, made but a feeble refinance; endea¬
vouring by forbearance and treaty to avert tire dorm they
had not fpirit to oppofe. The northern invaders, now
perceiving the defencelefs condition of England, made a
powerful defeent, under Sweyn king of Denmark, and
Olave king of Norway, who, failing tip the Humber,
committed on all Tides the mod dedrudtive ravages. The
Englidi oppofed them with a formidable army, but were
repulfed with great daughter. The Danes, encouraged
by their fuccels, marched into the heart of the kingdom,
filling all places through which they paffed with rapine
and cruelty. Ethelred had, upon the former invation of
thefe pirates, bought them olf with money; and he now
refolved to put the fame expedient in practice. He fent
arnbaffadors, therefore, to the two kings, and offered them
fubfiftence and tribute, provided they would redrain their
ravages', and depart the kingdom. It has often been
remarked, that buying oif an invafion only ferves to
firengthen the enemy, and to invite a repetition of hof-
tilities. Such it happened upon this occafion : Sweyn
and Olave agreed to the terms, and peaceably took up
their quarters at Southampton, where the fum of fixteen
thoufand pounds was paid them. Olave returned to his
native country, and never infeded England more; but
Sweyn was lefs fcrupulous, and allowed but a fhort in¬
terval of peace.

The Englifh, A. D. 998, found their (Ituation, on this
account, truly deplorable. The weaknefs of the king,
the diviflons of the nobility, the treachery of fome, and
the cowardice of others, fru fixated all their endeavours

a A N D. ..

for mutual defence. The Danes, well informed of their
fitu3tion, again appeared on the Englifh (bore; and, fee¬
ing the incapacity of the country to oppofe them, they
demanded twenty-five thoufand pounds more. This fum
they alfo received ; but this only ferved to provoke their
appetite for frefh exadtions, which the fubfequent events-
too amply put in their power. The Danes had made fe¬
veral fettlements, for many years before, in diderent parts
of the kingdom ; and their military (uperiority was gene¬
rally acknowledged by all : hence the kings of England
had been acctidomed to keep in pay bodies of Danifh
troops, whom they • quartered in different parts of the
country. Thefe mercenaries, from an attention to clean-
nefs and decency, had attained to Inch an height of lux¬
ury, (according to the writers of thofedays,) that they
combed their hair once a day , bathed themfelves once a
week ; till by thefe arts, then edeemed effeminate, they
rendered themfelves fo agreeable to the fair fex, that they
debauched the wives and daughters of the Englidi, and
difhonoured many families. To thofe vices were added
the treachery of their condudt upon every threatened in¬
vafion, when they diewed their attachmept to their own
countrymen, againh thofe among whom they were per¬
mitted to refide. 1 hefe were motives fuflicient, in that
barbarous age, to indigate a general madacre ; and Ethel¬
red, by a policy incident to weak princes, embraced the
horrid refolution of putting them all to the fword. This
plot was carried on with fuch fecrecy, that it was exe¬
cuted in one day, and all the Danes in England were de-
droyed without mercy. But this madacre, fo perfidious
in the contriving, and fo cruel in the execution, indead
.of ending the long miferies of the people, only prepared
the way for greater calamities.

While the Englidi were congratulating each other up¬
on this deliverance from an intedine enemy, Sweyn ap¬
peared oif the wedern coads with a large fleet, medi¬
tating furious revenge. The Englifh now vainly attempted
to fummon their forces ; treachery and cowardice ope¬
rated to difpirit their leaders, or to diflipate their troops.
To thefe misfortunes were added a dreadful famine, partly
from bad feafons, and partly from the negledt of agricul¬
ture. For a while they fuppofed that the threats of the
Danes might be averted by the payment of thirty thou¬
fand pounds, which the invaders agreed to accept; but
this, as in the former cafes, afforded only a temporary
relief. For a while they placed their hopes in a power¬
ful navy, which they found means to equip ; but this
was divided and difperfed, without affording any adhtal
fervice. Nothing, therefore, remained, but their fuffer-
ing the juft indignation of the conqueror, and undergoing
all the evils that war, inftigated by revenge, could in¬
flict. During this period, a general confternation and
dilfenfion prevailed in England. Celfations from thefe
calamities were purchafed, one after another, by immenfe
fums ; but as they afforded only a fhort alleviation of the
common diftrefs, no other relource eventually remained
than that of fubmitting to the Danifh monarch, of (wear¬
ing allegiance to him, and giving hoftages or pledges of
fincerity. Ethelred was obliged to fly into Normandy,
and the whole country bowed to the fuperior power of
Sweyn, his vidtorious enemy.

The death of Sweyn, which happened about fix weeks
after, feemed to offer a favourable opportunity of reffor-
ing Ethelred to the throne, and his fubjefts to their liber¬
ties. Accordingly he feized it witii avidity ; but his mif-
talces were incurable, and his indolence, credulity, and
cowardice, obftrufted all fuccefs : fo that, after having
feen the greatett part of the kingdom wretted from him
by an infulting enemy, and after refufing to head his
troops to oppofe them, he retired to London,, where he
ended an inglorious reign of thirty-five years, leaving two
fons, the eldeft of whom, Edmund, inherited his crown
and his misfortunes.

Ednuind fucceeded to the throne of his father, A. D.
joj6, and received the furname of Itonfide, front his

hardy

555

ENG

hardy oppofition to the enemy; but this oppofition was
as ineffeftual to reftore the happinefs of his country, as
it was- infufficient to continue him in the poffeffion of the
throne- He was oppofed by one of the in oft powerful
and vigilant monarchs then in Europe ; for Canute, after¬
wards furnamed the Great, fucceeded Sweyn as -king of
Denmark, and alio as commander of the Danifh forces in
England. The conteft between tbefe two monarchs was
therefore conducted with great obftinacy and perfeve-
rance ; the firft battle that was fought appeared undeci-
five ; a fecond followed, in which the D ines were victo¬
rious ; but Edmund (till having intereft enough to bring
a third army into the field, the Danifh and Englifh nobi¬
lity, equally harafl'ed and diftrefTed by thefe convulfions,
obliged thefe monarchs to come to a compromife, and
divide the kingdom between them. Canute referved to
himfelf the northern parts of the kingdom ; the fouthern
diftriets were left to Edmund ; but this prince being mur¬
dered at Oxford, about a month after the treaty, by his
two chamberlains, Canute was left in quiet poffeifion of
the whole kingdom.

Canute, though he had gratified his ambition in ob¬
taining the Englifh crown, was yet obliged to make fome
mortifying concefiions ; and, in order to gain the intereft;
of fome of the nobility, he confented to gratify_ their ava¬
rice. But when his power grew .Longer, and his title
more fecure, he recalled thofe grants which he had made,
and even put many of the Englifh nobles to death, fen-
fible that thofe who had betrayed their native fovereign
would never be true to him. Nor was he lefs fevere in
his exactions upon the fubordinate ranks of the people,
levying at one time feventy-two thoufand pounds upon
country, and eleven thoufand more upon the city of Lon¬
don. Having by this feverity ftrengthened his authority,
he began to fhew the merciful fide of his charafter. His
firft ftep to reconcile the Englifh to his yoke, was, by
fending back to Denmark as many of his followers as he
could fafely fpare. He made no diftinftion between the
Englifh and Danes in the adminiftration of juftice, but
reftored the Saxon cufloms in a general affembly of the
kingdom. The two nations thus uniting with each other,
were glad to reft for a while from the tumult and (laugh¬
ter in which they had mutually involved each other ; and,
to confirm their amity, the king himfelf married Emma,
the fifter of Richard duke of Normandy, who lxad coin
ftantly efpoufed the interefts of the Englifh.

Canute, tints eftabliftied on the Englifh throne, made
a voyage to Denmark, his native dominions, which were
then attacked by the king of Sweden. In this expedi¬
tion, Godwin, an Englifh earl, was particularly diftin-
guifhed for his valour, whereby he acquired that fame
which afterwards laid a foundation for the innnenfe power
he affumed during the fucceeding reigns. In another
voyage which Canute mirde to Denmark, he attacked
Norway; and, expelling Olaus from his kingdom, he an¬
nexed it to his own empire. Thus, wearing at once the
triple crown of England, Denmark, and Norway, he was
confidered as the rnoft warlike and potent prince in Eu¬
rope.

As his reign was founded in blood, fo he was, towards
the end of it, defirous to atofie for his cruelties and injuf-
tice, by- afts of penitence and devotion. Ele erected
churches, endowed monafteries, and appointed revenues,
for the celebration of mafs. He undertook a pilgrimage
to Rome, where he remained a confideruble time; and,
befides obtaining from the pope l'ome privileges for the
Englilh fchool founded there, he engaged all the princes
through whofe dominions he palled, to abolifh thofe
heavy impofitions which they were accuftomed to exaft
from the Englifh pilgrims. The piety of the latter part
of his life, and the invincible courage of the former,
were topics that filled the mouths of his courtiers with
flattery and praife. They even affefted to infinuate that
his power was uncontroulable, and that all things would
be obedient to his command. Canute, fcnfible of their

LAND.

adulation, is fa id to have taken the following method to
reprove them. Ele ordered his chair to be fet on the fea-
fhore while the tide was coming in, and commanded the
fea to retire. “ Thou art under my dominion, (cried
lie ;) the la-nd upon which I fit is mine ; I charge thee,
therefore, to approach no farther, nor dare to wet the
feet of thy fovereign.” Ele feigned to fit fome time in ex-
peftation of fubrni (lion, till the waves began to furround
him; then, turning to his courtiers, he obferved, that
the titles of Lord and Mafter belonged only to him whom
both earth and feas were made to obey. Thus refpefted,
he lived many years, honoured with the furname of
Great, for his power, but deferving it (fill more for his
virtues. He died at Shaftefbury, in the nineteenth year
of his reign, A. D. 1035 ; leaving three fons, Sweyn, Ha¬
rold, and Hardicanute. Sweyn was crowned king of Nor¬
way ; Hardicanute was. put in poffeffion of Denmark ; and
Elarold fucceeded his father on the Englifh throne.

Harold, furnamed Harefoot, from his fwiftnefs in run¬
ning, upon his acceftion to the crown, met with no fmull
oppofition from his younger brother, Elardicanute. But,
by the intervention of the nobles, a compromife was made
between them; by which it was fiipulated that Harold
fhould have London, and all the provinces north of the
Thames, while the poffeffion of the fouthern parts fhould
be ceded to Hardicanute y and, until that prince fhould
appear in perfon, Emma, his mother, fhould govern in
his (lead. But this agreement was of fhort duration ; for
queen Emma having brought over from Normandy Ed¬
ward and Alfred, defeendenfs of the ancient Saxon kings,
Alfred was invited, with the warmeft profeffions of friend-
fhip, by Elarold, to London, and treacheroufly waylaid
by his orders. Six hundred of his train were murdered
in the mod cruel manner ; he himfelf was taken prifoner;
and his eyes being put out, he was conduced to the mo-
naftery of Ely, where he died. Edward and Emma, ap-
prifed of his fate, fled to the continent, and Harold, with¬
out refiftance, took poffeffion of the whole kingdom. He
lived to enjoy tire fruits of his treachery but (our years ;
and dying, very little regretted by his fubjefts, the luc-
ceffion was left open to his brother, A. D. 1040.

Hardicanute’s title was readily acknowledged both by
the Danes and the Englifh ; and, upon his arrival from
the continent, he was received with the greateft demon-
ftrations of joy. The ceremony of his coronation was
fcarcely performed, when he gave the firft fpecimen of
the bafenefs of his difpofition, exemplified in his impo¬
tent infults upon the body of his brother, which he or¬
dered to be dug up, beheaded, and thrown into the
Thames. When it was found fome time after by a fifher-
man, and buried, lie ordered it to be again dug up, and
to be thrown into the Thames a fecond time. His ma¬
lice, however, was in the end ineffeftual; for it was
again found, and buried with the greateft fecrecy. Har¬
dicanute’s next rigorous aft was the impofition of a griev¬
ous tax for the payment of his navy ; which was the more
intolerable, as the nation was threatened with a famine.
In thefe degrading tranfaftions, Godwin duke of Wef-
fex, who had been an inftrument of treachery and oppref-
fion during the former reign, was the principal advifer.
Elowever, his bafe conduit did not fereen him from the
refentment of Emma, who had the ftrongeft reafons to
believ.e that he was inftrumental in the death of prince
Alfred her fon. At her inftigation, therefore, Alfric,
archbifhop of York, accufed him of being an accomplice,
and demanded juftice accordingly. Godwin found means
to evade the danger, by appealing to the king’s avarice,
and not to the juftice of his caufe. He prefented him
with a magnificent galley, curioufly carved and gilded,
rowed by fourfeore men, who wore each of them a
gold bracelet on his arm, weighing fixteen ounces.
The king, beguiled by this prefent, permitted him to
purge himfelf by oath ; and Godwin readily fwore that
he had no hand in the death of Alfred. This king’s reign
was but of fhort duration ; for he died two years after his
1 acceffioiij

f

566 • E' N G

acceffion, A. D. 1041, in confequence of exceffes at the
marriage of a Danifli lord, which was celebrated at Lam¬
beth.

Edward, furnamed the Confeflor, from his great piety,
liad many rivals, whofe claims to the crown were, per¬
haps, better founded than his own. The lineal defcen-
dents ot ihe l ift Saxon monarch were in being, 'though at
the remote diffance of the kingdom of Hungary. Sweyn,
the eldeft fon of Hardicanute, was hill alive, but engaged
in a defultory war in Norway. 'It required therefore the
utmoft diligence and fagacity in Edward to fecure his
claim, before either of thefe princes could come over to
difpute his title. His own authority, though great in the
kingdom, was not fufficient to accomplifh this end ; his
pretenfions were therefore feconded by Godwin, whofe
power was yet very extenfive. This nobleman, long an
enemy to Iris family, finding, upon the prefent occasion,
that their interefts, were united, he laid afide all former
animofity, and concurred in fixing him upon the throne.
1 he firff a£ts ot his reign bore the appearance' of injus¬
tice and Severity ; for -lie claimed back all grants that
lin'd been made by the crown in former reigns; and he
ordered his mother, Emma, who was ever intriguing
againft him, to be flint up in a monaflery. As he had
been bred in the Norman court, he Iliew-ed, in every in¬
stance, a predilection for the cuftoms, laws, and even the
natives, of that country, in preference to his own; and,
though he had married Editha, the daughter of God¬
win, yet, either from miftaken piety, or fixed averlion,
during his whole reign he abftained from her bed.

However thefe aCtions might have been regarded by
many .of the king’s Subjects, (forthey were all of a doubt¬
ful kind,) certain it is that Godwin, who had long grown
too powerful for a fubjcCt, made them the pretext of his
oppofition. He began by complaining of the influence
of the Normans in the government ; and his animofities
foon broke out into aCtion. Euftace, count of Boulogne,
who had married Edward’s lifter, arrived in England
upon a vilit to the king, and was received with great ho¬
nour and afteftion. Upon his return to Dover, having
fent a Servant before him to prepare accommodations, an
affray happened between this domeftic and the townfmen,
sn which he loff his life. The count and his attendants
attempting to revenge the death of his Servant, the in¬
habitants took arms; and both fides engaging with great
fury, the count was obliged to fly, after having loft about
twenty of his men, and (lain as many of the town’s people.
Exafperated at this infult, he returned to the court at
Gloucester, and demanded juftice of the king, who very
warmly efpoufed his quarrel. He inftantly gave orders
to Godwin, in whofe government Dover lav, to go and
pnnilli the inhabitants for their violation of the peace.
This was a juncture highly gratifying to the Schemes of
■thisafpiring nobleman; and, thinking that now wasthetime
to ingratiate himfelf with the people, he abfolute.ly re-
fufed to obey the king’s command. Senfible, however,
that obedience would foon be enforced, unlefs he could
defend his inference, lie prepared for an immediate at¬
tack upon Edward. Under a pretence of reprefling Some
diforders in Wales, he Secretly alTembled a great army,
and attempted to furprife the king, who continued, with¬
out fufpicion, at Gloucefter. Nevertheless, being foon
informed of Godwin’s treachery, his fitft ftep was to Sum¬
mon all the alliftance he could then get, and, in the mean
while, to protract the time by a pretended negociation.
But as foon as be found himfelf in a capacity to take
the field, he marched out to attack Godwin ; who, find¬
ing himfelf unable to oppofe his Superior force, or to keep
his ground, took (belter with Baldwin, earl of Flanders.
His effates, together with thofe of his fons, were confis¬
cated.; and the opulence and authority of the family
feemed, for a time, to be wholly overthrown. But God¬
win’s power was too ftrong to be (haken by fo flight a
blurt ; Aor, being aflirted with a fleet by the earl of Flan¬
ders, he landed on the iile of Wight, where he was joined

L A N D.

by bis fon Harold, with a Squadron which that nobleman
had collected in Ireland. From thence, being reinforced
by great numbers of his former dependents and followers.,
he failed up the Thames, and, appearing before London,
threw the metropolis into the utmoft: confufion. In this
exigence, the king alone feemed refolute, and anxious to
engage the enemy ; hut his nobility, many of whom were
Secretly inclined tp. Godwfin, brought on a negociation, in
which it w;ts ftipulated, that the king Should difmifsalL
his foreign Servants, the primate being among the num¬
ber, and that Godwin (hould give hoftages for his own
future good behaviour. But Godwin’s death, which foon
followed, prevented him from reaping the fruits of an
agreement, by which the king’s authority was almoft: re¬
duced to a fhadovv.

Godwin was Succeeded in his government and offices
by his fon Harold, who in ambition was equal to hjs
father, but in virtues and abilities, far Superior. By a
modeft and gentle demeanor he acquired the good-Will of
Edward, or at lead Softened thofe impreffions of hatred
which he had long borne the whole family. He greatly
insinuated himfelf into the afteCtions of the people by his
liberality, difintereftednefs, and apparent candour. By
thefe art's he not only Supplanted Algar, duke of Mercia,
whom the king railed up to rival his power, but he got
his brother Tofti mat e duke of Northumberland, upon
the death of Sivvard, who had long governed that pro¬
vince. Harold’s engaging manners increafed his popu¬
larity to Such -a degree, that he began to be talked of as
the mod proper perfon to fucceed to the crown. But
nothing could be more adverfe to Edward than fuch an
■event, as he abhorred a fuccelfor from the family of God¬
win. Roufed, therefore, by thefe rumours, he lent for
his nephew, Edward, from Hungary, who was, in fa cl, the
lineal defeendent from the ancient Saxon kings. Prince
Edward foon arrived, but was Scarcely landed, when he
died, leaving his pretenfions to Edgar Atheling, his fon,
who was too young to avail himfelf of his title. Edward
was now thrown into new difficulties. He faw the youth
and inexperience of Edgar, and dreaded the immoderate
ambition of Harold. He could not, without reluftance,
think of increasing the power of a family which had rifen
on the ruins of royal authority, and had been tainted with
the blood of his own brother. I11 this dilemma he is laid
to have caft his eyes on William duke of Normandy, as
a perfon mod proper to fucceed him ; but of the truth of
this conjecture we muft for ever remain, in uncertainty.

In the mean time, Harold remitted nothing of his re-
fpeCtful obedience to the king, or his affiduities to pleafe
the people; whereby he effectually prepared the way for
his advancement, on the firft vacancy, to the throne. In
thefe aims fortune feemed conffantly to affift him ; and
two incidents happened about this time, A. D. 1057,
which contributed greatly to fix that popularity of which
he had been fo long in purfuit. TheWelfti renewing their
holti lilies under prince Griffin, were repelled by him, and
rendered tributary to the crown of fjlngland. The other
incident was no lefs honourable: his brother Tofti, who
had been appointed to the government of Northumber¬
land, having grievoufly opprefled the people, was ex¬
pelled in an iniurreClion ; and Harold was ordered by the
king to reinftate him in his. power, and punilh the infur-
gents. While yet at the head of an army, preparing to
take vengeance for the injury done to his brother, he was
met by a deputation of the people, who had been cruelly
governed. They allured him that they had no intention
to rebel, but had taken up arms merely to proteCt them-
felves from the violence of a rapacious governor. They
enumerated the grievances they had fuftained from his
tyranny, brought the ftrongeft proofs o£ his guilt, and
appealed to Harold’s equity for redrefs, Convinced of
Tofti’s unjuft and rigid government,-, |hejacrlficed frater¬
nal affection to his duty ; and not only 'procured a pardon
for the people, but confirmed the governor in his office,
whom the Northumbrians had chofen in his room. From

that

E N G L A N D.

.557

that time Harold became the idol of the people; and his
virtues certainly merited their regard, had they not been
excited by ambition.

Harold, now fecure in the affections of the Englifh, no
longer ftiwe to conceal his views, but openly afpired at
the fucce.ffion. He every where infmuated, that as the
heir-apparent to the crown was utterly unequal to the
talk of governing, both from age and natural imbecility,
there was none (o proper as a man of mature experience
and tried integrity; he alleged, that a man born in Eng¬
land was only fit to govern Englifhmen ; and that none
but an able general could defend them againft fo many
foreign enemies as they were every day threatened with.
The people readily dil'cerned to what thefe fpeeches tend¬
ed, and, in (lead of difcountenancing, they encouraged and
applauded, them. Edward, broken down with age and
infirmities, and eh'groffed by the vilions of fuperftition,
faw the danger to which the government was expofed,
but took feeble and irrefolute (feps to fecure t he fuccef-
fion. In this (late of indecifion he was feized with a fever,
which brought him to his end, on the fifth of January,
A. D. to66, in the fixty-fifth year of his age, and twenty-
fifth of his reign.

This prince, who was reverenced by the monks, under
t|ie titles of faint and confelfor, had but weak pretentions
to either, being indolent, irrefolute, and credulous. The
tranquillity of his reign was owing rather to the weak-
nefs of his foreign enemies than to his own exertions or
ftrength . But,- though he feemed to have few active vir¬
tues, yet he certainly had no vices of an atrocious kind ;
and the want of the paflions, rather than their refiraint,
was then, as it has been long (ince, the belt title to ca¬
nonization. He was the fir ft who touched for the king’s-
evil : the opinion of It is fanCtity procured belief to this
cure among the people : his fucceffors regarded it as a part
of their (late and grandeur to uphold the fame opinion.
It h as been continued down to our time ; and the pradlice
was fir ft dropped by the prefent royal family, who ob-
ferved, that it could no longer give amazement even to
the populace, and was attended with ridicule in the eyes
of all men of underftanding.

Harold, whofe intrigues and virtues feemed to give a
right to liis pretenfions, ftepped into the vacant throne
without oppofition. The citizens of London, who had
been ever fond of an elective monarchy, feconded his
claims; the clergy adopted his caufe; and the body of
the people, whofe friend he had been, fincerely regarded
him. Nor were the firft aCts of his reign unworthy of the
general prejudice in his favour. He took the moft effec¬
tual mea litres for an impartial adminiftration of juftrce ;
ordered the laws to be revifed and reformed; and thofe
•difturbers of the public peace to be punilhed, who had
thriven under the lenity of the la It reign. But neither
bis valour, his juftice, nor his popularity, weie able to
fecure him from the misfortunes attendant upon an ill-
grounded title. The firft fymptoms of his danger came
from his own brother Tofti, who had taken refuge in
Flanders, and had endeavoured to engage the princes on
the continent in a league aguinft Harold, whom lie repre¬
sented as a tyrant and ufurper. Being furniftied with
fome (hips by the earl of Flanders, lie made a defeent
upon the ifie of Wight, which he laid under contribu¬
tion, and pillaged the Englifh coaft, until he was encoun¬
tered and routed by Morcar, w ho had been appointed to
the government from which lie was expelled.

But he was not yet without fuccOnr; for Harfagar,
king of Norway, who had been brought over by his en¬
treaties, arrived with a fleet of two hundred fail at the
mouth of the Humber, where he was joined by the (bat¬
tered remains of Tofti’s forces. It was in vain that the
earls of Mercia and Northumberland attempted to flop
their progrefs ; they were quickly routed, and York was
taken by the enemy. Harold was no fooner informed of
this misfortune, than he haftened to the relief and pro¬
tection of his people, and manifefted the utmoft ardour

Vol, VI. No. 372,

to ftiow himfelf worthy of their favour. He had given
fo many proofs of an equitable and prudent adminiftra¬
tion, that the people flocked to his ftandard ; and, as Coon
as lie readied the enemy at Stanford, he found himfelf in
a condition to give them battle. The action was obfti-
nate and bloody; but the victory was decifive on the fide
of Harold, arid ended in the total rout of the Norwegians,
Harfagar their king, and Tofti, being botli (lain. Thofe
who efcaped, owed their fafety to the perfonal prowefs
of a brave Norwegian,' who is faid to have defended a
bridge over the Derwent for three hours, againft the
whole Englifh army ; during which time, he flew forty
of their beft men with his battle-ax; but he at length
fell by an arrow. Harold, purfuing his victory, made
himfelf mafter of the Norwegian fleet that lay in the ri¬
ver Oufe; and had the generofity to give prince Olave,
tile foil of Harfagar, his liberty, and allowed him to de¬
part with twenty vefiels. There had never before been
in England an engagement between two fuch numerous
armies, each being compofed of no lefs than threefcore
thoufand men. The news of this decifive victory difrufed
joy over tiie whole kingdom; they gloried in a monarch
who had fliewn himfelf able to defend them from infult,
and avenge them of their invaders ; but they had no long;
interval for triumph : news was foon brought of a frefti
invafion, and that of the moft formidable kind. This
was under the conduct of William, duke of Normandy,
who landed at Haftings, September 29, 1066, with a pow¬
erful army of difciplined veterans, and laid claim to the
Englilh crown.

William, afterwards called the Conqueror, was the na¬
tural fon of Robert, duke of Normandy. His mother’s
name was Arlette, a beautiful maid of Falaife, whom
Robert fell in love with as (he flood gazing at tire door
whilft lie patted through the town, William, who was
the offspring of this amour, owed a part of his greatnefs
to his birth, but (till more to his own perfonal merit.
His body was vigorous, his mind capacious and noble,
and his courage not to be repreffed by difficulty or dan¬
ger. His father Robert, growing old, and, as was com¬
mon to princes then, fuperttitious alfo, refolved upon a
pilgrimage to Jerufalem, contrary to the advice and opi¬
nion of his nobility. As his heart was bent upon tire ex¬
pedition, inftead of attending to their advice, he (hewed
them his fon William, whom, though illegitimate, he
tenderly loved, and recommended to their care, exacting
an oath from them of homage and fealty. He then put
him, at ten years of age, under the tutelage of t Ire French
king; and foon after, going into Afia, from whence he
never returned, left prince William rather the inheritor
of his willies, than of his crown. In fa£t William, from
the beginning, found himfelf expofed to many dangers,
and much oppofition, ariling from his youth and inexpe¬
rience, from the reproach of iris birth, from a fufpeited
guardian, a difputed title, and a did ratted (late. The
regency, appointed by Robert, were under great difficul ¬
ties in fupporting the government againft this complicated
danger ; and the young prince, when he came of age,
found himfelf furrounded witlt difficulties. But the great
qualities which lie foon difpluyed in the field and the ca¬
binet, gave encouragement to his friends, and ftruck ter¬
ror to his enemies. On all (ides lie oppofed hi s rebellious
fubjetts, and repreffed foreign invaders, while his valour
and conduct prevailed in every attion. The tranquillity
which he had thus ettabliftied in his paternal dominions,
induced him to extend his views; and fome overtures,
faid to have been made to him by Edward the Confelfor,
in the latter part of h is reign, if true, mull have inflamed
his ambition with a defire of fucceeding to the Englifh
throne. O’n whatever fide juftice might lie, the conftant
pretext on William’s part was, that he was appointed
heir to the crown of England by Edward the Confelfor,
upon a vilit lie had paid that monarch during his life¬
time. In confcquence of thefe pretenfions, he laid his
claims; but Harold would not admit them, and refolved
7 C to

558

ENG']

to defend by his valour what his good fortune had won.
William, finding that arms alone were to decide the dif-
pute, prepared to aflert his claim with vigour. His fub-
jeCts, as they had long been dittinguifhed for valour
among the European nations, had at this time attained to
the higheft pitch of military glory. His court was the
centre of heroifm; and till whQ wifiied for fame in arms, or
were naturally fond of chivalry, flocked to put themfelves
under his conduct. The fame of his intended invafion
of England was d'iffufed over the whole continent ; multi¬
tudes came to offer him their fervices in the expedition;
fo that he was embarraffed rather in the choice of whom
he fhould take into his army, than in levying forces. The
pope himfelf was not behind the reft in favouring his pre¬
tentions; and, either influenced by the apparent juftice
of his claims, or by the hopes of extending the authority
of the church, he immediately pronounced Harold an
ufurper. He denounced excommunication -againft him,
and all his adherents; and fent the duke a confecrated
banner, to infpire his troops with confidence. With 1'uch
favourable incentives, William foon found himfelf at the
head of a chofen army of fixty thoufand men, equipped
in the mod warlike and f'plendid manner. The difcipline
of the men, the vigour of the horfes, the luftre of the
arms and accoutrements, were objeCts that had been
fcarcely feen in Europe for feme agh'S before. It was in
the beginning of fummer that he embarked this formida¬
ble army on board a fleet of three hundred fail; and, af¬
ter 1’ome fmall oppolition from the weather, landed at
Pevenfey, on the coafl of SufTex. William himfelf, as
became on (bore, happened to (fumble and fall; but,
inlfead of being fuperftitioufly difeompofed at the acci¬
dent, he had the prefence of mind to cry out, that he
thus took poifeflion of the country. Different from all
the invafions to which England had been formerly accuf-
tomed, this prince made no lhow of ravaging a foreign
country, but rather of encamping in his own. Here he
continued inactive for about a fortnight, either willing to
refrefli his troops, or defirous of knowing the reception
his pretenfions to the crown wduld meet with among the
people. After having refrefhed his men at this place,
and fent back his fleet to Normandy, in order that there
might be no afylurn for cowardice, he advanced along the
fea-fide to flattings, where he publifhed a manifeflo, de¬
claring the motives that induced him to undertake this
enterprife.

He wa's now informed of the approach of Harold, who
was rcfolved to defend his right to the crown, and. retain
that foverei^my which he had unanimoufly received from
the people. Harold was returning, flufhed with conqueft,
from the defeat of the Norwegians, with the victorious
forces he had employed in that expedition, and all he
could invite or colleCt in the country through which he
palfed. His army was compofed of aCtive and valiant
troops, in high fpirits, firongly attached to their king, and
eager to engage. On the other hand, the army of William
confided of the flower of the continent, and had been
long inured to danger. The picked men of Bretagne,
Boulogne, Flanders, PoiCtou, Maine, Orleans, France,
and Normandy, were voluntarily united under his com¬
mand. England never before, nor never fince, faw two
fiich armies drawn up to difpute its crown. The day
before the battle, William fent an otter to Harold to de¬
cide their claim by (ingle, combat, .and thus to fpare the
blood of thoufands ; this Harold declined, by faying he
would leave it to the God of armies to determine their
right. Both armies, therefore, drew up in light of each
other, expecting the dawning of the next day with im¬
patience. The Engljlh patted the> night in fongs and
feafting; the Normans in devotion and prayer.

The next morning, at feven, both armies were ready
to engage. Harold appeared on foot, in the center of his
forces, encouraging them by his example of facing the
grealeft danger. William fought on horfeback, leading
on his army, finging the. fong of Roland, one of the fa-

, A N D.

mous chiefs of their country. The Normans began the
fight with their crofs-bows, which, at fil'd, galled and
made great havoc among the Englifli ; and, as their ranks
were clofe, their arrows did great execution. But (oon
they came to clofer fight, and the Englifli, with their
bills, hewed down their adverfaries with great.flaughter.
Confufion was rapidly fpreading through the Norman
ranks, when William, who feeing himfelf on the brink
of deftruCtion, haftened, with a feleCt' hand, to the relief
of his forces. His prefence of mind rettored the fufpenfe
of battle; he was feen in every point of danger, endea¬
vouring to pierce the ranks of the eriemy, and had three
horfes killed under, him. At length, perceiving that
the Englifli line continued impenetrable, lie pretended to
give ground ; which, as he expected, drew the enemy
front their firm and clofe ranks, and lie was inttantly
ready to take advantage of their diforder. Upon a lignal
given, the Normans fuddcnly faced about, and returned
to the charge with greater fury than before, broke the
Englifli ranks, and purfued them to a rifing ground. It
was in this extremity that Harold was feen flying from
rank to rank, rallying and infpiring his troops with frefli
vigour; and, though lie had toiled all day in front
of his Kentifli men, and in the hotted of the battle, yet
lie (till feetned unabated in ttrength or courage, keeping
his men rigidly to the port of honour. Once more, there¬
fore, the victory feemed to turn againft the Normans, and
they fell ii.i great numbers ; fo that the fiercenefs and ob-
(tinacy of this memorable battle was often renewed by
the fuperior courage of the leaders, whenever that of the
foldiers began to flacken. Fortune, at length, determined
a victory which valour was unable to decide. Harold,
making a furious onfet at the head of his troops, againft
the Norman heavy-armed infantry, was (hot in the head
by an arrow ; and his two valiant brothers, fighting by
bis fide, (hared the fame fate. He fell with his (word in
his hand, amidft heaps of (lain; and, after the battle,
the royal corpfe could hardly be diftinguiflied among the
dead. From tlie moment that he fell, alLcourage feemed
to forfake the Englifli ; they gave ground on every fide,
and were purfued with dreadful (laughter by the viCto-
rious Normans. Thus, after a battle which was fought
from morning till fun-fet, the invaders proved fuccefsful,
and the Englifli crown became the reward of victory,
October 14, 10 66. There fell near fifteen thoufand of
the Normans, while the lofs on the (ide of the vanquillied
was yet more confiderable, befides that of the king, and
his royal brothers. The next day the dead body of Ha¬
rold was brought to William, and generoufly rettored to
his mother.

Thus terminated the Saxon monarchy in England,
which had exilted for more than fix hundred years. Be¬
fore the reign of Alfred, the kings of this race feemed
totally immerfed in ignorance; and after his time, they
.were taken up with combating the fuperftition of the
monks, or blindly obeying its dictates. As for the crown,
during this period, it was neither wholly elective, nor
yet totally hereditary, but difpofe.d of either by the will
of the former po'fleflor, or obtained by the intrigues or
caprices of the nobles. As for the laws and cuftoms of
this race, they introduced many which had been long in
practice among their German anceftors ; they adopted
alfo many more which they found among the Britons, or
which the Romans left behind them after their abdica¬
tion. They attained, in imitation of thofe nations, the
title of kings ; nay, fome of them took the Greek appel¬
lation of Bafiletis, though unknown to the countries from
whence they came. Their noblemen alfo afliimed names
of Roman authority, and were thence termed dukes or
duces-, while the lower dalles of the people were bought
and fold with t he farms they cultivated; a horrid cuftoni,
firft introduced by the Greeks and Romans, and after¬
wards adopted by the countries they conquered. Their
canon laws alfo, which often controuled the civil autho¬
rity, had primarily their origin in Rome; and the pried?

tn

w

•.•'1

559

ENGLAND.

and monks, who drew them up, had chiefly their educa¬
tion there. We mult not, therefore, afcribe the laws
and culloms which then prevailed over England, entirely
to Saxon original, lince many of them were derived from
the Britons and Romans. But, when the Saxon monarchy
was no more, all culloms and laws, of whatever original,
were call down into one common mafs, and cemented by
thofe of Norman inftitution. The whole face of obliga¬
tion was altered, and the new matters inflifuted new modes
of obedience. The laws wefe improved ; but the tafle
of the people for polite literature and philosophy, for
more than four hundred years after, was (fill to continue
the fame. It appears furpriflng, that in fuch a variety
of events, amid fo many improvements in military fcience,
and fo many changes in the kingly government, that true
politenefs and refined tafle, fliould not in all that time
have received the fmalleft improvement.

From WILLIAM, surnamed the CONQUEROR,

to the Termination of the direct NORMAN
LINE in KING STEPHEN.

After the ftrength of England had been broken by the
difaflrous battle of Haftings, very little remained in the
choice of the inhabitants, but a tame fubmillion to the
will of the conqueror; and William, fenfible of their con-
fternation and terror, was careful not to lofe the fruits of
victory by delay. Accordingly, after the pujfuit of the
flying enemy, and a fliort refrefliment of his army, he fet
forward on the completion of his defign ; and fitting down
before Dover, took it after a flight refiftance, and forti¬
fied it with frefh redoubts. He then advanced by quick
marches towards London, where his approach ferved to
fpread new alarms. The inhabitants for feme time hefi-
tated between their terrors and their loyalty ; but, call¬
ing their eyes on every fide, they faw no perlon of valour
or authority fufficient to flip, port them in their independ¬
ence. Edgar Atheling, the rightful heir to the crown,
was a weak and feeble prince, without courage or abi¬
lity ; all their other leaders were either deflroyed, or too
remote to lend them afliftance. The clergy, who had a
large fh ire in the deliberations, declared openly for a
prince whofe pretentions were acknowledged, and whofe
arms were blefl'd'd, by the holy fee. As loon, therefore,
as William palled the Thames, at Wallingford, Stigand,
the primate, made fubmillions to him in the name of the
clergy ; and, before he came within fight of the city, all
the chief nobility, and Edgar Atheling himfelf, who juft
before had been proclaimed king, came into his camp,
and yielded to his authority. The conqueror, though he
had it in his power to dictate his own terms, rather than
receive them, yet chofe to have his election conlidered
rather as the will of his fubjefts, than as a meafure ex¬
torted from them. In order to give his claim the greater
fantfion, he was crowned at Weftminfter by the archbi-
Ihop of York, and took the oath i fual in the times of the
Saxon and Danilh kings ; which was, “ to protect and
defend the church, to oblerve the laws of the realm, and
to govern the people with impartiality.” Having thus
given confidence and new hopes to the vanquilhed Eng-
lifli, Ids next care was to reward the brave adventurers
who had followed his fortunes. He firft divided the lands
of the Englilh borons who had oppofed him among' the
Norman barons who had aflilled his enterprife ; and ftich
as he could neither fupply with money nor lands, he ap¬
pointed to the vacant offices of the ftate. But, as there
were Hill numbers unprovided for, he quartered them on
the rich abbeys of the kingdom, until better means of¬
fered for their advancement. This, which gave no fmali
umbrage to the clergy, was but little regretted by the
people, who were pleafed to fee their own burthens light¬
ened, by having a part of them laid upon (boulders that
were fuppofed much better able to bear them.

But wliat gave confiderable alarm was, to fee him
place all the power in the hands of his o\vn countrymen,
and to fuffer them only to have polfellion of the fword,
while he difarmed all the Englilh citizens. Hb never-

thelefs introduced into England that ftridt execution ot'
juftice, for which his adminiftration had been celebrated
in Normandy ; he reftrained by fevere difeipline the info-
lence of his troops ; he appeared folici ous to unite the
Normans and the Englilh by intermarriages and alliances;
he confirmed the liberties and immunities of London,
and the other cities of England ; ..and fee me . I defirous of
replacing every thing on the ancient eftablirtiment. Yet
amidft this apparent confidence, he built citadels in Lon¬
don, Winchefter, Hereford, Oxford, and the towns heft
fituated for commanding the kingdom, and trufted to the
fword, rather than to their fubmillion, which he knew to
be precarious. By this mixture of vigour and lenity, he
had fo foothed or humbled the minds of the Englifh,
that he thought he might fafely revifit his native coun¬
try, and enjoy the congratulations of his ancient fubjeifs.
Accordingly he fet out for Normandy, leaving the admi¬
niftration in the hands of his brother Odo, hilltop of
Baieux, and of William Fitz-OIborne ; and, that their
authority might be lefs expofed to 'danger, he carried
over with him the chief of the Engliflt nobles, who, while
they ferved to grace his court by their magnificence, were
in reality hoftages for the fidelity of the nation.

During the abfence of William, affairs took a very un¬
favourable turn in England. It is probable, the Nor¬
mans, defpifing a people who had fo eafily fubinitted to
the yoke, and envying their riches, were defirous of pro¬
voking them to rebellion. Be this as it jnay, their ar¬
rogance certainly multiplied difeontents and complaints
every where ; and. fccret confpiracies were entered into
againft the government. The inhabitants of Kent, who
had firft fubmitted to the conqueror, were the firft that
attempted to throw off his yoke ; and, encouraged by
Ettftace count of Boulogne, who had been alfo dilgufted
by the Normans, made an unfuccefsful attempt on Dover.
Edric the forefter, whofe pofleffions lay on the banks of
the Severn, provoked at the depredations of fomc Nor¬
man captains in his neighbourhood, formed an alliance
with Blethyn and Rowallen, two Welfli princes'; and en¬
deavoured to repel force by force. The difaffeefcion of
the Englifh daily increafed ; a fecret project was enter¬
tained to perpetuate a malfacre of the Normans, like that
which had been formerly executed upon the Danes j-artd
the animofity became fo general and natural, that the
vaflals of earl Coxo having defired him to head them in
an infurredtion, and finding him refolute in maintaining
his fidelity to William, put him to death, as a traitor to
his country. The return of the king, however, difeon-
certed the plans of the confpirators ; and the confifcation
of their eftates (fill farther enriched the Normans. Though
highly irritated againft the Englifh, William dill pre-
ferved the appearance of juftice in his oppreflions ; he re-
ftored to their inheritance fuch as had been arbitrarily
expelled during his abfence ; ljut he feized this oppor¬
tunity of renewing the tax of Danegelt on the people, un.
der pretence of being thereby better able to defend them.

This tax rendered his government completely odious:
the inhabitants of Exeter rofe in arms ; the people of De-
vonlhire and Cornwall followed their example ; but Exe¬
ter was foon terrified into fubmiflion by the prefence of
William. A citadel was ere fled to re ft rain in future their
levity; and Devonlnire and Cornwall had juft implored
the clemency of the fovereign, when a new and more for¬
midable infurredlion in the north excited the general at¬
tention, and feemed to threaten more important confe-
quenees. At the head of this were Edwin and Morcar,
two of the mod powerful cf the Englifh nobility, who
had b'een encouraged by the alfura.nce of ftipport from
th'cir nephew, Blethyn prince of North Wales, from Mal¬
colm king of Scotland, and from Sweyn king of Denmark,
The brealt of Edwin was inflamed with private as well as
public wrongs, and he accufed William of having broken
his promife, of bellowing on him his daughter in mar¬
riage. Before the earls, however, could concert their
meal'ures, or receive the foreign fuccoiirs they expedited,
they were furprifed by the vigilance of the king. As

50o ENG]

they were incapable of refinance, they condefcenaed to
fue for mercy ; but, though William pardoned the chiefs,
he feized and bellowed on his Norman adherents the lands
of their followers ; and the numerous colonies of foreign¬
ers, which he.eftabliftied in t!ie north, left the Saxons in
that quarter deflitute of any real power.

The Englilh now clearly forelaw that the king was
determined to rely on the fupport and affection of foreign¬
ers, and that new forfeitures would be the refult of every
attempt to fupport their rights. Imprefled with this dif-
mal profpeCt, many fled into foreign countries: Edgar
Atheling himfelf, dreading the infldiotts carefles of Wil¬
liam, efcaped with his lifters, Margaret and Chriftine, into
Scotland, where Malcolm, king of Scotland, afterwards
elpoufed Margaret, and by the lucceffion of James VI. to
the Englilh throne, the Saxon line was re ft o red. Others,
however, Hill hoped to acquire fecurity from arms ; front
their retreat in Ireland, Godwin, Edmond, and Magnus,
three fons of Harold, palled into England, and landed in
Devon lb ire ; but were repulfed and obliged to return, by
Brien, fon of the count of Brittany. In the north, the
inhabitants of Northumberland and York threw off their
allegiance, and killed their foreign governors ; thefe in¬
surgents were ftrengthened by a large body of forces from
Denmark, and were animated by the prefence of Edgar
Atheling, who quitted Scotland to place himfelf at their
head. Hareward, a nobleman of Ealt Anglia, celebrated
for his valour, ‘aflembled his followers, and taking Ihelter
in the ifle of Ely, made frequent inroads on the neigh¬
bouring country; while Edric the forefter, calling in the
afliftance of the Welfti, laid fiege to Shrewlbury.

This general commotion was however loon calmed by
the policy and vigour of William, who ftimulated his
followers by the promife of new forfeitures, purchafed the
retreat of the Danes, and reduced to obedience Northum¬
berland and York. Edgar Atheling again fought refuge
in Scotland; Edric implored the clemency of the con¬
queror, and was once more received into favour ; Hare-
ward alone, confiding in the advantages of his fituation,
fcorned to make a fub million.

Though William ftill preferved the language of cle¬
mency and forgivenefs towards the chiefs, his iieart was
hardened againft the people. To chaftife the turbulence
of the Northumbrians, he laid wafte that fertile country
between the Humber and the Tees, deftroying the houfes,
and extirpating the inhabitants ; and the lives of an hun¬
dred thou fluid perfons are computed to have been facri-
liced by this barbarous Itroke of policy. Taking advan¬
tage of the imprudence with which the bulk of the landed
property had engaged in thefe infurreblions, he involved
t la e proprietors in confifcation : their eftates were traiaf-
ferred to the Normans ; and the moli ancient and honour¬
able Englilh families were reduced to beggary ; while
every path which led to riches or preferment was carefully
flint againft them. The feudal law, which had fome time
been cftablifticd in Normandy and France, William intro¬
duced into England. He divided, with very few excep¬
tions, betides the royal demefnes, the lands of the country
into baronies; and conferred them, with the refervation
of Hated Cervices, and payments, on the molf conliderablc
of his adventurers. Thefe barons made grants of a great
part of their lands to other foreigners, under the denomi¬
nation of knights or vaftals, who paid their lords the
fame duty and fubmilTion in peace and war, which the
chieftain paid to his fovereign. The whole kingdom con¬
tained about feven hundred chief tenants, and 60,215 vaf-
fals or k nights fees; and as none of the native Englilh
were admitted into the firft rank, the few who retained
their landed property were glad to be received into the
fecond, under the protection of fome powerful Norman.

The doCtrine which exalted the papacy above all hu¬
man power, had gradually diffufed itfelf from Rome ;
but at this time, was mote prevalent in the fiouthern than
in the northern kingdoms of Europe. Pope Alexander,
who had affilted William in his conquelts, naturally ex¬
pected that he would extend to England the reverence

i A N D.

for this facred character, and break the fpiritual inde¬
pendence of the Saxons. As footi, therefore, as the Nor¬
man prince was eftablifhed on the throne, Alexander dif-
patched to him Efmenfroy, biftiop of Sion, as his legate;
and the king, though he was probably led by principle
to pay refpeCt to Rome, embraced the opportunity to de¬
grade thofe Englilh prelates who were obnoxious to him.
In a council of the principal ecclefiaftics, he depofed every
native dignitary, and fupplied their place with Norman
clergy, among whom Eanfranc, a Milanefe monk, was
preferred to the fee of Canterbury. The fu perditions
flpirit, however, which became dangerous to fome of
William’s fucceflbrs, was checked by the abilities of that
monarch : he prohibited his fubjeCirs from acknowledging
any one for pope whom he himfelf had not previoufly
received ; nor would he fuff'er any letters or bulls from
Rome to be produced without the lanction of his autho¬
rity. But he was ftill more vigilant to humble the
Englifh : he even formed a projeCt of extinguilhmg the
Englilh language ; and ordered that in all fchools youth
fhould be inftrtiCled in the French tongue; and that all
law proceedings Ihould be directed in the fame idiom ;
whence arifes that mixture of French which is at prefent
found in the Englilh tongue, and particularly in legal
forms.

The fituation of the two great earls Edwin and Morcar
became daily more difagreeable. Senfible that they had
entirely loft their dignity, they determined to attempt its
recovery by force. While Edwin retired to his eftate in
the north, with a view of commencing an infurreftion,
Morcar took (belter in Ely with the brave Hareward. To
fubdue that ifle, William furrounded it with flat-bottomed
boats, and made a caufeway through the moraffes to the
extent of two miles. The rebels furrendered at diferetion ;
Hareward alone forced his way fword in hand through the
enemy, and continued h is hollilities at fea, till William,
admiring his bravery, received him into favour. Morcar
was thrown into prifon; Edwin was killed in attempting
to efcape ; and Edgar Atheling, weary of a fugitive life,
fubmitted to the conqueror, and obtained a penlion for
life, with the liberty of reliding in England.

Scarcely, however, had William fettled the inftirrec-
tions of the native lords, A. D. J073, when fome of the
mod powerful Norman barons aflociated in arms, pro¬
voked by the arrogance of their mailer. Of thefe the
chief were Roger, earl of Hereford, and Ralph de Gueder,
earl of Norfolk ; and earl Weltheof, the laft of the Eng-
lifli who for fome generations poflefled any power, and
who had married Judith the niece of William, ralhly
joined in the league; but on reflection, dreaded the ef¬
fects of the enterprile in which lie was engaged. Dif¬
fracted and irrefolute, he imparted the project and his
doubts to his wife Judith, who having conceived an im¬
pure paflion for another, conveyed in exaggerated terms
the particulars of the confpiracy to her uncle. Waltheof,
in the mean time, had made a full confeftion of the fecret
to Lanfranc, archbilhop of Canterbury, who urged him
to .make atonement for his guilt, by aknowledging it.
He accordingly palled over to Normandy, where William
had for fome time been, and laid open the whole defign
to the king. The confpirators, informed of his de¬
parture, immediately flew to arms; but before the arri¬
val of the Danes, on whofe afliftance they had depended,
they were defeated and difperfed. The earl of Hereford
was checked by Walter de Lacy, a great baron in the
king’s intereft. The earl of Norfolk was defeated by
Odo, the king’s brother; and the prifoners who were
taken had eacli the right foot cut off, in order to deter
others from a fimilar treafon. The earl himfelf retired
to Denmark ; lo that William, upon his arrival in Eng¬
land, found that nothing remained for him to do but to
punifti the criminals ; which was performed with unufual
i'everity. Many of the rebels were hanged, fome had
their eyes put out, and others their hands cut off'. The
unfortunate Wahheolf, though promifed a pardon, found
no mercy. He was rich, and an Englilhman ; two faults

that

E * N G

that ferved to aggravate his guilt: he was accordingly
tried, condemned, and executed. His infamous wife did
not long enjoy the fruits of her perfidy; but, falling
fome time, after under the king’s difpleafure, was aban¬
doned by the world, and palled the reft of her life in con¬
tempt, rentorfe, and mifei'y. Some aftert, that this no¬
bleman fell a facrifice to the cruelty of Odo, not of Wil¬
liam ; but, however that may be, it is certain that Wal-
theoff, and f'itz- Aubert, a noble Norman, who was alfo
beheaded on this occafioii, were the only perfons of note
that were executed during the reign of William the Con¬
queror. Having thus re-eftab!iftied the peace of his
government, and extinguifhed the laft embers of rebellion
with a deluge of blood, William returned once more
to the continent, in order to purine Ralph de Gueder,
who, efcapirig from England, had taken refuge with the
count of Bretagne. Finding him, however, too power¬
fully protected by that prince, inftead of profecuting his
vengeance, he wifely came to a treaty with the count, in
which Gueder was included.

William, A. D. 107 6, having thus fecured the peace of
his dominions, naturally expefted reft from his labours.
But fuch is the blindnefs of human hope, that he found
enemies where he leaf! expected them, and fuch too as
ferved to embitter all the latter part of his life. His laft
troubles were excited by his own children, from the del-
truftion of whom he could expeft to reap neither glorynor
gain. He had four fons, Robert, Richard, William, and
Henry, befides feveral daughters. Robert, his eldeft fon,
furnamed Curthofe, from the (hortnefs of his legs, was
a prince who inherited all the bravery of his family and
nation, but was more bold than prudent, and more en-
terprifing than politic. Eager after fame, and impatient
that his father fttould (land in the way, he afpired at that
independence to which his temper, as well as circum-
ftances of fituation, confpired to invite him. He had for¬
merly been promifed by his father the government of
Maine, a province of France, which had fubmitted to
William, and was alfo declared fuccelfor to the dukedom
of Normandy. However, when he came to demand the
execution of thefe engagements, he received an abfolute
denial ; the king fit rewdly obferving, that it was not his
cuftotn to throw off his clothes till he went to bed. Robert
openly (hewed It is refentment, and -was often heard to
exprefs his jealoufy of his two furviving brothers, Wil¬
liam and Henry, Richard having been killed by a (tag, in
hunting. Thefe younger fons, by greater affiduity, had
wrought upon the affections of the king, and were the
moft obnoxious to Robert. A mind, therefore, fo well
prepared for refentment, foon found a caufe for open rup¬
ture. The princes were one day in fport together, and,
in the idle petulance of play, took it in their heads to
throw water upon their elder brother as he palled through
the court. Robert, alive to fufpicion, turned this frolic
into a ftudied indignity ; and, having thefe jealoufies fur¬
ther inflamed by one-of his favourites, he drew his fword,
and ran up ftairs to take revenge. The whole caftle was
filled with tumult, and it was not without difficulty that
the king himfelf was able to appeafe it. But he never
could allay the animofity which from that moment pre¬
vailed in his family. Robert, attended by feveral of his
confederates, withdrew to Rouen, hoping to furprife the
caftle ; but his defign was defeated by the governor.

The flame, thus kindled, engaged all the young nobi¬
lity of Normandy and Maine, as well as of Anjou and
Bretagne, to efpoufe his quarrel ; even his mother, it is
fajd, J'upported him by fedret remittances, and aided his
obftinate refiftance of bis father by private encourage¬
ment. Tliis unnatural conteft continued for feveraL years;
and William was obliged to have recourfe to England for
firpport againft his fon. Accordingly, drawing an army
of Englifhmen together, he led them over into Norman¬
dy ; where he foon compelled Robert and his adherents
to quit the field, and he was quickly reinftated in all his
dominions. As for Robert, being no longer able to refill

Vol; VI. No. 372.

.AND. 561

his father, lie was obliged to take (belter in the caftle of
Gerberoy, which the king of France had provided for
him, where he was (liortly after befieged by bis father.
As the garrrfon was ftrong, and confcious of guilt, they
made a moft gallant defence; and many were The (kir-
mifties and duels that were fought under its walls. In
one of thefe, accident brought the king and his fon toge¬
ther; but, being both concealed by their helmets, they
attacked each other with mutual fury. A fierce and
dreadful combat enfued between them, till at laft the
young prince wounded his father in the arm, and threw
him from his horfe. The next blow would probably
have put an end to the king’s life, had he not called for
affiftance. Robert immediately recollected his father’s
voice ; and, (lung with a confcioufnefs of his crime, he
leaped from his horfe, and raifed the fallen monarch from
the ground. He then proftrated himfelf in his prefence,
and craved pardon for his offences, promifing for the fu¬
ture a drift adherence to his duty. The refentment har¬
boured by the king was not fo eafily appeafed ; perhaps
his indignation at being overcome by the (tripling added
to his anger: inftead, therefore, of pardoning his fon, he
gave him his malediction, and departed for his own camp
on Robert’s horfe, which the prince had affifted him to
mount. However, the conduft of the fon ferved, after
fome reflection, to appeafe the father. As (oon as Wil¬
liam was returned to Rouen, he became reconciled to
Robert, and brought him back to England, where he
was fuceefsfully employed in retaliating an invalion of
Malcolm king of Scotland.

William, A. D. 1081, being thus freed from foreign
and domeftic enemies, began to have (ufficient leifure for
a more attentive application to the duties of peace. For
this purpofe, the Doomfday Book was compiled by his
order, which contains a general furvey of all the lands in
the kingdom ; their extent in each diftrict ; their proprie¬
tors, tenures, value, the quantity of meadow, pafture,
wood, and arable land, which they contained ; and in
fome counties, the number of tenants, cottagers, and
people of all denominations, who lived upon them. This
detail enabled him to regulate the taxations in fuch a
manner, that all the inhabitants were compelled to pay
their (hare in proportion to their abilities. He was no
lefs careful of the methods of faving money than of accu¬
mulation. He referved a very ample revenue for the
crown; and, in the general diftribution of land among his
followers, he kept pofleflion of no lefs than fourteen hun¬
dred of the choiceft manors in different parts of the king¬
dom. Such was his income, that it is juftly faid to have
exceeded that of any Englifh prince either before or (ince
his time. No king of England was ever fo opulent or ar¬
bitrary ; none fo able to lupport the fplendour and mag¬
nificence of a court; none had fo many places of trnftand
profit to be (tow ; and none, confequently, had his com¬
mands attended with fuch implicit obedience.

There was one pleafure to which William, as well as
all the Normans and ancient Saxons, was addifted, which
was hunting. To indulge the fport in its utmoft extent,
he is faid to have depopulated that beautiful part of the
county of Hants called the New Foreft, for thirty miles
in extent, juft as he had done in Northumberland ; turn¬
ing out the inhabitants, deftroying all the villages, and
making the wretched outcafts no compenfation. In the
time of the Saxon kings, all noblemen without diftinftion
had a right to hunt in the royal forefts ; but William ap¬
propriated all thefe to himfelf, and publiflied very fevere
laws to prohibit bis fubjefts from encroaching on this
part of his prerogative. The killing of a deer, a wild
boar, or even a hare, was puniftied with the lofs of the
delinquent’s eyes, at a time when the killing of a man
might be atoned for by paying a moderate fine.

As the king’s wealth and power were fo great, it may
be eafily fuppofed that the riches of his minifters were in
proportion. Thofe of his uterine brother Odo, biftiop
of Baieux, were fo great, that he refolved to purchafe
7 D the

662 - E N G L A N D.

the' papacy,. For this purpofe, taking the opportunity of terred in the church at Caen, which he .himfelf had
of William's abfence, he equipped a veflel at the Ifle of founded : but his interment wasfattended with a-remark-
Wight, on-board of which he fent immenfe treafures, and able circumflance. As the body was carrying to the
prepared for his embarkation ; but he was unfortunately grave, the prelates and priefts attending with the. mod
detained by contrary winds. In the mean time William, awful filence, a man, who flood upon an eminence, was
having had intimation of his defign, tofoived to prevent heard to cry opt with a loud voice, and to forbid the in-
the exportation of fo much wealth front his dominions, terment of the body in a fpot that- had been unjuflly-
Accordingly, returning from Normandy, where he was feized by the Conqueror : “ That very place (cried the
then employed, he came into England at the very inftant man) is the area of my father’s houfe ; and I now fum-
lt is brother was ftepping on-board, and immediately or- mon the departed foul before the divine tribunal to do
dered hint to be made a priloner. His attendants, how- me juflice, and to atone for fo great an oppreflion.” The
ever, refpefting the immunities of the church, fcrupled biihops and attendants were ftnick with the man’s intre-
to execute his commands ; fo that the king himfelf was pid condubt ; they enquired into the truth of his charge,
obliged with his own hands to feize him. Odo, difeon- and, finding it juft, agreed to fatisfy him for the damages
certed at fo unexpected an intervention, appealed to the he had I'uflained.

pope ; who, he'alleged, was the only perfon upon earth The character of this prince, fays lord Lyttleton, has
to try a bifbop. To this' the king replied, that he did- feldom been fet in its true light ; lome eminent writers
not feize him as bifnop of Baieux, but as the earl of having been dazzled fo much by the more fliining parts
Kent ; and in that capacity he'expedted, and would have, of it, that they have hardly feen its faults ; while others,
an account of his adminifiration. He was therefore fent out of a ftrontr deteftation of tvranny, have been unwil-

prifoner into Normandy ; and, notwithftanding all the' re-
monflrances and threats of Gregory, he was detained in
cuftody during the remainder of William’s reign.

The king had fcarcely put an end to this trknfaction,
when he felt a very lev ere blow in the death of Matilda,
his queen; and, as misfortunes commonly tread on the
heels of eacli other, he received information of a gene¬
ral infurreCtion in Maine, the nobility of which had been
■always averfe to the (Norman government. Upon his ar¬
rival on the continent, lie found that the infurgents had
been fecretly aflided and excited by the king of France,
wh'ofe policy confided in thusjeflening the Norman power,
by creating dilfentions among the nobles of its different
provinces. The king’s difpleafure was not a little in-
creafed by fome railleries which that monarch had thrown
out againd him. William, who was become corpulent,
had been detained in bed fome time by ficknefs ; and
Philip w as heard to fay, that lie only lay in of a big belly.
This fo provoked the Englidi monarch, that he fent him
word lie diouid foon be up, and would at his churching
prefent fuch a number of tapers, as would fet the king¬
dom of France in a flame. In order to perform this pro-
mile, he levied a ftrong army, and, entering the ifle of
France, dedroyed and burnt all the /villages and houfes
without oppofition. He took the town of Mante, which
he reduced to allies. .But the progrefs of thefe hoflili-
ties was flopped by an accident, which fliortly after put
an end to the Conqueror’s life. His horfe, chancing to
place his fore-feet on fome hot aflies, plunged fo violent¬
ly, that the king was thrown forward, and bruifed upon
the pommel of the laddie to fuch a degree, that he buf¬
fered a relapfe, and was obliged to return to Rouen.
Finding his illnefs increafe, and perceiving the approach
of death, lip began to turn his eyes to a future date, from
which the purfuit of ambition had long eflranged them.
He was now flruck with remorfe for all the cruelties and
-defolations he had committed : liq endeavoured to atone
for his former offences, by large prefents to churches and
monafleries, and by giving liberty to many prifonqrs whom
he had unjudly detained. He was even prevailed on,
though not without reluiStance, to confent, with his dy¬
ing breath, to the enlargement of his brother Odo. He
bequeathed Normandy- and Le Maine to his elded fon Ro¬
bert ; to Henry, lie left five thoufand pounds, and his
mother’s jointure, without the fmallefl territory; and,
though he would not pretend to edablifli the fuccefiion of
the crown of England, to which lie now began to per¬
ceive that he had no title, he expreffed his wiflt that it
might devolve to his favourite fon William, whom he
immediately difpatched with letters to the archbifliop of
Canterbury, entreating his afliftance. Having thus regu¬
lated his temporal affairs, he was conveyed in a litter to
a village near Rouen, where lie died, in the fixty-fird year
of his 'age, after having reigned fifty-two years in Nor¬
mandy, and twenty-one in England, His body was in-

ling to allow him the praife he deferves. He may with
juflice be ranked among the greated generals any age has
produced.' There was united rn him adlivity, vigilance,
intrepidity, caution, great force of judgment, and never-
failing prelence of mind. He was flribt in his difeipline,
and kept his foldiersin perfect obedience ; yet preferved
their aft’edtion. Having been from his very childhood
continually in war, and at the head of armies, lie joined
to all the capacity that genius could give, all tlie know¬
ledge and fkill that experience could teach, and Was a
perfect mafler of the military art, as it was prablifed in
the times wherein he lived. Hi s conflitution enabled
him to endure any hardfltips, and very few were equal
to him in perfonal flrength, which was an excellence of
more importance than it is now, front the manner of
fighting then in ufe. His afpedt was noble, his ftature
tall, and the compofition of his mufcles fo flrong, that
there was fcarcely a man to he found who could bend his
bow, or handle his arms. His courage was heroic, and
he poflefied it not only in the field, but (which is more
uncommon) in the cabinet, attempting great things with
means that to other men appeared totally unequal to fuch
undertakings', and deadily profecuting what he had bold¬
ly refolved ; being never diflurbed or diflieartened by
difficulties, in the courfe of his enterprifes ; but having
that noble vigour of mind, which, indead of bending to
oppofition, rifes againd it, and feems to have a power of
controlling and commanding fortune herfelf.

Nor was he lefs fuperior to pleafure than to fear : no
luxury foftened him, no riot difordeted, no doth relax¬
ed, It helped not a little to maintain tbe high refpebl
his fubjebts had for him, that the nrajedy of his charac¬
ter was never let down by any incontinence or indecent
excefs. His temperapee and his chadity were condant
guards, that fecured his mind from all weak riel's, ftip-
ported its dignity, and kept it always as it were on the
throne. Through his -whole life he had no partner of
his bed but his queen ; a mod extraordinary virtue in
one who had lived, e-ven from-his eariied youth, amidft
all the licence of camps, the allurements of a court, and
the fedubtions of (overeign power! Had he kept his
oaths to his people as well as he did his marriage vow,
he would have been the bed of kings ; but he indulged
other pa dibits of a worfe nature, and infinitely more de¬
trimental to the public than thofe he redrained. A lull
of power, which no regard to juflice could limit, the
mod unrelenting cruelty,' and the mod infatiable ava¬
rice, ^pofleffed his foul. It is true, indeed, that among
many adds of extreme inhumanity, fome fltining indances
of great clemency may be produced, that were either ef¬
fects of his policy, which taught him this method of ac¬
quiring friends, or of his magnanimity, which made him
flight a weak and fubdued enemy, fuch as was Edgar
Atheling,. in whom he found neither fpirit nor talents
able to contend with him for the crown. But where he

had

ENGL

had no advantage nor pride in forgiving, his nature dif-
covered itfelf to be utterly void of all fenfe of compaf-
fion ; and foine barbarities which he committed exceeded
the bounds tliat even tyrants a d conquerors prefcribe to
themfelves. Mot?' of our ancient hidorians give him the
c It a rafter of a very religious prince ; but his religion was
after the fafhibn of thofe times, belief without examina¬
tion, and devotion without piety. It was a religion'that
prompted "him to endow monafteries, and at the fame
time allowed hint to pillage kingdoms ; that threw him
on his knees before a relic or crofs, but fuffered him tin-
redraitied to trample upon the liberties and rights of man¬
kind.

As to his wifdom in government, of which fonte modern
writers have fpoken very highly, he was indeed fo far
wife, that, through a long unquiet reign, lie knew how
to fupport oppreflion by terror, and employ the propereft
means for the- carrying on a very iniquitous and violent
adminiftratitm. But that which alone defervcs the name
of wifdom in the character of a king, the maintaining of,
authority by the exercife of thofe virtues which make
the happinefs of his people, was vvliat, with all his abili¬
ties, lie does not appear to have poffeffed. Nor did lie
excel in thofe foothing and popular arts, which fome-
times change the complexion of a tyranny, and give it a
fallacious appearance of freedom. His government was
haj fh and defpotic, violating even the principles of that
conftitution which he himfelf had edabliflied. Yet fo tar
he performed the duty of a fovereign,- that he took cafe
to maintain a good police in his realm ; curbing licen-
tioufnefs with a flrong hand, which, in the tumultuous
Hate of his government, was a great and difficult work.
How well he performed it we may learn even from the
teftimony of a contemporary Saxon hidorian, who fays, that
during his reign a man might have travelled in perfect
fecurity all over the kingdom with his bofom full of gold,
nor durd any kill, another in. revenge of the greateft of¬
fences, nor offer violence to the chaffity of a woman.
But it was a poor compenfation, that the highways were
fafe,- when the courts of juftice were dens of thieves, and
when almod every man in authority, or in office, ufed his
power to opprefs and pillage the people. The king him¬
felf did not only tolerate, but encourage, fupport, and
even (hare, thefe extortions. Though the greatnefs of
the ancient landed eftate of the crown, and the feudal
profits to which he legally was entitled, rendered him
one of the richeft monarchs in Europe, he was not con¬
tent with all that opulence, but by authorizing the flie-
riffs, who collected his revenues in the feveral counties,
to praCtife the mod grievous vexations and abufes, for
the railing of them higher, by a perpetual atiftion of the
crown lands, fo that none of his tenants could be fecure
of poffeflion, if any other would come and offer more ;
by various iniquities in the court of exchequer, which
'was entirely Norman; by forfeitures wrongfully taken;
and, 1 a ft 1 y , by arbitrary and illegal taxations, he drew in¬
to his treafury much too great a proportion of the wealth
of his kingdom.

- It mult, however, be owned, that if his avarice was in-
fatiably and unjullly rapacious, it was not meanly parfi-
monioiTs, nor of that fordid kind which brings on a prince
dilhonour and contempt. He fupported the dignity of
It is crown with a decent magnificence ; and, though lie
never was lavifh, he fometimes was liberal, more efpe-
cially to his foldiers and to the church. But, looking on
money as a peceifary means of maintaining and increafirig
power, he defired to •accumulate as much as he could,
rather, perhaps, from an ambitious than a covetous na¬
ture ; at leal? his avarice was fubfervient to his ambition,
and he laid up wealth in his coffers, as he did arms in his
magazines, to be drawn out, when any proper occafion
required it, for the defence and enlargemenrof his domi¬
nions. Upon t he ".hole, lie had many great qualities,
but few virtues; and if thofe aCtions that mod particu¬
larly diftinguifh the man or the king are impartially con-

A N D. 563

fidered, we fir all find that in his charafter there is much
to admire, but dill more to abhor.

Upon the death of the Conqueror, his foil William,
furnamed Rufus from the red colour of his hair and flo¬
rid complexion, haftened to take meafures fur fecuring
himfelf on the throne. Arriving, therefore, before the
news of his Father’s death had reached England, his fir ft
care was, to take poffeffion of the treafure left by the
king at Winchefter, which amounted to the fum of fixty
thoufand pounds. He then addreffed the primate Lan¬
franc, who had always conlidered him with, an eye of pe¬
culiar affeftion, and now indantly proceeded to the cere¬
mony of his coronation. At the fame time Robert, who
had been appointed fucceffor to Normandy, took peace¬
able poffeffion of that government ; where his perfon was
beloved, and his acceffion long defired.

In the beginning of the reign of William II. the Eng-
1 i fir began to think they had miftaken this prince’s .cha¬
rafter, who Had always appeared to them rude and bru¬
tal. He at firll feemed to pay the utmod regard to
the counfels of Lanfranc, which were mild and gen¬
tle, and condantly calculated for the benefit of the na¬
tion. Nevertheless, th£ Norman barons, who poffeffed
edates both in England and Normandy, were uneafy at
the feparation of thofe territories : they refpeCted the
claim of primogeniture in Robert, and they preferred his
bold and open difpofidon, to the proud and imperious
temper of his brother. A powerful confpiracy was there¬
fore carried on againd William ; and Odo, the late king’s
brother, undertook to conduft it to maturity. William,
fenfible of the danger that threatened him, endeavoured
to gain the affections of the native Englifh, whom he
prevailed upon, by promifes of future reward, and pre¬
ference of the didribution of his favours, to efpoufe his
intereds. He was foon in the field ; and, at the head of
a numerous army, (Viewed himfelf in readinefs to meet all
who fhould difpute his pretenfions. In the mean time,
Odo had written to Robert an account of the confpiracy in
his favour, urging him to ufe difpatch, and exciting him
to arms by the fplendour of the reward. Robert gave
ad'urances of fpeedy alfidance ; but his indolence was not
to be excited by didant expectations. Iudead of employ¬
ing his money in levies to fupport his friends in England,
he Squandered it away in idle expences ; and thus pro-
cradination, the thief of time, dole from him the only fa¬
vourable opportunity of inheriting the crown of England.
Rufus, in t he mean while, exerted himfelf with incredible
aftivity to didipafe the confederacy. Nor was this dif¬
ficult to effect : the confpirators had, in expectation of
Robert’s co-operation, taken poffedion of tome fortreffes;
but the appearance of the king compelled them to im¬
plore for mercy. He granted them their lives, but con¬
it Rated all their edates, and banidied them the kingdom.
William, thus fixed- in the peaceable poffedion of the
kingdom, (hewed the nrd indance of his perverfe inclina¬
tions, in his ingratitude to the Englifli, who had fecured
him on the throne.

Tiie death of Lanfranc, which followed fliortly after,
took off all redraint from his inclinations ; and His mind
now appeared in its natural deformity, tyrannical' and.
unjuft. He ordered a new furvey to be made of all the
lands and property of the kingdom ; and wherever lie
found them undervalued in the Doomfday Book, lie raifed
the proportion of taxes accordingly. Even the privileges
of the church were but a feeble rampart againd his n-fur-
pations ; he feized the vacant bidioprics, and' openly put
to fale Rich abbeys as he thought proper. And, not con¬
tent with thus exerting his tyranny over his own.domi-
nions, he was refclved to extend his rapacity over thofe
of his brother. In confequence of this refolution, he ap¬
peared in Normandy at the head of a numerous army ;
but the nobility, on both rides, drongly connected by in-
tered and alliances, brought on an accommodation. It
was now dipulated, that in cafe either of the brothers
fhould die without iffue, the fufyivor fhould inherit all
i the

ENGLAND.

564

the dominions. It was in vain that Henry, the other
brother, remcnftrated againft this aft of injuftice ; it w-as
in vain that he took arms, and defended his little fortreTs
on the coaft of Normandy againft their united ftrength.
He was obliged to fubmit ; and thus defpoiled of the
fmall patrimony that was left him, he wandered about
with a few 'attendants, and was often reduced to great
poverty. It was in befieging the fortrefs of Henry, that
a circumftance or two have been related, which ferve to
mark the charafter of t he two brothers. As William
was on horfeback at fome diftance from the camp, he
perceived two horfemen riding out from the caftle, who
came up and attacked him. In the encounter the king’s
Iiorfe being killed, it fell over, and lay upon him in fuch
a manner that he could not difengage himfelf. His an-
tagonift, while he remained in this (ituation, lifted up his
arm to difpatch him ; when William exclaimed, in a me¬
nacing tone, “ Hold, villain 1 I am the king of England.”
The two foldiers were ftruck with awe ; and, helping him
up, accommodated him with one of their horles. Wil¬
liam was not ungrateful for this fervice'; he mounted the
horfe, and, ordering the foldier to follow, took him into
his fervice. Soon after Robert had an occafion to fliew
ftill greater marks of generofity ; for, hearing that the
garrifon was in great diftrefs for want of water, he not
only ordered that Henry ftiotild be permitted to fupply
himfelf, but alfo fent him fome pipes of wine for his own
table. Rufus did not at all approve of this ill-timed ge¬
nerality ; but Robert anfwered his renioi (trances by fay¬
ing, “ Shall we fuft’er our brother to die with third?
Where fltall we find another when he is gone ?”

The' petty difcords that prevailed after this accommo¬
dation between Robert and Rufus, are unworthy the at¬
tention of hiftory. They indeed produced more real ca¬
lamities to the people, than fplendid iiivafions or bloody
battles, as the depredations of petty tyrants are ever more'
feverely felt by the poor, than the magnanimous enter-
prifes of ambition. A rupture' enfued between Rufus
and Malcolm, king of Scotland, in which the latter was
ultimately defeated and (lain, by a party from Alnwick
caftle.

A new breach was made, A. D. 1093, between the bro¬
thers, in which Rufus found means to encroach ftill fur¬
ther upon Robert’s pofteffions in Normandy. An incur-
fion from the Wellh, A. D. 1094, filled England with
alarm ; but they were quickly repelled, and obliged to
find refuge in their native mountains. A conlpiracy of
the Norman barons in England alfo threatened ferious
confequences ; but their fchemes were prevented and fruf-
trated. Robert Mowbray, earl of Northumberland, who
was at the head of this plot, was thrown into prifon, where
lie died, after thirty years confinement. The cotinr of
Eu, another confpirator, denying the charge, fought with
his accufer, in prefence of the court, at Windfor, and be¬
ing worfted in the combat, was deemed guilty, and con¬
demned to be caftrated, and to have his eyes put out.
Every confpiracy, thus detefted, ferved to enrich the
king, who took care to apply to his own ufe thofe trea-
fures that had been amafted for the purpofe of oppoling
him.

But thefe tranfient broils and treafons were now to¬
tally elipfed by the molt noted enterprifes that ever ex¬
cited the attention of mankind — the croifades, which were
now firft projefted for the recovery of the Holy Land.
See the article Croisaije, vol. v. p. 374. But in the
midft of this religious ardour, which diffuied itfelf all over
Europe, men were not entirely forgetful of their temporal
concerns; for (ome, hoping a mure magnificent fettle-
ment in the loft regions of Alia, fold their European pro¬
perty for whatever they could obtain, contented with re¬
ceiving any tiling for what they were predetermined to
relinquifti. Among, the princes who felt and acknow¬
ledged this new fpirit of enterprife, was Robert duke of
Normandy. The croifade was entirely adapted to his in¬
clinations and his circumftances ; he was brave, zealous,

covetous of glory, harafled by infurreftions, and, what
was more than all, naturally fond of adventure. In or¬
der to raife money to defray the charges of fo expenfive
an undertaking, lie offered to fell or mortgage Ii is duke¬
dom of Normandy to his brother Rufus for ten tlioufand
marks; which fum was readily advanced by Rufus, whole
ambition was ever upon the watch to enlarge his domi¬
nions. In this manner was Normandy once more united
to England; and from this union, afterwards, arofe thofe
numerous wars with France, which, for whole centuries,
continued to depopulate both nation's, without once con¬
ducing to iiicreafe the power of either. Rufus was not
a little pleaded with this acquifition; he made a voyage
to his new dominion, and took pofteflion of it, A. D. 1095,
according' to agreement with his brother. He alfo de-
manded of the king o t France a part of the territory of
Vexin, which' he pretended was an appurtenance to his
duchy, and even attempted to enforce his claims by arms.
But, though the cellion of Maine and Normandy greatly
increafed the king’s territories, they added but little to
his real power; for his new fubjefts ' were compofed of
men of a turbulent fpirit, and more ready todifpute than
obey his- commands. Many were the revolts and infiir-
reftioTis which he was obliged to quell in perfon ; and no
fooner was the flame of one cqnf piracy fupprelFed, than
another role out of its allies to give him frefli alarms.

In the midft of thefe troubles, he found himfelf in¬
volved in a difagreeable difpute with Anfelm, archbiffiop
of Canterbury, a prelate of a haughty dilpolition, and ex¬
tremely tenacious of the rights of the clergy. There was
at that time a fchifm in the church, between Urban and
Clement, who both pretended to the papacy ; and An¬
felm, who had already acknou ledged Urban, was deter¬
mined, without the king’s confent, to introduce his au¬
thority into England. William, imitating his father’s
example, had prohibited his fubjefts from recognizing
any pope whom lie had not. previoufly approved ; lie was
therefore highly incenfed at Anfelm’s conduft. A fy-
nod was fummoned at Rockingham for depofing the pre¬
late ; bur, inftead of obeying the king, the members of
it declared that none but the pope could inflift a cenfure
on their primate. To this was foon after added a frefh
offence. Anfelm being required to furnilh li is quota of
foldiers for an intended expedition againft the Wellh, he
fent them fo ill equipped, that Rufus threatened him
with a profecution. As the refentments on both lides
were increafed, their mutual anger proceeded to recri¬
mination ; and Anlelm, finding it dangerous to remain in
the kingdom, delired permillion to retire to Rome. This
requeft the king readily complied with ; but, to mortify
the prelate, he fent an officer to fearch his baggage after
lie was on-board, and to feize all his money, on pretence
of a law which forbade the exportation of (ilver. Not
content with this, lie ordered all li is temporalities to be
confifcated, and aftually kept polfeffion of them the re¬
maining part of Ins life.

This open infringement of what were deemed the rights
of the church, ferved to exafperate the pope, as well as
all the ecclefiaftics of his own dominions, againft him.
Urban even menaced him with the fentence of excom¬
munication ; but he happened to be too earneftly engaged
in the croifade, to attend to any other concern. Rufus,
therefore, little regarded thofe cenfures, which he knew
were inefteftual : lie had but little religion at belt; and
the amazing infatuation of the times infpired him with
no very high ideas of the wjfdom of its profefl'ors. It is
reported of him, that he accepted fifty marks of a Jew,
whofe fon had been converted to Chriftianity, and who
engaged the king by that prefent to affift in bringing back
the youth to Judaifm. William employed both menaces
and perfuafion for that purpofe ; but, finding his efl'orts
ineffedtual, he fent for the father, and informing him that
the new convert was obftinute in his faith, he returned
half the money, keeping the reft as a remuneration for
his labour. At another time, he is laid to have fent for

fome

ENGLAND.

5Gj

Tome learned Chriftian tlieologlans and fome Jewifli rab¬
bles, and bade them fairly difptite the points of their re¬
ligion before him. lie was perfectly indifferent, lie faid,
which fltould prevail ; be had his ears open to both, and
he would embrace that doctrine, which, upon compa.
rifon, fliould be found fupported on the mod folid argu¬
ments.

In this manner Rufus proceeded, carelefs of approba¬
tion or cenfure, and only intent upon extending his domi¬
nions, either by purchafe or conqueft. The earl of Poic-
tou and Guienne, having alfo engaged in the croifade,
had gathered an immenfe army for that expedition, but
wanted money to forward his preparations. He had re-
courfe, therefore, to Rufus, and offered to mortgage all
his dominions for a very inconsiderable fum. The king
accepted this offer with his uftial avidity, and had pre¬
pared a fleet and an army to take poffeflion of the rich
provinces thus configned to his trufl. But a fatal acci¬
dent put an end to all his ambitious projects, and left a
monarch even deffitute of a friend to perform the laft fad
office to his remains. His favourite amufement was hunt¬
ing. The New Foreft, which had been depopulated for
that purpofe, was generally the fcene of liis fport ; and
there he ufualiy fpent thofe hours which were not em¬
ployed in bufinefs of a more ferious nature. One day,
as he was mounting his horfe in order to take his cnfto-
rnary amufement, lie is faid to have been flopped by a
monk, who warned him, from fome dreams he had the
night before, to abftain from that day’s diverfion. Ru¬
fus, fmiling at his fuperftition, ordered him to be paid
for his zeal, but defired him to dream better dreams in
future. Thus, fetting forward, he began the chafe, at¬
tended by Walter Tyrrel, a French knight, famous for
archery. Towards fun-fet, they found themfelves fepa-
rated from the reft of their retinue ; when a ftag bounded
out from a thicket. Rufus, drawing his bow, wounded
the animal, yet not fo mortally but that it fled. He
checked his horfe, and had raifed his hands to guard his
eyes from the fun-beams, when Tyrrel let fly an arrow
at the frag, which, glancing from a tree, (truck the king
in the bread, and pierced him to the heart. Fie dropt
dead inftantaneoufly ; and Tyrrel, terrified at the acci¬
dent, put fpurs to his horfe, haftened to the fea-fhore,
embarked for France, and joined the croifade that was
then fetting out for Jerufalem. The body, being after¬
wards found by fome woodmen, was put into a collier’s
cart, and conveyed to Winchefter, a diftance of about
feventeen miles ; where it was interred in the choir of
the cathedral. A raifed grey (tone, without any infcrip-
tion, frill marks the grave of Rufus; and an ornamented
cheft, on the contiguous wall of the choir, contains the
bones of his brother Richard, who likewife perifhed in
the New Foreft, from being gored by the flag he was
hunting.

There are various opinions as to the death of Rufus,
although what is written above is generally credited.
Eadmer gives it as a received opinion, that he fell with
an arrow in his hand, and mortally wounded his bread.
Suger, in his Life of Lewis the Fat, affirms that Tyrrel
had, with folemn oaths, averred to him that he was not
even in that part of the foreft where the king fell, nor
faw him there on the day of his death. And John of
Salifbury, comparing the death of William to that of
Julian the apoftate, fays, that it was equally doubtful (at
the time when he wrote) by whom either of them was
killed. Yet there is in the New Foreft a ford called
Tyrrel’s Ford ; there is an eftate too called Avon Tyr¬
rel, and if (as the tradition of the foreft affirms) thefe
lands have been liable to pay a yearly fine to the exche¬
quer of feventeen (hillings on account of the above-men¬
tioned ford having been (hewn to the regicide by the then
owner of the eftate, there can be no doubt of Tyrrel’s at
lead: prefuming himfelf guilty. A monument (which ftill
exifts) was erected on the fpot where Rufus fell, by lord
Delaware, who avers that he had feen the oak on which

Vol. VI. No. 37 3.

the arrow had glanced. In the infeription it is recorded,
that a peafant named Purkifs drove the cart which con¬
veyed the royal body to Winchefter; and it is remark¬
able that two families' of the faid name ftill occupy cot¬
tages near the fpot, and that within the laft century an
axle-tree and wheel were preferved by one of thefe cot¬
tagers, which tradition aflerted to have belonged to the
very cart above-mentioned.

William Rufus, in perfon, was fliort and fat, with eyes
of different colours. He inherited all his father’s vices,
without his few virtues. He was a perfidious, encroach¬
ing, and a dangerous, neighbour; an unkind and unge¬
nerous relation ; a rapacious and prodigal prince. How¬
ever, there remain to this day fome noble monuments of
of his public fpirit ; the Tower, Weftminfter-hall, and
London bridge, were all built by him, and are evidences
that the treafures of government were not wholly ex¬
pended in vain. William Rufus was (lain in the thir¬
teenth year of his reign, A. D. 1100, and the fortieth of
his age; and, as he never was married, he left no legi¬
timate ilfue behind him. But there were (till two competi¬
tors for the crown ; Robert, who had engaged in the holy
war, and Henry, the youngeft brother, who continued at
home. Had Robert been in Normandy when Rufus died,
there is no doubt, from the popularity of his character,
and from the treaty formerly concluded between the two
brothers, but that he would have been elected without
oppofition. This valiant prince having led his followers
into Paleftine, and there diftinguiflied himfelf by his cou¬
rage and generality, after the taking of Jerufalem, began
to think of returning home, and of enjoying in tranquil¬
lity that glory which he had won in the field againft the
infidels. But, inftead of taking the diredt road to Eng¬
land, he pafted through Italy, where he fell in love with
Sibylla, daughter of count Converfano, a lady of cele¬
brated beauty ; and, marrying her, he lavifhed away, in
luxuriant repofe, thofe hours which fliould have been
employed in the recovery of his kingdom.

In the mean time Henry, who had been hunting in the
New Foreft when his brother was (lain, took the earlieft
advantage of the occafion, and haftening to Winchefter,
refolved to fecure the royal treafure, which he knew to
be the beft afliftant in feconding his aims. William de
Breteuil, who had the care of the treafury, informed cf
the king’s death, oppofed himfelf boldly to Henry’s pre¬
tentions. He ventured to a flu re Henry, that the money in
his cuftody, as well as the crown, belonged to his elder bro¬
ther, and that he was refolved to continue firm in his juft
allegiance. The difpute was on the point of producing
blooddied, when feveral of Henry’s partizans arriving,
compelled Breteuil to ftirrender the treafure, with a part
of which they, in all probability, hoped to be rewarded
for their fervice. Without lofing time, he now haftened
to London, where lie procured himfelf to be proclaimed
king, and inftantly proceeded to the exercife of the royal
functions. The barons, as well as the people, acquiefced
in a claim which they were unprepared to relift. Henry
eafily forefaw, that, to fecure his uftirped title, his fubjects.
were to be indulged, and that his power could only find
fecurity in their affections. His firft care, therefore, was
to make feveral cortceffions in their favour. He granted
them a charter, eftablilhing the churches in pofleflion of all
their immunities ; abolifhing thofe cxceffivc fines which
tiled to be exacted from heirs; granting his barons, and
military tenants, the power of bequeathing their money
by will ; remitting all debts due to the crown; offering
a pardon for all former offences, and promifing to con¬
firm and obferve all the laws of Edward the Confedor.
Thefe conceflions pleafed the clergy and the people,
while the king, who meant only to obferve them while
his power was in difpute, boafted of the lenity of his go¬
vernment. Still farther to ingratiate himfelf with the
people, Henry expelled from court all the minifters of
his brother’s debauchery and arbitrary power; he drip¬
ped Ralph Plambard of his dignity, who had been his
7 E brother’s

566 en g:

brother’s word advifer, arid confequently obnoxious to
the people, and had him confined in the Tower. But
what gave him the greated popularity was his recalling
Anfehn, archbifhop of Canterbury, who had been ba-
nifhcd during the lad reign, to his former dignity and his
favour. One thing only remained to confirm his claims
without danger of a rival. The Englifh dill remem¬
bered their Saxon monarchs with graritude, and beheld
them excluded the throne with regret. There dill re¬
mained fome of the defcend.tnts of that favourite line, ■
and, among others, Matilda, the niece of Edgar Athe-
1 ing ; which lady, having declined all pretentions to roy¬
alty, was bred up in a convent, and had 'actually taken
the veil. Upon her Henry fixed his eyes as a proper con-
fort, by wltofe means the long breach between the Saxon
and Norman 'intereds would be fully united. It only
remained to get over the fcruple of her being a nun ;
but this a council, devoted to his intereds, readily ad¬
mitted ; and Matilda being pronounced free to marry,
the nuptials were celebrated with great' pomp and fo-
lemnity.

It was at this critical j unflu re that Robert returned
from abroad, and, after taking poifeflion of his native do¬
minions, laid claim to the crown of Ertgland. But he
was now, as in all his former attempts, too late for fuc-
cefs. However, as he was a man of undaunted refolu-
tion, he refolved to enforce his right to the crown ; and
the great fame he had acquired in the ead, did not a lit¬
tle fcrve to forward his endeavours. He was alfo excited
to tliefe refolutions by Flambard, who had efcaped from
the Tower; together with feveral others, as well of the
Norman as the Englifit nobility. Even the feamen were
affected with the general' popularity of his name, and re¬
volted to him with the greated part of a fleet that had
been equipped to oppofe his paffuge. Henry, who out¬
wardly affected to flight all tliefe preparations, yet had
penetration enough to perceive, that his fubjebts flublu-
ated in, their inclinations between him and his brother.
In this emergency, he had recourfe to the bigotry of the
people to flifle their fenti.ments of jufiice. He paid dili¬
gent court to Anfelm, whofe fanCtit-y and wifdom he pre¬
tended to revere ; and this prelate, in return, employed
all his abilities in fecuring him on the throne. He fern-
pled not to allure the nobles of the king’s fincerity in his
profeflions of judice, and even rode through the ranks of
the army, recommending to the foldiery the defence of
their king, and promifing to fee their valour rewarded.
Thus the people were retained in their allegiance to the
tifurper, and the army marched cheerfully forward to
meet Robert and his forces, which were jud landed at
Portfmouth. When the two armies came in fight, they
both appeared equally unwilling to hazard a battle ; and
their leaders, who faw that much more would be loft
than gained by fuch a confiibl, made propofals for an ac¬
commodation. This, after the removal of a few obfta-
cles, was agreed to ; and it was dipulated that Robert,
upon the payment of a certain fum, fhould refign his pre-
tenfions to England ; and that if either of the princes
died without ilfue, the other fhould fucceed to his do¬
minions. This treaty being ratified, the armies on each
fide were difbanded ; and Robert having lived two months
in the utmod harmony with his brother, returned in peace
to his dominions in Normandy.

But it was not in the power of formal treaties to bind
up the refentment of a monarch, who felt himfelf in¬
jured, and found it in his power to take revenge. Henry
loon fliewed his refolution to punifli all the heads of the
party which had lately oppofed him ; and this he did,
under different pretexts, and by repeated profecutions.
The earl of Shrewfbury, Arnulf de Montgomery, and
Roger earl of Lancader, were banidied the kingdom,
with the confifcations of their edates. Robert de Pon-
tefrabl Robert de Mallet, William de Warene, and the
earl of Cornwall, were treated with equal feverity ; fo
that Robert, finding his friends thus opprelfed, came over

> A N D.

to England to intercede in their behalf. Henry received
him very coolly, and affembled a council to deliberate in
what manner he fhould be treated; fo that Robert, finch,
ing his own liberty to be in danger, was glad to afk per-
miflion to return ; which, however, was not granted him
till he confented to give up his penfion. But the con-
fequences of Robert’s indiferetion were not confined to
his own fafety alone; as he was totally averfe to bufi-
nefs, and only dudious of the more fplendid amufements
or erhploy ments of life, his affairs every day began to
wear a worfe appearance. His fervants pillaged him
without compunbtion ; and lie is deferibed as lying whole
days in bed for want of clothes, of which they had rob¬
bed him! His fubjebts were treated dill more deplora¬
bly ; for, being under the command of petty and rapa¬
cious tyrants, who plundered them without mercy, the
whole country was become a feene of violence and de¬
predation. In tliis miferable exigence the Normans had
recourfe to Henry, from whofe prudent adminiffration in
his own dominions, they expected a frmilitude of pro-
iperity, fhould he take the reins of government in their’s.
Henry the more readily promifed to redrefs their griev¬
ances, as he knew it would be the direbt means to fecond
his own ambition. The year enfuing, therefore, A. D.
ub5, lie-landed in Normandy with a powerful army, took
fome of t lie principal towns, and (hewed, by the rapidity
of his progrefs, that he meditated the entire conqueft of
the country..

Robert, who had already mortgaged, or given away,
the greated part of his demefne, fpent his time in the
mod indolent amufements, and looked upon the progrefs
of Henry with an eye of perfebt indifference. But, being
at lad roufed from his lethargy, and finding his affairs ill
a defperate (ituation, he took the drange refolution of
appealing, in perfon, to Henry’s natural affebtions, which
this brave, imprudent man, *edimated by the emotions
of his own heart. Henry received him, not only with
coolnefs, but contempt; and foon taught him, that no
-virtues will gain perfqnal edeem who has forfeited his
pretenfions to prudence. Robert, thus treated with in¬
dignity, quil ted his brother in a tranfport of rage, ex¬
prefling an ardent purpofe of revenge ; to which Henry
paid no fort of regard. Robert was refolved, however,
to fliew himfelf formidable, even in the mod didreffed
date of his affairs. Poffeffed with romantic ideas of chi¬
valry, which his expedition to the Holy Land lntd ferved
to heighten, he was determined to retrieve by valour
what he had lod by indolence. Being fupported by the
earl of Mortaigne and Robert de Beleftne, Henry’s in¬
veterate enemies, he railed an army, and approached his
brother’s camp, with the hope of finifhing, by a decifive
battle, the quarrel between them. While the two ar¬
mies were in fight of each other, the clergy employed
their mediation to bring on a treaty ; but, as Henry in-
fifled upon Robert’s renouncing the government of his
dominions entirely, and one half of the revenue, all ac¬
commodation was rejected with difdain, and both fides
prepared for battle. Robert was now entered on that
1‘cene of abtion in which he chiefly gloried, and in which
he was always known to excel. He animated his little
army by his example, and led them fo the encounter with
that fpirit which had formerly made his enemies tremble.
There was no withdanding' his fird onfet ; that quarter
of the Englifh army where he made the imprelTion gave
way, and he was nearly on the point of gaining a com¬
plete victory. But it was different on that quarter where
Belefme commanded ; he was put to flight by one of the
king’s generals, who alfo advancing himfelf with a frefh
body of hori'e to fuftain his centre, his whole army ral¬
lied ; while Robert’s forces, Cxhauded and broken, gave
way on every fide, in fpite of all his efforts ancUlcts of
perfonal valour. But, though he now law his army de¬
feated, and numbers falling round him, yet he refilled to
fly, or turn his back upon an enemy that he (till difdain-
ed. He was taken prifoner, with near ten thoufand of
2 his

HENRY , I.

London /'uldi.dnd <rx t/u- let dirrcf.t.Zitc J0j803.lyJWUk<

ENGLAND.

Ms men, and all the confiderable barons who had adhered
to his misfortunes. " This victory was followed by the
final reduction of Normandy, while Henry returned in
triumph to England, leading with him his captive bro¬
ther, who now found himfelf not only deprived of his pa¬
trimony and his friends, but' alfo of his freedom. Henry,
unmindful of his brother’s former magnanimity with re¬
gard to him, kept hint a prifoKer during the remainder
of his life, which was no lefs than twenty-eight years;
and he died a miferable death in the caftle of Cardiff, in
Glantorganfhire. It is even faid that he was deprived ot
It i s light by a red-hot copper bafon applied before his
eyes ; while his brother attempted to ftifle the reproaches
of his confcience, by founding the abbey of Reading,
which was in that age confidered as a fufficient atonement
for every fpecies of wickednefs.

The firft ftep Henry took after his return to England,
was to reform fome abufes which had crept in among his
courtiers; for, as they were allowed by the feudal law
to live upon the king’s tenants whenever he travelled,
they, under colour of this privilege, committed all man¬
ner of ravages with impunity. To remedy this diforder,
he publifhed an edict, puniffiing with the lofs of light
all fuch as fhould, under pretext of royal authority, com¬
mit any depredation in tile places through which they
palled. Some difputes alfo concerning eccleliaftical af¬
fairs, which were fupported by Anfelm, the archbifliop
of Canterbury, were compromifed and adjulted. Henry
was content to refign his right of granting ecclefiaftica!
inveftitures, but was allowed to receive homage from his
bifhops for all their temporal properties and privileges.
The marriage of prielts was alfo prohibited, and laymen
were not allowed to marry within the feventh degree of
affinity. The laity were alfo prohibited from wearing
long hair, a mode of drefs to which the clergy (hevyed
the utmoft averfion.

Thefe regulations ferved to give employment to Henry
in his peaceful intervals; but the apprehenfions which
he had from the diffatisfa&ion of his Norman fubjecls,
and his fears for the fucceffion, filled his hands with too
much bufinefs to permit any long, intervals of relaxation.
His principal concern was to prevent his nephew, Wil¬
liam, the fon of Robert, from fucceeding to the crown,
in prejudice of William, his own fon, for whom he was
folicitous to fecure it. His nephew was but fix years of
age, when he committed him to the care of Helie de St.
Saen ; and this nobleman difeharged bis truft in his edu¬
cation with a degree of fidelity uncommon at the barba¬
rous period we are deferibing. Finding that Henry was
defirous of recovering poffeffion of his pupil's perfon, he
withdrew, and carried him to the court of Folk count
of Anjou, who afforded him protection. This noble youth,
wandering from court to court, evaded all the arts of his
infidious uncle, who was not remits in trying every me-
thod of feizing him, either by treaty or intimidation. In
tlus ftruggle, Louis king of France took the young ad¬
venturer’s part, and endeavoured to interelt the pope in'
his quarrel. Failing in this, he endeavoured to gain, by
force of arms, what his negociations could not obtain. A
war enfued between him and Henry, in which many battles
were fought, but attended with no decifive confequences.
In one of thefe, which was fought at Noyon, a city that
Louis intended to furprife, the valour both of the ne¬
phew and the uncle were not a little confpicuous. This
young man, who inherited all his father’s bravery, charged
the van of the Englifh army with fuch impetuofity, that
it fell back upon the main body, commanded by the king
in perfon, vvhofe utmoft efforts were unequal to the at¬
tack. Still, however, exerting all his endeavours to Item
the torrent of the enemy that was pouring down upon
him, a Norman knight, vvhofe name was William Crif-
pin, difeharged at his head two fuch furious ftrokes of a
fabre, that his helmet was cut through, and his head le-
verely wounded. At the fight of his own blood, which
ruffled down his face, he was animated to a double exer¬

n$7

tion of his ftrength, and re’orted the blow with fuch
force, that his antagonift fell, and was taken prifoner.
This decided the victory in favour of the Englifti, who
purfued the French with great (laughter; and it alfo
ferved to bring on an accommodation with the king of
France, in which the interefts of the nephew were en¬
tirely negledted. From this period, till the time of that
brave youth’s'death, which happened about eight years
after, A. D. 1119, lie appears to have been employed in
ineffectual ftruggles to gain thofe dominions to which he
had the beft founded claim, but which he wanted power
to enforce.

Fortune now feemed to fmile upon Henry, and to pro-
mife a long fucceffion. of felicity. He was in peaceable
poffeffion of two powerful kingdoms, and had a fon who
Was acknowledged the undisputed heir, arrived at his
eighteenth year, whom he tenderly loved. His daughter
Matilda was alfo married to the emperor Henry V. of
Germany, and (he had been fent to that court for her
education. All thefe fair profpedts, however, were at
once clouded by unforefeen misfortunes and difappoint-
ments, which tinftured his remaining years with mifery.
The king, from the facility with which he had ufurped
the crown, dreading that his family might be fubverted
with the fame eafe, took care to have his fon recognized
as his fuccelfor by the dates of England, and carried him
over to Normandy to receive the homage of the barons
of that duchy. After performing this requifite ceremony,
Henry, returning to England, brought with him a nume¬
rous retinue of the chief nobility, who feemed to (hare in
his fuccelfes. In one of the veffels of the fleet, his fon,
and feveral young noblemen, the companions of his plea-
fures, affociated together to reoder the palfage more agree¬
able. The king fet fail from Bat fleur, and was foon car¬
ried by a fair wind out of fight of land. The prince was
detained by fome accident ; and his failors, as well as
their captain Fitz-Stephen, having (pent the interval in
drinking, became fo difordered, that they ran the (hip
upon a rock, and it immediately foundered. The prince
was put into the boat, and might have efcaped, had he
not been impelled back by t he cries of Maude, his natu¬
ral lifter. He therefore nobly- prevailed upon the failors
to row back and take her in. The approach of the
boat giving feveral others, who had been left upon the
wreck, the hopes of faving their lives, numbers leaped
in, and the whole went at once to the bottom. Above
an hundred and forty young noblemen, of the principal
families of England and Normandy, were loft on this dif-
trefiing occafion. A butcher of Rouen was the only per¬
fon on-board who efcaped; he clung to the mall, and
was taken up the next morning by fome fiftiermen. Fitz-
Stephen, the captain, while the butcher was thus con¬
tending with the waves for his life, 1'vvam up to him, and
enquired if the prince was yet living ; when being told that
he had perilhed: “ Then I will not out-live him,” faid
the captain, and immediately funk. The (lirieks of thefe
unfortunate people were heard from the fhore, and the
noife even reached the king’s (hip, but the caufe was
then unknown. Henry entertained hopes for three days
that his (on was put into fome diftant port of England
bat when intelligence of the calamity was brought him,
he fainted, and was never (ee.n to fmile from that moment
to the day of his death.

The refidiie of the prince’s life feems a mere blank ; '
his reftlefs defires having now nothing left worth con¬
tending for, he became more fond of repofe than of am¬
bition. His daughter Matilda, however, becoming a wi¬
dow by the death of the emperor, he married her a fecond
time to Geoffry Plantagenet, eldeft fon of the count of
Anjou, and endeavoured to infure her acce (lion, by oblig¬
ing his barons to recognize her as the heir of all his do¬
minions. Some time after, that princefs was delivered of
a fon, who received the name of Henry ; and the king,
further to infure her fucceffion, caufed all the nobility of
England and Normandy to renew their oaths of allegi¬
ance.

*

56s ENG

ance. The barons of thefe times were ready enough to
fwear whatever the monarch commanded; but, it feems,
they obferved it no longer than while it fuited their own
interefted views. Henry did not long furvive thefe en¬
deavours to fecure the fucceflion in his family. He was
feized with a fudden indifpofition at St. Denis, in Nor¬
mandy, from eating too plentifully of lampreys; this
brought on his death, Dec. i, 1135, >n the fixty-feventh
year of his age, and the thirty-fifth of his reign, leaving,
by will, his daughter Matilda heirefs of all his dominions.

This prince was one of the mod accomplifhed that has
filled the Englith throne; and poffeffed all the qualities
both of body and mind, natural and acquired, which
could fit him for the high ftatlon to which he attained :
his perfon was manly ; his countenance engaging ; his
eyes clear, ferene, and penetrating. The affability of
his addrefs encouraged thofe who might be overawed by
the fenfe of his dignity or hiswifdom; and though he
often indulged his facetious humour, he knew how to
temper it with difcretion, and ever kept at a diftance
from all indecent familiarities with his courtiers. His
fuperior eloquence and judgment would have given him
an afcendant, even if he had been born in a private fta-
tion; and his perfonal bravery would have procured him
refpect, even though it had been let's fupported by art
and policy. By his great progrels in literature, he ac¬
quired the name of Bcauclerc, or the Scholar; but his ap¬
plication to fedentary purfuits abated nothing of the acti¬
vity and vigilance of his government : and, though the
learning of that age was better fitted to corrupt than im¬
prove the underftanding, his natural good fenfe preferved it-
fe If untainted both from the pedantry and fnperftition which
were then fo prevalent among men of letters. His tem-
• pier was very fufceptible of the fentiments as well of
friendfliip as of refentment ; and his ambition, though
high, might be efteemed moderate, had not his conduct
towards his brother (hewed, that he was too much dif-
pofed to facrifice to it all the maxims of juftice and equity.

As every expedient had been ufed during the life of
Henry to fix the fucceflion in his family, he, among others,
thought that the aggrandifing his neared relations would
not be an impolitic flep. He only dreaded the defignsof
Robert and his adherents, no way miflrufling any attempts
from anotlr.r quarter. With thefe views, he was very
liberal in heaping favours upon the children of his After
Adela, who had been married to the count of Blois. He
thought they would be the flronged fafeguard to protect
him front the afpiring attempts of his brother, or his pol-
terity; and he was refolved to load them with favours,
as being too far removed from the crown to entertain any
hopes of fucceeding in their defigns to obtain it. In pur-
fuance of this plan, he had, fome years before his death,
invited Stephen and Henry, the two younged of his filler’s
foils, into England, and received them with great honour
and edeem. Thinking he could never do too much to
fecure their affections, he married Stephen to the daugh¬
ter and heirefs of Eufface count of Boulogne, who brought
him an immenfe fortune. He conferred on him the great
edates forfeited by Robert Mallet in England, and by the
earl of Mortaigne in Normandy. Nor was Stephen’s bro¬
ther Henry without his (hare in the king’s liberalities.
He was created abbot of Glaflonbury, and bifhop of Win-
ehefler; fo that the two brothers were thus become by
far the mod opulent perfonages in the kingdom.

Such great riches, fo much power, and the confciouf-
nefs of abilities, w ere the firft incentives to Stephen’s am¬
bition. Placed at no great didance from the throne by
birth, and perceiving the fuccefs of his uncle’s ufurpa-
tion, he refolved to run the fame career, and firike for
the crown. For this purpofe, even during the king’s life¬
time, he ufed all his arts to procure popularity, and to
cultivate the affections of the Englifh nobility. By his
bravery, activity, and vigour, he acquired the elteem of
the barons; by his genercfity and familiar addrefs, he
obtained the regard of the people. No fooner, therefore.

LAND.

was the king known to be dead, than Stephen, confciou*
of his own influence, refolved to fecure to himfelf the pof-
feflion of what he fo long defired. He hadened from Nor¬
mandy, where he then was, and, fetting fail for England,
landed at Dover. But there the garrifon fhut their gates
againd him. Front thence he went to Canterbury, where
he was treated with dntilar difrefpect ; till, pading on,
he arrived at London, where he was indantly fainted king
by all the lower ranks of the people. Being thus fecure
of the populace, his next object was to gain over the
clergy; and for that purpofe, his brother, the bidtop of
Wincheder, exerted all his influence. The archbifhop
of Canterbury, as he had taken the oaths of allegiance to
Matilda, feemed for a while the mod adverfe ; but Hugh
Bigod, deward of the houfehold, averring, upon oath,
that the late king had expreffed his intentions to make
Stephen his heir, the archbidiop anointed him without
further fcruple. Thus was Stephen made king, by one
of thofe fpeedy revolutions which ever mark the inftabi-
lity of a date in which they are cudomary. The people
acquiefced in his claims from his popularity; the clergy
allowed them, being influenced by the intrigues of his
brother ; and the nobility acknowledged a king, from the
weaknefs of whole title they might hope to derive power
to themfelves.

The firft aCts of an ufurper are always popular. Ste¬
phen, in order to fecure his cindable throne, paffed a
charter, granting feveral privileges to the different orders
of the date. To, the nobility, a permiflion to hunt in the
royal forefls; to the clergy, a fpeedy fucceflion to all va¬
cant benefices; and to the people, a re flora t ion of the
laws of Edward the Confelfor. To fix himfelf dill more
fecurely, he took poffeffion of the royal treafures at Win-
chefter, and caufed his title to be ratified by the pope,
with a part of the money. A crown thus obtained, was
to 'be kept only by repeated conceflions. The nobility
and the clergy, in proportion as they were indulged in
one demand, foon found out others. The barons, in re¬
turn for their fubmiffion, required the right of fortifying
their cadles, and putting themfelves in a poflure of de¬
fence ; nor could the king refufe his confent to fuch ex¬
orbitant demands, becaufe their oppofition might be fa¬
tal. The clergy imitated the fame pernicious example ;
and, in a fhort time, all England was filled with thefe in¬
dependent fortreffes, which the noblemen garrifoned with
their own vaffals, or with mercenaries from the conti¬
nent: nothing could exceed the mifery which the king¬
dom prefented. Unbounded rapine was exercifed upon
the people for the maintenance of thofe troops; the pri¬
vate animofities of the nobility were productive of wars
in every quarter; and the whole country prefented a
feene of petty tyranny and hofiile preparation. It was m
vain that a victory gained by the king over the Scots at
Northallerton, A.D. 1138, promifed to allay the mur¬
murs of the people: their miferies were rifen to too great
a height for fuch brilliant fucceffes to difle or remove.

Not only real, but imaginary, grievances were added, to
raife the difeontents of the people, and fill the country
with complaints againd government, The clergy, whofe
power had been ingrafted on the ruins of the regal autho¬
rity, continued, in imitation of the lay-barons, to ereCt
cadles, and entertain garrifons, feniible that their facred
pretenfions would be more implicitly obeyed when their
temporal power was fufficient to enforce them. Stephen,
who now perceived the mifehiefs attending thefe internal
citadels, refolved to begin with dedroying thofe of the
clergy, whofe profeflion feemed averfe to the duties of
war. Embracing, therefore, the confequences of a fray,
which had rifen between the vaffals of the bifhop of Salif-
bury and thofe of the earl of Bretagne, he feized that
prelate, and obliged both him and the bilhop of Lincoln
to deliver up their cadles which they had lately fortified.
This the whole body of the clergy conlidered as a breach
of that charter which he had granted upon his acceffion ;
they loudly murmured at this infraction; and even the

bifhop

m

\ li

D. Chapman sc.

•KING. STEPHEN.

/.mdcji PttMisfu'if os r/t.\ ter ,/i/ras De.cC24.J8o2> JyJ WtJ/ccs.

»

§ . '

*'

ENGL

'fdfhop of Winchester, his brother, refolded to vindicate
the privileges of the church. A fynod was atlerabled, in
which the difgraced prelates openly inveighed againft: the
king. But he, inftead of anfwering the charge in perfon,
deputed one of his barons to plead his caufe, and intimi¬
date his accufers. In this critical fituation of affairs, ac¬
counts were brought of Matilda’s having landed in Eng¬
land, with a firm refoluticn to difpolfefs Stephen of the
crown. Matilda, upon the death of the late king, being
then in Normandy, found herfelf unable to oppofe the
rapid progrefs of her rival. She was not lefs unfortunate
in her continental connexions than in thofe at home. The
Norman barons, unwilling tp have the union with Eng¬
land dilfolved, almoSt unanimously declared for Stephen,
and put him in polfedion of their government ; while
Geoffry hitnfelf, Matilda’s hufband, was content to resign
his pretentions, and to receive a penfion from the Engiilh
king. Me had not, however, long acquiefced in this com.
promife, when he was incited to a renewal of his wife’s
claims by Robert, earl of Gloucefter, natural fon of the
late king, a nobleman who had, from the beginning, op-
pofed the accefiion of Stephen, and only waited a favour¬
able opportunity to fet on foot an infurreftion. This
haughty baron, having at length fettled the projeft of an
oppofition, retired to the court of Matilda, and from
thence lent Stephen a defiance, folemnly renouncing his
allegiance. It was not long before he was in a capacity
effectually to fecond his declarations ; for, fenfible of the
power of his party in England, he landed on the coaSt of
Sulfex, in company with Matilda, whole claims he pro-
felTed to fupport.

The whole of Matilda’s retinue, upon this occafion,
amounted to no more than a hundred and forty knights,
who immediately took pofieffion of Arundel caflle; but
the nature of her claims foon increafed the number of
her partifans. Mean time Stephen, A. D. 1139, alfured
of her arrival, marched to befiege Arundel, where fite
had taken refuge, and where (lie was piotefted by the
queen dowager, who fecretly favoured her pretenfions.
This fortrefs was too feeble to promife a long defence;
and it would have been foon taken, had it not been repre-
fented to the king, that, as it w’as a cattle belonging to
the queen dowager, it would be an infringement on the
refpeff which was her due, to attempt taking it by force.
There was a fpirit of generofity mixed with the rudenefs
of the times, that nobly prevailed in many tranfactions ;
Stephen permitted Matilda to remove in fafety to Briltol,
another fortrefs, Stronger than that from whence he per¬
mitted her to retire. It would be tedious and unintereft-
jng to relate the various Skirmishes on either fide, in pur-
j'uance of their refpedlive claims ; fuffice it to fay, that
Matilda’s forces increafed every day, while her antago¬
nist feemed every hour to become more unpopular. The
troops which Stephen led, were in general foreign merce¬
naries, commanded by tumultuous barons, more accuf-
tomed to pillage than to conquer. But, in this flufitua-
tion of fuccefs, the kingdom was expofed to ruin, which¬
ever fide Ihould gain the victory. The caltles of the no¬
bility were become receptacles for licenfed robbers, who
gave their rapine the name of attachment to party. The
land was left untilled, the inltruments of husbandry were
abandoned, and a terrible famine, the refult of general
diforder, oppreffed at once the fpoiled and the fpoilers.
After numberlefs undecilive conflicts, a complete vic¬
tory, gained by the forces of Matilda, 'promised to ter¬
minate thefe dilputes. Stephen had marched his forces to
relieve the city of Lincoln ; the earl of Gloucester led a
body of troops to fecond the efforts of the befiegers.
Thefe two armies engaged within fight of the city, and a
dreadful battle enfued, A.D. 1141. On the fir St onfet,
the two wings of Stephen’s army, which were compofed
of horfe, were put to flight; and the infantry, Soon fol¬
lowing the example, delerted their king. ' All who inhe¬
rited the blood of the Norman conqueror were- brave.
Stephen was for Some time left without attendants, and
Vox.. VI. No. 373.

A N D.

fought on foot in the midfl of his enemies, aflaulted by
multitudes, and refilling all their efforts with aftonifhing
intrepidity. Being hemmed in on every Side, he made
way for fotne time with his battle-axe ; but that break¬
ing, he drew his fword, and dealt his blows round the
circle in which he was inclofed. At length, after per¬
forming more than could be naturally expeCfed from a
(ingle arm, his fword flying in pieces', he was obliged to
furrender hitnfelf a prisoner. He was conducted to Glou¬
cester ; and though at fil'd treated with refpect, he was
foon after, on fome fufpicions, thrown into prifon, and
laid in irons.

Stephen and Iris party now appeared entirely overcome.
Matilda was pofifelled not only of fuperior power, but alio
of the jufter title. She was considered as the rightful
fovereign, and the barons came in daily from ail quarters
to do her homage. The bishop of Winchester hitnfelf,
who had efpoufed her caufe againft his brother, admitted
her claims; he led her in proceflion into his cathedral,
and bleffed her with the greatest Solemnity ; the archbi¬
shop of Canterbury alfo fwore allegiance, and Shortly af¬
ter an ecclefiaftical council, at which none of tile laity
aStifted, except deputies from the city of London, con¬
firmed her pretenfions ; and She was crowned at Winchef-
ter with all imaginable folemnity. Yet fuch is the vanity
of human affairs, and fuch was the great power of the
barons, who were in elfeCt matters of thole they nomi¬
nally elefted as governors, that Matilda remained but a
Short time in poSfeflion of the throne. This princefs, be-
fide tlie difadvantages of her fex, which weakened her
influence over a martial people, was refolved upon re-
preffing the growing power of the nobles, who had left
only the Shadow of authority to their fovereign. But
having neither temper nor policy fufficient to carry lier
views into execution, fhe difguSted tliofe by her pride to
whom (he was obliged for her advancement. The firSt
petition (lie refufed was the enlargement of Stephen ; She
rejected the remonstrance of the Londoners, who intreated
her to mitigate the Severe laws of the Norman princes,
and revive thofe of Edward the ConfeSfor. She affeCted
to treat the nobility witli a degree of difdain to which
they had long been unaccustomed ; while the fickle nation
once more began to pity their depofed king, and to repent
the Steps they had fo hastily taken in her favour. The
bifliop'of Winchester, who probably was never her fin-
cere friend, was not remifs in fomenting thefe difeori-
tents ; and when he found the people ripe for revolt, he
detached a party of his vaffals to block up the city of
London, where the queen had then her court. At the
fame time meafureswere taken to inftigate the Londoners
againft her, and to feize her perfon. Matilida, having
notice of this confpiracy, retired to Winchester, whither
the biShop, Still her fecret enemy, followed her, watching
an opportunity to ruin her caufe. The infidious prelate
was foon Sufficiently Strong to throw oft' the ltiaSk, and to
befiege the queen in the very place where Site firSt received
his benediction. There She continued for fome tirpe ; but
the town being opprefled by famine, (lie was obliged to
efcape, while her brother, the earl of Gloucester, endea¬
vouring to follow, was taken prifoner, and exchanged for
Stephen, who had till now remained in captivity. Thus
a revolution, as fudden as the former, took place ; Ma¬
tilda was depofed, and obliged to feek an afyhittt in Ox¬
ford. Stephen was again recognifed as king, and taken
from a dungeon to be placed on the throne.

The civil war now broke out afrefh, with all its train
of deflations. Many were the battles fought, and va¬
rious the Stratagems of thofe who conducted the affairs of
either party. Matilda efcaped from Oxford, at a time
when the fields were covered with Snow, by being dreffed
in white, with four knights, htr attendants, habited in
the fame manner. Stephen was upon another occafion
furprifed by the earl of Gloucefter at Wilton,1 and nar¬
rowly efcaped by flight. At length the e nip refs was
obliged to quit the kingdom; and the death of the earl

570

ENG

of Gloucefter foon after, who Was the life of her party,
gave a dreadful blow to her interefls. Yet Hill the affairs
of Stephen continued to fluctuate. Though this monarch
had the good fortune to fee his rival fly to the continent,
and leave him entire poirelTion of the kingdom ; though
his brother was pofletred of the higheft authority among
the clergy ; yet he was dill infecure. Finding that the
caftles built by the noblemen of his own party encouraged
a fpirit of independence, and were little lefs dangerous
than thofe which remained in the hands of the enemy,
he endeavoured to gain thefe ; and this attempt united
many of his own adherents againft him. His danger was
-increafed by the oppofition of the clergy, who, from hav¬
ing been on his fide, began to declare loudly in favour of
his opponents. The pope laid his whole party under an
interdift, for having refufed to fend deputies, to be named
by himfelf, to the general council at Rheims. By this
fentence, which was now firft praftifed in England, di¬
vine f'ervice was prohibited, and all the forms of religion
ceaferj, except baptifm and extreme unftion. This ftate
of Stephen’s affairs looked fo unpromifing, that a revolu¬
tion was once more expefted, when his fubmifTion to the
fee of Rome for a while fufpended the threatened blow.

Stephen had hitherto been oppofed only by men who
feconded the pretenfions of another; and w'ho confe-
quently wanted that popularity which is ufually attached
to thofe who fight their battles. But he was now to en¬
ter the lifts with a rival, who was every day coming to
maturity, and growing more formidable. This was Henry,
the fon of Matilda, who had now, A. D. 1149, reached
his fixteenth year, and gave the greateft hopes of future
magnanimity and prowefs. It was the cuftom of thofe
days for young noblemen to receive the honour of knight¬
hood before they were permitted to carry arms ; and
Henry propofed to receive his admiflion from his great
uncle, David, king of Scotland. With this view, and in
hopes of once more infpiring his mother’s party, he land¬
ed in England with a vaft retinue of knights and foldiers,
accompanied by many of the nobility, as well Englifh as
foreigners. The ceremony was performed by the Scots’
king at Carlifle, amidft a multitude of people affembled
on this occafion, who all, pleafed with the vigour, the
addrefs, and (till more perhaps with the noble mein, of
the young prince, fecretly began to wifh for a revolution
in his favour. Soon after his return to Normandy, he
was, by his mother’s confent, inverted with that duchy,
which had fonte time before revolted to her. He was
alfo, upon the death of his father Geoffrey Plantagenet,
Jecured in the portellion of his dominions ; and, to add
ftill more to his increafing power, he married Eleanor
the daughter and heirefs of the duke of Guienne and
Poiftou ; and took pofteflion of thefe extenfive territories.
With this great acceffion of power young Henry was re-
folved to claim the hereditary crown of England, and to
difpute once more Stephen’s ufurped pretenfions. For
this purpofe, being previoufly affured of the difpofitions
of the majority of the people in his favour, he made an
invafion on England, A. D. 1158, where he was joined
by alrnoft all the barons of the kingdom. Though it was
the middle of winter, he advanced to befiege Malmfbury ;
and took the town, after having defeated a body of the
enemy that attempted to oppofe his march. Soon after,
the caftle of Reading, and above thirty other fortrefles,
fubmitted to his arms.

In the mean time Stephen, alarmed at the popularity
and fuccefs of his young rival, had been trying every
method to anticipate the purpofe of his invafion, by de¬
priving him of a fucceflion he fo earneftly fought after.
He had convoked a council in London, where he propofed
his own ion Euftace, a weak prince, for his airociate in
she government, as well as for his fucceffor. He had
even exprefled a defire of immediately proceeding to the
coronation ; but was mortified to find that the archbifhop
of Canterbury refufed to perform the ceremony. It was
ifhen no time to profecute his relentment, when his rival

land.

was landed, and making hafty ftrides to the throne- he
therefore inarched with all podible diligence to oppofe
him, while he was befieging Wallingford ; and, coming
in fight, he refted his army to prepare for battle. In this
fituation the two armies remained for fome time, within
a quarter of a mile of each other, a decilive aftion beino-
expefted every day. But while they continued in this
menacing pofture, a treaty was fet on foot by the interpo-
fition of William earl of Arundel, for terminating the dif¬
pute without blood. 0 he death ol Stephen’s fon , which
happened during the courfe of the treaty, facilitated its
conclufion. It was therefore agreed by all parties, that
Stephen fhould reign during the refidue of his life; and
that juftice fhould be adminiftered in his name - that
Henry fhould on Stephen’s death, fncceed to the* king¬
dom; and William, Stephen’s fonr fhould inherit Bou¬
logne and his patrimonial eftate. After all the barons
had fworn to this treaty, which filled the kingdom with
gratulation, Henry evacuated England, and Stephen re¬
turned to the peaceable enjoyment of his throne. His
reign, however, was flvortly after terminated by bis death,

which happened at Canterbury, Oft. 25, 1154; _ in the

cathedral of which city he was interred.

The good fortune and brilliant fuccefs of manv princes,
gives them, with pofterity, the reputation of wifdom and
virtue : Stephen wanted fuccefs in all his fchemes but
that of afcending the throne; and confequently his vir¬
tues and abilities remain clouded and doubtful. If we
eftimate them by the happinefs of his fubjefts, they will
appear in a very humble point of view, fince England was
never more rent with internal commotion and inquietude,
than during bis reign ; but if we confider them as they
appear in his private conduft, few monarchs can boaft
more. Aftive, generous, and brave, his foie arm was to
deftroy a vile ariftocracy that oppreffed the people; but.
the abilities of no man, however politic or intrepid, were
then Sufficient to refift an evil that was too firmly rooted,
and interwoven with the very exiftence of the prince!
The moll prominent faults, therefore, of this monarch’s
reign, are chiefly to be imputed to the ungovernable fpirit
of the people; but his virtues were his own. *

From the COMMENCEMENT of the PLANTA-
GENETS, in the person of HENRY II. to the
signing OF MAGNA CHARTA and DEATH
of KING JOHN.

Henry Plantagenet, when called to the throne of
England, was mafter, in right of his father, of Anjou
and Touraine; in that of his mother, of Normandy
and Maine; in that of his wife, of Guienne, Poiftou,
Xaintonge, Auvergne, Perigord, Angoumois, and the Li-
mofin ; and he foon after annexed Brittany to his other
dominions ; all which rendered him one of the mod pow¬
erful monarchs in Chriftendom, and an objeft of dread
and jealoufy to the king of France. But to diminiffi the
glory of fwaying the fceptre over Rich extenfive territo¬
ries, the fubjefts of Henry were difunited by fituation and
by law, by language and by manners; and the prince
himfelf, from his refidence in England, was confidered as
a kind of foreigner in his French dominions, and but little
regarded. Yet under every circumftance, the rifing gran¬
deur of the houfe of Plantagenet, could not fail to im-
prefs with terror the king of France. Louis VII. had
ever maintained a drift union with Stephen, and had en¬
deavoured to prop the unftable fortunes of that afpirino-
ufurper. But after his death, it was too late to think of
oppofing the fucceffion of Henry, who had been received
inEngland withtheacclamationsofallordersof the people.

The firft afts of Henry the Second’s reign, alfo corref-
ponded to the flattering hopes entertained of his abilities.
Confcious of his ftrength, he began to correft thofe abufes,
and to refume thofe privileges which had been extorted
from the vveaknefs or the credulity of his predeceffors.
He immediately difmifled all thofe mercenary foldiers
who committed infinite diforders in the nation. He or-
* deied

Henry ii .

t

London L>itbfts7ic<l ao' thedlct directs i/ctrd JJ 1$06 LyJWitf .

ENG

dcred all the cattles, which wer erected fince the death
of Henry the Firft, and we e become receptacles of ra.
pine, to be demoliflied, except a few which he retained
in his own hands for the protection of the kingdom. The
adulterated coin was cried down, and new money (truck
of the right value and ftandard. ^ He relumed many of
thofe benefactions which had been made to churches and
monatteries in the former reigns. He gave charters to
feveral towns, by which the citizens claimed their free¬
dom and privileges, independent of any fuperior but him-
felf. Thefe charters were the ground-work of Britifh
liberty. The druggies which had long exifted, whether
the king, or the barons, or the clergy, Ihotild be defpotic
over the people, now began to att'ume a new afpeCt ; and
a fourth order, namely, that of the more opulent of the
people, began to claim a (hare in adminiftration. Thus
was the feudal government at firft impaired ; and liberty
began to dawn more equably throughout the nation.

In the mean time his brother Geoffrey, by the volun¬
tary eleftion of the inhabitants, had acquired the city and
county of Nantz ; but dying foon after he had taken pof-
fellion of them, Henry, as his heir, claimed thofe territo¬
ries. By a contrad: of marriage which he entered into
between his foil, then only five years old, and a daughter
of Louis VII. (till in hercradle, he prevailed on the latter
prince not to oppofe his pretenlions ; and eroding the leas, he
entered Brittany with a formidable army. The able con¬
duct of Henry procured him (till more important advan¬
tages ; by his addrefs he concluded another marriage be¬
tween his third fon, Geoffrey, and the daughter and heirefs
of the duke of Brittany : the duke of Brittany died loon
after ; and Henry, as the guardian of his infant fon and
daughter-in-law, took poffeffion of that principality.
The French king- had been a filent Ipectator of the pro-
grefs of Henry in Brittany ; but he refitted his attempts
to feize the country of Thouloufe. An open war was
kindled between the two monarchs ; but it was produc¬
tive of no memorable event ; and the differences of thefe
potent rivals were accommodated by the mediation of the
pope ; upon which Henry did homage to the king of
France, under the feudal fyftem, for all the territories he
held on the continent.

On his return to England, A.D. 1161, Henry directed
]iis attention towards reftriCting the encroachments of
Rome : thefe had grown with a rapidity not to be brook¬
ed by a prince of his high fpirit ; and to facilitate his de-
lign of fupprefting them, he advanced to the dignity of
chief metropolitan, Becket, his chancellor, of whofe flex¬
ibility of temper he had made a very miftaken eftimate.
That prelate had early infinuated himfelf into the favour
of Theobald archbiftiop of Canterbury, and obtained
from him conliderable preferment. This enabled him to
purfue at Boulogne, the ftudy of civil and canon law ;
and by gradual advances, he rofe to the dignity of chan¬
cellor of England. Being of a gay and fplendid turn,
and apparently little tenacious of ecclefiaftical privileges,
Henry thought him the fitted perfon, on the death of
Theobald, for the high ftation of archbifhop of Canter¬
bury ; but no fooner was he inlialled in this dignity, than
he altered his- demeanor and cotiduCt. He maintained in
his retinue and attendants his ancient pomp and luftre;
but in his own perfon he affeCted the greateft aufterity ;■
feemed perpetually employed in reciting prayers and
pious ledtures ; and all men of penetration plainly forefaw
that he was meditating fome political innovatu n.

Henry, though he perceived that Beckct was wholly
intent on promoting the interefts of his order, was far
from relinquifhing his defign of retrenching the clerical
ufurpations. The fchifm for the papacy which divided
all Europe, afforded him an opportunity favourable to
his projects. Among other inventions to obtain money,
the clergy had inlifted upon the necellity of a fpecific pe¬
nance as an atonement for fin ; and the Aims of money
that were received by the priefts in lieu of thefe penances,
are faid to have exceeded the amount of the king’s r.eve-

L A N D. 571

nue. To eafe his people of fo heavy and impious an im-
pofition, Henry demanded that a civil officer of his ap¬
pointment ttiould be prefent in all ecclefiaftical courts, and
(hould for the future give his confent to every bargain
which was to be made with finners for their fpiritual
offences. The eccleliaftics in that age had renounced all
immediate fubordination to the magiftrate ; and as many
of them were of low character, crimes of the blacked: dye
were committed with impunity by them. An hundred
murders fince Henry’s accellion had been perpetrated by
men in holy orders. A pried in Worcefterfnire, having
debauched a gentleman’s daughter, had proceeded to
murder the father; the general indignation againtt the
crime, moved the king to attempt the remedy of an abufe
which had become fo infamous; he required that the
pried: ttiould be delivered up, and receive condign pu ni (li¬
me n t from the magiftrate. Becket in (1 fled on the privi¬
leges of the church, and maintained that no greater
pumftunent could be inflidted on the criminal than degra¬
dation. Henry, exafperated, fummoned an aftembly of
the prelates of England ; and demanded whether they
were willing to fubmit the affair to the ancient laws of
the kingdom : and though at firft they endeavoured to
evade the queftion, by the exception of their own order,
they yielded foon after to his menaces. Becket, how¬
ever, for a long time remained inflexible ; and at laft
rather complied in confequence of the defires of the court
of Rome, than of the threats of the king. But Henry
was not content with a declaration in general terms : lie
refolved to define exprefsly thofe laws to which he re¬
quired obedience; and in order to mark the limits be¬
tween the civil and ecclefiaftical jurifdiction, he fummon¬
ed a general council of the nobility and prelates at Cla¬
rendon ; when by his influence or authority, the laws fo
favourable to prerogative, known by the name of the
Conjlitutions of Clarendon, were voted without oppofition.

Henry, by thus reducing the ancient cuftoms ol the
realm to writing, endeavoured to prevent all future dif-
pute on the fubjedts to which they related ; and thought
lie had thus fully eftabliflied the fuperiority of the 1 eg; i fi¬
lature above all fpiritual canons. Apprehenfive, how¬
ever, that the biftiops might retradt their confent to thefe
conftitutions, he required that they ttiould fet their feal
to them. Becket, of all the prelates, alone oppofed his
will ; but, finding himfelf deferted even by his brethren,
he at length gave way, and engaged by oath, legally, with
good faith, and without fraud or refervation, to obferve
them. The ratification of the pope was (till thought re-
quifite ; but, though Alexander owed the higheft obli¬
gations to Henry, he rejected the conftitutions of Claren¬
don, which he plainly faw would render England inde¬
pendent of the papal power; and therefore offered, for
the fake of peace, to ratify a few of the lead important -
articles. Becket no fooner perceived the determination
of the Roman pontiff, than he exprelfed the deepeft for-
row for his compliance, and endeavoured to engage the
other biftiops to adhere to their common rights, in which
he reprefented the intereft and honour of God to be con¬
cerned. To make him feel his refentment, Henry infti-
tuted againtt: him a profecution for fome land that he
held ; and, when the primate excufed himfelf, on account
of indifpofition, from appearing, that prince fummoned
a great council at Northampton, in which Becket was ar¬
raigned as guilty of a contempt of the king’s court ; and
being condemned, all his goods and chattels were confif-
cated. Henry, not fatisfied with this fentence, however
haftv and oppreffive, foon after required Becket to give
in the accounts of his adminiftration while chancellor;
and ellimated the balance in arrear at forty-four thoufand
marks, for which he demanded fureties. In this emer¬
gency, feveral of the primate’s friends advifed him to re-
fign his fee, on condition of receiving an acquittal ; but
the daring fpirit of Becket rejected thefe timid counfels;
and he determined to brave his enemies. After cele¬
brating niafs, where he had previoufly ordered that the

entreii

573 ENG

entroit to the communion fervice fhould begin with the
words, princes fat and fpake againjl me, arrayed in tire fa.
cttd veftments, and bearing the crofs before him, he en¬
tered tire royal apartments, and declared that he put both
himfelf and his fee under the protection of the fupreme
pontiff. This appeal to tire pope in a civil caufe, was a
matter new and unprecedented ; but Becket perfevered
in it. He refufed to hear.the fentencc which the barons
and fheriffs had paffed on the king’s claim ; and, having
in vain afked permiflion to leave Northampton, he with¬
drew fecretly- to the fea-coaft, and found a veffel which
conveyed him to France, where he was received with
every token of regard.

To provide againft the confequences of the breach
which was impending between England and the apoftolic
fee, Henry inhibited, under fevere penalties, all appeals
to the pope or archbifhop : he declared it treafonable to
bring from either of them an interdict upon the king¬
dom, and punifhable, in fecular clergymen, by the lofs of
their eyes, and caftration ; in regulars, by amputation of
their feet; and in laics, with death. On the other hand,
Becket not only iffued a cenfure, excommunicating the
king’s chief mini iters by name, but alfo abrogated and
annulled the Conftitutioris of Clarendon ; and declared
that he fufpended the fpiritual thunder over Henry him¬
felf, folely that the prince might avoid the blow by a
timely repentance.

Henry eluded the immediate danger, by flattering Alex¬
ander with the profpeift of a fpeedy reconciliation between
himfelf and Becket, which at length took place; and
Becket was allowed to return, on conditions which may
be conlidered both honourable and advantageous to that
prelate. ,Be was not required to give up any rights of
t he church, or refign any of thofe pretenfions which had
been the original ground of the controverfy. It was
agreed that all thefe quefiions fhould be buried in obli¬
vion ; but that Becket and his adherents fhould,, with¬
out making farther fubmifiion, be reflored to a]l their
livings, and that even the polfelfors of fitch benefices as
depended on the fee of Canterbury, and had been filled
during the primate’s abfence, fhould be expelled, and
Becket have liberty to fupply the vacancies. In return
for concefTions which trenched fo deeply on the honour
and dignity of the crown, Henry reaped only the advan¬
tage of feeing his mini iters abfolved from the fentence of
excommunication pronounced againft them, and of pre¬
venting the interdict, with which his kingdom had been
threatened. It was eafy indeed to fee how much lie
dreaded that event, when a prince of fo high a fpirit, on
one occafion humiliated himfelf fo far as to hold the ftir-
rup of the haughty Becket, while he mounted his horfe !

Henry did not even gain a temporary tranquillity by
this concellicn. While he daily dreaded the fentence of
excommunication, he had thought it prudent to affoeiate
his fon prince Henry in the royalty. The ceremony had
been performed by the archbifhop of York; but Becket
pretended, as archbifhop of Canterbury, that he had the
idle right to officiate, and therefore, in tiie name of the
pope, he fufpended the archbifhop of York, and excom¬
municated the bifhops of London and Salifbury, with
others who had aftifted af the coronation of the prince.
The king, who was then at Baieux, being extremely agi¬
tated on hearing of this new inftance of Becket’s malig¬
nant behaviour, bnrft forth into an exclamation againft
his fervants, whole want of zeal, he laid, had fo long ex-
pofed him to the arrogance of that ungrateful and impe¬
rious prelate,. Four gentlemen of his houfehold, Regi¬
nald Fitz-Urfe, William de Traci, Hugh de Moreville,
and Richard Brito, taking thefe poignant expreffions to
be a hint for the primate’s death, immediately commu¬
nicated their thoughts to each other; and fvvearing to
avenge their prince’s quarrel, fecretly withdrew from
court. Some menacing expreffions which they had drop¬
ped, gave a fufpic.ion of their defign ; and the king dif-
patched a mefienger after them, charging them to at-

LAND,

tempt nothing againft the perfon of Becket : but thefe
orders arrived too late to prevent their fatal purpofe.
The four affaffins, though they took different roads to
England, arrived nearly at the fame time at Saltwood,
near Canterbury, and from thence proceeded to the ar-
chiepifcopal palace. They found the primate, who trad¬
ed entirely to the facrednefs of his chara&er, very flen-
derly attended ; and, though they threw out many me¬
naces and reproaches againft him, he was fo devoid of
fear, that, without tiling any precautions, he immedi¬
ately proceeded to St. Benedict's church to vefpers.
They followed him thither, attacked him before the al¬
tar, and having cloven his head with many blows, re¬
tired without any oppofttion. Such was the tragical end
of Thomas a Becket, a prelate of the moft lofty, intre¬
pid, and inflexible, fpirit, who was able to mafk the en-
terprifes of pride and ambition, under t he difguife of
fanCtity, and of zeal for the intcrefts of religion ; but
who certainly was a bad fubjedf, and therefore could not
be a good man.

Henry, on t he firft report of Becket’s violent mea fares,
had purpofed to have him arrefted, and had already taken
fome fteps towards the execution of that defign ; but the
intelligence of his murder threw the prince into great
confternation ; and he immediately felt the dangerous
confequences which lie had reafon to apprehend from fo
horrible an event. An archbifhop of the higheft reputed
fandtiry, affaffinated before the altar in the exercife of his
function, and on account of his zeal in maintaining eccie-
fiaftical privileges, could not fail to attain the higheft ho¬
nours of martyrdom ; while his reputed murderer would
be ranked among the moft bloody tyrants of the age.
Thefe confiderations gave the king the utmoft anxiety ;
and, as it was extremely his intereft to clear himfelf from
all fufpicion, lie took no care to conceal the depth of his
affliction. He flint himfelf up from the light of day, and
from all commerce with mankind ; lie even refufed,
during three days, all food and fuftenance. The cour¬
tiers, apprehending dangerous effedts from his defpair,
were at laft obliged to break in upon his folitude ; and,
employing every means of confolation, induced him to
accept of nourifliment, and occupied his leifure in taking-
precautions againft the confequences which liefojuftly
apprehended.

The moft important point which Henry had to efta.
blifh, was to convince the world and the pope of his in¬
nocence ; or rather to diffuade him from proceeding with
his excommunications againft England. The archbifhop
of Rouen, the bilhops of Worcefter and Evreux, with
five perfons of inferior quality, were forthwith difpatciied
to Rome ; they were with difficulty admitted to an audi¬
ence ; and tiie rage of Alexander was not appeafed until
tliey made oath before the whole confiftory, of their fo-
vereign’s innocence, and engaged that he would make
every fubmifiion to tiie. holy fee, that fhould be required
of him. Though the rage of the clergy was thus diverted
from the king, their zeal for the memory of Becket found
ample employment in extolling the merits of his martyr¬
dom. Endlefs were the panegyrics on his virtues; and
the miracles wrought at his fiirine were more numerous,
more ridiculous, and more impudently attefted, than
thofe which ever filled the fuperftitious legend of any
confefTor or martyr. Two years after his death he was
canonized by pope Alexander; a folemn jubilee was efta.
blifhed for celebrating his memory: his body was en¬
riched witli prefents from all parts of Ciirifiendom ; pil¬
grimages were performed to obtain- his interceffion witli
heaven ; and it was computed, that in one year, above
an hundred thoufand pilgrims arrived in Canterbury, and
paid their devotions at his tomb.

In the mean time Henry, thus delivered from the thun¬
ders of the Vatican, A. D. 1172, undertook an expedition
againft Ireland. That ifiand, about the middle of tiie
twelfth century, befides feveral fmall tribes, contained
the principal fovereignties of Munfter, Leinfter, Meath,

Ulfter,

573

ENG

t lfter, and Connaught ; and, as It had been ufual for the
one or the other of thefe (fates to take the lead in their
wars, there was commonly fome prince who feemed, for
the time, to aft tts monarch of Ireland. Rodevic O’Con¬
nor, king of Connaught, was then advanced to this dig¬
nity;, but his government, ill obeyed even within his
own territory, could not unite the people in any meafures,
either for the eftabHfhinent df order, or for defence againft
foreigners. The ambition of Henry had, very early in his
reign, been moved by the profpeft of thefe advantages,
to attempt the fubjugation of Ireland ; and a pretence
was only wanting to invade a people, who, being always
confined to their own id and, had never given offence
to their neighbours. For this acquilition, Henry had re-
courfe to Rome, which afTumed a right to difpofe of
kingdoms and empires; and, not forefeeing the dangerous
difputes which he was one day to maintain with that fee,
he atiilfed to give Sanctions to claims which were now
become dangerous to- all fovereigns. Adrian III. who
then filled the papal chair, was by birth an Englifhman ;
and, being on that account the more difpofed to oblige
Henry, he readily countenanced the plan ; fo that Henry
only waited for a favourable opportunity of carrying his
arms into Ireland.

Dermot IVTacmorroglv king of I. cinder, having render¬
ed himfelf obnoxious by his licentious tyranny, had been
expelled his dominions by a confederacy, of which the
king of Connaught was the chief. The exiled prince
applied to Henry for fuccour, who furnifhed him with
letters patent, by which he empowered his fubjefts to
aid him in the recovery of his dominions. Dermot en¬
gaged with Richard, furnamed Strongbow, earl of Stri-
gitl ; who dipulated, for this artirtance, the hand of his
daughter Eva, and a promife that he dtould be declared
heir to his' territories. While Richard was affembling his
vaffaks, Dermot went into Wales ; and, meeting with Ro¬
bert Fitz-Stephens, condable of Abertevi, and Maurice
Fitz-Gerald, he alfo engaged them in his fervice, and
obtained their promife of invading Ireland: he himfelf
immediately eroded the Iridi fea, concealed himfelf in a
monadery that he had founded,- and prepared every thing
for the reception of his Englifh allies. The troops of
Fitz-Stephens were fird ready. He landed in Ireland
with thirty knights, fixty efquires, and three hundred
archers; and, with this fmall body, druck a great terror
into the native inhabitants. The conjunction, of Maurice
de Pendergad, who, about the. fame time, brought over
ten knights and (ixty archers, enabled Fitz-Stephens to
attempt the fiege of Wexford, a town then inhabited1 by
the Danes ; and, after gaining an advantage, he made
himfelf mader of the place. Soon after, Fitz-Gerald ar¬
rived with ten knights, thirty efquires, and a hundred
archers; and, being joined by the former adventurers,
they. compofed a force which nothing in Ireland was able
to withdand.

Roderic, the chief fnonarch of the ifland, was foiled in
different actions ; the prince of Offory was obliged to
fubmit, and give hodages for his peaceable behaviour ;
and Dermot, not content with being redored to his king¬
dom of Leinder, projected the dethroning of Roderic,
and'afpired to the foie dominion of Ireland. In profecn-
tion of thefe views, he fent over a medenger to the earl
of Strigul, challenging the performance of his promife,
and difplaying tlie mighty advantages which might be
reaped by a reinforcement of warlike troops from Eng¬
land. Strongbow fird fent over Raymond, one of his re¬
tinue, with ten knights and feventy archers, who, land¬
ing near Waterford, defeated a body of three thoufand
I ri th that had ventured to attack him; and, as Richard
himfelf, who brought over two hundred horfe and a body
of archers, joined them a few days after, the victorious
Engl i 111 made themfelves maders of Waterford, and pro¬
ceeded to Dublin, which was taken by affault. Roderic,
in revenge, cut off the head of Dermot’s natural fan, who
had been left as a hoffage in his hands; and Richard,

Vol. VI. No. 373.

L A N D.

marrying Eva, became foon after, by the death of Der¬
mot, mailer of the kingdom of Leinder, and prepared to
extend his- authority over all Ireland. Roderic and the
other Iridi princes, alarmed at the danger, and combining
together, befieged Dublin with an army of thirty thou¬
fand men; but earl Richard, making a hidden fally at
the head of ninety knights, with their followers, put this
numerous army to rout, and p'urfued them with great
(laughter. Henry, now become jealous of the progrefs
of his own fubjefts, lent orders to recall the Englidi, and
himfelf landed in Ireland, at the head of five hundred
knights. The adventurers appeafed him by offering to
hold their acquifitions in vaffallage to his majefly ; and,
the fpirits of the Irifh being broken, nothing remained
but to receive their fubmiflion. The whole ifland was
formally annexed to the Englifh crown ; and Henry, after
a few months (lay, returned in triumph to England.

The joy which this conqueft diffufed throughout the
realm was very great; and Henry feen'ied now to have
attained the fummit of his iitmofl wifhes. He was the
undifputed monarch of the greateff domain in Europe;
father of a numerous progeny, that gave both luflre and
authority to his crown; victorious overall his enemies,
and implicitly obeyed by all his. fubjects. Henry, his
elded fon, had been anointed king, and was acknowledged
as undoubted fuccefTor ; Richard, his1 fecond fon, was in¬
verted with the duchy of Gujenne and PoiCtou ; Geof¬
frey, his third fon, inherited, in right of his wife, the
duchy of Bretagne ; and John, his youngelf, was defigned
to be king in Ireland. Such was the pro fpeCl: of gran¬
deur before the royal eyes; but -fitch is the inrtability
of human affairs, that tills very exaltation of his family
proved the means of embittering his future life, and of
dirt orbing the peace of his government.

Among the few vices aferibed to this monarch, unre-
ft rained gallantry was one. Queen Eleanor, whom he
had married from motives of ambition, and who had been
divorced from her former confort for her incontinence,
was long become difagreeable to Henry ; and Ire fought
in others thufe fatisfaftions he could not find in her.
Among the number of his mirtreffes we have the name
of Fair Rofamond, whofe perfonal charms, and wlrofe
forrowful death, make fo confpicuous a figure in tile ro¬
mances of that period. It is true that the fever! ty of criri-
ciTm has rejected mod of thefe accounts as fabulous ; yet
well-known fables, when much celebrated, make a part
of the hiftory, at lead of the manners, of the age. Ro¬
famond Clifford is faid to have been the mod beautiful
woman of her day. Henry loved her with a mod faith¬
ful attachment ; and, in order to fecure her from the re-
fentment of his queen, who, from having been' formerly
incontinent herfelf, now became jealous of his inconti¬
nence, he concealed her in a labyrinth in Woodfi- ak
Park, where he parted in her Company his hours- of re¬
laxation and pleafure. How long this intcrcourfe con¬
tinued, is not known ; but it was not fo clofely concealed
but that it came to the queen’s knowledge, who, as the
(lory goes, being guided by a clue of.filk to her fair ri¬
val’s retreat, compelled her, by holding a drawn dagger
to her bread, to fwallow poifon. Whatever may he tl-.r.
veracity of this account, certain it is, that this imperious
queen, though formerly ottenfive by her own gallantries
was now no lefs (o by her jealoufy ; and (he it was who
fird fowed the feeds of diflenfion between the king and his
children.

Young Henry was taught to believe himfelf injured,
when, upon being crowned as partner in’ the kingdom, he
was not admitted into an aclivc (hare of the adminirtra-
tion. The discontent cf young Henry was foon followed
by that of his brothers' Geoffrey and Richard, whom the
queen had perfuaded to affert their title to the territories
refpeftively afligned them ; and, upon the king’s refilling
their demand's, they all fled1 fecr-etly. to the court of
France, where Louis gave them countenance and protec¬
tion. Queen Eleanor herfelf was meditating an efcape
7 G t@

574

ENG

to the fame court, and had put on man’s apparel for that
purpofe, when Ihe was, feized by the king’s order, and
put into confinement. Thus Henry faw all his long-con¬
certed views of future happinefs totally clouded ; his
fons, fcarcely yet arrived at manhood, eager to (hare the
fpoils of their father’s pofieffions ; his queen warmly en¬
couraging thofe undutiful princes in their rebellion ; and
many potentates of Europe not afhamed to encourage and
fupport their pretentious. N, r were his profpects much
more flattering when extended to his nobles and fubj eft's:
his licentious barons, difgufted with a vigilant adminif-
tration, vviflted to be governed by princes whom they
could flatter or intimidate : the clergy had not yet for¬
gotten Becket’s death ; and the people confidered him
as a faint and a martyr, vvhofe blood had not yet been
fufticiently atoned. In this univerfal difafFeftian, Henry
fupported that intrepidity of character which he had
(hewn through life, and prepared fora coated from which
he could expect to reap neither profit nor glory.

It was not long before the young princes had fuflicient
influence upon the continent to raife a powerful confe¬
deracy iti their favour. Befide the king of France, Phi¬
lip count of Flanders, Matthew count of Boulogne, Theo¬
bald count of Blois, and Henry count of Eu, all declared
themfelves in their intereds. William king of Scotland
alfo made one of this adociation, and a plan was concerted
for a general invulion of Henry’s extend ve dominions.
This was put into execution, A. D. 1173. The king’s
continental dominions were attacked on one fide by the
counts of Flanders and Boulogne ; and, on the other, by
the king of France with a large army, which the young
Englilh princes animated by their prefence and popula¬
rity. But Henry found means to difcomfit them in every
quarter ; the count of Boulogne being mortally wounded
in the aifault of the town of Driencourt, his death (lop¬
ped the progrefs of the Flemifh arms on that fide. The
French army being obliged to retire from the fiege of
Vernetiil, Henry attacked their rear, put them to the
rout, and took many pri foners. The barons of Bretagne
alfo, who had rifen in favour of the young princes, dtared
no better fate ; their army was driven from the field, and,
taking (better in the town of Dol, were there made pri-
foners of war. Titefe fucceffes reprefled the pride and
the expectations of the confederated forces, and a confe¬
rence was folicitcd by the French king, to which Henry
readily agreed. In this interview, he had the mortifica¬
tion to fee his three fons ranged on the fide of his mortal
and inveterate enemy ; but he was Hill more aggravated
to find that their demands rofe in proportion to their in¬
capacity to obtain them.

While Henry was thus quelling the infolence of his fo¬
reign enemies, his Englilh fubjefts were on the point of
revolting from their obedience at home. The nobility
were in general united to oppofe him ; and an irruption
at this time by the king of Scotland aflifled their fchem.es
of infu rrection. The earl of Leicefter, at the head of a
body of Flemings, invaded Suffolk, but was repulfed with
great (laughter. The earl of Ferrars, Roger dc Mowbray,
and many others of equal dignity, rofe in arms; while
the king of Scotland broke into the northern provinces,
with an army of eighty thou (and men, and made the
country one ex ten five feene of defolation. Henry, after
'defeating his enemies in France, battened to oppofe thofe
in England ; but he imagined that his long diff’enlions with
Bechet (till operated to his difadvantage in the minds of
the people, and it was his determination effectually to do
them away. As foon, therefore, as he came within fight
of the church of Canterbury, alighting from his horfe,
he walked barefoot towards the town, proftrated himfelf
before the (brine- of the faint, remained in faffing and
prayer a whole day, watched all night the holy relics,
made a grant of fifty pounds a year to the convent for
a conffant fupply of tapers to illuminate the flirine ; and,
not fytisfted witli tliefe fubmiffions, he aflembled a chap¬
ter of monks, difrobed before them, put a fcourge of dil-

.. A N D.

cipline into each of their hands, and prefented his bare
(boulders to their infliction. Next day he received abfo-
lution; and, departing for London, received the agree¬
able news of a victory over the Scots, laid to have been
obtained in the very hour of his penitential di (cipline.

Having in this fuperffitious manner made his peace
with the church, and brought over the minds of the peo¬
ple, he fought upon furer grounds ; every victory he ob¬
tained was imputed to the favour of the reconciled faint,
and every fuccefs thus tended to afeertain the growing-
confidence of his party. The victory which was gained
over the Scots was fignal and decifive. William, their
king, after having- committed the mod horrible depreda¬
tions upon the northern frontiers, had thought proper to
retreat, upon the advance of an Englilh army, command¬
ed by Ralph de Glanville, the famous Englifli lawyer.
As he had fixed his Ration at Alnwick, he thought him¬
felf perfectly fecure, from the remotenefs of the enemy,
againft any attack. In this, however, he was deceived ;
for Glanville made a hafty and fatiguing march to the
place of his encampment, 'and approached it during the
obfeurity of a miff. The Scots were furprifed in the
morning to find themfelves attacked by the enemy, which
they thought at fuch a.diffance; and their king, ven¬
turing tyith a (mail body of a hundred horfe to oppofe
the aff'ailants, was quickly furrounded, and taken pri-
foner. Flis troops (led on all ikies with the utmoft pre¬
cipitation, and made the bed of their way to their own
country.

Henry’s affairs now began to wear a better afpeCt ; the
barons, who were preparing for a revolt, made inffant
fubmillion ; they delivered up their cattles to the victor,
and England in a few weeks was refrored to perfeft tran¬
quillity. Young Henry, who was ready to embark with
a large army, to fecond the efforts of the Englilh infur-
gents,' finding all difturbances quieted at home, aban¬
doned all thoughts of the expedition. Louis attempted
in vain to befiege Rouen, which Henry battened over to
fuccour. A celfation of arms, and a conference, were
once more agreed upon by the two monarchs. Henry
granted his fons much lefs advantageous terms than they
formerly refuted to accept ; the mott material, were fonie
penlions for their fupport, Come cattles for their refidence,
and an indemnity to all their adherents. Thus England
emerged from the numerous calamities that threatened
to -overwhelm it, and the king was anxious to make va¬
rious provilions for the glory, the happinefs, and the fe-
curity, of his people.

His firtt care was to make his prifoner, the king of
Scots, undergo a proper punifhment for his unmerited
and ungenerous attack. That prince was obliged to (ign
a treaty, by which he was compelled to do homage to_
Henry for his dominions in Scotland. It was agreed, that
his barons and bifhops alfo fhouid do the fame ; and that
the fortreffes of Edinburgh, Stirling, Berwick, Roxbo-
rough, and Jedborough, (hould be delivered into the
hands of the conqueror till the articles were performed .
This treaty was rigoroully executed ; and the king, ba¬
rons, and prelates, of Sco1. land, did homage to Henry in
the cathedral of York. His domcttic regulations were as
judicious as his political conduft was fplendid. He en-
afted fevere penalties againft robbery, murder, falfe coin¬
ing, and burning of houfes ; ordaining, that thefe crimes
(hoti.ld be punilhed by the amputation of the right hand
and right foot. He partitioned out the kingdom into four
divittons ; and appointed judges to go their refpeftive
circuits to try caules, to reft rain the cruelties of their ba¬
rons, and to proteft the lower ranks of the people in fe-
curity. He renewed the trial by juries, which, by the
ferocious cuftoin of camp-fight, had almoft grown obfo-
lete ; and, to fecure the kingdom more effectually againft
invafion, he eftabliihed a well-armed militia, capable of
defending the realm upon any emergency.

But it w.a-s not in the power of human ability to con¬
ciliate the turbulent and ambitious difpolition of his fons ;

who }

ENG

who, not content with rebelling; again ft their father, now
warmly profecutecl their enmities againft each other.
Richard, whom Henry had made mafter of Guienne,, and
who had already difplayed uncommon valour in humbling
his mutinous barons, refuted to obey .his father’s orders
in doing homage to his elder brother for that duchy.
Young Henry and Geoffrey, A, D. 1 180, uniting their
arms, carried an implacable war into their brother’s do¬
minions ; and while the king was endeavouring to com¬
pote their differences, he found himfelf fecretly conl'pired
againft by them all. What the refill t of this confpiracy
might have been, is uncertain ; but it was defeated by
the death of young Henry, who expired in the tweaty-
fi x th year of his age, at Martel-caftle, near Turenne, not
without the deepeft remorfe for ltis undutiful cor.duCt
towards his father; who alfo ftiortly aftfer loft ltis foil
Geoffrey, who was killed in a tournament at Paris, A. D.
1183. The lofs of th is prince gave few, except the king
himfelf, any uneafinefs, as he was univerfally hated, and
went among the people under the opprobrious name of
The Child of Perdition.

But the death of the prince did not wholly remove the
caule of his revolt; for Phil i p the Great, or Auguftus,
then king of France, difputed his title to the wardship of
Arthur, the fon of Geoffrey, who inherited Bretagne on
the death of his father. Some other cau-fes of dilfenfion
inflamed the difpute between the two monarchs. Philip
had again allured Richard from his duty; and in lifted
upon liis marriage being completed with Adelais, his
lifter, to whom he had been affianced. In conf'equence
of this claim, another conference was held between Gifcrs
and Trie, under a vaft elm, laid to have (haded more
than an acre. It was in the midft of this conference upon
their mutual rights, that a new objeCt of intereft was of¬
fered to their deliberation, which quickly bore down all
fecular confiderations before it. T his was no lefs than
the projection of a fecond crufade to the Holy Land.
Richard, wdio had long wiflied to partake in the glory of
fuch an expedition, and who could not bear to have even
his father -a partner in ltis victories, entered into a confe¬
deracy with the king of France, who promifed to confirm
him in thole wifhes, at which he fo ardently afpired. He
therefore began by making an inroad into the territories
of the count of Thouloufe, a vafial of the king of France ;
and this monarch, in order to retaliate, carried the war
into Berri and Auvergne. Henry, who was apprifed of
their fecret confederacy, made depredations in turn upon
the dominions of the French king. Conferences were
again propofed, attended/ and diCmiffed. At length,
Henry found himfelf compelled to enter upon a war with
France and his eldeft fon, who were thus unnaturally
leagued againft him. He now faw the confederacy daily
gaining ground. Ferte-Bernard fell firft into the hands
of the enemy ; Mans was next taken by uffault ; Amboife,
Chaumont, and Chateau de Loire, threw open their gates ;
Tours was inverted ; and the king, who had retired to
Saumur, had daily inftances of the cowardice and defec¬
tion of his governors. While in this ftate of defpondency,
the duke ot Burgundy, the count of Flanders, and arcli-
bifhop of Rheints, jnlerpofed their good offices; and a
treaty was concluded, in which he fubmitted to many
mortifying concelfions. It was agreed that Richard fliould
marry the princefs Adelais, and be crowned king of Eng¬
land during the life-time of his father. It was ftipulated,
that Henry fliould pay twenty thoufand marks to the king
of France, as a compenfation for the charges of the war ;
that his own barons Ihould engage to make him obferve
this treaty; and in cafe, of violating it, to be at liberty
to join Philip and Richard againft him ; and that all t’nofe
who had fought on the fide of Richard, fliould receive a
free pardon. Tliefe were terms fufficiently humiliating to
a prince, who had always been accuftomed to give, not
receive, ftipulations: but what was his aftonifhment,
when iipon demanding a lift of the perfons who had lifted
the fvvord againft him, he found his fon John, his fa-

L A N D. 575

vourite child, among the number. He" had long borne an
infirm ftate of body with calm refiguation; he had fee 11
his children rebel without much emotion ; he faw his own
fon his conqueror, himfelf bereft of his power, reduced
to the condition of a fugitive, and almoft fitppliant, in
his old age; and all this h.e endured with equanimity of
temper: but when he faw that child, whole iuterefts al¬
ways lay next his heart, among the number of thofewho
were in rebellion againft him, h.e could no longer con¬
tain his indignation. He broke out into exprellions of
the titmoft defpair; curled the day in which he had re¬
ceived Ills birth ; and bellowed on his ungrateful children
a malediction which, he never after could be prevailed
upon to retraCt. The more his heart was difpofed to
friendfhip and affection, the more he relented this unna¬
tural return ; and now, not having one corner in his heart
where he could look for comfort, or fly for refuge from
his conflicting pafiions, he loft all his former vivacity.
A lingering fever foon terminated his life and his mife-
ries. He died at the caftle of Chinon, near Saumur, July 6,
1189, in the fifty-eighth year of ltis age, and the thirty-
fifth of his reign. His corpfe was conveyed to the nun¬
nery of Fonteverard ; and npxt day, while it lay in the
abbey church, Richard chancing to enter, was (truck with
horror at the fight. At his approach the blood was feen
to gufh out at the mouth and noftrils of the corpfe ; and
this, which, without doubt, was accidental, was inter¬
preted by the fuperftition of the times as the moft awful
rebuke. Richard could not endure the fight ; he ex¬
claimed, “ that lie was his father’s murderer;” and ex-
prefled a ftro.ng, though late, fenfe of that undutiful con-
duCl which brought his parent to an untimely grave.

Thus died Henry II. the firft monarch of the houfe of
Plantagenet, the greateft prince of his time for wifdom,
virtue, and ability, and the moft powerful in extent of
dominion, of all :hofe that had ever filled the throne of
England. His character, both in public and private life,
is almoft without a blemifh ; and he feems ,to have pof-
feffed every accomplishment, both of body and mind,
which makes a man eftimable or amiable. He was of a
middle ftature, ftrong, and well proportioned; his coun¬
tenance was lively and engaging; his converfa'tion affable
and entertaining; his elocution eafy, perfuafive, and ever
at command. He loved peace, but poffeded both conduct
and bravery in war; was provident without timidity ; fe-
vere in the execution of juflice without rigour; and tem¬
perate without aufterity. He preserved health, and kept
himfelf from corpulency, to which he was fomevvhat in¬
clined, by an abfiemioirs diet, and by frequent exercife,
particularly by hunting. When he could enjoy leifure,
he recreated himfelf in learned converfation, or in read¬
ing ; and he cultivated his natural talents by ftudy, above ’
any prince of his time. His affections, as well as His en¬
mities, were warm and durable ; and his long experience
of ingratitude arid infidelity of men never deflroyed the
natural fenfibility of his temper, which difpofed him to
friendfhip and fociety. His death, was deeply lamented
by his fubjeCts, whole happinefs feems to have been the
chief aim of all his endeavours. He not only enaCted
wholefome laws, but faw them executed with great punc¬
tuality. He was generous, even to admiration, with re¬
gard to t’nofe who committed offences againft his own
perfon ; but he never forgave the injuries that were. of¬
fered to his people; in thofe cafes atrocious crimes. were
puniflied feverely, without refpeCt of perfons. He was
eloquent, agreeable, and facetious; remarkably courteous
and polite; compaflionate to all indiftrefs; fo charitable,
that he conftantly allotted one-tenth of his houfhold pro-
vifions to the poor, and in time of dearth he maintained
ten thoufand indigent perfons, from the beginning of
fpring till the end of autumn. His talents, naturally good,
he had cultivated with great affiduity, and delighted in
the converfation of learned men, to whom lie was a gene¬
rous benefaClor. His memory was fo furprifingly tena¬
cious, that he never forgot a face nor a circumftance that
2 ‘ .was

5 76

E N G L A N D.

wus worth remembering. Though fuperior to his con¬
temporaries in fh'cngth, riches, true courage, and mili¬
tary (kill, he never engaged in war without reluctance,
and was fo av'etTe to blood died’, that he cx-preffed an un¬
common grief at the lofs of every private foldier. Yet
- he was not entirely exempt from human frailties ; Iris
pa-ffions, naturally violent, often hurried him to excefs ;
he was prone to anger, tranfpovted with the juft of power,
and particularly accufed of incontinence, not only in the
affair of Ro/amond, but alfo in a fuppofed commerce vvitir
the French princefs Adelais, who was bred in England as
the Inture wife of li is fon Richard. This infamous breach
of honour and hofpifality, if he was actually guilty, is
the fouled (fain upon his character ; though the faCt is
doubtful, and we hope the charge untrue.

Henry left two legitimate (biis, Richard who fucceeded
him, and John, who inherited no territory, and therefore
received the furname of Lackland. He left three legiti¬
mate daughters, Maud, who'was married to the duke of
Saxony. ; Eleanor, married to Alphonfo king of Caliile;
and Joan, to William king of Sicily. He left two natu¬
ral fons by Rofaniond ; Richard Longfword, who was af¬
terwards married to the daughter and heirefs of the earl
of Salifbury ; and Geoffrey, who was afterwards archbi-
fhop of York.

Richard, furnamed Cxur dc Lion, now afeended the
throne of his father, and Teemed refblved to difeourage
future difobedience, by difmiffing from his fervice ail
thofe who had encouraged his former undutiful beha¬
viour. He retained in his fervice all the loyal adherent's
of the late king ; and move than once observed, that thofe
who were faithful to one fovereign would probably eon--
tinue-fo- to another. He eagerly releafed his mother from
confinement, and was profufc in heaping- favours upon
his brother John, who made but a very indifferent return
for his indulgence'.

Richard, agreeable to the knight-errantry of the times,
had- conffantly formed a romantic defire for heroic adven¬
tures; and an immod'erate zeal for the external rites of
Cirri ftianiry was become the ruling paffion of Richard
and his adbeiates. The Jews, who had been for fome
time increafing in the kingdom, were the fir ft who fell a
facrificc to this enthufiaftic zeal ; and great numbers of
them were flahghtered by the citizens of London, upon
the very day of the king’s coronation-. Five hundred of
that perfecuted people had retired into York caftle for
fafety ; Tut finding themfel ves unable to defend t he place,
they reiblved to peri fit by killing- one another, rather than
meet the fury of their purifiers.- Having taken this dread¬
ful refolution, they firft murdered their wives and chil¬
dren ; threw the dead bodies over the wall againft their
enemies, who attempted to fcale it; and then, letting fire
to the houfes, peri filed voluntarily in the flames.

After this fhockiiig fpecimen of the mild influence of
Chriftianity upon the royal mind, Richard determined
upon an expedition to the Holy Land, and took every
method to raife fupplies for fo expenlive an undertaking.
His father had left him in pofl’efiion of above a hundred
thoufand marks ; "and this fum he endeavoured to aug¬
ment by all expedients, however pernicious to the pub¬
lic, or fubverfive of royal authority. He put up to fale
the revenues and manors of the crown, and feveral offices
of the greateft truft and power. Liberties, charters,-
cadles, and employments, were given to the bed bidders.
When his friends- intimated the danger of this venality,
lie told them he would fell London itfelf, if he could
find ct purchafcr. In thefe times we find but one man
who was honed enough to retire from employment when
places were become thus ignominious. This was the
great- la wyer Ghtnville, who refigned his pod of judiciary,
and took the crofs. Richard was not much difpleafed
ar his re li gnat ion, as he was able (liortly after to fell his
employment to Hugh bifhop of Durham, who gave a
thoufand marks for the office. Thus the king, elated
with the hopes of fame, was blind to every other confids-

ration. Numerous exactions were praelifed upon people
of all ranks and Rations ; menaces, promifes, expodula-
tions, were ufed to frighten the timid, or allure, the ava¬
ricious. At length, Richard having got together a fuffi-
cient fupply for his adventure, and having even fold his
royal prerogative over Scotland, he let out for the Holy
Land, whither he was impelled by repeated meflages from
Philip Auguftus king of France, who waited to"embark
with him in the fame enterprife.

The place of rendezvous for the armies of England and
France, was the plain of Vezelay, on the borders of Bur¬
gundy ; where, when Richard and Philip arrived, they
found at rheir command a chofen body of a hundred
thoufand fighting men. This formidable army, not long
after, put to fea ; and were obliged, by drefs of weatheiq
to take fhelter in Medina, tlie capital of Sicily, where they
were detained during tlie whole winter. Richard took up
his quarters in the fu barbs, and pofleded himfelf of a
final! fort, which commanded the harbour. Philip quar¬
tered his troops in the city, and lived upon the bed term's
with the Sicilian king. But it happened that the Mefii-
nefe foon took occafion to treat the Englifh with great in-
folence ; (hut their gates, manned their walls, and fet the
king of England at defiance. Richard endeavoured to ufe
the mediation of Philip to compromife this infill t ; but
while the two monarchs were in deliberation, a body of
Sicilians i (Fned from the town, and attacked the Englifh
with great invpetuofity. This was fufficient to excite the
fury of Richard, who- attacked the city with fuch fury,
that it was foon taken, and the ftandard of England dis¬
played on tlie ramparts. Philip, who confidered the place
as his quarters, exclaimed againft this mark of fuperiority,
and ordered fome of his troops to pull down the Englifh
colours. To this, however, Richard returned foranfwer,
that he himfelf would take down the ftandard, fince it dif¬
pleafed his affociate ; but that no power on earth fhould
compel him to do fo. This produced a mutual jealoufv-
between tlie two monarchs, which never after fubfided".
At length, however, having fettled all controverfies, they
fet fail for the Holy Land, where the French arrived
much fooner than the Englilh. Richard’s fleet encoun¬
tered a violent temped, and two of his fliips were driven
upon the ifland or Cyprus. Ifaac, prince of that coun¬
try, either impelled by avarice, or willing to difeourage
the red of Richard’s fleet from landing, pillaged the (hips
that were ftranded, and threw the feamen and foldiers in¬
to prifun. But Richard, who foon after arrived, took
ample revenge for the injury. He difembarked his troops,
defeated the petty tyrant, entered the capital by dorm,
obliged Ifaac to furrender at diferetion, and took the
whole ifland into his pofieffion. It was there that Richard
married Berengaria, daughter to the king of Navarre, who
had attended him in his expedition ; and whom he had
preferred to Adelais, the king of France’s (ider, whefe
charms were not fo powerful, or whofe fidelity was more
fufpecied. Upon tlie arrival of the Chriftian armies in
Paleltine, fortune was feen to declare in a mod extraordi¬
nary manner in favour of the Englifh king. But for the
exploits of Richard, and the event of this erufade, fee the
article Egypt, p. 323, &c. of this volume.

Richard-, having concluded his expedition to the Holy
Land with mere glory than advantage, began to think ot^.
carrying his laurels home ; but was at a total lofs how to
effedl his purpofe. Taking (hipping for Italy, he was
wrecked, near Aqtiileia. From thence directing his tra¬
vels towards Ragufa, and putting on the di (guile of a pil¬
grim, he refolved to make his way, in that humble man¬
ner, through Germany. But, unfortunately, his inten¬
tions and pei fon were not fo concealed, but that Iris quality
was fiifpedted ; and the governor of Idria purfued him,
in order to make him a prifoner. Being thus forced from
tire direct road, he was obliged to pafs by Vienna, where
Iris expences and liberalities betraying- his dignity, he w-as
recognifed by tlie infatiable Leopold duke of Auftria,
who commanded him to be i-mprifoired and- loaded with

Brack les,

JRICHAMli) COjEUIR JDE UO^N".

fxrulon 1‘nbhs/u‘d cu t/ic Art dire, tS'Tnn.iu^oZ l/t/Jl/VU/vs

Vr

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ENGLAND.

{hackles, to the difgrace of honour and humanity. This
prince had ferved under Richard at the fiege of Acre ;
and being difgufled at fome affront offered hint on that
occafion, lie took this bafe method of retaliating the in¬
jury. Henry the Sixth, then emperor of Germany, was
equally an enemy to Richard, on account of the alliance
contracted between him and Tancred king of Sicily, by
his marriage with Berengaria. When, therefore, he re¬
ceived the news of Richard’s being in the cuftody of Leo¬
pold, he required the prifoner to be delivered up to him,
engaging to pay one half of the expefted ranfom to the
duke, as a reward for this fervice. Thus the king of
England, who had filled the eaftern world with his fame,
was bafely thrown into a dungeon, loaded with irons, and
bought and fold, by thofe fellow Chriflians who now ex¬
pected to reap a fordid advantage from his misfortunes.
It was a long time before his fubjeCts in England knew
what was become of their fovereign. So little intercourfe
was there between different nations at that rime, that this
difcovery is faid by fome to have been made by a poor
French minftrel, who playing upon his harp, near the
fortrefs in which Richard was confined, a tune which
he knew that unhappy monarch was fond of, he was
anfwered by the king from within, who with his harp
played the fame tune; and this difcovered the place of
liis confinement.

The emperor, in order to make him fubmit to the pay¬
ment of a large ranfom, treated him with the greated fe-
verity, and reduced him to a condition worfe than that
of the meaneft malefactor. Richard, however, was too
high-fpirited to be meanly depreffed by thofe indignities.
As he did not know w’hat extremities he might be re¬
duced to, or w’hat condefcenfions he might be compelled
to make, he wrote to the judiciary of England to obey
no orders that fhould come from him, if they feemed in
the lead derogatory to his honour, or the good of the
nation. His precautions were well founded; for the em¬
peror accufed him at the diet of Worms of many crimes
and mifdemeanors, partly to judify his malevolence, and
partly to fwell the ranfom. There he charged the king
of England with making an alliance with Tancred, the
ufurper of Sicily; of turning the arms of the crttfade
againd a Chridian prince ; of affronting the duke of Auf-
tria before Acre ; of obdruCting the progrefs of the Chrif.
tian arms by his conteds with the king of France; of con¬
cluding a truce with Saladin, and leaving Jerufalem in
the hands of the infidels. Thefe-frivolous charges w'ere
heard by Richard with becoming indignation. He even
waved his dignity to anfwer them; and fo fully vindi¬
cated himfelf before the princes who compofed t lie diet,
that they exclaimed loudly againd the conduct of the
emperor, while the pope even threatened him with ex¬
communication. This avaricious monarch now faw that
he could no longer detain his prifoner ; he therefore
courted terms of accommodation. A ranfom was agreed
upon, which amounted to no lefs than a hundred and
fifty thoufand marks, or about three hundred thoufand
pounds of our money. Of this, Richard was to pay one
hundred thoufand before his enlargement, and fixty-feven
hodages were to be delivered for the remainder. The
agreement being thus made, Richard fent Hubert, one of
his faithful followers in the Holy Land, to England, with
the terms upon which he was to receive his liberty, and
with a commidion to raife money for that purpofe. In the
feudal times, every military tenant was, by law, obliged
to give aid for the ranfom of his lord from captivity.
The tax arifing from this obligation was accordingly
raifed throughout the kingdom. But the ardour of the
people greatly outdript the operation of the law : vad
fums were raifed by voluntary contribution, to purchafe
the freedom of their king. The churches and monafle-
ries melted down their plate ; the bilhops, abbots, and
nobles, paid a fourth of their annual income ; the infe¬
rior clergy contributed a tenth of their tithes ; fo that

Vol. VI. Mo. 374.

577

the requifite fum was foon raifed, with which queen
Eleanor, and the judiciary, fet out for Germany.

While the Englifh were thus feduloufiy employed in
preparing the ranfom of their king, Philip Augudus
was as adiduoufiy occupied in endeavouring to prolong
Richard’s captivity. But in this the infidious French
jmonarch failed. Richard’s enlargement was performed
with great ceremony at Mentz, in prefence of the Ger¬
man nobility ; the money was paid by queen Eleanor, the
hodages were delivered as a fecurity for the remainder,
and the king of England once more redored to the bofom
of his fubjebts. Nothing could exceed the joy of the
Englidt upon feeing their monarch return, after all his
achievements and fufferings. He made his entry into
London in . triumph ; and fuch was the profufion of wealth
diown by the citizens, that the German lords who at¬
tended him were heard to fay, that if the emperor had
known of their affluence, he would not fo eafily have
parted with their king. He, foon after, ordered himfelf
to be crowned anew at Wincheder. He convoked a ge¬
neral council at Nottingham, at which he confifcated all
his traitorous brother’s pofleflions ; and then, having
made proper preparations for avenging himfelf on the
king of France, he fet fail with a numerous body of
forces for Normandy.

Richard was but one day landed, A. D. 1194, when his
fuithlefs brother John came to make fubmidion, and to
throw himfelf at the monarch’s feet. It was not without
fome degree of refentment, that Richard received a prince
who had all along been leagued with his mod inveterate
enemy. However, at the interceflion of queen Eleanor,
he was received into favour. “ I forgive him,” faid the-
king, “ and I widi I could as eafily forget his offences as
he will forget my pardon.” This condefcenfion was not
lod upon a man, vvhofe heart, though naturally bad, was
not yet dead to every fentiment of humanity. From that
time he ferved him faithfully ; and did him fig'nal fer-
vices in his battles with the king of France, which fol¬
lowed foon after. Thefe wars, which, like all others,
produced no permanent good, only ferved to keep alive
the animolity of the two nations. The mod remarkable
circumdance in the journals of thofe tranfa&ions, is the
taking the bithop of Beauvais captive, at the head of his
vaflals, and his being put in prifon by Richard. When
the pope demanded his liberty, and claimed him as ail
inoftenfive child of the church, the king fent his holinefs
the bloody coat of mail which that prelate had worn in
battle ; afliing whether that was the coat of his fon ? The
inhumanity of both parties was in this manner inflamed
by infult and revenge. Both kings frequently put out
the eyes of their prifoners; and treaties w'ere concluded
and broken with little repugnance. At length, the pope’s
legate commenced a treaty, which prontifed to be attended
with a firm reconciliation ; but the premature death of
Richard put an end to the contefi.

Aymar, vifeount of Limoges, a vaflal of the crown,
had taken pofleflion of a treafure, which was found by
one of his peafants in digging a field ; and, to fecure the
remainder, he fent a part of it to the king. Richard, as
fuperior lord, fenfible that he had a right to the whole,
inlided on its being fent him; and, upon r.efufal, attacked
the cadle of Chains, where he underflood this treafure
had been depofited. On the fourth day of the liege, as
he was riding round the place to obferve where the af-
fault might be made with the mod promifing fuccefs, he
was aimed at by Bertram de Gourdon, an archer, from the
cadle, and pierced in the dtoulder with an arrow. The
wound was not in itfelf dangerous ; but an unfkilful fur-
geon endeavouring to difengage the arrow, 1b mangled
the flefh,. that it brought on a mortification. Richard,
when he found his end approaching, made a will, in which-
he bequeathed the kingdom, with all his treafure, to his
brother John, except a fourth part, which he difiribute.d
among his fervants. He ordered alfo that the archer who
7 FI fhot

57 8 ENG I

{hot him fhould be brought into lits- prefence, when he
demanded “ what injury lie had done him, that he fhould
take away his life ?” The prifoner anfwered with deli¬
berate intrepidity : “ You killed with your own hands
my fatlier and my two brothers ; and you intended to
have hanged me. I am now in your power, and my tor¬
ments may give you revenge ; but I will endure them
with pleafure, fince it is my confolation that I have rid
the world of a tyrant.” Richard, {truck with this an-
fwer, ordered the foldier to be preferred with one hun¬
dred {hillings, and fet at liberty ; but Marcade, the king’s
general, ordered him to be flayed alive, and then hanged.
Richard died, April 6, 1x99, in the tenth year of his
reign, and the forty-fecond of his age, leaving one natu¬
ral fon, named Philip.

The molt (hining part of this prince’s character was his
military talents ; no man ever in that romantic age car¬
ried courage and intrepidity to a greater height ; and this
quality gained him the appellation of the lion-hearted
caur de lion.. He paflionately loved glory ; and, as his
conduct in the field was not inferior to his valour, he
feems to have poffeffed every talent necelfary for acquir¬
ing it : his refentmenls alfo were high, his pride uncon¬
querable, and his fubjefts, as well as his neighbours, had
therefore reafon to apprehend, from the continuance of
his reign, a perpetual fcene of blood and violence. Of
an impetuous and vehement fpirit, he was diftinguHhed
by all the good, as well as the bad, qualities which are
incident to .that charafiter. He was open, frank, generous,
fincere, and brave ; he was revengeful, domineering, am¬
bitious, haughty, arid cruel ; and was thus better calculated
to dazzle men by the glare of his enterprifes, than either to
promote their happinefs, or his own grandeur, by a found
and w ell-regulated policy. As military talents make great
impreflion on the people, he feems to have been much
beloved by his Englifh I'ubjeiSts; and he is remarked to
have been the firft reigning prince over Normandy who
bore a fincere affection and regard for them. He puffed,
however, only four months of his reign in that kingdom:
the croifade employed him near three years : he was de¬
tained about four months in captivity ; the reft of his
reign was {'pent either in war, or preparations for war,
againft: France: and he was fo pleafed with the fame
which he had acquired in the eaft, that he feemed deter¬
mined, notwithftanding all his part: misfortunes, to have
further exhaufted his kingdom, and to have expofed him-
felf to new hazards, by conducting another croifide againft
the infidels. In his perfon he was tall, ftrong, ftraight, and
well proportioned. His arms were remarkably long; his
eyes blue, and full of vivacity ; his hair was of a yellowifh
colour ; his countenance fair and comely, and his air nra-
jeflic. He was endowed with good natural underftanding ;
his penetration was uncommon; he polfeiTed a fund of man¬
ly eloquence ; his converfalion was fpirited ; and he was
much admired for liis talents of repartee. He was interred
at Fonteverard, in the fame monaftery with his brother
Henry.

John, who had nothing to fear from a difputed fuccef-
fion, immediately afeended the Britifh throne. The king
of France, who was the only monarch that could aflift
the pretendons of a rival, had long declared for John’s
title ; and, during the life of his brother, had given him
the mod flattering proofs of dneerity and friendlhip. But
it was other wife now Richard was no more. Philip be¬
gan to drew that his former friend Fn ips were calculated
not to ferve John, but to harrafs England ; not to d i ft r i -
bute jufiiee, but to augment his own power. There was
an old claimant of the crown, whom indeed Richard had
declared heir to the throne; but who was afterwards fet
adde, at the inftance of the dowager-queen. This was
Arthur, the ion of 1 1 is brother Geoffrey, a youth who,
though but twelve years of age, pronxifed to be deferving
of the imperial dignity. Philip, who anxioufly defired
to embar-rufs John, relol.ved to fecond this young prince’s
claim ; and feyeral of the continental barons then declar¬
ed in favour of Arthur.

i A N D;

John after being put in pofiefllon of the Englifh throne,
loft no time in regulating his intereft on the continent ;
and his firft care was to recover the revolted provinces
from young Arthur, his nephew. The war, therefore,
between John and Philip Auguftus, wasrenewed with all
its former animofity. At length however a treaty put
an end to thofe contefts which only ferved to thin man¬
kind ; and it was haftened by a circumftance peculiarly
favourable. Arthur, together with Conftaivtia his mo¬
ther, miflrufting the defigns of the king of France, who
only iiiiended to betray them, came and threw themfelves
on the mercy of John, and reftored to him the provinces
which continued in their intereft. Thus, after a fliort
conteft, John faw himfelf undifputed monarch of all the
dominions which were annexed to the Englifh throne.
But he very foon loft all his power and pre-eminence by
his folly and imprudence. His firft unpardonable condudl
was his marriage with Ifabella daughter of the count of
Angoulenre, while' his queen was yet alive ; and what
{fill increafed the adulterous connection, while Ifabella
belonged to another hufband, the count of Marche, who
ardently loved her. This open violation of the rights of
civilized fociety, produced an infurredtion ; to reprefs
which, John was obliged to have recourfe to his Englifh
fubjedts for afiiftance, by whofe means the confederacy
was foon broken ; and he imagined from his prefent fuc-
cefs, that he might in future commit every fpecies of
violence with impunity. But an event yet remaihed to
render John more hateful to his fubjedts, and defervedly
abhorred by all good and virtuous men. Young Arthur,
who, with his brother, had religned themfelves to the
king’s protection, foon perceived their error, and found
that nothing honourable was to be expedted from a prince
of his abandoned charadter ; they therefore fled front
Mans, where he detained them, and once more took re¬
fuge with the king of France. They were received by
Philip with every mark of diftindtion ; and young Ar¬
thur’s interefts were vigoroufly fupported. One town
after another fubnritted to his authority ; and his arms
feemed every where attended with fuccefs. But his un-
reafonable ardour foon put an end to his hopes and his
claims. Being of an enterprifing difpofition, he had laid
fiege to a fortrefs, with a very {mall force, in which the
dowager-queen was protected. John, therefore, falling
upon the rear of his little army before they were aware
of his approach, the young prince was taken prifoner,
together with the moft confiderable of the revolted ba¬
rons. The greater part of the prifoners were lent over
to England; but the young prince was {hut up in the
caftle of Falaife. John, thus finding his nephew at his
mercy, began to meditate upon meafures which would
moft effectually remove his future apprehenfions. No
other expedient fuggefted itfelf, but what is foremoft in
the mind of tyrants; namely, the young prince’s death.
The king therefore hired one aftaffin after another, who
engaged to difpatch him ; but the cruelty of their hearts
relented, and eacli ruffian returned without accomplifb-
ing the murder. John, thus finding that all his emifla-
ries had'mere compunction than himfelf, refolved, with
his own hands, to execute the bloody deed ; and, for that
purpofe, ordered prince Arthur to be removed to the
caftle of Rouen, the capital of Normandy, fituated on the
Seine. John came in a boat to the place at midnight,
and ordered the young prince to be brought before him ;
who, fufpedting that his death was meditated, threw him¬
felf in tire moft fuppliant manner upon his knees before
his uncle, and implored for mercy. But his youth, his
affinity, his merits, were all difregarded : the unfeeling
tyrant made no reply, but (tabbed (rim in cool blood with
his own hand ; and, fattening a ft one to the dead body,
threw it into tire Seine!

All men were (truck with horror and deteftation of the
perpetrator of this cruel deed; and, as John had in his
hands Eleanor, the lifter to Arthur, the people of Bre¬
tagne chofe for their fovereign Alice, the younger daugh¬
ter of Conftantia by a fecond marriage. They folieited
2 the

% - ,.*,■* *.

ML

ENGLAND. 579

the affiftance of Philip Auguftus, who received their ap¬
plication with pleafure; fununoned John to a trial under
the feudal law ; and, on his non-appearance, declared
him to have forfeited to his fuperior lord all his fiefs in
France. Nor was this a vain threat. Philip extended
his conquefts along the banks of the Loire, while John
confirmed his hours in lafcivious pleafures at Rouen.
“ Let the French go on, (faid he,) I will retake in a day
what it has colt them years to acquire.” Yet, inftead of
fulfilling' this vain boaft, he meanly claimed the protec¬
tion and interpofition of the Roman pontiff; but Philip,
inftead of retiring at the command of the pope’s legates,
laid (iege to Chateau Gaillnrd, A. D. 1204, which. was
tlte moft: confiderable fortrefs on the frontiers of Nor¬
mandy; and which* being taken in a night aflault, Rouen
alone maintained fome refi (hmce, and the citizens de-
.manded thirty days to ad.vertife their prince of their
danger. Upon the expiration of that term they opened
their gates ; and Philip, not fatisfied witii this acquifi-
tion, carried his victorious arms into the weftern pro¬
vinces, and foon reduced Anjou, Maine, Touraine, and
part of PoiCtou. To recover thefe foreign dominions,
Jolm landed with a confiderable army at Rochelle, in
1206; but, on t he approach of Philip, lie defected his
troops in a moft cowardly manner, and returned to Eng¬
land covered with fhame ; and, though he obtained a
ftiort refpite from war, by a truce for two years with the
French monarch, that interval was ftill more difgraceful
to him, by the alternate weaknefs and defpotifm of his
government, and by the encroachments and arrogance of
the pope.

Innocent the Third, a lofty and enterprifing genius,
availing himfelf of a difpute which had arifen from an
irregular election for the fee of Canterbury, now claimed
the right of nominating the primate of England, he
commanded the monks or canons of Chriftchurch, who
had hitherto polfelfed that important privilege, to choofe,
on pain of excommunication, cardinal Langton, an Eng-
lifliman by birth, but warmly attached to the lee of
Rome. In vain the monks reprefentcd, that an election,
without a previous writ from the king, would be highly
irregular: one only had the courage to perfevere in his
oppofition; the reft, overcome by the menaces of the
pope, complied with his mandate. John, inflamed with
the utm.oft rage at this interference of the court of Rome,
expelled from the monaftery the prior and the monks of
Chriftchurch ; and, when threatened with the refentment
of Innocent, he burft out into violent inveCtives, and
fwore if the pope prefumed to lay his kingdom under the
cenfures of the church, that he would expel all the bi-
ftiops and clergy in England, and confifcate all their
eftates. Thefe fallies of paftion, however, were far from
(baking the refolution of the Roman pontiff, who, fenfi-
ble that the king had loft the confidence of his people,
fulminated againft him the fentence of interdict. The
execution of this .fentence was calculated to ftrike a fu-
perftitious people with the deepeft awe. The nation was
of a fudden deprived of all the exterior forms of its reli¬
gion ; the altars were defpoiled of their ornaments; the
dead, inftead of being interred in confecrated ground,
were thrown into ditches, or buried in the common fields ;
marriage was folemnized in the church-yards; and every
circumftunce carried fymptoms of the moft immediate a-p-
prehenfion of divine vengeance.

John now confifcated the eftates of all the clergy who
obeyed the interdict ; and treated with the utmoft rigour
the adherents of the church of Rome. Though fome of
the clergy yielded to his threats, and celebrated divine
fervice, they complied with reluctance, and were regard¬
ed both by themfelves and the people, as men who lacri-
ficed their confciences to their fears or their intereft.
During this conteft, the king attempted military expedi¬
tions againft Scotland, againft Ireland, and againft the
Wei lit ; and commonly prevailed more from the weak-
r.efs of his enemies, than his own vigour or abilities;

and fo great was his want of juftice and generofity, that
the luftre of thefe enterprifes was obfcured by the tyran¬
ny of his government, and the licentioufnefs of his pri¬
vate conduCf.

The court of Rome, in 1213, finding that the interdict
had not produced the defired effeCt, determined to pro¬
ceed to fentence of excommunication. John, alarmed at
this ftep, now offered to acknowledge Langton as primate,
and to reftore the exiled clergy ; but Langton infilling on
full reparation for the rents of their confifcated eftates,
the king broke off the conference. The haughty pope,
without temporizing any longer, abfolved John’s futy-
jeCts from their oaths of fidelity and allegiance; but de¬
clared him to have forfeited, by his contumacy, his crown
and kingdom; and he offered it to the king of France.
Philip could no how withftand this tempting prize. He
levied a powerful army, and collected in the ports of Nor¬
mandy and Picardy one thoufand feven hundred veffels.
To oppofe him, John affembled at Dover iixty thoufand
men ; a force fufficient, had they been animated with
zeal ; but the minds of the common people were impreffed
by fuperftition ; and alienated from their duty by the ar¬
rogance of the tyrant. The difficulties of John were alfo
augmented by his cowardice and incapacity. Inftead of
braving, he refolved to yield to the tempeft ; and, in a
conference with Pandulf, the pope’s legate, he acquiefced
in all the exorbitant demands of his infallible mailer;
and even puffed a charter, in which he declared he had,
for the remiffion of his own fins, refigned England and
Ireland to God, to St. Peter and St. Paul, and to pope
Innocent, and his fucceffors in the apoftolic chair for
ever; agreeing to hold thofe dominions as feudatories of
the church of Rome, by the annual payment of a thou¬
fand marks. He did homage to Pandulf in the moft ab-
jeft manner ; and paid part of the tribute, which he owed
for his kingdom as the patrimony of St. Peter; while the
legate, elated by the triumph of focerdotal power, tram¬
pled on the money that was laid at his feet, as an earneft
of the fubjeCtion of the kingdom.

Philip foon heard, that England was placed under the
protection of the fee of Rome, and perceived with indig¬
nation, that the pope had over-reached him in politics.
He therefore complained of being fruftrated in an expedi¬
tion which had coft him fo much money ; and declared
his intentions to perfevere, notwithftanding the inhibi¬
tions of the legate. But the vigour and activity of the
earl of Salifbury, John’s natural brother, who command¬
ed the Engliffi fleet, was more effectual than the me¬
naces of Pandulf; he furprifed the French Ihips in their
harbours; and, by the deltruCtion of the greater part of
them, compelled Philip to abandon the enterprife, with¬
out the remuneration he expected. In the mean while
John, to retaliate fome of the injuries he had received,
attempted to penetrate with a large army into France;
but the intelligence of a decifive victory which Philip
obtained at Bovines over one hundred and fifty thoufand
Germans, led by the emperor Otho, infpired him with
humbler thoughts; his hopes were confined to ruling
peaceably over England : but even this was denied him ;
and a much more humiliating fcene of calamity ftill await¬
ed him.

The feudal fyftem, which had long been eftabliflied in
England, gave Inch influence to the ariftocracy, that the
royal authority was in a great meafure borne down by
that of the nobles. When the conqueft of England was
achieved by William, the neceflity of entrufting great
power in the hands of a prince who was to maintain a
military dominion over a vanquilhed nation, had engaged
the Norman barons to fubmit to a more fevere and abfo-
lute prerogative, than that to which men of fimilar rank
were commonly fubjected ; and England, during a courfe
Of an hundred and fifty years, was governed by an authority
unknown in the fame degree, to all the other kingdoms
founded by the northern conquerors. Henry the Firft,
that he might allure the people to exclude his elder bro¬
ther

ENGLAND.

5 SO

ther Robert from the fuccefiion, had granted them a char¬
ter highly favourable to their liberties ; Stephen had re¬
newed the grant ; Henry the Second had confirmed it ;
but the concefiions of all thefe princes now remained a
dead letter; fo that John, equally odious and contemp¬
tible, both in public and private life, provoked the peo¬
ple to form a general confederacy to vindicate their rights
by arms. Nothing forwarded this confederacy fo much
as the concurrence of Langton, archbifliop of Canter¬
bury ; a man, whofe memory, though he was obtruded
on the nation by a palpable encroachment, on the fee of
Rome, ought always to be refpedted by the Englifh.
This prelate formed the plan of reforming the govern¬
ment, and paved the way for it, by infecting a claufe in
the 03th, which he adminiftered to the king, before he
would abfolve him from excommunication, “ that he
would re-eftablifli the good laws of his predecelfors, and
abolifh the wicked ones; and maintain juflice and right
throughout all his dominions. Soon after, he fhewed to
fome of the barons a copy of the charter of Henry the
Firft, which was almoft forgotten, and advifed them to
infill: on its renewal. The barons fwore to each other
that they would fooner lofe their lives, than defift from
fo reafonable a demand : the confederacy fpread wider;
a more numerous meeting was fummoned at St. Edmond’s
Bury, under colour of devotion ; and the members, in¬
flamed by the eloquence of Langton, and incited by the
fenfe of their own wrongs, took an oath before the altar
to adhere to each other, and to make endlefs war on the
king, until he Ihould reftore their liberties.

On an appointed day, A. D. 1215, after having pre¬
pared themfelves to maintain their, engagements by arms,
the barons appeared in London, and required the king,
in confequence of his oath before the primate, to renew
the charter of Henry, and confirm the laws of Edward the
Confeffor; time for confideration was alked and granted;
and the interval was employed by John to influence the
pope in his favour. Innocent, forefaw that if the
adminiflration fell into the "hands of the nobility, they
would vindicate the rights of tlteir country ; but he ad¬
vifed the king to grant fucli demands as Ihould appear
reafonable, and expreffed his difapprobation of the con¬
duct of the barons ; exhorting the prelates to interpofe,
and put an end to civil difeord. The barons heard with
perfect indifference the difpleafure of the court of Rome ;
and, as foon as the time granted to the king was expired,
they met at Stamford, and collected their forces, confin¬
ing of above two thoufand knights, befides retainers and
inferior perfons without number. Elated with their
power, they advanced in a body to Brackley, within
twenty miles of Oxford, the place where the court then
refided ; and fent to the king a fchedule containing their
principal demands. John had no fooner perufed it, than
he burft into a furious pallion, fwearing he would never
grant fuch privileges as mud reduce himfelf to flavery.

The confederated nobles, informed of his anfwer, had
recourfe to their fwords ; they belieged the caftle of
Northampton, were admitted into that of Bedford, occu¬
pied Ware, and entered London without oppofition.
They laid wade the royal parks and palaces, and com¬
pelled the other barons to join them, on pain of ravaging
their eflates. So formidable indeed were their menaces,
and fo univerfal the difaffedlion, that the king was left
at Odiham, in Hampfhire, with a retinue of only feven
knights; and, after in v,ain offering to fubmit all diffe¬
rences to the arbitration of the pope, he found himfelf
at laft obliged to yield unconditionally to the will of the
barons. It was at Runnymede, between Windfor and
Staines, a fpot which will ever be celebrated in Englifh
liiftory, that the conference took place betw-een John and
his people on this interefting occafion. After a delibe¬
ration of fome days, the king, with a facility fomewhat
unexpected, figned and fealed the famous deed called
Magna Charta, or the Great Charter of England, on June
ip, 1215 ; which was the ground-work of Britilh liberty,

and the corner-ftone of that noble fabric which in time
refulted from it — the unperifhable Constitution of
England.

To fecure the execution of this charter, London was
left in the hands of the barons, and the Tower was con-
figned to the cuflody of the primate. With the confent
of the king, the confederates chofe from their own body
twenty-five members as confervators of the public liber¬
ty, to whofe authority no limits w>re prefcribed, either
in extent or duration. All men thoughout the kingdom
were obliged, under the penalty of confifcation, to l'wear
obedience to them ; twelve knights from each county,
chofen by the freeholders, were to make reports of fuch
evil cuftoms as required redrefs, conformable to the tenor
of the great charter ; and this affords a very ftriking
proof that the houfe of commons was not then in being,
or fudSfii an election would not have been neceffary.

John, although he apparently fubmitted to thefe regu¬
lations and concefiions with great cheerfulnefs, yet he
only waited a proper opportunity for annulling them.
Retiring to the Ifle of Wight, he meditated the molt fa¬
tal vengeance againft his people. He fecretly fent abroad
his emiffaries to invite the rapacious Brabanyons (foldiers
of fortune) into his fervice ; he difpatched a mellenger to
Rome, to complain before that tribunal of the violence
impofed upon him ; and pope Innocent, eonfidering him¬
felf as feudal lord of the kingdom, iffued a bull, by which
he annulled the whole charter. He prohibited the barons
from exaCling the obfervance of it; he prohibited the
king from paying any regard to it ; and he pronounced a
general fentence of excommunication againlf every one
who fhould perfevere in maintaining fuch iniquitous pre-
tenfions. Under the fanCtion of this bull, John, as foon
as he had collected his foreign forces, threw off the mafk.
The barons, feduced into a fatal fecurity, had taken no ra¬
tional meafures for re-afiembling their forces. The king
was mafter of the field : his rapacious mercenaries were
let loofe againft the eftates, the tenants, the houfes, and
parks, of the nobility ; nothing was to be feen but the
flames of villages and cattles reduced to allies, and the
confternation and mifery of the inhabitants ; while the
king, marching through the whole extent of England
from Dover to Berwick, laid the provinces wafte on every
fide, as if he had been in an enemy’s country.

The b.arons, reduced to this diftreffed fituation, had re¬
courfe to a remedy no lei's defperate, and offered the king
of France to acknowledge Louis, his eldeft fon, as their
fovereign, provided he would proteCl them from the fur¬
ther violence of the tyrant. TlSfe, profpeCt of fuch a prize
rendered Philip Auguftus regardlefs of the menaces of
the court of Rome, which threatened him with excom¬
munication if he attacked a prince under the protection
of the holy fee ; but he refufed to intruft his fon and heir
to the caprice of the Englifti barons, without fome pledge
for his fafety. He therefore demanded of them twenty-
five of the moft illuftrious nobles; and no fooner had lie
received thefe hoftages, than he fent over Louis in perfon
with a numerous army. When that young prince ap¬
peared in England, John’s foreign troops, being moflly
levied in Flanders, refufed to ferve againft the heir appa¬
rent of their own monarchy. The barons either haftened
to join the ftandard of.Louis, or throw open to him the
gates of their caftles. Louis having landed in Kent, took
Rochefter caftle, and was actually received in London
with every demonftration of joy. The friends and fol¬
diers of John began to abandon him; and the French
prince might have cruthed him with eafe, had he not
made a rafh vow not to advance before he had reduced
Dover caftle. This was in confequence of Philip’s re¬
mark to his fon, “ that unlefs he reduced Dover caftle,
he would gain no footing in England.” While he ftrove
for this in vain, the Englifti barons had time to refiedt
on the evils their country might fuftain from a foreign
king ; and even to entertain fuch fufpicions of Louis’s inte¬
grity, that they determined to quit his party and (under

reftridtions)

581

ENG

redriftions) to re (lore the abhorred John. But that
wicked and unfortunate prince was doomed to receive no
benefit from their good intentions. A violent flood had
fwe.pt away his money, his -provifions, and even his rega¬
lia, as he marched along the fhores of Lincolnfhire : no
confcioufnefs of reftitude, no magnanimity, was at hand
to fupport him under this unexpefted calamity; with
difficulty he reached Newark caflle ; and in that fortrefs
broken-hearted and unlamented, he breathed his lad.
John had fo ftrong an attachment to Lynn in Norfolk,
that he had given it a charter, and had girded the firft
mayor with his own fword, a relic dill preferved in that
town. He alfo kept there his crown and other regalia;
and it was in attempting to remove thefe to a ftronger
fortrefs that he met with the lad misfortune.

A worfe prince never difgraced any throne ; and the
hidorian may finely lave himfelf the odious talk of draw¬
ing up his charafter, by referring the reader to the annals
of hisJife, as fon, uncle, and king. He died in the forty-
ninth year of his_ age, leaving five legitimate children,
Henry ( who fucceeded him), and Richard earl of Corn¬
wall ; Joan, queen of Scotland; Eleanor, countefs of
I.eiceder ; and Ifabella, wife of Frederic II. emperor of -
Germany. He had fix natural children, whole names
and poderity are recorded at length by Sandford.

The perfon of John was tall and well-favoured ; though
it has not been well authenticated by his biographers.
If, in the black gloom of his fullen foul there was a (ingle
fpark of patriotifm, it pointed its ray towards the navy.
In the fird year of his reign he had aliened the fuperio-
ritY_ of the Englifh flag by an ordinance ; and in 1213, he
had annihilated the naval power of France, by a gallant
and fuccefsful battle; and in his didrefs in 1215, the af¬
fection of the feamen {of the Cinque Ports particularly)
was his only refuge. He even lived night and day on
fhip-board, for fear of being betrayed. Nor diould it be
concealed that, from the beginning of his reign this in¬
confident prince had diewn a fingular readinefs to con¬
vert demefne-tovvns into corporate burghs; a meafure
inimical to all defpotifm. Trifling too as the merit may
appear, we mud allow to John the honour of having been
the fird Eifglilh king who perfected the coining of pure
derling money. Had hidorians no ftronger reafons to ac-
cufe this hated prince of impiety, than his pointing to a
fat deer, and faying, “ fee how plump lie is ; and yet lie
lias never heard mafs,” we might have allowed fotnewhat
for the humourous allafion to the wonderful gluttony of
the monks in his days. But John was uniformly wicked ;
and laughed at every obligation which the fouls of men
effeem as (acred. Matthew Paris, however, (who ab¬
horred him,) owns, that once, when he was periuaded to
deface a fplendid tomb erected over an enemy ; he chid
the advifer, and added 11 would to heaven all my foes
were as handl'omely intombed,”

From the Epoch of MAGNA CHARTA, and

DEATH of KING JOHN, to the Assassina¬
tion of RICHARD II.

On the death of king John, the crown of England de.
volved to his elded fon Henry, who was but nine years
of age. The earl of Pembroke, a nobleman of great
worth and valour, who had faithfully adhered to John in
all the fluctuations of his fortune, was at the time of. that
prince’s death marlhal of England, and confequently at
the head of the army. This nobleman determined to
fupport the intereds of the young prince, and had him
folemnly crowned by the billiops of Wincheder and
Bath, at Glouceder. In order alfo to enlarge and con¬
firm his own authority, a general council of the barons
was fummoned at Bridol, where the earl was chofen
guardian to the king, and proteftor of the kingdom.
One of the fird afts of his adminidration was to renew
the Great Charter of their liberties, a judicious meafure,
the darling objection which the people had fet their
hearts, and which brought great popularity to the royal
Vol. VI. No. 374.

LAND.

caufe. To this was added alfo a charter, afcertaining
the jurifdidtion and the boundaries of the royal foreds,
which from thence was called Charts forejla. By this it
was enacted, that'all the fcrcds which had been inclofed
fince the reign of Henry the Second, diould be again re-
dcred to the rightful owners. Offences on the foreds
were no longer declared to be capital, but punifhable by
milder laws ; and all the proprietors of land were granted
a power of cutting and ufing their own timber at plea-
fure. To thefe meafures, which gave univerfal fatisfac-
tion, Pembroke took care to add his more aCtive endea¬
vours againd the enemy. He wrote letters, in the king’s
name, to all the malcontent barons, adoring them of his
refolution to govern them by their own charters ; and re-
prefented the danger which they incurred by their adhe¬
rence to a French monarch, who only fought to opprefs
them. Thefe aflurances were attended with the defired
effeft. The party in the intereds of Louis began to lofe
ground, and the earls of Salifbury, Arundel, and Wj.
renne, together with William Marlhall, elded fon of the
protettor, fwore allegiance to the young king ; and all the
red of the barons appeared defirous of an opportunity of
following their example.

The count de Perche, in the mean while, who com¬
manded for Louis, at the head of a fuperiorarmy, marched
into Lincoln, and belieged the cadle. The proteftor,
fenfible that a decifive blow was to be druck, fummoned
bis forces from every quarter to relieve a place of fo much
importance ; and thus he, in turn, appeared fo much fu-
perior to the French, that they dint thernfelves up in the
city. But the governor of the cadle having received a
drong reinforcement, made a vigorous Lilly upon the be-
liegers, while the Englilh army aflaulted them from with¬
out ; and, fealing the walls, entered the city fword in
hand. Lincoln was now delivered over to be pillaged ;
the French army was totally routed in the dreets; the
cpmmander in chief. was killed, and the principal officers
made prifoners. This misfortune of the French was the
immediate forerunner of another. Their fleet, which was
bringing over reinforcements both of men and money, was
attacked in the channel by the Englifh under the com¬
mand of Philip d’Albiney, and repulfed with confiderable
lofs. Louis, after thefe decifive actions, was glad to fu li¬
mit to any conditions favourable to his retreat. He con¬
cluded a peace with the proteftor, in which he agreed to
quit the kingdom, upon an indemnity being granted for
all his adherents. Thus, A. D. 1216, ended a civil war,
which had drenched the kingdom in blood ; and which
threatened the fubverfion of the laws, and the fubj uga-
tion of the people, to the yoke of France.

Henry the Tiiird was of a charafter the very oppofite
to that of his father; for as he grew up, lie was found
to be gentle, merciful, and humane. Without activity
or vigour, lie was ill qualified to conduft a war ; without
fufpicion, he was iinpofed upon in times of peace. A
king ot fuch beneficent qualifications was inadequate to
the government of England, where every order was af-
piring to independence, and rifing on the fpoils of the
prerogative. Thefe evils foon became vifible after the
death of the proteftor, who was fucceeded in his office
by Peter bilhop of Wincheder, and Hubert de Burgh,
high judiciary ; but no delegated authority could con-
troul men who had been long ufed to civil difeord, and
who caught every flight occafion to magnify misfortunes
into public grievances. The nobles were now the tyrants
of the people: for having almod deflroyed the power of
the crown, and being encouraged by the weaknefs of a
minority, they confidered the laws as the indruments of
an arbitrary authority, with which they alone were to
govern. They retained by force the royal cadles which
had been ufurped during the former convullions ; they
opprelled their vaflals, plundered their neighbours, and
invited all diforderly people to take refuge under their
authority. In this unqualified date of things, the barons
being required to give up their caftles, they not only re-
7 I fuled,

5 81

eng:

fufed, bat feveral of them entered into a confpiracy to
furprife London ; and, with the earls of Cheller and Al¬
bemarle at their head, advanced as far as Waltham with
that intention. Their aims, however, were fruftrated by
the diligence and vigour of the government. Mod of the
fortreffes were at length furrendered ; and the number
at that time is fuid to have amounted to above a thoufand.
But though Henry gained this advantage by the prudence
of his minifter, yet his throne hood upon a very weak
foundation. A Cornell with his brother Richard earl of
Cornwall, who had amalfed fuch fums of money as to be
thought the richeft prince in Europe, loon Ihowed the
vveaknefs both of his power and his policy. Richard had
unjuftly expelled a baron from his manor ; and the king
infilled upon his reftoring him. The other perfifting in
bis refufal, a confederacy was formed, and an army affem-
bled, which the king had neither inclination nor courage
to refill. Richard’s injullice was now declared legal; and
his refentment was mollified by grants of much greater
importance than the manor which had been the ground
of the quarrel. Thus did Henry tamely fubmit to all the
demands of his haughty vaffal ; and had fcarcely any
perfon who feemed folicitous for his interefls, but Hubert
de Burgh, whom, neverthelefs, he difearded in a hidden
caprice, and thus expofed to the violent perfecution of
his enemies. The pretence fet up for the difmifiion of
Hubert, was his ill management of the king's affairs on the
continent ; particularly on the death of Philip Augultus,
and the fuccelTion of his fon Louis VIII. That prince, on
his departure from England, and as part of the treaty of
peace, is laid to have engaged to rellore Normandy to
the king of England, on his fucceflion to the crown of
France. But when the performance of this article was
demanded, Louis not only treated the demand with con¬
tempt, but prepared to invade Poiftou, which Hill be¬
longed to England. After a defultory war, which lalled
only from 1225 to 1227, a truce was agreed upon for three
years; but, before it expired, Louis VIII. died.

But as weak princes are never without governing fa¬
vourites, the place of Hubert was foon fupplied by Peter
de Roches, billiop of Winchefter, a Poiftevin by birth,
who was equally remarkable for his arbitrary condudl,
and for his courage and abilities. Henry, in purfuance
of this prelate’s advice, A. D. 1231, invited over a great
number of Poidlevins, and other foreigners, who, having
neither principles nor fortunes at home, were willing to
adopt whatever fchemes their employer fhould propofe.
Every office and command were bellowed on thefe un¬
principled ftrangers, whofe avarice and rapacity were ex¬
ceeded only by their pride and infolence. So unjuft a
partiality to ftrangers naturally excited the jealoufy of
the barons; and they even ventured to allure the king,
that if he did not difmifs all foreigners from court, they
would drive both him and them out of the kingdom. But
the billiop of Winchefter had counteracted their meafures
fo effectually, that he brought over many of the molt
powerful confederates, and the eftates of the weaker ba-
* rons were confifcated for the benefit of his needy coun¬
trymen. In thefe flagrant aCls of injullice the king was
a calm fpeCtator ; he was contented with prefent advan¬
tages ; and while thefe confifcations procured immediate
wealth, he little regarded the means by which it came.
But as Henry was. eafily fvvayed by tumultuary reraon-
ftrances, another confederacy broke out, at the head of
which was the archbifliop of Canterbury, by whom he
was induced to difmifs his favourite minifter, and to fend
him and his needy countrymen out of the kingdom. En¬
couragement to foreigners had long been the chief com-
plaint againll the king; and it was now expeCted that
this unaccountable predilection would, have been at an
end. But their hopes were vain: for the king having
married Eleanor, daughter of the count of Provence,
A. D. 1 236, he transferred his favours to the ftrangers of
that country, whom he carelled with the fondeft regard,
and enriched with the molt imprudent generolity. Places,

LAND.

dignities, and treafures, were laviftied upon them ; many
young noblemen, who were wards to the crown, were
married to wives of that country ; and when the fource3
of the king’s treafury were dried tip, lie refumed all the
grants he had formerly made, in order to continue thefe
favours. The refentment of all ranks of people was ex¬
cited by this mifehievous attachment ; but what mull
have been their refentments, when they faw a new fwarm
of intruders brought over from Gafcony, with Ifabella,
the king’s mother, who had been married to the count of
Marche? To thefe juft caufes of complaint were added
the king’s unfuccefsful expeditions to the continent, his
total want of economy, and his oppreffive exactions,
which were enforced as the only means of nourifhing a
race of vipers. The kingdom, therefore, waited with
fullen patience, refolving to take ample vengeance when
the general difeontents were arrived at maturity.

To thefe domeflic evils might be added thofe arifing
from the rapacity of the fee of Rome. The clergy of
England, while they were contending for the power of
the pope, were not aware that they were elfectually op-
poling their own interefls ; for the pontiff having, by va¬
rious arts, obtained the inveftiture of all livings and pre¬
lacies in the kingdom, failed not to fill up every vacancy
with his. own creatures. His power being eftablilhed, he
now began to turn it to his profit, and to enrich the
church by every art of extortion and avarice. At this
time, A.D. 1253, all the chief benefices of the kingdom
were conferred on Italians. Great numbers of that nation
were fent over at one time to be provided for; the king’s
chaplain alone is faid to have held at once feven hundred
ecclefiaftical benefices 1 Thefe abufes became too glaring
even for the blind fuperftition of the people to fubmit to ;
they rofe in tumults againll the Italian clergy, pillaged
their barns, wafted their fields, and infulted their per-
fons. But thefe were tranfient obftacles to the papal en¬
croachments. The pontiff, claiming fuperiority over the
king of England, in confequence of the grant from John,
exadled the revenues of all vacant benefices, the twen*
tie th of all ecclefiaftical livings without exception; the
third of fuch as exceeded a hundred marks a-year, , and
the half of fuch as were held by non-refidents ; he claimed
the goods of all inteftate clergymen; he pretended a right
of inheriting all money got by ufury, and he levied vo¬
luntary contributions on the people. But the impofitions
of the church appeared in their moll confpicuous point of
view in a tranfablion between the pope and the king. The
court of Rome, fome time before, had reduced the king¬
dom of Sicily to the fame (late of valfalage to which Eng¬
land had fubmitted ; but Mainfroy, an ufurper, under
pretence of governing the kingdom for the lawful heir,
had feized upon the crown, and was refolvecl to rejedl the
pope’s authority. As the pontiff found that his own force
was not fufficient to vindicate his claims, he had recourfe
to Richard earl of Cornwall, the king’s brother, whofe
wealth he was not ignorant of ; and to him, and his heirs,
he offered the kingdom of Sicily, provided he would re¬
gain it from the hands of the ufurper. Richard was too
fenfible of the difficulty of the enterprife, to comply with
fuch a propofal ; but when the offer was afterwards made
to the king, the weak monarch, dazzled with the fplen-
dour of fuch a conqueft, embraced the propofal with ar¬
dour. This was all the pope defined ; he foon brought
Henry in debtor for more than a hundred thoufand marks.
Henry was mortified at the greatnefs of the fum, and Hill
more at the little profpedt of fuccefs ; but he dreaded the
pope’s difpleafure, and therefore refolved to have re¬
courfe to the barons for the money.

I11 this univerfal Hare of degradation, it may readily be
imagined that the barons were more liberal of complaints
than of fupplies. They determined not to lav i lh their
money on favourites without merit, and expeditions with¬
out a prolpeil of fuccefs. The clergy even began to turn
againlt their fpiritual father; and the billiop of London
boldly affected, that if the king and the pope fhould take

HE Nil in .

Lcnd.cn .Publish cd <ts thcdct directs Jcautyj*:/, £y J.WiUces

ENG

the mitre from his head, he would put on a helmet. But
though the bifhops and clergy were obliged to acquiefce
in furniffiing a part of this wanton expence, the barons
(fill continued refra&ory ; and, inftead of fupplies, an-
fwered with expoftulations. They urged the king’s par.
tiality to foreigners; they aggravated the injuftice of his
favourites, and the unfair ieizures made by his officers
from men of mercantile profefiions. The parliament
therefore was diffolved (for fo the general affiembly of
the nation began now to be called), and another was foon
after convened with as little fuccefs. The urgency of the
king’s affairs required that money (hould be procured ;
and yet the legate never failed, upon thofe occafions, to
obftrudt the king’s demands, by making others for the
pope. It was on this occalion that Henry went amongft
fuch of his fubjefts as were attached to him, and begged
for affiftance at their own houfes. At one time, he would
get money by pretending to take up the crofs, on an ex¬
pedition to the Holy Land ; at another, he would prevail
by aiferting that he vvasVefol ved 10 re-conquer his French
dominions; till his barons, perceiving the diftrefs to
which he was reduced, refolved, in mere- pity, to grant
him aid ; and a very liberal fupply was railed, for which
lie renewed their charter with more than ufual folemnity.
All the prelates and abbots were affembled, A. D. 1205,
with burning tapers in their hands; the Magna Cliarta
was read in their prefence; and they denounced fentence
of excommunication againft all who ffiould infringe its
articles. Thus folemn were their mutual engagements;
but the wretched Henry had no fooner received the fup¬
plies for which his parliament had been convoked, than
he forgot every article of what he had fo folemnly agreed
to obferve.

About this time an infurreiStion broke out in Gafcony,
which then formed a part of the Engl iffi dominions; and
that people even invited the king of Caftile to take pof-
feffion of their country. But Henry, however unwarlike,
refolved to undertake an expedition to quell this rebel¬
lion. Accordingly he fummoned all his military tenants
to meet him at Portfmouth, and on the 15th of Augnft,

1 254, he arrived 1 Bourdeaux with a gallant army, which
foon reftored the province to order, and obliged the king
of Caftile to renounce his pretenfions to Gafcony. The
reconciliation was fo complete, that a marriage was con¬
cluded between the king’s fon Edward, heir apparent of
England, and Eleanora, princefs of Caftile. On this occa-
fion we have one of the mo ft firiking inftances of the low
cunning and mean charadter of Henry : being (till co¬
vetous of gold to diftribute among his friends in this new
alliance, he carefully concealed the fuccefs of his arms,
and fent over his commands to the queen and his brother
earl of Cornwall, regents of England in his abfence, to
call a parliament, and demand a further fupply for car¬
rying. on the expedition. A parliament was alfembled ;
but the wary barons refufed to grant the aid, until they
were better informed of the progrefs of the war. The
earl of Leicefler arriving from Gafcony in the interim,
made known the true hate of the king’s affairs, and ex-
pofed Henry’s diffionourable arts to impofe on the people,
which effedbially ferved to revive their former diftruft of
his government, and contempt of his perfon.

Such imprudent meafures eventually encouraged Simon
de Montfort, earl of Leicefler, to attempt to wreft the
feeptre from the feeble hand which held it. This noble¬
man had efpoufed Eleanor, dowager to William earl of
Pembroke, and filter to the king. His addrefs gained
him the affections of all orders of men, but could not
prote61 him againft the levity of his fovereign. He had
alternately enjoyed the favour, and been expofed to the
hatred, of Henry ; and, being of too independent a fpirit
to become fublervient to the minions of that prince, he
found, more honour and advantage in cultivating his inte-
relt with the public. He filled every place with com¬
plaints againft the infringement of the great charter; and
a quarrel which he had with William de Valence, the

LAND. 5S3

king’s half brother, determined him, if poffible, to ftop
the further encroachments of the dependents and favour¬
ites of the king. He fecretly called a meeting of the mod
powerful barons, particularly Humphrey de Boluin, high
conftable, Roger Bigod earl marifchal, and the earls of
Warwick and Gloucefter. To thefe he depidted in glow¬
ing colours the oppreffions exercifed againft all orders of
the people; the violation of the barons’ privileges, and
the continual depredations made on the clergy ; and while
he magnified the generality of their anceftors, who at the
expence of their blood had extorted the great charter
from the crown, he lamented their own degeneracy, who
allowed fo important an advantage to be wrefted from
them by a weak prince, and a tribe of infolent parafites.

Thefe topics being well fuited to the fentiments of the
people, the barons embraced a refolution of redreffing
the public grievances, by taking into their own hands
the adminiftration of government. They entered the par¬
liament clad in complete armour, with their fwords by
their (ides ; and when the king, (truck with their martial
appearance, afked, whether they intended to make him
prifoner ? Roger de Bigod replied for the reft, “ That he
was not their prifoner, but their fovereign ; but as he
had fo frequently fuffered himfelf to be carried away by
ill-advifers, he mult now yield to more ftrict regulations,
and confer authority on thofe who were willing and able
to redrefs the national grievances.” Henry, partly al¬
lured by t lie hopes of a fupply, and partly intimidated
by the menacing afpedt of the barons, acquiefced, and
fummoned another parliament at Oxford, in order to di-
geft the new plan of government. This parliament, which
from the confufion that attended its meafures, was after¬
wards denominated the mad parliament, chofe twelve ba¬
rons, to whom were added twelve more chofen by the
king’s minifters. Thefe twenty-four barons, with the earl
of Leicefter at their head, were endowed with fupreme
authority, and authorifed to reform the abufes of the
date. Their firft ftep, June 11, 1258, was calculated for
the good of the people, as it marked the rude outline of
the houfe of commons. They ordered that four knights
(hould be chofen by each county, who fhoula examine
into the grievances of their refpedtive condiments, and
to attend at the enfuing parliament, to give information
of their complaints. They ordained that three fefiions of
parliament (hould be regularly holden every year ; that
a new high ffieriff fliould be annually chofen ; that no
wards nor caftles ffiould be trufted in the hands of fo¬
reigners ; no new forefts made ; nor the revenues of any
of the counties let to farm. Thefe regulations were fo
juft, and their beneficial effects fo obvious, that they
merited the praife and approbation of every candid and
ingenuous mind. But fo dangerous and fo delufive is the
exercife of arbitrary power, that it became no longer the
fecurity of the people, but the uncontrolled eftablifh-
ment of its own authority, that this confederacy endea¬
voured to effect. Inftead of refigning when they had ful¬
filled the purpofes of their appointment, t hey ftill main¬
tained therrdelves in full power; at one time pretending
that they had not yet digefted the affairs of the (tate ; at
another, that their continuance in authority was the only
remedy the people had againft the faithlefs character of
the king. The whole ftate accordingly underwent a com¬
plete alteration : its former officers were all removed, and
dependents of the twenty-four barons were put in their
room ; they even impofed an oath upon every individual
of the nation, binding them to an implicit obedience of
all the laws and regulations then fuggefted, or to be fug-
gefted, by tliemfelves. They not only abridged the au-
thority of the king, but deftroyed the efficacy of parlia¬
ment, by giving up to twelve perfons all parliamentary
power between each feftion. Thus thefe ambitious nobles,
after having trampled upon the crown, threw proftrate
all the rights of the people; and a vile oligarchy was
on the point of being eftablillied upon the ruins of their
liberties.

The

584

ENGLAND.

The flrfl oppofition made to thefe ufurpations arofe
out of that very power vvliicli they had fo lately conlli-
tuted to check the encroachments of the king. The
knights of the (hire, who for home time had begun to be
regularly affembled in a leparate houfe, now firft a (railed
this dangerous hydra. Thefe bold and patriotic men
ftrongly remondrated againd the proceedings of their
twenty-four rulers; and, for the firft time, began to fiiow
that fpirit of juft interference, which has ever fince actu¬
ated the commons houfe of parliament. They reprefent-
ed, that though the king had on his part acceded to the
conditions required of him, the twenty-four barons had
too long fwerved from their line of duty, and were only
intent upon the aggrandifement of themfelves, and the
oppredion of others. They therefore called upon the
king’s elded fon, prince Edward, to interpofe his autho¬
rity, and fave the (inking nation. The heir apparent was
at this time about twenty-two years of age, when the
hopes which were conceived of his abilities and his in¬
tegrity, rendered him an important perfonage in the tranf-
aflions of the times, which in Come meafure atoned for
his father’s imbecility ; and upon this occafion his con¬
duct was evidently calculated to imprefs the people with
the highed opinion of his piety and judice. He alleged,
when appealed to, that he had fworn to the Confutations
of Oxford, which, though contrary to his own private
fentiments, he yet refolved by no means to infringe. At
the fame time, however, he fent a medage to the barons,
requiring them to furrender up their authority to the par¬
liament, or otherwife to expeCt the mod vigorous oppo¬
fition to their ufurpation. To this the barons replied by
publifhing a new code of laws, which, though it con¬
tained fcarcely any thing material, yet they fuppofed
would, fora while, dazzle the eyes of the people, until
they could take meafures to condrin their authority upon
a firmer foundation. In this manner, and under various
pretences, they continued in power for three years, while
the whole nation perceived their drift, and condemned
their treachery. The pope himfelf beheld them with
indignation, and abfolved the king and all his fubjefts
from the oath which they had taken to oblerve the Con-
ftitutions of Oxford.

The people now only wanted a leader to enable them
to abolifb this baronial tyranny. The king himfelf was
weak, timid, irrefolute, and fuperftitious, and in a manner
leagued with thofe who oppofed and depreffed him ; the
clergy, who formerly gave the people redrefs, were be¬
come an independent body, and little regretted the com¬
motions of tiie (late, which conftantly tended to their
aggrandifement. In this dilemma they had recourfe to
prince Edward, who for Come time declined the people’s
earned application ; but being at lad perfuaded of the
necefiity, he directed a parliament to be called, in which
the king refumed his priftine au hority ; and the barons,
after making one fruitlefs effort more to take him by fur-
prife at Winchefter, were obliged to fu bipit to what they
couid not oppofe. But in the mean time the earl of Lei-
cefter fuccefsfully counteracted this m mentary triumph
of the king’s friends. He formed a powerful confederacy
with the prince of Wales, who invaded England with an
army of thirty thou (and mhn ; to which Leicefter foon
joined his own torces, and the whole kingdom was again
expofed to all the devaftations of a civil war. The citi¬
zens of London alfo (upported his caufe, and under the
command of their mayor, Thomas Fitz-Riehard, they fell
upon the inoffenfive Jews, and other wealthy inhabitants,
pillaging and deltroying wherever they came.

In this adverfe (fate of the nation, nothing could be
fought for but an accommodation with the infurgent
barons ; and, after lome debate, a treaty was concluded,
but upon the moll difadvantageous terms to the king and
his party. 1 he Conftitutions of* Oxford were again en-
lotced, A. D. 1263, and the barons were re-eftablithed in
the fovereignty ot the kingdom. They immediately took
poliedion of all the royal callles and fortreffes j they named
1

the officers even of the king’s houfehold ; and fummoned
a parliament to meet at Weftminfter, in order more fully
to fettle the plan of their government. By this aflembly
it was refolved, that the authority of the twenty-four
barons (liould continue, not only during the reign of the
king, but alio during that of prince Edward. But tliefe
conditions, though fubmitted toby the king, were refilled
with fpirit and dignity by the young prince, who was now
determined to allert his father’s prerogative, and defend
his own right of inheritance. He appealed to the king
of France, to whom he offered to refer all matters of ani-
molity and difpute: and to which, after fome previous
explanation, the earl of Leicefter, in the name of the
twenty-four barons, readily agreed. Louis IX. who for
his great wifdom and virtue w'as afterwards canonized,
undertook with alacrity and candour the kindly office of
peace-maker ; and for that purpofe fummoned the dates
of France to meet at Amiens, on the 23d of January,
1264, to hear and difeufs the merits, in prefence of all
the parties. On the 3d of February following, Louis
publidied h.ts award, as follows : “ That the Conftitutions
of Oxford Hi 011 Id be annulled, as fubverfive of the ancient
conflitution : that the king be reftored to the poffeffion of
his callles, lands, and revenues; to the nomination of the
great officers of (late, and of his houfehold ; and to all the
inherent rights and privileges of the crown : and that a
general amnefly mould be granted for all paft offences ;
and the people reftored to their ancient liberties.” The
earl of Leicefter rejefted this award with contempt ; on
which prince Edward refolved to have recourfe to arms.
Accordingly, fummoning the king’s military vaffals from
all quarters, and being reinforced by many of the more
equitable barons, he took the field. His firft attempts
were fuccefsful ; Northampton, Leicefter, and Notting¬
ham, fubmitted to his power; and lie proceeded into the
county of Derby, in order to ravage the ellates of thofe
who had efpoufed the oppofite caufe. O11 the other (ide,
the earl of Leicefter was befieging Rochefter, when lie
was informed of the king’s fuccefs ; upon which he raifed
the (iege, and retreated to London, where he was joined
by a body of the citizens, amounting to fifteen thoufand
men. Both armies being refolved to come to an engage¬
ment, Leicefter halted within about two miles of Lewes
in SuTTex ; offering, at the fame time, terms of accom¬
modation, which he well knew the king could not ac¬
cept. Upon the reftifal of thefe, both lides prepared for
a battle. The royal army was formed in three diviliotis :
prince Edward commanded on the right ; Richard, the
king’s bro her, who had been fome time before made
king of the Romans, was polled on the left wing.; and
Henry himfelf occupied the centre. The earl’s army was
divided into four bodies : the firft was conduced by Henry
de Montfort, (on of the general; the fecond was com¬
manded by the earl of Gloucefter ; the third was under
the command of Leicefter himfelf ; and the fourth, con¬
fiding of Londoners, was under the direction of Nicholas
Seagrave. To encourage'the infurgents, the bilhop of
Chichefter gave a general abfolution to their party, ac¬
companied with affurances, on the principles of Mahomet,
that if any of them fell in the atlion, they would infill-
bly be received into heaven, as a reward for their differ¬
ing in (0 meritorious a caufe. The battle was begun by
prince Edward, who ruffed upon the Londoners with
inch impetuofity, that they were unable to luflain the
charge, and fled with great precipitation. The prince
tranfporred with this gleam of victory, purfued them far
beyond the field of battle, cauling a terrible (laughter.
In the mean while the earl of Leicefter, who was a (kilful
commander, pufhed with all his forces againd the ene¬
mies’. left wing, foon put them to the rout, and took
both the king and his brother prifoners. It was a dread¬
ful reverfe of vittory, therefore, when the young prince
returned, to find that his father and his uncle were de¬
feated and taken. In this conflift of the filial feelings
and paflions, Edward at firft endeavoured to infpire his

remaining

ENGLAND.

remaining troops with ardour and revenge; but being
artfully amufed by Leicefter with a pretended negocia-
tion, he quickly found his little army furroiinded, and
he himfelf obliged to ftibmit to fuch terms as the con¬
queror thought fit to impofe. Thefe terms were fhort,
and immediate: prince Edward, and his coufin Henry
d’Alrnaine, fon of Richard earl of Cornwall, were to
furrender themfelves as pledges in the place of the king
and his brother, who were releafed. The Confutations
of Oxford were to remain in force, but to be revifed by
' fix perfons appointed by the king of France, three pre¬
lates, and three noblemen, who, with three more of t' sir
own choofing, were to be inverted with full powers to
fettle all difputes. This convention was called the Mije
of Lewes, as having taken place in that town, in 1264.

Thefe advantages were no fooner gained by Leicefter,
than he refolved to poffefs himfelf of that power for
which he had fo long been ftruggling. lnftead of refer¬
ring the fubjects in difpute to the parties agreed on, he
kept Richard earl of Coventry and king of the Romans,
ftill a prifoner ; and though he had confined prince Ed¬
ward, and Henry, Richard s fon, in Dover caftle, yet he
effectually touk care (till to continue the king alfo in
bondage. To add to his injurtice, he made ule of the
king’s name for purpofe.-. the' mod inimical to the royal in-
tcrerts ; and while he every where difarmed the king’s ad¬
herents, he kept his own partifans in a porture of defence.
The king, a poor contemptible fpeCtator of his own de¬
gradation, was carried about from place to place, and
compelled to give his governors directions to deliver
their caftles into the hands of his enemy. To this ufurpa-
tion of the king’s authority, Leicefter added the raoft
rapacious avarice. He feized the eftutes of no lefs than
eighteen barons, for his fhare of the fpoil in the battle of
Lewes. He converted to his own ufe the ranfom of all
the prifoners; he monopolifed the fale of wool to foreign
markets; and, to fix himfelf completely in authority, he
ordained that the kingly power fhould be exercifed by a
council of nine perfons, who were to be chofen by him¬
felf, the earl of Gloucefter, and the birtiop of Chicherter.
To eftablilh or confirm this new-fangled authority, the
earl of Leicefter was obliged to have recourfe to an aid
till now unknown in England, namely, that of the body
of the people. He called a parliament, Jan. 20, 1365,
where, befides the barons of his own party, the knights
of 'hires, and feveral ecclefiaftics who were not immedi¬
ate tenants of the crown ; he ordered returns to be made
of deputies from the cities and boroughs, which had been
hitherto confidered as too inconfiderable to have a voiCe
in legillation. This is the firft confirmed outline of the
meeting of a general houfe of commons, recorded in the
Englith hiftory.

A parliament, affembled in this multifarious manner,
was found nor fo compliant, as the earl of Leicefter ex¬
pected. Many of the barons who had long adhered to
his party, appeared difgufted at his unqualified ambition ;
and many of the people, who found that a change of maf-
ters was not a change from mifery to happinefs, began to
vvilh for the re-eftablifhment of the royal family. In this
exigency, Leicefter finding himfelf unable to oppofe the
concurring wifhes of the nation, was refolved to make a
merit of what he could not prevent; and he accordingly
releafed prince Edward from confinement, and introduced
him at Weftnrinfter-hall, where his freedom was confirm¬
ed by the unanimous voice of the barons. But though
Leicefter acquired the popularity of reftoring the prince,
yet he was politic enough to keep him (fill guarded by
emilfkiies, who watched his motions, and fruftrated his
defigns. But the prince, who had too much penetration
not to perceive that he w'as made the tool of Leicefter’s
ambition, ardently watched an opportunity to, regain that
freedom of which he then enjoyed but the fhadow : and
this opportunity foon offered. The earl of Gloucefter,
one of Leicefter’s party, being dilconcerted, retired in
difguft, and began to raife an army on the borders of
Vol. VI. Ho. 374.

.583

Wales. Leicefter was not flow in purfuing him ; and to
give greater authority to his arms, he took the king and
the prince of Wales with him. This afforded the happy
opportunity fo long coveted by young Edward for effect¬
ing his efcape. Being furniflied with a horfe of extraor¬
dinary fwiftnefs, under a pretence of taking the air with
fome of Leicefter’s retinue, who were in reality appointed
to guard him, he propofed that they fhould run their
horfes one againft the other. When he perceived that
his horfe had completely the advantage, he politely bid
his attendants farewel. They followed him for fome
time ; but the appearance of a body of troops belonging
to the earl of Gloucefter, foon put an end to the purfuit.
This event feemed the fignal for the whole body of the
royalifts to rife. The well-known valour of the young
prince, the long train of grievances which the people en¬
dured, and the countenance of the earkjjf Gloucefter, a
man of great power, all combined to. inerfeafe their num
bers, and infpire their activity. An army was quickly
affembled, which Leicefter had no power to withftand.
His fon, Henry Montford, attempting to bring a rein¬
forcement of troops from London, was, by a vigorous
march of prince Edward, furprifed near Eveffiam, and
his army cut to pieces. Not long after, the earl himfelf,
ignorant of his Ion’s fate, paired the Severn, in expecta¬
tion of the London army ; but inftead of the troops he
expeCted, he foon perceived that the indefatigable prince
was coming up to give him battle. He did not, however,
abandon all hopes of victory ; but drew up his men in a
compaCt circle, and exhorted them to fight like men who
had all to gain, or all to lofe. At the fame time he
obliged poor old king Henry to put on armour, and take
his ftation in front of the army. The battle foon began ;
but the earl’s army, exhaufted by famine and fatigue,
were but ill able to fuftain the impetuofity of young Ed¬
ward’s attack, who affailed them with incredible fury.
During this terrible day, Leicefter behaved with aftonilh-
ing intrepidity, and kept up the fpirit of the aCtion from
two o’clock in the afternoon till nine at night. At laft,
his horfe being killed under him, he was compelled to
fight on foot ; and though he demanded quarter, the ad-
verfe party refilled it, with an inhumanity too common
in thole barbarous times. The king had been wounded
in the fhoulder; and, not being known by his friends,
was on the point of being killed by a foldier, when he
cried out, “ I am Henry of Winchefter, the king!” Prince
Edward, hearing the voice of his father, flew to the lpot
rvhere he lay, and had him conducted to a place of fafety.
The body of Leicefter being found among the dead, was
lhamefully mangled by Roger Mortimer; and then, with
an accumulation of brutality, lent to the wretched wi¬
dow, as a teftimony of the royal party’s fuccefs.

This victory proved decifive ; and, to the ftiame of the
victors, thofe who were formerly perfecuted, now became
opprelfors in their turn. “The king, who was grown vin¬
dictive from his fufferings, refolved to take a (ignal ven¬
geance on the citizens of London, who had long encou¬
raged the inveteracy of his opponents. In this exigence,
fubmiffion was their only refource ; and Henry was hardly
reftrained from totally deftroying the city. The rebels
every where fubmilted, or were purfued with rigour;
and their ca/tles were taken and demolifhed. Among the
few who ftill continued refraCtory, was Adam Gordon,
formerly governor of Dunfter caftle, and much celebrated
for his prodigious ftrength and great bravery. This vin¬
dictive baron maintained himfelf for fome time in the fo-
relts of Hamplhire, and ravaged the counties of Berks
and Surrey. Prince Edward was obliged to lead a body
of troops into that part of the country, to force his camp.
Urged by the natural impetuofity of youth, he leapt over
the trench by which it was defended, attended only by a
few followers; and thus found himfelf unexpectedly cut
off from the reft of his. army. Gordon foon diftinguirtied
him from his attendants; and a fingle combat took p ace
between thefe two celebrated champions, which, fora
7 K long

58(5

ENG

long time, continued doubtful. But tlie prince’s fortune
at length prevailed: Gordon’s foot happening to flip,
he received k wound, which difabled him from continu¬
ing the aftion ; and he lay at the mercy of the conque¬
ror. Edward, merciful as brave, not only granted him
his life, but introduced him that very night to his con-
fort at Guildford; procured him a pardon, feettred to
him his eflate, and received him into favour. Gordon
was not ungrateful; he ever after followed the fortunes
of his prince, and was often found combating by his fide
in the hotteft of the battle.

Edward having thus refiored peace to the kingdom,
found his affairs fo firmly efhiblifhed, that it was not in
the power of any flight in fur reft ion to (hake them. The
earl of Glouceder, however, who had been thus inftru-
mental in reftoring the king to the crown, thought no
recompence couitl reward his merits, and became difguft-
ed. He therefore engaged in a new rebellion ; but was
foon brought to fubmiffion by Edward, who obliged him
to enter into a bond of twenty thoufand marks, never to
difturb the peace in future. The kingdom being thus
compofed, that fpirit of ardour and military glory, which
.flione forth in Edward’s aftions, impelled him to under¬
take an expedition againd the infidels in the Holy Land.
His prowefs in that vain and romantic warfare may be
feen under Egypt, p. 326, of this volume.

Edward had fcarcely departed upon this holy expedi¬
tion, when the health of king Henry began to decline ;
and lie found, not only his own conftitution, but alfo that
of the ftate, in. fuch a dangerous fmiation, that he wrote a
letter for his immediate recal, prefling him to return with
all difpatch. The former calamities again threatened the
kingdom ; and the barons, taking advantage of the king’s
vveaknefs, opprefled the people with impunity. Robbers
infefted various parts of the nation ; and the populace of
London refumed their accudomed licentioufnefs. To add
to the king’s didreffes, his brother Richard died, who had
long aflifted him under all emergencies. At laft, over¬
come by the cares of government, and the infirmities of
age, he ordered himfelf to be removed, by eafy journeys,
from Bury St. Edmund’s to Weftminfler, where, lending
for the earl of Gloucerter, he obliged him to fwear that
be would preferve the peace of the kingdom, and, to the
ntmod of his power, maintain the interefts of his (on.
That fame night he expired, November 16, 1272, in the
lixty-fifth year of his age, and the fifty-feventh of his
reign, the longed: to be met with in the Englilh annals.

Henry III. l'urnamed of Winchefter, was in his perfon
of middle ftature, of a robuft conftitution, but unpleaf-
ing countenance; bis left eye-brow hanging down, and
almod covering his eye. This prince was certainly not
poflefled of great intellectual abilities, much lefs of true
wifdom, and the right art of governing ; yet his under-
llanding does not feem to have been remarkably defec¬
tive, but had unhappily taken a turn towards low dif-
honeft cunning. As the ends which he had in view were
often bad, and fuch as could not be openly avowed, he
endeavoured to attain them by the indirect ways of trea¬
chery and deceit. Some of Henry’s repartees are pre-
ferved in hiftory, which do not befpeak him to have been
that Ample fool he is often reprefented. When the arch-
bilhop of Canterbury, with the bilhops of Winchefter,
Salilbury, and Carlifle, were fent by parliament, in 1253,
to prefent a very (trong remonftrance againft uncanonical
and forced elections to vacant fees : “ It is true (replied
be) I have been fomevvhat faulty in that particular : I
obtruded you, my lord of Canterbury, upon your fee:

I was obliged to employ both entreaties and menaces,
my lord of Winchefter, to get you eleCted, when you
fhould have been rather fent to fchool : my proceedings
were, indeed, very irregular and violent, my lords of Sa-
lilbury and Carlifle, when I railed you from the lowed
llations to your prefent dignities. It will become you,
therefore, my lords, to fet an example of reformation,
by refigning your prefent benefices, and try to obtain pre-
1

j il N D.

ferment in a more regular manner.” But this prince was
much more defective in perfonal courage than in under-
flanding ; and, as appears from the whole courfe of his
hidory, as well as from many anecdotes, was of a very
cowardly and timorous nature. In the year 123S, when
the royal authority was much, eclipfed, and the earl of
Leiceder was in his glory, the king, in going to the
Tower by water, was overtaken in a dorm of thunder
and lightning, with which he was greatly terrified, and
ordered his barge to be put a-fhore at the fird landing-
place. But being met by the earl of Leiceder at his
1 ruling, his terrors redoubled, and he exhibited all the
marks of the greated condernation in his countenance,
which made t lie earl obferve, that the dorm was now
over, and he had no further reafon to be afraid ; to which
the king replied, “ I am indeed beyond meafure afraid of
thunder and lightning; but, by God’s head, I fear thee more
than alt the thunder in the univerfe.” Henry was dill
more deditute of the noble virtues of fincerity in making,,
and fidelity in obferving, his engagements, than he was
of courage. Whenever he was hard pulhed by the dif-
contented barons, he fubmitted to any terms they thought
fit to preferibe, and confirmed them by all the mod aw¬
ful oaths and folemnities they could devife ; but the mo¬
ment he thought he could do it with fafety, he violated
all his promifes and oaths without hefitation, fathfying
himfelf with the abfolution of his good friend the pope,
which he eafily obtained. This wicked prevarication
was not more odious than it was pernicious to his affairs,
and obliged the barons to proceed to much greater ex¬
tremities than otherwife they would have done, plainly
perceiving that nothing could make him keep his pro¬
mifes, but putting it out of his power to break them.
But the mod lingular feature in this prince’s character,
was his incorrigible partiality and affection to foreigners,
which attended him through his whole life, and occa-
fioned infinite vexations to himfelf and his fubjeCts. No
fooner was one fet of thefe foreign favourites driven from
the royal prefence, by attacks which (hook the throne
itfelf, than others took their place, and were cherifhed
with equal fondnefs, and difplaced with equal difficulties
and dangers. It is highly probable, that thefe foreigners,
having their fortunes to make, were much more fupple
and infinuating, and more ready to comply with all his
humours, than the Englifh barons, who were confcious
of their own power and importance. The piety of this
prince is much extolled by the monkifh writers of thofe
times. He was no doubt a very ufeful and liberal foil
to his holy father the pope, whom he afiided with all
his might in fleecing his fubjeCts. He was alfo a mod: de¬
vout worfliipperof rudy nails and rotten bones, particularly
thofe of his favourite, Saint Edward the Confelfor, which
he placed in a fiirine of gold, adorned with precious
dones. One of the mod commendable parts of this
prince’s character is hardly ever mentioned by our hido-
rians, his love of the arts ; for the encouragement of
which he expended great funis of money. It mud fur¬
ther be owned, that lie was a very warm and generous,
though not a very condant, friend, a faithful httfband,
and an affectionate parent. He left two foils; Edward
his fuccedbr, and Edmund l'urnamed Crouch-back, titular
king of Sicily, and earl of Lancuder, Leiceder, and Der¬
by, and high deward of England ; and two daughters,
Margaret, married to AlexandeiTII. king of Scots, and
Beatrix, married to John duke of Britanny.

Though Edward I. was at a didance from England
when his father died, the fplendour of his character fe-
cured his peaceable fuccellion, and perfons of all ranks
readily fwore fealty to him. In an aff'embly of the nobi¬
lity, held on the day after the funeral of his father, the
archbifhop of York, the earls of Cornwall and Gloucef-
ter, were chofen regents of the kingdom ; and this choice
was confirmed by parliament, in January 1273. Edward
was in Sicily, on his return from the Holy Land, when
he received the news of his father’s death, and of his

own

e n a

own' undifpnted acceffion. But lie very narrowly efcaped
aflaftination while in Palelline. Richard Coeur de Lion
having, in a former croifade, dealt deash and deva (hition
among tlie affrighted Modems; and prince Edward en¬
deavouring to tread heroically in his uncle’s fleps, a Ma-
homedan ruffi m undertook to murder him. In order to
gain admittance to Edward’s prefence, he pretended to
have letters to deliver from the governor of Joppa, now
Jaffa. He found Edward fitting alone, in a loofe gar¬
ment ; when looking round, to fee that no help was near,
he drew a dagger, and attempted to plunge it into the
prince’s bofom. Edward, perceiving the murderer’s in¬
tention, with great prefence of mind received the blow
upon his arm; and wrelting the weapon from the ruf¬
fian’s hand, plunged it inftantly in his heart. The wound
the prince had received was the more dangerous, as hav¬
ing been infliCted with a poifoned dagger; but the fur-
geon, by making deep incifions, and cutting away the
mortified parts, completed the cure in little more than a
fortnight. The prince being a (Tit red of the perfect tran¬
quillity of his dominions, made no hade to take poffef-
fion of the crown. After fpending fonie time at Rome,
and other parts of Italy, he vifited the court of France,
and performed his homage for the territories which he
held of that crown. Having fuppreffed an infurreCfion
in Gafcony, and fettled fome commercial difputes with
the earl of Flanders, he embarked for England, landed
at Dover, Auguft 2, 1274, and was crowned at Weftmin-
fler on the 19th of the lame month, together with his
queen Eleanora, the amiable and affectionate companion
of his travels.

As England at this time enjoyed a profound peace,
Edward very wifely feized that favourable opportunity
of enquiring into the ftate of the lands and revenues of
the crown ; and into the conduCt of the Iherilfs and other
officers, who had both defrauded the king and opprelfed
the people in the late reign. He was at no lefs pains to
reftore the internal police of the kingdom, and the vigo¬
rous execution of the laws, which the late troubles and
the feeble adminiliration of Henry had rendered con¬
temptible. The jews were the only part of his fubjeCts
who were refuted that equal juftice which the king now
made a boaff of diftributing. As Edward had been bred
up in prejudices againft them, he feemed to have no com¬
panion upon their (offerings. Many were the arbitrary
taxes levied upon them ; two hundred and eighty of them
were hanged at once, upon a charge of adulterating the
coin of the kingdom ; the goods of the reft were confif-
cated, and all of that religion utterly banilhed the king¬
dom. By the advice of his parliament, which met at
Weftminfter in May, 1275, many' good and wholefome
Jaws were enaCted, which have been ever lince diftin-
guifned by the name of the Statutes of Wcjlminjler. But it
was not long before Edward was interrupted in thefe fa-
lutary works of peace, and involved in defolating feenes
of war.

The only vaftal of the crowm of England who had
made- any fcruple of paying homage and fealty to Ed¬
ward, was Lewellyn prince of Wales. This prince had
been feveral times fummoned to-come to court, and per¬
form his homage ; but, without cl ire 611 y refuting, he (till
delayed to do this, under various pretences. At length
Edward determined to bring this powerful and refractory
vaftal to obedience; and he therefore marched into Wales
with a cOnliderable army. Upon the approach of Ed¬
ward, A. D. 1277, the Welfh prince took refuge among
the inaccetlihle mountains of Snowdon, and there refclved
to maintain his ground, without trufting to the chance of
a battle. Thefe were the (teep retreats that had for many
ages defended his ancetiors againft all the attempts of
the Norman and Saxon conquerors. But Edward, equally
vigorous and cautious, having explored every part of his
way, pierced into the very centre of Lewellyn’s territo¬
ries, and approached the Wellh army in its laft retreat.
Lewellyn at firft little regarded the progrefs of an enemy

LANE). as 7

that he fuppofed would make only a tranfient invafion ;
hut his contempt was turned into confternation, when he
favv Edward d raw up 1 i forces at the foot of the moun¬
tains, and furround his army, in order to fubdue it by
famine. Deftitute ofevery means of relief, tbeWellh prince
was obliged to fubmit, and on fncli terms as the victor was
pleated to impofe. Lewellyn contented to pay fifty thou-
fand pounds, as a fatisfaCtion for the expences of the
war ; 10 do homage to the crown of England for the ter¬
ritory of Wales; to permit all other barons, except four
near Snowdon, to fwear fealty in the fame manner; and
to relinquith the whole country between Chelhire and the
river Conway.

But this compulfive treaty was of fliort duration ; the
oppreffion of the conqueror, and the indignant pride of
the conquered nation, could not long remain without
producing new ditfentions. The lords of the Marches
committed all kinds of depredation on their Welfh neigh¬
bours; and, although Edward generoufly remitted the
fine of fifty-thoufand pounds, yet he laid other reftric-
tions upon Lewellyn, which that prince confidered as
more injurious. He particularly exaCted a promife from
him at Worcefter, that he would retain no perfon in his
principality that tliould be difapproved by the Englith
monarch. Thefe were indignities not. to be endured, and
therefore the Welfti again flew to arms. A body of their
forces took the field under the command of David, bro¬
ther of Lewellyn, who ravaged the plain country, took
the cattle of Harwardin, made fir Roger Clifford prifoner,
and toon after laid fiege to the cattle of Rhudlan. When
the account of thefe hoftilities reached Edward, he af-
fembled a numerous army, and let out with a firm refo-
lution to exterminate Lewellyn and his whole family.
At firft, however, the king’s endeavours were not at¬
tended with (uccefs ; having caufed a bridge of boats to
be laid over the river Menay, a body of forces, com¬
manded by Latimer and De Thonis, pafied over before it
was completely finilhed. The Wellh remained in their
faftneires till they faw the tide flowing in beyond the end
of the bridge, at which inftant they poured down from
the mountains with incredible fury, and put the whole
body that had got over to the fword. This fuccefs re¬
vived the drooping fpirits of the Welfli, and they felt fuf-
ficientl v bold to hazard a decilive battle againft the Eng¬
lith. With this view he marched into Radnortliire ; and,
palling the river Wey, his troops were furprited and de¬
feated by Edward Mortimer, while he himfelf was ab-
fent, upon a conference with fome of the barons of that
county. Upon his return, feeing that all was loft, he ran
defperately into the niidft of the enemy, and fought for
that death which alone could put an end to his perplexity
and difgrace. One of the Englith captains, recognizing
his countenance, fevered his head from his body, and it
was Tent to London, where it was expofed on the walls
of the Tower; and his quarters were fent with the fame
intention to York, Briftol, Northampton, and Winchef-
ter. In this cruel and relentlcfs manner did Edward tiled
the blood of the laft of the ancient Cimbric fovereigns of
Wales, noneofwhom hadeverbeforebeenconquered. Da¬
vid, the brother of this unfortunate prince, foon after thared
the fame fate ; being totally abandoned, he was obliged
to hide himfelf in one of the obfeure caverns of the coun¬
try ; till his retreat being foon after difcovered, he was
taken, tried, and condemned, as a traitor. His fenter.ee
was executed with the molt rigorous feverity ; he was
hanged, drawn, and quartered, only for having bravely
defended the expiring liberties of his native country.
With him expired the government and independence of
Wales. It was foon after united to the kingdom of Eng¬
land, and made a principality, by giving title to the eldeft
fon of the crown. Foreign conqueft might add to the
glory, but this added to the felicity, of the kingdom.
The Welfh were now blended with the conquerors; and,
in the. revolution of a few ages, all national animofity was
entirely forgotten.

At

588 ENG l

At the time of the conquelt, however, the Wellh fub-
mittcd with extreme relu&ance ; and few nations ever
bowed fo a foreign yoke witji greater indignation. The
bards of the country, whole employment conlifted in re-
hearfing the glorious deeds of their anceftors, were parti¬
cularly obnoxious to Edward, who, confidering that while
they continued to keep the ancient flame alive, lie muli
expedt no peace in his new acquilitions ; he therelore,
from motives of favage policy, ordered them all to be
maffacred. To ingratiate himfelf, however, with the
Welfli barons, he left his queen to be delivered in the
cattle of Caernarvon, and afterwards prefented the child,
whom he named Edward, to the Wellh nobles, as a na¬
tive of their country, and as their future prince. The
Welfli received him with acclamations of joy ; and ever
lince the government of both nations has continued to
flow in one uninterrupted channel.

This important conquelt was quickly followed by ano¬
ther of much greater confequence. Alexander III. king
of Scotland, had been killed by a fall from his horie,
leaving only Margaret, his grand-daughter, heir to the
crown, who died foon after him. The dea lt ot this
princefs occalioned much doubt and difficulty in afcer-
tainingthe lineal fucceflion to the Scottifn throne, which
was now claimed by no lefs than twelve anxious compe¬
titors. The nation was divided into as many factions as
there were diftindt claimants; but the guardians of the
realm would not undertake to decide a difpute of fo much
confequence : they therefore agreed to refer the contell
to the determination of the king of England. The claims
of all the candidates were at laft reduced to three, who
were the del'cendants of the earl of Huntingdon by three
daughters: John Mailings, who claimed in right of his
mother, as one of the co-heirefles of the crown; John
Baliol, who alleged his right, as being defcended from
the eldeft daughter, who was his grandmother; and Ro¬
bert Bruce, who was the actual foil of the fecond daugh¬
ter. In this contell, which was referred to Edward, he
aftedted the utmoft degree of deliberation; and, although
he had long formed his plan, yet he directed every en¬
quiry to be made on the fubjedt, that he might be mailer
of all the arguments that could be advanced on every
fide of the queftion. In this invefligation he difcovered,
that fome paflages in old chronicles might be produced
to favour a claim of his own ; and therefore, without he-
fitation, he advanced with a formidable army to the fron¬
tiers of Scotland.

The Scottifli barons were petrified at this bold Hep of
England ; and, though they felt extreme indignation,
they had no alternative but to obey his fumincns to meet
at the caltle of Norham, on the foiithern banks of the
Tweed, where he convened the parliament of that coun¬
try. He there produced the proofs of his fuperior right
to Scotland, which arofe out of the partial conquells
made in.that country by his anceftors; but, above all, he
claimed' the fovereignty in confequence of the homage
and fealty performed by William lurnamed the Lion, to
Henry II. for the whole kingdom of Scotland. To a
propofition that appeared in itfelf fo unreafonable, no
immediate anlwer could be given ; for, where all is de¬
fective, it is not eafy to fubmit to the combating a part :
the barons, therefore, continued filent ; and Edward in¬
terpreting this for a confent, addrefted hinifelf to the le-
veral claimants of the crown; and, previous to his ap¬
pointing one of them as his vallal, he required their un¬
equivocal acknowledgment of his fuperior right. He
naturally concluded that none of them would venture to
refill his power : nor was he deceived ; he found them
all equally obfequious to his will. Robert Bruce was
the firft who made the acknowledgment, and the reft fol¬
lowed hi example. Edward being tints made the love-
reign, he was next to conlider which of the candidates
would be the fitted to be appointed under him. To give
this deliberation the appearance of impartiality, an hun¬
dred commillioners were appointed, forty of them being

, A M D.

chofen by the candidates who were in the interefts of
John Baliol; forty by thofe in the interefts o[‘ Robert
Bruce; and twenty, who were chofen by Edward him¬
felf. Having thus fitted matters to his osn mind, he left
the commillioners to fit at Berwick, and marched fouth-
ward with his army, to free their deliberations from all
(hadow of reftraint. The lubject of debate was, whether
Baliol, who was delcended from the elder lifter, b t far¬
ther removed by one degree, was to be preferred before
Brnce, who was actually the younger filler’s fon ? The
commillioners unanimoufly concurred in affirming Baliol’s
fuperior claim. Edward, therefore, pronounced their
award in his favour; and that candidate, upon renewing
his oath of fealty to Edward, was put in pofleffidn of the
Scottilh kingdom, and all its fortreffes, in trull for the
king of Engfand.

Edward, inllead of gradually accuftoming the Scots to
bear the Englilh yoke, and of Hiding into his new power
by flow and imperceptible degrees, he began at once to
exercife the iron arm of arbitrary power. A merchant of
Gafcony had prefented a petition to him, importing that
Alexander, late king of Scotland, was indebied to him in
a large fum, which was Hill unpaid, notwithftanding all
his folicitations to Baliol, the prefent king, for payment,
Edward eagerly embraced this opportunity of fummon-
ing the king of Scotland to appear at Weftminller, to
anlwer in perfon the merchant’s complaint. Upon fub-
jedts equally trivial lie fent fix different funtmonfes in
one year ; fo that Baliol foon perceived he was poHelfed
of the name, but not the authority, of a fovereign. De¬
termined, therefore, to fhake off the yoke of Edward, he
revolted, and obtained the pope’s abfolution from his
oaths of homage. To ftrengthen his hands, he entered
into a treaty witli Philip the Fair, king of France, which
commenced an union between thofe nations, which for
two centuries difturbed the peace and the interefts of
England. To confirm this alliance, the king of Scotland
ftipulated a marriage between his eldeft ion, and the
daugluer of Philip de Valois.

Edward, to whom thefe tranfadlions were no fecret,
endeavoured to throw all blame upon Baliol, by making
him the firft aggrelfor ; and accordingly fummoned him
to perform the duty of a vallal, and to lend a lupply of
forces again!! an expedted invafion from France. He alfo
fummoned him to furrender his principal forts, and to
appear at a- parliament which was to be holden at New-
caltle. None of thefe commands being complied with,
Edward refolved to enforce obedience by marching a
body of thirty thoufand foot, and four thoufand horfe,
into the heart of Scotland. In the mean time Baliol
railed an army of forty thoufand men, and marched to
the frontiers, which Edward was now preparing to at¬
tack. But fome of the mod conliderable of the Scottilh
nobility, among whom were Robert Bruce and his fon,
endeavoured to ingratiate themfelves with Edward by an
early fubmiflion, which ferved not a little to intimidate
thofe who adhered to Baliol. The progrefs, therefore,
of the Englilh arms was extremely rapid; Berwick was
taken by alfault, fir William Douglas made prifoner, and
a garrifon of leven thoufand men put to the fword. Af¬
ter this fitccefs, Edward difpatched earl Warenne, with
ten thoufand men, to lay fiege to Dunbar; and the Scots,
fenfible of the importance of that garrifon, advanced with
theii whole army, under the command of the earls of
Mar, Buchan, and Lenox, to relieve it. Although the
fuperiority of numbers was greatly on their fide, yet cou¬
rage and dilcipline remained only with the Englilh. The
conflict was (hurt ; the Scots were foon thrown info con-
fuliOn ; and, turning their backs, twenty thuuland of
their men were llain in running from the field of battle.
1 lie caftle of Dunbar fin rendered the day following;
and Edward led on the main body of his army into the
country to certain conquelt. The caltles of the greatell
ftrength and importance opened their gates to him with¬
out refinance ; and the whole fouthern part of the coun¬
ty

589

E N G-

try acknowledged the conqueror. Baliol now found that
a ready fubmillion was more to be preferred than an ob-
ftinate refinance. He haftened, therefore, to make' his
peace with the viftor, and expreffed the deeded concern
for his difloyalty. To fatisfy Edward ftill farther, he
made a folernn refignation of the crown into his hands;
and the whole kingdom fubmitted to his authority. But
the unfortunate monarch was carried prifonerto London,
and committed to the Tower.' Two years afterwards he
was banifned to Trance, where he died.

Thefe fucceffes determined Edward to turn his arms to
the continent, where he hoped to recover a part of thole
territories that had been v. relied from his crown during
tht imbecility of his predeceftors. Nor was Edward re-
mifs in making treaties, with feveral of the continental
princes, whole aftiftance lie pure haled, though greatly to
the diminution of his revenues. He even colleiSted an
army from the Eqglifh jails, which had been filled with
robbers in the former reign, and who were now made
ferviceable to the (fate. This army, though at firft luc-
cefsful, under the command of John de Bretagne earl of
Richmond, was eventually repulfed by the French, un¬
der the command of Charles, brother to the king ol
France. Yet it was not eafy to dilcourage Edward. In
about three years after, he again renewed his attempts
upon Guienne, with an army of feven thqufand men, un¬
der the command of his brother, the earl of Lancafter.
That prince gained fome advantages over the French at
, Bourdeaux : but being feized with a dilfemper, of which
lie died at Bayonne, his army was dilbanded.

The king, finding thefe attempts unfuccefsful, refolved
to attack France in a different quarter. He formed an
alliance with John earl of Holland, by giving him his
daughter Elizabeth in marriage'; and alio with Guy earl
of Flanders, whofe alii fiance he bought for feventy-five
thoufand pounds. By thefe alii Hants he entertained
hopes of recovering his French dominions ; and he ac¬
cordingly fet about providing lhoney for the arduous un¬
dertaking. Thefe negotiations however occalioned fo
much delay, that when he took the field in Flanders, at
the head of an array ^of fifty thoufand men, the feafon of
action was loft ; yet the king of France was glad to come
to an accommodation ; and Edward agreed to fubmit their
differences to the arbitration of the pope. By this me¬
diation their friendfhip was cemented by a double mar¬
riage ; that of Edward with Margaret, Philip’s filler ;
and that of the prince of Wales with Ifabella, the French
monarch’s daughter. Philip alfo reftored Guienne to the
Englifti .

But though this expedition was thus amicably termi¬
nated, yet the expences of fitting it out were not only
burthenfome to the king, but in the event even threaten¬
ed to fiiake him on his throne. In order to conciliate
the regard of his people, he raifed his fupplies through the
organ of his parliament ; and that auguft body was now
modelled by him into the form in which it continues at
this day. He iffued writs to the ftieriffs, enjoining them
to fend to parliament, two knights of each lb ire, (as in
the former reign,) and two deputies from each principal
town within the fit ire, empowered by their condiments
to grant fuch demands as they fliould think reafonable
for the fafety of the ftate. The charges of thefe depu¬
ties were to be borne by the borough which Lent them ;
and lo far were they from confidering this privilege as an
honour, that nothing could be more dilpleafing to any bo¬
rough than to be t bus obliged to fend a deputy, nor to any in¬
dividual than to be thus cholen. Such was the confiitu-
tion of that parliament, to which Edward applied for
aftiftance againft France. He obtained from the barons
and knights, a grant of the twelfth of their moveables ;
from the boroughs, an eighth ; and from the clergy he
determined to exadb a fifth ; but he there found an unex¬
pected refiftance. The pope had fome time before iffued
a bull, prohibiting the clergy from paying taxes to any
temporal prince, without uermiffion from the fee of

V o L. VI. No. 375.

j A N. D.

Rome ; and thofe of England now pleaded confcience, in
refufing to comply 'with the king’s demand. They al¬
leged, that they owed obedience to two (overeigns, a
fpiritual and a temporal; rhat their eternal happinefs
bound them to obey one, while only their worldly affairs
led them to acknowledge the other. Edward was highly
difpleafed with their duplicity, and employed their own
arguments with great force againft them. He fefnfed
them his temporal protection, ordered his judges to hear
no caufe brought before them by the clergy, but to de¬
cide all caufes in which' they were defendants : and to do
every man ftriCl juftice againft them. In this outlawed
lituation, they fullered numberlefs evils from the hand ot
every ruffian, while the king’s officers remained uncon¬
cerned fpeffators of their oppreftion. Whenever the cler¬
gy ventured from home, they were plundered or robbed
of their clothes; the primate himfelf was attacked on
the highway, and dripped of his equipage and furniture.
Thefe feverities at length prevailed ; and the clergy
agreed to leave the fums they were taxed in their churches
to be taken away by the king’s officers. Thus at once
they obeyed the king, without incurring the cenfure of
the pope. But though thefe fums were very great, yet
they were by no means adequate to the wants of the (late.
New taxes were therefore impofed. Edward laid a duty
of forty (hillings a fack upon wool ; he required the
(lie rift's of each county to fiipply him with two thoufand
quarters of wheat, and as many of oats, without confider¬
ing how they were to be obtained. Thefe he levied by
the way of loans, promifing to pay an equivalent, when¬
ever the affairs of the ftate would allow him fo to do.
Such modes of oppreftion were not to be endured by the
people, without murmuring; and the powerful barons,
jealous of their own privileges, as well as of the national
liberty, gave countenance to the general difcontent.

The firft fymptoms of this fpirit of difcontent appeared
upon the king’s ordering Humphrey Bohun, the confta-
ble, and Roger Bigod, the marefchal, of England, to take
the command of an army deftined for Gafcony, while he
himfelf intended to make a diverfion on the fide of Flan¬
ders. Thefe two powerful noblemen ref u fed to obey his
orders, alleging, that they were obliged by their offices
to attend him only in the wars, and not to conduft his
armies. A violent altercation enfued. The king, ad¬
drefling himfelf to the conftable, cried out, “ Sir earl, by
God, you (hall either go or be hanged.” To which the
haughty baron replied, “ Sir king, by God, I will neither
go nor be hanged.” This opposition defeated the cam¬
paign, and taught the king a ufeful leffon : he found he
had driven prerogative too far; and, with that prefence
of mind which was ever at his command, hedefired to be
reconciled to his barons, to the church, and to his people.
He pleaded the urgent neceftities of the ftate, and promif-
ed to redrefs all grievances, to reftore the due execution
of the laws, and to make his lubjefts compenfation for
the Ioffes which they had fuftained/ Thefe generous
profeftions at once allayed the difeontents of the nation ;
and the king embarked for the continent in Auguft: 1297,
where he negotiated a truce with Philip ; but not till af¬
ter he had paid his continental allies immenfe fums, for
which no fervices whatever had been performed. During
his abfence, the two noblemen Bigod and Bohun, attended
by a great body of cavalry and infantry, took poffeftion of
the city gates, and obliged the king’s council to fign the
Magna Charta, and to add a claufe, to fecure the nation
for ever againft all impolitions and taxes, without the
previous conlent of parliament. This the council agreed
to fign ; and the king himfelf, when it was fent over to
him in Flanders, did the fame. Thefe conceffions he
confirmed upon his return ; and thus, after the ftruggles
of an age, the Magna Charta was finally eftablifhed ; nor
was it the lead honourable circumftance in its favour,
that its confirmation was eftablifhed by one of the great-
eft princes that ever fwayed the Englifti feeptre.

But though the confirmation of the Great Charter was
7 L obtained

ENGLAND.

590

©btained without violence, yet it is probable, that the
difturbance given by Scotland about the fame time, might
have haftened its final execution. That fierce nation,
which had been conquered fome time before, ftill difco-
vered a fpirit of independence which no feverity could
reftrain. Earl Warenne had been left judiciary in that
kingdom ; and his prudence and moderation were equal
to his valour. He governed the people with ftricf jufiice ;
but being obliged by the bad (late of his health to return
to England, he left the adminiftration in the hands of
two very improper perfons: the one, wbofe name was
Ormefby, was rigorous and cruel ; the other, Crefllng-
ham, was .'avaricious and mean. Under fo different an
adminiftration little (lability could be expected ; and their
injuftice foon drove the Scots into open rebellion. . They
were headed by William Wallace, fo celebrious in Scottifh
(lory, the younger fon of a gentleman who lived in the
wefiern part of the kingdom. He was a man of gigantic
ft'ature, incredible firength, and fingular intrepidity ; de-
fi rous of independence, and pofTeffed with the moil difin-
terefted patriotifm. His fil'd exploits- were confined to
petty ravages, ant^ occafional attacks upon the Engl ifh.
As his forces increafed, his efforts became more formi¬
dable ; every day brought accounts of his great actions.
The Scots were now too powerful for the Englifh that
were appointed to govern them ; many of their barons
now joined Wallace ; fir William Douglas was among the
foretnoft, while Robert Bruce fecretly favoured and pro¬
moted the caufe. To oppofe this infurrection, earl
Warenne was difpatched with an army of forty thoufand
men to attack the Scots, who had eroded the borders,
and begun to ravage the country. He Suddenly entered
Annandale, and by forced marches came up with the
infurgents' at Irvine, where he took them by furprife,
obliged them to capitulate, and coriipelled them to give
hodages for their future fidelity. Mod of the nobility
renewed their oaths; but only waited a more favourable
occa'fion for vindicating their freedom. Wallace alone
difdnined fubmiffion ; and with a few followers, marched
northwards, full of indignation and difappointment. In
the mean time Warenne advanced in purfuit, and over¬
took him in the neighbourhood of Stirling, on the other
fide of the Forth. The earl, perceiving the favourable
ground he had chofen, was for declining the engagement ;
but being preffed by Crelfingham, whofe private revenge
operated over his judgment, the old earl was at length
perfuaded to comply, and he paded over a part of his
army to begin the attack. Wallace boldly advanced
upon them before they had time to form, and put them
entirely to the rout. Part were driven into the river
which lay in the rear, and the reft were cut to pieces.
Among the (lain was Crefiingham himfelf, wiiofe memory
was fo odious to the Scots, that they frayed his dead body,
and made faddles of his (kin. Warenne retired with the
remains of his army to Berwick, while the viCtors took
fuch caftles as Were but ill provided with a liege. Ed¬
ward now haftened back from Flanders, impatient to re-
ftore his authority, and fecure his former conquefts. Left
the difeontents of his people (hould not have entirely
fubfided, lie took every popular meafure that he thought
would give them fatisfa&ion. He reftored to the citizens
of London tire power of electing their own magiilrates,
of which they had been deprived in the latter part of Iris
father’s reign. He ordered drift enquiries to be made
concerning the quantity of corn which he had arbitrarily
feized for the life of his armies, as if he intended to pay
the value to the owners. Thus having fatisfied all com¬
plaints, he levied the whole force of his dominions; and,
at the head of a hundred thoufand men, he direfted his
march towards the north, to take vengeance upon the
Scots for their defection.

It will eafily be imagined that the Scots, even if uni¬
ted, were wholly incompetent to refift fuch an army; but
their own mutual diffenlions ferved to render them ftill
snore unequal to the conteft, and to prepare Edward’s

way to an eafy triumph. The Scots were headed by three
commanders, who each claimed equal authority; thefe
were the fteward-of Scotland, Comyn of Badenoch, and
Wijliam Wallace, who offered to give up his command,
but wbofe parly refuted to follow any other leader. The
Scotch army was judicioufiy ported at Falkirk, determined
to await the affault of the Englifh. They were drawn up
in three divifions, each forming a coniplete body of pike-
men, and the intervals filled with arciiers. Their horfe
were placed in the rear, and their front was fecured with
palifadoes. Edward, though he law the advantage of
ground was againlt him, little regarded fuch a fuperiority,
confident of his own (kill and his numbers ; wherefore,
dividing his forces alfo into three bodies, he led them to
the attack. Juft as lie advanced at the head of his troops,
the Scots fet up fo horrid a fhout, that the horfe upon
which the king rode took fright, threw, and kicked him
on the ribs; but the intrepid monarch quickly re-mount¬
ed, and ordered the Welfli brigade to begin the attack.
Thefe made but a feeble refiftance againft the impetuous
Scots, who fought with determined valour. Edward,
feeing them begin to give ground, advanced in perfon at
the head of another battalion ; and having pulled up the
palifadoes, charged the enemy with fuch impetuofity,
that they were no longer able to refift. In this bloody
conteft Wallace did all that lay in the power of man to
fuftain and avert the fliock ; but the divifion commanded
by Comyn quitting the field, the divifion of the lord
fteward, as well as that of Wallace, lay open to the Eng¬
lifh archers, who at that era began to excel thofe of all
other nations. Wallace long maintained an unequal con¬
teft with his pikemen ; but, finding himfelf in danger of
being furrotinded, he was obliged to draw off the remnant
of his troops behind the river Carron. Such was the
famous battle of Falkirk, fought July 22, 1298^ in which
Edward gained a complete victory, leaving twelve thou¬
fand of the Scots, or, as fome more marvelloufly write,
fifty thoufand, dead upon the field of battle, while tiie
Englifh had not an hundred (lain! This blow, though
dreadful, did not crufli the fpirits of the Scots ; and after
a fhort interval, tljey began to prepare for further refift¬
ance. Wallace, who had gained their regards by his va¬
lour, (bowed that he merited them more by his declining
the rewards of ambition. Perceiving how much he was
envied by the nobility, and knowing how advantageous
their unanimity would prove to the interefts of his coun¬
try, he refigned the regency of the kingdom, and returned
to a private ftation. He-propofed John Comyn earl of
Badenoch, as the mod eligible perfon to fupply his place ;
and that nobleman endeavoured to fbow himfelf worthy
of the appointment. He foon began to annoy the Englifh";
and not content with a defenfive war, he made incurfions
into thofe countries which Edward had fondly imagined
were .wholly l’ubdued. In 1302, they attacked an Englifh
army lying at Rodin, near Edinburgh, and gained a com¬
plete victory. The renown of the Scottifh arms now be¬
gan to fpread difmay among the Englifh garrifons in that
kingdom; and they evacuated all the fortreffes of which
they had for a long time had poftefiion. Thus the talk
of conqueft was to be performed over again ; and, in pro¬
portion to their Ioffes, the Scots feemed to be endued
with frefh obftinacy.

But it was not poftible for any circumftances of fuccefs-
ful revolt to deprefs the enterprifing fpirit of the king.
He aftembled a great fleet and army ; and, early in 1303,
entered the frontiers of Scotland with a force, which the
enemy could not think -of redding in the open field. The
fleet furnifhed the land army with all neceffary provifions ;
while thefe traverfed the kingdom from one end to the
other, ravaging the open country, taking all the Cadies,
and receiving the fubmiflions of the nobles and people as
they went forward. This conqueft employed Edward for
the fpace of two years; but lie feemed, by the feverity
of his conduct, to make the natives pay dear for the trou¬
ble to which they had put him. He abrogated ail the

2 Scottifh

E N G L A N D.

Scottifh laws and cuftoms ; he endeavoured to fubftitute
thofe of England in their place ; he raifed or deft royed all
their monuments of antiquity, and endeavoured to blot
out everrthe memory of their former independence and
freedom. There feemed to remain only one obftacle to
the final deftrubtion of the Scottifh monarchy; and that
was William Wallace, who (till continued refraftory, and,
wandering from one dreary mountain to another, ftill pre-
ferved his native independence and ufual good fortune.
But even all their feeble hopes from this lingular veteran
were foon difappointed ; he was betrayed into the king’s
hands by fir J-ohn Monteith, afalfe and treacherous friend,
whom he had made acquainted with the place of his con¬
cealment; and was furprifed and taken by him as he lay
afieep in the neighbourhood of Glafgow. The inexorable
king, determined to ftrike the Scots with an awful exam¬
ple of feverity, ordered him to be conducted in chains to
London, whither he was carried amidft infinite crowds of
fpedfators, who flocked to fee a man that had filled the
country with fo much alarm. On the day after his arri¬
val he was brought to trial as a traitor, at Weftminfter-
hall, where he was placed upon ar high chair, and invi-
dioufly crowned with laurel in derilion. Being accufed
of various imputed crimes, he pleaded not guilty, and
refilled to own the jurifdidtion of the court, affirming
that it was equally unjuft and abfurd to charge him with
treafon againft a prince whofe title he had never acknow¬
ledged ; and as he was born under the laws of another
country, it was cruel to try him by thofe to which he
was a ftranger. The judges difregarded his defence ; for
confidering Edward as the rightful fovereign of Scotland,
they found him guilty of high treafon, and condemned
him to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. This lentence
was executed with the mod rigorous feverity > and his
head and quarters were expofed in the chief cities of
England. Such was the wretched end of a brave man,
who had, through a courfe of many years, with fignal
pedeverance and magnanimity, defended his native coun¬
try againft an unjuft invader.

Robert Bruce was among thofe on whom the cruel fate
of Wallace had made the deepeft impreflion. This no¬
bleman, who was a competitor for the crown, and whofe
claims, though fet afide by Edward, were ftill fecretly
ptirfued, was now actually in the Englifh army. He never
■ was lincerely attached to the Englilh monarch, whom he
was in fome meafure compelled to follow ; and an inter¬
view with Wallace, fome time before that champion was
taken, confirmed him in his refolution to fet his country
free'. But as he was now grown old and infirm, he was
obliged to give up the flattering ambition of being the
deliverer-of his people, and to leave it in charge to his
fon, whofe name was Robert Bruce alfo, and who re¬
ceived his father’s injunction with ardour. This young
nobleman was brave, adtive, and prudent ; and a favour¬
able conjuncture of circumftances feemed to confpire with
its views. John Baliol, whom Edward had dethroned,
and banifhed into France, had lately died in that country ;
his eldeft fon continued a captive in the fame place ; fo
that there was none to difpute his pretentions, except
Comyn, who was regent of the kingdom; and he alfo
was foon after brought over to fecond his interefts. He
therefore folemnly refolved upon freeing his country from
the Englifh yoke ; and although he attended the court of
Edward, yet he began to make fecret preparations for his
intended revolt. Edward, who had been informed not
only of his intentions, but of his aCtual engagements,
contented himfelf with fetting (pies upon his conduit,
and ordered all his motions to be guarded, that he might
not efcape. Bruce was bufily employed in forwarding
his plans, unconfcious of being fufpeCted, or even of
having a watch fet upon his conduct ; but he was taught
to underhand his danger by a prefent fent him by a young
nobleman, of a pair of gilt fpurs, and a purfe of gold.
This he confidered as’ a warning to make his efcape,
which he did, by ordering his horfes to be fhod with their

59?

fhoes turned backwards, to prevent his being tracked in
the fnow which had juft fallen. He travelled front Lon¬
don to Lochmaben, which is near four hundred miles, in
feven days. Contyn, who had in the beginningconcurred
in his fchemes, was privately known to have communi¬
cated the whole to Edward ; and Bruce was refolved to
take vengeance upon hint for his perfidy. Hearing that
he was at Dumfries, he went thither; and meeting him in
the cloifters of a morfaftery belonging to the Grey Friars,
reproached him, in fevere terms, with his treachery ; and
drawing his fword, inftantly plunged it in his bread.
Bruce, by this aition, not only rendered himfelf the ob¬
ject of Edward’s refentment, but involved all his party
in the mifehief. They had now no refource left, but to
confirm, by defperate valour, what they had begun in
cruelty; and they foon expelled fuch of the Englilh forces
as had remained to guard the kingdom. Bruce was fo¬
lemnly crowned king of Scotland by the biftiop of St, An¬
drew’s, in the abbey of Scone ; and numbers flocked to
his ftandard, determined to fliare in his fortunes. Thus,
after twice conquering the kingdom, and as often pardon¬
ing the delinquents ; after having fpread his victories in
every part of the country, and received the mod humble
fubmifllons, king Edward faw that his whole work was
to begin afrefh, and that nothing but the final deftruction
of the inhabitants' could give him atfurance of tranquil¬
lity. But no difficulties could reprefs the apdour of this
monarch; who, though verging towards his decline, was
refojved to ftrike a deciftve blow, and make the Scots
once more tremble at his appearance. He vowed fignal
revenge againft the whole nation ; and averred, that no¬
thing but complete bondage ftiould fatisfy his refentment.
He fummoned the prelates, nobility, and all who held by
knight's fervice, to meet him at Carlifie, which was made
the general place of rendezvous; and he detached a body
of forces before him into Scotland, under the command of
Aymer de Valence, who began the threatened vengeance
by a complete vidtory over Bruce, near Methuen, in
Perthfhire. That heroic prince fought with great vigour
and obftinaev ; he was thrice difmounted from his horfe,
and as often recovered his place in the hotteft of the ac¬
tion ; at laft he was overwhelmed, and obliged to tak'e
fhelter, with a few followers, in the Weftern Ifles. The
earl of Athol, fir Simon Frafer, and fir Chriftopher Seton,
who had been taken prifoners, were executed as traitors
on the fpot. Edward himfelf now entered Scotland with
his army divided into two parts, when the fevereft punifh-
ments were expected to be infiiited on the poor defeated
Scots people. But the temper of Edward was never cruel
but from motives of political necefiity. His anger was
foon appeafed by their humiliation ; and he was afhamed
to extirpate thofe who only oppofed patience to his in¬
dignation. It was upon the confederated nobles of the
country that his anger fell. The filter of Bruce, and the
countefs of Buchan, were ftiut up in wooden cages, and
hung over the battlements ofafoftrefs ; and his two bro¬
thers fell by the hands of the executioner. The obftinacy
of Robert Bruce himfelf operated ftill to inflame the
king’s refentment. Fje continued to' excite freftt commo¬
tions in the Highlands ; and, though often overcome, per-
fifted in unfhaken oppofttion. Edward, irritated beyond
meafure, now refolved, at the head of a great army, again
to enter Scotland, to exterminate the whole race of infur-
gents, and to give no quarter. But Edward’s hidden
death put an end to thefe fearful denunciations. He iick-
ened at Carlifle, and died of a dyfentery in his tent about
five miles from that city, on the 5th of July, 1307 ; after
enjoining his fon, with. his laft breath, to profecute the
enterprife, and never to defift till he had finally fubdued
the Scottifh kingdom. Fie expired in the fixty ninth year
of his age and the thirty-fifth of his* reign, after having
added more to the folid interefts of the kingdom than
any of his predeceifors,; who had ever filled the throne
of England.

The character of Edward I. ftands high on the records

of

ENGLAND

5C,Q

of hiftory. He reftored permanent authority to the go-
veifn'ment, which had been difordered by the weaknefs
of his father; he maintained the laws a gain ft all the ef¬
forts of his turbulent barons ; he fully annexed to the
crown the principality of Wales ; he took the wifeft and
mod effectual meafures for reducing Scotland to a like
condition ; and though the equity of this latter enterpvife
may reafonably be queftioned, the circumftances of the
two kingdoms promifed fuch fnecefs, and the advantage
was fo vifible, of uniting the whole ifland undergone head,
that thofe who give great indulgence to reafons of date
in the meafures of princes, will not be apt to regard this
part of his conduct with much feverity. But Edward,
however exceptionable his character may appear on the
.head of juftice, is the model of a politic and warlike
king. He poflelfed indnfiry, penetration, courage, vi¬
gour, and enterprife. He was frugal in all expences that
were not neceftary ; he knew how to open the .public
treafureson proper occafions ; he punifhed criminals with
feverity ; he was gracious and affable to his iervant;v and
courtiers; and was as well qualified to captivate the po¬
pulace by his exterior demeanour, as to gain the appro¬
bation of men of fenfe by his more folid virtues. Me
poffeffed a very dignified appearance, tall in ifature ; re¬
gular and comely in his features ; with 'keen piercing eyes,
and of an afpedt that commanded refpeff and efieem. His
confutation vysV robuft; his ftrength and dexterity per¬
haps unequalled in his kingdom; and his fltape was per¬
fect in all other refpects except that of his legs, which
are faid to have been too long in proportion to his body,
whence he derived the epithet of Longjfranks . In mental
endowments he has been juftly celebrated. He was cool,
fagacious, and circumfpedl. The remoteft corners of the
earth refounded with the fame of his courage ; and all
over Europe he was confidered as the flower of chivalry.
Nor was he lefs confummate in his legiflative capacity,
than eminent for his protvefs. He may be (filed the Eng-
lifli Juftinian : for, befides the excellent ftatutes that were
enadted in his reign, he new-modelled the adminiftration
of juftice, fo as to render it more fare and fummary ; he
fixed proper bounds to the courts of jurifdidtion ; fettled
a new and eafy method of colledting the revenue, and
eflablifhed wife and effectual methods of preferving peace
and order among his fubjedts. Yet, with all thefe good
qualities, he cherifhed a dangerous ambition, to which he
did not fcruple to facrifice the good of his country, when¬
ever it (food in the way of his private views. Though
celebrated for his chaftity and regular deportment, there
is not, in the whole' cotirfe of his reign, one inftance on
record of his public liberality and munificence.

King Edward was firft married to the princefs Eleanor
of Caftille, by whom he had four fons and eleven daugh¬
ters. The three elded of thefe fons, John, Henry, and
Alphonfo, died unmarried, long before their father; the
younged, Edward, furvived, and fucceeded him. Four
of the daughters of this marriage, Eleanor, Joan of Acres,
Margaret, and Elizabeth, were married to the earls of Bar
and Gloucefter, the duke of Brabant, and earl of Hol¬
land; fix of them died in their infancy; one of them,
Mary, was a nun, and furvived her father. Edward’s (e-
cond queen was Margaret of France, by whom he had
two fons, Thomas' of Brotherton earl of Norfolk, and
Edmund of Woodftock earl of Kent, and one daughter,
Eleanor, who died in her infancy.

Edward II. was in the twenty-third year of his age
when he afeended the throne of his father. He was of an
agreeable figure, of a mild harmlefs difpofition, and ap¬
parently additted to few vices. But he foon gave fymp-
tonis of his unfitnefs to fucceed fo great a monarch as
Edward I. The young king appeared more fond of the
enjoyment of his power, than of the art of fecuring it ;
and, lulled by the flattery of his courtiers, he thought
he had done enough for glory, when he had put on the
crown. Inftead, therefore, of profecuting the war againft:
Scotland, according to the inj unctions laid upon him by

bis dying father, lie took no fteps to check the progrefs
of Robert Bruce ; his march into that country being ra¬
ther a proceflion of pageantry than a military expedition.
Bruce, no longer dreading the great conqueror by whom
he had been oppofed, boldly ilfued from his retreat, and
even obtained a confiderable advantage over Aymer de
Valence, who commanded the Englilh forces. Young
Edward looked tamely on, and, inftead of chaftifing the
enemy, endeavoured to come to an accommodation." The
Englifh barons, who had been kept in check daring the
preceding reign, now faw that the iceptre was fallen into
fuch feeble hands, that they might refume their forme?
power and independence.

To confirm the inaufpicious conje6tures already formed
of this reign; Edward recalled one of his favourites, who
had been baniflied by his father for corrupting the prince’s
morals. The name of this diffipated youth was Piers
Gaveftone, the fon of a Gal'con knight, who had been em¬
ployed in the fervice of the late king. This young man
was of an inlinuating exterior ; but was utterly deftitute of
thofe amiable qualities of heart and underftanding which
are calculated to procure efieem. Yet he was witty,
brave, and adlive; but then he was vicious, effeminate,
debauched,, and trifling. Thefe were qualities entirely
adapted to the tafte of the young monarch’s mind. He
therefore took Gaveftone into his particular favour, and
thought no rewards equal to his deferts. He endowed
him with the earldom of Cornwall, and married him to
his own niece, giving him the fum of thirty-two thoufand
pounds, which the late king had fnperffitioufly referved
for the maintenance of one. hundred and Forty knights,
who had undertaken to carry his heart to Jerufalem,
Thefe unbounded favours could not fail to excite the in¬
dignation of the barons ; and Gaveftone wa? no way foil-
Gitous to foften their refentment. Intoxicated with power,
he became haughty and extravagant. Whenever there
w^ts a difplay of pomp and magnificence, Gaveftone was
lure to eclipfe the Englifh nobility, not only by his fnpe-
rior fplendour, but by his fuperior infolence.

This prefumptuous favourite was appointed regent of
England, during a journey the king made to Paris, to
efpoufe the princefs lffibella, to whom he had been long
betrothed. The barons, extremely provoked at this ele¬
vation of the favourite, concerted meafures, previous to
the arrival of the princefs, who was imperious and in¬
triguing, to make her of their party, by atfedling to give
‘her a timely caution againft the intrigues of Gaveftone.
A confpiracy was foon formed againft him, at the head
of which queen Ifabella, and the earl of Lancafter, were
affociated. They reciprocally bound themfelves to expel
Gaveftone; and began to throw oft’ all reverence for the
royal authority, which they faw wholly ingroffed by this
overgrown favourite. At length, the king found himfelf
obliged to fubmit to their united clamour; and he re¬
moved Gaveftone, by appointing him lord-lieutenant of
Ireland. But his ab fence was of very Jhort duration ; for
the weak monarch, long habituated to his company, could
not live w ithout him ; and having obtained a difpenfation
from the pope for his breach of faith, he once more re¬
called Gaveftone, and even went down to 'Chaffer to meet
him on his firft landing. A parliament was affembled,
wherein the king had influence fufficien't to have his late
conduit approved; but this ferved only to increafe his
ridiculous attachment, and to render Gaveftone (till more
odious. It was eafy to perceive that a combination of
the nobles, while the queen fecretly affifted their defigns,
would be too powerful' for the efforts of a weak king and
a vain courtier. They were bent upon the fall of Gave¬
ftone, even though that of Edward himfelf ftiould be in¬
volved in the fame ruin. They foon, therefore, affem-
bled, in a tumultuary parliament, contrary to the king’s
exprefs command, attended with a numerous retinue' of
•armed followers ; and begun a barefaced ufurpation, by
giving laws to the king. They compelled him, March 16,
1308, to lign a eommiffion, by which the whole authority

of

ENGLAND-.

5<)3

of i lie government was to be delegated to twelve perfons,
to be chofen by themfelvea. Thefe wer.e to ihave the
management of the kingdom, and the regulation of the
king’s houfebold. They were to enaCt ordinances for
the good of the (fate, and the honour of the king; their
commiffion was to continue for fix months; and then they
were to lay down their authority. Many "of their ordi¬
nances were accordingly put in force ; and fome of them
appeared for the advantage of the nation : fuch as the re¬
quiring that the (bend's fhould be men of property ; the
prohibiting the adulteration of the coin ; the excluding
foreigners from farming the revenues ; and the. revoking
all the late exorbitant grants of the crown. All thefe
the king, who faw himfelf entirely (tripped of his power,
could very patiently fubmit to ; but when he found that
Gavefione was to be banifhed for ever from his dominions,
he was no longer mafter of his temper; but removing to
York, where he was at a diftance from the immediate
terror of the confederated power, he inftantly invited
Gavefione back from Flanders, whither the barons had
banifhed him; and declaring his punifhment and fentence
to be illegal, he openly reinftated him, in 1312, in all bis
former authorities. This was fufficient to fpread an alarm
over the whole kingdom ; the barons flew to arms ; the
earl of Lancafter put himfelf at the head of this irrefiftible
confederacy; Guy earl of Warwick entered into it with
anxious zeal ; the earl of Hereford, the earl of Pembroke,
and earl Warenne, (ill embraced the fame caufe ; whilft
the archbifhop of Canterbury brought over the majority
of the ccclefiaftics, and confequently of the people. The
fu pine and miferable Edward, iuflead of attempting re¬
finance, fought only for fafety: happy in the exclufive
fociety of his favourite, he embarked at Teignmouth,
and failed with him to the cable of Scarborough, where
lie left Gavefione, as in a place of fafety ; and then went
back to York, either to raife an army, or to allay the ani-
molity of Ids barons. In the mean time, Gaveftone was
befieged in Scarborough by the earl of Pembroke ; and
being unable to nuke reliftance, he took the earlieft op¬
portunity to offer terms of capitulation. He ftipulated,
that he fhould remain in Pembroke’s bands, as a prifoner,
for two months ; and that endeavours fhould be ufed, in
the mean time, for a general accommodation. But Pem¬
broke had no intention that he fhould efcape fo eafily :
th.e 9iher leading barons were confulted; when, without
hefltation or trial, the unfortunate favourite’s head was
fevered from his body, to the difgrace of humanity, and
in violation of the eftablifbed laws.

The king, at firlt, feemed to feel all the refentment
which fo fenfible an injury ought to have produced ; but,
equally weak in his attachment and in his revenge, he was
foon appeafed, and granted the murderers a free pardon,
upon their making a fbow of fubmifiion and repentance.
An apparent tranquillity was for a time eftablifbedamong
the contending parties; and that refentment which they
had exercifed upon each other, was now turned againft
the Scots, who were confideredas the common enemy. A
war had been declared fome time before with this nation,
in order to recover that fovereignty over them which had
been eftablifhed in the former reign, and a truce was con¬
cluded ; but the terms of it being ill obferved on both
Tides, the animofities were kindled afrefh, and the whole
military force of England was called out by the king,
and feconded by the barons ; together with very large re¬
inforcements from the continent, and other parts of the
Englifh dominions. Edward’s army amounted to a hun¬
dred thoufand men ; while Bruce, king of Scotland, could
bring only thirty thoufand to oppofe him. Both armies
met at Bannockburn, within two miles of Stirling ; the
one confident in numbers, the other relying wholly on
their advantageous pofition. Bruce had a hill on his
right flank, and a bog on his left; with a rivulet in front,
on the banks of which he had caufed feveral deep pits to
be dug, with pointed flakes driven into them, and the
whole Carefully concealed from the view of the enemy.
Vol. VI. No. 375. .

The attack was made by the Englifh ; and a furious en¬
gagement enfued between the cavalry on both Tides. Tim
fortune and intrepidity of Bruce gave the fir ft turn to ‘he
day. He engaged in Angle combat with Henry de Bohan,
of the lioufe of Hereford > and at one flroke cb ve his fkuii
with his battle-axe. So favourable a beginning was only
interrupted by the flight; for the battle renewing at the
dawn of the enfuing day, the Englifh cavalry once more
attempted to attack the Scottifh armv, but unexpectedly
found themfelves entangled among thefe pits which Bruce
had previoufly dug for them. The earl of Gloucefter,
the king’s nephew, was overthrown and (lain, which
ferved to intimidate the Engli Ih army ; but they were
much more alarmed by the appearance of a frefh army,
as they fuppofed it to be, that was preparing, from a
neighbouring height, to fall uron their rear. This was
only compofed of waggoners and attendants upon the
Scottifh camp, who had been fupplied'by the king with
ftandards, and ordered to make as formidable a fh’ow as
they poflibly could. The ftratagenr fucceeded; the Eng¬
lifh, intimidated by their Ioffes, and diftraCted by their
fears, began to fly on all Tides ; and, throwing away their
arms, were purfued with great (laughter as far as Ber¬
wick. Edward himfelf narrowly efcaped by flight to
Dunbar, where lie was received by the earl of Marche,
and thence conveyed by Tea to Berwick. This battle was
decilive in favour of Scotland. It fecured tire independ¬
ence of the crown of that kingdom ; and fuch was the
influence of this defeat upon, the auinds of the Englifh,
that for fome time after no fuperiority of numbers could
induce them to keep the field againft their formidable
adverfaries.

Want of fuccefs is ufually attended with want of au¬
thority. The king having fuffered not only a defeat from
the Scots, but alfo having been diftraCted byinfurrec-
tions among theWelfh and Irifli, yet found his greatefl
affliction in the turbulence and infolence of his fubj cts
at home. The barons, ever refraCtory, now took the ad¬
vantage of his feeble fituation to deprefs his power, and
re-eftablifh their own. The earl of Lancafter and thofe
of his party, A. D. 1314, no fooner faw the unfortunate
monarch return in difgrace, than they renewed their de¬
mands, and were reinftated in their former power of go¬
verning the kingdom. It was declared, that all offices
fhould be filled from time to time by the votes of pa.; la¬
ment,- which as they were influenced by the great barons,
thefe effectually took all government into their own
hands. Thus, from every new calamity, the date fuf-
fered ; the barons acquired new power ; and their aims
were not fo much to reprefs the enemies of their coun¬
try, as to foment new animofities, by which they might
(Lengthen their own hands.

The king, finding himfelf thus counteracted and cut
off from all refources, had recourfe to another favourite,
on whom lie repofed the utmoft confidence, and from
vvhofe connections he hoped for afliftance. This was
Hugh De Spenfer, a young man of noble Englifh .family,
and engaging accomplifhments. His father was a perfon
of eftimable character, venerable from his years, and re-
fpeCted for his wifdom, valour, and integrity. But thefe
excellent qualities were all vilified, front the moment he
and his. Ton began to (hare the king’s favour. The tur¬
bulent barons, with Lancafter -at their head, regarded
them as rivals, and taught the people to defpife thofe
accomplifhments that only ferved to eclipfe their own.
The king equally weak in his attachments, inftead of pro¬
fiting by the wifdom of the father, endeavoured only to
(Lengthen himfelf by their power. For this purpofe he
married the young Spenfer to his niece ; he fettled upon
him fome large pofleffions in Wales; and even difpof-
felfed fome lords unjuftly of their eftates, in order to ac-
cuniulate them upon his favourite. This was a pretext
the king’s enemies wifhed fore the earls of Lancafter and
Hereford flew to arms; and the lords Audley and Am-
mori, who had been difpoflSfffed, joined them with all
7 M Uietr

594 ENGLAND.

their forces. Their firfl meafure was to require the king
to difmifs his favourite, the young Spenfer ; menacing
him, in cafe of a ffefufal, with a determination to obtain
by force what fhould be denied to their importunities.
To thow tbemfelves in earned, they began by pillaging
the lands of young Spenfer, and burning his houfes. The
eftates of the father foon‘ (hared the fame fate ; and the
infurgents having thus wreaked their vengeance, marched
to London, to iriflift a fimilar punifhment on their adver-
faries. Finding a free entrance into the city, they fo in¬
timidated the parliament that was then fitting, that a fen-
tence was procured of perpetual exile againft: the two
Spenfers, and a forfeiture of their fortune and eftates.
But an aft of this kind, extorted by violence, was not
likely to bind the king any longer than neccfiity compel¬
led him. Some time after, having aflembled a fmall army
to punifh one of the barons, who had offered an indignity
to the queen, lie thought it a convenient opportunity to
take revenge on all his enemies at once, and to recall the
two Spenfers, who had been fo unjuftly expelled their
native country. In this manner the civil war was kindled
afrefh, and the kingdom involved in all the horrors of
daughter and devaluation.

Edward had now got the ftart of his adverfaries, and
haftened, by forced marches, towards the borders of
Wales, where the enemy’s chief power lay. Lar, carter,
however, was not flew in making head againfl: him : he
fummoned together all his vaflals and retainers, and was
quickly joined by the earl of Hereford. Still farther to
ftrengthen his party, he formed an alliance with the king
of Scotland, with whom he had long been privately con-
nefted. But his diligence proved ineffeftual ; the king,
at the head of thirty thoufand men, prerted him fo clol'e-
ly, that he had not time to colleft his forces together;
and, flying from one place to another, he was at laft at¬
tacked in his way to Scotland by fir Andrew Harcla, who
repulfed his forces in a fkirmifii, in which the earl of
Hereford was (lain, and Lancafter himfelf taken prifoner.
As he had formerly fhewn fo little mercy to Gaveftone,
the fame meafure of punifhment was meted to him. He
was condemned by the court-martial ; and led, mounted
on a lean horfe, to an eminence near Pomfret, in circum-
ftances of the greateft indignity, where he was beheaded.
The people, with whom he had juft before been a favou¬
rite, feemed to have quite forfaken him in his difgracC ;
they reviled him, as he was parted along to execution,
with every kind of opprobrious language. About eigh¬
teen more of the principal infurgents were afterwards
condemned and executed in a more legal manner, while
others confulted their fafety by efcaping to the continent.
This feverity only ferved to increafe the pride and rapa¬
city of young Spenfer ; mod of the forfeitures were feized
for his ufe ; and, in his promptitude to punirti the delin¬
quents, he was guilty of many afts of rapine and injuftice.
Thus he laid the train for his own future misfortunes.

The king of France, A. D. 1324, taking advantage of
Edward’s imbecility, refolved to confifcate all his foreign
dominions. After a fruitlefs embafty from Edward, the
queen of England defired to negotiate the bufinefs with
her brother Charles the Fair, then king of France, in or¬
der to avert the ftorm. The French king, though he
gave his fiflex the kindeft reception, was refolved to liften
to no accommodation, unlefs Edward in perfon fhould
appear, and do him feudal homage for the dominions he
held under him. This was confidered as a very dange¬
rous ftep ; and what the king of England fhould not think
of complying with. In this exigence the queen ftarted a
new expedient, which feemed calculated to get rid of all
difficulties. It was, that Edward fhould refign the domi¬
nion of Guienne to his fon, then about thirteen years of
of age ; and that the young prince fhould go with the
queen to Paris, to pay that homage which had been re¬
quired of the father. With this propofal all parties ac-
quiefeed ; young Edward was lent to Paris; and the
queen, a haughty and imperious woman, having thus got

her fon in her power, was refolved to detain him abroad
till her own defires were complied with. The principal
of thefe was the expulfion of the Spenfers, againft whom (he
had conceived a raofl implacable hatred. In confequence
of this refolution, the protrafted the negociation at her
brother’s court for fome time ; and, being at laft required
by the king to return, fhe replied that (he would never
again appear in England till Spenfer was removed from
the royal prefence, and banifhed the kingdom. By this
reply fhe gained two points fhe became popular in Eng¬
land where Spenfer was defpifed ; and (he could indulge
in the fociety of a young nobleman, whofe name was
Mortimer, upon whom fhe had caft her affeftions. This
yputh had, in fome former infurreftion, been condemned
for high treafon, but bad the fentence commuted into
perpetual imprifonment in the Tower. From thence he
had the good fortune to efcape to France, and foon be¬
came diftinguifhed for his violent antipathy to Spenfer.
The graces of his perfon, and his abhorrence of the fa¬
vourite, rendered him very acceptable to the queen; fo
that, from being a partizan, lie became a lover, and in¬
dulged in all the voluptuous pleafures her criminal paf-
fion could confer. The queen’s court in Guienne became
a fanftuary for all the malcontents who were banifhed
their country ; a correfpondence was fecretly carried on
with the difeontented at home ; and a combination form¬
ed to deftroy the favourites, and dethrone the king.

To fecond the queen’s efforts, many of the principal
nobles prepared their vaflals, and openly declared againft
the favourite. The king’s brother, the earl of Kent,
joined the party ; the eaT of Norfolk was prevailed upon
to enter fecretly into the confpiracy ; the brother and
heir to the earl of Lancafter was from principle attached
to the caufe; the archbilhop of Canterbury expreti'ed his
approbation of the queen’s meafures; and the minds of
the people were inflamed by all thofe arts which the de-
figning and vindiftive praftife upon the weak and igno¬
rant. In this univerfal defeftion, the queen prepared
for her return to England ; and, accompanied by three
thoufand men at arms, fet out from Dort harbour, and
landed, without oppofition, on the coaft of Suffolk, Sep¬
tember 24, 1326. She no fooner appeared, than a gene¬
ral revolt in her favour took place ; three prelates, the
bifhops of Ely, Lincoln, and Hereford, brought in all
their vaflals ; and Robert de Watteville, who bad been
detached to oppofe her progrefs, went over to her with
all his forces. In this exigence the unfortunate Edward
vainly attempted to colleft his friends; he was obliged
to quit the capital for fafety ; and the populace, imme¬
diately on his flight, broke out into thofe violent ex-
cefles which are the fure confequence of unreftrained
liberty and licentioufnefs. They feized the biftiop of
Exeter, as he was palling through the city, beheaded
him without any form of trial, and threw his body into
the Thames. They feized upon the Tower, and (hewed
mercy to none who ventured to oppofe them : all govern¬
ment was difl'olved, the courts of juftice (hut, and a mob
called the riflers , plundered and murdered with impunity.
The affrighted king found the fpirit of revolt not con¬
fined to the capital alone, but diffufed over the whole
kingdom. He had placed fome hopes upon the garrifon
which was ftationed in the caftle of Briftol, under the
command of the elder Spenfer ; but they mutinied againft
their governor, and that unfortunate nobleman was con¬
demned by the tumultuous barons to the mod ignomi¬
nious death. He was hanged on a gibbet in his armour,
his body was cut to pieces and thrown to the dogs, and
his head was fent to be expofed at Winchefter, where it
was fet on a pole. Thus fell the elder favourite, in his
ninetieth year ; yet his clrarafter, even the malevolence
of party could not tarnifh. He had parted a youth of
tranquillity and unfulbed reputation; but his unfortu¬
nate conneftion with an ill-condufted government, in¬
volved his age in ruin. Young Spenfer, the ill-fated fon,
did not long furvive the father; he was taken in an ob~
z feu re

E N G I

fcure convent in Wales; and the mercilefs viftors re-
folved to glut their revenge by adding infult to cruelty.
The queen, callous to every feeling of humanity, waited
not the formality of a trial; but ordered the wretched
viftim to be led forth, that (he might fead her eyes, with
favage pleafure in beholding his diftrefs. The gibbet
erefted for his execution was fifty feet high ; his head
was fent to London, where the citizens carried it in bru¬
tal triumph, and fixed it on the bridge.

In the mean time, the perfecuted king, who hoped. to
find refuge in Wales, was clofely p'urfued by his trium¬
phant enemies. Finding no hopes of fuccour in that part
of the country, he took (hipping for Ireland; but even
there his misfortunes purfued him : he was driven back
by contrary winds, and eventually delivered up to his ad-
verfaries, who exprefled their brutal rage by the groff-
ne/s of their treatment. He was conduced to the capi¬
tal, amidd the infults and reproaches of the people, and
confined in the Tower. A charge fulminated by the
queen and Mortimer was exhibited againd him; in which
no other crimes but his incapacity to govern, his indo¬
lence, his love of pleafure, and his being fwayed by evil
counfellors, were objefted againd him. He was depofed
January 20, 1327; a penfion was alligned him for his fup-
port ; his fon Edward, then about fourteen, was declared
his fuccelTor, and the queen was appointed regent during
the minority.

The depofed monarch but a fhort time furvived this
degradation ; he was fent from prifon to prifon, a wretch¬
ed outcad, and the fport of fortune. He had been at fird
conligned to the cudody of the earl of Lancader; but
this nobleman, betraying forne marks of refpeftand pity,
he was taken out of his hands, and delivered over to the
lords Berkeley, Montravers, and Gournay, who were en-
trufled with the charge of guarding him a month each in
turn. Whatever his treatment from lord Berkeley might
have been, the other two feemed refolved that lie ffiould
enjoy none of the comforts of life while in their cudody.
They pradtifed every kind of indignity upon him, as if
their defign had been to accelerate his death by the bit-
ternefs ot his fufferings. Thefe cruelties began at length
\o operate upon the minds of the people, whofe rage was
foftened, and pity for their perfecuted fovereign excited
in proportion as the adulterous connection between the
queen and Mortimer came into view. The queen, there¬
fore, dreading a revolution in his favour, fent orders t,o
Gournay and Montravers to difpatclr him at once. Thefe
monfters, in the Ihape of men, accordingly went to Berke¬
ley cattle, where Edward was confined ; and, having con¬
certed a method of putting him to death without any ex¬
ternal figns of violence, they threw him on a bed, hold¬
ing him down by a table, which they placed over him.
T hey then ran a red-hot iron through a tube of horn up
his fundament, and thus burnt his bowels, without dif-
figuring his body. By this cruel artifice they expended
their crime would be concealed ; but his dreadful fhrieks,
which were heard at a didance from the caftle, loan gave
a fufpicion of the murder ; and the whole was brought
to light by the confeflion of one of the accomplices.
Thus miferably perilhed the unthinking, dethroned, per¬
fecuted, king of England, on the 21ft of Sept. 1327.

Edward II. furnamed of Caernarvon, is faid to have
borne a great refembance to his illuftrious father in the
ftature, (frength, and beauty, of his perfion ; but unhap¬
pily the refemblance was not fo great in the qualities of
the mind. Though not remarkably deficient in perfonal
courage; he had no talents for war ; nor was he better
qualified for the condudl of political intrigues, being
paffionate, incautious, and irrefolute. He was guilty of
many follies, but of few vices ; and fpent his time rather
in frivolity, than in criminal indulgences. But the mod
ftriking feature in this prince’s character, was his un¬
bounded and inviolable attachment to his favourites,
Gavefione and Spenler. This was the only real caufe of

AND. 5.95

all the calamities of his reign, the miferies of his life, and
the violence of his death. Edward had, by his queen
Ifabella of France, two fons and two daughters, viz. Ed¬
ward, his elded fon and fuccedor, born at Windfor, No¬
vember 13, 1312; John, his younged fon, born at El-
tham, Augitd 1, 1316, and died at Perth, unmarried, in
1334; his elded daughter Jane, born in the Tower of
London, and married td David Bruce king of Scotland ;
and Eleanor, born at Wooddock, and married to the duke
of Guilders.

When Edward III. was raifed to the throne of England,
Jan. 13, 1327. twelve perfons were chofen as his privy-
council, to diredt the affairs of government. Mortimer,
the queen’s paramour, declined being of the number, un¬
der a pretended (how of difinreredednefs ; but at the fame
time he fecretly influenced all the meafures of the cabi¬
net. He procured the greated part of the royal revenues
to be fettled on the queen-dowager, and difdained to con-
fult the miniders of government in any public meafure.
The young king was fo furrounded by the favourite’s
creatures, that no accefs could be had to him, and the
whole fovereign authority was engroffed by Mortimer and
the queen, with a view to give permanence to her crimi¬
nal attachment. But the flighted (hock was diffident to
overturn a government formed on the ruins of virtue and
honour. An irruption of the. Scots gave the fird blow to
Mortimer’s credit ; and young Edward’s own abilities
contributed to his fall. The Scots, who had no connec¬
tion with either party, were fedulous to take advantage
of the feeble date of the nation ; and therefore invaded the
northern counties with an army of twenty thoufand men.
Edward, even at this early age, difcovered that martial
difpofition, for which he was afterwards fo famous. He
refolved to intercept them in their retreat ; and began
his march in the middle of July, 1327, at the head of an
army of fixty thoufand men ; but, after fudaining incre¬
dible fatigues in purfuing them through woods and mo-
raffes, he was unable either to come up with or even dif-
cover the route of the enemy, except from the ravages
they had made, and the fmoking ruins of villages, which
travelled before them. The rapid motion of this detach¬
ment of the Scots army, arofe from their being mounted
on horfeback. At length the perfevering Edward came
up with them, pofled in an advantageous fituation, on
the oppofite banks of the Were.

It was on this occafion that the refentment of the young
king was publicly manifeded againd Mortimer. Edward,
eager and anxious to engage, refolved that night, at all
events, not to allow the ravagers to efcape with impu¬
nity ; but Mortimer oppofed the will of the king, and
prevented an engagement, fearing it might prove dedruc-
tive to his intereds, whether the battle were won or lofl.
Shortly after, a chofen band of intrepid Scots, under the
command of Douglas, dole into the Englifli camp by
night, and arrived at the tent in which the king was deep¬
ing. But the young monarch happened to be awakened
by the noife, and made a valiant defence ; his chamber-
lain and chaplain, were killed fighting by his fide ; and
he thus had time given him to efcape in the dark. The
Scots, thus frudrated in their defign upon the king, fled
into their own country, leaving their tents handing, with¬
out a perfon with them, except fix Englifh prifoners,
whofe legs had been broken, to prevent their carrying
intelligence to their countrymen. The valour of the
young king was every where applauded ; and the people
began anxioufly to wifli for a removal of that authority
which fiood between them and the monarch; and fpared
no pains to magnify the ffiamelefs condudt of the queen-
dowager and her paramour, or to extol the rifing genius
of their young fovereign.

Mortimer now began to find himfelf in a very preca¬
rious fituation ; and refolved to procure a peace with
Scotland, in order to concentrate his power at home, A
treaty was accordingly concluded between the two na¬
tions 3

*

5Q6 ENG]

tions, in which the government, for the lucre of gain,
renounced all further title to the fovereignty over the
filler kingdom ; and the Scots, in return, agreed to pay
thirty thoufand marks as a compenfation. The next
wretched Hep that Mortimer thought neceffary for his
fecurity, was to feize the inoffenfive earl of Kerrt, bro¬
ther to the late king ; who, under a perfuafion that his
brother was dill alive, and concealed in fome fecret pri-
fon, entered into a defign of reftoring him to liberty, and
of re-inftating.him in his former power. Him, therefore,
Mortimer refolvcd to deftroy ; and had him accufed, con¬
demned, and executed, even before the young king had
time to interpofe in his behalf. In proportion too as
Mortimer got rid of his enemies, he was careful to enrich
himfelf with their fpoils. The eftate of the unfortunate
earl was feized upon for the ufe of the favourite’s youngell
fon ; and the immenfe fortunes of the Spenfers were in
like manner converted to his own ufe.

In this /late of public affairs, Edward refolved to (hake
off that authority which had long become derogatory to
the nation, and a fcandal to himfelf. But fuch was the
power of the favourite, that it required as much precau¬
tion to overturn the ufurper as to eftablilli the throne.
The queen and Mortimer had for fome time chofen the
caftle of Nottingham for the place of their voluptuous
embraces : it was ftriftly guarded, the gates locked every
evening, and the keys laid under the queen’s pillow. It
was therefore agreed between the king, and fome of his
barons, who fecretly entered into his'deligns, to feize
upon them in this fortrefs; and, for that purpofe, fir
William Eland, the governor, was induced to admit them
by a fub terraneous way, which bad been formerly con¬
trived for a fecret outlet. By this paflage the noblemen
in the king’s interefts entered the caftle in the night ;
and Mortimer, without having it in his power to make
the fmalleft refiftance, was feized and fecured. It was in
vain that the queen endeavoured to protect him ; in vain
fhe implored the king to fpare her “ gentle Mortimer.”
Deaf to her entreaties, the barons and the parliament
proceeded to his condemnation. He was hanged on a
gibbet at Elmes, near London, November 29, 1330, and
his body was exhibited to the people for two days after.
A fimilar fentence was meditated againft Gournay and
Montravers, the murderers of the late king; but they
contrived to elude puniftiment, by efcaping to the conti¬
nent. The queen, who, was by far the moft culpable,
was Aiiclded by the dignity of her fituation ; fhe was,
however, deprived of all lliare of power, and confined for
life to t he caftle of Rifings, with a penfion of three thou¬
fand pounds a-year. From this confinement fhe was never
fet free; and, though the king annually paid her a vifit
of filial ceremony, yet fhe found herfelf abandoned to
univerfal contempt and aeteftation ; and continued, for
above twenty-five years after, a miferable monument of
blafted virtue.

Edward, thus freed from the controul of a bafe and un¬
natural confederacy, refolved to make himfelf popular
by an expedient, which feldom failed to fecure the affec¬
tions of the Englifti. He knew that a conquering’ mo¬
narch was the fitted to pleafe a warlike people. The
weaknefs of the Scottilli government, which was at that
time under a minority, gave him a favourable opportu¬
nity of renewing hoftilities ; and the turbulent fpirit of
the nobles of that country contributed to promote his
views. Edward Baliol, whofe father John had been
crowned king of Scotland, alfo now laid claim to the
crown ; and Edward refolved to fupport his pretenfions.
He therefore gave him permiffion to levy what forces he
was able in England ; and, with not above three thou¬
fand adventurers thus fortuitoufty united, Baliol gained
a conliderable victory over his countrymen, in which
twelve thoufand of them were (lain. This victory, which
was followed by fome others, fo intimidated the Scots,
that Baliol found no difficulty in getting himfelf crowned
king at Scone ; and all this difaffecled and conquered dif.

.AND.

trift fubmitted to his authority. But he did not long
enjoy his fuperiority ; he was unexpedtedly attacked and
defeated by fir Archibald Douglas, and obliged to take
. refuge in England. The bad fuccefs of Baliol only ferved
to inflame the ardour of Edward; and he now claimed
fealty and homage from Baliol, for the-kingdom of Scot¬
land. This the fugitive king complied with ; and Ed¬
ward forthwith prepared, with all his forces, to re-inftate
Baliol in the fovereignty of that government, which he
fondly hoped would ever after be fubordinate to his own.
He immediately laid liege to Berwick, which capitulated
after a vigorous defence. In attempting to relieve this
city, a general engagement enfued between the Scots and
the Engl illi, at Halidown-hill, near Berwick, on the 1.9th
July, 1333. The fortune of Edward prevailed. Doug¬
las, the Scottilli general was flain, and t he whole army
put to the rout. This victory was in a great meafure
obtained by the expertnefs of the Englifli archers. Al-
moft all the Scottiih nobles in the interdft of Bruce were
either killed or taken; near thirty thoufand of their men
fell in the action, while the lofs of the Englifti is faid to
have only amounted to fifteen men ; an inequality incre¬
dible. This victory decided the fate of Scotland; Ba¬
liol was put in pofteffion of the country ; and Edward
retained many of the principal towns in Scotland, which
were declared to be annexed to the Englifti ‘monarchv.
Tliefe victories, however, were more fplendid than ad¬
vantageous; for, the Scots having conceived an infur-
mountable averfion to the Englilli government, Edward’s
forces were no fooner withdrawn, than they revolted
againft -Baliol, and determined to expel him fhe king¬
dom. Edward’s appearance a fecond- time brought them
to fubjeclion ; but they quickly renewed their animolities
upon his retiring. It was in vain that lie employed the
arts of diffimulation, and the terrors of war, to induce
them to fubmiffion ; this invincible people ftill perlifted
in their obftinacy, which was kept alive by promifes of
fuccour from France.

That kingdom, which had fora long time difeontinued
its animolities againft England, began to be an objedb of
Eldvvard’s ambition. A new feene began to be opened in
France, pregnant with mifehief and misfortune ; and the
king ffiared in tiie general calamity. The three Tons of
Philip the Fair accufed their wives before the parlia¬
ment of adultery; and, in confequence of this accufation
being fubftantiated, they were condemned and imprifoned
for life. Lewis Hutin, his fucceflor, alfo caufed his wife
to be .ftrangled, and her paramours to be flayed alive.
After bis death, as he left only a daughter, his next bro¬
ther, Philip the Tall, aflumed the crown in prejudice of
the daughter; and vindicated his title by the Salic law,
which enadted, that no female (hould fucceed to the
crown. This law, however, was not univerfally acknow¬
ledged, nor fufficiently confirmed by precedents, to de¬
cide the fadt. Charles the F'air, therefore, jealous of his
elder brother’s aggrandifement, oppofed his pretenfions,
and aflerted the claim of the late king’s daughter. The
caufe, thus warmly contefted between the two brothers,
was at laft carried before the parliament of France; and
they decided, upon the Salic law, in favour ‘of Philip the
elder. This monarch enjoyed the crown but a ftiort
time ; and dying, left only daughters to fucceed him .
Charles, therefore, without a male opponent, feized up¬
on the crown, and enjoyed it for fome time ; but he alfo
dying, left his wife pregnant. As there was now no ap¬
parent heir, the regency was contefted by tvvo illuftrious
perfons, who laid claim to the fovereignty upon this oc-
cafion. Edward the Third of England urged his preten¬
fions, as being by his mother Ifabella, who was daughter
to Philip the Fair, and filler to the three laft kings of
France, rightful heir to the crown. Philip Valois, on
the other hand, put himfelf in attual polfeflion of the
government, as being next of kin by the male fucceflion.
He was, for this reafon, conftituted regent of France;
and the queen-ejowager being unfortunately, fome time
1 after.

Edward HL.

rt.p th n Act ■/if-rf/j- J. 5

Putj/i.vhd

„ "

■4

J*.

ENG

sifter, brought to bed of a daughter, lie was unanimoufly
elefted king. Being crowned amidft the congratulations
of his fubjefts, he received the appellation' of Philip the
Fortunate.

A brewer of Ghent in the m'ean while perfuaded Ed¬
ward to alfuine rite title of king of France. This citi¬
zen’s name was James Arteveld,1 a man grown too rich
and powerful for a fubjeft; an'd one of thoTe whom, ac¬
cording to Machiavel, kings ought to flatter or deftroy.
With the nfliftance of this man, therefore, Edward re-
' folved to undertake the conqueft of France. He firft,
however, confulted his parliament on the propriety of
the undertaking, obtained their approbation, received
adequate fupplies, and with a gallant army, July 16, i 338,
he failed over to Flanders. Edward’s firft ftep was -to af-
fert his claim to the French crown; to affume the title
of king of the country, and brand Philip, his rival, with
the title of ufurper. Philip, on the other hand, made vigo¬
rous preparations to oppofe him ; he even challenged the
invader to try their fortune in Angle combat, upon equal
terms, in fome appointed plain. Edward accepted the
challenge ; but various obftacles prevented its taking
place.

The firft fignal advantage gained by the Englifh, was in
a, naval engagement on the coaftof Flanders, in which the
French loft two hundred and thirty (hips, and had thirty
thoufand feanien, and two of their admirals, (lain. None
of Philip’s courtiers, it is faid, dared to inform him of the
event, till his jefter gave him a hint, by w hi eft he dif-
covered the lofs he had fuftained. This victory brought
on a truce, which neither fide feemed willing to break,
till the ambition of -Edward was' once more excited b-y
the invitation of the count de Montfort, w ho had polfef-
fed himfelf of the province of Bretagne, and applied to
Edward to fecond his claim. This entirely coincided
with Edward’s mod fanguine defires, fince it promifed to
open to him' an entrance into the heart of France.. Thefe
flattering profpe&s, however, were for a while clouded,
by the imprifonment of Montfort, who was foon after
befieged in the city of Nantes, and taken. But Jane of
Flanders, his wife, more than made up for the lofs of her
hulband. This lady, the mod extraordinary woman of her
age, courageoufly undertook to fu p port the falling for¬
tunes of her family. She aflembled the inhabitants of
Rennes; and, carrying her infant fon in her arms, de¬
plored her misfortunes, and called loudly upon the citi¬
zens to efpoufe her caufe. The inhabitants of Nantes,
and of all the fortreffes of Bretagne, embraced the fame
refolution ; and the king of England, apprifed of her ef¬
forts, anxioufly forwarded fuccours to the town of Hen-
nebonne, in w hich place flie refolved to fttllain the at¬
tacks of the enemy. Charles de Blois, Philip’s general,
eager to make himfelf mafter of fo important a fortrefs,
and dill more to take the countefs prifoner, fat down be¬
fore the caftle with a large army, and conducted the fiege
with indefatigable labour. The defence was no lefs re-
folute : feveral fallies were made by the garrifon, in which
the countefs herfelf was alw'ays mod forward, and led on
to the affault. Obferving one day that the whole army
of the enemy had quitted the camp to join in a. general
fform, flie {'allied out by a poftern-gate, at the head of
three hundred hotfe, fet fire to their tents and baggage,
put the futlers to the fword, and occafioned fuch an alarm,
that the French army defifted from the affault, in order
to cut off her retreat to the town. Thus intercepted,
{lie retired to Auray, where die continued' for five or fix
days; then, returning at the head of five hundred horfe,
file fought her way through the French camp, and re¬
turned to her faithful citizens in triumph. But mere
unfupported valour could not long withftand the impref-
fions of an adtive and vigorous enemy. The befiegers
had made feveral breaches in the walls; ’and a capitula¬
tion was fet'on foot, when the countefs, who had mounted
on a high tower, and was looking towards the fea, de-
i'cried fome {hips at a diftance. She immediately ex-

Vol. VI. No. 375.

j A N D. - 5Q7

claimed that fuccours were at hand, and forbade any fur¬
ther capitulation. She was not difappointed in her ex-
peibations ; the fleet file deferied was from England, with
fix thoufand archers, whom Edward had fent for the re¬
lief of Hennebonne, but who had. long been detained by
contrary winds. They entered the harbour, under the con¬
duct of fir Walter Manny, a moll valiant commander, who
kept up the drooping fpirits of the Bretons, until thl\ time
appointed by the late truce with Edward was expired,
when lie would be at liberty to renew the war in perfon.

The king of England, therefore, failed from Sandwich
on the -5th of October 1342, and landed at Morbian, near
Vannes, with an army of twelve thoufand men ; and being
mafter of the field, where no enemy dared to appear
againft him, he endeavoured to give luftre to his arms,
by befieging fome of the moft capital of the enemies’ forti¬
fications. The vigour of his operations led to another
truce ; and this was loon after followed by a frefti infrac¬
tion. The truth is that neither fide obferved a truce
longer than it coincided with their interefts ; and both
had always fufficient art to throw the blame of perfidy on
the other. The earl of Derby was fent by Edward to de¬
fend the province of Guienne, with inftrudtions alfo to
take every poflible advantage that circ uni fiances might
offer. At firft his fucceffes were rapid and brilliant ;
hut as foon as the French king appeared in force, he met
with a very unexpedted refinance; fo that the Englifh
general was compelled to act only on tire defenfive.' One
fortrefs after another was furrendered to the French ; and
nothing was expedled but a total extinction of the power
of England upon the continent. In this fit nation of af¬
fairs, Edward refolved to appearat the head-of his foreign
fubjedts and allies'; and accordingly embarked at South¬
ampton, and fet fail from St. Helen’s with a fleet of near
a thoufand fhips on the 10th of July, .1346. He Carried
with him, belides the chief nobility of England, Iris eldeft
fon, tire prince of Wales, furnamed the Black Prince, a
youth only verging to his fixteenth year; but whofe
ftrength of body, and vigour of mind, greatly TurpafTed
his age, and fet him above all his competitors. The
army of the king of England confided of four thoufand
men at arms, ten thoufand archers, ten thoufand Welch
infantry, and fix thoufand Irifli, all which lie landed fafe-
ly at La Hogue in Normandy, which country he deter¬
mined to make the feat of war.

The intelligence of Edward’s landing with fo formida¬
ble an army, fpread confternation and terror through the
French court. The rich city of Caen was taken and
plundered by the Engl i fir ; the villages and towns, eveir
to the gates of Paris, (hared the fame fate ; and the
French had no other refource but by breaking down their
bridges, to flop the invader’s career. In the mean time
Philip exerted every effort in his power to reprefs .phe in-
curfions of the enemy. He had ftationed one. of his gene¬
rals, Gondemar de Faye, with an army on the oppofite
fide of the river Somme, over which Edward was to pal's;
while he himfelf, at the head of a hundred. thoufand men,
advanced on the contrary fide to give him baptle. Ed¬
ward thus, in the midft of his victories, unexpectedly ex-,
pofed to the danger of being furrounded and ftarved in an.
enemy’s country, publifhed a reward to afiy that fliould
bring him intelligence of a paffa'ge o'yet* the Somme.
This was difeovered by a peafant of the country; and
Edward had juft time to get his army over the river,
when Philip appeared in his rear.

Though Edward had thus far overcome all obftacles,
and eluded or defeated his enemjes, he became fenfible,
that it wouidhe extremely dangerous to purfue his march
with an army fo much fuperior to his own, efpecially in
cavalry, hanging oh his rear. He determined therefore
to make a ftand, and to give his'pi\rfi*ers a check. For
this purpofe, he ciiofe his ground with great judgment,
on the gentle declivity of a hill, with a thick wood in his
rear. Fie ordered deep entrenchments to be made 'on
each flank, and waited with finnnefs the approach of hi's.

,7 N . enemies..

5QS ENGL

enemies. The king of France, dreading nothing fo much
as the efcape of the Englifh, began the march of his
great army from Abbeville early in the morning, Auguft
2 6, and continued feveral hours with great eagernel's, till
he received intelligence that the Englifh had halted at
Crecy, and were waiting to give him battle. He was ad-
vifed not to engage that day, when his troops were much
fatigued with their march, and in great diforder ; and lie
was difpofed to have taken this advice : but the difci-
pline of the army was fo imperfect, that the orders given
for halting were not obeyed ; and one corps of this
mighty holt impelling another foru'ard, they continued
advancing till they came into the prefence of their ene¬
mies in much confufion.

Edward had employed the forenoon of this important
day in drawdng up his army in the mod excellent order,
in three lines. The fir ft line, which confifted of Soo men
at arms, 4000 Englifh archers, and 600 Welfti foot, was
commanded by his young, amiable, and heroic, fon, the
prince of Wales, aflifted by the earls of Warwick and
Oxford, and feveral other noblemen ; the fecond line,
compofed of 800 men at arms, 4000 halbardiers, and 2400
archers, was led by the earls of Arundel and Northamp¬
ton ; the laft line, or referve, in which were 700 men at
arms, 5300 billmen, and 6000 archers, was ranged along
the fummit of the hill, and concluded by the king in
perfon, attended by the lords Moubmy, Mortimer, and
others. When the army was completely formed, Edward
rode along the lines, and by his words and geftures in-
fpired his troops with the mod ardent courage. He then
commanded the cavalry to difmount, and the whole army
to fit down upon the grafs, in their ranks, and refrefh
themfelves with meat, drink, and reft.' As foon as the
French came in view', they fprung from the ground, full
of ftrength and vigour, and with cool and determined
courage ftodd ready to receive'them.

The king of France, aftifted by the kings of Bohemia
and Majorca, the dukes of Lorraine and Savoy, and feve¬
ral other fovereign princes, with the flower of the French
nobility, laboured to reftore fome degree of order to his
prodigious army, and drew it up alfo in three lines, but
very indiftintlly formed. The firft line was commanded
in chief by the veteran king of Bohemia, the fecond by
the earl of Alenyon, the king of France’s brother ; and
the third by Philip in perfon ; and each of thefe lines
contained a greater number of troops than the whole
Englilh army.

The battle of Crecy was begun about three o’clock in
the afternoon, Auguft 26, by a great body of Genoefe
crofs-bow men, in the French fervice, who let fly their
quarrels at too great a diftance to do any execution, and
were ptefently routed by a fhower of arrows from the
-Englifh archers. The earl of Alen^on, after trampling
to death many of the flying Genoefe, advanced to the
charge, and made a furious attack on that corps com¬
manded by the young prince of Wales. The earls of
Arundel and Northampton advanced with the fecond line
to fuftain the prince, and Alenjon was fupported by more
troops than could crowd to his afliftance. Here the battle
raged for fome time with deftructive fury ; and the earl
of Warwick, anxious for the fate of the day and the fafe-
ty of the prince, lent a meflenger to the king, intreating
him to advance with the third line. Edward, who had
taken his ftand on a windmill on the top of the hill, from
whence he had a full view of the motions of both armies,
afked the meflenger if his fon was unhorfed, or wounded,
or killed ; and, being anfwered that the prince was un¬
hurt, and performing prodigies of valour, “ Go, then,
(laid he) and tell my fon, and his brave companions,
that I will not deprive them of any part of the glory of
their victory.” This flattering meflage being made known,
infpired the prince and his troops with redoubled courage,
juft at the moft important crifis of the battle. The king
of Bohemia, a folaier of great reputation and experience,
but a lino it blind through age, and the lofs of one of his

AND.

eyes in the Italian wars, feeing his divifion almoft beaten
or deftroyed, with unparalleled fortitude called about
him the chief commanders of his forces, and thus ad-
drefted them : “ You have been my companions in many
a bloody field, and have ever obeyed my commands with
1‘eadinefs ; receive, therefore, with the fame refpedt my
laft injunction ; bring me forward that I may deal among
thefe Englifhmen one good ftroke of my fword, and I fhall
die with fatisfaftion.” Without hefitating they agreed
to obey him, though death ftiould' be the refult of their
obedience; and, that they might not by any extremity
be feparated from each other, they fattened their horfes’
bridles together, and thus advancing to the hotted of the
battle, they courageoufly charged the Englifh prince;
but, unable to withftand the power of that young hero
and his valiant affailants, they were all flain, and the next
day found dead about the body of their king, with their
horfes’ bridles tied together. Thus fell the moft noble
and warlike king of Bohemia, leaving the honour of his
death to adorn the blooming laurels of the young prince
of Wales. His arms were three oftrich feathers, with this
motto, ICH DIEN, dignifying, in the German language, I
SERVE; and, his ftandard being taken by the young
prince, he afterwards ufed the fame device, which has
ever fince been borne by the princes of Wales' his fuc-
cefTbrs.

After this total defeat of the two firft divifions of the
French army, Philip, undifmayed at the (laughter of his
troops, and the fall of fo many brave princes, advanced
to the charge with the line under his immediate com¬
mand. But this body foon (hared the fame fate with the
other two; and Philip, after having been unhorfed, and
wounded in the neck and thigh, was carried off the field
by John of Hainault, and fled with no more than five
knights and about fixty foldiers in his company, out of
all his mighty hoft, which, at the beginning of the brit¬
tle, confifted of more than 120,000 men. Such was the
famous victory of Crecy, the greateft ever gained by any
king of England. From the era of this memorable bat¬
tle, the French began to diftinguiftr young Edward by
the epithet Le Noir, or Black Prince, as well from the
terror of his arms, as from the darknefs of his coat ar¬
mour.

After the battle, the king flew into the arms of the
prince, and, grafping him to his bofom, cried, in an ec-
ftacy of joy, “ My dear fon, you have this day fhewed
yourfelf worthy of the knighthood which you lately re¬
ceived, and of the crown for which you .have fo bravely
fought; perfevere in yourhonourable courfe.” The prince,
as modeft as he was brave, funk down on his knees, his
face covered with blulhes, and begged his father’s blef-
ftng. Edward continued with his army at Crecy three
days, employed in numbering and buryiitg the dead. The
French had left on this bloody fcene the king of Bohe¬
mia, eleven other princes, eighty bannerets, 1 200 knights,
1500 gentlemen, 4000 men at arms, and 30,000 other fo’l-
diers.

Never did a more glorious year than that of 1346, pafs
over the head of any Englifh monarch, the arms of Ed¬
ward being every where crowned with the moft fignai
fuccefs. In Guienne, the duke of Normandy had been
obliged to raife the liege of Aiguillon with precipitation,
on Auguft 20, after having loft a great part of his army-
before its walls, in many vain aflaults ; and the earl of
Derby made lumfelf mafter of that whole province, with
all its ftrong places. David Bruce king of Scotland,
having, at the inftigation of France, invaded England
with an army of 50,000 men, was, on 06tober 12, at Ne-
vil’s crofs near Durham, defeated in a great battle, taken
prifoner, and carried to the tower of London. The par¬
liament of England,- dazzled with the luftre of fo many
viftories, granted the king, a very large fupply, to enable
him to prolecute the war with vigour.

Edward marched his victorious army from Crecy, Sep¬
tember i} through the Boulonnois, towards Calais, which

he

ENGLAND.

lie inverted on the eighth of that month ; and, being well
acquainted with its importance, herefolved to make him¬
felf mader of it at all events ; but foon found that it could
not be taken by force, without the dedriuftion of great
multitudes of his men. He therefore turned the liege
into a blockade ; 'and, having made fixong entrenchments
to fecure his army from the enemv, huts to protect them
from the inclemency of the weather, and fhitioned a fleet
before the harbour to prevent the introduction of pro-
vilions, he refolved to wait with patience till the place
fell into his hands by famine. The befleged, difeovering
bis intention, turned feventeen hundred women, children,
and old people, out of the town to fave their provifions;
and Edward had the confummate humanity, after enter¬
taining them with a dinner, and giving them two-pence
a-piece, to fuffer them to pafs his lines. While Edward
lay before Calais, his troops in Brittany, commanded by
fir Thomas Dagworth, defeated Charles de Blois, June
20, and took him, with two of his fons, and many othpr
noblemen, prifoners.

Philip beheld the progrefs of the fiege of Calais with
unlpeakable anxiety, and, determining to make one great
effort to fave it, he fummoned all his allies and vaffhls to
rendezvous at Amiens, in Whitfun-week. By this means
he raifed an army of 150,000 men, with which he ap¬
proached the Englidi entrenchments, July 27. But, find¬
ing tbefe impregnable, and every avenue to the town
effeftua'lly guarded, after fending Edward fome abfurd
challenges to come out and fight him, he decamped,
Auguft 2, inarched back to Amiens, and difbanded his
army.

The g3rrifon and inhabitants of Calais had by this
time confumed all their provifions, and eaten all the
horfes, dogs, cats, and vermin, in the place, 'and were
enduring the 1110ft cruel extremities of famine, in hopes
of relief. But, when they beheld the retreat of the
French army, thefe hopes entirely vanilheu; and the next
day the governor, JoIiYi de Vienne, appeared upon the
walls, and offered to capitulate. Edward, greatly in-
cenfed at their obftinate reliftance, which had detained
him eleven months under their walls, at an immenfe ex¬
pence both of men and money, fent fir Walter Manny to
acquaint the governor, that he would grant them no
terms; but that they muff furrender at diferetion. At
length, however, on the fpirited remonflrances of the go¬
vernor, and the perfuafions of fir Walter Manny, Edward
confented to grant their- lives to all the garrifon and in¬
habitants, except fix of the principal burgedes, who
fhould deliver to him the keys of the city, with ropes
about their necks. When thefe terms were made known
to the people of Calais, they were plunged into the deep¬
ed diftrefs ; and, after all the miferies they had furfered,
they could not think without horror of giving- up fix of
their fellow-citizens to certain deatii. In this extremity,
when the whole people were drowned in tears, and at a
lofs what to do, Euftace de Pierre, one of the riched
merchants in the place, depped forth, and voluntarily
offered himfelf to be' one of thefe fix devoted victims.
His noble example was foon imitated by the other five7 of
the mod wealthy citizens. Thefe true patriots, bare¬
footed and bareheaded, with ropes about their necks,
were attended to the gates by the whole inhabitants, with
tears, bledings, and prayers, for their fafety. When they
came into Edward’s prefence, they laid the keys of the
city at his feet, and, falling on their knees, implored his
mercy in fuch moving drains, that all the noble fpefta-
tors melted into tears. The king’s refentment was fo
ftrong for the many toils and lodes he had fuffered in this
tedious dege, that he was in fome danger of forgetting
his wonted humanity; when the queen, falling upon her
knees before him, earnedly begged, and obtained, their
lives. This great and good princefs conducted the vir¬
tuous citizens, whofe lives die had favec|, to her own
apartment, entertained them honourably, and difmiffed
them with prefents.

Edward took poffedion of Calais Auguft 4, 1347 ; and,

50<>

in order to fecure a conqued of fo great importance, and
which had cod him fo dear, lie found it ncceffary to turn
out all the ancient inhabitants, who had difeovered fo
drong an attachment to their native prince, and to peo¬
ple it with Englilh. He alfo made it the daple for wool,
leather, tin, and lead, which were the principal Englidt
commodities for which there was any confiderable de¬
mand upon the continent. All the Englilh were obliged
to bring their goods thither; and foreign merchants came
to the fame place to purchafe them. By thefe means
Calais foon became populous, rich, and flourifhing; and,
although it had nearly been taken fome time after by trea¬
chery, it continued for above two centuries in the polfef-
don of the Englidi, and braved all the military power of.
France.

The treachery, which had like to have redored it to
the French, arofe from the perddy of Aymer de Pavia,
an Italian, who had been appointed governor of the place.
He agreed to deliver it up to the enemy ; but his perfidy
was difeovered by Edward, who obliged him to carry on
the treaty, and to perfuade the enemy that he was dill in
their intereds. Accordingly a day was appointed for the
admillion of the French troops, while the king, with a
drong body of forces, were prepared for their reception.
All thofe who entered the city were immediately cut to
pieces ; and the garrifon, with Edward and fir Wal¬
ter Manny at their head, ruffling out in purfuit of the
red; a derce and bloody conflict enlued, in which king
Edward overthrew and took Eudace de Ribaumom, a
knight of remarkable drength and valour.

In this manner the war between the Englidi and French
was carried on with mutual acrimony, until a truce
was brought about through the mediation of the pope.
But this was in a (hort time didolved by the death of
Philip, who was fucceeded by his elded fon John, A. D.
1350, when his dominions were rent with domedic feuds
and violent animofities. Edward, well pleated, with the
factions that thus prevailed in France, was refolved to
leiz.e the favourable opportunity of increadng its dif-
treffes. Accordingly the Black Prince was fent into
France with his army, on-board a fleet of a hundred fail ;
and, landing in Gafcony, carried bis victorious troops in¬
to the heart of the country. On the other hand, Edward
himfelf made an irruption on the fide of Calais, and ra¬
vaged all the open country. In the mean time John,
who was as yet unprepared to oppofe the progrefs of
the Englidi, continued a quiet fpediator of their victories ;
nor was it till the fucceeding fummer’s campaign, A. D.
1355, that he refolved to attack the Black Prince, whofe
army then confided of about twelve thoufand men. With
fuch a trifling force had this young warrior ventured to
penetrate into the very heart of France, with adefign of
joining his troops to thofe of theduke of Lancader. But he
foon found that his fcheme was impracticable ; the coun¬
try before him was too well guarded to fuffer him to ad¬
vance farther ; and all the bridges in his rear were broken
down, which effectually cut off his retreat. In this em-
barrading dtuation his perplexity was increafed, by being
informed that the king of France was aCtuully marching
at the head of fixty thoufand men to intercept him. He
at fird thought of retreating ; but feeing it impodible,
he determined calmly to wait the approach of the enemy;
and, notwithdanding the difparity of numbers, to commit
all to the hazard of a battle. Both armies came in fight
of each other at a place called Maupertuis, near PoiCtiers.
The French king might here have eadly darved the Eng-
lilh into any terms; but fuch was the impatience of the
French nobility, and fuch their confidence of victory, that
it might have produced civil difcord had they not been
buffered to engage. In the mean time, while both armies
were drawn out, and expecting the fignal to begin, they
were dopped by the appearance of the cardinal- de Tala-
rande, of Perigord, who attempted to be a mediator be¬
tween them. However John, the French king, would
liden to no other terms than the reditutjon of Calais ;
with which the Black Prince refudng to comply, the on-

600

ENGLAND.

fet was deferred till tlie next morning, for which both
tides waited in anxious fufpence.

It was during this interval that the prince of Wales
fhewed himfelf worthy of conqueft. Being now to fight
for honour, liberty, and life, a gain (1 an army eight times
th e number of his own, he drew up his troops with that
cotffummate judgment which neither age nor experience
could have furpalfed. His ground was ehofen in a fmall
inclining plain, furrounded with woods, vineyards, hedges,
and hollow ways, and acceffible only by one narrow defile
in his front. Behind the vineyard he placed fix hundred
men in ambufii, with directions to make a circuit, and
fall on the enemy’s rear as foon as' the battle began.
He lined the hedges on both fides of the defile with his
bed archers, and placed a ftrong body of the fame troops
at the head of it, in the front of. his army. The reft of
his forces were formed into three lines; the van com¬
manded by the earl of Warwick, the main body by the
prince himfelf, and the rear by the earls of Salilbury and
Suffolk. As foon as thefe difpofitions were-, made, the
prince mounted his horfe, and, riding gently along the
lines,' with a countenance in which modefty, goodnefs,
and fortitude, were ftrongly depidted, he addrefted him¬
felf to every corps, exhorting them to fight valiantly for
their king and country, ajfuring them, that victory did
not depend on numbers, but on the will of Heaven ;
that, for his own part, he was determined to conquer or
die ; and that England never ftiould have his ranfom to
pay.

The French army, drawn up alfo in three lines, the
firft commanded by the duke of Orleans, the king’s bro¬
ther; the fecond by the dauphin, with his two. brothers
Louis and John ; the third by the king, attended by his
voungeftj'on Philip, advanced to the charge. The battle
was begun by three hundred ehofen men in complete ar¬
mour, and nobly mounted, who were ordered to pafs the
defile, to d i Hi pate the body of archers at the head of it,
and make way for the reft of the army. They obeyed
thefe orders with great refolution ; but one half of them
fell in tlie palfage, and tire other was cut in pieces at the
outlet. A great body of men at arms, on foot, then en¬
tered the defile, commanded by the marfhals Clermont
aNd Arid rechan ; but the former of thefe generals being
killed, and tire latter taken prifoner, and many of their
men flSjn by the archers who lined the hedges, and by
the firft line of the Englifh army, the reft fell back with
great terror and precipitation, and threw the whole firft
line of the French army into confufion. Tire fecond line,
commanded by tlie dauphin, then advanced to the charge ;
but at that inftant the Englilh archers and men at arms
ilfuing from the ambufeade, made a moft furious attack
upon their flank fo unexpectedly, that they were feized
with a panic, and began to fly. The noblemen who had
the charge of the dauphin and his two brothers, anxious
for their fafety, carried them off the field ; upon which
that whole line difbanded, and fled on all fides. The prince
of Wales and the other Englifti generals obferving the con-
fufion and flight of their numerous enemies, and determin¬
ing not to give them time to recover from their confterna-
tion, mounted on horfeback with their followers, and ruffl¬
ing out into the plain, completed the diforder. They firft:
encountered and killed the duke of Athenes, conftable of
France, and d i Hi ; fated his brigade; and then, falling up¬
on a great body of German horfe, they put them to flight,
after killing the counts Sarbruck and Nydo, two of their
leaders, and taking the count of Naflau, their other gene¬
ral, prifoner. The king of France himfelf made the ut-
moft efforts to retrieve by his perfonal valour what his
rafhnefs had forfeited ; but his fingle courage was unable
to ftop that confternation which became general through
liis army ; and his cavalry foon flying, he found himfelf
totally expofed to the enemy’s fury. He law His nobles
falling round him, valiantly fighting in his defence, and
his youngeft fon wounded by his fide. At length, fpent
with fatigue; and defpairing of luccefs, he thought of

yielding himfelf a prifoner ; and frequently cried out
that he was ready to deliver himfelf to his coufin the
prince of Wales. The honour of taking him, however,
was referved for a much more ignoble hand ; he was
feized by Dennis 'de Morbec, a knight of Artois, who
had been obliged to fly his country for murder.

The fuccels oT this memorable day was chiefly owing
to the valour.and conduit of the Black Prince ; but his
moderation in vidtory was a- nobler triumph than had
ever graced any former conqueror. He came forth to
meet the royal captive with an air of complacent modef¬
ty ; he adminifteted every confolation to him under his
misfortunes, and foftened the anguifh of His feelings, by
reminding him that he had done every thing in tlie power
of magnanimity and heroifm, to enfure a vittory : and at
table the prince actually refufed to fit down, but (food
behind the king’s chair, declaring that it beft became him
to have the honour of waiting upon fo illuftrious a mo¬
narch. In April following, A. D. 1357, tlie prince con¬
ducted his royal prifoner through London, attended by
an infinite concourfe of people of all ranks and ftations.
His modefty upon this occafion was not lefs than before ;
the king of France was clad in royal apparel, and mount¬
ed on a white fteed, diftinguiflied by its fize and beauty ;
while the prince himfelf rode by his lide upon a meaner-
horfe, and in plain attire.

Two kings, prifoners in tlie fame court, and at tlie fame
time, were conlidered as glorious achievements, unparal¬
leled in tlie European world ; but all that England gain¬
ed by them was glory. Whatever was won in France,
with all the dangers of war, and tlie expence of prepara¬
tion, was fuccefiively, and in a manner ftlently, loft, with¬
out the mortification of a defeat. It may be eafily fup-
poled', that the treaties which were made with the captive
kings were highly advantageous to the conquerors ; but
thefe treaties were no longer obferved than while the
Englifti had it in their power to enforce obedience on the
fpot. It is true that John held to his engagements as far
as he was able ; but, by being a prifoner, He loft his au¬
thority, and his misfortunes had rendered him contemp¬
tible at home. The dauphin, and the ftates of France,
rejefted the treaties he had been induced to fign ; and
prepared, in good earneft, to repel the meditated inva'-
fionis of the conqueror; who, in 1338, palled over to the
continent with a numerous army, to enforce tlie treaty
figned by tlie captive king. But all the conliderable
towns were put in a pofture of defence ; and every thing
valuable was fecured in fortified places. It was in vain,
therefore, that Edward tried to allure the dauphin to ha¬
zard a battle, by fending him a defiance ; it was impofli-
b!e to make that cautious prince change ,the plan of his
operations ; it was in vain that Edward alleged the obli¬
gation of the treaties which had been figned at London;
and to no purpofe that he plundered the country round
to provoke an engagement. Thus tired out, he at length
thought fit to liften to equitable terms of peace, which
was concluded upon condition that king John (liould be
reftored to liberty, on paying a ranfom of about a million
and a half of our money. It was ftipulated that Edward
lhould for ever renounce all claim to the kingdom of
France; and ftiould only remain pofteffed of the territo-
tories of PoiCtou, Saintonge, l’Agenois, Perigord, the Li-
moulin, Quercy, Rouergu:, 1’ Angoumois, and other dif-
trifts in that quarter ; together with Calais, Guifnes,
Montreuil, and the county of Ponlhieu, on the other fide
of France: tome other ftipulations were made in favour
of the allies of England, and forty hoftages were fe.nt to
the court of London, as a fecurity for the execution of
thefe conditions.

Upon John’s return to France, he found himfelf very
ill able to conqply with thole terms of peace that had
been juft concluded. He was without finances, at the
head of an exhaufted ftate ; his foldiers without difei-
pline, and his.people without fubordination. Such was
the ftate of that wretched kingdom, upon ’the return of

ENGLAND.

its captive monarch • and yet, fuch was his abfurdity,
that he prepared for a croifade to the Holy Land. Had
liis exhaufted fubjeCts been able to equip him for this
projeCt of knight-errantry, it is probable he would have
gone through with it ; but their miferies were fuch that
they were even too poor to pay his random. This was a
breach of treaty that John would not fubmit to; and he
w'as heard to exprefs himfelf in a very noble manner upon
the occafion : “ Though (fays he) good faith (hould be
baniflved from the reft of the earth, yet (lie ought ftill to
retain her habitation in the bread of kings.” In confe-
quence of this declaration he actually returned to Eng¬
land, and yielded himfelf up a prifoner, lince he could
not be fet honourably free. It has been laid, that his
palfion for the countefs of Salifbury was the real caufe of
this journey ; but we have no foundation for fitch report.
He was lodged in the Savoy, the palace where he had be¬
fore refided ; and where he foon after clofed a long and
unfortunate reign, by his death, which happened on the
8th of April, 1364.

Charles, furnamed the Wife, fuceeeded his father on
the throne of France ; and this monarch, merely by the
force of a finely conducted policy, reftored his country
once more to tranquillity and power. He quelled and
ditlipated a fet of banditti, who had aftociated themfelves
under the name of Companions, Les Cowpagne'cs, and who
had long been a terror to the peaceable inhabitants. He
had them inrolled into a body, and led them into the
kingdom of Caftile againft Peter furnamed the Cruel, whom
his fubjeCts had dethroned, and who, by means of an al¬
liance with the Engl i fh , endeavoured to get himfelf re-
inftated upon the throne. In confequence of tliefe alli¬
ances, the Englifh, who fupported the intereft of Peter,
and the French, who maintained that of Henry, again
came to an engagement ; their armies on the one fide
commanded by the Black Prince ; on the other, by Henry
of Tranftamare, and Bertrand du Guefclin, one of the
molt confummate generals in the French fervice. In this
battle, which was fought April 3, 1367, the ufual good
fortune of the prince of Wales prevailed ; the French
loft above twenty thoufand men, while only four knights
and forty private men on the fide of the Englifh were
{lain. Neverthelefs, thefe victories were attended with
but few good effefts. The Englifh, by their unlimited
fupplies, had been quite exhaufted, and were unable to
continue an army in the field. Charles, on the other
hand, cautioufiy forbore coming to an engagement, but
was contented to let his enemies vvafte their ftrength in
attempts to plunder a fortified country. As often as
they retired, he was fure to fully forth, and poftefs hini-
felf of fuch places as they were not ftrong enough to de¬
fend. He firft fell upon Ponthieu ; the citizens of Ab¬
beville opened their gates to him; thofe'of St. Valois,
Rue, and Crotoy, followed the example; and the whole
country was, in a little time, thus reduced to total fub-
mifiion. The fouthern provinces were, in the fame man¬
ner, reduced with equal fuccefs ; while the Black Prince,
deftitute of fupplies from England, and wafted by a con-
fumptive diforder, was obliged to return to his native
country, leaving the affairs of France in a tottering con¬
dition.

Thefe untoward circumftances excited the refentment
of the king of England to the utmoft pitch ; and he re-
folved to take fignal vengeance on his enemies on the
continent. But the favourable opportunity had pafted
by ; and all his great defigns were uniformly abortive.
The earl of Pembroke, with his whole army, were inter¬
cepted at fea, and taken prifoners by Henry king of Caf-
tile. This nobleman in perfon attempted to embark with
an army for Bourdeaux ; but was detained by contrary
winds, and obliged to lay afide the expedition. Sir Ro¬
bert Knolles, one of his generals on the continent, at the
head of thirty thoufand men, was defeated by Bertrand du
Guefclin; while the duke of Lancufter, at the head of
twenty-five thoufand men, had the mortification of lee-

Vol. VI. No, 376.

601

ing his troops diminifhed by defertion, without ever
coming to battle. Such were the fading laurels of Ed¬
ward III. in the wane of life; when, too, he had the
mortification to fee his authority defpifed at home. In
vain he fought folace, in his old age, in the arms of
Alice Pierce, a favourite courtezan ; this only ferved to
exafperate his people againft him, and to turn their pity
into contempt. But what, of all other things, ferved
to caft a gloom upon the latter part of this fplendid reign,
was the approaching death of his 1110ft magnanimous (on,
Edward the Black Prince, whofe conftitution bowed to
the fymptoms of a fpeedy difFolution. 'Phis valiant and
accomplilbed hero died on June 8, 1376, in the forty-fixth
year of his age, leaving behind him one fon, and a cha¬
racter without fpot or blemilli. His affability, clemency,
courage, and liberal difpofition, have been celebrated by
innumerable hiftorians. Though born in the iron age in
which military virtues alone were held inefteem, he cul¬
tivated the arts' of peace; and feemed ever moft happy
in harmonizing the difcordance of parties, and in pro¬
moting the bleftings of domeftic life. The parliament
teftified their veneration for his memory, by attending his
remains to the cathedral of Caterbury, where he was in¬
terred.

The king ivas moft fenfibly affiiCted at the death of his
fon; and tried every art to remdve his forrow. He had
baniftied Alice from his prefence fome time before; but
took her again, in hopes of finding confolation in her
company. He removed himfelf entirely from the duties
of the (late, and from aCtive life ; and left his kingdom
to be plundered by a fet of rapacious minifters. He did
not long furvive the confequences af his degenerate con¬
duct ; but died about a year after the prince, at Shene,
in Surry, deferted by all his courtiers, and plundered by
his faithlefs courtezan. He expired in the fixty-fifth year
of his age, and the fifty-firft of his reign, on the firft of
June, 1377.

Edward III. was in his perfon well (haped, tall, ftrong,
and aCfive ; his countenance was comely, his air maj el-
tic, and his addrefs engaging. He much excelled, and
greatly delighted, in the manly exercifes of thofe times,
particularly tournaments, which were often celebrated
at bis court with great magnificence. His genius, both
for learning, politics, and war, was far above the com¬
mon rate. He underftood feveral languages, and was
well verfed in the learning of his time, as well as a mu¬
nificent patron of learning and learned men. England
enjoyed, by the prudence and vigour of Edward’s ad-
miniftration, a longer interval of domeftic peace and tran¬
quillity, than (he had been blelt with in any former period,
or than (lie experienced for many years after. He gained
the affeCtions of the great, and curbed their licentiouf-
nefs : he made them feel his power, without their daring,
or even being inclined, to murmur ; his affable and oblig¬
ing behaviour, his munificence and generofity, made them
fubmit with pleafure to his dominion; his valour and
conduCt made them fuccefsful in moft of their enter-
priies ; and their unquiet fpirits, directed againft a pub¬
lic enemy, had no leilure to breed difturbances, to which
they were naturally lo much inclined, and which the fpi-
rit of the government feemed fo much to authorife. This
was the chief benefit which refulted from Edward's vic¬
tories and conquefts. His foreign wars were, in other re-
fpeCts, neither founded in juftice, nor directed to any very
falutary purpofe. His attempt againft the king of Scot¬
land, a minor, and a brother-in-law, and the revival of
his grandfather’s claim of fuperiority over that kingdom,
were both unreafonable and ungenerous : and he allowed
himfelf to be too foon feduced by the glaring prcfpeCts
of French conqueft, from the acquifition of a point which
was practicable, and which might really, if attained, have
been of lading utility to his country and to his fuccef-
fors. The love of glory was certainly the predominant
palfion of Edward, to the gratification of which he did
not fcruple to facrifice the feelings of humanity, the lives
7 O of

E N G L A N D.

60<2

of his fubjedts, and the interefts'of his country. And
nothing could have induced or enabled his people to
bear the load of taxes with which they were encumbered
in his reign, but the love and admiration of his perfon,
the fame of his victories, and the excellent laws and re¬
gulations which the parliament enacted with his advice
and concurrence.

It was in this reign, A. D. 134.9, that the order of the
Garter was inftituted ; the number received into which
was to confift of twenty-four perfons, befide the king.
The countefs of Salifbury, at a ball, happening to drop
her garter, the king took it up, and prefented it to her
with thefe words : “ Honi foit qui mal y penfe Evil to
him that evil thinks — which accident, it is faid, gave rife
both to the order and the motto.

Edward had a numerous poflerity by his queen, Phi¬
lippa of Hainault. His elded fon, the heroic Edward
prince of Wales, efpoufed his coufln Joan, commonly
called the Fair Maid of Kent, daughter and heir of his
uncle the earl of Kent, who was beheaded in the begin¬
ning of this reign. By her the prince had a fon named
Richard, who fucceeded to the crown of his grandfather.
The fecond fon of king Edward was Lionel duke of Cla¬
rence, who, dying while young, left only one daughter,
married to Edmund Mortimer earl of Marche. Of all
the family, he refembled mod his father and elder bro¬
ther in his noble qualities. Edward’s third fon was John
of Gaunt, fo called from the place of his birth : he was
created duke of Lancader ; and from him fprang that
branch which afterwards poflefled the crown. The fourth
fon of this royal houfe was Edmund, created duke- of
York ; and the fifth was Thomas, who received the title
of duke of Glouceder. By his queen, Edward had alfo
four daughters, who arrived at maturity, and who all
married.

Richard II. the only furviving fon of Edward the Black
Prince, came to the throne of his grandfather when but
eleven years old. As the king was a minor, the govern¬
ment was veded in the hands of his three uncles, the
dukes of Lancader, York, and Gloticefter ; the difference
of whofe difpofitions, it was imagined, would ferve to
check the defedts of each other. Lancader, though ex¬
perienced in the affairs of government, w;as neither popu¬
lar nor enterprifing ; York was indolent and weak ; Glou¬
ceder turbulent, popular, and ambitious. Under the
fecrct influence of thefe, without any fettled regency,
the whole fyflem of government was kept together for
fome years, though not without many dangerous commo.-
tions. As Edward had left the kingdom involved in fe-
veral expenfive wars, and as thefe demanded large and
condant fupplies to carry on, the murmurs of the people
increafed in proportion as the operations were languid
and unfuccefsful. The duke of Lancader laid claim to
the crown of Caflile, and made a fruitlefs expedition for
its recovery ; the war with France produced no enter-
prife of lu Are ; and that with Scotland was far from fuccelf-
ful. The expences, however, of the armaments to face
the enemy on every lide, and a want of economy in the
adminifiration, entirely exhauded the treafury ; fo that a
new tax of three groats, on every perfon above fifteen,
was granted by parliament as a fupply. The indignation
of the people had been for fome time increafing ; but a
tax fo unequal, in which the rich paid no more than the
poor, kindled their refentment into flame.

The minds of the peafants being thus ripened for 5n-
furredtion, the manner of colledting this poll-tax foon
furnifhed them with a pretext for beginning the revolt.
It began in Elfex, where a blackfmith, well known by
the name of Wat Tyler, was the fir It that excited them
to arms. The tax-gatherers coming to this man’s houfe
while he was at work, demanded payment for his daugh¬
ter ; which he refufed, alleging that Ihe was under the
age mentioned in the adt. One of the brutal colledtors
infilled on her being of the age of puberty, and immedi¬
ately feizing the girl, attempted to give a very indecent

proof of his aflertion. The enraged father inflantly flruck
him dead with a blow' of his hammer; and the ftanders-
by applauded his fpirit ; one and all refolving to defend
his conduct. He was conddered as a champion in the
caufe, and appointed the leader and fpokefman of the
people. It is eafy to imagine the diforders committed
by this tumultuous rabble : the whole neighbourhood
rofe in arms ; they burnt and plundered the houfes of
thofe who had fupported the tax. As the difcontent was
general, the infurgents increafed in proportion as they
approached the capital. The flame foon propagated it-
felf into Kent, Hertfordfliire, Surrey, Sulfex, Suffolk,
Norfolk, Cambridge, and Lincoln. They were found to
amount to above a hundred thoufund men by the time
they were arrived at Blackheath ; from whence they lent
a meffage to the king, who had taken fhelter in theTow-er,
deliring a conference with him. With this melfage Rich¬
ard was delirous of complying, but was intimidated by
their fierce demeanor. In the mean time they entered
the city, broke into the Savoy palace, belonging to the
duke of Lancader, and put feveral of his houfehola to
death. Their animofity was particularly levelled againfl
the lawyers, to whom they fliewed no mercy. Such was
the vehemence of their fury, that the king began to trem¬
ble for his own fafety ; and, knowing that the Tower was
not proof againfl; their aflault, he went out among them,
and defifed to know their demands. To this they made
a very humble remonftrance, requiring a general pardon,
the abolition of flavery, freedom of commerce in market-
towns, and a fixed rent inflead of thofe Cervices required
by the tenure of villanage. As thefe requefts were rea-
fonable, the king foon complied ; and charters were ac¬
cordingly made put, ratifying the grant. In the mean
time, another body of thefe infurgents broke into the
Tower, and murdered the chancellor, the primate, and
the treafurer, with fome other officers of diflindlion.
They then divided themfelves into parties, and took up
their quarters in different diftricts of the city : at the
head of one of thefe was Wat Tyler, who led his men
into Smithfield, where he was met by the king, who in¬
vited him to a conference for the purpofe of hearing and
redreffing his grievances. Tyler, ordering his compa¬
nions to retire till he fhould give them a fignal, boldly
ventured to meet the king in the midft of his retinue ;
and accordingly began the conference. He required that
all flaves fhould be fet free ; that all commonages fhould
be open to the poor as well as to the rich, and that a
general pardon fhould be palled for the late outrages.
Whilfl he made thefe demands, he now and then lifted
up his fword in a menacing manner ; which fo raifed the
indignation of William Walworth, then mayor of Lon¬
don, attending on the king, that, without confidering the
danger, he ftunned Tyler with a blow of his mace ; while
one of the king’s knights, riding up, difpatched him with
his fword. 'I he mutineers, feeing their leader fall, pre¬
pared to take inflant revenge ; and their bows were bent,
for immediate execution, when Richard, though not yet
quite fixteen years of age, rode up to the rebels, and,
with admirable prefence of mind, cried out, “ What,
my people, will you then kill your king t Be not con¬
cerned for the lofs of your leader : I myfeif will now be
your leader; follow me into the field, and you (hall have
whatever you delire.” The awed multitude immediately
defifted ; they followed the king into the fields, and there
he granted them the fame charter that he had before given
to their former companions.

Thefe grants, for a fliort time, gained the king great
popularity; and it is probable it was his own delire to
have them continued : but the nobles had long tailed the
fweets of power, and were unwilling to admit any other
to a participation. The parliament foon revoked tl.efe
charters of enfranchifement and pardon ; and the cruelty
which was exercifed againfl the popular leaders upon this
occafion, created no fmall enmity againfl the king. He.
had firft granted them a charter, which implied the juf-

tice

HICHAJRJD I!,

J’tihh.rfi'J ,/,/ fl/c sift dtnci'M stftrtl j Ifiyq .

'

'

)

ENGLAND.

tice of their demands ; and he was feen, foon after, weak
enough to revoke what he had before allowed to be jitf-
tice. It is probable, alfo, that his uncles were not back¬
ward in increafing the general murmurs againft him ; as
by that means they were the more likely to continue in
authority. His own capricious conduct, indeed, might
very well countenance them in the reftriftions they placed
upon him ; as lie very foon teftified an eager defire to
govern, without any of the requiiites to fit him for fuch
a difficult talk. He foon difcovered an attachment to fa¬
vourites, without any merit on their fide to entitle them
to fuch 'flattering diftindtions. Robert Vere earl of Ox¬
ford, a young man whofe perfon was faultlefs, but whofe
morals w'ere debauched, had acquired an entire afcendant
over him. This nobleman was firfl created marquis of
Dublin, and then duke of Ireland, with the fovereignty,
during life, of that jfland. He gave him his own coufin
in marriage ; and foon after permitted him to repudiate
her for another woman, of whom he was enamoured.
Thus the favourite foon became the channel through
which all royal favour paffed to the people ; and he pof-
feffed the power, while the king himfelf had only the
fiiadow, of royalty. Partiality in princes fails not to pro¬
duce animofity among their fubjedts. Thofe noblemen,
who were either treated with difrefpedt by the favourite,
or who thought themfelves better entitled to favour,
took the alarm, and combined againft him. At the head
of this afiocidtion were, Mowbray earl of Nottingham,
Fitz-Alan earl of Arundel, Percy earl of Northumber¬
land, Montacute earl of Salifbury, and Beauchamp earl
of Warwick. Thefe, uniting, refolved on the deftruc-
tion of the favourite ; and they began by marking out
Michael de la Pole earl of Suffolk, who was then chan¬
cellor, and the earl of Oxford’s chief friend, as the firft
objedl of their vengeance. He was accordingly impeach¬
ed in parliament ; and, although nothing material was al¬
leged againft him, fuch was the intereft of the confpirjng
barons, that he was condemned, and deprived of his
office.

The French, encouraged by thefe dilfenfions, and by
the abfence of the duke of Lancafter, with the flower of
the Englifh military force, in profecution of his idle
claim on Caftille, attempted the invafion of England.
The vauntingly irrational character of the French in their
invalions and wars, has been uniformly the fame. Even
in this projected invafion againft Richard II. in 1385,
their warriors on their march to the port of embarkation
were far more terrible to their own peaceable country¬
men, than to the Englifh, who waited for them in arms.
“ The whole country (fays Froiffart) was devoured.
They took all, and paid for nothing. If the farmer com¬
plained of lofing his grain, he was beaten, if not murder¬
ed. The fifh-ponds were robbed, and the houfes on the
road demoliflied to be converted into fuel. The Englifh
(had they landed in France) could not have done more
mifchief than thefe French foldiers. The poor opprelfed
farmers muttered curfes againft thefe ruffians. ‘ Go !
(they whifpered) go to England ! and may Heaven grant
that none of you may ever return !” ‘ Each French gen¬
tleman (fays Dulaure) had a domeftic with him (tiled tin
pillard, a plunderer; and Pierre de Lautrec in particular
had in his fuite nine men at arms, each of whom was at¬
tended by a pillard and a page.’ How completely has this
national character of rapine and plunder been verified by
the French under Bonaparte, even as high as the com¬
pletion of the eighteenth and commencement of the nine¬
teenth centuries! The preparations of the French, in
that early time, were immenfe ; twenty thoufand horfe,
twenty thoufand crofs-bow men, and twenty thoufand in¬
fantry, were but a part of the force ; 1287 fail (of which
fixty were large (hips of war) were to waft over the
troops. But the moft aftonifhing article of the equip¬
ment was a complete wooden fortrefs, formed circularly
with towers and baftions, one thoufand paces in diame¬
ter. This vaft edifice was ranged on flat-bottomed boats

603

fattened together; and might be taken to pieces, landed,
and ereffed, within twenty-four hours. But human pro¬
jects are vain. The duke of Berri was fomewhat later
than he promifed in joining the expedition. The wind
arofe ; the waves beat upon the fleet and disjointed the
boats; and fragments of the ill-fated city of timber be¬
came the laughiog-ftock, fays Mercier, of thofe who dwelt
on the banks of the Thames ! Such, perhaps, will ever
be the fate of French invafions.

In the mean time, Gloticefter and his afibciates fabri¬
cated their machinations againft the king’s perfon and
dignity. Under a pretence that he was too young to go¬
vern, although he was at that time twenty-one, they ap¬
pointed a commiffion of fourteen perf’ons, A. D. 1386,
upon whom the fovereign power was to be transferred
for a year.. This, in faft, was depriving the king of his
prerogative, and oppreffing the kingdom with a confirmed
ariftocracy. The meafure being driven forward by the
duke of Gloucefter, none but thofe of his own faction
were admitted as members of the committee. It was not
without a ftruggle that the king faw himlelf thus deprived
of his authority ; and he endeavoured to gain over the
parliament to his interefts, by influencing the fheritfs of
each county, who were then the only returning officers.
This meafure failing, he applied to the judges ; who de—
dared, that the commiffion which had deprived him of
his authority was unlawful, and that thole who procured
or advifed it were punifhable with death. This opinion
of the judges was quickly oppofed by declarations from
the lords: the duke of Gloucefter faw his danger, if the
king fhould prevail ; and, fecretly affembling his party,
appeared in arms at Haringay park near Highgate, at the
head of a body of men, more titan fufficient to intimidate
the king and all his adherents. Thefe infurgents, fen-
fible of their own power, demanded of the king the
names of all thofe who had advifed him to his late ntea-
fures againft the eftabiifhed government ; they appeared-
armed in his prefence, and accufed, by name, the arch-
bifttop of York, the duke of Ireland, the earl of Suf¬
folk, fir Robert Trefilian, and fir Nicholas Bember, as
dangerous enemies to the ftate. It was now too late
for the oppofite party to attempt any other vindication
of their conduct than by arms. The duke of Ireland
fled into Chefhire, where he attempted to raife a body
of forces ; but was eventually obliged to retire into
Flanders, on the arrival of the duke of Gloucefter with
a fuperior army. The king was foon after compelled to
fummon a parliament, when an accufation was drawn up
againft five of his counfellors ; and fir Nicholas Bember
was found guilty, condemned, and executed, together
with fir Robert Trefilian, one of the judges. But the
blood of one or two of the loyal and-dilinterefted barons
was not fufficient to fatiate the vengeanceof the duke of
Gloucefter; lord Beauchamp of Holt was fhortly after
condemned and executed ; and fir Simon Burleigh, who
had been appointed the king’s governor, fhared the fame
fate, although the queen is laid to have continued for
three hours- on her knees imploring his pardon of the in¬
exorable Gloucefter. It might be fuppofed. that," after
fuch a total fubverfion of the royal authority, there would
be no more druggies during this reign, between the prince
and his nominal fubjefibs; but, whether from the flu fili¬
ation of opinions among the people-, or from the influ¬
ence of a military force which was levying againft France,
vve find Richard once more refolved to (hake off that power
which had ho long controuled him, and a finally bringing
the parliament to fecond his endeavours.

In a council of the nobility, affembled at Eafter, 1339,
he, to the aftonilhment of all prefect, delired to know his
age ; and being told that he was turned of two-and-twenty,
he alleged, that it was high time for him to govern with¬
out help, and that he knew of no reafon why he fhould
be deprived of thofe rights which the meaneft of his fub-
jefts enjoyed. The lords anfwering, in fome confufion-,-
that he hud certainly an indifputabie right to take upon

himfelf

C04 ENGLAND.

himfelf the government of the kingdom. “ Yes, (re¬
plied he,) I have long been under the government of tu¬
tors; and I will now firftfliew my right to power by t heir
removal.” *He then ordered Thomas Arundel, whom
the comrniffioners had appointed chancellor, to give up
the feals, which he next day delivered to William of
Wykeham, bifliop of Winchefter. He next removed the
duke of Gloucefter, the earl of Warwick, and other
lords of the oppofition, from the council. The bifliop
of Hereford loft his office of treafurer; the earl of Arun¬
del was deprived of the poft of high-admiral ; all the
great officers of the houfehold, as well as the judges,
were changed ; and all the offices felt the influence of
this unexpected revolution.

The king, t it it s for the fil'd: time at liberty to conduct
his own affairs, began by extending It is moderation to¬
wards thofe who had endeavoured to deprefs his power:
he appeared to be entirely reconciled to his uncles; and
he remitted Tome taxes, which gained for a time the af¬
fections of the people. But he was unfortunately defi¬
cient in that conduct and demeanour which commands
refpeCt : he was fond of idle pleafure and vain oftenta-
tiou ; he admitted the meaneft ranks to his familiarity ;
and his converfation betrayed alike the want of morals
and abilities. His military talents, on which mankind
ever place a high value, were feldom exerted, and never
with fuccefs. The French war was fcarcely heard of;
and forne fuccefsful inroads of the Scots, particularly that
which brought on the difputed victory at Otterbourne,
were only oppofed by thofe barons wliofe poffeflions lay
along the frontier. Richard gained indeed fome reputa¬
tion for arms in Ireland; but his fucceffes there were too
indefinite to give him a decilive character. From this
natural deficiency of vigour and aCtion, the fmall regard
which the public bore his perfon, difpofed them to mur¬
mur againft his adminiftration, and to receive with avidity
every complaint fuggefted to his prejudice.

Whether the duke of Gloucefter was hurt at this ob¬
vious imbecility in his royal nephew, or afpired to the
throne by fomenting jealoufies againft him, mult for ever
remain undecided ; but certain it is, that he ufed every
artifice to increafe the averfion of the nation againft him,
and to eftablilh his own popularity. He reprefented the
peace which had been concluded with France, A . D. 1 396,
as the refult of the king’s cowardice; and plaufibly ap¬
peared to lament that Richard fliould have degenerated
fo far from the heroic virtues of his father. He frequent¬
ly fpoke with contempt of the king’s perfon and govern¬
ment, and deliberated concerning the lawfulnefs of throw¬
ing off all allegiance to fitch a fovereign. Thefe were
infults that betrayed a difpoiition to rebel ; and therefore
the king’s friends advifed the ridding himfelf entirely both
of him and his faCtion. He accordingly ordered his uncle
of Gloucefter to be arrefted and fent to Calais, at which
place there was no danger of a refcue from his numerous
adherents. The earls of Arundel and Warwick were
feized at the fame time; and a parliament was fummoned
at Weftminfter, which the king knew would be obedient
to his will. This parliament annulled for ever the cont-
mifiion of fourteen, which had ufurped his authority ;
they repealed all thofe a6ts which had condemned the
king’s minifters ; arid revoked the general pardon which
the king had granted, upon his afluming the reins of go¬
vernment. In confequence of this revolution in ftate
affairs, feveral of the party of Gloucefter were impeached,
condemned, and executed., Fitz-Alan, archbifltop of
Canterbury, was banifhed the realm, and his temporali¬
ties fequeltered. The earl of Arundel in vain pleaded
the king’s general pardon, to ftop his execution; the earl
of Warwick, (hewing ligns of contrition, had his life
fpared, but was banifhed to the iile of Man. A warrant
was next iflued to the governor of Calais, to bring over
the duke of Gloucefter, and to take his trial, as other
leaders of the confederacy had already done ; but he had

been previoufly difpatched in prifon by his keepers, as
the fureft expedient to fupprefs his party.

The private affallination of a nobleman fo popular as
the duke of Gloucefter, failed not, to increafe thofe ani-
mofities which had taken deep root in the kingdom. The
aggrandifement of fome new favourites contributed ter
make the king odious ; but it was his weak and arbitrary
government which finally fet his fubjedts againft him.
After the deftrudtion of the duke of Gloucefter, and the
leaders of his party, a mifunderftanding broke out among
thofe noblemen who inftituted the profecution. The earl
of Hereford appeared in parliament, and accufed the duke
of Norfolk of having fpoken treafon againft the king.
Norfolk denied the charge ; and offered to prove his in¬
nocence by fingle combat. As proofs were wanting for
legal trial, the lords readily acquiefced in that mode of
determination; the time and place were appointed ; and
the whole nation waited with anxious fufpenfe for the
event. At length the day arrived on which this duel
was to be fought; and as combats of this kind are (till
in force by our law, (fee the article Battel, vol.ii.
p. 809,) it may not be amifs to deferibe the ceremonies
on this folemn occafion. Hereford, the challenger, firft
appeared on a white charger, gaily caparifoned, armed" at
all points, and holding his drawn {"word. When he ap¬
proached the lifts, the marefchal demanded his name and
bufinefs ; to which he replied, “ I am Henry of Lancaf-
ter earl of Hereford, come hither according to my duty,
againft Thomas Mowbray duke of Norfolk, a falfe trai¬
tor to God and the king, the realm and me.” Then
taking the oath that his quarrel was juft and true, he de-
fired to enter the lifts, which being granted, he fheathed
his fword, pulled down his beaver, crofted himfelf on
the forehead, feized his lance, pafled the barrier, alighted,
and fat down in a chair of green velvet, placed at one end
of the lifts. He had fcarcely taken his feat, when the
king came into the field with great pomp, attended by
the lords, the count de St. Pol, who came from France
on purpofe to fee this famous trial, and ten thoufand men
at arms, to prevent tumults and difturbances. Richard
being feated in his chair of ftate, the king at arms pro¬
claimed that none but fuch as were appointed to marfhal
the field, fhould prefume to touch the lifts upon pain of
death. Then another herald proclaimed aloud, “ Behold
here Henry of Lancafter earl of Hereford, who has entered
the lifts to perform his devoir againft Thomas Mowbray
duke of Norfolk, on pain of being counted falfe and re¬
creant.” Juft then the duke of Norfolk appeared in
arms, mounted upon a barbed horfe, with a coat of arms
of crimfon velvet, embroidered with lions of (liver and
mulberry-trees ; and, having taken his oath before the
conftable and marefchal, entered the field, exclaiming
aloud, “ God defend the right.” Then, alighting from
his horfe, he placed himfelf , in a chair of crimfon velvet
oppofite to his antagonift, at the other end of the lifts.
After which the marefchal having meafured their lances,
delivered one to the challenger, and fent a knight with
the other to the duke of Norfolk ; and proclamation was
made that they fliould prepare for the combat. Accord¬
ingly, mounting their horfes, and clofing their beavers,
the trumpets founded to the charge. The earl of Here¬
ford began his career with great violence ; but, before
he could join his antagonift, the king threw down his
warder, and the heralds interpofed. By the advice and
authority of his parliamentary commiflioners he flopped
the combat, and ordered both the champions to leave the
kingdom. The duke of Norfolk he banifhed for life,
but the earl of Hereford only for ten years. Thus the
one was condemned to exile without being charged with
any offence, and the other without being convitted of
any crime. The duke of Norfolk was overwhelmed with
grief at the judgment awarded againft him ; he retired to
Venice, where he died of a broken heart. Hereford’s be¬
haviour on this occafion was refigned and fubmiflive,

which

E N G L A N D.

which fo pleated the king, that he contented to fhorten
his banifliment to four years ; and he alfo granted him
letters patent, infuring him t lie enjoyment of any inherit¬
ance which fhould fall to him during his abfence. But
nothing could be more fluctuating than Richard’s regard
to friendfhip. The earl of Hereford retiring into Flan¬
ders, and from thence to Paris, found there a very favour¬
able reception from the French king. He even opened
a treaty of marriage with the daughter of the duke of
Berry, uncle to the king of France; but was prevented
from completing the alliance by the intereft of Richard,
who, dreading the increaling power of the banifhed earl,
fent over the earl of Salilbury to Paris, with orders to fet
alide the match. Such an injury could not fail to aggra¬
vate the refentment of Hereford ; but he had (fill other
reafons for anger, upon the death of his father the duke
of Lancafter, which happened fliortly after. Richard, as
before obferved, had given him letters patent, empower¬
ing him to poflefs any fucceflions that fhould fall to him
while abroad ; but, being now afraid of ftrengthening the
hands of a man whom he had injured, he revoked the pa¬
tent, and appropriated the eftate of the houfe of Lancafter
to himfelf.

Flereford, no longer able to bear fitch flagrant a£ls of
inj office, conceived the revengeful project of dethroning
the king. Few men were better qualified for an enter-
prife of this nature than the earl of Hereford ; who was
cool, cautious, difcerning, and refolute. The earl of
Marche, prefumptive heir to the crown, had juft been
Haiti in a fkirmilh in Ireland, which fo incenfed Richard,
that, unmindful of his precarious fituation at home, he
refolved, with a numerous army, to go in perfon, and
revenge his death. The duke of Lancafter, which title
Flereford affirmed upon the death of his father, being in¬
formed of Richard’s departure for Ireland, inftantly em¬
barked at Nants, with a retinue of lixty perfons, in three
fmall veflels, and landed at Ravenfpurin Yorkftiire. The
earl of Northumberland, and Henry Percy his fon, who,
from his ardent valour was furnamed Flotfpur, immedi¬
ately joined him with their forces. After which, the
concourfe of people coming to lift under his banner was
fo great, that, in a few days, his army amounted to fixty
thoufand men. The duke of York, who had been left
guardian of the realm during Richard’s, abfence, alfem-
bled a body of forty thoufand men at St. Alban’s ; but
found them either quite difpirited, or more attached to
the caufe of the rebels than of the crown. It had been
Hereford’s policy to hide the real motives of his expedi¬
tion, and to give out that he only aimed at the recovery
of his patrimonial dukedom. Upon the prefent occafion,
therefore, he entreated the duke of York not to oppofe a
loyal and humble l'uppliant in the recovery of his juft
rights; but to concur in a meafure that was more likely
to promote the king’s honour, than injure his interefts.
The duke of York, deceived by thefe fpecious profef-
(ions, declared that lie would not only approve, but aflift
in forwarding his pretenfions ; and both armies meeting,
embraced with acclamations of friendlhip and joy.

Whilft thefe things were tranfacting in England, Rich¬
ard continued in Ireland in perfect fecurity. Contrary
winds, which continued to blow for three weeks toge¬
ther, prevented his receiving any intelligence of the re¬
bellion in his native dominions. Upon the fir ft informa¬
tion, however, he imprifoned the earl of Hereford’s bro¬
thers, whom he had taken over with him, and then re-
folvetj to return inftantly to England, to fight the enemy
in perfon. But ever wavering in his refolutions, he was
perfuaded to Hay till he could prepare (hips to tranfpqrt
all his forces together. This delay completed his ruin ;
to that when he landed at Milford. haven with an army
of twenty thoufand men, he had the mortification to find
that the duke of York had efpoufed the caufe of his ri¬
val, and that his force was greatly inferior to that of the
enemy. He now perceived himfelf in a dreadful fitua¬
tion, in the midft of a difaffedted people, without any

Vol. VI. No. 376.

605

friend on whom to rely, and forfaken by thofe, who, in
the meridian of his power, had only contributed to in-
creafe his follies. Flis little army began gradually to de-
fert, until at laft he had not above fix thoufand men,
who followed his ftandard. Thus, not knowing where
to turn, he faw no other alternative but to throw' himfelf
upon the generality of his enemy ; and he therefore fent
a meflenger to Hereford, earneftly defiring a conference.
The earl appointed to meet at a caftle within about ten
miles of Chefter, A. D. 1399, where he came the next
day with his whole army . Richard, who had been brought
thither by the earl of Northumberland, deferying his ri¬
val’s approach from the walls, went down to receive him ;
while Hereford, after fome ceremony, entered the caftle
in complete armour, with his head bare, in compliment
to the fallen king. Richard received him with that com¬
placency for which he had been ever praifqworthy, and
kindly bade him welcome. “ My lord the king (re¬
turned Hereford, with a cool refpedtful bow ) I am comp
fooner than you appointed, becaufe your people fay, that
for one-and-twenty years you have governed with rigour
and indiferetion. They are very ill fatisfied with your
conduft ; but, if it pleafe God, I will help you to go¬
vern them better for the time to come.” To this decla¬
ration the king made no other anfwer, but, “ Faircoufin,
fince it pleafes you, it pleafes us likewife.”

But Hereford’s auftere anfw'er was not the only morti¬
fication the unfortunate Richard was to endure. After a
fliort converfation with fome of the king’s attendants,
Hereford ordered the king’s horfes to be brought out of
the liable ; and two wretched worn-down animals being
produced, Richard was placed upon one, and his favour¬
ite, the ear*l of Salilbury, upon the other. In this mean
condition they rode to Chefter, and were conveyed to the
caftle with a great noife of trumpets, and through a vaft
concourfe of people". In this manner he was condudted
from town to town, amidft multitudes who fcoffed at him,
and extolled his rival. “ Long live the good duke of
Lancafter, our deliverer 1” was the general cry; but as
for the king, to life the pathetic words of the poet,
“ none cried, God blefs him!” Thus, after a long jour¬
ney, marked with repeated indignities, he was confined a
clofe priloner in the Tower; there, if poffible, to under¬
go a Hill greater variety of ftudied infolence, and fragrant
contempt. The wretched monarch, thus humbled, felt-
no difficulty in (igning a deed, by which he renounced his
crown, and acknowledged himfelf unqualified forgovefn-
ing the kingdom. Upon this refignation the duke of Lan¬
cafter founded his claim: but, willing to adt with every
appearance of juftice, he called a parliament, which was
ealily brought to approve and confirm his pretenfions. A
frivolous charge of thirty-three articles was drawn up,
and found valid againft the king; upon which he was fo-
lenmly depofed, and the duke of Lancafter eledted king,
by the title of Henry IV. Thus began the conteft be¬
tween the houfes of York and Lancafter, which, for many
years, deluged the country with blood; and yet, in the
end, contributed to fettle and confirm the prefent happy
conftitution.

When Richard was depofed, the earl of Northumber¬
land made a motion in the houfe of peers, demanding the
advice of parliament, with regard to the future treatment
of the depofed king. To this they replied, that he
fhould be imprifoned in fome fecure place, where his
partizans (liquid not be able to have accefs.to him. This
was accordingly put in practice ; but, while lie dill con¬
tinued alive, the ufurper could not conceive himfelf in
fafety. Some confpiracies alfo, which followed foon af¬
ter, induced Henry to with for Richard’s death ; in con-
fequence of which, a hired aflaflin went down to the place
of this unfortunate monarch’s confinement in Pomfret
caftle, and, with eight of his followers, rufhed into his
apartment. The king, perceiving their defign was to take
away his life, refolved not to fall unrevenged; wherefore
wrefting a pole-axe from one of the murderers, he foon
7 P • laid

6o6 ENGLAND.

laid four of their number dead at his feet. But he was
at length overpowered, and ftruck dead by the blow of
a pole-axe; although fome writers affert, that he was
fltarved in prifon.

Richard II. furnamed of Bourdeatix, the place of his
birth, was remarkably handfome in his perfon, and does
not feem to have been naturally defective either in cou¬
rage or underftanding : for on fome occafions, particu¬
larly in the dangerous infurreCtion of Wat Tyler, he aCted
with a degree of fpirit and prudence greatly fuperior to
his years. But his education was miferably negleCted,
or rather he was intentionally corrupted- and debauched
by his three ambitious uncles, who, being defirous of re¬
taining the management of date affairs, encouraged him to
fpend his time in the company of dilfolute young people
of both fexes, and in a continued round of feafting and
diffipatipn. By this means he contracted a fade for often-
tatious pleafure, and a diflike to the cares of government.
The greateft foible in the chara&er of this unhappy
prince, was an exceflive fondnefs for, and unbounded li¬
berality towards, his favourites, which enraged his un¬
cles, particularly the duke of Gloucefler, and difgufled
fuch of the nobility as did not partake of his bounty.
Yet he was an affectionate hufband, a generous inafter,
and a faithful friend; and, if he had. received a proper
education, might have proved a great and a good king.
Richard was dethroned in the twenty-third year of his
reign, and the thirty-fourth of his age, and never had any
children. If a juft regard had been paid to the conftitu-
tion or the rights of blood, he would have been fuc-
ceeded by Edmund Mortimer earl of March, defeended
from Lionel duke of Clarence, third fon of Edward III.
and elder brother to John of Gaunt duke of Lancafter.
But in the tumult of faction which attended this revolu¬
tion, that young nobleman’s name and rights were hardly
ever mentioned, though his father, Roger Mortimer earl
of March, had been declared prefumptive heir of the
crown, by aCt of parliament, in 1385.

Though we find no fplendid a£ts of munificence in the
encouragement of the arts, recorded in Richard the Se¬
cond’s reign, yet his biographers agree, that he excelled
all his predeceft'ors in hofpiiality, and fed a thoufand poor
every day with the fuperabundance of his kitchen.

From the ACCESSION of the HOUSE of LAN¬
CASTER, to the DEPOSITION of HENRY VI.

The duke of Lancafter, knowing the weaknefs of his
title, was at leaft determined to give his coronation all
pofiible Solemnity, and to make religion a cloak to cover
his usurpation. Thefe meafures were perhaps taken to
quiet his own fears; for the heir of the houfe of Morti¬
mer, who had been declared the true heir to the crown,
was alive, though only feven years of age. Him Henry
cautioufly detained, together with his younger brother,
in the caitle of Windfor. But, notwithftanding thefe pre¬
cautions for his Security, Henry foon found that the
throne of an ufurper is a bed of thorns. Such violent
animofities broke out among the barons, in the firft meet¬
ing of his parliament, that, to its eternal difgrace, forty
challenges were given and received. But though thefe
commotions were apparently fuppreffed, yet they foon
broke ont into open rebellion; and a confpiracy was fet
On foot for Seizing Henry at WindScr, and replacing Rich¬
ard on the throne, who was SuppoSed to be Still alive.
This plot was Set on foot by the earls of Rutland, Kent,
Huntingdon, and lord SpenSer, whom Henry had degraded
from fuperior titles conferred upon them by the late king.
The particulars of their intended operations were com¬
mitted to writing, and each of the confpirators had a copy
ligned by all the reft. Among the number of thefe, the
carl of Rutland was one, furnillied with a paper, which
he accidentally let fall from his bofom as he was fitting
at dinner with his father the duke of York. The duke
perceiving Something fall, privately took it up, and, to
bis great aftonilhment, read the contents, which he re-

folved to make known to the king; and accordingly rode
off to Windfor, where the court refided. The fpn, find¬
ing the mifchance that had happened, and fufpecting the
caufe of his father’s hafty departure, made a virtue of
neceftity, and, travelling by a (horter way, difclofed the
whole to the king, and obtained the royal pardon, before
his father reached Windfor.

In the mean time, while Henry employed the mod vi¬
gorous efforts to dif pel the rifing ftorm, the confpirators,
finding their firft intentions fruftrated, drelled up one of
the late king’s fervants, named Maudlin, in royal robes,
giving out that he was the depofed monarch, whom they
bad taken from his prilen, and were determined to re¬
place on the throne. Humanity and commiferation feem
ever to have formed the aggregate of the Englifti charac¬
ter ; and from feelings of this generous nature the people
were induced to flock round the ftandard of the confpira¬
tors. Their army foon became considerable, and en¬
camped near Cirencefter, while the leaders took up their
head-quarters within the city; yet fo carelefs or confi¬
dent were they, that they neglected to place guards at
the gates and avenues of the town. This being perceived
by the mayor, who was in the intereft of the king, lie
affembled four hundred men in the night, fecured the
gates fo as to exclude the army from without, and then
fell upon the chiefs within. The earls of Kent and Sa-
lifbury were taken, after an obftinate refinance, and be¬
headed on the Spot by the mayor’s order. The earl of
Huntingdon and lord Spenfer efcaped over the tops of
the houtes into the camp, in hopes of (forming the town
at the head of their forces; but they had the mortifica-
lion to find the tents and baggage abandoned by the fol-
diers ; who, upon hearing the tumult in the town, con¬
cluded that a party of the king’s army had entered pri¬
vately to co-operate with the townfmen ; and, under this
impreflion, they fled in all directions. The two noble
lords, perceiving that all was loft, endeavoured to con¬
ceal themfel ves ; but they were foon after taken, and be¬
headed by t lie king’s order. Their deaths were followed
by thofe of fir Thomas Blount and fir Benedict Sely ;
and, when the bleeding quarters of thefe unhappy men
were brought to London, no lefs than eighteen bilhops,
and thirty-four mitred abbots, joined the cavalcade, ex¬
prefling the mod favage exultation. In this (hocking
procellion was feen the earl of Rutland carrying the head
of lord Spenfer, his brother-in-law, on a pole,°after hav¬
ing betrayed him. "1 his mifereant had been long inured
to blood and treachery : he was inftrumental in the mur¬
der of his uncle the duke of Gloucefler, to pleafe the
ill-fated king Richard; he foon after deferted the fallen
fortunes of that monarch, and joined Henry; he then en¬
tered into a confpiracy againft this monarch, after having
fworn allegiance to him ; and at laft betrayed thofe very
affociates whom he had drawn into the confpiracy, carry¬
ing in triumph the marks of his execrable villanies.

But the fuppre [lion ot a (ingle rebellion was inadequate
to give repole to a kingdom threatened with foreign in-
valions, and torn by inteftine broils. The king of France
had actually railed a vaft armament to invade England;
but a truce was foon after concluded for eight-and-
twenty years ; and it was agreed, that queen Ifabella,
who had been married to Richard, but whofe marriage
had never been confuntmated, (hould return to France,
her native country. The Scots, (hortly after, began to
renew their ancient difturbances ; and, while the Enalilh
army marched northward to oppofe their incurfions^the
Welfh, under the conduCt of Owen Glendour, attacked
the kingdom in the contrary quarter. Many were the
petty viftories gained, and the ravages committed, in
thefe unavailing contefts. The name of Owen Glendour
is refpeCted among the Welfh to this very day; but, as
all his conquefts procured no lading advantage, and as
all his victories only terminated in fame, they are fcarcely
worthy notice in the page of hiftory. It will be (Efficient
to obferve, that whatever honour the Englifh loft on' the
2 ( fide

HEMY IV.

Tubluhd a s die Act directs May 1173s

ENGLAND.

fide of Wales, they gained on that of Scotland ; the
Wcl(l) maintained their ground, although their chieftain,
Glendoar, was taken prifoner, while the Scots uniformly
retreated before the Englilh, and would neither fubmit,
nor give them battle.

It was in a (kirmifti between the Scots and the Englifh,
A. D. 1402, that Archibald earl of Douglas, with many
of the Scottifli nobility, were taken prifoners by the earl
of Northumberland, and carried to Alnwick cattle. This
fuccefs was confidered as of (ignal advantage ; but it was
foon attended with confequences fatal to the vidtors.
When Renrv received intelligence of this victory, he lent
the earl orders not to ranfom his prifoners, as he intended
to detain them, in order to increafe his demands in making
peace with Scotland. This nietfage was highly refented
by the earl of Northumberland, who, by the laws of war
in that age, had a right to the ranfom of whomfoever he
had taken in battle. The command was dill more irk-
fome, as lie confidered the king as his debtor, both for
his fecurity and his crown. Accordingly, thing with this
fuppofed injury, herefolved to overturn a throne, which
he had had the chief hand in eftablifhing. A fcheme was
laid, in which the Scots and Welfli were to unite their
forces, and to aflift the earl of Northumberland in ele¬
vating Mortimer as the true heir to the crown of Eng¬
land. When all the tilings were prepared, the earl had
the mortification to find himfelf unable to head the troops,
being feized with a fudden illnefs at Berwick. But the
want of his prefence was well fupplied by his foil Henry
Percy, furnamed Hotfpur, who took the command of the
troops, and marched them towards Shrewfbury, in order
to join his forces with thofe of Glendour, who, fonte time
before, had been exchanged from prifon, and had now
advanced with his forces into Shropfliire. Upon the
jundtionof thefe two armies, they publifhed a manifefto,
which aggravated their real grievances, and invented
more. In the mean time, Henry, who had no intelligence
of their defigns, was greatly furprifed at the news of this
rebellion. But fortune feemed (till to befriend him : he
liad a fmall army in readinefs, which he had intended
againft Scotland ; and, knowing the importance of dif-
patch, he inftantly marched to Shrewfbury to give the
rebels battle.

Upon the approach of the two armies, both tides feemed
willing to give a colour to their caufe, by (hewing a de-
fire of reconciliation ; but, when they came to open their
mutual demands, the treaty was turned into abufe and
recrimination : on one fide was objedted rebellion and in¬
gratitude ; on the other, tyranny and ufurpation. The
two armies were nearly equal, each confifting of about
fourteen thoufand men; the animofity was ‘inflamed to
the higheft pitch; and a very bloody engagement enfued,
in which the generals on both (ides exerted the greateft
bravery. Henry was feen every where in the thickeft of
the fight ; while his valiant fon, afterwards deftined to be
the renowned conqueror of France, fought by his father’s
fide, and, though wounded in the face by an arrow, dill
kept the field, and performed prodigies of valour. On
the other fide, the impetuous Hotfpur fupported that re¬
nown which he had acquired in fo many arduous engage¬
ments, and every where fought out the king as the no-
bled objedt of his indignation. At lad, however, his
death, from an unknown hand, decided the vidtory ;
and the fortune of Henry prevailed. On that bloody
day, it is faid that no lefs than 2300 gentlemen were (lain,
and about 6000 private men, of whom two-thirds were
of Hotfpur’s army. Such was the battle of Shrew' (bury,
fought July 21, 1403. The earl of Northumberland,
who had recovered from his indifpofition, was at this cri¬
tical junfture advancing with an army to reinforce the
malcontents, and take upon himfelf the command ; but
hearing by the way of his fon’s and his brother’s defeat,
he ditmitfed his troops, and threw himfelf upon the mercy
of the king. Appearing before Henry, at York, he pre¬

607

tended that his foie intention in arming, was to become
a mediator between the two parties; and this, though a
weak apology, feemed to famfy the king. Northumber¬
land therefore received a pardon ; Henry probably think¬
ing that he was fufficiently punifhed by the lofs of his
army, and the death of his favourite fon.

The fuppreffion of one rebellion, however, only feemed
to give rife to another. The archbilhop of York, who
had been promoted during the late reign, entered into a
confederacy with the earl of Nottingham ; and the earl of
Northumberland, who had been fo lately pardoned, united
with them to dethrone the king, and fet up Mortimer.
The infurgents took the field, and publitlied a manifefto,
in which they reproached Henry with ufurpation, tyran¬
ny, and murder ; they required that the rightful heir
fhould be reftored to the crown, and all grievances re-
drelFed. The earl of Wefimoreland, who had been fent
againft them with a very inferior force, demanded a con¬
ference, to which they readily confented. The chiefs on
each fide met at Skip-ton, near York, and, in the prefence
of both armies, entered upon the fubjedt of their griev¬
ances. The archbilhop deplored the nation’s injuries and
his own ; the earl of Wefimoreland not only allowed the
juftnefs of his remonftrances, but begged of him to pro-
pote the remedies. The archbilhop entered upon many
ftipulations, and the earl granted them all. He now
therefore entreated, that fince they had nothing more to
afk or to fear, they would difmifs their forces, and trufi
to his honour for the performance. His fpecious pro-
mifes, and pluulible manners, led them to their ruin.
The infurgents, A.D. 1405, difbanded their troops, while
he gave private orders that his own army fhould not dif-
perte till farther notice ; and thus having difqualified
them for defence, he inftantly feized the archbilhop and
the earl of Northampton, and carried them to the king.
The ceremony of a trial was quite unnecelFary to men
whofe fate was pre-determined ; Scrope archbilhop of
York was the firft prelate who was capitally punilhed in
England ; the earl of Nottingham (hared the fame fate ;
and the earl of Northumberland for fafety retired into
Scotland ; but he was afterwards (lain by fir Thomas
Rokefby, flierilT of Yorklhire.

Thefe advantage's feemed to promife the country fome
repole from civil war and difeord ; but a new calamity
now began to appear, which, though fmall at firft, be¬
came, in the courfe of ages, of the mod deftrudtive con¬
fequences. Since Wicklitfe had pnblilhed his opinions
in the former reign, his dodtrines met with fo many par-
tifans, that the clergy began to tremble for their influ¬
ence over the minds of the people. They therefore ufed
all their intereft to bring the king over to t heir party ;
who had more than once, in former times, declared him¬
felf in favour of the new dodlrine. But at prefent, as he
was confcious of the weaknefs of his title to the crown,
he was refolved to make ufe of every expedient to prop
his pretenfions ; and, among others, that offered him by
the clergy was by no means to be negledted. He Feemed
to liften with earneftnefs to their complaints ; and directed
his parliament to attend to the confervation of the church,
which he alFerted was then in danger. Flow reluftant fo-
ever the houfe of commons might have been to profecute
a fedt, whofe crime at word: was but error of opinion, the
credit of the court, and the cabals of the clergy, obtained
an adt for burning obftinate heretics. This ftatute was
no fooner pafled, than the clergy refolved to (hew that
it was not hung out as an empty terror. William Saw-
tre, a follower of Wickliffe, and redtor of St. Olithe’s,
London, had been condemned by the convocation of Can¬
terbury, and was foon after burnt alive, by virtue of the
king’s writ, delivered to the lord-mayor of London. This
was the firft martyr that fulfered death in England for
the fake of religion ; but the fires once kindled were not
likely to be extinguifhed, while the clergy had the power
of kindling the flame. They cunningly perceived that a

' power

60S

ENGLAND.

power of burning their enemies would revive that fh.are
of temporal authority which they had potfeded fome cen¬
turies before ; and in this they were not mi (taken-.

Henry, by thefe wily meafures, feemed to furmount all
his troubles; and the temporary calm which was thus
produced, was employed by him to recover that popu¬
larity, which he had loft by the feverities of the preceding
part of his reign. With that view, lie permitted the
houfe of commons to alfume powers which had not been
ufually exercifed by their predecefTors. In the fixth year
of his reign, A.D. 1407, when they voted him the fup-
plies, they appointed treafurers of their own, to fee the
money difburfed for the purpofes intended ; and required
them to deliver in their accounts to the houfe. They
propofed thirty very important articles for the govern¬
ment of the king’s houfehold ; and, on the whole, pre-
ferved their privileges and freedom more entire, during
his reign, than that of any of his predecedors. But while
the king thus laboured to retrieve the reputation he had
loft, his fon Henry, prince of Wales, feemed equally bent
on incurring the public averfion. He became notorious
for all kinds of debauchery ; and ever chofe to be fur-
rounded by a fet of thieves, who took pride in commit¬
ting the mod illegal aCts, with the prince at their head,
The king was not a little mortified at this degeneracy in
his elded fon, who feemed entirely forgetful of his dn-
tion, although he had exhibited the highed proofs of his
valour and generofity. Such were the exceffes into which
he ran, that one of his dilfolute companions being brought
to trial before fir William Gafcoigne, chief-judice of
the king’s bench, the prince was fo exafperated at the
condition, that he druck the judge in open court. The
venerable magidrate, behaved with that dignity which
became his office, and immediately committed his royal
liighnefs to piifon. When this tranfaCtion was reported
to the king, he could not help exclaiming, “ Happy is-
the king that has a magidrate endowed With courage to
execute the laws upon fuch an offender; dill more hap¬
py, in having a fon willing to fubmit to fuch a chadife-
ment.” This, in truth, is one of the fil'd noble indanccs
in the Englifli hidory of a magidrate doing judice in op-
pofition to power ; fmce, upon many former occafions,
we find the judges only the agents of royal caprice.

Henry, whofe health had for fome time been declining,
did not long out-live this tranfaCtion. He was fubjeCt to
fits, which bereaved him of his fenfes ; and which, at lad,
brought on the near approach of death, at Wedminder.
As Ins conditution decayed, his fears of lofing th,e crown
alarmed him even to a childifh anxiety. He could not
deep, unlefs the royal diadem was laid upon his pillow.
He refolved to take the crofs, and fight the caufe of the
pilgrims at Jerufalem ; and even imparted his defigns to
a great council ; but his diforder increafing to a violent
degree, he was obliged to lay afide that vilionary fcheme,
and prepare for a journey of much, greater importance.
As the king lay in a violent paroxifm, the prince of
Wales took up the crown, and carried it into another
apartment ; but the king foon after recovering, and mif-
fi'n<r the crow’ti, hadilv demanded what was become of it ?
Being informed that the prince of Wales had carried it
off: “What! (faid the king,) would he rob me of my
right before my death?” But the prince, jud then en¬
tering the room, affured his father that he had no fuch
motives; went and replaced the crown where he had
found it; and, having receiving his father’s bleffing, du¬
tifully retired. The king was t^aken with his lad fit while
at his devotions before the (brine of St. Edward the Con-
felfor, in Wedminder Abbey, and from thence he was
carried to the Jerufalem Chamber. When he had re¬
covered from his fwoon, perceiving himfelf in a drange
place, he defired to know where he was, and if the apart¬
ment had any particular name : being informed that it
was called the Jerufalem Chamber, he faid, that he then
perceived a prophecy was fulfilled, which declared that

he fliould die in Jerufalem. Thus faying he expired, in
the forty-fixth year of his age, and the fourteenth of his
reign.

Henry IV. was, in dature, a little below the middle
fize, but robud and well made. He excelled in all the
martial and manly exercifes of bis times; and his cou¬
rage was at once calm and undaunted. His head was
better than his heart ; his fchemes being formed with
prudence, and generally fuccefsful, but not always inno¬
cent, and feldom generous. As jealous as he was fond
of power, he duck at nothing to obtain and keep it ; and
was not very prone to pardon thofe who attempted to
deprive him of it. From policy more than principle, he
protected the church and perfecuted heretics. Ambition
was his ruling pafiion-; and that, impelled by a violent
gale of popular favour, hurried him into a throne, which
involved him in many crimes and cares, and his country
in many calamities. He would have been both a better
and happier man, if he had never been a king. Henry,
by bis fird wife, Mary de Bohun, one of the coheirelTes
of Humphry de Bohun earl of Hereford, had four fons
and two daughters, viz. Henry, who fucceeded him in
the throne, Thomas duke of Clarence, John duke of
Bedford, Humphry duke of Glouceder, Blanche duchefs
of Bavaria, and Philippa queen of Denmark. By hi r fe-
cond wife, Jane duchefs of Briranny, he had no iffire.

Henry V. furnamed Henry of Monmouth, was pro¬
claimed at London, March 21, and crowned at Wedmin¬
der, April 9, 1413 ; and, whatever objections might have
been made to his title, no prince ever afeended a throne
more peaceably, and few with greater applaufe. His fa-'
ther, Henry IV. had lod all his popularity long before
his death, which made the news of that event, and of his
fon’s fuccedion, to be received with joy. The fird deps
taken by the young king confirmed all the public hopes
entertained in his favour. He called together his former
companions, acquainted them with his intended reforma¬
tion ; exhorted them to follow his example ;. and thus
difmilled them from his prefence, allowing them a com¬
petency to fubfid upon, till lie faw them worthy of higher
promotion. The more rigid and virtuous miniders of his
father began to tremble for their fafety ; but he foon
eafed them of their fears, by taking them intq his friend-
fliip and confidence. Sir William Gafcoigne, who had
committed the prince, met with praifes indead of re¬
proaches, and was exhorted to perfevere in the fame ri¬
gorous and impartial execution of judice. Henry feemed
to deplore not only his own private errors, but thofe of
the former reign. He exprefi'ed the deeped forrow for
the fate of the unhappy Richard, and ordered his funeral
obfequies to be performed with great folemnity. He
feemed anxious to bury all party didin'Ctions in oblivion;
the good men of either party were alone dear to him ; and
the bad vainly alleged their loyalty in extenuation of
their vices. The exhortations, as well as the example
of the prince, gave encouragement to virtue; all parties
were equally attached to fo jud a prince, and the defects
of his title were forgot, amidd the ludre of his amiable
qualities.

Thus the people feemed happy in their new king; but
it is not in the power of any human being to raife him¬
felf entirely above the prejudices of the age in which lie
lives, or to correct thofe abufes which often employ the
fagacity of ages to overcome. The vices of the clergy
Had drawn upon them the contempt and detedation of
the people ; but they were refolved to continue their ec-
clefiadical power, not by reforming themfelves, but by
perfecuting thofe who oppofed them. The herefy of
Wickliffe, or Lollardifm, as it was called, began to lpread
every day more and more, while it received a new ludre
from the protection and preaching of fir John Oldcadle,
baron of Cobham, who had been one of the king’s do-
medics, and dood high in his favour. His character,
both for civil and military excellence, pointed him out

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to Arundel archbifhop of Canterbury, as the proper vic¬
tim of clerical vengeance ; and lie applied to the king for
permiflion to indiCt lord Cobham as a dangerous heretic.
But the g'enerons nature of the prince was wholly averfe
to fuch fapguinary methods of converfion ; and he re-
folved firft to try what effects the arts of reafon and per-
fuafion would produce upon this bold leader of his feCt.
He accordingly defined a private conference with lord
Cobham ; but he found that nobleman obftinate in his
opinions, and determined rather to part with his life than
his religion. The king, finding him immoveable, gave
him up to the fury of his enemies. Perfecution ever pro¬
pagates thofe errors which it aims at abolifhing. The
primate ind idled lord Cobham; and, with the affiftanceof
his fuffragans, condemned him, as an heretic, to be burnt
alive. Cobham, however, efcaping from the Tower, only
the day before his intended execution, privately went
among his party ; and, ftimulating their zeal, led them
up to London, to take a fignal revenge of his enemies.
But the king, apprifed of his intentions, ordered that
the city gates fliould be flint ; and, coming out by night
with his guards into St. Giles’s Fields, feized fuch of the
confpirators as appeared, and afterwards laid hold of fe-
veral parties that w ere battening to the appointed place.
Some of them were executed ; but the greater number
w'as pardoned. Lord Cobham found means of efcaping
for that time ; but he was taken about four years after ;
and never did the cruelty of man invent, or crimes draw
down, fuch torments as he was deftined to endure. He
was hung up with a chain by the middle ; and at a flow
fire burnt, or rather roafted, alive.

Such cruelties as thefe would naturally excite the dif-
guft of the people, not only againft the clergy, but the
government alfo. Henry, to wean his people from fuch
hideous feenes, refolved to take advantage of the inquie¬
tudes in France, to recover his patrimonial dominions.
Charles the Fifth, who then filled the Gallic throne, was
fubjeCt to frequent fits of lunacy, which difqualified him
from resigning. The ambition of his vaffals and courtiers
had thus room for exertion ; and they grew powerful
from their fovereign’s infirmity. The adminiftration of
affairs was difputed between his brother, the duke of Or¬
leans, and his coufin-germain, John duke of Burgundy,
Tfabella, his queen, alfo had her party; and the king
vainly attempted to fecure a fuperior one of his own.
Each of thefe, as they happened to prevail, branded
their competitors with the name of traitors ; and the gib¬
bets were at once filled with the bodies of the accufed
and the accufers. This, therefore, was thought by Henry
a favourable opportunity to recover his rights from
France. But, previous to his intended expedition, he
fent ambaffadors to Paris, offering perpetual peace and
alliance, on condition of being put in poffeflion of all
thofe provinces which had been wrefted from his ancef-
tors during the former reign, and of efpoufing Catharine,
the French king’s daughter, with a fuitable dowry.
Though the French court was extremely averfe to war,
yet the magnitude of thefe demands could not be com¬
plied with; which Henry molt probably forefaw. Fie
therefore affembled a great fleet and army at Southamp¬
ton ; and, having folicited all the military men of the
kingdom to attend him, he put to fea, and landed near
Flat fleur, at the head of an army of fix thoufand men at
arms, and twenty-four thoufand foot, moftly archers.

His fir ft operations were directed againft Harfleur,
which, being prefled hard, promifed at a certain day to
furrender, unlefs relieved before that time. The day
arriving, and the garrifon (till r'efolving to defend the
place, Henry took the town by ftorm, and put all the
garrifon to the fword. F'rorn thence the Englifh ad¬
vanced into the interior, and laid the country wafte. But,
although the enemy made a feeble refiftance, the climate
feemed to fight againft the Englifh, a contagions dyfen-
tery carrying off three parts of Flenry’s army. In that
Vol. VI. No. 376.

-.AND. 6o;j

fituation, be challenged the dauphin, who commanded
the French army, to tingle combat, offering to (take all
his claims upon the tflue of the event. 'I his challenge
was declined ; and the French, feeing the common danger,
waved their domeftic feuds. An army of fourteen thou¬
fand men at arms, and forty thoufand foot, was aflem-
bled, under the command of count Albert, and direCted
to intercept Henry’s weakened forces on their return.
The Englifh monarch took every precaution to infpire
his troops with patience and perfeverance ; and mani-
fefted in his own perfon the nobleft example of fortitude
and refignation. He was continually harafled in his march
by flying parties of the enemy ; and, whenever he at¬
tempted to pafs the Somme, over which his route lay, he
faw troops ported on the other fide, ready todifpute his
paflage. However, he feized by furprife a pafli.ge near
St. (Luintin, which had not been fufliciently guarded :
and there he fafely carried over his army.

The enemy, however, was (till refolved to cut off his
retreat; and, after he had parted the fmall river of Tertois
at Blangi, he beheld, from the heights, the w'hole French
army drawn up in the plains of Agincourt ; fo that it
was impoflible for him to proceed, without coming to an
engagement. No fituation could be more unfavourable
than that in which he then found himfelf. His army was
wafted with difeafe, his foldiers worn down with fatigue,
deftitute of provifions, and difcoiiraged by a retreat.
Their whole number amounted but to ten thoufand men,
who were to fuftain the fliock of an enemy more than ten
times as many, headed by expert generals, and plenti¬
fully fupplied with provifions. This difpurity, as it de-
preffed the Englifh, naturally raifed the courage of the
French ; and fo confident were they of victory, that they
began to treat for the ranfom of their prifoners. Flenry,
on the other hand, though fenfible of his extreme danger,
did not omit any circumftance that could ftrengthen his
fituation. As the enemy were fo much fuperior, he drew
up his army on a narrow ground between two woods,
which covered each flank; and he patiently waited, in
that pofition, the attack of the enemy. The conftable
of France was at the head of one army ; and Flenry him¬
felf, with Edward duke of York, commanded the other.
For a time both armies filently gazed at each other, un¬
willing to break their ranks, as if fearful of the event of
the day ; which Henry perceiving, he, with a cheerful
countenance, cried out, “ Come, my friends, fince they
will not begin, it is with 11s to fet them the example :
come on! and the blefled Trinity be our protection.”
Upon this the whole army moved forward with a fhout,
while the French ftill kept their pofition. The Englifh
archers, long famous foV their fkill, firft let fly a fliovver
of arrows, three feet long, which did prodigious execu¬
tion. The French cavalry advancing to repel the archers,
two hundred bow-men, who lay in ambufh, rifing on a
fudden, produced fuch a confternation, that the archers,
throwing away their arrows, fell upon them fword in
hand ; fo that the French were obliged to give way, and
were totally defeated. But for the particulars of this
ever memorable battle, fee the article Agincourt,
vol. i. p. 199.

The battle of Agincourt was fought October 25, 1415;
and was very fatal to France, from the number of princes
and prime nobility killed or taken prifoners. Henry car¬
ried his illuftrious prifoners to Calais, and from thence
to England, where the parliament, dazzled with the
fplendour of his victories, granted him new levies, though
unequal to the expences of a campaign. With thefe fup-
plies he once more landed an army of twenty-five thou¬
fand men in Normandy, A. D. 1417, and prepared to
ftrike a decifive blow for the crown of France, to which
the Englifh monarchs had long made their claim. That
devoted country was then in a mod deplorable fituation.
The whole kingdom appeared as one vaft theatre of fe¬
lony, murder, injuftice, and devaftation. The duke of
7 Q^, Orleans

I

ENGLAND.

610

Orleans was alfaffinated by the duke of Burgundy; and
the duke of Burgundy, in his turn, fell by t Ire treachery
of the dauphin. At the fame time, the duke’s foil, de-
firous of revenging his father’s death, entered into a
treaty with the Engliffi ; and a league was concluded at
Arras, between Henry and the young duke of Burgundy.
Henry, therefore, proceeded in his conquelts without
much oppolition. Many towns and provinces furrender-
ed on his approach ; the city of Rouen was bcfieged and
taken; Pontoife and Gifors fubmitted to his arms; and
lie even threatened Paris, which obliged the court to re¬
move to Troye. It was at this city that the duke of
Burgundy, who had taken upon him the protection of
the French king, met Henry, in order to ratify that treaty
which was formerly begun, and by which the crown of
France was to be transferred to the king of England.
The imbecillity into which Charles VI. had fallen, made
him pallive in this remarkable treaty : and Henry dic¬
tated the terms throughout the whole negociation. The
principal articles were, that Henry fhould efpoufe the
princefs Catharine ; that Charles fhould enjoy the title
and dignity of king of France for life, but that Henry
fhould be declared heir to the crown, and thould be en-
trufted with- the then adminiftration of the government;
that France and England Ihould for ever be united under
one king, but (hould liill retain their refpeCtive laws and
privileges; that Henry fhould unite his arms w'ith tliofe
of king Charles and the duke of Burgundy, to fubdue
the dauphin and his partizans. Such was the outline of
a treaty, too repugnant to the real interefls of both king¬
doms to be of long duration • but the contracting parties
were too much blinded by felf-interefl and ambition, to
be aware that it is not in the power of princes to barter
away theirkingdoms, contrary to the real interefls and
content of the people.

It was not long after this memorable treaty, that Henry
efpoufed the princefs Catharine ; after which he carried
his father-in-law to Paris, and took formal poffeflion of
that capital. There he obtained, from the eflates of the
kingdom, a ratification of the compact ; and then turned
his arms, with fuccefs, againft the adherents of the dau¬
phin. But Henry’s fupplies were not furnifhed in fuclt
plenty, as to enable him to carry on the war without
returning in perfon, to prevail upon his parliament for
frefh fuccours; and, upon his arrival in England, though
he found his fubjeCts highly gratified with the fplendour
of his conquefts, yet they feemed doubtful as to the ad¬
vantage of them. A treaty, which in its confequences
was likely to transfer the feat of empire from England to
France, was not much relifhed by the parliament. They,
therefore, under various pretences, refilled him a fupply
equal to his exigencies ; yet he was refolved on purfuing
his conquefts; and, joining to the fupplies granted at
home the contributions levied on the conquered pro¬
vinces, he was able once more to affemble an army of
tw'erity-eight thoufand men, with w hich he landed with
great renown at Calais,

In the mean time, the dauphin, who pofleflTed great
prudence and activity, had omitted no opportunity of
taking advantage of Henry’s abfence from France. Fie
prevailed upon the regent of Scotland to fend him a body
of eight thoufand men from that kingdom; and with
thefe, and fome forces of his own, he had attacked
the duke of Clarence, who commanded in Henry’s ab-
lence, and obtained a complete victory. This was the
fir ft action which turned the tide in favour of the French.
But it was of fliort duration, for Henry foon after ap¬
pearing with a confiderable army, the dauphin fled at his
approach ; while many of the places which held out for
the dauphin, in the neighbourhood of Paris, furrendered
to the conqueror. In this manner, while Henry was every
where victorious, he fixed his refidence at Paris; and,
w hile Charles had but a Final 1 court, Henry was attended
with a very magnificent one. On Whitfunday, A.D. 14-21,

the two kings and their two queens, with crowns on their
heads, dined together in public ; Charles receiving-ap¬
parent homage, but Henry commanding with abfolute
authority.

At this critical juncture, when the glory of the Eng-
lifli monarch had nearly reached its fummit, and both
crowns were devolving upon him, Henry was feized with
a fiftula ; a diforder which, from the unfkilfulnefs of the
times, foon became mortal. Perceiving that his end was
approaching, he lent for his brother the duke of Bedford,
the earl of Warwick, and fome other noblemen whom he
had honoured with his confidence ; and to them he de¬
livered his laft will, with regard to the government of
his kingdom and family. He expreffed great indifference
at the approach of death ; devoutly waited its arrival,
and expired with the fame intrepidity with which he had
lived, on the 31ft of Auguft, 1422, in the thirty-fourth year
of his age, and the tenth year of his reign ; leaving iflue
only one child, a fon, by his queen, Catharine of France.

Thus died, in the prime of life, and in the full career
of glory, Henry. V. one of the belt, braved, and mod for¬
tunate, princes that ever wore the diadem of England.
His perfon is thus defcribed by one who had often feeu
him : “ In dature he was a little above the middle fize ;
his countenance was beautiful, his neck long, his body
fiender, and his limbs mod elegantly formed. He was
very drong, and fo fwift, that, with two companions,
without either dogs or millive weapons, he catched a doe,
one of the fleeted animals. He was a lover of mufic, and
excelled in all martial and manly exet'cifes.” Some of
our contemporary hidorians have heaped upon this prince,
with a liberal but injudicious hand, all the praifes they
could colleCt, exprefled in the mod extravagant and bom-
badic language. It may, however, be affirmed, without
the lead exaggeration, that he poflefled an excellent un-
derdanding, which enabled him to form his defigns with
judgment, and to choofe the mod effectual means, and
favourable feafons, for carrying them into execution. Flis
heart was as warm as his head was cool, and his courage
equal to his wifdom, which emboldened him to encounter
the greated dangers, and furmount the greated difficul¬
ties. His virtues were not inferior to his abilities, being
a dutiful fon, a fond liufband, an affectionate brother, a
Iteady and generous friend, and an indulgent mader. His
youthful excefles proceeded rather from redundancy of
fpirit than depravity of heart. His intolerance and leve-
rity to thole who didented from the edablidied fydem of
religion, was the vice of the age rather than of the man.
The injudice of his attempt to obtain the crown of France
cannot be denied ; but the probability of its fuccefs,
from the diftraCted date of that kingdom, was too flatter¬
ing a temptation to be refided by a young, warlike, and
ambitious, prince. In a word, Henry V. though not with¬
out his failings, merits the character of an amiable and
accomplidied man, a great and benevolent king.

Henry VI. being only nine months old at the time of
his father’s deceale, the parliament appointed the duke
of Bedford proteCtor or guardian of the kingdom, invelt-
ing the duke of Glouceder with the fame dignity, during
the abfence of his elder brother, who was then conduct¬
ing the war in France 5 and, in order to limit the power of
both thefe princes, they appointed a council, without
whofe advice and approbation no meafure of importance
could be determined. The perfon and education of the
infant prince was committed to Henry Beaufort, billiop of
Winchefter, his great uncle, who, as his family could
never have any pretenfions to the crown, might fafely,
they thought, be intruded with that important charge.

The entire conquelt of France was the-firfl objeCtof
the new government; and, on a ftiperficial view of the
relative lituation of both countries, every advantage
leemed to be on the tide of the Engliih, who were already
mailers of Paris, and of almolt all that kingdom ; and
though Henry VI. was but an infant he was, A. D. 1423,,

folemnly

ENGLAND.

folemnly acknowledged by the pope’s legate, and by the
people of France, as their king. The duke of Bedford,
who was at the head of the Englifli affairs, was alfo the
moft accomplilhed prince of his age, and the whole pow¬
er of England was at his command. He commanded
armies accnftomed to victory ; he was feconded by the
moft renowned generals of his time ; and he was mailer
not only of Paris, but of almoll all the northern pro¬
vinces.

Charles VI. died foon after his fon-in-law, the king of
England; and though our Henry VI. had been proclaim¬
ed at Paris, yet the advocates of the dauphin proclaimed
him alfo as the rightful heir; and Charles VII. notwith-
ftanding his apparent inferiority, was foon found to pof-
fefs advantages, which ferved to turn the fcale. He was
the true and undoubted reprefentative of the monarchy ;
ail'd all Frenchmen who knew the interelf, or defired the
independence, of their country, turned their eyes towards
him as their foie refource. Though only in his twen¬
tieth year, he was of the moft friendly and benign difpofi-
tion, of'eafy and familiar manners, and of a juft, though
not of a very vigorous, underltanding. The love of plea-
fure often feduced him into indolence ; but amidlt all his
irregularities, the goodnefs of his heart dill Ihone forth ;
and by exerting at intervals his courage and activity, he
proved that his remfffnefs proceeded not from habitual
errors or defeats. Yet the refentment of the duke of
Burgundy againlt Charles ftill continued ; and the duke
of Bedford, that he might corroborate national connec¬
tions by private ties, concluded his own marriage with
the princefs of Burgundy, which had been ftipulated at
the treaty of Arras.

While the vigilance of the duke of Bedford was em¬
ployed in gaining or confirming French alliances, he did
not overlook the ftate of more remote countries. The
duke of Albany, regent of Scotland, had expired ; and
liis power had devolved on Murdac, his fon, a prince of
a weak underltanding and indolent difpofition. The ar¬
dour of the Scots to ferve in F' ranee, where Charles treat¬
ed them with great diftinction, and where the regent’s
brother enjoyed the dignity of a conltable, broke out afrelh ;
and new fuccours daily expatriated, and filled the armies
of the French king. The duke of Bedford, therefore,
perfuaded the Englifh council to form an alliance with
James of Scotland, their prifoner; to free him from cap¬
tivity, and to marry him to a daughter of the carl of
Somerfet, and coufin of the young king. Murdac, tired
of his ftarion, entered fincerely into the treaty; and for
a ranfom of forty thoufand pounds, the king of Scotland
was reflored to the throne of his anceftors. To thefe
negotiations fucceeded the operations of war. Charles,
Hill defirous of employing his enemies in the provinces
north of the Loire, contefted every caftle with heroic ob-
flinacy. He had been lately reinforced by numbers of
the Scots; and John Stuart, conltable of Scotland, with
the Lord of EfliH'ac, had formed the fiege of Crevant in
Burgundy. The earls of Salilbury and Suffolk marching
to its relief, the befiegers were routed, with the lofs of
above a thoufand men ; and the conltable of Scotland,
with the count of Ventadour, were taken prifoners.

Meanwhile, the duke of Bedford was engaged in the
fiege of Yvri in Normandy ; and the governor, finding
his refources exhaufted, had agreed to furrender the
town, unlefs relieved by a certain day. The king of
France, hoping by a fuccefsful enterprife, to reltore the
1 nitre of his.arms, and to prelerve Yvri, collected with
diligence an army of fourteen thoufand men, of whom
one half were Scots; and entrufted it to the valour and
experience of the earl of Buchan, conltable of France,
who had already diltinguifhed himfelf by the defeat of
the duke of Clarence. That general, however, arrived
too late to fuccour Yvri, which had opened her gates ;
but he immediately inverted Verneuil, and carried it
without difficulty. But he had no time to fecure this
conqueft, before he was informed of the approach of the

Gi 1

duke of Bedford. A council of war was immediately al-
fentbled to determine what conduit they rtiould purfue.
In vain did the moft experienced French officers remon-
ftrate on the imprudence oft hazarding an army, the la It
refource of their king : the Scots rejected with contempt
the indignity of retiring before the Englilh; their opinions
were efpoufed by the rafh and prefumptuous ; and it was-
finally refolved to wait the arrival of the duke of Bedford.
The armies came in fight of each other near Verneuil,
and were equally balanced in point of numbers. The
earl of Buchan refolved to wait with patient firmnefs the
charge of the enemy ; but his tneafures were difconcerted
by the impatience of the vifeount Narbonne. After a
bloody conflict, the French being preffed on all (ides,
began to retreat; and that retreat was foon changed into
a tumultuous flight. Four thoufand of their braveft fol-
diers, .with the earls of Buchan and Douglas, the counts
of Aumale, Ventadour, and Narbonne, perifhed in the
field. The victors, however, purchafed their triumph
at the expence of fixteen hundred men ; a lofs fo unufual,
that the duke of Bedford forbad all rejoicings for his fuc-
cefs.

The deftruCtion of Charles now appeared inevitable;
and from the danger which threatened to overwhelm him,
he could only be laved by the dirtenfions of his enemies,
which, fortunately for him, rofe to a height that forbad
him to defpair. Jaqueline, heirefs of Hainault and Hol¬
land, had efpoufed John duke of Brabant, coufin-german
to the duke of Burgundy. The marriage had been dic¬
tated by policy ; but the mafeuline fpirk and brilliant
capacity of the princefs defpifed her ill-matched confort,
who was equally feeble in body and mind. Contempt
was foon the parent of antipathy ; and, impatient of the
dilatory meafures and doubtful determination of the court
of Rome, (lie efcaped into England, and folicited the pro¬
tection of the duke of Gloucefter. The impetuous paf-
fions of that prince blindeu him to the true interefts of
his country ; the charms and the inheritance of the coun-
tefs, prefented themfelves to his view ; and without any
further ceremony, he entered into a marriage contract
with Jaqueline, and immediately attempted to render
himfelf mafter of her dominions.

The duke of Burgundy refented the injury offered to
his kinfman the duke of Brabant ; and, at length, openly-
declared in his favour, and marched troops to his fup-
port. The quarrel, which at firft was political, foon be¬
came perfonal ; and the duke of Gloucefter ftill perfifting
in preffing the war in the Low Countries, the duke of
Bedford, inftead of improving the victory of Verneuil,
was obliged to crofs the feas to England, that he might
try, by his counfels and authority, to check the mad ca¬
reer of his brother. He found the Englilh rniniftry dif-
traCted by jealoulies ; the bilhop of Winchefter, to whom
the care of the young king’s education was entrufted, had
continual difputes with his nephew the protettor ; and
the duke of Bedford was obliged to employ the authority
of parliament to reconcile them. The rivals now fwore
to bury all quarrels in oblivion ; and time alfo feemed to
open expedients for compoling the difference with the
duke of Burgundy. The pope having declared the con-
trad void, between Humphrey of Gloucefter and Jaque¬
line, the duke, defpairing of fuccefs, married another
woman, who had lived fome time with him as his miftrefs.
The duke of Brabant died foon after; and his widow,
before lhe could recover poffeffion of her dominions, was
obliged to declare the duke of Burgundy her heir, in cafe
(lie Ihould die without iffue, and to promife never to mar¬
ry without his confent. But the advantage which the
latter prince reaped from the accommodation of thefe
differences, did not prevent him in future from regarding
the Englifh with jealoufy ; and the fatisfaCtion which the
regent enjoyed from reconciling one ally, was foon alloyed
by the unexpected defection of the duke of Brittany and the •
earl of Richemont, who now joined the ftandard of their
legitimate fovereign, Charles VII.

During-

Si<2 ENGL

During thefe political druggies, an Engl i ill army of
three thonfand men, under the command of the earl of
Warwick, A. D. 1426, had formed the (iege of Monfarges,
and that place was reduced to the lad extremity. Charles
collected a body of fixteen hundred men, and entruded
them to a natural fon of that duke of Orleans who had
been affaflinated by the duke of Burgundy. This gene¬
ral, who was afterwards fo famous under the titles of
Badard of Orleans, and count of Dunois, attacked the
enemy’s entrenchments, and compelled the Englidt to
abandon the fiege with difgrace. The duke of Bedford,
in the mean time, indignant at the defection of the duke
of Brittany, on his arrival in France had fecretiy affem-
bled a conliderable army to chadife that prince ; and fud-
denly invading the province, unprepared for riddance,
lie compelled its fovereign to renounce his alliance with
France, and to yield homage to Henry for his duchy.
Succefsful in this enterprife, lie entered on another equal¬
ly important, and determined to inved the city of Orleans.
The army deftined for this (iege, confiding of ten thou-
fand men, he entruded to the veteran abilities of the earl
of Salidntry ; while, on the other hand, Charles reinforc¬
ing the garrifon, and replenifhing the magazines, appoint¬
ed as governor the lord of Gaucour, a brave and experi¬
enced officer.

Soon after the fiege commenced, A. D. 1428, the earl
of Salifbury was killed by a cannon ball, in a fpirited and
fuccefsful attempt on the fortifications. The command,
on his death, devolved on the earl of Suffolk. The army
was reintorced by large bodies of the French and Burgun¬
dians ; and Orleans, under his directions, was completely
inveded. The inclemency of the feafon, and the rigour
of the winter, could not overcome the perfeverance of the
befiegers ; a chain of forts was arduoufiy conftruCted ;
yet the vacant fpaces dill allowed fuccours to be intro¬
duced ; and the garrifon, before the return of fpring, was
fwelled by frequent ftipplies from twelve hundred to
three thoufand men ; while their hopes were railed, and
their efforts encouraged by the prefence and example of
the badard of Orleans. In order to dijtrefs the befiegers,
the French had ravaged and exhauded the adjacent coun¬
try ; and the Englidi were compelled to draw their fub-
fi (fence from a eonfiderable didance. A convoy of pro-
vifions was entruded to the conduit of fir John Faldotfe,
with a detachment of two thoufand five hundred men.
The king of France, determined to drain every nerve for
the prefervation of the city, collecting a body of troops,'
in number about four thoufand, appointed the count of
Clermont to command them. On the approach of the
French, Faldodc mod judicioufly drew up his men be¬
hind the waggons, and calmly received the fury of their
charge. The French were broken by their own impetuo-
fity ; and five hundred perifhed on the field. Fruilrated
in this attempt to relieve Orleans, the king of France en¬
deavoured to preferve it by policy. The duke cf Or¬
leans, dill a prifoner in England, had obtained from the
duke of Glouceder, and his council, the promife of a
neutrality in his demefhes ; and that they fliould be fe-
quedered during the war into tire bands of the duke of
Burgundy : but this expedient was firmly rejected by the
duke of Bedford : <uid to the importunities of the duke of
Burgundy he coolly replied, “ he was not in a humour
to beat the buflies, whilft others ran away with the game.”
Difguded at this refufal, Burgundy feparated his forces
from thofe of the Englifh.; but the latter dill preffed the
fiege with increafe of ardour ; when Orleans was preferv-
ed by an occurrence fo fingular as almod to dagger belief,
were it not confirmed by the united tedimony of contem¬
porary hidorians.

Charles, reduced to defpair, had already begun to me¬
ditate a retreat into Dauphine. From this intention,
however, he was diverted by the intreaties of his queen,
Mary of Anjou, a prineefs of prudence and fpirit ; and by
the more perfuafive remondrances of his beautiful mif-
trefs, the celebrated Agnes de Sorele. Undetermined

A N D,

how to ail, and in hourly expectation of receiving intelli¬
gence that Orleans had furrendered, his attention was
arreded by the appearance of a village girl, dedined to
prop his falling fortunes, and redore him to the domi¬
nions of his ancedors. This was no other than Joan
d’Arc, the Maid of Orleans; for whole hiftory, prowefs,
and unfortunate end, fee vol. i. p.43.

The Englifh heard with contempt the preparations of
Charles, under the guidance of this woman, and derided,
in ludicrous terms, the heavenly commiflion of Joan ; but
the minds of the common foldiers were infenfibly im-
preffed with dread, and they awaited the event with fu-
perditious fear. The earl of Suffolk, apprifed of the
difpofition of his troops, vainly flattered himfelf that
time would difpel their apprehenfionS, and banidi the il-
lufion. He determined to remain quietly >within his in-
trenchments, while a convoy entered the city with Joan,
and the French army returned to Blois without interrup¬
tion. A fecond convoy foon followed on the fide of
Beaude, and was alfo fuffered to pafs without refiftance.
Hence the French aflumed new fpirits ; while the Eng¬
lifh, formerly elated with victory, and impatient for ac¬
tion, beheld the enterprifes of their enemies with filent
adonifhment and religious awe. The enthufiafm of Joan,
however, could not be redrained within the walls of Or¬
leans : die exhorted the garrifon to liften to her voice,
and imitate her example. The count of Dunois confent-
ed to feize the moment of returning fortune ; the garrifon
fallied out with Joan at their head ; the Englifh were
fucceflively chafed from their po-ds, with theJofs of above
fix thoufand men ; and the Fiench, animated by this fir-ft
elfiiy of the holy maid, prepared to improve their advan¬
tage, and tivail themlelves of the f uperdili.ous terrors of
their adverfaries;. With fix thoufand feleCt troops, the
earl of Stills k had retreated to Jergeau : he was attacked
there by the French, commanded by Joan ; the place was
obdinately defended ; but the Englifh were at length
overpowered, and Suffolk was obliged to yield himfelf
prifoner. The remainder of the Englifh army under the
conduct of FaWlode, Scales, and Talbot, were prefled by
the condable Richemont; they were overtaken at the
village of Patay ; and, opprelfed by their fears, they
never dood the charge of the enemy. Faldoffe himfelf,
who had fo lately triumphed, was the fird to fly: two
thoufand of the Englidt were daughtered ; and both
Scales and Talbot were made prifoners.

The maid of Orleans, who had fulfilled part of her
promife, was now determined to conduCt the king to re¬
ceive the crown at Rheims. The city itfelf lay didant
from any place pofTeffed by Charles ; it was in the hands
of the Englifh ; and the whole road which led to it was
occupied by their garrifons. Yet Joan infilled on the
execution of her miffion ; the king himfelf fhook oft’ his
general indolence, and refolved to follow the exhortations
of his warlike prophetefs ; the nobility of France crowded
to the ftandard of their youthful fovereign, who began
his march at the head of twelve thoufand men ; and pafs-
ing without interruption through an enemy’s country, re¬
ceived in his progrefs the fubmidion of Troyes ; was
indantly admitted into Rheims ; and in that city was
folemnly inaugurated, A . D. 1429. The claim of Charles,
from his coronation at Rheims, received new ludie ; and
many towns in the neighbourhood difputed the honour
of drd acknowledging the authority of their lawful fove¬
reign.

The character of the duke of Bedford was never dis¬
played to more advantage than amidd thefe dorms of ad-
verfity. He reinforced the garrifons of the different
towns, replenifhed their magazines, and overawed the in¬
clinations of the inhabitants, ripe for revolt. The Pari-
fians were retained in obedience by alternate carefres and
menaces; and his arts foothed the angry paflions of the
duke of Burgundy, and deferred the fatal hour of his final
defection. HarafTed by the vigilance of the regent, the
army of France, which had been compofed chiefly of
a volunteers.

eng:

volunteers, at length difbanded ; Charles, after having
pofTelfed himfelf of Lava, Lagni, and St. Denys, retired
to Bourges ; while Bedford carried over the young Henry
VI. to Paris, and celebrating the ceremony of his coro¬
nation in that capital, exacted an oath of allegiance from
Inch as hill acknowledged the authority of the Englifh.
But whatever lufire the coronation of the infant king
might refleCl on his caufe, the regent expedted to derive
more folid advantage from an accident which foon after
took place. Joan d’Arc had declared, that with the in¬
auguration of Charles at Rheims, her million expired ;
and that it was her with, after having fulfilled her pro-
mifes, to retire to her former condition. The count of
Dunois had exhorted her to perfevere till the Englifh
were finally expelled. Overcome by his importunities,
flie had thrown herfelf into Compeigne, which at that
time was befieged by the duke of Burgundy, afiified by
the earls of Arundel and Suffolk. In a fally, fhe was
defected by her friends, probably out of envy, and being
furrounded by her enemies, after a gallant refi fiance, was
taken prifoner.

1 he duke of Bedford purchafed from John of Luxem¬
burg, into whofe hands (lie had fallen, this important
captive, and commenced a profecution againft her, which,
whether undertaken from policy or revefige, (fains for
ever his accomplifhed character. She was accufed of
forcery, impiety, idolatry, and magic, and burnt in the
market-place of Rouen. But the inhumanity of the Eng¬
lifh contributed not to advance their intereffs : the illu-
fion which had fo long oppreffed them with- terror was
indeed difpelled, but the tide of fortune ftill continued
to flow rapidly againft them ; the French triumphed in
repeated encounters ; and their fuccefs was enfured by a
rupture between the dukes of Burgundy and Bedford.
The bands of friendfhip had been loofened by the death
of the duchefs of the latter ; and the former complained,
that the memory of his fitter was infulted by the hafty
marriage of the regent with Jaqueline of Luxemburg.
All advances toward a reconciliation were di'fdained by
two princes equally tenacious of their dignity; and Charles
availed himfelf of the difcontent of the duke of Burgundy
to negociate the celebrated treaty, fince known by the
name of the treaty of Arras, concluded in Sept. 1435.

Very foon after this traofaction the duke of Bedford
expired, a prince of many virtues, and of the molt bril¬
liant military character. After his death, the court of
Henry was diftrafted by the rival parties of the duke of
Gloucefter and the cardinal of Winchefter; and it was
feven months before Richard duke of York, fon to the
earl of Cambridge who had been executed in the laft
reign, was appointed to the command in France. On his
arrival, the new governor found the capital already loft ;
the Parifians, attached to the houfe ot Burgundy, imi¬
tated the example of that duke ; they opened their gates
to the count of Richemont, and proclaimed the French
king, Charles VII. Lord Willoughby, with an Englifh
garrifon of 1500 men, maintained himfelf for fome time
in the Baftille ; but his valour and (kill only ferved to
procure a capitulation, by which he was allowed with his
troops a free paflage to Rouen.

_ For five years the duke of York ftruggled againft the
difficulties of his fituation ; and, being a flitted by the va¬
lour of lord Talbot, afterwards earl of Shrewsbury, he
performed many brilliant, but indecifive actions. At laft
both parties, weary of hoft ilities, feemed defirous of
peace, and they fet on foot negotiations for that purpofe.
But the propofals of France, and the demands of Eng¬
land, were (till fo wide of each other, that all hope of
accommodation vanifhed. The Englifh ambaffadors de¬
manded full and entire reftitution of all the provinces
which had formerly been annexed to England, together
with the final ceffion of Calais and its diftriCt : the French
offered only a part of Guienne, part of Normandy, and
Calais, loaded with the ufual burthen of homage. It
appeared in vain to continue the negociation, while there
Vol. VI. N0.377.

^ A N D. 6 13

was fo little profpcdt of agreement. The Englifh were
(fill too haughty to (loop from the vaft hopes which they
had formed of complete concjueft ; and the French had
gained too much, not to expedt the acquifition of more.
The captivity of five princes of the blood, taken pri-
foners in the battle of Agiocburt, was a confiaerable ad¬
vantage which England long enjoyed over its enemy ;
but this fuperiority was now loft. Some of thefe princes
had died ; fome had been ranfomed ; and the duke of
Orleans, the mod powerful among them, was the laft
that remained in the hands of the Englifh. He offered
the fum of fifty-four thoufand nobles for his liberty ; and,
w-hen this propofal was laid before the council of Eng¬
land, the party of the duke of Gloucefter oppofed it, and
that of the cardinal of Winchefter fupported it with zeal.
The party of the latter, as ufual, prevailed ; and the duke
of Orleans was releafed ; after a melancholy captivity of
twenty-five years.

The fentiments of cardinal Beaufort foon after pre¬
vailed in another more eflential point. That prelate had
always 'encouraged every propofal of accommodation with
France, and had reprefenied the utter impoffibility of
puthing farther. the conquefts in that kingdom ; but the
duke of Gloucefter, high-fpirited and haughty, and edu¬
cated in the lofty pretenfions which the firft fuccefles of
his two brothers had rendered familiar to him, could not
endure thefe. humble counfels. The influence of his ri¬
val, however, turned the fcale, and the earl of Suffolk,
who adhered to the cardinal’s party, was difpatched to
Tours, A,. D. 1440, to negociate with the French mini-
fters. As it was found impollible to adjuft the terms of
a lading peace, lie concluded a truce for twenty-two
months; and proceeded to the execution of another bufi-
nefs, which feems to have been rather implied than ex-
preffed in his commiilion.

As Henry advanced in years, his character developed
itfelf. He was found to be of the moft unaft'eCted man¬
ners, but of the moft (lender capacity. Hence it was eafy
to forefee that his reign would, prove a perpetual mino¬
rity. As he had now reached the twenty-third year of
his age, it was natural, however, to think of choofing
him a queen. The duke of Gloucefter propofed a daugh¬
ter of the count of Armagnac; but the cardinal and his
friends caft their eyes on Margaret of Anjou, daughter of
Regnier, titular king of Sicily, Naples, and Jerufalem;
a princefs accornplifhed both in perfon and mind ; of a
mafculine fpirit and enterprifing temper, and which had
even become confpicuous in the privacy of her father’s
family. The earl of Suffolk, in concert with his affociates
of the Englifh council, made propofals of marriage to
Margaret, which were accepted. But this nobleman,
befides pre-occupying the princefs’s favour, by being the
chief means of her advancement, endeavoured farther to
ingratiate himfelf with her and her family, by very ex¬
traordinary conceffions. Though Margaret brought no
dowry with her, he ventured, of himfelf, without any
direCt authority from the council, but probably with the
approbation of the cardinal and the ruling members, to
engage, by a fecret article, that the province of Maine,
which was at that time in the hands of the Englifh,
Ihould be ceded to Charles of Anjou, her uncle, who
was prime minifter, and favourite of the French king,
and who had already received from his mafter the grant
of that province as his appanage. The treaty of mar¬
riage was ratified in England, in 1443. Suffolk obtained,
firft the title of marquis, then that of duke; and even
received the thanks of parliament for his fervices in con¬
cluding it. The princefs fell immediately into clofe con¬
nection with the cardinal and his party, who, fortified by
her powerful patronage, refolved on the final ruin of the
duke of Gloucefter.

This generous prince, ill fuited for court intrigues, but
poflefting, in a high degree, the favour of the public, had
already received from his rivals a cruel mortification,
which it was impollible a perfon of his fpirit and huraa.

7 R. nity

ENGLAND.

0 14

nity could ever forgive. His duchefs, the daughter of
Reginald lord Cobliam, had been accufed of the crime
of witchcraft, under the pretence, that there was found
in her poft'efiion a waxen figure of the king, which (he
and her affociates, fir Roger Bolingbroke, a pried, and
one Margery Jordan, of Eye, melted in a magical man¬
ner before a (low fire, with an intention of making Hen¬
ry’s force and vigour wafte' away, by like infenfible de¬
grees. The accufation was well calculated to affedf the
weak and credulous mind of the king, ar.d to gain belief
in a fupet ftitious age ; and the duchefs was brought to
trial with her confederates. A charge of this ridiculous
nature feemed always to exempt the accufers from ob-
(erving the rules of common fenfe in their evidence : the
prifoners were pronounced guilty ; the duchefs was con¬
demned to do public penance, and to fuffer perpetual
imprifonment ; while her reputed affociates in the ideal
crime, were put to death.

Having proceeded to fuch unpardonable lengths, the car¬
dinal and his party were fenfible it was necefiary to deflroy
a man whom they had already fo deeply injured. In or¬
der to effedt this purpofe, a parliament was fummoned at
St. Edmundibury. As foon as the duke of Gloucefter
appeared, he was accufed of treafon, and thrown into
prifon : he was foon after found dead in his bed ; and,
though it was pretended that his death was natural, and
his body bore no marks of outward violence, no one
doubted but that he had fallen a victim to the vengeance
of his enemies. The cardinal of Winchefter died fix
weeks after his nephew, vvhofe murder was univerfally
aferibed to him as well as to the duke of Suffolk, and which,
it is faid, gave him more remorfe in his laft moments,
than could naturally be expected from a man hardened,
during the courfe of a long life, in falfehood and in poli¬
tics. What fhare the queen had in this guilt, is uncer¬
tain ; her ufual activity and fpirit made the public con¬
clude, with fome reafon, that the duke’s enemies diirfl
not have ventured on fuch a deed without her privity.
But there happened, foon after, an event, of which the
and her favourite, the duke of Suffolk, bore inconteftibly
the whole odium.

The article of the marriage treaty, by which Maine
was to be ceded to Charles of Anjou, had hitherto been
keptfecret; but, as the court of France infifted on the
performance of it, orders were difpatched to Surienne,
governor of Mans, to furrender that place. The gover¬
nor, queftioning probably the legality of the order, re¬
futed to comply, until he had fuftained a fiege from the
count of Dunois. When reduced to capitulate, he re¬
tired with his garrifon towards Normandy ; but the duke
of Somerfet, to whom the provinces of France, fiill oc¬
cupied by the Eriglilh, were entrufted, refufed to admit
him. T his military adventurer immediately direfting
his march towards Brittany, exacted contributions from
that province : the duke of Brittany complained of this
violence to the king of France, his liege lord ; and Charles
remonftrated with the duke of Somerfet, who replied,
that t he injury was done without his privity, and that
he had no authority over Surienne and his companions.
Though this anfwer was plaufible, Charles never would
admit of the apology. He (till infifted that thefe plun¬
derers fiiould be recalled, and that reparation (hould be
made to the duke of Brittany for all the damages which
he had fuftained ; and, in order to render an accommo¬
dation abfolutely impracticable, he eftimated the lofs at
no lefs a fum than 1,600,000 crowns.

Senlible of the fuperiority which the prefent (late of
his affairs gave him over England, he was determined to
take advantage of it ; and, accordingly, A. D. 1448, four
formidable armies entered Normandy at once ; the firft,
commanded by the king of France himfelf; the fecond,
by the duke of Brittany ; the third, by the duke of Alen-
50 n ; and the fourth, by the count of Dunois. The
inhabitants of Normandy opened their gates as foon as
the French appeared before them. The duke of Somer-

fet, fo far from having- an army which could take the
field and relieve thefe places, was not able to (hpply
them with the necefiary garrifons and provifions. lie re¬
tired, therefore, with the few troops of which lie was
mafter, into Rouen ; and thought it fufficient, for the
prefent, if he could fave that capital from the general
fate of the province. The king of France, at the head
of a formidable army, fifty thoufand ftrong, prefented
himfelf before the gates : the dangerous example of re¬
volt had affefted the inhabitants.; and they called aloud
for a capitulation. Somerfet, unable to refift, at once,
both the enemies within and from without, purchafed a
retreat to Harfleur by the payment of fifty-fix thoufand
crowns, by engaging to furrender Arques, Tancarville,
Caudebec, Honfieur, and other places in the higher Nor¬
mandy, and by delivering hoftages for the performance of
articles. The governor of Honfleur refuted to" obey his
orders ; upon whicli the earl of Shrewfbury, who was one
of the hoftages, was detained prifoner ; and the Englifti
were thus deprived of the only general capable of re¬
covering them from their prefent diftrefted fituation. Har¬
fleur made a refolute defence under fir Thomas Curfon
the governor; but was finally obliged to open its gates
to Dunois.

A fuccour of four thoufand men at laft arrived from
England, and landed at Cherbourg ; but thefe were foon
after routed at Fourmigni, by the count of Clermont.
This battle, or rather (kirmifti, was the only aCtion fought
by the Englifti for the defence of theirdominions in France,
which they had purchafed at fuch an expence of blood
and treafure. Somerfet, (hut up in Caen, without any
profpeft of relief, found it necefiary to capitulate ; Fa-
laife opened its gates, on condition that the earl of Shrewf¬
bury (hould be reftored to liberty : and Cherbourg, the
laft place in Normandy which remained in the hands of
the Englifti, being delivered up, the conqueft of that im¬
portant province was fpeedily finiflied by the vigilant
Charles. A like rapid luccefs attended the French arms
iii Guienne ; no refiftance was made in the field ; and the-
Englifti were expelled, in a few months, from a province
which they had held for near three centuries. One fee¬
ble effort alone was made to recover it ; and, though no
peace was concluded, the war feemed to be at an end;
and from the continent the attention of the Englilh was
wholly recalled to their own domeftic concerns.

The palpable weaknefs of Henry VI. had encouraged
a pretender to the crown, A. D.. 1450, and the Englifti
were doomed to pay, though late, the penalty of their
turbulence under Richard II. and of their levity in vio¬
lating, without any neceftity, the lineal fucceflion of their
monarchs. The male line of the houfe of Mortimer was
extinCt ; but Anne, the fifter of the laft earl of Marche,
having efpoufed the earl of Cambridge, beheaded in the
reign of Henry V. had tranfmitted her latent, but not yet
forgotten, claim to her (on Richard duke of York. This
prince, defeended by his mother from Philippa, only
daughter of the duke of Clarence, fecond fon of Ed¬
ward III. evidently ftood in the order of fucceliion be¬
fore the king, who derived his defeent from the duke of
Lancafter, third foil of that monarch ; and that claim
could not, in many refpedts, have fallen into more danger¬
ous hands than tliofe of the duke of York. Richard was
a man of valour and abilities, of prudence and mildnefs :
lie had enjoyed an opportunity of dilplaying thefe virtues
in his government of France; and, though recalled from
that command by the intrigues and fuperior intereft of
the duke of Somerfet, lie had been very (uccefsful in Ire¬
land ; and had even been able to attach to his perfon and
family the whole nation, whom he was fent to fubdue.
In the right of his father, he bore the rank of firft prince
of the blood ; and by this ftation he gave a luftre to his
title derived from the family of Mortimer, which, how¬
ever, had been eclipfed by the royal defeent of t he houfe
of Lancafter. He poffeffed an inunenfe fortune from the
union of fo many fuccellions ; tliofe of Cambridge and
2 York

6J5

ENGL

York on the one hand, with thole of Mortimer on the
other : which lad inheritance had before been augmented
by an union of the effates of Clarence and Ulder with the
patrimonial polTeffions of the family of Marche. The al¬
liances too of Richard, by his marrying the daughter of
Ralph Nevil earl of Welimoreland, had widely extended
his intereft among the nobility, and had procured him
many connections in that formidable order.

Among the ref?, he was nearly allied to the earl of
Warwick, commonly known, from the fubfeqiient events,
by the appellation of the King-maker. This nobleman
had diftinguilhed himfelf by his gallantry in the field, the
hofpitality of his table, by the magnificence, and (fill more
by the generality, of his ex pences, and by the fpirited and
engaging manners which attended hint in all his aCtions.
The tranknefs and opennefs of his character rendered his
conqueft over men’s afi'etftions the more certain. No lefs
than thirty thoufand perfons are faid to have lived daily
at his expence ; and his munificence and hofpitality, with
the multitude of his retainers, didinguifh him as the la (t
of thole mighty barons who formerly overawed the crown.
But though the duke of York had numerous and power¬
ful partizans, his chief dependence was on the difeontents
which univerfally prevailed. The people repined at the
lofs of the provinces in France ; and this made them con-
(ider queen Margaret as a Frenchwoman, and a latent
enemy to the kingdom. But the mod fatal blow given
to the popularity of the houfe of Lancafter, w'as the affaf-
fination of the virtuous duke of Gloucelter : by this crime
the reigning family luffered a double prejudice ; it was
deprived of its firmed lupport, and it was loaded with
the infamy of premeditated murder.

The duke of Suffolk was known to have had an aftive
hand in the crime; and the murmurs which arofe againd
him as a minider, and favourite of the queen, were there¬
by ruifed to a dangerous height. The necellities of the
crown had impelled him to many arbitrary meafures;
and the commons, provoked by his imprudence, and chal¬
lenging an enquiry into his conduft, lent up an impeach¬
ment againd him to the houfe of peers. As Suffolk feems
to have been a bad man as well as a bad minider, it is
probable many of the alleged charges would be proved
againd him, though he made a refolute defence. The
court, alarmed at the profecution, fell on an expedient to
fave him from prefentruin. The king fummoned all the
lords, fpiritual and temporal, to his apartment : the pri-
foner was produced before them, and afked what lie cou-ld
fay in his own defence ? He denied the charge, but fub-
rnitted to the king’s mercy: Henry expreffed himfelf not
fatisfied with regard to the fird impeachment for treafon;
but, in conlideration of the fecond, for mifdemeanors, he
declared, that, by virtue of Suffolk’s own lubmiffion, not
by any judicial authority, he banilhed him the kingdom
during five years. The lords remained filent ; but, as
foon as they returned to the houfe, they entered a pro-
ted, that his fentence Ibould nowife infringe their privi¬
leges ; and that, if Suffolk had infided upon his right,
and had not volutarily fubmitted to the king’s com¬
mands, he was entitled to a trial by his peers. It re¬
quired little penetration to guefs, that tliefe irregular
proceedings were meant to favour Suffolk, and that, as
he dill poffefled the queen’s confidence, he would, on the
fird favourable opportunity, be redored to his country,
and be reindated in bis former power and credit. A cap¬
tain of a velfel was therefore employed by his enemies
to intercept him in his palfage to France: he was feized
near Dover ; his head druck off on the tide of a long-boat,
and his body thrown into the fea. Such was the imbe¬
cility of the government, that no enquiry was made after
the abhors and accomplices in this atrocious abt of vio¬
lence.

The duke of Somerfet now rofe as a minider and fa¬
vourite; and, as he was the peifon under whom the
French provinces had been lod, the public, who always
judge by the event, foon made him equally the object of

AND.

their animofity and hatred with his predeceffor. The
duke of York was abfent in Ireland during all tliefe
tranfablions ; and, however much he might be fufpected
of influencing late events, the jealoufy of the court was
not yet awakened againd this popular prince. The hu¬
mours of the people, however, once fet a-float by the
parliamentary impeachment, and by the fall of fo great a
favourite as Suffolk, broke out in various commotion*,
which were not eafily fuppreffed ; but an infurreblion in
Kent was attended with confequerces that deferve (o be
regarded. John Cade, a native of Ireland, of low con¬
dition, who had been obliged to fly into France for his
crimes, on his return to England, obferving the difeou-
tents of the people, availed himfelf of them, to execute
a plan at once original and daring. He took the name of
John Mortimer, intending, as is fuppofed, to pafs him¬
felf for a fon of dr John Mortimer, who had been fen-
tenced to death by parliament, and executed, in the be¬
ginning of this reign, w ithout any trial or evidence, mere¬
ly upon an indidfment of high treafon preferred againd
him.

On the fird mention of that popular name, the com¬
mon people of Kent, to the number of twenty thoufand,
flocked to Cade’s dandard, and be inflamed their zeal by
publifliing complaints againd the numerous- abufes in
government, and demanding a redrefs of grievances. The
court, not yet aware of the danger, fent a fmall force
againd the infurgents, under the command of dr Hum¬
phrey Stafford, who was defeated and dain near Seven
Oaks; and Cade, advancing with his followers towards
London, encamped on Blackheath. Though elated by
his viiStory, he dill maintained the appearance of mode¬
ration ; and, tranfmitting to the court a plaufible lid of
grievances, promifed, that when tliefe (hould be re-
drelfed, and lord Say the treafurer, and Cromer dieriff
of Kent, (hould be punifhed for their malverfations, he
would immediately lay down his arms. The council,
perceiving the public reluftance to fight againd men lo
reafonable in their pretenfions, carried the king, for pre-
fent fafety, to Kenilworth ; and the city of London im¬
mediately opened its gates to Cade, who maintained,
during fo me' time, great order and difeipline among his
followers. But being obliged, in order to gratify their
malevolence againd Say and Cromer, to put thefe men
to death without a legal trial, he found that, after the
commidion of this crime, he was no longer able to con-
troul their riotous difpofition, and that his authority was
defpifed. Proceeding to acts of plunder and violence,
the citizens, who had hitherto been paflive, now took
the alarm ; and, being feconded by a detachment of fol-
diers, fent them by lord Scales governor of the Tower, they
repulfed the rebels with great daughter. The ICentifli-
men were fo difeouraged by the blow, that, upon re¬
ceiving a general pardon from the primate, then chan¬
cellor, they retreated towards R ochefier, and there dif-
perfed. The pardon, however, was foon after annulled,
as extorted by violence : a price was fet on Cade’s head,
who was killed by one Iden, a gentleman of Suflex ; and
many of his followers were brought to condign p.uniflt-
ment.

A drong fufpicion exided among the royal party, that
the duke of York had fecretly indigated Cade to this
attempt, to found the difpodtions of the people towards
his title and family ; and, fearing he meant to return
from Ireland with an armed force, they ifl'ued orders for¬
bidding his return to England. The duke refuted his
enemies by landing with only his ordinary retinue; but
their precautions foon convinced him of his danger. He
now began to fee the impoflibility of remaining a quiet
fubjeft, and the neceflity of proceeding forward in fup-
port of his claim. His partizans therefore were indrufted
to infid upon his right by fucceffion, and by the eda-
bliflied conditution of the kingdom ; and the arguments
adduced by his adherents and tliofe of the reigning fa¬
mily, foon divided and didrabded the people. The earl

6i6

ENGLAND.

of Courtney and the duke of Norfolk cfpoufed the caufe
of the duke of York; but the earl of Northumberland
adhered to the eftablifhed government ; and even the earl
of Weftmoreland, though the head of the Nevil family,
was prevailed on to fupport the caufe of Henry. The
hortile fpirit, however, which appeared in parliament,
increafed the expectations of the Yorkifis. Tlie com¬
mons ventured to prefent a petition againfl the duke of
Somerfet, lord Dudley, and feveral others of inferior
rank, praying the king to remove them for ever from his
perfon and councils. This was a violent attack, and fup-
ported but by few precedents; yet the king durft not
openly oppofe it, and fatisfied himfelf with a temporizing
reply, which only the more expofed his weaknefs.

The duke of York, trading to thefe fymptoms of dif-
affedtion, raifed an army of ten thoufand men, with which
he marched towards London, demanding a reformation of
the government, and the removal of the duke of Somer¬
fet from all power and authority. He unexpectedly found
the gates of the city flint againfl him ; and, on his retreat¬
ing into Kent, he was followed by the king, at the head
of a fuperior army. A parley enfued : the removal of
Somerfet, and of his fubmitting to a trial in parliament,
were (till infilled on ; and, the court pretending to com¬
ply with the demand, that nobleman was put in arreft.
The duke of York was then perfuaded to pay his re-
fpedls to the king in his tent; and, on repeating his
charge againfl tlie duke of Somerfet, he was furprifed to
lee that minifler Hep from behind the curtain, and offer
to maintain his innocence. Richard now found that he
had been betrayed ; and that it was become neceffary,
for his own fafetv, to lower his pretenfions. No vio¬
lence, however, was attempted againfl him : the nation
was not in a difpofition to bear the deflruCtion of fo po¬
pular a prince ; and his fon, who was not in the power
of the court, might Hill be able to revenge a father’s
death on all his enemies. He was therefore difmilfed ;
and retired to his feat of Wigmore, on the borders of
Wales. While the duke of York lived in this retreat,
an incident occurred, which, by increafing the public
difeontents, proved favourable to his pretenfions, had he
been ardent in urging them. Several Gafcon lords, at¬
tached to the Englifli government, and difgufled at the
new dominion of the French, came to London, and of¬
fered to return to their allegiance under Henry. The
earl of Shrewfbury, with a body of eight thoufand men,
was fent over to fupport them. Bourdeaux opened its
gates to him : he made himfelf mailer of Fronfac, Caflil-
lon, and fome other places; but, as Charles battened to
refill this new invafion, the fortunes of the Englifli were
foon reverfed. Shrewfbury, a venerable warrior, above
fourfcore years of age, fell in battle : his conquefts were
loll ; and all hopes of recovering the province of Gaf-
cony were for ever extinguifhed.

On this occafion the people exprefTed great difcontent,
and threw all the blame on the miniflry. While they
were in this difpofition, the queen’s delivery of a fon,
who received the name of Edward, increafed their dif-
fatisfadlion, as it removed all hopes of the peaceable fuc-
ceflion of the duke of York, who was, othervvife, both in
the right of his father, and by the laws enabled fince the
accedion of the houfe of Lancaller, next heir to the crown.
The duke himfelf, however, was incapable of violent
COunfels ; and even when no vifible obllacle lay between
him and the throne, he was prevented by his own fcruples
front feizing it. Henry, at all times unfit to exercife the
government, fell into a diftemper which fo far increafed
his natural imbecility, as to render him incapable of fup-
porting even the appearance of royalty. The queen and
the council, deflitute of this fupport, and finding them-
felves unable to refill the York party, were obliged to
yield to the torrent. They fent Somerfet to the Tower;
and appointed Richard duke of York lieutenant of the
kingdom, with powers to open and hold a feflion of par¬
liament. That affembly alfo, taking into confidemion

the (late of the kingdom, created him proteTor during
pleafure. Yet the duke, inftead of pufhing them to 'make
farther conceflions, appeared timid and irrefolute even in
receiving the power with which they had inverted him.
He defired that it might be recorded in parliament, that
this authority was conferred on him from their own free
motion, without any application on his own part ; and ex-
preffed his hopes that they would aflifl him in tlie exer¬
cife of it. This moderation of Richard was certainly
very unuftial, though very amiable; yet it was attended
with bad confequences in the prefent juncture, and, by
giving time to the animofities of fatlion to rifaand fer¬
ment, proved the fource of all thole furious wars and
commotions which enfued.

The enemies of the duke of York foon found it in their
power to take advantage of his exceflive caution. Henry
being fo far recovered from his diftemper as to be able in
appearance to exercife the royal fundlions, was moved to
refume his authority, to annul the proteflorfhip of the
duke of York, to releafe Somerfet from the Tower, and
to commit the adminiftration into the hands of that no¬
bleman. Richard, fenfible of the dangers to which he
was expofed, levied an army; but dill without advancing
any pretenfions to the crown. He complained only of the
king’s minifters, and demanded a reformation of the go¬
vernment. A battle, however, was fought at St. Alban’s,
in which the Yorkifts, without fuffe'ring any material lofs,
flew about five thoufand of their enemies; among whom
were the duke of Somerfet, the earl of Northumberland,
the earl of Stafford, eldeft fon of the duke of Bucking¬
ham, lord Clifford, and many other perfons of diftindlion.
The king himfelf fell into the hands of the duke of York,
who treated him with great refpect and tendernefs ; and
he was only obliged, which he regarded indeed as no
hardfhip, to commit the whole authority of the crown
into the hands of his rival. This was the firft blood fpilt
in that fatal quarrel between the houfes of York and
Lancafler, which laded during thirty years, and which
is computed to have coft the lives of eighty princes of
the blood, and almoft entirely annihilated the ancient
nobility of England.

After all, it was not difficult to wrefl power from Lands
fo little tenacious as^hofe of the duke of York. Marga¬
ret, availing herfelf of that prince’s abfence, and of rather
a better (late of health in Henry, produced the latter be¬
fore the houfe of lords, where he declared his intention
of refuming the government. To this meafure the houfe
of lords afi'ented, though they had recently acknowledged
Richard as protedlor ; and the king was reinflated in his
authority without any open oppofition. An outward re¬
conciliation was procured by means of the archbifhop of
Canterbury, between the rival factions ; but it was im-
pofiible to reftore trull and confidence. One of the king’s
retinue, having infulted a retainer of the earl of War¬
wick’s, their companions on both Tides took part in the
quarrel : a fierce combat enfued ; and the earl, appre¬
hending his life to be aimed at, fled to Calais; the go¬
vernment of which gave him the command of the only
regular military force maintained by England ; and both
parties, in every county, made preparations for deciding
the conteft by force of arms.

The earl of Salifbury, marching to join the duke of
York, was overtaken at Blore-heath, on the borders of
Stafford (hi re, by lord Audley, who commanded much
fuperior forces. A fmall rivulet with deep banks ran
between the armies. Salifbury here fupplied his defeat
in numbers by ftratagem. He feigned a retreat, and al¬
lured Audley to follow him with precipitation ; but when
the van of the royal army had parted the brook, Salifbury
fuddenly turned upon them ; and partly by furprife, part¬
ly by the divifion of the enemies’ forces, put them to the
rout; and reached the general rendezvous of the York¬
ifts at Ludlow. To the fame place the earl of Warwick
brought over a choice body of veterans from Calais, on
whom it was thought the fortune of the war would much

depend $

ENGLAND.

depend ; but tills reinforcement occnfioned, in the ilfne,
the immediate ruin of the duke of York’s party. When
the royal army approached, and a general adtion was
every hour expefted, fir Andrew Trollop, Who com¬
manded lie veterans, deferted to the king in the night¬
time ; and the Yorkifts were fo difmayed at this in fiance
of treachery, which made every man fufpicious of his
fellow, that they feparated next day, without (hiking a
firoke. The duke fled to Ireland; and the earl of War¬
wick, attended by many of the other leaders, efcaped to
Calais, where his great popularity among all orders of
men foon drew to him partifans; while the friends of the
houfe of York, in England, kept themfelves in fecret
readinefs, to rile on the fil'd fumtnons.

Warwick having met with fome fuccelfes at fea, landed
in Kent, with the earl of Salifbury, and the earl of Marche,
elded; fon of the duke of York ; and being met by the pri¬
mate and other perfons of didindlion, he marched, amidfl
the acclamations of the people, to London. The city im¬
mediately opened its gates to him ; and histroopsincreafing
on every day’s march, he foon found himfelf in a condition
to face the royal army, which liaflehed from Coventry to
attack him. A battle was fought at Northampton ; and was
foon decided againfl the royalids by the infidelity of lord
Grey of Ruthin, who, commanding Henry’s van, deferted to
the enemy during the heat of adtion, and fpread a con-
flernation through the troops. The duke of Bucking¬
ham, the earl of Shrewfbury, the lords Beaumont and
Egremont, and fir William Lucie, with many other per¬
fons of quality, were killed in the action ; the common
people were fpared by order of the earls of Warwick and
Marche. Henry himfelf was again taken prifoner ; and
as the innocence and limplicity of his manners, together
with his misfortunes, rendered him an interefting objedt,
he was treated with abundant refpect.

A parliament being fummoned in the king’s name at
Weft minder, the duke foon after appeared there from
Ireland ; and (fating to the houfe of peers his own claim,
exhorted them to do juftice to the lineal fucceflion. The
lords remained for fome time in fufpenfe ; but at length
declared in favour of the claim of the duke of York. It
was decreed, however, that Henry fhould continue to pof-
fefs the crown during the remainder of his life; that the
adminiftration of the country fliould in the mean while
remain with Richard; and that he fliould be acknow¬
ledged the true and lawful heir of the monarchy. In this
decifion the duke acquielced ; and Henry, had he even
been at liberty, would not probably have objefted to it.

The liig'h-fpirited Margaret, however, fpurned at the
compact, and refolved to aflert in arms the rights of her
family. After the battle of Northampton, (lie fled to the
north, w'here her affability, infinuation, and addrefs,
among the northern barons, raifed her an army at leaft
twenty thoufand ftrong, with a celerity which was neither
expedted by her friends, nor apprehended by her enemies.
The duke of York, informed of her intentions, haftened
with a body of five thoufand men, to check her progrefs ;
but on his arrival at Wakefield, finding himfelf fo much
outnumbered by the enemy, he threw himfelf into Sandal
caftle -r and was advifed by the earl of Salifbury, and other
prudent counfellors, to remain in that fortrefs, till his
fon, the earl of Marche, who was levying forces on the
borders of Wales, could advance to his afliftance. The
duke, however, who pofleffed perfonal bravery in an emi¬
nent degree, thought that he fliould be for ever difgraced,
if by taking fheher behind walls, he fliould for a moment
refign the vitlory to a woman. He therefore defcended
into the plain, and offered battle to the enemy, which was
inflantly accepted. The great inequality of numbers
was fuffkient alone to decide the victory ; but the queen,
by fending a detachment, who fell on the rear of the
duke’s army, rendered her advantage (till more certain
and undifputed. The duke himfelf was killed in the
action; and his head was, by Margaret’s orders, fixed on
the gates of York, with a paper crown, in derifion of his

Vol. VI. No. 377.

617

claim. His fon, the earl of Rutland, a very promifing
youth of feventeen, was nuirdered in cool blood, by lord
Clifford, in revenge for the lofs of his father, at the bat¬
tle of St. Albans. The earl of Salifbury was wounded
and taken prifoner, and immediately beheaded, with fevc-
ral other perfons of diftindtion, by martial law, at Pom-
fret. There fell near three thoufand Yorkifts in this
battle : the duke himfelf was greatly and juftly lamented
by his own party. He perifhed in the fiftieth year of his
age, and left three fons, Edward, George, and Richard,
with three daughters, Anne, Elizabeth, and Margaret.

The queen, elated with this victory, divided her army.
She lent the fmaller divifion, under Jafper Tudor earl of
Pembroke, half brother to the king, againft Edward, the
new duke of York; and herfelf marched with the larger
towards London, where the earl of Warwick had been
left with the command of the Yorkifts. Pembroke was
defeated by Edward, at Mortimer’s crofsin Hereford fh ire,
with the lofs of near four thoufand men. He himfelf ef¬
caped by flight; but his father, fir Owen Tudor, was
taken prifoner, and immediately beheaded by Edwafd’s
orders. Margaret, however, compenfated this defeat by
a victory which (lie obtained' over the earl of Warwick,
at St. Albans. About two thoufand three hundred of
the vanquifhed, perifhed in the battle ; and the perfon ot
the king fell again into the hands of his own party. But
the queen reaped no great advantage from her victory.
Edward duke of York advanced upon her from the other
fide ; and collecting the remains of Warwick’s army, was
foon in a condition to give her battle with fuperior forces.
Senfible of her danger, fhe found it necelfary to retreat
towards the north ; and Edward entered London amidft:
the acclamations of the citizens. Inftead of evincing the
timid caution of his father, he determined to avail him¬
felf of his popularity, and toalfume at once the name and
dignity of king. His army was ordered to afi'einble in
St. John’s Fields; great numbers of people furrounded
them ; a Ratable harangue was pronounced to this mixed
multitude; and when it was demanded, whether they
would accept of Edward, eldeft fon of the late duke of
York, for their king ? they exprelled their affent by loud
and joyful acclamations. A great number of bifhops,
lords, and magiftrates, and other, perfons of diftinClion,
were next aflembled at Baynard’s caftle, who ratified the
popular election ; and the new king was proclaimed in
London, A. D. 1461. Thus terminated the inglorious
reign of Henry VI. a monarch, who while in his cradle,
had been proclaimed king both of France and England ;
but who loft all the conquefts of his illuftrious father, and
the hereditary dominions of his family in France, and at
laft the crown of England. His perfonal appearance was
mean, and his countenance melancholy. But the weak-
nefs of his undei (landing, and the facility of his temper,
were his mod fatal defefts ; the one rendering him quite
unfit for holding the reins of government, the other mak¬
ing him a paftive inftrument in the hands of thole by
whom he was furrounded. In private life, he was harm-
lefs and inoffenlive, devout, chafte, -temperate, humble in
profperity, and patient in adverfity : but the weaknefs of
Ins underftanding degraded all his virtues. In a word,
Henry VI. was much fitter for a monk than for a monarch,
and would have made a better figure in a cloifter than in
a court. But that infignificancy which loft him his
crown, faved his life ; for when he fell into the hands of
his fnccelfor, he permitted him to live, not thinking his
death necelfary to his own fecurity. Yet this prince
could not in truth be confidered as an ufurper ; and the
defence which he made for himfelf, when he was accufed
of that crime in the tower, leems to be fatisfaftory : “ My
father (faid he) and grandfather were kings of England 5
I was enthroned when I was an infant, crowned when I
was a child, received the voluntary homage of all my
fubje&s, and enjoyed the royal authority, unchallenged,
almoft forty years.” He reigned thirty-eight years and
fix months. His only child, Edward prince of Y/ales,
7 S was

<>18 ENG

was in the feventh year of his age at the time his father
was deprived of his crown.

'I he mod: remarkable law which paffed in this reign,
was tor regulating the election of knights of the (hire.
After the fall of the feudal' f'yftem, every freeholder was,
by degrees, admitted to give his vote ; but in the eighth
and tenth of Henry VI. laws were enacted which limited
the elefcors to fuch as polfelfed not lets than forty (hillings
a year in land, free from all burdens; a fum equivalent
to near twenty pounds of our prefent money. It fhould
alfo be obferved, that the fird indance of debt being con¬
tracted on parliamentary fecurity, occurs in this reign.

From the ACCESSION of the HOUSE of YORK,

TO THE FINAL EXTINCTION OF THE PLANTA-

GENETS.

Edward IV. was in the bloom of youth, being hardly
nineteen years of age, when lie afeended the throne of
England ; beautiful in his perfon, engaging in his deport¬
ment, excelling in all manly exercifes, brave, aftive, and
even prudent beyond his years. Inftead of fpending his
time in vain amufements, he applied to bufinefs with fo
much ardour, that the fird divifion of his army, conduct¬
ed by the earl of Warwick, left London, March 7 ; and,
five days after, he followed with the. red of his forces.
On that fame day, he gave a fpecimen of the cruelty
which afterwards dained his character, by ordering the
execution of Walter Walker, a grocer, for having fpoken
contemptuoufly of his title to the crown. His army in-
creafed as he advanced ; and when he reached Pomfret,
March 27, he found himfelf at the head of an army of
near 50,000 men.

Queen Margaret, and the nobles of her party, after
their return into the north, had been very aCtive in re¬
cruiting their army, which lay at York, and amounted to
6,0,000 men. The duke of Somerfet was appointed com¬
mander in chief ; leaving the king, queen, and prince of
Wales, at York. Early in the morning of Palm Sunday,
March 29, thefe two mighty armies, inflamed with the
mod violent animofity, were drawn up in order of battle
on the fields between the villages Saxton and Towton,
about ten miles fouth of York. Edward ilfued exprefs
orders to his troops to take no prifoners, and give no quar¬
ter ; nor is it improbable that the orders on the other
fide were in the fame fanguinary drain. The aftion be¬
gan at nine in the morning, in the midd of a heavy fli.ower
of fnow, which was blown with great violence in the
faces of the Lancadrians, and prevented them from fee¬
ing the enemy didinCtly, or judging rightly of their dif-
tance. Lord Fauconbridge, taking advantage of this cir-
camdance, commanded his archers to advance brilkly a
few paces, and (hoot their arrows with all their force, and
then fall back. The Yorkids advanced ; and, pouring
in diowers of arrows upon their enemies, did great execu¬
tion, and made them rudi on to a clofe engagement, with
fwords, fpears, battle-axes, &c. The conflict now be¬
came fierce and bloody, and continued between four and
five hours, vidlory foiiietimes inclining to one fide, and
fometimes to the other. At length the Lancadrians be¬
gan to give way ; and, being bard prelfed, they broke,
and fled on all (ides, and were purfued with great (laugh¬
ter. This was one of the mod bloody battles that ever
was fought in Britain. Thofe who were employed to
number and bury the dead, declared, that their number
amounted to 38,000. Amongd thefe were the earls of
Northumberland, Wedmoreland, and Shrewfbury; the
lords Clifford, Beaumont, Nevil, Willoughby, Wells,
Roos, Scales, Grey, Dacres, and Molineux ; belides a
prodigious number of knights and gentlemen. This was
the fourth pitched battle fought in lefsthan three months
in England, in which above 60,000 of her braved fons
perifhed ; among whom were feveral princes of the blood,
and many of the prime nobility. The dukes of SomerleE
and Exeter, when they favv that all was lod, returned to
York, attended by feveral lords and gentlemen ; and,

LAN D.

taking with them the king, queen, aetd prince of Wales,
fled into Scotland ; and never thought themfelves fate
till they had reached the capital of that kingdom.

Edward, in the mean time, not fatiated with the daugh¬
ter of the battle, caufed much noble blood to be died on
tire fcaffold. The earl of Devonfhire and fir W. Hill,
being taken in their flight, were beheaded at York, and
their heads were fet upon the walls of that city, indead
of that of the duke of York, the king’s father, and that
of the earl of Salidniry, which were now taken down.
The earl of Ormond and Wiltfhire was beheaded at New-
cadle, and dr Thomas Fulford at Hexham. Edward
then marched as far north as Newcadle; and having left
the earl of Warwick with a competent force, to keep
that part of the country in fubjeftion, he returned to
London, June 26 ; and three days after he was crowned
at Wedminder with the ufual folemnity.

While thefe refentful and fanguinary perfecutions were
going on in England, the Scots remained in a manner paf-
live : the then king James III. was a minor, and the re¬
gency was difputed by the qneen-dowager and the family
of Douglas. Margaret found Scotland little lefs didrabl-
ed than England ; but on her offering to the council to
deliver to them immediately the important town and fortrefs
of Berwick, and to contract her Ion in marriage with a
fider of James, they promifed the adid^nce of their arms
to reindate her family on the throne of England. As
the danger from that quarter, however, did not appear
urgent, Edward, indead of purfuing the fugitive king and
queen, fummoned a parliament for fettling the govern¬
ment. That adembly no longer hefitated between the
two families; they edablidied the title of Edward, and
palled an act of attainder againd Henry and Margaret,
againd their infant fon Edward, and feveral of their prin¬
cipal adherents.

Domedic peace, however, was not yet redored to Eng¬
land ; nor was there wanting danger from the efforts of
foreign powers. Louis XI. of France, was of an intriguing
and politic temper, and, to keep alive the flames of
civil difeord in England, he lent a body of two thoufand
men at arms to the afTidance of the depofed Henry.
Thus Margaret was again enabled to take the field ; but,
though reinforced by a numerous train of adventurers
from Scotland, and by many partizans of the family of
Lancader, die received a check at Hedgley-moor, from
lord Montagu, brother to the earl of Warwick ; who was
fo elated with this fuccefs, that while a numerous rein¬
forcement was on their march to join him by orders from
Edward, he ventured with his own handful of troops to
attack the Lancadrians at Hexham, and obtained a com¬
plete vidlory over them. The duke of Somerfet, the
lords Rous and Hungerford were taken in the purfuit,
and immediately beheaded. Summary puni(hment was
in like manner executed on feveral perfons of rank. All
thofe who were fpared in the field differed on the fcaf¬
fold ; and the utter extermination of their adverfaries was
now become the object of the York party.

The hard fate of the ex-royal family deferves to be re¬
corded. Margaret, flying with her fon into a fored, was
befet, during the darknefs of the night, by a gang of rob¬
bers, who defpoiled her of her rings and jewels, and treat¬
ed htr with the utmod indignity. The partition of this
rich booty railed a quafrel among them; and while their
attention was thus engaged, (he took the opportunity of
plunging with her fon into the depths of the fored, where
(he wandered for a long time, fpent with hunger and fa¬
tigue, and overwhelmed with terror and affliction. While
in this wretched condition, die faw a robber approach
with his naked fword ; and finding that die had nojneans
of efcape, with. Angular prefence of mind, (he advanced
towards him ; and prefenting to him the young prince,
exclaimed, “ Here, -my friend, I commit to your care the
fafety of your king’s Con.” The man, whole generous
fpirit had been oblcured by his vicious collide of life,
was charmed with the confidence repoled in him ; and

vowed

ENGL

vowed, not only to abftain from all injury againft the
princefs, but to devote himfelf entirely to her (ervice.
By his means fhelived fome time concealed in the foreft,
and was at laft condu&ed to the fea-coaft, whence (lie
made lierefcape into Flanders. She parted thence to her
father’s court, where (he lived feveral years in privacy
and retirement. Her royal confort was neither fo fortu¬
nate nor fo dexterous in finding the means of efcape.
Some of his friends took him under their protection, and
conveyed him into Lancafhire ; where he remained con¬
cealed during a year; but lie was difcovered A. D. 1465,
and delivered up to Edward, and thrown into the Tower.

The imprifonment of Henry, the expulfion of Marga¬
ret, and the execution and confifcation of all the mod
eminent Lancaftrians, feemed to give full fecurity to Ed¬
ward’s government. But the prince had no fooner van-
quiflied his domeftic enemies, than he delivered himfelf
up to the impulfe of his amorous portions. Elizabeth
Grey, the daughter of the duchefs of Bedford, by her
fecond marriage with fir Richard Woodville, and the wi¬
dow of fir John Grey of Groby, who had been (lain in
the fecond battle of St. Albans, fighting on the fide of
Lancafter, finding her hulband’s eftate confifcated, feized
the opportunity, when the king was on a vifit to the
duchefs of Bedford, to intreat his pity for her impove-
rilhed and diftrefied children. The fight of fo much
beauty in affliction, foon found its way to Edward’s heart;
and he was reduced, in his turn, to the pofture of an
humble fuppliant at the feet of Elizabeth. But the lady
was either averfe to dilhonourable love, or inflamed with
ambition; fo that the importunities of Edward proved
fruitlefs againft her rigid and inflexible virtue. His
paflion, (Emulated by a denial, carried him beyond all
bounds ; and he offered to (hare with her his neart, as
well as his throne. The marriage was privately cele¬
brated at Grafton; and the fecret was carefully kept
for a time, from the dilemma to which the king was
reduced.

Before this interview with Elizabeth Grey, Edward
had cart: his eye on Bona of Savoy, fifter of the queen of
France, who, he hoped, would, by her marriage, enfure
him the friendfhip of that power, which was then both
able and inclined to give fupport and afliltance to his rival.
To render the negociation more fuccefsful, the earl of
Warwick had been difpatched to Paris, where the prin¬
cefs then relided. This nobleman had demanded Bona in
marriage for the king ; his propofals had been accepted ;
and nothing remained but the ratification of the terms
agreed on, and the bringing over the princefs to England.
Matters were in this (late, when the fecret of Edward’s
ftolen marriage broke out, and the haughty earl, deeming
himfelf affronted, immediately returned to England, in¬
flamed with rage and indignation, which Edward feemed
little difpofed to foften by explanation or apology. EVery
incident, therefore, now tended to widen the breach be¬
tween the king and this powerful nobleman. All prefer¬
ments and honours were lavilhed on the queen’s friends
and relations. Warwick bore with impatience the. dimi¬
nution of his influence ; and the nobility of England, en¬
vying the fudden growth of the Woodvilles, partook of
his difcontent; but the mod confiderable artbciate that
he gained was George duke of Clarence, the king’s fecond
brother. This prince was allured by the offer in marriage
of the elder daughter of Warwick, co-heirefs to his im-
menfe fortunes, to join the party of that earl; and thus
an extenfive and dangerous combination was infenfibly
formed againft Edward and his miniftry.

To fecure himfelf againft this faction, Edward, A, D.
3469, entered into an alliance with Charles, furnamed the
Bold, duke of Burgundy, whofe rich demefnes marked
him as the proper perfon to oppofe the dark and dan¬
gerous ambition of Louis XI. Edward alio formed a
league with the duke of Brittany; but from thefe fo¬
reign negociations his attention was withdrawn by do-
nteftic inlurre&ion. The improper application of fome

A ,N D. 019-

part of the revenue of St. Leonard’s hofpital, near York,
which had been deftined for the relief of the poor, pro¬
voked the common people to rife in arms. Thefe being
headed by fir Henry Nevil and fir John Conyers, defeated
and put to death the earl of Pembroke ; and feizing the
earl of Rivers, the father of the queen, with his fon J ohn,
immediately executed them.

A dark (hade refts on, this part of the Englifh hiftory,
and the real views and objects of the principal adtors can¬
not now be developed with any degree of certainty. At
the commencement of this rebellion, Warwick refided,
together with his fon-in-law, the duke of Clarence, in his
government of Calais; and it appears, that his brother
Montagu added with vigour againft the northern rebels.
We may thence prefume, that the infurrection had not
proceeded from the fecret counfels and inftigation of War¬
wick. He and Clarence indeed came over to England,
offered their fervice to Edward, were received without
any apparent fufpicion, and were entrufted by him in the
higheft commands. Soon after, we find the rebels quieted
and difperfed by a general pardon granted by Edward, on
the fuggeftion of the earl of Warwick ; but why fo cou¬
rageous a prince, if fecure of Warwick’s fidelity, fhould
have granted a general pardon to men who had been guilty
of fuch violent and perfonal outrages, is not intelligible;
nor why that nobleman, if unfaithful, fhould have endea¬
voured to appeafe a rebellion, from which he was able to
reap fuch advantages. To folve this difficulty, we may
prefume, that, after this infurreclion, there was an inter¬
val of peace, during which the king loaded the family of
Nevil with honours and favours of the higheft nature;
yet, it was not long after, that Edward, being invited to
a feaft by the archbilhop of York, a younger brother of
Warwick, entertained a fudden fufpicion that they in¬
tended tofcfeize his perfon, or to murder him; and in
confequence abruptly left the entertainment.

Another rebellion, which is as little accounted for as
the preceding events, foon followed this; but it does not
appear that the family of Nevil had any particular inte-
reft in the quarter where it broke out, or were at all fuf-
pedled in fomenting it. It arofe in Lincolnftiire, and was
headed by fir Robert Welles, fon to the lord of that name.
The army of t he rebels amounted to thirty thoufand men ;
but the king having defeated them, took their commander
priloner, and ordered him immediately to execution. Ed¬
ward, during thefe tranfaftions, had entertained fo little
jealoufy of the earl of Warwick or duke of Clarence, that
he fent them to levy forces againft the rebels ; but thefe
malcontents, as foon as they left the court, railed troops
in their own name, iffued declarations againft the govern¬
ment, and complained of grievances, oppreftions, and bad
minifters. The unexpected defeat of Welles difconcerted
all their meafures ; and they were obliged to dilband their
army, and to fly into Devon (li ire, whence they embarked,
and made fail towards Calais.

The deputy-governor, whom Warwick had left at Ca¬
lais, was named Vaucler, a Gafcon, who feeing him re¬
turn in this miferable condition, refufed him admittance;
nor would he permit even the duchefs of Clarence to
land, though a few days before (lie had been delivered
on (hip-board of a for., and was at that time much indif-
pofed. A little wine for the ufe of the ladies was all
that he would fuffer to be carried on-board; but he fe-
cretly palliated his conduct to Warw ick, by alleging that
the fortrefs was ill fupplied with provifions, and that he
could not rely on the obedience of the garrifon. The
earl at lead aft'eCfed to be convinced ; and Warwick im¬
mediately repaired to the court of Paris. The king of
France received him with the greateft regard; and jea¬
lous of the alliance between Edward and the duke of
Burgundy, he hoped to make him his inftrument for re-
eftabliftiing the houfe of Lancafter. Nothing could ex¬
ceed the animofity which had prevailed between that
houfe and the earl of Warwick. But his prelent diftrertes,
and the entreaties of Louis, made him hearken to terms

of

Gao

ENG

of accommodation ; and Margafet, being fent for from
Angers, where (lie then redded, an agreement, diclated
by mutual intereft, was Coon concluded between them.
It was ftipulated that Warwick Ihould efpoufe the caufe
of Henry, and endeavour t o reftore him to liberty, and to
re-edablifli him on the throne; that the adminidration of
the government during the minority of young Edward,
Henryks foil, (liould be entruded conjointly to the earl of
Warwick and the duke of Clarence ; that prince Edward
diould marry the lady Anne, fecond daughter of that
nobleman; and that the crown, in cafe of the failure of
male iffue in that prince, diould defcend to the duke of
Clarence, to the entire excludon of the reigning king and
his poderity.

Edward, A. D. 1470, apprifed of what had taken place,
forefaw that it would be eafy to didolve an alliance com-
pofed of fuch difcordant materials. He employed a lady
in the train of the ditchefs of Clarence, to reprefent to
the duke the imprudence of the connection he had formed
with the murderers of his father, and the implacable ene¬
mies of his family ; fo that Clarence, druck with the
danger of his dtuation, on a promife of forgivenefs, fe-
cretly engaged to abandon thejLancaftrian party. During
this negociation, Warwick too was fecretly carrying on a
correfpondence of the fame nature with his brother, the
marquis of Montague, who was entirely confided in by
Edward ; and like motives produced a like refolution in
that nobleman. In confequence of this promife of fup-
port, Warwick availed liimfelf of a itorm to crofs the
channel with a body of French troops, and landed at Dart¬
mouth, accompanied by the.duke of Clarence.

Edward, though brave and adtive, had little forefight.
He had made no preparation for this event ; and when
warned by the duke of Burgundy of his danger, he had
anfwered, he wifhed for nothing more than to fee Warwick
on Engiifti ground. The prodigious popularity, however,
of that nobleman, the zeal of the I.ancaftrian party, and t lie
fpirit of difcontent with which many were i feCted, drew
fuch multitudes to his (landard, that inya very few days
his army amounted to fixty thoufand men, and was con¬
tinually increafing, Edward, who had been engaged in
iuppreffing a rebellion in the north, now haftened fouth-
vvards to encounter him ; and the two armies approached
each other near Nottingham. The rapidity of Warwick’s
progrefs had incapacitated the duke of Clarence from
executing his plan of treachery ; but the marquis of
Montague, having concerted meafures with his adherents,
took to arms in the. night-time, and haftened witli loud
acclamations to Edward’s quarters. The king was alarm¬
ed at the noife, and ftarting from bed, heard the cry of
war ufualiy employed by the Lancaftrian party. Ford
Haftings, his chamberlain, informing him of the danger,
urged him to make his efcape by fpeedy flight, from an
army where he had fo many concealed enemies, and where
few feemed zealoufly attached to his fervice. E^e had
juft time to get on horfeback, and to hurry with a fmall
retinue to I.ynn in Norfolk, where finding fome fhips
ready, he inftantly embarked. Thus, the earl of War¬
wick, in 110 longer fpace than eleven days from his firft
landing, was left entire mafter of the kingdom.

But Edward’s danger did not end with his embarkation.
The Eafterlings or Hans-towns were then at war botli with
France and England ; and fome fhips of thefe people-
hovering on the Engiifti coaft,' efpied the king’s vefiels,
and gave chafe to them ; nor was it without extreme dif¬
ficulty that he made his efcape into the port of Alcmaer
in Holland, where he landed, almoft deftitute of every
tiling. The duke of Burgundy was embarrafted how to
receive the abdicated monarch ; and began already to
hold out, that his conne6tions were with the kingdom of
England, not with the king. Vaucler, the deputy-go¬
vernor of Calais, declared with great energy for his old
party; and every tiling promifed a full reftoration of the
crown in the family of Lancafter. Henry, A. D. 1471,
was delivered from the Tower, and proclaimed king with

LAND.

great folemnity ; every ftatute made during the reign
of Edward was repealed ; and that prince declared an
ufurper.

Edward, however, being aftifted by the duke of Bur¬
gundy, his brother-in-law, though in a covert wav, haft¬
ened to return; and impatient to take revenge on his
enemies, made an attempt to land with his forces, which
exceeded not two thoufand men, on the coaft of Norfolk.
Being there repul fed, he failed northwards, and difeni-
barked at Ravenfpur in Yorkftiire. Finding that the new
magiftrates, wlio had been appointed by the earl of War¬
wick, kept the people every where from joining him, lie
pretended, and even made oath, that he came not to
challenge the crown, but only the inheritance of the lioufe
of York, which of right belonged to him ; and that lie
did not intend to difturb the peace of the kingdom. This
atfedted moderation brought new partizans to his ftandard :
he was admitted into the city of York; and was foon in
fuch a dtuation as gave him hopes of fucceeding in all
his former claims. Warwick affembled an army at Lei-
cefter, with an intention of giving battle; but Edward,
by taking another road, palled unmolefted, and prefented
liimfelf before the gates of London. He was readily ad¬
mitted into a capital, the inhabitants of which (fill dwelt
with pleafure on his former courteous demeanor; and
Henry, deftined to be the perpetual fport of fortune,
again fell into the hands of his enemies.

Warwick, without waiting the arrival of queen Mar¬
garet, who was haftening to England ; being reinforced
by his fon-ifi-law Clarence, and his brother the marquis
Montague, took poft at Barnet, in the vicinity of Lon¬
don. His brother Montague feems to have remained fin-
cerely attached to the interefts of his family : but his fon-
jn-law, though bound to him by every tie of honour and
gratitude, though he (hared the power of the regency,
though he had been inverted by Warwick in’all the ho-,
nours and patrimony of the lioufe of York, refolved to
fulfil the fecret engagements which lie had made with his
brother. Accordingly, lie deferted to Edward in the
night-time, and carried with him a body of twelve thou-
fand men. Warwick was now too far advanced to retreat ;
and, as lie rejedted with difdain the terms of accommoda¬
tion ofFered by Edward and Clarence, he was obliged to
hazard a decifive engagement. The battle was fought
on Eafter-Sunpay, April 14, 1471, with equal obftinacy
on both hides, and the vidfory remained long in fufpenfe”;
but an accident threw the balance to the fide of the
Yorkifts. Edward’s device vvas a fun; that of Warwick
a (far with rays; and the miftinefs of the morning render¬
ing it difficult to diftinguifh them; the earl of Oxford,
who fought on the fide of the Lancartrians, was, by vnif-
take, attacked by his friends, and chafed off the fiejd of
battle. Warwick, contrary to his ufual pradtice, engaged
that day on foot, refolving to (hew his army that lie
meant to (hare every fortune with them, and was (lain in
the thickeft of the engagement. His brother underw ent
the fame fate; and as Edward had ifliied orders not to
give any quarter, a great and undiftinguiflied (laughter
was made.

The very day on which this decifive battle was fought,
queen Margaret and her fon, now about eighteen years
of age, and a prince of great hopes, landed at Weymouth,
fupported by a fmall body, of French forces. When this
princefs received intelligence of Henry’s captivity, and
of the defeat and death of the earl of Warwick, her cou¬
rage, which had fupported her under fo many difaftrous
events, now forfook her ; and (be anticipated the cala¬
mities which were to follow. At firft (he took fan£hiary
in the abbey of Beaulieu in Hampfhire; but being en¬
couraged by the appearance of Tudor earl of Pembroke,
Courtney earl of Devonfliire, the lords Wenloc and St.
John, with other men of rank, who exhorted her (fill
to hope for fuccefs, (lie relumed her former fpirit, and
determined to defend to the utmoft the ruins of her fallen
fortunes. Rapidly advancing through the counties of
1 Devon,

ENGLAND.

Devon, Somerfet, and Gloucefter, (he uicreafed her army
on each day’s march ; but was at lad overtaken by the
rapid and expeditious Edward at Tewkefbury, on the
banks of the Severn. The Lancaftrians were here totally
defeated; the earl of Devo afhire and lord Wenloc were
killed in the field; the duke of Somerfet, and about
twenty other perfons of diftinCtion, having taken (belter
in the church, were dragged out and beheaded ; and the
army entirely difperfed.

Queen Margaret and her unfortunate fon being taken
prifoners, and brought before the king, he afked the
prince, in an infulting manner, how he dared to invade
his dominions? The young prince, more mindful of his
high birth than of his prefent fortune, replied, that he
came thither to claim his juft inheritance. The ungene¬
rous Edward, indignant at his anfwer, and infenfible to
pity, (truck him on the face with his gauntlet; and the
dukes of Clarence and Gloucefter, lord Haftings, and fir
Thomas Gray, taking the blow as a (ignal for further
violence, hurried the prince into the next apartment, and
there difpatched him with their daggers. Margaret was
thrown into the Tower ; where her degraded confort had
expired a few days after the battle of Tewkefbury ; but
whether he died a natural or a violent death, will remain
forever uncertain. It is pretended, and was generally
believed, that the duke of Gloucefter, afterwards Rich¬
ard III. killed him with his own hands; but the univer-
fal odium which that prince incurred, inclined the nation
perhaps to aggravate his crimes, by adding furmifes to
faffs.

Edward, now firmly eftabliflied on the throne, A. D.
1472, began to devote himfelf to libidinous pleafures ;
but he was foon roufed from his folly by the profpeff: of
foreign Conquefts. He formed a league with the duke of
Burgundy to invade France ; for this purpofe he obtained
from parliament a tenth of rents, or two fhillings in the
pound ; which produced only 31,460k and they added to
this fupply a whole fifteenth, and three quarters of an¬
other : but, as the king deemed thefe fums dill unequal
to the undertaking, lie attempted to levy money by way
of benevolence ; a kind of exaction which, except during
the reigns of Henry III. and Richard II. had not been
pradtifed in former times, and which, though theconfent
of the parties was pretended to be gained, could not be
deemed eivirely voluntary. With thefe aids, in 1475,
the king patted over to Calais, at the head of an army of
fifteen hundred men at arms, and fifteen thofifand archers ;
but all his hopes of conqueft were damped, by finding
that the conftable, St. Pol, on whole revolt he depended,
neither received him into the towns of which he was maf-
ter, nor did the duke of Burgundy bring him the fmalleft
abidance. This defection gave him great difguft, and in¬
clined hint to liften to the pacific propofals of Louis XI.
who confented to pay Edward feventy-five thoufand
crowns, on condition that he fhould immediately with¬
draw his army from France; and promifed to pay him
fifty thoufand crowns a year during their joint lives. It
was farther ftipulated that the dauphin, when of age,
fhould marry Edward’s eldeft daughter ; and thefe arti¬
cles were folemnly ratified in a perfonal interview which
the two monarchs had near Amiens.

Such were the principal articles of this treaty, which
refleffed but little honour to either party. Louis, how¬
ever, did himfelf forne credit by ftipulating for the liberty
of queen Margaret, who, though, after the death of
Henry, and of her fon, (he could no longer be formidable
to government, was (fill confined in the Tower by Ed¬
ward. Louis paid fifty thoufand crowns for her ranfom ;
and that princefs, who had been fo affive on the ftage of
the world, and who had experienced fuch a variety of
fortune, paffed the remainder of her days in privacy, till
the year 1482, when (lie died.

Though Edward had fo little reafon to be fatisfied with
the conduct of the duke of Burgundy, he referved to that
prince a power of acceding to the late treaty ; but Charles,
Voj.. VI. N0.377.

621

when the offer was made him, haughtily replied, that he
was able to fupport himfelf without the afti fiance of Eng¬
land, and that he would make no peace with Louis till
three months after Edward’s re; urn into his own coun¬
try. This prince poffelfed all the ambition and courage
of a conqueror; but, being defeffive in policy and pru¬
dence, perilhed at laft in battle agninft the Swifs; a peo¬
ple whom he defpifed, and who, though brave and free,
bad hitherto been in a manner overlooked among the na¬
tions of Europe.

For fome time Edward had relapfed into his fatal love
of pleafure, from which he Teemed only to awake to ex-
ercife an aft of difgraceful tyranny on his own family.
The duke of Clarence, after all his fervices in deferting
Warwick, had never been able to regain the king’s con¬
fidence. He was alfo an objeff of difpleafure to the
queen, as well as to his brother the duke of Gloucefter,
a prince of the deeped policy, and the mod unrelenting
ambition. The execution bf feveral of his friends on the
moft trivial offences, warned him of the combination
againft himfelf; but, inftead of fecu ring his life by fi-
lence and referve, he was open and loud in his refent-
ments. The king, Highly offended with his freedom, or
lifting that pretence, committed him to the Tower, ftuin-
moned a parliament, and tried him for his life before the
houfe of peers, on charges too frivolous to deferve the
name of crimes. A fentence of condemnation, however,
was procured againft Him ; and the only favour which
the king granted his brother, was to leave him the choice
of His death ; and he was privately drowned in a butt of
malmefey in the Tower; a whimiical choice, which im¬
plied that he had an extraordinary predilection for that
liquor. The duke left two children by the elder daugh¬
ter of the earl of Warwick ; a fon, created an earl by his
grandfather’s title; and a daughter, afterwards countefs
of Salifbury. Both this prince and princefs were unfor¬
tunate in their end, and died a violent death ; a fate
which for many years attended almoft all the defeendants
of the royal blood in England.

All the energies of Edward’s reign feem to have ter¬
minated with the civil wars : his fpirit afterwards funk
into indolence and dilTipation. There was no objeff on
which he was more intent, than to have his daughters
fettled in fplendid marriages ; but moft of thefe princeffes
were yet in their infancy, and a chain of accidents fruf-
trated his views. His eldeft daughter Elizabeth was con¬
tracted to the dauphin; but Louis XI. who paid no re¬
gard to treaties, found his advantage in affiancing t He
dauphin to the princefs Margaret, daughter of the em¬
peror Maximilian. Edward, however, notwithftanding
his depravity, prepared to avenge the infult: when the
French monarch, to divert the blow, by a proper diftri-
bution of prefents in the court of Scotland, incited James
to make war upon England.

This prince, who lived on bad terms with his own no¬
bility, and whole force was always unequal to the enter-
prife, levied an army ; but, when he was ready to enter
England, the barons, confpiring againft bis favourites,
put them to death without trial ; and the army prefently
difbanded. The duke of Gloucefter, attended by the
duke of Albany, James’s brother, who had been baniffi-ed
his country, entered Scotland at the head of a powerful
army, took Berwick, and obliged the Scots to accept of a
peace, by which they refigned that garrifon to Edward.
Tliis fuccefs determined the king to think more leriotifly
of a French war ; but, while he was making preparations
for that enterprife, an enemy againft whom there is no
defence foon put a period to all his projeffs. He died at
Weftniinfter, April 9, 1482, in the forty-firft year of his
age, and the twenty-third of his reign ; but of what dif-
eafe is not certainly known. He had iffue by his queen
three fons and feven daughters, of whom one fon and two
daughters died before him ; and two fons and five daugh¬
ters furvived him ; viz. Edward, his eldeft fon and ftic-
ceffor; Richard duke of York; Elizabeth, courted by
7 T Richard

Cm ENGLAND.

Richard III. and afterwards married to Henry VII. Ce.
cilia, married to John vifconnt Wells; Anne, married
to Thomas Howard duke of Norfolk ; Bridget, who be¬
came a nun at Dartford ; and Catharine, contradfed to
the infanta of Spain, but married to William Courteney
earl of Devcnfhire.

Edward IV. was much admired, in his youth, for the
beauty of his features and the elegance of his perfon ;
but, before his death, he became corpulent and bloated
by intemperance. His addrefs was eafy, engaging, and
familiar, which gained him the hearts of many, and the
money of not a few,- particularly of the fair fex. He
never forgot the name or face of any perfon with whom
he had once converted ; and he is even faid to have known
the charadlers and circumftances of every nobleman or
gentleman of any confequence in his dominions. His
great fuccefs in war (having gained nine pitched battles,
in which he was prefent, and fought on foot, and never
loft one) may be admitted as a fufficient proof of his mi¬
litary Ikill and courage, as well as of his good fortune.
In a word, if his virtues had been equal to his endow¬
ments, he would have been both a great and a good king.
But that was not the cafe. His piety is, indeed, celebrated
by the monk of Croyland ; but it did not prevent him
from violating his moft folemn oaths, when he was prompt¬
ed to it by paftion, or the profpedt of advantage. He was
guilty of many afts of cruelty ; and the unnatural mur¬
der of his brother Clarence muft fix an indelible (lain
upon his character. Whenever he enjoyed peace, he
abandoned ^himfelf to the gratification of his appetites.
On his paftion for women he laid no reftraint ; and his
imprudent and criminal indulgence of it plunged him in¬
to much diftrefs and guilt, produced almoft all the difo/-
ders of his reign, and all the calamities that befel his
friends and family. The indulgence of vicious paflions is
alike pernicious- to princes and to private perfons.

Edward prince of Wales, his eldeft fon, was proclaim¬
ed king in London, April 9, 1483, by the name of Ed¬
ward V. He was then only in the thirteenth year of his
age ; but his title was fo clear, that it was not imagined
any difpute could poftibly arife about his pofleftion of the
throne. The kingdom was at that time divided into two
great factions. The queen’s family, who, during the
laft reign, had grown into power, was become obnoxious
to the old nobility, who could not bear to act in fubor-
dination to perfons whom they contidered as inferiors.
The king, during his life-time, had been able to over¬
awe thefe animofities ; and on his death-bed endeavoured
to guard againft their future increafe. He exprelfed a
defire that his brother, the duke of Gloucefter, fhould
be entrufted with the regency, and recommended peace
and unanimity during the minority of his fon. But the
king was no fooner dead than the parties broke out with
all their former refentments ; and the duke of Gloucef¬
ter, a crafty, wicked, and ambitious, prince, refolved to
profit by their mutual contentions. His firft aim was to
foment the difeontents of the old nobility, by infinuating
that the queen wanted to hide the meannefs of her origi¬
nal in a multitude of new promotions; at the fame time
he redoubled his profellions of zeal and attachment to
that princefs, and thus entirely gained her confidence.
Having lucceeded thus far, he gained over the duke of
Buckingham, and fome other lords, to his intereft, and
prevailed upon them, by the lure of reward, to fecond
hint in his attempts to get the guardianfhip of the young
king conferred upon him, together with the cuftody of
his perfon.

Being now fure of the co-operation of thefe noblemen,
he refolved to take the young king out of the cuftody of
the earl of Rivers, his uncle by the mother’s fide; and,
having procured that nobleman to be arrefted, he met
young Edward at Stoney-Stratford, and, with the moft
profound refpedi, offered to conduct him to London.
Having thus fecured the perfon of the king, his next ftep
was to get the charge of the king’s brother, the duke of

York, then about feven years old, who, with the queen,
his mother, had taken fanftuary in Weftminfter abbey.
The queen, who had mifgivings of the dangers that
threatened her family, was very hardly perfuaded to de¬
liver up her child ; but, at the interceftion of the pri¬
mate, and the archbifliop of York, the was at laft induced
to comply : when tenderly embracing him, and bedewing
him with her tears, fhe bade him an eternal adieu ! The
young king, finding that he was to have the pleafure of
liis brother’s company, was greatly rejoiced at the queen’s
compliance, not confidering the fatal intent of thefe pre¬
parations ; for, in a few days, the duke of Gloucefter,
who had been made prote&or of the realm, upon a pre¬
tence of guarding their perfons from danger, conveyed
them both to the Tower. Having thus fecured their
perfons, his next ftep was to fpread a report of their ille¬
gitimacy ; and, by pretended obftacles, to put off the day
appointed for the young king’s coronation. Lord Stan¬
ley, a man of deep penetration, was the firft to difclofe
his fears of the protestor's ill defigns : and communi¬
cated his fufpicions to lord Haftings, who had long been
firmly attached to the king’s family. Haftings would at
firft give the furmife no credit; and probably his wifties
that fuch a project might not be true, influenced his
judgment, and confirmed his fecurity. But he was foon
undeceived ; for Catefby, a vile inftrument of the pro¬
testor, was fent to found him, and to try whether he
could not be brought over to aflift the projeSted ufurpa-
tion. Haftings treated the propofal with horror; he pro-
fefled himfelf immoveable in his adherence to the king;
and his death was, therefore, refolved on by the pro¬
testor.

In the mean time, orders had been difpatched to exe¬
cute the lords Rivers, -Gray, and Vaughan, who had
been confined in Pomfret caftle, and whole only crime
was their attachment to the young king. On the vety
day on which they were beheaded, the protestor fum-
moned a council in the Tower, whither lord Haftings,
amongft others, repaired, no way fufpeSting that his owri
life was in danger. The duke of Gloucefter was capable
of committing the moft bloody and treacherous murders
with the greateft coolnefs and deliberation. He came
thither at nine o'clock in the morning, with the moft
cheerful countenance, fainting the members with the ut-
moft affability and good humour. He complimented the
bifhop of Ely on his early ftrawberries, defiring to have
a diftt of them. He then left the council, as if called
away by other bufinefs ; but defired that his abfence
might not interrupt the debates. In about an hour he
returned with a ftern countenance, knitting his brows,
biting his lips, and (hewing fome figns of inward pertur¬
bation. A profound filence enfued, and the lords looked
upon each other, expeSting fome horrid cataftrophe. At
length he broke out : “ My lords, what punifhment do
they deferve who have confpired againft my life ?” This
queftion redoubled the aftonifiiment of the affembly ; and,
the filence continuing, lord Haftings at length made an-
fwer, that whoever did fo, deferved to be punilhed as a
traitor. “ Thefe traitors (cried the protestor) are the
forcerefs my brother’s wife, and Jane Shore his miftrefs,
with their alfociates. See to what a condition they have
reduced me by their incantations and witchcrafts. ” Upon
which he (hewed his arm, all (hrivelled and decayed ; but
which was known to have been a natural defect. The
amazement of the council feemed to increafe at this ter¬
rible accufation ; and lord Haftings again faid : “ If they
have committed fuch a crime, they deferve punifhment.”
“ If! (cried the hypocrite with a loud voice) doft thou
anfwer me with ifs ? I tell thee that they have confpired
my death ; and that thou, traitor, art an accomplice in
their crime!” He then violently ftruck the table with
his hand ; and the room was inffantly filled with guards.
“ I arreft thee (continues he, turning to Haftings,) for
high treafon;” and at the fame time gave him in charge
to the foldiers. In tile mean time the council-room was
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6(23

ENGLAND.

filled with tumult and confufion ; and, though no refcue
was offered, yet the foldiers caufed a hurtle, as if they
apprehended danger. One of them narrowly miffed cleav¬
ing lord Stanley’s head witli a battle-axe ; but he fortu¬
nately efcaped by fhrinking under the table. However,
though he efcaped the blow, he was arrefted by the pro-
tedtor’s order, who was well apprifed of his attachment
to the young king. As for lord Haftings, he was hurried
out to the little green before the Tower chapel, and there
beheaded on a log of wood that accidentally lay in the
way. Two hours after, a proclamation very well drawn,
was read to the citizens of London, enumerating his of¬
fences, and palliating the fuddennefs of his punifliment.
It was remarked, by a merchant among the auditors, that
the proclamation was certainly drawn up by a fpirit of
prophecy.

The protestor, having thus got rid of thofe he moft
feared, was willing to pleafe the populace, and manifert
his own fanctity and virtue, by punifhing Jane Shore, the
late king’s tniftrefs. This unfortunate woman was an
enemy too humble to excite his jealoufy ; yet, as he had
accufed her of witchcraft, of which all the world faw the
was innocent, he thought proper to make her an example
for thofe faults of which the was really guilty. Jane
Shore had been formerly deluded from her hufband, who
was a goldfmith in Lombard-ftreet, and continued to live
with the late king Edward, the moft guiltlefs miftrefs in
his abandoned court. She was ever known to intercede
for the diftrelfed, and was ufually applied to as mediator
for mercy. She was benevolent, generous, and of a moft
pleafing converfation ; her wit being as irrefiftible as her
beauty. As rtie was blamelefs in other refpedts, the pro-
tedtcr ordered her to be fued for incontinency, as having
left her hulpand to live in adultery with another. It is
very probable that the people were not difpleafed at fee¬
ing one humbled, who had for a while been raifed above
them, and enjoyed the fmiles of a court. The charge
againft her was too notorious to be denied ; fhe pleaded
guilty, and was accordingly condemned to walk barefoot
through the city, and to do penance in St. Paul's church
in a white (beet, with a wax-taper in her hand, before
thoufands of fpedtators. She lived above forty years after
this fentence, reduced to the moft extreme wretchednefs ;
and fir Thomas More, in the fucceeding reign, affures us,
that he faw her gathering herbs in a field near the city
for her nightly repaft ; an extraordinary example of the
fleeting favour's of courts, and the reveries of fortune.

The protestor now began to throw off the malk, and
to deny his pretended attachment to the fons of the late
king, thinking it high time to afpire at the throne more
openly. He directed the duke of Buckingham, there¬
fore, to infufe into the people an opinion of the baftardy
of the late king, and alfo that of his children. Doctor
Shaw, a popular preacher, was hired to harangue the au¬
dience from St. Paul’s crofs to the fame purpofe ; where,
after having difplayed the incontinence of the queen, and
infilling on the illegality of the young king’s title, he ex¬
patiated on the virtues of the protestor. “ It is the pro¬
testor (cried he) who carries in his face the image of
virtue, and the marks of a true defeent. He alone can
reftore the left honour and glory of the nation.” It was
expedted that fome of the populace would have cried
out, “ Long live king Richard;” but the audience re¬
maining filent, the duke of Buckingham undertook to
perfuade them, in his turn. His fpeech was copious
upon the calamities of the laft reign, and the baftardy of
the prefent race ; he faw only one method of Ihielding
off the miferies that threatened the ftate, which was, to
eledt the proredtor; but he feemed apprehenlive that he
would never be prevailed on to accept of a crown, ac¬
companied with fuch difficulty and danger. He then
afked his auditors, whether they would have the pro¬
testor for their king ; but was mortified to find them (till
filent. The mayor, Fitz-Williams, who was in the fe-
cret, willing to relieve him in this embarraffment, oblerv-

ed, that the citizens were not accuftomed to be harangued
by a perfon of fuch quality, and would only give an an-
fiwer to their recorder. This officer then repeated the
duke’s fpeech ; but the people (till continuing mute,
“ This is ftrange obltinacy ! (cried the duke) we only
require of you, in plain term’s, to declare, whether or not
you will have the duke of Gloucefter for your king ; as
the lords and commons have fufficient power without
your concurrence ?” After all thefe efforts, fome of the
meaneft apprentices, incited by the protestor’s and Buck¬
ingham’s fervants, raifing a feeble cry of, “ God fitve
king Richard !” a defpicablc mob repeated the cry, and,
throwing up their caps, repeated, a Richard ! a Richard !

The duke of Buckingham took advantage of this falfe
and forced approbation ; and the next day, at the head
of the mayor and aldermen, lie waited upon the protec¬
tor, at Baynard’s caftle, with offers of the crown. When
Richard was told that a great multitude was waiting at
the door, he, with his ufual hypocrify, appeared to the
crowd in a gallery between two bilhops, and at firft feemed
quite furprifed at fuch a concourfe of people. But when
he was informed that their bufinefs was to offer him t lie
Grown, he declared againft accepting it ; alleging his love
for the late king his brother, his affeStion for the children
under his care, and his own infufficiency. Buckingham,
pretending to be difpleafed with this anfwer, muttered
out, “ That it was needlefs to refufe, for the people were
bent on making him king; that they had now proceeded
too far to recede; and therefore, in cafe of his refufal,
were determined to offer the crown where it would meet
a more ready acceptance.” This was a refource to which
the protestor’s tendernefs for his people would not fuffer
them to be driven. “ I perceive (cried he, in a modeft
tone,) that the kingdom is refolved to load me with pre¬
ferments, unequal to my abilities or my choice ; yet, fince
it is my duty to obey the diStates of a free people, I will,
though reluStantly, accept their petition. I, therefore,
from this moment, enter upon the government of Eng¬
land and France, with a relolution to defend the one, and
fubdue the other.” The crowd being thus difmilfed,
each man returned home, pondering upon the extraordi¬
nary proceedings of the day ; and making fuch remarks
as paftion, intereft, or party, might fuggeft.

Richard III. was no fooner feated upon the throne,
A. D. 1483, than he fent the governor of the Tower or¬
ders to put the two young princes to death ; but this
confcientious man, wliofe name was Brackenbury, re-
fufed to be made the inftrument of the tyrant’s will ; and
anfwered, that he knew not how to embrue his hands in
innocent blood. A fit fubftitute, however, was not long
wanted ; fir James Tyrrel readily undertook the office,
and Brackenbury was ordered to refign to him the keys
for only one night. Tyrrel choofing three alfociates. Sla¬
ter, Dighton, and Foreft, came in the dead of night to
tlie door of the chamber where the princes were lodged ;
and, fending in the affaffins, he bid them execute their
commiffion, while he (laid without. They found the
young princes in bed, and fallen into a found, fleep ; af¬
ter fuffocating them with the bolder and pillows, they
fhewed their naked bodies to Tyrrel ; who ordered them
to be buried at the ftair-foot, deep in the ground, under
an heap of (tones. Thefe fadts appeared in the fucceed¬
ing reign, being confeffed by the perpetrators ; who, how¬
ever, elcaped punilhment for the crime. The bodies of
the princes were afterwards fought for by Henry VII. but
could not he found ; however, in the reign of Charles 1 1 .
the bones of two children, anfwering their age, were dif,
covered in the very fpot where it was faid they were
buried ; and they were interred in a marble monument,
by order of the king, in Weftminfter abbey.

Richard having waded through every obftacle to the
throne, began, after the manner of all ufurpers, to ftrength-
en his ill-got power by foreign connections. Senfible alfo
of the influence of pageantry and fhow upon the minds of
the vulgar, he caufed himfelf, and his confort Anne Ne-

vile.

■ 6‘24

E N G L A N D.

vile, to be crowned fir ft at London, and afterwards at
York. The clergy lie gained overby great inditlgencies ;
and his friends were fecured by bellowing rewards on them,
in proportion as they were indrume’ntal in placing him on
the throne. Yet he found his peace and fafety threatened
from a quarter where he lead expefted. The infatiable
duke of Buckingham, though lie had received the greateft
rewards for his infamous conduct, yet coveted more. He
made a demand of the confifcated edates in Hereford (hire,
to which his family had an ancient claim; but Richard
either reluctantly complied with his requed, or but par¬
tially indulged it, fo that a coolnefs enfued ; and, no fooner
had Buckingham fuppofed himfelf injured, than he re-
folved to pull dowii a monarch, whom he had fo lately
been the wicked indrument of letting up. At fird he
was in doubt, whether he diould claim the crown for
himfelf, or propofe it for another; hut, the latter refo-
lufion prevailing, he determined to declare for Henry earl
of Richmond, w ho was detained in a kind of honourable
cudody by the duke of Bretagne. He was one of thofe
who had the good fortune to efcape the numerous maf-
facres of the preceding reigns; but, as he was a defcen-
dant of John of Gaunt, and the only furviving branch of
the houfe of Lancader, by the female line, his prefence
was conddered dangerous, and lie was for that re afo n ob¬
noxious to thofe in power. He had long lived in exile ;
and was, at one time, delivered up to the ambadadors of
Edward, who were preparing to carry him over to Eng¬
land, when the prince, who delivered him, repented of
what lie had done, and took him from the ambadadors
jud as they were leading him on fliip-board. This was
the youth on whom the duke of Buckingham now cad
his eye to fucceed to the crown ; and a negotiation was
begun between them for that purpofe. Henry’s heredi¬
tary right to the throne was in fome meafure doubtful ;
but the crimes of the ufurper ferved to drengthen his
claims. However, dill further to improve his title, a
marriage was projected between him and the princefs
Elizabeth, elded daughter of the late king; and the
queen-dowager was prevailed on heartily to accede to the
meafure.

Richard, in the mean time, either informed by his
creatures, or become didrudful by confcious guilt, be¬
gan to fufpeCt Buckingham’s fidelity ; and the fecret in¬
formations which he daily received, left him no room to
doubt of the truth of his fufpicions. Impteffed with this
jealoufy, he formed a refolution of fending for him to
court ; and the duke’s refilling to obey the fummons,
confirmed him in his fufpicion. But he loon had evident
proof of Buckingham’s enmity, intelligence arriving that
■this nobleman was at the head of a large body of men in
arms, and marching towards thewedern (bore. Richard,
whofe courage no danger could allay, immediately levied
fome troops in the north, and prepared to meet the infur-
gents with his ufual intrepidity. But fortune feetued his
friend, and rendered his prefent preparations unnecellary.
As Buckingham was advancing by hady marches towards
Glouceder, where he defigned to crofs the Severn, he
found that. river fvvoln to Inch a degree, that the coun¬
try on both fides was deluged, and the inundation con¬
tinued for ten days ; during which, Buckingham’s army,
compofed of Wellltmen, could neither pafs the river, nor
find fubfidence on their own fide; they were therefore
obliged to difperfe, notwithdanding all the duke’s efforts
to prolong their day. In this helplefs fituation, the duke,
after a fhort deliberation, took refuge at the houfe of one
Banider, who had been his fervant, and who had received
repeated obligations from his family. But the wicked
feldont find, as they feldom deferve, friendfhip. Banif-
ter, unable to relid the temptation of a large reward that
was fet upon the duke’s head, betrayed him to the fheriff
of Shropfhire, who, furrounding the houfe with armed
men, feized the duke, in the habit of a peafant, and con¬
ducted him to Salifbury, where he was indantly tried,
condemned, and executed.

In the mean time the earl of Richmond landed in Eng¬
land ; but finding his hopes frudrated by the failure of
Buckingham, lie Itadily fet fail again, and returned to
Bretagne. Thus every coincidence feemed to promife
Richard a long pofTedion of the crown ; however, the au¬
thority of parliament was dill wanting to give fanftion to
the injudice of his proceedings; but in thofe times of
ignorance and guilt that was eafily procured. An .aft
was pa(fed, confirming. the illegitimacy of Edward’s chil¬
dren ; an aft of attainder alfo was confirmed againd Henry
earl of Richmond ; and all tire ufurper’s withes feemed
to be the aim of their deliberations. One tiring only w as
wanting to complete Richard’s fecurity, which was the
death of his rival ; to effeft this, he fent ambaffadors to
the duke of Bretagne, feetningly upon budnefs of a pub¬
lic nature;- but, in reality, to treat with Landois’, that
prince’s minider, to deliver up Richmond. The minider
was bafe enough to enter into the negociation ; but Rich¬
mond, having had timely notice, fled into France, and
jud reached the confines of that kingdom, when he found
that Ire was purfued by the ungenerous Landois.

Richard, thus finding Iris inddious attempts abortive,
became every day more cruel, as his power grew' more
precarious. Among thofe who chieHy excited his jea-
loufy, was lord Stanley, who was married to the widow
of Edward ; and to keep him dedfad in obedience, he
took his fon as an hodage for the father’s behaviour. He
now' alfo refolved to get rid of his queen, Anne Nevile, to
make toom for a match with his niece, the princefs Eli¬
zabeth, by whofe alliance he hoped to drengthen his
claims to the throne. The lady whom he dedred to get
rid of, was the younged daughter of the great earl of
Warwick, and widow of the young prince of Wales,
whom Richard, when duke of Glouceder, had murdered
with his own hands at Tewkefbury ; and it is no (light
indication of the barbarity of the times, that the widow
(hould accept for her fecond lord the murderer of her
former hufband. But die was now rewarded for her for¬
mer indecorous conduct: Richard treated her with fo
much inhumanity and neglect, that (he died with grief.
However, his amorous defires were not crowned with
fuccefs in his applications to Elizabeth ; the queen-mo¬
ther, indeed, was eager for the inceftuous match; but
the princefs herfelf treated his addred’es with contempt
and deridon.

At the moment when Richard had to endure the morti¬
fication of a refufal from a princefs, who with fo bafe a
confort had courage and virtue to refute a crown, he re¬
ceived information that the earl of Richmond had (ailed
from Harfleur, and was arrived at Milford-Haven, in Pem-
brokefhire, where he had landed without oppolition.
Upon this alarming news, Richard indantly refolved to
meet his antagonid, and decide their mutual claims by a
pitched battle. Richmond, being reinforced by dr
Thomas Bourchier, (ir Walter Hungerford, and others,
to the number of about fix thoufand, boldly advanced
with the fame intention ; and, in a few days, both aimies
drew up in Bofworth field to determine a coined that had
for more than forty years filled the kingdom with civil
commotions, and deluged its plains with blood. 1 he
army of Richard was more than double that cf Henry ;
but the chief confidence of the latter lay in the friendfhip
and fecret alfurances of lord Stanley, who, with a body
of feven thoufand men, hovered near the field of battle,
but joining neither fide.

Richard perceiving his enemy advance, judicioudy
drew up his army, confiding of about thirteen thoufand
men ; he gave the command of the van-guard to the duke
of Norfolk, while he led the main body himfelf, with
the crown on his head, defigning by this didindtion either
to imprefs the enemy with awe, or to render himfelf con¬
spicuous to his own army. The van of Richmond’s ar¬
my, confiding of archers, was commanded by John earl
Oxford ; dr Gilbert Talbot led the right wing, dr John
Savage the left ; while the earl himfelf, accompanied by

ENGLAND. 625

his uncle, the earl of Pembroke, placed himfelf in the
main body. Lord Stanley, in the mean time, polled him¬
felf on one flank, between the two armies, while his bro¬
ther took his llation on the other, which was oppofite.
Richard feeing him thus in a fltuation equally convenient
for joining either army, fent him orders to unite himfelf
to the main body, which the other refilling, he gave in-
llant orders for beheading lord Stanley’s fon, whom he
flill kept as an hoffage. He was perfuaded, however, to
poftpone the execution till after the fight ; and attending
to the more important tranfadlions of the moment, he di¬
rected the trumpets to found for the charge. The two
armies approaching each other, the battle began with a
(bower of arrows, and foon the adverfe fronts were feen
clofing. This was the critical moment for which lord
Stanley had been waiting, who now joined the earl of
Richmond, 'and thus turned the fortune of the day. This
meafure, fo unexpected to the men, though not to their
leaders, had a proportioned etf'eCt on both armies; it in-
fpired invincible courage into Henry’s foldiers, and threw
Richard’s into confufion. The enraged tyrant, perceiv¬
ing the danger of his fituation, fpurred his horfe into the
thickeft of the fight, while Richmond quitted his ftation
in the rear, to encourage his troops by his prefence in the
front. Richard perceiving him, was defirous of ending
all by one blow ; and with irrefiflible fury prelfed through
the ranks to attack him. He flew fir William Brandon,
the earl’s ftandard bearer, who attempted to flop his ca¬
reer. Sir John Cheyne having taken Brandon’s place,
was inftantly thrown to the ground. Richmond in the
mean time, came forward to oppofe him ; but they were
feparated by the interpofing crowd. Richard, thus dif-
appointed, and perceiving his army every where yielding
or flying, ruflied with impetuofity into the midft of the
enemy, and there met a better death than his crimes and
cruelties deferved. After the battle, which was fought
on Monday Atiguft 2.3, 1485, his body was found ftripped,
among a heap of llain, covered with wounds, and the
eyes frightfully flaring; an evident proof that he died in
extreme agony. The corpfe was thrown acrofs a horfe,
and carried to Leicefter. It lay there two days expofed
to public view, and was then buried without ftate or
ceremony, in the church of the Grey friars. Richard’s
crown being found by one of Henry’s foldiers on the field
of battle, it was immediately placed upon the head of the
conqueror ; while the whole army cried out, “ Long live
king Henry !”

Thus ended the bloody reign of Richard; and, by his
death, the race of the Plantagenet kings, who had been in
pofleffion of the crown during the fpace of three hundred
and thirty years, became extinft. Thus ended alfo the
contefts between the houfes of York and Lancafler, by
which moft of the ancient families of the kingdom were
extinguifhed, and more than ah hundred thoufand men
prematurely loft their lives, either by the fword or the
executioner.

Richard III. was the moft abandoned tyrant, that ever
waded through daughter to a throne. He feents to have
been an utter ftranger to the tender emotions of the human
heart, and entirely deftitute of every focial feeling. His
ruling paffion was ambition ; for the gratification of which
he trampled upon every law, both human and divine ;
but this thirft of dominion was unattended with the leaft
yvork of generofity, or any defire of rendering himfelf
agreeable to his fellow-creatures : it was the ambition of
a favage, not of a prince ; for he was a folitary king, alto¬
gether detached from the reft of mankind, and incapable
of that amelioration of the heart, which refults from pri¬
vate friendfhip and philanthropy. He was dark, filent,
and referved, and fo much mailer of diflimulation, that it
was impoflible to dive into his real fentiments, when he
either wifhed to take an advantage, or conceal hisdefign.
If he had been a prince unftained with blood, he would
have been the only one of his houfe, who lived to a ma¬
ture age, exempt from that defilement j his enemies al»
Von. VI. No. 378.

low, however, that his judgment was found and penetra¬
ting, and his courage undaunted. To heighten the com¬
mon deteftation of this prince, writers have defcribed him
as a crooked, hump-backed, withered, monfter, who re¬
mained two years in his mother’s womb, and, at laft, was
born with teeth, and hair reaching down to his ftioulders,
to intimate how careful Providence was, when it formed
a tyrant, to give timely warningof what was to be expect¬
ed ! “Yet thefe portents,” favs Mr. Walpole, “ were
far from prognofticating a tyrant ; becaufe other tyrants
have been born without thefe prognoftics. The truth
appears to be, that Richard, who was not the moft elegant¬
ly formed, had the right fhoulder higher than the left ;
a defeft eafily fwelled by the magnifying glafs of party,
the diftance of time, and the amplification of tradition,
into the utmoft deformity. Philip de Comines, his cotem¬
porary, mentions the beauty of Edward IV. but fays
nothing of the deformity of his brother Richard ; and
the countefs de Defmonde, who had danced with Rich¬
ard, declares he w-as the handlbmeft man in the room ex¬
cept his brother Edward; and John Rous the antiquary
of Warwickfhire, who faw Richard at Warwick, defcrib-
ing his perfon, mentions no other defedl than the inequa¬
lity of his fhoulders, and the harlhnefs of his features.
Indeed the vigour and activity with which he exerted
himfelf in battle, are an evident proof of his being pofleflT-
ed of that bodily ftrength which can never be enjoyed by
perfons much deformed.

Richard was thirty-two years of age when he died ; and
had reigned two years and two months. His death termi¬
nated the conteft between what was called the two roj'es,
which had not only depopulated the country, but had
introduced a favage ferocity of manners, and prefented a
wide fcene of inhumanity, flaughter, and defolation,
throughout the kingdom.

From the ACCESSION of the HOUSE of TU¬
DOR, to the UNION with SCOTLAND under
JAMES I.

Henry VII. afcended the throne of England A . D. *485;
under whofe mild and aufpicious reign human wildont,
as if roufed from a lethargy of thirteen hundred years,
began to exert her utmoft efforts to fubdue the natural
ferocity of the nation, and to introduce the arts of peace,
and a more enlightened jurifprudence. His title came
through Catharine, queen of Henry V. by a fecond mar¬
riage with Owen Tudor, a Welfh prince, by whom flie
had Edmund Tudor earl of Richmond, who married
Margaret, only daughter of John Beaufort duke of So-
merfet, grandfon of John of Gaunt duke of Lancafler ;
the ilfue of which marriage was Henry earl of Richmond,
who now afcended the throne. Henry’s firft care, af¬
ter his acceffion, was to marry the princefs Elizabeth,
daughter of Edward IV. and thus he united the inte-
refts of. the two houfes of York and Lancafler, fo that
ever after they were infeparable. Neverthelefs, being
apprehenfive that the people might fuppofe he claimed
the crown in right of this union, he deferred the queen’s
coronation till two years after, by which he made the
priority of his own claim inconteftable. His reign alfo hap¬
pily commenced with an obedience to the forms of law,
of which England had hitherto feen but few examples.
An a<St had been palled in the preceding reign for the at¬
tainder of his friends and followers, which continued flill
in force ; and the names of many members of that houfe,
by which it was to be repealed, were exprefsly men¬
tioned in the attainder. To fuffer thefe to join in repeal¬
ing that ftatute, would be admitting them as judges ia
their own caufe ; but to this Henry prudently objected,
obliging them to leave the houfe, till an a£t was palled
for reverfing their attainder.

Before this reign, it had been ufual, when any per--
fon was attainted and executed, for the king to give
away his eftates to any of the court favourites that hap.
pened to be moft in confidence. Henry wifely perceived
1 U that

626

ENG

that this cuftom was attended with two bad effeCts : the
cruelty of the meafure in the firft pktce excited indigna¬
tion ; and it alfo made the favourite too powerful for a
fubjeCt. In order to remedy thefe inconveniences, he
made a law to deprive thofe who were found in arms of
their eftates and effeCts, but which thould ever after
efcheat to the crown. Much of the mifery of his prede-
celfors had proceeded from their poverty, which was ge¬
nerally occafioned by riot and diffipation. Henry faw that
money alone could turn the fcale of power in his favour;
and therefore hoarded up all the confifcations of his ene¬
mies with the utmoft frugality. From hence he has been
accufed by many hiftorians of avarice ; but that avarice
which tends to (Lengthen the hands of government, and
reprefs fedition, is not only excufable, but praifeworthy.
Liberality in a king is too often a mifplaced virtue. What
is thus given is commonly extorted from the induftrious
and needy, to be laviftied as rewards on the rich, the in-
fidious, and the fawning, fycophants of a court. Henry
{hewed hiinfelf fuperior to his predeceffors in thefe re-
fpeCts, as he gave very few rewards to the courtiers
about his perfon; and none, except the needy, {hared his
benefactions. He releafed all prifoners for debt in his
dominions, whofe debts did not amount to forty (hillings,
and paid their creditors from the royal coffers. Thus his
aCt of infolvency was founded in juftice; and his eco¬
nomy rendered him not only a protector of the poor, but
enabled him to fulfil every pecuniary engagement with
honour and punctuality, both abroad and at home. With
regard to the king’s fervants, he was himfelf the only
adting minifter ; and he did not choofe his under agents
from among the nobility, as had been uftial, but pitched
upon John Morton, and Richard Fox, two clergymen,
perfons of induftry, vigilance, and capacity, to whom he
chiefly confided his fecret councils. They had fhared
with him in all his former dangers andadverfity ; and he
now took care that they (Tiould participate in his good
fortune ; the one being created bifhop of Ely, the other
bifhop of Exeter.

Immediately after his marriage with Elizabeth, he
i (Tued a general pardon to all who had been in rebellion;
but thofe haughty barons who had been the favourites
of the lad reign, and long accuftomed to turbulence, re¬
filled his proffered lenity, and flew to arms. Lord Lovel,
with Humphrey and Thomas Stafford, placed themfelves
at the head of this infurreCtion ; but Henry fent the
duke of Bedford to oppofe them, with orders to try what
might be firft done by offering them pardon. The duke
obeyed his inflrudfions ; and this humane and generous
endeavour to {'pare the effufion of human blood had fuch
an effedt upon the army, that it immediately difperfed.
Lovel made his elcape into Flanders, where he was pro¬
tected by the duchefs of Burgundy ; and the two Staf¬
fords took fanCtuary in the church at Colnham, near
Abingdon ; but it appearing that this church had not the
privilege of giving protection, they were taken thence;
the eldeft Stafford was executed at Tyburn; the younger,
pleading that he was milled by his brother, obtained his
pardon. Yet, after all, the difaffeCted were become fo
turbulent and factious by a long courfe of civil war, that
neither law nor lenity could reftrain them ; fo that one
rebellion feemed extinquifned only to give birth to ano¬
ther. The king, in the beginning of his reign, had given
orders that the fon of that duke of Clarence who had
been drowned in a butt of malmley, fliould be liberated
from the prifon where he had been confined by the bloody
Richard, and brought to the Tower. This unfortunate
youth, who was ftyled the earl of Warwick, was, by long
co n line men t, totally unacquainted with the world ; and
though perfectly harmlefs and inoffenfive, was made an
inffrument to delude the people. There lived in Oxford
a prieit named Richard Simon, who, poffefling fome fub-
tiety, and more rallinefs, trained up a daring youth named
Lambert Simnel, a baker’s fon, to counterfeit the perfon
of the earl of Y/arwick ; and he was previoully inftruCted

LAND.

to talk upon many faCts and occurrences, as having hap-
pened to him in the court of Edward. The plot un¬
folded to their wiflies ; and Henry had the mortification
to find that his mother-in-law, the queen-dowager, was
at the bottom of it.

It was in Ireland where the fcene was firft opened ;
that country had been governed by Clarence, and was
ftill attached to his memory ; and no fooner did the wily
prieft prefent Simnel to the earl of Kildare, and claim his
protection as the unfortunate Warwick, than that credu¬
lous nobleman acknowledged him; while the city of
Dublin followed the example of the earl, and tendered
its allegiance to Simnel as the true Plantagenet ; and he
was crowned with great folenmity by the chancellor of
Ireland. Henry, perplexed at the news of this revolt,
firft feized the queen-dowager, and imprifoned her in the
nunnery of Bermondfey, where (he ended her life in po¬
verty and folitude. He next (hewed the young earl of
Warwick through the ftreets of London ; but though this
had its effeCt in England, it convinced not the people of
Ireland, who reproached Henry with having (hewn a
counterfeit perfonage. The confpiracy foon extending,
it was entered into by the earl of Lincoln, fon of the duke
of Suffolk by Elizabeth, eldeft lifter of Edward IV. a
nobleman of courage and ambition. Having eftablilhed
a correfpondence in Lancalhire, he had returned to Flan¬
ders, where Lovel had arrived before him ; and he lived
in the court of his aunt, the duchefs of Burgundy. That
princefs, the widow of Charles the Bold, had acquired
great authority among the Flemings, and hearing with
indignation of the malignant jealonfy entertained by Henry
againft her family, (lie was determined to make him re¬
pent of that enmity, to which fo many of her friends had
fallen victims. After confulting with Lincoln and Lovel,
{he hired a body of two thoufand mercenary Germans,
under the command of Martin Swart, a brave and expe¬
rienced officer; and fent them over, together with thefe
two noblemen, to join Simnel in Ireland. The counte¬
nance given by perfons of fuch high -rank, and the accef-
fion of this military force, raifed much higher the rebel¬
lious difpofition of the Irifh ; whence they came to a
refolution of invading England, as well for the fake of
plunder, as of revenge for pretended injuries.

Henry, apprized of their defign, prepared for a timely
defence. He ordered troops to be levied in different
parts of the kingdom, and put them under the command
of the duke of Bedford and the earl of Oxford. And,
to gratify the people by an appearance of devotion, he
made a pilgrimage to our lady of Walfingham ; and there
offered up prayers for fuccefs, and for deliverance from
his enemies. Being informed that Simnel was landed at
Foudrey in Lancafhire, he drew together his forces, and
advanced towards the enemy as far as Coventry. The
rebels had entertained hopes that the difaffeCted in the
north would rife in their favour; but the people in gene¬
ral, convinced of Lambert’s impofture, and kept in awe
by the king’s reputation for courage and conduCt, either
remained in tranquillity, or gave their afliftance to the
royal army. The earl of Lincoln, therefore, who com¬
manded the rebels, finding no hopes but in victory, was
determined to bring the matter to a fpeedy decifion ; and
the king, fupported by the native courage of his temper,
and emboldened by a great acceflion of volunteers, de¬
clined not the conflict. The hoftile armies met at Stoke,
in the county of Nottingham, A. D. 1438, and a bloody
and obllinate battle enfued. The leaders of the rebels
were refolved to conqueror to perilh ; and they infpired
their troops with like refolution. The Germans alfo,
being experienced foldiers, kept the event long in fuf-
pence; and even the Irifh , though ill-armed and almoft
defencelefs, {hewed themfelves not defective in fpirit and
bravery. The king’s victory, though purchafed with
lots, was entirely decilive. Lincoln, Broughton, and
Swart, periftied in the field of battle, with four thoufand
of their followers, and as Lovel was never more heard of,

he

ENGLAND. G27

he was believed to have undergone the fame fate. But
on tlie authority of the late Mr. Thomas Warton, poet-
laureat, fome light feems to have been recently thrown
on the fate of this diflinguifhed nobleman. Tlie walls
of his once magnificent feat at Minder Lovel, Oxford-
fhire, of which fome fmall ruins dill remain, being pulled
down for the fake of the materials, early in the eighteenth
century, a fecret chamber was difcovered with a trap¬
door, and in it a fkeleton of a perfon in complete armour
was found. From hence it was fuppofed, and on proba¬
ble grounds, that this was the body of lord Lovel, who,
after efcaping from the battle of Stoke, took refuge in
this place, and from fome caufe, not now to be accounted
for, was left to perifh in his concealment. Simnel, and
his tutor Simon, were taken prifoners. Simon, being a
pried, was only committed to clofe cudody; and Simnel,
as being too contemptible to be an objedt either of appre-
henfion or refentment, was pardoned, and made a fcullion
in the king’s kitchen ; whence he was afterwards advanced
to the rank of king’s falconer, in which employment he
died. Thus ended an infurrefition, which, under a lefs
judicious monarch, might have been very dangerous.
Henry now returned to London in triumph from the
north, and paid a vifit to his queen at Wincheder, who
was there prematurely delivered of a fon, September 20,
1486. The young prince was named Arthur, in honour
of the renowned Britilh prince of that name, from whom
the king derived his defcent, by his grandfather, Owen
Tudor. .

The profperous fituation of Henry’s domedic affairs
now afforded him leifure to obferve the fituation of the
neighbouring nations. The throne of Scotland was'filled
by James III. a prince of little indudry and narrow ge¬
nius. Spain, by the union of Cadille and Arragon, in
the perfons of Ferdinand and Ifabella, and by the con-
queft of Granada from the Moors, began to make a great
figure in the tranfadtions of Europe. France, during the
two preceding reigns, had attained a mighty increafe of
power and dominion; mod of the great fiefs, Normandy,
Champagne, Anjou, Dauphiny, Guienne, Provence, and
Burgundy, had been united to the crown ; and during
the1 minority of Charles VIII. Anne, lady of Beaujeu,
who, as his fider, had obtained the regency, formed the
project of acquiring Brittany, tlie lad independent fief of
the monarchy. The reigning duke was of llender capa¬
city ; and by abandoning himfelf to the counfels of Peter
Landais, a man of mean birth, had difguded his nobles.
They had feized the obnoxious minider, and had put him
to death ; and their apprehenfions of the refentment of
their prince, induced them to invite the court of France
to an invafion of their country.

The French people feldom required much importunity
to feize fuch an advantage: they prefently over-ran Brit¬
tany ; and the duke of that province was obliged to feek
(belter in Nantz. He in vain implored the aflidance of
England, and reminded Henry of the protection lie had
granted him in his didrefs. That monarch was not ig¬
norant of what an important acquifition Brittany would
be to France ; but he was averfe to the expence and ha¬
zard of a continental war; and he flattered himfelf fome
unforefeen event would arife to defeat the defigns of the
French. But while he reded in this expectation, he re¬
ceived the unwelcome intelligence that the Bretons had
been defeated in a decifive action ; and that many perfons
of high rank were made prifoners. The death of the
duke, which followed foon after, threw affairs into dill
greater confufion : and Henry now feemed determined to
act with vigour. An infurreCtion which had been ex¬
cited in the north on account of fome new tax, had been
quelled by the earl of Surrey, whom the king hadrefiored
to liberty, and had taken into favour; and, no longer
alarmed by domedic enemies, he difpatched lord Broke
with fix thoufand men to the defence of Brittany : but
though the Englifh and the Bretons were for fome time
2

matters of the field, affairs were in fuch confufion, thatthe
general was obliged to re-embark his troops for England.

Mean while, Anne duchefs of Brittany, prefl'ed on every
fide, had confented to cfpoufe Maximilian king of the
Romans, and the ceremony was performed by proxy. Y et
this did not prevent the lady of Beaujeu from entertain¬
ing the profpeCt of obtaining her hand for Charles VIII,
and though the affedtions of Anne were fixed on Maximi¬
lian, and fhe was drongly prejudiced againd Charles, as
the author of all the calamities which had befallen her
family, fuch was the didrefs to which die was reduced,
that die was compelled to fubmit, and was married at
Langay, in Touraine, to the king of France. The rage
of Maximilian at this event was unbounded ; and even
Henry had never more reafon to reproach himfelf with
mifcondudt. He immediately declared his refolution to
invade France ; and under that exigency he iflued a corn-
million for levying a benevolence on his people ; though a
fpecies of taxation which had been abolilhed. Arch-
bilhop Morton, the chancellor, inftrudted the commidion-
ers to employ a dilemma, in which every one might be
comprehended : if the perfons applied to lived frugally,
they were told that their parfimony mud necclfarily have
enriched them ; if their method of living was fplendid
and hofpitabie, they were concluded to be opulent on
account of their ex pences. This device was by lome
called chancellor Morion’s fork, by others his crutch.
Both the parliament and the nobles readily countenanced
the invafion: the former granted him two fifteenths ; the
latter colledted their valfals to attend him. On the 6th
of Odtober, 1492, the king arrived at Calais with an army
Of twenty-five thoufand foot, and fixteen hundred horfe,
and laid fiege to Bullogne ; but it was foon apparent that
he had no ferious intention of pulhing on the war to fuch
extremities as he pretended, and a negotiation was opened
between him and Charles. The latter anxious to fe-
cure Brittany, and eager to invade Italy, confented to
pay Henry feven hundred and forty-five thoufand crowns,
and llipulated a yearly penfion to him and his heirs of
twenty-five thoufand crowns. Thus the king, as remarked
by his hiftorian, made profit upon his fnbjedts for the
war, and upon his enemies for the peace.

Circumftances now feemed to leave Henry in poflelfion
of durable tranquillity ; but his inveterate enemies foon
railed him an adverfary, who long kept him in difquie-
tude. The duchefs of Burgundy, full of refentment for
the depreffion of her family, had propagated a report
that her nephew, Richard Plantagenet duke of York,
had efcaped from the tower of London, and was ftill
alive ; and Ihe had been looking out for fome young man
proper to perfonate that prince. Warbeck, a renegado
Jew of Tournay, who had vifited London in the reign of
Edward IV. having had opportunities of being known to
the king, and obtaining his favour, he prevailed with that
prince, whofe manners were very affable, to (land god¬
father to a fon, born in this country, to whom he gave
the name of Peter, corrupted, after the Flemith manner,
into Peterkin or Perkin. It was by fome believed that
Edward, among his amorous adventures, hacHa fecret
commerce with Warbeck’s wife, and people thence ac¬
counted for that fuppofed refemblance, which was after¬
wards remarked between young Perkin and that monarch.
Some years after the birth of this child, Warbeck re¬
turned to Tournay, whence Perkin his fon, by different
accidents, was carried from place to place, and his birth
and fortune became thereby unknown, or difficult to be
traced. The variety of his adventures had much fa¬
voured the natural verfatility and fagacity of his genius;
and he feemed to be a youth perfectly fitted to adt any
part, or alfume any efiaradter. In this light he had been
reprefented to the duchefs of Burgundy; who, (truck
with the concurrence of fo many circumftances fuited to
her purpofes, defired to be made acquainted with him.
She found him to exceed her molt fanguine expectations ;

628 ENGLAND.

fo comely did he appear in his perfon, fo graceful in
his air, fo courtly in his addrefs, fo full of docility and
good fenfe in his behaviour and converfation. Theleffons
neceffary to be taught him, in order to his perfonating
the duke of York, were foon learned by a youth of fuch
quick apprehenfion ; but as the feafon feemed not then
favourable for the enterprife, Margaret, in order the
better to conceal him, fent him, under the care of lady
Brampton, into Portugal, where he remained a year, in
perfedf fecrecy .

The war which was then ready to break out between
France and England, feemed to afford a proper opportu¬
nity for launching this impoftor ; and Ireland, which (till
retained its attachment to the houfe of York, was chofen
as the theatre for his firft appearance. He landed at
Cork, and immediately affuming the name of Richard
Plantagenet, drew to him numerous partifans-among that
credulous people. Kte wrote letters to the earls of Def-
rnond and Kildare, inviting them to join his party ; and
difperfed every where the ftrange intelligence of his efcape
from the cruelty of his uncle Richard ; while men, fond
of every thing new and marvellous, began to make him
the general fubjetl of their difcourfe, and even the ob-
jeft of their regard. The news foon reached France ;
and Charles, prompted by the folicitations of theduchefs
of Burgundy, fent Perkin an invitation to repair to him
at Paris. He received him with all the marks of regard
due to the duke of York, fettled on him a handfome
penfion, afligned him magnificent lodgings, and gave him
a guard to attend his perfon. The French courtiers rea¬
dily embraced a fiction, which their fovereign thought it
his intereft to adopt; and Perkin, both by his deport¬
ment and perfonal qualities, was well qualified to fupport
the prepoffefTion which was fpread abroad of his royal
pedigree. From France, the admiration and credulity
diffufed themfelves over England: fir George Nevile,
fir John Taylor, and above a hundred gentlemen more,
went to Paris to offer their fervices to the fuppofed duke
of York, and to lhare his fortunes; and the impoftor,
having now the appearance of a court attending him, be¬
gan really to fancy himfelf the character he affumed.

Henry had now the fuperior policy to conclude a peace
with France ; and Charles, in confequence, confented to
difmifs Perkin, who found refuge with tire duchefs of
Burgundy. That princefs affected to put on the appear¬
ance of difguft, and it was not till after a long and fevere
fcrutiny, that (he pretended to burft out into joy and ad¬
miration, and embraced Perkin as the true image of Ed¬
ward, and the foie heir of the Plantagenets. Numbers
of the Englifti favoured the impofture ; among the reft,
fir Robert Clifford and fir William Stanley. The king,
informed of thefe particulars, proceeded deliberately, in
counterworking the projects of his enemies. His firft ob-
je£t was to afcertain tire death of the real drtke of York,
and to confirm the opinion that had always prevailed with
regard to that cataftrophe. Five perfons had been em¬
ployed by Richard, in the murder of his nephews, or
could give evidence with regard to it ; but as only two
of them were now alive, and as the bodies were fuppofed
to have been removed, by Richard’s orders, frorp the
place where they were firft interred, and could not now
be found, it was not in Henry’s power to eftablifh the fa£t
beyond all doubt and controverfy. He was, however,
more fuccefsful in detefting who this wonderful perfon
Was, who now advanced pretenfions to his crown. He
engaged Clifford, who had been admitted into the fecret,
by the hopes of rewards and pardon, to betray the fecret ;
and fuch was the diligence of his fpies, that in the iffue
the whole plan of the confpiracy was clearly laid before
him, with the pedigree, adventures, life, and converfa¬
tion, of the pretended duke of York ; and the latter part
of the ftory was immediately publifhed for the fatisfa£tion
and aftonifhment of the credulous nation.

Several of the confpirators were immediately arrefted.

Some of inferior note were rapidly arraigned, convicted,
and executed ; but more folemnity was neceffary in the
proceeding againft fir William Stanley, one of the mod
opulent fubjefts in the kingdom. After fix weeks delay,
which was interpofed, in order to (hew that the king was
reftrained by doubts and fcruples, the prifoner was brought
to his trial, condemned, and beheaded. The fate of Stanley
ftruck the adherents of Perkin with the deepeft diftnay ;
yet the impoftor refolved to attempt fomething which
might revive the hopes and expectation of his partizans.
Having collected a band of outlaws, pirates, robbers, and
defperadoes, of all nations, to the number of fix hundred
men, he put to fea, with a refolution of making a defeent
in England. Information being brought him that the
king had made a progrefs to the north, he caft anchor on
the coaft of Kent, and fent fome of his retainers afliore,
who invited the country to join him. The gentlemen of
Kent affembled fome troops to oppofe him ; but they
purpofed to do more effential fervice, than by repelling
the in.vafion : they carried the femblance of friendftiip
to Perkin, and invited him to come himfelf afliore, in
order to take the command over them. But the wary
youth, obferving that they had more order and regularity
in their movements than could be fuppofed in new levied
forces who had taken arms againft eftabliftied authority,
refufed to entruft himfelf into their hands ; and the Kent-
ifti men, defpairing of fuccefs in their ftratagem, fell upon
fuch of his retainers as were already landed ; and killing
fome, took a hundred and fifty prifoners, who were tried,
condemned, and executed, by orders from the king.

In Ireland, the king’s authority appeared equally ef¬
fective and uncontrolled. Sir Edward Poynings, who
had been fent over to that country, with an intention of
quelling the partizans of the houfe of York, and of re¬
ducing the natives to fubjeCtion, having fummoned a
parliament to Dublin, he then obtained the memorable
ftatute, which (till bears his name, and which efiabliftied
the paramount authority of the Englifti government over
Ireland. By this ftatute all the former laws of England
were made to be in force in Ireland; and in future no
bill could be introduced into the Irifti parliament, unlefs
it had previonfly received the fanCtion of the council of
England. By the late aCt of union, thefe regulations,
which were often the objeCt of jealoufy and contention,
are happily rendered obfolete.

After the retreat of Perkin from the coaft of Kent, lie
fought (helter in Ireland ; but tired of the wandering life
lie was compelled to lead in that country, he paffed over
to Scotland, where he was well received by James IV.
and obtained in marriage the lady Catharine Gordon,
daughter of the earl of Huntley. The jealoufy which
then fubfifted between the courts of England and Scot¬
land, induced the latter to arm in his behalf ; but James
was foon convinced that the Englifti would never receive
a prince from neighbours whom they hated; and per¬
ceived that Perkin’s pretenfions were become obfolete,
even in the eyes of the populace. To repel the threat¬
ening Scots, parliament had granted to Henry a fubfidy
of-one hundred and twenty thoufand pounds, with two
fifteenths; which heavy impofition excited confiderable
oppofition, particularly in Cornwall; where the people
were inftigated to reliftance by Michael Jofeph, of Bod¬
min, who, by tlirufting himfelf forward on every occa-
fion, and being loudeft in every complaint againft the
government, had acquired an authority among his townf-
men. Thomas Flammoc too, a lawyer in the neighbour¬
hood, encouraged the fedition, by informing them that
the tax was entirely illegal ; that the northern nobility
were bound by their tenures to defend the nation againlt
the Scots ; and that the Corniftimen muft deliver a peti¬
tion to the king, l'econded by fuch a force as would give
it authority.

Encouraged by thefe inflammatory fpeeches, the mul¬
titude flocked together, and armed themfelves with axes,

bills.

ENGLAND.

■bills,, bows, and fnch weapons as were then in ufe.
Flammoc and Jofeph were their leaders, who foon con-
d lifted the Corniflimen through the county of Devon,
and reached that of Somerfet. At Taunton, the rebels
killed a+i officious commiffioner of the fubfidy ; and when
they reached Wells, they were joined by lord Audley,
a nobleman popular in his diftrift ; but vain, ambitious,
and reftlefs in his temper. Proud of the countenance
given them by fo confiderable a perfonage, they conti¬
nued their march, breathi -g deftruftion to the king’s
minifters and favourites, particularly to Morton, and fir
Reginald Bray, who were deemed the mod aftive muni¬
ments of opprellions. Notwithflanding their rage againft
the adminiftt\ition, as they met with no refiftance, they
committed neither violence nor diforder during their
prog-refs.

Henry, to oppofe the Scots, had an army in readinefs;
but though it was his ufual faying, “ that he defired but
to fee the rebels,” it was not until he had felefted all
his forces, that he ventured to attack them. They had
advanced to the very gates of London, and were formi¬
dable from their numbers and their valour ; but being ill
difciplined, ignorant, and ill armed, were not a match for
the regular troops. After a (Tiort refiftance, they were
broke and put to flight on Biackheath. Lord Audley,
IMammoc, and Jofeph, their leaders, were taken and exe¬
cuted ; but Henry, pitying the ignorance and (implicity
of the multitude, to the eternal honour of the fovereign
power, difmifled them without punifhment. Meanwhile,
the Scot ti fli king had laid'fiege to the caftle of Norham,
in Northumberland ; but on the appearance of the earl
of Surrey, he abandoned the enterprife. A truce was af¬
terwards concluded between the two crowns, and James
perceiving that while Perkin remained in Scotland he
Ihould never enjoy peace with Henry, privately defired
him to depart.

For fome time after quitting Scotland, Perkin concealed
himfelf in the wilds and faftneffes of Ireland. Impatient,
however, of this kind of fugitive life, he held confulta-
tions with his followers, Herne, Skelton, .and Aftley, three
broken tradefmen ; and by their advice he refolved to try
the affeftions of the Cornifh people, whole mutinous dif-
pofiiion, notwithflanding the king’s lenity, (fill fub filled.
No fdoner did he appear at Bodmin, than the populace,
to. the number of three thoufand, flocked to his ftandard ;
and Perkin, elated with this appearance of fuccefs, took
on him, for the firft time, the appellation of Richard IV.
king of England. Not to futt'er the expectations ' of
his followers to languid), he prefented himfelf before
Exeter; and, finding that the inhabitants fhut their gates
againft him, he laid fiege to the place; but being unpro¬
vided with artillery, ammunition, and every thing requi-
fite for the attempt, he made no progrefs in his under¬
taking. When Henry was informed that Perkin lay before
Exeter, he exprefi'ed great joy at his being fo near, and
prepared himfelf with alacrity to attack him. The cour¬
tiers, fenfible that their activity on this occafion would be
the mod: acceptable fervice which they could render the
king, difplayed equal zeal for the enterprife. The lords
Daubeney and Broke, with fir Rice ap Thomas, haftened
forward with a fmall body of troops to the relief of
Exeter. The earl of Devonfliire, and the mod confider¬
able gentlemen of the county of that name, took arms of
their own accord, and inarched to join the king’s gene¬
rals. The duke of Buckingham put himfelf at the head
of a troop, confiding of young nohility and gentry, who
ferved as volunteers ; and the king himfelf prepared to
follow with a confiderable army. Perkin, informed of
thefe great preparations, railed the fiege of Exeter, and
retired to Taunton. Though his followers feemed ftill
refolute to maintain his caufe, he himfelf defpaired of
fuccefs, and fecretly withdrew to the fanftuary of Beau¬
lieu, in the New Foreft- The Cornifh rebels fubmitted
to the king’s well-known mercy, and found that his for-
givenels was not yet exhaufted. Except a few perfons of

Von. VI. No. 378.

(m

defperate fortunes who were executed, and fdme others
who were leverely fined, all were dilmifled with impu¬
nity. Lady Catharine Gordon, wife to Perkin, fell into
the hands of the viftor, and was treated with a generolity
which does him honour. He placed her in a reputable
ftatiomabout the qlieen, and afligned her a penfion, which
Ihe enjoyed for life.

Perkin, being perfuaded to quit his fanftuary, A. D.
149S, was condufted in a kind of mock triumph to Lon¬
don. His own confefiion of his impofture and adventures
was publifhed ; but, though his life was granted him, he
was ftill detained in cuftody, and fent to the lower,
where his habits of intrigue and enterprife ftill followed
him. He infinuated himfelf into the confidence of four
fervants of fir John Digby, lieutenant of the Tower; and,
by their means, opened a correfpondence with the young
unoffending earl of Warwick, who was confined in the
fame place. This unfortunate prince, who had from his
earlieft youth been Unit up from the commerce of men,
and who was ignorant even of the moft common affairs of
life, was eafily fufceptible of any impreffion. The natu¬
ral love of liberty engaged him to embrace a project for
his efcape, by the murder of the lieutenant; and Perkin
offered to conduft the whole enterprife. The confpiracy,
however, efcaped not the king’s vigilance ; and Perkin,
by this new attempt, having rendered himfelf totally un¬
worthy of mercy, was arraigned, condemned, and hanged
at Tyburn, acknowledging his impofture to the laft In
a few days after Perkin’s execution, the wretched earl of
Warwick was tried by his peers; and, being convifted
of high-treafon, in confequence of pleading guilty, he was
beheaded on Tower-hill ; and in him ended the laft male
branch of the houfe of Plantagenet. The deplorable end
of this innocent nobleman, and the fate of Perkin, who,
notwithflanding all the impoftures that had been proved
againft him, was, by the credulous and ignorant, who
are ever the greateft number, ftill deemed the real fon
of king Edward, had filled the kingdom with fuch an
averfion to the government of Henry, that, to throw the
odium from himfelf, he difingenuoutly laid it to the ac¬
count of his ally, Ferdinand of Arragon, who, he faid,
refufed him his alliance, while any prince of the houfe
of York remained alive.

There had been hitherto nothing aftive in this reign
but plots, treafons, impoftures, and infurreftions ; and it
is probable that Henry’s feverity proceeded from the. con¬
tinual plarms in which thefe inquietudes held him. It is
certain that no prince ever valued peace more than him¬
felf ; and much of the ill-will of his fubjects arofe from
his endeavours to reprefs their inclination for war. The
ufual preface to all his treaties was, “ That when Chrift
came into the world, peace was fung ; and when he went
out of the world, peace was bequeathed.” He had no
ambition to extend his power, except only by treaties
and by wifdom : by thefe he rendered himfelf much more
formidable to his neighbours than his predeceffors had
ever done by their viftories ; they indeed became terri¬
ble to their own fubjedls ; but he was chiefly dreaded by
rival kings.

Henry had all along two principal points in view ; one
to reprefs the nobility and clergy ; the other to exalt and
humanize the populace. From the ambition and turbu¬
lence of the former, and from the wretchednefs and cre¬
dulity of the latter, almoft all the troubles in the former
reigns had taken their origin. In the feudal times, every
nobleman was pofleffed of a certain number of vaftals,
over whom he had an abfolute controul ; and, upon every
flight difguft, he was able to compel them to join him in
whatever principle he chofe to uphold. Henry, there¬
fore, wifely confidered, that the giving thefe petty ty¬
rants a power of felling their eftates, which before this
time were unalienable, would eventually tend to weaken
their intereft. Witli this view he palled an. aft, by which
the nobility had free liberty to difpofe of their eftates ;
a law infinitely plealing to them all, fince they had thus
7 X an

ENGLAND.

630

an immediate refource for fupplying their tafte for pro¬
digality, and a ready means of anfwering at all times the
demands of their creditors. The blow, indeed, only
reached their pofteriry ; and they were too ignorant to be
affeCted by fuch diftant confiderations.

His next regulation was to prevent their giving uni¬
forms to many hundreds of their dependents', who were
thus retained to ferve their lord, and kept like the fol-
diers of a Handing army, to be ready at the command of
their leader. By an add pa (Fed in this reign, none but
menial fervants were permitted to wear a livery, under
feverc penalties ; and this law was enforced with the mod
punctual obfervance. The king one day paying a vifit
to the earl of Oxford, was entertained with all polftble
fplendour and hofpitality. When he was ready to de¬
part, he faw ranged upon each fide a long avenue of men
dreffed up in rich uniforms. The king, fttrprifed at the
number, afked lord Oxford whether he conftantly enter¬
tained fuch a regiment of domeltics ; to which the earl
very innocently replied, that they were only men whom
he kept in pay to do him honour upon fuch occafions.
At this the king ftarted back, and faid, “ By my faith,
my lord, I thank you for your good cheer; but I mull
not fuffer to have the laws broken before my face ; my
attorney-general muff talk with you.” Oxford is faid to
have paid no lefs than fifteen thoufand marks as a fine for
this unadvifed (how of oflentation.

We have it recorded, in a thoufand inftances, what a
perverted ufe was made of monalteries, and other places
appropriated to religious worfitip, by the number of cri¬
minals who found fanCtuary and protection therein. This
privilege the clergy affumed as their religious preroga¬
tive ; and thefe places of pretended fanCtity were now
become the abode of murderers, robbers, confpirators, and
of every fpecies of felons. Witches and magicians were
the oidy perfons that were forbidden to avail themfelves
of the fecurity thefe fanCtuaries afforded. Henry ufed
all his filtered with the pope to get thefe fanCtuaries abo-
lifhed ; but he was not able to fucceed. All that lie
could procure was, that if thieves, murderers, or rob¬
bers, regiftered as fanCtuary men, fiiould fally out, and
commit fre 111 offences, and retreat again, in fuch cafes
they might be taken out of the fanCtuary, and delivered
over to public juftice. Yet all this while Henry was not
remifs in abridging the pope’s power, though at the fame
time lie profetfed the utmoft fubmifTion to his will, and
the greateft refpeCt for the clergy. The pope at one
time was fo far impofed upon by his feeming attachment
to the church, that he even invited him to renew the
croifades for recovering the Holy Land. Henry’s anfwer
deferves to be remembered. He affured his holinefs that
no prince in Chriftendom would be more forward to un¬
dertake fo glorious an expedition ; but, as his dominions
lay very diftant from Conftantinople, it would be better
to apply to the kings of France and Spain for their a fli fi¬
ance ; and in the mean time he would go to their aid
himfelf, as foon as all the differences between the Clirif-
tian princes fiiould be compromifed. This was at once
a polite refufal, and an oblique reproach.

Yet while he thus employed his power in lowering the
influence of the nobles and clergy, be was tifing every
art to extend the privileges of the people. In former
reigns they were fure to fuffer on whatever fide they
fought, when they were unfuccefsful. This rendered
each party defperate in a declared civil war, fince no
hopes of pardon remained, and confequently terrible
daughters were feen to enfue. Henry therefore paffed an
aCt, by which it was declared, that no perfon fhotild be
impeached or attainted for afiifting the king for the time
being; or, in other words, the fovereign who fhould be
then actually in polfellion of the throne. This excellent
fiatute ferved to reprefs the incitements to civil war;
and hence the common people, no longer maintained in
vicious idlenefs by their fuperiors, were obliged to be¬
come induftrious for their fupport, The nobility, inflead

of vying with each other in the number and boldneL of
•their vaffals, acquired by degrees a more civilized fpecies
of emulation ; and endeavoured to excel in the fplendour
and elegance of their equipages and tables. In fad, (he
kingis greateft efforts were directed to promote trade and
commerce, becaufe this not only enriched the treaf'ury,
but naturally introduced a fpirit of liberty among the
people, and difengaged them from all dependence, ex¬
cept upon their own industry, the laws, and the king.
Before this great era, all our towns were crowded near
fome ftrong caftle, where fome powerful lord redded.
Thefe were at once fortrelfes for protection, and prifons
for all forts of criminals. To thefe feats of protection,
artificers, victuallers, and (hop-keepers, naturally retort¬
ed, and fettled on fome adjacent fpot to furnifh the lord
and his attendants with all the necelfaries they might re¬
quire. The farmers alfo, and the liufbandmen in the
neighbourhood, built their houfes there, to be protected
againft: the numerous gangs of robbers, called Robertfmcn ,
who hid themfelves in the woods by day, and in felted
the open country by night. Henry now endeavoured to
bring the towns from fuch a neighbourhood, by (hewing
the inhabitants the fuperior advantages of a commercial
fituation. He attempted to teach them frugality, and a
juft payment of debts ; and never once omitted the rights
of the merchant, in all his treaties with foreign prince^

But it mult not be concealed, that, from a long con¬
templation upon the relative advantages of money, Henry
at 1 a ft grew into an habit of confidering it as valuable for
itfelf alone. As he grew old, his avarice feemed to pre¬
ponderate over his ambition ; and the methods he took
to increafe his treafures cannot be juftified by his mod
ardent biographers. He had found two minifters, Emp-
fon and Dudley, perfectly qualified to fecond his avari¬
cious intentions. They were both lawyers ; the firft of
mean birth, brutal manners, and an unrelenting temper ;
the fecond, better born, and better bred, but equally in¬
flexible. It was their ufual practice to commit, by in¬
dictment, fuch perfons to prifon as they intended to op-
prefs ; from whence they feldom got free, but by paying
heavy fines, which were called mitigations and competi¬
tions. By degrees, as they were grown more hardened
in opprefiion, the very forms of law were omitted ; they
determined in a fummary way upon the properties of the
fubjeCt, and confifcated their effeCts to the royal treafury.
But the chief inftruments of opprefiion employed by thele
minifters were the penal ftatutes, which, without the
confideration of rank, quality, or fervices, were rigidly
put in execution againft all men. In this manner was
the latter part of this aCtive monarch’s reign employed,
in many a degrading fcheme for amalfing money. In the
year 1500, he had the fatisfaCtion of completing a mar¬
riage between his eldeit fon Arthur prince of Wales, and
the infanta Catharine of Spain, which had been negociated
feven years before. But this marriage proved, in the
event, unprofperous. The young prince (tokened and
died in a few months after, very much regretted by the
whole nation ; and the princefs was then obliged to marry
his fecond fon, Henry, who was created prince of Wales,
in the room of his brother. The prince himfelf made
all the oppolition to this union which a youth of twelve
years of age was capable of; but, as the crowned heads
perfifted in their refolution, the marriage was, by the
pope’s difpenfation, Ihortly after ffilemnized.

The magnificence of thefe nuptials was followed up
by the accidental arrival of Philip archduke of Caftile,
with Joan his confort. Thefe noble perfonages had em¬
barked for Spain, in order to take the advantage of an in¬
vitation, which the people of that country had offered,
to place them upon the Spanifh throne. Meeting, how¬
ever, with a violent tempeft at fea, they were obliged to
take (belter in Weymouth harbour, where they were ho¬
nourably received by fir John Trenchard, a gentleman of
authority in the county of Dorfet. The king, being in¬
formed of their arrival, A. D. 1506, fent the earl of

3 Arundel

ENG1

Arundel to compliment them on their fafe landing ; and
to inform them that he intended paying them a vifit in
perfon. Philip, for the fake of difpatch, refolved to an¬
ticipate the vifit by ftepping up to Windfor. Henry re¬
ceived him with all magnificence and cordiality ; but was
refolved to reimburfe himfelf for the expence, by advan¬
tages that would be more fubftantially conducive to his
own interefts, and thofe of the nation. There had been
a plot carried on again!! him by the earl of Suffolk ; for
which fir James Tyrrel and fir James Windham had been
condemned and executed, while Suffolk, the original con¬
triver, had made his efcape into the Low Countries, where
he found protection from Philip. But lie was now given
up at Henry’s req.ue.ft; and, being brought to England,
he was impriforted in the Tower. A treaty of commerce
was alfo agreed upon between the two fovereigns ; which
was at that time of the great eft benefit to England, and
continues to remain the ground-work of all other com¬
mercial treaties to this day.

Henry having thus lived to fee England in a great mea-
fure civilized by his exertions, his people arifing the
taxes without conftraint, the nobles confefting a due
fubordination, the law's alone inflicting punifliment, the
towns beginning to fiourifh, and becoming indepen¬
dent of the powerful barons, commerce increafing, the
fpirit of faCtion extinguiflied, and foreigners either fear¬
ing England, or feeking her alliance, he began to feel
the approaches of his end. He then refolved to reconcile
himfelf to heaven ; and, by diftributing alms, founding
religious houfes, and granting a general pardon to all his
fubjeCts, to make an atonement for the errors of his paft
life. In this difpofition he'died, April 21, 1509, in the
twenty-fourth year of his reign, and fifty-fourth of his
age. He had rendered his fubjeCts powerful and happy,
and wrought a greater change in the manners of the peo¬
ple, than it was pollible to fuppofe could have been ef¬
fected in fo (hort a time. If he had any fault that de-
ferves to be marked with great reproach, it was that,
having begun his reign with economy, as he grew' old his
defires feemed to change their objeCt from the ufe of
money, to the pleafure of hoarding it. But he ought
even in this to be pardoned, becaufe he faved for the
public ; the royal coffers being then the only treafure of
the ftate ; and, in proportion to the king’s finances, the
public might be faid to be either rich or indigent. As
an apology for Henry’s avarice, let it be remembered that
he expended fourteen thoufand pounds in building one
fliip, called the Great Harry. This, properly fpeaking,
was the firft fliip of war in t lie Englifh navy. Before this
period, when the king wanted a fleet, he had no other
expedient but to hire (hips from the merchants. He was
alfo the founderof the chapel in Weftminfterabbey, which
has ever fince gone by the name of Henry the Seventh’s
cha'pel,

Henry VII. was in ftature a little above the middle
fize, flender, firong, and aCIive. His deportment was, in
general, grave, referved, and (lately ; but he could put
on a fmiling countenance, and a flume a gracious engaging
manner, when he faw it convenient. In perfonal courage
he was not defective; but it was attended with caution,
and not of the impetuous enterprifing kind. Though he
fometimes threatened, he never really intended to engage
in any foreign war; becaufe he knew it was exceedingly
expenfive, and peculiarly dangerous to a prince with a
difputed title and difeontented fubjeCts. From thefe con-
fiderations, rather than from timidity, he cultivated peace
with all the neighbouring princes. Fn application to bufi-
nefs he was indefatigable, and defeended to the mod mi¬
nute details. He was his own minifler, impenetrably fe-
cret in all his fchemes, and preferibed to his fervants the
parts they were to aft, without acquainting them with
his views. His underftanding was good, but neither
quick nor comprehenfive : but he fupplied the want of
quicknefs by mature deliberation; and the fuccefs with
which all his meafures were crowhed, procured him the

AND. 6.'; I

appellation of Solomon the Wife. He has been highly
railed for dimini filing the exorbitant pow er of the great
arons, which had often endangered the crown and op-
preffed the people. This he certainly in part acconi-
plifhed : but it was far from being a difficult talk. The
civil wars had ruined two-thirds of the great families,
and at his acceflion there were only twenty-feven tempo¬
ral peers in England. The great defefts in the character
of this prince proceeded not from the weaknefs of his
head, but the obduracy of his heart, w hich was exceed¬
ingly felfifh and unfeeling; little fufceptible of the im-
preflions of love, friendfhip, pity, or any benevolent af¬
fection. He was an unkind hufband to an amiable con-
fort ; never had a friend, and rarely forgave an enemy.
As a fon, he treated his venerable mother with formal
refpeCt, but allowed her no influence ; as a father, he
was folicitous, but not affectionate. His arbitrary ex¬
actions of various kinds, his feverity to fir William Stan¬
ley, and his cruelty to the noble earl of Warwick, have
procured him, and not unjuftly, the odious name of ty¬
rant. An inordinate love of money, and an unrelenting
hatred to the houfe of York, were his ruling paffions,
and the chief fources of all his vexations, and of all his
vices.

Henry VII. had iffue four fons and four daughters.

1. Arthur, born September 20, i486; died April 2, 1502.

2. Henry, who fucceeded to the crown, was born in June,

1492. 3. Edmund, who died at five years old. 4. Ed¬

ward, born in February, 1500, died in his infancy. 5,
Margaret, married in 1502 to James IV. king of Scot¬
land, which eventually occafioned the union of the two
kingdoms. 6. Catharine, who died in her infancy. 7.
Mary, married December 17, 1508, to Charles archduke
of Auftria, prince of Caftile. 8. Elizabeth, born in 1 503,
died foon after the queen, whofe death was occafioned by
her birth.

Henry VIII. afeended the throne of England, A. D.
1509. He had then completed his feventeenth year, and
had been occupied entirely in the purfuits of literature,
and manly exercifes; and the proficiency which he made
in each, gave no bad prognoftic of his parts and inge¬
nuity. Even the follies of vehemence, ardour, and im¬
patience, to which he was prone, and which afterwards
degenerated into tyranny, were confidered only as foibles
incident to unguarded youth, which would be corrected
by time. And, as the contending titles of York and
Lancafter were united in his perfon, men juflly expected
from a prince, obnoxious to no party, that impartiality
of adminiftration which the conftitution of England was
intended to promulgate ; but unfortunately this was not
the cafe. The firft public aft of unprovoked feverity,
was the punifliment of Empfon and Dudley, who were ob¬
noxious to the populace for having been the inftruments
of the late king’s avarice. They were cited before the
council to anfwer for this conduct; and Empfon, in his
defence alleged, that fo far from deferving cenfure, he
was confident he had merited reward and approbation.
Though a ftrift execution of the law was the crime of
which he and Dudley were accufed ; and though thefe
laws had been eftablifhed by the voluntary confent of the
people ; yet Empfon and Dudley were folemnly brought
to their trial, and the jury were fo far infefted with po¬
pular prejudice, that they gave a verdict againft them ;
and they were both executed by a warrant from the king.

This meafure, which betrayed an unjuft compliance
with popular clamour, was followed by another highly
detrimental to the nation, although (till more pleafing to
the people. Julius II. was at that time pope, and had
filled all Europe with his intrigues and ambition ; but
his chief refentment happened to be levelled againft
Louis XII. of France, who was in poffeflion of fome va¬
luable provinces of Italy, from which he hoped, by his
intrigues, to remove him. For this purpofe he entered
into a treaty with Ferdinand king of Spain, and Henry of
England j to each of whom he propofed fuch advantages

as.

ENGLAND.

0>2

as were mod likely to inflame their ambition, in cafe they
fell upon Louis on their refpedfive quarters; while he
undertook himfelf to make war againlt him in Italy.
Henry, who had no other motives than military renown,
and tire vanity of receiving the title of the Mod Chridian
King, which the pope allured him would foon be wreded
from Louis, to be conferred upon him, readily undertook
to defend his cattfe ; and his parliament as readily granted
iupplies for a purpofe fo congenial to the minds of the
people. The fpirit of chivalry and foreign conqued was
not yet extinguiflied in England; the kingdom of France
was dill an objeft they defired to poflefs, and Henry, in
compliance with their vvifhes, gave out that he intended
flriking for the crown. It was in vain that the old pru¬
dent counfeilors of his deceafed father objected, or con¬
tended that conqueds on the continent would only drain
the kingdom, without enriching it: the young king,
deaf to all remondrances, refolved to undertake the war.
The marquis of Dorfet was fil'd fent over, with a large
body of forces, to Fontarabia, to aflid the operations of
Ferdinand ; but that faithlefs and crafty monarch had no
intentions of effectually feconding .their attempts, where¬
fore they were obliged to return in difgrace.

A confiderable fleet was next equipped, to annoy the
enemy by fea, and the command given to fir Edward
Howard ; who, after fcouring the Channel, prefenied
himfelf before Bred, where the French navy lay, and
challenged them to battle. But they determined to wait
for a reinforcement, which they expedited, under the com¬
mand of Prejeant de BidouX, from the Mediterranean.
But in this the gallant Howard was refolved to difappoint
them ; and, upon the appearance of Prejeant with fix gal-
lies, who had time to take refuge behind fome batteries
ereCted on the rocks, he boldly rowed up with two gallies,
followed by barges filled with officers of diftindtion. Upon
coming up to Prejeant’s (hip, he immediately fadened
upon it, and leaped on board, followed by Carroz, a
Spanifli cavalier, and feventeen Englifiimen. The cable,
mean while, which fadened both (hips together, was cut
by the enemy, and the admiral was thus left in the hands
of the French ; but as he dill continued to fight with
great gallantry, he was pufhed overboard by their pikes,
and perifhed in the fea. Upon this misfortune the fleet
retired from before Bred. This repulfe, however, only
ferved to inflame the king’s ardour for war; and he fent
a body of eight thoufand men to Calais, under the com¬
mand of the earl of Shrewlbury ; and another body of fix
thoufand, under the conduCt of lord Herbert. He alio
embarked himfelf with the main body and rear, and ar¬
rived at Cal'ais, attended by numbers of the Englifli
nobility. But he foon had an attendant, who did him
dill greater honour. This was no lefs a perfonage than
Maximilian, emperor of Germany, who had Aipulated to
aflid him with eight thoufand men, but, being unable to
perform his engagements, he joined the Englifli army
with fome German and Flemifh foldiers, who were ufeful
> in giving an example of difcipline to Henry’s new-levied
foldiers. He even enlided himfelf in the Englifli lervice,
wore the cfiofs of St. George, and received pay, ioo
crowns per day, as one of Henry’s fubjedts and captains.

Henry being now at the head of fifty thoufand men,
France began to tremble for her fafety. But that king¬
dom was not threatened by the Englifli alone; the Swifs,
on another quarter, with twenty-five thoufand men, were
preparing to invade it ; while Ferdinand of Arragon,
whom no treaties could bind, was only waiting a conve¬
nient opportunity for an attack on his fide. Never was
the French monarchy in a more diftrefled fituation ; but
the errors of its aflailants provided for its fafety. The
Swifs entered into a truce with Trimouille, the French
general, who gave them their own terms, fatisfied that
his milder would refcind them all, as not having given
him any powers to treat; Ferdinand continued to re¬
main a quiet fpeitator, vainly waiting for fome effectual
blow to be (truck by his allies; and Henry (pent His

time in befieging towns, which could neither fecure his
conqueds, nor advance his reputation. The firfl of tliefe
was Terouenne, on the frontiers of Picardy. The be-
fieged, falling fliort of provifions, a bold and defperate
attempt was made to fupply them, which fucceeded.
A French captain, wliofe name was Fontrailles, led up
a body of eighteen hundred cavalry, each of whom carried
a bag of gunpowder and two quarters of bacon behind
him. With this fmall force he made a fierce and unex¬
pected irruption through the Englilh camp ; and, fur¬
mounting all refiflance, advanced to the gates of the
town, where each horfeman delivered his burthen.
Then returning upon the gallop, they were again fo for¬
tunate as to break through the Englifli without much
lofs in the' undertaking. But the party of cavalry fent
to cover their retreat, was not fo fortunate : though this
body of troops was commanded by the bolded and braved
officers of the French army, yet on fight of the Englilh
they were fiezed with an unaccountable panic, and im¬
mediately fled ; but, fome of their bed officers were
taken. This aCtion was called by the French, the battle
of Guinegate, from the place where it was fought ; but,
by the Englifli, the battle of the Spurs ; as the French,
on that day, made more ufe of their Spurs, than of their
fwords.

After this victory, which might have been followed
with very important advantages, had the Englifli army
marched forward to Paris ; Henry was perfuaded to lay
fiege to Tournay, a city of Flanders, at that time in the
hands-of the French. This fiege, though fliort, yet when
addeci to the red, contributed (till to retard the great ob-
jeCt, which was the conqued of France; and Henry hear¬
ing that the Swifs had returned home, and being eluted
with thefe petty fuccefles, refolved to tranfpoi’t his army
back to England, where flattery was put to the torture
to make him happy in the glory of his befieging expedi¬
tion. A truce was concluded foon after between the
belligerent powers; and Henry continued to diflipate, in
more peaceful follies, thofe immenfe funis which had
been amafled by his predecefl’or for very different pur-
pofes.

The fuccefs which, during his foreign expedition, at¬
tended his arms in the North of England, was much more
important and decifive. A war having been declared
between the Englifli and Scots, the king of that country
fummoned out the whole force of his kingdom; and,
having pafled the Tweed with a body of fifty thoufand
men, ravaged thofe parts of Northumberland which lay
along the banks of that river. But as his forces were
numerous, and the country barren of provifions, his men
deferted, and many returned to their native country. In
the mean time the earl of Surrey, at the head of twenty-
fix thoufand men, came up with the Scots, who were en¬
camped at the foot of the Cheviot hills. The river Till
ran between the two armies, and prevented an engage¬
ment ; wherefore the earl of Surrey fent a herald to ti e
Scots’ camp, challenging the enemy to defeend into the
plain, which lay to the iouth, and there to try their va¬
lour on equal ground. This offer not being accepted, he
made a feint, as if he intended to march for Berwick;
which putting the Scots in motion to annoy his rear, he
took advantage of a great fmoke caufed by the firing their
huts, and forded the river which had hitherto prevented
the engagement. Both armies now approaching each
other, they prepared for battle with great compofure and
magnanimity. The Englifli divided their army into two
lines; lord Howard led the main body of the firff line;
fir Edmund Howard the right wing, and fir Martnaduke
Conflable the left ; the earl of Surrey himfelf commanded
the centre of the fecond line, affided by lord Dacres and
fir Edward Stanley on the right and left. The Scots
drew’ up in three divifions ; the middle commanded by
the king in perfon ; the right by the earl of Huntley, and
the left by the earls of Lenox and Argyle ; a battalion
under the earl of Bothwell, formed a body of referve.

Lord

ENGLAND,

Lord ITuntley began the onfet, charging the divifion of
lord Howard with fuch fury, that it was foon routed.
But this divilion was fo feafonably fupported by lord
Dacres, that the men rallied, and the battle became gene¬
ral. Both Tides fought with incredible valour, until the
Highlanders, being galled by the Englilh artillery, broke
in, fword in hand, upon the line commanded by the earl
of Surrey ; and at their head king James fought with the
mod forwardof the nobility. The rear divifion, how¬
ever, could not advance in time to fupport the advanced
troops,' fo that a body of Englilh intercepted their retreat.
James, though almolt furrounded, refufed to quit the
field; but, alighting from his horfe, formed his little troop
into an orb, and in this polture fought with fuch defpe-
rate courage, as reftored the battle. The Englilh there¬
fore were again obliged to have recourfe to their artillery
and arrows, which made a terrible havock ; but night
feparating the combatants, it was not before the morning
that lord Howard perceived he had gained a great and
glorious victory. The Englilh had loft no perfons of
note; but almolt the flower of the Scots’ nobility fell in
the battle. Ten thoufand of the common men were cut
off; and a body, fuppofed to be that of king James, was
fent to London, where it remained unburied, becaufe a
femejtce of excommunication'* dill exifted againll James,
for having leagued with France againft the Holy See.
But upon Henry’s ardent application to the pope, abfolu-
tion was granted, and the body interred. However, the
populace of Scotland Hill continued to think their king
alive ; and it was given out among them that he had fe-
cretly departed on a pilgrimage to Jerufalem.

Thele fucceffes only ferved/to intoxicate Henry with
pride and felf-importance ; and while his idle pleafures
engroffed his time, the preparations for repeated expedi¬
tions exhaufled his treafures. As it was natural to fup-
pofe the old minifters, who were appointed to direct him
by his father, would not concur in thefe projects, Henry
had for fome time difcontinued their advice, and chiefly
confided in the counfels of Thomas, afterwards cardinal
Wolfey, who countenanced and applauded all his fa¬
vourite purfuits. Wolfey was the Ton of a private gen¬
tleman, and not of a butcher, as is commonly reported,
of Ipfwich. He was fent to Oxford fo early, that he was
a bachelor at fourteen, and at that time was called the boy
bachelor. He rofe by degrees from one preferment to ano¬
ther, till he was made reCtor of Lymington in Hants, by
the marquis of Dorfet, to whofe children he had been
preceptor. He had not long redded on that living, when
one of the ju dices of the peace put him in the (locks for
being drunk, and railing difturbances at a neighbouring
fair. This difgrace, however, did not retard his promo¬
tion ; for he was recommended as chaplain to Henry VII.
and being employed by that monarch in a fecret negocia-
tion refpedting his intended marriage with Margaret of
Savoy, he acquitted himfelf with equal diligence and
dexterity. That prince having given him a commiflion
to Maximilian, then at Bruffels, was furprifed, in lefs
than three weeks, to fee Wolfey prefent himfelf, with an
affurance that he had fuccefsfully fulfilled all his majefty’s
commands. His dexterity on that occafion procured him
the deanery of Lincoln ; and under that preferment, he
was introduced by Fox, bilhop of Winchelter, to Henry
VIII. in hopes that he would have talents to fupplant
the earl of Surrey, the favourite at that time; and in this
Fox was not miflaken. Wolfey ufed every art to fuit
himfelf to the royal temper ; he fung, laughed, and danc¬
ed with all the libertines of the court ; neither his years,
nor his difcretion, nor his dignity as an elevated clergy¬
man, were any check upon the vicious habits of the king,
or his government. His character thus coming into a
confpicuous point of view, began to manifeft itfelf the
•more. He was infatiable in his acquifitions, but dill
more magnificent in his expence ; of extenfive capacity,
but dill more unbounded in enterprife ; ambitious of
power, but dill more delirous of ,glory ; infinuating, en-
Vol. VI. No. 378.

<XJ3

perfuafive, and at other times lofty, elevated,
and commanding; haughty to his equals, but affable to
his dependents ; oppreltive to the people, but liberal to
his friends ; more generous than grateful ; formed to
take the afcendant in every intercourfe, but vain enough
not to cover the defignsof his real fuperiority.

He had been advanced from the deanery to the bi-
fiiopric of Lincoln; but this he religned, on being pro¬
moted to the archbifhopric of York. Upon the capture
of Tournay, he had been promoted to the fee of that
place ; but befides, he got poffeflion, at very low leafes,
of the revenues of Bath, Worcefler, and Hereford, bi-
fhoprics then filled by Italians, who were allowed to re-
fide abroad, and who were glad to compound for this
indulgence, by parting with a confiderable (hare of their
profits. Befides many other church-preferments, he was
allowed to unite with the fee of York, firft that of Dur¬
ham, next that of Winchefler ; and his appetite feemed
to fharpen by the means that were taken to fatisfy it.
The pope, obferving his great influence over the king,
was defirous of engaging him in his interefls, and created
him a cardinal. His houfehold confided of eight hun¬
dred fervants, of whom many were knights and gentle¬
men. Some even of the nobility put their children into
his family, as a place of education ; and whoever were
diflinguilhed by any art or fcience, paid court to the car¬
dinal, and were often liberally rewarded, tie was the
fil'd clergyman in England who wore filk and gold, not
only on his habit, but alfo on his faddles, and the trappings
of his horfes. Befides thefe various diflindtions, the pope
conferred upon him that of legate, with a defign to make
Him indrumental in draining the kingdom of money, upon
pretence of employing it in a holy war againd the Turks,
but in reality to fill his own coffers. In this he fo well
ferved the court of Rome, that the pod of legate was
conferred upon him for life ; and he united in his perfon
the dignified offices of legate, cardinal, archbiffiop, and
prime minider.

It was now that Warham, lord chancellor, and arch-
bilhop of Canterbury, a man of a moderate temper, chofe
rather to retire from public employment, than maintain
an unequal conted with this haughty cardinal. Wolfey
inflantly feized on the chancellorfhip, and is faid to have
exercifed the duties of that employment with great im¬
partiality. The duke of Norfolk, finding the king’s trea¬
fures exhaufled, and his fade for expence increafing, was
glad to relign his office of treafurer, and retire from
court. Fox, biffiop of Winchefler, who had been the
indrument of Wolfey’s elevation, withdrew himfelf in
difgufl ; the duke of Suftolk alfo went home with a re-
folution to remain private; whilft Wolfey availed him¬
felf of their falaries, and filled up their places by his
creatures, or his perfonal affiduity. Thefe were vafl
dretches of power ; and yet the churchman was dill in¬
fatiable. He procured a bull from the pope, empower¬
ing him to make knights and counts, to legitimate baf-
tards, to give degrees in arts, law, phyfic, and divinity,
and to grant all forts of dif penfations. So much pride
and power could not avoid giving high offence to the no¬
bility ; yet none dared to vent their indignation.

In order to divert the public attention, he entered into
a correfpondence with Francis I. of France, who had
taken various methods to work upon his vanity, and at
lad fucceeded. In confequence of that monarch’s wifltes,
Henry was perfuaded by the cardinal to deliver up Tour-
nay to the French ; and he alfo agreed to an interview
with that monarch. This fplendid congrefs was held
A. D. 1520, between Guifnes and Ardres, near Calais,
within the Englilh pale, in compliment to Henry for
eroding the fea. The two monarchs faluted each other
in the mod cordial manner, and retired into a tent eredted
for the purpofe, where Henry produced the articles of
their intended alliance. As he began to read the firfl
words of it, “I, Henry, king,” he flopped a moment, and
then fubjoined only “ of England,” without adding France ,

? Y the

6'34

eng:

the \ifual title of the Engl i Hi monarchs. Francis remarked
this delicacy, and expreffed his approbation by a Anile.
Nothing could exceed the magnificence of the nobility
of both courts on this occafion. Many of them involved
themfelves in large debts ; and the penury of a whole
life was fcarcely fufficient to reimburse the extravagance
of a few days. There was however fomething illiberal
in the mutual diftrufts that were confpicuous on this
occafion : the two kings never met without having the
number of their guards counted on both Tides ; every
Hep w'as carefully adjufted ; they patTed each other in
the middle point between both places, when they went
to vilit their queens ; and at the fame inftant that Henry
entered Ardres, Francis put himfelf into the hands of
the Englifh at Guifnes. But Francis, who is confidered
as the firft reftorer of genuine politenefs in Europe, put
an end to this low and fufpicious dealing. Taking with
him two gentlemen and a page, he rode diredtly into
Guifnes, crying out to the Englith guards, that they
were their prifoners, and defired to be carried before
the king their matter. Henry was fenfibly affetted with
the manly condudt and candour of Francis; and, taking
him in his arms, “ My brother (faid he) you have given
me the mod agreeable furprife ; you have convinced me
of the full confidence I may place in you ; I furrender
myfelf your prifoner from this moment.” He then took
from his neck a collar of pearls of great value, and
putting it on Francis, begged him to wear it for the fake
of his prifoner. Francis accepted the noble prefent ; and
giving him a bracelet of double the value of the former,
infifted on his wearing it for his fake. Henry went the
next day to Ardres, without guards or attendants; and
confidence being now fufficiently eftablithed between thefe
monarchs, they employed the red: ofthe time in fumptuous
feafts and tournaments. So gorgeous and (lately was this
tournament kept, that a defiance had been fent through
all the chief cities of Europe, importing, that Henry and
Francis, with fourteen aids, would be ready in the plains
of Picardy to anfwer all comers that were gentlemen, at
tilt and tourney. Accordingly the monarchs, richly ap¬
pareled, entered the lifts on horfeback ; Francis fur-
rounded with Henry’s guards, and Henry with thofe of
Francis. They were both at that time the mod comely
perfonages of their age, and prided themfelves on their
expertnefs in the military exercifes. The ladies were
always the umpires in thefe feats of chivalry ; and they
put an end to the encounter whenever they thought
proper. It is fuppofed that the crafty French monarch
was willing to gratify Henry’s vanity by allowing him to
enjoy a pre-eminence in thefe paftimes. He ran a tilt
againft monfieur Grandeval, whom he difabled at the firft
encounter. He engaged the valiant Montmorency, whom,
however, he could not throw from his faddle. He fought
at faulchion with a French nobleman, who gave up his
courfer, in token of fubmiffion.

But fuch unmeaning fplendours were not calculated to
appeafe the jealoufy of the nobles at home, or quiet the
murmurs of the people. The duke of Buckingham, a
fon of him who loft his life in the reign of Richard III.
was the foremoft to complain. He had often been heard
to treat the cardinal’s pride and profufion with contempt ;
but carrying his refentment perhapsto an improper length,
fome court hirelings took care that Wolfey fhould be
apprifed of it. The fubftance of his impeachment was,
that he had confulted a fortune-teller concerning his fuc-
ceftion to the crown. This was but a weak pretext to
take away the life of a nobleman, whofe father had
died in defence of the late king: but he was brought to
a trial ; and the duke of Norfolk, whofe fon had married
his daughter, was created lord high fteward, to prefide at
this folemn procedure. He was condemned as a traitor,
by a jury, confiding of a duke, a marquis, feven earls,
and twelve barons ; and was executed on Tower-hill,

A . D . 1521.

The immenfe treafutes of Henry VII. were at length

* A N D.

exhaufted on empty pageants, guilty pleafures, or vain
treaties and expeditions. But the king relied on Wolfev
alone for replenifiiing his coffers. A treaty with France,
which threatened a breach with the emperor, induced
Henry to demand fupplies; but as the parliament tefti.
tied a reluctance to indulge his wifhes, he followed the
advice of Wolfey, and made life of his prerogative alone
for that purpofe. He iffued out commiftions to all the
counties of England, for levying four (hillings in the
pound on the clergy, and three (hillings and four-pence
from the laity; non did he attempt to cover the violence
of the meafure by giving it the name either of benevo¬
lence or loan. This unwarrantable ftretch of royal power
was foon oppofed by the people; they were unwilling
to fubmit to impofitions unknown till now j cind ct o’cnc-
ral infurreaion threatened to enfue. Henry had the°pru-
dence to ftop (hort in that dangerous path into which he
had entered ; and declared, by circular letters to all the
counties, that what was demanded was only by way of
benevolence. But the fpirit of oppofition, once roufed,
was not fo eafily allayed ; the citizens of London befi¬
tted at the demand ; and in fome parts of the country
infurredtions were actually begun, which were fupprelfed
by the duke of Suffolk. Thefe imports, firft advifed by
Wolfey, not fucceeding, he began to lofe a little of his
favour with the king; and this difpleafure was (till more
increafed by the complaints of the clergy, who accufed
him ot extortion. Henry feverely reproved W^olfey,
which rendered him more cautious and artful for the
future. As an inftance of his cunning, having built a
noble palace, called York-place, at Weftminfter, for his
own ufe, fearing now the general cenfure againft him, he
made a prefent of it to the king, alluring him that from
the moment the firft (tone was laid, he intended it as a
prefent to his majefty. Thus Wolfey’s impunity ferved
to pave the way to greater extortions. In order to have
a pretext for amaffmg fuch fums, he undertook to found
two new colleges in Oxford, for which he received frefh
grants front the pope and the king. To execute this
favourite fcherne, he obtained a liberty of fuppreflino-
feveral monafteries, and converting their revenues to the
benefit of his new foundation. Whatever might have
been the pope’s inducement to grant him thefe privi¬
leges, nothing could be more fatal to the pontiff’s inte-
refts ; for Henry was thus himfelf taught (liortly after¬
wards to imitate what he had feen a fubjedt perform with
impunity.

Hitherto the adminiftration of affairs was carried on by
Wolfey; for the king was contented to lofe, in the em¬
braces of his women, all the complaints of his fubjedts;
and the cardinal undertook to keep him ignorant, in or¬
der to continue his own uncontrouled authority. But a
period was approaching, that was to put an end to this
minifter’s exorbitant power. One of the mod extraordi¬
nary and important revolutions that ever employed the
attention of man, was now ripe for execution. This was
no other than the glorious Reformation, which (hook off'
the fetters of Rome. To have an adequate idea of the
rife of this memorable event, it will be proper to take a
curfory view of the date of the church at that time", and
to obferve by what feemingly contradidtory means Pro¬
vidence produces the moft happy events.

The church of Rome had, for more than a thoufand
years, been corrupting the ancient fimplicity of the gof-
pel, and converting into a temporality the kingdom of
another world. The popes had been frequently feen at
the head of their own armies, fighting for their dominions
with the arm of fie(h, and forgetting, in cruel maxims of
date, all the fandtity of religion. The cardinals, pre¬
lates, and dignitaries of the church, lived like volup¬
tuous princes, and fome of them poffeffed eight or nine
bilhoprics at once. Wherever the church governed, its
power was marked with cruelty ; fo that to their luxu¬
ries, were added the crime of tyranny. But what moft
increafed the hatred of the people againft them, was the

felling

E N G J

felling pardons and abfolutions for fin at certain dated
prices. A deacon, or fubdeacon, who committed mur¬
der, was abfolved from his crime, and allowed to polfefs
three benefices, upon paying twenty crowns, A bifliop
or abbot might commit murder for about ten pounds ot
our money. Every crime had its dated value; and abfo-
lutions were given for fins not only already committed,
but fuch as fliould be committed hereafter. The wiled of
the people looked with filent detedation on thefe impofi-
tions ; and the ignorant themlelves began to open their
eyes to fuch glaring abfurdities.

Thefe vices and impofitions were now almod come to
ahead; and the increafe of arts and learning among the
laity, propagated by means of the art of printing, which
had been lately invented, foon taught them to refid that
power which was originally founded on deceit. Leo X.
A.D. 1519, was at that time pope, and feduloufiy em¬
ployed in building the noble church ot St. Peter, at
Rome. To procure money for carrying on the under¬
taking, he gave an unlimited commifiion tor felling in¬
dulgences. Thefe were to free the purchafer from the
pains of purgatory ; and they would ferve even for one’s
friends, if purc’nafed with that intention. Shops were
every where opened for their fale ; but in general they
were to be had at taverns, brothels, and gaming-houfes.
The Augudine friars had been employed in Saxony to
preach up the virtue of thefe indulgences, and from this
trud had derived both profit and conlideration ; but the
pope’s minider, fuppoling that they had found out illicit
methods of fecreting the money, transferred the employ¬
ment from them to the Dominicans. Martin Luther,
profeffor in the univerfity of Wirteinberg, was an Auguf-
tine monk, and one of tliofe who refented this transfer
of the fale of indulgences from their order to that of
another. He began to fhew his indignation by preaching
againd their efficacy ; and being naturally of a fiery tem¬
per, he quedioned even the authority of the pope him-
felf. The people, who had long groaned under the papal
tyranny, heard his difeourfes with pleafure, and defended
him againd the fury of his enemies. Frederic, elector
of Saxony, furnamed the Wife, openly encouraged him ;
the republic of Zurich even reformed their church ac¬
cording to the new model ; and Luther, who was natu¬
rally inflexible, was incapable, either from promifes of
advancement, or terrors of feverity, to recede from the
part he had taken. It was in vain, therefore, that the
pope iffued out his bulls againd Luther; it was in vain
that the Dominican friars procured his books to be
burnt; he expofed the hypocrify of the Dominicans, and
burnt, in his turn, the pope’s bull in the dreets of Wir-
temberg. In the mean time, the difpute was warmly
conteded by controverfial writing on both fides. Luther,
though oppofed by the pope, the conclave, and all the
clergy, fupported his caufe fingly, and with fuccefs. As
the controverfy was new, his ignorance of many parts of
the fubjedf was not greater than theirs ; and, ill as he
wrote, they replied dill worfe. Opinions are often in¬
culcated upon the minds of mankind, rather by confi¬
dence and perfeverance, than by drength of reafoning,
or beauty of di&ion ; and no man had more confidence
or more perfeverance than he. In this difpute it was the
fate of Henry to be a champion on both fides. His father,
who had given him the education of a fcholar, permitted
him to be indruCted in fchool-divinity, which then was
the principal object of learned enquiry. Henry, there¬
fore, willing to convince the world of his abilities in that
fcience, obtained the pope’s permiflion to read the works
of Luther, which had been forbidden under pain of ex-
communication. In confequence of this, the king de¬
fended the feven facraments, out of St. Thomas Aquinas,
with confiderable dexterity ; though it is fuppofed that
Wolfey had the chief hand in directing him. The book
being thus finidied, was font to Rome for the pope’s ap¬
probation, which it is natural to fuppofe would not be
withheld. The pontiff, ravifhed with its eloquence and

, A N D. 635

depth, compared it to the labours of St. Jerome or St.
Augudine ; and rewarded the author with the title of
Defender of the Faith , which has ever fince remained as one
of the titles'of the Englilli kings.

Belides the religious obfervances, which contributed to
render the Romifh church odious and contemptible, there
were dill others, proceeding from political meafures.
Clement VII. had fucceeded Leo; and the hereditary
animofity between the emperor and the pope breaking
out into open war, Clement was imprifoned in the cadle
of St. Angelo ; and with thirteen cardinals, his adherents,
kept in cudody for his ranfom. As the demands of the
emperor were exorbitant, Henry undertook to negociate
for the pope, and was procuring him a favourable treaty ;
when his holinefs, corrupting his guards, made his efcape
from confinement; and, leaving the treaty unfinifiied,
wrote Henry a letter of thanks for his mediation. The
violence of the emperor taught Henry that popes might
be injured with impunity ; and the behaviour of the pope
manifeded but little of that fandfity or infallibility to
which the pontiffs had pretended. Befides, as Henry had
laid the pope thus under obligations, he fuppofed that he
might, upon any emergency, expert a grateful return.

It was in this predicament of the church and the popq*
that a new feene was to be opened, which was to produce
endlefs didurbances, and to change the whole fydem of
affairs in Europe. Henry had, A . D. 1527, been eighteen
years married to Catharine of Arragon, who, as we have
related, had been brought over from Spain to marry his
elder brother, who died a few months after cohabitation.
But, notwithdanding the fubmidive deference paid to the
indulgence of the church, Henry’s marriage with this
princeisdid not pals without fcruple and hefitation. The
prejudices pf the people were in general bent againd a
conjugal union between fuch near relations ; and the
late king, though he had folemnized the efpoufals when
'his foil was but twelve years of age, gave many intima¬
tions that he intended to annul them at a proper oppor¬
tunity. Thefe circumdances might have given Henry
fome doubts and fcruples concerning the legitimacy of
his marriage ; but as he had three children by the prin-
cefs, and as her character and condurt were blamelefs,
he for a while kept his intentions private. But the
queen was fix years older than him ; and the decay of Her
beauty, together with particular infirmities, had conirL
buted to make him defirous of another confort. How¬
ever, though he felt appalled at her perfon, yet for a
long time he broke out into no flagrant aft of contempt;
but was contented to range from beauty to beauty among
the ladies of his court, with whom his rank procured
him an eafy compliance. But Henry was carried forward
by a motive much more powerful than the tacit fuggef-
tions ot his confcience. Among the maids of honour to
the queen, was Anna Boleyn, the daughter of fir Thomas
Boleyn, a gentleman of diflinftion, and related to mod of
the nobility. He had been employed by the king in fe-
veral embaflies, and was married to a daughter of the
duke of Norfolk. The beauty of Anna far furpaffed that
of all others who had hitherto appeared at this volup-
tuous court : and her education, which had been finiihed
at Paris, tended to fet off her perfonal charms. Henry,
who had never learnt the art of redraining any pallion
that he wifhed to gratify, faw, and loved her; but, after
feveral efforts to induce her to gratify his criminal de¬
fires, he found that without marriage he had no chance
of fucceeding. This obdacle, therefore, he undertook to
remove ; and, as his own queen was become hateful to
him, in order to procure a divorce, he alleged that his
confcience rebuked him for having fo long lived in inced
with the wife of his brother. In this pretended per¬
plexity, he applied to pope Clement VII. who owed
him many obligations, defiring him to diffolve the bull
of the former pope, which had given him permiflion to
marry Catharine ; and to declare that it was not in the
power, even of the holy fee, to difpenfe with a law fo

completely

636 E N G L A N D.

completely at variance with the holy fcriptures. The
pope was now in the utmoft dilemma : queen Catharine
was aunt to the emperor who had lately made him a pri-
foner, and whole refentment he dreaded to rekindle by
injuring fo near a relation ; betides, he could not in pru¬
dence declare the bull of the former pope illicit, for this
would be giving a fatal blow to the doCtrine of papal in¬
fallibility. On the other hand, Henry was his protestor
and friend, the dominions of England were the chief re-
fource from whence his finances were fu.pplied, and the
king of France, feme time before, had obtained a bull
of divorce in fomevvhat fimilar circumstances. In this
exigence, he thought it the wifeft method to fpin out the
affair by a negotiation : and in the mean time fent over
a commiflion to Wolfey, in conjunction with the arch-
bifnop of Canterbury, to examine the validity of the
king’s marriage, and the former difpenfation ; granting
them alfo a provisional difpenfation for the king’s mar¬
riage with any other perfon. When this meffage was laid
before the council in England, they prudently confidered
that an advice given by the pope in this fecret manner,
might very eatily be difavowed in public ; and that a
clandestine marriage would totally invalidate the legiti¬
macy of any iffue the king Should have by fucli a majeh.
In confequence of this, frefli mefiengers were difpatched
to Rome, and evafive anfwers returned, the pope (till
continuing to promife, recant, difpute, and temporife ;
looping that the king’s paflion would never hold out
during the tedious courfe of an eccleliaftical controverly.
In this he was entirely mistaken. Henry had been long
taught to difpute as well as the pope; and he quickly
found, or perverted, many texts of feripture to favour
his opinions. To his arguments he alfo added threats,
afluring the pope, that the Englifh were already fuffi-
ciently difpofed to withdraw from the holy fee; and that
if he continued to refufe his compliance, the whole coun¬
try would readily follow the example of a monarch who,
tiling by ingratitude, fhould deny all obedience to a pon¬
tiff by whom he had been treated with falfebood and
duplicity.

The pope, at firft dreading the refentment of the king,
had Thoughts of complying with his folicitations, and
fent cardinal Campegio, his legate, to London, who, with
Wolfey, opened a court for trying the legitimacy of the
king’s prefent marriage, and cited the king and the queen
to appear before them. They both prefented themfelves ;
and the king anfwered to his name when called : but the
queen, inftead of anfwering to hers, rofe from her feat,
and, throwing herfelf at the king’s feet, in the moll pa¬
thetic manner entreated him to have pity upon her help-
lefs frtuation. A ftranger, unprotected, unbefriended,
She could only rely on him as her guardian and defender,
on him alone who knew her fubmifiion and her innocence,
and not upon any court, in which her enemies prevailed,
and would torture the laws to make them fubfervient to
their purpofe ; (he therefore rejected all fubmifiion to a
trial, where (he could expeCt neither juftice nor impar¬
tiality. Yet, notwithstanding the queen’s objections, the
court proceeded, and Henry flattered himfelf that he
Should now foon revel in the arms of Anna Boleyn. The
principal point which came before the legates, was the
proof of prince Arthur’s confummation of his marriage
with Catharine, which Come of his own expreflions to
that purpofe tended to confirm. Other topics were pre¬
paring, tending to prove the inability of the pope him¬
felf to grant fuch a difpenfation ; and the bufinefs feemed
now to be drawing near a period, when Campegio, to the
artonithment of all, prorogued the court, and transferred
the caufe to the court of Rome.

During thefe perplexing negociations, Henry expefted
to find in his favourite Wolfey, a warm defender, and a
ileady adherent ; but in this he was deceived. Wolfey
feemed to be in much the fame dilemma with the pope.
On the one hand, he was to pleafe his mafter the king,
Rom whom he had received a thoufand favours ; and on

the other, he dreaded to offend the pope, whofe fervant he
more immediately was, and who had power to punish his
disobedience. He therefore refolved to continue neuter;
and, though of all men the mott haughty, he gave way on
this occafion to Campegio, in all things, pretending a defe¬
rence to his fuperior Skill in canon law. Wolfey’s fcheme
of temporising was highly difpleafing to the king; but
for a while lie endeavoured to Stifle his refentment, until
it could adt with certainty. He for fome time looked out
for a man of equal abilities and lefs art ; and it was not
long before accident threw in his way Thomas Cranmer,
of greater talents, and probably of more integrity. Cran¬
mer was a profeSTor at Cambridge, but bad loft his office
upon marrying contrary to the canon law, which enjoined
celibacy to all the clergy. He had travelled in his youth
into Germany ; and it was there he became acquainted
•with Luther’s works, and embraced his doiStrines. This
man happening to fall into company with Gardiner, fecre-
tary of State, and Fox, the king’s almoner, the bufinefs
of the divorce became the fubjeCt of converfation. He
gave it as his opinion, that the readiest way to quiet the
king’s confcience, or to extort the pope’s confent, would
be to confult all the universities of Europe upon the af¬
fair ; an advice which pleafed the king fo much, that
Cranmer was immediately taken into favour. Henry
finding himfelf thus provided with a perfon who could
fupply Wolfey’s place, he appeared lefs fcrupulous in
his refentments againft him. The attorney-general was
ordered to prepare a bill of indidtment againSt him ; and
he was foon after commanded to refign the great feal.
Crimes are eafily found againSt a favourite in difgrace,
and the courtiers were not wanting to increafe the cata¬
logue of his errors. He was ordered to depart from York-
place palace ; and all his furniture and plate were Seized
for the king’s ufe. The parliament alio confirmed the
fentence of the court of Star-chamber againSt him, and
he was ordered to retire to a country feat which he pof-
fefted at Efher, and there await the king’s further plea¬
sure. Still, however, he pofleSTed the archbishopric of
York, and bishopric of Winchefter ; and the king gave
him distant gleams of hope, by fending him a ring, ac¬
companied with a gracious meSIkge. Wolfey, like every
other imperious character, proud to his equals, and mean
to thofe above him, happening to meet the king’s mef-
fenger on horfeback, immediately alighted, and throwing
himfelf on his knees in the dirt, received, m that abject
manner, thofe marks of his majesty’s condefcenfion. But
all his hopes foon vanished ; for, after he had remained
fome time at ESher, he was ordered to remove to his fee
of York; where he took up his residence at Cawood, and
rendered himfelf popular by his great affability. He was
not allowed to remain long unmolested in this retreat.
He was arrefted by the earl of Northumberland, at the
king’s command, for high treafon ; and preparations were
made for conducting him to London, in order to his
trial. He at firlt refufed to comply with the requifition,
as being a cardinal ; but finding the earl bent on per¬
forming his commiflion, he complied, and Set out on the
journey. In his way, he Staid a fortnight at the earl of
Shrewsbury’s; where one day, at dinner, he was fuddenly
feized with violent ficknefs, which furnished a fufpicion
that he had taken poifon. Being brought forward from
thence, he with much difficulty readied Leicefter-ab-
bey; where the monks coming out to meet him, he Said,

“ Father abbot, I am come to lay my bones among you
and immediately ordered his bed to be prepared. As
his disorder increafed, an officer being placed near, at
once to guard and attend him, he Spoke to him, a little
before he expired, to this effeCt: “ I pray you have me
heartily recommended to his royal majefty ; lie is a prince
of a tnoSt royal carriage, and hath a princely heart ; a*nd
rather than he will inifs, or want any part of his will,
he will endanger one half of his kingdom. I have kneeled
before him, for three hours together, to perfuade him
from his will and appetite, but could not prevail. Had l
2 but

ENG]

but ferved God as diligently as I have ferved the king,
he would not have given me over in my grey hairs. But
this is the juft reward that I muft receive for my indul¬
gent pains and ftudy, not regarding my fervice to God,
but only to my prince.” He died November 39, 1530 ;
and left two natural children, one of whom, being a
prieft, was loaded with church preferments.

Henry thus freed from the controul of a perfon who
had for fome time been an obftacle to his views, he, by
Cranmer’s advice, had the legality of his marriage can-
vaffed in all the noted univerfities of Europe. It was
very extraordinary to fee the king of England on one fidy
foliciting the univerfities to be favourable to his paftion;
and, on the other, the emperor of Germany preftingthem
with equal ardour to be favourable to his aunt. Henry
liberally revvarded thofe who declared on his fide; and
the emperor granted benefices to fuch as voted in con¬
formity to his willies. Time has completely developed
thefe intrigues'. In this conteft the liberalities, and con-
fequently the votes, of Henry prevailed. All the col¬
leges of Italy and France unanimoufiy declared his mar¬
riage with Catharine to have been repugnant to all law
divine and human ; and therefore alleged, that it was
not in the power of the pope himfelf to grant a difpen-
fation. The only places where this decilion was mod
warmly oppofed, were at Oxford and Cambridge : but
they alfo finally concurred in the fame opinion. But the
agents of Henry were not content with the fuffrages of
the univerfities alone; the opinions of the Jewilh rab-
bies were alfo demanded, becaufe their fuffrages were
eafily bought up.

Henry, thus fupported by the. fuffrages of the univer¬
fities, was refolved to oppofe even the pope himfelf, and
began in parliament by reviving an oid law againft the
clergy, by which it was decreed, that all thofe who had
fubmitted to the legatine authority, had incurred fevere
penalties. The clergy, to conciliate the king’s favour,
were obliged to pay a fine of n8,oool. A confeflion was
likewife extorted from them, that the king alone was the
protedtor and fupreme head of the church and the clergy
of England. By thefe conceftions a great part of the
profits, and ftill more of the power, of the church of
Rome was cut off. An aft was alfo palled againft levy¬
ing the firft fruits, or a year’s rent, of all the bifhcprics
that fell vacant. The tie that held Henry to the church
being thus broken, he determined to keep no further
meafures with the pontiff. He therefore privately mar¬
ried Anna Boleyn, whom he had created marchionefs of
Pembroke ; the duke of Norfolk, uncle to the new queen,
her father, mother, and dodtor Cranmer, being all pre-
fent at the ceremony. Soon after, finding the queen
pregnant, he publicly acknowledged his marriage, and,
to give his renunciation of the pope an appearance of tri¬
umph, he paffed with his beautiful bride throng^ Lon¬
don, with a magnificence greater than had ever been
known before. The ftreets were ftrewed with flowers,
the walls of the houfes were hung with tapeftries, the
conduits ran with wine, and an univerfal joy pervaded
all ranks of the people, who were more pleafed with the
feftivity,- than folicitous about the motives of it. Catha¬
rine, who had all along fupported her claims with refo-
lution, and yet with modefty, was cited to a trial ; but,
refilling to appear, (lie was pronounced contumacious,
and judgment given againft the validity of her marriage
with the king. At length, finding the inutility of fur¬
ther reliftance, (lie retired to Ampthill, near Dunftable,
were (lie wore out the reft of her life in privacy and
peace.

In the mean time, this intelligence had no fooner reach¬
ed the court of Rome, than the conclave was in commo¬
tion ; and the pope, incited by their ardour, and terrified
by the menaces of the emperor, publifhed a bull, declar¬
ing queen Catharine alone to be Henry’s lawful wife ; and
requiring him to take her again, with a denunciation of
cenfures in cafe of a refufal. On the other hand, Henry,
Vol. VI. No. 379.

1 A N D. 637

finding his fubjefts had taken part with him, and willing
to break the papal yoke, refolved no longer to renew
thefe fubmiffions, which had never been in their power
to extort. The people had been prepared by degrees
for this great innovation: care had been taken for fome
years to inculcate the doftrine, that the pope Was en¬
titled to no authority beyond the limits of iiis own dio-
cefe. The king, therefore, no longer hefitated. The
parliament was at his devotion ; the majority of the clergy
was for him, as they had already declared againft the pope,
by decreeing in favour of the divorce; and the people,
above all, wiflied to fee the church humbled, which had
fo long controuled them, and grown opulent by their la¬
bours and diftrefles. Thus all things confpiririg to co¬
operate with his defigns, he ordered himfelf to be de¬
clared by bis clergy the fupreme head of the church,
A. D. 1534; the parliament confirmed, the title, abolilhed
all authority of the pope in England, voted till tributes
formerly paid to the holy fee as illegal, and entrufied
the king with the collation to all ecclefiaftical benefices.
The nation came into the king’s meafures with joy, and
now firft took an oath, called the oath of fupremacy ; all
the credit of the pope, that ■ had fubfifted for ages, was
at once overthrown, and none feemed to 'repine at the re¬
volution, except thofe who were immediately interefted
by their dependence on the court of Rome.

But, though Henry had thus feparated from the papal
church, yet he not attached himfelf to the fyltem of any
reformer. The young queen, however, engaged by in-
tereft as well as inclination, favoured the caufe of Lu¬
ther. Thomas Cromwell, who, from being a creature of
Wolfey, and who, by an admirable defence of the con¬
duct of his old mafter, had been taken into the confi¬
dence of the king, embraced the fame views. Being a
man of prudence and ability, he was very fuccefsful in
promoting the reformation, though in a concealed man¬
ner. Cranmer, who was now become archbifhop of Can¬
terbury, had all along adopted the proteftant tenets, and
had gained Henry’s friendfhip by his candour and fince-
ri ty . On the other hand, the duke of Norfolk adhered
to the old mode of worfhip ; and, by the greatnefs of his
rank, as well as by his talents for peace and war, he had
great weight in the king’s council. Gardiner, lately cre¬
ated biftiop of Winchefter, had enlifted himfelf in the
fame party ; and the fupplenefs of his character, and the
dexterity of his conduct, had rendered him extremely
ufeful to it. The king, mean while, who held the ba¬
lance between thefe contending factions, was enabled, by
the courtlhip paid him by both proteftants and catholics,
to affume an irnmeafiirable authority. Yet, as the minds
of thofe who were of oppofite fentiments, were extremely
exafperated with each other, it naturally followed that
feveral muft fall a facrifice in the conteft between ancient
eftabliftiments and modern reformation. The reformers
were the firft exhibited as unhappy fpeftacles of the vin¬
dictive fury of thofe who fupported ancient fuperftitions.
James Bainhum, a gentleman of the Temple, being ac-
cufed of favouring the doftrines of Luther, had been
brought before fir Thomas More during his chancellor-
fliip ; and, after being put to the torture, was condemned
as a heretic, and burnt in Smithfield. Thomas Bilney,
a prieft, had embraced the new doftrine ; but, being ter¬
rified into an abjuration, he was fo flung with remorfe,
that he went into Norfolk, publicly recanting, and ex-
pofing the errors of popery. He alfo was feized, tried
in the bilhop’s court, condemned, and burnt. On thq
other hand, Henry was not remifs in punilbing thofe who
dared to call in queftion the propriety of his late defec¬
tion from Ro'me ; and the monks, as they luffered mod
by the reformation, fo they were the moft free to the
royal refentment. To bring them more readily to punifn-
ment, the parliament had made it capital to deny the
king’s fupremacy over the church ; and many ecclefiaf-
tics loft their lives by this new l'pecies of crime. But of
all who fell a facrifice to this law, none are fo much to

ENGLAND.

638

be regretted as John Fi flier bifhop of Rochefter, and the
celebrated fir Thomas More.

The concurrence which the people gave to thefe feve-
rities, added to the great authority which Henry, from
his auftere adminiftration, poft'effed, induced him to pro¬
ceed (fill further in his fcheme of innovation. As the
monks had (hewn him the greateft refiftance, he refolved
to deprive them of future power. He accordingly di¬
rected Cromwell, fecretary of (fate, to fend commiffioners
into every county, to infpedl the monafteries. This was
done with fcrupulous exadtnefs ; and the commiffioners
are faid to have difcovered monffrous abufes in many of
the religious houfes. Whole convents of women were
abandoned to all manner of lewdnefs ; friars and monks
accomplices in their crimes ; pious frauds pradtifed to
impofe on the liberality of the people ; and cruel and in¬
veterate fa£t ions maintained between the members of
thefe ridiculous inflitutions.

Henry thought he might with fome degree of popula¬
rity, abolifh thefe inflitutions; but, willing to proceed
gently at firft, he gave directions to parliament, A. D.
1 536, to go no further than to fupprefs the letter monaf¬
teries, which poftetted revenues below the value of two
hundred pounds a year. By this a£t, three hundred and
feventy-fix monafteries were fupprefled ; and their reve¬
nues, amounting to thirty-two thoufand pounds a year,
■were granted to the king, befides their goods and plate,
computed at a hundred thoufand pounds more. About
two years after, he determined upon the entire deftruc-
tion of all monafteries whatfoever in England. Thefe,
on the whole, amounted to fix hundred and forty-five, of
which twenty-eight had abbots, who enjoyed a feat in
parliament. Ninety colleges were demolifhed in feveral
counties; 2374 chantries and free| chapels, and a hun¬
dred and ten hofpitals. The whole revenue of thefe
eftablifhments amounted to one hundred and fixty-one
thoufand pounds, which was about a twentieth part of
the national income. The lofs which was fuftained by
the clergy upon this occafion, was by no means fo mor¬
tifying as the infults and reproaches to which they were
expoled, for their former frauds and voluptuoufnefs.
The numberlefs relics which they had amafled, to de¬
lude and extort money from the people, were now brought
forward, and expofed before the populace with marked
contempt. Such were the violent meafures with which
the king proceeded againft thefe feats of impofture ; but,
as great murmurs were excited, lie took care that all
thofe who could be ufeful to him, or even dangerous in
cafes of oppofition, fttould be (harers in the fpoil. He
either made a gift of the revenuessof the convents to his
principal courtiers, or fold them at low prices. He alfo
erected fix new bilhoprics, Wettminfter, Oxford, Peter¬
borough, Briftol, Chefter, and Gloucefter, of which the
laft five (till continue. He alio fettled falaries on the ab¬
bots and priors, proportioned to their former revenues ;
and each monk was allowed a yearly penfion of eight
marks for his fubfiftence.

Still, however, the monks became Henry’s mod for¬
midable enemies, who, having their principal dependence
on the pope, apprehended their total ruin would be the
confeqnence of abolifhing his authority in England. Some
of thefe entered into a confpiracy that proved fatal to
themfelves. Elizabeth Barton, commonly called the
Holy Maid of Kent, had been fubjeft to hyfterical fits,
which threw her into unufual convulfions. The filly
people in the neighbourhood were ftruck with thefe ap¬
pearances, which they imagined to be l'upernatural ; and
Richard- Matters, vicar of the pariftt, founded on them a
projedt, from which he hoped to acquire both profit and
confideration. He went to Warham archbifhop of Can¬
terbury ; and, having given him a wonderful account of
Elizabeth’s fits, he fo far wrought on that fuperftitious
prelate, as to receive orders to attend her in her trances,
and carefully to note down all her fayings. The regard
paid her by a perfon of fo high a rank, foon rendered her

2

an objedl of public confideration; and it was eafy for
Matters to perfuade the world, as well as the Maid her-
felf, that her ravings were infpirations of the Holy Ghort,
Knavery foon after fucceeding to delufion, (lie learnt to
counterfeit trances ; and then uttered fuch fpeeches as
were dictated to her by her fpiritual director. Matters
aflbeiated with him Dr. Booking, canon of Canterbury ;
and, though their defign at firft was only to raife the
credit of an image of the Virgin, finding their impofture
fucceeded, they extended their views, and taught their
penitent to declaim againft the new dodtrines of the ftate,
and to prophecy the death of the king, if he perlifted in
his intended divorce from queen Catharine. Henry at
length began to think the matter worthy of his attention ;
and, having ordered Elizabeth and her accomplices to be
arrefted, they confeifed, and fullered for their guilt. See
the whole of this impofture, under Barton, vol. ii. p.
7 65-

Though the king had now entirely feparated himfelf
from Rome, yet he was unwilling to follow any guide in
conducting a new fyftem. He would not therefore wholly
abolifh thofe pradtices, by which prieftcraft had been
carried to fuch a height of abfurdity. He gave orders
for the Bible to be tranflated into the Englifh tongue ;
but it was not permitted to be put into the hands of the.
laity. It was a capital crime to believe in the pope’s fu-
premacy ; and yet equally heinous to be of the reformed
religion. The incoherence of the king’s opinions were at
length delivered in a law, which, from its horrid con-
fequences, was termed the bloody Jlatute, by which it was
ordained, that whoever denied tranfubftantiation, who¬
ever maintained that the communion in both kinds was
neceftary, whoever afferted that it was lawful for priefts
to marry, whoever alleged that vows of chaftity might
be broken, whoever maintained that private mattes were
unprofitable, or that auricular confettion was unneceffary,
fhould be found guilty of herefy, and burnt or hanged as
the court fhould determine. As the people were chiefly
compofed of thofe who followed the opinions of Luther,
and fuch as (fill adhered to the pope, this ftatute, with
Henry’s former decrees, in a great meafure exciuded both,
and opened a field for perfecution, which too foon had
its full and fatal harveft.

Thefe perfecutions, however, were preceded by one of
a different nature, arifing neither from religious nor po¬
litical caufes, but from fheer brutality and inordinate
1 11 ft. Anna Boleyn, his queen, had been always a fa¬
vourer of tl;e reformation, and confequently had many
enemies on that account. The king’s paflion for her was
allayed;’ and he now languifhed for a frefh beauty, the
amiable Jane Seymour, maid of honour to the queen.
As foon, therefore, as the queen’s enemies perceived the
king’s difguft, they refolved on framing imaginary crimes
againft her, which they knew his paflions would quickly
magnify into real. The countefs of Rochford in parti¬
cular, who was married to the queen’s brother, herfelt a
woman of infamous character, began with the moll cruel
infinuations againft the reputation of her fifter-in-law.
She pretended that her own hulband was engaged in an
inceftuous correfpondence with his lifter ; and reprefented
all the harmlefs levities of the queen as favours of a cri¬
minal nature. The king’s jealoufy was firfi publicly raa.
nifefted in a tournament at Greenwich, on the 1 ft of May,
1536; where the queen happened to drop her handker¬
chief, as was infinuated, to one of her minions to wipe
his face. Though this might have been very harmlefs,
or wholly unintended, yet the king abruptly retired, and
fent orders to have the queen confined to her apartment.
Anna fmiled, thinking the king was in jeft ; but, when
fhe found it was a ferious affair, ftie received the facra-
ment in her clofet, fenfible of what little mercy fhe had
to expedt from fo implacable a tyrant.

In the mean time her enemies were not remifs in in¬
flaming the accufation. The duke of Norfolk, from his
attachment to the old religion, took care to produce feve¬
ral

eng:

ra'( witneffes, accufing her of incontinency with fome of
the meaner fervants of th. ; court. Four perfons were
particularly pointed out as her paramours ; Henry Nor¬
ris, groom of the (foie; Wefton and Brereton, gentlemen
of the king’s bed-chamber ; and Mark Smeton, a mufi-
cian. As thefe had ferved her with much afliduity, their
refpect was the lpore eafily conffrued into a criminal at¬
tachment; and under this pretence (he was committed
to the Tower. Every perfon at court abandoned the
queen in her'diftrefs, except archbifhop Cranmer, who
wrote a lefter to the king in her behalf,, but without ef¬
fect. On the twelfth of the fame fatal month of May,
Norris, - Wefton, Brereton, and Smeton, were tried in
Weftminfter-hall, when Smeton was prevailed upon, by
the promife of a pardon, to confefs a criminal correfpon-
dence with the queen ; but he was never confronted by
her he accufed ; and his execution with the reft, fliortly
after, ferved to acquit her of the charge. Norris, who
had been much in the king’s favour, had an offer of his
life, if he would confefs his crime, and accufe his mif-
trefs; but he rejected the propofal with contempt, and
died, profeifing her innocence to the laft.

After this fcene of arbitrary and favage perfecution,
the queen and her brother were tried by a jury of peers;
but upon what proof the crime of inceft was urged againflt
them, has no where appeared. The chief evidence, it is
laid, amounted to no more than that Rochford, her own
brother, had been feen to lean on her bed before com¬
pany. Fart of the charge was, that (he had declared that
the king never had her heart ; which was (trained into a
breach of a late ftatute, by which it had been declared
criminal to throw any (lander upon the king, queen, or
their ilfue. The queen, nnaftifted by counfel, defended
lierfelf with fuch confident integrity and prefence of mind,
that the fpeCtators could not refrain from publicly de¬
claring her innocent. She anfwered diftinCtly to all the
charges brought againft her: but the king’s authority
was not to be controuled ; (lie was declared guilty by the
hirelings of the court, who fentenced her to be burnt or
beheaded, at the king’s . pleafure. When this terrible
fentence was pronounced, (lie could not help offering up
an invocation to Heaven, vindicating her innocence ; and,
in a moft pathetic fpeech to her judges, averred the in-
juftice of her condemnation. She was beheaded on the
19th of May, 1536, by the executioner of Calais, who
was brought over, as being more expert than any one in
England. Her body was thrown into a common cheft
of elm-tree, made to hold arrows, and was buried in the
Tower. Anna Boleyn appeared to be guilty of no other
crime than that of having furvived the king’s affections ;
and, although many crowned heads had been put to death
in' England, (lie was the fir ft that underwent all the fo-
lemniries of the law in fuch cafes, being formally be¬
headed on a fcaffold. See particulars of her* life, and
execution, under Bolf.yn, vol. iii. p. 136.

The people beheld her fate with pity; but with re-
fentment, when they difcovered the true caufe of the
tyrant’s impatience to deftroy her ; for the very next day
after her execution, he married lady Jane Seymour, his
callous heart being no way foftened by the wretched fate
of one who had been fo lately the object of his warmed
affections. He alfo ordered his parliament to grant him
a divorce between her lentence and execution ; and thus
he endeavoured to baftardife the illuftrious queen Eliza¬
beth, the only child he had by Anna Boleyn, as he had
in the fame manner formerly baftardifed Mary, his only
child by queen Catharine.

It is eafy to imagine that fuch capricious cruelties were
not obferved by the people without indignation ; but their
murmurs were fruitlefs, and their complaints of little
avail. Flenry now made himfelf umpire between thofe
of the ancient fuperftition, and the modern reformation ;
both looked up to him for aftiftance, and at mutual en¬
mity with each other: he took advantage of them all.
He had the powerful men of the nation on his fidey by

: A N D. '639

the many grants he had made of the lands and goods of
which he had defpciled the monafteries. It was eafy for
him, therefore, to quell the various infurreCtions which
his conduCt produced, as they were neither headed by
any powerful man, nor conducted upon any principle of
forefight. The firft infurreCtion was in Lincolnfhire,
headed by Mackrel, prior of Barlings; and, though this
tumultuary army amounted to twenty thoufand men, yet,,
upon a proclamation being made with aflurances of par¬
don, the populace difperfed ; and Mackrel, with fome
more of the leaders, falling into the king’s hands, were
put to death. Another infurreCtion broke out in the
north, amounting to above forty thoufand men, who were
preceded by priefts, carrying enfigns before the army, and
all chiefly inspired with enmity againft Cromwell, whom
they confidered as the inftigator of the king’s feverities.
But thefe alfo difperfed upon finding their provifions
ftiort ; after having in vain endeavoured to attack the.
duke of Norfolk’s army, which was feparated by a rivu¬
let that was lvvoln by heavy rains. A new infurreCtion
then broke out, headed by Mufgrave and Tilby ; but
the infurgents were defeated by the duke of Norfolk ;
after which, lord d’Arcy, fir Robert Conftable, fir John
Bulmer, fir Thomas Percy, fir Stephen Hamilton, Ni¬
cholas Tempeft, and William lord Lumley, were con¬
demned and executed. Henry, enraged by thefe revolts,
was refolved to fuflfer no bounds to his feverities ; but
the birth of a prince, afterwards Edward VI. and the
death of the queen, who furvived the birth only two
days, made a fmall paufe in the fiercenefs of his lavage
unrelenting mind.

In the midft of thefe violent meafures, A. D. 1537, the
fires of Smithfield blazed with the combuftion of human
flefli. Thofe who adhered to the pope, or thofe who
followed the doCtrines of Luther, were alike the objects
of royal vengeance, and of ecclefiaftical perfecution. The
principal viCtim of Henry’s pretended zeal, was poor John
Lambert, a fchoolmafter in London, who was fentenced
to the flames, for denying tranfubftantiation, or the doc¬
trine of the real prefence. He was therefore burnt at a (low
fire, his legs and thighs being firft; confumed ; and, when
there appeared no end of his tortures, fome of the guards,
more merciful than the reft, lifted him on their halberts
into the midft of the flames, and thus put a more fpeedy
end to his fufferings. This poor man’s death was the
fignal for that of many more. The ftatute of (lx articles
was now palled, A. D. 1539, called the bloody Jlatutc-, and
no lefs than five hundred perfons were imprifoned and
perfecuted for contradicting the opinions fet forth in that
(hameful formula of ecclefiaftical law.

During thefe horrid tranfaCtions, the libidinous Henry
was refoved to take another queen, and, after fome ne-
gociation upon the continent, he contracted a marriage
with Anne of Cleves ; to fortify, as he pretended, his al¬
liances with the princes of Germany. The king, upon
her landing, went privately to meet her at Rochelter,
where he was very much damped in his amorous defires.
He found her not only coarfe and mafculine, but utterly:
devoid of grace and beauty. To Cromwell, who had-,
been principally aCtive in making up the match, he gave
her the epithet of the great Flanders mare ; and (wore that
he could never fettle his affections upon her. In ftiort,
Henry’s averfion to his new queen increafed every day ;
and he refolved to get rid of her and his prime-minifter
together. The fall of this favourite was ardently wiflied
for by the nation. The nobility naturally hated a man,
who, from mean birth, was placed before the firft per¬
fons in the kingdom; for, befides being vicar-general,
which gave him almoft abfolute authority over the cler-'
gy, he was lord-privy-feal, lord-chamberlain, mailer of
the wards, and knight of the garter ; and, to carry his
exaltation (till higher, he had been recently made earl of
Eftex. The proteftants difliked him for his concurrence
with the king’s will in their perfecution; and the papifts
detefted him, as the inveterate enemy of their religion.

ENGLAND.

640

It only remained, therefore, with the king, to haften or
retard the deftruCtion of a man who had no partifan in
the nation, except himfelf. But he had already a new
motive for increafing his difpleafure. He had fixed his
luftful eye on Catharine Howard, niece to the duke of
Norfolk ; and the only means of gratifying this infatiate
pailion was, as in former cafes, by difcarding the prefent
queen, to make room for a new one. The duke of Nor¬
folk had long been Cromwell’s mortal enemy, and eager¬
ly embraced this opportunity to deflroy a man he confi-
dered as his rival. He therefore made ufe of every arti¬
fice to ruin the favourite ; and when his project was ripe
for execution, he obtained a commiflion from the king to
arrefi Cromwell for high-treafori. His difgrace was no
fooner known, than all his friends forfook him, except
Cranmer, who earneftly pleaded for him ; but in vain.
He was accufed in parliament of herefy and treafon, and,
without being ever heard in his own defence, was condemn¬
ed to fuft'er the pains of death, as the king fhould think
proper to direCt. Cromwell’s fortitude feemed wholly
to forfake him in this dreadful exigency. On the 28th
of July, 1540, he fubmitted his neck to the executioner,
who mangled him in a (hocking manner. A few days after
his death, a number of people were executed together
upon very different accu fat-ions ; feme for having denied
the king’s fupremacy, and others for having maintained
the doCtrines of Luther.

The parliament, upon very flight grounds, pronounced
a divorce between Henry and his wife Anne of Cleves:
(he quietly accepted a penfion, and continued to refide in
England. About a month after the death of Cromwell,
the king publicly declared his marriage with Catharine
Howard. This was regarded as a favourable incident by
the catholic party ; and the fubfequent events for a while
turned out to their with. The king’s councils being en¬
tirely directed by Norfolk and Gardiner, a furious perse¬
cution commenced againft the proteflants ; and the law of
the bloody fiatute was executed with rigour; infomuch
that a foreigner, then refiding in England, obferved, that
thofe who were againft the pope were burned, and thofe
who were for him were hanged. The king, with an of-
tentatious impartiality, reduced all parties to an equal
(hare of fubordination, and infufed terror into every
breaft. But the meafure of his abfurdities was not yet
filled up. He had thought himfelf happy in his new
marriage. He was fo captivated with the queen’s accom¬
pli fhments, that he gave public thanks for his felicity,
and defired his confefl'or to join with him in the fame
tbankfgiving. This joy, however, was of fhort dura¬
tion. While the king was at York, upon an intended
conference with the king of Scotland, a man of the name
Lafcelles, waited upon archbifhop Cranmer at London ;
and, from the information of this man’s filter, who had
been fervant to the duchefs-dowager of Norfolk, he gave
a very unexpected account of the queen’s incontinence.
He averred that lhe had led a very lewd courfe of life
before her marriage, and had carried on a criminal corre¬
spondence with two men, named Derham, and Mannock ;
and that (he continued to indulge herfelf in the fame
lafeivious pleafures fince (lie had been raifed to the
crown. Cranmer, equally furprifed. and embarraffed at
this intelligence, made the king acquainted with the
whole afFair, on his return to London. Henry at firft
difbelieved the report ; he therefore ordered the keeper
of the privy-feal to examine Lafcelles, who perfifted in
his former narrative, and even produced his litter to con¬
firm the faff. Upon this, Derham and Mannock, being
asrefted, confefted their guilt, and the queen’s inconti¬
nence. They went ftill further, by impeaching the old
lady Rochford, who had formerly been inftrumental in
procuring the death of Anna Boleyn. They alfo alleg¬
ed that this lady had introduced one Culpepper into the
queen’s bed-chamber, who ftayed with her from eleven
at night till four in the morning. When the queen was
firft examined, (lie totally denied the charge; but find*

ing that her accomplices were her accufers, (he confeffed
her incontinence before marriage, but denied her having
difhonoured the king’s bed fince their union. But three
maids of honour, who had been admitted to her fecrets,
ftill further alleged her guilt ; and fome of them even
confefted having paffed the night in the fame bed with
her and her paramours. The king was fo affeCted, that
he burft into a flood of tears, not knowing how to vent his
rage, or hide his fhame, at having been fo completely
duped. Derham, Mannock, and Culpepper, were exe¬
cuted ; but Henry was refolved to throw the odium of
the queen’s death upon the parliament, who had always
(hewn themfelves the ready minifters of his will. Thefe
tools of arbitrary authority, being informed of the queen’s
crime and confeftion, quickly found her guilty, and peti¬
tioned the king that (he might be punilhed with death ;
that the fame fentence might be inflicted on lady Roch¬
ford, the accomplice of her debaucheries; and that her
grand-mother, the duchefs-dowager of Norfolk, together
with her father, mother, and nine others, as having been
privy to the queen’s irregularities, (hould participate in
her puniftunent. With this petition the king was highly
pleafed, and they were all condemned to death by an act
of attainder. The queen was beheaded on Tower-Hill,
February 12, 1542, together with lady Rochford, who
found but little companion with the public. The queen
was more pitied, as (he owned that (lie had led a diflolute
life before marriage, but moll ferioufly denied that (lie
had ever been untrue to the king’s bed.

Henry having thus, by various a6ts of tyranny, proved
himfelf deftjtute of juftice, morals, or humanity, took it
into his head to compofe a book of religion, by which
his fubjeCts were in future to regulate all their belief and
aCtions. Having procured an aft of parliament, A.D.
1541, in which all fpiritual fupremacy was declared to
be vefted in himfelf, lie publiflied a fmall volume, called
the “ Inftitution of a Chriftian Man,” which was received
by the convocation, and voted to be the infallible rule
of orthodoxy. All the abftrufe points of juftification,
faith, free will, good works, and grace, are there defined,
upon nearly the principles of the reformers; while the
facraments, which a few years before were only allowed
to be three, are increafed to their old number of feven,
conformable to the catholics. But the king was not long
fatisfied with this rule of belief. He Coon after procured
a new book to be compofed, called the “ Erudition of a
Chriftian Man,” which he publithed upon his own au¬
thority ; and though this new creed differed a great deal
from the former, yet he was no lefs politive in requiring
univerfal alfent to this, than he had before been to that
of the other. In both thefe books he was very ftrenuous
in enforcing the doctrine of paflive obedience. And to
heighten his tyranny, the parliament made a law, by
which the king’s proclamations were to have the fame
force as the ftatutes; and to facilitate the execution of
this aCt, by which all fhadow of liberty was totally anni¬
hilated, they appointed that any nine of the privy-coun¬
cil fhould form a legal court for punifhing difobedience
to his will. Thus the king was empowered to iffue.a
proclamation to deftroy the lives, or take away the pro¬
perties of any of his fubjeCts; and the only appeal was
to himfelf in council.

In the year 1 543, Henry once more changed his condi¬
tion, by marrying his laft wife, Catharine Parr. She had
been the wife of the late lord Latimer, andwvas confidered
as a woman of diferetion and virtue. She had already
paired the meridian of life, and knew how to manage this
capricious tyrant with prudence and fuccefs. Henry was
now in his dotage, and verging on imbecility : he was
almoft choaked with fat, and had contracted a morofe air,
and forbidding afpeCt. Neverthelefs, this woman, facri-
ficing her appetites to her ambition, fo far prevailed in
gaining his confidence, that (he was appointed regent of
the kingdom during his abfence in France, whither he
vainly paffed over at the head of thirty thoufand men, to

profecute

\

ENGLAND.

profecute a war which had been declared between him
and the French king. He there behaved, as in all his
former expeditions, with ineffectual oftentation. Inftead
of marching his troops into the heart of the country, he
fat down before Boulogne, which was obliged to capitu¬
late ; while his ally, the emperor of Germany, made a
fepayate peace. Henry was thus* obliged to return to
England, where he found his fubjedts ready to offer him
their accuftomed adulation, for an enterprile which had
only betrayed his weaknefs and folly. Upon his return
from this fruitlefs and expenfive expedition, his obfer
quious parliament granted him a fubfidy equal to his de¬
mands, and added to it a gift, which will make their
memory for ever odious to poflerity. By one vote they
bellowed upon him all the revenues of the two univerfi-
ties, and of all places of education and public worlhip.
But rapacious as this monarch was, he refrained from de-
fpoiling thofe venerable feats of learning of their ancient
endowments ; however, they owed their fafety to his
lenity, and not to the protection of this bafe and degene¬
rate parliament. Nor was he lefs juft with regard to the
fuggeftionsof his council, who had long conceived an ha¬
tred againft Cranmer, and laboured todeftroyhim; and
alfo againft the queen, whofe redfitude and fidelity they
endeavoured to impeach. Henry, in thofe two inftances,
fhewed himfelf fuperior to the machinations of wicked
and defigning men.

Still, however, the king’s feverity on the fcore of re¬
ligion, continued as violent as ever. For fome time he
had been afllidted with an ulcer in his leg ; the pain of
which, added to his great corpulency, and other infirmi¬
ties, increafed his natural irafcibility, fo that none could
approach him without terror. It was not to be expected, .
therefore, that any who differed from him in religious
opinions, could hope for pardon. Among the many,
whofe unmerited fufferings excite pity and indignation,
the fate of Anne Afkew will ever be remembered. This
lady was a woman of merit as well as beauty ; and for
her attachment to the reformation, was condemned to be
burnt. alive. With her fuffered in the fame caufe, Ni¬
cholas Belehian, a prieft ; John Lafcelles, of the king’s
houfehold ; and John Adams, a tailor; who, upon being
tied to the ftake, were informed, that upon recanting,
they would be granted their lives. But they refufed, and
faw with tranquillity the executioner kindle the flames
which confumed them.

Though the king’s health was now rapidly declining,
yet his implacable cruelties were not the lefs frequent or
violent. His refentments W'ere diffufed indifcriminately to
all; at onetime a proteftant, and at another a catholic,
were the objedts of his feverity. The duke of Norfolk,
and his fon the earl of Surrey, were the laft that felt the
injuftice of this tyrant’s perfecution. The duke was a
nobleman who had ferved the king with great fidelity ;
his fon was a young man of the mod promiling hopes, who
excelled in every accomplifhment that became a fcholar,
a gentleman, and a foldier. He excelled in all the mi¬
litary exercifes, and was the firft who brought our lan¬
guage, in his poetical pieces, to any degree of refinement.
Thefe qualifications, however, were no fafeguard againft
Henry’s implacable malevolence. The earl of Surrey had
dropt fome expreflions of refentment againft the king’s
minifters, upon being difplaced from the government of
Boulogne ; and the whole family were become obnoxious
by the fate of Catharine Howard, the late queen. From
thefe motives, therefore, orders were given to arreft the
father and fon ; and they were both committed to the
Tower. Surrey being a commoner, his trial was the
more expeditious; and there were many informers bafe
enough to betray the intimacies of private converfation,
and all the connections of blood. The duchefs dowager
of Richmond, Surrey’s own filter, appeared among the
number of his accufers ; and fir Richard Southwell alfo,
his moll intimate friend, charged him with infidelity to
the king. He was therefore condemned for high trea-
fon, and executed on Tower-hill, January 19, 1547. In

Vol. VI. No. 379.

6ft

the mean time the duke endeavoured to mollify the king
by letters and fubmiffions; but the monlter’s heart was
callous to tender impreflions. The parliament found a
bill of attainder againft the duke of Norfolk, though the
only crime his accufers could allege againft him was,
“ that he had faid the king was fickly, and could not hold
out long ; and that the kingdom was likely to be torn be¬
tween contending parties of different perfuafions.” Cran¬
mer, though engaged for many years in an oppofite party
to Norfolk, would have no hand in fo unjuft a profecu-
tion ; but retired to his feat at Croydon. However, the
death-warrant was made out, and immediately fent to the
lieutenant of the Tower. The duke prepared to meet his
fate, and the following morning was to be his laft ; but
an event of greater confequence to the kingdom inter¬
vened, and prevented his execution.

The king had been for fome time apprbaching towards
his end ; and for feveral days all thofe about his perfon
plainly faw that his fpeedy diffolution Was inevitable.
His anguilh and remorfe were at this time greater than care
be expreffed ; he defired that Cranmer might be fent for j
but before that prelate could arrive, he was fpeechlefs.
Cranmer defiring him to give fome fign of his dying in
the Chriftian faith, he fqueezed his hand, and immedi¬
ately expired, on Friday the 28th of January, 1547, after
a reign of thirty-feven years and nine months, in the fifty-
lixth year of his age.

Henry was fix times married: twro of his queens were
beheaded ; two of them divorced ; one of them died foon
after her marriage; the laft, after narrowly efcaping the
block, furvived him. By his firft queen, Catharine of
Spain, he had two fons, who died in their infancy, and
one daughter named Mary, afterwards queen of England.
By his fecond queen, Anna Boleyn, he had one daughter,
named Elizabeth, who fucceeded her lifter in the throne.
By his third queen, Jane Seymour, he had one fon, named
Edward, his immediate fuccelfor. By his laft three queens
he had no iffue. By Elizabeth Blount, daughter of fir
John Blount, he had a natural fon, named Henry, of
whom he was exceedingly fond, but who died when he
was only about feventeen years old.

By his laft will, for fettling the fucceftion, Henry be¬
queathed his crown and dominions to his fon prince Eda
ward, and the heirs of his body lawfully begotten; fail¬
ing fuch heirs, to his daughter the princefs Mary, and
her heirs ; failing thefe, to his daughter the princefs Eli¬
zabeth, and her heirs; failing thefe, to the lady Frances,
eldeft daughter of his late lifter the French queen, and
her heirs ; failing thefe, to lady Eleanor, youngeft daugh¬
ter of the French queen, and her heirs; and failing thefe,
to his next lawful heir. His two daughters, Mary and
Elizabeth, being unmarried, it was declared, that if they
married without the confent of his executors, or the ma¬
jor part of them, they ihould lofe their right to the fuc-
ceffion, and be conlidered as being dead without lawful
heirs. To each of thefe two daughters lie gave io,oool,
in plate, jewels, and furniture, as a marriage portion,
and an annuity of 3000I. to live upon while they were
unmarried. To fliew the faith in which he died, he did
not forget to appoint a great number of maffes to be faid
for the health of his foul.

Very different charadters have been drawn of Henry VIII.
by different authors. Some have reprefented him as a
brave, wife, juft, and merciful, prince, with few vices
or imperfections ; while others have painted him in the
blacked colours, as a cruel unrelenting tyrant, with few
or no virtues or good qualities. Thole, however, who
have delineated his character with the greateft care and
candour, have purfued a middle courle, by doing juftice
to his good actions and commendable qualifications, while
they have not overlooked his criminal paffions and his
vices. The following (liort defcription of the tnoft ftriking
features in the character of this prince may, it is imagined,
be jultified by authentic monuments, and the real tranf-
adtions of his reign. He was very tall, and in his youth
handfome, ftrong, and adtive. He delighted and excelled
8 A iq

C42 E N G I

in all manly exercifes; as riding, tilting, hunting, hawk¬
ing, leaping, wreftling, &c. His mien was (lately, and
his air majeftic. Thefe perfonal accomplifhments gained
him great popularity in the early part of his reign. He
was fond of ntulic, a good performer on fevera! inftru-
ments, and no contemptible compofer. Great pains had
been taken with his education, and he had a genius capa¬
ble of acquiring knowledge. He fpoke feveral languages
fluently, particularly the Latin and French : but unfor¬
tunately his favourite ftudy was fclrool-divinity ; in which
, he imagined himfelf fo great a doftor, that he entered the
lifts with Martin Luther, in his famous book De Septan
Sacrdmenti's ; for which he received inch a deluge of praife
as no author of an inferior rank mufti ever eXpeft. We
have no reafon to fufpect that he was deficient in per¬
fonal courage, though he was not forward in expofing
himfelf tb danger. His underftanding was good, when not
blinded by thofe paftions which were the fources of all
his errors and of all his crimes. In his youth the love
of pleafure was conftantly predominant, with an extra¬
vagant fondnefs for royal feafts, tilts, tournaments, and
other pompous diverlions of thofe times. As lie advanced
in years, paftions of a darker complexion and more dan¬
gerous tendency appeared. From his father he inherited
an extreme jcaloufy of all who were related to the royal
family, and could be fuppofed to entertain the mod dif-
tant thoughts of the throne. To this feveral perfons of
high rank fell a facrifice. His exceflive felf-conceit, and
the high opinion he entertained of his own wifdom,
though it was rather a ridiculous than a criminal paffion,
had the very word effefts. It rendered him greedy of
flattery, and highly pleafed with adulation. The two
great parties, the friends of the pope, and the favourers
of the reformation, tried to exceed one another in a fer-
vile compliance with all his humours, which rendered
him intolerably proud, and impatient of contradiction.
This alfo increafed his authority, fubjefted both thefe
parties to his will, and put it in his power to do what¬
ever he pleafed. The court that was paid him by the
two great rivals, the emperor of Germany and the king
of France, contributed dill further to inflame his pride ;
and, in fpite of all his faults, it rendered him popular
arpong his own fubjecls, who were pleafed to fee their
lovereign the arbiter of Europe. Though prodigality and
avarice are oppofite paflions, they were polfeded by Henry
in the extreme. Of his prodigality, the immenfe fums
he fquandered are a fufficient proof ; and his hidory af¬
fords fufficient evidence of his avarice. At two different
times he borrowed great fums from many of his fubjefts,
and procured adls from his fervile parliaments, abfolving
him from the obligation of repaying them, though he had
given his creditors fecurity under the privy feal. But of
all his failings, his implacable malice was the mod ter¬
rible. When he conceived a diftike of any perfon, their
ruin was inevitable; no fubmiflions, no fupplications, no
intercedions, no evidence of their innocence, could lave
them from dedrudtion. In a word, the character he is faid
to have given of himfelf, “iThat he had never fpared a
man in his anger, nor a woman in his luff,” feems to be
but too well founded ; and judifies thofe who have deno¬
minated him a tyrant. Yet, in the midfl of his cruelties
and perfecuting zeal, he was podelfed of fome valuable
accomplifliments, and was capable at' times of generous
and laudable adtions, and of kind affeftions. He was cer¬
tainly the indrument, in the hand of Providence, of much
good to his poderity, by dilfolving the fupremacy of the
church of Rome, and laying the foundation of the pro-
teflant faith.

Edward VI. fucceeded to the throne in the ninth year
of his age, A. D. 1547. The late king, in his will, fixed
the majority of the young prince at the completion of his
eighteenth year ; and, in the mean time, appointed fix-
teen executors of his will, to whom, during the minority,
he eutruded the government of the king and kingdom,
i he firft adl of the executors was to choofe the earl of
Hertford, afterwards made duke of Somerfet, as lord pro.

AND.

tedlor ; and in him was veded all the regal power, with
a privilege of naming his own privy-council. This was
a favourable feafoo for thofe who profefled the reformed
religion. They no longer difled their fentiments, but
maintained their dodtrines openly, both in preaching and
in teaching, even while the laws againd them continued
in force. The protedlor had long been regarded as the
partizan of the reformers; and, being now freed from re-
draint, he fcrupled not to exprefs his intention of cor¬
recting all the abufes of the ancient religion, and of
adopting dill more the dodtrines of Luther. His power
was not a little augmented by bis fuccefs againd an incur-
fion of the Scots, in which about eight hundred of their
army were dain ; and the popularity which he gained
upon this occafion, feconded his views in the propaga¬
tion of the new dodtrines. But the character of Somerfet
did not dand in need of props acquired in this manner ;
for he was naturally affable and courteous to the meaneft
fuitor, While all his adtions were diredted by motives of
piety and candour. In this view the protedlor, in his
fchemes for advancing the reformation, had always re-
courfe to the counfels of Cranmer, the primate ; who,
being a man of moderation and prudence, was averfe to
violent changes, and determined to bring over the people
by infendble degrees to the reformed fydem. The per¬
fon who oppofed with the greated authority thefe ad¬
vances, was Gardiner bidiop Of Wincheder; who, though
lie had not obtained a place at the council-board, yet,
from his age and experience, was regarded by mod men
with veneration. Upon a general vidtation of the church,
Gardiner dill defended the ufe of images, which was now
very openly attacked by the protedants ; he even wrote
an apology for holy water; but he particularly alleged,
that it was unlawful to make any change in religion dur¬
ing the king’s minority. This oppodtion of Gardiner
drew on him the indignation of the council ; and he was
fent to the Fleet prifon, where he was treated with much
feverity.

Thefe internal regulations were fomewhat retarded by
the war with Scotland, which dill continued to rage
with violence. But a defeat which that nation fuffered
at Mudelborough, in which above ten thoufand peridied
on the field of battle, induced them to fue for peace ;
and the protector returned to fettle the bufinefs of the
reformation, which was as yet only in its infancy. But,
though he acquired great popularity by this expedition,
he did not fail to attract the envy of feveral noblemen,
and e/ven of the queen-mother. However, he dill encou¬
raged the reformation, and gave more conddency to the
tenets of the church. The cup was redored in the fa-
crament of the Lord’s fupper ; private malfes were abo-
lifhed; the king was empowered to create bidiops ; va¬
gabonds were adjudged to behaves, and marked with a
red-hot iron ; an aft commonly fuppofed to be levelled
againd the drolling prieds and friars. An order was alfo
ilfued for the removal of all images from the churches;
a regulation which was much dedred by the reformers,
and which alone, with regard to the populace, amounted
almod to a perfeft change of the edablidied religion.

Thefe innovations, evidently calculated for the good
of the people, were not brought about without great
druggies at home, while the proteftor himfelf was bufily
employed againd the Scots, who, feconded by France,
were pudiing on their depredations with unceafing vigi¬
lance. There was dill another enemy that he had to fear
more than any of the former ; and this was his own bro¬
ther, admiral lord Seymour; a man of great talents, but
proud, turbulent, and untraftable. This nobleman could
not endure the didinftion which the king had always
made between him and his elder brother; fo that they
divided the whole court and the kingdom by their oppo¬
fite cabals and dilfendons. Seymour, by his flattery and
addrefs, had fo indnuated himfelf with the queen-dowa¬
ger, that, forgetting her ufual prudence, (he indecently
married him immediately upon the deceafe of the late
king, her hufband. He then bribed the king’s domeftics

ENGLAND.

to his intereft; and young Edward frequently went to liis
houfe, on pretence of vifiting the queen. There he in¬
gratiated himfelf with his fovereign, by the mod officious
afliduiries, particularly by fupplying him with money to
diftribtife among his favourites. His confort, the queen-
dowager, eagerly fed the natural ambition of her lnifband,
and fuggefled ideas to lord Seymour, bordering on high
treafon. In this conjuncture (he died in child-bed, A.D.
1548 : but this accident, far from reprefiing his ambitious
fchemes, only ferved to promote them. He now made
his addrelfes to the princefs Elizabeth ; and it is faid fhe
liftened to his infinuations, notwithftanding her father
had excluded her the fucceflion, in cafe (he married with¬
out the confent of council. Seymour, however, had
projects of getting over that objection ; and his plans
feemed to indicate an attempt to feize the crown. By
promifes and perfuafions he brought over many of the
principal nobility to join his party ; he negleCted not
even the mod popular perfons of inferior rank; and he
computed that he could command ten thoufand men
among his fervants, tenants, and retainers. He had al¬
ready provided arms for their life; and having engaged
in his interefts fir John Sharrington, mafter of the mint
at Briftol, he flattered hitnfelf that money would not be
wanting.

Somerfet, the protector, being informed of thefe alarm¬
ing circumftances, endeavoured, by every expedient in
his power, to draw him from his defigns. He reafoned,
he threatened, he heaped new favours upon him ; but to
no purpofe. At laft he refolved to make ufe of a dread¬
ful remedy, to attaint his own brother of high treafon.
In confequence of this refolution, he deprived him of his
office of high-admirat, and flgned a warrant for commit¬
ting him to the Tower. Yet (till the proteCfor fufpended
the blow, and {hewed reluCtance to ruin one fo nearly
connected in the tie of blood. He offered once more to
be fincerely reconciled, and give him his life, if he would
be contented to fpend the remainder of his days in retire¬
ment. But finding it impoflible to work on the inflexible
temper of his brother, he ordered a charge to be drawn
up againft him, confiding of thirty-three articles ; and the
whole to be brought before the parliament. The charge
being firft adduced in the houfe of lords, feveral peers
gave an account of what they knew concerning lord Sey¬
mour’s conduCt, and his criminal intentions. In the
houfe of commons the bill paffed on a divifion, near four
hundred voting for it, and not above nine or ten againft
it. The fentence was executed, by beheading him bn
Tower-hill, A. Di 1549.

This obftacle being removed, the proteCtor went on to
reform and regulate the new fyftem of religion, which
was now become the chief concern of the nation. A
committee of biftiops and divines had been appointed to
frame a liturgy for the fervice of the church ; -and this
work was executed with great moderation and accuracy.
A difpenfation was alfo paffed, permitting priefts to
marry ; the ceremony of auricular confeffion, though not
abolifhed, was left at the difcretion of the people; but
the doCtrine of the real prefence was the laft tenet of
popery that was wholly abandoned by the people, as
both the clergy and laitv were unwilling to renounce fo
miraculous a benefit as it was affected to be. However,
not only this, but all the principal opinions and prac¬
tices of the catholic religion, contrary to what the fcrip-
tures authorize, ivere at laft abolifhed ; and the reforma¬
tion, fuch as we have it, was almoft entirely completed
in England, A. D. 1549. It had been well for the credit
of the reformers, had they ftopt here; inftead of which,
they refolved to become perfecutors in their turn ; and
though their own doctrines had been founded on a true
fpirit of toleration, yet they could not bear that any
fttould controvert what they had been at fo much pains
to eftablifh. Among the number of thofe who were
luppofed to incur guilt upon this occafion, was Joan
Boucher, commonly called Joan of Kent ; and Van Paris,

2

643

a Dutchman; both of whom, principally at the inftiga-
tion of Cranmer, and contrary to the king’s exprefs de-
fire, were committed to the flames.

Although meafures had been taken for the benefit of
the nation, and to the advantage of fociety, yet they were
attended with many inconveniences, to which all hidden
changes are liable. When the monafteries were fup-
preffed, a prodigious number of their dependants were
obliged to earn their fubfiftence by labour ; fo that all
kinds of bufinefs were overftocked. The lands of the
monafteries too had been farmed out to the common
people, fo as to employ a great number of hands; and
the rents being moderate, they were able to maintain
their families on the profits of agriculture. But now
thefe lands being pofteffed by the nobility, the rents were
advanced ; and the farmers, perceiving that flieep and
wool were a better commodity than corn, turned all their
fields into pafture. In confequence of this praftice, the
price of bread rofe, to the unfpeakable hardlhip of the
lower clafs of people. To add to the general calamity, all
the gold coin of the kingdom was hoarded up, or exported
abroad, while a bafe metal was coined in great abundance ;
and this the poor were obliged to take, but could not dif-
burfe at an equal advantage. Tims an univerfal ftagna-
tion of commerce took place; and nothing but murmurs
and complaints were heard in every quarter. The pro¬
tector generoufly efpoufed the caufe of the fufferers. He
appointed commiflioners to examine whether the pofTefTors
of the church-lands had fulfilled the conditions on which
thofe lands had been fold by the crown; and ordered all
encroachments on the commons to be laid open for the
benefit of the poor. As the objedt of this commiflion
was very offenfive to the nobility, they called it arbitrary
and illegal ; while the common people, fearing it would
be eluded, and being impatient of redrefs, rofe in great
numbers, and reforted to arms. The rifing began at once
in feveral parts of England, as if an univerfal confpiracy
had been formed among the people. The rebels in Wilt-
fliire were difperfed by fir William Herbert ; thofe of Ox¬
ford and Gloucefter, by lord Grey of Wilton ; the com¬
motions in Hampfhire, Suffex, and Kent, were quieted
by gentle methods; biit the diforders in Devonfhire and
and Norfolk were the 1110ft obftinate, and threatened the
greateft danger. In Devonfhire, the infurgents, amount¬
ing to ten thoufand men, were headed by Humphry Arun¬
del, an experienced foldier ; and they were (till more en¬
couraged by fermons, which gave their revolt the air of
a religious confederacy. They accordingly fent a fet of
articles to court, which required an abolition of the fta-
tutes made in favour of the reformation ; but the council
rejected their demands with contempt, at the fame time
offering a pardon to all that would lay down their arms,
and return to their habitations. But the infurgents, en¬
couraged by the monks who were with them, laid fiege
to Exeter, carrying before them crucifixes, banners, holy
water, and other implements of their ancient ftiperftition;
but the town was gallantly defended by the inhabitants.
Lord Rulfel was tent to relieve the city; and, being
joined by lord Grey and others, he attacked and drove
the infurgents from their entrenchments. Great (laughter
was made upon thefe deluded creatures, both in the ac¬
tion and the purfuit. Arundel, their leader, and feveral
others, were fent to London, where they were condemned
and executed.

The fedition in Norfolk appeared more formidable.
The infurgents there amounted to twenty thoufand men;
and, as their forces were numerous, their demands were
exorbitant. They required the fuppreflion of the nobi¬
lity, the placing new counfellors about the king, and the
eftablifhment of their ancient rights. One Ket, a tanner,
had affumed a priority among them ; he erected his tri¬
bunal near Norwich, under an oak, which was termed
the Oak of Reformation. He undertook the fiege of Nor¬
wich, which having reduced, he imprifoned the mayor,
and fome of the principal citizens. The marquis of

Northampton

■644 ENGL

Northampton was fent againd him, but met with a re-
-pulfe ; the earl of Warwick followed, and, coming to a
general engagement, put them entirely to the rout. Two
thoufand of them fell in the fight ; Ket was hanged at
Norwich cadle ; nine of his followers on the boughs of
the Oak of Reformation ; and the infurreftion, which
was the lad in favour of popery, was thus entirely
fuppreffed.

Though the fupprefiion of thefe diforders appeared to
be favourable to the intereds of the protedbor, yet the
'authority which the earl of Warwick gained in quelling
them, terminated in Somerfet’s ruin. Of all the miniders
at that time in the council, Dudley earl of Warwick was
the mod artful, ambitious, and unprincipled. Refolved
at any rate to poffefs the principal place under the king,
he cared not by what means he acquired it. However,
unwilling to throw' off the mafk, he covered the mod
exorbitant views under the faired appearances. Having
affociated himfelf with the earl of Southampton, he formed
a drong party in the council, who were determined to free
themfelves from the controul the protestor had fo long
affumed over them. That nobleman was, in faft, grown
obnoxious to the prevailing party in the kingdom. He
was envied by the nobles for his power; he was hated by
the catholic party for his regard to the reformation; and
he was condemned by many for his feverity to his bro¬
ther: befides, the great edate he had raifed at the ex¬
pence of the church and the crown, rendered him ob¬
noxious to all. The palace which he was then building
in the Strand, ferved alfo, by its magnificence, and dill
more by the unjud methods that were taken to raife it,
to expofe him to the cenfures of the public. The parifh
church of St. Mary, with three bifhops’ houfes, were
pulled down to furnifh fufficient fpace and materials for
the drufture.

Thefe imprudences were foon enlarged upon by So¬
merfet’s enemies. They reprefented him as a parricide,
a facrilegious tyrant, and an ufurper upon the privileges
of the council, and the rights of the king. In confequence
of this, lord St. John, prefident of the council, the earls
of Warwick, Southampton, and Arundel, with five others,
met at Ely-houfe, Oftober 6, 1549 ; and affuming to them-
feives the whole power of the government, began to aft
independent of the proteftor, whom they pretended to
conlider as the author of every public grievance. They
wrote letters to the nobility of England, informing them
of the prefent meafures, and requiring their aflidance.
They fent for the mayor and aldermen of London, and
enjoined them to concur in their authority, which they
reprefented as the only means of faving the nation.

Somerfet no fooner heard of thefe tranfaftions, than he
fent the king to Windfor, and armed the inhabitants of
Hampton and Windfor alfo for his fecurity. But finding
that no man of rank, except Cranmer and lord Paget,
adhered jp his caufe, and that the people did not rife at
his fummons ; perceiving that he was in a manner deferted
by all, and that refidance was fruitlefs, he Refolved to
throw himfelf on the mercy of his enemies. This gave
frelh confidence to the party of Warwick ; they allured
the king, with the humbled profedions of obedience, that
their only aim was to put the council on the fame foot¬
ing on which it had been ordained by the will of his
father, and to refcue his authority from the hands of a
man who had adumed all power to himfelf. The king,
who never much regarded Somerfet, gave their addrefs a
favourable reception ; and the proteftor was fent to the
Tower, with fome of his friends and partizans, among
whom was Cecil, afterwards earl of Salifbury. Mean
while, the council deputed fix noblemen to aft as gover¬
nors to the king, two at a time, officiating alternately. It
was then, for the fird time, that the earl of Warwick’s
ambition began to appear in full view : he fet himfelf
forward as the principal promoter of the proteftor’s ruin ;
and his colleagues, without the lead oppofition, permitted
him to alfume the reins of government.

AND.

It was now expefted that Somerfet’s fate was decided.
A bill of attainder was preferred againd him in the houfe
of lords ; but he contrived, for this time, to elude the
rigour of their fentence, by confeffing the charge before
the members of the council. This confeffion, which he
figned with his own hand, was alleged and read againd
him at the bar of the houfe, who then fent a deputation
to him, to know whether the confeffion was voluntary or
extorted. Somerfet thanked them for their candour;
owned that it was his voluntary aft, but ftrenuoudy infid-
ed, that he had never harboured a finider thought againd
the king or the commonwealth. In confequence of this
drong feature of his innocence, he was fet at liberty, and
re-admitted into the council.

The catholics had been extremely elevated at the pro¬
teftor’s fall ; and they began to entertain hopes of a re¬
volution in their favour. But they were deceived in their
opinion of Warwick, who now took the lead, as ambition
was the only principle in his bread ; and to that he was
refolved to facrifice all others. He foon gave indances
of his feverity in religious points, by infljfting on bifhop
Gardiner the penalties prefcribed againd difobedience.
Many of the prelates were dill addifted to their ancient
communion. A refolution was therefore taken to deprive
them of their fees ; and it was thought proper to begin
with him, in order to drike a terror into the red. He had
already been tw-o years in prifon, when the council fent
him feveral articles to fubfcribe, among which was one,
acknowledging the judice of the orderfor his confinement.
He was likewife to acknowledge the king’s fupremacy ;
and that the Common Prayer Book was a preferable and
more godly form than the Mifl’al. Gardiner was willing
to put his hand to all the articles, except that by which
he accufed himfelf, which he refufed to do, judly per¬
ceiving that their aim was either to ruin or di (honour
him. For this refufal he was deprived of his bilhopric,
committed to clofer cudody, his books and papers feized,
all company denied him, and not even permitted the ufe
of pen and ink. But the reformers did not dop here :
Warwick and his alfociates deprived, in the fame man¬
ner, Day biffiop of Chicheder, Heathe of Worceder, and
Voify of Exeter. The bifhops of LandafF, Salifbury, and
Coventry, came off fomething better, by facrificing the
mod considerable part of their ecclefiadical revenues.
The libraries of Wedminder and Oxford were now or¬
dered to be ranfacked, and purged of the Romiffi miffals,
legends, and other fuperditious volumes ; in which fearch
great devadation was made even in ufeful literature.
Many volumes, clafped in filver, were dedroyed f^r the
fake of their rich bindings ; many valuable works in
geometry, adronomy, and the mathematics, being fup-
pofed by the ignorant to be conjuring books, met with
no mercy. The venerable univerfity, unable to dop
thefe ravages, filently looked on, and trembled for its
own fafety.

Warwick had hopes of gaining popularity with the
public by thefe humiliations of the church ; and, per¬
ceiving that the king was extremely attached to the re¬
formation, he perceived that he could not make his court
to the young monarch better than by a feeming zeal in
the caufe. But he was dill deadfaflly bent on enlarging
his own power; and, as the earl of Northumberland had
died without iffue or heirs, Warwick procured for him¬
felf a grant of his ample poffeffions, and'obtained the title
alfo of duke of Northumberland. The duke of Somer¬
fet was now the only perfon who fiood in his way ; for,
though fallen, yet he dill preferved a (hare of popula¬
rity, which rendered him formidable to this afpirer. He
was, therefore, by Northumberland’s command, arrefted,
with many others, accufed of being his partizans ; and
he was, with his wife the duchefs, thrown into prifon.
He was now accufed of having formed a defign to raife
an infurreftion in the north ; of attacking the train-bands
on a muder-day ; of plotting to fecure the Tower, and
to excite a rebellion in London. Thefe charges he molt

folemnly

ENGLAND.

folemnly denied ; but be confeffed one of as heinous a
nature, which was, that he had laid a plan for murdering
Northumberland, Northampton, and Pembroke. He was
therefore brought to trial before the marquis of Win-
chefter, who fat as high fteward, with twenty-feven peers,
including Northumberland himfelf, Pembroke, and North¬
ampton, who were at once his judges and accufers. He
was charged with an intention to fecure the perfon of the
king ; to re-affume the adminiftration of affairs; to affaf-
finate the duke of Northumberland ; and raife an infur-
reftion in the city. He pleaded not guilty to the firft
part of the charge, and of this he was acquitted ; but he
was found guilty of confpiring the death of a privy coun-
fellor, which crime had been made felony in the reign of
Henry VII. and for this he was condemned to death.
The populace feeing him re-conveyed to the Tower with¬
out the axe, imagined he had been acquitted, and in re¬
peated Ihouts and acclamations manifefted their joy ; but
this wasJuddenly damped, when they were informed of
his doom. Care, in the mean time, had been taken to
prepoffefs the y.oung king againft his uncle ; and, left he
fhould relent, no accefs was permitted to any of Somer-
fet’s friends. At length the prifoner was brought to the
fcaft'old on Tower-hill, where he appeared, without the
leaft emotion, in the midft of a vaft concourfe of the po¬
pulace, by whom he was beloved. He fpoke to them
with great compofure, protefting that he had always pro¬
moted the fervice of his king, and the interefts of true
religion, to the belt of his power. The people attefted
their belief to what lie faid, by crying out, “ It is mod
true.” An univerfal tumult was beginning to take place ;
but Somerfet deliring them to be Hill, and not to inter¬
rupt his laft meditations, but to join with him in prayer,
he laid down his head, and fubmitted to the ftroke of the
executioner, A. D. 1 552. Sir Ralph Vane and fir Miles
Partridge, were hanged; and fir Michael Stanhope and
fir Thomas Arundel, were beheaded, as his accomplices'.

Nothing could have been more unpopular than the
meafure of deftroying Somerfet, who, though many ac¬
tions of his life were certainly exceptionable, yet ftill
confulted the good of the people. The houfe of com¬
mons was particularly attached to him ; and of this North¬
umberland was fenfible. He therefore determined to dif-
folve the parliament, and call another that would be more
obfequious to his will. For this purpofe he engaged the
king to write circular letters to all the fheriffs/in which
he enjoined them to choofe fuch men as he and the privy-
council fhould recommend. With this defpotic mandate
the fhqriffs complied ; and the members returned fully
anfwered Northumberland’s purpofe. He had long aimed
at abfolute authority; and the infirm ftate of the king’s
health opened the profpects of his ambition. He repre-
fented to that young prince, that his lifters, Mary and Eli¬
zabeth, who were appointed by Henry’s will to fucceed
on the failure of male heirs to the crown, had been botli
declared illegitimate by parliament ; that the queen of
Scots, his aunt, flood excluded by the king’s will, and
being an alien alfo, loft all right of fucceeding ; that as
thefe three princeffes were thus legally excluded, the
iucceftion naturally devolved on the marchionefs of Dor-
fet, whole next heir was lady Jane Grey. The king,
who had long been deluded by this defigning minifter,
agreed to have the fucceflion inveftigated by the privy-
council, with whom Northumberland was lure of carry¬
ing his point.

In the mean time, as the king’s health rapidly de¬
clined, the minifter laboured to ftrengthen his own con¬
nections. His firft aim was to fecure the interefts of the
marquis of Dorfet, father to lady Jane "Grey, by pro¬
curing for him the title of duke of Suffolk, which had
lately become extindl. He then propofed a match be¬
tween his fourth fon, lord Guilford Dudley, and lady
Jane Grey, who he intended to advance to the throne.
Bent on extending his interefts as widely as pollible, he
married his own daughter to lord Haftings, and had the
Vol. VI. No. 379.

645

nuptials folemnized with all pollible pomp and feftivity.
Meanwhile Edward continued to languid) ; and feveral
fatal fymptoms of confumption appeared. It was hoped,
however, that his youth and temperance might get the
better of his malady ; and from their love, the people
were unwilling to think him in danger. It had been re¬
marked indeed by fome, that his'health was vifibly feen
to decline, from the time the Dudleys were brought
about his perfon. The character of Northumberland
alfo gave colour to fufpicion ; and his removing every
one, except his own emiffaries, from about the king, fur¬
ther increafed the difgufts of the people. Northumber¬
land difregarded their murmurs; he was adiduous only
in his attendance upon the king, and profelfed the moll
anxious concern for his fafety, but ftill drove forward his
darling fcheme of transferring the fucceflion to his own
daughter-in-law. The judges, who were appointed to
frame the king’s letters-patent for that purpofe, warmly
objected to the meafure, and gave their reafons before
the council. They infilled that a parliament ought to be
fummoned, both to give it force, and free its projectors
from danger ; for that the form was invalid, and would
not only implicate the judges who drew it, but every
counfellor who figned it, to a charge of treafon. North¬
umberland could not brook thefe demurs ; lie threatened
them with the dread of his authority ; called one of them
a traitor; and faid he would fight in his ftiirt witli any
man in fo juft a caufe as that of lady Jane’s fucceflion.
A fcheme was therefore fuggefted of fereening the judged
from danger, by granting them the king’s pardon for what
they fliould draw up ; and at length, after much delibe¬
ration, the patent for changing the fucceflion was com¬
pleted. By this patent Mary and Elizabeth were fet
afide, and the crown was fettled on the heirs of the du-
chefs of Suffolk ; for the duchefs herfelf chofe to forego
her claim.

Northumberland having fo far fucceeded, thought phy-
ficians no longer neceffary in the king’s complaint; they
were difmiffed by his advice ; and Edward was put into
the hands of a female empiric, who very confidently un¬
dertook his cure. After the ufe of her medicines, all the
bad fymptoms increafed in a mod violent degree ; he felt
a difficulty of fpeech and breathing ; his pulfe'failed, his
legs fwelled, his colour changed, and every fymptom ap¬
peared of his approaching end. He expired at Greenwich,
July 6, 1553, in the fixteenth year of his age, and the
feveirth of his reign, greatly regretted by all, as his early
virtues gave a fair profpedt of future profperity to the
country.

The charadter of Edward VI. has been alike celebrious
in the contemplation of all his biographers. Had he been
permitted to live to years of maturity, he would, mod pro¬
bably, have approved himfelf an able and refpedlable mo¬
narch. Of natural capacity he had a great fliare ; and he
feems to have had a genius for government. lie reflected
much on the concerns of his dignified ftation ; he was fe-
dulous in his enquiries into the ftate of hiskingdom; he was
acute in dilcovering the abufes which prevailed ; he plan¬
ned fchemes of improvement and reformation ; he encou¬
raged every meafure which he conlidered as conducive to
the interefts and the happinefs of his people. He culti¬
vated foreign politics with eagernels, and aftonilhed the
ambafla.dors.of Europe by the variety of his knowledge,
and the fagacity of his obfervations. He patronized the
arts, as well liberal as mechanical; and he was a friend
to merit of every denomination. The navy, that bulwark
of an infular fituation, was improved under his aufpices ;
and on commerce, that promoter of national aggrandize¬
ment, he bellowed a high degree of attention. Among
the writings which are attributed to him, we find the
heads 6f a judicious fcheme for the eftablilhment of a
general mart of European commerce in England. He has
been always celebrated for the mildnefs and humanby of
his difpolition, for the modefty and humility of his de¬
portment, for his regard to juftice and equby, for his
8 B combination

646

ENG

combination of liberality with economy, and for his vi¬
gorous application to public bufinefs. His literary cha¬
racter has alfo been the fubjeft of extraordinary panegy¬
ric. At an early age he diftinguifhed himfelf by his
acquifitions in philology ; he was acquainted with the con-
troverfial points of divinity; and he had made a great pro¬
ficiency in philofophical purfuits. Cardan, the celebrated
Italian phyfician, palling fome time at his court, was fur-
prifed at the multifarious accomplilhments which he ob-
ferved in this princely youth ; and he has borne teftimony
to Edward’s acquaintance with ancient and modern lan¬
guages ; to his (kill in logic, mufic, and natural philofo-
phy ; to his dignity of demeanor, and complacency of
temper. But, notwith (landing all the encomiums which
have been palled on his character, fome blemifhes nlay
be remarked. His early initiation in the doCtrines of the
reformers, had given him fo rooted a difgufi: to whatever
was repugnant to his own religious ideas, that his devo¬
tion may juftly be laid to have been tinCtured with bigo¬
try ; and, though he deferves our commendation for hav¬
ing teftified fuch reluCtance to the execution of Joan of
Kent and Van Paris, who were the only perfons com¬
mitted to the flames in his reign, (and it is much to be
regretted, for the honour of the protellants, that even
two Ihould fuffer for opinions under their fway,) it would
have been more honourable if he had carried to a greater
extent his oppofition to fuch unjuftifiable cruelty. In
another inltance, there feems to be fufficient reafon for
blaming his want of mental vigour. We ajlude to the
death of his uncle the duke of Somerfet, a faithful fer-
vant of the crown, whom, from a facility in believing the
infinuations of his enemies, and from an apparent defect in
manly firmnefs, he gave up to the malice of faftion. The
facrifice of his other uncle was lefs reprehenfible, as the
guilt of that nobleman was lefs problematical.

This monarch was never married, though an alliance
had been projected between him and one of the daughters
cf Henry II. of France. He was the founder of fome va¬
luable inftitutions. Chrift’s hofpital in London, that of
St. Thomas in Southwark, and feveral free-fchools in
different parts of the realm, owe their eltablifhment to
his bounty.

On the death of Edward, a fanguine cloud prepared to
overcaft the horizon of England ; and no fewer than four
princeffes were ready to affert their pretenfions to the
crown. Mary, who flood firft upon Henry’s will, had
been declared illegitimate by an act of parliament, which
was never repealed: Elizabeth was next; and though
fhe had been declared illegitimate, yet (he had been re-
Itored to her rights during her father’s life-time. Mar¬
garet queen of Scotland, Henry’s eldeft filler, was firft in
right, fuppofing the two daughters illegitimate; while
lady Jane Grey, befides her right of fucceflion after the
line of Margaret, was made to allege the will of the
late king as a claim of priority in her favour. The am¬
bitious Northumberland, therefore, took every ftep to
feize the princeffes as prifoners, and to fix the crown on
the head of lady Jane. In the mean time Mary and Eli¬
zabeth were actually on the road to the court, allured
thither by a feigned melfage from the duke of Northum¬
berland ; but the news of the king’s death gave them
warning of the deceit ; and Mary, flying into Suffolk,
found every one eager to arm in her caufe. The detef-
tation, indeed, in which the duke of Northumberland
was held, rendered every project in favour of his family
fruitlefs ; and the unfortunate though amiable Jane,
who, after many refufals, had been prevailed on by her
father and hufband to accept the crown, refigned it with
real and unaffected pleafure, after a joylefs reign of ten
days. Mary, at the head of a numerous army, a thou-
fand of which had been levied by the princefs Elizabeth,
entered London, and afcended the throne. Nor did the
mean conduct of Northumberland fave his life ; although,
on finding himfelf deferted by his army, he had call up
his cap for Mary, and had fallen on his knees to lord

a A N D.

Arundel, her general, who apprehended him ; while, at
that humiliating moment, a woman held up to the daf-
tardly fuppliant’s face a. handkerchief, dipped, as (lie
faid, in the innocent blood of Somerfet, whom he had
murdered. He was immediately tried and condemned by
his peers for treafon, and beheaded on Tower-hill, with
Palmer and Gates, his intimate affociates.

As it was the with of Mary to acquire popularity, (lie
fhed no more blood on the prefent occafion ; and, to at¬
tract the attention of the multitude, (lie rode through
London in pomp, crowned by a circle of gold and pre¬
cious (tones, fo Heavy, that (he was forced to fupport her
head with her hand. Behind her came in a chariot the
princefs Elizabeth and lady Anne of Cleves, So careful
was Mary not to irritate or offend her fubjeCts, that
though lady Jane Grey, with her hufband and his bro¬
thers, had been tried and condemned for treafon, their
fentences were refpited. Yet after (he had releafed the
venerable Norfolk, and the other prifoners in the Tower,
(lie wiffied to celebrate the funeral obfequies of her bro¬
ther with the ceremonies of the papal church ; but Cran-
mer floutly oppofed this innovation, and (heltering him¬
felf under adts of parliament (till in force, he interred the
remains of Edward in the chapel of Henry VII. after the
rites of the reformed church. If he officiated in perfon,
it was probably his lad aCt of office; for he was almoft
immediately confined to his houfe, and treated as a crimi¬
nal. Mary had afterwards a ferv ice performed for her
deceafed brother in her own chapel.

But it was not long before the natural bigotry of Mary
took its full fcope. A parliament was formed which
would fecond her in any meaftire, except the reftoration
of the church lands. The proteftant bifhops were eject¬
ed and imprifoned ; their fees filled with zealous catho¬
lics, and cardinal Pole was fent for haftiiy to affift, as the
pope’s nuncio, in cleanfing the polluted land. But the
policy of Gardiner, who fufpedled that the queen meant
Pole for her hufband, or at lead for her primate, found
means to check the too impetuous zeal of Mary, by the
intervention of the emperor. The queen, however, tried
to pleafe the people by remitting the fubfidy granted to
Edward, but not levied ; yet the a£ts of her parliament
were not in general popular. Her own illegitimacy w;as
reverfed, but that of Elizabeth was ungeneroully confirm¬
ed ; and Mary, by afligning to her filler a low rank, even
beneath the counteffes, drove from the court one who
had earneftly forwarded her fucceflion. Religion was
placed on the papal footing at the lad part of Henry VIII’s
reign, and all preaching, except by licence, flopped.
The proteftants were now feverely treated, their preach¬
ers impril'oned, and even the men of Suffolk, to whofe
loyalty Mary owed her crown, were feverely threatened,
and one of them pilloried for demanding that liberty of
confidence, with the promife of which (he had engaged
their afliftance.

Mary was now for a ffiort time diverted from her perfe-
cutions, by the overtures made by her coufin, Charles V.
of Spain, for a match between her and his fon Philip, a
handfome prince, ten years younger than herfelf. The
nation, however, faw the event in a light fo different,
that a dangerous revolt enfued, headed by fir Thomas
Wyat, a Kentilh knight; who, although a fteady Ro¬
man catholic, had imbibed, by travelling through Spain,
an utter deteftation of that country’s fevere manners.
Followed by a ftrong party he marched from Rochefter to
London, having been joined on the road by a band of
citizens, at the head of whom that venerable warrior,
the duke of Norfolk (now relieved from his attainder),
meant to have oppofed him. Wyat, however, finding
the bridge of the metropolis well defended, loft fo much
time in marching round by Kingfto«,»/and in repairing
the broken carriages of his artillery, that when he entered
London through Hyde-park, a ftrong force had been col¬
lected, by which he was overpowered and taken. He
expiated Jus fault on Tower-hill, where lie folemnly

avowed

E N G I

avowed the innocence of the princefs Elizabeth and of
Courtney, who both had been charged as favouring his
revolt. Much blood was (heel on this occafion. Suffolk,
with lady Jane Grey, and her hufband, were beheaded ;
and lord Thomas Gray, a gallant commander, with hun¬
dreds of inferior rank, fuffered death in the fame caufe.
The unfortunate Jane was highly accomplifhed, and well
verfed in the ancient as well as the modern tongues. To
her lad moments the lamented her having accepted the
crown ; and laid the blame on her own blind filial affec¬
tion ; and told the people from the fcaffold that flie fuf¬
fered defervedly, fince her innocence was no excufe for
the trouble which file had occafioned to the realm. She
would not fee her hulband, left the interview fliould be
too affeCting ; and, with inimitable meeknefs, thanked
doctor Fecknam with her laft words, for the pains he had
ineffectually taken in endeavouring to convert her to his
faith. She was only fixteen years of age when (he fuf¬
fered. Mary now gave orders, that the church fiiould
be purged of all married priefts, and fome thoufands of
the clergy, in confequence, loft their benefices.

In July, 1554, prince Philip of Spain arrived at South¬
ampton. Difpleafed, perhaps, 'at the (tern commander
of his convoy, who had fired at the Spanifh (hips to make
them falute the Englifti flag, he landed with his fword
drawn, and made no return to the compliments which at¬
tended his approach to that polite town. The Englifti
were difgufted by a continuation of this haughty conduit ;
but Mary endeavoured to make up by her fondnefs for
the indifference of her iubjeCts. The articles of the union
bad been drawn with gieat caution; and Philip gained
little by the wedding, which was celebrated at Weftmin-
fter, A. D. 1554, except a homely, ill-tempered, jealous,
wife. The gold which he brought with him (which
filled twenty-feven chefts, befides ninety-nine horfe-loads
and two cart-loads of coin) fmoothed his way ; and lie
gained fome credit with the Englifti by interfering with
Mary in behalf of her After Elizabeth, of Courtney, Dud¬
ley, Harrington, and others who were confined, and in
great danger.

A conference on religion held at Oxford having ended,
as the Roman catholics declared, in favour of the old
faith, Mary, who now gave it out that (he was pregnant,
no longer deferred the folemn re-union of England to the
holy fee, and with fincere tranfport quitted that here¬
tical title “The Supreme Plead of the Church;” and
was fo much affeCted at the fpeech which cardinal Pole
made on this occafion before both houfes of parliament,
that it was declared “ (lie felt the child ftir in her womb.”
Inftantly the Roman catholics affirmed it would be a
male; and Bonner, bifhop of London, ordered prayers
throughout his diocefe, “ that he might be beautiful,
vigorous, and witty.” The prieft of Alderfgate went
further, and, by a fpiirit of prophecy, defcribed the fex
and features of the embryo. Yet this uterine commotion
proved to be nothing but a dropfy ! Whether ir was from
this difappointment, or the levity of the proteftants, or
both, a fcene of the mod bloody perfecution now followed.
The parliament had revived the moft fanguinary laws
againft heretics, and the mild fyftem of Pole gave way
to the atrocious counfels of Gardiner. Rogers, the moft
popular of proteftant preachers, led the way to the ftake ;
Hooper, late bifhop of Gloucefter, followed; nor were
the horrors of bigotry long checked even by the declara¬
tion of Alphonfo, almoner to Philip, who, before the
council, bitterly reproached the Englifti bifhops for their
impolitic inhumanity, and endeavoured to flop the effu-
fion of innocent blood. After a flight paufe, the perfe¬
cution raged with more fury than ever. Ferrars, bifhop
of St. David’s, was burnt in his own diocefe ; and the
venerable Latimer, with Ridley, late bifhop of London,
fuffered the fame cruel death at Oxford. The fate of
Gardiner, who was awfully ftruck with death while ex¬
ulting in the tortures of the laft-mentioned fufferer, did
nc fervice to the caufe of humanity. Bonner, who fuc-
2

.AND. 647

ceeded him in carrying on the infernal perfecution, added
favage buffoonery to the moft refined cruelty. Yet, even
he, fatigued with the facrifice of blood, was fometimes
reprimanded for indolence.

To finifti at once this difgraceful and deteftable fub-
jeCt, during the three remaining years of Mary’s fangui¬
nary reign, there periflied at the ftake two hundred and
feventy-feven perfons ; among whom were reckoned, five
biftiops, twenty-one clergymen, eight gentlemen, eighty-
four tradefmen, one hundred hufbandmen, fifty-five wo¬
men, and four children. The temper of Mary grew more
turbid, in proportion as her views and hopes were defeat¬
ed. That pregnancy on which both (he and Philip fo
much depended, clofing in difappointment, the fpoufe,
on whom (lie fo fondly doated, left her, with cool con¬
temptuous indifference, and haftily failed to Spain; and
even her hireling fenate, when (he wanted money to gra¬
tify her hulband, reproached her for having given back
to the church thofe domains which ought to have fup-
plied her with what (lie now demanded. Philip certainly
wedded Mary with a view to rule in England, and when
the queen was luppofed to be pregnant, he applied to
parliament that he might be regent during the minority
of any child which might appear, offering to give bond
to furrender the «overnment to fuch child when of age
to rule. The debate grew warm ; but lord Paget afking,
“ who fliould fue the king’s bond ?” the whole was fud-
denly concluded in the negative.

Difappointed by her parliament, and deferted by her
hulband, Mary now exerted herfelf in difcovering and
fining fuch as had (hared the moveables, books, &c. of
monafteries ; and by her orders, towards the clofe of the
year 1555, archbiftiop Cranmer was tried by three com-
mifiioners for herefy, and condemned to be degraded, and
to be burnt alive. It was at this awful period that the
frailty of human nature, and the importunity of Englifti
and foreign divines, perfuaded Cranmer to forfake that
religion, of which he had hitherto been the chief fup-
port. His apoftacy was (liort. Mary, who detefted him
.for his (hare in her mother’s divorce, not choofing to lofe
her revenge, privately ordered his execution. But Cran¬
mer had already repented of his weaknefs ; and when he
was brought to church to abjure proteftantifm publicly,
he difappointed the auditors by bemoaning his own folly,
and affirming his determination to die in his former opi¬
nions. See the particulars of his execution under Cran¬
mer, vol. v. p. 324.

Mean time cardinal Pole fucceeded Cranmer in the fee
of Canterbury ; and the fires at Smithfield blazed fiercely
for inferior heretics, while the zealous Mary was only
prevented from burning larger numbers of her fubjects
by the remiffnefs of the county magiftrates, whom the
council were forced perpetually to remind of their duty.
The princefs Elizabeth, during this heat of perfecution,
was in no pleafant date. Since her releafe from theTower,
(he had been in fuch ill-otnened cuftody, that (lie had
often reafon to think her life in danger. Once Gardiner
had actually procured a warrant for her death, (igned by
fome of the privy-council ; but the queen being told of
it, was obliged to forbid the execution. At Wood-
ftock (lie was perpetually teazed by Gardiner, to own her
enmity towards Mary ; but which (he fteadily denied.
Philip, as is generally believed, at length, obtained leave
for her to live at Hatfield; and even there (lie had to her
knowledge, in her own houfehold, two fpies upon her
conduct. To calm the anxiety which fuch fituations
muff occafion, the princefs had recourfe to the grate¬
ful aid of literature, and foothed her fears by perilling
the elegant productions of the ancients in their native
tongues.

During this period, A. D. 1556, the weaknefs and bi¬
gotry of the government, its want of money, and the
unwillingnefs to exafperate by taxation a people who
detefted its meafures, rendered the ftate of England con¬
temptible in the eyes of foreign nations. A war with

Scotland

C48

ENGLAND.

Scotland was with difficulty avoided, by tbe firmnefs of
the lords Shrewlbury and Wharton ; who, with a fmall
iorce, ill-paid, kept the borderers in peace with each
other. But the extreme difcontent of the people occa-
lioned more than one rifing in various parts of England.
One of thefe at Dis, in Norfolk, though trifling in itfeif,
and headed only by a poor fchoolmafter, named Cleber,
furnifhed a fufficient pretence for feveral perfons to fuffer
the death of traitors at Bury, in Suffolk.

It was not until 1557, that Phil ip" of Spain deigned to
vifit li is negledled confort ; blit, more actuated by interefi
than love, he made her immediate declaration of war
againft France the price of all future endearments. Mary
could hardly have brought this about, fince the mar¬
riage articles, drawn by the cautious Gardiner, exprefsly
guarded the nation againft this contingency, had not an
infurredtion in the north, under Stafford, given her a
pretence to accufe the French councils of difturbing the
peace of her realm. This ill-advifed revolter, with a few
French adventurers, who forfook him at the firft onfet,
pompoyfly propoled himfelf as protestor of England
againft the Spaniards. He was feized in Scarborough by
lord Weftmoreland, brought to London, and with three
accomplices executed.

To raife money from a turbulent people, to fupport
the meafures of a weak queen and a timid miniftry, was
no eafy talk ; and various and humiliating were the expe¬
dients to which recourfe w-as had by Mary. One time (he
forced fixty gentlemen to lend her one thoufand pounds
a-piece : but thefe impofttions fell chiefly on proteftant
families ; the Roman catholics prefumed much on their
favour at court, and were moftly fkreened from thefe op-
preflions ; but fometimes they prefumed too far, as in
the cafe of lord Stourton, a Roman baron- of Wilts, who,
on this principle, had bitterly opprelled his neighbour,
a gentleman, named Hartgill, to whom he owed an old
grudge. At length, in 1557, trufting to his intereft with
the council of Mary, he nearly murdered the younger
Hartgill, who was on a vifit at his houfe. Being fined
and imprifoned for this attempt, he got leave to return
to Wilts, that he might pay the fine to the Hartgills. He
then decoyed the whole family into Kilmington church¬
yard, where he made his fervants bind the father and fon,
and carry them by force to his houfe at Stourhead, after
having wounded the wife of the younger Hartgill, who
implored for her hufband on her knees. When he had
them in his houfe, he caufed them to be beaten with
clubs, and then held the candle while his fervants cut
their throats. No intereft of power or religion could pro¬
tect lord Stourton after this execrable aft. He was tried,
found guilty, and hanged in the market-place of Salif-
bury, as were his four fervants at Stourhead.

With fums thus acquired by extortions little fliort of
Jobberies, and by feizing the corn and grain for the life
of her army, without any kind of remuneration to the
owners, Mary was enabled to maintain a body of eight
thoufand men, whom fhe fent under lord Pembroke, to
join the army of her hufband Philip in Flanders, where
they arrived in time to fliare in the honour of the battle
of St. Quintin. Meanwhile, Mary fought the battles of
bigotry at home ; and, forming an ecclefiaftical council of
twenty-one, which had as near a refemblance to thein-
quifition as fne dared to give it, fhe placed fpies on the
country juftices, fummoned them to appear in London,
and haraffed them into meafures which afforded new fuel
for the Smithfield fires.

A fevere difgrace now impended over England. Calais,
which had now been appended to the Britifh dominions
two hundred years, and had been eleven months in fub-
d.iing, was loft in almoft as many days. Archbifliop
Heathe was chancellor and minifter ; and his royal miftrefs
and himfelf thought more of burning heretics, than of
fecuring the poffeflions of the crown. Calais, therefore,
and its dependencies, deftitute of men, money, and (lores,
fell eafily to a lpirited attack, commanded by the great

duke of Guife, and feconded by the brother of the equally
great admiral Coligny. This fortrefs, of much more con-
fequence to the honour than to the profit of the Englifh
nation, had been long menaced; and Philip of Spain had
given notice of its danger to his improvident \vife. She,
however, took no attention to the prefervation of fo in-
terefting a poft, but permitted a large part of the garri-
fon, as had been ufual, from motives of an ill-judged
parfimony, to quit the duty during the winter months.
Lord Gray, the governor, a man of honour, in vain pre-
faged the fatal confequence of this neglect. Mary’s eccle¬
fiaftical minifters mocked his fears, and faid that, during
winter, their white (laves would be garrifon enough to
defend the place. But Mary, unfeeling as (he was, felt
this difgrace, and faid, “ that when (lie (hould die, Calais
would be found engraven on her heart.” The French
turned all the inhabitants out of the place after plunder¬
ing them. A number of Scots, who ferved on the fide
of France, behaved with great kindnefs to the diftretfed
Englifh, even in the midft of the exultations of the French,
which were unreftrained and unbounded. The caftle of
Guifnes refilled longer than Calais, but foon fell, and
that of Harames was abandoned. Thus melted away the
fad hold which England long vaunted that fhe kept over
France. A parliament was now affembled ; and, though
in a very ill humour, it granted to Mary 5. fupply, which
enabled her to fend a fleet under lord Clinton, which ra¬
vaged part of the French coaft ; but with little advantage
or honour. Ten Englifh (hips of war were more fortu¬
nate. Hearing the noife of a battle while cruizing off
Gravelines, they failed up an arm of the lea, and by can¬
nonading one wing of the French army, they enabled the
Spaniards to give their foes a fignal overthrow.

And now, after a feries of political errors and cruel
perfecutions, the termination of Mary’s inglorious reign
drew on apace. Every refiedtion had for a long time
weighed heavy on her heart, and now tormented her.
The confcioufnefs of being hated by her fubjects, the
profpeft of her filler Elizabeth’s fucceflion, whom the
hqted, and, above all, her anxiety for the lofs of her
hufband, who had taken a final farewel, all thefe pain¬
ful fenfations preyed upon her mind, and heightened a
lingering fever, of which fhe died, on the 17th of No¬
vember, 1558, after a difgraceful reign of five years,
four months, and eleven days, in the forty-third year of
her age. Her relation cardinal Pole, the primate, fur-
vived her only fixteen hours. She was buried in the
chapel of her grandfather Henry VII. under the ritual of
the church of Romp.

To delineate the character of this inglorious queen, is
nearly as unpleafant a talk as to write the memoirs of her
reign. Her perfon was mean, as her mind was narrow ;
from her mother fhe inherited pride ; from her father,
obftinacy and cruelty ; but neither of her parents contri¬
buted to her any (hare of their abilities. Yet, fays Black-
done, “ many falutary and popular laws, in civil matters,
were made under her adminiftratioii ; perhaps the better
to reconcile the people to the bloody meafures which e
was induced to purfue, for the re-eftabliffiment of reli¬
gious llavery.” The mildnefs and humanity of her bro¬
ther Edward VI. mud have been ftrongly contrafted in
the minds of the people, as well as in the impartial opi¬
nion of pofterity, with the horrible and unmitigated cru¬
elty of Mary’s government. That fuch favage and fan-
guinary adts (hould have been endured in a country which
had advanced any (leps towards civilization, is aftonifh-
ing! but it nearly exceeds the bounds of belief, that
thefe aids (hould have been pradtifed under the pretence
of promoting the caufe of a religion, of which the diftin-
guifhing charadteriftics are peace, forbearance, and good-,
will towards men. From the contemplation of fuch enor¬
mities, we turn away with horror and difguft, to the
milder influence of a more benignant reign. Yet, in
juftice to Mary, it mud be acknowledged that the exe¬
crable example was afforded her by the proteftants, in

ENGLAND. <H9

the time of her predeceflor, in the horrid indance which
has been noticed in the preceding pages.

Elizabeth, the daughter of Henry VIII. by Anna
Boleyn, was dill leading a fugitive life at Hatfield, when
the news reached her of her lifter’s death ; and flattening
to London, was received by the multitude with univerfal
acclamations. Elizabeth had received her education
in that bed fchool, the fchool of adverfity ; and die had
made a proper life of her retirement. Being debarred
the enjoyment of pleafures abroad, die fought for know¬
ledge at home ; die cultivated her tinderdanding, learned
the languages and fciences ; but of all the arts which die
acquired, that of concealing her opinions, of checking
her inclinations, of difpleafnig none, and of dudying judi-
cioudy to reign, were the mod beneficial to her. This
virgin monarch, as fome hidorians have called her, upon
entering the Tower, according to the then cudom,
A. D. 1558, could not refrain from remarking on the dif¬
ference of her prefent and her former fortune, when die
was fent there as a prifoner, and from whence fhe had fo
narrowly efcaped. She had no footier been proclaimed
queen, than Philip, who had been married to Mary, but
who had ever teftified a partiality for Elizabeth, ordered
his atnbaffador in London, the duke of Feria, to make
her propofals of marriage in his behalf. What political
motives Elizabeth might have againd this conneftion, are
not mentioned ; but certain it is, that die neither approv¬
ed the perfon nor the religion of her admirer. She was
willing at once to enjoy the pleafures of independence,
-and the vanity of numerous folicitations. But, while
thefe were her views, fhe returned him a very obliging,
though evafive, anfvver; and he dill retained fuch hopes
of fuccefs, that he fent meffengers to Rome, to folicit a
-difpenfation for that purpofe from the pope.

Elizabeth had, from the beginning, refolved upon re¬
forming the church, even w'hile die was held in the con-
ftraints of a prifon ; and now, upon coming to the crown,
fhe immediately fet about the falutary work. But not
to alarm the partifansof the catholics, die retained eleven
of her fitter’s council ; and, in order to balance their
authority, added eight more, who were known to be af¬
fectionate to the proteftant caufe. Her particular ad-
vifer, however, was Hr William Cecil, fecretary of date,
a man- more earnettly employed in the bufinefs than in
the {'peculations of the times; and who was anxious to
adopt any religion that he thought would contribute to
the welfare of the ftnte. By his advice, therefore, fhe
recalled all exiles, and gave liberty to all prifoners, con¬
fined on account of religion. She publidied a proclama¬
tion, which prohibited preaching without a licenfe, au¬
thorized divine fervice to be read in Englilli ; and forbad
in future the elevation of the hoft. A parliament,
A. D. 1559, completed what the prerogative had begun ;
aft after aft was patted in favour of the reformation ;
and in a fingle feflion the form of religion was eftablittied,
as we have at prefent the happinefsto enjoy it.

The oppolition at firft made by the clergy to thefe re¬
ligious eftablittiments, was very furious; yet of nine
thoufand four hundred beneficed clergymen, which was
then the number in the kingdom, only fourteen bittiops,
twelve archdeacons, fifteen heads of colleges, and about
eighty of the parochial clergy, chofe to quit their pre¬
ferments, rather than give up their religion. Thus
England was feen to change its religious tenets four
times fince the beginning of the reign of Henry VIII.
“ Strange” fays a foreign writer, “ that a people fo
refolute (hould be guilty of fo much inconttancy ; that
the fame people who this day aflitted at the execution of
heretics (houid, the next, not only think thofe heretics
guiltlefs, but conform to their fyftems of thinking.”

The queen, thus fixed upon a proteftant throne, had
all the catholic countries of Europe to contend with ;
and France, Scotland, Italy, and Spain, combined againlt
her. Even her fubjefts of Ireland were concealed ene¬
mies ; and the catholic party in England, though profel-

Vol. VI. No. 380.

fing obedience, were ready to take advantage of her flight-
eft misfortunes. In this fituation fhe had no other re-
fources than the affeftion of her fubjefts, her own per-
feverance, and the wifdomofher adminiftration. From
the commencement of her reign, fhe aimed at two very
difficult attainments; of being loved by her fubjefts,
and feared by her courtiers. She refolved to be frugal
of her treafury, and ftill more fparing in her rewards to
favourites. This at once kept the people in good hu¬
mour, and the great in a conftant flare of dependence.
In fhort, flie appeared to have ftitdied the people (lie was
born to govern, and thence knew how to flatter their
foibles, and fecure their affeftions. Her chief minifler
was Robert Dudley, fon to the late duke of Northumber¬
land, whom (he feemed to regard from capricious mo¬
tives; for he poflefled neither abilities nor virtue. But
to make amends, the two minifters next in power were
Bacon and Cecil, men of great capacity and infinite ap¬
plication ; they regulated the finances, and diredled the
political meafures with foreign courts, which were after¬
wards followed with fo much fuccefs.

The affairs of Elizabeth wore every feature of genial
fuccefs; but a (late of permanent felicity is not to be ex-
pefted on earth. Mary Stuart, commonly called Mary
queen of Scots, was the firft perfon that excited the ap-
prehenfions of the magnanimous queen of England. We
have already noticed, that Henry VII. married his eldeft
daughter Margaret to James IV. king of Scotland, who
dying, left an infant fon, by Margaret, afterwards James V
who marrying, for his fecond wife, Mary Guile, duchefs
dowager of Longue ville, had iffue Mary, afterwards queen
of Scots. At a very early age, this princefs, being pof-
felfed of every accompliftiment of perfon and mind, was
married to the dauphin of France, afterwards Francis II.
who dying in 1560, left her a widow at the age of nine¬
teen. As Elizabeth had been declared illegitimate by
Henry VIII. Francis, in right of his wife, the grand¬
daughter of Margaret, began to affume the title ot king
of England ; nor did the queen of Scots, his confort,
feem to decline (haring this empty appellation. But
what gave the greatett offence to Elizabeth, was a report
that Francis and Mary had coined money with the arms
of France quartered with thofe of England, and had afttt-
ally caufed the fame to be engraved on their fervice of
plate.

Upon the death of Francis, Mary, the widow, ftill
feemed difpofed to keep up the title ; but finding herfelf
expofed to the perfecution of the dowager queen, the
mother of Francis, who now began to take the lead in
France, (he determined to return home to Scotland, and
demanded a fafe paffage from her coufin Elizabeth
through England. But it was. now Elizabeth’s turn to
refufe ; and (lie fent back a very haughty anfwer to
Mary’s requeft, upbraiding her with having defigns on
the crown of England. From hence a perfonal enmity
began to prevail between thefe rival queens.

The reformation in England having completely taken
place, that work was now alfo going on in Scotland ; but
with circumftances of great animofity among the people.
The mutual refentment which either party in that king¬
dom bore to each other, knew no bounds. It was in
this divided date of the country, that Elizabeth, by giv¬
ing encouragement to the reformers, gained their affec¬
tions from their native queen, who being a catholic,
naturally favoured thofe of her own communion. The
reformers confidered Elizabeth as their patronefs and
defender, and Mary as their perfecutor and enemy. In
this fituation of things Mary had returned from France
to reign in Scotland, entirely attached to the cu (lotus and
manners of that airy people, and confequently averfe to
the gloomy aufterity which her reformed fubjefts affect¬
ed, and which they fancied made an indifpenlable ingre¬
dient in religion. The jealoufy thus excited, began
every day to grow ftronger; the clergy waited only for
fome indiferetion in the queen, to fly out into open oppo-
8 C lition ;

€50

ENGLAND.

fnion; and her affairs too foon gave them fufficient op¬
portunity.

After two years fpent in altercation and reproach be¬
tween Mary and her fubjeCts, it was refolved by her
council, A. D. 1564, that (he fliould look out for fome
alliance, by which (lie might be protected againft: the in-
folence and infatuation of her fpiritual inftruCtors. After
fome deliberation, lord Darnley, fon to the earl of Le-
jiox, was the perfon in whom their wifhes centred. He
had been born and educated in England; was grandfon
to Henry VII. by his daughter Margaret of Scotland,
and therefore divided with Mary the claim to the crown
of England ; he was now in his twentieth year, and was
pofiefl'ed of a fine manly exterior. When Sir James
Melvill was font to communicate this treaty of marriage
to the court of L.ondon, and to have recognized their next
right of fuccefiion to the crown, Elizabeth affected to
approve of the nuptials. The Englifh princefs, as jea¬
lous of Mary’s charms as of her title, fifted the ambalfa-
dor even as to the colour of her hair. At laft, fhe afked
him plainly, which of the two he thought the faired ?
To this the cautious Melvill anfwered, that her majeffy
was the faireft perfon in England, and his miftrefs in
Scotland. During their interviews, Elizabeth fliewed
herfelf to him in tire drefles of various countries, and con¬
trived to let him hear her perform on the virginals, an
inftrument which fire underftood to perfection ; all the
time endeavouring, with incredible dexterity, to allure
the envoy into comparifons difadvantageous to his mif¬
trefs. — Yet Elizabeth, when afterwards informed of the
aCtual confummation of thefe nuptials, pretended to
teftify the utmoft difpleafure ; feized the earl of Lenox’s
Engdifh efhite, and threw the countefs and her fecond fon
into the Tower. Duplicity of conduct, was a ffrong fea¬
ture in Elizabeth’s character ; and, on the prefent occa-
lion, it ferved as a pretext for publicly denying Mary’s
title to the future fuccefiion of England, which that
princefs urged. In this fame year 1564, under the per-
iecuting hand of Elizabeth towards all her relations of
the blood royal, Frances duchefs of Suffolk, daughter to
Mary of France, youngeft filler to Henry VIII. ended in
prilon a life, which, for variety of wretchednefs, had but
few parallels fince that of the Trojan Hecuba. She had
feen her daughter, lady JaneGrey, beheaded. Herownand
her daughter’s hufbands had fliared the fame fate. Her
daughter Catharine, after having been repudiated by the
earl of Pembroke, was now confined in the Tower; and
her youngeft daughter, Mary, mod unequally matched
to an inferior officer of the houfehold.

The queen of Scots, in the mean time, had been too
much dazzled by the pleating exterior of her newr huf-
band, to allow herfelf to look to the accomplifhments of
his mind. Darnley was but a weak and ignorant man;
violent, yet variable in his gratifications; infolent, yet
credulous, and eafily governed by flatterers; devoid of
all gratitude, becaule he thought no favours equal to his
merit; and being addicted to low pleafures, he was
equally incapable of the delicate fenfations of love
and tendernefs. Mary, at firft had taken a pleafure in
exalting him beyond meal'ure ; but having leifure to re¬
mark his follies and his vices, (lie converted her regard
into difguft ; and Darnley, enraged at her coldnefs, direct¬
ed his vengeance againft every perfon he fufpeCted to be
tlie caufe of this change in her behaviour.

There was then in her court one David Rizzio, the
fon of a muiician at Turin, himfelf a mufician, who, find¬
ing it difficult to fublift by his art in his own country,
had followed the ambafiador from that court into Scot¬
land. As he underftood mufic to perfection, he was in¬
troduced into the queen’s concert, who was fo taken with
him, that fhe defired the ambafiador, upon his departure,
to leave Rizzio behind. The queen teemed to place pe¬
culiar confidence in him ; and her fecretary for French
affairs having fallen under her difpleafure, (lie promoted
Rizzio to that office. It was eafy to prevail upon a man

of Darnley’s jealous temper, that Rizzio was the perfotr
whp had eftranged the queen’s affections ; and a furmife*
once conceived, became to him a certainty. He there¬
fore confulted with fome lords of his party, ftong as he
was with envy, rage, and refentment ; and they not only
fanned the conflagration, but offered their afiiftance to
difpatcli Rizzio. The earl of Murray, brother to the
queen, the earl of Morton, lord Douglas, natural brother
to the countefs of Lennox, the lords Ruthven and Lind-
fey, are faid to have fettled the circuniftances of this poor
creature’s afiafiination ; and determined that, as a punifh-
ment for the queen’s indiferetions, the murder fliould he
committed in her prefence. Mary was at this time in
the fixth month of her pregnancy, and was then flipping
in private, attended by the countefs of Argyle, her natu¬
ral lifter, fome other fervants, and her fecretary Rizzio.
Lord Darnley led the way into the apartment by a pri¬
vate ftaircafe, and flood for fome time leaning on the back
of Mary’s chair. His angry looks and unexpected intnu
fion, greatly alarmed the queen, who neverthelefs remain¬
ed filent. A little after, Ruthven, Douglas, and the
other confpirators, rulhed in, all armed, and (flowing in
their looks fome brutal intentions. The queen could no
longer reftrain her fears, but demanded the reufon of this
bold intrufion. Ruthven made her no anfwer; hut order¬
ed Rizzio to quit a place of which he was unworthy.
Rizzio now Taw that he was the objeCt of their ven¬
geance; and, trembling with apprehenlion, put himfelf
under the queen’s protection, who, on her part, (trove to
interpofe in his behalf. Douglas, in the mean time, had
reached the unfortunate Rizzio ; and fnatching a dagger
from the king’s fide, plunged it into Rizzio’s bofom,
who, fereaming with fear and agony, was dragged into
the ante-chamber, where he was inhumanly butchered
with fifty-fix wounds. The affrighted princefs, being
informed of his fate, inftantly difeontinued her lamenta¬
tions, and menaced revenge. The infult indeed upon
her perfon and honour, and the danger to which her life
was expofed on account of her pregnancy, were injuries
fo atrocious and fo complicated, that t hey left but little
room for pardon. Yet this aCt of violence feemed only
to be punifhed by temporifing ; (he pretended to forgive
fo great a crime ; and exerted the force of her natural
allurements fo powerfully, that her hulband fubmitted
implicitly to ltcr will. He gave up his accomplices to
her refentment, and retired with her to Dunbar, while
fhe, having collected an army which the confpirators had
no power to refift, advanced to Edinburgh, and obliged
them to fly into England, where they led a fugitive life,,
in poverty and diftrefs. They made* application, how¬
ever, to the earl of Bothwell ; and that nobleman, de-
firous to ftrengthen his party by the acceffion of their
intereft, found means to pacify her refentment, and he at
length procured them liberty to return home.

The earl of Bothwell was of a confiderable family iu
Scotland ; and though not diftinguifhed by any talents,,
civil or military, yet he made fome noife in the diffenfions
of the ftate, and was an oppofer of the reformation. He
was a man of profligate manners, had involved his for¬
tune in great'debts, and reduced his income by his pro-
fufions. This nobleman, however, is faid to have ingra¬
tiated himfelf fo far with the queen, that all her meafures
were eventually directed by his advice and authority.
Reports were even fpread of more unpardonable intima¬
cies ; and thefe gave Inch nneafinefs to Darnley, that he
left the court, and retired to Glafgow, where he was fud-
denly taken ill. Thofe who wilhed well to Mary’s cha¬
racter, were extremely pleafed to hear that her tender¬
nefs for her hufband was revived, and that (lie had taken
a journey to Glafgow to vifit him in his licknefs. Darn-
ley was (o delighted with her aftedtionate behaviour, that
he refolved to part with her no more; he put himfelf
under her direction, and returned with her to Edinburgh.
She lived in the palace of Holyrood-houfe ; but as the
fituation of that manfion was low, and the concour.fe of
*' perfons

ENG1

peiTons about the court attended with noife, which might
difiurb him in his infirm (late of health, file fitted up an
apartment for him in a folitary houfe at fome diftance,
called the Kirk of Fid ld‘. Mary even there gave him
every mark of kindnefs and1 attachment ; flie converfed
cordially and kindly with him, and flept in a room under
him. But on the ninth of February, 1567, the told him
the would pafs that night in the palace, becaufe the
marriage of one of her houfehold was to be there cele¬
brated in her prefence. But dreadful was the confe-
quence which enfued. About two o’clock in the morn¬
ing the whole city was alarmed at an uncommon explo-
fioh : the houfe in which Darnley lay was blown up with
gunpowder! His dead body was found at fome diftance
in a neighbouring field, but without any marks of vio¬
lence or contufion. No doubt could be entertained but
that Darnley was murdered ; and the general fufpicion
fell upon the earl of Botlwell. All orders of the date,
and the whole body of the people, began mod cotnmen-
dably to demand juflice, and a drift enquiry to be fet on
foot, in order to deteft, and to punifli, the perpetrators;
amongft whom even the queen herfelf* was fufpefted to
be implicated. On this fubjeft the pens of the mod able
hidorians have been employed ; and various have been
their conjectures as to the fact. The enquiry, indeed,
rather belongs to the article Scotland ; but as the fub¬
jeft is fo very intereding, and fo intimately connected with
queen Elizabeth’? reign ; and more particularly as Mary
queen of Scots was brought to the fcad'old in England,
it may not be confidered as much out of its place, if we
date the principal facts under the records of this country.
The party zeal. of our more early hidorians induced them
to labour hard to dain the memory of the unfortunate
Mary with the blood of her luifband ; while later and
more difpafilonate writers, have been inclined wholly to
acquit her. Dri^-Coote, in his very able and impartial
hidory, feems judicioufly to have deered between the two
extremes, which has prompted us to follow him.

It was the partizans of the earl of Murray w ho fird
propagated reports to the prejudice of the queen’s cha¬
racter, inlinuating that die had been concerned in the
murder of a hufband whom (he hated. But more fatif-
faftory evidence than has yet been produced, feems ne-
ceffary, to an impartial mind, to juftify thofe who have
imputed to her fo horrible a crime. However great might
be the averfion which (he had conceived for Darnley, the
humanity of her difpofition was too drong to fud'er her
to concur in his dedruftion. Had die been delirous of
his death, die might have procured the judicial condem¬
nation of one who was fo generally defpifed, that the
nobles would not have interpofed to refeue him from
j;udice. She might have brought him to trial for the
united crimes of murder and treafo'n; of murder, in hav¬
ing abetted the affaflination of her fecretary ; of treafon,
in having directed his agents to commit that deed in the
queen’s apartment, to the manifed hazard of her life.
She might, with equal facility, have prccured-a legal re¬
paration from him, without injuring herfon’s legitimacy,
which could not have been affected by a divorce grounded
on his adulterous commerce with other women ; or, even
if there had been a riik of dedroying the foil’s right of
inheritance, an aft which expofed that right to difpute
would have been far lefs criminal than the murder of
the father. .

From the character, alfo, of the chief accufers of Mary,
a difpadionate enquirer would be led to form a drong
prefumption of her innocence. Thefe were the earls of
Murray and Morton, who were men of fuch depraved
hearts, and fuch unprincipled minds, that no crime which
might gratify their irregular paflions, would appear too
enormous for them to perpetrate. The former was con¬
fident that, by his hypocritical pretences to piety, and
by his artful mode of throwing off his own guilt on the
heads of others, he could retain the good opinion of the
whole prefoyterian pdrty, whofe plan o.f reformation he

a A N D. 1

had warmly patron! fed. An eminent liificrian obferves,
that Murray could have no motive for the commiffion of
the murder; but, without judging from the event, we
may infer, from his conduit preceding t he king’s death,
that he aimed at the pofTeflion of the government; and,
as he retained a drong refentment againd his fider for her
final refolution of punidiing him, which nothing but the
fituation of her affairs, on the affaflination of Rizzio, had
induced her to relinquilh, he was ready to contrive any
fcheme which miglit at once be fubfervient to hisanimo-
dty and his ambition. We alfo find that he had been
apprehend ve of the execution of Darnley’s menaces againd
his life ; a fact recorded by Camden, which, according to
the frequent practice of that age, would prompt him to
anticipate the blow'. Under thefe circumdances, can it
be judly faid that he had no motive for the crime? On
the contrary, he feems to have had every motive which,
however repugnant to humanity and juftice, could urge
a vindictive and afpiring nobleman, who forefaw, in the
event of the confpiracy, the indulgence not only of his
revenge againd Darnley, but likewife againd the queen,
whom, by calumnies confequent on the murder, and by
fuch advice as might contribute to increafe the effeft of
his malicious fabrications, he might render fo unpopular
that her depoiition might eafily be procured by his in¬
fluence over a people who had long been impatient of
the government of a catholic princefs. The earl of Mor¬
ton, the friend and confederate of Murray, was influenced
by fimilar views. He was exafperated againd Darnley
for having deferred him after the murder of Rizzio, in
violation of his folemn engagements for the protection of
the authors of that horrid deed. Befides, the defire 'of
vengeance, the hopes of recovering his influence in the
government, and the dignified office of chancellor, in¬
clined him to promote, with great eagernefs, the iniqui¬
tous fchemes of the queen’s brother.

When Mary had received intelligence of her hufband’s
fudden dilfolution, die iffiied a proclamation, offering re¬
wards for the difeovery of the murderers. Bothwell being
accufed of the crime by the public voice, the earl of Le¬
nox advifed the queen to bring him to trial, as well as all
other perfons who were fufpefted of a concern in it. Mary,
without hefitation, gave directions for that purpofe; and
Lenox was dedred to repair to Edinburgh, that he might
be prefent at the judicial proceedings. He propofed that
Bothwell fhould be taken into cudody; but the queen
at fird declined it, becaufe the accufation againd him
reded only on the evidence of anonymous bills fixed up
in different parts of the city. When the day of trial ar¬
rived, the arts of Bothwell, and the influence of Morton
and the other partizans of Murray (for this nobleman
himfelf, to avoid fufpicion, had retired into France),
deterred the earl of Lenox from appearing as an accufer;
and no evidence being adduced againd Bothwell, the
jury thought proper to acquit him. This verdift re¬
ceived the fanftion of a parliament which met two days
afterwards ; and the didblution of this affembly was fol¬
lowed by a remarkable affociation of many of the nobles
tor promoting the marriage of Bothwell with the queen.
They figned a bond, ex-prefling their conviction of his
innocence of the king’s murder, and promifing to hazard
their lives and fortunes in defending him againd all who
(hould prefume to charge him with that crime. He had
lately been extremely atliduous in his endeavours to ob¬
tain favour with Mary ; but, when he made propofals of
marriage to her, the dignified her dilfent. Unwilling to
fubrnit to a refufal, he refolved to make ufe of comptil-
live meafures; and, by a daring violation of her chadity,
to render a marriage. with him neceffary for the reparation
of her wounded honour. He affembled a party of eight
hundred horle, under pretence of making an excurfion
againd banditti; and meeting the queen in her return
from a vidt to her infant fon, he difperfed her fmall guard,
and feizing her liorfe by the bridle, conveyed her to the
cattle of Dunbar. He there conjured her, in the mod.

perfuadve

Gsi

E N G L A N D.

perfuafive terms, to forgive that vehemence of pafllon
which had hurried him into this outrageous behaviour ;
called to her mind the loyal fervices which he had per¬
formed ; reprefented in ftrong terms the inveterate ma¬
lignity of his enemies; and declared that nothing but the
queen’s favour, exemplified in tier acceptance of his hand,
could fecure him from the effetls of their hatred. Her
reludtunce not being overcome by his artful infinuations,
he produced the bond which the affociated nobility had
figned. Finding his add re lies fo ftrongly famSioned, and
not being aware of the perfidious views of the chief fub-
fcrihers of the bond, ffie began to relax in her oppofition
to his propofals, and promifed to gratify him with the
matrimonial union. A mere pro mile not being fo valid
a fecurity as he wiflied, he had recourfe to “ extraordi¬
nary and unlawful means (fays Melvil in his Memoirs)
for the completion of his willies. Partly by artifice, and
partly by force, he triumphed over her chaftity . He foon
after procured a divorce from his wife ; and Mary having
promoted him to the dukedom of Orkney, the nuptials
between him and his fovereign were folemnized at Edin¬
burgh.

Bothwell, in the mean time, though an undoubted
agent in the murder, was fuffered by the rebellious no¬
bles to remain at Dunbar, unmolefted, near a fortnight;
a circumftance which may be confidered as corroborative
of the opinion of thofe who have attributed the contriv¬
ance of that deed to Murray and Morton. The latter,
who, in the abfence of the former, directed the motions
of the infurgentSj dreaded the regular condemnation of
Bothwell, left lie (hould difclofe fuch particulars as might
injure the reputation of his fecret accomplices. He there¬
fore connived at the retreat of this obnoxious nobleman,
who, apprehenfive of the ftroke of affaffination, put to fea
with a tew vefl'els, and commenced the practice of naval
depredation. Being purfued by Kirkaldy of Grange, he
efcaped to Norway, where he was thrown into prifon for
an a6t of piracy. He died in confinement fome years af¬
terwards ; and, on his death-bed, made a folenin declara¬
tion of queen Mary’s innocence of the murder of Darn-
ley, in which, fays Keith, in the Appendix to his Hiftory,
“ he affirmed, the earls of Murray and Morton, fecretary
Maitland, and other perfons of diftindtion, were concerned
with him.”

This fatal alliance, however, was the deftrudtion of
Mary. The principal nobility met at Stirling ; and an
affiociation was formed for protecting the young prince
her fon, and punilhing the king’s murderers. Lord Hume
was tlie firft in arms ; and, leading a body of eight hun¬
dred horfe, fuddenly environed the queen in the caftle of
Borthwick, and conducted her to Edinburgh, amidft the
infultsof the populace. From thence ffie was lent a pri-
foner to the caftle of Lochlevin, (ituated on a lake of that
name. Here Mary, by her charms and promiles, engaged
a young gentleman of the name of Douglas to affift
in making her efcape ; and this he effected by conveying
her in difguW’e in a fmall boat, roued by himfelf. The
news of her enlargement being foon fpread abroad, the
loyalty and love of her people feemed to revive once
more. As Bothwell was no longer affociated in her
cuufe, many of the nobility figned a bond of affiociation
for her defence ; and in a few days ffie faw herfelf at the
head of fix thoufand men.

The earl of Murray, her brother, who had been de¬
clared regent, was not How in aflembiing forces againft
her; and, although his army was inferior to that of the
queen, he boldly took the field. A battle was fought at
Langfide, near Glafgow, A. D. 1568, which proved de-
cifive in hrs favour. Mary, now totally ruined, fled
from the field of battle with great precipitation ; and
came with a few attendants to the borders of England,
vainly hoping for protection from Elizabeth. With
thefe hopes ffie embarked on board a fiffiing boat in Gal¬
loway, and landed the fame day at Workington in Cum¬
berland, about thirty miles diftant from Carlifie, whence
x

ffie immediately difpatched a meffenger to "London, erav
ing protection, and defiring liberty to vifit the queen.
Elizabeth, previoufly informed of her misfortunes, deli¬
berated upon the proper methods of proceeding, and re-
folved, at laft, to aft in a friendly yet cautious manner.
She fent orders to lady Scrope, lifter to the duke of Nor¬
folk, to attend on the queen of Scots; and foon after dif¬
patched lord Scrope and fir Francis Knolles, to pay her
all poffible refpeCt. Notwithftanding thefe marks of
kindnefs, the queen refufed to admit Mary into her pre¬
fence, until ffie had cleared her character from the foul
afperiions with which it was ftaioed.

Mary was now to undergo an examination before com-
miliioners; her rival Elizabeth was to be the umpire;
and the accufation was to be undertaken by her brother
Murray, the Scottifh regent. This extraordinary con¬
ference, which was to deliberate on the conduCt of a fo¬
reign queen, was managed at York ; three commiffioners
being appointed by Elizabeth, nine by the queen ot Scots,
and five by the regent, in which he himfelf was included.

The prejudices entertained by Elizabeth againft her 1111-
liappy kinfwoman, were now evident in her conduCt in
the appointment of commiffioners, and in the teliimony
which (lie admitted or rejected on thofe occafions. When
the different commiffions had been read, Mary’s reprefen-
tatives entered a protefi, importing, that, though fhe
had confented to refer the dil'putes between herfelf and
her rebellious fubjeCts to the arbitration of the queen of
England, file had no idea of acknowledging any fupe-
riority in that princefs, but was herfelf an independent
fovereign. The Englifh commiffioners, on the other
hand, declared, that, though they received this proteft,
they would not fuffer it to prejudice that right of feudal
fuperiority which the fovereigns of England had always
claimed over Scotland. A paper was afterwards prefent-
ed to the court by Mary’s deputies, containing a ftate-
ment of the aCts of treafon and rebellion committed
againft her by her brother’s faCtion, and of the fucceffive
injuries which had been heaped upon her. The regent,
in his turn, accufed Mary of having countenanced the
iniquitous fchemes of the earl of Bothwell, fo as to ren¬
der it neceffary for her nobles to inlift on his difmillion
from her fociety ; mentioned tire fteps which had been
taken againft the earl, as well as againft the queen, whofe
partiality for him juftified them in depriving her of her
liberty ; and affirmed that Ihe had voluntarily religned
her crown to her fon, from the difgu ft which the fatigues and
inquietudes of royalty had excited in her mind ; that the
parliament had functioned her refignation ; and that the
national affairs had been conducted with order and tran¬
quillity, till fome turbulent individuals had releafed her
from her confinement, and taken arms againft the young
king.

The omiflion of the charge of murder againft the Scot¬
tifh queen, which the regent had before induftrioufly pro¬
pagated, gave great furprife to many. But, exclufive of
the fuppofition that lie was fcrupulous of advancing an
accufation which he knew to be incapable of proof, he
had lately had fecret conferences with the duke of Nor¬
folk, which may account for his filence on this head.
The duke, commiferating the fate of Mary, of whole re-
ftoration he was fincerely delirous, and whofe ptrfon he
wiftied to poftefs, remonftrated with the regent on the in¬
famy to which lie would fubjeft himfelf by a public ac¬
cufation of his filler and his fovereign; allured him that
Elizabeth had refolved not to give a definitive fentence
in the caufe, whatever evidence might be adduced on
either fide ; and hinted the danger not only of being de-
ferted by that queen, but of being expofed to the fevereft
vengeance of Mary, if Ihe lliould ever regain her crown.
The earl liftened to thefe obfervations, fays Melvil, and
gave the duke a promife that he would not produce thofe
documents which, he pretended, would convict Mary of
adultery and minder. The documents here alluded to
confifted of letters and fonnets, fuppofed to have been

written

E N G L A N D.

written by Mary to Bothwell. If thefe were genuine,
little doubt would remain .of the guilt of that princefs'.
A controverfy has long tub ft fled on this fubjedt ; and au¬
thors of eminence have appeared on both lides ot the
queftion. Some have maintained, that the letters and
poems are the real compofitions of Mary ; while others,
after a very accurate examination, have proved to the
general fatisfadtion, that they were forged under the anf-
picesof the earls of Murray and Morton, whom, not only the
moft refpedtable friends of the injured queen, but many
of the criminals who fuffered death for their agency in
the murder of Darnley, accufed of having planned that
nefarious deed.

Thefe pretended productions of Mary were (hewn by the
regent to Elizabeth’s commilfioners,/ in a private inter¬
view ; a circumfiaoce which does not reflect a very high
character of the candour of the earl and his colleagues,
who thus clandeftinely tampered with the Engljfh dele¬
gates in the confideration of that important evidence,
which ought to have been firft produced in open court.
They had before expreffed an unwillingnefs to exhibit in
form this grand head of accufation, till they had receiv¬
ed an explicit anfvver on the following points : Whether
the commilfioners were authorifed to give a final decree
in the caufe ; and wliether Elizabeth would protect the
accufers of Mary from that refentment which the latter
princefs would naturally feel againfl her adverfaries. To
thefe interrogatories an evafive reply was given by the
Englifii deputies, who, at the defire of the regent, fent
to Elizabeth for further inftrudtions. It was in this in¬
terval of delay, that Murray had privately opened to
them his budget of evidence, that they might communi¬
cate their opinion of it to their fovereign, who would
then fee how far they were difpofed to concur in the plan
which Ihe and the earl appear to have concerted for ob-
ftrufiting the vindication of Mary’s character. From the
account which they gave Elizabeth of the papers, fhe
was inclined to think that they confidered them as for¬
geries ; a circumftance which did not coincide with her
views. Hence fhe vvas induced to recal the commiffion
which file had granted, and to evoke the caufe to Weft-
winder, where the proceedings would be more immedi¬
ately under her eye. A new commilfion was then ilfued,
in which, though the duke of Norfolk and his two col¬
leagues were re-appointed, five other delegates were
named, in whofe fubferviency Elizabeth placed greater
confidence. /Thefe Were, the lord-keeper Bacon, the
earls of Arundel and Leicefter,* Clinton the high-admi¬
ral, and fecretary Cecil.

Mary being now called upon by the Englifh cornmif-
fioners to date her anfvver to the various charges fet forth
by Murray, declined entering into any fuch defence or ex¬
planation, unlefs in the prefence of Elizabeth, who alone
could be confidered as her equal, and confequently of'pro-
pofing to her any kind of interrogatory. This privilege
being refufed, Mary perfided in demanding Elizabeth’s
protection as an injured queen; and (he delired either to
be afiifted in her endeavours to recover her crown, or that
liberty (hould be given her for retiring into France, there
to make trial of the friendfhip of other princes. But Eli¬
zabeth, aware of the danger which attended both thefe
propofals, was fecretly refolved to detain her in captivity;
and the queen of Scots was fent to Tutbury caftle, in the
county of Stafford, and put under the cuftody of the earl
of Shrewsbury ; there (he beguiled her royal prifoner
with the hopes of one day coming into favour; and that,
unlefs her own obftinacy prevented, an accommodation
might at laft take place. But the defignsand arts of Eli¬
zabeth had no fuch pacific views : while (he kept up the
moil friendly correfpondence with Mary, and expreffed
the warmed proteftations of fincerity, (he was far from
affifling her caufe, or rendering her the fmalled fervice.
It was her intered to keep the factions in Scotland alive,
and to weaken the power of that redlefs and turbulent
nation : for this purpole (lie deprelfed the party of the
V ol. VI, No. 380.

65fl

queen, which had now power to prevail ; and in the mean
time procured her adverfary, the ear! of Lenox, to be ap¬
pointed regent in the room of Murray, who had fullered
a merited fate.

Thus every event which promifed to be favourable to
Mary, was prematurely cut off by the infidious vigilance
of Elizabeth. The duke of Norfolk, who enjoyed the
liighed title of nobility in England, vvas at this time a
widower; and, being of a fuitable age to efpoufe the
queen of Scots, made him defirous of the match. But
the obtaining Elizabeth’s confent, previous to their nup¬
tials, was a circumdance eflential to his aims : yet, while
this nobleman made almod all the nobility of England
confidants to his paffion, he never had refolutiomto open
his intentions to the queen. On the contrary, in order
to fupprefs the furrnifes that were currently reported, he
fpoke contemptuoufly of Mary to Elizabeth. This du¬
plicity only fe'rved to inflame the queen’s fufpioions ;
who, on enquiry, finding this intercourfe dill going on,
(lie had him committed to the Tower.

But the duke of Norfolk had too many partifans in the
north, to be confined without an effort for his releafe.
The earls of Wedmoreland and Northumberland had pre¬
pared meafures for a rebellion ; had communicated their
delign to Mary ; had entered into a correfpondence with
the duke of Alva,' governor of the Low Countries,
and had obtained his promife of men and ammunition.
But the vigilance of Elizabeth was not to be eluded:
orders were immediately lent for their appearance at
court ; and now the infurgent lords, perceiving their plan
difeovered, were obliged to begin their revolt before
matters were ripe for its execution. They accordingly
publiflied a manifefto, in which they alleged that no in¬
jury vvas intended againfl: the queen, to whom they vowed
unlhaken loyalty ; but that their foie aim vvas to re-efla-
blifh the religion of their anceftors, to remove all, evil
counfellors from about the queen’s perfon, and to reftore
the duke of Norfolk to his liberty, and to the queen’s fa¬
vour. Their number amounted to four thouland foot,
and fixtecn hundred horfe ; and they expected to be
joined by all the catholics in England. But they foon
found themfelves miftaken : the queen’s conduct had
gained the general good-will of the people, and fhe began
to perceive that her furefl truft was in the juftice of her
actions. The duke of Norfolk himfelf, for whofe fake
they had revolted, ufed every method that his circum-
ftances would permit, to alfift the queen; the infurgents
were obliged to retire to Hexham ; and, hearing that re¬
inforcements were npon their inarch to join the royal
army, they had no other expedient but to difperfe. The
earl of Northumberland fled into Scotland, and vvas con¬
fined by the regent to the caflle of Lochlevin ; Weft,
moreland, after attempting to excite the Scots to revolt,
was obliged to efcape into Flanders. This rebellion was
followed by another, fomented by lord Dacres, but witl\
as little fuccefs.' Some feverities were ufed againfl thefe
revolters ; and, it is faid, that no lefs than eighty (offered
by the hands of the executioner. The queen was lo well
fatisfied with the duke of Norfolk’s behaviour, that (he
releafed him from the Tower, A. D. 1569, and allowed,
him to return home, after exacting a promife that lie
would not proceed any further in his pretentions to the
queen of Scots. But this fatal promife involved his life.
He had not been releafed above a year, when new pro-
j e£ts were fet on foot by the enemies of the reforfned reli¬
gion, fecretly fomented by Rodolphi, an inftrqmeht of the
pope, in concert with the bifliop of Rofs. It vvas pro¬
posed that Norfolk lhould renew his addrefles to Mary,
to which it is probable he was prompted by paffion ;
while the duke of Alva engaged to fend over a body of
fix thouland foot, and four thouland horfe, to enable
Norfolk to recover Mary’s liberty. This fcheme vvas fo
fecretly conducted, that it had entirely efcaped both the
vigilance of Elizabeth, and of Cecil, who now bore the
title of lord Burleigh, It was difeovered merely by ac.

8 D cident ;

654

ENG1

cident; for the duke having fent a Aim of money to lord
Herries, one of Mary’s partifans in Scotland, omitted
trading the feryant with the contents of his meffage ; and
he finding, by the weight of the bag, that it contained a
larger Aim than the duke mentioned to him, began to
miftruft fome plot, and brought the money, with the
duke’s letter, to the 1'ecretary of date. By the artifices
of Burleigh, the duke’s fervants were brought to make
a full dilcovery of their mafter’s guilt ; and the bilhop
of Rofs, finding the plot difcovered, to fave his own life,
confirmed their teftimony. The duke was re-committed
to the Tower, and ordered to prepare for his trial. A
jury of twenty-five peers found him guilty, and the queen,
tour months after, figned the warrant for his execution.
The earl of Northumberland being delivered up by the
regent, underwent a fimilar trial, and was alfo brought
to the fcaffold for rebellion. All thefe ineffectual drug¬
gies in favour of the unfortunate queen of Scots, only
lerved to rivet her chains, and harden the obdurate and
fufpicious heart of Elizabeth.

While thefe cruel and vindictive meafures were pur-
Aiing in England, the Hugonots, orChridian reformers,
in France, had been greatly perfecuted by the catholic
party ot the houfe of Guife, and were obliged to folicit
the aid and protection of the Englifii. With a view to
iecure the confidence of Elizabeth, being then in pofief-
fion of the greated part of Normandy, they offered to put
Havre de G race into the queen’s hands ; a proffer which
fhe hefitated not to accept. She wifely reflected, that,
as Havre commanded the mouth of the Seine, it might
in (ome meafure compenfate the lofs of Calais ; and, by
this acquilition, die could (till have a check upon the
French on the continent. Accordingly,- three thoufand
Englifh troops took poffeffion of Havre and Dieppe, un¬
der the command of the earl of Warwick ; but the latter
place was fo little capable of being defended, that it was
immediately abandoned ; and Havre itfelf, being foon af¬
ter clofely inveded, was obliged to capitulate. But the
French could not have accomplilhed this, had not a
dreadful peflilence reduced the gallant Englifii band to a
handful. The capitulation had hardly been figned,' be¬
fore lord Clinton appeared at the mouth of the harbour
with a fleet and three thoufand foldiers. They were too
late ; and, to add to this difaftrous campaign, the difeafe
which had thinned the garrifon, accompanied the poor
remains of the army to London, where, in 1563, it fvvept
away near thirty thoufand fouls ; while the perfecuting
fpirit of the bloody-minded French proceeded to the maf-
facre of St. Bartholomew’s Day ; for which fee vol.
ii. p. 764.

The death of Charles IX. of France, which followed
in 1574, eafed the mind of Elizabeth from half its anxie¬
ty. Henry III. who then fucceeded to the throne, both
hated and dreaded the houfe of Guife, and confequently
depreffed the intereft of the unfortunate Mary of Scot¬
land. That kingdom enjoyed at this period a kind of
tranquillity under the government of Morton, whofe en¬
tire dependence on the Englifh queen, at the fame time
that it confirmed his power, prevented his gratifying his
natural and vvicked propenfities to the extent of his
wifhes.

Ireland had been ftrangely convulfed ; but the care of
Walter Devereux earl of Effex had reftored at leaft the
appearance of fubmiffion among the revolted chiefs. The
whole annual revenue of Ireland was then barely fix thou¬
fand pounds. To this Elizabeth moll unwillingly added
twenty thoufand more. One thoufand foldiers, or in
great need, two thoufand, compofed the whole military
power. A force perfectly incapable of fubduing a nu¬
merous and warlike race ; but rather ferving to provoke
the natives, and to excite thofe frequent infurreCtions
which_kept up and inflamed the animofity between the
two nations-. That Elizabeth fiiould never have exerted
the ffrength of England to end thefe troubles, appears fo
tirange to a learned prelate, bilhop'Hurd, that he thinks

.AND,

“ the weak meafure muff have proceeded from the dic¬
tates of a crooked policy.”

Although Elizabeth privately fupported the proteffant
intereff in France, and fupplied the Hugonots with large
fums to levy German troops, fhe neverthelefs fent, in
157 5» t0 congratulate the new French monarch, the enemy
of the Guiles, and to invert him witli the order of the
garter. Her embaffy was received with great refpeCt.
Elizabeth had at this epoch, indeed, attained to that
higli importance in the political balance of the conti¬
nent, which her father had miffed through his own in.
temperate levity; her brother, through his youth and
inexperience ; and her fiffer, through violence and bi¬
gotry.

In 1576, the Hollanders, diffreffed beyond meafure by
the power of Spain, which they had long and gallantly
refifted, entreated Elizabeth, as heirefs of Philippa, queen
of our Edward HI. to accept their fovereignty, and un¬
dertake their protection. Tempting as was this offer,
the Englifii queen declined it ; fhe interpofed, however,
her good offices with Philip, although in vain ; and after¬
wards advanced twenty thoufand pounds to the difireffed
revolters. But the appearance of Don John of Auftria
in the Netherlands, as governor, in 1577, greatly difcon-
certed Elizabeth. She dreaded that prince; (lie knew
that it was his avowed with to wed Mary of Scotland,
and to affert her pretenfions to the crown of England. She
therefore determined to fupport the revolters with vi¬
gour ; fhe advanced to them one hundred thoufand pounds
by way of loan ; and confented by treaty to fupply them
with five thoufand foot, and one thoufand horfe. At the
fame time (lie wrote- to the king of Spain a moff artful
apology for her conduCt, profeffing that file had only un¬
dertaken the protection of the Netherlanders, to prevent
their throwing themfelves into the hands of France; and
offering to withdraw her aid, if Don John and the Spanifh
troops fhould be recalled. Philip imitated the d;ep po¬
licy of Elizabeth ; and, while he profeffed a continu.atioa
of amity, attempted to excite the Irifh to revolt. But
the wife precautions of the Englifh queen had guarded
againft his machinations.

In 157S, Elizabeth received an embaffy from France,,
propofing a treaty of marriage between her and the duke
of Anjou, late Alenyon. This embaffy was kindly re¬
ceived ; but the eyes of Europe were not yet opened to
a fpecies of political coquetry, which ever aflifted that
princefs in her negociations. Even the fubtle Catharine
de Medicis was deceived, and thought her youngeft fon
already king of England; at the fame time that Philip
of Spain was fo far led to AifpeCt the defigns of his bro¬
ther Don John of Aufiria towards an union with Eliza¬
beth, tiiat he put to death privately one of that prince’s
fecretaries, whom he thought the confidant of a matri¬
monial treaty between him and that moff infcrutable of
fovereigns.

The negociations for the queen’s marriage were quick-
ened in 1579, by the arrival of Simier, an artful agent
fent by Catharine de Medicis; who gained fuch an afcen-
dant over the counfels of Elizabeth, that even tier favou¬
rite Leicefter was alarmed, and intimated to the credu¬
lous, his apprehenfion of philtres, fpells, See. while Si¬
mier, irritated at the charge, informed the queen of Lei.
cefter’s private marriage with the widow of Effex, a dif-
covery which would have conducted the imprudent fa¬
vourite to the Tower, had not lord Suffex interpofed,
and reprefented to Elizabeth the extreme illegality of
punifiiing any man for a legal aCt like matrimony. The
fatal end of Morton, regent of Scotland, a man devoted
to her commands, as he held his authority folely under
her protection, being now tried, conviCted, and executed,
for treafon againft the young king James VI. made Eliza¬
beth fpend the clofe of 1580 in fome degree of anxiety.

It was now time alfo that the wire-drawn farce of the
French marriage fhould come to a conclufion. The
duke of An'ou had every reafon to fancy hinifelf fure of
3. Jus-

eng

his royal bride ; ilie had fent to him in Flanders a prefent
of 100,000 crowns, the matrimonial articles were fettled
to her mind, and a fumptuous embaffy was lent from
France to aflift at the wedding: Anjou himfelf arrived
now in England, and was received by the queen with vifi-
ble pleafure. She placed on his finger a valuable ring as
a pledge of her love, and took up the pen to fign the mar¬
riage deeds, but (he proceeded no further. The duke
dallied the ring on the floor; and- loudly curling the ca¬
price of Elizabeth and the ruggednefs of her people, he
took his way foon afterwards to Flanders, where his ill-
concerted plans of defpotifm rendered him odious to the
people who had invited his coming. It is Hill a myftery
why the Englilh queen (houLd-liave worn the ufelefs
inalk of affeftion fo long, and have put this wanton infult
on a fuitor fo refpeftable in his connedlions. Many are
of opinion, that an uncontroulable paflion for Anjou car¬
ried her to fuch ablurd lengths, in fpite of that policy
which would have made her break off the negociation by
degrees. Had France been freed from civil broils, the
queen might have drawn a cruel war on her fubjefts
by this worfe than fantaftical conduct. Her mod favour¬
ed courtiers had, it is true, wearied her with arguments
againft the union, and (he herfelf, when (he dropt the pen,
afked her council hardily, ‘ If they were not confcious
that this marriage would be her death ?’ An odd queftion,
which has given rife to as odd conjectures.

In 1584, Elizabeth, alarmed at the general cry againft
her feverity, openly queftioned her judges as to their
treatment of Roman catholics and others, charged with
treafonable proceedings, and they anfwered very ingenu-
oufly, “ Campion had indeed been (tretched (the term ufed
for racking) but with fuch moderation, that he could
walk immediately afterwards. Another criminal, Bryan,
had been kept without nourifhment until he gave a (am¬
ple of his writing, which had been in vain demanded.”
Elizabeth abfolved the judges, but ordered the rack to
be ufed no more in England, and releafed fe'venty priefts
who had been imprifoned on fufpicion.

The fituation of Elizabeth was now extremely critical ;
many of her own fubjefts, led by miftaken motives of re¬
ligion, and excited by the artful miflionaries of tire Flemifh
univerlities, were exciting confpiracies againft her; un¬
aided by any ally, (lie was on the point of engaging in a
conteft with the mod potent and fubtle prince which Eu¬
rope had ever known. Philip could at this period com¬
mand the afliftance of the German empire ; he poireffed
{befides Spain and the Indies) Portugal and. her impor¬
tant colonies : his naval ftrength was fuperior to that of
all the reft of Europe; the Netherlands (whofe gallant
defender the prince of Orange had been juft then affafli-
nated) feemed to be proftrate at his feet ; and France, his
old and dreaded enemy, from the impolitic fuggeftions of
narrow bigotry, rather favoured than oppofed the ambiti¬
ous plans of the Spanilh tyrant. In that country the
Guiles, whofe power, grounded on popular fanaticifni,
was unbounded, had formed, or rather renewed, a formal
covenant, ftyled ‘ The League ;’ by which Henry of Na¬
varre, the next heir, on failure of the houfe of Valois,
was excluded from the throne, if he fhould continue to
profefs the reformed religion.

It was at this awful crifis that Elizabeth, convinced of'
the king of Spain’s inveterate enmity, and determined to
fhew herfelf as vigorous in purfuing, as (he had been cau¬
tious in adopting meafures of hoftility, began inftantly
to attack Philip in his mod vulnerable ports. The en-
terprizing fpirit of Drake was now called into action.
With twenty (tout veffels he failed to the Weft Indies,
reduced St. Jago, the capital of the Cape Verd Iflands ; on
his paffage took the town of St. Domingo in Hifpaniola,
and Cathagena on the continent of South America; then,
after ravaging the coaft of Florida, returned to England
with the lofs of 700 men by difeafe, but enriched by vaft
sreafures, and accompanied by the poor remains of a colo.

LAND. 60 5

ny which fir W. Raleigh had endeavoured to fettle in
Virginia. See the article Drake, p. 64 of this volume.

The Hugonots, hard prelfed in France, were not neg¬
lected by Elizabeth. She fupplied the prince de Conde
with a large fum of money, and lent him ten (hips of war,
with which he effected the relief of Rochelle, the ftrong
hold of the French proteftants. In the mean while
Wootton, a man of the mod infinuating turn, entertain¬
ing in converfation, and (killed in drefs and falconry,
was fent by the Engtifli queen to refide at the court of
James VI. of Scotland, to gain his favour, and infpeft
his conduit. It is even faid, that he was to- endeavour
at feizing the perfon of the Scottifti monarch, with a
view to convey him to England; if fo, James (hewed
great fenfe in fo"rgiving the unjuft machination, and in
entering very foon afterwards (in fpite of the remon-
ftrances of France) into the mod rational and political
treaty ever made between the After nations. It was an
alliance offenfive and defenfive, and may be faid to have
fecured to the king of Scots the affeftions of the Englilh,
and the fucceflion to their fovereignty. The regard cf
James was affuredly much conciliated by an annual pen-
lion of 5000I. equivalent to the Lenox eftate, and granted
at this period.

The extenfive enterprizes of Elizabeth in foreign
lands, fhould feent to imply that all was peace at home.
It was not fo. Parry, a member of the commons, being
convicted of an intention to aflaffinate the queen, fullered
the death of a traitor; Arundel, fon to the unfortunate
duke of Norfolk, feekingto fly the realm, was fent to the
Tower, where Henry Percy earl of Northumberland had
juft (hot himfelf, either confcious of guilt, or dreading
the prejudices of his judges. Other circumftauces of a
melancholy nature now alfo took place. Anthony Ba-
bington, a young gentleman of Derbyfhire, infpired with
fanatical zeal to eft eft a change in the religion and govern¬
ment of his country, had joined with feveral men of fami¬
ly and fortune in a plot to affaftinate Elizabeth. They
had been excited to this confpiracy by the exhortations
of Dr. Gifford, and others of the Rhemifli feminary.
An eccentric fpecies of ambition te-mpted (even of the
chief plotters to have their portraits taken in one pic¬
ture, with a myfterious motto, QuorJ'um alio properantilna ?
This pifture was (hewn to Elizabeth, who knew Barn¬
well, one of the group, as he had been with her in bulinefs
from lord Kildare. Soon after this view of his portrait,
(lie met him, and ftedfaftly viewing him, faid fternly to
the captain of her guard, “ Am I not well taken care of,
that have not a man in my company who wears a fword ?”

The vigilant fubtlety of Walfingham, fecretary of
(late, detefted the whole contrivance; in confequence,
Babington, with thirteen of his • affociates, fuffered as
traitors. This led to the final cataftrophe of Mary queen
of Scots. Though all England was acquainted with the
event of Babington’s confpiracy, every avenue to the un¬
fortunate Mary was fo ftriftly guarded, that (he remained
in utter ignorance of the matter. But her aftoniflmicnt
could only be equalled by her anguiih, when fir Thomas
Gorges, by Elizabeth’s order, informed her of the fate of
thofe who were called her confederates. She was at that
moment mounted on horfeback, going a-hunting ; and
was not even permitted to return to her former place of
abode, but condufted from one nobleman’s houfe to ano¬
ther, till (lie was lodged in Fotheringay-caftle, in North
amp.ton(hire, where the laft feene of her deep tragedy was
to conclude.

The council of England was divided in opinion about
the meafures to be taken againft this illuftrious (late pri¬
soner. Some members propoled, that as her health was-
infirm, her life might be (hortened by clofe confinement
therefore to avoid any imputation of violence or cruelty,
Elizabeth’s favourite, Leicefter, propofed that (lie (hould
be difpatched by poifon ; but the majority infifted on her
being put to death by what was termed legal procefs.

Accordingly

656 ENGL

Accordingly a comin'vffiort was ifiued for forty peers, with
five judges, or the major part of them, “ to try and pafs
fentence upon Mary, daughter and heir of James V. king
of Scotland, commonly called queen of Scots, and dowa¬
ger of France.” Thirty-fix of thefe commiflioners ar¬
riving at the cattle of Fotheri'ngay, Nov. n, 1586, pre-
fented her with a mandate from Elizabeth, commanding
tier to fubmit to a trial for her late confpiracy. Mary
pern fed the warrant with great compofure ; but wonder¬
ed the queen of England fiiouid command her as a fub-
-eft, who was an independent fovereign like herfelf.
She would never, the (aid, (loop to any condefcenfion
which would leffen her dignity, or prejudice the claims
of her poftc'rity. The ljwsof England, the obferved,
•w'ere unknown to her ; (he was deftitute of counfel ; nor
could fire 'conceive who were to be her peers, as (lie had
but one equal in (he kingdom. She added, that, inftead
of enjoying the protection of the laws of England, as the
bad hoped to obtain, the had been confined in prifon ever
fince her arrival in the kingdom ; fo that (lie derived nei¬
ther benefit nor fecurity from them. When the commif-
fioners preilea her to fubmit to the queen’s pleafure,
otherwife they would proceed againtt her as contumaci¬
ous, fne declared the would rather fuffer a thoufand
deaths than own herfelf afubjeft to any prince on earth :
that, however, the was ready to vindicate herfelf in a full
and free parliament ; as, for aught (he knew, this meet¬
ing of commiflioners was devifed againfi her life, on pur¬
pose to take it away with a pretext of juflice. She ex¬
horted them to confult their own confciences, and to re¬
member that the theatre of the world was much more ex-
tenfive than that of the kingdom ot England. At length
the vice-chamberlain Hatton vanquished her objections,
by reprefenting that (he injured her reputation by avoid¬
ing a trial, in which her innocence might be proved to
the fatisfaCtion of all mankind. This obfervation made
i’nch an imprellion upon her mind, that (he agreed to
plead, if they would admit her proteft, of difallowing all
fubje&ion.

The principal charge againfi her was urged by ferjcant
Gaudy, who accufcd "her with knowing, approving, and
confenting, to Babington’s confpiracy. This charge had
been ftipported by Babington’s confellion, by the copies
which were taken of their fuppofed correfpondence, in
■which her approbation of the queen’s murder was ex-
prefsly declared, by the evidence of her two fecretaries,
Nairne and Curie, who (wore that (lie received Babing¬
ton’s letters, and that they had anfwered them by her or¬
ders. To thefe charges Mary made a mod fenfible de¬
fence ; flie faid Babington’s confeflion was extorted from
his fears of the torture.; which was really the cafe : (lie
alleged that the letters were forgeries; and (lie defied her
fecretaries to perfift in their evidence, if brought into her
prefence, which was refufed. She owned that (lie had
ufed her endeavours to recover her liberty, which was
only purfuing the dictates of nature ; but as for conceiv¬
ing a thought againfi; the life of the queen, (lie treated
the idea with horror. Whatever might have been this
queen’s offences, it is certain that her treatment was
fhamefully fevere. She defired to be put in polfeflion of
fuch notes as fhe had taken preparative, to her trial ; but
this was refufed. She demanded a copy of her proteft;
but her requeft was not complied with : five wished an
advocate to plead her caule againfi fo many learned law¬
yers as had undertaken her accufation ; but even this was
rejected ; and after an adjournment of fome days, fentence
of death was pronounced againfi her in the Star-chamber
in Weftminlter, all the commiflioners, except two, being
prefent. At the fame time a declaration was publilhed
by the commiflioners, implying, that the fentence againfi
Jher did In no wife derogate from the title and honour of
James, king of Scotland, fon to'the attainted queen.

During the interval between this fentence of the Scot-
ttifh queen and its execution, Elizabeth aCted a pari re-

4 N D.

markable for diffimulation and Iiypocrify. When (he
found that the tide of public prejudice ran (tfongly
againfi Mary, and that the people were as eager as her¬
felf for the execution of that princefs, file commanded fe-
cretary Davifon to prepare the warrant for her ftgiiature.
As foon as it was produced before her, (lie figned it with
as much cheerfulnefs and ■ felf-complacency as if it had
contained the grant of a pardon. She even infulted the
misfortunes of the injured queen by unfeafonable jocula¬
rity. Having defired the fecretary to inform his colleague
Walfingham (then indil'pofed ) of what (lie had done, dig
added, with an air of levity, that (he was appiehenfive of
his dying of grief at the intelligence. But, after (lie had
thus given Her fanCtion to the public execution of Mary,
her fear of the cenfures of mankind fiiggefled to her an
expedient by which (lie hoped to remove the odium of
her death on her keepers. She wilhed them to murder
her in private, on pretence of the aflociatiou by which
they had bound themfelves to revenge any attempt
againfi the life of their own fovereign. This contrivance,
(lie flattered herfelf, would tend to the propagation of an
opinion that (lie, had not confented to Mary’s death, and
that the officious zeal of private individuals had perpe¬
trated the deed without her knowledge. Pleated with
the fuggeflion, (he ordered the two fecretaries of (late to
write a letter to Paulet and Drury, who had the charge
of the condemned queen, reproaching them with their
want of loyalty and public fpirit, in not having relieved
her, by fome decifive means, from the danger to which
fhe was hourly expofed by the life of Mary ; urging the
bond of affociation as a fufficient juftification of fuch a
meafure to their own confciences as well as to the world;
and reprobating their unkindnefs in wifhing to throw the
odium upon her, acquainted a$ they were with the hu¬
manity of her difpofition, which rendered it fo unpleafing
to her to order the execution even of the tawed criminal,
that they might eafily fuppofe her to be peculiarly averfe
to the idea of ifluing an order for the delivery of a prin¬
cefs of her own family into the hands of the executioner.
Paulet and his afl'oeiate, though not remarkable for their
tendernefs to Mary, had too much honour to perpetrate
the infamous deed in which their unprincipled fovereign
was defirous of employing them. She might command,
they faid, their honourable fervices ; but they fcorned to
a<5t the part of aflaflins. Mortified at their refufal, which
(he ridiculed as the offspring, of idle fcrupulofity, Eliza¬
beth refolved to infligate fome lefs confcientious perfons
to the fecret murder of the'Scottifh queen. But, being
diffuaded from that refolution by the remonitrances of
Davifon, (lie thought proper to have recourfe to the re¬
gular execution of the fentence. That minilter having
communicated the warrant to the chancellor for the appli¬
cation of the great feal to it, Elizabeth fent a meflenger
to countermand that operation ; and finding that it was
already performed, (he reprimanded Davifon for his pre¬
cipitation. Wi filing to draw him into a fnare, that (lie
might have a pretence for imputing Mary’s execution to
him, (lie neither ordered him to iffue the warrant, nor to
with-hold it. Conceiving it to be his duty to expedite
a writ which had pafled through the neceflary forms, and
which he knew the queen to be extremely defirous of
executing, lie produced it before the privy council ; and,
as Cecil lord Burghley, Hatton, and other experienced
courtiers, penetrated her fchem.es. againfi Davifon, of
which indeed he himfelf had fome fufpicion, they refolved
to gratify her wifli, and eafily perfuaded the whole aflem-
bly to concur in fending off the warrant, without further
communication with their miftrefs. To allay the appre-
henfions of Davifon, all the counfellors engaged to bear
an equal (hare of the blame that might attend this mea-
fure.

In the mean time, accounts of this extraordinary fen¬
tence being fpread into all parts of Europe, the king of
France was among the foremoft who attempted to foften

the

ENGL

the heart of Elizabeth. He fent over an extraordinary
ambaffador to intercede for the life of Mary. James of
Scotland, her fon, was, as in duty obliged, (till more
pretTing in her behalf. He difpatched lord Keith, with
a letter to Elizabeth, conjuring her to fpare the life of
his parent. Elizabeth treated his interceflions with the
utmofl indignity ; and when the Scots ambaifador begged
that the execution might be delayed for a week, the
queen anfwered, with great emotion, “ No, not for an
“ hour 1”

On the 7th of February, 1587, the unfortunate Mary
queen of Scots was brought to the block, at eight o’clock in
the morning. In that awful conjunfture, fhe difplayed
a fortitude and a decency which would have honoured a
matron of Rome; and, to the moment of her death,
united the majefly of a queen with the meeknefs of a
martyr. The .earls of Shrewlbury and Kent carried to
the haplefs lady the warrant for her death. Worn with
ficknefs, confinement, and diltrefs, (he feems to have look¬
ed on this fummons rather as a relief, than as an addition
to her woes. She divided her wardrobe among her fer-
vants, and even deigned to excufe herfelf to them for not
adding to her prefect the magnificent habit in which (he
went to her death; “ but I nuift, (faid fhe,) appear in
a drefs becoming fuch a folemnity.” It was not without
many intreaties, that (he could get p.ermiffion for fix of
her Servants to attend at her death. She was even forced
to remind the earls that (lie was “ coufin to Elizabeth,
defcended from Henry VII. a married queen of France,
and an anointed fovereign of Scotland.” The unutter¬
able agonies of her fervants (lie tenderly reprefTed, telling
them that (lie had undertaken for the firmnefs of their beha¬
viour. To her (on (he Cent a tender and conciliatory
meffage by the weeping Melville. It was her hard lot
to have her devotion (hamefully difturbed by the" fana-
ticifm of the bufy dean of Peterborough. Having prayed
for the church, for her (on, and for the profperity and
long life of Elizabeth, the intrepid Mary uncovered her
neck, and fmiled at her own dilatorinefs : “ She was not
((lie cheerfully faid) accuftomed to undrefs before fo
much company.” An involuntary burft of tears pro¬
claimed the feelings of thofe who Hood around ; (lie com¬
forted and bleffed them; then ferenely laid her head on
the fatal block, and two ftrokes levered it from- her
body. Her remains were not at firff treated with due
refpedt ; but they were afterwards interred fplendidly at
Peterborough, from whence James, her fon, in 1612, re¬
moved them to Weftminffer-abbey, Of the longepitaph in-
fcribed on her tomb, one line is ffrikingly comprehenfive :

Jure Scotos, thalamo Fraficos, fpe pojjidet Anglos.

Scotland (lie claims, efpoufes France, and hopes for
England’s crown.

She fuff'ered in the forty-fifth year of hsr age, and the
nineteenthof her captivity. Thusfell, by anillegal ((retch
of power in England, Mary Stuart, queen of Scotland in
her.qwn right, dowager of France, and heirefsof the crowns
of England and Ireland; a Vidtini to the malignity of
female jealoufy, and to the rage of puritanical bigotry.
Having Sufficiently fpoken of the controverted parts of
her conduct, we (hall difmifs this illuftrious female with
a (ketch of her general character. Her perfonal accom-
plifhments were brilliant and captivating. By beauty of
countenance, fymmetry of form, and dignity of ftature,
(lie was eminently difiinguifiied. The natural elegance
of heraddrefs, improved by the polifii of Gallic education,
heightened the attractions of her perfon ; and her en¬
gaging affability, vivacity, and eafe, delighted all who
had the honour of converting with her. She polfelfed
very refpectable talents ; and her mind was cultivated
by. literature and erudition. In the profound knowledge
of policy and government, (he was inferior to Elizabeth ;
but, in generality, magnanimity, and other royal virtues,
(lie excelled her celebrated rival. Of the crimes of mur¬
der and adultery, of which (he has been fo peremptorily
VOL. VI. No. 380.

AND. GoJ

accufed, later writers have endeavoured to acquit her,
not only on the ground of infufficiency of evidence, but
on the confideration of the flagitious characters of her
chief accufers. Into various acts of indifcretion, how¬
ever, (lie was certainly carried, by the warmth of her
feelings, and the fuddennefs of her refolutions. Her at¬
tachment to her religion was fo (Irong as to expofe her to
the imputation of bigotry ; and though (he made ho open
attempts to overturn that theological fyftem which her
fubjeCts had eftablifhed during her abfeuce on the conti¬
nent, her forbearance was lefs the refult of inclination
than of the weaknefs of female authority over a bold and
turbulent people. Being naturally frank and open
(though (lie was not unlkilled in diflimulation), (lie was
inclined to entertain too favourable an opinion of thofe
who concealed their vices; and her occafional credulity,
and unfeafonable clemency, afforded the ambitious hypo¬
crites of her court an opportunity of effecting her ruin.
Her deportment had too great an appearance of levity,
to pleafe thofe fanatics who, under the aufpices of the
earl of Murray, and the inftruCtions of Knox, endeavour¬
ed to throw a gloom over the innocent cheerful nefs of
human life. She did hot perhaps take the mod proper
fteps for reprefling the factious fpirit of her nobles, or the
feditious exceffes of her clergy ; and, by deviating, in
fome inffances, from the paths of prudence and judg¬
ment, (he was lefs able to avert the (form which drove
her from her throne. Her weaknefs in trufting to the
profellions of Elizabeth cannot be mentioned without
cenfure ; but her behaviour in that long feries of adver-
(ity, which (lie Curtained after (he had put herfelf into the
power of the Englifli queen, demands our admiration of
her patience, fortitude, and conftancy. In her prifon,
and on the fcaffold, fhe appears a greater woman than
Elizabeth on her throne, while trembling, like a jealous
tyrant, with mean fufpicions and degrading fears.

As foon as her execution was notified to Elizabeth,
another fcene of hypocrify was played off. She affefted
the utmofl: grief and aftonilhment, and threatened her
miniflers with her fevered difpleafure, for having put
her dear coufin to death, not only without her knowledge
or confent, but even in oppofition to her declared will.
She now wrote a letter to the king of Scotland, afferting
her innocence of his mother’s death, and profefling an in¬
violable attachment to his interefts. James was fo in-
cenfed, that he refolved not only to renounce his alliance
with Elizabeth, but to avenge, by hoffilities, the caufe
of the murdered princefs, his mother. His nobles ap¬
plauded the juftnefs of his refentment, and promifed to
aCt with vigour againft a queen who had infulted and de¬
graded their nation. He reftifed to admit fir Robert
Cary, the bearer of Elizabeth’s letter, within his fron¬
tiers ; though he afterwards confented that the epiltle
(liould be received, as well as a memorial written by
Cary, in which the blame of Mary’s execution was im¬
puted to feCretary Davifon, whom the queen intended to
pnnifli feverely for his prefumption. Thefe difpatches
did not tend to allay the wrath of James, who ealily dif-
cerned the falsehoods which they contained. He conti¬
nued to think of revenge ; and, as his own kingdom was
too weak to give him hopes of fuccefs in a war with Eng¬
land, he looked out fora powerful ally, by whole aid
he might punifli the injuftice. In the mean time, Davi¬
fon was profecuted in the Star-chamber for a mifdemeanor,
in having produced the warrant before the privy council
without the orders of the queen, who affirmed that (he
had (tridtly enjoined him not to communicate it to any
one till he had received further direftions from her.
Though Davifon denied that (lie had given him fuch a
charge, he was condemned by an arbitrary court to pay a
fine of io,oool. and to fuffer imprifonment during the
queen’s pleafure. This iniquitous fentence reduced the
fecretary to indigence and mifery. He lingered fome years
in confinement ; during which the queen, by whofe tyranny
he had been ruined, occafionally relieved his neceflities.

* ' 8 E And

658 E N G I

And now, whatever may be faid to ex.cufe Elizabeth
for the imprifonment and death of her haplefs competi¬
tor on the fcore of ftate-neceffity, and dill more on that
of faving her fubjedls from feeing the fires of Smithfield
renewed by the bigotry of a fecond Mary, no apology
can be made for the wretched farce which the a£led after
that event; for her loud laments; for her appeals to
Heaven that (he meant npt the death of Mary ; nor, laft-
ly, for her unjuft and inhuman treatment of the worthy
Davifon. All this made up a tiffiie of wicked diffimula-
tion, which difgraced her even in her nobleft aflions.
That attachment to a worthlefs favourite alfo, which
had all along thrown a cloud over the reign of Elizabeth,
began now to unveil itfelf. The conduit of the earl of
Leicefter in Holland, where he commanded the army, had
been uniformly treacherous, daftardly, and treafonable.
Governors appointed by him, York and Stanley in par¬
ticular, had fold to the Spaniards the forts entrufted to;
their care ; each town in Holland had become a fcene of
intrigue ; and a fpirit of difcontent, fomented by this
ambitious minion, had almoft difunited thofe provinces,
whole union alone could preferve their exiftence as a
nation. The Dutch told their wrongs aloud, and lord
Buckhurft was fent to examine and report the truth. He
returned to the queen with ample evidence of Leicefter’s
bad conduit and worfe defigns- He found the favourite
in polfedion of Elizabeth’s ear, and both he and fir John
Norreys were difgraced for expofing Leicefter’s enormi¬
ties ; while that odious favourite was fent back to Hol¬
land in triumph, and again began his career of turbu¬
lence and treafon. However, it was hot long before
evidence of his having plotted to feize and imprifon
Barneveldt, and thirteen more of the firft perfons in the
country, was brought forward; and this charge, which
was too well grounded even for the partial ear of Eli¬
zabeth to refill, obliged her to recal that worthlefs mi¬
nion from the Netherlands, and to fend lord Willoughby
to take the command of his turbulent and ill-difciplined
army.

An awful, period in the annals of England now ap.
proached. Philip 11. elate with the dominions of Spain,
of Portugal, and both the Indies, had determined to ex¬
ert his vaft naval power, and cruft), with one bilge effort,
the infolent iftanders of Britain, who prefumed to finite
at his vengeance. He had juft received a new provoca¬
tion ; Drake, the fcourge of Spain, had deftroyed a whole
fleet of tranfports at Cadiz, laden with ftores and ammu¬
nition ; had ravaged his weftern coaft ; infulted Liffion ;
and taken a veffel laden with treafure, and papers of high
importance.

The preparations of Spain for the invafionand conqueft
of England, now filled every bread with anxious expec¬
tation. One hundred and thirty veffels, moft of which
were larger than had been ufually known in the Euro¬
pean feus, manned by 8350 feamen, 19,290 foldiers, and
2080 galley-flaves, and mounting 2360 large pieces of ord¬
nance, compofed a power which, in the eyes of Europe,
f'eefned irrefiftible ; and which the Spaniards haughtily
chriftened The Invincible Armada. Nor was this the
whole force deftined to a£t againft this devoted country ;
the prince of Parma had 25,000 veteran troops quartered
along the coaft of Flanders, ready to embark in tranfports
and flat-bottomed veffels,. the moment the Armada fhould
appear to protect their paffage towards the banks of the
Thames ; and fome hundreds of defperate Englifti rene-
gadoes prefented the moft odious, but not the lead for¬
midable, (bow of this armament; the treacherous band
was led by Stanley, already profcnbed for felling a Dutch
fortrefs to Spain. Belides thefe, 12,000 Frenchmen de¬
voted to the intereft of the Guifes, in habitual hatred of
proteftants, were encamped on the Norman coaft, ready
to embrace the firft opportunity of eroding the channel,
and of renewing in the weft of England thofe horrors
which the Hugonots had felt in France..

FrOyifions abounded in the Armada; bread and wine

AND.

for 40,000 men, during a whole year, ftored the holds;
while the decks fwarmed with volunteers of the higheft
ranks'. Superftitior, too, added her fanatic but powerful
aid ^bulls, denouncing fire and fword to England, accom¬
panied the fqu.idron ; and a confecrated banner from Rome
waved over the heads of thefe formidable crufaders. To
oppofe this tremendous armament the ftrength of Eng¬
land appeared quite inadequate. The whole realm eould-
not fupply 15,000 able feamen; and the royal navy con¬
fided only of twenty-eight velfels, moft of them fmall,
and ill calculated to lie along fide the huge galleons of
Spain and Portugal. But Elizabeth reigned in the hearts
of her people, and the exertions which they unanimoufiy
made for their country were proportioned to their loyal,
ty. London alone fent her 10,000 men and thirty (hips ;
not large, indeed, but well-equipped. Other ports fol¬
lowed this noble example ; and the nobility and gentry
bought or hired veffels, and equipped them to ferve in
this glorious caufe. The queen had hardly an ally but
James of Scotland, whofe intereft bound him to her, in
fpite of her paft condu.61, and whofe fidelity to his en¬
gagements was of infinite confeqttence to England and the
proteftant caufe. Great were the offers by which the lub-
tle Spaniard tempted him to join in an enterprize, which
he wiftied to reprefent as chiefly meant to revenge the
death of his injured mother. But the young prince had
dil’cernment enough to penetrate the flight veil with
Which the Spaniard wiftied to conceal his real defigns,
and wit enough to remark to an ambaffador, that “ he
found himfelf treated as Polyphemus treated Ulylfes, and
referved for Philip’s laft meal.” Some fmall aid England
might be faid to have derived from the king of Den¬
mark and the Hanfe-tovvns. Thefe, though not on good
terms, with Elizabeth, yet, moved by the common in-
tereft of nations, found means to delay and even flop the
failing of thofe Spanifti (hips which had put into their
harbours, and were laden with ftores for the Armada.

The martial and mafeuline fpirit of Elizabeth now
(hewed itfelf. She affembled her beft officers,. Her fleet
(lie entrufted to lord Howard of Effingham,. and to Drake,
Cavendilh, and Forbiflier, the firft ffeamen of the age.
She. raifed three armies ; one of 20,000 was cantoned
along the coaft ; while one of 34.000, under lord Hunf-
don, guarded her perfon, and was to adtas occafion might
require. If pains the hiftorian to add, that (he entrufted
the third and moft; important corps of 22,000 men, en¬
camped at Tilbury, and deftined to defend the metropo¬
lis, to the worthlefs, the daftardly, Leicefter, whom (he
tin wifely appointed general in chief of all her forces.
Had the Spaniards really, tended their troops, this partia¬
lity might have been fatal to England.

Leicefier’s army the queen vifited in perfon ; and,
riding through the ranks with a cheerful countenance,,
(lie elevated the loyalty of the foldiers almoft.to the pitch
of phrenzy, by one of the moft fpirited orations w hich
any hiltory can produce. She told them, that (he had
been warned not to truft herfelf among armed multitudes
for fear of treachery; but t hat (he did not wifli for life,
if (he nnift diftruft her people : “ Let tyrants fear, (faid
the eloquent heroine;); I have always fo behaved myfelf,
that, under God, I have placed my chiefeft ftrength and
fafeguard in the loyal hearts and good-will of my fub-
jedts. I am therefore come among you, not as for my
recreation and fport, but as being relolved, in. the middle
and heat of the battle, to live or die amongft you all ; to
laydown, for my God and my people, my honour and
my blood, even in the duft. I know (added (lie) that I
have but the body of a weak and feeble woman ; but I
have the heart of a king, and of a king of England too ;
and think foul.fcorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince
in Europe, (hould dare to invade the borders of my realm.
To which, rather than any difhonour (hall grow by me,
I myfelf will take up arms ; I myfelf will be your gene¬
ral, judge, and the rewarder of every one of your virtues
in the fields” &c<,.

NegociationSj

ENG

Negociafio.ns, delufive On bothfides, had employed the
commencement of 1588, until the end of M.iy, when the
Armada failed under the duke de Medina Sidonia, who,
on the deceafe of the marquis di Santa Cruz, lut'd been
appointed to command. A dorm, which damaged the
fliips and drove them back to Lifbon, had nearly occa-
fioned the difarming of the Englifh fleet ; which the eco¬
nomical Elizabeth judged no longer neceffary. Lord
Howard, however, dared to difobey her orders ; happily
for England, for on the 19th of July a Scots privateer
ran into Plymouth, and informed him that the Armada
was in the channel. Howard inflantly difpatched ex-
prefles for a fli fiance ; and, eager for action, towed his lit¬
tle fleet (about fifty veffels) in fpite of wind and tide,
out of the harbour; undifmayed at the floating caflles
which covered the fea, and which, as an elegant Italian,
Bentivoglio, paints, “advanced flowly, as if the ocean
were tired of lupporting, and the winds of impelling, fo
enormous a weight.” He hung upon their rear; and,
fupp lying the want of force by valour and activity, he
delayed their progrefs until he had received reinforce¬
ments from every fouthern port, fitted out and command¬
ed by the flower of the Englilh nation. The fleet of
Howard now amounted to 140 (hips, or rather barks;
with thefe, unequal as they were, he fkirmiflied with the
Invincible Armada fix days. During this time the Eng¬
lifh veffels could not lie alongfide of the Spaniards, fo
great was the fuperiority of their metal ; nor could they
board them, fo lofty were their fides ; neverthelefs, by
their perfevering agility they had gained fuch advantages,
that difmay had taken place of that infoler.ee which had
hitherto animated the invaders.

The Armada now lay confufedly moored ofF Calais ; it
had lofl feveral of its larged veffels, and the prince of
Parma had refufed to leave the ports of Flanders until
he could be certain that the Spaniards were mafiers at
fea. On the ninth night, eight fire-fhips, commanded
by the captains Young and Prowfe, dafhing among the
thicked of the fleet, fcattered terror and deflru&ion
around them; and twelve of the bed fliips which Me¬
dina Sidonia could boad of, were confumed or lod. While
England had only to lament one brave officer, named
Cocke ; who, with his crew, overwhelmed by fuperior
force, periffied in that glorious fight. The next day it
was determined to abandon all ideas of an invafion, and
to conduct, if poffible, the remains of the fleet back to
Spain ; and rather than venture to repafs the channel,
expofed to the now dreaded veflels of England, it was
thought better to encounter the rocks, funds, and bil¬
lows, of that fiormy fea which waffled the illes of Shet¬
land, Every fpecies of wreichednefs now hovered around
them. Had not the Englifh wanted ammunition, the Spa¬
niards had all been their prifoners ; as it was, tempefls
unceafingly accompanied their courfe.; fome of the gal¬
leons ran on the Scottifh fliore, where the few that
efcaped were treated with decent kindnefs ; others more
unfortunate were dafhed to pieces on the coafts of Ire¬
land, where thofe who gained the fliore were without
pity maflacied. In fine, the Invincible Armada, re¬
duced to lei's than a third of its original number, returned
to Spain full of famine and difeafe, to become the theme
of Philip’s attested philolophy.

Befides her deliverance from the Spanifh invafion, Eng¬
land had another ftiil more important event in 1588 ; the
deceafe of Dudley earl of Leicefter, the mod unprincipled
of court minions. He was on the point of being confti-
tuted lieutenant-general of England. His royal miftrefs
lamented his lols with many tears; but, with charafte-
'riftic economy, di drained his goods to reimburfe herfelf
for what fhe had lent him !

The Englifli queen had hitherto, by a feries of deep
machinations, prevented James VI. of Scotland from mar¬
rying. She loved not wedlock in any of her family ; and
was particularly apprehenfive, that a wife of difeernment
might encourage him to a feceflion from that dependence

LAND. 659

on her will w hich die now kept up. Towards the' end
of 1589, however, he exerted a fpirit of which (he fitp-
pofed him not to be capable, and, in fpite of her machi¬
nations, wedded Anne of Denmark, after having encoun¬
tered the florins and waves of the Norwegian ocean.

That flame of enterprize which had been kindled among
the Englifli by the fit'll fuccelfes of Drake, now blazed
higher and higher. Lord Thomas Howard with feven
fliips failed to the Azores in 1591, to intercept a fleet la¬
den with the treafure of India. Philip had fent a large
lquadron to protect them. The Englifli were bore down
upon by a vafl fuperiority of fliips; and Howard, with
five of his veflels, ran out to fea and efcaped; but the
vice-admiral, fir Richard Greenville, thinking it beneath
the Englifli character to Ihew the flern of his (hip, the
Revenge, to a Spaniard, refolved fooner to engage the
vafl force which befet him, amounting to fifty-three men
of war, manned with 10,000 feamen. During fifteen
hours, he fought with as many of the enemy as could find
room to attack him; at length, covered with wounds,
his men almofl all flain or wounded, his powder nearly
fpent, his malls gone, and his veil'd, pierced by 800 bul¬
lets, almofl linking under him, he earneftly recommended
it to the few furvivors of his crew to trufl in God, rather
than in Spain, and to blow up the (hip. The gunner
and fome others approved the idea ; but, a contrary fen-
timent prevailing with the majority, the Revenge was
furrendered on honourable terms to Don Alphonlo Baf-
fario, the admiral of Philip. The gallant Englifhman
died of his wounds in three days; and his ffiip, the fiift
Englifhman of war Spain had ever taken, funk at fea
with 200 Spaniards on-board ; a dear-bought prize ; as the
capture of her had cod the enemy 2000 of their braved
Tailors, and two of their douted fliips, which were funk,
befides two difabled. In the mean time, the Indian fleet,
which the dread of lord Howard had detained at the Ha-
vannah beyond its due feafon, endeavouring to reach
Spain, was difperfed by a dorm ; many of them fell into
the hands of the Englifh.

In France, fir John Norreys and fir Roger Williams
commanded with great honour two feparate bodies of
auxiliaries, fent by Elizabeth to the help of Henry IV.
It was, indeed, the intered of thefe two fovereigns to unite
againd the overgrown power of Spain. In 1594, the
Englifh army, led by the gallant Norreys, encountered
and defeated the Spanifh forces in Bretagne, and with
great gallantry aflided at the taking Morlaix, Qujmper-
corentin, and Bred ; before which lad place fir Martin
Forbifher, who attacked it by fea, found, with many
other Englifhmen, an honourable death. Early in 1596,
Elizabeth had intelligence of a new and vad armament
which Philip had prepared at Cadiz, under Don Martin
di Padilla, an able officer, with a determination to fub-
due Ireland. She waited not to be attacked. A nume¬
rous fleet, under lord Effingham, accompanied by a gal¬
lant army, failed Indantly for the coad of Spain. The
fleet was reinforced by the experienced valour of fir Wal¬
ter Raleigh, who had jud returned from a fuccefsiefs ex¬
pedition in South -America. Cadiz was boldly attacked
and taken, in fpite of a mod obdinate refi dance ; and all
the fleet and (hips in the harbour were made prizes.
Philip lod on this occafion fifteen large fliips of war, and
twenty-two veffels laden with merchandize for the ead.
But, during the abfence of the fleet on this expedition,
the Spanifh admiral had failed with another fleet, and.
8000 foldiers, with a defign to feize the unguarded har¬
bour of Falmouth, and wait at the mouth of the channel
to intercept the fleet of lord Effingham on its return from
Cadiz. What the confequence might have been, it is
not eafy to fay ; but Providence deigned to interpofe ;
and no fooner had the Spaniards gained fight of Scilly,.
titan, at the indant a council of war was fitting on-board
the admiral’s fltip, a dorm arof'e with fuch violence that
it prevented the captains from returning to their fliips.
Forty of their fleet were lod or forced into hoftile ports.

660 ENGL

and the reft utterly difabled. The fame tempeft met the
victorious fleet of England on its return ; but the (hips
being lighter efcaped with little damage. It would be
tedioirs to relate all the advantages obtained by the Eng-
liih over the enemy at fea, where the capture of every
fl'.ip muft have been made a feparate narrative ; or their
various defeents upon different parts of the Spanifli main,
which were attended with effects too tranlient for the
page of hiftory. It is fufficient to obferve, that the naval
commanders of that reign were conlidered as the boldeft
men the world had produced ; among whom were Ra¬
leigh, Howard, Drake, Cavendifli, Hawkins, &c. The
Englilh navy then firft began to take the lead, and has
lince continued irrefiftible in all parts of the ocean.

Among thofe who made the mod fignal figure in the
army, was the young earl of Elfex, a nobleman of great
bravery, generofity, and genius; and fitted, not only for
the foremoft ranks in war by his valour, but to conduit
the pitiigues of a court, by his eloquence and .addrefs.
But with all thefe endowments, he wanted prudence ;
being impetuous, haughty, and totally incapable of
advice or controul. The earl of Leicefter, who died fome
time before, left room in the queen’s affections for a new
favourite, which (lie was not long in choofing. The bra¬
very, the popularity, and the meridian of manhood,
which now diftinguifhed Eflex, were recommendations
too important not to engage her attention. Elizabeth,
though Ihe refilled a hufband, yet appeared always defir-
ous of a lover ; and flattery had rendered her fo infenfible
to her want of beauty, and to the depredations of age,
that ihe Hill thought herfelf as captivating by her per-
fonal accompli ill meats, as by her authority. The new
favourite was active, ambitious, witty, and handfome ;
in the field, and at court, lie always appeared with fupe-
rior luifre. In all the mafks, which were then in fafhion,
the earl and Elizabeth were coupled as partners ; and
although ihe was near fixty, and he not half fo old, yet
her vanity overlooked the difparity ; the world told her
die was young, and Ihe vviflied to think fo. The earl’s
advancement in the queen’s affections, as may naturally
be imagined, promoted his interefts in the ftate ; and he
at length conducted public meafures at his own difere-
tion. Inexperienced as he was, he began to fancy that
the popularity he poffeffed, and the flatteries he received,
were acquired by bis merits, and not by court favour.
His jealoufy alfo of lord Burleigh, bis only rival in
power, began to make him vindictive; and the fucceffes
he had obtained againft the Spaniards, increafed his confi¬
dence. In a debate before the queen, between him and
Burleigh, about the choice of a governor for Ireland, he
was fo heated, that he entirely forgot the rules both of
duty and decorum. He turned his pofteriors to the queen
in a contemptuous manner ; which fo provoked her re-
fe-ntment, that Ihe gave him a box on the ear. Infteadof
making the apology of a gentleman, or recollecting the
fubmiflion due to the fex and dignity of a queen, he clap¬
ped his hand to his fword, and fwore he would not have
borne fuel) ufage from her father. This infult, though
unprecedented, was overlooked by Elizabeth ; flie rein-
ftated him in her favour, and love feemed to have acquir¬
ed new force from anger and refentment. The death
alfo of his rival, lord Burleigh, which happened fhortly
after, ferved to confirm his power.1

At that time the earl of Tyrone headed an infurreftion
in Ireland ; to fubdue which, was an employment that
Effex thought worthy of his ambition; nor were the
courtiers difpleafed at the removal of a man who obftruCt-
ed their private aims of preferment. The earl of Effex,
upon taking the command, emplo’yed the earl of South¬
ampton, who had been long obnoxious to the queen, as
general of horfe ; nor was it till after repeated orders
from Elizabeth, that he could be prevailed on to difplace
him. This indiferetion was followed by another: in¬
deed of attacking the enemy in their grand retreat in
Ulfter, he led Iris forces into the province of Munfter,

AND.

where lie exhaufted his ftrengtli, and loft the favourable
opportunity of a decifive victory; and thus, inftead of
forcing the rebels to a fubmiflion, lie had concluded an
inglorious ceffation of hoftilities. But his conduCt was
Hill more abfurd and incomprehenfible, when quitting
his command, and leaving the army inactive, he returned
from Ireland on a vifit to the queen. Elizabeth, at firft,
was pleafed with the interview ; but the -momentary fatis-
faCtion of his unexpected appearance being over, file re¬
flected on the impropriety of the affair, and ordered an
inveftigation of his conduCt before the council, fecure in
their difpolition to do him no injury. In confequence of
this he was only fentenced to refign his employments, and
remain a prifoner in his own houfe during her majefty’s
plea fure.

The cloud which had obfeured the fortune of this
heedlefs nobleman was now inclined to difperfe. A
flight illnefs had foftened the heart of the queen, and by
enquiry (he found that lie had fpent his hours in exercifes
of devotion, an enthufiafm which always feized his mind
when fortune was adverfe : but one unlucky expreflion
of feverity occaiioned his deftruCtion. The date of a
lucrative patent enjoyed by Effex bad juft expired, and
he petitioned for its renewal. Elizabeth refufed it with
this farcafm, “ an ungovernable beaft ihould be ftinted
of its provender.” After this, he gave up all hopes of
being reinftated in the favour of his Ibvereign ; and, hur¬
ried away by the impetuofity of his temper, lie rufhed
headlong into violence, treafon, and ruin. He excited
James of Scotland to take meafures to fecure his fuc-
ceffion, which he faid was in danger from the machi¬
nations of a minilter who had placed Raleigh to command
in Jerfey, Carew in Ireland, and lord Cobham at the
Cinque Ports, merely to facilitate the acceftion of a Spa-
niili princefs. But James was too cautious to rifle fo rich
a prize by too much hurry. Effex alfo wrote to lord
Mountjoy in Ireland, and almoft perftiaded him to in¬
vade England. He filently caballed with the catholics,
and openly with the puritans; and he drove to form ai^-
aft'oeiation againft Elizabeth among the magiftrates and
citizens of London. He even proceeded to fettle the plan
of an infurreCtion ; and it was determined that his friends
ftiould overpower the guards and feize the palace ; and
that himfelf (hould demand of the queen a new parlia¬
ment, a new miniftry, and a fettlement of the fuccellion.

The fall of the mii'guided Effex opened the year i6ot .
Driven to defpair by the apprehenfion of ruin, he madly
attempted to arm the populace againft the throne of Eli¬
zabeth. Having garrifoned his houfe in the Strand, and
imprifoned therein three of the privy-counfellors who had
been fent to enquire into his proceedings, he traverled
the city of London at the head of two hundred armed
men, crying, “ For the queen! for the queen! my life is
in danger.” But the lord mayor had ordered the citizens
to keep within doors ; and Effex, having been proclaimed
a traitor by the earl of Cumberland, faw his followers
flirink from his banner; and it was not without the lofs
of fome of his remaining friends, that he could fecure a
padage back to Effex-houfe. There lie was affailed by
the lord-admiral Nottingham with a corps of regular
troops, and obliged to furrender at diferetion. The pri¬
vy-counfellors had been before releafed by fir Ferdinand
Gorges, who is fuppofed to have aCted as a fpy on the
motions of Effex.

The trial and condemnation of this ill-fated nobleman
quickly followed. It was then that the enthufiafm of
piety again poffeffed the foul of Effex. He wept over
his faults, confeffed his machinations, and even difclofed
the intention of his friends in his favour; an avowal
which, in his cooler moments, he would have abhorred.
The queen figned the warrant for his death with an al¬
moft convulfive pang, and foon countermanded it, appa¬
rently waiting for fome fuppliant application, which might
give her an occafion for fhewing mercy. No fupplication.

661

ENGLAND,

'as fhe believed) fet at nought, gave her fufficient refo-
lution to order the execution of the haplefs Elfex. He
fell with dignity ; pious, but not dejedled ; he defined to
be beheaded privately within the Tower, left the fig'll t of
the people, who he knew w'ould lament his fate, might
turn his thoughts from Heaven. The unfortunate earl
had run a long career of glory and favour in a few years :
he died at only thirty-four. Several of his afiociates were
alfo tried and executed. Cuffe, whofe counfels had pre¬
cipitated him ; Davers, Blount, and Meyric. South¬
ampton (for whom Elfex had felt much more than for
himfelf) was fpared, but remained a prifoner in the Tower
while the queen lived. In fpite of malice, and of his
own egregious faults, fcarcely does any character intereft
the reader of Englifh hiftory fo much as that of Robert
Devereux earl of Elfex. His exterior was noble and
beautiful, and his fpirit gallant and enterprifing ; at eigh¬
teen, he diftinguifhed himfelf near Zutphen, where fir
Philip Sidney fell, whofe widow he married ; at twenty-
two he joined as a volunteer in the enterprize to place
Don Antonio on the throne of Portugal, and challenged
the governor of Corunna to fingle combat. At the fiege
of Rouen, in France, he defied Villars, the commandant,
to fight him on foot or on horfeback ; “ I will make you
•(faid he) own that I am better than you, and that my
miftrefs is fairer than yours.” From the moment of the
fatal execution of this accomplifhed nobleman, a me¬
lancholy of the mod black and immoveable kind over¬
powered the faculties of Elizabeth, and rendered her in-
fenlible to every comfort, and indifferent to all the affairs
■of the ftate. Some have imputed this afflidtion of mind
to the anxious jealoufy which fhe felt at that attention
•which her penetrating eye had difcerned among her cour¬
tiers towards James of Scotland. There is, however, a
much more probable caufe to be alleged: the tale till
lately has been thought a fidtion ; but authentic papers,
which have been within a few years part laid before the
public, give ftrong authority to believe it true.

When the earl of Effex was in the higheft favour with
his royal miftrefs, he ventured to tell her of the perpetual
anxiety which befet him when duty demanded his ab-
fence, left his rivals, who he knew furrounded her, fhould
deprive him of her good opinion ; and he fhould be con¬
demned, unheard, to lofe her fmiles, which he valued
more than his life. The queen, moved with this earned:
and ingenuous difclofure of his fears and affedtions, gave
him from her finger a ring, as a pledge of her efteem ;
promifing at the fame time that, let his fituation be ever
fo defperate, at the fight of that token fhe would give
him audience, and reftore him to her friendfhip. Effex
preferved this precious gift through all his perils, until
after he was fentenced to death, and then he thought the
time was come to prove its value. Unhappily it was the
countefs of Nottingham to whom he entrufted this invalu¬
able jewel; a more unfit meffenger he could not have found ;
fince, befides the animofity borne to him by the lord-admi¬
ral, her hufband, the lady herfelf is believed to have loved
Effex, and to have bitterly felt the pangs of difappoint-
ment when he married another woman. In fhort, fhe
carried not the ring; and Elizabeth, after contriving
many delays, difgufted at the obftinacy of her favourite,
(who, fhe believed, defpifed her mercy,) in a fit of dis¬
appointed rage, figned the warrant for his execution.

The countefs of Nottingham, in 1603, drawing near her
end, fent a prefting meffage to the queen to entreat a fight
of her majefty before her death. Elizabeth, who had
dearly loved her, fpeedily obeyed the fummons ; but,
when (lie heard the foul-harrowing confeffion, (he caught
faft hold of the expiring criminal, lhook her, and almoft
tore her from her bed : “ God (faid (lie) may forgive
you, but I never can.” From that moment fhe rejected
all confolation, and not only refufed medicines, but even
food. Ten days and nights (lie lay on a carpet, leaning
her head on a cufhion, and not permitting herfelf to be
Vol. VI. No. 381.

put into bed. Nature now appeared almoft exhaufted ;
and her great officers of ftate, defpairing of her life, ven¬
tured to afk, whom (lie would have for her fucceffor ?
To this fhe faintly anfwered, that her throne was a
throne of kings; and, by figns, agreed to the appoint¬
ment of James, the fon of Mary. She expired on the
24th of March, 1603, aged fixty-nine years, fix months,
and feven days, after having reigned forty-five years.

The perfon of Elizabeth was flout, tall, and majeftic,
her complexion fair, and her hair yellow. Her rnafeu-
line turn of mind, her firmnefs, her penetration, and her
judgment, qualified her for the government of a great
empire. Learned, intelligent, and enlightened ; adtive,
vigilant, and circumfpedfc ; ftudious of the honour of her
country, and of the general welfare of her fubjedts ; fhe
acquired a reputation and a popularity which greatly
contributed to the fuccefs of her enterprifes, and the
profperity of her fway. Though menaced with ruin by
the catholic powers of the continent, (he baffled all their
fchemes by her confummate prudence and diftinguifhed
addrefs; (lie defpifed alike the thunders of the Vatican,
and the more formidable artillery of Philip ; and, by the
efforts of a brave people, who cheerfully rifqued their
lives in the fervice of their princefs, fhe was enabled to
triumph over the perfevering malignity and the tremen¬
dous preparations of her foreign enemies. Her domeftic
foes fire fometimes overawed by feverity, and fometimes
conciliated by lenity ; but her difpofition feemed more to
incline her to the former conduct. She was of an impe¬
rious fpirit, and impatient of the lead oppofition to her
will ; and the ftorms of paflion into w'hich fhe was betray¬
ed were frequent and violent. Her frugality was carried
to fuch an extremity as fometimes to obftrudt the com¬
plete fuccefs of her fchemes; and her defire of treafure
impelled her into extortion and rapacity. Her courage
and fortitude were great and exemplary; but (till, in
fome inftances of her conduct, we.difcover ftrong marks
of a refemblance to the arbitrary, unrelenting, and cruel,
difpofitions of her father and her fitter. The whole
courfe of her behaviour to the lovely and unfortunate
queen of Scotland, is marked by female jealoufy, diffimu-
lation, perfidy, and the moft unfeminine feverity. What¬
ever might have been the errors of Mary’s government,
and of her private and perfonal conduct, they were not
fubjedl to the jurifdidtion of her rival. Elizabeth, in
depriving the queen of Scots of her life, adted in as open a
violation of the law of nations, as of every principle of
juftice, and every fuggeftion of humanity.

The Englilh people, however, were certainly happier
during her reign, than they had ever been before ; and
to this day they retain a grateful regard for her memory.
Yet fhe was no friend to liberty, but watchfully checked
thofe faint dawnings of its fplendour, which now and
then pervaded the gloom of defpotifm ; nor was the ud-
miniftration of juftice in her time well calculated to
fecure either life or property. Had fhe lived in a private
ftation, Elizabeth would, perhaps, have been hated and
ridiculed ; on a throne, (lie was enabled to hide her lefs
commendable qualities under the blaze of a vaft and mag¬
nanimous heroifm. The fagacity of her minifters, and
the bravery of her commanders by fea and land, were
ftrong proofs of the ftrength of her difeernment, which
could diftinguifh and employ fuch talents in their pro.
perly adapted fervices. In fliort, when the weak and
fpiritlefs ftate of England, at the crifis of the deceafe of
Mary, is confidered ; and when we find the condition of
the realm fo altered in the fpace of a few years by the
fuperiority of Elizabeth’s abilities, which enabled her to
hold the balance of Europe ; when we find the proteftant
religion firft firmly fettled in England, the commerce of
the ifland increafed, her fleets triumphant, and her friend-
fhip fought for by all nations of Europe; we cannot,
without injuftice, withhold the tribute of praife from
this glorious, though not faultlefs, fovereign. In her
2 F terminated

€62 E N G I

terminated the laft of the EngUlh fovereigns of the lioufe
of Tudor. For the writings and literary character of this
princefs, fee p. 476, of this volume.

From the ACCESSION of the HOUSE of STUART,

to the ABDICATION of the THRONE by

JAMES II.

The crown of England palled, with the utmoft tranquil¬
lity, from the family of Tudor to that of Stuart, in the
perfon of James I. of England, and Sixth of Scotland.
This monarch, the only iflue of the unfortunate Mary
queen ot Scots, came to the throne with the univerfal
approbation of all orders of the Hate ; as in his perfon
were united every claim that either defcent, bequeft, or
parliamentary fanction, could confer. He had every rea-
fon, therefore, to anticipate a happy reign ; and he was
taught, from his infancy, that his prerogative was un.
controulable, and his right tranfmitted from Heaven.
Thefe fentiments he took.no care to conceal; and even
publifhed them in many parts of thofe works which he
had written before he left Scotland. But he was rather
miftaken in the fpirit of the times. New fyftems of go¬
vernment, and new ideas of liberty, had been rapidly
Healing in with the reformation. In confequence of the
pirogrefs of knowledge, and a familiar acquaintance with
the governments of antiquity, the old Gothic forms be¬
gan to melt away, and an emuUition took place to imitate
the freedom of Greece and Rome. The fevere though
popular government of Elizabeth had confined this rifing
fpirit within narrow bounds; but when a new fovereign
and a new family appeared, lefs dreaded and lefs'refped:-
ed by the people, fymptoms of a more free and indepen¬
dent genius began to diftinguifli the character of the
nation.

James, on his acceftion to the throne of England, with
a miftaken idea of making himfelf popular, conferred the
honour of knighthood on no fewer than two hundred and
thirty-feven perlons; among whom his Scottifh courtiers
were thought by the envious to have been too liberally
noticed. But though his countrymen (hared a part of
thefe honours, yet juftice (hould be done the king, by
acknowledging that he left almoft all the great offices of
the date in the hands he found them. Among thefe,
Cecil, created earl of Salifbury, who had been fo aftive
in the laft reign, was continued prime-minifter and chief
counfellor. But it w'as not fo with lord Grey, lord Cob-
ham, and fir Walter Raleigh, who had been Cecil’s af-
fociates. They, on the contrary, felt the weight of the
king’s difpleafure, and were difmifled their employments.
Thefe three illuftrious perfonages feemed to be marked
out for peculiar indignation ; for fhortly after they were
accufed of entering into a confpiracy againft the king;
neither the prqofs of which, nor its aims, have ever
reached pofterity. They were all condemned to the
fcaffold ; but had their fentence mitigated by the king.
Cobhavn and Grey were pardoned, after they had laid
their heads on the block. Raleigh was reprieved, and
at large for many years, but at laft fullered for this of¬
fence, which was never proved.

Though James and his parliament were conftantly at va¬
riance in their endeavours to fettle the rights of the peo¬
ple, and the prerogatives of the crown, yet his juftice and
clemency were very apparent in the toleration which he
gave to the teachers of different religions throughout the
kingdom. The minds of the people had long been irritated
againft one another, and each party perfecuted the other, as
it happened to prevail ; it was expected, therefore, that
James would ftrengthen the hands of the proteftants, and
that the catholics and fedtaries (hould find no protedlion.
But this monarch wifely obferved, that men (hould be
punifited for actions, and not for opinions ; a philanthropic
and noble decifion, though it gave general diftutisfadtion ;
but the univerfal complaint of every left was the beft ar¬
gument of his moderation towards all. Yet mild as was

r A N D.

this monarch’s difpofition towards religious feels, there
was a projedl contrived in the very beginning of his reign
for the re-eftablifhment of popery, which, were it not a
fadl well known to all the world, could fcarcely be cre¬
dited by pofterity. This was tire gun-powder plot ; than
which a more horrid or terrible fcheme never entered
into the human heart to conceive, and which (hews at
once that the mod determined courage may be united
with the mod execrable intentions.

The Roman catholics, on the acceftion of James, ex¬
pected a renewal of the papal fupremacy, inafmuch as he
was the only defeendant from Mary, a rigid catholic, and
had (hewn great partiality to that religion in his youth.
But they foon difeovered their miftake, and were fo en¬
raged and difappointed, that with the genuine fpirit of
malicious bigotry, they formed a refolution of deftroying
the king and both hoiifes of parliament at once. The
fcheme was laid by Robert Catelby, a gentleman of a
good family, who conceived that gun-powder might be
fo placed under the parliament houfe, as to blow up the
king and all the members at their firft meeting. He
opened his intention to Thomas Percy, of the illuftrious
houfe of Northumberland, who readily came into it.
Thomas Winter was next let imo the fecret ; and he
went over to Flanders in queft of Guy Fawkes, an engi¬
neer in the Spanifli fervice, with whole zeal and courage
the confpirators were thoroughly acquainted.

Every thing being concerted, and the confpirators hav¬
ing taken an oath of fecrecy, which they confirmed by
receiving the facrament together, a houfe was hired in
the name of Percy, adjoining that in which the parlia¬
ment aflembled ; and, finding that a cellar was to be let
under the houfe of lords, they feized the opportunity of
renting it ; and, forming a communication between Per¬
cy’s houfe and it, depofited there thirty-fix barrels of
gun-powder, which they covered with faggots and billet-
wood. The doors of the vault were then boldly thrown
open, to prevent any appearance of fufpicion; and no¬
thing remained, but to watch the opportunity of render¬
ing the horrible cataflrophe complete.

The king, the queen, and prince Henry, were all ex-
pedled to be prefent at the opening of parliament ; but
prince Charles, by reafon of his tender age, would ne-
ceflarily be abfent, and him it was intended to aftaftinate.
The princefs Elizabeth alone remained of the royal fa¬
mily whom papiftical vengeance had not devoted, and it
was their intention to place her on the throne. Twenty
confpirators had facredly kept this dreadful fecret nearly
a year and a half ; but the fame bigotry which had given
rife to the plot, was diredled by the will of Providence
to reveal it. A few days before the meeting of parlia¬
ment, lord Monteagle, who was a catholic, received the
following letter from an unknown correfpondent :

“ My lord, out of the love I bear to Come of your
friends, I have a care of your prefervation. Therefore I
would advife you, as you tender your life, to devife fome
excufe to fhift off your attendance in this parliament.
For God and man have concurred to punifti the wicked-
nefs of this time. And think not (lightly of this adver-
tifement ; but retire yourlelf into your country, where
you may expeft the event in fafety. For, though there
be no appearance of any ftir, yet, I fay, they will receive
a terrible blow this parliament, and yet they (hall not
fee who hurts them. This counlel is not to be contemn¬
ed, becaufe it may do you good, and can do you no harm :
for the danger is paft, as foon as you have burnt the let¬
ter. And I hope God will give you the grace to make
good ufe of it, unto vvhofe holy protedlion 1 commend
you.”

This myfterious letter very little difconcerted the no¬
bleman to whom it was addrefted ; but though he was
inclined to think it a ridiculous attempt to frighten him,
yet he judged it right to carry it to lord Salifbury, fee re-
tary of date. The noble fecrctary gave little attention

t.Q

ENGLAND.

to it, yet produced it before the king in council, who
came to town a few days after. None of the council
thought much of it, though it appeared ferious and
alarming. In this.inixture of agitation and doubt, the
king was the firft who penetrated the fccret. He con¬
cluded that fome fignal mifchief w'as preparing by gun¬
powder; and it was thought advifable to infpedl all the
vaults below the houfes of parliament. This care be¬
longed to the earl of Suffolk, lord chamberlain, who ju-
dicioufly poftponed the fearch till the day before the
meeting ot parliament, which was fixed for the memo¬
rable 5th of November, 1605. He then fufpefted the
great piles of faggots which lay in the vault under the
houfe of peers; and he call his eye upon Fawkes, who
flood in a dark corner, and who paffed himfelf for Percy’s
lervant. Thefe appearances determined lord Suffolk to
take his time to make a more exaft fcrutiny. About
midnight, therefore, fir Thomas Knevett, a juftice of the
peace, was fent with proper attendants ; and juft at the
entrance of the vault he feized Guy Fawkes, who had
difpofed every part of the train of gunpowder for taking
fire the next morning, the matches and other combufti-
bles being found upon him. The whole of this horrible
plot was now difcovered ; but the atrocity of the perpe¬
trator was fnch, that he told the officers of juftice, with
an undaunted air, that had he blown them and himfelf
up together, he fhould have been happy. Before the
council he manifefted the fame favagc difpofition, re-
fufing to dilcover his alfociates, and exprefling no con¬
cern but for the failure of his enterprife. Being com¬
mitted to the Tower, his courage at laft failed him, and
he made a full difcovery of his accomplices.

Catefby, Percy, and the confpirators who were in Lon¬
don, hearing that Fawkes was arrefted, fled into War-
wickfhire, where fir Everard Digby, relying on the fuc-
cefs of the plot, was already in arms, in order to feize
the princefs Elizabeth. But the country foon began to
take the alarm ; and wherever they turned, they found a
fuperior force ready to oppofe them. In this exigence,
they refolved to make a (land at a houfe in Wanvickfhire,
and fell their lives as dearly as poftible. Catefby, Percy,
and Winter, (landing back to back, fought long and defpe-
rately ; till at laft the two firfi fell covered with wounds,
and Winter was taken alive. Thole that furvived the
daughter fell by the hands of the executioner. Such was
the end of a confpiracy that brought ruin on its contrivers,
and utterly fupplanted that religion it was intended to
eftablilh. Yet it is remarkable, that, before this diabo¬
lical attempt, the confpirators had always borne a fair
reputation; Catefby was beloved by all who knew him ;
and Digby was as highly refpedled both for honour and
integrity as any man in the nation. However, Inch are
the lengths to which fuperftition and prejudice can hurry
minds originally well formed, but imprelfed by a wrong
bias.

The king’s moderation, after the extinction of this con¬
fpiracy, was only equalled by his penetration in the dif¬
covery of it. The hatred excited by the people againft
the catholics, knew no bounds; and nothing but a total
extinction of thofe who adhered to that perfuafion, feemed
capable of fatisfying the greater part of the nation. James
nobly rejected all violent meafures, and declared that the
late confpiracy, however atrocious, fhould never alter his
plans of government; but as, on the one hand, he was
determined to punifh guilt, fo, on the other, he would
ftill fupport and proteCt innocence. This principle of
moderation, however, was very unpleafing to the people;
and the more malignant part of his fubjeCts were difpofed
to afcribe this lenity to the papifts, to his being himfelf
tinCtured with their fuperftitions. It is therefore proba¬
ble, that the oppofition which James met with from his
fubjeCts in England, induced him to prefer his own coun¬
trymen to places of truft and confidence about his perfon.

A principal objeCt in the contemplation of James, and
en which he bellowed his earned endeavours, was the
1

66$

improvement and amelioration of Ireland. To civilize
that country, it was necelfary to abolilh many of its an¬
cient inftitutions. By the Brehen cuftovn, every crime,
including thofe of the deepeft dye, might be atoned for
by a fine. This rate was called eric. The Englifh having
formed a defign of fending a fheriff into Fermenagh, Ma¬
guire, one of the chiefs of that diflnct, replied, “ Your
flieriff (hall be welcome to me ; but let me know before¬
hand his eric, or the price of his head, that if my people
cut it oft’, I may levy the money on the county.” Small
offences were cognizable by no law ; and in this rude date
of the country, the efforts of James to pr duce ameliora¬
tion were highly praifeworthy . He (ubftituted as far as
he could the Engl i ih laws, declared the natives free citi¬
zens, eftablifhed circuits, and, by means of a final] army,
kept the country in a (late of quiet and order before un¬
known.

While the king was thus laudably employed, the death
of his eldeft fon, Henry prince of Wales, in the eighteenth
year of his age, A. D. 1612, fpread a general gloom over
the profpedls of the nation. Neither his high birth nor
his youth had feduced him into any irregularities; bufi-
nefs and ambition were his folc delight. His inclinations
as well as exercifes were martial. The French anibaf-
fador taking leave of him, and afking his commands for
France, found him employed in the exercife of the pike:
“ Tell your king (fa id lie) in what occupation you found
me engaged.” For fir Wafer Raleigh, then in the Tow er,
he feems to have conceived a ftrong affection and efteem.
“ Surely (obferved lie) no king but my father would
keep fuch a bird in a cage.” The marriage of his filter
the princefs Elizabeth with Frederic elector palatine,
which took place foon after, ferved to diffipate the grief
which arofe from this melancholy event. But the mar¬
riage, though happy to the nation in its remote and ulti¬
mate confequences, was unfortunate both to the king and
his fon-in-law. The elector, trufting to fo powerful au
alliance, entered on enterprizes beyond li is ftrength ; and
the king, not being able to fupport his pretentions, loft;
entirely, towards the clofe of his life, the efteem and re-
gard of his own fubjedts.

The court of James, now undifturbed by foreign war,
or domeftic broils, foon became the refort of parafites and
favourites. About the end of 1609, Robert Carr, a youth
of about twenty, of a good family in Scotland, became
the favourite of the king, and was confidered as the mod
rifing man at court : he was knighted, created vifeount
Rochefter, honoured with the Garter, made a privy. coun-
fellor, and finally raifed to the earldom of Somerfet. This
was a very hafty advancement, which fome regarded with
envy ; font the wifer part of mankind looked upon it with
contempt and ridicule, fenfible that ungrounded attach¬
ments are of no long continuance; and, indeed, the fa¬
vourite gave early proofs of his being unworthy the con¬
fidence of the king. Among the friends whom he con-
fulted at court, was fir Thomas Overbury, a man of great
abilities and learning; among the miftreftes whom lie ad-
drefted was the young countefs of Efiex, whofe hufband
had been font by the king’s command to travel, until the
young couple fhould be arrived at the age of puberty.
But the afliduities of a man of fuch accomplifliments as
the favourite, were too powerful to be refilled; a cri¬
minal correfpondence took place; and the unfufpefting
Eflex, on his return from abroad, found his wife in. the
arms of another. But this was not all ; the adultrefs now
refolved to procure a divorce, and then to marry the fa¬
vourite, who had beguiled her heart. It. was on this
occafion that Overbury, being confulted by his friend,
declared himfelf utterly averfe to the match. He de~
feribed the countefs as an infamous and abandoned wo¬
man; and went fo far as to threaten the earl that lie
would feparate himfelf from him for ever, if he could
fo far forget his honour and his intereft, as to profecute
fuch a marriage : but this advice was fatal to the giver.
In confequence of his difapprobation, the king was per-

fuaded

664 ENGLAND.

fuaded, by the favourite, to order Overbury on an em-
bafTy into Ruffin; Overbury was perfuaded by the fame
advifer to refufe going, and the delinquent was fhut up
in the Tower; where he was poifoned by a tart, pre¬
pared and fent him as a mark of efteem, by this young
but infamous countefs. In the mean time the divorce
took place, and the marriage of the favourite was fo-
lemnized with degrading fplendour. But the reflection
of the worthy and ineftimable Overbury having been
poifoned, hung heavy upon the favourite’s mind, amidft
all the glare and fplendour of external happinefs and
fuccefs. The gallantry of his youth gradually difappear-
ed ; the gaiety of his manners degenerated into fullen
filence ; and the king, wliofe predilection had been ac¬
quired by his gay accomplifhments, began to cool to¬
wards a man w ho no longer miniilered to his pleafures.
But the adoption of another favourite, and the furmife of
Somerfet’s guilt, foon removed all remains of regard
which the king might have harboured for him.

The pupil of an eminent apothecary, who had been
employed in making up the poifon, accidentally divulged
the fecret ; and the affair being laid before the king, he
commanded fir Edward Coke, then lord chief jultice, to
lift the affair to the bottom, with a rigorous fcrutiny.
This injunction was executed with great induftry, and
Somerfet and his countefs w'ere both found guilty, but
reprieved and pardoned, after fotne years confinement.
The king’s forbearance and injultice on this occafion, are
urged as very great (tains upon his character. Somerfet
W'as in his prefence at the time the officer of juftice came
to apprehend him ; when he refuted to be taken, and
feverely reprimanded the officer for daring to arrelt a peer
of the realm before the king. But James, informed of
the caufe, faid with a Anile, “ Nay, nay, you mult go;
for if Coke ffiould fend for myfelf, I mult comply.” He
then embraced him at parting, begged he would return
immediately, and a flu red him he could not live without
his -company ; yet he had no fooner turned his back, than
the fahfe-hearted king exclaimed, “Go! and the devil
go with thee!” He was alfo heard to with, that God’s
curfe might fall upon him and his family, if he fliould
pardon thhfe whom the law fhould condemn. However,
he at laft r\;ltored them both to liberty, and granted them
a penfion, with which they retired, and languilhed out
the remainder of their lives in guilt, infamy, and mutual
recrimination.

The liberality of James towards his Aivourites and de¬
pendents, often reduced him to pecuniary diltrefs. In
1614, after every means had been exhaulted for railing
money by virtue of the prerogative, even to the fale of
peerages, a parliament was convened to aid the king ;
but that affembly, inltead of granting a-fupply, began
with difputing the king’s power to levy new cultoms and
impofitions. James was provoked beyond all patience at
this freedom, and diffolved them without obtaining the
objeCt of their meeting. The monarchical principles,
however, were not abandoned. He publicly at court
propofed the queftion, whether he might not take his
fubjeCts’ money w hen he wanted it, without the formality
of parliaments? “ God forbid, (replied the obfequious
Neile bilhop of Durham,) but that you ffiould: for you
are the very breath of our noftrils.” Andrews bilhop of
Winchelter, being next applied to tor his opinion, pru¬
dently waved the queltion, by declaring that he was not
(killed in parliamentary cafes, but oblerved, “ that his
majefty might lawfully take his brother Neile’s money,
becaufe he offered it.”

Soon after Somerfet’s fall, the favour of James was
turned towards George Villiers, an accompliffied young
gentleman, of refpeCfable family; who made his firft ap¬
pearance as cup-bearer to the king. But in the courfe of
a few years he created him vifcount Villiers, earl, mar¬
quis, and duke, of Buckingham, knight of the garter,
matter of the horfe, chief jultice in eyre, warden of (lie
cinque ports, mailer of the king’s-bench office, fteward of

Weftminfter, conltableof Windfor, and lord high-admiral
of England. His mother obtained the title of countefs
of Buckingham ; his brother was created vifcount Pur-
beck; and a numerous train of needy relations were all
puffied forward into credit and authority.

When ufelefs and overbearing favourites are thus ad¬
vanced, it is not to be wondered that the public concerns
of the nation ffiould be negleCted, and men of real merit
treated with contumely and contempt. And fuch truly
was the cafe at this era ; particularly with regard to thofe
connected with the cautionary towns in Holland, and the
brave lir Walter Raleigh at home. In the preceding
reign, Elizabeth, when Hie gave affiltance to the Dutch,
was not Co dilinterefted upon lending them large Aims of
money, as not to require a proper fecurity for being re¬
paid. The Dutch, therefore, put into her hands the
three important fortreffes of Fluffiing, Brille, and Rame¬
kins, which were to be reftored upon the payment of
eight hundred thoufand pounds. But James, in his pre-
fent exigency, having to fupply a needy favourite, and a
craving court, agreed to evacuate thofe fortreffes, upon
being paid a third part of the money due. The caution¬
ary towns were evacuated, which were calculated to hold
the dates in fubje&ion, and which an ambitious or enter-
priling prince would have regarded as a molt valuable
part of his poffeffions.

The general diffatisfaftion which this impolitic mea-
fure produced, was foon after aggravated by an aft of
unjuft feverity, which (till impreffes every feeling mind
with regret. The brave and learned fir Walter Raleigh,
wliofe long fufferings, and ingenious writings, had turned
the tide of popular opinion in his favour, was now doomed
to meet his fate. Raleigh had fpread a report that he
knew of a rich gold mine in Guiana. Though the king-
gave little credit to the tale, he releafed Raleigh from
prifon without pardoning him, and gave him permiffion
to try the adventure. Raleigh declared that the Spaniards
had never planted any colonies on the coaft where his
mine lay; but twenty-three years had elapfed lince he
laft vifited that region, and the Spaniards had formed a
Anall fettlement on the river Oronooko, and built the
town called St. Thomas. Raleigh, however, was no
fooner arrived, than he fent a detachment under the com¬
mand of his fon and captain Kemys, an officer wholly de-
voted to him; who finding the Spaniards in force, were
fired upon at their landing. Irritated by this reception,
young Raleigh purfued the enemy into the town, which
they foon reduced to allies; but .a (hot carrying him off
in the career of victory, Kemys could not be prevailed
on to proceed, though he owned that he was within two
hours march of the mine which promifed fuch immenfe
treafure. Returning to Raleigh with the melancholy
news of his foil’s death, and defpairing of the event, he
retired to his cabin, and put an end to his life. The
other adventurers, thinking themfelves duped by Raleigh,
or from rank cowardice, haftened back to England, and
carried their leader with them. Raleigh was pronounced
by the privy-council to have abufed the king’s confidence,
and the court of Spain making loud demands for fatisfac-
tion, James, adverting to that power which lie had pur-
pofely referred in his own hands, figned the warrant for
his execution.

Raleigh, finding his fate inevitable, collected all the
energies of his enlarged mind, and met the fentence with
refolution. As he felt the edge of the ax with which he
was to be beheaded, “ ’Tis a ffiarp remedy (faid he)
but a lure one for all ills.” His harangue to the people
was calm and eloquent ; and with the utmoft indifference
he laid his head upon the block, and received the fatal blow.

The execution of Raleigh, which had been fo long fuf-
pended, was rendered (till more invidious, by the inti¬
mate connections entered into with Spain. Gondomer,
the ambalfador from that country, in order to divert the
attention of James from the affairs of Germany, propofed
a match between the fecond daughter of Philip IV. of

Spain,

ENGL

Spain, and Charles prince of Wales. The bait took ;
and though the dates of Bohemia, infpired with the love
of civil and religions liberty, had taken up arms againft
the emperor Ferdinand, and made Frederic elector pala¬
tine a tender of their crown, probably on account of his
having married a princefs of England, James refufed to
lend his '{on-in-law any affiftance, notwithstanding the ur¬
gent felicitations of Ins people ; and in confequence of his
negleCt, the unhappy prince was not only obliged to re¬
sign his new dignity, but was driven from the palatinate,
and, in 1620, was forced to fly with his family into Hol¬
land. The murmurs againft the king’s inactive disposi¬
tion now ran high ; but James flattered himfelf that the
restitution of the palatinate might be recovered from
friendship, by means of his fori’s propofed marriage with
the infanta, and therefore was averfe to ftrong meafures.

At this time the great feal was in the hands of Francis
Bacon lord Verulam, a man univerfally admired for the
fublimity of his genius, but who had made himfelf ob-
jioxious by the irregular means he had ufed to obtain
money, lefs indeed on his own account, than to gratify
his dependents, whofe importunities he could not refill.
Being impeached by the commons, the peers fentenced
him to pay a fine of forty thoufand pounds, to be im-
prtfoned in the Tower, and to be for ever incapable of
holding any office or employment. Bacon, however, was
foon releafed from prifon, his fine was remitted, and, in
confideration of his intrinfic worth, received a penfion of
eighteen hundred pounds a-year. The fliort remainder of
hisiife was fpent in literary purfuits ; and in the great-
nefs of his talents posterity have almoSt forgot that he had
■the weakneffes and the failings of a man.

Meanwhile, the commons, indignant at the pufillani-
mity of James, in {'uttering his fon-in-law to languid) in
poverty and exile, and averfe to a match with a catholic
family, ftrongly remonftrated with •theic Sovereign. The
"king, jealous of his prerogative, gave a prompt and Sharp
reply, in terms very inimical to the privileges of parlia¬
ment ; and this drew from the commons a declaration,

“ that the liberties, franchises, privileges, and jurifdic-
tions, of parliament, are the'ancient and undoubted birth¬
right and inheritance of the fubjeCts of England.” This
entry the king himfelf tore from the journals, and after
committing fome of the leading members in opposition to
the Tower, finally difiblved the parliament. Prerogative
being thus oppofed to pretenfion, every circumftance
tended to widen the breach between the king and his
parliament ; and the flame, though fometimes fmothered,
was not extinguilhed but with the overthrow of the mo¬
narchy under his unfortunate fon.

James, by reiterated proclamations, had now prohi¬
bited the diScuffion of ftate affairs ; bur, as might natu¬
rally be expeCled, public curiofity was only inflamed the
more. With domeftic politics thofe of the continent
were intermingled. Frederic had made vigorous efforts
for rite recovery of his dominions, but without any very
-considerable advantage; and James perfuaded him to dif¬
arm, and to truft to the effects of his negociations. Thefe,
however, not being followed up, nor any appearance of
appealing to the deeifion of arms, expofed him to ridicule
both at home and abroad. He was depicted with a fcab-
bard, but without a fword ; and fometimes with a {word
which no one could draw, though feveral were pulling
at it. In Short, the pacific difpofition of James, inftead of
gaining him refpeCt, rendered him the object of contempt.

In order to haften the match between the princefs of Spain
and his heir apparent, he difpatched the earl of Briftol
to Philip IV. and matters were apparently in a fair train
of fettlement, when every flattering profpeCt was foon
blafted by the temerity of his minion Buckingham.

Between this favourite and prince Charles, a coolnefs
h'ad taken place, which the former being anxious to re-
riibv’e, propofed a journey of court Sli ip to Madrid. The
young and ardent mind of the prince eagerly embraced
the fcheme; and the king being prevailed on to give his
content, though not without fome reluCtance and appre-
Vol. VI. No. 381.

A N D>. 66’iS

henfion of the refult, the prince, attended by Bucking¬
ham and fome others, fet out on this romantic expedi¬
tion, A. D. 1622. They took the city of Paris in their
way, where, at a grand baLl, Charles firft faw the prin¬
cefs Henrietta, whom he afterwards efpoufed ; yet fo
much fpeed did they ufe, that in eleven days after their
departure from London, they arrived at Madrid, to the
furprife even of the fpeed of kings. The Spanish mo.
narch treated Charles with tiie moSt flattering attentions;
but, according to the eftablilhed etiquette, the infanta
was only (hewn to her lover in public, till a difpenfaUGn
Should arrive from Rome. Juft at this crifis pope Gre¬
gory XV. died ; and the nuncio refilling to deliver the
inftrument till it Should be Sanctioned by his fuccefTor
Urban VIII. that crafty pontiff interpofed various de¬
lays, in hopes that Charles might be converted to the
catholic faith. The king, as well as the prince, became
impatient ; and the latter, probably feeling no very great
inclination to the princefs, took his leave, and embark¬
ing at St. Andero, returned to England. Every thing,
however, was conducted at parting with the moft marked
and elaborate refpeCt on both fides ; and had it not been
for the intrigues of Buckingham, who had rendered him¬
felf both defpifed and hated by the Spanish court, and
therefore felt reciprocal ill-will and ar.imofity, it Seems
probable, the negociations might have been brought to
a favourable conclusion. James was not pleafed with the
conduct of his fon and t lie favourite, as they ran counter
to a plan which he had long fondly indulged ; but he was
over-ruled by his affeClion for the one, and his partiality
for the other; and after the court of Spain had promiSed
the restoration of the palatinate, and made other conces¬
sions, without effeCt, Philip ordered the infanta to lay
aftde the title of princefs of Wales, which (he had af-
fumed after the arrival of the difpenfation from Rome,
and the long protraCted negociation came to an end.

The king, A . D. 1624, having thus involuntarily broken
with Spain, was obliged to Summon a parliament, in or¬
der to obtain Supplies. In that affembly, Buckingham
threw all the blame on the court of Spain; and the na¬
tion, eager to commence hostilities with the papifts, list¬
ened to his infidious arguments, and loaded him with
applaufe. The fupply, however, was voted with a par¬
simonious hand, and to what was granted, fome condi¬
tions were annexed, which trenched on the prerogative.,
but conduced at laft to legitimate liberty. James, fenfi-
ble that his favourite mealures had been defeated by t he
intrigues and violence of Buckingham, began to eftrange
himfelf from that minion; but his domineering Spirit
foon regained an afcendancy over the monarch ; and when
the earl of Briftol, whom he both hated and feared, was
recalled from Spain, he had influence enough to procure
him to be fent to the Tower, and afterwards banithed to
his country feat.

Soon after this, a treaty of marriage between the prince
of Wales and Henrietta of France being propofed, James
entered into the negociation with fo much ardour, that it
was foon brought to a favourable conclusion; but the
king was much lefs fortunate in the enterprises of war,
which his foul abhorred. The English nation, however,
were bent on the recovery of the palatinate, and to ac¬
complish this object, in 1625, twelve thoufand foot and
two hundred horfe were embarked under count Mansfeldt;
but fo ill had this expedition been concerted, that before
the men were permitted to land, half of them were cut
off by a peftilential diforder, and the other half were too
weak to attempt the objeCt of their destination.

James, who had zealoufty cultivated the arts of peace,
did not long Survive the commencement of hostilities.
Being Seized with a tertian ague, and finding himfelf gra¬
dually becoming weaker, he fent for the prince, whom
he affectionately exhorted to bear a tender regard for hi3
wife, but to preferve a constancy in his own religion, to
proteCt the church, and to extend his care to the unhappy
family of the palatine; and having fettled his other af¬
fairs, timid as he had been through life, he met death
8 G with

666 ENGL

with the fortitude of a Chriftian hero. So compofed was
he, that he clofed his own eyes in the 1 aft druggie,
March 27, 1625, in the fifty-ninth year of his age, after
a reign over England of twenty-two years and foine days.

In the annals of nations, it is fcarcely podible to find a
reign;- more unfpotted and unblemifhed than that of
Janies ; yet it contained nothing that could render it
illuftrious in liidory, and therefore it has been mentioned
with obloquy and contempt. But if a king is only the
father df .1 large family, and is equally bound with a na¬
tural parent, to watch over the welfare and fafety of
thofe committed to his bare, James will deferve the high-
ed panegyric, where unrefledting prejudice has aflailed
him the mod. Still it mud be owned, that though
James pofleffed many virtues, fcarcely one of them was
free from the contagion of fome neighbouring vice. His
generality bordered on profufio.n, his learning on pedant¬
ry, his love of peace on pufillanimity, and his wifdom on
cunning. He ruled over a people who delighted in war,
from which they had feldom been long exempted before
Iris time, and who valued high blood and trealure, lefs
than the fplendour of battles and conqueds.

James, in his dature, was of the middle fize, of a fine
complexion, fmooth fkin, and fcanty beard ; yet his ap¬
pearance was mean, and his gait awkward from a weak-
nefs in the knees, which often gave him the appearance
of a cripple. He valued himfelf.much upon his polemi¬
cal writings; and fo fond was he of theological deputa¬
tions, that to keep them alive, he founded, for this ex-
prels ufe, Chelfea-college ; which was converted to a
much more benevolent purpofe by Charles II. His
Baiilicon Doron, Commentary on the Revelation, writ¬
ings againd Bellarmine, and his Daemcnologia, or dobtrine
of witchcraft, are fufficiently known. There is a collec¬
tion of his writings and fpeeches in one folio volume.
Several pieces of his are extant in the Caballa, others in
manufcript in the Britifh Mufeum, and others i,n How¬
ard’s collection. He had ifiTue, Henry, who died Nov. 6,
1612, in his nineteenth year; Charles, who lucceeded
him; Elizabeth, married, Feb. 14, 1613, to Frederic
eleCtor palatine of Germany. James’s queen died in
March 1618 ; Rufhworth fays in November.

Charles I. attended the throne of his father, A.D.
1625, with every apparent advantage; and yet no prince
ever encountered more real difficulties. He found him-
felf, upon coming to the crown, podetfed of a peaceful
and flourifhing kingdom, his title tindifputed by all the
world, his power drengthened by an alliance with one of
the mod potent nations in Europe, his absolute authority
tacitly acknowledged by one part of his fubjefts, and en¬
forced from the pulpit by the reft. To add to all this,
lie was loved by his people, whofe hearts he had gained
by his princely virtues, his humility, and his candour.
But on the other fide we are prefented with a very dif¬
ferent fcene. Men had begun to think on the different
rights of fociety, and found that all had an equal claim
to the ineftimaible bleflings of freedom. The fpirit of
liberty was roufed; and it was refolved to oppofe the
ancient claims of monarchs, who ufurped their power in
times of ignorance, and who pleaded, in fucceeding ages,
former depredations as prefcriptive rights. Charles had
been taught from his infancy to confider the royal prero¬
gative as a facred pledge, which it was not his duty to
abridge. He had been brought up, as he himfelf ex-
preffed it, “ at the feet of Gamaliel,”— and had early
imbibed unfortunate prejudices. His father, who had
contributed fo much to fink the claims of the crown,
had, neverthelefs, boldly defended them in his writings,
and taught his fon to defend by the fword what he had
only inculcated by the prefs. Charles, though a prince
of tolerable underfianding, had not comprehenfion enough
to fee that the genius and difpofition of his fubje&s had
received a total change ; he refolved therefore to govern
by old maxims which the people had difcovered to have
been eflablilhed on the foundations of flayery.

AND.

The king had as yet only efpoufed the princefs Hen¬
rietta of France by proxy ; iris marriage and coronation
therefore were no fooner celebrated in England, than he
battened to call a parliament, whom lie addreded in lan¬
guage of candour and cordiality. He had been loaded
with a treaty for defending the palatinate, and the war
for that purpofe was to be carried on with vigour. But
war was more eafily declared, than fupplies granted.
After fome reluctance, the commons voted him two fub-
(idies, but far from being fufficient to fupport him in his
intended equipment; and to this was tacked a petition
for punching papifts, and for redrafting the grievances of
the nation. Buckingham, who had been the late king’s
favourite, and who was carefl'ed by the prefent monarch,
did not efcape their cenfures ; fo that, inftead of granting
the Aims requifite, they employed the time in deputa¬
tions and complaints, till the feafon for profecuting the
campaign was elapfed. Charles, therefore, wearied with
their delays, and otfended at the refufal of his demands,
thought proper to dilfolve them.

To fupply the want of parliamentary aids, Charles had
now recourfe to fome of the ancient methods of extortion,
praftifed by fovereigns in neceftitous circumflances. That
kind of tax called a benevolence was ordered to be exadted,
and privy-feals were id'ued for that purpofe. In order to
cover the rigour of this ftep, it was commanded that none
Ihould be afked for money but fuch as were able to fpare
it ; and he diredted letters to different perfons, mentioning
the fu.ms he defired. With this the people were obliged
to comply ; it- had been authorized by many precedents;
but it was contended that no precedents whatfoever could
give a fandlion to injultice. With the money thus raifed
a fleet was equipped againd Spain, carrying ten thoufand
men ; the command of which was entrufted to Edward
Cecil, created lord Wimbleton, who failed diredfly to
Cadiz, and found the bay full of fhips of great value.
But he failed in making himfelf mailer of the harbour,
while his undifciplined army landing, inftead of attack¬
ing the town, could not be reftrained from indulging
themfelves in the wine, which they found in great abun¬
dance on fhore. Further ftay, therefore, appeared fruit-
lefs ; they were re. embarked ; and the plague attacking
the fleet, they were obliged to abandon the enterprize,
and return to England. Loud murmurs were made againft
the court, for entrufting fo important a command to a
perfon unqualified for the undertaking.

This ineft’edtual expedition was a great blow to the
popularity of Charles; and, to retrieve the glory of the
nation, another attempt was to be made. With this view
a new parliament was called, A.D. 1626; and though
fome fteps were taken to exclude the more popular leaders
of the laft houfe of commons, by nominating them as (he-
ritfs of counties, y'et the prefent parliament feemed more
refradtory than the former. When tl>e king laid before
the houfe his necefiities, and afked for a fupply, they
voted him only three fublidies, which amounted to about
i6o,oool. a Aim no way adequate to the importance of
the war, or the necefllties of the ftate. But even this
was not to be levied until the grievances of the ftate
were redrafted. Their chief indignation was levelled
againft Buckingham, a minifter who had no real merit,
and who laboured under the great infelicity of being the
king’s favourite. The commons undertook to impeach
him in the lower houfe, while the earl of Briftol, who
had returned from his einbalfy in Spain, accufed him
among his peers. The purport of the charge amounted
to little more than that he had engrafted too much power
to himfelf and his relations; that he had negjedted to
guard the feas with a fleet; and that he had applied a
plafter to the late king’s fide, to haften his end. Thefe
frivolous accufations mult have funk of themfelves, had
they not been intemperately oppofed by the royal autho¬
rity. The king gave orders to the lord-keeper to com¬
mand the commons exprefsly in his name not to meddle
with his minifter Buckingham. The more to inflame

them.

ENGl

them, he had him ele&ed chancellor of the univerfity
of Cambridge, and wrote that venerable body a letter of
thanks for electing him. He allured the commons, that
if they would not comply with his demands, he would
try new councils. But what enraged them beyond mea-
fure was, when two of their members, (ir Dudley Digges
and fir John Elliot, complained of this partiality in favour
of a man odious to the nation, the king ordered both to
be committed for feditious behaviour. It was now that
the commons violently exclaimed .that their privileges
were infringed, and all freedom of debate deftroyed.
They prorefied in the mod folemn manner, that neither
of their members had faid any thing difrefpeitful ot the
king ; and they made preparations for publiiliing their
vindication. The king, whole character it was to fliew
a readinefs to undertake harfii meafures, but not to (up-
port them, releafed the two members ; and this compli¬
ance confirmed that obftinacy in the houfe, which was af¬
terwards his ruin. The earl of Arundel, for being guilty
of the fame offence in the houfe of lords, had alfo been
imprifoned, and as tamely difmiffed by the king. Thus
the two houfes having refilled the levies without previous
conditions, the king, rather than give up his favourite,
chofe to be without the fupply, and therefore once more
diffolved the parliament.

The new councils which Charles had hinted to the
parliament were now to be tried, in order to fupply his
necellities. Inftead of making peace with Spain, and thus
abridging his expences, he refolved to carry on the war,
and to keep up a Handing army for this purpofe. In or¬
der, therefore, to gain time and money, a cOmmiffion was
openly granted to compound with the catholics, and
agree for a difpenfation of the penal laws again!! them.
He borrowed a hum of money from the nobikity, whofe
contributions came in but (lowly. But the greateft
firetch of his power was in levying Jhip-money. In or¬
der to equip a fleet, (at lead this was the pretence made,)
each of the maritime towns was required, with the affift-
ance of the adjacent counties, to arm as many velfels as
were appointed them. The city of London was rated at
twenty (hips. This was the commencement of a tax,
which,- being afterwards carried to great lengths, created
fuch violent difcontents in the nation. But the extor¬
tions of the miniftry did not red here. Perfons of birth
and rank, who refilled the loan, were fummoned before
the counc I ; and, upon per (1 Hi *g in a refufal, were put
tinder confinement. Five perfons alone undertook to de¬
fend the caufe of the public ; and, at the hazard of their
lives and fortunes, were refoived to try whether the king
had a right to confine their perfons, without an infringe¬
ment of the law. The names of thefe patriots were, fir
Thomas Darnel, fir John Corbet, fir Walter Earl, fir
John Haveningham, and fir Edward Hambden. Their
caufe was brought to a folemn trial before the king’s-
bench, and the whole kingdom was abforbed in attention
So fo important a trial.

From the pleadings on this memorable trial It appear¬
ed, that perfonal liberty had been fecured by no lefs titan
fix different (latutes, previous to that of the Great Char¬
ter itlelf ; but that, in times of turbulence and fedition,
the princes had infringed upon thofe laws: and of this
alfo many examples were produced. The difficulty now
lay, to determine when fuch violent meafures were ex¬
pedient ; but of that the court pretended to be the fu-
preme judge. As it was deemed legal, therefore, that
thefe five gentlemen fhould plead the ftatute, by which
they might demand bail, fo it was thought expedient in
4he court to remand them to prifon, without determining
on the neceffity of taking bail for the prefent. This was
a cruel evalion of juftice, and, in fail, fatisfied neither
the court nor the people. The court infilled that no
bail could be taken . the country loudly exclaimed that
the prifoners ffiould be fet free. Under thefe embarraff-
ments, it was not without amazement that the country
faw their king enter into an unprovoked war with France,

s

AND. G67

with which he had fo lately formed the mod natural al¬
liance. But Charles, among the foibles of a good difpo-
(ition, relied too much on the infidious- advice of Buck¬
ingham. All hiftoriuns agree that this minifter had con¬
ceived hopes of gaining the heart of the queen of France,
widow of Henry IV. and mother to the queen of Eng¬
land ; while, at the fame time, cardinal Richelieu afpired
to the fame honour. The rivalry of thefe favourites pro¬
duced an inveterate enmity ; and, from a private quarrel,
they refolved to involve their refpe&i ve nations in the,
difpute. War was declared againft France ; and Charles
was taught to hope, that hoftilities with that kingdom
would be the fureft means of producing unanimity at
home.

A fleet was now fent out, under the command of Buck¬
ingham, to relieve Rochelle, which had long'enjoyed its
privileges independent ,of the crown of France, but had
embraced the reformed religion, and was therefore be-
(ieged by the catholic parly. This expedition proved
as unfortunate as that on the coaft of Spain. The duke’s
meafures were fo ill concerted, that the inhabitants (hut
their gates againff the Engliff), fearful of admitting allies,
ot whofe approach they had received no previous infor,
mation. Inftead of attacking the ifland of Oleron, which
was fertile and defencelefs, he bent his courfe to the ille
of Rhe, which was garrifoned, and well fortified. Fie
attempted alio to fhirve out the garrifon of St. Martin’s
caftle, which was copioufly fupplied witlpprovifions. In
the mean while the French landed their forces privately
at another part of the ifland ; and Buckingham was obliged
to retreat with fucli precipitation, that two-thirds of his
army were cut to pieces before they could reach their
(hips. The failure of this expedition ferved to render
the duke Hill more obnoxious, and the king more needy.
He therefore refolved to call a third parliament, A. D.
1628; and in a conciliating fpeech, but with dignity and
fpirit, demanded fupplies. The members, however, were
dill diffatisfied. They boldly inveighed again ft the late
loans, benevolences, taxes without confent of parliament,
arbitrary imprifonments, billeting of foldiers, and martial
laws : thefe were the grievances of which they complain¬
ed, and againft thefe they infilled that an eternal remedy
ffiould be provided. An immunity from thefe vexations
they alleged to be the inherent right of the fubjeift ; and
the fchedule of their prefent demands, was called a pe¬
tition of right, as implying privileges they had before
been polfelfed of. Nothing could therefore be more juft
than the ena&ing this petition into a law. The Great
Charter, and the old (latutes, were fufficiently clear in
favour of liberty ; but as all the kings of England had
been more or lefs accuftomed to elude them; and as
Charles, in many inftances had violated them; it was
quiie requifite to enaft a new law, which might prevent
thefe innovations for the future.

Charles was taught to confider this requifition as the
mod violent encroachment on his prerogative ; yet when
he found that nothing but his affent would fatisfy the
houfe, he gave it ; but in fuch ambiguous terms, as left
him (till in pofleffion of his former power. At length,
however, to fereen his favourite Buckingham, he thought
proper to give it without refervation. He came there¬
fore to the houfe, and pronouncing the ufual form of
words, “ Soit comme il ejl dejire, Let it be law as it is de-
fired,” he gave the petition of right all the fanftion that
was necelfary to pals it into a law. The acclamations
which followed, fufficiently teftified the joy of the people;
and an immediate grant' of five fubfidies was the ftrongeft
mark of parliamentary approbation. The commons, hav¬
ing thus recognized their eftate in the conftitution, pre¬
pared to reprels its future violation. They objected to
the commiflion for railing money for the introduction of
a thoufand German horfe, which, with juft reafon, they
feared might be turned againft the liberties of ihe people.
They refumed alfo their cenfure of Buckingham, whom
they refolved implacably to purfue. They afl'erted, that
•" 3 ' tlie

668

E N C

the method of levying money, called tonnage and pound¬
age, without the confent of parliament, was a palpable
violation of the liberties of the people. All thefe griev¬
ances were preparing to be drawn up in a remonftrance
to his majefty, when the king came fuddenly to the houfe,
and ended their deliberations by a prorogation. But the
members were not to be diverted from their claims for
the liberty of the people. They urged their demands
with dill more force on their next fitting; and the duty
of tonnage and poundage was difcuffed with greater pre-
cifion than before. This tax upon merchandize was a
duty of very early inflitution, and had been conferred on
Henrv V. and all fticceeding princes, during life, to ena¬
ble them to maintain a naval force for the protection of
the kingdom. But the parliament had ufually granted
it as of their fpecial favour, in the beginning of each
reign, except to Henry VIII. who had it not conferred
till the fixth year of his reign. He had, indeed, received
it from the beginning, but he thought it necelfary to
have the fanCtion of parliament to infr.re it to him, which
clearly implied that it was not an inherent privilege of
the crown. They refufed, therefore, to grant it now ;
and infilled that the king could not levy it without their
permilTion. Charles, however, perfilted; and the officers
of the cuftom-houfe were fummoned before the commons,
to ffiew by what authority they feized the goods of the
merchants who had refufed to pay thefe duties. The
barons of the exchequer were queftioned concerning their
decrees on that head; the ffieriff of London was com¬
mitted to the Tower for his activity in fupporting the
cuftom-houfe officers. Thefe were ftrong meafures; but
the commons now went further, by a refolution to exa¬
mine into religious grievances ; and a new fpirit of into¬
lerance began to appear. The king, therefore, refolved
to diffolve a parliament which he found himfelf unable
to manage; and fir John Finch, the fpeaker, juft as the
queftion on tonnage and poundage was going to be put,
rofe up, and informed the houfe that he had a command
from the king to adjourn.

Nothing could exceed the indignation of the commons
on this procedure. The houfe was in an uproar; the
fpeaker was puftied back into his chair, and forcibly held
in it by Hollis and Valentine, till a ffiort remonftrance
was framed and paffed. In this hafty production, papifts
and Arminians were declared capital enemies to the date;
tonnage and poundage was prohibited, as contrary to law ;
and not only thofe who railed that duty, but thofe who
paid it, were made alike guilty of capital crimes. In
confequence of this violent proceeding, fir Miles Hobart,
fir Peter Hayman, Selden, Coriton, Long, and Strode,
were, by the king’s order, committed for fedition. But
the fame temerity that impelled Charles to imprifon them,
induced him to grant a releafe. Sir John Elliot, Hollis,
and Valentine, were fummoned before the king’s bench;
but they refuting to admit the interference of an inferior
tribunal, for faults committed in a fuperior, were con¬
demned to be imprifoned during the king’s pleafure, to
pay a fine, and to enter into recognizance for their future
good behaviour. The members triumphed in their fuf-
ferings, while they had the whole kingdom asapplauders
of their fortitude.

In this conjuncture the king was feverely afflicted by
the death of his favourite, the duke of Buckingham, who
fell a facrifice to his unpopularity. It had been refolved
once more to undertake the railing of the liege of Ro¬
chelle ; and the earl of Denbigh, brother-in-law to the
duke of Buckingham, was fent thither, but returned
without effecting any thing. To repair this difgrace, the
duke of Buckingham went to Portfmouth, to forward
another expedition, and to punilh fuch as had endea¬
voured to defraud the crown of the legal affeffments. At
this place was one Felton, an Irilhman, who had ferved
under the duke as lieutenant, but had refigned on being
refufed his rank on the death of his captain, who had
been killed at the ifle of Rhe, In revenge for what he

LAND.

conceived an infult on his country and himfelf, he watched
a favourable opportunity, and while the duke was fpeak-
ing to one of his colonels, Felton ftruck him over that
officer’s (houlder in the bread with a knife. The duke
had only time to fay, “The villain has killed me,” when
he fell at the colonel’s feet, and inftantly expired, A. D.
1629. No one had feen the blow, nor the perfon who
gave it ; but a hat was picked up, on the infide of which
was fewed a paper containing a Ihort ejaculation, defiling
aid in the attempt. It was concluded that this hat mu ft
belong to the aifhffin ; and while they were employed in
debating whofe it could be, a man without a hat was
feen walking very compofedly before them, and was heard
to cry out, “ I am he.” When alked at whofe inftigu-
tion he had committed that horrid deed ? he anfwered,
that they need not trouble themfelves to enquire : that
his confidence was his only prompter ; and that no man
on earth could difpofe him to aft againft its dictates. He
fuffered for the crime with the fame unrelenting courage
and conftancy, exulting in the event, which he faid had
delivered England from its greateft enemy.

Although this event funk deep in the mind of Charles,
who was ever awake to the feelings of humanity and
friendftiip, and although he was now left, as it were,
without an advifer, li is confequent meafures were judi¬
cious, and founded in wifdom. He made peace with the
two crowns againft whom he had waged war, which had
been entered into without neceffity, and conducted with¬
out glory. Being thus freed from his embarraffments,
he bent his whole attention to the management of the
internal policy of the kingdom, and took as his affo-
ciates in this talk, fir Thomas Wentworth, afterwards
earl of Strafford, and Laud, afterwards archbilhop of
Canterbury.

Strafford, by his eminent talents and abilities, merited
all the confidence which the king repofed in him. His
character was auftere ; more fitted to procure efteem than
love; his fidelity to the king was unfhaken : but in ferv-
ing the interefts of the crown, he forgot the rights of the
people. As he now employed all his counfels to fup-
port the prerogative, which he formerly had endeavoured
to diminifh, his loyalty was fubjedted to the imputa¬
tion of felf-intereft and ambition ; but his good character
in private life made up for that feenting duplicity of
public conduCt.

Laud was in the churtvi fomewhat refembling Strafford
in the ftate, rigid, fevere, punClual, and induftrious.
His zeal was- unremitted in the caufe of religion; and
the forms, as eftabliffied by queen Elizabeth, feemed ef=
feudally connected with it.

Since the times of Elizabeth, that religious feCt had
been gaining ground in England, which, from the pre¬
tended greater purity of their manners, were called pu¬
ritans. Of all other feCts, this was the moft obnoxious
to monarchy ; and the tenets of it more calculated to
fupport that imagined equality which obtains in a ftate
of nature. The partifans of this religion, being gene¬
rally men of warm tempers, puffied their fentiments into
a total oppolition to thofe of Rome ; and in the coun¬
tries where their opinions had taken place, not only a
religious but a political freedom began to be eftabliffied.
All enthufiafts, indulging more or lefs in extafies, vifions,
and infpirations, have a natural averfion to ceremonies
and ritual forms, which are but external means of fup-
plying devotion. The fame unequivocal fpirit which
accompanied them in their addreffes to the divinity, ap¬
peared in their political fpeculations ; and the principles
of civil liberty, which had hitherto been almoft unknown
in Europe, began to bud forth in this ungracious foil.
It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that kings and bi-
ffiops were anxious to fupprefs the growth of opinions
fo unfavourable to their authority ; and that Laud, Who,
of all men alive, was the moft attached to religious ce¬
remony, ffiould treat with rigour all men who contemned
or oppofed his doft-rineS. And, indeed, in the hiftories

ENGLAND. , fm

of thofe times, we find the great caufe of contention be-
tween the king and his people arofe not front civil but
religious motives ; not from a defire on the one hand of
extending power, and on the other hand of promoting
liberty ; but merely from tbe ardour of the king in fup-
porting bilhops and ceremonials of the church, and the
fury of the puritans in aboliflting thofe diftin&ionsi as
remnants of popifh idolatry.

Orders were now given that the communion-table
fhould be removed from the middle of the church to the
.eaft end ; where it fhould be railed in, and denominated
the altar. The kneeling at the altar, and the ufing of
copes or embroidered veftments, as ufed in popifh coun¬
tries, were alfo introduced, to the great diflatisfadfion of
the people. Pictures and images were again admitted
into the churches, by Laud’s command. All fuch clergy
as negledted to obferve every ceremony, were fufpended,
and deprived by the high commiilion court. And to
mortify the puritans, orders were ifTued from the council,
forbidding any controverfy, either from the pulpit or the
prels, on the points in difpute between them and their
opponents, concerning free-will and predeflination. The
king’s divine, hereditary, and indefeafible, right, was the

• theme, of every fermon ; and thofe who attempted to
queflion fuch doftrines, were confidered as making an at¬
tack upon loyalty and religion. The king, who had
.made a refolution of calling no more parliaments, and
which refolution he adhered to for the fpac'e of eleven
years, was highly gratified with thefe dotlrines, as they
were the means of facilitating his meafures, and of pro¬
curing thofe pecuniary fupplies which he had no legal
means of obtaining. While Laud, therefore, ruled the
church, the king and Strafford undertook to manage the
temporal interefts of the nation. A proclamation was
iffued, in which Charles declared, “That whereas, for
feveral ill ends, the calling again of a parliament is di¬
vulged ; yet the late abufes, having for the prefent un¬
willingly driven him out of that courfe, he will account
it prefumption for any one to prefcribe to him any time
.for calling that airembly.” This was conftrued as a de¬
claration, that,, during his reign, no more parliaments
would be fummoned ; and every meafure of the king
ferved to confirm the fufpicion.

It was now that the people began to think themfelves
at the uncontrouled difpofal of an arbitrary monarch,
who, though good and gentle in his own nature, might
at any time change his conduit, by ill-advifers. They
now faw the conftitution at one blow diffolved ; and the
executive power, with that which is hereditary in the no¬
bility, wholly affumed by the king. Tonnage and pound¬
age were continued to be levied by royal authority alone :
-cuftom-houfe officers received orders from the council to
enter any houfe whatever, in fearch of contraband goods ;
.'compofitions were openly made with papifts; and the

• toleration of their religion was become a regular part of
the revenue. The high-commifTion court of Star-cham¬
ber exercifed its power, independent of any law, upon
feveral bold and refolute perfons, who had the temerity
to oppofe thefe meafures ; and who gloried in their fuf-
ferings, and contributed to render government odious
and contemptible. The rigours, however, which they
underwent, gave general offence ; and the patience, or
rather alacrity, with which they fuffered* increafed ftill
further the public indignation.

The puritans, thus perfecuted in England, fhipped
themfelves off for America, where they laid the foun¬
dations of a new government, agreeable to their own
-fyftem of political freedom. But the king, unwilling
that the nation Ihould be deprived of its members, or
dreading the unpopularity of thefe emigrations, was
prevailed upon to iffue a proclamation, debarring thefe
devotees accefs even to thofe diftant regions. Eight
•Ihips, lying in the Thames, and ready to fail, were de¬
tained by order of council ; and in thefe were embarked
fir Arthur Hazelrig, John Hampden, and Oliver Crom-
Vol. VI. No. i%i.

well, who had refolved for ever to abandon their native
country. This may (land as a proof of the fm 'eerily
thefe men afterwards teftified in the caufe for which they
fought ; and is a clear proof that hypocrify, with which
they were certainly tinflured, was not, at leaft in the
beginning, among the motives of their oppofition.

The levying of fhip-money was the next thing com¬
plained of as a national grievance. This was a tax
which had, in former reigns, been levied without the
confent of parliament ; but then the exigency oi the
ftate demanded fuch a fupply. As the neceffity at pre¬
fent was not fo apparent, and might excite murmurs
among the people, a qtteftion was propofed by the king
to the judges, whether, for the defence of the kingdom,
he might not impofe this tax ? and whether he was not
foie judge of this neceffity ? To this queftion the judges
concurred in opinion that* he might ; yet John Hampden,
a gentleman of Buckinghamlhire, refufed to comply
with the tax, and refolved to bring it to a legal invefti-
gation. The cafe was argued twelve days in the exche¬
quer chamber, before all the judges of England. The
nation regarded, with the utmoft anxiety, the refult of
a trial that was to fix the limits of the king’s power;
but after the former opinion of the judges had been
given, the event might have been eafily forefeen. All
the judges, except four, gave fentence in favour of the
crown ; while Hampden, who loft his caufe, afte&ed to
be more than recompenfed by the applaufes of the peo¬
ple. Nothing was heard but murmurs againft govern¬
ment, and encomiums on him who had withftood its
ufurpations. It was now alleged that tyranny was con¬
firmed into fyftem ; and that there was no redrefs except
in fallen patience or contented flavery. Ecclefiaftical
tyranny was thought to give aid to political injuftice ;
and all the rights of the nation, tranfmitted through fo
many ages, fecured by fo many laws, and purchafed by
the blood of fo many heroes, lay proftrate at the feet of
arbitrary authority.

The Scots had, during the reign of James I. ftiewn a
ftrong attachment to puritanical principles ; and though
they ftill continued to allow of bilhops, yet they were
reduced to poverty, and treated with contempt. James,
indeed, had feen the low eftate of epifcopacy in that
kingdom, and had endeavoured once more to exalt and
eftablifh it; but he died in the midft of his endeavours.
It was the fate of Charles for ever to aim at projects
which were at once impracticable and unneceffary ; he
refolved therefore to complete what his father had be¬
gun. This ill-judged attempt ferved to alienate the af-
fedtions of his Scottifh fubjefts, as much as his encroach¬
ments on liberty had rendered him unpopular in England.
The flame of (edition in Scotland puffed from one city
to another, while the puritans formed a covenant, to flip-
port and defend their opinions ; and refolved to eftablifh
their doctrines, or overturn the ftate. On the other
hand, the court was determined to eftablifii the liturgy
of the church of England ; and both fides being obfti-
nate in opinion, thofe fanguinary meafures were foon be¬
gun in Scotland, which had hitherto been only talked of
among the Englifh. Charles, finding them in arms, and
that they infilled on difplacing the bifhops, confidered
their demands as an open declaration of war ; and ac¬
cordingly fummoned fuch of the nobility of England
as held lands of the crown, to furnifh him with a proper
number of forces to oppofe them. He demanded alfo a
voluntary contribution from the clergy, as he was, in
fa<5t, fighting their caufe ; and, by means of his queen,
the catholics were alfo called upon for their afliftance.
By thefe methods he foon found himfelf at the head of
twenty thoufand men ; but commanded by generals lefs
willing to fight than to negociate. His fuperiority in
numbers, however, gave him a manifeft advantage over
the rebels, who were not flow in marching to give him
battle. But Charles, who inherited the peaceable dif.
polition of his father, was unwilling to come to extre-
8 H mities,

8?0 ENGL

snities, although a blow then ftruck with vigour might
have prevented all his fubfequent misfortunes. A fuf-
penfion of arms was agreed upon ; and a treaty of peace
concluded, which neither party intended to obferve ; yet
both agreed to difband their forces. This was a fatal
meaftire to Charles, as he could not levy a new army
without great expence ; while the Scottilh infurgents,
who were volunteers in the fervice, could be muftered at
pleafttre. Of this the malcontents were fenfible ; for
they lengthened out the negociations with affeCted diffi¬
culties, till they were confident of their own fuperiority.
Then, after much altercation, and many treaties figned
and broken, both parties again reforted to arms.

It was now, A. D. 1640, about eleven years ftnce the
king had called a parliament. The fierce and ungovern¬
able fpirit of the laft meeting, had taught him to hate
and to fear fuch an affembly ; but his treafury being ex-
haufied, and great debts contracted, he had no other re-
fource. Yet (till, the many illegal, and the numerous
imprudent, fteps of the crown, contributed to fill this
new parliament with nothing but murmurings and com¬
plaints. Every method the king had taken to fupply
himfelf with money, was declared an abufe, and a breach
of the conftitution. Ship-money, the fale of monopo¬
lies, the billeting foldiers upon refractory citizens, were
all voted as firetches of arbitrary power. Charles, find¬
ing he had no hopes from the commons, had recourfe to
the houfe of peers ; but here he was equally foiled ; and
meeting with nothing but difguft and recrimination, he
again diffolved the parliament, to try arbitrary meafures
for fupplying his neceilities.

The king now called upon the citizens of London for
a loan; which, being refuted, he fued fuch of them in
the ftar-chamber, as had lands in Ireland, and made them
pay a confiderable fine. He continued alfo to exa£t the
taxes againft which every parliament had remonftrated.

A loan of forty thoufand pounds was extorted from the
Spanilh merchants, who had bullion in the Tower.
Coat and conduct money for the foldiers was levied on
the counties ; an ancient praCtice, but fuppofed to have
been abolithed by the petition of right. All the pepper
was bought from the Eaft India company upon truft, and
fold at a great difeount for ready money. A fclieme was
aifo propofed for coining bafe money ; and yet all thefe
methods were far from proving effectual. The Scots,
therefore, fenfible of the extremities to which the king
was reduced, led on an army of twenty thoufand men as
tar as Newcaftle upon Tyne, to lay their grievances be¬
fore their fovereign, as they were pleafed to term their
rebellion. Perhaps the mod difgufting feature in the
puritanical character, was this gentle language, and hum¬
ble cant, in the midft of treafon ; and their flattery to
the king, while they were attempting to dethrone and
deflroy him. To the Scottilh troops, infpired by en-
thufiafm, and fluftved with fome flight victories, Charles
was able only to oppofe a fmaller force, undifeiplined,
feditious, and ill paid. Being, therefore, in defpair of
(lemming the torrent, he at length yielded to it. He
fummoned a council of the peers to meet him at York ;
and, as he forefaw that they would advife him to call
a parliament, lie told them he had already taken that re-
folution. He now called that long parliament, which
never difeontinued fitting till they finally accom'plilhed
his ruin. This parliament had no fooner met, than it
impeached the earl of Strafford, the king’s firft minifter,
for high treafon. Pym, who opened the aecufation in
the houfe of commons, was fent up to fupport it at the
bar of the houfe of lords ; and mod of the commons at¬
tended their member.

To give the utmoft folemnity to this trial, fcaffiolds
Were ereCted in Weffminfter hall, where both houfes
fat, the one as judges, the other as accufers. Belide the
chair of (late, a clofe gallery was prepared for the king
and queen, who attended the whole time. The articles
of impeachment were twenty-eight j the fub fiance of

AND.

which was, that he had illegally attempted to extend
the royal prerogative, to the manifeft injury of the king
and his fubjeCts ; and had been guilty of various unjuft
exactions in Ireland. In the midft of this folemn trial,
the earl of Strafford, whofes wifdom and character had
been long refpeCtable, flood unmoved and undaunted.
He defended himfelf with equal prefence of mind, judg¬
ment, and fagacity. But all was in vain : nothing lefs
than his life could now appeafe the vengeance of the
people. He was found guilty by both houfes of parlia¬
ment ; and the king was called upon to give his fanCtion
to the bill of attainder. Charles, who loved and re-
fpeCted Strafford, helitated and tried every expedient to-
put afide fo dreadful an event as that of figning the war¬
rant for his execution. While in this agitation of mind,
he received a letter from that unfortunate nobleman, de¬
firing that his life might be made the facrifice of a mu¬
tual reconciliation between the king and his people ; ad¬
ding that he was prepared to die, and to a willing mind
there could be no injury. This noble generofity was but
ill requited by the king, who inftantly gave orders for
figning the fatal bill by commifiion ; Strafford was be¬
headed on Tower-hill ; and behaved with all that dig¬
nity of mind and Chriftian fortitude, which has immor¬
talized his character.

But the commons chofe not to flop here. Laud alfo,
after a deliberation of half an hour, was confidered fiuf-
ficiently culpable to incur the fame aecufation, and w as-
committed to cuftody. Finch, the lord-keeper, was
likewife impeached ; but he had the precaution to efcape
into Holland, as did fir Francis Wyndebank, the fecretary,
into France. The king, thus deprived of his minifters,
began to tremble for the few privileges heftill po lie fled.
The lieutenants and deputy-lieutenants of counties,
who had aCted under his influence, were voted delin¬
quents. The ftieriffs alfo, who had obeyed the king’s
mandate in- railing lliip-money, were voted delinquents.
All the farmers and officers of the cuftoms, who had
been employed during fo many years in levying tonnage
and poundage, were fubjetted to the fame imputation,
and purchafed their fafety by paying a hundred and fifty
thoufand pounds. Every fentence of the ftar-chamber,
and high-commiffion courts, underwent a fevere feru-
tiny ; and all thofe who had any hand in fuch fentences„
were voted liable to the penalties of the law. The
judges, who had declared againft Hampden, in the trial
of Ihip-money, were accufed before the peers, and
obliged to find fecurity for their appearance. All thofe
monopolies which had been granted by the king were
now annihilated, by order of the commons ; and they
carried their refentment fo far as to expel from their
houfe all fuch members as hud been monopolifts or con¬
tractors.

Hitherto we have feen the commons aCting, in fome
meaftire, as the patrons of liberty. Had they been con¬
tent to flop here, they might have been conlidered as the
benefaCtors of mankind ; and would have left the con-
ftitution on a fair and firm bafis. But from matters of
civil and political inveftigation, they proceeded to the
affairs of the church. The pulpits were delivered over
to puritanical preachers, whom the commons arbitrarily
placed in all the confiderable churches, which now re¬
founded with faCtion and fanaticifm. The prefs teemed
with productions dangerous to the (tate ; and feditionand
calumny pervaded all orders, againft the king and his
friends.

In this univerfal uproar, Prynne,. Burton, and Baft-
wick, who had been for years committed to remote pri-
fons, were fet at liberty by order of the commons,
Baftwick had been confined in Scilly, Burton in Jerf’ey,.
and Prynne in Guernfey ; and, upon landing at their re-
fpective places, they were received by the acclamations
of the people, and attended by crowds to London,
Boughs were carried in this tumultuous proceffion ; the
roads were (hewed with flowers, their fufferings were ag.

gray at ed,

ENG

gravated, and their perfecutors reviled. Every perfon
who had been punifhed for fedition during the foregoing
adminiltration, now recovered their liberty, and had da¬
mages given againft thofe who had decreed their punifh-
ment.

The torrent of licentious liberty rjfing to fo dreadful
a height, defpair feized all thofe who, from intereft or
habit, were attached to monarchy; while the king him-
felf law, with amazement, the whole fabric of the go¬
vernment haftily overturned. “You have taken (faid
he to the parliament) the whole machine of government
to pieces ; a practice frequent with Ikilful artifls, when
they defire to clear the wheels from any ruft which may
have grown upon them. The engine may be reftored
to its proper ufe and mo'ions, provided it be fitted up
entire, fo as not a pin be wanting.” But the commons,
in. their implacable temper, were refolved to Ihew that
their plan was better adapted to deftroy, than to fit up.
They therefore immediately annihilated the high-com-
rniffion court, and' the court of ftar-chamber, by a bill
which unanimoufly palled both houfes of parliament.

In the mid ft of thefe domeliic ferments, the catholics of
Ireland thought it a convenient opportunity of throwing
off the Englilh yoke. There was a gentleman named Ro¬
ger More, defcended from an ancient Irifli family, and
much celebrated for his valour and capacity. He it was
who formed the projeft of expelling the Englilh, and af-
ferting the independence of his native country. Struck
with thefe motives, fir Phelim O’Neale entered into the
confpiracy ; lord Macguire feconded hisdefigns, and loon
after all the chiefs of the native Irifli promifed their con¬
currence. Their plan was, that fir Phelim O’Neale, and
the other confpirators, fliould begin an infurreftion on one
and the fame day throughout all the provinces, to malla-
cre the Englilh ; while lord Macguire and Roger More
Ihould furprife the calfle of Dublin. They had fixed on
the approach of winter for this revolt; and the earl of
Leicefter, who had been appointed lord lieutenant, was
then in London. But the day before the intended feizure
of the cuftle of Dublin, the plot was difcovered by one
O’Conolly, to the juftices, who fled to the callle, and
alarmed all the proteftant inhabitants of the city to pro¬
vide for their fafety. Macguire was taken, but More
elcaped ; and new informations being every hour added
to thofe already received, the project of a general infur¬
reftion was defeated. But though the protellants in Dub¬
lin had juft time enough to fave themlelves from danger,
thofe difperfed over different parts of the country, were
expofed to the moll Ihocking cruelties. O’Neale, and
his confederates, had already taken arms in Ulfter. The
Irilh catholics, every where intermingled with the Eng¬
lilh protellants, needed but a hint from their leaders to
niaftacre a people whom they hated for their religion, and
envied for their profperity. Neither age, fex, nor con¬
dition, received any pity : numberlefs were the inftances
of friends murdering their intimates, relations their kinf-
men, and fervants their mafters. Not only death, but
ftudied cruelties, were inflifted on the unhappy fuft'erers;
the very avarice of the revolters could not reftrain their
thirft for blood, and they burned the inhabitants in their
own houfes, to increafe their punifhmenr. By legendary
computations, the Englilh who periihed by thefe cruel¬
ties, are made to amount to an hundred and fifty or two
hundred thoufand fouls ; but, by the moll moderate com¬
putation, they could not have been lefs than forty thou¬
fand. King Charles was in Scotland, when he received
the firft accounts of this dreadful rebellion ; and though
he exerted his utmoft perfuafions to induce his Scottiih
fubjefts to lend afliftance to the proteftant caufe, yet he
found them totally averfe to fending any fuccours into
Ireland. Their aim was to aft with the parliament of
England, and not to obey the injunftions of their fove-
jreign. They went further, and had the effrontery to im¬
pute thefe dreadful maflacres to the king’s own contri¬
vance. In faftj the rebels of Ireland had contrived to

LAND. 671

Ihow a royal patent, authorifing their refort to arms; and
it is faid that fir Phelim O’Neale, having found a royal
patent in lord Caulfield’s houfe, w hom he had murdered,
lie tore off the feal, and affixed it to a commiffion which
he had forged for himfelf.

It was now A. D. 1641, that the republican fpirit be¬
gan to predominate in the parliament; and by attacking
the foibles of the king, laid the plan of fubverting the
monarchy. The projectors of this fcheme began their
operations by attacking epifcopacy, which w'asone of the
ftrongeft bulwarks of the royal caufe; but they previoufly
framed a remonftrance, in w'hich they fummcd up all their
grievances. Thefe they afcribed to a regular fyftem of
tyranny in the king, which had virtually deftroyed the
funftions of the conftitution. The commons, having thus
endeavoured to prove the king’s adminiltration illegal, be¬
gan upon the hierarchy. Their firft meafure was, to fuf-
pend all the laws which had been made for the obferv-
ance of public worfhip. They accufed thirteen bilhops
of high treafon, for enafting canons without the confent
of parliament ; and endeavoured to prevail upon the houfe
of peers to exclude all the prelates from their feats and
votes in t hat houfe. But, not withftanding all their
efforts, the lords refufed their concurrence to a meafure,
which was obvioully pregnant with injuftice. The ma¬
jority of the peers adhered to the king; and began to
forefee that the depreffion of the crown was only a prelude
to the extinction of the nobility. The commons mur¬
mured, and at once jultified their conclufion, by infinuat-
ing that the bufinefs of the ftate could be carried on with¬
out them.

In order to intimidate the lords, the populace was let
loofe to infult and threaten them. Multitudes of people
flocked dai.ly to Weftminfter, and infulted the prelates and
peers who adhered to the crown. The rabble, by way
of reproach, were called Roundheads, from the manner of
wearing their hair: and the gentlemen, Cavaliers. Thefe
names afterwards ferved to diftinguilh the partifans of
either fide, and ferved ftill more to divide the nation. The
bilhops now, forefeeing the ftorm was gathering over
them, refolved to attend their duty in parliament no
longer; but drew up a proteft, which was figncd by twelve
of them, in which they declared, that, being hindered by
the populace from attending at the houfe of lords, they
refolved to go there no more till all commotions were ap.
peafed ; protefting, in the mean time, againft all fuch laws
as Ihould be enafted in their abfence. This ceffiation of
the bifliops from parliament was what the commons mod:
ardently defired ; and they took advantage of it with
avidity. An impeachment of high-treafon was imme¬
diately fet up againft them, for fubverting the fundamen¬
tal laws, and invalidating the legiflative authority. In
confequence of this charge, they were excluded from par¬
liament, and committed to cuftody ; no man in either
houfe daring to fpeak a word in their vindication.

This was a fatal blow to the royal intereft ; and na¬
turally called forth every feeling of an infulted king.
Charles had long fupprefled his refentment, and had ftrove
to fatisfy the unreafonable demands of the commons, by
the greatnefs of his conceffions ; but finding that his fub-
miffive compliance had only increafed the evil, he now
determined to interpofe his prerogative. He gave orders
to Herbert, his attorney-general, to enter an accufation of
high-treafon againft lord Kimbolton, one of the 1110ft po¬
pular of hts party, together with five commoners, fir Ar¬
thur Hazelrig, Hollis, Hampden, Pym, and Strode. The
articles were, that they had traiteroufiy endeavoured to
fubvert the fundamental laws and government of the ftate,
to deprive the king of his regal power, and to impofe on
his fubjefts an arbitrary and tyrannical government ; that
they had invited a foreign army to invade the kingdom 5
had aimed at fubverting the rights of parliament, and had
raifed and countenanced tumults againft the king. The
commons had fcarcely time to contemplate this impeach¬
ment, when they were aftoniflied by another meafure,

ftill

V

672 E N • G L A N D.

Hill more rafh and precipitate. A. ferjearit at arms, in
the king’s name, demanded of the houfe the five mem-
bers, but was fent back without any decilive anfwer.
The next day the king himfelf entered the houfe of com¬
mons, advancing forward, while all the members flood
up to receive him. The fpeaker withdrew from his
chair, and the king took poffefiion of it. Having feated
himfelf, with a (tern afpeCt, he told the houfe he was
forty for the occafion that forced him thither; that he
was come in perfon to feize the members whom he had
accufed of high-treafon, feeing they chofe not to deliver
tlrqm up to his ferjeant at arms. Addrefling himfelf to
the fpeaker, he defired to know whether any of the trai¬
tors were in the houfe; but the fpeaker, falling on his
knees, replied, that “ he had neither eyes to fee, nor
tongue to fpeak, but as the houfe was pleafed to direCt
him:” and he afked pardon for being able to give no
other anfwer. He then directed his eyes every way, to
fee if the accufed were prefent ; but they had efcaped a
few minutes before. Thus difappointed and perplexed,
he next proceeded, amidft the clamours of the populace,
who continued to cry out, “Privilege! privilege!” to
the common council of the city, and made his complaint
to them. The common council conduced themfelves in
a fimilar manner to the houfe of commons; and the king,
chagrined and difappointed, returning to St. James’s, was
again infulted by the mob, who cried out, “To your
tents, O Ifrael !” — the menacing words of the Jews, when
they were about to abandon their prince.

The commons, the next day, afteCted the greatefl ter¬
ror, and paffed an unanimous vote that the king had vio¬
lated their privileges, and refolved not to affemble again
in the fame place, till they fliould have obtained fatis-
faclion, with a guard for their fecurity. They afcribed
the lafl meafures of the king to the councils of the papifls ;
and the city was thus filled with groundlefs confterna-
tion. As the commons artfully kept up their panic to
inflame the populace, and as the city was only one fcene
of confufion, the king, afraid of expofing himfelf to frefh
infults, retired to Windfor. There, reflecting on the
raffinefs of his proceedings, he wrote to the parliament,
informing them that he defifted from profecuting the ac¬
cufed members ; and allured them, that upon all occa-
fions he would be as careful of their privileges as of his
life or his crown. Thus, as his former violence begat
hatred, his prefent fubmiflion rendered him contemptible.

The commons having nearly ftripped the king of almoft:
all his privileges, now determined to get polfeflion of the
fword. The power of appointing governors, generals,
and levying armies, was an hereditary prerogative of the
crown. Having, therefore, firft magnified their terrors
of popery, they proceeded to petition that the Tower
might be put into their hands, and that Hull, Portfmouth,
and the fleet, fliould be intruded to perfons of their
choofing. Thefe were requefts, the complying with
which would level all that remained of the ancient confti-
tution : yet fuch was the neceffity of the times, that they
were at firft contefted, and then granted. At length, the
commons defired to have a militia raifed, and governed
by fuch officers and commanders as they fliould nominate,
under pretence of fecuring them from the Iriffi papifls, of
whom they .affeCted to be under great apprelienfions. It
was here that Charles firft ventured to put a flop to his
conceflions; and that not by a refufal, but a delay. He
was at that time at Dover, attending the queen, and the
princefs of Orange, who had thought it prudent to leave
the kingdom. He replied to the petition of the commons,
that he had not leifure. to confider a matter Of fuch im¬
portance, and therefore would defer an anfwer till his fe-
turn. But the commons feemed well aware that delays
might be fatal to their views : they alleged that the
dangers of the nation were fuch as could endure no ne-
gleft; and unlefs the king fpeedily complied with their
demands, they fliould be obliged, both for his fufety and
that of the kingdom, to difpofe of the militia by the au-
2

thority of parliament, and were refolved to do it accord¬
ingly. In a remonftrance to the king, they defired to be
permitted to command the army for a limited time; which
fo exafperated the monarch, that he exclaimed, “ No,
not for one hour!” This peremptory refufal broke off all
further treaty ; and both fides now refolved to have re-
courfe to arms.

Charles, taking the prince of Wales with him, retired
to York, where he found the people more loyal, and
lefs infeCted with the puritanical phrenfy of the times.
He found his caufe there backed by a more numerous
party than he had expedited among the people. The
queen, who was in Holland, was making levies of men
and ammunition, by felling the crown jewels. Yet, be¬
fore war was openly declared, the fliadow of a negocia-
tion was carried on, rather to ferve as a pretence to the
people, than with any real defign of reconciliation. The
king offered propofals to the commons, which he knew
they would not accept ; and they, in return, fubmitted
nineteen propofitions to his confideration, which, if com¬
plied with, would indeed have rendered him the mafter
puppet of their fclieme of tyranny. The import was,
that the privy-council, the principal officers of ftafe, the
governors of the king’s children, the commanders of the
forts, his fleet and army, fliould be all appointed by, and
put under the controul of, parliament; that papifls
fliould be puniflied by their authority ; that the church
and liturgy fliould be reformed at their difcretion ; and
that fuch members as had been difplaced by the king
fliould be reftored. Thefe propofals, had they been
complied with, would have moulded the government
into an ariftocracy ; but, happily for pofterity, they were
rejected by the king. “ Should I grant thefe demands
(laid he) I might be waited on bare-headed ; I might
have my hand kiffed, the title of majefty continued, and
the king’s authority fignified by both lioufes of parlia¬
ment ; I might have Ivvords and- maces carried before
me, and pleafe myfelf with the toys of a crown and
fceptre ; but, 3S to true and real power, I fliould remain
but the- picture, the fign, the fymbol, of a king.” War
at any rate was therefore to be preferred to peace, on
fuch conditions. Thus the king and his parliament mu¬
tually reproached each other as the caufe of a fcene of
daughter, in which both perhaps were equally culpable.

No period, fince England had a name, could furnifh
fo many inftances of courage, abilities, afid virtue, as the
fatal oppofition called forth into aCtion, A. D. 1642.
Both fides, equally confident of the juftice of their
caufe, appealed to God to judge of the reCtitude of their
intentions. The parliament was convinced that it fought
for heaven, by afl’erting its regards fora peculiar mode of
worfliip ; and the king was not lefs convinced that his
claims were facred, as lie had ever been taught to confider
them as of divine original. Thus paflion and enthufiafm
on each fide animated the combatants ; and courage, ra¬
ther than conduct, among thefe undifciplined troops, de¬
cided the fortune of the day. Never was conteft more
unequal than appeared at firft between the contending
parties ; the king being entirely deftitute of almoft every
advantage. His revenue had been feized by parliament ;
all the lea-port towiis were in their hands, except New-
caftle ; the fleet'was at their difpofal ; all magazines of
arms and ammunition were feized for their life ; and they
had the good withes of the bulk of the people. To op-
pofe this, the king had conftantly that acknowledged re¬
verence due to royalty, to give fanCtion to his caufe.
The greater part of the nobility adhered to him, as their
diftinClions miiftrife or fall with the fountain of honour.
Mod: men of education alfo, and the ancient families, ftill
confidered loyalty as a virtue, and armed their tenants
and fervants in his caufe. With thefe followers, Charles
refolved to take the field; and lie erected the royal
ftandard at Nottingham.

Manifeftos on both fides were now difperfed through¬
out the kingdom j and the people were inveterately di¬
vided

E N G L A N D.

vided between the two factions of Cavaliers and Round¬
heads. The king, to bind himfelf by the mod folenin
engagements .to his fubjeCts, made the following pro¬
testation before his whole army. “ f do promife, in the
prefence of Almighty God, and' as I hope for his blef-
ftng and protection, that I will, to the utmoft of my
power, defend and maintain the true reformed proteftant
religion, eftabliflied in the church of England; and, by
the grace of God, in the fame will live and die. I de¬
fire that the laws may be ever the meafure of my go¬
vernment, and that the liberty and property of the fub-
jeCt may be preferved by them with the fame care as my
own juft rights. And if it pleafe God, by his blefting
on this army raided for my neceflary defence, to preferve
me from the prefect rebellion, I do folemnly and faith¬
fully promife, in the fight of God, to maintain the juft
privileges and freedom of parliament, and to govern, to
the utmoft of my power, by the known ftatutes and cuf-
toms of tire kingdom ; and particularly, to obferve in¬
violably the laws to which I have given my confent this
parliament. Meanwhile, if this emergency, and the
■great neceftity to which I am driven, beget any violation
of law, I hope it (hall be imputed by God and man to
the authors of this war, not to me, who have fo earneftly
laboured to preferve the peace of the kingdom. When
I willingly fail in thefe particulars, I fhall expeCt no aid
or relief from man, nor any protection from above. But
in this refolution I hope for the cheerful afiiftance of all
good men, and am confident of the blefting of heaven.”
The fincerity with which this fpeech was delivered, and
the manifeft juftice of its contents, ferved to ftrengthen
the king’s caufe. He was foon gradually reinforced from
all quarters ; but not being yet in a condition to face his
enemies, he thought it prudent to retire by flow marches
to Derby, and thence to Shrewftntry, in order to coun¬
tenance the levies which his friends were making in thole
quarters.

In the mean time, the parliament were not remifs in
preparations on their fide. They had a magazine of arms
at Hull, and fir John Hotham was appointed governor of
that place by parliament. Charles had fome time before
prefented himfelf before that town, but was refufed ad-
miflion : and from this they drew their principal refources.
The forces alfor which had been every where railed on
pretence of the iervice of Ireland, were now more openly
enlifted by the parliament for their own purpofes; arid
the command given to the earl of Eftex, a bold man, but
who rather defired to fee monarchy abridged than de-
ftroyed. In London, no lefs than four thoufand m n were
enlifted in one day ; and the parliament voted a tell, which
they compelled every foldier to fubferibe, that. they would
live and die with their general-. Orders were alio iffited
out for loans of money and plate, “ to defend the king,
and both houfes or parliament — for they (till preferved
this ftyle. This brought immenfe quantities of plate to
the trealury ; and fo great was the public ardour in the
caufe, that there was more than they could find, room
Tor. Sixteen thoufand men were foon ready to take the
field, and the earl of Eftex led them towards Northamp¬
ton againft the king.

The army of the royalifts was not fo numerous as that
of Eftex; however, it was funpofed to be better dif-
ciplined and better conducted. The two fons of the
unfortunate elector palatine, prince Rupert and prince
Maurice, offered their fervices to the king,- which were
accepted. A flight advantage gained by prince Rupert
over colonel Sandys, in a Ikirmilh, gave great hopes of
his future activity, and infpired the army with refolution
to hazard a battle. So little were both armies Ikilled in
the policy of war, that they were within fix miles of each
other before they were acquainted with their mutual ap¬
proach ; and, what is more remarkable, they had been
ten days within twenty miles of each other, without
knowing it.

Edge-hill was the firft place where the two armies faced
Vol, VI, No. 382,

f)73

each other, and the fatal fpot firft drenched in civil (laugh¬
ter. It was a (hocking fight to fee above thirty thoufand
of the braveft men in the world, inftead of employing
their courage againft their common enemy, turning their
arms againft each other, while the deareft friends, and
the neareft. kinfmen, embraced oppofite tides, and pre¬
pared to bury their private regards in factious hatred.
In the beginning of the battle, fir Faithful Fortefcue,
who had levied a troop for the Irifh war, and had been
forced to ferve in the parliamentary army, deferted to
the royalifts, and fo intimidated the parliamentary forces,
that the cavalry fled.. The right wing of their army
foon followed their example ; but, the viCtors too ea¬
gerly purfuing, Eftex’s referve wheeled upon the
rear of the purfuers, and made great havoc among them.
After the royalifts had a little recovered, they made a
vigorous (land ; and both fides, as if petiified at the re¬
flection of this unnatural bloodfhed, flood gazing at each
other, without courage or ability to renew the attack.
All night they lay under arms., and next morning found
themfelves (till, gazing at each other. Perhaps this was
the favourable feafon when the king fnould have (truck
a decifive blow, or melted down his opponents by a gra¬
cious pardon : but he loft the opportunity ; and both
fides feparated with apparent dread and apprehenlion.
Five thoufand men are faid to have fallen that day.

It would be tedious to recount the marchings and
countermarchings of thefe armies : war was a new trade
to the Englifh, as they had not feen an hoftile engage¬
ment in the ifland for near a century before. The queen
came to reinforce the royal party ; (lie had brought fol-
diers and ammunition from Holland, and immediately
departed to furnifh more'. But the parliament, who
knew its own (Irength, appeared no way difeouraged.
Their demands feemed to increafe in proportion to their
Ioffes ; and, as they were reprefted in the field, they grew
more haughty in the cabinet ; even all fuch governors as
gave up their fortreffes to the king were attainted of high
treafon. It was now too late for the king to remain in¬
active, by tendering propofals to the parliament ; for
though his delife of (lopping; the further effufion of
blood was laudable as a Chriftian, yet his long negocia-
tions at Oxford were faulty as a warrior. He wafted
that time in altercation and treaty, which he fiiould have
.employed in vigorous exertions in the field.

However, this firft campaign, upon the whole, wore a
favourable afpeCt. One victory followed after another;
Cornwall was reduced to peace and obedience under the
king : a victory was gained over the parliament forces at
Stratton Hill, in Devonfhire ; another at Roundaway
Down, two miles from the Devizes; and a third in
Chalgrave Field. Briftol was befieged and taken ; Glou-
cefter was inverted; the battle of Newbury was favour¬
able fo the royal caufe ; and great hopes of fuccefs were
expeCled from an army in the north, railed by the mar¬
quis of Newcaftle. But in this campaign, the two
braveft generals on each fide were killed ; thefe were
John Hampden, and Lucius Cary lord Faulkland.

The king, that he might make more extenfive prepa¬
rations during the winter for the enfuing. campaign, and
to oppofe the defigns of the Weftniinfter parliament,
called one to meet at Oxford ; and this was the firft time
that England law two parliaments fitting at the fame time.
His houfe of peers was pretty full ; but his houfe of
commons confided of only an hundred and forty, which
amounted to not above half of the other houfe of com¬
mons. From this parliament he received fome fupplies;
after which it was prorogued, and never after aftembled.
In the mean time, the long parliament were equally ac¬
tive on their fide. They parted an ordinance, command¬
ing all the inhabitants of London and its neighbourhood
to retrench a meal a weak, and to pay the value of it for
the lupport of the public caufe. But what was much
more effectual, the Scots, who confidered their griev¬
ances as fimilar, led a ftrong army to their afiiftance.

8 I They

6 74 ENGLAND.

They alfo levied fourteen thoufand men in the eaft, un- man in the kingdom; and as fqr parliaments, though he
der the earl of Manchefter ; they had an army of ten difliked the conduct of one or two, yet he never deligned

thoufand men under Eftex, and another of nearly the
fame number under fir William Waller. Thefe were
fuperior to any force the king could bring into the field,
and were well appointed, and amply fupplied with am¬
munition, provifions, and pay.

Hoftilities, which, even during the winter feafon, had
never been wholly difcontinued, were renewed in the
fpring of 1644, with redoubled fury, and ferved to defo¬
late the kingdom, without deciding the victory. Each
county joined that fide to which jt was addifted from
motives of conviction, intereft, or fear, though fome ob-
ferved a perfeCt neutrality. There were feveral peti¬
tions for peace ; ar.d all the wife and good united in the
cry. What particularly deferves remark, was an attempt
of the worn n of London, who, to the number of twOi
or three thoufand, went in a body to the houfe of com¬
mons, eameftly demanding a peace. “Give us thofe
itraitors (faid they) that are againlt a peace; give them,
that we may tear them in pieces.” The guards found
fome difficulty in quelling this infurreCtion ; and one or
• two women loft their lives in the fray.

The battle of Marflon-moor wore the fir(i feature of
the king’s difgrace. The Scotch and parliament armies
had joined, and were befieging York, when prince Rupert,
joined by the marquis of Newcaftle, determined to raife
the fiege. Both armies drew up on Marflon-moor, to
the number of fifty thoufand, and the victory feemed
long wavering between them. Rupert, who commanded
the right wing of the royal ills, was oppofed by Oliver
Cromwell, who now firft came into notice, at the head of
a body of troops whom he had himfelf taken care to
Jevy and difcipline. Cromwell was victorious : he
pufhed his opponents off' the field, followed the van-
quifhed, returned to a fecond engagement, and a fecond
victory ; the prince’s whole train of artillery was taken ;
and the royalifls never after recovered the blow.

While the king was thus beaten in the field, he was
not more fuccefsful in negociation. A treaty was begun
at Uxbridge ; but which, like all others, came to nothing.
The puritans demanded a total abolition of the epifco-
pacy, and all church ceremonies ; and this Charles would
not permit. He had all along adhered to the epifcopal
jurifdiCfion, not only becaufe it was favourable to mo¬
narchy, but becaufe all his adherents were devoted to it.
He efleemed bifliops as elfential to the Chriftian church ;
and thought himfelf bound, not only by temporal but
facred, ties to defend them. The parliament was as ob-
ifinately bent upon removing this order ; and, to (hew
their refolution, began with the foremoft of the number.
William Laud, archbifhop of Canterbury, as we have
feen, had been imprifoned in the Tower at the fame time
•with Strafford ; and he had patiently endured this long
confinement, without being brought to trial. He was
now, therefore, accufed of high treafon, in endeavouring
to fubvert the fundamental laws, and of other high
crimes and mifdemeanors. The groundlefs charge of
popery, which his life and afterwards his death belied,
was urged againft him. In his defence, he fpoke feveral
hours, with that courage which is ever the refult of in¬
nocence and integrity. The lords, who were his judges,
appeared willing to acquit him; but the commons, his
accufers, finding how his trial was likely to go, puffed an
ordinance for his execution, and terrified the lords into a
confent. Seven peers alone voted in this important quef-
tion; all the reft, either from fhame or fear, fieceded from
their duty. When brought to the fcaffoid, this vene¬
rable prelate, without any terror, but,in the ufual tone of
liis exhortations from the pulpit, made a long fpeech.
He told them that he had examined his heart ; and
thanked God that he found no fins there which deferved
the death he was going to fuffer. The king, he faid,
had been traduced by fome, as labouring to introduce
popery; but he believed him as found a proteftant as any

to change the laws of his country, or the preteftant re¬
ligion. After he had prayed for a Tew minutes, the exe¬
cutioner fevered his head at a blow, A. D. 1644.

The death of Laud was followed by a total alteration
of the ceremonies of the church. The liturgy was, by
a public aft, aboliftted the day he died, as if he had
been the only obftacle to its formal removal. The
church of England was in all refpeefs brought to a con¬
formity with the puritanical eftablifhment ; while the
citizens of London-, and the Scotch army, gave public
thanks for fo happy an alteration. Yet from the mo¬
ment the puritans began to be apparently united, and
ranked under one common denomination of Prelbyte-
rians, they began again to divide into frefti fedts, each
profeffing different views and interefts. One part of the
houfe was compofed of Prefbyterians, ftridlly fo called ;
the other, though a minority, of Independents, a new
•fe£t that had lately been introduced, and rapidly gained
ground among the vulgar.

The difference between thefe two fefts would be hardly
worth mentioning, had not their religious opinions in¬
fluenced their political condudt. Thy church of Eng¬
land, as we have feen, had appointed bifhops of clerical
ordination, arid a book of common prayer. The prefby-
terians exclaimed againft both ; they were for having the
church governed by clergymen elefted by the people,
and prayers made without premeditation. The inde¬
pendents went farther; they excluded all the clergy;
they maintained that every man might pray in public,
exhort his audience, and explain the feriptures. Their
political fyftem kept pace with their religious. Not
content with reducing fh eking to a firft rnagiftrate, which
was the aim of the prefbyterians, this feft afpired at the
abolition not only of all monarchy., but of all fuhordi-
nation. They maintained, and they perhaps maintained
right, that all men were born equal; but they alleged
alfo, that no accidental or artificial inftitutions could de-
ftroy this equality ; and there they were deceived . Could
fuch a plan of government as theirs be practicable, it
would, no doubt, remove all the caufes of envy and jea-
loufy among men; but this were impofiible : the wife
and induftrious mull in every country prevail over the
weak and idle ; and the bad fuccefs of the independent
fcherne foon fliewed how ill adapted fuch fpeculative
ideas were to human infirmity. Polfefted, however, with
a high notion of their own reCtitude both in religion and
politics, they gave way to a furly pride, which is ever
the refult of narrow manners and an obftinate difpofition.

The royalifts endeavoured to throw a ridicule on this
fanaticifm, without being fenfible how much they had to
apprehend from its confequences. - The forces of the
king were united by much feebler ties ; and licence
among them, which had been introduced by the want of
^iay, had rifen to a dangerous height, rendering them as
formidable to their friends as their enemies. To increafe
this unpopularity, the king, finding the parliament of
Scotland as well as that of England, declaring againft
him, he thought proper to make a truce with the papifts
of Ireland, in order to bring over the Engl i fit forces who
ferved in that kingdom. With thefe troops he alfo re¬
ceived fome of the native Irifh into his fervice, who dill
retained their fiercenefs and their barbarity. This gave
tire parliament a plaufible opportunity of upbraiding
him with taking papifts into his fervice, and gave a co¬
lour to the ancient calumny of his having excited them
to rebel. Unfortunately, too, they rather increafed the
hatred of his fubjebts, than added to the ftrength of his
army. They were routed in the firft battle by Fairfax ;
and though they threw down their arms, they were
flaughtered in cool blood without mercy.

Thefe misfortunes were foon fucceeded by a greater.
Charles, who had retired to Oxford, began to find him-
felf at the head of a turbulent army, who, from wanting

Pay*

ENG

pay, were fcnrcely fubjeft to controul ; while, on the
other hand, the parliament army continued to be well
fupplied and paid, qnd held together from principle.
The parliament', to fet them an example of difinterefted-
nefs in their own conduct, pafled an aft, called the [elf-
denying ordinance. They refolved, left it fnould be fug-
gefted that their intent was to make themfelves mafters,
that no member of their houfe fltould have a command
in the army. The former generals were therefore changed ;
the earls of Elfex, Denbigh, and Manchefter, gave up
their rommiftions ; while Fairfax was appointed general
with Cromwell, who found means to keep at once his
feat and his commillion.

Never was a more lingular army affembled than that
which now drew the fword in the parliamentary caufe.
The officers exerciled the funftion of chaplains; and,
during the intervals of adfion, inftrufted their troops by
fermons, prayers, and exhortations. Rapturous extafies
fupplied the place of cool refleftion ; and, while they
kindled a frefti flame as they fpoke, they afcribed their
zeal to a defcent of the holy fpirit from heaven. The
private foldiers, feized with the fame fanaticifm, em¬
ployed their vacant hours in prayer, in perufing the holy
fcriptures, in ghoftly conferences, &c. When marching
to the field of battle, the ltymn and the ejaculation
mixed their notes with thofe of the trumpet. An army,
thus actuated, became invincible.

The v.ell-difputed battle, which decided the fate of
Charles, was fought at Nafeby, a village in Yorkfliire,
June 4, 1645. The main body of the royal army was
commanded by lord Afiley ; prince Rupert led the right
wing, fir Marmaduke Langdale the left ; and the king
himfelf headed the body of referve. On the oppofite
fide, Fairfax and Skippon commanded the main body ;
Cromwell led on the right wing, and Ireton, his fon-in-
law, the left. Prince Rupert attacked the left wing
with his ufual impetuofity and fuccefs : they were broken
and purfued as far as the village ; but he loft time in at¬
tempting to make himfelf mafter of their artillery.
Cromwell, in the mean time, vvas equally fuccefsful on
his fide, and broke through the enemies’ horfe, after a
very obftinate refiftance. While thefe intrepid move¬
ments were made on the wings, the main body on both
fides fupported the conflift with equal ardour; and, in
fpite of the efforts of Fairfax and Skippon, their batta¬
lions began to give way. But it was now that Cromwell
returned with his victorious forces, and charged the
king’s infantry in flank with fitch vigour, that a total
rout began to enfue. By this time prince Rupert had
rejoined the king and the fmall body of referve ; but his
troops, though victorious, could not be brought to a fe-
cond charge. They were at all times licentious and un¬
governable ; but they were now intimidated; for the
parliament forces, having recovered from the firft fhock,
flood collected in order of battle to receive them. The
king was defirous of making a charge in perfon at the
head of his referve, which would have given new courage
to his troops, and perhaps won the day ; but the earl of
Carnwarth, who rode by his majefty’s fide, feizing the
bridle of his horfe, turned him round, faying, with a
loud oath, “ Will you go upon your death in an inftant ?”
The troops, feeing this motion, wheeled to the right, and
rode ofF in fuch confufion, that they could not be rallied
again during the reft of the day. The king, ithus per¬
ceiving the battle loft, was obliged to abandon the field
to his enemies, who took all his cannon, baggage, and
above five thoufand prifoners.

This fatal blow the king never recovered ; his army
vvas difperfed, and the conquerors made as many captives
as they thought proper. Among the other fpoils taken
on this occafion, the king’s cabinet of letters was feized,
in which was contained all his private correfpondence
with the queen. Thefe were fhortly after publilhed by
command of the parliament, who took a brutal pleafure
2

LAND. 675-

in ridiculing thofe tender effufions of confidential regard
which were unfitted to meet the public eye.

The battle of Nafeby put the parliament in pofleflion
of almoft all the ftrong cities of the kingdom, Briftol,
Bridgewater, Chefter, Sherborn, and Bath. Exeter was
befieged ; and all the king’s troops in the weftern coun¬
ties being entirely difperfed, Fairfax prefled the place,
and it furrendered at diferetion. T-he king’s interefts
now went to ruin on every quarter. The Scot ti lh army,
having made themfeives mafters of Carlifle, marched
fouth, and laid fiege to Hereford. Another engagement
followed between the king’s troops and the parliament
army, in which his. forces were put to the rout by Co¬
lonel Jones, a thoufand of his men made prifoners, and
five hundred flain. Thus harafled on every fide, the
opprefled king retreated to Oxford, which in all condi¬
tions of his fortune held fteady to his caufe; and there
he refolved to offer new terms to his relentlefs purfuers.
Nothing could be more affecting than the king’s diftreifed
fituation in that city. Saddened by his late melancholy
difafters; impreffecTwith the apprehenfions of the fate
which hung over him ; harafled by the murmurs of thofe
who had followed his caufe, and flung with his incapa¬
city to relieve them ; he wate now willing to grant the
parliament their own terms, and at any rate to procure a
reconciliation. He therefore fent repeated meffages to
this ptirpofe ; but they never deigned to make him the
lead reply. At laft, after reproaching him with the blood
fpilt during the war, they told him that they were pre¬
paring fome bills, to which if he would confent, they
fltould be able to judge of his pacific inclinations.

In the mean time Fairfax, with a powerful army, was
marching to lay fiege to Oxford. To be taken captive,
and led in triumph by his infolent fubjefts, was what
Charles dreaded and abhorred. In this defperate extre--
mity, he embraced a nteafure which, in any other fitua¬
tion, might juftly lie under the imputation of the higheft
imprudence and indiferetion. He refolved to give him¬
felf up to the Scots’ army, and truft to their loyalty for
proteftion. That he might the better conceal his defign
from the people of Oxford, orders were given at every
gate of the city for allowing three perfons to pafs. In the
night, the king, accompanied by doftor Hudfon and Mr.
Afhburnham, took the road towards London, travelling
as Aftiburnham’s fervant. He, in faft, came fo near
London, that he once entertained thoughts of entering
that city, and of throwing himfelf on the mercy of the
parliament. At laft, after palling through many crofs-
roads and by-ways, he arrived at the Scots’ camp before
Newark, Jan. 30, 1646, and difeovered himfelf to lord
Leven, the Scottifh general.

The Scots, though faid to have given the king fome
general affurances of fidelity and proteftion, Teemed
greatly furprifed at his arrival. Inftead of bellowing a
thought on his interefts, they inftantly entered into a con-
fultation upon their own. The commiflioners of their
army fent to the parliament an immediate account of the
king’s furrender ; and declared that his coming among
them was altogether uninvited and unexpefted. In the
mean time, they prevailed upon the king to give direc¬
tions for furrendering all his garrifons to the parliament,
with which he complied. In return for this condefcen-
fion, they treated him in a manner very different from
refpeft. The Scots had, from' their firft entrance into
England, be^n allowed pay by the parliament, in order
to prevent their plundering the country ; much of this,
however, remained unpaid, from the unavoidable necef-
fities of the times ; and much more was claimed by the
Scots than was really due. They therefore confidered
this as a favourable opportunity for infifting on their ar¬
rears ; and they refolved to make the king the inftrument
by which this money was to be obtained. After various
debates between them and the parliament, it was Itipu-
lated, that upon payment of four hundred thoufand

pounds.

676 ENG L

pounds, they would deliver up the king to his enemies.
♦This fpecies of barter may be palliated, but can never
be defended upon any principle of rertitude, honour, or
humanity. Like free-booters they divided the fpoil ; and
the Scots returned home, laden with plunder, and the
reproaches of all good men.

The king, being thus delivered over by the Scots to
the parliamentary commillioners, was conducted to Holm-
by cattle', in Northamptonfhire. They treated him in
confinement with the molt rigorous feverity, difmiffing
all his ancient fervants,. debarring him from all vifits, and
cutting off all communication with his friends and his
family. The civil war was now over ; the king had ab-
folved his followers from their allegiance, and the par¬
liament had no enemy to fear, except thofe very troops
by which they had extended their overgrown authority.
But in proportion as the terror of the king’s power ’dimi¬
ni fhed, the divifion between the independents and the
prefbyterians became more manifeft. The majority in
the houfe were of the prefbyterian fert ; but the majo¬
rity of the army were independents. At the head of
this fed! was Cromwell, who fecretly directed its opera¬
tions, and invigorated all its meafures.

After the retreat of the Sco^s, the prefbyterian party,
feeing things reduced to obedience, propofed to difmifs
a confiderable part of the army, and fend the red to Ire-
land. But the army were as unwilling to difband, as to
be led over into a country as yet uncivilifed and barba¬
rous. Cromwell alfo took care to infpire them againft
both: they regarded him for his' bravery and religious
zeal, and (fill more for his pretended afi'ertion towards
them. Indead, therefore, of preparing to difband, they
refolved to petition ; and they began by defiring an in¬
demnity, ratified by the king’s fignature, for any illegal
-artion which they might have committed during the war.
This the commons treated with great feverity ; they
voted, that this petition tended to introduce mutiny, to
put conditions upon the parliament, to obdrurt the relief
of the kingdom of Ireland ; and they threatened to pro¬
ceed againft the promoters of it as enemies to the (late,
and didurbers of the public peace.

The army now began tO confider themfelves as a body
didinrt from the parliament, and complained, that they
had fecured the general tranquillity, while they were to
be deprived of the privileges of Englilhmen. In oppofi-
tion, therefore, to the parliament at Wedminder, a mi¬
litary parliament was formed, compofed of the officers
and common foldiers of each regiment. The principal
officers formed a council to reprefent the body of peers ;
the foldiers elected two men out of each company to re¬
prefent the houfe of commons ; and the'fe were called the
Agitators of the army. Cromwell took care to be one of
the number, and thus contrived an eafy method of con-
durting and promoting the fedition of the arniy. This
fierce affembly, having debated for a fhort time, declared
that they had many grievances to be redrelfed ; and
began by fpecifyingfuch as they wifiied to be mod fpeedily
removed. The fame conduit which had formerly been
ufcd by the parliament againft their fovereign, was now
put in practice by the army againft the parliament. In
proportion as the commons granted their requeds, the
agitators rofe in their demands ; thefe accufed the army
of mutiny and fedition ; the army retorted the charge,
and alleged, that the king had been depofedonly to make
way for their ufurpations.

The wretched Charles, in the mean time, continued a
prifoner at Holmby cadle ; and as his countenance might
add fomc authority to that fide which diould obtain it,
Cromwell, who fecretly condurted all the meafures of
the army, refolved to ieize the king’s perfon. Accord-
ingly a party of five hundred horfe appeared at Holmby
cable, under the command of Joyce, who had been ori¬
ginally a tailor, but who, in the prefent confufion of
affairs, was advanced to the rank of cornet. Without

AND.

any oppofition, he entered the king’s apartment, armed
with piftols, and told him he mud prepare and go with
him. “ Whither?” faid the king. “ To the army,”
replied Joice. “ By what warfant ?” aficed the king.
Joice pointed to his followers. “Your warrant,” replied
Charles, ‘‘is wrote in fair characters.” And without
further delay, he went into his coach, and was fafely con¬
ducted to the army, who were hadening to their ren¬
dezvous at Triplo-heath, near Cambridge. The next
day Cromwell arrived among them, where he was re¬
ceived with acclamations of joy, and inveded with the
fupreme command.

It was now that the commons perceived a fettled de-
dgn in the army to prefcribe laws to the parliament ; and
they did not fail to fpread the alarm through the city of
London. But it was too late to redd ; the army, with
Cromwell at theirhead, advanced with precipitation, and
arrived in a few days at St. Alban’s; fo that the com¬
mons now began to think of temporiling. The declara¬
tion, by which they had voted the military petitioners
enemies to the date, was recalled, and ended from their
journals. But all fubmillion was vain; the army now
claimed a right of modelling the whole government, and
of fettling the nation. But as too precipitate an affump-
tion of authority might appear invidious, Cromwell began
by accudng eleven members of the houfe as guilty of high
treafon, and enemies to the army. The members' ac¬
cufed were the leaders of the prefbyterian party, the
very men who had prefcribed fuch rigorous meafures to
the king, and who now, in turn, were threatened with
fimilar feverity. As they were the leading men in the
houfe, the commons were refolved to protect them ; but
the army infiding on their difmiffion, they voluntarily
left the houfe, rather than breed contention.

. At lad the citizens of London began to- open their
eyes, and to perceive that the conditution was totally
overturned. They faw an oppreilive parliament now fub-
jerted to a more oppreilive army ; they fojind their reli¬
gion aboliffied, their king a captive, and no hopes of
redrefs but from another feene of daughter. In this
exigency, therefore, rhe common-council adembled the
militia of the city; the works were manned, and a ma-
nifedo publidied, aggravating the hodile condurt of the
army. Finding that the houfe of commons, in' compliance
with the requed of the army, had voted that the city mi¬
litia fhould be difbanded, the multitude rofe, bedeged
the door of the houfe, and obliged them to reverfe that
vote which they had fo lately paded. In this dilemma
the houfe was rent into two parties ; the one dding with
the feditious citizens, while the other, with the two
fpeakers at their head, were for encouraging the army.
In this confufion a reparation of the parties took placet
the two fpeakers, with fixty-two members, fecretly re¬
tired from the houfe, and threw themfelves on the pro¬
tection of the army, then encamped on Hounflow-heath.
They were received with fliouts and acclamations; their
integrity was extolled ; and the whole body of the fol-
diery, a formidable force of twenty thoufand men, now
■moved forward, to re-indate them in their former feats
and dations.

In the mean time, that part of the houfe that was left
fitting, refolved to art with vigour, and redd the en¬
croachments of the army. They chofe new fpeakers ;
they gave orders for en'iiding troops ; they ordered the
train-bands to man the lines ; and the whole city boldly
refolved to redd the invafion. But this refolution only
held while the enemy was thought at a didance; for
when the formidable force of Cromwell came in fight, all
was obedience and fubmillion ; the gates were opened to
the general, who attended the two (peakers, and the reft
of the members, peaceably to their habitations. The
eleven impeached members being expelled, retired to the
continent. The mayor, (heriff, and three aldermen, were
fent to the Tower; feveral citizens; and officers of mi-

ENGLAND. 67 7

Jhia, were committed to ptifon, and the lines about the
city were razed to the ground.

It now only remained to difpofe of the king, who had
been fent. by the army a prifonerto Hampton-court. The
independent army, at the head of whom was Cromwell,
and the prefbyterians, in the name of the parliament,
began feparate treaties with him in private. He had at
one time well-founded hopes, that, in thefe druggies for
power, he might have been chofen mediator in the dif-
pute ; and he expedtcd that the kingdom, at lad fenftble
of the miferies of anarchy, would, like a froward child,
fettle into its former tranquil conditution. But thefe
flattering expeditions too foon fubfided. As the army
had gained a complete vidlory over the houfe of com¬
mons, the independents began to abate of their expref-
fions of duty and refpedf. The king, therefore, was now
more dridtly guarded-, and fpies were placed about his
perfon, to mark all his words and actions. Charles,
alarmed'for his fafety, determined to make his efcape.
Early in the evening he retired to his chamber, on pre¬
tence of being inrlilpofed ; and about an hour after mid¬
night, he went down the back-flairs, attended by Alh-
burnham and Legge, both gentlemen of his bed-chamber.
Sir John Berkeley waited for him at the garden-gate with
horfes, which they inflantly mounted, and, travelling all
night, arrived at Tichfield, in Hampfhire, the feat of
the earl of Southampton. Here he deliberated with Iris
friends, upon his next excurlion, and they advifed him
to crofs over to the I lie of Wight, where Hammond was
governor ; who, though a creature of Cromwell’s, was yet
a nephew of Dr. Hammond, the king’s chaplain. To t His
inaufpicious protedlor it was refolved to have recourfe ;
Afhburnham and Berkeley were fent before to exafl a
. promife from the governor, that if he would not protect
the king, he would not detain him. Hammond feemed
lurprifed at their demand ; expreded his inclination to
ferve his majefly, but at the fame time alleged his duty
to his employers. He therefore attended the king’s gen¬
tlemen to Tichfield, with a guard of foldiers, and ftaid
in a lower apartment, while Afhburnham went up to the
king’s chamber. Charles no fooner underflood that Ham¬
mond was in the houfe with a body of troops, titan he
exclaimed, “O Jack! thou hafl undone me!” Afliburn-
ham (lied a flood of tears, and offered to go down and dif-
p>atch the governor, but the king repreifed his ardour.
When Hammond came into his prefence, he repeated his
profeflions of cool regard. The king fubmitted to his
fate ; and, without further delay, attended him to Carif-
brook caftle, in the Ifle of Wight, where for fome time
he found himfelf treated with marks of duty and refpect.

While the king continued in this infulated fituation,
the parliament, new modelled as it was by the army, was
every day growing more feeble and factious. Cromwell,
on the other hand, was (lengthening the army, and
taking every precaution to mould it to his views, and to
have it in momentary readinefs to fupport his meafures.

Among the independents, who were for having no ec-
cleliadical fubordination, a fet of men fprung up, called
Levellers, who difallowed all fubordination whatsoever,
and declared that they would have no other chaplain,
king, or general, but Chrifl himfelf. They declared
that all men w ere equal ; that all degrees and ranks Ihould
be levelled, and an exafl partition of property eftabliflied
through the nation. This ferment even reached the
army; and as it was a dodlrine well fuited to the poverty
of the foldiers, it promifed every day to become more
dangerous and fatal.

Cromwell now faw that he was upon the point of lofing
the fruits of all his former Schemes and dangers, and
began to dread this new failion the more, as they turned
his puritanical principles againfl himfelf. Thus finding
all at flake, he determined, by one refolute blow, either
to difp.erfe the faction, or peri Hi in the attempt. Slaving
intimation that the levellers were to meet at a certain
place, he nnexpetledly appeared in the aflembly, at the

Voi. VI. No. 382.

head of his red regiment, which had been hitherto called
invincible. He demanded, in the name of God, what
thefe meetings and murmurings meant ; he expoflulated
with them upon the dangerous confequences of their pre¬
cipitate fchemes, and defired them peaceably to depart.
But indead of obeying, they returned an infolent anfwer ;
wherefore, ruffling on them in a violent fury, he laid, with
his own hands, two of them dead at his feet. His guards,
Seizing and difperfing tire red, he caufed feveral of them
to be hanged upon the fpot ; and thus diffipated a faction,
no otherwife criminal, than having,' in part, followed
his own example.

This event ferved dill more to increafe the power of
Cromwell in the camp and in the parliament ; and while
Fairfax was nominally general of the troops, he was in-
veded with all the power. But his authority foon be¬
came irreddible, in confequence of a new and unexpected
addition to his fuccedes. The Scots, perhaps, afhamed
of the reproach of having, like Judas, fold their king,
and dimulated further by the independents, who took oc-
cafion to mortify them, raifed an army in his favour, and
the chief command was given to the duke of Hamilton ;
while Langdale, who profeded himfelf at the head of
the more bigoted party, and had taken the covenant,
marched at the head of his feparate body, to invade the
north of England. Their two armies amounted to about
twenty thoufand men. But Cromwell, at the head of
only eight thoufand of his well-trained veterans, feared
not to give them battle ; he attacked the Scottifh armies
one after the other, routed and difperfed them, took Ha¬
milton prifoner, and, following his blow, entered Scot¬
land, where he fettled tlte government entirely to his fa-
tisfaftion. Meanwhile an infurre&ion in Kent was quelled
by Fairfax with the fame eafe ; and fuccefs every where
attended this ufurper’s arms.

During thefe fanguinary contentions, the king, who
was kept a prifoner in Carifbrook caftle, continued to ne-
gociate with the parliament for fettling the unfpeakable
calamities of the nation. The parliament faw no other
method of deflroying military power, but to deprefs it
by the refloration of the king. Frequent propofals for an
accommodation paffed between the captive king and the
commons; but the great cbflacle which had all along
flood in the way, dill kept them apart. This was the
king’s refuting to abolifh epifcopacy, though he confenred
to deflroy the liturgy of the church. However, the treaty
went on with vigour, as the parliament had more to ap¬
prehend from the defigns of their generals, than from the
attempts of the king ; and, for the firfl time, they were
now in earned to conclude their negociations. But it was
too late ; the implacable army was returned from the de-
druClion of their enemies in the north ; and, with intem¬
perate zeal, demanded vengeance on the king. They
advanced to Windfor ; and fending an officer to feize the
king’s perfon, they conveyed him to Hurd cadle, near
Lymington, in Hampdiire. It was in vain that the par¬
liament complained of this harlh proceeding; it was in
vain that they began to iffue ordinances to redrain the
army ; they received a peremptory meffage from Crom¬
well, that he intended paying them a vilit the next day,
and, in the mean time, ordered them to ruife him forty
thoufand pounds, by a tax upon the city of London.

The commons, however, though deditute of power,
had dill courage to refift, and attempted, in the face of
the whole army, to clofe their treaty with the king.
They had taken into confideration the whole of the royal
concedions ; and though they had formerly voted them
unfatisfadlory, they now regarded them in a different
point of view. After a debate, w hich had laded three
days, it was carried in the king’s favour by a majority of
a hundred and twenty-nine againd eighty-three, that his
majedy’s concedions were a foundation for parliament to
proceed upon, in the fettlement of the king’s affairs.
This was the lad druggie for the prefervation of the
king ; for the next day colonel Pride, at the head of two

S K regi-

078 E N G I

regiments, blockaded the houfe, and feized forty-one
members of the prefbyterian party. Above a hundred
aiid dxty members more were excluded ; and none were
allowed to enter but the mod furious and determined of
the independents, in all not exceeding fixty. This atro¬
cious invafion of the parliamentry rights, commonly
pafled by the name of Pride’s purge, and the remaining
members were called t he Rump. Thefe foon voted,
that the tranfaftions of the houfe a few days before were
entirely illegal, and that the conduct of the army was
jud and necefiTary.

Nothing now remained, after the conditution had been
dedroyed, after the parliament had been ejected, after
the religion of the country had been abolilhed, after the
braved and the bed of its fubjedts had been dain, but to
murder the king ! This vile parliament, if it could delerve
the name, was compofed of a medley of the mod obfeure
citizens, mixed with the officers of the army. In this
adembly, a committee was appointed to prepare a charge
againd the king ; and, on their report, a vote palfed, de¬
claring it treafon in a king to levy war againd his parlia¬
ment. It w'as therefore refolved that an high court of
judice diould be appointed to try his majedy for this new¬
fangled treafon. For form fake, they dedred the concur¬
rence of the few remaining lords in the other houfe ; but
they had virtue enough to reject the propolal. This, how¬
ever, was no obdacle ; the commons voted that the concur¬
rence of the lords was unnecelfary, as the people were the
origin of all jud power.

Colonel Harrifon, the fon of a butcher, was commanded
to conduiSt the king from Hurd-cadle to Windfor, and
from theneg to London. From the fixth to the twentieth
of January, A. D. 1649, was fpent in making preparations
for this extraordinary trial. The court, which fat in
Wedminder-hall, confided of_a hundred and thirty-three
perfons named by the commons ; but of thefe never more
than feventy attended. They were chiefly compofed of
officers of the army, fome members of the lower houfe,
and a few citizens of London. Braddiaw, a lawyer, was
chofen prefident ; Coke was appointed folicitor for the
people of England ; Doridaus, Steele, and Afke, were
named adidants. The king was now removed from Wind¬
for to St. James’s, and the next day was brought before
this felf-created court. He was conduced by the mace-
bearer to a chair placed within the bar. Though long
haraffed as a prifoner, and now produced as a criminal,
Charles dill maintained the dignity of a king ; he fur-
veyed the members of the court with an intrepid air;
and, without moving his hat, fat down, while the mem¬
bers alfo were covered. His charge was then read by the
folicitor, accufing him gf having been the caufeofall the
blood (lied which followed dnee the commencement of
the war; at that part of the. charge he could not fup-
prefs a fmile of contempt and indignation. After the
charge was finidied, Braddiaw directed his difeourfe to
the king, and told him that the court expected to hear
his defence.

The king, with great propriety, pointed out the ille¬
gality of the court, as unfounded, and unknown to the
jurifprudence of England, or to any fydem of laws, hu¬
man or divine. He reprefented, that having been engaged
in a treaty with his two houfes of parliament, and having
finidied almod every article, he expedited a very different
treatment from that which he now experienced. He per¬
ceived, he laid, no appearance of an upper houfe, which
was neceffary to conditute a jud tribunal, even for infe¬
rior objects. That he was himfelf the king, and the
fountain of the law, and consequently could not be tried
by any formula to which he had never given his uffent ;
that having been intruded with lire liberties of the people,
he would not now betray them, by recognidng a power
founded in ufurpation ; that he was willing before a pro¬
per tribunal to enter into the particulars of his defence;
. but that before them lie mud decline any apology for his
ifmocence, led lie lliould be coalidered as a betrayer of,
A. 'i not a martyr for, t h<? conditution.

■ AND.

Braddiaw, to give fome colour to the authority ot their
jurrldiftion, infifted that their power was derived from
the people, the fource of all right. He therefore con¬
jured the king not to call in queftion the legality of the
court, led it diould conditute an additional charge againd
him. In this manner was the king three times produced
before the court, and as often perfifted in denying its au¬
thority. The fourth and lad time of his being conducted,
to this felf-created tribunal, lie was infulted by the fol-
diers and the mob, who were indrudfed to exclaim, “ Jiif-
tice ! judice! execution! execution!” but the king con¬
tinued undaunted. His judges having now examined fome
witneffes, by whom it was proved that the king had ap¬
peared in arms againd the forces cotnmiffioned by parlia¬
ment, they pronounced fentence of death againd him.
He feemed very anxious at this time to be admitted to a
conference with the two houfes; and it wasfuppofed that
he intended to redgn the crown to his fon ; but the court
refufed compliance, and called his requed an artifice to
fubvert the operation of judice.

The condu£t of the king under all thefe bitter perfe-
cutions, was truly magnanimous and collected. O11 his
return to Whitehall, he dedred the permidion of the
houfe to fee his children, and to be attended in his private
devotions by Dr. J uxon, late bifliop of London. Thefe re-
queds were granted, and alfo three days to prepare for his
decapitation. All that remained of his family now in
England, were the princefs Elizabeth, and the duke of
Gloueeder, a child about three years old ; between whom
and the. condemned king a mod tender and aftedting feene
took place. Every night, during the diort interval be¬
tween his fentence and execution, the noife of the work¬
men employed in framing the Scaffold, continually re¬
founded in his ears. The fatal morning being arrived,
he rofe early, and calling his attendants, he bade them
employ more than ufual care in deeding him for So great:
a folemnity. The fpot facing Whitehall was the place
dedined for his execution, with a view to increafe the
poignancy of his fufterings. He was led through the
banqueting-houfe to the fcaffold adjoining to that edifice,
attended by bi ill op Juxon, a man endowed with the fame
mild and deady virtues with his royal mafter. The fcaf¬
fold, which was covered with black, was guarded by fol-
diers, under the command of colonel Tomlinfon, and on
it dood two executioners in mades. The concourfe of
people was immenfe. The king • Surveyed the folemn
preparations with calm compofure ; and, as he could not
expeft to be heard by fo numerous an audience, who were
alfo kept at a didance, he addreffed himfelf to the few
perfons who dood round him. He there judified his in¬
nocence with refpedl to the late fanguinary wars; and
obfervbd, that he had not taken arms till after the par¬
liament had fet the example ; that he had no other ob-
jedt in his warlike preparations, than to preferve that
authority entire, which h .d been transmitted to him by
his ancedors, and fir ft violated by his persecutors ; bur,
though innocent of any crime towards his people, he ac¬
knowledged the equity of his execution in the eyes of
his Maker. He owned that he was judly punidied for
having contented to the execution of the innocent earl cf
Strafford. He forgave all his enemies, exhorted the par¬
liament to return to their obedience, and acknowledge
his fon as his fucceffor ; and dgnified his attachment to
the protedant religion, as profeffed in the church of Eng¬
land. So drong was the impredion his dying words made
upon the few- who heard- him, that colonel Tomlinfon
himfelf, to whofe care he had been committed, acknow¬
ledged himfelf Satisfied of his innocence.

Charles, having taken off his cloak, delivered his
George to bilhop J uxon, pronouncing the ward, Remember.
Then he laid his neck on the block, and dretching out
his hand as a Signal, one of the executioners fevered his
head from his body at a blow, while the other, holding
it up, exclaimed, “ This is the head of a traitor !” The
fpedfatprs tedified their horror and indignation in Sighs,
tears, and execrations ; the tide of duty and affedlion be¬
gan

ENGLAND.

gan to return, and each accufed himfelf of fliameful dif-
Joyalty to his king, or a paflive compliance with the ma¬
lice of his deftroyers. The very pulpits, that before re¬
founded with infolence and fedition, were now bedewed
with tears of repentance; and all united in their delega¬
tion of thofe diabolical hypocrites, who,' to gratify their
ambition and malevolence, had involved the parliament
in the guilt of treafon.

As the fpirit of party ran fo high during this reign, it
is difficult to arrive at a precife knowledge of all the oc¬
currences which led to fo important a cataftrophe as the
overthrow and execution of the fovereign ; alntoft every
narrative receives a colour from the prejudices of the
writer; and the judicious reader mull: be careful not to
give implicit credit either to the ftudied and delufive
panegyric of Hume, or to the violent reprefentations of
Macauley. In whatever point of view we contemplate
the fate of Charles, his delinquency was far from being
of that magnitude which could juftify the feverity exer-
cifed againft him ; and, if he had been guilty of the moll
nefarious afts of oppreffion and cruelty, no authority lefs
than the fupreme will of the nation, lignified by a free
and full convention, could juftly have proceeded to his
trial. That rule, however, was not adopted in the pro¬
ceedings againft this injured prince; and, if his fate had
been committed to the decifion of fuch a council, lie
would have been reftored to the throne on certain limita¬
tions, not have been brought to the block. Even of
that imperfeft parliamentary affembly which, after his
adherents had been driven from the legiflature, profe-
cuted the war againft him with fuch acrimony, a majority
voted his conceffions to be fufficient grounds for a recon¬
ciliation with him : how great, then, would have been
the appearance in favour of his reftoraiion, had the two
houfes remained on a conftitutional bafts! But the lead¬
ers of the independents, finding it impracticable to obtain
the national concurrence in their bloody fchemes, refolved
to content themfelves with the fanftion of their own par-
tifans, and of a mercenary army, a fmall and contempti¬
ble part of the nation. They therefore reduced the
lower houfe, by the terrors of the fword, to a very dimi¬
nutive proportion; treated the peers as mere ciphers,
who had no right to interfere in the government; and
thus, by the moft iniquitous ufurpation, alfumed the
w hole power of the ftate. A court of judicature, erefted
by thofe who had no (badow of right by which they
could juftify their proceedings, would have afted in de¬
fiance of all law and juftice, by prefuming to arraign and
condemn thetneaneft individual ; and Inch unwarrantable
judgment- cannot fairly he deemed, even by the moft
zealous enemies of the monarchy, lefs criminal, when
applied to a fovereign. Hence it muft be allowed, even
by fuch as are of opinion that Charles deferved exem¬
plary pui'iflment, that his death was, in faff, a murder ;
being decreed and enforced by thofe who had no autho¬
rity for the aft, and who, in the whole proceeding,
grofsly (hocked the public feelings, and teftified a con¬
temptuous difregard of the general fentiments of the
people, in each of thofe three kingdoms which had an
equal intereft in the fate of this opprdfed monarch. His
death, therefore, was not, as fonte have termed it, a na¬
tional crime ; for the turpitude and difgrace of it reft
only on the memories of thofe ambitious traitors and
crafty incendiaries, who compofed the majority of the
independent faftion. On a temperate view of all the
moft prominent tranfaftions leading to this fatal event,
the preceding conclulions appear to be founded in truth
and reafon : and we flatter ourfelves that every pene¬
trating and candid reader will be difpofed to chufe the
middle courfe, avoiding, on either hand, the fhoals of
exceffive partiality, and of panygeric, the common in-
ftrmiiy of our nature.

Charles was executed, January 30, 1649, in the forty-
ninth year of his age, and the twenty-fourth of his reign ;
and his remains were interred at Windfor. He was of

i

679

middling ftature, robuft, and- well-proportioned. His vi-
fage was pleafing, but inclined to melancholy ; and it is
probable that the unceafing troubles in which he was in¬
volved, might have given that turn to his countenance.
The accomplifltments. which this monarch polTelFed were
numerous and refpeftable. He had a competent ac¬
quaintance with the belles lettres ; was eonverfant in
many of the fciences ; was a good judge of the polite
arts; was far front being deficient in the knowledge of
the principal mechanic arts; excelled in argument and
deputation; had a talent for literary compolition ; and,
in fhort, was qualified, by his abilities and attainments,
to adorn and ennoble fociety. His tafte for poetry lias
been noticed by fome of His biographers ; and if the
Icon Bafilike was his own produftion, his talent for profe-
writing was far beyond mediocrity. His private virtues,
1 ike vv i i e, were eminently confpicuous. He was chafte,
temperate, economical, devout, mild, friendly, modeft,
and humane. With refpeft to his fincerity and honour,
ftrong doubts have arifen. His enemies have reprefented
him as one in whofe moft folemn engagements no confi¬
dence could be placed : but this cenfure is palpably
overcharged, though we have fufficient grounds for af¬
firming that he did not always fcrupuloufly adhere to the
dictates of good faith. Had he moved in a private
fpltere, he would probably, from his general regularity
and ftriftnefs of deportment, have been diftinguiftied by
an adherence to his promifes and declarations ; but his
monarchial prejudices lometintes perverted the integrity
of his nature ; and he feemed to think that the rules of
policy, and the oppofition which he met with from his
parliamentary fnbjefts, furnifhed fome excttfe for his
occalional violation of his profeffions and agreements.
Thele, however, are not the fentiments of a man of un-
blemiffied honour; and, as his repeated infractions of the
petition of right, which lie had fo folemnly confirmed,
are fufficient proofs of the afiertion, without the mention
of other cafes which might be adduced, an eafy refuta¬
tion may be given to a remark of one of the panegyrifts
of Charles, importing, that,” for reproaching this prince
with a difregard of good faith, “ the moft malignant
ferutiny of his conduft affords not any reafonable foun¬
dation.” *

His political maxims were too favourable to the ideas
of thofe romantic and fuperftitioua notions of the royal
prerogative, which his father was fo fond of inculcating,
and which were not only abfurd in themfelves, but were
particularly difgufting to that bold and liberal fpirit
which animated a great part of the nation at the time of
his acceffion. Finding that the principles of liberty were
fo ftrongly prevalent, he would, if his fagacity and pru¬
dence had been unallayed by prejudice, have ftudioufly
avoided all encroachments on the privileges of his fub-
jefts ; and, by thus entrenching himfelf within the
boundaries of lawful prerogative, iie would have had a
better opportunity of reprefiing the licentioufnefs of the
advocates of freedom, than by indulging himfelf in thofe
exertions of power which inflamed the indignation of the
public, and ftimulatea the demagogues to a wider range
of defign,and a greater boldnefs of enterprize. But, being
confirmed in his high monarchial notions, by t It e infinu-
ations of ambitious ftatefmen and ecclefiaftic adulators,
and, perhaps, by the fuggeftions of a catholic queen, to
whofe counfels lie was’ too obfequious, he neglefted the
rules of diferetion ; and, by incautious meafures, opened
the way to thofe popular commotions which produced an
inteftine war, and terminated in the deftruftion of his
own perfon, and the fubverfion of the monarchy. In the
adoption of political meafures, he was, fometimes, timid
and indecifive ; at other times, by the prevalence of im¬
portunate advice, he was eager and precipitate. When
lie had given way to a rafti ftep, he was quickly defirous
of retracting it ; and, even where lie had not deviated
into a hafty imprudence, but had refolved on meafures in
which fpirit was requifitej he had not a fufficient degree

080

ENGLAND.

of firmnefs and vigour to prevent him from yielding to
the pertinacity of faction, or the clamours of the multi¬
tude. He was alfo deficient in that infinuating addrefs
and conciliating deportment which might have' been ufe-
fully employed in foothing the rage of party, and in al¬
laying the ardour of popular zeal.

King Charles had by his queen Henrietta fix children *.
Charles, born the 29th of May, 1630, who fucceeded him
on the throne; James, born Oft. 13, 1633, who fucceeded
his brother; Henry duke of Gloucefter, who died in 1660 ;
Mary, married to William II. prince of Orange, died in
1660; (her fon became William III. king of England) ;
Elizabeth died, in 1650; and Henrietta, married to Phi¬
lip duke of Orleans, died in 1670.

That interregnum, in the Englifh hiftory called the
Commonwealth, now followed, A. D. 1649. — Crom¬
well, who had fecretly folicited and undoubtedly con¬
trived the king’s death., began to feel fenfations to which
he had been hitherto a (Iranger. His profpefts widening
as he rofe, his lir ft principles of liberty were loft in the
unbounded expanfe of power that lay before him. When
the peers met on the day appointed in their adjournment,
they entered cautioufly upon bulinefs, and lent down
home votes to the commons, but of which they deigned
not to take the fmalleft notice. In a few days after, the
commons, determined to be ftipreme, voted that the houfe
of lords was ufelefs and dangerous, and therefore was,
from that time, aboliftied. They voted it high treafon
to acknowledge Charles Stewart, fon of the late king, as
fucceffor to the throne. A great feal was made, on one
fide of which were engraven the arms of England and Ire¬
land, with this infeription : “The great feal of England.”
O11 the reverfe was reprefented the houfe of commons
fitting, with this motto 1 “ On the fir ft year of freedom,
by God’s blefting reftored, 1648.” The forms of all
public documents were changed from the king’s name to
that of the keepers of the liberties of England. The next
day they alfo proceeded to try thofe gallant men, whofe
attachment to their fovereign had been unlhaken. The
duke of Hamilton and lord Capel were condemned and
executed ; the earl of Holland loft his life by a like fen-
ter.ee ; the earl of Norwich and fir John Owen were con¬
demned, but afterwards pardoned by the commons.

The Scots, who in the beginning. had fhewn themfelves
fo inimical to the royal family, now determined to ac¬
knowledge prince Charles for their king. But at the
fame time that they refolved upon railing him to the
throne, they abridged his power, and propofed a teft,
which his father had refufed. Charles, however, finding
no profpeft of afliftance from any other quarter, was glad
to accept of thefe conditions. It is remarkable, that
while the Scots were thus inviting the young king over,
they were cruelly punifhing thofe who had adhered to his
father. Among others, the earl of Montrofc, one of the
braveft, and mod benevolent characters of that age, was
tried as an adherent to the royal caufe, and hanged on a
gibbet thirty feet high, then quartered, and expofed in
the principal towns. Yet prince Charles ventured into
Scotland, and had the mortification to enter the gate of
Edinburgh, while the limbs of that faithful adherent to
his family hung over his head. Being now entirely at
the mercy of thefe auftere zealots, he loon found out that
he had exchanged exile for imprifonment. He was fur-
rounded and inceirantly importuned by the fanatical
clergy, who having brought loyalty under their feet,
were refolved to make it Hill fubfervient to their future
profpefts. Charles for a while pretended to be highly
edified by their inftruftions ; but anxioully watched an
opportunity of making his elcape.

In the mean time Cromwell, who had got himfelf ap¬
pointed to the chief command in Ireland, prolecuted the
war with his ufttal fttccefs. He had to combat the roy-
alifts, commanded by the duke of Ormond, and the na¬
tive Irilh, led on by O’Neal. Oil his arrival at Dublin,
he haftened to Drogheda, where Ormond had planted a

ftrong garrifon ; but inftead of forming a languid liege,
and knowing the importance of difpatch, he aliaulted and
took the town fvvord in hand, and made a cruel (laughter
of the garrifon. Cromwell, by this feverity, pretended
to retaliate the inhumanity of the Irifti tnalTacre ; and
certainly his barbarous policy had the defired etfeft.
Every town before which he prefented himfelf, now
opened its gates; and the Engliih had nothing to fear,
except from fatigue, and the advanced feafon. Fluxes
and contagious difovders carried oft’ numbers of them; and
had not theEnglilh garrifonsof Cork, Kinfale, and other
important places, deferted to him, lie would have found
it difficult to maintain his ground. The fuccefs of Crom¬
well, however, put an end to Ormond’s authority: he
left the ifland, and delegated his power to earl Clanri-
carde, who found affairs too defperate to admit of anv
remedy. Above forty thoufand Irilh palfed into foreign
fervice, and left the Englifh general at liberty to com¬
plete his conqueft.

Meanwhile Charles, being informed that the Scottilh
parliament had, A. D. 1650, refolved to proclaim him
king, was prevailed on, though reluctantly, to fubmit to
the hard conditions on which he was to receive the crown.
He footi found himfelf conlidered as a pageant of ftate.;
and as his facility in yielding to their demands gave fume
doubts of his fincerity, it was propofed that he lliould
pafs through a public humiliation, inftead of beingcrowned
as he expefted. From this difgrace, Charles was now
faved by the advance of the Engliih army under Crom¬
well, who having left Ireton in Ireland, had been in-
vefted with the principal command in Scotland, which
Fairfax had declined from motives of religious feeling.

The Scots, in the mean time, had given the command
of their army to general Leflie, who had formed a proper
plan for its defence. This prudent commander knew,
that though fuperior in numbers, his army was much in¬
ferior in difeipline to the Englifh ; and he therefore kept
clofe within his entrenchments. After fome ufelefs move¬
ments, Cromwell began to fee the deep general (hip of
Leflie ; and while he had chofen a difadvantageous polt
near Dunbar, his antagonift was waiting deliberately to
take advantage of his lituation. But the zeal and fana-
ticifm of the Scottilh clergy, who conftantly atiended their
army, urged Lellie to march from his entrenchments to
give the Engliih battle, when the intrepid Cromwell ob¬
tained a decilive viftory. Prince Charles now put him¬
felf at the head of the remnant of the Scottilh army,
which he (Lengthened by the royalifts, who had deter¬
mined to fupport his caufe. Cromwell, however, ftill
followed his blow, pufhed the royalifts towards Perth,
and, cutting off' the provifion of the Scottilh army, made
it itnpolfible for Charles to maintain his ground in that
country any longer.

In this exigency Charles embraced a refolution worthy
a prince who was willing to hazard all on the point of the
fword. Obferving that the way was open to England, he re¬
folved immediately to march into that country, where lie
expefted to be reinforced by all the royalifts on that lide of
the kingdom. His generals were perfuaded to enter into
the fame views; and with one confent the Scottilh army,
to the number of fourteen thoufand men, entered the
frontiers, and made their way to the city of Worcefter.
Here Cromwell overtook them with lialty ftrides, fup-
ported by an army of forty thoufand men. He alfailed
the town in every direftion, the ftreets were filled with
(laughter, the whole Scottilh army were either killed or
taken prifonets, and Charles himfelf, having given many
proofs of perfonal valour, with difficulty made his efcape.

Imagination can fcarcely conceive adventures more ro¬
mantic, or diftrelles more fevere, than thofe which fol¬
lowed the young prince’s fortunes after the fcene of
(laughter. His hair was cut off', the better to dilguife
his perfon ; and he worked for fome days in the habit of
a peafant, cutting faggots in a wood. He next made an
attempt to retire into Wale$, under the conduft of Pen-

drel.

ENGLAND., 681

drel, a poor farrrihr, who was fuicerely attached to his
caufe. In this attempt, however, he was difappointed,
every pafs being vigilahtly guarded to prevent his efcape.
Being obliged to feturn, he accidentally met with colonel
Caretefs, who, like himfelf, had efcaped the carnage at
Worcefler; and in his company he climbed thefpreading
oak at Bofcobel in Shropfhire, among the thick branches
"of which they palFed the day together, while they per¬
ceived the foldiers of the enemy in purfuit of them below.
From thence he palled, with imminent danger, under all
the extremities of famine, fatigue, and pain, till he ar¬
rived at the houfe of colonel Lane, a zealous royalifl in
Stafford fli ire. There he deliberated about the means of
efcaping into France ; and Briltol being fuppofed the
propereft port, it was agreed that he Ihould ride thither,
before this gentleman’s filler, on a vifit to Mrs. Norton*
who lived in the neighbourhood of that city. During
this journey he every day met with faces he knew ; and
at one -time palled through a whole regiment of Crom¬
well’s army.

When they arrived at Briltol, no Ihip being found that
would for a month fet fail, either for prance or Spain,
the king was obliged to leek elfewhere for a paffage. He
therefore repaired to the houfe of colonel Wyndham, in
Dorfetfhire, where he was cordially received. Purfuing
from thence his journey to the fea-lide, he once more had
a very providential efcape from a little inn, where he had
meant to fitly the night. At length he reached Shoreham
in Suffex, where a veffel was at laft found, in which he
embarked. He was known to fo many perfons, that if he
had not fet fail in that critical moment, it had been im-
poffible for him to efcape. After one and forty days’
concealment, he arrived lately at Fefchamp in Normandy.
No lefs than forty men and women had, at different times,
been affiftants to his efcape.

In the mean time, Cromwell returned in triumph to
London, where he was met by the fpeaker of the houfe,
accompanied by the lord mayor of London, and the magif-
trates, in all their formalities. An act was. now palled
for abolilhing royalty in Scotland, and annexing that
kingdom, as a conquered province, to the Englilh com¬
monwealth. It was impowered, however, to fend fome
members to the Englilh parliament. Judges were ap¬
pointed over the different diftrifts ; and the people of that
country, now freed from the tyranny of the ecclefiaftics,
were not much diffatisfied with their new government.
The prudent conduft of general Monk, who was left by
Cromwell to complete their fubjugation, ferved much
to reconcile the minds of the people, haraffed with dif-
fenfions, of which they never well underflood the caufe.

In this manner Cromwell eventually fpread uncon-
trouled authority over all the Britilh dominions. Ire¬
land was fubdued by Ireton and Ludlow. All the fettle-
ments in America, that had declared for the royal caufe,
were obliged to fubmit ; Jerfey, Guernfey, Scilly, and the
ifie of Man, were brought under fubjection. Thus man¬
kind faw, with allonilhment, a parliament, compofed of
fixty or feventy obfeure and illiterate members, with
Cromwell at their head, governing a powerful empire,
with unanimity and fuccefs.

The parliament, having thus reduced the Britifh do¬
minions to obedience, A. D. 1652, refolved to chaflife the
Dutch, w’ho had given them but a flight offence. It
happened that doftor Doriflaus, who was of the number
of the late king’s judges, being fent by the parliament
as their envoy to Holland, was affaflinated by one of the
royal party who had taken refuge there; and Mr. St.
John, another ambaffador to that court, was infulted by
the friends of the prince of Orange. Thefe were caufes
fufficient to induce the commonwealth of England to de¬
clare war. The parliament’s chief dependance lay in the
aftivity and courage of admiral Blake, who furpafled all
that went before him in courage and dexterity. The
Dutch oppofed to him their famous admiral, Van Tromp,
to whom they have never flnee produced an equal.
Vol. VI. No. 382.

Many were the defperate engagements between thefe ce¬
lebrated admirals, and various were their fucceffes ; the
principal of which are recorded under Blake, vol. iii.
p. 85. The Dutch, who felt great difadvantages by the
lofs of their trade, and by the total ftifpenfion of their
fiflieries, were foon anxious to treat for a peace.

In the mean time, the difputes between the parliament
and the army had arifen to an alarming height. The ar¬
my prefented a petition for the payment of arrears, and
a redrefs of grievances; in which the officers admonifhed
the parliament to confider how many years they had fat,
and what profeflions they had formerly made of their in¬
tentions to new-model the houfe, and eltablilh freedom
on a broader bafis. They alleged that it was now full
time to give place to others ; and, however meritorious
their labours might have been, yet the reft of the nation
had fome right in turn to (hew their patriotifm in the
fervice of their country. The houfe was highly offended
at this' prefumption of the army. They appointed a
committee to prepare an aft, declaring all perfons who
fliould prefent fuch petitions in future, guilty of high
treafon. To this the officers made a fpirited remon.
flrance ; and the parliament an angry reply ; while the
breach between them every moment grew wider. This
was all under the deep management of Cromwell. He
was fitting in council with his officers, when informed of
the violent debates in parliament concerning the army ;
upon which he rofe up in a feeming fury, and turning to
major Vernon, cried out, “ That he was compelled to do
a thing which made the very hair of his head ftand on
end.” Then haftening to the houfe with three hundred
foldiers, with the moll indignant countenance he took
his place; and, when the queftion was about to be put,
he fuddenly darted up, and branded the parliament with
the viled reproaches for their tyranny, ambition, and
oppreflion of the public. Upon which, damping with
his foot, the fignal for the foldiers' to enter, the houfe
was immediately filled with armed men. Then addref-
fing himfelf to the members, “ It is you (continued
he) that have forced me upon this.” Then pointing to
the mace, “Take away (cried he) that bauble.” Alter
which, turning out all the members, and clearing the
hall, he ordered the doors to be locked ; and, putting the
keys in his pocket, returned to Whitehall.

Thus, by one bold exertion, the new republic was
aboliflied, and the whole government, civil and military,
centered in Cromwell only. The people, who were
fpeftators in filent wonder of all thefe precipitate tranf-
aftions, expreffed no difapprobation at the diffolution of
a parliament that had overturned the conflitution, and
deflroyed the king. On the contrary, the ufurper re¬
ceived congratulatory addreffes from the fleet, the corpo¬
rations, and the army, for having difmiffed a parliament
that had fubjefted the nation to the moft cruel impofi-
tions. But Cromwell was too cautious to be feduced by
their praife, or driven on by their exhortations. Unwil¬
ling to put forth all his power at once, he refolved flill
to amufe the people with the form of a commonwealth,
which it was the delufion of the times to admire, and to
give them a parliament that would be entirely fubfer-
vient to his own commands. For this purpofe, confult-
ing with fome of his principal officers, it was decreed,
that the fovereign power fhould be vefled in one hundred
and forty-four perfons, under the denomination of a par¬
liament; and he undertook himfelf to make the choice.

The perfons chofen for exercifing this important trufl,
were the lovveft, meaneft, and moft ignorant, among the
citizens, and the very dregs of the fanatics. He was well
apprifed, that during the adminiflration of fuch a group,
he alone mud govern ; or, that they mufl foon throw up
the reins of a government, which they were unqualified
to guide. Accordingly, their praftice juflified his ex¬
pectations. To go further than others into the ablurdi-
ties of fanaticifm was the chief qualification which each
of thefe legiflators valued himfelf upon. One of them
S L particularly,.

682 . ENGLAND.

particularly, who was called u Praife God Barebone,” a
canting leather-feller, gave his name to this odd affem-
bly, aud it ivas called Barebone’s parliament. To this
hopeful alFembly was committed the treaty of peace with
the Dutch ; but the ambaffadors from that nation,
though themfelves prefbyterians, were quite carnal mind¬
ed to thefe. They were regarded by the new parliament
as worldly men, intent on commerce and worldly gain,
and therefore not to be treated with. They infilled that
the man ot fin fhould be put away, and a new birth obtain¬
ed by prayer and meditation. The ambalfadors, finding
themfelves unable to converfe witli them, gave up the
treaty as hopelefs. The moft vulgar of the populace
now began to exclaim againft this mock legiflature, and
it was dilibl ved.

The officers of the army now came forward, and de¬
clared Cromwell “ Protestor of the Commonwealth of Eng¬
land.'’ The lord mayor and aldermen of London were
fent for to give folemnity to his appointment ; and he
was i n ft i t u ted into this high office at Weftminfter, in the
fifty-third year of his age, Dec. 16, 1653; and was im¬
mediately put in poffeffion of Whitehall, the palace of
the kings of England. A council was appointed, which
was not to exceed twenty-one, nor to be under thirteen
perfons. Thefe were to enjoy their offices for life, or
during good behaviour; and, in cafe of a vacancy, the
remaining members named three, of whom the protestor
chofe one. The protector was appointed the fupreme
magiflrate of the commonwealth, with fuch privileges as
the kings formerly poffeffed. The power of the fword
was veiled in him jointly with the parliament when fit¬
ting, or with the council during its recefs. He was
obliged to fummon a parliament every three years, and to
allow them to fit five months without adjournment. A
ftanding army was eflablifhed of twenty thoufand foo,t,
and ten thoufand horfe, and funds were affigned for their
fupport. The proteCtor enjoyed his office during life ;
and on his death the place was immediately to be luppli-
ed by the council. Of all thefe provifions the Handing
army was alone fufficient for Cromwell’s purpofe ; for
while poffeffed of that infirument, he could mould the
conllitution at all times to his will and pleafure.

His management of foreign affairs generally correfpond-
ed with his determined character, and were attended
with fuccefs. The Dutch having been humbled by re¬
peated defeats, and totally abridged in their commercial
concerns, were made to lue for peace, which he gave
them upon his own terms. He infilled upon their pay¬
ing obedience to the Britifh flag. He compelled them
to abandon the interefts of the king, and to pay eighty-
five thoufand pounds as an indemnification for former
expences ; and to reftore the Englifh Eaft-India company
a part of thole dominions of which they had been dif-
poffelTed by the Dutch during the former reign. He
was not lefs fuccefsful in his negociations with France.
Cardinal Mazarine, by whom the affairs of that kingdom
were condu&ed, deemed it necclfary to pay deference to
the proteCior; anddefirous rather to prevail by dexte¬
rity than violence, fubmitted to Cromwell’s imperious
character, and thus procured ends equally beneficial to
both. The court of Spain was not lefs affiduous in its
endeavours to gain his friendihip, but was not fo fucceff-
ful. This haughty monarchy, which but a few years
before had threatened the liberties of Europe, was now
hardly able to defend itfelf. Cromwell, however, who
knew nothing of foreign politics, Hill continued to regard
its power with a jealous eye, and came into confederacy
with France to deprefs it more. He lent that court a
body of fix thoufand men to attack the Spanilh dominions
in the Netherlands; and, upon their obtaining a fignal
victory by his afiiftance at Dunes, the French put Dun¬
kirk, which they had juft taken from the Spaniards ; into
his hands, as a reward for his attachment. But it was
by fea that he humbled the power of Spain with the mod

effectual fuccefs; as Hated under the article Blake,
above referred to.

At the fame time that Blake’s expeditions were going
forward, there was another carried on under the com¬
mand ot Penn and Venables, with about four thoufand
land forces, dellined to attack the illand of Hifpaniola.
Failing, however, in this enterprife, and being driven off
the place by the Spaniards, they fleered to Jamaica,
which was furrendered to them at diferetion, May ir,
1654; ever fince which time it has continued under the
dominion of England. But fo little was the importance
of this conqueft then conftdered, that, upon the return of
the expedition, Penn and Venables were fent to the
Tower, for their failure in the principal objeCt of their
expedition againft: St. Domingo.

All thefe fucceffes might rather be aferibed to the fpi-
rit of the times, than to the fuperior policy of Cromwell.
He was pofleffed of but two arts in p'erfeCtion, that of
managing the army, by which he ruled ; and difcovering
the fecrets of his enemies, by which lie defeated all their
fchemes againft him. For the firft, his valour and diffi-
mulation were fufficient ; for the latter, it is faid, he paid
fixty thoufand pounds a-year to his fpies. But he took
care to make the nation refund thofe extraordinary ex¬
pences. Thefe confpiracies, entered into by the royalifts,
ferved him as a pretext to lay a heavy tax upon that par¬
ty, of a tenth penny on all their polfedions. In order to
fecure the payment, ten major-generals were inftituted,
who divided the kingdom into fo many military jurif-
diCtions. Thefe men had power to fubjeCt whom they
pleafed to a payment of this tax, and to imprifon thofe
who refufed. Under colour of thefe powers, they exer-
cifed the mod arbitrary authority; the people had no
protedlion againft their exactions ; the very mafk of liber¬
ty was thrown off, and all property was at the difpofal of
a military tribunal. It was in vain that the nation cried
out for a free parliament ; Cromwell affembled one, in
confequence of their clamours ; but as fpeedily diffolved
it, when he found it refractory to his commands.

The ‘whole nation now began filently to deteft his ad-
minillration ; and all domellic confolations forfook him.
Fleetwood, his fon-in-law, detefted a character which
could barter religious zeal for the purpofes of temporal
advancement. His eldeft daughter, who married Fleet-
wood, had adopteii*republican principles fo vehemently,
that (lie could not bear to fee even her own father invefied
with uncontroulable power. His other daughters were
fanguine in favour of the royal caufe ; but, above all, Mrs.
Claypole, his favourite daughter, who, upon her death¬
bed, upbraided him with all thofe wicked and abominable
projects which had led him to trample on the crown.
Every hour added fome new difquietude to his mind.
Lord Fairfax, fir William Waller, and many leaders of
the prefbyterians, had fecretly entered into an engage¬
ment to deftroy him. Flis adminiftration, fo expenfive
both at home and abroad, had exhaufted his revenue,
and he was left confiderably in debt. One confpiracy fol¬
lowed upon the ruins of another; and, to increafe his
calamity, he was now taught, upon reafoning principles,
that his death was not only defirable, but his affaffinarion
would be meritorious. A book was publifhed by colonel
Titus, a man who had formerly been attached to his
caufe, entitled, Killing no Murder. Of all the pamphlets
that -came forth at that time, or perhaps of thofe that
have fince appeared, this was the moft eloquent and maf-
terly. “ Shall we (faid this popular declaimer) who
would not fuffer the lion to invade 11s, tamely ftand to be
devoured by the wolf ?” Cromwell read this fpirited per¬
formance, and was never feen to fmile more.

All confolation appeared now banifhed from his mind.
He found that the grandeur to which he had afpired was
only an inlet to dangers and inquietudes. The fears of
affaffination haunted him in all his walks, and was ever
prefent to his imagination. His afpeCt was clouded by a

fettled

eng:

fettled gloom ; and he regarded every ftranger with fuf-
picion. A tertian ague kindly intervened, to deliver him
from this life of horror and anxiety. For the fpace of a
week no dangerous fymptoms appeared ; and, in the inter¬
vals of the fits, he was able to walk abroad. But notwith-
ftandirig thefe favourable affurances, the fatal fymptoms
increafed ; and the phyficiahs were at laft obliged to de¬
clare that lie could not ftirvive the next fit. The coun¬
cil came to know his laft commands concerning the fuc-
ceffion; but his fenfes were confufed : his departing foul
was on the wing, and he had but juft time to anfwer ; yes
to their demand, whether his fon Richard fliould be ap¬
pointed to fucceed' him. He died on the third of Sep¬
tember, 1658, the very day which he had always confi-
dered as the mod fortunate of his life; he was then fifty-
nine years old, and had ufurped the government nine
years. — For the moft interefting particulars of his private
life, perfonal acquirements, family, and character, fee the
article Cromwell, vol. v. p. 378, &c.

After the death of the ulurper, the influence of his
name was (fill fufficient to get Richard, his foil, proclaimed
“ Protestor of England but it was probably owing to
the numerous parties that were formed in the kingdom,
and their mutual hatred of each other, that Richard
owed his peaceable advancement to this high ftation. It
was found neceffitry, upon his firft advancement, to call
a parliament to furnifh the fupplies to carry on the ordi¬
nary operations of government. But it was not on the
parliament that the army chofe to rely. A great number
of the principal malcontents of the army eftabliftied a
meeting at general Fleetwood’s, which, as he dwelt in
Wallingford-houfe, was called the Cabal of Walling¬
ford. The refult of their deliberations was a remon-
firance, that the command of the army (hould be intruded
to fome perfon in whom they might all confide ; and it
was plainly given to underhand that the young protestor
was not the perfon they meant.

A propofal fo daring and dangerous did not fail to alarm
Richard ; he applied to his council, and they referred it
to the parliament. Both agreed to confider it as an au¬
dacious attempt, and a vote was palled that there fliould
be no meeting, or general council of officers, with ut the
protedlor’s permiffion. This brought affairs to an open
rupture. The palace of the protedfor was the next day
furrounded by a body of officers ; and one Defborow, a
man of a’brutal difpofition, penetrating into his apart¬
ment with an armed retinue, threatened his life if he re-
fufed to fubmit to the army. Richard wanted refolution
to defend what had been conferred upon him; he dif-
folved the parliament, and foon after (igned his own ab¬
dication. Henry Cromwell, his younger brother, who
was appointed to the command in Ireland, followed the
protedfor’s example, and refigned his commiffion, without
ftriking a blow. Richard lived feveral years after his
refignation, at firft on the continent, and afterwards upon
his paternal eftate at Hurfley in Hampfliire. He was
thought by the ignorant to be unworthy of his exaltation
to the dignity of protestor ; but lie knew by his tran¬
quillity in private life, that he had made a moft defirable
exchange. — See a biographical account of him, vol. v.
P- 3»5-

The officers, being thus left to themfelves, determined
to replace the remnant of the old parliament, which had
beheaded the king, and which Cromwell had fo difgrace-
fully turned out of the houfe. This was called the good
old caufe, from their attachment to Republican principles ;
and to the members of this the cabal of officers for a
while delivered up their own authority. The members,
who had been feci tided by colonel Pride’s purge, as it
was called, attempted, in vain, to refume their feats
among them. This was called the Rump Parliament ; and,
although reinftated by the army, was yet very vigorous
in its attempts to lelfen the power by which it was re¬
placed. They began their defign of humbling the army,
by new-modelling part of the forces, calhiering fuch of

.AND- .683

the officers as were moft obnoxious, and appointing others
on whom they could more implicitly rely.

In this exigency, the officers held feveral conferences,
with a defign to oppofe the parliament ; and they came
to a refolution to diffiolve that aifembly. Accordingly,
Lambert, one of the generals, drew up a chofen body of
troops; and placing them in the ftreets which led to
Weftrninfter-hall, when the fpeaker, Lenthal, proceeded
in his carriage to the houfe, lie ordered the horfes to be
turned, and fent him home, under a military efcort. The
other members were likevvife intercepted, and driven
back ; and the army returned to their quarters to obferve
a folemn fa ft, which generally either preceded, or fol¬
lowed, their outrages. The officers, having thus re¬
fumed the power they had delegated to the rump parlia¬
ment, refolved to part with it no more ; but, in order to
keep up the appearance of a government, they elefted a
council of twenty-three perfons, called a Committee of
Safety, which they invefted with a nominal fupremacy.
Throughout the three kingdoms there now prevailed
nothing but melancholy fears of the bloody maflacre of
the nobility and gentry, and of perpetual fervitude to the
reft of the people.

But amidft thefe moft gloomy profpedts, Providence
was preparing "a way for the legitimate fovereign to
mount in peace the throne of his anceftors. General
George Monk, to whole prudence and loyalty the refto-
ration of the monarchy is chiefly to be aferibed, had
fought in Scotland ; and, on the reduction of that king¬
dom, was left with the fupreme command. In this ca¬
pacity, he conducted himfelf equally to the futisfadfion of
the nation and the foldiery ; and, forefeeing that the good¬
will of the army might eventually be of fervice to him, he
cultivated their friendlhip with afliduity and fuccefs.
Hearing that Lambert was advancing northward, Monk
affedted to treat w.ith the committee of lafety ; but his
object feems to have been to gain time. In fadt, the na¬
tion was falling into anarchy. While Lambert’s forces
were affembling at Newcaftle, Hazelrig and Morley took
poffeflion of Portfmouth for the parliament, and admiral
Lawfon entering the river, declared on the fame fide.
The city of London had eftablifhed a kind of feparate
government within itfelf ; and thus every thing teemed
running intocrofs purpofes. The parliament now aflefn-
bled, and took courage to revoke Lambert’s commiffion;
who, finding himfelf menaced by Monk in front, and in
danger of being deferted by his own foldiers, fuffered
himfelf to be arrefted, and committed to the Tower.

Monk, who had now pafled the Tweed, though in¬
formed of the re'ftoration of parliament, continued to
advance at the head of about fix thoufand men. During
his march, he received various addrefles, requefting lie
would aflift in fettling the nation ; but he affedted to pay
little regard to them. At length, having taken up his
quarters in Weftminfter, without oppofition, he was in¬
troduced into the houfe, and thanked for his ferviccs.
His anfwer was couched in terms of great referve. He
laid, he had only performed his duty ; and that it re¬
mained with them to render (till more important fervices
to the nation, by fummoning a full and free parliament,
in order to effedt a fett lenient, which all men feemed
anxious to procure, after fo many convullions. He hint¬
ed, that application had been made to him for that pur-
pofe ; but that he had referred the petitioners to parlia¬
ment, who were the beft judges of thele meafures.

In. a (hort time, however, the common council of Lon¬
don having declared that they would pay no more taxes,
till a free parliament was called, the rump parliament
gave orders to Monk to march into the city, and feize
lome of thofe who were moft inimical to its fway. This
order he hefitated not to execute ; but, reflecting that
by this meafure he had broke through the general bene¬
volence of his character, and made himfelf the tool of a
parliament which he detefted, he wrote a letter to the
houfe, requiring them, in the name of the citizens, fol-

3 diersj_

684

E N G L A N D.

diers, and the whole commonwealth, toUTrte writs within a
week for the filling of their aflembly, and to fix the time
for'theirown diflblution. He then marched with his army
into the city, and having Tequefled the mayor to fummon
a common council, lie apologifed for his late meafures,
and defired that the city and army might mutually plight
their faith for a drift union, in every thing that might
conduce to the fettlement of the national affairs. He,
then excited the fecluded members to enter the houfe, by
which means a majority was formed favourable to his
views, and’writs were ifliied for the immediate alfembling
of a new parliament. -

Monk now difpatched fir John Granville to deliver a
verbal meifage to the king, who had been fome time in
Spain, but had lately retired into Holland, informing him
of their plan for his reftoration. The eleftions for the
new parliament, by the union of the prefby terians and the ,
royalifts, went on every where in favour of the king;
and the fame difpofition prevailed in Ireland. When
the parliament met, fir Harbottle Gri-mftone was chofen
fpeaker ; and the general, h:\vingfounded the inclinations
of the aifembly, informed them that fir John Granville
was now at the door with a letter for the commons, from
their too long perfecuted fovereign. He was inftantly
ordered to be admitted ; and, without one dilfenting voice,
a committee was appointed to prepare an anfwer.

The king’s declaration, which was publilhed and dif-
perfed, by order of parliament, was well calculated to
augment the fatisfaftion, which the conduft of Monk
had infpired. It offered a general ainnefty, with fuch
exceptions only as fhould be made by the parliament ;
it promifed liberty of confcience ; and allured the fol-
diers of all their arrears, with a continuance of the fame
pay. The lords, perceiving the fpirit with which the
kingdom, as well as the commons, were aftuated, flattened
to reinftate themfelves in their ancient authority ; and,
both houfes attending, the king was proclaimed with
great folemnity in Palace-yard, at Whitehall, and at
Temple-bar. The commons voted a handfome gratuity
to Granville, and a prefent of fifty thoufand pounds to his
majefty, with inferior fums for the dukes of York and
Gloucelter. A committee of lords and commons was
difpatched, to invite the king to return, and aifume his
crown. His majefty, accordingly embarking at Scheve-
ling, landed at Dover, and, on the memorable 29th of
May, 1660, which was alfo his birth-day, he entered
London, amidft the joyful congratulations of his people.

When Charles II. afcended the throne, he was thirty
years of age ; and no prince ever received a crown with
the more cordial approbation of his people. In the
choice of his minifters, he gave great fatisfaftion to the
nation. Sir Edward Hyde, created earl of Clarendon,
was chancellor and prime minifter ; the duke of Ormond,
was fteward of the houfhold ; the earl of Southampton,
high treafurer ; and fir Edward Nicholas, fecretary of
fcate. Admiral Montagu, who had carried a fleet to re¬
ceive his majefty, without waiting for the fanftion of par¬
liament, was created earl of Sandwich ; and general
Monk, duke of Albemarle. No reward, indeed, could
be too great for the fervices of the latter, who, without
bloodftied and without confufion, had, by prudence and
caution alone, effected fo delirable a revolution. Into
the king’s council, were admitted the moft eminent men
of the nation, without regard to their former diftinftions ;
the prefbyterians equally with the royalifts. All judi¬
cial proceedings during the interregnum were ratified by
a new law ; and the aft of indemnity, pafting with little
oppofition, received the royal aftent. The next bufinefs
was to fettle the king’s revenue. They granted him one
hundred thoufand pounds a year, in lieu of the tenures
of wards and liveries, and voted, that the revenue of the
crown for all charges, fhould amount to the annual Aim
of one million two hundred thoufand pounds ; but, ftill
jealous of liberty, they fcarcely aftigned Aifficient funds
for two-thirds of that Ami; and thus left the care of ful¬

filling their engagements to the future confideration of
parliament.

The trial and condemnation of the regicides, who had
been moft aftive in the death of his father, now came on.
I-Iarrifon, Scot, Carew, Clement, Jones, Scrope, Axtel,
Hacker, Coke, and Hugh Peters, fuffcrcd with the con¬
fidence of martyrs : Lenthal, the fpeaker of the rump
parliament, and the reft of the king’s judges, were, with
unexampled lenity, reprieved, or efcaped arraignment.
The king then diflolved the parliament, with a fpeech
full of the moft gracious expreftions ; and, by the urgent
advice of Clarendon, confented to difoand the army, ex¬
cept about one thoufand horfe, and four thoufand foot.
This was the firft appearance of a regular handing army,
under the monarchy, in this ifiand.

Clarendon, now nearly allied to the royal family by
the marriage of his eideft daughter, Anne Hyde, to the
duke of York, by his wifdom, his juftice, and his pru¬
dence, equally promoted the interefts of the prince and
the people; but, in his attachment to the religionof the
eftablifhment, he feems, in fome meafure, to have jprgot
the compaft by which his mafter had been recalled.
Charles having faid that prelbyterianifm was not a reli¬
gion for a gentleman, it was refolved to reftore prelacy
in Scotland; and Sharp, who had been commiftioned by
the prefbyterians in Scotland, to manage their interefts
with the king, was perfuaded to abandon his party ; and,
as a reward for his tergiverfation, was created archbifhop
of St. Andrew’s. This excited much difcontent in
Scotland ; and the humiliation of that feft in the north,
was foon followed by the perfecution of their brethren
in the fouth. An ineffeftual conference had been held
at the Savoy, A. D. 1662, in order to bring about an ac¬
commodation between thofe of the eftabliftied church and
the followers of prefbytery; and the new parliament,
which met about this time, laying hold of the prejudices
which prevailed among the prefbyterian feft, to ejeft
them from their livings, required, that every Clergyman
who had not received epifcopal ordination, fhould be re¬
ordained ; fhould declare his aftent to every thing con¬
tained in the book of common prayer ; fhould abjure the
folemn league and covenant ; and fhould renounce the
principle of taking arms again!! the king, on any pretence
whatfoever. This aft, and others which patted about
the fame time, have been the beft fupports of the ftate,
by elofely linking it with the church, and fecuring ec-
clefiaftical fubordination.

But, by thefe regulations, the king’s promifes of tole¬
ration dnd indulgence to tender confciences, were broken
or eluded ; though it is probable that the catholics, ra¬
ther than the prelbyterians, were the perfons principally
aimed at by Clarendon and the church party among the
commons. About two thoufand feftaries, however, in
one day, relinquillied their cures, and facrificed their in¬
terefts to their principles. Soon after, the king was mar¬
ried to the princefs Catharine of Portugal, with whom
he received five hundred thoufand pounds, and the two
fortrefles of Tangier in Africa, and Bombay in the Eaft:
Indies, by way of dowry. This match was far from
proving itufpicious ; for the queen never poflefled the af-
feftions of her hufband. Amidft thefe tranfaftions, the
pecuniary wants of the king daily increafed ; and, in or¬
der to raife money, as well as to Atve expences, Dunkirk
was fold to France for four hundred thoufand pounds.
In this fcheme Clarendon concurred ; and fo little aware
was the French king of the value of his acquifition, that
he thought he had made a hard bargain.

About this time, A. D. 1663, Charles iffued a declara¬
tion, under pretence of mitigating the rigours contained
in the aft of uniformity, to which lie feemed to be in¬
duced by his prejudices in Atvour of popery. Parlia¬
ment, however, had wifdom enough to oppofe all new
fources of religious dilfenlion ; and, in order to deprive
the catholics of any fuch views, the two houfes concur¬
red in a remonftrancc againft them. Charles, on this, not

E N G I

only dropped his project of indulgence, but iffued a pro¬
clamation againll priefts and jefuits ; and, in return for
this compliance, he preffed the commons for a fupply,
who voted him four fubfidies — the laft time that taxes
were levied in that manner.

Though the nation had gone from the extreme of fa-
naticifm into a culpable degree of negledt to religion, it
could not regard with indifference the king’s irregular
pleafures, and the little refpefl he paid to decency in his
public mi ft re lies. But what was mod: injurious to the
king’s reputation, was his differing his own adherents,
and thofe of his father and family, to remain in poverty
and didrefs, aggravated by the cruel difappointment of
their fanguine hopes; and by feeing favour and prefer¬
ment bedovved on their mod inveterate foes. The aft of
indemnity and oblivion was condrued, and, in many cafes,
too judly, as an aft of indemnity to the king’s enemies,
and of oblivion to his friends.

The loyalty of the parliament now induced them to
repeal the triennial aft, and to content themfelves with a
claufe, that parliaments fhould not be difeontinued above
three years at mod. The commons likewife paffed a
vote, that the indignities offered to the Englifh, by the
iubjefts of the United States of Holland, were the
greated obdruftions to our foreign trade. This, in 1664,
paved the way to a Dutch war. Sir Robert Holmes
was fecretly difpatched with a fquadron of twenty-two
diips to the coad of Africa, where he expelled the Dutch
from cape Corfe, and feized their fettlements at cape
Verde and Goree. Then failing to America, he poffeffed
himfelf of Nova Belgia, fince called New York, which
had been granted by patent to the earl of Stirling, in the
reign of James I. but had never been planted, except by
the Hollanders. When the Dutch complained of thefe
liodile meafures, the king pretended to deny that Holmes
had any authority for his proceedings; but this evafion
not fatisfying the dates, they difpatched DeRuyterwith
a deet, to retaliate on the Englilh. This admiral, in
1665, not only recovered what had been lod, but took
fome of the old fettlements belonging to the Englifh.

After this, the Dutch in vain attempted to avert the
horrors of war by negociation. John de Witt, who then
direfted their meafures by his conduft and capacity,
caufed a fleet to be equipped, furpaffing any that had
ever failed from the ports of Holland. The Englifh fleet
confided of one hundred and fourteen fail, and was com¬
manded by the duke of York, and under him by prince
Rupert, and the earl of Sandwich. Obdam, the Dutch
admiral,- had nearly an equal force ; and, on meeting, he
declined not the combat. In the heat of aftion, when
engaged in clofe fight with the duke of York, Obdam’s
fhip blew up. This accident difconcerted the Dutch,
and they fled towards their own coad, the fon of the fa¬
mous admiral Tromp gallantly protecting the rear of the
flying fquadron. The vanquidied had nineteen fhips
funk or taken ; the victors lod only one. In this aCtion,
the duke of York behaved with great bravery ; the earl
of Falmouth, lord Mufkerry, and Mr. Boyle, were killed
at his fide. The declining courage of the Dutch was
again revived by DeWitt, who foon remedied all the dif-
orders occafioned by the late misfortune ; but his chief
reliance was on the king of France, who, in conformity
to treaty, was refolved to fupport the dates in this un¬
equal conted. The Englidi, however, had now a more
dreadful calamity than war to contend with. The plague
had carried off ninety thoufand perfons in London ; and
the king, to efcape this awful vifitation, was obliged to
call a parliament at Oxford, A.D. 1666.

The king of France having ordered his admiral, the
duke of Beaufort, to proceed with forty fail to the fup¬
port of his allies, that fquadron was now fuppofed to be
entering the channel. The Dutch fleet, under the com¬
mand of De Ruyter, to the number of feventy-fix fail,
was at fea, in order to join the French. The duke of
Albemarle and prince Rupert commanded the Englidi
Vol. VI. No. 383.

, A N D. 685

fleet, which did not exceed feventy-four fail. Albe¬
marle, confulting only his courage, difpatched prince
Rupert with twenty fliips, to oppofe the duke of Beau¬
fort ; and with the remainder he fet fail to give battle to
the Dutch. Never did a more memorable engagement
take place ; whether we confider its long duration, or
the defperate courage with which it was fought. On the
firft day the lofs was nearly equal, and night parted the
combatants; vice admiral fir William Berkeley fell on
the fide of the Englilh, and admiral Evertz on that of
the Dutch. On the fecond day, during the action, the
Dutch were joined by flxteen frefli fliips, while the Eng-
lifli had not more than twenty-eight in a fituation for
fighting. This induced Albemarle to draw towards the
Englilh coaff, which he did with an undaunted counte¬
nance, protefting to the earl of Offory, fon of the duke
of Ormond, that he would fooner blow up his fliip than
ftrike. Juft as the Dutch had come up with the Eng-
lifli, and were about to renew the engagement, the fqua¬
dron of prince Rupert hove in fight, fleering to theaflift-
ance of Albemarle. The battle now began afrefli, and
continued with great violence till fufpended by a mill;
when the Englilh retired firft, into their own harbours.
De Ruyter now polled himfelf at the mouth of the
Thames ; but it was not long before Rupert and Albe¬
marle approached to attack him. The engagement was
again fierce and obftinate, and three Dutch admirals fell;
but De Ruyter, though preffed on all (ides, retained his
ftation, till night ended the engagement.

After this lignal defeat, De Ruyter, finding the Dutch
fleet fcattered, was obliged to retreat, which yet he con¬
ducted with fo much (kill, as to render it truly honour¬
able. “ My God ! (exclaimed he) what a wretch I am !
among fo many thoufand bullets, is there not one to put
an end to my miferable life l” The Dutch, by the
greated exertions, were faved in their harbours ; and the
Englidi triumphantly fcoured the feas, without controul.
But the joy arifing from this great viftory was of fliort
duration. The plague had no fooner fubfided, than a
moll dreadful fire broke out in London, which fpreading,
in fpite of every endeavour to check its deftrutlive pro¬
gress, confumed four hundred ftreets, and thirteen thou¬
fand houfes. The popular prejudice aferibed this cala¬
mity to the catholics ; but no proof appeared to fupport
fuch a calumny, though it is fanCtioned by the inferiptiort
ilill remaining on the monument that records the confla¬
gration.

The Dutch, dill continuing to make the mod vigorous
refinance, Charles began to be fenfible that all the ends
for which the war had been undertaken, were likely to
prove abortive. This induced him to make overtures of
accommodation, which were readily liftened to ; and fo
nearly was the treaty concluded, that he imprudently
difeontinued his preparations. The penetrating mind of
De Witt now favv the opportunity for retrieving the ho¬
nour of his country, and he embraced it. The Dutch
fleet under De Ruyter appeared in the Thames, and
burfting the chain which had been drawn acrofs the Med¬
way, advanced as far as Upnore caftle. Sheernefs was
taken, and feveral fliips burnt. They next attempted
Portfmouth, infulted Harw'ich ; and, had they been fup-
ported by the French, as they ought, the molt ferious
confequences might have enfued. The figning of the
treaty of Breda, however, faved England from this dan¬
ger ; and the acquifition of New York wasUie principal
advantage which this country reaped from the war.

Some facrifice feemed necelfary to appeafe the people
for their difappointinents ; and the chancellor became
the vidlim. His fale of Dunkirk rofe up in judgment
againll him ; and, as he had engaged in building beyond
what his oftenfible finances would allow, he was expofed
to public reproach, as if he had acquired riches by cor¬
ruption, though nothing of the kind was ever proved
againll him. The king, indeed, who had always revered
rather than loved him, was glad to be freed from a mi-
8 M nifter

686 ENGL

nifter who would not permit his mailer’s licentious plea-
Aires to pafs without reprehenlion. The great feal was
given to fir Orlando Bridgman. The duke of York in
vain exerted his intere.ll in behalf of his father-in-law.
An impeachment was voted againfl him by the com¬
mons, and Clarendon, finding that neither his innocence
nor his pad fervices were fufficient to protect him, with¬
drew to the continent, where he lived fix years after his
banifhment was decreed ; and there employed his leifure
in reducing to order the hiltory of the civil war, for
which he had before colledted materials. This per¬
formance will for ever do honour to bis memory.

A confederacy of great importance, which goes by the
name of ihe Trip/e Alliance , was formed by Charles, foon
alter the fall of this great datefman, as if to fhow that he
could dill fupply his place. It was conducted by fir
William Temple, one of the great ornaments of Englilh
literature, who united the philofopher and the datefman,
and was equally great in both. This alliance was form¬
ed between England, Holland, and Sw’eden, to prevent
the french king, Louis XIV. from completing his con-
queds in the’ Netherlands, That monarch had already
Jubdued the greater .part of that delightful country ;
when he was unexpectedly checked in the inidd of his
career by this league, in which it was agreed by the con¬
tracting powers, that they would conftitute themfelves
arbiters of the differences between France and Spain,
and put an end to a conted founded in ambition and in-
judice, and which had deluged the continent with human
blood.

1 o this foreign confederacy fucceeded one of a domedic
nature, but which did not promife fuch beneficial effects.
Ihe king had long been fluctuating between his pride
and his pleafures ; the one urged him to extend his pre¬
rogative, the other to enjoy quietly the good things that
fortune threw in his way. He was excited, by the aftive
fpiritofhis brother, to rife, above humble felicitations to
his parliament ; but he was befet by fome evil counfel-
lors, who advifed him to affert his own independence.

'I he principal of thefe were Clidord, Afhley, Bucking¬
ham, Arlington, and Lauderdale, a junto didinguilhed by
the appellation of the cabal, a word containing the ini¬
tial letters of their names. Never was there a more dan¬
gerous minidry in England, nor one more fitted to deflroy
the fabric which liberty had been edablifiiing for ages.
Sir Thomas Clidord was a man of a daring and impetu¬
ous fpirit, rendered more dangerous by eloquence and
intrigue. Lord Afhley-, foon after made earl of Shaftef-
bury, was the mod extraordinary man of his age ; he had
been a member of the long parliament, and had great in¬
fluence among the prefbyterians ; he was a favourite of
Cromwell, and always changed his party as it fuited his
conve.nience. The duke of Buckingham was gay, capri¬
cious, of fome wit, and great vivacity. Arlington was
a man of fubtle temper, but mean abilities. The duke
of Lauderdale, who was not defective either in natural
or acquired talents, was ambitious, obflinate, infolent,
and fullen. Thefe were the men to whom Charles gave
up the conduft of his affairs, and who plunged the re¬
maining part of his reign into difficulties, which produced
many dangerous fymptoms.

An unnatural alliance with France, and a rupture with
Holland, were the fird confequences of their advice.
IJte Ehgliflt and French combined fleets, commanded by
the duke of York, and the marefchal d’Etrees, foon after
met the Dutch fleet, to the number of ninety fail, com¬
manded by admiral De Ruyter; and a furious battle en-
Tuedo In this engagement, the gallant lord Sandwich,
who commanded the Englilh van, drove his fliip into the
midd of the enemy, beat off the admiral that ventured to
attack him, funk another (hip that attempted to board
him, and funk three fire-lliips that endeavoured to grap¬
ple with him. Though his veflel was torn with fhot,
and out of a thoufand men there only remained four hun¬
dred, he dill continued to thunder in the midd of the en.

A N D.

gagement. At lad a fire-fhip, more ftital than the for¬
mer, having laid hold of his veflel, her dedruftion was
inevitable. Sandwich, however, refufed to quit his (hip,
though warned by fir Edward Haddock his captain; he
periflied in the flames, while the engagement continued
to rage all around him. Night parted the combatants ;
the Dutch retired, and were not followed by the Englifli.
The lofs fudained by the two maritime powers was nearly
equal ; but the French fuffered very little, having kept
aloof during the greater part of the engagement. It was
even fuppofed that they had private orders to fpare their
own fliips, while the Dutch and Englilh weakened them¬
felves by their obftinate fighting.

The combined powers were completely fuccefsful
againd the Dutch by land. Louis conquered all before
him, eroded the Rhine, took all their frontier towns, and
threatened the new republic with a final diflolution.
But the murmurs of the Englifh, at feeing this brave and
induflrious people, the great fupporters of the protedant
caufe, totally funk, and on the brink of dedruftion, were
too loud not to imprefs the king. He was obliged to call
a parliament, A. D. 1673, to take the fenfe of the nation
upon this event, as well as to obtain fupplies for carrying
on the war.

The king’s late declaration of indulgence to all fefta-
ries was fird taken into. confideration, and a remondrance
drawn up againd the exercife of the prerogative. The
commons perfided in their oppofition to it ; and repre-
fented thgt fuch a praftice, if admitted, might tend to
interrupt the free courfe of the laws, and alter the legifla-
tive power, which had always been acknowledged to re-
fide in the king and the two houfes. Charles, therefore,
found himfelf obliged to retraft his declaration; but,
that he might do it with a better grace, he referred to the
houfe of peers, who advifed him to comply. The com¬
mons expreded the utmod fatisfaftion with this nreafure,
and the mod entire duty to the king. He, on his part,
aflured them, that he would willingly pafs any law which
might tend to give them fatisfaftion in all their juft
grievances. A law now paffed, entitled the Ted Aft,
impofing an oath on all who fliould enjoy any public
office. Befides the taking the oaths of allegiance, and
the king’s fupremacy, they were obliged to teceive the
facrament once a year in the edablifhed church, and to
abjure all belief in the doftrine of tranfubd'antiation.
As the diflenters had alfo feconded the efforts of the
commons againd the king’s declaration for indulgence, a
bill was palled for their eafe and relief, which, however,
went with fome difficulty through the houfe of peers.

But dill the great objeft of their meeting remained to
be inquired into ; for the war againd the Dutch went on
with great animofity. Several fea-engagements had fuc¬
ceeded each other, without any decilive aftion ; both
parties claiming the viftory after every battle. The
commons, therefore, weary of the war, and didrudful
even of fuccefs, refolved that the danding army was a
grievance. They next declared, that they would grant
no more fupplies to carry on the Dutch war, ttnlefs it
appeared that the enemy refufed reafonable terms of
peace. To cut fiiort thefe altercations, the king refolved
to prorogue the parliament ; and, with that intention
went unexpeftedly to the houfe of peers, and fent the
uflier of the black rod to fummon the houfe of commons
to attend. It happened that the fpeaker and the uflter
met at the door of the houfe ; but the fpeaker being
within, fome of the members fuddenly (hut the door
againd the ulher, and cried, “To the chair!” Upon
which the following motions were indantly made in a
tumultuous manner: That the alliance with France was
a grievance ; that the evil counfellors of the king were
a grievance ; that the duke of Lauderdale was a griev¬
ance : and then the houfe rofe in great copfufion. The
king now faw that he could expeft no fupply from the
commons for carrying on the war ; he refolved, there¬
fore, to make a feparate peace with the Dutch, on terms

which

eng:

which they had propofed through the channel of the
Spanilh ambaffador. For form fake, he afked the advice
of his parliament, who concurring heartily in the mea-
flire, a peace was foon concluded.

In the mean time, A. D. 1674, the war between the
Dutch and the French went on with vigour. The Dutch
forces w’ere commanded by tire prince of Orange, who
was pofTelfed of courage, activity, vigilance, and pati¬
ence ; but he was inferior in genius to thofe confummate
generals, Conde, Turenne, &c. oppofed to him. He was,
therefore, always unfuccefsful ; but dill found means to
keep the field againfi his viftorious enemies. Thefe
■Itruggles for the prefervation of freedom interefied the
Engl i (h flrongly in his favour; fo that, from being his
oppofers, they now wilhed to lend him aflifiance. They
confidered their alliance with France as tending to the
fubverfion of the proteflant religion, and therefore ought
to be abandoned. The commons therefore addrefied
the king, reprefenting the danger to which the king¬
dom was expoled front the increafing power of France ;
and they allured him, in cafe of a war, that they would
not be backward in fupplies. Charles was not "difpleaf-
ed with the latter part of their addrefs, fince money was
fo neceffary to his voluptuous pleafures. He therefore
told them, that unlefs they granted him fix hundred
thoufand pounds, it would be impofiible for him to equip
an army fit to look the French in the face. The com¬
mons refilled to furnifli the fum ; and the king reproved
them for their diffidence, and immediately ordered them
to adjourn. The marriage of the duke of York’s eldell
daughter, the princefs Mary, heir-apparent to the crown,
with the prince of Orange A. D. 1677, was a meafure
that gave great fatisfaftion to the proteftant interefi in
England. The negociation was brought about by the
king's own delire ; and the proteftants now faw a happy
profpect before them of a fuccellion that would be fa¬
vourable to the reformation. A negociation for peace
between the French and the Dutch was fet on foot ; but
the mutual animofities of thefe dates not being fufficiently
quelled, the war was continued for fome time longer.
The king, therefore, to fatisfy his parliament, who^de-
c hired loudly again!! the French, fent over an army of
three thoufand men, under the command of the duke of
Monmouth, to fecure Oftend. A fleet alfo was fitted
out, and a quadruple alliance was now projected between
England, Holland, Spain, and the emperor. Thefe vi¬
gorous meafures brought about the famous treaty of
Nimeguen, A. D. 1678, which gave a general peace to
Eilrope.

The blelTings of peace, however, were tranfitory in this
kingdom, by giving place to anarchy and religious perfe-
cution. One Kirby, a chemift, informed the king, as he
was walking in the park, that there was a defign againfi:
his life ; that two men, called Grove and Pickering, had
engaged to fhoot him ; and fir George Wakeman, the
queen’s phyfician, had undertook to poifon him. This
intelligence, he faid, came from Dr. Tongue, a divine,
who, being examined, declared to the trealurer, lord
Danby, that the papers expofing the confpiracy, had been
thru ft under his door. This wild and incoherent ftory
would probably have been configned to oblivion, had not
tl'e duke of York infilled on a regular enquiry being in-
llituted. It was now found that Kirby and Tongue lived
in drift intimacy with a perfon named Titus Oates, who
pretended to know more of the matter, and who judged
it proper to give evidence before fir Edmtindfbiiry God¬
frey, an aftive magiftxate, in hopes that his declaration
would obtain more notoriety, and entitle him to a greater
reward. The intelligence of Oates tended to ffiew, that
the pope, having afl'umed the fovereignty of England and
Iieland, on account of the herefy of the prince and
people, had delegated his authority to the jefuits, whole
general had lupplied by commiffions all the chief offices,
both civil and military, appertaining to both kingdoms.

It would be abfurd to enter into all the details of this

LAND. 687

pretended plot ; fiifnce it to fay, that Oates the informer
was one of the moft infamous of mankind ; and that, be¬
fore the council, he betrayed his impoftures in fitch a
manner, as would have difcredited the moft confident
dory, and the moft reputable evidence. Yet, notwitli-
ftanding this, the plot very foon became the fouree of
terror to the people ; and Danby, out of oppolition to
the French interefi, rather encouraged the impofture ;
and by his fuggeftions one Coleman, who had been fecre-
tary to the late duchefs of \ ork, was implicated in
this affair, and ordered to be arrefted. Among his pa¬
pers were found fome very free remarks relative to the
fentiments and principles of the king ; and people taking
this for a confirmation of the truth of Oates’s ftory, con¬
founded a bufinefs, which had no relation to it, with a
frefli idea of the confpiracy. The murder of firEdmundf-
bury Godfrey, which never had been accounted for,
completed the general delufion, and rendered the preju¬
dices of the nation abfolutely incurable. The funeral of
this magiftrate, w ho was found lying in a ditch near Prim-
ro fe- hill, with his fword (ticking in his body, like the
exhibition of Caefar’s wounds, ferved to inflame the
people againfi the catholics, who were fufpefted to have
been guilty of this atrocity in order to liifle evidence,
to a degree of dangerous fury.

While the nation was in this ferment, the parliament
was allembled. • The king, in his fpeech, fcarcely ad¬
verted to the plot about which fo much had been laid;
but Danby, who courted popularity, laid open the mat¬
ter to the houfe of peers. Charles, incenfed at his folly,
obferved, “Though you do not believe it, you will find
that you have given the parliament a handle to ruin your-
felf, and to difturb all my affairs.: you will furely live to
repent it.” Danby had afterwards fufficient reafon to
applaud the fagacity of his mailer. The cry of the plot
was echoed from one houfe to the other ; a folemn fall
was voted ; and addreffes palled for the removal of the
popilh recufants from London. Lords Powis, Strafford,
Arundel, Peters, and Bellafis, were impeached for high
trealon ; and both houfes, after hearing the evidence of
Oates, voted, “ That the lords and commons are of opi¬
nion, that there hath been, and Hill is, a damnable plot
contrived and carried on by the popilh recufants, for af-
laffinating the king, for fubverting the conftitution, and
for rooting out and deltroying the proteftant religion.”

Oates was applauded and carelfed, and encouraged by
a penlion of twelve hundred pounds a-year. Such bounty
called forth new witnelfes. William Bedloe, a man, if
pollible, more infamous than Oates, appeared next on the
itage. At firft he confined his intelligence to Godfrey’s
murder, which, he laid, had been perpetrated in Somer-
fet-houle, where the queen lived, by the papilts. He
loon alter enlarged his information, by acculing feveral
perlons of conlequence, of having joined in a popilh plot ;
and, though he grofsly contradicted hintfelf, the nation
was determined to believe every thing he advanced.
Charles law the torrent was too llrong to be refilled. A
bill had been brought into parliament for a new teft, in
which popery was denominated idolatry ; and all the
members of both houfes, who refilled this tell, were to
be excluded. The duke of York, in the molt pathetic
manner, moved, that an exception might be admitted in
his favour ; protefting, that whatever his religion might
be, it Ihould only be a private thing between God and
his own foul, and never Ihould appear in his public con¬
duct. Notwithltanding this appeal, he prevailed only by
two voices. The ferment both in and out of parliament
was foon increaied by the treachery of Montague, who
had been ambaflador at Paris. He p.refented to the houfe
ot commons, of which he was a member, a letter from
the treafurer Danby, counter-figned by the king, in which
the moll palpable proofs of Charles’s dilgraceful intrigues
with the F'rench court w'ere laid open. Danby was im¬
mediately impeached by the commons; but the peers re.
lufed to commit him j and the quarrel role to Inch a

height

688 ENG

height between the two houfes, that the king thought it
advifeable to diffolve them.

The want of money compelled Charles to fumraon a
new parliament, A.D. 1679; but being foon alarmed at
their refractory difpofition, in order to appeafe his people,
he defired the duke of York to withdraw beyond fea, that
no further fufpicion of popifh counfels . might remain.
The duke readily complied, on obtaining an order for
this purpofe from the king, left it fiiould be fuppofed he
fled from fear, and a promife that he would fatisfy him,
as well as the public, in regard to the illegitimacy of the
duke of Monmouth, a natural fon of the king’s by Lucy
Walters, and born about ten years before the reftoration.
This nobleman poffefTed all the qualities that could en¬
gage the afFeClions of the people ; and in proportion as
the duke of York was the objeft of hatred on account of
his religion, his nephew became more and more beloved;
nor were there wanting officious friends, who encouraged
him to hope that a contract of marriage had paffed be¬
tween the king and his mother, and that, in confequence,
lie had ftrong pretenfions to the crown. Charles, how¬
ever, to put an end to all intrigues of this kind, as well
as to remove the duke of York’s apprehenfions, in full
council made a declaration of Monmouth’s illegitimacy,
on which the duke of York cheerfully complied with the
king’s defire, and retired to Bruffels.

Parliament, however, ftill chofe to be jealous and dif-
fatisfied. The impeachment of Danby was revived, and
the king, in order to 1'creen his minifter, granted him a
full pardon ; but it was pretended that no pardon of the
crown could be pleaded in bar of an impeachment, and
fo refolute was the parliament in fupport of its preten¬
fions, that Danby was committed a clofe prifoner to the
Tower. To prevent a bill of exclufion againft the duke
his brother, which was projected, Charles concerted fome
limitations, which deprived the fuccelTor, if a pap i ft, of
the chief branches of royalty ; but thefe conceffions were
rejected by the influence of Shaftefbury, who had united
himfelf to the popular party ; and a bill was brought in,
declaring that the fovereignty of thefe kingdoms, upon
the king’s death or refignation, fiiould devolve to the
perfon next in fuccefiion after the duke ; and that all who
fupported his title fiiould be deemed rebels and traitors.
This important bill palled the lower houfe by a majority
of feventy-nine votes. At the fame time the Handing
army, and the king’s guards, were voted by the commons
to be illegal ; and that bulwark of perfonal and national
liberty, the habeas corpus act, which provided againft
arbitrary imprifonment, palled into a law the fame fefiion.

Meanwhile the impeachment of the five catholic lords,
and the earl of Danby, was carried on with vigour; but
a difpute arifing between the two houfes about allowing
the bifhops to vote on the trial of Danby, furnifhed the
king with a pretext of dilTolving the parliament. This
vigorous meafure difappointed all the projects of the mal¬
contents ; but even the recefs of parliament afforded no
interruption to the profecution of the catholics accufed
of the plot. On the molt incoherent and doubtful evi¬
dence, Whitebread, provincial of the jefuits, Fenwic,
Gavan, Turner, and Harcourt, were condemned and exe¬
cuted ; and it was not till the trial of fir George Wake-
man, the queen’s phyfician, that the informers received
a check. This gentleman was acquitted ; and an inde¬
lible (lain was fixed on Oates, Bedloe, and their abettors.

The difcontents in England were communicated to Scot¬
land ; and an incident there roufed the Scottifli cove¬
nanters from their inactivity. A company of the latter
had waylaid, with an intention to kill, one Carmichael,
an officer of the archbifhop of St. Andrew’s, who had
rendered himfelf obnoxious by his feverity. At the in-
flant they were looking for their prey, the archbilhop
himfelf paffed by in his coach ; and, interpreting this inci¬
dent as a declaration of the fecret purpofe of Providence
again!! him, without further deliberation they dragged
him from his coach, and piercing him with many wounds,

LAN D.

left him dead on the fpot, and difperfed. This atrocious
aCtion gave rife to a violent perfecution againft the cove,
nanters ; who now, inflamed by oppreffion, met to cele¬
brate their worfhip with arms in their hands ; and having
gained fome partial fucceffes, they made themfelves mat¬
ters of Glafgow, difpofleffed the eftablifhed clergy, and
iflued proclamations, declaring that they fought againft;
the king’s fupremacy, againft popery and prelacy, and
againft a popifii fucceflor. The king, apprehenfive of
the confequences of this infurreCtion, difpatched Mon¬
mouth into Scotland, with a fmall body of Englifh ca¬
valry. That nobleman being joined by fome native
troops, marched with celerity againft the enemy, who
had taken poft near Bothwell-caftle. Their numbers
never exceeded eight thoufand, and being without offi¬
cers and experience, they were fpeedily routed, with the
lofs of feven hundred killed, and twelve hundred taken
prifoners. Monmouth treated thefe with great humanity,
and an aCt of indemnity was foon after paifed.

When thefe popular difcontents had fpent themfelves,
Charles, by his amiable manners and addrefs, found means
to ftrengthen his party ; and happening to fall ill at Wind-
for, fuch an affectionate regard was (hewn him, that, to
life an expreflion of fir William Temple, “ the king’s
death was regarded as the end of the world.” The duke
of York had been privately fent for ; but when he arrived,
the king was out of danger. The journey, however, was
attended with important confequences. He prevailed on
the king to difgrace Monmouth, whofe machinations were
now known and avowed ; and he obtained leave himfelf
to retire into Scotland, on pretence of quieting the appre¬
henfions of the Englifh, but in reality with a view of fe-
cu ring his intereft in that kingdom. About this time,
alfo, feveral new changes took place in the cabinet; for
the king was equally unfteady with regard to men and
meafures. Hyde, Sunderland, and Godolphin, feemed at
prefent to poflefs his chief confidence.

From the encouragement which had been given to in¬
formers, the nation had got into a vein of credulity; and
one Dangerfield, a fellow of infamous character, was the
author of a new plot, called the meal-tub plot , from the
place in which fome papers relative to it were found.
This affair is equally as myfterious as thofe which pre¬
ceded it. It only appears, that Dangerfield, under pre¬
tence of betraying the confpiracies of the prefbyterians,
had been countenanced by iome catholics of condition,
and had even gained admiflion to the duke of York.
Which fide he originally intended to cheat is uncertain ;
but, finding the nation more inclined to believe in a popifh
than a prefbyterian plot, he fell in with the prevailing
humour. The duke of Monmouth, juft then returning
without leave, ferved to renew the fermentation. The
crown was now, A.D. 1680, attacked by tumultuous peti¬
tions : thofe who fupported the throne were called abhor,
rers, from expreffing their deepeft abhorrence of popular
encroachments ; and the oppofite party was denominated
petitioners. This is the epoch too of the epithets, whig
and tory. The court party reproached their antagonifts
witli refembling the fanatical conventiclers in Scotland,
who had obtained the appellation of wkigs ; and the
country party, on the other hand, found a refemblance
between the courtiers and the popifii banditti in Ireland,
to whom the term of tory was affixed. Hence the origin
of thofe two proftituted words.

Charles finding the nation inveterate againft popery,
affefled great zeal the fame way ; but his artifice did not
wholly fucceed. The city of London took the lead, in
oppofition to the court ; and Shaftefbury, who by turns
was a whig and a tory, as it bed fuited his views, ap¬
pearing in Weftminfter hall, attended by feveral perfons
of diftinftion, prefented to the grand jury of Middlefex
reafons for indi thing the duke of York as a popifh recu-
fant. This bufinefs, however, was quafhed ; but Shaftef¬
bury obtained the end for which he had undertaken this
bold meafure : he proved to his followers that there

2 could

ENGL A N 1).

could be no future accommodation or eompofition with
the duke, ntter fuch a ftep. Thefe proceedings deter¬
mined the king to affemble the parliament. In his fpeech
he ftrongly urged the advantages of unanimity; and con¬
cluded with an afirance, that if any difputes arofe, the
world fliould have no realbn to fay that the fault was with
him. Aid thefe mollifying expreffions had no effect on
the commons, who proceeded in. their former career, and
feemed bent on renewing the bill for excluding the duke
ot York from -the fuceeflion ; while a party hoped by
this ttep to advance the intereft of the duke of Mon¬
mouth. But Charles was determined to preferve the
right of fuceeflion inviolable ; and though the bill had
palled the commons a grfeat majority, the influence of
the court being exerted in the houfe of peers againft it,
the courtiers prevailed, after a long and violenLdebate ;
and it was thrown out.

Fruftrated in the'ir objeft, the commons vented their
fpleeii, by refuming the profecution againft the catholics.
The impeachments began with that of vifcount Stafford,
who, from age and infirmities, being lead able to defend
himfelf, became the firft vidlim. In. his laft moments he
protefted, that the only treafon of which he had ever
been guilty, had been entering into fchemes for procuring
a mitigation of the penal laws againft his religion. The
populace, who had exulted at his trial and condemnation,
were melted into tears at the fortitude he difplayed on
the fcaffold. This was the laft blood they Ihamefully
fpilt on account of religion ; but the commons ftill found
new occalions to exercife their talents againft the court.
The king, feeing that no conceffions, (liort of giving his
aflent to the exclufion bill, would fatisfy them, came to
a resolution of proroguing the parliament ; but the
houfe, having got intelligence of his defign a few mi¬
nutes before it was put in execution, in the moft tumul¬
tuous manner palled a firing of votes, which vitally at¬
tacked the legal and undoubted prerogatives of a kinp-
of England.

Soon after this feflion was clofed, Charles fummoned a
new parliament; and in order to avoid thofe tumults
which attended their affembling at Weftminfter, he di¬
rected them to meet at Oxford. Againft this, Monmouth
and fifteen peers protefted, on the pretence that the per¬
sons of the members would be in danger there, from the
papifts and their adherents-. Thefe infinuations inflamed
the people ftill more; and the affembly at Oxford, from
the number of fervants arid retainers which each of the
popular leaders brought with him, refembled more a mi¬
litary congrefs than an Englifh parliament. -The com¬
mons, conlifting nearly of the fame individuals as before,
fell inftantly into the fame meafures. The impeachment
of Danby, the perfecution of the catholics, and the. bill
of exclufion, were renewed with greater acrimony than
ever. So violent were they on this laft article, that no
expedient, however plaulible, would fatisfy them. One
of the king’s minifters had even propofed'that the duke
fhould be banifhed five hundred miles from England,
and, on the king’s demife, the next heir fhould be con-
ftituted regent with regal power ; but, though this would
have left the duke of York the bare title of a king, it
failed to fatisfy the oppofition. Charles, feeing it im-
poffible to manage the parliament without facrificing his
brother, now refolved to depend on economy and re¬
trenchments, inftead of alking for frelh fupplies.

The wifdom and moderation of the duke of Ormond
had for fome years kept Ireland in tranquillity ; but Eng¬
land and Scotland were ftill agitated to the centre. The
tools that had been employed by Shaftelbury, now turned
againft him; and he was accufed by Tubervilie and
others of high treafon. The draught of an . affociation
againft popery and the duke was found in his cabinet ;
and dangerous inferences might be drawn from many
claufes of that paper ; but it did not appear that Shaftef-
bury either framed it, or approved of it. The grand jury,
therefore, weighing all circumftances, rejeaed the in.

Vol. VI. Mo. 383.

68.;)

diament; and' the populace Were loud in their expref¬
fions of joy at his deliverance. In Scotland, however,
a nobleman, far lefs obnoxious, became the viCtiin ' of
oupreliion. The earl of Argyle, who, from his youth,
had been diftinguiflied for his loyalty, and had met with
feveral marks of the king’s ■■favour, being called upon to
take the teft which alferted the king’s fupremacy, added,
“as far as it is confident with itfelf, and the proteftant
religion.” For this falvo, a warrant was ilfued for com¬
mitting him to prifon ; and, innocent as the words were,
for them he was condemned for high treafon, leafing-
making, and perjury. The execution of the fentence,
however, was ftifpended ; but all his eftates were confif.
cated, and with difficulty he efcaped to the continent
with his life.

As Charles, A. D. 1682, was determined to do without
a parliament, he no longer dreaded the clamours of the
country party ; and permitted his brother to pay him a
vifit in England. The (hip in which the duke embarked
with his family and attendants from Scotland, having
ftruck on a land bank, was loft; but he efcaped, with, a
few of his party, in the barge. The king now began to
manifeft his love of arbitrary authority. By an unwar¬
rantable ftretdh of power, two (heriffs werechofen in the
city of London, on account of their devotion to the
court ; but, as the conteft might be renewed annually,
Charles determined to make himfelf mafter at once, not
only of the city, but of all the corporations in England.
A writ of quo warranto was ilfued, and the charter of
London revoked, on account of fome irregularities in its
proceedings feveral years before ; and lentence of for¬
feiture of all their immunities was pronounced againft
the citizens. The king, on petition, however, agreed to
reftore the charter ; but, in return, they were obliged
to fubinit to the fubfequent regulations : That no mayor,
fheriff, recorder, common fergeant, town clerk, or coro¬
ner, Ihould be admitted to the exercife of his office, with¬
out his majefty’s approbation : that if the king difap-
prove twice of the mayor or ftieriffs eleCted, he may, by
commillion, appoint thofe magiftrates himfelf : that the
mayor and court of aldermen may, with his majefty’s
leave, difplace any magiftrate : and that an alderman, in
cafe of a vacancy, fhall be eleCted without the conlent of
the court of aldermen, who, if they ailapprove twice of.
the choice, may fill the vacancy. All the corporations
in England, from this precedent, faw how ineffectual it
would be to contend; and therefore moft of them were
induced to furrender their charters into the king’s hand's,
A. D. 1683. Confiderable Aims were exacted for reftor-
ing the charters ; and all offices of power or profit, by
the reftridtions introduced, were now left at the dilpofal
of the crown. This was one of the moft violent infrac¬
tions of liberty that had ever taken place ; and will re¬
main aa everlafting monument of the arbitrary principles
of Charles II. Moft of the charters then re-granted
ftill remain in force.

At this jundture, however, a plan of refiftance was fe-
rioufly fet on foot. The duke of Monmouth, lord Ruf¬
fe], and lord Gray, folicited not only the capital, but the
nobility and gentry of feveral counties, to rife' in arms,
and oppofe the fuceeflion of the duke of York. The
whole train was ready to take fire ; but was prevented by
the caution of lord.Ruffel, who, in oppofition to Shaftef-
bury, the prime mover, induced Monmouth to delay the
enterorife. Shaftelbury could ill brook timid counfels ;
and, defpairing of fuccefs, withdrew to Holland, where
he foon after paid the debt’ of nature, little regretted by
his friends, or noticed by his enemies. At laft, a regular
projedl of inlurredtion was formed. The council con-
lifted of Monmouth, RuHel, ElTex, Howard, Algernon
Sidney, and John Hampden, grandfon to the great parlia¬
mentary leader. Thefe men had entered into a negocia-
tion with Argyle and the Scottifti malcontents, who en¬
gaged to bring the covenanters into the field. The con-
l'pirators, however, differed widely in their views. Sid-
8 N nev

69') E N G I

ney and Effex were for a republic ; Monmouth had a de¬
fign on the crown for himfelf ; and Ruffel and Hampden,
attached to the ancient conftitution, wifhed only a redrefs
of grievances, and the exclufion of the catholic duke of
York from the fucceffion. Howard was a man ready to
embrace any principle ; but, difcordant as they feemed
in their aims, all united in a common hatred againft the
heir apparent.

While thefe fchemes were concerting among the lead-
ers, an inferior plot was carried on by a number of con-
fpirators, none of whom had any accefs to Monmouth
and the cabal of fix, except colonel Rumfey, an old re¬
publican officer, and a perfon of the name of Fergufon.
Thefe perfons indulged in the moll criminal difcourfe ;
and, among other plans, propofed to affafiinate Charles
in his way from Newmarket ; but the houfe in which the
king lived there, happening to take fire, obliged him to
leave that place earlier than he intended ; and thus the
execution of the defign was prevented. At length,
Keiling, one of the confpirators, being under a Criminal
profecution, in hopes of faving his life betrayed his af-
fociates to fecretary Jenkins. Search being made after
the confpirators, colonel Rumfey, and Weft, a lawyer,
finding the dangers to which they were expofed, furren-
dered themfelves, and turned evidence. The links of
the confpiracy were now traced to the nobles, who had
engaged in a different fcheme : Monmouth abfconded ;
Ruffel was fent to the Tower ; Gray was arrefted, but
efcaped ; and Howard, a profligate man, being taken,,
in hopes of pardon and reward revealed the whole plot.
Effex, Sidney, and Hampden, were immediately appre¬
hended ; and fome of the inferior confpirators, being con¬
victed, paid the forfeit of their lives.

The trial of lord Ruffel, a nobleman illuftrious for his
virtues, and highly popular, now commenced, againft
whom Rumfey, Sheppard, and lord Howard, appeared.
It was proved that an infurreftion had been refolved on,
and the furprifal of the king’s guards taken into confider-
ation by the prifoner : but (till with regard to law, there
remained an important difficulty. By an aft paffed after
the reftoration, it was indeed declared treafon to confuit
on a rebellion during Charles’s life-time ; but then it was
required, that profecution fhould be commenced within
fix months of the commlffion of the crime. The fafts
fworn to by Rumfey and Sheppard were beyond that pe¬
riod ; and to the other circumftances, Howard was the
only vvitnefs, though the law of Edward III. provided,
that there fhould be two in trials for treafon. Ruffel
perceived this irregularity, and defired to have the point
argued by counfel ; but the artificial confounding of two
fpecies of treafon prevented him from gaining any thing
by this plea. His veracity would not allow him to deny
the confpiracy for an infurreftion ; but he folemnly pro-
tefted that he had never entertained any defign againft
the life of the king. The jury, however, brought him
in guilty. The ftrongeft applications, with the moft libe¬
ral offers of money to court favourites, were made by his
father, the earl of Bedford, to fave his life ; but the king
was inexorable.

Lady Ruffel, daughter and heir of the earl of South¬
ampton, a woman of the moft exalted charafter, threw
herfelf at the king’s feet, and pleaded the fervices of
her father as an atonement for the error of her hufband.
Her tears and entreaties too being neglefted, fhe fum-
moned up all the fortitude of her foul, and even endea¬
voured by Iter example to ftrengthen the refolution of
her unfortunate lord. With a tender and decent compo-
fure, they took leave of each other on the day of his
execution. “ The bitternefs of death is now part,” faid
he, as he turned from her. Lord Cavendifh, who was
ftrongly attached to Ruffel, defected not his friend on
this trying occufion ; he even offered to manage his elcape
by changing clothes with him, and running all hazards
in his place. Monmouth too, by a mefiage, declared his
readinefs to furrender himfelf, if that was likely to avail

A N D.

his unfortunate affociate. It will be no advantage to
me (faid Ruft'el) to have my friends die with me.” To
the laft, he maintained the fame dignified deportment — -
the fame equanimity and mild compofure which had dif-
tinguifhed him through life ; and, as he was the moft
popular among his own party, and moft admired for his
virtues even by the oppofite faftion, his melancholy fate
united every heart fenlible of humanity, in a tear of ten¬
der companion for him.

Sir Algernon Sidney was next brought to trial. He
had been deeply implicated in the civil wars ; but a re¬
public was his idol, and a king or a proteftor was equally
the objeft of his averfion. Charles, however, had par¬
doned him for the partite took againft his father; but
now, having engaged in a 'new confpiracy, he was con¬
demned to die, perhaps not unjuftly, but certainly ille¬
gally. Howard was again the only vvitnefs againft him ;
but, as the law required two, a fingular expedient was
found to fupply the deficiency. Among the prifoner’s
papers were found fome difcourfes on government, in
which he maintained principles favourable indeed to li¬
berty, but fuch as could not have infringed any pofitive
law, even had they been publifited. Thefe papers, how¬
ever, were faid to be equivalent to a fecond witnefs ; and
the violent and inhuman judge Jefferies eafily prevailed
on a prejudiced jury to give a verdift againft Sidney.
He died glorying in the “good old caufe,” in which,
from his youth, he faid, he had enlifted himfelf.

As not even the ftiadow of a fecond vvitnefs could be
found againft Hampden, he was only indifted for a mif-
demeanour, and the exorbitant fine of forty thonfand
pounds itnpofed on him. On the day that lord Ruffel
was tried, Effex, a man eminent for virtue and abilities,
was found in the Tower with his throat cut. Whether
he fell by his own hands, or otherwife, has never been
clearly afcertained. *

On the detection of this confpiracy, A. D. 1684, loyal
addreffes arrived from all parts of the kingdom; and, in
order to increafe his prefent popularity, Charles judged
it proper to give his niece, the lady Anne, in marriage to
prince George of Denmark. But though Charles had
thus recovered his former popularity, and was enabled
to govern without a parliament, it is certain he was nei¬
ther happy nor fatisfied. The violent temper of the
duke gave him conftant apprehenfion and uneafinefs-. In
oppofing fome of the duke’s hafty counfels, he was heard
one day to fay, “Brother, I am too old to go again on
my travels : you may, if you choofe it.”

It was evident the king had fome important changes in
contemplation; and it was ftrongly believed that he in¬
tended to fend the duke of York back to Scotland, to
recal Monmouth, to alfemble his parliament, and to dif-
rnifs his obnoxious minifters; but amidft thefe wife and
virtuous defigns, he was feized with an apopleftic fit,
and after languifliing a few days, he expired, in the fifty-
fifth year of his age, and the twenty-fifth of his reign.
Having always enjoyed a good conftitution, his death be¬
gat the fufpicion of poifon ; but there does not appear to
be any juft grounds for fuch a charge. On his death¬
bed, lie (hewed a total indifference to the devotions and
exhortations of the clergy of the eftablillied church, but
readily received the facrament from the hands of catholic
priefts, and certainly died in the communion of Rome,
though he appears to have fupported the moft volup¬
tuous court in Europe, with little fenfe of any religion
whatever.

The charafter of Charles II. like the tranfaftions of
his reign, has afl’umed various appearances, in proportion
to the paffions and prejudices of different writers. To
affirm that he was a great and good king, would be as
unjuft as to allege that he was deftitute of all virtue,
and a bloody and inhuman tyrant. The indolence of his
d-ifpolition, and the diffipation occafioned by his pleafures,
as they were at firft the fource of his misfortunes, became
afterwards the fafety of the nation. Had he joined the

ambition

ENGLAND.

ambition of power, and the perfeverance and attention of
his brother, to his own infinuating and engaging addrefs,
he might have fecured his reputation with writers, by
enflaving them with the nation. In his perfon lie was
tall, and well made. His complexion was dark, the lines
of his face ftrong and hai'lh, when fmgly traced: but
when his features were comprehended in one view, they
appeared dignified and even pleafing. In the motions of
his perfon he was eafy, graceful, and firm. His confuta¬
tion was (irong, and communicated an aftive vigour to all
his limbs. Though a lover of eafe of mind, he was fond
of bodily exercife. He rofe early, he walked much, he
mixed with the meaneft of his fubjefts, and joined in
their converlation, without diminilhing his own dignity,
or raifing their prefumption. He was acquainted with
many perfons in the lower ftations of life. He captivated
them with fprightly terms of humour, and with a kind
of good-natured wit, which rendered them pleafed with
themfelves. His guards only attended him on public oc-
cafions. He took the air frequently in company with a
tingle friend ; and though crowds followed him, it was
more from a wifh to at t raft his notice, than from an idle
curiofity. When evident deligns again!! his life were
daily exhibited before the courts ot juflice, he changed
not his manner of appearing in public. It was foon after
the Rye-houfe plot was difcovered, he is faid to have
been fevere on his brother’s character, when he exhibited
a firiking feature of his own. The duke returning from
hunting with his. guards, found the king one day in Hyde
Park. He exprefled his furprife how his majefty could
venture his perfon alone at fuch.a perilous time. “James,
(replied the king,) take you care of yourfelf, and I am
fafe. No man in England will kill me, to make you king.”

When he was oppofed with mod violence in parliament,
he continued the mod popular man in the kingdom. His
good-breeding, as a gentleman, overcame the opinion con¬
ceived of his faults as -a king. His affability, his eafy
addrefs, his attention to the very prejudices of his peo¬
ple, rendered. him independent of all the arts of his ene¬
mies to inflame the vulgar. He is laid, with reafon, to
have died opportunely for his country. Had his life ex¬
tended to. the number of years which the drength of his
conditution feemed to protnife, the nation would have
lod all memory of their liberties ; for the refolution he
finally made of condufting the government without the
aid of parliament, was nothing lets than to fap the foun¬
dation of the conditution, which he had i'o facredly
bound himfelf to maintain.

Charles II. had no iffue by his queen ; but his illegiti¬
mate offspring w as numerous. At the head of thefe was
the duke of Monmouth, who made an unfuccefsful ef¬
fort for the crown.

The duke of York, notwithdanding all the druggies
of the whig party to prevent his fuccedion, afcended the
throne of his brother, A.D. 1685, by the title of king
Janies II. His reign began with aits of imprudence.
All the cudoms, and the greater part of the excife, that
had been voted to the late king for his life only, were
levied by Janies, without a new aft for that purpofe.
He likewife went openly to mat's with all the enligns of
his dignity, and difpatclied Caryl to Rome, to make fub-
miffions to the pope, and to pave the way for the re-ad-
midion of England into the bofoni of the catholic church.
He had, long before the beginning of his reign, had an
intrigue with Mrs. Sedley, whom he afterwards created
countefs of Dorcheder; but being now told that, as he
was to convert his people, the fanftity of his manners
ought to correfpond witli his piofeflions, Mrs. Sedley
was difcarded, and he refigned himfelf to the advice of
the queen, who was as much governed by prieds as him¬
felf. One day, when the Spanilh ambaffador ventured to
advife his majedy againd placing too much confidence in
fuch kind of people, — “Is it not the cudom in Spain
(faid James) for the king to confult with his confeffor?”
“Yes (anfwered the ambaffador), and that is the reafon
2

691

our affairs fucceed fo very ill.” His fird parliament,
which was moftly compofed of zealous tories, were
ftrongly biaffed to comply with the meafures of the
crown. They voted unanimoufly that they would fettle
on the prefent king, all the revenue enjoyed by his fa¬
ther. For this favour, James- adured them of his refo¬
lution to fectire them in the full enjoyment of their
lavvs ; but no anfwer could be extorted from him with
regard to the edablifhed religion, he having always de¬
clared himfelf a catholic.

To pave the way for his intended converfion of the
kingdom, it was necelfary to undeceive the people with
regard to the late rumour of a popilh plot; and Oates,
the contriver, was the fird objeft of royal indignation.
He was tried and convicted of perjury on two indict¬
ments. His fentence was to pay a fine of two thoufand
marks ; to be whipped, on two different days, from Aid-
gate to Newgate, and from Newgate to Tyburn; to be
imprifoned during life, and to be pillored five times every
year. Oates, long accudotued to a life of infamy tyid
druggie, fupported himfelf under every punifhment that
judice could inflict. Though the whipping was fo cruel,
that it appeared evidently the intention of the court to
put him to death by that dreadful punifhment, yet he
furvived it all, and lived to king William’s reign, when
he had a fettled penfion of four hundred pounds a year.
Thus the memory of Oates cads a dain upon the times in
every part of his conduft. It is a dain that he was fird
believed — it is a dain that he was careffed — that he was
tyrannically punilhed — and that he was afterwards re¬
warded for his infamy.

The duke of Mpnmouth, after the late confpiracy,
had retired to Holland. Being difmifled from thence by
the prince of Orange upon James’s acceflion, he went to
Bruffels, where, finding himfelf dill purfued by the
king’s feverity, he refolved to retaliate, and make an at¬
tempt upon the kingdom. He had ever been regarded
by the people ; and fome averred that Charles had mar¬
ried his mother, and owned Monmouth’s legitimacy at
his death. The duke of Argyle feconded his views in
Scotland, and they formed the fcheme of a double infur-
reftion ; fo that, while Monmouth diould attempt to
make a dand in the wed, Argyle was to try his drength
in the north. Argyle was the fird who publilhed his
manifedoes, put himfelf at the head of two thoufand
five hundred men, and drove to influence the Scottifh
people in his caufe. But a formidable body of the king’s
f'otces coming againd him, his army fell away, and he
himfelf, after being wounded in attempting to efcape,
was taken prifoner by a peafant, who found him handing
up to his neck in a pool of water. He was from thence
carried to Edinburgh, where, after enduring many indig¬
nities with a noble fpirir, he was publicly executed.
The fate of Argyle was but poor encouragement to the
unfortunate Monmouth, who was by this time landed in
Dorfetfhire, with fcarcely a hundred followers. His
name, however, was fo popular, and fo great was the ha¬
tred of the people both for the perfon and religion of
James, that in four days he alfembled a body of above
two thoufand men. They were indeed all of them the
lowed of the people ; and his declarations were fuited en¬
tirely to their prejudices. He called the king the dukeof
York, and denominated him a traitor, a tyrant, a mur¬
derer, and a popilh ufitrper. He imputed to him the fire
of London, the murder of Godfrey and Elfex, and even
the poifoning the late king.

The parliament was no fooner informed of Monmouth’s
landing, than they prefented an addrefs to the king, af-
furing him of their loyalty, zeal, and aflidance. The
duke of Albemarle, raifing a body of four thoufand mi¬
litia, advanced to block him up in Lyme ; but finding his
foldiers dilfalfefted to the king, he retreated with preci¬
pitation. In the mean time, the duke of Monmouth ad¬
vanced to Taunton, where he was reinforced by confi-
deiable numbers. Twenty young maids of fome rank

prefented

IH E N G I

prefented him with a pair of colours, accompanied with
a copy of the Bible. There he affumed the title of
king, and was proclaimed with great folemnity. His
numbers had now increafed to fix thoufand men ; and he
was obliged every day, for want of arms, to difmifs many
of tiiofe who crowded to his ftandard. He entered
Bridgewater, Wells, and Frome, and was proclaimed in
all thofe places ; but he loft the feafon of action, by re¬
ceiving and claiming thefe empty honours.

The king was not a little alarmed at his invafion ; but
ft il l more at the fuccefs which appeared to attend him.
Six regiments of Britilh troops were called over from
Holland, and a body of regulars, to the number of three
tboufancl men, were fent, under the command of the earl
of Feverfhatn, to check the progrefs of the rebels.
They took poft at Sedgemore,.a village in the neighbour¬
hood of Bridgewater, and were joined by the militia of
the country in confiderable numbers. It was there that
Monmouth refolved-, by a defperate effort, to lofe his life,
or gain the kingdom. The negligent difpofition made
by Feverfham invited him to the attack ; and his faithful
followers fliewed what courage and principle could do
againft difcipline and fuperior numbers. They drove the
royal infantry from their ground, and were upon the point
of gaining the vidlory, when the mifcondudt of Mon¬
mouth, and the cowardice of lord Gray, who commanded
the horfe, brought all to ruin. This nobleman fled foon
after the fir ft onfet ; and the rebels, being charged in
flank by the king’s army, gave way, after three hours’
conteft. About three hundred were killed in the en¬
gagement, and a thoufand in the purluit ; and thus ended
an eriterprife ralhly begun, and indolently conduced.

Monmouth rode from the field of battle till his horfe
funk under him ; lie then exchanged clothes with a (hep-
herd, fled on foot, attended by a German count, who
had accompanied him from Holland. Being quite ex-
haufted with hunger and fatigue, they both lay down in
a field, and covered themfelves with fern. The (hepherd
being found in Monmouth’s clothes by the purfuers, in¬
creafed the diligence of the fearch : and, by the means
of blood-hounds, he was traced to his nuferable fituation,
with raw peafe in his pocket, which he had gathered in
the fields to fuftain life. He burft into tears when feized
by his enemies, and petitioned, with abject fubmiflion,
for life. He wrote the moll fubmiflive letters to the
king ; and that monarch, willing to feaft his eyes with
the miferies of a fallen enemy, gave him audience: At
t la is interview the duke fell upon his knees, and begged
la is life in the rnoft pathetic terms. He even figned a
paper, offered him by the king, declaring his own illegi¬
timacy ; and then the ftern tyrant allured him, that his
crime was of fucli a nature as could not be pardoned.
The duke, perceiving that he had nothing to hope from
the clemency. of his uncle, recollefted his fpirits, rofe
up, and retired with an air of difdain. He was followed
to the fcaffold with great companion from the populace.
He warned the executioner not to fall into the fame error
which he had committed in beheading lord Ruffel, where
it had been neteffury to redouble the blow. But this
only increafed the feverity of his p'unifhment ; the man
was feized with an univerfal trepidation, and he ftruck a
feeble blow ; upon which the duke railed his head from
the block, as if to reproach him: he gently laid down
his head a (econd time, and the executioner ftruck again
and again to no purpofe. He at laft threw down the axe ;
but the fheriff compelled him to refume the attempt, and
at two blows more the head was fevered from the body.
Such was. the unfortunate end of James duke of Mon¬
mouth. He was brave, (incere, and good-natured, open
to flattery, and conlequently (educed into an enterprife
which exceeded his capacity.

But it had been well lor the caufe of humanity, if the
blood thus (lied had been thought a fufficient expiation
for the late offence. The victorious army behaved with
the molt favage cruelty to the prifoners taken after the

, A N D.

battle. Feverfham immediately luing up above twenty
prifoners ; and was proceeding in his executions, when
the bifiiop of Bath and Wells warned him that thefe un¬
happy men were by law entitled to a trial, and that their
execution would be deemed a real murder. Nineteen
were put to death in the fame manner at Bridgewater, by
colonel Kirke, a man of a favage and bloody difpofition.
This vile fellow, pra&ifed in the arts of (laughter at
Tangier, where he (erved in garrifon, took a pleafure in
committing every kind of wanton barbarity. He ordered '
a certain number of the prifoners to be put to death,
while he and his company were drinking the king’s
health. Obferving their feet to drake in the agonies of
death, he cried that they (bould have mu'fic to their
dancing, and ordered the trumpets to found. He ravaged
the whole country, without making any difiinedon be¬
tween friend or foe. His own regiment, for their pecu¬
liar barbarity, went by the name of Kirke’s Lambs. A
ftory is told of his offering a young woman the life of her
brother, in cafe (he confented to his defires, which, when
(he had done, he took her to the window, and (hewed her
her brother hanging !

Yet thefe infamous feyerities of the military were tri¬
vial, when compared with the (laughters committed by
judge Jefferies, who was fent down to try the delinquents.
The natural brutality of this man’s temper was inflamed
by continual intoxication. He told the prifoners, that if
they would fave him the trouble of trying them, they
might expeCl fome favour, otherwife he would execute
the law upon them with the utmo'ft feverity. Many poor
wretches were thus allured into a confeffion, and found
that it only haftened their deftrutlion. No lefs than
eighty vvere executed at Dorchefter ; and, on the whole,
at Exeter, Taunton, ana Wells, two hundred and fifty-
one are computed to have fallen by the hand of this in¬
human judge. Women were not exempted from the ge¬
neral feverity, but fu'ffered for harbouring their neared
kindred. Lady Lifie, though the widow of a regicide,
was herfelf a loyalift. She was apprehended for having
dickered in her houfe two fugitives from the battle of
Sedgemore. Site proved that (lie was ignorant of- their
crime when (lie had given them protection, and the jury
feemed inclined to compaffion : they twice brought in a
favourable verdiCt ; but they were as often fent back by
Jefferies, with menaces and reproaches, and at laft were
conftrained to give a verdiCt againft the prifoner. But
the fate of Mrs. Gaunt was (till more terrible. Mrs.
Gaunt was noted for her beneficence, which (he had ex¬
tended to perfons of- all profefiions and perfuafions. One of
the rebels, knowing her humane character, had recourfe to
her in his diftrefs, and was concealed by her. The aban¬
doned villain, hearing that a reward and indemnity was
offered to fucli as informed againft criminals, came in, and
betrayed his proteCtrefs. His evidence was inconteltable ;
the proofs were ftrong againft her ; he was pardoned for
his treachery, and (lie burned alive for her benevolence !

J cileries, on liis return from this bloody inquifition, was
created a peer, and inverted with the dignity of chancellor.

The next (tep, A. D 1686, was to fecure a catholic in-
terelt in the privy council. Accordingly, four catholic
lords were admitted ; Powis, Arundel, Bellafis, and Do¬
ver. The king made no fecret of his delires to have his
courtiers converted to his own religion. In thefe
fchemes, James was entirely governed by the counfels of
the queen and of his confeffor, father Peters, a jefuit,
whom he created a privy-counfeller. Even in Ireland,
where the duke of Ormond had long fupported the royal
caufe', this nobleman was difplaced, as being a proteftant ;
and lord Tyrconnel, a violent Roman-catholic, was ap¬
pointed in his (lead. The king, in his zeal to convert
his CubjeiSls, (looped fo low as to a(k colonel Kirke ; but
this daring fioldier told him that he was pre-engaged ^
for he had promifed the king of Morocco, when lie was
quartered at Tangiers, that, if he ever changed his reli¬
gion, he would turn Mahometan.

It

ENGLAND.

Tt could not be expected that the favour thus fhewn by
James to the catholics, would be tamely borne by the
members of the Englifh church. Among thofe who
firft came forward on this occafion, was Dr. Sharpe, a
clergyman of London, who declaimed with great feverity
again!! thofe who had changed their religion for the fake of
earthly preferment. This, being fuppofed to refleft upon
the king, gave great offence at court ; and pofitive orders
were given to the bifhop of London to fufpend Sharpe, till
his majefty’s pleafure tliould be further known. The
bifhop refufed to comply ; and the king refolved to pu-
niflt him for difobedience. To eft'eft his purpofe, he de¬
termined to revive the high-commiffion court, which had
given the nation fo much difguft in the times of his fa¬
ther, and which had been for ever abolifhed by aft of
parliament. But this was no obftacle to James. An ec-
clefiaftical commiffion was iffued, by which feven com-
miffioners were inverted with an unlimited authority over
the whole church of England. Before this tribunal, the
bifhop and Sharpe being fummoned, they were both fuf-
pended.

Thefe fevere meafures had fufficiently difgufled every
part of the Britifh empire ; but to complete the work,
James now fent the earl of Caftlemain ambaffador-extra-
ordinary to Rome, to exprefs his obedience to the pope,
and to reconcile his kingdoms to the catholic commu¬
nion. This failed not to add to the general difcontent ;
and the people fuppofed that he could never be fo rafh
as, contrary to exprefs aft of parliament, to admit of a
communication with the pope. But what was their fur-
prife, when tl ey faw the nuncio make his public and fo-
lemn entry into Windfor : and becaufe the duke of So-
rnerfet refufed to attend the ceremony, he was difmiffed
from his employment of one of the lords of the bed¬
chamber. The jefuits were now permitted to ereft col¬
leges in different parts of the kingdom; they exercifed
the catholic worfhip in the mod; public manner ; and four
catholic bilhaps, confecrated in the king’s chapel, were
fent through the kingdom to exercife their epifcopal
funftions, under the title of apoftolic vicars. The monks
appeared at court in the habits of their orders, and a
great number of priefts and friars arrived in England.
Every great office the crown had to beftow was gradually
transferred from the protedants ; Rochefter and Claren¬
don, the king’s brothers in law, though they had been
for ever faithful to his intereds, were, becaufe protedants,
difmiffed from their employments. Nothing now re¬
mained but to open the doors of the church and the uni-
verfities to the intrudon of the catholics, and this effort
was foon after begun.

Father Francis, a Benediftine monk, was recommended
by the king to the univerfity of Cambridge, for the de¬
gree of mafterof arts. But his religion was a ftumbling-
block which the univerfity could not gel over; and they
prefented a petition, befeeching the king to recal his
mandate. Their petition was difregarded, their deputies
denied a hearing : the vice-chancellor himfelf was fum¬
moned to appear before the high-commidion court, and
deprived of his office ; yet the univerfity perfided, and
father Francis was refufed. The king, thus foiled, thought
proper at that time to drop his pretendons ; but he car¬
ried on his attempts upon the univerfity of Oxford with
dill greater vigour. The place of prefident of Magda-
len-college, one of the riched foundations in Europe,
being vacant, the king fent a mandate in favour of one
Farmer, a new convert, and a man of a bad charadter in
other refpefts. The fellows of the college made very
fubmiffive applications to the king for recalling his man¬
date ; but before they received an anfwer, the day came
on which, by their ftatutes, they were required to proceed
to an eleftion. They therefore chofe doftor Hough, a
man of learning, integrity, and refolution. The king
was incenfed at their prefumption ; and, in order to pu-
ni!h them, an inferior ecclefiaftical court was fent down,
who, finding Farmer a man of fcandalous character, if-

V 01. VI. No. 383.

6gn

fued a mandate for a new eleftion. The-perfon now re¬
commended by the king was doftor Parker, lately created
bifliop of Oxford, for his willingnefs to embrace the ca¬
tholic religion. The fellows refufed to comply with th-ts
injunftion; which fo incenfed the king, that he went in
perfon to Oxford, and ordered the fellows to be brought
before him. lie reproached them with their infolence
and difobedience in the moil imperious terms ; and com¬
manded them to choofe Parker without delay. Anoth.es
refufal on their fide ferved Hill more to exufperate him ;
and finding them refolute in the defence of their privi¬
leges, he ejefted them all, except two, from their bene¬
fices, and Parker was put in poffellion of the place.
Upon this the college wits filled with catholics ; and
Charnock, who was one of the two that remained, was
made vice-prefident.

Every invalion of the ecclefiafiical and civil privileges
of the nation only feemed to increafe the king’s ardour
for more. A frefii declaration for liberty of confcience
was publifhed, A. D. 1688 ; and it was required that all
divines fhould read it after fervice in their churches.
As he thus put it in the power of thoufands torefufe, he
armed againfi himfelf the whole body of the nation.
The clergy were known univerfally to difapprove of the
fufpending power; and they were now refolved to dif-
obey an order diftated by the mod bigoted motives.
They were determined to trull: their caufe to the favour
of the people, and that univerfal jealoufy which pre¬
vailed againfi: the encroachments of the crown. The
firft champions in this fervice were, Lloyde bifhop of St.
Afaph, Ken of Bath and Wells, Turner of Ely, Lake of
Chichefter, White of Peterborough, and Trelawney of
Briftol ; thefe, together with Sancroft the primate, con¬
certed an addrefs, in the form of a petition, to the king,
which, with the warmeft expreftions of zeal and fubmif-
fion, remonftrated that they could not read his declara¬
tion confidently with their confciences, or the refpeft they
owed the proteftant religion. This modeft addrefs, how¬
ever, ferved to inflame the king’s refentment. He re¬
ceived their petition with marks of furprife and difplea-
fure. He faid he did not expeft fuch an addrefs from the ■
Englifh church, particularly from fome among them,
and perfifted in their obeying his mandate. The bifhops
left his prefence under fome apprehenfions from his fury,
but fectire in the favour of the people, and the re6titude
of their intentions.

As the petition was delivered in private, the king fum¬
moned the bifhops before the council, and there quel-
tioned them whether they would acknou ledge it f They
for fome time declined giving an anfwer ; but being urged
by the chancellor, they at laft owned the petition. On
their refufing to give bail, an order was immediately
drawn for their commitment to the Tower; and the
crown-lawyers received direftions to profecute them for
a feditious libel. The twenty-ninth of June was the
day fixed for their trial. Twenty-nine peers, a great
number of gentlemen, and an immenfe crowd of people,
waited upon them to Wcfimrnfter hall. The caufe was
looked upon as involving the fate of the nation ; and fu¬
ture freedom, or future flavery, awaited the decifion.
The difpute was learnedly managed by the lawyers on
both fides. Holloway and Powel, two of the judges,
declared themfelVes in favour of the bilhops. The jury
withdrew ii\to a chamber, where they palfed the whole
night, but next morning they returned into court, and
pronounced the bilhops “Not guilty.” Weftminfter
hall infiantly rang with loud acclamations, which were
communicated to the whole extent of the city. They
even reached the camp at Hounllow, where the king was
at dinner in lord Feverfham’s tent. His majefty demand¬
ing the caufe of thofe rejoicings, and being informed thajt
it was nothing but the foldiers fhouting-at the delivery of
the bifhops ;“ Call you that nothing. ? (cried he;) buffo
much the worfe for them.”

James now ftruck off the judges Powel and Holloway
8 O from

m ENGL

from the lift, becaufe they had favoured the bifttops. He
ilLied orders to profecute all thole clergymen who had
not read his declaration ; and all had refilled it except
two hundred. He fent a mandate to the new fellows,
whom he had obtruded on Magdalen college, to elect for
prefident, in the room of Parker, lately deceafed, one
Gilford, a do6tor of the Sorbonne, and titular bifliop of
Madura. A drcumftance of rejoicing now all'o hap¬
pened in his family : the queen was brought to bed of a
fon, who was baptifed by the name of James. But fq
great was the public animolity againft the king, that a
ftory was propagated that the child was fuppofititious,
and brought to the queen’s apartment in a warming-pan ;
a calumny which James never thought worthy of a fe-
rious refutation.

William, prince of Orange, had married Mary, the
eldell: daughter of the prefent king. This princel's had
been bred a proteftant ; and, as (he was for a long time
heir-apparent to the crown of England, the people tamely
bore the encroachments of the king, in hopes that hi?
proteftant fuccellor would rectify thofe meafures he had
taken towards the eftabliftiment of popery, and his ex-
tenfion of the prerogatives of the crown. For this rea-
fon, the prince had been accitftpmed to give the king not
only advice, but aftiftance in all emergencies, and had ac¬
tually fupplied him with fix thou kind troops upon Mon¬
mouth’s invalio.n. But now, when a prince was born,
that entirely excluded his hopes by fucceftion, he lent
more attention to the complaints of the nation, and began
to foment thofe difcontents which before he had endea¬
voured to fupprefs. This politic prince, finding that
James had really incurred the molt violent hatred of hi?
iubjefls, difpatched Dykevelt, his envoy, to England,
A.D. 1688, with inftruitions to apply fecretly in his
name to every fe£t and denomination in the kingdom.
Dykevelt executed his commiffion with fuch dexterity,
that all orders of men call their eyes towards Holland,
tind expected from thence a deliverance from thofe dan¬
gers with which they were threatened at home. The
prince thus found that every rank Was ripe for defection,
and received invitations from fome of the molt conli-
derable perfons in the kingdom. Admirals Herbert and
Rulfel allured him in perfon of their own and the na¬
tional attachment. Henry Sidney, brother to Algernon,
and uncle to the earl of Sunderland, came over to him
with affurances of an univerfal combination againft the
king. Lord Dumblaine, fon of tire earl of Danby, being
inalter of a frigate, made feveral voyages to Holland, and
carried from many of the nobility tenders of duty, and
of conliderable fums of money. The bifliop of London,
the earls of Danby, Nottingham, Devonlhire,- Dorfet,
with feveral other lords, gentlemen, and principal citi¬
zens, united in their addrelfes to him, and entreated his
fpeedy defcent. The people of England, though long
divided between whig and tory, were unanimous in their
fneafures againft the king. The whigs hated him upon
principles of liberty, the tories upon principles of reli¬
gion. The former had ever fliewn tliemfelves tenacious
of their political rights ; the latter were equally obftinate
in defence of their religious tenets. James had invaded
both ; fo that for a time all factions were laid alleep, ex¬
cept tiie general one of driving the tyrant from a throne,
which upon every account he was fo ilL qualified to fill.
William determined to accept the invitations of the
kingdom ; and (fill more readily embarked in the caufe*
as he faw that the malcontents had conducted their mea-
i'ures with prudence and fecrecy.

The time when the prince entered upon his enterprife
was juft when the- people were in a flame from the recent
Jnfult offered to their bifhops. He had before this made
conliderable augmentations to the Dutch fleet, and the
lliips were then ready in the harbour. Some additional
troops were alio levied, and monies raifed for other pur-
poles were converted to the advancement of this expedi¬
tion. 'Jhe Dutch had always repofed an entire confidence

A N D.

in him ; and many of the neighbouring princes regarded
him as their guardian and protestor. He was fure of the
afliftance of his native government ; and the troops of
fome of the German powers were actually marched down
to Holland to join him. Every place was in motion; all
Europe faw and expedted the defcent, except the unfor¬
tunate James himfelf, who, fecure in the piety of his
intentions, thought nothing could obltruct his fchemes,
calculated to promote the caufe of heaven.

The king of France was the firft who apprifed him of
liis danger, and offered to afiift him in repelling it. He
was willing to join a fquadron of French (hips to the
Engliflr fleet, and to fend over any number of troops
which lie iliould deem requifite for his fecurity. James,,
however, could not be convinced that his fon-in-law in¬
tended an invafion ; he therefore rejected the French
king’s propofal, unwilling perhaps to call in foreign aid,
when he had an army w’hich he thought fufticient at
home. Still Louis was unwilling to abandon a friend and
ally, whofe intereft he regarded as clqfely connected witli
his own. He ventured to remonllrate with the Dutch
againft the preparations they were making to invade
England. The Dutch confidered his remonltrance as an
officious impertinence, and James himfelf declined his
mediation.

James, having thus rejected the aftiftance of his friends,
and being left to face the danger alone, was aftonilhed
with advice from his minifter in Holland, that an invafion
of England was not only projected, but really carrying
into execution. When he fir (Tread the information, lie
grew pale, and the letter dropt from his hand. He faw
the gulf into which he was fallen, and he knew not where
to leek for protection. His only relource was in retreat¬
ing from thofe various precipitate meafures into which
lie had plunged himfelf. He replaced in all the counties
the deputy-lieutenants and jultices, who had been de¬
prived of their commillions for their adherence to the tell
and penal laws. He reftored the charters of fuch corpo¬
rations as he had violently taken away ; he annulled the
high commiffion court ; lie reinlta ted the expelled preli-
dent and fellows of Magdalen-college ; and lie was even
reduced to carefs thole bilhops whom he had fo lately
perfecuted and infulted, But it was now too kite. Thele
conceffions were regarded as the lymptoms of fear, and
not of repentance ; as the cowardice of guilt, and not the
conviction of error. Indeed, he fo.on proved to the people
the infincerity of his engagements ; for, hearing that the
Dutch fleet was difperfed, lie recalled thofe concelfions
which he had made in favour of Magdalen-college ; and
to fliew his attachment to the Roniilh church, at the
baptifm of his new-born fon, he appointed the pope one
of the fponfors.

In the mean time, the declaration of the prince of
Orange was indufirioufly difperfed throughout England.
In this lie enumerated all the grievances of which the
nation complained ; he proiniied his afliftance in redrelfing
them ; lie affured the nation that his only aim was to
procure the lading eftablilhment of their liberty and their
religion ; and that the only motive of his coming over
was to learn the fenfe of the people in a full and free par¬
liament. This declaration was quickly followed by pre¬
parations for a vigorous invafion. So well concerted were
his meafures, that in three days above four hundred
tranfports were hired, the army tell down the rivers and
canals from Nimeguen, with all necelfary (fores ; and the
prince fet fail from Hel voetlluys with a fleet of near five
hundred vellels, and an army of above fourteen thouland
men. Fortune feerned at firft every way unfavourable to
his views. He encountered a dreadful (form, which put
him back ; but he loon refitted his fleet, and once more
ventured to the Englilli fliore. It was given out that
this invalion was intended for the coalts of France; and
many of the Englilh who faw the fleet pafs along their
coalts, little expected to fee it land. It happened that
the lame wind which fent them to their deliined port,

detained

E N G

detained the Englifn fleet in the river; fo that the Dutch
parted the (freights of Dover without moleftation. Thus,
after a voyage of two days, the prince landed his army
at Torbay, on the fifth of November, 16S8, the anniver-
■lqry of the gunpowder-plot.

But though the invitation from the Englirti was very
general, the prince for fome time had the mortification
to find himfelf joined by very few. He marched firft to
Exeter, where the country people had been fo lately ter¬
rified with the executions which had enfued on Mon¬
mouth’s rebellion, that they continued to obferve a drift
neutrality. But flight repulles were not able to intimi¬
date a general who had, from his early youth, been taught
to encounter difficulties. The firft perfon who joined the
prince was major Burlington, and he was quickly fol¬
lowed by the principal people of the counties of Devon
and Somerfet. Sir Edward Seymour made propofals for
an artociation, which every one figned. By degrees the
earl of Abingdon, Mr. Rurtel, fon to the earl of Bedford,
Mr. Wharto.n, Godfrey, Howe, all came to Exeter. Eng¬
land was in commotion. Lord Delamere took up arms
in Chefltire ; the earl of Danby feized York ; the earl of
Bath, governor of Plymouth, declared for the prince;
the earl of Devonfliire made a like declaration in Derby;
the nobility of Nottingham embraced the fame caufe ;
and every day gave newjtrength to that univerfal combi,
nation into which the nation had entered again!! the mea-
lures of the king.

But the moft dangerous fyrtem was the difaffeCtion of
the army, which feemed univerfally tinCtured with the
fpirit of the times. Lord Colchefter, fon of ihe earl of
Rivers, was the firfl officer who deferted to the prince.
Lora Lovelace was taken in the like attempt by the militia,
under the duke ot Beaufort. Lord Cornbury, fon to the
earl of Clarendon, carried off the greateff part of three
regiments of cavalry to the prince. Several officers of
diitinction informed Fever dram, the general, that they
could not in confidence fight againff the prince of Orange.
The defection of the officers was followed by that of the
Icing’s o\yn fervants and creatures. Lord Churchill had
by.en, railed from the rank of a page, and had been in¬
verted with a high command in the army ; had been cre¬
ated a peer, and owed his whole fortune to the king’s
bounty ; even he deferted among the reft, and carried
with him the duke of Grafton,, natural fon to the late
king, colonel Berkeley, and fome others.

In this' general defection the unfortunate James, not
knowing where to turn-, nor on whom to rely, be^an to
think of requefting artiftance from France, when ft was
too late. He wrote to Leopold, emperor of Germany,
but in vain. That monarch only returned for anfvver,'
that what he had forefeen, had happened. James had
fome dependence on his fleet ; but they were entirely dif-
affeCted. In a word, his interefts were deferted by all ;
for he had long deferted them himfelf. James, however,
marched to Salifbury, at the head of twenty thoufand
men. It is poffible that, had he led thefe to the combat,
without granting them time for deliberation, they might
have fought in his favour, and fecured him on the throne.
But lie was involved in amaze of fears and fufpicions ;
the defection of thole he moft confided in took away his
confidence in all, and deprived him even of the power of
fortitude or courage. It was no fmall Addition to his
prefent diftrefs, that the prince of Denmark, and Anne,
Ijis favourite daughter, perceiving the defperation of his
circu na (lances, refolved to leave him, and take part with
the prevailing fide. When he was told that the prince
qnd -prince Is had followed the reft of his favourites, he
was. flung with the moft bitter anguilh : “ God help me,
(cried he, in the extremity of his feelings;) my own chil¬
dren have forfaken me !” In this perplexity he embraced
a fuddeq refolutioo of drawing off his army, and retiring
to London ; a meafure vy.hich could only lerve to betray
.his fears, and encourage further defection. He now af-
fembled the few noblemen who adhered to his intereft,

LAND. • 6§5

formed a council, and demanded the advice of thofe lie
moft confided in. Addrerting himfelf to the earl of Bed¬
ford, father to lord Rurtel, who had been executed in the
former reign by the intrigues of James, “ My lord, (laid
the king,) you are an lioneft man, and can do me fignal
fervice.” — “ Ah, fir! (replied the earl,) Urn old and
feeble ; I can do you but little fervice. I had indeed a
fon !” Janies was fo ftruck with this reply, that he could
not fpeak for fome minutes. The king’s fortune now ex-
pofed him to the contempt of his enemies ; and his be¬
haviour was fuch as could not procure him the efteem of
his adherents. He was naturally timid : and fome coun-
fellors about him, either (baring his fears, or fecretly at¬
tached to the prince, contributed to increafe hisappre-
henfions. They reminded him of the fate of his father,
and aggravated the turbulence and inconftancy of the
people. They at length perfuaded him to fly from a
nation he could no longer govern, and leek for refuge at
the court of France, where he was fure of artiftance and
protection.

The prince of Orange was no lefs defirousof the king’s
retiring to France than his moft zealous counfellors could
be. He was therefore determined to ufe every expedient
to intimidate James, and drive him out of the kingdom.
He declined a perfonal conference with the king’s com-
miftioners, but fent the earls of Clarendon and Oxford
to treat with them. The terms which he propofed im¬
plied almoft a prefent participation of the fovereignty ;
and to urge his meafures, he (topped not a moment in
his march towards London. The king, alarmed every
day more and more with the profpeCt of a general difaf¬
feCtion, was refolved to hearken to thofe who advifed his
quitting the kingdom. To prepare for this he firft fent
away the queen, who arrived fafely at Calais, under the
conduft of count Lauzun. He himfelf difappeared in the
night, attended only by fir Edward Hales ; and, difguifing
himfelf in a plain drefs, went down to Feverrtiatn, where
he embarked on-board a fmall velfel for France. But bis
misfortunes feemed to purfiie him. The veffel in which
he had embarked was detained by the populace, who not
knowing the perfon of the king, robbed, infulted, and
abufed him. He was now perfuaded by'the earl of Win-
chelfea to return to London ; where the mob, moved by
bis diftrefles, and guided by their natural levity, received
him, contrary to his expectations, with (bouts and accla¬
mations.

Nothing could more completely difconcert the prince
of Orange, than to hear that James was brought back
triumphantly to his capital. He had before taken mea-
fures to feize upon that authority which the king’s dere¬
liction had put into his hands. 'Lite bifhops and peers,
who were now the only authorifed magiftrates in the (late,
gave directions, in the prefent dirtolution of government,
for keeping the peace of the city. They iffued- orders,
which were readily obeyed, to the fleet, t lie garrifons,
and the army. They made applications to the prince,
whole enterprife they highly applauded, and whole fuc-
cefs they joyfully congratulated. It was not, therefore,
without extreme mortification, that he found the king re¬
turned to embarrafs his profpeCfs. The prince of Orange,
however, determined to diffemble, and received the news
of his return with a haughty air. His aim from tiie be¬
ginning was to pufb him by threats and feverities to re-
ljnquifh the throne; and his proceedings manifefted the
refined politician. The king having fent lord Feverfham
on a civil meffage to the prince, deliring a conference pre¬
vious to the fettlement of the throne, that nobleman was
put under an arreft, on pretence of his wanting a paffport.
The Dutch guards were ordered to take poffeftion of
Whitehall, where the king then lodged, and to difplace
the Englilb. The king was foon after commanded by a
meffage, which he received in bed at midnight, to leave
his palace next morning, and to depart for Ham, a feat
of the duchefs of Lauderdale’s. He defired permiflion to
retire to Rochefter, a town not far from the fea-coaft,
i and

&JG ENG I

and oppofite France. This was readily granted him,}
and it was now perceived that the harfh meafures of the
prince had taken effect, and that James was meditating
an efcape from the -kingdom.

The king, while he continued at Rochefter, fiill hoped
to receive invitations to refurne the crown ; but at length
finding himfelf entirely negledted by his fubjedts, and
opprelfed by his fon-in-law, he refolved to feek fafety
from the king of France, the only friend he had remain¬
ing. He fet off, attended by his natural fon, the duke
of Berwick, to Dover, where he embarked for the conti¬
nent. He arrived in fafety at Ambleteufe in Picardy,
from whence he haftened to the court of France, where
lie fiill enjoyed the empty title of a king, and the appel¬
lation of a faint, which flattered him more.

Thus ended the reign of James II. a prince who in his
>early years polfelfed courage and adtivity, and who, had
he not been the (lave of fuperfiition, might have (hone
with glory in the annals of this country. In domeftic
life he was refpectable, if not irreproachable ; and even
-while he was facrificing every thing to the advancement
of popery, his frugality of the public money, and his at¬
tention to the national honour, were highly commendable.
But he wanted qualities for which no compenlation could
be made: he difregarded the efiablifited religion and
the conftitution of his country ; in principle he was a
defpot and a bigot, and his abdication of the throne,
and confequcnt exclufion, have proved the happir.efs of
Great Britain.

Thus, with very little effufion of blood, the prince of
Orange was left without a rival ; but a difficult talk fiill
remained, to obtain for himfelf the crown which had
fallen from the head of his father-in-law. It would have
been deftrudtive to the principles of liberty which he
profeffed to eftablifit, had he claimed it by right of con-
queft. His good fenfe, therefore, determined him to leave
the fettlement of this important affair to the guidance
and diredtion of the nation. All the members who had
fitten in the houfe of commons dining any part of the
reign of Charles II. were invited to meet, and to them
were added the mayor, aldermen, and fifty of the com¬
mon-council of London. Thele unanimoufly concurred
with the lords in fummoning a convention, and the prince,
thus fupported, ilfued a proclamation to the counties and
corporations of England. In regard to Scotland, he
adopted the fame wife and prudent maxims ; and the
convention affembled in that kingdom, by a bold and de-
cilive vote, declared that James had forfeited all title to
the crown, and made a tender of the royal dignity to the
prince and princefs of Orange.

In the Englilh convention, which affembled A.D. 1689,
it was evident that the whig party prevailed, and the
commons lent up a vote to the peers couched in thefe
words, “That king James II. having endeavoured to
fubvcrt the conftitution of the kingdom, by breaking the
original contract between the king and the people ; and
having, by the advice of jefuits and other wicked per-
fons, violated the fundamental laws, and withdrawn him¬
felf out of the kingdom, has abdicated the govern¬
ment, and that the throne is thereby vacant.”

This vote, however, met with confiderable oppofition
in the upper houfe, and the whigs and tories canvaffed
every exprefiion with that logical acumen which fuch a
weighty fubjedt demanded. At laft the tories prevailed
fo far as to carry the omiflion of the laft claufe, which
declared the throne vacant ; but the commons (fill in¬
filled on their original vote, and fome peers deferting to
the whig intereft, it was ultimately eftablilhed by both
houfes. During thefe debates the prince had maintained
a refpectful fiknce ; but at laft, finding that forne were
for appointing a legent, and that others propofed to place
the crown on the head of Mary alone, he took an oppor¬
tunity of declaring, that though he would not interfere
in their deliberations, it was necelfdry to apprife them
that he was determined not to be regent, nor would he

/AND.

accept a crown which mull depend on the life or will of
another ; and therefore, if they were inclined to either of
thefe two plans, it would be wholly out of his power to
give them any further afliftance.

The moderation of the princefs feconded the views of
her hulband, and the princefs Anne agreeing to be poft-
poned in the fucceflion till after the death of both, faci¬
litated the public fettlement. The principal parties con¬
cerned being thus agreed, the convention palfed a bill, fet¬
tling the crown on the prince and princefs of Orange, the
foie adminiftration to remain in the former, and that the
princefs Anne and her iffue, in cafe they fhould have none,
Ihould fucceed in order, after the demife of both. To
this fettlement the convention annexed a declaration of
rights, in which the powers of royal prerogative were
more narrowly circumicribed, and more exadtly defined,
than at any former period, and which may be juftly re¬
garded as the charter of Englilh liberty, and forms a re¬
markable epoch in its political hiftory.

James II. died in France in 1710, aged fixty-eight. He
wrote Memoirs of his own life and campaigns to the re.
ftoration ; the original of which was preserved in the
Scotch college at Paris. This piece is printed at the end
of Ramfay’s life of Marflial Turenne. 2. Memoirs of
the Englilh Affairs, chiefly naval, from the year 1660 to
1673. 3. The Royal Sufferer, King James II. confiding

of meditations, foliloquies, vows, & c. faid to be com-
pofed by his majefty at St. Germain’s. 4. Three Let¬
ters ; publifhed by Fuller, in 1702, with other papers re¬
lating to the court of St. Germain’s, and are faid in the
title pa,ge to be printed by command. James II. left
ifl’ue by Anne Hyde, daughter of the earl of Clarendon,
eight children, of whom only two furvived : Mary, who
with William III. fucceeded him on the throne ; Anne,
who fucceeded as queen of England on the death of Wil¬
liam. Anne Hyde died March 31, 1671 ; and James, in
1673, married Mary of Modena, by whom he had a
daughter, Lou i fa, born in France in 1692, who died in 171 2.
He had four natural children : James Fitz-James, com¬
monly called the duke of Berwick ; he became a grandee
of Spain and marlhal of France; Henry Fitz-James, com¬
monly called the grand prior, born in 1673, became lieu¬
tenant-general and admiral of the French galleys, and
died in France, Dec. 7, 1702; Henrietta, who married
lord Waldegrave : and Catharine Darnley, who became
duchefs of Buckingham.

From the ACCESSION of the HOUSE of NAS¬
SAU to the DEATH of QUEEN ANNE.

William III. fon of William, prince of Orange, of the
illuftrious houfe of Naflau, mentioned by Caefar in his
Commentaries, afcended the throne of England, Febru¬
ary 13, 1689. As his fucceflion to the crown originated
from the choice of the people, they of courfe made what¬
ever ftipulations they thought requifite for their fecurity.
His power was limited on every fide; and thejealoufy
which his new fubjedts entertained of foreigners, further
obftrudted the full exercife of his authority. The re-
prefentatives of the nation made a formal claim of rights
in behalf of tlleir conftituents, which, previous to his co¬
ronation, William was obliged to confirm. This declara¬
tion of rights maintained that the fufpending and dif-
penfifig powers, as exercifed by king James, were uncon-
ftitutional ; that all courts of eccleliaftical commiflion,
the levying money, or maintaining a (landing army in
times of peace, w ithout confent of parliament ; that
grants of fines and forfeitures before convidtion, and ju¬
ries of perfons not qualified, or not fairly chofen, and in
trials for treafon, who were not freeholders, were all un¬
lawful. It afferted the freedom of eledtion to parliament,
the freedom of fpeech in parliament, and the right of the
fubjedt to bear arms, and to petition his fovereign. It
provided, that exceflive bails Ihould not be required, nor
excefiive fines be intpofed, nor cruel and unufual punifh-
ments be inflidted ; and it concluded with an injundtion

that

ENG

that parliaments fhould be frequently aflembled. Such
was the bill of rights, calculated to fecure the liberties
of the people ; but having been drawn up in a ferment,
' it bears all the marks of hafte, infufficiency, and inat¬
tention.

William was no fooner ele&ed to the throne, than he
began to experience the difficulty of governing a people
who were more ready to examine the commands of their
fuperiors than to obey them. His reign commenced with
an attempt limilar to that which had been the principal
caufe of all the late difturbances, and which had ex¬
cluded James from the throne. William was a Calvinift,
and confequently aver ie to perfecution ; he, therefore,
began by attempting to repeal thofe laws that enjoined
uniformity of worfhip ; and though he could not entirely
fucceed in his defign, a toleration was granted to fuch
diffienters as ffiould take the oaths of allegiance, and hold
no private conventicles. The papifts themfelves, who
had every thing to fear, experienced the lenity of his
government ; and though the laws againft them were un¬
repealed, yet they were feldom put into rigorous execu¬
tion. Thus, what was criminal in James became virtuous
in his fucceffijr ; and while James wanted to introduce
perfecution, by pretending todifownit, William had no
other defign but to make religious freedom the tell of ci¬
vil fecurity.

While William was acknowledged king in England,
Scotland and Ireland remained Hill undecided. The re¬
volution in England had been brought about by a coali¬
tion of whigs and tories ; but in Scotland' it was effected
by the whigs alone. They foon came to a refolution,
that king James had, to ufe their own expreffion, for-
J'aidted. his right to the crown, a term which, in the
law-language of that country, excluded not only him,
but all his pofterity. They, therefore, recognifed the
authority of king William, A.D. 1689, and took that
opportunity to abolifh epifcopacy, which had long been
otfenfive to that nation. Nothing now remained to the
depofed king, of all his former polfeffions, but Ireland ;
and he had lbme hopes of maintaining his ground there,
by the aftiftance of France. Louis XIV. had long been
at- variance with William, and took every opportunity to
form confederacies againft him, and to obftruft his go¬
vernment. On the prefent occafion he granted the de¬
pofed monarch a fleet and fome troops, to affert his pre-
tenfions in Ireland. In the mean time William was not
backward in warding off the blow. The parliament,
though divided in all things elfe, was unanimous in con-
fpiring with him in this; and war was forthwith declared
againlt France.

On the feventh of May, 1689, James embarked at
Breft, and ori the twenty-fecond arrived at Kinfale ; and
foon after made his public entry into Dublin, amidft the
acclamations of the Irilh. He found the appearances of
things in that country equal to his mod fanguine expec¬
tations. Tyrconnel, the lord-lieutenant, was devoted to
his interefts ; and his whole army amounted to near forty
thoufand men. The proteftants over the greateft part of
Ireland were difarmed-; the province of Ulfter alone de¬
nied his authority ; while the papifts, confident of fuc-
cefs, received him with fliouts of joy and fuperftitious
gratulation.

James, however, continued for fome time irrefolute ;
but as foon as the ipring opened, he went to lay fiege to
Londonderry, a place of fmall importance in itfelf, but
rendered famous by the (land which it made on this occa¬
fion. Colonel Lundie had been appointed governor of
the town by king William, but was fecretly attached to
James ; and at a council of war, he prevailed upon the
officers and townfmen to fend meffengers to the befiegers,
with an offer of capitulation. But the inhabitants, ap-
priled ot his apoftacy, and crying out that they were be¬
trayed, rofe tumultuoufly againlt the governor and coun¬
cil, (hot one of the officers whom they fufpe&ed, and
boldly refolved to defend the town, though deftitute of
Vo l. VI. No. 384.

j A Nr D„ 697

leaders. The works of the befiegers were foon brought
to play upon the town with great fury ; and feveral af-
faults were made, but always repulfed with refolution.
They were fo clofely inverted, however, and fo deftitute
of provifions, that they fupported life by eating horfes,
dogs, and all kinds of vermin, until even this loathfome
food began to fail them. At length, a fmall fquadron
from England with provifions and fupplies, arriving juft
in time to afford them relief, the army of James were fo
difpirited by the unconquerable obftinacy of the garrifon,
that they abandoned the fiege in the night, and retired
with precipitation, after having left above nine thoufand
men before the place.

The inhabitants of Tnnilkilling were no lefs remarkable
for the valour and perfeverance with which they efpoufed
the caufe of William ; but indeed the cruelty of the pa¬
pifts were fufficient to excite the mod determined oppofi-
tion. The proteftants, by an a£t of the Irifh parliament
under James, were diverted of thofe lands which they
had been poffeffed of fince the Irifh rebellion. Three
thoufand of thofe unfortunate men were found guilty of
treafon, and attainted. Soldiers were permitted to live
upon free quarters ; the people were plundered ; the
ftiops and the kitchens of all people were pillaged, to
fupply a quantity of brafs, which was coined, and or¬
dered to pafs, by royal mandate, for above forty times
its value. Brigadier Sarsfield commanded all proteftants
of certain diftritts to retire to the diftance of ten miles
from their habitations, on pain of death ; and many pe¬
ri (lied with hunger, or from being forced from their homes
during thefevereft inclemencies of the feafon.

But their fufferings were ffiortly to have an end. Wil¬
liam at length perceived that his negleft of Ireland had
been an error that required more than unufual diligence
to redrefs. He was afraid to fend the old army to fight
againft James ; and therefore ordered twenty-three new
regiments to be raifed for that purpofe. Thefe, with
two Dutch battalions, and four of French refugees, to¬
gether with the Innifkilling invincible regiment, were
appointed for the redudtion of Ireland ; and next to king
William himfelf, the celebrated Schomberg was ap¬
pointed to command. King William landed at Carrick-
fergus, A.D. 1690, where he found himfelf at the head
of an army of fix and thirty thoufand effective men,
which was more than a match for the forces of James,
although they were faid to amount to near fifty thoufand.
William having juft received the alarming news, that a
French fleet had failed for the coaft of England, refolved,
by meafures of fpeed and vigour, to prevent the impref-
fion which that circumftance might make upon the minds
of his foldiers ; and therefore haftened to advance againft:
James, who had quitted Dublin, and ftationed his army
at Ardee and Dundalk.

All the meafures taken by king William appeared to
be diftated by prudence and valour; while thofe purfued
by his opponents feemed the refill t of obftinacy and infa¬
tuation. They neglected the advantageous opportunity
of haraffing their enemy in his difficult march from the
north ; they negledted to oppofe him at the ftrong pafs
at Newry. As he advanced, they fell back, firft from
Dundalk, and then from Ardee ; and, at laft, upon the
29th of June, they fixed their camp in a ftrong ftation,
on the banks of the Boyne. It was on the oppofite fide
of this river, that both armies came in fight of each other,
inflamed with all the animofities arifing from religion,
oppofite intereft, and revenge. The river Boyne at this
place was not fo deep but that men might wade over on
foot ; however, the banks were rugged, and rendered
dangerous by old houles and ditches, which ferved as
ambufeades for the enemy. Williani had no fooner ar¬
rived, than he rode along the fide of the river, in fight
of both armies, to reconnoitre the face of the country ;
but, being perceived by the enemy, a cannon was pointed
againft him with wonderful dexterity. The ftiot killed
feveral of his followers, and he himfelf was wounded ira
§ P the

698 -ENG

the fhoulder. A report of his being {lain was inflantly
propagated through the Irifh camp, and was even fent
ofFexprefs to Paris; but William, as foon as his wound
was dreffed, rode through the camp, and encouraged his
army.

_ Upon retiring to his tent, he continued in meditation
till nine at night, when lie fummoned a council of war,
in which he declared his refolution to force a paffage over
the river the next morning. The duke of Schomberg
attempted at fi r ft to expoftulate with him upon the dan-
ger of the enterprife ; but finding the king inflexible, he
retired to his tent with a difconfolate afpedt, as if he had
a prefcience of his own fate. In the morning, at fix
o’clock, king William gave orders to pafs the river.
This the army undertook in three different places ; and,
after a furious cannonading, the battle began with un¬
common vigour. The Irifh, after an obftinate refiflance,
fled with precipitation, leaving the French and Swifs re¬
giments to make the beft retreat they could. William
led on his cavalry in perfon, and contributed, by his ac¬
tivity and vigilance, to fecure the victory. James was
not in the battle, but flood aloof, during the adlion, on
the hill of Dunmore, furrounded with fome fquadrons of
horfe ; and at intervals was heard mod generoufly to ex¬
claim, when he faw his own troops rep'ulfing thofe of the
enemy, “ O fpare my Englifh fubjedts!” The Irifh loft
about fifteen hundred men, and the proteflants aboutone-
third of that number. The vidtory was decifive ; but
the death of the duke of Schomberg, who fell in the ac¬
tion, feemed to outweigh the whole lofs fuflained by the
enemy. This veteran foldier had fought under almoft
every power in Europe. His (kill in war was unparal¬
leled, and his fidelity equal to his courage. See his hif-
tory under Schomberg.

This defeat totally depreffed the hopes of James. He
fled to Dublin, advifed the magiflrates to obtain the
beft terms they could for themfelves, and then fet out
for Waterford, where he embarked for France. His
friends, however, were flill determined to follow up
thofe interefls which he himfelf had abandoned. Li¬
merick, a ftrong city in the province of Munfter, flill
held out, and braved all the attempts of William’s ar¬
my to reduce it. Sarsfield, an experienced general, put
himfelf at the head of the army that had been routed at
the Boyne, and haftened to the banks of the Shannon,
where he refolved to difpute the further progrefs of the
enemy. But James appointed St. Ruth, a French gene¬
ral, to command over Sarsfield, which gave the Irifh
great difcontent, as it feemed to imply that the king could
neither rely on their fkill nor their fidelity. General Ginc-
kle, who was appointed to command the Englifh army
in the abfence of William, who had returned to England,
advanced with his forces towards the Shannon, and in¬
verted the town of Athlone, built on both fides the river.
That part of the town on the hither fide was quickly
taken fword in hand by the Englifh ; but the part on the
©ppofite bapk being defended with ftrong ramparts, was
thought impregnable. At length it was refolved that a
chofen troop fhould ford the river in the face of the ene¬
my ; which delperate attempt was performed with great
refolution; the enemy were driven from their works, and
the town furrendered at difcretion. St. Ruth now marched
his army to give Sarsfield relief, but too late ; for when
Jhe approached the walls, their own guns were turned
againft him. He then took port at Aughrim, ten miles
off, where he determined to wait for the Englifh army,
and decide the fate of Ireland by one reliftlefs blow.

Ginckle, having put Athlone in a pofture of defence,
parted the Shannon, and marched towards the enemy,
determined to give them battle, though his force did not
exceed eighteen thoufand men, while that of St. Ruth
was above twenty-five thoufand. The Iriih were ported
in an advantageous fituatiori, upon a rifing ground, be¬
fore which lay a deep bog, that to appearance was paffa-
ble only in two places. Their right was fortified by en¬
trenchments, and their left fecured by the caftle of Augh-

2

LAN D.

rim. Ginckle, having reconnoitred tKeir Situation, gave
the neceffary orders for the attack; and, after a furious
cannonading, the Englifh army, about twelve o’clock,
began to force the two paffages of the bog, in order to
poffefs the ground on the other fide. The enemy fought
with furprifing fury, and the horfe were feveral times re¬
pul fed ; but at length the troops on the right, by the
help of fome field-pieces, carried their point. At fix
o’clock in the evening the left ‘wing of the Englifh was.
advanced to the right of the Irifh, and obliged it to give
ground. In the mean time, a more general attack was
made upon the centre ; the Englifh wading through the
middle of the bog up to the waift in mud, and forming
wkh fome difficulty on the firm ground on the other fide,
renewed the combat with great fury. St. Ruth being
at this critical moment killed by a cannon-ball, fo difpi-
rited his troops, that they gave way on all fides, and re¬
treated to Limerick, after having loft above five thou¬
fand of the flower of their army. Limerick was the
laft retreat of the Irifh forces. Ginckle advanced with
his victorious troops to the bridge foot, and prepared for
a general affault, when the Irifh offered to capitulate ; a
negotiation was immediately begun, and hoftilities ceaied
on both fides, A.D. 1691. The Roman catholics by t his
capitulation were reftored to the free exercife of their re¬
ligion, and all perfons were indulged with leave to re¬
move with their families and effedts to any other country,
except England and Scotland. In confequence of this
regulation, about fourteen thoufand of thofe who had
fought for James went over to France, where they en¬
tered into the fervice of Louis XIV.

The chief hopes of King James now lay in a confpiracy
among his Englifh adherents, and in the fuccours which
were promifed him by the French king. Tire fuccefs of
the confpiracy was thought unqueftionable, having been
fet on foot by fome difcontented vvhigs, united with the
tory intereft. Ahey affembled together ; and the refult
of their deliberations was, that the reftoration of James
fhould be entirely effedled by foreign forces ; that he
fhould fail for Scotland, and be there joined by five thou¬
fand Swedes, who, becaufe they were of the proteftant
religion, it was thought would remove a part of the
odium which attended an invafion by foreigners ; that
affiftance fhould at the fame time be fent from France,
and that full liberty of confcience fhould be proclaimed
throughout the kingdom. It was refolved to fend over
two trufty perfons to France to confult with the banifhed
monarch ; and lord Prefton and Mr. Affiton were the
perfons appointed for this embafTy. Information, how¬
ever, had been given of their intentions ; and lord Car¬
marthen had them feized and brought to trial. They
were both condemned ; Afhton was executed, without
making any confcffion; but lord Prefton had not the fame
refolution. Upon an oiler of pardon, he difcovered a
great number of aflociates ; among whom the duke of
Ormond, lord Dartmouth, and lord Clarendon, were
foremoft.

A formidable defcent upon the coaft cf England was
now decided upon by the confpirators. In purfuance of
this fcheme, the French king fupplied James with an ar¬
my confifting of a large body of French troops, fome
Englifh and Scots refugees, and the Irifh regiments
which had been tranfported from Limerick. This army
was affembled between Cherbourg and La Hogue, and
was commanded by king James in perfon. More than
three hundred transports were provided for landing it on
the Englifh coall ; and Tourville, the French admiral,
at the head of fixty-three fhips of the line, wasappointed
to cover the defcent. His orders were, at all events, to at¬
tack the Englifh fleet, in cafe they dared to oppofe him ;
that the tranfports, during the adtion, might land the
troops without oppofition. Thefe plans and preparations
were foon known at the Englifh court, and every precau¬
tion taken for a vigorous defence. All the fecret machina¬
tions of the banifhed king’s adherents were difcovered to
the Englifh miniftry by fpies; and by thefe they found,

„ ‘with

ENGLAND.

with fame mortification, that the tories were more faith,
fill than many of the whigs, who had place.d king Wil¬
liam on the throne. The duke of Marlborough, lord
Godolphin, and even the princefs Anne herfelf, were vio¬
lently fufpefted of difaffeftion. However, preparations
were made to refill the impending Itorm with great tran¬
quillity and refolufion. Admiral Ruffel was ordered to
put to fea with all poffible expedition ; and lie foon ap¬
peared with ninety-nine (hips of the line, befides frigates
and fire-fhips ; an immenfe force, Inch as Europe had never
feen till that time. At the head of this formidable fqua-
dron he fet fail for the coaft of France, and at 1 aft near
La Hogue, he came up with the enemy, under admiral
Tourville, who infiantly prepared to give him battle.
This memorable engagement, which began early in the
morning of May 19, 1692, lafled ten hours, and all
James’s hopes were fruftrated by the event. After a
moll dreadful conflict, victory declared on the fide of the
Englilh ; the French fled for Conquet Road, having loft
four (hips in the firft day’s action. The purfuit continued
for two days following ; three French fliips of the line
were defiroyed the next day, and eighteen more burnt by
fir George Rooke, which had taken refuge in the bay of
La Hogue. From that time forward France Seemed to
relinquiftqall claims to the Sovereignty of the ocean.

James was now reduced to the lowed ebb of defponi-
ence ; his defigns upon England were fruftrated ; and no
other confolation could be offered, but that of afiaffinat-
ing the monarch on the throne. Thefe bafe attempts
were not entirely difagreeable to the temper of James. It
is faid he promoted and encouraged them ; but they all
ended in the deftruftion of the undertakers. From that
time till his death, about feven years after, he continued
to refide at St. Germain’s, a peniioner on the bounty of
the French king.

The defeat at La Hogue confirmed king William on
the throne of England. The jacobites were ever fee¬
ble, but they were now a difunited faftion ; new parties
fprung up among thofe who had been friends to the re¬
volution ; and the want of a common enemy 'produced
diflenfions among themfelves. William now began to find
as much oppofition and uneafinefs from his parliament at
home, as from the enemy in the field. His chief motive for
accepting the crown1 was to engage England more deeply
in the concerns of Europe. 1 1 had ever been the objeft of
his wifh, and the fcope of his ambition, to humble the
French, whom he confidered as the molt formidable enemy
of the liberties of mankind ; and all his politics confided
in forming alliances againft them; Many of the Englifli,
on the other hand, had neither the fame animofity againft
the French, nor t lie fame dread of their increafing power.
Thefe, therefore, confidered the intereft of the nation as
facrificed to foreign connections ; and complained that the
war on the continent fell mod heavily on them, though
they had the lead intereft in its fupcefs. To thefe mo¬
tives of difcontent were added the king’s partiality to his
own countrymen, in prejudice of his Englifli fubjefts,
together with his great referve and fill len filence, fo un¬
like the behaviour of their former kings. William little
regarded thefe difcontents, which he knew muft be con-
fequent on all government ; accuftomed to oppofition, he
heard them with the mod phlegmatic indifference, and
employed all his attention only on the balance of power,
and the interefts of Europe. Thus, while he watched
over the ambitious ftrides of contending kings and na¬
tions, he was unmindful of the cultivation of internal
policy ; and as he formed alliances abroad, increafed the
influence of party at home. Patriotifm began to be ridi¬
culed as an ideal virtue ; the practice of -bribing a majo¬
rity in parliament became univerfal ; the bad example of
the great was eagerly caught by the vulgar ; principle,
and even decency, was gradually baniftied ; talents lay
uncultivated, and the ignorant and profligate were re¬
ceived into favour.

Upon accepting of the British crown, William was re-

folved to preferve, as much as poffible, that (hare of
prerogative which was ft i 1 1 left him. He was as yet un¬
acquainted with the nature of a limited monarchy, which
was not at that time thoroughly underftood in any part of
Europe, except England. He therefore often contro¬
verted the views of his parliament, and fuffered himfelf
to be directed by weak and arbitrary counfels. One of
the firft inftances of this error was in the oppofition he
gave to a bill for limiting the duration of parliaments to
the fpace of three years. This bill had puffed the two
houfes, and was fent tip to receive the royal aflent ; but
tire nation was furprifed to find the king refufe his aflent
to an aft, which was then confidered as beneficial to the
government.' Both houfes took the alarm ; the com¬
mons came to a refolution, that whoever advifed the
king to this meafure, was an enemy to his country ■, and
the people were taught to echo their refentment. The
bill thus rejected, lay dormant for another feafon ; but,
being again brought in, the king found himfelf obliged
to comply. A Similar oppofition, and a Similar confe-
quence^ tended a bill for regulating trials in cafes of
high-treafon, by which the accufed was allowed a copy
of his indiftment, and a lift of the names of his jury, two
days before his trial, together with council to plead in
his defence. It was ftill further enafted, that no perfon
Should be indifted but upon the oaths of two credible
witnefles ; a law that gave the fubjeft a perfeft fecurity
from the terrors of the throne.

It was in the midft of thefe contentions that the jaco¬
bites ftill conceived hopes of reftoring their fallen mo¬
narch ; and, being unea fy themfelves, fuppofed the whole
kingdom (hared their disquietudes. While one party pro¬
ceeded againft William, by attempting to excite an infur-
reftion, another formed a fchem'e of affaflination. Sir
George Barclay, a native of Scotland, who had ferved
as an officer in James’s army, a man-of undaunted cou¬
rage, undertook the bold taSk of aflallinating the king.
This design he imparted to Harrifon, Charnock, Porter,
and fir William Perkins, by whom it was approved ;
and, after various confultaticns, it was refolved to at¬
tack the king on his return from Richmond, where he
commonly took the diverfion of hunting on Saturdays ;
and the feene of their ambufeade was a narrow lane be¬
tween Brentford and Turnham Green. To fecure fttc-
cefs, it was agreed that their number fltould be increafed
to forty horfemen, with a relay of retainers to afiift in this
fanguinarv enterprife. When their number was complete,
they waited with impatience for the hour of action ; but
fome of the retainers, feized with remorfe, refolved to
prevent t lie murder by a timely difeovery. One Pender -
gall,- an Irish officer, gave the firft information ; but it
was- difregarded, until La Rue a Frenchman, and the
hafty flight of fir George Barclay, confirmed the faft.
A great number of the confpirators were now appre¬
hended, and the whole difeovary was communicated to
the privy council. Pendergaft became an evidence for
the crown, and the confpirators were brought to trial.
Robert Charnock, one of the two fellows of Magdalen-
college, who, in the reign of James, had renounced the
proteftant religion, lieutenant King, and Thomas Keys,
were found guilty of high-treafon, and fuffered at Ty¬
burn. Sir John Friend and fir William Perkins, were
next arraigned ; and although they made a very able de¬
fence, before lord chief-juftice Holt, yet they were alfo
found guilty, and fuffered at Tyburn ; denying the charge
to. the laft, and testifying their abhorrence of the affafli¬
nation. Rookwood, Cranbourne, and Lowic, were flext
apprehended, and tried by a fpecial commiflion as con¬
fpirators ; and, being found guilty, Shared the fate of
the former. But the cafe of fir John Fenwick excited
the greateft animadverfion. He was apprehended in his
way to France, and attainted of high-treafon in the lioul'e
of commons. There were two witneSfes againft him ;
but of thefe lady Fenwick contrived to fecrete one, fo
that, contrary to the late aft, the commons proceeded to

trial

700

ENGLAND,

trial upon the evidence of a fingle witnefs only. He was,
however, furnidied with a copy of the indictment, al¬
lowed counfel at the bar of the houfe, and the counfel
for the crown was called upon to open the evidence.
After much deputation the bill was committed, and fent
up to the houfe of lords, where fir John Fenwick, was
found guilty, by a majority only of feven voices. The
prifoner folicited the mediation of the lords, while his
friends implored the royal mercy. The lords gave him to
underdand, that his pardon would depend on the fullnefs
of his difcoveries. He hefitated fome time between the
fears of infamy and the terrors of death. At lad he chofe
death as the moll preferable, and was beheaded on Tower-
hill. His death certainly proved the infufficiency of the
ftututes to protect the fubjett, when a majority of the
powerful fhall think proper to difpenfe with them.

William, at length tired of oppofing the laws, gave up
the contelh. He admitted every reflraint upon his prero¬
gative in England, upon condition of being fupplied with
the means of humbling the power of France. War, and
the balance of piower in Europe, w'ere (till the objects
which lay neared his heart. Provided the parliament
would furnifli him with fupplies for thefe purpofes, lie
permitted them to rule the internal policy at their plea-
fure. For the profecution of the French war, the funis
of money granted him were incredible. The nation, not
content with furnilhing fuch funis as they were capable
©t railing by the taxes of the current year, mortgaged
tliofe taxes, and involved themfelves in debts which they
have never fince been able to dilcharge, and thus laid the
foundation of an irredeemable national debt.

The Englifli, however, with the allies, under king
William, had gained immortal honour in the wars of the
Netherlands ; and it was in a great meafure owing to
their invincible courage in leading up to, and mounting
the breach, in order to dorm the cadle, that Namur was
taken, in 1695. This was a noble achievement of king
William, to compel the furrender of Namur, where the
gallant Bou filers commanded, and in the face of a French
army under Villeroy, confiding of 100,000 men, which
Louis had fent to raife t he dege. The town capitulated,
and marched out with the honours of war, on the 5th of
September. About ten o’clock in the morning, the gar-
rifon, which from fourteen thoufand was reduced to five
thoufand five hundred and thirty-eight men, began their
march. The marfhal de Boufflers’s guard du corps went
out fird ; then his domedics, and next himfelf, with
Guifcard, the governor, at the head of the dragoons.
King William was in a coach, attended by the elector of
Bavaria, the landgrave of Hefle, and the chief officers
of the army, on horfeback, to ’fee them pafs within two
hundred paces of the breach, and were fainted by the
French marfhal and count with their fwords. This ci¬
vility was hardly over, when general Dyckvelt accoded
Boufflers, with a melfage from the king, which difcom-
pofed his countenance ; and, as they were riding up to
the top of the hill, de l’Etang, brigadier-general of the
brigade, made up boldly to the marfhal, with about
twelve of the gentlemen of the life-guard, and arreded
him in king William’s name, by way of reprifal for the
garrifons of Dixinuyde and Deynfe, which were detained
and ill treated by the French, contrary to the cartel.
His confinement was not long : for upon the return of
the captain of his guard, whom he fent to give the king
of France an account of what had happened, and the
marfhal engaging his word of honour that the garrifons
of Dixmuyde and Deynfe fltould be fent back as foon as
he himfelf fhould be fet at liberty, the king ordered the
governor of Maedricht to releafe him, and give Jiim a
guard to conduit him fafe to Dinant.

The French war had continued during the greated part
of this king’s reign ; but at length the treaty of Ryf-
wick, A.D. 1697, put an end to thofe contentions, in
which England had engaged without policy, and came
s>ff without advantage. In the general pacification, her

intereds feemed entirely abandoned ; and for all the trea-
hires (he had lavifhed on the continent, and for all the
blood (he had fpilt, the only equivalent was an acknow¬
ledgment of king William’s title, from the king of France,
Yet William, from having fo early and fo drongly im¬
bibed continental politics, was weak enough to infid on
keeping up a large danding army, even during the conti¬
nuance of a profound peace. But what was his mortific ■-
tion to find the commons pafs a vote, that all the forces
in Englifli pay, excepting feven thoufand men, diould be
forthwith difbanded, and that thofe retained diould be
the natural-born fubjefts of England. A monarch bred
up in camps, and who knew no other pleafure but that
of reviewing troops and dictating to generals, could not.
think of laying down at once all his power and all his
amufements. He profeded himfelf, therefore, highly dif-
pleafed with the vote of the commons; and his indigna¬
tion was kindled to fuch a pitch, that he actually con¬
ceived a defign of abandoning the government. His mi-
niders, however, diverted him from this refolution, and
perfuaded him, at length, to pafs the bill. But thefe
altercations continued mdre or lefs during the remainder
of his reign. William conlidered the commons as a
clafs of men defirous of power themfelves, and confe-
quently bent upon obdrudbing all li is projects to fee 11 re
' the liberties of Europe. He feemed but little attached
to any particular party in the houfe, all of whom he
found at times either oppofed or deferted him. He there¬
fore veered about to wliigs and lories indiferiminately,
as intered or the immediate exigence urged him. He was
taught to confider England as a nation of labour, anxie¬
ty, and altercation. If he had any time for amufement
or relaxation, he retired to Loo in Holland, where, among
a few friends, he gave a loofe to thofe martialfedivities,
v\ hich alone he was capable of relilhing. It was there lie
planned the diderent fucceffion of t lie princes of Europe,
and laboured to undermine' the fchemes and the power of
Louis XIV. his rival in politics and in fame.

The opening of anew parliament, A.D. 1 700, promifed
m re cordiality between the three branches of the con-
dituted government. The commons adored the king that
they would co-operate with him in whatever might heft
conduce to the intered and fafety of England, the pre-
fervation of the protedant religion, and the general peace
of Europe. They likewife fettled fuccedion, in cafe the
princefs Anne diould die without blue, on Sophia of Ha¬
nover, grand-daughter of Janies I. and, having thus pro¬
vided againd the redoration of the exiled family, they
turned their thoughts to foreign tranfaftions, demanding,
that all treaties concluded or renewed within the lad
three years fhould be laid before parliament.

On the concludon of the peace of Ryfwick, William
had entered into a fecret treaty with the court of France,
for the divifion of the Spanifh dominions, on the death
of the reigning fovereign. Among the competitors for
that crown, the dauphin, who had married the king of
Spain’s daughter, was to be allowed to polfefs the greated
part of Italy; and other allotments were made, which
tended to leden the danger of one prince fucceeding to a
too powerful and extenfive dominion. Though few were
privy to this agreement, which was called the partition
treaty, it reached the ears of the king of Spain, who
made the dronged remondrances againd it by his ambaf-
fador, and pledged himfelf to expole the indignity that
was offered him, to the parliament of England. Wil¬
liam, who was then at Loo, in Holland, felt this appeal
fo forcibly, that he ordered the Spanifh ambalfador to
quit the kingdom, which the court of Madrid retaliated.

Meanwhile, the king of Spain, in order to frudrate
the objects of the confederacy, by will nominated the
duke of Anjou, fecond foil of the dauphin, heir to all
his dominions ; by which means he detached the French
monarch from the union that had been formed ; and
dying foon after, William, vvhofe grand concern was to
prelerve the barrier of Flanders in the hands of the

Dutch.

701

ENGLAND.

Dutch, now determined to feek occafion to quarrel with
France. To effedt his purpofes, he filled the vacant of¬
fices of the Hate with feveral of the high-church party,
and affedfing opennefs and fondefcenfion to the parlia¬
ment, informed them that his foreign negociations for
the prefervation of peace and fecurity, were likely to
prove ineffectual.

Parliament, however, obferving that the protection of
the feven united provinces was the principal object Wil¬
liam had in view, requefted his majefty to continue his
negociations ; and, to evince their refentment at the clan-
defline partition treaty he had entered into, ordered an
impeachment againft the marquis of Halifax, the earl of
Portland, and lord Somers, for the’part they had taken
in this meaftrre. Meanwhile, a petition favourable to
the king’s views was prefented by the freeholders of
Kent ; and the clamours of the people, reinforced by a
powerful party William had formed in the houfe of
lords, foon taught him that he had nothing to fear from
the averfion of the commons, to enter into any treaties
he might judge expedient. Accordingly, after pro¬
roguing parliament, he again’retired to Loo, and there
entered into a league with the emperor and the ftates-
general, the principal objedts of which were the recovery
of Flanders as a barrier for Holland, and of Milan as a
fecurity for the emperor.

Moll fortunately and opportunely for William, about
this time died the royal exile James II. to whom, on his
death-bed, Louis had promised that his fon fhould be ac¬
knowledged heir to all the Britifh dominions. In his
laft agonies, James lifted himfelf up in his bed to thank
his benefactor, and died, it is laid, in a tranfport of joy
for fuch an unexpected affurance. The younr prince
James accordingly was proclaimed, by order of Louis,
king of Great Britain and Ireland ; but, inftead of for¬
warding his caufe, it only united the nation in oppofition
to his claims, and in indignation againft France. In the
new parliament the whig intereft was found to prepon¬
derate ; and William, availing himfelf of all thefe fa¬
vourable circumftances, eafily obtained a large fupply,
which was followed by a vote, that no peace fhould be
concluded with France, till reparation fhould be made to
the king and nation for owning and declaring the pretended
prince of Wales king of England ; and it was refolved,
that the proportion of land forces, to adt in conjunction
with the allies, fhould be forty thoufand effective men ;
and forty thoufand feinten were voted for the fervice of
the enfuing year.

Thus every thing went on according to the king’s ut-
moft wifhes ; and he now feerned to have obtained a com¬
plete triumph over the weaknefs of faction, when he was
fnatched away by the unrelenting arm of death. His
health had been declining for above a year, which, inftead
of abating his refolution, urged him on Jo redouble his
efforts to engage England in the fchentes he had pro¬
jected. This objeCt made him conceal the inroads which
he felt were making in his conftitution ; and, though in
a_weak and languifhing ftate, he ftill continued the exer-
cife of hunting. But while engaged in the fport, his
collar bone was broken by a fall from his horfe, and this
haftened his diffblution. He died at Kenlington, without
ilFue, on Sunday the 8th of March, 1702, of an afthma
and fever, in the thirteenth year of his reign. His ami¬
able confort, Mary, had fallen a viCtim to the fmall pox
a few years before.

I he character of William III. having been either dif-
torted by prejudice, or too highly exalted by partiality,
becomes the more difficult to appreciate. He was in his
perfon of middle ftze, ill (haped in his limbs, fomewhat
round in his fhoulders, light-brown in the colour of his
hair, and in his complexion. The lines of his face were
hard, and his note aquiline ; but a fine penetrating eye
threw a gj.ow on his countenance, which tempered its fe-
verity, and rendered his features in fome meafure agree¬
able. 1 hough his conftitution was weak, delicate, and
Vol. VI. No. 384. -

infirm, he loved the manly exercifes, and often indulged
himfelf in the pleafures, and even fometimes in the ex-
cefles, of the table. In his private character he was
frequently fevere with regard to trifles ; but when the
fubjeCt rofe equal to his mind, and in the tumult of bat¬
tle, he was dignified, cool, and collected. Though he
was apt to form bad impreflions, which were not eafily
removed, he was neither vindictive in his difpofition, nor
obftinate in his refentment. NegleCted in his education,
and perhaps deftitute by nature of an elegance of mind,
he had no tafte for literature, none for the fciences, none
for the beautiful arts. He paid no attention to mufic, he
underftood no poetry ; he difregarded learning ; he en¬
couraged no men of letters, no artifts of any kind. In
fortification and the mathematics he had a confiderable
degree of knowledge. He thoroughly underftood mili¬
tary operations by land ; but he neither poffefled nor pre¬
tended to any fkill in mari ime affairs. In the diftribu-
tion of favours he was cold and injudicious. I11 the pu-
niftiment of crimes, often too eafy, and fometimes too fe¬
vere. He was parfimonious where he fhould have been
liberal ; where he ought to be fparing, frequently pro.
fufe. In his temper he was filent and referved, in his
addrefs ungraceful; and though not deftitute of diftimu-
lation, and qualified for intrigue, lefs apt to conceal his
paffions than hisdefigns: thefe defeCts, rather than vices,
of the mind, combining with an indifference about hu¬
mouring mankind through their ruling pallions, rendered
him extremely unfit for gaining the aff'edtions of the
Englifh nation. His reign, therefore, was crowded with
mortifications of various kinds ; the difcontented parties
among his fubjeCts found no difficulty in eftranging the
minds of the people from a piince pofteffed of fo few ta¬
lents to, make him popular. He was trufted, perhaps,
lefs than he deferved, by the moft obfequious of his par¬
liaments ; but it feems upon the whole apparent, that
the nation adhered to his government, more from a fear of
the return of his p.redeceffor, than from any attachment
to his own perfon, or refpeCt for his right to the throne.

Mary, his confort, was in her perfon tall and well pro¬
portioned, with an oval vifage, lively eyes, agreeable fea¬
tures, a mild afpeCr, and an air of dignity. Her appre-
henfion was clear, her memory tenacious, and her judg¬
ment fblid. She was a zealous proteftant, fcrupuloufly
exaCf in all the duties of devotion, of an even temper, of
a calm and mild converfation ; Ihe was ruffled by no paf-
fion, and feems to have been a ftranger to the emotions of
natural affedtion ; for flie afcended the throne from which
her father had been depofed, and treated her lifter as an
alien to her blood. In a word, Mary feems to have im¬
bibed the cold difpofition of her hufband, and to have
centered all her ambition in deferving the epithet of an
humble and obedient wife. She died on the 2Sth of De.
cember, 1694, aged 33.

Anne, princefs of Denmark, filler to queen Mary, and
daughter of James II. afcended the throne on the deatli
of William III. A. D. 1702, with the general approba¬
tion of all parties. She was now in the thirty-eighth,
year of her age, and by Iter hulband, George prince of
Denmark, had brought a numerous offspring ; but they
all died in infancy, except the duke of Gloucefter, who
reached the age of eleven, and was juft beginning to give
high promifes of future worth, when he alfo died a pre¬
mature death.

The late king, whofe whole life had been fpent in one
continued oppofition to the king of France, and to all
whofe politics conlifted in forming alliances againft him,
died at the eve of a war with that monarch. The pre-
fent queen, who generally took the advice of her mi-
niftry in every important tfanfadtion, was upon this occa¬
fion urged by oppofing counfels ; a part of her miniffry
were for war, while another part as earneftly declared for
peace. The counfel and opinion of the former, how¬
ever, preponderated; the queen refolved to follow their
advice, and communicated her intention to the houfe of
8 commons,

'702 E N G

commons, by whom it was alfo approved, and war was
declared accordingly.

In the queen’s declaration of war, Louis XIV. was
charged with having taken pofTenion of a great part of
.the Spanilh dominions, in order to fubvert the liberties
ot Europe, and obftruft the freedom of navigation and
commerce ; befides having offered an unpardonable irifult
to the Englifli nation, by acknowledging the title of the
pretender. He was alfo accufed of attempting to unite
the crown of Spain to his own dominions, by placing Iris
grandfon upon the throne of that kingdom, and thus en¬
deavouring to deffroy the equanimity of power which
cemented the dates of Europe. This declaration on the
part of the Englifli, was feconded by fimilar declarations
of war on the fame day, by the Dutch and Germans.
The French monarch could not fupprefs his anger at
fuch a combination ; but Iris chief refentment fell upon
the Dutch. He declared, with great emotion, “ that as
for thofe gentlemen pedlars, they fltould one day repent
their infolence and prefumption, in declaring war againft
one whofe power they had formerly felt and dreaded.”
However, the affairs of the allies were no way impeded by
his threats. The earl of Marlborough wasappointed gene¬
ral of the Englifli forces ; and he was dill further flat¬
tered by the Dutch, who, though the earl of Athlone
had a right to Oiare the command, appointed Marlborough
generalidimo of the allied army. And it mud be con-
fefied, that few men dione more, either in debate or ac¬
tion, than he ; ferene in the midft of danger, and indefa¬
tigable in the cabinet : fo that he became the mod for¬
midable enemy to France that England had ever pro¬
duced dnce the battles of Creffy and of Agincourt.

The earl of Marlborough had learned the fird rudi¬
ments of the art of war under the famous marffial Tu-
renne, having been a volunteer in his army. He was, at
fird, rather more remarkable for the beauty of his perfcn
than the greatnefs of his talents ; and he went in the
French camp by the name of the handfome Englifhman ;
but Turenne, who faw deeper into mankind, perceived
the liiperiority of his talents, and prognofticated his fu¬
ture greatnefs. See a biographical (ketch of his life un¬
der Churchill, vol. iv. p.580 — 585. The fird attempt
that Marlborough made to deviate from the general prac¬
tices of the army, which were founded in error, was to
advance the fubaltern officers, whole merit had hitherto
been neglefted. Regardlefs of feniority, wherever he
found abilities, he was dire to promote them; and thus
he had all the upper ranks of commanders rather remark¬
able for their He i 1 1 and talents, than for their age and ex¬
perience. In his fird campaign, the beginning of July,
170 1, he repaired to the camp at Nimeguen, where he
took the command at the head of an army of fixty thou-
fand men. Fie was oppofed, on the fide of France, by
the duke of Burgundy, grandfon to the king, a youth
more qualified to grace a court than to conduft an army;
but the real adding general was the mardial Boufilers,
who commanded under him, an odicer of great courage
and activity. But wherever Marlborough advanced, the
French were obliged to retire before him, leaving all
Spanifli Guelderland at his diferetion. The duke of
Burgundy, finding himfelf obliged to retreat before the
allied army, rather than expofe himfelf longer to fuch a
mortifying indignity, returned to Verf'ailles, leaving the
duke de Boufilers to command alone. Buufflers, con¬
founded at the rapidity of the enemy’s progrefs, retired
towards Brabant, where Marlborough had 110 defign to
purfue ; contented with ending the campaign by taking
the city of Liege, in which was found an lnmienfe fum
of money, and a great number of priioners. By the fuc-
cefs of this campaign, Marlborough eftubliflied his mili¬
tary character, acquired the admiration and effeem of the
army, and confirmed himfelf in the confidence of the allies.

Upon his return to London, he was received with the
molt flattering teftimonies of public approbation. He

LAN D.

was honoured with the public thanks of the houfe of
commons, and was created a duke by the queen. His fu-
perioi fuccefs feemed to confole the nation for fome un-
fuccefsful expeditions at fea. Sir John Munden had pern
mitted a French fquadron of fourteen. fiiips to efcape him,
by taking (belter in the harbour of Corunna, for which
he was difmiffed the fervice by prince George. An at¬
tempt -was alfo made upon Cadiz by Tea and land, fir
George P.ooke commanding the navy, and the duke of
Ormond the land forces ; but this alfo mifearried. But
the Englifli arms were crowned with fuccefs at Vigo,
where the duke of Ormond landed his army at the dif-
tance of fix miles from the city ; while the fleet forcing
their way into the harbour, the French fiiips that had
taken refuge there were burnt by the enemy, to prevent
their falling into the hands of the Englifli. Neverthelefs
ten (hips of war were taken, together with eleven gal¬
leons, and above a million of money in filver. The ad¬
vantage acquired by this expedition, was damped by the
bafe conduct of fome officers in the Weft Indies. ’ Ad¬
miral Benbow, a bold and fpirited feaman, had been fta-
tioned in that part of the world with ten fiiips, to diftrefs
the enemy’s trade. Being informed that Du Caffe, the
French admiral, was in thofe feas with a force equal to
his own, he refolved to attack him ; and foon after dif-
covered the enemy’s fquadron near St. Martha, fleering
under fliore. He quickly threw out the fignal for aftion^
formed the line, and the engagement began. He found,
however, that fome officers of the fleet had taken difgufi
at his conduct; and that they permitted him, almoft
alone, to fuftain the whole fire of the enemy. Never-
thelefs the engagement continued till night, and he de¬
termined to renew it the next morning, but had the mor.
tification to perceive that all the reft of the fiiips had
fallen. aftern, except one, who joined with him in urging
the purfuit of the enemy. For four days did this intret
pid feaman, affifted only by one (hip, purfue and engage
the enemy, while Ins daftardly officers remained lift he
back ground, fpeftators of his gallantry. His laft day’s
battle was more furious than all the former ; alone, and
unfuftained by the left, he engaged the whole French
fquadron, when his leg was (battered by a cannon ball.
He then ordered that they fliould place him in a cradle
upon the quarter-deck; and there he continued to give
orders as before, till at laft his fliip became quite dif-
abled, and could continue the chafe 110 longer. He foon
after died of his wounds; and his cowardly officers,
Kirby and Wade, were tried by a court martial, and lliot
at Plymouth. Hudfon died before his trial. Conllable,
Vincent, and Fog, came off with (lighter punifliment.
The parliament was highly pleafed wiili the brilliant fuc¬
cefs which had attended the Englifh arms on the conti¬
nent. They voted forty thoufand feamen, and fifty thou-
fand land forces, to aft in conjunftion with thofe of the
allies, 111 the enluing campaign.

The duke of Marlborough eroded the channel in the
beginning of April, 1706 ; and, affembling the allied ar¬
my, refolved to fhew that his former fucceffes were only
the prelude to greater triumphs. He opened the cam¬
paign with the liege of Bonne, the refidence of the elec¬
tor of Cologne. This held out but a fhort time againft
the fucceffive attacks of the prince of Heffe-Caflel, the
celebrated Coehorn, and general Fagel. He next re-took
Huy, the garrifon of which, after a vigorous defencq,
furrendered prifoners of vvar. The fiege of Limburg
being then undertaken, the place furrendered in two
days; and, by the conqueff of this garrifon, the allies fe-
cured the country of Liege, and the electorate of Co¬
logne, from the further defigns of the enemy. Such was
tlie fuccefs of the campaign in the Netherlands ; and
which, in all probability, would have produced events of
greater importance, had not the duke of Marlborough
been reftrained by the Dutch, who began to be influenced
by the Loveltein faftion, ever averfe to a war with France.

The

703

ENGLAND.

The duke, in his next campaign, was, for this reafon,
determined to aft more offenfively ; and, furnifhed with
proper authority from queen Anne, he informed the
Dutch that it was his intention to march to the relief of
the empire that had been for fome time oppreffed by the
French forces. The ftates-general, either willing to fe-
cond his efforts, or fearing to weaken the alliance by dif-
truft, gave him full power to march wherever he thought
proper, with afftirances of their ailiftance in all his endea¬
vours. The French king now appointed marfhal Ville-
roy to lead his army ; the brave and gallant Boufflers
being no longer thought an equal match for the enter-
prifing duke of Marlborough. See the enterprifing cha¬
racter of Boufflers, vol.iii. p. 307.

Villeroy was brave, generous, and polite, but unequal
to the great talk of commanding an army ; and (till more
fo, when oppofed to fuch a rival. Marlborough, there¬
fore, who was famous for ftudying the difpofition and
abilities of the general he was to oppofe, having no ap-
prehenfions from his prefent antagonift, inftead of going
forward to meet him, he flattened to the fuccour of the
emperor, as. had been agreed at the commencement of the
campaign. The Engl i fir general, who was refolved to
ftrike a vigorous blow for Iris relief, took with him about
thirteen thoufand Englifh troops, traverfed extenfive
countries by forced marches, arrived unexpectedly on the
banks of the Danube, defeated a body of French and
Bavarians ftationed at Donavert, then pafTed the Danube
with his triumphant army, and laid the dukedom of Ba¬
varia, which had fid ed with the enemy, under contribu¬
tion. Villeroy, who affetted to hang upon his rear,
feemed all at once to have loft fight of his enemy ; nor
was he fure of his route, till informed of his fucceffes.
Marfhal Tallard, in his turn, prepared to obftruft the
duke of Marlborough’s retreat ; and being joined by the
duke of Bavaria’s forces, the French army in that part of
the continent amounted to fixty thoufand men, com¬
manded by two of the bed generals in the French fervice.
Tallard had eft iblifhed his reputation by many former
victories ; he was aCtive and penetrating, and had rifen
by his merits alone to the firft ftation in the army. The
duke of Bavaria was equally experienced in the field,
and had ftill ftronger motives for his activity. His coun¬
try was ravaged and nil laged before his eyes ; and nothing
remained of his pofteffions but the army lie commanded.
To oppofe thefe powerful generals, M irlborough was
joined by a body of thirty thoufand men, under prince
Eugene, wh.ofe troops were well difciplined, but ftill
more formidable by the conduct and fame of their gene¬
ral. Prince Eugene had been bred from his infancy in
camps ; he w'as almoft equal to Marlborough in difcern-
ment, and his fuperior in the art of war. Their talents
were of a iimilar kind ; and, inftead of any mean rival-
fhip or jealoufy, they concurred in the fame defigns; and
the fame good fenfe determined them always to the fame
objeCt.

This allied army, at the head of which Eugene and
Marlborough commanded, amounted to about fifty-two
thoufand men, troops which had been accuftomed to con¬
quer, and that had feen the French, the Turks, and the
Ruffians, fly before them. The French, as already ob-
ferved, amounted to fixty thoufand, who had ftiared in
the conquefts of their great monarch, Louis XIV. and
had been familiar with victory. Both armies, after many
marchings and countermarchings, approached each other.
The French were polled on a hill near the town of
Hochftet ; their right covered by the Danube and the
village of Blenheim, their left by the village of Liitzen-
gen, and their front by a rivulet, the banks. of which
were fteep, and the bottom marfhy. In this advan¬
tageous pofition, the French awaited the affault of the
enemy ; and the allied army hefitated not to attack them.
The right wing of the French was commanded by mar-
ftial Tallard ; their left by the duke of Bavaria, and un¬
der him general Marfin, an experienced Frenchman,

Marlborough and Eugene were ftimulated haftily to en¬
gage, from an intercepted letter from Villeroy, intimating
that he was preparing to cut off all communication be¬
tween the Rhine and the allied army. The difpofitions
being therefore made for the attack, the allied forces ad¬
vanced into the plain, and were ranged in order of battle.
The cannonading began about nine in the morning, and.
continued to about half after twelve. Then the troops
advanced forward ; the right under the direction of prince
Eugene, the left headed by Marlborough, and oppofed
to marfhal Tallard. The duke of Marlborough, at the
head of the Englifh, having paffed the rivulet, attacked
the cavalry of Tallard with great bravery. Prince Eu¬
gene, on the left, had not yet engaged the forces of the
eleCtor ;■ and it was near an hour before he could bring
up his troops to their line. Tallard fupported the aftiort
with wonderful intrepidity : his cavalry were thrice
driven hack, and rallied as often. Fie had ported a large
body of forces in the village of Blenheim ; and lie now
made an attempt to bring them to the charge ; but they
were attacked by a detachment of Marlborough’s forces
fo vigoroufly, that, inftead of affifting Tallard, they could
hardly maintain their ground. The French cavalry being
now attacked in flank, were foon defeated. The Englifh
army, thus half victorious, penetrated between the two
bodies of the French commanded by the marfhal and the
eleCtor, while at the fame time the forces in the village
of Blenheim were feparated by another detachment. In
this awkward fituation, Tallard endeavoured to rally
fome flying fquadrons ; but, from his fliort-fightednefsp
miftaking a detachment of the enemy for his own, he was
taken prifoner by the Heffian troops. In the mean time
prince Eugene, after having been thrice driven back, at
laft put the enemy into confufton. The rout then be¬
came general, and the carnage dreadful. The confterna-
tion was fuch, that the French foldiers threw themfelves
into the Danube, without knowing where they fled.
The allies now furrounded the village of Blenheim,
where thirteen thoufand men ftill kept their ground ; but
feeing themfelves cut off from all communication with
the reft of the army, they threw down their arms, and
firrrendered prifoners of war. Thus ended the famous
battle of Blenheim, one of the mod complete viClories
th at was ever obtained. Twelve thoufand French and
Bavarians were (lain in the field, or drowned in the Da¬
nube, and thirteen thoufand were made prifoners of war.
Of the allies, about five thoufand were killed, and eight
thoufand wounded. The lofs of the battle was imputed
to two capital errors committed by marfhal 1 allard ;
namely, his weakening the centre by placing fo large a
body of troops in the village of Blenheim, and his fuf-
fering the Englifh to crofs the rivulet, and form on the
other fide, without once attempting to obftruCf them.

The next day, when the duke of Marlborough vifited
his prifoner the marfhal Tallard, he condefcendingly took
him by the hand, when Tallard remarked, truly charac-
teriftic of a Frenchman, “Sir, you have overcome an
army of the belt foldiers in the world.”— “I hope, fir,
(replied the duke of Marlborough,) you will except
thole by whom they have been beaten.” A country of
a hundred leagues in extent fell by this defeat into the
hands of the viCtors ; and the duke, foon after the finifh-
ing of the campaign, repaired to Berlin, where he pro¬
cured a reinforcement of eight thoufand Pruffians, to
ferve under prince Eugene in Italy. Thence he pro¬
ceeded to negociate for further fupplies at the court of
Flanover, and foon after returned to England, where he
was received with open arms, as his fervices juftly merited.

In the mean time, the arms of England were not lefs
fortunate by fea. The French having been employed in
equipping a ftrong fquadron at Breft, fir Cloudefley Shovel
and fir George Rooke were lent to watch their motions.
Sir George, however, had further orders to convoy a body
of forces to Barcelona, where a fruitless attack was made
by the prince of HefTe. Finding no hopes from this ex-

pedition3

704

ENGLAND.

pedifion, the troops were reimbarked ; and fir George
Rooke, joined by fir Cloudefley, called a council of war,
and refolved to make an attempt upon Gibraltar, then
belonging to Spain. The prince of Hefie landed his
troops, to the number of eighteen hundred, on the neck
ot land adjoining, and fummoned the garrifon to furren-
der, but without effect. Next day the admiral gave or¬
ders for cannonading the town; and perceiving that the
enemy were driven from the fortifications at the South
Mole, captain Whitaker was ordered to arm all the
boats, and a (fault that quarter. Thofe officers who hap¬
pened to be neareft the Mole, immediately manned their
boats without orders, and entered the fortifications fword
in hand. But the Spaniards fprung a mine, by which
two lieutenants, and about a hundred men, were killed
find wounded. Neverthelefs, the two captains, Hicks
and Jumper, took poffeftion of a platform, and kept their
ground, until they were fuftained by captain Whitaker
and the reft of the feamen, who took a redoubt between
the Mole and the town by (form. Then the governor ca¬
pitulated, and the prince of Heffie entered the garrifon,
amazed at the fuccefs of the attempt, confidering the
(Length of the fortifications. Gibraltar has ever fince
remained in the poffieftion of the Engliffi, and continues
of the utmoft ufe for fheltering our fleets, or refitting any
part of the navy dellined to annoy an enemy, or protect
our trade, in the Mediterranean.

Soon after the taking this important garrifon, the Eng-
lifh fleet, confiding of fifty-three fliips of the line, came
lip with a French fleet, to the number of fifty-two, com¬
manded by the count de Thouloufe, off the eoaft of Ma¬
laga. A little after ten in the morning the engagement
began with equal fury on both Tides, and continued with
doubtful fuccefs till two in the afternoon, when the van
of the French gave way. For two fucceffive days the
Englilh admiral endeavoured to renew the engagement,
which the French fleet as cautioufly declined, and at laft
difappeared totally. Both nations claimed the honour of
the victory upon this occafion ; but the Englifh rode tri¬
umphantly on the ocean. In the mean time, Philip king
of Spain, alarmed at the redudtion of Gibraltar, dil-
patciied the marquis of Villadurias with a large army to
retake it. France alfo fent a fleet of thirteen (hips of
the line; but a part of this was difperfed by a tempeft,
and part was taken by the Englifh. Nor was the land
army more fuccefsful". The liege continued for four
months, during which the prince of Heffie, who com¬
manded the garrifon for the Englifn, exhibited many
proofs of valour. At length the Spaniards, having at¬
tempted to fcale the rock in vain, and finding no hopes
of re-taking the place, abandoned the enterprife.

While the Englifh were thus victorious by land and
fea, a new fcene of contention was opened on the fide of
Spain, where the ambition of the European princes ex¬
erted itfelf with the fame fury that had filled the reft of
the continent. Philip, the fourth grandfon of Louis XIV.
had been placed upon the throne of Spain, and had been
received with the joyful concurrence of the people.
He had alfo been nominated fucceffior to the crown by
the late king of Spain’s will. But in a former treaty
among the powers of Europe, Charles, Ton of the eriipe-
ror of Germany, was appointed heir to that crown ; and
this treaty had been guaranteed by France herfelf, though
ihe now refolved to reverfe that confent in favour of a
defcendant of the houfe of Bourbon. Charles was fur¬
ther led to put in his claim for the crown of Spain by the
invitation ot the Catalonians, who declared in his favour,
and by the affiftance of the Englilh and the Portuguefe,
who promiled toarm in his caufe. Upon his way to Spain,
he. landed in England, where he was received by the
dukes of Somerfet and Marlborough, who conducted
him to Windfor. The queen’s deportment to him was
equally noble and obliging, while, on his fide, he gave
general fatisfaCtion, by the politenefs and affability of
his conduct. He was furnilhed with two hundred trunf.

s

ports, thirty (flips of war, and nine thoufand men, for
the conqueft of that extenfive empire. The earl of Pe¬
terborough, a man of romantic bravery, offered to con-
dud them ; and his Tingle fervice was thought equivalent
to armies. \

The earl of Peterborough was one of the molt lingular
and extraordinary men of the age in which lie lived. At
the early age of fifteen he fought againft the Moors in
Africa ; at twenty he affiffed in compaffing the revolu¬
tion ; and he now carried on the war in Spain aimed at
his own expence ; bis friend fhip for Charles being one
of his chief inducements to this great undertaking. He
was deformed in his perfon ; but poffeffed a mind the
moft generous, honourable, and active. His firft objeCt
upon landing in Spain, was to reduce Barcelona, a ftrong
city, with a garrifon of five thoufand men, while his own
army amounted to little more than nine thoufand. The
operations were begun upon Fort Monjuic, ftrongly fitu-
ated on a hill that commanded the city. The out-works
were taken by ftorm ; and a ftiell chancing to fall into
the body of the fort, the powder magazine blew up.
This (truck the garrifon with fuch confternation, that
they furrendered without further refiftance. During the
interval which was taken up in figning the negociations,
a body of Germans and Catalonians belonging to the
Englilh army entered the town, and were plundering all
before them. The governor, who was treating with the
Englifh general, thought himfelf betrayed ; upon which,
lord Peterborough, (truck with the fuddennefs of the
tranfaCfion, left the writings unfinilhed, and, flying among
the plunderers, drove them from their prey, and returned
calmly back, and figned the capitulation. The Spaniards
were equally amazed at the generofiry of the Englifh,
and the bafenefs of their ov/n countrymen, the- Catalo¬
nians, who had led on to the fpoil. The conqueft of all
Valencia fucceeded to the taking of this important place..

The Engliffi, however, thought very little of thefe
f idtories ; for their whole attention was taken up by the
fplendour of their conquefts in Flanders ; and the duke
of Marlborough took care (fill to engrofs their admira¬
tion and regard. He had early in the fpring opened the
campaign, and brought an army of eighty thoufand men
into the field. But (till he expected further reinforce¬
ments from Denmark and Pruffia ; and the court of
France very prudently refolved to attack him before this
junction. Villeroy, who (till commanded the French
army, confuting of eighty thoufand men, had orders to
aft upon the defenfive ; but, whenever lie law an advan~
tage, to hazard an engagement. The duke, in the mean
time, had received a (light repulfe by the defedtion of
prince Louis of Baden ; and he refolved to retrieve his
credit by fome fignal aCtion. Villeroy had drawn up his
forces in a ftrong camp ; his right was flanked by the
river Mehaighe, his left defended by a deep marffi, and
the village of Ravnillies lay in the centre. Marlborough,
who contemplated this difpofition, drew up his army ac¬
cordingly. He knew that the left wing of the enemy
could not pafs the marffi to attack him but at a great dis¬
advantage ; he therefore weakened his force in that quar¬
ter, and attacked the centre with fuperior numbers. The
enemy’s line was foon put into diforder by this judicious-
movement, and gave way on all (ides. The liorfe,
abandoning their foot, were fo clofely purfued, or unex¬
pectedly oppofed in their retreat, that almoft all of them
were cut to pieces. Six thoufand were taken prifoners,
and about eight thoufand were killed and wounded.
This victory was almoft as fignal as that of Blenheim ;
Bavaria and Cologne were the fruits of the one, and all
Brabant was gained by the other. The French troops
were difpirited ; the city of Paris was in confufion.
Louis, who had long been flattered with conqueft, was
now humbled, and almoft: excited the companion of his
enemies. He entreated for peace, but as yet in vain ; the
allies carried all before them, and his. very capital trem¬
bled to the center at the expected approach of the con.

querors.

705

E N G I

«|uerors. What neither his power, his armies, nor his
politics, could effedt, was brought about by difTenfions
in England.

The councils of queen Anne had hitherto been go¬
verned by a whig mini'ftry ; for though the duke of
Marlborough had darted i t the tory filtered, he foon
joined the oppofite fadtion, becaufe he found them mod
fincere in their defires to curb the infolence of France.
The whigs dill purfued the policy of the late king ;
and, impreffed with a fpivit of liberty, drove to annihi¬
late defpotifm in every part of Europe. In a govern¬
ment where the reafoning faculty of a few individuals
can operate upon the minds of thofe in command, the
politics of the minidry mud alter as the people happen
to change. The people in fadt were beginning to change.
The queen’s perfonal virtues, her fuccelles, her deference
for the clergy, and, in turn, their great veneration for
her, began to have a prevailing influence over the whole
-nation. The people of every rank, in confequence of
. her victories, would doop to defend the mod fervile te¬
nets, when they tended to flatter or increafe the power of
the fovereign. They argued in favour of ftridt heredi-
tary fuccedion, divine right, and non-refidance to the
regal power. The fpirit of toryifm began again to pre¬
vail ; and the whigs, who had raifed the queen to the
deferved admiration and dread of all Europe, were the
fird that were likely to fall by the fervices they had per¬
formed. The tories, though affedting to join in vigorous
meafures againd France, were never ferioufly their ene¬
mies ; they rather hated the Dutch, as of principles very
oppofite to their own ; and therefore longed for an op.
portunity of withdrawing from the compact. They be¬
gan to meditate fchemes of oppolition to the duke of
Marlborough. They were taught to regard him as a
felf-intereded man, who facrificed the real advantages of
the nation, in protracting a ruinoifs war, for his own
private emolument and glory. They faw their country
oppreffed by an increafing load of taxes, which, by a
continuance of the war, mud inevitably become an into¬
lerable burthen. Their fecret difeontents began to
fpread ; and they wanted only a few determined leaders
to a did them in removing the whig minidry.

In the mean time, a fuccedion of lolFes began to diffi-
pate the conquering phrenfy which had feized the nation,
and induced them to wifh for peace. The army under
Charles in Spain was then commanded by lord Galway.
This nobleman having received intelligence that the
enemy, under the command of the duke of Berwick, was
ported near the town of Almanza, advanced thither to
give him battle. The conflict began about two in the
afternoon, and the w hole front of each army was equally
engaged. The centre, confiding chiefly of battalions
from Great Britain and Holland, feemed at firfl victorious ;
but the Portuguefe horfe, by whom they were fupported,
betaking themfelves to flight, the Englifh troops were
flanked and furrounded on every fide. In this emer¬
gency they formed rhe folid fquare, and retired to an
eminence ; where, being ignorant of the country, and de-
flitute of all fupplies, they were at lad obliged to fur-
Tender prifoners of war, to the number of ten thoufand
men. This victory was complete and decilive ; and all
Spain, except the province of Catalonia, returned to their
allegiance under Philip, their native fovereign..

An attempt was made upon Toulon, by the duke of
Savoy and prince Eugene, fupported by an Englifh fleet.
The prince, with a body of thirty thoufand men, took
pofleflion of the eminences that commanded the city,
while the fleet attacked and reduced two forts at the en-
trance of the mole. But the French king fending an
army to rhe relief of the place, and the duke of Savoy
perceiving no hopes of compelling the city to a fpeedy
furrender, refolved to abandon his enterprile ; and, hav¬
ing embarked his artillery, he retreated by night without
any moleftation. The fleet under fir Cloudetley Shovel
was alfo unfortunate. Having fet fail for England, and
Vox.. VI. No. 384.

-AND.

being in foundings, on the 22d of OCtober, about eight
at night, a violent ftorm arifing, his Ihip was call away
upon the rocks of Scilly, and every foul on-board pe-
rifhed. The like fate befel three [hips more, while three
or four others were faved with the utmoft difficulty.
The admiral’s body being call: aftiore, was buried in the
fand; but it was dug up again, and very properly inter¬
red in Weftminfter-abbey.

Nor were the allies more profperous on the Upper
Rhine in Germany. Marflial Villars, the French gene¬
ral, carried all before him, and was upon the point of re-
ftoring the eledtor of Bavaria. The only hopes of the
people lay in the aftivity and conduCt of the duke of
Marlborough, who opened the campaign at Underluch,
near Bruflels, about the middle of May. But even here
they were dilappointed, as in all the reft. That general,
either really willing to protradf the war, or receiving in¬
telligence that the French army was fuperior in numbers,
declined an engagement, and rather endeavoured to fe-
Cure himfelf than annoy the enemy. Thus, after feveral
marchings and counter-marchings, which it would be te¬
dious to relate, both armies retired into winter quarters,
at the latter end of October. The French made prepa¬
rations for the next campaign with recruited vigour.
The duke of Marlborough returned to England, to meet
with a reception which he did not at all expedft.

Previous to the difgrace of the whig miniftry, whofe
fall was now at hand, a meafure of the greateft impor¬
tance took place in parliament ; a meafure that had been
wifhed by many, but thought too difficult for execution.
This was the union between the two kingdoms of Eng¬
land and Scotland. This great political talk was referved.
for queen Anne to accomplifh, at a time when both na¬
tions were on the moft friendly footing, and the queen’s
title and adminiftration approved by all. Accordingly,
the queen having appointed commiffioners on both Tides,
they met at Whitehall, where the lord-keeper Cowper
propofed, “ that the two kingdoms of England and Scot¬
land fhould be for ever united into one, and thence for¬
ward called by the name of Great Britain; that it
ffiould be reprefented by one and the fame parliament,
and governed by the fame hereditary monarch.” The
Scottiffi commiffioners, on their fide, propofed, “that
the fubjedts of Scotland fliould for ever enjoy the fame
rights and privileges with thofe of England ; and that
all ftatutes, contrary to the tenor of thefe privileges in
either kingdom, fliould be repealed.” Thefe articles
were unanimoufly agreed upon by the commiffioners, and
laid before the parliament.

In this treaty it was ftipulated, that the fucceffion to
the united kingdoms ffiould be vefted in the houfe of
Hanover, being proteftants ; that the united kingdoms
ffiould be reprefented by one and the fame parliament ;
that all the fubjedts of Great Britain ffiould enjoy a com¬
munication of privileges and advantages ; that they ffiould
have the fame allowances and privileges with refpedt to
commerce and cuftoms; that the laws concerning public
right, civil government and policy, ffiould be the fame
throughout the two united kingdoms; but that no alte¬
ration ffiould be made in laws which concerned private
right, except for the evident benefit of the fubjedts of
Scotland ; that the courts of fefiion, and all other courts
of judicature in Scotland, lhould remain, as then confti-
tuted by the laws of that kingdom, with the fame au¬
thority and privileges as before the union ; that Scotland
ffiould be reprefented in the parliament of Great Britain,
by fixteen peers, and forty-five commoners ; that all peers
of Scotland (hould be conlidered as peers of Great Bri¬
tain, and rank immediately after the Englifh peers of the
like degree at the time of the union, and before fuel) as
ffiould be created after it ; that all laws and ftatutes in
either kingdom, fo far as they might be inconfiftent with
the terms of thefe articles, ftfould ceafe, and be declared
for ever void.

In the mean time Mr. Harley, fecretary of ftate, who
8 R had

706 ENGLAND.

bad contrived to infinuate himfelf into the queen's good
opinion, determined to fap the credit of the duke of
Marlborough, and of lord Godolphin, his fon-in-law,
w ho was at the head of the treafury. His aim was to
unite the tory intereft, and expel the whigs. Harley,
better known afterwards as lord Oxford, was a man of
uncommon erudition, great knowledge, and equal perfe-
verance. He chofe for his coadjutor Henry St. John,
afterwards the famous lord Bolingbroke, a man of great
eloquence, and of fome wit, but little principle. This
ffatefman was at fuff extremely fubfervient to Oxford’s
defigns: but when he came to underffand the full extent
of his own influence, he had the ambition to aim at being
premier, and afpired to deprefs his original patron. To
this junto was added fir Simon Harcourt, a lawyer of con-
liderable abilities. Thefe uniting, exerted their endea¬
vours to reconcile the fcattered body of the tories ; and
diffufed affurances among their partizans, that the queen
would no longer bear the tyranny of a whig miniftry.
She had ever been, they faid, a friend in her heart to the
high-church party, by which appellation the tory fattion
now came to be diftinguifhed ; and to convince the world
of the truth of their aflertions, the queen thortly after be-
ffowed two bifiioprics on clergymen who had openly con-
demned the revolution.

At length the whig party in the miniftry opened their
eyes to the intrigues of their adverfaries ; and the duke
of Marlborough had no other means of fupporting his
credit but by openly oppofing lord Oxford, whom he was
determined to difplace. The fecretary had lately in¬
curred fome fufpicions, from the fecret correfpondence
which one Gregg, an under-clerk in his office, kept up
with the court of France. Gregg was executed, and the
duke of Marlborough was willing to take advantage of
this opportunity to remove lord Oxford. He accordingly
wrote to the queen, that he and lord Godolphin could
ferve her majefty no longer, (hould the prefent fecretary
be continued in his place. The queen difregarding the
fecret intrigues of her minifters, wa.-> willing to keep them
all in friendfhip, and endeavoured to appeafe the duke’s
refentment by every art of diffimulation. But he was too
confident of his own power, and continued obftinate in
his refufal. The earl of Godolphin and the duke went
fo far as to retire from court, and the queen faw herfelf
in danger of being deferred by her miniftry. A fullen
filence prevailed through the cabinet, and fome were
even heard to fay, “ that no deliberations could be pur-
fued in the abfence of the duke and the lord-treafurer.”
The queen, therefore, fent for the duke of Marlborough,
and told him that Harley (hould immediately refign his
office ; a'nd it was accordingly conferred on Mr. Henry
Boyle, chancellor of the exchequer.

The firft efforts of the tory party being thus fruftrated,
Bolingbroke was refolved to (hare in his friend Harley’s
difgrace ; as were alfo fir Simon Harcourt, attorney-ge-
tieral, and fir Thomas Manfell, comptroller of the houfe-
hold, who relinquifhed their employments. Bolingbroke,
as fecretary at war, was fucceeded by Robert Walpole,
who made fo confiderable a figure in the twTo fucceeding
reigns. The duke thus feemed to triumph in his refent-
ment; after which he returned to profecute his victories
on the continent, where a new harveft of glory attended
him. By his abfence, however, Harley was enabled to
throw off the raafk, and to take more vigorous meafures
for profecuting his defigns. In him the queen repofed
all her truft, notwithftanding he had no vifible concern
in tne adminiftration. The firft triumph of the tories,
in which the queen difcovered an open partiality in their
favour, was feen in the following tranfadfion ; — of no
great importance in itfelf, indeed, but remarkable only
from the confequences it produced.

Henry Sacheverel, a clergyman bred at Oxford, had
for fome time diftinguiihed himfelf by his adherence to
the tories or high-church men, and by conftantly inveigh¬
ing againft the difienters. At the fummer aflizes at

i

Derby, be held forth in that fame drain before the judge's*
On the fifth of November- following, he declaimed vio.
lently in St. Paul’s church, defended the dodlrine of non.
refiftance, inveighed againft the toleration of difienters,
declared the church in danger from its enemies, and
negledled by its friends. Sir Samuel Gerrard, lord-mayor
of London, countenanced this harangue, which, though
very weak both in the matter and ftyle, was publiftied'
under his proteftion, and extolled by the tories. Thefe
fermons owed all their celebrity to the complexion of
the times, and are now defervedly negledted. Mr. Dol-
ben, fon to the archbiffiop of York, laid a complaint be¬
fore the houfe of commons againft thefe infidious rhap.
fodies, and thus gave force to what would have foon been
forgotten. The moft obnoxious paragraphs were read ;
uv on which the fermons were voted feditious libels.
S. cheverel was brought to the bar of the boufe; where
he openly avowed himfelf as the author, and gloried
in what he had done. Being ordered to withdraw, it
was refolved to impeach him of high crimes and mif-
demeanors at the bar of the houfe of lords;, and Mr.
Dolben was diredfed to condudt the profecution, in the
name of the commons of all England. A committee was
appointed to draw up articles of impeachment ; Sache¬
verel was taken into cuftody, and a day appointed for his
trial in Weftminfter-hall.

The eyes of the whole kingdom w'ere turned upon this
very extraordinary trial, which lafted three weeks ; and
the queen was every day prefent as a private (pedfator.
The managers for the commons were fir Jofeph Jekyl,
Mr. Eyre, folicitor-general, fir Peter King, recorder, ge¬
neral Stanhope, fir Thomas Parker, and Mr. Walpole,.
The dodtor was defended by fir Simon Harcourt, Mr.
Phipps, Dr. Atterbury, Dr. Smallridge, and Dr. Freind.
While the trial continued, nothing could exc eed the out¬
rage of the populace. They furrounded the queen’s
fedan, exclaiming, “ God blefs your majefty and the
church ! we hope your majefty is for dodtor Sacheverel.”
They deftroyed feveral meeting-houfes, plundered the
dwellings of many eminent difienters, and even prupofed
to attack the Bank. The queen, in compliance with the
requeft of the commons, publiftied a proclamation for
lupprefling the tumults ; and feveral perfons being yp„.
prehended, were tried for high treafon. Two were con-
vidted, and fentenced to die ; but were pardoned.

Thofe who are removed from the interefts of that
period, will wonder at fo great a conteft from fo (light a-
caufe ; but, in fadt, the fpirit of contention had been
previoufly laid in the nation, and this declaimer only
happened to fet fire to the train. The lords, when they
retired to confult upon his fentence, were divided, and
continued undetermined for fome time. At length , after
much obftinate difpute and altercation, Sacheverel was
found guilty by a majority of feventeen voices ; but no lefa
than thirtv-four peers entered a proteft againft the verdidf. .
He was prohibited from preaching for three years ; and
his two fermons were ordered to be burnt by the hands
of the common hangman. Yet Sacheverel was foon after
prefented to a benefice in North Wales, where he was re¬
ceived with every mark of public approbation.

The duke of Marlborough, in the mean time, was
leading forward the armies of England and her allies in
Flanders, to many new and important vidtories. The
French were now di fpirited, and kept upon the defend ve ;
but (till, when forced to engage, they fought with great
obftinacy, and difputed every inch of ground. Peace had
more than once been folicited, and treaties entered upon,
and fruftrated. The duke was therefore refolved to pufti
his good fortune. At the head of a numerous army he
approached the village of Oudenarde, where the French,
in equal numbers, were ported. A furious engagement en-
fued, in which the French were as ufual obliged to retire,
and took the advantage of the night to fecure their retreat.
Three thoufand were left dead on the field of battle, and
feven thoufand taken prifoners. In confequence of this

victory.

eng:

victory, Lifl'e, -the ftrongeft garrifon in Flanders, was
taken, after an obftinate fiege. Ghent followed ; while
Bruges, and the other lefl’er towns in French Flanders,
were abandoned by their defenders. Thus the campaign
ended with fecuring a barrier to the Dutch, the principal
caufe of the war; and the next objedt of the invincible
Marlborough was to invade the enemy’s country.

Tournay, one of the ftrongeft cities in French Flanders,
was the fir ft objedt of the operations of the allied army,
which now amounted to one hundred and ten thoufand
fighting men. Though the garrifon did no exceed twelve
rhbufand, yet the place was thought to be impregnable.
The belieging army proceeded by lapping ; and their
troops that were conducting the mines frequently met
with thofe of the enemy underground, purfuing the fame
plan of deltrudtion, and furioufly engaged in lubferranean
Gonflidls. At length, after an obftinate reliftance, the
city furrendered by capitul tion.

The bloody battle of Malplaquet next followed. The
French army, under the conduct of the celebrated marllial
Villars, amounting to a hundred and twenty thoufand
men, were polled behind the woods of La Merte and Ta-
niers, in the vicinity of Malplaquet. They had fortified
their polition in Inch a manner with lines, ravines, and
trees laid acrofs, that it feemed to be quite impregnable.
What were the duke’s motives for attacking the enemy
under fuch a difadvantage, have never been explained;
but certainly this was tire moll daring of all his exploits.
On the eleventh of September, 1709, early in the tm rn-
ing, the allied army, favoured by a thick fog, began the
attack. The chief fury of their impreffion was made
upon the left of the enemy, and with Inch luccefs, that,
notwithftanding their impregnable bat rtcadoes, the French
were in lets than an hour driven from their entrenchments.
On the enemy’s right, t he con. bat was fultained with
much greater obltinacy. ’rite Du ch, who made the at¬
tack, drove them from their fir ft line, but were lepulled
from the fecond, with great Daughter. The prince of
Orange, who led the Dutch, rallied his men, and per¬
illed in his efforts with incredible perlevei ante, t liongli
two horfes had been killed under him, and the greater
part of his officers (lain or dilabled. At lull, the French
were obliged to yield to fuperior prowefs. Villars being
dangeroully wounded, his army made an excellent retreat
under the conduct of marfhal Boufflers, and took poll near
Qjjefnoy and Valenciennes. The viftors took polfeffion
of the field of battle, on which above twenty thoufand
veteran troops of each army lay in promifeuous Daughter.
The city of Mons fell in confequence of this fignal vic¬
tory, which concluded the campaign.

In the mean time the queen, who was now wholly di¬
rected by the counfels of Harley, made an entire change
in the adminiftration. She began by transferring the poll
of lord-chamberlain from the duke of Kent to the duke
of Shrew (bury. Soon after the earl of Sunderland, fecre-
tary of (late, and fon-in-lavv to the duke of Marlborough,
was difplaced, and the earl of Dartmouth put in his room.
The earl of Godolphin was diverted of his office, and the
treafury put in commiffion, (objected to the direction of
Harley, who was appointed chancellor of the exchequer,
and under-treafurer. The earl of Rochefter v\ as declared
prefident of the council, in the room of lord Somers.
The ftaff of lord-fteward being taken from- the duke of
■DevonDrire, was given to the duke of Buckingham; and
Mr. Boyle was removed from the fecretary’s office, to
make way for Mr. Henry St. John. The lord-chancellor
having refigned the great leal, it was firft pur in commif¬
fion, and then given to (ir Simon Harcourt. The earl of
Wharton furrendered his commiffion of lord-lieutenant of
Ireland, and that employment was conferred upon the
duke of Ormond. Mr. George Grenville was appoin ed
fecretary of war, in the room of Mr. Robert Walpole ;
and, in a word, there was not one of the whig party let c
in the office of the (late, except the duke of Marlborough.

It now only remained to remove and dii grace. the>

.AND. 707

man who had fo long and fo nobly flood forth as the cham¬
pion of his country and its allies. But here a new dif¬
ficulty ftaited, and the ungrateful Itep could not be
taken without giving offence to the Dutch, who placed
every confidence in the victorious and illuftrious M.irl-
botough. His enemies at home were therefore obliged
to wait a more favourable opportunity for his difgrace.
In the mean time, the duke led on his forces again ft
marllial Villars, who feemed refolved to open the new1
campaign with the total overthrow of the allied ar¬
mies. But the duke of Marlborough is faid to have
rifen higher in military tactics and martial renown,
during this campaign, than he had Cver done before ;
and in the field to have excelled every former exploit.
The capture of Bouchain was the final refult, which
capitulated after a fiege of twenty days ; and this was
the laft fervice the duke of Marlborough ever per¬
formed. At the time this heroic and unparalleled gene¬
ral was invid'oully called off from his career of glory, he
left the allies in poffeffion of a vaft tra£t of country,
which might be truly faid to have been of his own con¬
quering. He had fubjedted to their command Spanilh
Guelderland, Limbourg, Brabant, Flanders, and Hain-
ault ; he had made them mailers of the Scarpe ; and the
capture of Bouchain had opened to them a way into the
very heart of France. Upon his return from this cam¬
paign, his ungrateful country requited him with various
unfounded and ridiculous charges of avarice and pecu¬
lation ; and the ungenerous queen of England thought
proper to difmifs him from all his employments !

For fome time before the difmifiion of Marlborough,
a negociation for peace had been fecretly carried on be¬
tween the court of France, and the new miniftry. They
had a double aim in bringing this defirable end about.
Ii would ferve to mortify the whigs, and it would free
the country from an xpenfive war. In order, therefore,
to accomplifli the end in view, the earl of Jerfey, who
aCted in concert with lord Oxford, fent a private meffage
to the court of France, meanly importing the queen’s
earned delire for peace, and her wilh for a conference,
and celfanon of hollilities. This intimation was deli¬
vered by Gualtier, a-time-ferving prielt, who was chap¬
lain to the imperial ambalfador, and a fpy for the French
court. The meffage was received with uncommon joy
at the French court, and an anfwer was returned, ardent¬
ly and co: dially profefling 'the fame inclinations. This
kd the way to a reply, and foon after to a more defini¬
tive memorial front the court of France, which was im¬
mediately tranlmitted to the Dutch by the queen, for their
approbation.

The miniltry having got thus far, the great difficulty
Hill exilted of making the terms of peace palatable to all
the confederates. The earl of Stafford, who had been
recalled from the Hague, was now fent back to Holland,
with orders to communicate to the penlionary Heinfius
thefe preliminary propofals, to lignify the queen’s appro¬
bation of them, and to propofe a place where the pleni-
potentiai ies'lhould form a congrefs. The Dutch, upon
the infpedtion of the preliminaries, were extremely averfe
to the conference. They fent over an envoy purpofely
to turn the queen fiom fo degrading a fubmifiion ; but
finding their efforts vain, they fixed upon Utrecht as the
place of genera; conference, and they granted palfports
to the French minilters accordingly.

Before we mention the refult of this celebrated con-
grels, it may be neceffary to apprife the reader, that
many of the motives which firli incited each party to
take up arms, v\ ere now- no more. Charles of Aultria,
in whole caufe England had (pent fo much blood and
trealui e, w..s, by the death of his elder brother, the em¬
peror Joleplt, placed on the Imperial throne. There
was, theiefoie, every reafon for not fupporting his pre-
tenjions to the Spanilh monarchy; and tne lame political
jealoufy which formerly made it defirable to place him
n the throne of that kingdom, was now neceffary to be

exerted

70S ENGL

exerted in keeping him out of it. The eledtor of Ba¬
varia, who had been intimately connected with the
French, was now detached from them ; and the Dutch,
who had trembled for their barrier, were by this time
encroaching upon that of the enemy. Thus accident,
and a fortuitous concatenation of events, gave almoft to
every power, except to England and France, all that war
could ever give. Yet it was the inrereft of England
that her allies (hould be reinftated in their rights, but not
rendered too powerful.

The conferences began at Utrecht, under the conduct
of Robinfon bifhop of Briftol,, lord privy.feal, and the
earl of Stafford, on the fide of the Englifh ; of Buys and
Vanderduffen, on the part of the Dutch; and of the
inarfhal d’Uxelles, the cardinal Polignac, and M. Me¬
rger, in behalf of France. The minifters of the em¬
peror and of Savoy aftifted, and the other allies fent alfo
plenipotentiaries, though with great reluCtance. As
England and France were the only powers ferioufly in¬
clined to peace, it may be fuppofed that all the other
deputies ferved rather to retard than advance its pro-
grefs. The emperor infilled obftinately upon his claim
to the Spanilh monarchy, refufing to give up the leaft
tittle of his pretentions ; and the Dutch adhered to their
old preliminaries, which Louis had conftantly rejected.
The Englifh minifters, finding fo many obftruCtions
from their allies, fet on foot a private negociation with
•France. They ftipulated certain advantages for the
fubjeCts of Great-Britain, in a concerted plan of peace.
They refolved to enter into fuch mutual confidence with
the French, as would anticipate all clandeftine tranfac-
tions to the prejudice of the coalition. Thefe articles
were privately regulated between the two courts; but
being the refult of pique and neceffity, they were not fo
favourable to the Englilh interefts, as the nation, after
fo many fignal victories, had a right to expeCt. The
Englilh, willing to include their allies, if poflible, in the
treaty, departed from fome of their juft claims, in order
to gratify the Dutch with the polfelfion of fome towns in
Flanders. But even this was not found fatisfaCtory.
The queen, therefore, finding the confederates averfe to
the propofitions (he had made for a general peace, gave
them to underftand, that (lie looked upon herfelf as re¬
leafed from all her former engagements.

Upon the difmilfion of the duke of Marlborough, the
duke of Orfnond had been inverted with the fupreme
command of the Britifh forces; but with particular
directions that he lhould not hazard an engagement.
However, he joined prince Eugene at Tournay, who,
not being let into the fecret, advifed the attacking of
the French under Villars; but he foon found how affairs
flood with his coadjutor. Ormond feemed extremely
uneafy at his fituation; and, in a letter to the fecretary
in England, delired permifiion to return. But the con¬
federates were loud in their complaints; they expoftu-
lated with the minifters at Utrecht upon fo perfidious a
conduCt with great feverity. The Dutch, indeed, did
rot reft here. They had a powerful party in the houfe
of lords, and there they refolved to arraign the conduCt
of the new miniftry. Lord Halifax delcanted on the ill
confequences of the duke of Ormond’s refufing to co¬
operate with prince Eugene, and moved for an addrefs
to her majefty to loofen the hands of the Englifh gene¬
ral. It was urged that nothing could be more difgrace-
ful to the duke himfelf than being thus fet at the head
of an army without a power of aCting. But earl Pawlet
-replied, that though none could doubt of the duke of
Ormond’s courage, yet he was not like a certain general
who led troops to the (laughter, in hopes that a great
number of officers might be knocked on the head, that
he might increafe his treafures by difpofingof their com-
miffions. The duke of Marlborough, who was prefent,
was lo deeply incenfed at this malicious infinuation, that
he fent the earl a challenge the next day ; but the queen
interfered, and prevented bloodffied.

A N 13.

In the mean time the allies, Tupported by the queen of
England, (till continued the war againft the French.
They had the utmoft confidence in prince Eugene, their
juftly celebrated genera! ; but after the rec’al and difmif*
fion of the duke of Marlborough, as if Providence had fo
ordained it to punifti the fin of ingratitude, there was a
total end of tlieii victories. Villars, the French general,
attacked a large body of the allied troops encamped at
Detrain, under the command of the earl of Albermarle.
Their intrenchments were forced, and feventeen battalions
were either deftroyed or taken. The earl himfelf, and all
the furviving officers, w ere made prifonersof war. Thefe
fucceffes of Villars gave a favourable turn to the affairs
of France, and ferved to haften the treaty of Utrecht.
The only obftacle which feemed now to retard the bufi-
nefs, was the fettling the fucceflion to the kingdoms of
France and Spain. The danger that threatened the in¬
terefts of Europe was, left both kingdoms fhould be
united under one fovereign ; and Philip, who was now
king of Spain, flood next in fucceflion to the crown of
France, except with the interpofition of one fickly child,
afterwards Louis XV. Philip, however, at iaft waved
his pretenfions to the French monarchy, and the treaty
went forward with rapidity and fuccefs.

In the beginning of Auguft 1712, fecretary St. John,
then created lord vifcount Bolingbroke, was fent to the
court of Verlailles to remove all obftruCtions to the
feparate treaty. He was accompanied by Prior the poet,
and the abbe Gualtier, who were treated with the mo(t
diftinguiftied maiks of relpeCt. The duke of Marl¬
borough, now negleCted 1 y the queen, and contemptu-
oufly treated by Iter tory adminiftration, retired with his
family to the continent ; and his retreat was compared
to that of Scipio from Rome, after he had faved his
country.

The treaty of peace and commerce between England
and F ranee being at length agreed on, and ratified by the
queen, (he informed her parliament of the fteps fhe had
taken. She left it to the commons to determine what-
forces, and what fupplies, might be neceffary for the fafe
ty of the kingdom. “ Make yourfelves fafe, (aid (lie,
and I (hall be fatisfied. The affection of my people, and
the providence of Heaven, are the only guards I a(k for
my protection.” Both houfes returned warm addrelfes ;
and the ratifications of the treaty being exchange • , which
had been figned on the 31ft of March, 1713, peace was pro-
claimed in England on the fifth of May, to the inexpref-
fible joy of the majority of the nation.

The articles of this famous peace were longer can-
vaffed, and more warmly debated, than thofe of any other
treaty we read of in hiftory. The fir ft (tipulation was,
that Philip king of Spain, renounced* for ever his claim
to the crown of France ; the union of two fuch powerful
kingdoms being thought dangerous to the liberties of Eu¬
rope. It was agreed that the duke of Berry, Philip’s
brother, fhould al(o renounce his claim to the crown of
Spain, in cafe he ever became king of France. It was
ftipulated that the duke of Savoy lhould poffefs the.ifland
of Sicily, with the title of king, together with Feneftrel-
lea, and other places on the continent ; which increafe
of dominion was, in fome meafure, made out of the fpoils
of the French monarchy. The Dutch had that barrier
granted them which they fo long fought after; and if
the crown of France was deprived of fome dominions to
enrich the duke of Savoy, on the other hand the houfe
of Auftria was taxed to fupply the neceffuies of the Hol¬
landers, who were put in poffeftion of the ftrongeft towns
in Flanders. With regard to England, its glory and its
interefts were fecured. The fortifications of Dunkirk,
which were thought dangerous to their trade in time of
war, were ordered to be demoliffied, and its port deftroy¬
ed. Spain gave up Gibraltar and the ifland of Minorca.
France refigued her pretenfions to Hudfon’s Bay, Nova
Scotia, and Newfoundland ; but they were left in poftef-
fion of Cape Breton, with the liberty of drying their fi(h

vt-pon

ENGLAND.

•npon the (bore. In behalf of the emperor it was ftipu-
lated, that he Ihould poffefs the kingdom of Naples, the
duchy of Milan, and the Spanifh Netherlands. The
king of Prnflia was to have Upper Guelder ; and a time
was" fixed for the emperor’s acceding to thefe articles,
which he had for, Tome time obftinately refilled. Thus
Europe feemed to be formed into one great republic, the
different members of which were cantoned out to differ¬
ent governors, and the ambition of any one (fate amenable
to the tribunal of all.

The Englifh having thus given peace to Europe, had
•full leifure to indulge their domeftic diffenfions. The
whig and tory parties never contended with greater ani-
molity towards each other. Whether it was at this time
the wifh of the minifters to alter the fucceflion of the
-crown from the houfe of Hanover to the pretender, has
never been clearly afeertained ; but true it is that the
vvhigs believed it as certain, and the tories but faintly
denied the charge. The fufpicions which fell upon that
party became every day ftronger, particularly when the
vvhigs came to be removed from ail places of trull and
confidence throughout the kingdom. The whigs were
now every where in commotion, either apprehending, or
affedling to apprehend, a defign in favour of the pre¬
tender; nay, their reports went fo far as to afiert that he
was adtually concealed in London, and that he had held
feveral conferences with the minifters of ftate. The
houfe of lords feemed to fhare in the general apprehen-
fion. The queen was addreffed to know what fteps
had been taken for removing the pretender from the do¬
minions of the duke of Lorrain. Mr. Steele, afterwards
known as the celebrated fir Richard Steele, in a pam¬
phlet written by him, bitterly exclaimed againft the mi-
niftry, and the immediate danger of their bringing in the
pretender. The houfe of commons confidered this per¬
formance as a fcandalous and feditious libel ; and Steele
was in confequence expelled from the houfe.

The two principal leaders of the adminiftration, Boling-
broke and lord Oxford, becoming jealous of each others
views, now quarelled, and began to divide the tory inte-
reft. Oxford, it is thought, was entirely for the Hano¬
verian fucceftion ; Bclingbroke had fome hopes of bring¬
ing in the pretender. It was a mortifying profpedl to
the queen, to perceive her favourite miniftry fplitting
into opposite fadtions, w.hile her own ill health kept
ace with their contentions. Her conllitution was
roken ; and what completed the ruin of her health, was
the anxiety of her mind. The council-chamber exhi¬
bited for fome time a feene of obftinate difpute and bitter
altercation. Even in the queen’s prefence, the treafurer
and fecretary did not abftain from mutual obloquy and
reproach. At length, their animofities coming to a
height, Oxford wrote a letter to the queen, calculated to
expofe the turbulent and ambitious fpirit of his colleague.
On the other hand, Bolingbroke charged the treafurer
with having invited the duke of Marlborough to return
from his voluntary exile, and of maintaining a private
correfpondence with the houfe of Hanover. In confe-
-quence of this charge, Oxford was removed from his
employments, and Bolingbroke remained triumphant in
his place. But the queen’s declining health foon gave
him a profpedl of what was fliortly to follow. As no
plan had been adopted for fupplying the vacancy of trea¬
furer, the queen was perplexed on whom to fix her
choice; and it really had fo violent an effect upon her
fpirits, that (he funk into a ftate of lethargic defpondency.
Notwithftanding the bell aid of her phyficians, they de¬
spaired of her life, and the privy-council was affembled
on the occalion. The dukes of Somerfet and Argyle,
being informed of the defperate ftate in which Ihe lay,
entered the council-chamber without being fummoned
not a little to the furprife of the tory members, who ex¬
pelled not the interference of the body of . the peers.
The duke of Shrewsbury thanked them for their guid¬
ance at fo critical a juncture. The phyficians having
Vol. VI. No. 385.

709;

declared that the queen was ftill in her fenfes, the coun¬
cil unanimoufty agreed that the duke of Shrewlbury was
the fitted perfon to be appointed to the vacant office of
treafurer. Thus Bolingbroke’s ambition was defeated
juft at the moment of his higheft elevation.

All the peers and members of the privy-council, with¬
out diftindtion, being now furnmoned from the different
parts of the kingdom, began to provide for the fafety of
the conllitution. They lent to the eledlor of Hanover,
informing him of the queen’s approaching diffolution, de¬
firing him to repair to Holland, where he would be at¬
tended by a Britifti fquadron to convey him to England.
At the fame time they difpatched inftrudlions to the earl
of Stafford at the Hague, to defire the ftates-general t»
be ready to perform the guarantee of the prot.eftant fuc¬
ceflion. Precautions were taken to fecure the fea-ports ;
and the command of the fleet was bellowed upon the earl
of Berkeley, a profeffed whig. Thefe nteafures, which
were all didlated by that party, anfwered a double nur-
pofe. They ferved to manifeft their own alacrity in the
caufe of the proteftant fucceflion, and feemed to imply
a danger to the ftate from the difaffedtion of the oppoiite
intereft.

On the thirtieth of July, the queen feemed fomewhat
relieved by medicines, rofe from her bed about eight
o’clock, and walked a little ; but (he was foon after
leized with a fit of apoplexy, from which, however, Ihe
was fomewhat recovered by the afliftance of Dr. Mead ;
yet Ihe continued all night in a ftate of infenfibility. She
gave fome languid figns of life between twelve and one ;
and expired about feveno’clock in the morning, Augult ip
1714, in the forty-ninth year of her age, after a profperous
reign of more than twelve years.

This princefs was rather amiable than great, rather
pleading than beautiful. In her ended the line of the
Stuarts ; a family, perhaps, whofe misfortunes and mif-
condudls are not to be paralleled in liillory. — -For the
character and iflue of this illuftrious fbvereign by her
liulband George prince of Denmark, fee vol. i. p. 732.

From the ACCESSION of the HOUSE of GUELPHS,
to the PEACE of AMIENS, in 1801.

Purfuant to the adl of fucceflion eftablifhed in the
reign of William and Mary, George, fon of Ernell- Au-
gullus Guelphs, fit'll eledlor of Brunfwick, and the prin¬
cefs Sophia, grand-daughter to James I. afeended the
throne of Great Britain, by the title of George I. He
was defeended from Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and
Bavaria, who married Maude, elded daughter of Henry II.
of England ; hence he was the legitimate ilTue of one of
our early monarchs, in whom had been united the royal
Anglo-Saxon and Norman blood, and who was alfo the
founder of the noble family of Brunfwick. His mature
age, being fifty-four years old, his fagacity and experi¬
ence, his numerous alliances, and the general tranquillity
of Europe, all contributed to promil'e him a peaceable
and happy reign. His virtues, though not ihining, were
folid ; he was of a very different difpofition from the
Stuart family, whom he fucceeded. Thefe were prover¬
bially diftinguifhed for leaving their friends in extremity ;
George, on the contrary, foon after his coronation, was
heard to fay, “ My maxim is, never to abandon my
friends ; to do juftice to all the world, and to fear no
man.” To thefe excellent qualifications he joined great
application to bufinefs. However, one fault, with refpedt
to England, mud be admitted as the natural bias of hu¬
manity ; he (ludied more the interefts of thofe fubjedls
he had left, than of thole he came to govern.

The king firft landed at Greenwich ; and two days after,
he made his public entry into London, and was crowned
on the nth of Odlober, 1714. The hopes and fears
of the tories, who were now called Jacobites , and of the
whigs, who were called Hanoverians , ran very high on the
acceflion of George I. but his majefty foon relieved them
from their ftate of anxiety, by an inftantaneous and total
8 S change

710 ENGL

change in all the important offices under government.
The duke of Marlborough, who had juft returned from a
Voluntary exile, was reftored to his former ports, with
lev era! new appointments'; the earl of Nottingham was
declared prefident of the council, the great feal was given
to lord Cow per, the privy feal to the earl of Wharton,
and the viceroyalty of Ireland to the earl of Sunderland.
At the fame time, lord Townlhend and Mr. Stanhope
were appointed fecretaries of (late, Mr. Pulteney fecre-
tary at war, and Mr. Walpole was made paytnufter to
the army. The poll of fecretary for Scotland was be-
flowed on the duke of Montrofe, and the duke of Ar¬
gyle was made commander in chief of the forces in that
country.

Thus the whig intereft obtained an afcendancy, both
in and out of parliament; and they now proceeded to
impeach the tory adminiftration, on account of the peace
they had made with France. The earl of Oxford, the
duke of Ormond, the earl of Strafford, and vifcount St.
John lord Bolingbroke, were the firft called to account
for the parts they had afted in this affair. Ormond and
St. John fled ; but though Oxford, Prior, and fome
others, were excepted out of the adt of grace, they all
efcaped punifhment. The changes in the adminiftration
had been effected without any diredt oppofition ; . but
when the fir ft emotions of fear or of duty had fubfided,
the malcontents of the jacobite faction broke out into
various adts of fedition and riot in the metropolis. From
London the infedtion gradually fpread to the more diftant
parts of the kingdom, where infurredtions became gene¬
ral, though fortunately without much devaftation. But
the commons, dreading the riling fpirit of revolt, ad-
dreffed his majefty to take vigorous meafures for fup-
p re (ling the rioters ; the habeas corpus adt was fufpended,
and a new adt was parted, by which it was now firlt de¬
creed, that if any perfons, to the number of twelve, un¬
lawfully aifembled, fliould continue together one hour
after having been required to difperfe by a juflice of the
peace, and had heard the proclamation againft riots read
in public, they fhould be deemed guilty of felony with¬
out benefit of clergy.

From England the prevailing difcontents fpeedily parted
into Scotland, where the union had hitherto remained un¬
popular, and was not yet relifhed by the difaffedled. The
Englifh jacobites fomented their averfion ; and a corre-
fpondence being eftablifhed between the jacobites of both
kingdoms, prince Janies, called the pretender , and who had
affumed the title of chevalier de St. George, was flattered
with the hopes of feeing a majority in both nations de¬
clare in favour of his right to the crown. But the Bidden
death of Louis XIV. was no fmall difappointment to the
pretender. He had privately fupplied the chevalier with
the means of fitting out an armament in the port of Havre ;
but the duke of Orleans, on whom the regency of the
kingdom now devolved, adopted a new fyftem of poli¬
tics, and entered into the ftridteft alliance with the king
of Great Britain.

The partizans of the pretender, however, had gone too
far to recede ; and an open rebellion firft began in Scot¬
land. The earl of Mar aflembled three hundred of his
own vartfals on the Highlands, proclaimed the pretender at
Caftletown, on September 6, 1715, and fet up his ftand-
ard at Brae Mar, afTuming the title of lieutenant-general
of the pretender’s forces. To fecond their attempts,
two veflels" arrived in Scotland frorti the pretender, with
arms, ammunition, and a number of officers, together
with aflitrances to the earl, that he himfelf would fhortly
come over to lead .bis forces. The earl, in confequence
of this declaration, foon found himfelf at the head of ten
thoufand men, well armed and provided. He fecured
tile pafs of the Tay at Perth, where his head-quarters
were eftablilhed, and made himfelf rnafter of the fruitful
province of Fife, and all the fea-coaft on that (ide of the
Frith of Edinburgh. He marched from thence to Dnm-
blaine, as if he had intended to erofs the Forth at Stir-

a n a

ling-bridge; but there he was informed of the prepara,
tions the duke of Argvle was making, who was railing
Forces to give him battle. This nobleman, whofe family
had fuffered fo much under the Stuarts, Hill poifeffed his
hereditary hatred ; and upon this occafion he was ap.
pointed commander in chief of the forces in North Bri¬
tain. The earl of Sutherland alfo went into Scotland tb
raife forces for the fervice of government ; and many
other Scottilh peers followed the example. The earl off
Mar being informed that the duke was advancing againft.
him from Stirling, he at firft thought it wifeft to retreat.
But being joined by fome of the clans under the earl of
Seaforth, and others under general Gordon, an expe.
rienced officer, lie refolved to rifle a battle.

The duke of Argyle, apprifed of his intentions, and
willing to prove his attachment to the proteftant fuccef-
fion, would not ftirink front the conteft, though his forces
did not amount to half the number of the rebels. In the
morning, he drew up his army, confiding only of three
thoufand five hundred men, in the vicinity of Dumblaine ;
but he foon found himfelf greatly outflanked by the ene¬
my. The duke perceiving the earl’s intention to furround
him, was obliged to alter' hi_s pofition \ but on account
of the deficiency of general officers, this was not done fo
expeditioufly as to be completed before the rebels began
the attack. The left wing, therefore, of the duke’s army,
received the whole centre of the enemy, and ftipported
the firft charge without ihrinking. It feemed even for a
while victorious, as the earl of Clanronald, who com¬
manded, was killed on the fpot. But Glengary, who was
fecond in command, undertook to infpire his intimidated
forces ; and, waving his bonnet, cried out feveral times,
“Revenge!” This animated the rebel troops to fucli
bravery, that they followed dole to the points of the
enemy’s bayonets, and got within their guard. A total
rout began to enfue of that wing of the royal army ; and
general Wethanr, their commander, riding full fpeed to
Stirling, gave out that all was loft, and that the rebels
were completely victorious. In the mean time, the duke
of Argyle, who commanded on the right, attacked the'
left of the enemy, and drove them before him two- miles,,
though they often faced about, and attempted to rally.
Having thus entirely broken that wing, and driven them
over the river Allan, he returned to the field ot battle,
where, to his great mortification, he found the enemy
victorious, and patiently waiting" his return. However,,
inftead of renewing the engagement, both armies conti¬
nued inactive, neither of them caring to renew the attack.
In the evening, both fides drew off, and both claimed
the victory. Though the pofteflion of the field was kept
by the rebels, yet certainly all the honour, and all the
advantages of the day, belonged only to the duke of Ar¬
gyle. It was fufficient for hitn to have, interrupted the
progrefs of the enemy ; for, in their circumftances, delay
was defeat. In faCt, the earl of Mar foon found his dif-
appointments and his lodes increafe. The caltle of In-
vernefs, of which he Itad been in poffeflion, was delivered
up to the king by lord Lovat, who had till now profefled
to act in the intereft of the pretender. The marquis' of
Tullibardine forfook the earl, in order to defend his own
part of the country ; and many of the Scottifli clans, fee¬
ing no likelihood of fuccefs, returned quietly home.

From the time the pretender had undertaken this wild
fcheme at Paris-, in which the duke of Ormond and lord
Bolingbroke were engaged, lord Stair, the Englifh ambaf-
fador at the French court, had penetrated all his defigns,
and lent faithful accounts of all his meafures, and adhe¬
rents, to the miniftry at home. Upon the firft rumour,
therefore, of an infurreCtion, the Britiih miniftry knprifoned
feveral lords and gentlemen, of whom they had a fufpicion.
The earls of Hume, W ig to w n, Kinnou), and other fil l peCted
perfons, were committed to the caftle of Edinburgh. Sir
William Wyndham, fir John Packington, Harvey, Combe,
and others, with the lords Lanfdovvn and Duplin, were
taken into cuftody in England ; but all thefe precautions

were

711

E N G L

were not able to (lop tbe infiirreCtion in the weflern coun¬
ties, wliere it was already begun. However, their pre¬
parations were weak and ill conducted ; every meafure
was betrayed to government as loon as projected, and
many revolts repreded in. the veryoutfet. The univerfity
ef Oxford was treated with great feverity on this occalion.
Major-general Pepper, with a flrong detachment of dra¬
goons, took polfeflion of the city at day-break, declaring
he would indantly flioot any of the (indents who (liould
prefume to appear without tlie limits of their refpeCtive
colleges. The infurreftion of the northern counties came
to greater maturity. . In October, 1715, the ear! of Der-
wentwater, and Mr. Foder, took tli£ field with a body of'
horfe, and, being joined by fome gentlemen from the bor¬
ders of Scotland, proclaimed the pretender. Their fi r ft
attempt was to feize upon Newcaflle, in which they had
many friends ; but they found the gates (hut againlf them,
and were obliged to retire to Hexham. To oppofe thefe,
general Carpenter was detached by government with a
body of nine hundred men, and an engagement was hourly
expedited. But the rebels took the rout to Jedburgh,
whefe they hoped to leave Carpenter behind them, and
penetrate into England by the weflern border. This was
an effectual means to cut themfelves off both from retreat
or afliflance. A party of Highlanders, who had joined
the rebels, refufed to accompany them in this defperate
irruption, and one-half of them adtually returned to their
own country. At Brampton, Foder opened his commif-
don, which had been lent him from the earl of Mar, and
there he proclaimed the pretender king. They continued
their march to Penrith, where the militia that, was a de ru¬
bied to oppole them, fled at. their appearance. From
Penrith they proceeded, by the way of Kendal and I.an-
cafler, to Preflon, of which place they took polfeflion
without any refinance. But this was the lad (lage of their
ill-advifed incurdon ; for general Wills, at the head of
(even thoufand men, came up to the town to attack them,
and his activity allowed them no time to efcape. They
now, therefore, began to put the place in a poflure of de¬
fence, and repulfed the firfl attack of the royal army.
Next day, however, Wills was reinforced by Carpenter,
and the town was inveded on all fides. In this helplefs
dtuation, Foder hoped to capitulate with the general,
and fent colonel Oxburgh, who had been taken prifoner,
to propofe terms. But Wills refilled to treat with rebels;
and faid that the only favour they had to expert, was to
be fpared from immediate daughter. Thele were hard
terms; but no better could be obtained. They accord¬
ingly laid down their arms, and were put under a drong
guard; all the noblemen and leaders were fecured, and
a lew ot their officers tried for defecting from the royal
army, and fliot by fentence of a court-martial. The com¬
mon foldiers were imprifoned at Chefler and Liverpool ;
the noblemen and officers were efcorted to London, and
led through the dreets, pinioned and bound together, to
intimidate their party.

Thus ended the two firfl expeditions fet on foot in fa¬
vour of the pretender; in neither of which appear the
fmalled traces of conduct, fagacity, or defign. But the
direction of affairs on the continent, and at the court of
Paris,, .was infinitely worfe. Bolingbroke had there been
made his fecretary, and Ormond his prime-minifler. But
thefe datelmen quickly found that nothing could be done
in favour of his caufe. Louis XIV. who had ever during
his life efpoufed the intered of the abdicated family,
Commended prince James to the care of his brother the
duke of Orleans, who (ucceeded in the government of
the kingdom ; but he denied the pretender any afliftance.
His party was compofed of the lowed and the mod igno¬
rant exiles from the Britidi dominions ; the fecrets of his
cabinet, and all his intended meafures, were bandied
about in coffee-houfes by perfons of the lowed rank ;
fubaltern officers were elevated to the rank of generals ;
and even proflitutes were intruded to manage his nego¬
tiations. The pride of the regent duke of Orleans, there.

i

A N D.

fore, independent of his fuperior policy, could never have
flittered him to foul his integrity by connecting himfelf
with fuch a motley tribe. The' pretender, thus defer ed
in France, refolved to hazard his perfon among his friends
in Scotland. Pafling through France in difguife, and
embarking in a fmall velfel at Dunkirk, he arrived, after
a voyage of a few days, on the coad of Scotland, with
only fix gentlemen in his train. He palled unknown
through Aberdeen to Feterofle, where he was met by the
earl ot Mar, and about thirty noblemen and gentlemen
in his intered. There he Was folenmly proclaimed. His
declaration, dated at Commercy, was printed and dif-
perfed. He went from thence to Dundee, where he made
a public entry, and in two days more he arrived at Scone,
where he intended to have the ceremony of his coronation
performed. He ordered thankfgivings to be made for
his fafe arrival ; he enjoined the clergy to pray for him in
their churches ; and, without the fmalled (hare of power,
went through the ceremonies of royalty, which threw an
air of ridicule on all his conduct. Having (pent fome
time in unimportant parade, he refolved to abandon the
enterprife with the fame levity with which it was under¬
take;!. Having made a fpeech to his council, he informed
them of his want of money, arms, and ammunition, for
undertaking a campaign, and therefore deplored that he
was compelled to leave them. He embarked in the har¬
bour of Montrofe, accompanied with feveral lords, his
adherents, and in five days arrived at Gravelines. General
Gordon, with the afliflance of the eail marefchal, pro¬
ceeded at their head to Aberdeen, where he fecured three
veflels, which took on-board fuch perfons as wiflied to
make their efcape to the continent. He then continued
his march through the Highlands, and difmifled his
forces as he went forward. His retreat was made with
fuch expedition, that the duke of Argyle, with all his
activity, could never overtake his rear, which confided
of a thoufand horfe.

In this manner terminated a rebellion founded in imbe¬
cility, and conducted in rartinefs and folly. The law vvas^
now put in force with all its terrors ; and the prifons
were crowded with the deluded infurgents. The earls
of Derwentwater, Nitlnfdale, Carnwath, and Wigtown,
the lords Widrington, Kenmuir, and Nairne, w ere im¬
peached, and, upon pleading guilty, all but lord Wig¬
town, received fentence of death. No entreaties could
(often the minidry to (pare thefe unhappy men. The
houfe of lords even prefented an addrefs to the throne
for mercy, but without effedt ; the king anfwered, that
on this, as well as on all other occaflons, he would act
as he thought mod confident with the dignity of the
crown, and the lafety of his people. Several others of
the principals in the pretender’s intered, were alfo puniflied
with death., fome of whom were drawn and quartered.
Upwards of a thoufand of the lower orders experienced
the king’s mercy, and were fent to people the Britifli co¬
lonies in North America, which thus gained flrength and
importance from the difaffeCtions in England:.

The rebellion thus extinguiflied, ferved to confirm the
authority of thofe in power. The parliament had (hewn
itfelf eager to fecond the views of the minidry; and the
pretended danger of the date was made a pretext for con¬
tinuing the parliament beyond the legal term of its exift-
ence. An aCt, therefore, was made by themfelves, re¬
pealing that by which they were to be dilfolved every
third year, and the term of the duration was extended to
feven years, A. D. 1716. This was the origin of fepten-
nial parliaments. If it could be right to extend their
felf-eleCted duration to feven years, they might by the
fame parity of reafoning perpetuate their authority, and
thus dedroy the balance of the conditution. On the
introduction of the feptennial bill, Mr. Shippen, in his
memorable fpeech againfl it, remarked as follows: “ I
humbly conceive we have it not in our power to con-
fent to this bill ; for I cannot difeover by what rule of
reafon or law, we, who are only reprelentatives, can

enlarge,

712 ENG

enlarge, to our own advantage, the authority delegated
to us — or that by virtue of fuch delegated authority, we
can dcftroy the fundamental rights of our conftitution.
This houfe has certainly no legiflative authority but what
it derives from the people. The members of this affern-
bly were chofen under the triennial aft. Our truft is
therefore a triennial truft ; and if we extend it beyond
the drift legal duration, we ceafe from that inftant to be
the truftees of the people, and are our own eleftors.
From that indant, we aft by an unwarrantable aflumption
of power, and take upon us to create a new conftitution.
For though it is a received maxim in civil fcience, that
the fupreme legiflature cannot be bound, yet an exception
is necedarily implied, that it is redrained from fubverting
the foundation on which it dands.” T his famous bill,
however, paded both houfes, and all objeftions to it were
confidered as the refult of difaffeftion.

Thefe important concerns being ad j tided, the king began
to turn his thoughts to his Hanoverian dominions, and re-
folved upon a voyage to the continent. He forefaw a
dorm gathering on the fide of Sweden. As Charles XII.
the heroic monarch of that country, was highly provoked
againd him for having entered into a confederacy with
the Ruffians and Danes, and for having purchafed the
towns of Bremen and Verden from the king of Denmark,
which had condituted a part of his dominions; George,
therefore, in order to fecure his German dominions, en¬
tered into a new treaty with the Dutch and the regent of
France, by which they agreed mutually to adid each
other in cafe of aninvafion. Nor were his fears unfounded;
Charles maintained a correfpondence with the difaffefted
fubjefts of Great Britain : and a fcherne was formed for
landing a confiderable body of Swedifh forces, with the
king at their head ; when it was expefted they would be
joined by all the malcontents of the kingdom. Count
Gyllenburgh, the Sweaidi minider in London, was prin¬
cipally aftive in the confpiracy ; but being feized, with
all his papers, by order of the king, the confederacy was
detefted, and the parties punifhed. A bill was imme¬
diately paded by the commons, prohibiting all commerce
or conneftion with Sweden ; and a fupply of two hun¬
dred and fifty thoufand pounds was granted the king, to
enable him to fecure his dominions againd the threatened
invafion. However, the premature death of Charles
loon put an end to all difquietudes from that quarter.

But this feems to have been the age of treaties, fubfi-
-dies, and political combinations. At that time, the po¬
liticians of the age fuppofed that fuch paper-chains
would be fufficient to fecure the permanence of domi¬
nion ; but experience has taught the contrary. Among
other treaties concluded with fuch hopes, was that called
the quadruple alliance. It was agreed upon between the
emperor of Germany, France, England, and Holland,
that the emperor dtould renounce all pretenfions to the
crown of Spain, and exchange Sardinia for Sicily with
the duke of Savoy ; that the fuccedions to the duchies
of Tufcany, Parma, and Placentia, dtould be fettled on
the queen of Spain’s elded fon, in cafe the prefent pof-
felTors rtiould die without male iflue. However, this
treaty was by no means agreeable to the king of Spain,
and confequentiy it became prejudicial to the Bnglifh,
as it interrupted the commerce to Great Britain. But
the intered of England was not the objeft which this
treaty had in view. The difpleafure of the king of
Spain foon broke out into an open rupture witli the em¬
peror, whom lie confidered as the chief contriver of this
alliance; and a numerous body of Spanifh troops were
f nt into Italy to fupport Philip’s pretenfions in that quar¬
ter. It was in vain that the regent of France attempted
to did’uade him ; or that the king of England offered his
mediation: their interpofition was i ejefted as intereded
and unjud. War, in the exhanded date of the Englilh
finances, was a real evil ; yet a rupture with Spain was
refolved on. A fquadron of twenty-two Ihips of the
line was equipped with all expedition, the command given

LAND.

to fir George Byng, and ordered to fail for Naples, which
was then threatened by the Spanifh army. Sir George
was received with great joy by the inhabitants of that
city, and was informed that the Spaniards, to the amount
of thirty thoufand men, were then aftually landed in Si¬
cily. In this exigence, as no afiidance could be given by
land, he refolved to fail thither, fully determined to pur-
fue the Spanifii fleet on which they had embarked.
Upon coming round cape Faro, he perceived two finall
Spanifh veflels, and following them clofely, they led him
to their main fleet, which, before noon, lie difeovered in
line of battle, amounting to tvventy-feven fail. How¬
ever, the Spanifh fleet, upon perceiving the force of the
Englifh, attempted to bear away, though fuperior in
number. The Englifh made a running fight, in which
the Spanifh commanders behaved with courage and ac¬
tivity ; yet they were all taken except time, which were
preferved by the bravery of Cammoc, their vice-admiral,
a native of Ireland. Sir George Byng behaved on this
occafion with fingtilar prudence and refolution ; and the
king wrote him a letter with his own hand, api roving his
conduft. This victory produced the refentment and com¬
plaints of the Spanifh minifters in all the courts of Eli-
rope, and haftened the declaration of war upon the part
of the Englifh, A. D. 1718, which, from motives of de¬
licacy, had hitherto been delayed.

The war with Spain ferved once more to raife the de¬
clining hopes of the pretender and his adherents. It was
fuggefted, that by the afliftance of Alberoni, the Spanifh
minifter, a new infurreftion might be excited in England.
The duke of Ormond was fixed upon to conduft this af¬
fair ; and he obtained from the Spanifh court a fleet of
ten fliips of war and tranfports, having on board fix
thoufand regular troops, with arms for twelve thoufand
more. But fortune was dill unpropitious. Having pro¬
ceeded as far as cape Finifterre, he was overtaken by a
violent (form, which difabled his fleet, and fruflrated the
expedition. This misfortune, added to the bad fuccefs
of the Spanifh arms in Sicily, and other parts of Europe,
induced Philip to wifh for peace ; as a prelude to which
he confented to fign the quadruple alliance.

King George now returned from the continent, to re¬
ceive the addreffes and congratulations of his parliament.
From addrefling they proceeded to an objeft of much
greater importance ; which was no lefs than fixing the
dependency of the Irifh parliament upon that of Great
Britain. Maurice Annefly had appealed to the houfe of
peers in England, from a decree made by the houfe of
peers in Ireland, and this decree they reverfed. The
Britifh peers ordered the barons of the exchequer in Ire¬
land, to put Mr. Annefly in pofleflion of the lands he had
loft by the decree of the lords in that kingdom. The
barons of the exchequer obeyed this order ; and the Irifh
houfe of peers paded a vote againft them, as having at¬
tempted to diminifh the juft privileges of the parliament
of Ireland; and at the fame time ordered the barons to
be taken under the cuftody of the black rod. On the
other hand, the houfe of lords in England refolved, that
the barons of the exchequer in Ireland had afted with
courage and fidelity ; and addreffed the king to fignify
his approbation of their conduft. In confequence of
this addrefs, a bill was prepared, by which the Irifh houfe
of lords was deprived of all right to final jurifdiftion.
It was oppofed with great vehemence ; but was finally
carried, and received the royal aflent. At this time.,
A. D. 1720, arofe that fingtilar event, known in our hif-
tory by the name of the South Sea Bubble ; a fource of int-
pofition and fraud unparalleled in the tranfaftions of
man, and which had its rife from a fpirit of fcheming
avarice, which then feems to have pervaded all ranks of
people. — For the particulars of this tranfaftion, fee the
article Bubble, vol. iii. p.476 — 470.

The clamours excited in the nation by the hurtling of
this monftrous bubble, appear to have fuggefted to the
difaffefted jacobins, that it was a proper feafon to intro¬
duce

E N G I

duce once more the claims of the pretender. Early in
May, 1721, the king received intelligence from the duke
cf Orleans, regent of France, of a plot againft his perfon
and government. In confequence, a camp was imme¬
diately formed in Hyde park; the military officers were
ordered to repair to their pods; the dates of Holland
were defired to have their auxiliary troops in readinefs to
be embarked, and many fufpefted perfons were appre¬
hended in Scotland and England. Among thofe who
were fuppofed to be principally implicated in this trea-
fonable confpiracy, were Atterbury bilhop of Rocheder,
the earl of Orrery, lords Grey and North, Cochrane and
Smith from Scotland, Chridopher Layer, a young tem¬
plar, George Kelly, an Irifh clergyman, Cotton, Bingley,
and Fleetwood, Engliflimen, and one Naynoe, an Irifti
pried.

On the meeting of the new parliament, A. D. 1722, his
majedy, in his fpeech, developed the nature and extent
of the plot, which had only been frudrated by the above
timely difcoverv. To this formidable reprefentation,
Mr. Robert Walpole, the prime minider, added feveral
particulars, which diewed the dangerous aims and ob¬
jects of the jacobites. To corroborate the whole, an
original and printed copy of a declaration, dgned by the
pretender at Lucca, was laid before the houfe. In this
curious paper, the chevalier de St. George expatiated on
the grievances of the nation, and calling upon the people
to affert their rights, gravely propofed, “that if king
George would relinquifli the throne, the rightful heir,
in return, would bedow on the faid George the title of
king in his native dominions, and fecure his fuccefiion to
the Britidi fceptre, whenever, in due cotirfe, his natural
right diould take place.” By way of punidiing the friends
of the pretender, a bill was prepared by the commons to
raife one hundred thoufand pounds on the real and per-
fonal edates of papids, towards defraying the expences
incurred by the late rebellion and diforders ; and all per¬
fons of that faith in Scotland were called upon to regider
their names and edates. Thefe pecuniary mulfts were
followed by the trial, eonviftion, and execution, of Layer.
No evidence appeared, or at lead was produced, for
grounding any procefs againd the nobles who had been
arreded ; but Atterbury bifhop of Rocheder, was for
ever banifhed the realm, and all other his majedy’s do¬
minions, and ordered to depart out of the fame before
the 25th of June, 1723.

The trial of Rocheder was followed by another of a
different nature, but in which the intereds of the nation
were more deeply concerned. It had been iifual for the
lord-chancellors, upon being appointed to their high of¬
fice, to nominate the maders in chancery — places of value
and of trud, though then purchafed as commidions in
the army. Some men of bad churafter having been ap¬
pointed to this office, and having embezzled the money
of orphans and fuitors lodged in their hands, a complaint
was made to government, and this drew down the refent-
ment of the minidry on the lord chancellor. He was
made to refign the feals ; and the king ordered the whole
ad'air to be laid before parliament. The commons, tak¬
ing the fafts into confideration, and finding many abufes
had crept into that court, which either impeded juftice
or rendered it venal, they refolved to impeach Thomas
earl of Macclesfield, the late chancellor, at the bar of
the houfe of lords, for high crimes and mifdemeanors.
This is one of the mod celebrated trials in the annals of
England. A bill was previoudy brought in to indemnify
the maders in chancery from the penalties of the law,
upon difcovering what condderations they had paid for
their admiflion to their refpeftive offices. The trial laded
twenty days. The earl proved t hat fuch films had been
ufually received by former lords-chancellors ; but real'on
fliewed that fuch receipts were contrary to law and juf-
tice. Equity, therefore, prevailed above precedent; the
earl was convicted of fraudulent practices, and, con¬
demned in a fine of thirty thoufand pounds,,

Vol. VI. No. 385.

AND. 713

The remainder of the reign of George I. prefents little
more than a tedious repetition of intricate and contra¬
dictory treaties, mod of which were inimical to the inte¬
reds of this country. To enable the king to fulfil iorne
new engagements with the kings of Pruffia and Denmark,
an--additional number of feamen and land forces were
voted by the commons. Yet on a new alliance taking
place between the courts of Spain and Vienna, the king
felt again alarmed for the fafety of his German domi¬
nions ; and a negociation between Pruflia, France, and
England, took place at Hanover, which ended in a defen-
five treaty for fifteen years. The ltodile defigns of Spain,
in conjunction with the emperor, A. D. 1727, becoming
daily more apparent, the naval and military force of the
kingdom were put on a refpeftable footing ; and, in order
to cut off the fupplies which furniflied Spain with the
means of annoyance, admiral Hofier was direfted to fail
to the Wed Indies, with the intent of making prize of
the galleons, which annually import the treafures of
South America into the mother country. This defign,
however, being divulged before it could be executed,
the treafure, amounting to fix millions derling, was un¬
loaded, and carried back to Panama.

It was now confidently afferted in parliament, that the
objefts of Spain were to place the pretender on the throne
of Great Britain, and to recover Gibraltar and Port Ma¬
hon. Mutual affronts and recriminations followed be¬
tween the powers at variance ; and the feafon for aCtion
was at hand. George, therefore, entered into a more
drift alliance with the kings of France and Denmark,
fubfidizing Sweden, formed a convention with Heffe Caf-
fel, and determined to fend a drong fleet into the Baltic
to check the Ruflians, who were fufpefted of being in the
intereds of Spain and the emperor. Parliament gave its
entire fanftion to thefe meafures, and voted an adequate
fupply. Meanwhile, hodilities were commenced againft
the dominions of Great Britain, by the Spaniards inveft-
ing Gibraltar. This place was defended by colonel
Clayton; and after the enemy had lain before it fome
months, and loft ten thoufand men, they found it expe¬
dient to raife the fiege. The garrifon did not lofe more
than three hundred during the whole time of its invefl-
inent.

Early in the fpring fir Charles Wager had been dif-
patched with a reinforcement to the garrifon of Gibraltar,
and fir John Norris fet fail for the Baltic, where he was
joined by a Danifti fquadron. Everywhere preparations
were making for a war, which threatened to embroil all
Europe. A flop, however, was put to the further effu-
fion of human blood, by the mediation of the king of
France; and at length twelve preliminary articles were
dgned by the refpeftive plenipotentiaries, by which it
was ftipulated, “ that hodilities diould immediately
ceafe ; that the charter of the Oftend company diould be
fufpended for feven years; and, that a congrefs diould,
in four months, affemble at Aix-la-Chapelle, for adj lift¬
ing all differences, and confolidating the peace of Eu¬
rope.” The king of England did not live to enjoy the
agreeable profpeft which his fuccefsful negociations now
opened. Being fuddenly feized with a paralytic difor-
der, on the road from Holland to Hanover, he was con¬
veyed in a date of infenfibility to Ofnaburgh, where he
expired on Sunday, the nth of June, 1727, in the fixty-
eiglith year of his age, and .the thirteenth of his reign.
His body was conveyed to Hanover, and interred among
hisanceftors.

George I. was of a moderate ftature; his features re¬
gular and manly, and his countenance grave and majeftic.
He was an able and experienced general, and a confum-
mate politician. Though the rage of party was never
ftronger than during his reign, he was allowed by all to
have an honed heart ; and he was beloved by thofe who
had the belt opportunity of appreciating his worth.
He governed England with great mildnefs ; was an enemy
to perfecution ; and never wiflied to encroach on the
8 T civil

714 E N G L A N D;

civil or religious liberties of his people. That he felt a
very ftrong predileftion for his native country, Hanover,
was no more than natural ; but that he (hewed it too evi¬
dently at the expence of Great Britain, is a faft which
will not be denied. He had been long feparated from
the princefs Sophia, his queen, who never came into
England: of courfe the court at St. James’s was never .
brilliant, nor did his majefty feem fond of etiquette.
He was married to the princefs Sophia, daughter and
heirefs of the duke of Zell, by whom he had George
prince of Wales who fucceeded hint; and a daughter,
married to Frederic king of Pruffia, and mother of Fre¬
deric the Great.

George II. did not afcend the throne until upwards of
a month after the demile of his father, in confequence of
that event not being known in England. Immediately
on the news being communicated to fir Robert Walpole,
that minifter carried it to the prince and princefs of Wales
at Richmond, who, removing to Leicefter houfe, a privy
council was inftantly affembled, and next day the new
king was proclaimed with the ufual folemnities. His
majefty took the oath, and fubfcribed the articles for the
fecurity of the church of Scotland, as required by the
aft of the union, and declared his firm purpofe to pre-
ferve entire the conftitution in church and date. At the
fame time lie avowed his intention to adhere to all the
treaties which his' father had entered into; and he con¬
tinued all the great officers of ftate in their places. This
prince, in 1704, had married the princefs Wilhelmina
Carolina Dorothea of Brandenburgh Anfpach, and with
her was crowned at Weftminfter, on the nth of October,
1727, with great magnificence.

In his firft fpeech to parliament, the king profefled a
fixed refolution to merit the love and afteftion of his
people, by maintaining them in the full enjoyment of
their civil and religious rights, and by ftudying to leffen
the expences of the government in all its departments.
Sir Robert Walpole followed up thefe gracious alfu-
rances, by moving, that eight hundred thoufand pounds
a-year fliould be fettled on his majefty during life ; and a
liberal fettlement was alfo made for the queen, in cafe (lie
fiiould furvive his majefty. In ftiort, numbers who had
been diflatisfied under the former reign, now exprelfed
their confidence in the new king; and, for a time, all
parties feemed to be united in affeftion to his perfon, ^nd
in attachment to his government.

It had long been maintained by political writers, that
excifes are the moll proper ways and means of fupporting
government in a long war, becaufe they equalize the
burdens, and render them proportionable to the great
wants of the public. Agreeably to this idea, though
covertly under pretence of preventing frauds, the minif¬
ter, A. D. 1733, propofed, that a partial excife on to¬
bacco fhould be levied. This meafure met with a violent
oppofition, not from the confideration of that train of
dependents it would produce, but from the dread of its
extenlion to other articles ; and the cry of a general ex¬
cife was fet up by the country-party in parliament, and
echoed through the nation. The ferment, in ftiort, be¬
came fo great, that though the minifter had a triumphant
majority of (ixty-one in the houfe of commons, he was
obliged to wave the queftion, and abandon his fcheme.

In a future fefiion of parliament, A. D. 1737, the houfe
having refolved itfelf into a committee to conliderof the
national debt, fir John Barnard moved, ‘“That the king
fliould be enabled to raife money, by the fale of annuities,
or by borrowing, at an intereft not exceeding three per
cent. ; which fum, fo raifed, fliould be applied towards
redeeming the South-fea annuities ; and, that fuch of the
faid annuitants as fliould be inclined to fubferibe their re-
fpeftive annuities, fliould be preferred to all others.”
The adoption of this meafure he enforced with unanfwer-
able arguments ; but the miniftry, unwilling that the
merit of the plan fliould originate with oppofition, fet it
afide, without being able to impeach its juftice and po-

2

licy. In the courfe of the fame fefiion, an aft was pa (Ted,
fubjefting the ftage and dramatic writers to certain re-
ftraints. The number of play-houfes was limited, and
all pieces intended for reprefentation were to be fubmit-
ted to the lord chamberlain, without whofe licence they
could not be afted.

In the following year, A. D. 1738, the jealoufy of the
commercial part of the nation had nearly involved the
country in war. Loud complaints were made of the en¬
croachments of the French on the Mifliffippi, and of the
depredations of the Spaniards omthe Britifti merchants
trading to the Spanifli territory. A remonftrance was in
confequence prefented to the court of Madrid, and a con¬
vention was appointed to fettle the difpute ; and, though
the treaty of Seville in 1729 feemed to have adjufted all
claims, and provided againft all differences, this nation,
however, eager for war, v ifhed tofindoccafion for a rupture.

Walpole was fond of peace, and endeavoured to pre-
ferve it by every means that did not ftigmatize the honour
of the nation. He therefore became unpopular for the
very quality that ought to have rendered him refpefted.
The Spaniards, probably, availing themfelves of his
known difpofition for peace, began to infult and diftrefs
the commerce of Great Britain : they difputed the right
of the Englifti to cut logwood in the bay of Campeachy,
or to colleCt fait in the ifland of Tortugas. The captains
of their guarda coftas made a praftice of boarding and
plundering Englifh velfels, on pretence of fearching them
for contraband commodities ; and various other afts of
cruelty and injuftice were committed. In particular, a
Spanifli commiflioned captain, having cut oif the ear of
an Englifti mailer and commander, named Jenkins, bade
him carry the morfel to the Englifti king, and tell him,
that the Spaniards would ferve him in the fame manner,
fliould an opportunity prefent itfelf. Thefe outrages
were loudly and juftly complained of by the nation at
large; yet every endeavour to prevent a rupture with
Spain was feduloufly adopted by the miniftry ; and a con¬
vention was at laft, A. D. 1738, concluded and ratified,
by which the king of Spain bound himfelf to make re¬
paration to the fubjeCts of Great Britain for their Ioffes,
by certain ftipulated payments within a limited time.
Sir Robert Walpole bellowed the higheft eulogium on
this convention; but, with all his influence, he could
only obtain a majority of twenty-eight, in an addrefs of
approbation. In the upper houfe the minifter was like-
wife very hard puflied, and it was with difficulty he flood
his ground. At the head of thofe who voted againft an
addrefs was the prince of Wales, who, on account of a
family mifunderftanding, had joined the oppofition with
all the intereft he could command.

In the mean while, the Spaniards, who took advantage
of the forbearance of the Englifti, having violated the
terms of the convention, there was no alternative but a
vigorous oppofition. Letters of marque and reprifal
were confequently iflued againft Spain ; a large fleet was
affembled at Spithead ; the land forces were augmented,
and, A. D. 1 739, an embargo was laid on all merchant
velfels. Walpole, however, ftill held out the olive-
branch ; but his overtures for accommodation being re¬
jected, war was formally declared. Yet, notwithftanding
the arrogance of the Spaniards, they appeared but ill pre¬
pared for hoftilities. Admiral Vernon having aflerted
in the houfe of commons, that he could take Porto Bello
with only fix (hips, he was difpatched thither, and actu¬
ally performed this hazardous fervice. Aslhe war began
thus fuccefsfully, it infpired the commons to profecute it
with vigour. The minifter was granted fuch fupplies as
enabled him to equip a very powerful navy ; and a fqua-
dron of Ihips was equipped for diftreffing the enemy in
the South feas, the command of which was given to com¬
modore Anfon. This fleet was deftined to fail through
the ftraits of Magellan, and fleering northwards, along
the coafts of Chili and Peru, to co-operate occasionally
with admiral Vernon acrofs the ifthmus of Darien. The

delays

ENG

delays and sniftakes of the miniftry, however, fruftrated
that part of the fchetne, which was originally well laid.
The commodore let fail from Portfmouth in September,
1740, with five fhips of the line, a frigate, and two flore-
fhips, with about fourteen hundred men. Having reached
the coafl of Brazil, he refrellied his people on the illand
of St. Catharine, a fpot that enjoys all the fruitfulnefs
and verdure of the luxurious tropical climate. From
thence he fleered downward into the tempclfuous regions
of the fouth ; and in about five months after, meeting a
terrible temped, he doubled Cape Horn. By this time
his fleet was difperfed, and his crew deplorably difabled
with the fcurvy ; fo that with much difficulty he gained
the illand of juan Fernandez. There lie was joined by
one fhip, and a velfel of feven guns. From thence, ad¬
vancing northward, he landed on the coafl of Chili, and
attacked the town of Payta by night. The garri'fon and
the inhabitants fled on all lides ; and the treafures of the
place were feized by the conquerors. This fmall fqua-
dron then advanced to Panama, fituated on the iflhmusof
Darien, on the weflern fide of the great American conti¬
nent.- The commodore now placed all his hopes in tak¬
ing one of thofe valuable Spanilh fhips which trade from
the Philippine illands to Mexico. In hopes of meeting
with one of thefe, the commodore travelled the great
Pacific Ocean; but the fcurvy once more vifiting his
crew, feveral of his men died, and ahnoft all were dif¬
abled. In this exigence, having brought all his men into
one velfel, and let fire to the other, he fleered for the
illand of Tinian till his men had fomewhat uncovered
their health, and his (hip was refitted for failing. At
lengthy after various toils and dangers, he difcovered the
Spanilh’ galleon he had fo long been in quell of. This
velfel was built as well for the purpofes of war as of
merchandize. It mounted fixty guns, with five hundred
men ; while the crew of the commodore did not amount
to half that number. However, the viclory was on the
fide of the Englifli ; and they returned home with their
prize, which was ellimated at three hundred and thirteen
thoufand pounds Iterling, while the different captures
that had been previoully made, amounted to as much
more. Thus, after a voyage of three years, conduced
with uncommon perfeverance and intrepidity, the public
fuftained the lofs of a fmall fleet, but gained immortal
glory ; while a few individuals were rewarded with im-
menfe riches.

When Anion fet out, it was with a defign of adding a
fubordinate part to a more formidable armament deligned
for the coafl of New Spain, confiding of twenty-nine
fhips of the line, and almofi an equal number of frigates,
furniffied with all kinds of warlike (lores, near fifteen
thoufand feamen, and as many land forces. Never was a
fleet more completely equipped, nor never had the nation
more fanguine hopes of fuccefs. Lord Cathcart was ap¬
pointed fo command the army ; but dying on the palfage,
the command devolved upon general Wentworth. The
miniftry, without any vilible reafon, detained the fleet in
England, until the feafon foradlion in America was nearly
loft. In the country where they were to carry on their
operations, periodical rains begin about the end of April,
and this change in the climate as furely brings on epide¬
mical and contagious difeafes. Having at length arrived
before the wealthy city of Carthagena, they landed their
forces, in order to form the liege. This city, which lies
within fixty miles of Panama, ferves as a magazine for
the merchandizes of Spain, which are conveyed from
Europe thither, and from thence carried over land to Pa¬
nama, to be exchanged for the native commodities of the
New World. The taking of Carthagena, therefore,
would have obftrudted the whole trade between Old and
New Spain.

To carry on the fiege with fafety, the troops were
landed on the illand Tierra Bomba, near the mouth of
the harbour, which had been ftrongly fortified. The
land forces eredted a battery on-Ihore, with which they

LAND. 713

made a breach in the principal fort, while admiral Ver¬
non, who commanded the fleet, ftnt a number of (hips
into the harbour, to divide the fire of the enemy, and to
co-operate with the land army. The breach being
deemed practicable, a body of troops were commanded
to ftorm ; but the Spaniards deferted the' works, and re¬
tired into the city. Encouraged by this advantage, ge-
neral Wentworth marched up to the walls, and attempted
to fcale fort St. Lazare, in order to take the place by
ftorm. Nothing could be more unfortunate than this un¬
dertaking ; the fcaling ladders were found too fliort ; the
enemy made a very brave defence ; and the Englifh were
obliged to retreat in eonfufion, leaving fix hundred men
dead on the fpot ; among whom was colonel Grant, who
commanded the grenadiers. The terrors of the climate
foon began to be more dreadful than thofe of war ; the
rainy feafon fet in with fuch violence, that it was im-
poffible for the troops to continue in camp ; and the mor¬
tality of a contagious air began to attack them in all its
frightful varieties. Thefe misfortunes led to diflenfions
and mutual recriminations between the commanders ; till
at lad they agreed to re-imbark the troops, and to with¬
draw as quick as poffible from this fcene of (laughter and
contagion. This fatal mifcarriage, which tarniflied the
Britifh glory, was no fooner known in England, than the
kingdom was filled with murmurs and difcontent.

To this caufe of complaint, feveral others were added.
The inactivity of the Englifli fleet at home was among
the mod principal. Sir John Norris had twice failed to
the coaft of Spain, at the head of a vqry powerful fqua-
dron, without taking any effeClual ftep to annoy the ene¬
my. The Spanifli privateers, which were numerous and
enterprifing, annoyed our commerce with great fuccefs,
having taken four hundred and feven fhips belonging to
the lubjeCts of Great Britain. The Englifh, though at
an immenfe expence in equipping fleets, feemed to lie
wholly inactive, and fuffered one lofs after another with¬
out reprifal. Thefe untoward events had a manifeft in¬
fluence upon the general eleClion which followed j and
the complaints againft the miniftry became fo general,
that fir Robert Walpole began to tremble for his fafety.
The prince of Wales, who continued to live retired from
court, concurred in the oppofition. Obftinate druggies
were maintained in all parts of the kingdom ; and fuch
a national fpirit prevailed, that the country intereft feemed
ready to preponderate. In this fituation, the minifter
finding the ftrength of the houfe of commons turned
againft him, tried every art to divide that confederacy
which he knew he had not ftrength to oppofe. His firft
attempt was by endeavouring to difengage the prince
from his party, by promifes of royal favour, and other
emoluments. The hilltop of Oxford was fent to him,
with an offer, that if he would make fubmiffion to the
king, he fiiould be taken into favour; fifty thoufand
pounds ffiould be added to his revenue; two hundred
thoufand fltould be granted him to pay his debts ; and
fuitable provifion made for his followers. This, to a
perfon involved in debt, from the fcantinefs of his pen-
fion, and the neceffity of keeping up his dignity, was a
tempting offer. However, the prince nobly difdained it,
declaring he would accept of no conditions dictated under
the influence of a minifter whofe meafures he could not
approve.

Walpole now faw that his power was at an end ; but
he ft' 11 feared more for his perfon. The refentment of
the p ople had been railed againft him to an extravagant
height , and tl'M- leaders taught them to expedt very
fignal juftiee to the ' ippofed oppreffor. But in this they
were deceived. The king adjourned both houfes of par¬
liament for a few days; and, in the interim, fir Robert
Walpole was created earl of Orford, and refigned all his
employments. At no time of life did Walpole acquit
himfelf with more art than on the prefent occafion. The
country-party confifted of tories and difeontented whigs ;
the former, implacable in their refentments, were loud

ENGLAND.

71(5

for impeachment ; the latter, either foured by difappoint-
xnenf, or incited by ambition, only wifhed his removal.
To the whigs, therefore, Walpole applied, and was wal¬
ling to grant them that power they aimed at; in return
for which he only demanded impunity. The offer was
accepted ; their tory friends were abandoned ; and a
breach thus enfuing, nearly the fame oppofitibn continued
again!! the new miniftry that had obtained againft the
old. The place of chancellor of the exchequer was be¬
llowed on Mr. Sandys ; lord Harrington was declared
prefident of the council ; and lord Carteret became fe-
cretary of fate. Mr. Pulteney was fworn of the privy
Council, and afterwards created earl of Bath. A recon¬
ciliation between the king and the prince of Wales alfo
took place ; and the change in the adminiftration was ce¬
lebrated all over Great Britain.

The war with Spain had now continued for feveral
years, but was attended with no great glory nor advantage
to England. Some unfuccefsful expeditions had been car¬
ried on in the 'Vyefl Indies, under admiral Vernon, com¬
modore Knowles, and others. Thefe had for fome time
difgufted the nation by their unfkilful operations at fea,
and taught them to wifti for better fortune on land. The
people were ripe for renewing their victories in Flanders,
and the king delire'd nothing with fo much ardour. It
was refolved, therefore, to fend a powerful army into the
Netherlands, to decide the quarrels that were beginning
on the continent; and immenfe triumphs were expedited
from fuch an undertaking, which the king refolved to
conduct in perfon. An army of fixteen thoufand men
was in confequence tranfported to Flanders ; and the war
with Spain became but an objeCt of fecondary con (i deration.

The origin of thofe dilfenfions on the continent had
arifen from the felfifli views or ambition of the bellige¬
rent powers. After the duke of Orleans, who had been
regent of France, died, cardinal Fleury undertook to fet¬
tle the great confufion in which that luxurious prince
had left the kingdom. His moderation and prudence
were equally confpictious ; and under him France repair¬
ed her Ioffes, and enriched herfelf by commerce. Dur¬
ing the long interval of peace which this minifter’s coun-
lels had procured for Europe, two powers, till now of
little importance, began to attract the notice and jealoufy
of the neighbouring nations. Peter the Great had already,
civilifed Ruflia; and this newly-created extenfive empire
began to influence the councils of other nations, and to
give laws to the north. The other power that came in¬
to notice was that of the king of Prullia, whofe domi¬
nions were populous, and whofe forces were highly dif-
ciplined and ready for adtion. The other ffates were
but little prepared for renewing the war. The empire
remained under the government of Charles VI. -who had
been placed upon the throne by the treaty of Utrecht.
Sweden continued to languid), not being recovered from
the deftrudlive projedts of her hero Charles XII. Den¬
mark w'as powerful, but inclined to peace ; and part of
Italy ftill remained fnbjedt to thofe princes who had been
impofed upon it by foreign treaties.

All thefe feveral ffates continued to enjoy a profound ‘
peace, until the death of Auguftus, king of Poland,
which kindled a frefli flame in Europe. The emperor,
allifted by Ruflia, declared for the eledtor of Saxony, fon
of the deceafed king. On the other hand, I'rance de¬
clared for Staniflaus, who had been nominated king of
the Poles by Charles of Sweden, and w'hofe daughter the
the French king had married. In order to forward his
pretenffons, Staniflaus repaired to Dantzic, where the
people gladly received him. But his triumph was fhort ;
ten thoufand Ruffians appearing before the place, the
Pol i fh nobility difperfed, and Staniflaus was clofelv be-
fieged. But though the city was taken, the king efcaped
by night ; and fifteen hundred men which had been lent
to his afliffance, were made prifoners of war. France,
'however, refolved to fupporthis caufe; and this, it was
thought would be moft effectually done by diftrefling

the Auftrians. The views of France were fecondcd by
Spain and Sardinia, both having hopes to grow more
powerful by a divifion of the fpoils of Auftria. A French
army, therefore, foon over-ran the empire, under the con¬
duct of old marfhal Villars ; while the duke of Monte-
mar, the general of Spain, was equally victorious in the
kingdom of Naples. Thus the emperor had the mortifi¬
cation to fee his own dominions ravaged, and a great part
of' Italy torn from him, only for having attempted to
give a king to Poland. Thefe rapid fucceffes of France
and her allies, foon compelled the emperor to fue for
peace. It was accordingly granted him; but Staniflaus,
upon whofe account the war begun, was negleCted in the
treaty. It was ftipulated that he fhould renounce all
claim to the crown of Poland ; for which the emperor
gratified France with the duchy of Lorraine, and fome
other valuable territories.

The emperor dying in 1740, the French began to think
this a favourable opportunity for extending their ambi¬
tion. Regardlefs of treaties, particularly that called the
Pragmatic SanClion, by which the reverfion of all the
late emperor’s dominions was fettled upon his daughter,
they procured the eleCtor of Bavaria to be crowned em¬
peror. Thus the queen of Hungary, daughter of the
emperor Charles VI. faw herfelf Itripped of her inherit¬
ance, defected by all Europe, and without any hopes of
fuccour. She had fcarcely clofed her father’s eyes,
when ffie loft Silefia, by an irruption of the young king
of Pruffia, who feized the opportunity of her defencelefs
ftate to renew his ancient pretenfions to that province,
of which it muff be owned his anceftors had been unjuitly
deprived. France, Saxony, and Bavaria, attacked the
reft of her dominions ; while England was the only ally
that feemed likely to efpoufe her caufe. Sardinia and
Holland foon after came to her afliffance, and, laft of all,
Ruflia acceded to the union in her behalf.

It may be aflced, what reafon Britain had to intermed¬
dle in thefe continental fchemes 1 It can only be anfwered,
that the interefts of Hanover, and the fecurity of that
electorate, depended upon nicely balancing the different
powers of the empire ; and the Englilh miniftry were
willing to gratify the king. Lord Carteret, who now
held that place in the royal confidence which Walpole
had formerly poffeffed, by thefe meafures foothed the
wilhes of his mafter, and opened a more extenfive field
for his own ambition. He expected to receive honour
from victories which he feemed certain of obtaining;
and was eager to adopt meafures which would engage
the martial fpirit of the nation. When the parliament
met, his majefty began by informing them of his ftridt
adherence to engagements; and that he had fent a body
of Englifti forces into the Netherlands, which he had
augmented by fixteen thoufand Hanoverians, to make a
diverfion upon the dominions of France, in favour of the
queen 'of Hungary. When the fupplies came to be con-
(idered, by which this additional number of Hanoverian
troops was to be paid, it produced moft violent debates
in both houfes of parliament. It was confidered as an im-
pofition upon the nation, as an attempt to pay foreign
troops for fighting their own battles; and the miniftry
were preffed by their own arguments againft fuch mea¬
fures before they came into power. They were not
aftlamed, however, boldly to defend the meafure ; and
at length, by the ftrength of numbers, carried their point.
But however thefe continental meafures might have been
fuppofed to injure the real interefts of the nation, they
ferved effectually to retrieve the queen of Hungary’s
affairs. She foon began to turn the fcale of vidtory on
her fide. The French w'ere driven out of Bohemia.
Her general, prince Charles of Lorraine, at the head of a
large army, invaded the dominions of Bavaria. Her ri¬
val, the nominal emperor, was obliged to fly before her;
and, abandoned by his allies, and ftripped even of his
hereditary dominions, retired to Frankfort, where he
lived in obfuirity.

The

eng:

The French, who had begun only as allies, were now
obliged to fuftain the whole burthen of the war, and ac¬
cordingly invaded their enemies on every fide. The troops
fent to the queen’s affiftance by England, were commanded
by the earl of Stair, an experienced general, who had
learnt the art of war under the famous Eugene. The
chief objedt which he had in view was to effect a junction
with the queen’s army, commanded by prince Charles of
Lorraine, and thus to out-number the enemy in the field.
The French, to prevent this junftion, aflembled an army
of fixty thoufand men upon the river Maine, A. D. 1743,
under the command of marfhal Noailles, who ported his
troops upon the eaft fide of that river. The Britifti forces,
to the number of forty thoufand, pufhed forward on the
other fide into a country where they found themfelves
entirely dertitute of provifions. The' king of England
arrived at the camp while his army was in this critical
fituation ; wherefore he refolved to penetrate forward, to
join twelve thoufand Hanoverians and Medians who had
reached Hanau. With this view he put his army* in mo¬
tion ; but before he had marched three leagues, he found
the enemy had furrounded him on every fide, near the
village of Dettingen. Nothing now prefented but the
moft mortifying profpedts ; if lie fought the enemy, it
muft be at the greatert difadvantage ; if he continued in¬
active, there was a certainty of being fiarved ; and as for
a retreat, that was impofiible. The impetuofity of the
French troops faved his whole army. They parted a de¬
file, which they rtiould have been content to defend ; and,
under the condudt of the duke of Grammont, their horfe
charged the Englifh foot with great fury. They were
received however, with intrepidity and refolution ; fo
that they were obliged to give way, and repafs the Maine
with precipitation, with the lofs of about five thoufand
men 1 lie king of England, with great perfonal courage,
exported himfelf to a fevere fire of the enemy’s cannon,
and in the midft of the engagement encouraged his troops
by his prefence and his example. The Englirti had the
honour of the day. but were Coon obliged do leave the
field of battle, which was taken pofleffion of by the French,
who treated the wounded Englifh with clemency and care.
Though the Englirti were victorious, yet the earl of Stair,
who was commander in chief, did not aflame any honour
from fuch a victory. He was unwilling to rtiare any glory
which was fo precariously obtained, and {hatched rather
from the enemy’s miftake, than gained by his conduCt.
He therefore fulicited for leave to refign ; which being
granted, the troops were led into quarters, and defifted
from further operations that campaign.

Meanwhile the French went on with vigour on every
fide. They oppofed prince Charles of Lorraine, and
fruftrated his attempts to pafs the Rhine. They gained
fome fuccertes in Italy; but their chief hopes were placed
upon an invafion of England. Louis XV. front the vio¬
lence of the parliamentary difptites, had been perfuaded
that England was ripe for a revolution, and only wanted
the prefence of the pretender to bring about the change.
An invafion, therefore, was actually projected ; and prince
Charles-Edward, the fon of Janies, the old pretender,
liaftily departed from Rome for Paris, where lie had a
flattering audience of the French king, who undertook
to fupport his exertions to recover the crown of England
for his father. The troops deftined for the expedition
amounted to fifteen thoufand men ; and preparations were
made for embarking them at Dunkirk to fome of the
neareft ports in England, under the eye of the young pre¬
tender. The duke de Roquefeuille, with twenty (hips
of the line, was to fee them fafe landed in England ; and
the famous count Saxe was to command them, when put
on-rtiore. But the whole .projeCt was difconcerted by the
appearance of fir John Norris, who, with a fuperior fleet,
made up to attack them. The invading armament was
thus obliged to put back ; a very hard gale damaged their
tranfports ; and the French, fruftrated in their fcheme
of a fecret invafion, thought fit openly to declare war,
V.ol, VI. No, 385,

i. A N D. 717

But though fortune favoured England on this occafion,
yet in other refpeCts file was not fo propitious. A pow¬
erful fquudron had been fent into the Mediterranean, to
overawe thofe dates who might be inclined to lend aflifit-
ance to France or Spain; which was conducted by Lef-
tock ; but admiral Matthews, though a younger officer,
was fent out to take the fuperior command ; which pro¬
duced a mifunderftanding between the two admirals. An
opportunity foon offered for'thefe officers to di (cover their
mutual animofity, to the manifeft injury of their country.
The combined fleets of France and Spain, to the number
of thirty four fail, were feen off' Toulon, and a fignal was
made by Matthews to prepare for engaging. It happened
that his fignals were not perfectly exaCt. This was a fuf-
ficicnt excufe to LeftoCk for not bringing -up into his
ftation ; fo that after fome vain efforts to attack the enemy
in conjunction, Matthews refolved to engage by himfelf.
One fliip of the line belonging to the Spanifli fquadron
(truck to captain Hawke. The pnrfuit was continued for
three days, at the end of which Leftock feemed to come
up with more vigour ; but juft then Matthews gave or¬
ders for difcontinuing the chace ; and failed away for
Port Mahon to repair the damage he had fuftained. The
Englifh fleet claimed the victory; and the French and
Spaniards were pleafed with their efcape. In England,
however, this rencounter was confidered as the moft mor¬
tifying defeat, and the complaints of the people knew no
bounds. Both admirals, upon their return, were tried
by a court-martial. Matthews, who had fought with in¬
trepidity, was declared for the future incapable of ferving
in nis majefty’s navy ; while Leftock, who had kept at a
diftance, was acquitted with honour, for having entrenched
himfelf within the punctilios of difcipline. He barely did
his duty ; but a man of honour, when his country is att
flake, will do more.

The proceedings in the Netherlands were alfo unfa-,-
vourable to the EngFfli. The French had aflembled a
formidable army of one hundred and twenty thoufand
men, the chief command of which was given to the fa¬
mous count Saxe, natural fon to the king of Poland. He
had been bred from his youth in camps, and had (hewn
very early inftances of cool intrepidity. To oppofe this
experienced general, the Engliih were headed by the duke
of Cumberland, who neither pofTefled equal talents for
war, nor was able to bring fuch a formidable army into
the field. The French, therefore, bore down all before
them. They befieged Fribourg, and in the beginning of
the fucceeding campaign, inverted the ftrongcity of Tour-
nay. Although the allies were inferior in number, they
refolved, if poffible, to fave this city by hazarding a
battle. They accordingly marched againft the enemy,
and took port in fight of the French, who were encamped
on an eminence, having the village of St. Antoine on the
right, a wood on the left, and the town of Fonteney be¬
fore them. This advantageous fituation did not reprefs
the ardour of the Englifh, who began the attack at two
o’clock in the morning, and, prefling forward, bore down
all oppofition. They were for near an hour vidlorious,
and appeared confident of fnccefs; while marfhal Saxe,
who was extremely ill, was carried about to all the ports
in a litter, and allured his army that, notwithftanding all
unfavourable appearances, the day was his own. A co-
lemn of the Englifh, without any command, but by mere
mechanical courage, had advanced upon the enemy’s lines,
which opening, formed an avenue on each fide to receive
them. It was then that the French artillery, on three
fides, began to play upon this forlorn body, which, though
they continued for a long time unffiaken, were obliged at
laft to retreat, about three in the afternoon. This was
one of the moft bloody battles fought in the feventeenth
century ; the allies left on the field of battle near twelve
thoufand men, and the French bought their vidtory with
an equal number of (lain. This blow, by which Tournay
was taken by the French, gave them fuch a manifeft fu-
periority all the reft of the campaign, that they kept the
8 U. fruits i

7iS

ENG

fruits of their viftory during the whole continuance of
the war. The duke of Bavaria, whom they made em¬
peror under the title of Charles VII. was lately dead ;
but though his pretenfions were the original caufe of the
war, it was by no means difcontinued at his deceafe. The
grand duke of Tufcany, hufband to the queen of Hun¬
gary, was declared emperor in his room ; and though the
original caufe of the quarrel was no more, the dihenfions
ftill continued as violent as ever.

Notwithftanding the ill fuccefs which attended the Bri-
tifh arms by land and fea, yet thefe being diftatit evils,
the Englifh feemed only to complain from honourable
motives, and murmured at diftrefles of which they had
but a very remote idea. The projefted invafion by the
pretender was now again at hand, but while it increafed
their perplexities, it only cemented their union. The
miniftry was now changed ; the lords Harrington, Chefter-
. field, and Mr. Pelham, were at the head of affairs; thefe
enjoyed fome lhare of popularity, and the operations of
war were no longer thwarted by a turbulent oppofition.
The admirals Rowl'ey and Warren had retrieved the ho¬
nour of the Britifh flag, and made feveral important cap¬
tures at fea. The fortrefs of Louilburg, in the ifland of
Cape Breton, had furrendered to general Pepperell ; while
two French Eaft-Indiamen, and a Spanifli galleon from
Peru, laden with immenfe treafure were taken. At this
period of returning fuccefs, prince Charles-Edward, made
his attempt for gaining the Britifh crown. He was enter-
prifing and ambitious ; but, either from inexperience or
natural inability, utterly unequal to the bold undertaking
■ in which he had embarked. He was long flattered by
the rafh, the fuperftitious, and the needy ; he was taught
to believe that the kingdom was ripe for a revolt, and
that it could no longer bear the immenfe load of taxes
with which it was burthened.

Being furnifhed with money, and large promifes from
France, he embarked for Scotland on-board a fmall fri¬
gate, accompanied by the marquis of Tullibardine, fir
Thomas Sheridan, and a few other defperate adventurers.
Fortune, which ever perfecuted his family, feemed no
way more favourable to him; his convoy, a (hip of fixty
guns, was fo difabled in an engagement with an Englifh
man of war, the Lion, that it was obliged to return to
Bred, while he continued his courfe to the wefiern parts
of Scotland, and landing on thecoaft of Lochaber, July 27,
1745, was in a little time joined by fome chiefs of the
Highland clans, and their vaflals. By means of thefe
chiefs he foon faw himfelf at the head of fifteen hundred
men, and invited others to join him by his manifeftoes,
which were difperfed all over Great Britain. The bold-
nefs of the enterprife aftonifhed Europe : it awakened the
fears of the pufillanimous, the ardour of the brave, and
excited the pity of the wife. The miniftry was no (ooner
confirmed in the account of his arrival, which at firft they
could be fcarcely induced to credit, than fir John Cope
was lent to oppofe his progrefs. By this time the young
pretender was arrived at Perth, where the ceremony was
performed of proclaiming his father king of Great Bri¬
tain. From thence, defcending with his forces from the
Highlands, they feemed to gather ftrength as they went
forward ; and, advancing to Edinburgh, entered that city
without oppofition. There again the pageantry of pro¬
clamation was performed ; and there he promifed to dif-
folve the union, which was confidered as one of the
grievances of the country. However, the caftle of that
cit-y (fill held out, and prince Charles was unprovided
with cannon to befiege it. In the mean time, fir John
Cope, who had purfued the rebels through the Highlands,
refolved to march towards Edinburgh, and give them
•battle. The young pretender, whole forces were fupe-
rior, though undifciplined, attacked fir John near Prefton-
pans, a few miles from the capital, and put him and his
troops to flight. This victory, by which the king loft
five hundred men, gave the rebels great influence ; and
had Charles Stuart taken advantage of the general con-

LAND,

fternation, and marched direftly for England, the confe-
quences might have been fatal to freedom. But he was
amufed by the promife of fuccours which never came ;
and was induced to remain in Edinburgh, to enjoy tite
triumphs of a partial victory, and to be treated as a mo¬
narch. By this time his train was compofed of the e irl
of Kilmarnock, lord Balmerino, the lords Cromartie,
Elcho, Ogilvy, Pitiligo, and the eidcft foil of lord Lovat,
who came in with their clans, and increafed his army.
Lord Lovat himlelf was an enthufi aft in the caufe; but,
being without principles, he was unwilling to aft openly,
afraid of incurring the refentment of the miniftry, and the
forfeiture of his life. Never was there a man of fuch un.
accountable ambition, or who ever more actively ren¬
dered himfelf hateful and fufpefted by all. He was at
firft outlawed for ravi filing the duke of Argyle’s niece ;
he then offered his fervice to the old pretender in Fiance,
and it W'as accepted ; lie next betrayed the forces which
were fent to his alliftance to queen Anne. He a fecond
time invited the pretender over in the reign of George I.
and being put in pofteftion, by the chevalier, of the caftle
of Stirling, he once more betrayed it into the hands of
the enemy. This man, true to neither party, had now,
in fecret, fent aid to the young pretender, while, in his
converfation, he aftefted to declaim againft his conduft.

While the thoughtlefs Charles-Edward was trifling
away his time at Edinburgh, the miniftry of Great Britain
took every precaution to oppofe him with fuccefs. Six
thoufand Dutch troops, that had come over to the aflift.
ance of the crown, were difpatched northward, under
the command of general Wade; but it was objefted that
they could lend no aflift nice, being prifoners of France
upon parole, and under engagements not to oopofe that
power for the fpace of one year. However this be, the
duke of Cumberland ariived from Flanders, accompanied,
with a large detachment of dragoons and infantry, well
difciplined, and inured to aftion, at the head of which he
took the field. In the mean while the young pretender,
after holding feveral councils and confultations with his
followers, came to the refolution of making an irruption
into England. He entered by the weftern border, and
inverted Carlifle, which furrendered in lefs than three
days. He there found a conliderable quantity of arms ;
and there too he procured his father, the old chevalier
de St. George, to be proclaimed king, by the title of
James III.

General Wade, being apprifed of his progrefs, haftily
advanced acrofs the country from theoppofite (hore ; but
receiving intelligence that the enemy was full two days’
march before him, he retired to his former ftation. The
young pretender, therefore, finding himfelf unoppofed, re¬
folved to penetrate farther into the kingdom, after having
received aflurances from France, tha,t a confiderable body
of troops would be landed on the fouthern coaft, to make
a diverfion in his favour. He was flattered alfo with the
hopes of being joined by a conliderable number of mal¬
contents as he parted forward, and that his army would
increafe on the march. Accordingly, leaving a fmall,
garrifon in Carlifle, which he (hould rather have taken
with him, he advanced to Penrith, marching on foot in
a Highland drefs, and continuing his irruption till he came
to Manchefter, where he eftabliflted his head-quarters.
He was there joined by about two hundred Engliih, who
were formed into a regiment under the command of colonel
Townly. From thence he purfued his march to Derby,
intending to go by the way of Chefter into Wales, where
he hoped to be joined by a great number of followers ;
but the factions which began to exift among his own jea¬
lous chiefs, prevented his proceeding to that part of the
kingdom. He was now advanced w ithin a hundred miles
of London, which was filled with perplexity and confter-
nation. Had he proceeded with expedition, it is thought
he might have made himfelf mafter of the metropolis,
where numbers of the difaffefted were ready to join him.
In this crifis, the king refolved immediately to take the

field

ENG]

field in perfon. The volunteers of the city were incor¬
porated into a regiment ; the (Indents of the law, and
numerous other clafiTes of the people, united into artocia-
tions for the fervice of their country. But they were
foon relieved from their apprehenlions by the anarchy
which prevailed in the pretender’s army. In fatt, he was
but the nominal leader of his forces ; as his generals, the
chiefs of the Highland clans, were, from their education,
ignorant, and averfe to fubordination. They had from the
beginning begun to embrace an oppofite fyflem of opera¬
tion, and to contend with each other for pre-eminence ; but
they feemed now unanimous in returning to their own
country. They accordingly retreated to Carlifle, and from
thence eroded the rivers Eden and Solway into Scotland.
In thefe marches, however, they preferved all the rules
of war ; they abftained in a great meafure from plunder ;
they levied contributions on the towns as they parted
along ; and with unaccountable precaution left a garrifon
in Carlifle, which (hortly after was obliged to furrender
to the duke of Cumberland at diferetion, to the number
of four hundred men. The pretender, on entering Scot¬
land, proceeded to Glafgow, where he exatted large con¬
tributions. He advanced from thence to Stirling, where
he was joined by lord Lewis Gordon, at the head of fome
forces which had been ailembled in his abfence. Other
clans, to the number of two thoufand, came in likewife ;
and from fome Cup plies of money which he received from
Spain, and from fome fkirmifhes in which he was fucceff-
ful againft the royal ills, his affairs began to put on a more
promifing afpett. Being joined by lord Drummond, he
inverted Stirling-caftle, commanded by general Blakeney ;
but the rebel forces, being unufed to lieges, confumed
much time to no purpofe. It was during this attempt,
that general Hawley, who commanded a confiderable body
of forces near Edinburgh, undertook to raife the liege,
and advanced towards the rebels at Falkirk. After two
days, the rebels, being ardent to engage, were led on in
full fpirits to attack the king’s army. Prince Charles,
who was in the front line, gave the fignal for the onfet ;
and the firrt fire put Hawley’s forces into confulion. The
horfe retreated with precipitation, and fell upon their
own infantry; while' the rebels, following up their ad¬
vantage, the greateft part of the royal army fled in con-
fufion to Edinburgh, leaving the conquerors in pofl'eflion
of their tents, their artillery, and the field of battle.

Thus far the affairs of the rebel army feemed not un-
profperous ; but here was an end of all their triumphs.
The duke of Cumberland had now put himfelf at the
bead of the troops at Edinburgh, which confided qf about
fourteen thoufand men. With thefe he advanced to Aber¬
deen, where he was joined by feveral of the Scotch nobi¬
lity attached to the houfe of Hanover; and, having re¬
vived the drooping fpirits of his army, he refolvcd to
attack the enemy, who retreated at his approach. After
retrefliing his troops at Aberdeen, he renewed his march,
and in twelve days reached the banks of the Spey. This
was the place where the rebels might have had a chance
by diipudng his paffage ; but they loft evtry advantage
for want of difeipline ; they feemed devoid of all couniel
and fubordination ; without conduct, and without unani¬
mity. After a variety of difputes among themfelves, they
refolved to await their purfuers upon the plains of Cul-
loden, about nine miles from Invernefs, embofomed in
hills, except on that fide which isopen to the fea. There
they drew up in order of battle, to the number of eight
thoufand men, in three divifions, fupplied with a few pieces
of artillery, ill manned, and badly ferved. The battle
began about one o’clock in the afternoon, on the t6th
of April, 1746. The cannon of the king’s army did pro¬
digious execution among the rebels, while theirs was to¬
tally unlerviceable. One great error in the pretender’s
tatties, was fubjetting wild and undifeiplined troops to
the ftritt forms of artful war, and thus reprefling their
native ardour, from which alone he could hope for fuc-
ceis. After they had been kept in their ranks and with-

a A N D. 719

flood the Englifh fire for fome time, they became impa¬
tient for cloler attion, and about five hundred of them
made an irruption upon the left wing of the Englilh, with
their accuftomed fury. The fit ft line being difordereu
by this onfet, two battalions advanced to fupport it, and
galled the rebels with a clofe and terrible diicharge. At
the fame time the dragoons under Hawley, and the Argyle-
fh ire militia, opening a park-wall that guarded the flank
of the enemy, and which they had but feebly defended,
fell in among them, fword in hand, with great (laughter.
In lefs than thirty minutes from the completion of this
movement, the rebels were totally routed, and the field
covered with their wounded and (lain, to the number of
above three thoufand. The French troops on the left
did not fire a fhot, but flood inadtive during the engage¬
ment, and afterwards furrendered prifoners of war. An
entire body of the clans marched off the field in order,
while the reft were routed with great 'daughter, and thei
leaders obliged with reluttance to retire. The vittory
was in every refpett decifive ; and humanity to the con¬
quered would have rendered it glorious. But little mercy
was (hewn ; the conquerors refufed quarter to the wound¬
ed, the unarmed, and the defencelels; feme were wan-'
tonly (lain who were only excited by curiofity to become
fpettators of the battle, and foldiers were feen balely to
anticipate the employment of the executioner. The duke,
immediately after the attion, ordered thirty-fix deferters
to bd executed; the conquerors fpread terror wherever
they came ; the whole country round was one dreadful
feene of plunder, flaughter, and devaftation ; juftice was
forgotten, and vengeance aflumed her empire.

Thus were blafted all the hopes and all the ambition
of the young Charles-Edward Stuart ; one fhort hour de¬
prived him of imaginary thrones and feeptres, and reduc¬
ed him from the unenviable ftate of a nominal king to
that of a miferable outcaft, flmnned by all mankind, ex¬
cept fuch as fought his definition. To the good and
the brave, fubfequent diftrefs often atones for former
guilt ; and while reafon would (peak for punifliment,
our hearts plead for mercy. Immediately after the en¬
gagement, he fled with a captain of Fitz-james’s cavalry;
and when their horfes were fatigued, they alighted, and
feparately fought for fafety on foot. The unfortunate
fugitive pretender wandered about the wilds ot Scotland,
a wretched fpettator of al 1 thofe horrors which had re-
fulted from his ill-guided ambition. There is a ftriking
(imilitude between his diftrelfes and thofe of Charles II.
upon his efcape from Worcefter. He fometimes found
refuge in caves and cottages, dependent on the wretched
natives, who could pity but not relieve him. Sometimes
lie hid himfelf in forefts, with one or two companions of
his diftrefs, continually purfued by the troops of the con¬
queror, as there was a reward of thirty thoufand pounds
offered for taking him, dead or alive. Sheridan, an Irifh
adventurer, was the perfon who kept mod faithfully by
him, and infpired him with courage to fupport fuch in¬
credible hardfhips. He had occaiion, in the courfeofhis
concealments, to truft his life to the fidelity of above fifty
individuals, whofe regards prevailed above their avarice.
One day, having walked from morning till night, he ven¬
tured to enter a houfe, the owner of which he well knew
was -attached to the oppofite party. As he entered, he
addrelfed the owner in the following manner : “ The (on
of your king comes to beg a little bread and a few clothes.

I know your attachment to my adverfaries : but I believe
you have fufticient honour not to abufe my confidence,
or to take advantage of my diftreffed fituation. Take
thefe rags that have for fome time been my only covering ;
you may probably reftore them to me one day when I
fhall be (eated on t he throne of my anceilors.” The
mailer of the houfe was touched with pity at h is diftrefs ;
he aflifted him as far as he was able, and never divulged
the fecret.

In this manner he wandered among the frightful wilds
of Glengary, for near fix months, often ltemmed round by

1 his

720

ENG]

his ‘purfuers, blit (till preferved by fome lucky accident
from the impending danger. At length a privateer of
St. Malo, hired by his adherents, arrived hi Lochnanach,
in which he embarked in the mod wretched attire. He
was clad in a rtiort coat of black frize, thread-bare, over
which was a common Highland plaid, girt round him by
a 'belt, from which depended a piftol and a dagger. He
had not been fliifted for many weeks; his eyes were hol¬
low, his vifage wan, and his conftitution greatly impaired
by famine and fatigue. He was accompanied by Sullivan
and Sheridan, his two Irifli adherents, who had (hared all
his calamities, together with Cameron of Lochiel, his
brother, and a few other exiles. They fet fail for France,
and, after having been chafed by two Englifh men of
war, they arrived in fafety at Rofeau, near Morlaix in
Bretagne. Perhaps he would have found it more diffi¬
cult to efcape, had not the vigilance of his purfuers been
relaxed by a report that he was already (lain.

While the pretender thus narrowly efcaped to France,
the fcaffolds and the gibbets were eredted for his adhe¬
rents. Seventeen officers of the rebel army were hanged,
drawn, and quartered, at Kennington-common, in the
neighbourhood of London. Their conftancy in death
gained morq profelytes to their caufe than even perhaps
their victories would have obtained. Nine were executed
in the fame manner at Carlifle, and eleven at York. A
few obtained pardon, and a confiderable number of the
common foldiers were tranfported to the plantations of
North America. The earls of Kilmarnock and Cromar-
tie, and lord Bal merino, were tried by their peers, and
found guilty. Cromartie was pardoned, but the other
two were beheaded on Tower-hill. Kilmarnock, either
convinced of his errors, or flattered to the lad with the
iiopes of pardon, declared a confcioufnefs of his crimes,
and profeffied his repentance. But very different was
the behaviour of Balmerino, who gloried in the caufe
for which he fell. When his fellow-fufferer was com¬
manded to bid God blefs king George, which he did with
a faint voice, Balmerino (fill avowed his principles, and
cried out aloud, “ God blefs king James!” The unfor¬
tunate Radcliffe, brother to the earl of Dervventwater who
had been beheaded in the former reign, being taken on¬
board a (flip as he was going to reinforce the pretender’s
army, and his perfon being recognized, he was fentenced
upon a former conviction, and fuffered the like fate upon
Tower-hill. Lord Lovat was alfo tried and found guilty;
but his fufferings did very little honour to the caufe.

In the mean time, while England was thus in commo¬
tion at home, the_flames of war continued to rage upon
the continent with increafing violence. The French arms
were crowned with repeated fuccefs ; and almoft the whole
Netherlands were reduced under their dominion. The
Dutch in their ufiial manner negociated, fupplieated, and
evaded the war; but they found themfelves everyday
((ripped of fome of thofe (Irong towns which formed a
barrier to their dominions, and which, they had been put
in poffefiion of by the victorious Marlborough. They
now lay defencelefs, and ready to receive the laft terms
of their conquerors; their national bravery feemed loft in
the fpirit of traffic and luxury. Two powerful factions,
which had fubfifted above a century in their republic, ftill
inflamed the people, and divided their councils. The
one declared for the prince of Orange and a ftadtholder ;
the other oppofed this election, and defired rather fub-
milfive friend fit ip than to be at variance with France.
The prevalence of either of thefe factions to its utmoft
extent, would have been equally fatal to freedom ; for,
if a ftadtholder was elected, the conftitution became al¬
tered from a republic to a kind of limited monarchy; if,
on flic contrary, the oppofite party prevailed, the people
muff (ubmit to the weight of a confirmed ariftocracy,

1. reported by French power, and liable to its arbitrary
controul. Of the two evils they chofe the former: the
people in feveral towns, compelled their magiftrates to
declare tire prince of Orange ftadtholder, captain-general,

LAND.

and admiral, of the United Provinces. The vigorous cos-
fequences of this refolution immediately appeared. All
commerce with the French was prohibited; the Dutch
army was augmented, the navy put on a refpeftable efta-
blifhment, and orders were iffued to commence hoftilities
againft France by fea and land. Titus the war, which
had begun butln a Angle country, was now diffufed over
all Europe, and, like an epidemic fever, prevailed in dif¬
ferent parts of this great political conftitution, remitting
and raging as effects and caufes intervened.

The king of Sardinia, who had fome years before joined
France againft England, now changed (ides, and declared,
againft the ambitious power of France. Italy felt all the
terrors of inteftine war, or rather looked on, while fo¬
reigners were contending with each otherfor her ufurped
dominions. The French and Spaniards on one fide, and
the imperialifts and the king of Sardinia on the other,
ravaged thofe beautiful territories by turns, and gave
laws to that degraded country, which had once fpread
her dominion over the world.

The Engliffi, in the mean while, made an unfuccefsful
attack upon Port l’Oricnt. The French alfo gained a
confiderable vidtory at Rocroix in Flanders, although it
coft them as many lives as they deftroyed of the enemy.
Another victory, which they obtained at La Feldt, ferved
to deprefs the allied army (fill more. But- the taking of
Bergen-op-zoom, the ftrongeft garrifon of Brabant, re¬
duced the Dutch to a (late of defperation. Yet thefe
victories gained by the French were counterbalanced with
as great difappointments. In Italy, the marffial Belleifle’s
brother, attempting to penetrate, at the head of thirty-
four thoufand men, into Piedmont, his army was routed,
and himfelf (lain. An unfuccefsful fleet attempted the
recovery of Cape Breton. Two more were fitted out, the
one to make a defeent upon the Britifh colonies in Ame¬
rica, and the other to attack her poffeffions in the Eaft
Indies ; but thefe fleets were intercepted by Anfon and
Warren, and nine of their (hips taken. Commodore Fox,
alfo, with fix men of war, took above forty French mer¬
chantmen richly laden from St. Domingo ; and this lofs
was followed by a fignal defeat which the French fleet
fuftained from admiral Hawke, A. D. 1747, in which fe~
ven (hips of the line, and feveral frigates, were taken.
In this manner, vidtory, defeat, negociation, treachery,
and rebellion, fuccteded each otherfor fome years, till
all fides began to find themfelves- growing more feeble,
and gaining no advantage from continual animofity and
bloodfhed.

The Dutch had long endeavoured to (top the progrefs
of a war, in which they had much to lofe, and nothing to
gain. The king of France was fenfible that a career of
vidtory was the moft advantageous time in which to offer
terms of peace. He therefore expreifed his defire of ge¬
neral tranquillity to fir John Ligonier, when he was taken
prifoner at the battle of La Feldt. But now the bad fuc¬
cefs of his admirals at fea, and of his armies in Italy, the
bankruptcies of his merchants, and the eledtion of a
ftadtholder in Holland, who gave fpirit to the oppofition,
all contributed to make him loath the war, and prefs for
an accommodation. This was exadtly what the allies
wanted. A negociation was therefore refolved upon
and the belligerent powers agreed to. form a congrefs at
Aix-la Chapelle, where the earl of Sandwich, and fir
Thomas Robinfon, aififted as plenipotentiaries from the
king of Great Britain.

This treaty, which takes its name from the city wherein
it was negociated, opened w ith the preliminary conditions
of reftoring all conquefts that were made during the war.
Hence great hopes were expedited of terms both favour¬
able and honourable to the Englifh people ; but the treaty
ftill remains a lafting mark of their precipitate coimfels
and voluntary difgrace. It was agreed that all priloners
lhould be mutually reftored, and all conquefts given- up;
that the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guaftalla,
flioiild be ceded to don Philip, heir-apparent to the Spa-

nilh.

ENGLAND. .721

nifti throne, and to his heirs; but in cafe of his fucceeding
to the crown of Spain, that then thefe dominions fliould
jevert to the houfe of Auftria. It was confirmed that the
fortifications of Dunkirk to the fea fliould be demoliflied ;
that the Englifh fiiips, annually fent with (laves to the
coaft of New Spain, fliould have this privilege continued
for four years ; that the king of Pruffia fliould be con¬
firmed in the pofleflion of Silefia, which he had lately
conquered ; and that the queen of Hungary fliould be fe-
cured in her patrimonial dominions. But the degrading
part at lafl fell upon poor old England : it was ftipulated,
that the king of Great Britain fliould, immediately after
.the ratification of this treaty, fend two perfons of rank
and diftinction to France as hoftages, until reftitution
fliould be made of Cape Breton, and all other conquefts
which England had made during the war! This was a
humiliating claufe : but to add to the general error of
the negociution, no prevention was put to the fearcliing
the velfels of England in the American feas, upon which
the war had originally begun. The limits of their re-
fpeftive pofleflions in North America were left unafcer-
tained ; nor did the Englifli receive ; ny equivalent for
tliofe forts which they reftored to the enemy. The treaty
of Utrecht had long been a fubjeft of reproach to thofe
by whom it was made ; but, with all its faults, the treaty
now concluded was far more degrading. Yet fuch was
the fpirit of the times, that the treaty of Utrecht was
branded with univerfal contempt, while that of Aix-la-
Chapelle was extolled to the heavens. This treaty, which
fome afferted would ferve for a bond of permanent amity,
was but a temporary truce ; a ceffation from hoftilities,
which neither England nor France were fedulous to con¬
tinue ; for, though the war was aftually liufhed up in
Europe, yet in the Eaft and Weft Indies it ftill went for¬
ward, under cover of their refpedfive alliances in thofe
regions.

In the mean time, Mr. Pelham, who conduced the
bulinefs of the (late, and was confefledly a man of can¬
dour and capacity, laid a fcheme for lightening the pub¬
lic debt, accumulated during the late war. His plan
was, to leffen the intereft which had been promifed on
granting the fupplies, or elfe obliging the lenders to re¬
ceive the fums originally granted. Thofe, for inftance,
who were proprietors of flock, and received for the ufe
of their money four per cent, were, by an adt palfed for
that purpofe, compelled to accept of three pounds ten
(hillings per cent, the following year, and three per cent,
every year enfuing ; or, in cafe of refufal, to receive the
principal. Thi? fcheme was attended with the defired
effedt, and was evidently beneficial to the nation. It was
about this time alfo that the famous marriage-adt, and
the reftritftions and qualifications for killing game, firft
took place.

A fcheme was now projected, A. D. 1749, which the
nation was taught to believe would be extremely advan¬
tageous. This was the encouragement held out to thofe
who had been difcharged from the army and navy, to be¬
come fettlers in a new colony in North America, in the
province of Nova Scotia. To this retreat it was thought
the wafte of an exuberant nation might well be drained
off ; and thofe bold fpirits kept in employment at a dis¬
tance, who might be dangerous, if buffered to continue
in idlenefs at home. The new colony was for fome time
maintained at the expence of the government ; but in
order to decide the claim to this diftridt, the Englilh and
French revived the war, which fpread in confequence
over every part of the globe. The native Indians bor¬
dering upon the defects of Nova Scotia, looked with a
jealous eye upon thefe new fettlers; and they confidered
the vicinity of the Englifli as an encroachment upon their
pofleflions. The French, who were their neighbours,
fomented thefe fufpicions, by reprefenting the Englifli as
an enterprifiog and dangerous people. Commiffaries were
therefore appointed to meet at Paris, to compromife thefe
difputes ; but the negociation proved abortive. The
French had been the firft cultivators of Nova Scotia, and,

Vol. VI. No. 386.

by great induftry and long peiTeverance,,had rendered the
foil more fertile, and capable of Curtaining nature with
occafional afliftance from Europe. This country, how¬
ever, had frequently changed its matters, until at length
the Englifli were fettled in the pofleflion, and acknow¬
ledged as the rightful owners, by the treaty of Utrecht.

But another national difpute began about the fame
time, and in the fame part of the world. The French,
pretending to have firft difeovered the mouth of the
Miffiflippi, claimed the whole adjacent country towards
New Mexico on the eaft, to the Apalachian mountains
on the weft. In order to eftablifti their claim, as they
found feveral Englifli families who had fettled beyond
thefe mountains, they difpofl'efl’ed them of their new fet-
tlements, and built forts to command the country round
about. It was now feen that their intention was to fur-
round the Englifli colonies, which lay along the Chore,
by taking pofleflion of the internal parts of the country
that lay towards the back fettlements ; and thus, being
in pofleflion already of the northern and fouthern parts of
that great continent, to hem the Englifli in on every fide,
and fecure to themfelves all the trade of the internal part
of the country. The Englifli, therefore, juftly appre¬
hended, that if the French united their northern colonies
on the river St. Lawrence, to their fouthern on the river
Mifliflippi, that then they mutt; in a fhort time become
matters of all that part of North America.

But it was not in America alone, but in Alia likewife,
that the feeds of a new war were preparing to be extended.
On the coafts of Malabar, the Englifli and French had,
in fa£t, never ceafed from hoftilities. This immenfe tract
of country, which now faw the armies of Europe con¬
tending for its dominion, comprehends Flindooftan, or the
whole peninfula of India. On the coafts of this country,
the Englifli, the French, and feveral other powers of
Europe, had built forts, with the original confent of the
Great Mogul, who was then e.mperor of the whole tradt-
The war between the Englilh and French began in India,
by their tiding refpedtively with two contending princes
of the country; in which, from being firft fecondaries in
the quarrel, they became principals. Thus the war be¬
tween France and England was kindling up in every part
of the world ; and the miniftry refolved to cut ftiort the
knot which they could not unloofe. Orders were accord¬
ingly difpatched to the American provinces to unite into
a confederacy for their mutual fccurity ; and, if poUifale,
to bring the Indians over to efpoufe their quarrel.

To l'upport thefe views, the miniftry in England began
a very vigorous exertion in defence of the colonies. Four
operations were undertaken in America at the fame time,
A. D. 1756. Of thefe, one was commanded by colonel
Monckton, who had orders to drive the French from their
encroachments in the province of Nova Scotia. The fe-
cond was directed againft Crown-point, under the com¬
mand of general Joliiifon. The third, under the conduct
of general Shirley, was deftined to Niagara, to fecure the
forts on that river ; and the fourth was farther fouthward,
againft Fort du Quefne, under general Braddock.

In thefe expeditions Monckton was fuccefsful ; Jolin-
fon alio was victorious, though he failed in taking the
fort againft which he was fent ; Shirley was thought to
have loft the feafon for operation by delay ; Braddock was
vigorous and aftive, but was defeated and killed. He
went forward with intrepidity, and advanced into the de-
ferts of Ofwego, where no European had ever trod. But
hrs courage was greater than his caution : regardlefs of
the defigns of the Indians, he took no care previoufly to
explore the woods or the thickets. Being at length within
ten miles of the fortrefs he was appointed to befiege, and
marching forward through the forefts with full confidence
of fuccefs, on a fudden his whole army was furprifed by
a general difeharge of arms; both in front and flank, from
an enemy that (tin remained unfeen. It was now too late
to think of retreating; the troops had entered the defile,
which the enemy had artfully permitted them to do be.
fore they offered to fire. The vanguard of the Englifli
8 X now

722 ENG

now fell back in conflernation upon the main body, and
the panic foon became general. The officers alone dif-
dained to fly, while Braddock himfelf dill continued to
command his brave all'ociates, difcovering at once the
greated intrepidity and the greateft imprudence. An en-
tluifiafl to the difcipline of war, he difdained to quit the
field, or to permit his men to leave their ranks, when
their only .method of treating the Indian army was by a
precipitate attack, or by an immediate defertion of the
field of battle. At length Braddock, having received a
mulket-fhot through the lungs, dropped, and a total con-
fufion enfued. All the artillery, ammunition, and bag¬
gage, of the army, were left to the enemy ; and the lofs
fudained by the Englifli amounted to feven hundred men.
The ('nattered remains of the army returned by their for¬
mer route, and arrived to fpread the general confterna-
tion among the provincials of Philadelphia.

The general indignation that was raifed by thefe de¬
feats, drove the Englifli into a fpirit of retaliation by fea,
where they were more fure of fuccefs. Orders were given
to make prize of the French (hipping wherever found,
though no formal declaration of war had yet been made.
With this order the naval commanders readily complied;
the Englifli ports were foon filled with veflels taken from
the enemy, and kept as an indemnification for tliofe forts
of which the French had unjuftly po (Felled themfelves in
America. The benefit of this meafure was much more
obvious than its juffice ; it (truck fuch a blow, that the
navy of France was unable to recover itfelf during the
war, which was now formally declared on both hides.

The fil'd political manoeuvre fet on foot by Louis XV.
was that of intimidating England with the threats of a
formidable invafion. Several bodies of their troops occu¬
pied the coads that lay oppofite the Britifli fliores; and
thefe were inftrufted in the difcipline of embarking and
difembarking from flat-bottomed boats, which were con-
ffrufted in great numbers for that purpofe. The troops
dedined for this enterprife amounted to fifty thoufand :
but they difcovered the utmod reluftance to engage in
this forlorn hope. Whether thefe preparations were really
intended for aftual defcent, or made only to terrify the
Englifli, is uncertain ; but it is manifed that they anfwered
the latter purpofe entirely. In this exigence the king
applied to the Dutch for fix thoufand men, which they
were bound to furnifli by treaty in cafe of invafion. But
the wary Dutch refufed the fupply, alleging that their
treaty was only to fend troops in cafe of an aElucil , and not
a threatened, invafion. The king, difappointed of this
aflidance, looked over the continent, to find where falva-
tion might be had. A body of Heflians and Hanoverians,
amounting to about ten thoufand men, was to be pur-
chafed ; and thefe were brought over into England, and
encamped at Wincheder, during the fummer of 1756, to
protect about as many millions of Engliflimen, who were
fuppofed, like children, incapable of defending them¬
felves. “ But the remedy was worfe than the difeafe.”
The minidry was reviled for having reduced the nation
to fuch a difgraceful condefcenfion ; and the people were
loud in demanding a vigorous exertion of their own in¬
ternal drength, fearing no force that could be led to in¬
vade them.

Thefe murmurs and diflenfions among the Englifli, gave
the French an opportunity of carrying on their defigns in
another quarter; and, while the minidry were employed
in o-uarding againd an invafion at home, they were at¬
tacked in the Mediterranean, where they lead expected
an enemy. The i-fland of Minorca, which had been taken
from the Spaniards in the reign of queen Anne, was fe-
cured to England by repeated treaties. But the minidry
had neglefted its defence ; fo that the garrifon was weak,
and no way fitted to fland a vigorous fiege. The French,
therefore, landed near the fortification of St. Philip, which
was reckoned one of the flronged in Europe, and command¬
ed by general Blakeney, who was brave indeed, but fuper-
annuated. The miniftry were no fooner apprifed of this

LAND.

unexpected attack, than they refolved to raife the fiege,
and fent out admiral Byng with ten (hips of war exprefsly
for that purpofe. Upon his approaching the ifland, hs
faw the French banners difplayed upon the fliore, and
the Englifli colours dill flying on the cadle of St. Philip,
He had been ordered to throw a body of troops into the
garrifon ; but this he thought too hazardous an under¬
taking ; nor did he even make the attempt. While he
was thus deliberating between his fears and his duty, iiis
attention was called off by the appearance of a French
fleet, that feemed of nearly equal force to his own. Con¬
founded by a variety of meafures, he feemed refolved to
purfue none ; and therefore gave orders to form the line
of battle, and aft upon the defenfive. Byng had been
long praifed for his (kill in naval taftics ; and perhaps,
valuing mod tliofe talents for which he was mod praifed,
he facrificed all claims to courage to an applaufe for na¬
val difcipline. The French fleet advanced ; a part of the
Englifli fleet engaged ; the admiral kept aloof, and gave
very planfible reafons for not coming into aftion. The
French fleet, therefore, (lowly failed away; and no other
opportunity ever offered of coming to a clofer engage¬
ment. This caution was carried dill further ; a council
of war was called on-board the admiral’s (hip, which de¬
prived the Englifli garrifon of all hopes of fuccour. It
was determined to fail away to Gibraltar, to refit the
fleet, it having been previoufly decided that the relief of
Minorca was imprafticable !

Nothing could exceed the refentment of the nation up¬
on Byng’s conduft ; and the news which foon arrived of
the furrender of the garrifon to the French, increafed the
general ferment almod to phrenfy. In the mean time,
Byng continued at Gibraltar, quite fatisfied with his own
conduft, and little expedited the dorm that was gathering,
over his head. Orders were fent out for putting him
under an arred, and for bringing him to England. Ho
was foon after tried by a court-martial at Portfmouth,.
found guilty on the twelfth article of war,, and fentenced
to be (hot. His judges, however, recommended him to
the king as an objeft of mercy; dating that they confi-
dered his conduft rather as the effefts of error than of
cowardice. By this lentence, they hoped to fatisfy at
once the refentment of the nation, and yet fcreen them¬
felves from confcious feverity. The government was re¬
folved upon (hewing him no mercy ; the parliament was
applied to in the admiral’s favour; but they found no
circumdances in his conduct that could invalidate the
fentence. Being thus abandoned to his fate, he main¬
tained to the lad a degree of fortitude and ferenity, that
no way betrayed either timidity or cowardice. On the
day fixed for his execution, which was on-board the
Monarque man of war in Portfmouth-harbour, he ad¬
vanced from the cabin, and after delivering a paper, con.
tabling the (tronged alfertions of his innocence, he came
forward to the place where he was to kneel down, and
for fome time perfided in not covering his face; but his
friends reprefenting that his looks would poflibly intimi¬
date the foldiers who were to (hoot him, and prevent
their taking proper aim, he had his eyes bound with a
handkerchief ; and then giving the foldiers the fignal to-
fire, he was (hot, on March 14, 1757. There appears fome
feverity in Byng’s punifliment ; but it certainly had a.
powerful effeft upon the fubfequent operations of the war.

In the mean time the French, who were now maders o£
Minorca, made a public declaration that they would re¬
taliate all injuries which they miyht fudain in their colo¬
nies, upon the king of England’s territories in Germany.
The court of London, dreading the confequence, and
anxious for the fafety of Hanover, entered into a treaty
with the court of Ruflia, by which it was dipulated, that
.a body of fifty thoufand Ruffians, (liould be ready to aft
in the Englifli fervice, in cafe Hanover (liould be invaded;
and for this the czarina was to receive a hundred, thoufand
pounds annually , to be paid in advance !

This treaty, which, was confidered as a mafter-droke of

politics

E N G I

politics By the miniftry In England, Toon appeared to be
as nugatory as it was expenfive. The king o'f Pruffia,
who confidered himfelf as guardian of the interefts of
Germany, declared that he would not fufter any foreign
troops to enter the empire, either as auxiliaries or as prin¬
cipals. This confummate politician had been apprifed
©f a fecret negociation between the Ruffians and the Auf-
trians, by which the former were to enter the empire,
and ftrip him of his late conqueft of Silefia. Thus Eng¬
land was made the dupe of Ruffian politics; fhe paid
them a large fubfidy for entering the empire, which they
had already determined to perform without her interfe¬
rence. The king of England, whofe fears for Hanover
were thus increafed, had again recotirfe to treaties, and
an embaffy was now fent to Pruffia. All the king of Eng¬
land defiled, was to keep a foreign enemy from invading
Germany; and this the king of Pruffia profefled to wiffi
for with equal ardour. From this (imilitude of political
views, thefe two monarchs coalefced ; they mutually
engaged to unite their armies againfl any power whatfo-
ever, that fhould attempt to make war upon any part of
Germany.

This alliance gave birth to one of an oppofite nature,
that aftoniffied all Europe. The queen of Hungary had
long meditated defigns for recovering Silefia, which the
■ king of Pruffia had taken from her when (lie was unable
to defend her dominions. Her chief hopes of affiftance
were from Ruffia ; but (lie now found, by the late treaty,
that all her hopes from that quarter were frufirated. She
therefore applied to France for affiftance; and, to procure
the friendfhip of that court, gave up her barrier in the
Netherlands, which England had been for ages fecuring
to Auftriaagainft that power. By this extraordinary re¬
volution, the whole political fyftem of Europe acquired
a new afpeCt, and. the treaties of a century pad; were at
one blow deftroyed. This treaty between France and
Auftria was no fooner ratified, than thofe powers invited
the emprefs of Ruffia to join them ; and Catharine, re-
gardlefs of her engagements with England, acceded to
the propofal. But not Ruffia alone,, but Sweden alfo,
was brought to co-operate in the intrigues of France;
and a war between that nation and Pruffia was forth¬
with declared.

The forces of the belligerent powers were drawn out
in the following manner. England oppofed France in
America, Afia, and on the ocean. France attacked
Hanover on the continent of Europe. That electorate
the king of Pruffia undertook to protect, while England
promifed him troops and money to affift his operations.
Then again Auftria had her aims on the dominions of
Pruftia, and drew the cleClor of Saxony into the fame de-
ftgns. In thefe views fhe was feconded by France and
Sweden, and by Ruffia, who had hopes of acquiring a fet-
tlement in the weft of Europe.

This memorable continental war was commenced by
the king of Pruffia, who entered Saxony with a large
army, and, with great civility, demanded from the eleCloi*

9 a paftage through his dominions ; difguifing his know¬
ledge of the eleCtor having entered iuto the treaty with
his enemies, and profefling himfelf pleafed with his
neutrality. And to carry on the deception further, he
entreated, that as the elector’s troops were totally unne-
ceftary in confequence of his pacific difpofition, that he
would difband them for the prefent, as he could not pof-
fibly have any occafion for their fervices. But this pro¬
pofal the eleCtor of Saxony did not expeCl, and therefore
rejected it in a menacing tone. Of this the king of Pruf¬
fia was determined to take advantage. Such was the
lituation of the Saxon camp, that, though a fmall army
could defend it againfl numerous forces, yet great diffi¬
culty attended the quitting it. Of this his Pruffian ma-
jefty was well aware; therefore by blocking up every
avenue he cut off the provifions of the Saxon army ; and
the whole was foon reduced to capitulate. He toolccare
to incorporate the common foldiers into his own army.j

AND. - 723

and the officers wEp refufed to ferve under him he made
prifoners of war,* The king of Pruffia, thus launched
into the midft-df his enemies, was threatened eventually
to be furrounded by their united armies ; yet, with won¬
derful courage and fuccefs he perfevered in oppofing
them ; lie invades Bohemia, defeats the Auftrian general
at Lowofcntch, retreats, begins bis fecorid campaign
with another victory near Prague, is upon the point of
taking that city, but, by a temerity almoft unexampled ;
fullers a defeat at Kolin. Still, however, unconquered,
“ Fortune, (faid lie,) has turned her back upon me this
day. I ought to have expeCted it. She is a female,
and I am no gallant. Succefs often occaflons a deftruc-
tive confidence. Another time we will do better.”
We have inftances of thoufands who gain battles ; but
no general ever before him acknowledged his errors, ex¬
cept Caefar.

What the king faid of the inftability of fortune, feemed
for a time to purfue him. One difafter followed upon
the heels of another. The Hanoverians were joined with
him, and commanded by the duke of Cumberland ; who
appeared, from the beginning, fenfible of the infufficiency
of his troops to face the enemy. He was driven beyond
the Wefer, the paftage of which might have been dif-
puted with fome fuccefs ; yet the French were permitted
to pafs unmolefted. The Hanoverian army was now driven
from one part of the country to another, till at length it
made a ftand near the village of Haftenback, where it was
hoped the numbers of the enemy would have the lead
opportunity of coming to a general action. But the weaker
army was (fill obliged to retire, and, after a feeble refin¬
ance, left the field of battle to the French, who were not
remifs in urging the purfuit. The Hanoverians retired
towards Stade ; by which means they marched into a
country from whence they could neither procure provi¬
fions, nor yet attack the enemy with any profpeCt of fuc¬
cefs. Unable, therefore, by their fituation, to elcape, or
by their rtrength to advance, they were compelled to fign
a capitulation, by which the whole forces laid down their
arms, and were difperfed into different cantonments. By
this humiliating capitulation, which was called the treaty
of Clofter-feven, Hanover was obliged to fubmit to France,
who now determined to purfue the king of Pruffia with
all her ftrength.

The fituation of this monarch was become apparently
defperate ; nor could human forefight difcover how he
was to extricate himfelf from furrounding difficulties.
The French forces, now united, invaded his dominions on
one fide, commanded by marfhal Broglio. The Ruffians,
under the conduct of general Apraxin, attacked him in
another, marking their way with {laughter and cruelty.
A large body of Auftrians entered Silefia ; and, penetrating
as far as Breflau, turned to the ftrong fortrefs of Schweid-
nitz, which, after an obftinate defence, was obliged to fur-
render. Another Auftrian army entered Lufatia, made
themfelves mafters of Zittau, and, (fill preffing forward,
laid Berlin, the capital, under contribution. In another
quarter, a body of twenty thoufand Swedes pierced into
Pruffian Pomerania, took the towns of Anclam and Dem-
mein, and exaCted tribute from the whole country. It
was in vain that the king of Pruffia faced about to every
enemy, though they then fled before him: while he pur¬
ified one body, another penetrated from behind; and even
while he was victorious, his territories were every day
diminifhing.

The fuccours of the Englifh could be of very little
advantage to him, after the Hanoverians were reftrained
from aCting in his favour. The Britilh miniftry, how¬
ever, confcious .that fomething ought to be done, planned
an enterprife againfl France, which, by caufing a diverfion
in that part of the kingdom, would draw otF the attention
of the enemy from Pruffia, and give Frederic time to re-
fpire. Befide this intention, England alfo hoped to give
a fCvere blow to their marine, by deftroying fuch fhips as
were building or were laid up in the harbour of Rochefort,

againfl

724

ENG

againft which city their operations were principally in¬
tended. But this expedition totally failed ; and the ar¬
mament returned to England without attempting any one
objedt of their deftination.

1 rom this expedition, therefore, the king of PrufTia re¬
ceived no advantage; and the defpondence among the
Englifh was fo great, that the miniftry had thoughts of
giving up his caufe entirely. It was even fuppofed that
no military efforts could fave him ; and that the only hope
remaining was to make the bcft terms poffible for him
with his enemies. The king of England was actually
meditating a negociation of this nature, when Frederic the
Great expoftulated with him to the following purpofe :
x‘ Is it poflible that your majefly can have fo little forti¬
tude and conftancy, as to be difpirited by a friiall reverfe
<pf fortune ? Are our affairs fo ruinous that they cannot
be retrieved ? Confider the (lep you have made me un¬
dertake ; and remember you are the caufe of all my mif-
fortunes. I (liould never have abandoned my former al¬
liances but for your flattering affurances. I do not now
repent of the treaty concluded between us; but I entreat
that you will not inglorioufly leave me at the mercy of
my enemies, after having brought upon me all the pow¬
ers of Europe.” In this arduous fituation, England re-
folved, more from motives of generofity than of intereft,
to fupport him ; and fuccefs began to return with double
fplendour.

The war in the Eaft Indies had, in the mean time, been
carried on with doubtful fuccefs ; but at length the affairs
of the Englifh feemed to gain the afcendancy, through
the heroic condudl of Mr. Clive. The fir ft advantage
that was obtained from bis activity and courage, was the
clearing the province of Arcot. Soon after which the
French general was taken prifoner, and the nabob, whom
the Englifh fupported, was reinflated in the government,
■of which he had been deprived. The French, difcou-
raged by thefe misfortunes, and fenfible of their own in¬
feriority in Hindooftan, fent over a commiflary to Europe
to reftore peace. A convention between the two compa¬
nies was accordingly concluded, importing that the terri¬
tories taken on either fide fince the conclufion of the laft
peace fhould be mutually reftored ; that the nabobs ad¬
vanced by the influence of either party fhould be acknow¬
ledged by both ; and that for the future neither fhould
interfere in the differences that fhould arife between the
princes of the country. This ceflation, which promifed
lading tranquillity, was, neverthelefs, but of fhort dura¬
tion. In a few months, both Tides renewed their opera¬
tions, no longer under the name of auxiliaries, but as ri¬
vals in arms, in government, and in commerce. What the
motives to this infraction were, are not fufflciently afcer-
tained ; but wherever there is trade there is avarice ; and
that is a paffion which too frequently overleaps the bounds
of equity. Certain it is that the prince of the greatefl
power in that country declared war againft the Englifh
from motives of perfonal refentment, and, levying a nu¬
merous army, laid liege to Calcutta, one of the principal
Britiflt forts in that part of the world. The fort was
taken, having been deferted by the commander; and the
garrifon, to the number of an hundred and forty-fix per¬
sons, were made prifoners; and afterwards (hut up to ex¬
pire miferably in a dungeon, for want of air and refpira-
tion, on June i S , 1756. See an account of this fhocking
event, under Calcutta, vol.iii. p.610.

The deftruftion of this important fortrefs ferved to
interrupt the fucceftes of the Englifh company. But the
fortune o£ Mr. Clive, backed by the activity of an Eng-
lifti fleet under admiral Watfon, (till turned the fcale in
their favour. After depoling the nabob of Arcot, colo¬
nel Clive turned to the humbling of the French, who
had long difputed with us the empire in that part of the
world. Chandenagore, a French fettlement higher up
the Ganges than Calcutta, was compelled to fubmit to
the Englifh arms. The goods and money found in this
place were confiderable ; but the chief damage the French

a A N a

fuftained was from the ruin of this their fettlement on
the Ganges, by which they engroffed the commerce of
this part of the continent. Thus in one campaign, which
was carried on by the activity of Clive, feconded by the
operations of admirals Watfon and Pococke, the Englifh
became poflefled of a territory fuperior in we-alth, ferti¬
lity, extent, and the number of its inhabitants, to any
empire in Europe. Above two millions fterling were
paid to the company and the furvivors of thofe who were
imprifoned at Calcutta; the' foldiers and Teamen fhared
fix hundred thoufand pounds, and the Englifh fovereignty
became irrefiftible in that part of the world. See parti¬
culars of the Indian wars, and theirconfequentevents, un¬
der Hindoostan ; and East-India Company, vol. iv.
p. 875—883.

In the mean time, while conqueft ftiined upon England
from the eaft, it was ftill more fplendid in the weftern
world. Some alterations in the miniftry led to thofe fuc¬
ceftes which had been long wifhed for by the nation, and
were at length obtained. At the head of the newly found
miniftry was the celebrated Mr. Pitt, afterwards lord
Chatham, who was made principal fecretary of ftate, and
his coadjutor, the lion. Mr. Legge, chancellor of the ex¬
chequer; from whofe united vigour the nation formed
great expectations ; and they were not deceived. The
firft important operations took place in America; to
which part of the world three feveral commanders were
appointed at the head of feparate expeditions. General
Amherft commanded that defigned againft the ifland of
Cape Breton ; the other was configned to the brave gene¬
ral Abercrombie, againft Crown Point and Ticonderoga;
and the third againft Fort du Quefne, commanded by bri¬
gadier-general Forbes.

^gpe Breton, which had been taken from the French
during the preceding war, had been reftored at the treaty
of Aix-la-Chapelle. It was not till the Englifh had been
put in pofteffion of that ifland that they began to perceive
its advantageous fituation, and the convenience of its har¬
bour for annoying the Britifh trade. It was alfo a con¬
venient port for carrying on their fifhery, a branch of
commerce of the utmoft benefit to that nation. The wreft-
ing it, therefore, from the hands of the French, was a
meafure ardently defired by the whole nation. The for¬
trefs of Louifbourg, by which it was defended, had been
ftrengthened by the affiftance of art, and was ftill better
defended from the nature of its fituation. The garrifon
alfo was numerous, the commander vigilant, and every
precaution taken to oppofe a landing. But the Englifh
iurmounted every obftacle with great intrepidity, and the
garrifon furrendered to general Amherft by capitulation.
The expedition to Fort du Quefne was equally fuccelf-
ful ; but that againft Crown Point was once more de¬
feated. This was the fecond time that the Englifh had
attempted to penetrate the French poffeflions in that part
of the world. Braddock fell in the firft attempt, a martyr
to his impetuofity ; while too much caution was injurious
to his fucceflbr. Abercrombie fpent much time in march¬
ing to the place of aftion ; and the enemy was thus pre¬
pared to give him a fevere reception. As he approached
Ticonderoga, he found the enemy deeply intrenched at
the foot of the fort, and ftill further fecured by fallen
trees, with their branches pointing againft him. Thefe
difficulties the Englifh veteran attempted to furmount ;
but as the enemy, being fecure themfelves, took aim at
leifure, a terrible carnage of the aflailants enfued ; and
the general, after repeated efforts, was obliged to retreat.

But though in this refpedt the Englifh arms were un-
fuccefsful, yet upon the whole the campaign was greatly
in their favour. The taking of Fort du Quefne ferved
to remove from their colonies the terror of the incurfions
of the Indians, while it interrupted that correfpondence
which ran along a chain of forts with which the French
had environed the Englifh fettlements in America. This,
therefore, promifed a fortunate campaign the next year,
and vigorous meafures were taken to enfure fuccefs. Ac-
1 cording ly.

ENG

cordingly, on the opening of the following year, 1759,
the miniftry again determined to attack three different
parts -of North America at the fame time. General Am-
herft, the commander in chief, with a body of twelve
them fan d men, was to attack Crown-Point, that had
hitherto braved the Engliflt army. General Wolfe, at
f!ie oppofite quarter was to enter the river St. Lawrence,
and undertake the fiege of Quebec, the capital of the
French dominions in America ; while general Prideaux
and fir William johnfon were to attempt a French fort,
near the catarafts of Niagara. This laft-named expedi¬
tion was the firfl that fucceeded. The fort of Niagara
was a place of great importance, and ferved to command
all the communication between the northern and weftern
French fettlements. The fiege was begun with vigour,
and promifed an eafy conqueft ; but general Prideaux was
killed in the trenches, by the burfting of a mortar ; fo
that the whole command devolved upon general Johnl'on,
who omitted nothing to pufh forward the vigorous opera¬
tions of his predeceffor, to which alfo he added his own
popularity with the foldiers under him. A body of
French troops, who were fenfible of the importance of^
this fort, attempted to relieve it, but Johnfon attacked
them with intrepidity, and in lefs than an hour their
whole army was put to the rout, and the garrifon furren-
dered prifoners of war. The fuccefs of general Amherft
was lefs fplendid, though not lei's ferviceable ; for upon
arriving at the deftined place, he found the forts both of
Crown-Point and Ticonderoga deferted and deftroyed.

There now remained but one grand and decifive blow,
to put all North-America into the polfefiion of the Eng-
lilh ; and this was the taking of Quebec, the capital of
Canada. Admiral Saunders was appointed to command
the naval part of the expedition; the fiege by land was
committed to the conduct of general Wolfe. This yodng
foldier, who ,was not yet thirty-five, had diftinguilhed
liimfelf on many former occaiions, particularly at the
fiege of Louilbourg ; a part of the fuccefs of which was
jufily afcribed to him, who, without being indebted to
family or connections, had raifed liimfelf by merit to the
prefent command. When we coniider the fituation of
the town on the lideofagieat liver, the fortifications
with which it was lecured, the natural ftrengih of tlie
country, the great number of velfelsand floating batteries
the enemy had provided for the defence of the place, the
numerous bodies of lavages Continually hovering round
the Englilh army, we mult own there was fuch a combi¬
nation of difficulties as might dilcourage and perplex the
mod refolute commander. The general liimfelf feemed
perfectly fer.fible of the difficulty of the undertaking.
After (fating in a letter to the miniftry, the dangers that
prefented, “ I know, (faid lie,) that the affairs of Great
Britain require the molt vigorous meafures. But then
the courage of a handful of brave menjhould be exerted
only where there is tome hope of a favourable event. At
prefent the difficulties are fo various, that 1 am at a lofs
how to determine.” The only profpeCt of attempting
the town with fuccefs was by landing a body of troops in
the night below the town, who were to climb up th,e
banks of the river, and take pofteftion of the groupd on
the back of the city. This attempt, however, appeared
peculiarly difeouraging. The ftreafn was rapid, the'
fliore (helving, the bank above lined with centinels, the
landing-place fo narrow as to be eafily milled in the dark,
and the lleepnefs of the ground fuch as hardly to be fur-
mounted in the day-time. All thefe difficulties were re¬
moved by the conduCt of the general, and the bravery of
the troops' Colonel Howe, with the light infantry and
the Highlanders, afeended the woody precipices with ad¬
mirable courage and activity, and diilodged a body of
troops that defended a narrow path-way up the bank ;
thus a few mounting, the general drew the reft up as they
arrived. General de Montcalm, the French commander,
was no fooner appri(ed that the Engliffi had gained thefe
heights, which he had confidently deemed inacceffible,
Vol. VI. No. 386,

than he refolved to hazard a battle ; and a furious en¬
counter quickly began. This was one of the mod def-
perate engagements fought during the war. The French
general was (lain; the fecond in command (hared the
fame fate. General Wolfe was ftationed on the right,
where the attack was mod warm : as he flood confpicu-
ous in the front line, be had been aimed at by the enemy’s
ntarkfmen, and received a (hot in the wrift, which, how¬
ever, did not oblige him to quit the field. Having wrap¬
ped a handkerchief round his hand, he continued giving
orders without the lead emotion, and advanced at the
head of the grenadiers with their bayonets fixed ; but a
fecond ball pierced his breaft ; fo that, unable to pro¬
ceed, he leaned on a foldier that was next him. Now
ftruggling in the agonies of death, and juft expiring, he
heard a voice cry, “ They run !” upon which he feemed
for a moment to revive, and afking who ran, was informed
the French. Expreffing his wonder that they ran fo
foon, and unable to gaze any longer, be funk on the fol-
dier’s breaft, and his laft words were, “ 1 die happy.”

The furrender of Quebec was the confequence of this
victory ; and with it foon after the total fubjeCtion of all
Canada. The French, the following feafon, made a vi¬
gorous effort to retake the city; but by the refolution of
governor Murray, and the appearance of an Engiifli fleet
under the command of lord Colville, they were forced to
abandon the enterprife. To thefe conquefts about the
fame time was added the reduction of the ifland of Gua-
daloupe, under commodore More and general Hopfon, an
acquisition alfo of great importance.

The fuccefles in India and America were decifive, and
achieved at no great expence ; while the efforts of the
Engliffi in Europe, and the operations cf their great ally
the king of Pruffia, were alfo aftoniffiing, yet produced no
fignal advantage. A defenfive war in Germany was all
that could be expeCted; and the king of Pruffia main¬
tained liimfelf againft the united powers of the continent
with unexampled bravery. The French and Imperialifts,
amidft the depth of winter, formed the fiege of I.eipfic.
The capture of that city would have been fatal to the
interefts of Frederic; therefore, by one of thofe rapid
marches for which he was famous, he feemed with his
army unexpectedly to rife up before the town. Such
was the terror of his arms, that even vanquifhed as he
feemed, the French, though fuperior in numbers, raifed
the fiege, and retreated. He was refolved to purfue, and
overtook them at the village of Rofbach, where he gain¬
ed fo complete a victory, that night alone faved the
French army from deftruCtion. In the mean time, the
Auftrians in another part of the empire were victorious,
and had taken the prince of Bevern, the king of Pruffia’s
favourite general, prifoner. The king, therefore, imme¬
diately after having gained the battle of Rofbach, again
undertook a forced march of two hundred milCs, in the
depth of winter, and came up with the Auftrian army
near Brellau. He there difpofed his forces with his uftiai
celerity and judgment, and obtained another fignal vic¬
tory, in which he took not lefs than fifteen thoufand pri¬
foners. Breflau, with a garrifon of ten thoufand men,
furrendered. Thefe fuccefles difpirited the enemy, and
began to give his Hanoverian allies freflt hopes of being
able to expel the French from their territories.

Soon after the capitulation of Clofter Seven, both (ides
began to complain that the treaty was not ftriCtly obferv-
ed. The Hanoverians exclaimed againft the rapacity of
the French general, and the brutality of It is foldiers.
The French retorted the charge, accufed them of info-
lencc and infurreCtion, and refolved to bind tlfem more
ftriCtly to the terms of their agreement. Treaties be¬
tween nations are feldom obferved any longer than in-
tereft or fear upholds the union ; and among nations that
take every advantage, political faith is a term without
meaning. The Hanoverians only wanted a pretext to
take arms, and a general to head them., Neither were
long wanting. The oppreffions of the French were fo
8 Y fevere}

726

ENGLAND.

fevere, that the army once more rofe to vindicate their
freedom, and Ferdinand, prince of Brunfwick, put him-
ielf at their head. Nothing could be more fortunate for
the interefts of tine king of Pruflia than this event. He
was now enabled to oppofe the enemy upon more equal
terms ; he faced them on every fide, often victorious,
fometimes repulfed, but ever formidable. Never was
the fcience of military taCtics carried to fuch perfection
as by Frederic the Great. In this war, Europe faw, with
aftonifhment, campaigns carried on in the midfl of win¬
ter, great and bloody battles fought, yet producing no
vifible advantage to the viCtors. At no one time fince
the days of heroifm were fuch numbers deflroyed, fo
many towns taken, fuch flratagems praCtifed, or fuch in¬
trepidity difcovered. Armies were by the German dif-
cipline confidered as compofing one great machine, or-
ganifed by one commander, and animated by a fingle will.
From the commentary of thefe campaigns, fucceeding
generals will take their leffons of devaftation, and im¬
prove upon the arts of increafing human calamity.

England was all this time happily retired from the
theatre of war; yet from her natural military ardour the
feemed defirous of (haring thofe dangers of which (lie
was only a fpeCtator. This paflion for fharing in a con¬
tinental war was not lefs pleafing to the king of England,
from his native attachments, than from a defire of re¬
venge upon the plunderers of his country. As foon,
therefore, as it was known that prince Ferdinand had put
himfelf at the head of the Hanoverians, his Britannic
majefly, in a fpeech to his parliament, obferved that the
late fuccefTes of his ally in Germany had given a happy
turn to his affairs, which it would be necelfary to im¬
prove. The commons concurred in fentiments, and libe¬
rally granted fupplies both for the fervice of the king of
Pruflia, and for enabling the army formed in Hanover to
aft vigoroufly in conjunction with him. From fending
money into Germany, the nation began to extend their,
benefits by fending men. Mr. Pitt, w’ho had at fir(t come
into popularity by oppofing fuch meafures,’was now pre¬
vailed on to enter into them with even greater ardour
than any of his predeceffors. The hopes of putting a
i'peedy end to the war by vigorous meafures, the con¬
nections with which he was obliged to co-operate, and
perhaps the pleafure he found in pleafing the king, all
incited him eagerly to pufli forward a continental war.
However, he only confpired with the general inclinations
of the people at this time, who, allured by the efforts of
their noble ally, were unwilling to fee him fall a facrifice
to the united ambition of the continental powers.

In order to indulge this general inclination of affifling
the king of Pruflia, the duke of Marlborough was fent
into Germany with a body of Britifli forces, to join prince
Ferdinand. After fome fuccelfes gained by the allied
army at Crevelt, the duke of Marlborough dying, his
command devolved upon lord George Sackville, who
was a great favourite with the Englifh army. Flowever,
a mifunderflanding arofe between him and the commander
in chief, which too foon manifefted itfelf at the battle of
Minden. The caufe of this fecret difguft on both fides
was never known ; it is thought that the extenfive genius
and enterprifing fpirit of the Englifh general, were by no
means agreeable to prince Ferdinand, who hoped to reap
fome advantages which the other was unwilling to per¬
mit. Be that as it may, both armies advancing near the
town of Minden, on the fir ft of Auguft, 1758, the French
began the attack with great vigour, and a general engage¬
ment of the infantry enfued. I.ord George, at the head
of the Britifh and Hanoverian horfe, was ftationed at fome
diftance on the right of the infantry, from which they
were divided by a fcanty wood that bordered on a heath.
‘The French infantry giving ground, the prince thought
that this would be a favourable opportunity to pour down
the horfe among them, and accordingly fent loid George
orders to advance. Thefe orders were but ill obeyed;
and whether they were unintelligible, or contradictory,

dill remains a point for pofterity to decide. Ft is certain,
that lord George was immediately recalled, tried by a
court-martial, found guilty, and declared incapable of
ferving in any military command for the future. The'
enemy, however, were repulfed with confiderable lofs,
and, at length giving way, were purfued to the very ram¬
parts of Minden. Lord George Sackville being recalled,
was now fncceeded in his command over the Britifh troops
in Germany, by the brave and beloved marquis of Granby,
alike the folaier’s friend, and the enemy’s fcourge in¬
battle, yet the mod feeling and generous of men to the
conquered. His brilliant fuccefTes during the refidue of
the war gave the higheft luftre to the Britifii arms-.

The Britifh army in Germany now amounted to above
thirty thoufand men, and the whole nation was flufhed
with frefh hopes of conqueft. But thefe hopes were de-
lufive. The allies were worfled at Corbach, but retrieved
their honour at. Exdorf. A victory at Warbourg fol¬
lowed, and another at Zierenberg; but then they buffered
a defeat at Compen, after which both armies went into
winter-quarters. The fuccefTes 011 either fide might be
confidered as a compaCt by which both engaged to lofe
much and gain little ; for no advantage whatever fol¬
lowed from victory. The Englifh at length began to
open their eyes to their own intereft, and found that they
were waging unequal war, and loading themfelves with
taxes for conquefts that they could neither preferve nor
enjoy.

Yet the fuccefsful efforts of the armies of England at
this time in every part of the globe were amazing, and
the ex pence of her operations greater than had ever been
difburfed by any nation before. The k ng of Pruflia re¬
ceived a fublidy; a large body of Englifti forces com¬
manded the extenfive peninfula of India ; another army of
twenty thoufand men confirmed their conquefts in North
America ; independent of thofe employed in Germany,
and in the different garrifons in various parts of the world ; .
but all thefe were nothing to the force maintained at fea,.
which carried victory wherever the Britifh flag was dif-
played, and almoft annihilated the French power on the
ocean. The courage and the conduCt of the Englifh ad¬
mirals had furpafted whatever had been heard of before ;
neither fuperior force, nor number, nor even the terrors
of ftorms and tempefts, could intimidate them. Admiral
Hawke gained a complete victory over an equal number
of French fliips, on the coaft of Bretagne, in Qmberon-
bay, in the midft of a ftorm, during the darknefs of the
night, and, what a Teaman fears ftill more, upon a rocky
lee-fliore.

Such was the luftre of the Britifii arms, both by feaand
land, in the memorable year 1759, 'n every part of the
world. But in the midft of thefe glories, an event hap¬
pened which configned every generous heart in Britain to
a ftate of mourning. On the twenty-fifth of October,
1760, the king, w ithout having complained of any pre¬
vious diforder, was found, by his attendants, expiring in
his chamber. He had rifen at his ufual hour, and ob¬
ferved, t hat as the weather was fine, he would walk in
the gardens of Kenfington, where he then refided. In a
few minutes after his return, being left alone, hr was
heard to fall on the floor. The noife inftantly brought
his attendants into the room, who lifted him into bed ;
when he defired, with a faint voice, that the princefs
Amelia might be fent for; but before flie could reach
the apartment, he expired. A11 attempt was made to
bleed him, but without effeCt ; and upon opening him,
it was difcovered that the right ventricle of the heart
was ruptured, and a great quantity of extravafated blood
was found in the aperture.

George II. died encompafled with the unfading laurels
of many fplendid victories, in the feventy-feventh year of
his age, and the thirty-third of his reign, jo ft 1 y lamented
by his (objeCts, and by all his allies. He was in his per-
fon nearly of the middle fize, well-Ihaped, ereCt, with eyes
remarkably prominent, a high nofe, and fair complexion.

ENGLAND. 727

In Ins difpofition he is faid to have been hafty, prone to bition of realizing in his own perfon that grand and per-
anger, efpecially in his youth, yet foon appealed ; but feet model of a patriot king, delineated by the happieft
the general caft of his difpofition was complacent, mild, effort of a tranfcendent genius.

moderate, and humane ; in his way of living temperate,
regular, and fo methodical in every branch of private
economy, that his attention fometimes defcended to ob¬
jects beneath a king. He was fond of the German tafte
for military parade, and was perfonally brave. He loved
war as a f'oldier, he fhidied it as a fcience, and corre-
fponded on this fubjeft with fome of the greateft officers
whom Germany has produced. The extent of his under-
fianding, and the fplendour of his virtues, we (hall not
prefume to fettle, or attempt to difplay ; we rather wifli
for opportunities to expatiate on his munificence and li¬
berality ; his generous regard to genius and learning ;
and his encouragement and protection of thofe arts by
which a nation is inftruCted and adorned. With refpeCt
to his government, it very feldpm deviated from the in-
flitutions of law ; or encroached upon private right ; or
interfered with the common adminiftration of juflice. The
circumfiances that chiefly marked his public character,
were a predilection for his native country, and a clofe at¬
tention to the political interelis of the Germanic body :
points and principles to which lie adhered with the molt
invincible fortitude; and if ever the blood and treafure
of Great Britain were facrificed to thefe confiderations,
we ought not fo much to blame the prince, who aCted
from the dictates of natural affeCtion, as we fhould the
uncontroulable fpirit of the people for military fame
and conquefts, and the profufion with which the miniftry
exhaufted the treafury for the accompliflunent of thefe
objects.

George II. bad iffue, i. Frederic prince of Wales,
born 1707, died 1751, dining the life-time of his father.
1. Anne, born 1709, married William prince of Orange,
1734, died 1759. 3- Amelia, born 1711, died unmarried

3786. 4. Elizabeth-Caroline, born 1713, died unmarried
3; 7 57 . 5. George, born 1717, died at three months old.

6. William duke of Cumberland, born 1721, died unmar¬
ried 1765. 7. Mary, born 1723, married the prince of

HeflTe-CdlFel 1740, died 1771. 8. Louifa, born 1724, mar¬

ried Frederic V. king of Denmark 1743, died 1751.

Frederic-Lewis, late prince of Wales, was married in
3736 to Augufta the daughter of Frederic II. duke of
Saxe-Gotha ; by whom he had ilfue, 1. Augufta, born
1737, married to the duke of BriinC ick Wolfenhuttel
1746, now living., 2. George-Willtam-Frederic III. his
prefent majelty, born 1738. 3. Edward-Auguftus duke

of York, born 1739, died unmarried at Monacho in Italy
1767. 4. Elizabeth-Caroline, born 1740, died unmarried

1759. 5. William-Henry duke of Gloucefter, born 1743,

married the countefs-dowager Waldegrave in 1766, and
now living. 6. Henry-Frederic duke of Cumberland,
born 1745, married Mrs. Horton 1771, died 1790. 7.

Louifa-Anne, born 1749, died unmarried 1768. 8. Fre-

deric-William, born 1750, died 1765. 9. Curoline-Ma.

tilda, born (after the death of her father) July 11, 1-751,
married Chriftian V 1 1 . prefent king of Denmark 1 766,
and died at Zell in 1775.

George III. afcended the throne of Great Britain under
the rich canopy of his grandfather’s victorious laurels,
and with the advantage of being an Englifh-born prince.
His manners were in the higheft degree decorous, his mo¬
rals unblemifhed, and his perfonal accomplifliments cor-
refponded with the elevation of his rank and Itaiion; fo
that the regret which the nation felt at the fudden de-
mife of the good old king, was abforbed in the tranfports
of joy excited by the aufpicious commencement of the
reign of the young monarch, w ho had but juft attained
the age of complete majority : being born June 4, 1738.
From his youth upwards, the young prince feerned ever
to have been diftinguiflied by the reCtitude of his inten¬
tions, and the generolity and -ingenuoufnefs of his con¬
duct. He was delirous to govern the Englifli nation upon
maxims truly Englifli, and was fired with the noble am.

The parliament, which, agreeably to the falirtary pro-
vifions of an aCt paffed for that purpofe, continued to
exercile its functions for the period of fix months after
the death of the fovereign, met on the 18th of November,
when George III . feated on the throne, delivered a fpeech
calculated in the higheft: degree to confirm all the fond
and flattering prepolfeflions of the public in his favour.
After a decent expreflion of concern for the lofs of the
late king, and imploring the blefling of heaven on his own
endeavours to fuflain the weight of government which
now devolved upon him, the young monarch, with great
propriety and dignity of elocution, proceeded in thefe
remarkable words : “ Born and educated in,this country,
I glory in the name of Briton, and the peculiar happinefs
of my life will ever confift in promoting the happinefs of
a people whole loyalty and warm affeCtion to me I confi-
der as the greateft: and mod permanent fecurity of my
throne. The civil and religious rights of my loving fub-
jeCts are equally dear to me with the molt valuable pre¬
rogatives of my crown.” After an ample delineation of
the flourifliing circumfiances of the kingdom, he con¬
cluded his fpeech as follows : “ In this (late I have found
tilings at my acceflion to the throne of my anceffors —
happy in viewing the profperous part of it; happier (till
fhould I have been had I found my kingdoms, whofe
true intereft I have entirely at heart, in full peace; but
fince the ambition, injurious encroachments, and danger¬
ous defigns, of my enemies, rendered the war both juft and
neceffary, and the generous overture made laft winter to¬
wards a congrefs for a pacification has not yet produced
any fuitable return, I am determined, with your cheerful
and powerful afliftance, to profecute this war with vi¬
gour, in order to that defirable objeCt — a fafe and ho¬
nourable peace. The eyes of all Europe are upon you.
From you the proteftant ii tereft hopes for protection, as
well as all our friends for the prefervation of their inde¬
pendency, and our enemies fear the final difappointment
of their ambitious and deltruCtive views. Let thefe hopes
and fears be confirmed and augmented by the vigour,
unanimity, and difpatch, of our proceedings. In this ex¬
pectation T am the more encouraged by a pleafing circum-
ftance, which I look upon as one of the moft aufpicious
omens of my reign. That happy extinction of divifions,
and that union and good harmony which continue to pre¬
vail umongft my fubjeCts, afford me the moft agreeable
profpeCt. The natural difpofition and wi(h of my heart
are to cement and promote them ; and I promife myfelf
that nothing will arife on your part to interrupt or difturb
a fituation fo effential to the true and lafting felicity of
this great people.”

In the cottrfe of the fumnier of 1761, the king declared
in council his refolution to demand in marriage the prin-
cefs Charlotte-Soj iiia of Mecklenburg Strelitz; and the-
earl of Harcourt being appointed ambaffador plenipoten¬
tiary to the court of Strelitz, the -contract of marriage
was (igned, and the princefs conducted to Stade, whence
(lie embarked on-board one of the royal yachts, and ar¬
rived at the palace of St. James’s, September 8, the nup¬
tial ceremony being the fame evening performed in the
Chapel-royal. And on the 22d of September the coro¬
nation of their majelties was celebrated with much pomp
and magnificence. The new queen foon acquired great
popularity by the affability of her manners; and which,
by the prudence and propriety of her conduCt, (he has
invariably retained.

The operations of the war wrere (till carried on witli
vigour and fuccefs. In the month of June, 1761, the
illand of Dominique, important from its fituation between
the iflands of Martinico and Guadaloupe, was reduced
with little difficulty by an armament commanded by (1 r
James Douglas, and a body of troops under lord Rollo.

A far more hazardous enterprife was undertaken about
3 the

72S E • N G I

the fame time againd the ifland of Belleifle, fituated op-
pofite the harbour of Vannes on the coad of Bretagne.
The ifland was defended by a drong fortrefs, condructed
by the famous Vauban, near the town of Palais. On the
fird difembarkment of the troops, they met with a very
fevere repulfe, being compelled precipitately to retreat,
with the lofs of near five hundred men. But the Englifii
commanders, fecure of the zeal and ardour of their troops,
determined to make another effort, which was attended
with happier fuccefs ; and a body of marines and grena¬
diers, making good their landing on the craggy point of
Lomeria, fuffained their pofition with wonderful intre¬
pidity againd a very fuperior force, till joined by the re¬
maining troops, amounting to eight or ten thoufand men.
M. de St. Croix, the French commander, then recalled
his detachments, and prepared for a vigorous defence of
the citadel, the avenues to which he had fortified with
fix additional redoubts, which, with much effufion of
blood, were fuccedively attacked and carried by the Eng-
lifh, who now urged, with the molt perfevering ardour,
the liege of the citadel. On the 7th of June, a practi¬
cable breach being made, and a general affault appre¬
hended on the part of M. de St. Croix, that officer de¬
manded a capitulation, which was granted on the mod
honourable conditions. Thus, at the expence of two
thoufand lives, and an enormous fum expended in naval
and military preparations, the Englifii achieved the con-
qued of a barren rock, affording no produce excepting
the laurels of victory.

At the termination of the fuccefsful campaign of 1759,
overtures had been made, as mentioned in the fpeech from
the throne, by the kings of Great Britain and Pruffiato the
courts of Vienna and Verfailles, for a general accommoda¬
tion of differences, which did not appear wholly unaccept¬
able ; and it was agreed to open a general congrefs at Augf-
burg. Various caufes of delay, however, concurred to
prevent the execution of this project, and the court of Vi¬
enna was not yet prepared to relinquifh its claim to Silefia.
But the enfuing campaign of 1760 proving very dilaflrous
to France, whole finances were reduced to a date of the
molt diftreffing derangement, the French ambaffador refi-
dent at Stockholm delivered a declaration to the Swedifli
monarch in February 1761, importing his fovereign’s ear¬
ned delire to adopt effectual meafures for refioring the
peace of Europe ; and that in concerting with his allies a
general plan of pacification, he was difpofed abundantly
to difplay his moderation whenever Great Britain fhould
be inclined to acquiefce in reafonable terms. In the
month of March, a memorial was tranfmitted from the
due de Choifeul, prime minider of France, to Mr. Secre¬
tary Pitt, fignifying the firm determination of his mod
Chridian majedy fo to aid in concert with his allies at the
future congrefs, as to demondrate his fincere difpolition
to promote the intereds of humanity, and redore the
peace of Europe. His mod Chridian majedy exprefl'ed
his defire “ that the particular accommodation between
France and England fhould be united with the general
pacification of Europe ; but as the objeids of the war be¬
tween thefe two powers were totally foreign to the dif-
putes in Germany, he thought it would be previoufly
necefiary to agree with his Britannic majedy upon certain
principal points which fhould form the bafis of their par¬
ticular negociation.” Thefe advances were favourably
received, and Mr. Pitt wrote an immediate anfwer to the
due de Choifeul, exprefling his Britannic majedy’s fin-
cere defire to correfpond with the pacific fentiments of
the mod Chridian king; and propoling that miniders
duly authorifed (hould be immediately appointed at the
refpeiSJive courts of Verfailles and London, to enter upon
this-negociation ; and, in the month of May, Mr. Stanley
repaired to Paris on the part of the king of England, and
M. Buffiy was received in the fame manner from the court
of France, at St. James’s. The indrmSfions of M. BufTy
were to adhere to the uti poJJidetis, as the bafis of the nego¬
ciation ; to demand an explanation of his Britannic ma-

< A N D.

jedy’s fentiments touching the dales or eras at which the
propofal fhould take place : and in the conferences which
enfued, the French rrfinider continued to prefs the fpeci-
fication of thofe dates. But the Englifh minider evaded
the difeufiion of this point until the lurrender of the cita¬
del of Belleifle : and then a declaration was made in ex¬
plicit terms, that the fird of July, the find of September,
and the fird of November, fhould be the edablifhed eras
in Europe, the Wed Indies, and the Ead Indies ; after
which all the conqfieds made on either fide fltould be
mutually redored ; that the preliminaries agreed upon
between the two crowns fhould be conclufive and obliga¬
tory, independent of the negotiations of Augfburg for fet¬
tling the peace of Germany. After the interchange of
many memorials chiefly refpefting the compenfations to
be made for the deviations propofed from the original
principle or bafis of the uti poJJidetis , France profeffed her
willirig’nefs to cede and guaranty Canada to the crown of
England, on condition of her being admitted to a partici¬
pation, as formerly, of the cod-fifhery on the banks of
Newfoundland; and infiditig alfo upon the reditution of
the ifland of Cape Breton, as an equivalent for which
France confented to a renewal of tiie article in the trea¬
ties of Utrecht and Aix-la-Chapelle, for the demolition
of the harbour and works of Dunkirk ; that in lieu of
the illand of Minorca, England diould redore Guada-
loupe and Marigalante ; and that in confideration of the
reditution of Belleifle and Senegal, or Goree, France
would evacuate her conqueds in Germany. Touching
the captures made by England at fea previous to the de¬
claration of war, his mod Chridian majedy declared that
“ he would gladly fubmit to the jtidice of the king of
England, and the determination of the Englifh courts of
judicature ; that f'ubjebls trading under the faith of trea¬
ties, and the protedtion of the law of nations, ought not
to futfer from the mifunderdandings which may arife in
the cabinets of princes, before thofe mifunderdandings
are publicly known; that the practice of declaring war
was edabliihed by the law of nations as effential to the
general fafety ; that no feizure made or prize taken ante¬
rior to fuch declaratiomcould be deemed legal, without
violating the mod facred of human inditutions ; that no
fort of affinity fubfided between hodilities committed on
the Ohio and fhips taken in the Wed Indies; that fuch
hodilities might indeed be alleged as jud motives for de¬
claring war, but the effefts of that declaration ought not
to precede the declaration itlelf ; and that it would be
the height of injudice thus to involve innocent indivi¬
duals, ignorant of the dilputesof monarchs, or the affairs
of nations, in the depth of didrefs and ruin, by the indif-
criminate confiication of their property.” Together
with this memorial, M. de Buffiy delivered to the Englifh
minider another of a very extraordinary nature, import¬
ing that the difputes fubfiding between England and
Spain gave his mod Chridian majedy caufe to apprehend
a new war in Europe and America, unlefs they could be
now adjuded ; that his Catholic majedy had communi¬
cated to the court of Verfailles the chief points of difeuf-
fion, namely, the reditufion of fome fhips taken in the
courfeof the war under Spanilh colours, the liberty claim¬
ed by the Spanidt nation to fifh on the banks of New¬
foundland, and the fettlements made by the Englifh on
the Spanifh territories in the bay of Honduras. His mod
Chridian majedy therefore defirqd that thefe differences
might be amicafeiy terminated, and that the king of Spain
fhould be invited to guaranty the treaty between the two
crowns; becaufe, if thefe diderences were the means of
kindling a new war, the. mod Chridian king would be
obliged to perform his engagements to his allies.

Thefe memorials were accompanied with a third decla¬
ration, fignifying that the enq ref's queen of Audria had
confented to a feparate peace between England and
France, on thefe terms only ; t hat FVance fhould for her
benefit keep poffiellion of the countries conquered in her
name, and as her ally, from the king of Pruflia ; and that

the

ENGLAND. 729

the king of Great Britain fhould no longer afford affiftance
either in money or troops to the king of Pruflia, in like
manner as France fliould be reftri.cted with refpedt to the
emprefs queen. The indifcretion of thefe memorials,
containing'demands both novel and offenfive, was fo fla¬
grant, that many perfons fcrupled not to brand the entire
proceedings of the court of Verfailles with the mod infi-
dious duplicity, though it appeared fufficiently evident
to the intelligent and impartial, that the impolicy of her
condudt arofe from her extreme anxiety for peace, and a
too fanguine hope that the profpedt of an eventual rup¬
ture with Spain would induce Great Britain to relax the
rigour of her terms.

The refentment and indignation of the court of London
at this invidious and unexpected interpofition, feemed to
know no bounds. Mr. Secretary Pitt declared both
verbally, and in writing to M, de Bufly, that the king of
Great Britain would not fuffer the difputes with Spain to
be mixed, in any fhape whatfoever, with the negocia-
tions for peace now depending with France, and that all
further mention of fuch an idea would be conlidered as
offenfive to his dignity : and the right of France at any
time to intermeddle in like difcuffions between England
and Spain, was denied with the mod pofitive dildain.
Upon thefe grounds M. de Buffy was informed, that the
king of England had ordered the memorial concerning
Spain to be returned as totally inadmiflible ; and alfo the
memorial relating to the king of Pruflia, as affeCting the
honour of Great Britain, and the unfliaken fidelity with
which his majefiy will fulfil his engagements with his
allies.

The court of Verfailles now became fenfible of the ill
confequences that might refill t from this falfe ftep. In
a fubfequent memorial, therefore, file condefcended to
apologife for propofing a difcuflion of the joints in dif-
pute with Spain, and declared her readinefs to make new
concefiions for the purptife of accompli filing the definable
end of a general pacification. In reply, a paper was
tranfmit.ted to Mr. Stanley, containing the ultimatum of
the Englifn court; infilling .upon the entire cellion of
Canada and its dependencies of Cape Breton and the
other illands in the Gulf of St. Laurence ; of the fettle-
ments of Goree and Senegal, in Africa; the reftoration of
Minorca; the demolition of Dunkirk ; fatisfadtion to the
Eaft-India company ; the evacuation of Oftend and Nieu-
port ; the reftitution of Cleves, Wefel, Gueldres; and
in' general of all the territories belonging to the king of
Pruflia, and the other allies of Great Britain. The king
of England alfo left himfelf at full liberty to afiift his
Pruffian majefiy according to the terms of the fubfifting
treaties. With refpett to the prizes taken after the com¬
mencement of hoftilities, though before the formality of
declaring war, his Britannic majefiy perfifted in his opi¬
nion, that fuch a demand on the part of France was nei¬
ther juft nor defenlible. Should France comply with
thefe propofitions, the court of London declared its rea¬
dinefs to reftore to France her conquefts of Belleifle and
Guadaloupe, and to admit the fubjedts of his moft Chrif-
tian majefiy to a -participation of the Newfoundland fifti-
ery, agreeably to the thirteenth article of the treaty of
Utrecht, and to cede the fmall ifland of St. Pierre, on
certain conditions, as a harbour for the fifhermen. Thefe
fevere terms France, in the ultimatum on her part, dated
September 13, 1761, accepted with little variation, ex¬
cepting that Ihe refufed to recede from her claim of refti¬
tution refpedting the merchant-fhips captured previous
to the declaration of war; and that his moft Chriftian
majefiy afferted it to be not in his power, agreeably to
the ftipulations by which he is already engaged, to eva¬
cuate the countries belonging to the emprefs queen.

To this memorial the court of London deigned not to
reply ; and the minifters Stanley and Bully returned to
their refpedtive homes. Notwithftanding the immediate
withdrawment of the memorial refpedting Spain, and the
the declaration of France that the offence given to the

Vol. VI. No. 386.

Englifh court was perfedtly unintentional, much anger and
refentment remained, which now indeed appeared chiefly
directed againft the court of Madrid; and the Englifh mi-
nifter tranfmitted inftrudtions to the earl of Briitol, the
anibaflador of England at the court of Spain, to require
from his Catholic majefiy an explicit declaration as to the
authority by which the French minifter adfed, in preferr¬
ing a memorial in the name of the king of Spain.; and in
cafe it (hall be avowed by the court of Madrid, to renion-
ftrate with firmnefs the unexampled irregularity of fuch
proceedings. In relation to the three points of requifi-
tion, Mr. Pitt declared it ftifficient to fay, refpedting the
firfi, “ that the courts inftituted for the cognizance of
fuch matters, are open to the parties who think fit to
feek redrefs in due courfe of law. As to the obfolete
pretenfions of Spain to fifti on the banks of Newfoundland,
no conceflion in a matter fo (acred would bp even thought
of. With regard to the difputes relating to the logwood
coafts, his Britannic majefiy was willing to receive any
juft overtures on the part of his Catholic majefiy, pro¬
vided they be not conveyed through the channel of
France. And he concluded with profefling his expecta-
tion that the court of Madrid would come to fome expli¬
cit eclairciftement as to the . deftination of her fleets, and
with refpedt to her difpofition to maintain and cultivate
friendfhip and good correfpondence with Great Britain.”

The earl of Briftol, who appears to have conduced
himfelf throughout this difficult negociation with diftin-
guiflied ability and addrefs, informed Mr. Pitt in his
reply, dated Auguft 31, 1761, that immediately on the
receipt of the difpatches from England, he had waited ott
the Spanifh minifter, don Ricardo Wall, at St. Ildefonfo,
and in the moft explicit, and at the fame time in the lea.fi
offenfive mode, executed the orders contained in them.
In reply, general Wall affirmed that the king of Spain,
with a view merely to render the peace more permanent,
and- without the leaft intention to give offence to his B,ri-
tannic majefiy, had affented to the propofal made by the
moft Chriftian king, for the joint accommodation of their
differences with Great Britain. The Spanifli minifter afked,
whether it was poffible to imagine that his Catholic ma-
jefty was feeking occafions of provocation at a time when
England was in the moft flourifhing and exalted (ituation
it had ever known, in confequence of the .moft extraordi¬
nary feries of profperities that any nation had ever met
with ; that Spain was furprifed Great Britain fhould take
umbrage at any naval preparations made fince the a ccef-
fion of his prefent majefiy, fince the fhips of war in com-
miffion were fewer than-thofe which had been equipped
during' the reign of the late king Ferdinand; that they
ferved in part to maintain the correfpondence between the
kingdoms of Spain and the Sicilies, of which his Catholic
majefiy, during the minority of-his fon, was the guardian
and protedfor. Others were intended to convoy the home-
vvard or outward bound flotas, alfogues, or regifter fhips;
and the remaining o'nes were to defend their coafts againft
the infults of the Barbary corfairs : and that it was the
invariable wifh of his Catholic majefiy to cepient and cul¬
tivate the friendfhip fo happily fubfifting between ihe
two courts. The Spanifli minifter acknowledged that the
greateft harmony exifted between the kings of France and
Spain, at which, who in this. age could affedt to wonder ?
But if his Catholic majefiy had conceived' that the me¬
morial in queftion could have been conftrued into a me¬
nace, he would never have confented to t lie delivery of
it. On the contrary, what proceeding, faid the Spanifh
minifter, more noble can an enemy hold, than to fay as
France does to Great Britain — I am refolved for the fake
of peace to make thefe facrifices ; but at the fame time,
In order to fecure the permanency of it, I am defirous
that England fhould fettle with Spain their fubjedts of
difagreement, left from the nature ot our fubfifting en¬
gagements I may be entangled in a frefh war. As to the
differences which had arifen between England and Spain
refpedting the capture of the Spanifh fliips during the
S Z war.

730

ENGL

war, the general allowed they would admit of an eafy ac¬
commodation. But the court of Spain thought the other
two articles of much more importance ; and that the re-
fufal of the Englifh court to enter into any negociation
refpefting the claim of Spain to fifh on the banks of New¬
foundland was violent and harfh, efpecially as coupled
with the abfolute determination of England not to relin-
quifli her acknowledged ufurpations on the coaft of Hon¬
duras, except his Catholic majefty would previoufly
allure to them the right to which they pretended of cut¬
ting logwood within that territory. In other words, he
affirmed this was faying, “ I will give up the dwelling
of which I have taken forcible polTefiion, but firft you
ftiall engage to give me what I want to take.”

When the forbearance of Spain refpefting the logwood
was compared with the exclufive claim of England to
the Newfoundland fifhery, which was of fo much im¬
portance to Spain, as an article not of luxury but fub-
liftence, the Spanifh minifter faid, he thought the Englifh
themfelves would hefitate to boafl of the fuperior juftice
and equity of their condudt. In his fubfequent difpatches
of September and October, the earl of Briftol informed
the court of London, “ that umbrage had been taken by
the court of Madrid at the additional fortifications re¬
ported to be going forward at Gibraltar, and that general
Wall had afked, if it were poffible that England could
be ferioufly apprehenfive of a rupture with Spain; affirm¬
ing, that at no time had the Catholic king been more in¬
tent upon cultivatinga good underftanding with his Britan¬
nic majefty than at the prefent; that the flota had arrived
at Cadiz, but that the treafure belonging to the crown
was much lefs than had been expedted; that great abufes
and malverfations had been charged againft the Spanifh
viceroys and governors in the Weft Indies; and that his
Catholic majefty’s minifters had ftrongly fuggefted to him
the impracticability of reforming effectually the old de¬
fective fyftem of government, fftould the court of Madrid
embroil itfelf in the prefent troubles of Europe ; that
the Spanifh minifter, don Ricardo, urged the evacuation
of the more recent fettlements on the Honduras coaft,
which he faid would ferve as a falvo for the honour of
Spain, and greatly facilitate the final adjuftment of her
differences with England. General Wall, faid the am-
baffador, has ever aCted in too ingenuous a manner for
me to fufpeCt the leaft duplicity in his conduCt: the am-
baffador added, that on the notification of the king’s mar¬
riage to the court of Madrid, he was particularly enjoined
to afture the king of England of the (hare his Catholic
majefty would ever take in all events that contributed to
his happinefs ; that the Spanifh minifter expreffed a tho¬
rough concern at the breaking off the conferences between
the courts of Verfailles and London ; and faid it was the
opinion in Spain, that the French minifters had gone as
great lengths in conceftions as could be expeCted, confi-
dering the engagements of France with her allies.” Pre¬
vious, however, to the arrival of the laft difpatches, Mr.
Pitt was no longer minifter. Llaving received certain in¬
telligence that a treaty of alliance was recently concluded
between the two courts of France and Spain, and being
firmly perfuaded that the articles of this treaty were in
the higheft degree inimical to Great Britain, and that
Spain waited only the favourable moment to atb openly
againft her, he ftrongly urged in council the policy and
necefiity of an immediate declaration of war againft that
power; and recommended that a ftrong fquadron (hould
be immediately fent to the Mediterranean, to intercept
the flota actually on its paffage from Carthagena to Cadiz.
In this opinion he was fupported only by his brother-in-
law earl Temple, lord privy leal ; and finding his influ¬
ence in the cabinet at an end, he refigned the feals, Octo¬
ber 9, 1761, in order, to ufe his own words, “ not to
remain refponfible for meafures which he was no longer
allowed to guide.”

Mr. Pitt was fucceeded in the office of fecretary of ftate
by the earl of Egremont j and the king, in order doubt-

AND.

lefs to mollify the refentment of the retiring minifter,
granted him a penfion of three thoufand pounds perannum,
a reward which his praife-worthy negledl to accumulate
riches rendered it neceffary, though with fome rifk to his
popularity, to accept ; and his lady was created baronefs
of Chatham, with remainder to her heirs male, Mr. Pitt
in his own perfon declining the honours of the peerage.
In this meafure, the determination' of the cabinet could
not but be approved by the reflecting and intelligent part
of the nation, who faw no clear proofs of any intention in
the court of Madrid hoftile to Great Britain; and who
were of opinion, that to precipitate the nation, already
loaded with a debt of one hundred and thirty millions,
into a new and dangerous war, becaufe a treaty had been
concluded by Spain with France, which might, when the
articles were divulged, poffibly be found contrary to good
faith and amity, was a mode of proceeding not to be jus¬
tified by an appeal to the voice of reafon, or the law of
nations. It could not but be remarked, that the refig-
nation of Mr. Pitt under thefe circumftances, favoured
more of pride and paffion than of wifdom or patriotifm ;
and that an oppofition of fentiment in the cabinet on
fuch a point, did not juftify him in withholding his fer-
vices at a crifis which peculiarly demanded the exertion
of his great and acknowledged talents. Neverthelefs, an
unanimous vote of thanks palled the court of common-
council of London to the right honourable William Pitt,
in the moft flattering terms of refpeCt and applaufe, for
•his great and eminent fervices.

Had the new minifters determined to avoid_ that rup¬
ture with Spain, for which no political neceflity feemed
to exift, they would have been entitled to indifputable
praife. But hefitating between their own conviction of
the inexpediency, and their anxious defire to fupport
their character with the nation for refolution and vigour,
they adopted that equivocal line of condudt which aimed
at no determined objedt, and which was really calculated
to accelerate the cataftrophe they earneftly wifhed to
avert. On the 28th of October, the earl of Egremont
wrote to the ambaffador lord Biiftol, that it was highly
expedient the court of Spain fhould in the prefent mo¬
ment be apprifed of the fentiments of that of Great Bri¬
tain, and that the king of England had nothing more at
heart than to cultivate the moft cordial friendfhip of his
Catholic majefty ; but that his Britannic majefty cannot
imagine that the king of Spain fhould think it unreafon-
able to delire a communication of the treaty acknowledged
to have been lately concluded between the courts of Ma¬
drid and Verfailles, or of fuch articles thereof as can by
particular and explicit engagements immediately relate
to the interefts of Great Britain, before he enters into
further negociation on the points depending between the
two crowns; and the ambaffador is inftrudted to ufe the
moft pi effing inftances to M. Wall to obtain fuch commu¬
nication as is above mentioned. The amballkdor is fur¬
ther allured, that the refignation of Mr. Pitt will only ani¬
mate the prefent mjniftry to a more vigorous exertion of
their powers ; and that the moft perfeft harmony, unani¬
mity, and confidence, now reign in his majefty’s councils.
This difpatch being written with a view to a confidential
communication of its contents to the Spanifh minifter,
the ambaffador is informed in a feparate and “ moft fecret”
letter, that if the court of Spain fhould propofe to give
his majefty folemu afturances of the innocence of the
treaty in queftion in relation to the interefts of England,
he is not totally to rejeft the alternative, but to take it
in referendum-, provided always, that the faid afturances
be given upon his Catholic majefty’s royal word, figni-
fied in writing either by the Spanifh fecretary of ftate,
M. Wall, or by the count de Puentes, the Spanifh mi¬
nifter in London, to his Britannic majefty’s fecretary of
ftate, and. not otherwife. The earl of Briftol, in a letter
written to the earl of Egremont, dated November the 2d,
remarks the fudden alteration of behaviour in the Spanifh
minifter^ and the haughty language now held by the court

ENG

of Madrid ; general Wall declaring with uncommon
warmth, that we were intoxicated with our fuccefles,
and that it was evident, by our refufal of the due de
Choifeul’s propofals, that we aimed fird to ruin the French
power, in order more eafily afterwards to crufli Spain,
and, by feizing the Spanifli dominions in America, to fa-
tisfy to the utmofl our ambition and unbounded third of
conqued. He himfelf, he faid with padionate emphafis,
would be the man to advife the king of Spain, fince his
dominions were to be overwhelmed, at lead to have them
feized with arms in his fubjefits’ hands, and not to con¬
tinue the padive vidtim he had hitherto appeared to be
in the eyes of the world. It was time,- he affirmed, for
Spain to open her eyes, and not to fuffer an ally, a neigh¬
bour, and a friend, to receive the rigid laws impofed by
an infulting viftor. For this purpofe he acknowledged,
in reply to the requifitions of the Englifh ambadador re-
fpe£ting the purport of the late treaty, that his Catholic
majedy had judged it expedient to renew his “family
compacts” with the mod Chriftian king.

This fudden alteration of language and of conduct the
ambadador aferibed to the intelligence jud received by
the court of Madrid, of the propofition made by Mr. Pitt,
and recently difeuffed in the Britidi cabinet, of an imme¬
diate declaration of war again/1 Spain ; a meafure totally
unexpefted, and by which Spain, who conceived herfelf
to be the injured party, was filled with indignation and
adonifhment. But the offence now given'vvas not thought
entitled to any political indulgence; and lord Bridol, in
the fubfequent difpatch of lord Egremont, was exprefsly
commanded, in the name of his Britannic majedy, to de¬
mand of the Spanilh minider, an immediate, clear, and
categorical, anfwer to the quedion before dated ; and to
accompany this demand with an affurunce, that any pro-
cradination, ambiguity, or evafion, will be confidered as
ample and fufficient ground for authorizing his majedy to
take fuch deps as his royal wifdom lb all diftate for the
honour of his crown, and the fecurity of his people. At
the fame time the ambadador is, with ludicrous incon-
fiftency, charged not to ufe any harlhnefs of language
which can have the lead tendency to indifpofe or irritate
the Spanilh court, or the minider, M. Wall ; as if the
language pre/cribed to the ambalfador could podibly fail
to produce that effect on the Cadilian pride: but, in cafe
the fatisfafition required was delayed or refufed, his ex¬
cellency the ambadador was ordered forthwith to quit
Madrid, without taking leave, and repair with all con¬
venient fpeed to Li/bon. About the fame time that the
above difpatch was tranfmitted by lord Egremont to the
earl of Bridol, a letter was written to his lordflnp by the
ambadador, in which he dates, that general Wall hud
recovered his ufual temper; and that after an amicable
difeudion of the points in difpute, enforced by long and
difpadionate rea/onings, they had parted with reciprocal
protedations of their earned defire to continue in peace ;
and a copy of the king’s fpeech to the new parliament
arriving about this period, the Spanilh minider highly
applauded the candour and moderation difplayed through-
eut the-whole; a (Turing at the fame time the Englifli'am-
baffador, that he expended (hortly to receive the Catholic
Icing’s commands to acquaint him with the refolutions of
Spain relative to his applications. But thefe flattering-
appearances entirely vaniflied, when, in compliance with
the exprefs inflruftions of the Englilh court, the ambaf-
fador in peremptory terms demanded the categorical an¬
fwer required in the lad latter of the earl of Egremont,
declaring, in conformity to the orders he had received,
that a refufal, and even a delay of fatisfailion, would be
deemed an aggreffion on the part of the court of Madrid,
and regarded in no other light than as an abfolute decla¬
ration of war. “ I cannot (fays the earl of Bridol, in
his official difpatch) deferibe the furprife M. Wall ex-
preffeu at hearing this — he only brought out thefe words :
What is to follow ? You have then orders to withdraw
from hence/” Upon the ambaffador’s acknowledgment

LAND. 731

that fuch were his indru&ions, general Wall defired him
for greater precifion to put in writing what he was ordered
to demand ; and, repairing to the palace of the Buen Re¬
tiro, he returned, after a fliort interval, an anfwer from
his Catholic majedy, in which, the ambadador is told,
“ that the fpirit of haughtinefs and difeord which dic¬
tated this inconfiderate hep, and which for the misfortune
of mankind dill reigns fo much in the Britidi government,
is what made in the fame indant the declaration of war
and attacked the king’s dignity : your excellency may
think of retiring when and in the manner convenient to
you ; which is the only anfwer his majedy has directed
rne to give.” Orders were fent from Madrid to the count
de Fuentes, indantly to leave the court and kingdom of
England, delivering fird a memorial to the miniders of
the king of England, in which the war that the Spanifh
and Englidi nations were about to plunge into, is attri¬
buted to the pride and immeafurable ambition of him
who lately held the reins of government in Great Britain.
“ If (faid the memorial) his Catholic majedy excufed
himfelf from making the explanations required, it was to
manifed his jud refentment of the infulting manner in
which the affairs of Spain have been treated during Mr.
Pitt’s adminidration ; who, when the jndice of his Ca¬
tholic majedy’s claims had been incontrovertibly proved,
gave as his final anfwer, That he would not relax in any thing
till the Tower of London was taken fword in hand. If the re.
fpedt due to royal majedy had been regarded, explana¬
tions it was affirmed might have been had without diffi¬
culty. The miniders of Spain might have faid frankly
to thofe of England, what the count de Fuentes, by the
king’s exprefs orders, declares publicly, That the faid
treaty is only a convention between the family of Bour¬
bon,. wherein. is nothing which has the lead relation to the
prefent war ; that there is in it an article for the mutual
guarantee of the dominions of the two fovereigns, but it
is fpecified therein that this guarantee is not to be under,
dood but of the dominions which (hall remain to France
after the prefent war (hall be ended; that although his
Catholic majedy might have had reafon to think himfelf
offended, by the irregular manner in which the memorial
for terminating the differences between Spain and Eng¬
land, at the fame time with the war betwixt this lad and
France, was returned to M. Buffy, the king of Spain dif-
fetnbled, and from his love of peace caufed a memorial
to be delivered to lord Bridol, wherein it is evidently
demonflrated, that the hep of France which put the mi¬
nider Pitt into fo bad humour, did not at all offend either
the laws of neutrality or the fincerity of the two fove.
reigns ; that as a freffi proof of his pacific fpirit, the king
of Spain wrote to the king of France his coufin, that if
the union of intered in any manner retarded the peace
with England, he confented to feparate himfelf- from it,
not to put any obdacle to fo great a happinefs : but it
was foon feen this was only a pretence on the part of the
Englifit minider ; for that of France continuing his nego-
ciatio.ns without making any mention of Spain, , and pro-
pofmg conditions very advantageous and honourable for
England, the minider Pitt, to the great adoniffiment of
the univerfe, rejected them with difdain, and (hewed at
the fame time his ill-will againd Spain, to the fcandal of
the fame Britidi council; and unfortunately he has fuc-
ceeded but too far in his pernicious defign.” This me.
men ial ferved to demondrate the fuperior fagacity of lord
■Bridol, who declared, in the courfe of this negociation, his
firm belief that the treaty in queflTon contained no article
injurious to the intereds of England, although the pre-
poderous pride of the Spanifli court prevented any pofi-
tive or fatisfafliory affurance being given on this head ;
and the two nations, from an obdinate adherence to a
falfe and fool i Ih punitilio of honour, found themfelves at
length involved in a war, which they equally and anxi-
oufly wiflied to avoid.

The preparations made for condudting the war againd
the united force of the. houfe of Bourbon with vigour
s and

ENGLAND.

73?

and efFeft, fhevved that the fpirit of Mr. Pitt, againft
whom rather than the king of Great Britain the declara¬
tion of the king of Spain teemed to be directed, ftill in¬
fluenced and animated the public counfels. T. he grand
machine of government, once put into motion, continued
for a time its progrefs wr'h the fame force and velocity
as if (till guided by the powerful hand which fir ft urged
it into action. Letters of marque were iffued, and corn-
millions granted for privateers to aft againft the fubjefts
of his Catholic majefty ; and at length, on the 4th -of
January, 1762, war was declared againft Spain with the
accuftomed formalities.

The new parliament was opened by a well-timed fpeech
from the throne, in which his majefty' expreffed “ his
regret at the unfuccefsful termination of the late nego-
ciation for peace, and his refolution to profecute the war
in the mod effectual manner, till the enemies of Great
Britain, moved by their own Ioffes, and touched with the
miferies of fo many nations, (hall yield to the equitable
conditions of an honourable peace.” Very loyal addreftes
were returned. About two hundred and forty1 thoufand
feamen, landmen, and marines, including the German
mercenaries, were voted for the fervice of the year; and
twelve millions borrowed to make up the deficiency of
the regular means of fupply. IT i s majefty had already
been voted the clear income of eight hundred thoufand
pounds per annum, for the maintenance of the lioufehold
and the fupport of the royal dignity, in lieu of the civil
lift revenues, which had been formerly appropriated for
the fovereigns of this country ; and a jointure of one
hundred thoufand pounds per annum was now fettled on
the queen, with tire palaces of Richmond Old-park and
Somerfet-houfe.

Towards the conclufton of the preceding year, a plan
had been formed for the conqueft of Martinico, the prin¬
cipal of the French Caribbee iflands, and the rCfidence
of the governor-general and council, whofe jurifdiftion
extends over all the French Antilles. The armament
deftined for this expedition confided of eighteen (hips of
the line, and as many battalions of troops, under general
Monckton and admiral fir George Rodney, who, rendez-
voufing at Barbadoes, proceeded early in the month of
January, 1762, to Martinique; and on the 16th landed,
after (ilencing the batteries erefted on the coaft in the
vicinity of the town of Fort Royal, defended by a ftrorig
citadel, and various military works erefted on the Morne
Tortuefon and the Morne Gamier, neighbouring heights
which commanded the town. Thefe were foon forced
by the intrepidity of the Englifti troops, which on no
occafion difplayed itfelf more confpicuoufly than in the
attack of this ifland. On the 4th of February, the com¬
mandant of the citadel ordered the chamade to be beat,
and the garrifon was permitted to march out with the
honours of war. But the governor- general, M. de la
Touche, retreated to the ftrong’ fortrefs of St. Pierre,
fituated to the leeward of Fort Royal, which he at firft
feemed difpofed to defend with vigour; but on the 14th,
deputies arrived with propofals of capitulation for the
whole ifland, and this important conqueft was achieved
with inconfiderable lofs. in the mean time, commodore
Swanton was detached from the fleet, with a force luffi-
cient for the reduction of the ifland of Grenada and the
Grenadines; which fubmitted without refill nice, and
proved in the hands of the Engliflt a very valuable acqui-
fition. At the fame time, the Englifli took pofl’eflion of
the iflands of St. Lucia, Tobago, and St. Vincent, which,
though declared neutral by former treaties, had been for
fome tifne occupied by the French.

Spain, who meant certainly nothing further than by
the weight of her influence and too partial mediation, to
procure for France more favourable terms of accommo¬
dation than were otherwife obtainable, found herfelf un-
exp, eftedly engaged as a principal in the war, for which
(lie was extremely unprepared. The marine of France,
by repeated defeats, was broken and ruined ; whilft the

numerous fleets of Britain feemed to cover the ocean, and
rode triumphant from the Ganges to the Mifliflippi, front
the rifing to the fetting fun. The naval power of Spain
was utterly unable to cope with this prodigious force.
In one quarter only could England be confidercd asvul-
-nerabie. By an attack qn Portugal, a kingdom in clofe
alliance with Great Britain, very open to invalion, feeble,
opulent, d»fencelefs,~ Spain might reafonably hope fully
to indemnify herfelf for any lo'ffes (he might elfewhere
fuftain. The military and heroic fpirit by whjch the
-Portuguefc nation had been formerly characterized, was
now no more : her privileged orders were funk in luxury ;
her people in (loth, ignorance, and bigotry; her troops
-were deftitute of difeipline, and her fortreffes of artillery
and ammunition. The recent deftruftion of her capital,
by the memorable earthquake, the myfterious confpiracy
againft the life of the monarch, the confequent execution
of her moft diftrnguifhed and popular nobles, the forcible
expulfion of the jefuits, and the entire alienation of the
court of Lifbon from the fee of Rome ; all thefe caufes,
conjoined, had filled the kingdom with confulion and dif-
content. In this fituation, it was doubtlefs imagined that
Portugal would fall an eafy prey to the arms of Spain,
and great ryilitary preparations were made, and a large
body of forces a (Tern bled on the frontiers of that kingdom.

On the 16th of March, 1762, a joint memorial was pre-
fented by the ambafladors of Fiance and Spain at the
court of Lifbon, “ inviting the king of Portugal to re¬
nounce his conneftion with Great Britain, and engage in
the' offenfive and defenfive alliance which they had formed
againft that infolent and dangerous power.” The Catho¬
lic king profefnng “ the molt cordial attachment to the
interefts of liis moft Faithful majefty, to whom he was fo
nearly allied, infilled that the Englifli fubjefts refident
in Portugal ftiould be compelled to depart the kingdom,
and the Englifli (hipping no longer be allowed Ihelter in
her ports ; declaring, that he ftiould immediately occupy
with his troops the fortreffes and maritime places belong¬
ing to his moft Faithful majefty, to protect them from
the refentment of England.” To this extraordinary re-
quifition, the ambafladors of the two courts demanded a
categorical anfwer in four days. The king of Portugal
replied, in very moderate and conciliatory language,
“ That he was (incerely difpofed to aft as mediator in
compromifing the prelent; differences, but that the unfor¬
tunate ftate of his kingdom would not allow him, were
he fo inclined, to engage as a principal in the war ; that
the honour of his crown, and the faith of folemn treaties,
would not permit him to abandon the alliance of Eng¬
land ; aiid that he was determined to obferve a drift neu¬
trality, making thole preparations only which were ne-
ceifary for his own defence.”

In a fecond memorial, dated April 1, the confederate
powers declared, in a tone (till more imperious, “ that
his moft Faithful majefty’s alliance with England became
in effect an offenfive alliance, from tlie fituation of the
Portuguefe dominions, and the nature of the Englifti
power; that the Britilh fquadrons could not keep the fea
without the ufe of the ports of his moft Faithful majefty ;
that the riches of Portugal palled into the hands of the
Englillf; and they again invited him, fince the differences
between the crowns of Spain and Portugal, which had
laid the foundation of the alliance with England, had
beer, long fince happily accommodated, to abandon that
alliance, and enter into a drift league of friendfhip with
their Chriftian and Catholic majefties.” The king of
Portugal perfifting in his refufal of thefe overtures, the
ambafladors of the tw.o courts, after the delivery of a
third memorial (fill more infolent and infulting than the
former, were ordered to leave the kingdom.

On the 23d of May, 1762, war was declared by Por¬
tugal againft Spain, the Spanifli army having already
palled the frontier. His molt Faithful majefty having
made previous and urgent folicitation to the court of Lon¬
don for afiiftance, it was determined to grant him the

mod

7 m

ENGLAND.

ttiofl fpeedy and efficacious fuccour, by tbe embarkation
of a large body of troops under lord Tyrawley, a veteran
officer, who had formerly redded with high reputation as
ambaffador at the court of Lilbon, and who now united
the different charafters of plenipotentiary and general.
The king of Portugal had conferred, at the recommen¬
dation ot the king of England, the fupreme command of
his armies on the famous count de la Lippe-Buckebourg,
mader-general of the artillery under prince Ferdinand of
Brunfwick, a man whofe military talents were of the
higheft clafs, and who poffeffed all the heroic and ro¬
mantic qualities which didinguiflied and adorned die ages
of chivalry. Lord Tyrawley returning foon to England,
perhaps in difgult at this fuperior appointment, the com¬
mand of the Englifh auxiliaries devolved on the earl
of Loudon, under whom ferved the generals Burgoyne,
Crawford, Townfhend, and other officers of did inguifhed
merit and reputation.

In the beginning of May, 1763, the Spanifh army, un¬
der the marquis de Sarria, paffed the Douro, and inveded
the city of Miranda. Unfortunately, at the very com¬
mencement of the fiege, before the parallels were formed,
or the batteries planted, the grand magazine of the for-
trefs, taking fire by accident, blew up with a tremendous
explofion, occafioning the lofs of near five hundred lives,
and making moreover two large and practicable breaches
in the walls. In confequence of this misfortune, the city
was immediately given up, and the garrifon made pri-
foners of war. Braganza was next attacked ; but fuch
was the condernation of the Portuguefe, that the keys of
the town were prefented, without any attempt at refid-
ance, to the Spanifh commander. The city of Chaves,
though provided with all the means of defence, was fur-
prifed at the fame time by a feparate detachment under
count O’Reilly. The fouthern army, commanded by the
count d’Aranda, being joined by eight thoufand French
auxiliaries, entered the province of Edremadura, and
opened the trenches before Almeida, in July; after a
much better defence than had hitherto been made, that
city was compelled to capitulate on the 25th of Augud.
On the arrival of the count de la Lippe, Lifbon, the me¬
tropolis, and Oporto, the fecond city of the kingdom,
were expofed to imminent danger. But that general,
knowing the mod effectual modet-j^f, waging a defenfive
war to be the converting it as far as poffible into an offen-
live one, determined to carry the arms of Portugal into
the kingdom of Spain. An enterprize againd the city of
Alcantara, where confiderable magazines were forming,
was refoived upon, and brigadier-general Burgoyne was
appointed to the command of the entire force collected
for this purpofe. This officer, palling the Tagus at mid¬
night, reached Alcantara at the dawn of day, and, attack¬
ing with great refolution the enemy poded in the vicinity,
and unfufpicious of danger, totally routed them with very
inconfiderable lofs. A great quantity of arms and ammu¬
nition fell into the hands of the victors. Amongd the pri-
foners was the Spanifh major-general don Miguel d’lrunU
berri, who was preparing for an expedition into the Por¬
tuguefe province of Alentejo. The count d’Aranda,
having reduced, after the f’urrender of Almeida, the for-
treffes of Cadel Rodrigo and Cadel Branco, attempted to
force a paffage through the mountains, intending to crofs
the Tagus at Villa Velha, a pod defended by general
Burgoyne, who lay encamped on the fouthern bank of
the river. The old Moorifh cadle of Villa Velha, on the
northern bank, though gallantly defended, was at length
compelled to i'urrender, and the paffes of the mountains
gained. But the enemy having weakened their force at
Villa Velha, in order to purfue their advantage in the
oppofite quarter, general Burgoyne ordered a detachment
under lieutenant -colonel Lee to ford the Tagus in the
night, and attack the Spaniards in their camp. This en¬
terprize was executed with equal fpirit and fuccefs. A
great number of the Spanifh officers were flain in attempt¬
ing to rally their troops ; their cannon were fpiked. their
Vol.VI. No, 387.

magazines deffroyed, and much valuable plunder became
the property of the affailants. The Spaniards being re¬
peatedly foiled in their defign of palling the Tagus, by
the fkill and vigilance of the commander, count de la
Lippe, and embarraffed alfo in their operations by the
heavy rains which fell at this period, at length repaired
the mountains,- and entirely evacuated the province of
Edremadura, did difmantling the fortifications of Al¬
meida and Cadel Rodrigo.

No fooner was war declared by England againd Spain,
than preparations began to be made for a grand enter¬
prize ; and in the beginning of March, 1762, a very pow¬
erful armament failed from Portfmouth, under the con¬
duct of admiral fir George Pococke, the earl of Albe¬
marle commanding the land forces on-board. At the
beginning of June, they arrived off the idand of Cuba,
and the troops were landed fix miles to the eadward of
the Havannah, a city of the utmod importance to the fe-
curity and almod the exidence of the Spanifh empire in
America, as being the port where the galleons and flota,
loaded with the riches of Mexico, and Peru, eonftantly
rendezvoufed on their return to Spain. This city was
protected, exelufive of other works, by a very drong
cadle called the Moro, againd which the principal attack
of the earl of Albemarle was directed. It was, however,
bravely defended by the Spanidi governor, don Louis de
Velafco ; and the fiege being protracted beyond expecta¬
tion, ficknefs began to make its ravages amongd the be-
fiegers. On the 30th of July, therefore, although the
breaches made were deemed fcarcely practicable, an af-
fault was determined upon, and the troops mounting with
the utmod intrepidity, drove the enemy froip the ram¬
parts ; and, after a diort but fierce and bloody conflict,
the Spaniards were compelled to lay down their arms,
and petition for quarter. Don Velafco, animated with all
the genuine Cadilian heroifm, fell by a promifeuous Ibot,
whild inciting his troops, both by his exhortation and
example, to fupport the glory of tiro Spanidi arms. Nct-
withdanding' the conqued of the Moro, the city held out
till the 13th of Augud, when the governor capitulated,
on condition of being allowed to march out with the ho¬
nours of war, and to have, with his whole garrifon, a
free and unmoleded conveyance to Spain. In this con¬
qued was included twelve line-of-battle fir i p s then lying
in the harbour of the Havannah ; great quantities of am¬
munition and warlike dores ; prodigious quantities of
merchandize of various kinds, and an immenfe treafure
in fpecie. This therefore was a blow, which, at the very
commencement of the war, druck deep into the vitals of
the Spanifh power.

No fooner was the intelligence of the Spanidi war con¬
veyed to the Ead Indies, than an armament fpeedily
equipped, under the conduct of admiral Cornidi and dr
William Draper, failed from Madras, dedined againd
Luconia, the principal of the Philippine idands, of which
the chief city is Manilla, whence two large fir i ps are fent
annually acrofs the Pacific Ocean to Acapulco, on the
coad of Mexico, laden with the fpices, filks, and other
precious products of India. On the 23d of September,
1762, the whole armament, having on-board a land force,
including lafears, fepoys, and other troops, amounting to
about two thoufand five hundred men, anchored in the
bay of Manilla, where they excited great and general
alarm. After effecting a landing, the city was litmmoned
to furrender ; but the marquis de Villa Medina, the go¬
vernor, returned a refolute refufal. The Englifh were
far from being in a condition to form a complete inved-
rnent of the city, which was of great extent and drongly
fortified. The quarter which the general determined to
attack, was defended by the badions of St. Diego and St.
Andrew, a ravelin, a wet foffe thirty yards in breadth, a
covered way, and a glacis. At the beginning of October,
the weather grew very ftormy and tempeduous; notwith.-
danding which the bedegers carried on their works with
unintermitted ardour. A furious Tally was on the 4th
9 A made

734

ENG

made from the town before day-break, in which the re¬
gular troops of the forts were reinforced by a (trong body
of the native Indians, armed only with bows and lances,
who fought with aftoniffiing perfeverance ; advancing to
the very muzzles of the Englifii mulkets, and with wild
and favage ferocity biting the bayonets even in the ago¬
nies of death. They were finally repulfed with great
lofs ; and a breach being made, a refolution was taken to
ftorm the town.

Though no offer of capitulation had been made, the
garrifon feemed ill prepared to fuftain an affault, and the
Englifii penetrated into the very centre of the city with
little oppofition. The governor retiring into the citadel,
the town was expofed for fome hours to all the horrors
of a general pillage. At length, the citadel being in no
condition of defence, the marquis de Villa Medina, the
archbiftiop of Manilla, and the officers of the garrifon,
furrendered themfelves prifoners of war ; at the fame
time propofing a capitulation to fave the city from total
definition. After fome difcuffion, a ranfom of four mil¬
lions of dollars was offered, and accepted. The port and
citadel of Cavite, with the iflands and fortreffes depend¬
ing on the government of Manilla, being included in the
capitulation, the whole force of the Englifii fcarcely fuf-
ficed to garrifon their conquefis.

Intelligence being received of the expeted arrival of
an Acapulco fhip, t lie admiral fent the Panther and Argo
fhips of war in quefi of her, who fell in with the Santa
Trinidada, bound for Mexico, pierced for fixty guns,
with merchandize on-board to the amount of three mil¬
lions of dollars. This was not the only regifter-fhip taken
in the courfe of this war from the Spaniards; the St. Her-
inione, from Lima to Cadiz, being captured by two Bri-
tiffi frigates cruifing'off Cape St. Vincent. Her cargo was
eftimated at one million fterling, being fuppofed the richeft
prize ever brought into the harbours of Great Britain.

Amongft the military and naval achievements of the
year 1762, it may be proper tranfienfjy to notice the re¬
covery of the town and fort of St. John, in the ifland of
Newfoundland, (fome months betore fiurprifed and fur-
rendered to the French,) by lord Colville and colonel
Amherft, who, failing from the harbour of Halifax, by
their fpirited exertions anticipated the effeCt of an arma¬
ment fitted out exprefsly for this purpofe at Portfmouth.
All thefe plans of fuccefsful conqueft had been projected
by the whig adminiftration, who now went out. On the
refignation of Mr. Pitt, the entire direction of affairs was
veiled in the earl of Bute. The duke of Newcafile, as
firfi lord of the treafury, and the duke of Devonlhire, as
lord chamberlain, were difmiffed. The earl of Hardwicke
retired in difguft ; and the duke of Grafton, lord Ravenf-
worth, and lord Afhburnham, with feveral other noble¬
men of high diftinction, now ranged themfelves with Mr.
Pitt, on the fide of the oppofition. Lord Anfon was fuc-
ceeded at this period in the admiralty by the earl of Ha¬
lifax, recently returned from the government of Ireland,
in which he was fucceeded by the duke of Northumber¬
land ; and Mr. George Grenville ' was advanced to the
fecretaryfhip. But in a ffiort time this order of things
was revelled : lord Halifax took the feals, and Mr. Gren¬
ville was placed at the head of the admiralty. No poli¬
tical conflict, however, could take place before the enfu-
ing winter, and the' fummer months palled over in angry
and ineffectual difcontent.

On the 1 2th of Auguft, 1762, a day aufpicious to the
houfe of Brunfwick, as the era of its acceffion to the
throne of Great Britain ; aufpicious alfo to the kingdom
at large, wliilfi the principles of liberty civil and reli¬
gious, on which that acceffion was founded, continue to
be the rule of their government, the nation was gladdened
by the birth of a prince of Wales, Whofe aim, whofe
ftudy, and whofe pride, may it ftill be to efiablilh, ex-
■te id, and improve, that free and happy confiitution of
which he is the hereditary guardian and defender!

The firfi and great object of the new minifter was the

LAND.

refioration of peace ; a laudable and noble defign, but at¬
tended with very confiderable difficulty. The majority
of the nation, elated or rather intoxicated with fuccefs,
were eager for the continuance of the war, in the fanguine
hope of new victories ; not reflecting that every rational’
purpofe of the war had been long fince obtained, and that
additional conquefis were in faCt only additional incum¬
brances. A powerful party, competed of men the mod
diftinguifiied for rank, influence, and ability, was now
formed in oppofition to the minifter; and this oppofition
was openly countenanced by the duke of Cumberland,,
uncle to the king, who had never connected himfelf with
the tory party in oppofition to the court in the late reign,,
and who had imbibed the whig principles and prejudices-
in their full extent. Upon whatever terms the peace
might be concluded, it was not to be imagined that fatis-
faCtiou could be given to the political antagonifts of the-
minifter, who would not fail to reprefent it as Inadequate
to the fucceffes of the war, if not inconfiftent with the-
intereft, and difgraceful to the reputation, of England.

Thefe confiderations did not, however, deter the mi¬
nifter from caufing fecret intimations to be given, that
the revival of the ineffectual negociation of the laft yean
would be not unacceptable ; and the king of Sardiniai
was folicited to offer his mediation for this purpofe. The
court of Verfailles readiiy embracing the overtures now
made by England, the due de Nivernois arrived in Lon¬
don, in the month of September, invefted with the cha¬
racter of ambaffador extraordinary and plenipoteif3&ry to*
the king of Great Britain ; and the duke of Bedford, a-
nobleman diftinguifiied for honour and probity, and who-
had fucceffively occupied the high offices of fecretary of
ftate, firft lord of the admiralty, lord privy feal, and lorcL-
lieutenant of Ireland, was delegated in the fame capacity,,
invefted with the fame diplomatic diftinfitions, to the court,
of France. And the negociators bei.-g actuated by a mu¬
tual anxiety for the re-eftablilhment of peace, prelimina¬
ries were ligned and interchanged at Fontainebleau, in,
the beginning of November, 1762, between the minifters-
of Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal.

On the 25th of November the parliament was convened 5,
and the king, in his Ipeech from the throne, informed the-
two houfes, “ that the preliminary articles were actually
figned, on terms which he reprefented as very advan¬
tageous to England ; and he recommended that union at
home, which was fo neceffary to the adoption of thofe
meafures which could alone relieve the nation from the
heavy burdens entailed upon it by the profecution of a
long and expenfive war.” When the addrefs in reply
came under the confideraticn of the houfe of commons,
Mr. Pitt, in a long and elaborate fpeech, expreffed his
entire difapprobation of the tenor of the treaty, which he
ftigmatifed as impolitic, and derogatory to the honour and
interefts of the kingdom. He was determined, afflicted
as he was with illnefs, at the hazard of his life, he find,
to attend the houfe that day; to raife up his voice, his
hand, and his arm, againft the preliminary articles of a
treaty, which obfeured all the glories of the war, fin-ren¬
dered the dearefi interefts of the nation, and facrificed the
public faith by an abandonment of our allies. He was-
anfwercd at large by Mr. Fox, who, although he conti¬
nued to occupy only the fubordinate poft of paymafter of
the army, was, at this time, the ableft advocate of admi-
niftration in the houfe of commons ; and,, after a warm
and ample difcuffion, the addrefs, as propofed by the par- -
tifans of the court, paffed the houfe by a great majority
of voices.

In the houfe of lords, the minifter, lord Bute, vindi¬
cated the treaty, with a fpirit and energy which was not'
expeCted ; and he concluded his fpeech with declaring,

“ that he wiffied no other epitaph to be inferibed on his
tomb, than that lie was the advifer of the peace, on the
merits of which their lordflvips were then called upon to
decide.”' Notwithftanding the arguments and objections
of the peers in oppofition, the addrefs paffed in this houfe
1 alfo

ENG]

aTfo By a Ifrml'ar majority. And in juftice to the earl of
Bute, the impartiality of hiffory will acknowledge, that
this famous peace, fo much and fo long the fufcjeCt of
declamation and inveftive, was in faff liable to no folid
or ferious exception. The mod plaufible objection to
the treaty was the Cc (lion of the ifland of St. Lucie to
France ; the importance of which, from its fituation and
excellent harbour, feems indeed to have been better un¬
derstood by the French than tire Engliffi negotiators.
Mr. Pitt had pofitively refuted, in his negociation with
M. Bully, to cede St. Lucie to France.

By this treaty the entire province of Canada was ceded
and guaranteed to the Englilh, with all that part of
Louifiana which is fituated to the eaft of the great river
Miflillippi, together with Cape Breton, and the other
iflands in the gulf and l iver of St. Laurence. In the Weft
Indies, the ifland of Grenada, and the Grenadines, were
ceded to England, in full right; alfo, of the neutral
iflands, Dominique, St. Vincent’s, and Tobago. In
Africa, Senegal with its dependencies is guaranteed to
England. In the Eaft Indies, his moft Chriftian majefty
acknowledges Mahomed Aly Khan, as nabob of the Car¬
natic^ and Salabat Zing, as fubah of the Decan; re¬
nouncing all acquifitions made on the coaft of Coromandel
fince the year 1749, and engaging not to ere<5t fortifica¬
tions in any part of the kingdom of Bengal. See the ar¬
ticle Hindoostan. In Europe, he agrees to reftore Mi¬
norca in the fame condition as when conquered by the
arms of the molt Chriftian king. He contents that the
harbour and fortifications of Dunkirk (hall be demoliftted.
Finally, he ftipulates that the territories belonging to the
eleftor of Hanover, the landgrave of Hefte, &c. now oc¬
cupied by the armies of France, (hall be evacuated, to¬
gether with the fortredes of Cleves, Wefel, Gueldres,.
&c. belonging to the king of Pruffia ; and the two mo.
narchs of France and England engage not to furnifh fuc-
cours of any kind to their refpedtive allies in Germany.
The difficult qtieftion relative to the validity of the prizes
captured before the declaration of war, is palled over in
profound and difcreet (ilence..

The king of Spain, on his part, cedes and guarantees
in full right to England, the Euftern and Weftern Flo-
ridas, and in general all tjtat Spain poftelfes on the conti¬
nent of America, to the eaft or to the fouth-eaft of the
Miflillippi ; in confequence of which important ceffion,
in conjunction with that of the eaftern part of Louifiana,
and the entire province of Canada, an immenfe country,
capable of unlimited improvement, and bounded by a
line of demarcation the moft clear and definite, was gained
to the empire of Britain. His Catholic majefty alfo re-
linquifhes, for himfelf and his fuccelfors, all pretenfions
which he may have formed to the right of filhing on the
banks of Newfoundland. He confirms and eftablifties for
ever the privilege or indulgence enjoyed by the Englilh
of cutting logwood on the coaft of Honduras, ftipulating
only, that no fortifications (hall be ereCted upon the ter¬
ritorial dominions of Spain. Finally, his Catholic1 ma¬
jefty engages entirely to evacuate, on the exchange of the
ratifications of the treaty, all the lands, cities, and caftles,
belonging to his moft Faithful majefty the king of Por¬
tugal, in the fame condition they were in when conquered
by the, arms of Spain.

In return for thefe great and important ceffions, Great
Britain engages to reftore to France, in Europe, the ifland
of Belleille ; in Africa, the ifland of Goree ; in the Weft
Indies, the iflands of Guadaioupe, Martinique, and St.
Lucie; in the Eaft Indies, Pondicherry, and Chanderna-
gore. The right of France to fi(h on the banks of New¬
foundland is recognifed ; and the (mail iflands of St. Pierre
and Miquelon are ceded as a (belter for the fifhermen.
The fortrefs of the Hnvannah, and the other acquifitions
of England, without referve, including the recent and
as yet unafcertained conqueft of the Manillas, are reftored
to Spain.

A great obftacle to the conclufion of the treaty had

.AND. 735

been removed by the alteration which had taken place in
the politics of England refpeCting the king of Pruffia, and
in the beneficial change in the fituation of that monarch,
who had now concluded a peace with Ruffia and Sweden,,
and to whom notice had been already given, that the
annual fubfidy treaty would be no more renewed. The
territories of Pruffia occupied by the French being eva¬
cuated, that monarch had, however, upon the face of the
treaty of Fontainebleau, no juft ground of complaint, his
native force being equal to his own defence againft the
honfe of Auftria; or, if it were not, England was under
no obligation further to exhauft her treafures in order to
defend him. Both parties being, however, weary of a war
which had been fo long continued with alternate lofs apd
advantage, they loon came to terms of accommodation.

Although the peace of Fontainebleau was almoft uni-
verfally unpopular in the nation at large, the decided
approbation of the parliament feemed to enfure the per¬
manency of the minifter’s power ; and the real intrinfic
merits of the treaty, with the beneficial confequences
neceflarily refulting from the reftoration of peace, might
reafonably be fuppofed gradually to conciliate the minds
of the public. But other caufes of diffatisfadtion arofe„
which heightened almoft; to phrenfy the popular odruna
againft the minifter, and converted the national ebullitions
of difcontent into a temped of fadtion.

In the courfe of the fellion it was found neceflary, the
increafing expence of the war having left an immenfe
arrear of debt, to negociate a new loan to a very large
amount ; for difcharging the intereft of which, amongft
other taxes, a duty was moved by the chancellor of the
exchequer of four (hillings upon every hogftiead of cider,
to be paid by the maker, and with certain qualifications
fubjedied to all the laws of excife. No fooner was this
unpopular propofitiou brought forward, than the oppofi-
tion, eager to embrace fo inviting an opportunity of at¬
tack, opened all their batteries againft it. The arguments
by which the nation had been fo much inflamed thirty
years before, at the period when fir Robert Walpole at¬
tempted to carry into eflfedt his famous projedt, were now
revived. The bill, however, paffed into a law ; and from
this time may be dated the folid foundation of the revenue
by excife, which has (ince been made fo produdtive.

But fcarcely was this unpopular meafure carried into
execution, when the kingdom was aftonifhed with the
refignation of lord Bute ; who having, as he boafted, re¬
ftored peace to the world, forfeited no engagement, aban¬
doned no friend, and formed a minifterial connedfion fo
powerful as no longer to need his aftiftance, was now de¬
termined, by retiring “ to the bleffings of the life he
loved,” to demonftrate that minifterial greatnefs had for
him no charms. To the earl of Bute (ucceeded as firft
lord of the treafury, Mr. George Grenville, brother to
earl Temple, a man accurately verfed in the routine of
bufinefs, pradlifed in all the minutiae of office, open and
affable in his manners, not deficient in probity, although
ambitious of diftindlion. But though his abilities were
of a clafs to entitle him in a fubordinate ftation to refpedt, .
he was utterly deftitute of thofe commanding talents,,
that intuitive fagacity, and intellectual comprehenfion,
which mark the man whom nature feents to have deftined
to the government of empires.

On the death of lord Egremont, which took place
nearly at this period, the feals were given to the earl of
Sandwich ; the earl of Egremont was advanced to the
head of the admiralty ; and the duke of Bedford, now-
returned from his embaffy to Paris, was- appointed prefi-
dent of the council in the room of the famous earl Gran¬
ville, who had for many years paft, and to the clofe of
life, under all the changing viciffitudes of power, occu¬
pied with the higheft reputation that honourable and ex¬
alted office. In confequence of the retreat of the earl of
Bute, a general coalition of parties feemed now to be again
practicable, and overtures to that purpofe were made to
Mr. Pitt, and the other leaders in oppofition ; but after

repeated

736 ENGL

repeated conferences, the negociations for that purpofe
terminated ineffectually.

In confequence of the ill fuccefs of the recent attempt
at reconciliation, the rage of party feemed more inflamed
than ever, and the prefs teemed with political pamphlets
on each fide, couched in terms of the extreme!! virulence
and abufe. Thefe the miniftry feemed totally and wifely
to difregard, till on the appearance of the 45th number
of a periodical publication ftyled “ The North Briton,”
containing a perfonal and very indecent attack upon the
kirtg, charging him with affirming a dirett falfehood in
his fpeech from the throne; it was in an evil hour judged
expedient, for the vindication of his majefly’s honour, to
exert every effort of government to refcue the fovereign
from an imputation, the impreflion made by which, had
it been regarded with the dignity of filent contempt,
■would probably have lafted only till the 46th number
had promulgated fome new abufe, as impudent, as malig¬
nant, and as futile, as the former. No minifter had been
more virulently attacked than Mr. Pitt, nor did the po¬
litical publications of the times fpare the perfon of the
late king; but Mr. Pitt, on being urged to profecute the
libellers, replied only with a fmile, that the prefs w>as.
like the air, “ a chartered libertine.” The well-known
author of the publication in queftion was Mr. Wilkes,
member of parliament for Aylefbury, in Buckingham (hi re.
A warrant was iffued under the hand and feal of lord
Halifax, directed to certain of his majefty’s meffengers in
the uftial official form, commanding them to apprehend
the authors, printers, and publifhers, of that feditious and
treafonable paper. On the 29th of April, 1763, late at
night, the meffengers entered the houfe of Mr. Wilkes,
and produced their warrant, with which, on account of
the general terms in which it was drawn, he abfolutely
refufed compliance; but on their return the next morn¬
ing, he was compelled to accompany them to the office of
the Secretary of (late, whence he was committed clofe pri¬
soner to the Tovyer, his papers being previoufly Seized
and Sealed, and all accefs to his perfon ftriCtly prohibited.
Application bfing made to the court of common pleas for
an habeas corpus, a writ was accordingly iffued, directed
to the conftable of the Tower, in confequence of which,
Mr. Wiikes was brought up the next day to Weftminfter-
hall ; and the cafe being new and important, he was,
after the pleadings were finiffied, remanded till Friday,
May 6, that the judges might have leifure to form their
opinion. On that day, being again brought before them,
lord-chief-juftice Pratt, afterwards lord Camden, pro¬
ceeded to give the opinion of the court. He declared, as
to the leading points involved in this complex queftion,
the commitment of Mr. Wilkes to be not in itfelf illegal,
being juftified by numerous precedents ; and though in
ftrict contemplation of law the warrant of the lecretary
of (fate was not of Superior force to that of a juftice of
peace ; where a combination of circumftances gave a
ftrong fufpicion of fails incompatible with the public
Safety, he was Supported in the commitment even with¬
out receiving any particular information for the founda¬
tion of the charge. As to the Second objection, the court
was of opinion, that there was no neceffity for the Speci¬
fication of thofe particular paffages in the 43th number
of The North Briton, which had been deemed a libel.
The paper did not, at that time, come under the cogni¬
zance of the court, nor could it without the affiftance of
a jury. As to the third head, the chief-juftice admitted,
that the privilege of parliament was violated in the per¬
fon of Mr. Wilkes; for the privilege of parliament could
be forfeited only by treafon, felony, or breach of the
peace ; but Mr. Wilkes Hood accufed only of writing a
libel, which did not come within that defcription. The
court then discharged Mr. Wilkes, againft whom never¬
theless a profecution was immediately commenced by the
attorney-general ; and he was at the fame time, by an
official notice from the Secretary of ftate to lord Temple,
lord-lieutenant of the county of Bucks, difmiffcd from

A N D.

his military command as colonel of the Buckinghamshire
militia ; and lord Temple was himfelf in a (liort time dif-
miffed from his lieutenancy, to make room for lord Le
Defpeneer, late Sir Francis Daffiwood.

Upcn vhe meeting of parliament, November 15, 1763,
before the king’s fpeech could be reported to the houfe,
tire minifter, Mr. Grenville, knowing f lie intention of
Mr. Wilkes to prefer a formal complaint of the breach
of privilege committed in his perfon, declared, that he
had a-meffage to deliver from the king. The meffage
being -read, imported, “ that bis majeftv having received
information that John Wilkes, efq. a member of that
houfe, was the author of a moft feditious and dangerous
libel, he had caufed the faid John Wilkes, efq. to be ap¬
prehended and fecured, in order to take his trial in due
courfe of law. And Mr. Wilkes having been difeharged
out of cuftody by the court of common pleas, on account
of his privilege as a member of that houfe, and having
fince refufed to.anfwerto an information filed agair.ft him
by his majefty’s attorney-general ; his majefty, defircus to
(how all poffible attention to the privileges of the houfe
of commons, and at the fame time folicitous not to fuft’er
the public juftice of the kingdom to be eluded, had chofen
to direCt the faid libel, and alfo copies of the examina¬
tions upon which Mr. Wilkes was apprehended and fe¬
cured, to be laid before them:” and the minifter then
delivered the papers in at the table. On this a violent
debate arofe, and the houfe, moft unwifely making itfelf
a principal in the quarrel, and entering with violence
into this vexatious and perplexing bufinefs, voted by a
great majority, “ that The North Briton, Number 45, is
a falfe, fcandalous, and feditious, libel, manifeftly tend¬
ing to alienate the affections of the people from his ma¬
jefty, and to excite them to traitorous infurreCtions ;’“
and ordered it to be burnt by the common hangman.
Thus was this queftion, fo inlignificant in its origin,
fvvelled to vaft and national importance. No legal con¬
viction having as yet taken place, Mr. Wilkes now made
his complaint to the houfe, of breach of privilege by the
imprifonment of his perfon, the plunder of his houfe, the
feizure of his papers, and the ferving him with a fubpeena
upon an information in the court of king’s bench. The
complaint being perfectly regular, it was refolved to take
it into confideration ; and on the 23d of November, the
houfe refolved, by a majority of 125, in direCt contra¬
diction of the late decifion of the court of common pleas,
and the precedents upon record in their own Journals , “ that
privilege of parliament does not extend to the cafe of
libel;” and an addrefs was prefented to his majefty, in
which the peers concurred, fignifying their deteftation of
thefe feditious practices, and their warm affection for his
majefty’s perfon and government. Mr. Pitt, who attended
the houfe on this occafion, though obliged by illnefs to
be fupported to his feat, declared himfelf with warmth
againft the refolution now paffed. No man, he faid, could
condemn the paper or libel more than he did ; but he
would come at the author fairly, not by a facrifice of their
conftitutional privileges, and by fubjeCting every mem¬
ber who did not vote with the minifter, to the dread and
danger of imprifonment. The dignity of parliament called
upon them doubtlefs to fupport and proteCt the purity
of his majefty’s character: this they had done by a ftrong
and decifive condemnation of the libel in queftion; the
reft belonged to the courts below.

In purf uance of the former vote, the flieriffs of London
attempting to execute tire order of the houfe of commons
for burning the 45th number of The North Briton at the
Royal Exchange, a violent riot enfued ; the paper was
refeued from the hands of the executioner, the peace-offi¬
cers were attacked, and the ffieriffs themfelves put in dan¬
ger of their lives. Upon this the two houfes refolved,
that the rioters were perturbators af the public peace,
dangerous to the liberties of this country, and obftruCtors
of the national juftice. The thanks of the commons were
voted to the lheriffs, and an addrefs prefented to his

majefty.

ENGLAND.

nwajefty, that lie would give directions for the punifhment
of the rioters. Parliament now began fenfibly to feel the
ill effeCts of its indifcretion, in thus committing thein-
felves by an eager interference with a bufinefs to which
•their jurifdiftion did not extend, and of which the efta-
‘blifhed courts of judicature alone could properly take
•cognizance. Notwithftanding the votes, addreffes, and re-
-folutions, of the two houfes, Mr.<Wilkes brought his
aCtion againft the -eatl of Halifax for feizing his papers;
-and, on the fit'll of December, 1763, after an hearing of
fifteen hours before lord-chief-juftice Pratt, and a fpecial
'jury, he obtained a verdiCt for one thou fond pounds da¬
mages and full cofis of fuit. In the charge given by the
■chief-juftice on this occafion to the jury, his lordfhip, va¬
rying in fome degree from his former opinion, ventured
to declare the general warrant under which Mr. Wilkes
was apprehended, illegal-, with fubmiflion, however, to
-the opinions of the other judges, and of the kigheft judi¬
cial authority in this kingdom, the houfe of peers. “ If,
<{faid his lordfhip,) t'hefe fuperior jurifdiftions fliould de¬
clare my opinion erroneous, I fubmit, as will become me,
and kifs the rod : but I mud fay, I fhall always confider
it as a rod of iron for the chaftifement of the people of
•Great Britain.”

Scarcely was this affair difpofed of, than the minifler,
Mr. Grenville, determined upon ameafure in its tendency
and ultimate Confequences the mofl interefting and im¬
portant which ever perhaps came under the cognizance
of the Britifli parliament. This was the projeftof taxing
America. The plan had been formerly propofed to fir
Robert Walpole ; but that fagacious ftatefman replied,
“ that it was a meafure too hazardous for him to venture
upon ; he fhould therefore leave it to fome more daring
fucceffor in office to make the experiment.” Mr. Gren¬
ville declared his intention to be, “ to raife a revenue in
America in aid to the mother country, the entire produce
of which was to be paid into the exchequer of Great Bri¬
tain.” On the roth of March, 1764, the houfe of com¬
mons, therefore, at the motion of the minifler, paffed a
variety of refolutions, refpefting certain new duties on
foreign goods imported into the Britifli colonies in Ame¬
rica, which being primarily of the nature of commercial
regulations, paffed without any diftinft or particular no¬
tice in the Britifli parliament, though their equivocal
complexion rendered them very diftafteful to the Ameri¬
cans. But in the feries of parliamentary refolutions was
one of fuch peculiar importance, that Mr. Grenville him-
felf declared his intention to referve the execution of it
till the next year. This refolution imported, that it
would be proper to impofe certain ftamp duties in the
faid colonies and plantations, for the purpofe of raifing
-an American revenue payable into the Britifli exchequer.
This new profpeft of being relieved by the taxation of
America from a portion of the national burdens was fo
flattering, that the refolution paffed the houfe with no
ferious oppofition.

On the 30th of December in this fame year, (1764,)
died at Rome, in a far advanced age, the pretender, James
Stuart, . called-the chevalier de St. George, only foil of
James II. Born with the profpeft of inheriting three
powerful kingdoms, he experienced during the courfe of
a long life only a fucceflion of misfortunes. So entirely
had he furvived his political confequence, that the intel¬
ligence of his death was received in Great Britain with
the utmoft indifference; though his pretenfions to the
Britifli crown had, within the memory of the majority of
perfons then living, excited the higheft apprehenfion and
alarm. The chevalier left two fons, upon the eldeft of
whom devolved that fhadow of a fliade, the divine and
indefeafible right of f ucceflion to the throne of Great Bri¬
tain. The younger, educated an ecclefiaftic, had been
advanced to the purple under the appellation of cardinal
of York ; and he remains the laft claimant of the fallen
honours of the ancient and royal houfe of Stuart.

Early in the year 1765, the queftion refpefting Anieri-
Vol. VI. No. 387.

737

can taxation was revived with redoubled warmth and
vigour. The indulgence of the minifler in deferring the
impofition of the ftamp duties till the prefent year, had
not produced any advances towards an accommodation.
The difference of principle occalioned by the agitation of
this queftion, was in faft far too great to admit ot any ami¬
cable compromife. Numerous petitions were therefore
tranfmitted from the different colonies againft this new-
principle of taxation. But the minifler was inflexible ;
and anarchy followed.

On the 14th of January, 17 66, the parliament being
convened for the difpatch of bufinefs, their attention was
arrefted by the difturbances and tumults which had taken
place in almoft all parts of the continent of America, in
confequence of the ftamp aft. As the queftion relative to
this famous aft was chiefly a conteft of principle, founded
on the juftice of taxi g the colonies for the protection
afforded them, it is fcarcely worth while to remark the
abfurdity arifing from the parting, and immediate repeal,
of the aft itfelf. For the repeal, Mr. Pitt’s arguments
were decifive. He infifted that their protection was abund¬
antly compenfated by the profits of their commerce. “ I
fpeak from accurate knowledge when I fay, that the
profits to Great Britain from the trade of the colonies,
through all its-branches, is two millions per annum. This
is the fund which carried you triumphantly through the
laft war; this is the price America pays you for her pro¬
tection ; and fhall a miferable financier come with a boaft
that he can fetch a pepper-corn into the exchequer at the
lofs of millions to the nation ? I know the valour of your
troops; I know the (kill of your officers ; 1 know the
force of this country ; but in fuch a caufe your fuccefs
would be hazardous. America, if flie fell, would fall
like the ftrong man ; flie would embrace the pillars of the
ftate, and pull down the conftitution with her. Is this
your bonded peace ? Not to (heath the fvvord in the fcab-
bard, but to (heath it in the bowels of your country¬
men ? The Americans have been wronged ; they have
been driven to madnefs by injuftice. Will you punifh
them for the madnefs you have occalioned ? No : let this
country be the firft to refume its prudence and temper:
I will pledge myfelf for the colonies, that, on their part,
animofity and refentment will ceafe. Let affeftion be the
only bond of coercion. The fyftem of policy I would
earneftly exhort Great Britain to adopt, is, That the ftamp
aft be repealed abfolutely, totally, and immediately.”
In a fhort time a bill was brought in for this purpofe,
which paffed both houfes by confiderable majorities, and
received the royal aifent ; accompanied at the fame time
with a declaratory aft, afferting the power and right of
Great Britain, neverthelefs, to bind the colonies in all
cafes whatfoever. The joy in America was extreme at
the intelligence of this repeal ; and the mere declaration
of an abftraft right, which they imagined to be with re.
fpeft to the claim of taxation in fact: relinquifhed, and
which feemed chiefly intended as a falvo for the honour
of parliament, gave them little apprehenfion or uneafi-
nefs ; and it was not till after an interval of feveral years,
when the colonies had been haraffed and wearied out by
a long feries of vexations, that the afi’embly of Maflaclvu-
fetts at length, by a formal refolution, voted the declara¬
tory aft to be a grievance.

Though in aftual circumftances nothing could be more
wife and feafonable than the repeal of the ftamp aft, it
is not to be imagined that this was a meafure attended
with no political inconvenience ; far from it but in the
dilemma to which miniftry were reduced, they adopted
that line of conduft which juftice and policy marked out,
and which appeared incomparably the lead of the two
difficulties. By an egregious want of penetration, the
government of Great Britain had attempted to carry into
efteft a meafure, which upon trial it was found impofli-
ble, without bloodfhed and confufion, to enforce. But
as political power exifts only by opinion, this projeft,
however ablurd, could not be relinquifhed without ex-
9 A poling

7S8 ' ENG

pofing the legiflatrve authority of Great Britain to the
r;f!< of at lead a temporary degradation. By their fuccefs
in this firft inftance of oppofition and^refiftancp, the Ame¬
rican? would be encouraged and incited (fuch is the na¬
ture of man) to dil'pute the authority of the mother
country when it happened to be in other inftances exerted
m a mode not agreeable to them, however necefl'ary to
maintain the j it fi and conftitutional fubordination of the
colonies. This was remarkably exemplified in the con-
du6t ot the alfemblv of the province of New York, who
came to a refolution, that they would not regard the pro-
vifions of an art palled in the laft fellion, by which they
were required to fupply the troops ftationed in the pro¬
vince with necelfaries in their quarters.

When this inftance of difobedience and contumacy was
laid before parliament, very rigorous meafures of ven¬
geance were urged by thofe whofe violent counfels had
already been productive of fo much mifchief. But the mi-
mfters, purpofely avoiding all harfh and pofitive penalties,
adopted a rrieafure at once forcible and dignified, by enact¬
ing a law' prohibiting the governor, council, and aflembly,
ot New York, to pals any aCt till they had in every refpeCt
complied with the requilition of parliament. This in a
lfiort time produced the defired eifeCt, and it afforded a
demonflrative evidence, that the real and practical autho¬
rity 'of Great Britain, wifely and temperately exerted, was
fully equal to the purpofe of maintaining that relation of
fuperiority and dependence which indifputably ought to
fublift between the head and the members of a great and
widely-extended empire.

Happy would it have been, had the miniftry difcovered
in all other parts of their conduCt the fame prudence and
policy. But through fome unaccountable fatality, the
projeCt was revived of drawing, a revenue from America, in
a mode not indeed in all refpeCts analogous to that which
had been fo recently abandoned, but which in her irritable
ftate of mind equally ferved to rekindle thofe alarms and
jealoufies which might reafonably be fuppofed rather al¬
layed than extinguiflied. In this ftate of affairs a bill was
brought into parliament, and pafled, for the impofition of
certain duties on glafs, tea, paper, and painters’ colours,
imported from Great Britain into the colonies ; for, though
by the repeal of the (lamp act the exercife of the right
ot internal taxation was allowed to be virtually relin-
quifhed, the claim of external taxation was affirmed ftill
to remain in full force. The Americans by this aCt were
reduced to a moft grievous embarraffment. It had been
ever uniformly acknowledged that Great Britain po defied
the right of commercial regulation and controul ; it could
not be denied that port duties had been at former periods
impofed for the purpofe of commercial regulation, par¬
ticularly by the aCt palled in the fixth year of the reign
of the late king, on the importation of foreign rums, fu-
gars, and melaffies, from the Weft Indies. It could not be
pretended with conftftency and plaufibility that the fame
power did not now inlrere in the Britifh parliament; but
it was at the fame time impoffible not to difcern that this
power was in the prefent inftance exercifed with a very
different intention, and for the accompliffiment of a very
different object ; and that by a fpecies of artifice unwor¬
thy of a great nation, an attempt was now made to in¬
veigle them into the payment ot that revenue which
could not be extorted by means more direCt and unequi¬
vocal. When the intelligence of this new plan reached
America, a hidden and angry gloom univerfally took
place of the hilarity and good humour which had predo¬
minated lince the fuppofed relinquiffiment of the plan of
American taxation. Mercantile combinations immedi¬
ately became general, not to import thofe articles on
which the new duties were laid, the trivial amount of
which did not diminiffi the odium attending them ; the
Americans comparing thefe duties to an entering wedge,
defigned to make way for others which would be greater
and heavier.

The laft bufinefs which occupied the attention of par-

L A N D.

liament before its recefs in 1767, related to the affairs of
the Eaft-India company. The prodigious acquifitions re¬
cently made in the eaft, and the princely fortunes accu¬
mulated by thofe who occupied the higher departments
in the company’s fervice, ftrongly attracted the attention
of the public. At a general court held at the India-
houfe, it was affirmed by many. of the proprietors to be
highly reafonable, that a larger dividend fhould be de¬
clared by the directors, and that the whole body fhould
participate in the advantages of their late fucceffes ; in¬
filling, that 16 low a dividend as fix per cent, agreed but
ill with the prefent flouriffiing ftate of the company’s
affairs. It was plaufibly urged, that the Dutch Eaft-
India company divided twenty per cent, upon its capital,
though their poffeffions and revenues were in no degree
equal to thofe of theEnglifh. The directors, who, by
the fuperiot fagacity of their conduct, have frequently
expofed the dangerous fallacy of a confident reliance 014
the collective wifdom of a popular aflembly, replied with
much good fenfe and prudence, “ that although great
advantages had certainly been gained, it was not iefs true,
that vaft expences had been incurred by the unexampled,
extent and duration of their military operations. The
profits of the company, they faid, were comparatively
remote and precarious ; their debts urgenf and certain.
Juftice and good policy, therefore, concurred in recom¬
mending the previous difeharge of incumbrances, ere
they thought of appropriating the profits. Recal, faid
they, the tranfaclions of the South-Sea year, and confider
the pernicious effeCts of the fraudulent arts then ufed for
railing the value of that (lock. A confiderable augmen¬
tation of dividend will raife the price of our fund to ati
extraordinary height, at which it cannot poflibly be fup-
ported. Thus frefli fuel will be added to the ardour for
gaming, a wider field will be opened for (lock-jobbing,
and all the myfterious iniquities of ’Change-alley. By
your precipitance you will create a new South-Sea bubble,
which will ultimately burft on your own heads.”

The proprietary, far front being fatisfied with thefe
reafonings, reproached the directors with an intention to
monopolife the riches of the company, and, by their fu¬
tile and abfurd cavils, prevent all increafe of dividend to
fwell their own enormous heaps. A dividend of twelve
and a half per cent, was accordingly declared ; when the
parliament, in confequence of an application from t he.
company for the renewal of their charter, entered into a
lerious inveftigation of the ftate of the company’s finances.
It was without hefitation aliened, that a commercial com¬
pany could not legally acquire territorial rights ; and that
the revenues annexed to thofe rights appertained folely
to the crown. The company, dreading the confequences
of a competition fo formidable, voluntarily offered an an¬
nual fum of four hundred thoufand pounds to the govern¬
ment, in lieu of all its claims ; and a temporary agreement
for two years only was concluded upon thefe terms, the
queftion of right remaining undecided. A bill, which the
urgency of the cafe only could warrant, was at the fame
time brought into the houfe, refeinding, by an hjgh exer¬
tion of legiflative authority, the late refolution of the ge¬
neral court, and confining the dividends of t he Company to
ten percent, during the continuance of the agreement made
with the government, which palled with much oppofition
the fecretary of ftate, and the chancellor of the exche¬
quer, on this occafion, to the aftoniffiment of the public,
voting in the minority. This important bill originated
with, and was fupported by the powerful patronage of,
the duke of Grafton, then at the head of the treafury,
who clearly difeerned the neceflity of adopting timely
and decifive meafures of prevention, in oppofition to the
daring and nefarious defigns of thofe perfons, who hoped,
by declaring an enormous dividend, and advancing the
transfer price of the flock to a proportionate height, to
take the fame advantage of the public delufion, as their
predeceffors in the ever-metnorable year 1720. General
Conway, fecretary of ftate, from motives free from any
1 taint

ENGL

taint of fufpicion, oppofed the bill in queftion, under the
too fcrupulous apprehenlion of its eftabliffiing an arbi¬
trary precedent. The oppofition to this bill in the lioufe
of lords was truly formidable. The Rockingham and
Grenville parties united in the reprobation of it. The
divilions in the different (Pages were uncommonly clofe ;
and the minifter,, who defended the meafure with great
ability, was able on two fucceflivfe trials to command a
majority of three voices only ; more than 120 peers being
prefent. At length it palled on a divilion of 59 to 44
voices. The ideas of lord Chatham, who dill maintained
an intimate and confidential intercourfe with the duke of
Grafton, went to an abfolute and unqualified denial of
the legal and cor.ftitutional right of the company to the
territorial revenue, and the political jurifdiftion annexed
to it, as utterly incompatible with their commercial ca¬
pacity, and totally foreign to the nature of the privileges
verted in them by charter.

This interefting fertion did not terminate till July 2,
1767, when the want of cordiality amongrt the minifters
became apparent. S6on after the prorogation, the king
wrote with his own hand to the earl of Chatham, ac¬
quainting him with his intention to make certain altera¬
tions in the admiriiftration, and defiring his lordlhip’s
artiftance and advice. But lord Chatham fignified to his
majefty, that fuch was his date of health as to render
him incapable of affording the leaft aid in fettling any
future arrangement j but acknowledging the neceflity of
ftrengthening the hands of government, by a coalition
either with the Rockingham or Grenville party. A
change of minirtry being now confidently expected, the
duke of Newcaftle exerted his utmoft efforts to unite the
houfes of Ruffei and Wentworth, confcious that a firm
and cordial coalefcence could alone render their oppofi¬
tion formidable, or their adminiftration permanent. This,
however, was extremely difficult to effect, frorrrthe dif¬
ference of opinion that fubfifted relative to the affairs of
America. At length various mutual (acrifices being made
to facilitate the formation of a new adminiftration on a
comprehenfive bafts, at a meeting held July 20, lord Rock¬
ingham was, by univerfal confent, fixed upon as the ntoft
proper perfon to preftde at the board of treafury. The
marquis then propofed general Conway fur fecretary of
ftate and minifter of the houfe of commons, to which the
duke of Bedford pofitively objecting, the conference was
dilfolved ; and at a fubfequent meeting, the marquis per-
fifting in this nomination, all ideas of an union vaniflied,
it being fully underftood that the two parties would not
recede in any degree from their oppofite fyftems refpeCt-
ing America ; and the minifters actually in office deter¬
mined to maintain their ground in defiance of all oppofi¬
tion. But on the fudden death of Mr. Charles Town-
fend, chancellor of the exchequer, in September, 1767,
lie was fucceeded in that office by the celebrated lord
North, eldeft fon of the earl of Guildford. His abilities,
though by no means of the firft clafs, were far removed
from contempt ; hi-s knowledge of buiinefs was extenfive,
his integrity unimpeached ; and, though indolent and un-
enterpriTmg by conftitution, he was occafionally capable
of refolute and perfevering exertion. It muft, however,
be remarked, that a certain indiftinCtnefs and confufion of
ideas unfortunately pervaded his general fyftem of think¬
ing ; and, though he feemed habitually to aim at the
thing which was right, and often made a confiderable ap¬
proach towards it, he almoft invariably flopped ffiort of
the true and genuine ftandard of political propriety.
With the reputation of meaning well, therefore, he ac¬
quired the imputation of indecifion and inftability ; and
the general- tenor of his adminiftration muft certainly be
allowed to exhibit very few indications of energy, wil-
dom, or force of penetration. But the character of this
nobleman will be belt appreciated by pofterity, in con¬
templating that faithful portraiture of his actions and
conduct, which it is the province of hiftory to delineate.
Mr. Thomas Townfitend fucceeded lord North as pay.

A N D. 739

mailer of the forces ; Mr. Jcnkinfon Mr. Townfitend as
a lord of the treafury. Lord Chatham, though he held
the privy Teal, and had retired, oppreffed with illnefs and
difcontent, to his feat in Somerfetfiiire, was no longer con.
fulted, from caufes which require no additional explana¬
tion, either as to the arrangements actually made, or with
refpeCt to thofe which were ft il 1 in view.

The earl of Northington, who had occupied, amid the
fuccellive changes of five different adminiftrations, the
high offices of lord keeper, lord chancellor, and lord pre-
fident, now broken in health, and weary of politics, at
this juncture declaring his refojution to refign ; new ad¬
vances were made to the Bedford party, who, convinced
that an accommodation with lord Rockingham was im¬
practicable, determined at length to clofe with thefe off
fers. About the end of the year, earl Gower was nomi¬
nated prefident of the council, in the room of the earl of
Northington ; lord Weymouth, fecretary of ftate, in the
room of general Conway, promoted in the military line ;
and lord'Hillfborough was appointed to the new office of
fecretary of ftate for the colonies, the creation of which
place was fuppofed with reafon to indicate fome new and
extraordinary meafures. The earl of Chatham, at pre¬
fent only the ffiadow of a mighty name, and fequeftered
in the groves of Burton Pynfent, ceafed to be mentioned
by the public. After the lapfe of fome months, per¬
ceiving, or believing that he perceived,, a malignant in¬
fluence gaining ground, calculated to oppofe and coun.
teract the effential interefts of the people,, he determined
upon a refignation ; and in October, 1768, not being able,
or not deigning himfelf to appear at court,, he fent the.
privy feal to the king, by the hands of lord Camden; it
was immediately delivered to the earl of Briftol. Nearly
at the fame time, the earl of Shelburne, zealoufly at¬
tached to the earl of Chatham, refigned the feals of the
fouthern department to the earl of Weymouth, who was
fucceeded by the earl of Rochford, late ambalfador at
Paris.

Parliament was convened early in 1768; but nothing
peculiarly interefting or important occurred in the courfe
of the feffion, with the Angle exception of a bill intro¬
duced and patronifed by the oppofition, under the deno¬
mination of the nullum tempus bill, for quieting the poffeff
fions of the fubjeCt, and fecuring them from all obfolete
and vexatious claims of the crown, againft which it was
held to be a maxim of law that no prefeription could he
pleaded. This bill originated in an incident of an extra¬
ordinary nature. The Portland family had, in confequence
of a grant from king William, polfelfed for feventy years
the honour of Penrith and its appurtenances, lituated in
the county of Cumberland. The foreft of Inglewood, and
the manor and caftle of Carlifle, being confidered as parts
of this grant, were qiyetly enjoyed by the family for fe-
veral defcents, under the fame tenure, though not parti¬
cularly fpecified. Sir James Lowther, being apprized of
this ontiffion, made an application to the crown for a leafe
of the pretnifes in queftion ; and the furveyor-general of
the crown lands, though no lawyer, nor aCting on the
opinion of any lawyer, took upon him to decide, that
thefe eftates were (till vefted in the crown. Orders were
therefore iffued for a new grant to fir James Lowther, in
which the foccage of Carlifle was rated at fifty pounds
per annum, and the foreft of Inglewood at fourteen fhiff
lings and fourpence ; though in reality of immenfe value,
and commanding an extenfive election influence. When
the board of treafury met, after a long adjournment, the
duke of Portland prefented to the lords a memorial, in
which he prayed to be heard by their lordihips in defence
of his title. He was informed that no ftep would be
adopted to his prejudice, till an impartial inveftigation
had taken place. But whilft the duke’s agents and fali-
citovs were employed in a laborious fearch into ancient
and mouldered monuments, furveys, and court-rolls, his
grace was informed, that the grant was actually com¬
pleted j and, notwithftanding the caveat entered in the

court

740

E N G L A N D.

court of exchequer, the chancellor, lord North, affixed
the feal, in purfuance of a pofitive order from the lords
of the treafury.

When this bufinefs came tinder parliamentary difcu'ffion,
the minifter maintained, “ that the premifes in queftion
were no part of the honour of Penrith, and that the re-
fumption was therefore juftifiable; that the family of
Portland was fufficiently paid for any fervices which it
might have rendered the nation ; and, after enjoying for
feventy years an eftate to which it had no right, it was
faid they might now be contented to refign it into the
hands of the true owner:” The oppofition replied, “ that
the revival of the obfolete and dormant prerogative of
refumption, in theface of a long and uninterrupted pre-
fcription, was in the higheft degree alarming; that re-
fumptions had been praftifed even in the worft of times
with great caution, from the general abhorrence which
every aft of that kind mud excite. The maxim on which
they were founded, was affected to be the difgrace of the
government, and the fcandal of the law ; and it could
Tcarcely have been imagined, that the mod enlightened
*ages would revive a practice which tiie darkeft times had
held in deteftation. All the lands of the kingdom have
been at different times in the hands of the fovereigns, and
-a large proportion of them, from the lofs of authentic
-deeds, may be liable to fimilar claims; and thus the fub-
4eft may be haraffed and ruined by frivolous and vexa¬
tious fuits, without the means of redrefs. To ground a
-■proceeding of this nature upon the mere report of the
furveyor-general of the crown, unfupported by any au¬
thority of law, was reprobated as a mockery and infult,
amounting to an evident abandonment of every principle
of equity and juftice. When the royal revenue arofe
-only frGm demefne lands, refumptions might be more
eafily pardonable ; but when a vail permanent revenue
-was fettled by parliament on the crown, the plea of ne-
ceffity is wholly precluded ; not to mention that the re-
ferved rent was too contemptible a confideration to be
fuppofed in the remoteft degree to have influenced the
refumption.” The miniffry contended, that further time
■was neceffary for the full inveftigation of the fubjeft ;
however, the nullum tempus bill paffed into a law ; and thus
the oppreffion of an individual, agreeably to the happy
genius of the Englifh conftitution, became the means of
extending and fecuring the rights and liberties ofthe com¬
munity at large. When this great caufe was argued be¬
fore the barons of the exchequer, the late grant was
judged invalid, as contrary to the ftatute of queen Anne,
which enafts, that, upon every grant, leafe. oraffurance,
from the crown, the referved rent be not lefs than one-
third of the clear yearly value of fuch lands, manors, or
meffuages, as (hall be contained in fuch leafe or grant ;
and, to the infinite fatisfaftion of every impartial perfon,
fir James Lowther was finally nbnfuited, after having
thrown the whole county of Cumberland into the utmoft
confufion: above four hundred ejeftments being, as it is
affirmed, ferved by the agents of fir James Lowther upon
the fub-tenants and aftual occupants of thofe extenlive
demefnes, in one day.

The Britifh parliament, having nearly completed the
legal term of its exiftence, wasdiffolved ; and the enfuing
general eleftion was fignalized above all others, by the
iinmenfe fums expended iii eleftioneering contefts. The
current price of boroughs was enormouily raifed by the
rival plunderers of the eaft and of the weft, who, by a
new i'pecies of alchemy, had tranfmuted into Engliffi gold
the blood of Africa and the tears of Hindooftan. Many
private fortunes were ruined, or materially impaired, by
contefts .carried on with the utmoft political depravity.
The circutnftances attending the eleftion for Middlefex
alone, however, demand, from their fuperior conneftion
with general politics, -the fpecific notice of hiftory.

It is neceffary to cali to mind that Mr. Wilkes, by his
contumacious contempt of the proceedings inftituted
againft him in. the courts at Weftminfter, fullered a fen-

tence of outlawry to be paffed upon him ; and for fevera'l
years preceding this period he had refided in different-
parts of the continent. But at the eve of the prefent
elebtion he had the temerity to appear publicly at Guild¬
hall, and offer himfelf as a candidate for the city of Lon¬
don. On the firft advancement of the duke of Grafton
to the premierffiip, Mr. Wilkes had written to that no.
bleman in a (train fufficiently refpeftful, and even flatter¬
ing, “ congratulating. his country on that event, and en¬
treating his grace to mediate his pardon from the king;
declaring, that he had never in any moment of his life
fwerved from the duty and allegiance he owed his fove-
reign, and profeffing in every thing to fubmit to his ma-
jefty’s clemency. Your grace’s noble manner of thinking,
(fays he,) and the obligations I have formerly feceived,
which are (till frefli in my mind, will, l hope, give a full
propriety to this addrefs ; and I am lure, a heart glowing
with the facred zeal of liberty mu ft have a favourable
reception from the duke of Grafton.” This application
was treated with negleft and difdain ; and Mr. Wilkes’s
hopes of pardon being extinguiftied, he refolved to make
his enemies feel, if poffible, the effects of his refentment.

It is remarkable, that although he was received by the
populace with loud acclamations, and a great majority
of hands appeared in his favour at Guildhall, he was on
the poll contemptuoufly rejefted. Far from being difpi-
rited by this defeat, he- immediately declared himfelf a
candidate for Middlefex ; and the electors for this county
confifting chiefly of freeholders of the lowed clafs, he
was returned by a decifive majority. Such was the ex-
ultation of the populace at this event, that they paraded
the ftreets of the metropolis, and compelled the inhabi¬
tants to illuminate their houfes, as if fome fignai victory
had been gained ; and the chief magiftrate, Harley, was
openly and grofsly infulted by a violent aflault upon the
manfion-houfe. The miniftry, who had remained unac¬
countably palfive at his firft appearance, now feemed to
awaken from their lethargy. Mr. Wilkes, having with
much difcretion furrendered himfelf to the jurifdiftion
of the king’s bench, obtained a reverfal of his outlawry;
buj the verdifts given againft him on both trials were
now affirmed by lord Mansfield, and he was in confe-
quence condemned to fuffer two years imprifonment ; to
pay a fine of one thoufand pounds ; and to find fecurity
for his good behaviour during the fpace of feven years.

On the ioth of May, 1768, the new parliament was
convened, and vaft multitudes were collefted about the
king’s bench, and the fields adjacent, under the idea of
feeing Mr. Wilkes go the houfe of commons ; when the
unfortunate riot took place, in which young Allen was
killed. After a very ftiort feftion, and merely palling one
or two bills pro forma, the parliament was prorogued till
November. During the recefs., a letter from lord Wey¬
mouth, fecretary of ftate, addreffed to the chairman of
the bench of juftices for the county of Surry, and ex-
preffive of the higheft approbation of the late proceedings
of the magiftrates, fell into the hands of Mr. Wilkes, who
immediately publiflied it, with a preface fufficiently daring
and indignant. When the parliament met, lord Wey¬
mouth made a formal complaint of breach of privilege,
and the houfe of commons with little hefitation relolved
this prefatory introduftion to be “an infolent, fcandalous,
and feditious, libel.” And it being alfo urged that Mr.
Wilkes was fentenced to a long imprifonment for former
offences of a fimilar nature, and incapable of attending
his duty in parliament, it was moved by lord Barrington,
fecretary at war, that he be expelled the houfe. His
lordffi ip’s motion was feconded by Mr. Rigby, paymafter
of the forces, and carried by a great majority. It was
however affirmed, “ that the iibel with which Mr.
Wilkes now flood charged, did not come properly under
the cognizance of the houfe. If the privileges of the
peers were violated, or their proceedings arraigned, they
were competent to the vindication of their own honour.
For the other libels he has been already expelled. Shall

ENG1

the houfe punifh twice for the fame offence? Shall we
aft in direft oppofition, not to the forms only, but to the
very effence of the conftitution ? Shall we blend the exe¬
cutive and judicial powers with the legiflative, and take
upon ourfelves the odium of trying and punifhing in a
fummary manner an offence cognizable by the laws in
the ordinary courts of judicature ?”

It is Angular, that the apparently obvious and probable
confequence of this expul (ion, does not feem to have
occurred either to the minifters of the crown, or to the
members in oppofition. But whatever might have been
previoully expefted, the faft is, that, a new writ being
ilfued, Mr. Wilkes was a fecond time returned with the
greateft unanimity. The lioufe now began to perceive
the dilemma in which it had with fuch hade involved it-
felf. By proceeding in this bufinefs, they muff incur the
refentment of the eleftors ; by receding, it were impof-
fible to efcape cenfure. Preferring what appeared to
them the lead of two evils, they refolved, “ that Mr.
Wilkes, having been once expelled, was incapable of
fitting in the fame parliament, and that the eleftion was
therefore void.” The freeholders of Middlefex, equally
determined with the houfe of commons, chofe him a third
time their reprefentative, with the fame unanimity. The
eleftion was again declared void by the commons ; and
in order to terminate a conteft in which the houfe ap¬
peared to fo little advantage, colonel Luttrell voluntarily
vacated his feat in parliament, with a view to offer him-
felf as a candidate for Middlefex ; being previoufly
affured that he fliould at all events, and whatever might
be the difparity of numbers upon the poll, be the fitting
member. At the fourth eleftion Mr. Wilkes was again
returned by the fherifFs ; the votes in his favour being
1243 to 296 : but, on a petition from colonel Luttrell, he
was, after a vehement debate continued to a very late
hour, (March 3, 1769,) declared duly elefted !

By this decifion the nation was thrown into a great
confternation, which only ferved to (hew how a compa¬
ratively trivial queftion may be magnified into artificial
importance, by making it the objeft of political and per-
fonal contention. It could not be denied that the houfe
of commons had ever exercifed a judicial authority, which
could in no other hands be fo properly placed, in deter¬
mining upon the validity of returns, and the qualifications
of their own members. This authority might undoubtedly
be abufed or indifcreetly exercifed, but all power is in its
own nature liable to abufe ; and if fo vague an objection
be admitted, the powers vefted in all political bodies,
however conftituted, muff be annihilated, and the bands
of civil fociety are at once diffolved. The power of ex-
pulfion for fuch offences as appear to the houfe to render
any of its members unworthy of the truft repofed in them,
had been exercifed in numerous instances from time im¬
memorial ; and though no cafe precifely fintilar to the
prefent in all its circumftances could be adduced, the
houfe of commons now exifting had certainly as valid a
right to make a precedent in a new cafe within the limits
of their own peculiar jurifdiftion as any former houfe of
commons, or as the courts fitting in Weftminfter-hall ;
and, had the exptilfion of Mr. Wilkes been itfelf a po¬
pular meafure, the fubf^quent fteps taken by the houfe
would no doubt have been deemed perfeftly regular, as
analogous to the fpirit of former decifions, conformable
to the general powers of adjudication vefted in the houfe,
and neceffarily flowing front the original and eftabliftted
parliamentary right of expulfion. It muft neverthelefs
be acknowledged, that a difcretionary power of expulfion
is liable to be perverted to very bad purpofes ; and there¬
fore it was judged proper by an aft palled in the courfe
of the enfuing feftion, to fpecify the offences which (hall
in future render incapacitation the neceffary refult of ex-
pulfion ; and thus, inftead of encroaching on the rights
of the people in matters of eleftion, this houfe of com¬
mons did in reality fix-legal and definite boundaries to
their own power.

Vol. VI. No. 387.

, A N D. 74!

The houfe of commons proceeded, after the queftion of
the Middlefex eleftion was thus determined, to the ufual
bufinefs of the feftion, and thirty-three thoufand men
were voted for the fea and land fervice of the year 1769.
The charter of the Eaft-India company was prolonged tor
the further term of five years, on conditions fimilar to
the laft agreement ; but the company were now allowed
to increafe their dividend to twelve and a half percent,
during this term, provided they did not in any one year
raife it above one per cent. On the other hand, fliould
the dividend be reduced below the prefent ftandard of ten
per cent, the ftipulated payment of four hundred thou¬
fand pounds per annum to the public fliould be propor¬
tionally diminifhed ; and if the dividend fliould fink to fix
per cent, the payment to the public fliould wholly ceafe.

In May, 1769, a circular letter was written by the earl
of Hillfborough, fecretary of ftate for America, to all the
different colonies, acquainting them, “ that it was the
intention of his majefty’s minifters to propofe, in the next
feftion of parliament, taking off the duties upon glafs,
paper, and colours, on confideration of fuch duties having
been laid contrary to the true principles of commerce ;
and affuring them, that at no time liad they entertained
any defign to propofe to parliament to lay any further
taxes on America for the purpofe of railing a revenue.”
Notwithftanding the falvo of commercial principles, it
was fufficiently evident that this conceflion wms folely and
wifely made with a view to conciliate America in this
crilisof difaffeftion. But as the wifdom of man is gene¬
rally blended with a portion of folly, the duty on tea was
purpofely left as a mark of the legiflative fupremacy of
Britain, very contrary to the inclinations and earned en¬
deavours of the minifter, who, by cogent arguments, de-
monftrated in council the impolicy of leaving that fatal
germ of contention to expand into incurable animofity.
But though the duke of Grafton was on this occafion
powerfully fupported by lord Camden, and various other
names of the higheft refpeftability, his grace’s fyftem of
moderation was moft unfortunately over-ruled in the ca¬
binet; and from this period the duke of Grafton enter¬
tained fixed and ferious ideas of relinquiftiing his ftation
fo foon as a fucceffor could be provided by his majefty.

The ferment raifed in the nation by the-late decifion
of the houfe of commons, feemed in the mean time daily
to increafe in violence ; the freeholders of the county of
Middlefex were highly incenfed, declaring, that the right
of eleftion had been wrefted from them, by the unprece¬
dented feating of a candidate who was never chofen by
the county. The public dilfatisfaftion became apparent
throughout the kingdom ; and their grievances were mag¬
nified by an innumerable multitude of political publica¬
tions, in which the conduft of the adminiftration was ar¬
raigned in the bittereft terms. Among thefe, the national
attention was particularly attrafted by a feries of letters
appearing under the fignature of Junius, and written in a
ftyle fo rnafterly as to be deemed, in point of compofiticn,
equal to any literary produftions in the Englilh language.
They confifted, however, of little elfe than fplendid de¬
clamation and poignant invective, and difcovered a pow¬
erful malignity of difpofition, which, now the paflions
and follies of the day have vanifhed, and given place to
other paflions and other follies, muft excite dilregard;
particularly as the author was not, nor probably ever
will be, known. Of thefe celebrated letters, by far the
moft memorable is that' addrelied to the king, in which
the writer, with equal elegance and energy of diction,
affected ta exhibit to tire view of his fovereign a moft
ftriking picture of his adminiftration. On the appearance
of this letter, the attorney-general had orders immedi¬
ately to file a bill in the court of king’s bench, againft
the publifher, Woodfall, for uttering a falfe and feditious
libel; but the jury returned their verdict, “ Guilty of
printing and publilhing only;” which verdift amounting
to an acquittal, the defendant was difcharged.

By an a) moft total feceflion from bufinefs for two years,

9 C tlie

748

ENGLAND,

the health of lord Chatham was in an unexpected degree
redored. The parliament met in January, 1770, and, on
the motion for an addrefs to the throne, lord Chatham
arofe, and declared, “ that, at his advanced period of life,
bowing under the weight of his infirmities, he might per¬
haps have (food excufedif he had continued in his retire¬
ment, and never, taken part again in public affairs; but
the alarming date of the nation called upon him — forced
him to come forward once more, and to execute that duty
which he ovyed to God, to his fovereign, and his country.
The fituation of foreign affairs was, he laid, critical ; but
what more immediately demanded their loralhips atten¬
tion, was the divifionsand didradlions which prevailed in
every part of the empire. He lamented thofe unhappy
meal'ures which had alienated the colonies from the mo¬
ther country, and which had driven them into excelfes
he could not jollify. Such, however, was his partiality
to America, that he was inclined to make allowance
even tor thofe excelfes. The difcontents of three millions
ot people deferved confideration ; the foundation of thofe
difcontents ought to be removed. The difcontents of the
Americans, however, at the prefent crifiswere unimport¬
ant, in companion of thofe which prevailed in this king¬
dom. It was an obligation incumbent upon that houfe
to enquire into the caufes of the notorious diffatisfadfion
exprelfed by the whole Englifh nation, to date thofe
caufes to their fovereign, and then to give- him their bed
advice in order to their being removed the motion,
however, for this purpofe, was lod in a divifion.

Lord Camden, having in the courfe of the debate con¬
demned in decifive terms the proceedings of the houfe of
commons, and actually dividing with lord Chatham, was
immediately compelled to relinquifh the great feal. The
removal of that great magidrate was followed by the re-
fignations of the dukes of Beaufort and Mancheder ; the
earls of Coventry and Huntingdon, and lord Granby,
commander in chief of the forces of Great Britain. The
ear! of Bridol choodng the tranquil and irrefponfible pod
of drd lord of the bedchamber, vacated by the earl of
Huntingdon, the privy feal was delivered to the earl of
Halifax. On the 22d of January, 1770, the marquis of
Rockingham moved for dxing a day to take into confide-
ration the date of the nation. The 2d of February was
fixed upon by the houfe for refolving itfelf into a com¬
mittee on this enquiry ; but on the 28th of January, the
duke of Grafton unexpectedly refigned his office as drd
lord of the treafury ; and lord North, who had now been
two years chancellor, of the exchequer, was nominated
bis fucceflor. Thus was at length formed that famous
adminidration, which exercifed the powers of government
for twelve fucceffive years ; during which the colonies
were difmembered from the mother country.

On the day fucceeding the redgnation of the minider,
the houfe of commons refolving itfelf into a committee on
the date of the nation, Mr. Dowdefvvell moved, “ That
the houfe, in the exercife of its jurifdidtion, ought to
judge of eledlions by the lkw of the land, and by the
cudom and practice of parliament, which is part of that
law.” The motion, if adopted, was intended to be fol¬
lowed by other refolutions, purporting the unequivocal
condemnation and confequent refcindment of the vote of
the lad fedion. This leading propofition was fo Ikilfully
worded, that it was impollible to put a diredl negative
upon it ; and to evade it by the previous quedion would
only lead to a revival of the fame motion in a new and
varjed form. It was therefore with equal parliamentary
adroitnefs at once laid at red by lord North, who moved-
as an amendment the additional words : “ And that the
judgment of this houfe in the cafe of John Wilkes, efq.
was agreeable to the law of the land, and fully authorized
by the praftice of parliament.” Though the amendment
was oppofed with vehemence, as a mod unfair and didn-
genuous perverfion of the true meaning of the refolution,
it was carried upon a divifion by 224 to tSo voices; thus

precluding all hope of redrefs by any future effort in fhafr
houfe of parliament.

On the 2d of February, 1770, being the day previoufly
dxed upon by the peers for refolving themfelves into a
fimrlar committee, lord Rockingham, after an introduc¬
tory fpeech of fome length, moved, “ That the houfe of
commons, in the exercife of its judicial authority in mat¬
ters of election, is bound to judge according to- the law
of the land, and the known and 'edabliffied law and
cudom of parliament, which is part thereof.” The mo¬
tion was fupported with all his accudomed warmth and
energy by the earl of Chatham, who condemned the con¬
duit of the houfe of commons in terms of great afpertey.
He denominated the vote of that houfe, which had made
colonel Luttrell reprefentative for Middlefex, “ a grofs
invafion of the rights of election, a dangerous violation
of the Englidi conditution, and a corrupt facrifice of their
own honour. To gratify individual refentment (he Laid),
the laws had been defpifed, trampled upon, dedroyed ;
thofe laws which had been made by the dern virtue of
their ancedors, the iron barons of old, to whofe virtue
and to whole blood, to whofe fpirit in the hour of con-
ted, and to whofe fortitude in the triumph of viitory,
the dlken barons of this day owe .their honours and their
fecurity.” The quedion being now put, it was by a great
majority refolved, that the fpeaker diould refume the
chair; and the original motion being thus evaded, lord
Marchmont moved, “ That any refolution of this houfe,.
diredily or indireitly impeaching a judgment of the houfe
of commons, in a matter where their jurifdidtion is com*
-petent, final, and conclufive, would be a violation of
the conditutional right of the commons, tends to make a
breach between the two houfes of parliament, and leads
to a general confufion.”

This motion being zealoudy fupported by lord Mans-
deld, lord Chatham again rofe, and endeavoured to Ihew
the neceflity of the interference of that houfe, in cafe o£
an invadon of the people’s liberties, or an nnconditutional
determination of the houfe of commons ; and he affirmed,
that the cafe of the county of Middlefex fell under both
thofe denominations. Then fuddenly apodrophizing the
houfe, he conjured the peerage of England, by the noble
blood which had flowed for fo many ages in their veins,
by the glorious druggies of their ancedors in behalf of
liberty, not to behold with indifference a tranfaifion fo
alarming. “ If, (laid he,) my lords, the conditution
mud be wounded, let it not receive its mortal dab at this
dark and midnight hour, (being pad twelve o’clock,)
when almod every eye is clofed in deep, and when rob¬
bers and adaffins only are awake and prowling for their
prey.” At half pad one in the morning the quedion was
ut, and decided in the affirmative, though accompanied
y an animated proted.

On the id of May, 1770, lord Chatham prefented to
the houfe, a bill “ for reverdng the. adjudications of the
houfe of commons, whereby John Wilkes, efq. has been
adjudged incapable of being eleited a member to ferve in
this prefent parliament, and the freeholders of the county
of Middlefex have been deprived of one of their legal
reprefentatives.” In defcanting on the fubjeit of this
bill, he declared, that a violent outrage had been com¬
mitted, which druckat every thing facred to the liberties
of Englifhmen. The motion for the fecond reading being
negatived, lord Gower moved for its rejection ; and, an
a divifion, 89 voted for the motion, 43 againd it.

Not to be diverted from his purpofe, lord Chatham
made, after a Ihort interval, a motion for an addrefs to
the king to dilTolve the parliament. He dated “ the
public difcontents in England, Ireland, and America j.
affirmed, that the people had no confidence in the prelent
houfe of commons; and (hewed, from the fituation of
public affairs, the great neceflity of having a parliament
in whom the people can place a proper confidence. In¬
dead (he faid) of depriving a county of its reprefentative,
1 ©ue

ENG.

©ne or more members ought to be added to the reprefen.
tation of the counties, in order to operate as a balance
againd the weight of the.feveral corrupt and venal bo¬
roughs. Indead of opprefting tlie colonies with a heavy
taxation, it is our intered to- repeal all fuel) laws, and be
content with the abundance which accumulates to the
t-reafury from this commerce.”— To this lord North re¬
plied — No — the propered time to exert our right of taxa¬
tion is when the right is refufed. To temporize is to
yield; and the authority of the mother country, if it is
now unfupported, will in reality be relinquifhed for
ever. A total repeal cannot be thought of till America
is prodrate at our feet.

For more than two years the affairs of America, and
the Middlefex election, had fo engroffed the attention of
the miniftry, the parliament, and the nation, as aimed
to exclude the conlideration of other fubjefts in them-
felves far more important and intereding. At this period,
however, an event forced itfelf upon the public notice,
of condderable importance to the date. A fhort time
previous to the clofe of the fedion, lord Chatham had
declared, “ that a great blow either was, or would foon
be, druck in fome part of the world.” The high idea
univerfally entertained of this nobleman’s political infor¬
mation, neceflarily kept the public mind in a date of fuf-
penfe; but the mydery was quickly developed, and it was
in a few weeks publicly afeertained, that a fquadron of
Spaniih diips from Buenos Ayres had feized upon the
Malouine or Falkland iflands, (ituated in the Magellanic
ocean, and of which the Englifli had been for fome years
the aftual occupants or poffeffors. Towards the clofe of
the year 1769, captain Hunt, of the Tamer frigate, cruiz¬
ing off thefe idands, fell in with a Spanifii fchooner be¬
longing to Fort Solidad, and, agreeably to what he con¬
ceived to be bis duty, charged the commander of the
fchooner to depart from that coad, as it was the property
of his Britannic majedy. The fchooner obeyed ; but foon
returned with an officer on-board, bringing with him a
letter from the governor of Buenos Ayres, addreffed to
captain Hunt, in which the governor, in his turn, warned
the captain to depart from a coad belonging to the king
of Spain; but, on the fuppofition that captain Hunt’s
touching at thefe iflands was merely accidental, the go¬
vernor exprefled his earned defire to fliew him all pofiible
civilities. Captain Hunt replied with warmth, that thefe
iflands were the property of the crown of Great Britain,
both by difeovery and fettlement ; and the governor main¬
taining with equal warmth the rights of the crown of
Spain, an altercation of confiderable length enfued. But
in the refult, captain Hunt was charged with a direft vio¬
lation of treaties by the governor-, who declared it to be
his duty to tranfmit the particulars of this tranfa&ion to
the court of Spain. Captain Hunt, perceiving that this
bufinefs was of greater importance than he had at firft
apprehended, and not chooiing to take any further deps
without proper authority, fet fail for England, where he
arrived in June, 1770, two fmall doops only remaining
at the Britifh Port Egmont. Soon after his departure, a
very confiderable armament, confiding of five (hips of
war, with their attendant veffels, furniflied with all the
apparatus for a regular dege, appeared before Port Eg-
rnont. Captain Farmer, the commandant, knowing the
place to be utterly untenable, fubmitted, after a few
fhots were fired, to a capitulation ; by which he and his
whole garril'on were allowed to evacuate the place, carry¬
ing with them fuch of their dores as they were able. The
commander of the Spanidi fquadron, not caring, however,
that very early intelligence of this outrage diould be car¬
ried to England, enjoined captain Farmer not to fail with¬
out his permiffion ; and in order to enfure compliance,
lie caufed the rudder of captain Farmer’s fhip, the Fa¬
vourite, to be taken off and kept on-fliore, and it was not
redored for the fpace of twenty days ; an infult to the
Britilh flag not eafily paralleled. The Favourite was at

A N 0. 74'3

length permitted to depart, and, after a voyage of feventy"
days, arrived fafe at Portfmouth.

No fooner were the particulars of thefe extraordinary-
proceedings known in England, than the whole nation
appeared inflamed with refentnient, and eager to avenge
the national honour, thus grofsly and daringly violated.
But a negotiation between the two courts immediately
commencing, the miniflers of Great Britain infided upon
the reditution of the ifland on the part of Spain, as a
previous dep to the determination of the quedion of right,
and as abfolutely neceffary before an amicable accommo¬
dation cotdd take place.

At the enfuing meeting of parliament, in November,.
1770, the king acquainted the two lioufes, in his fpeech
from the throne, of this infult which had been offered ta
the honour of the nation, “ by the governor of Buenos
Ayres, in feizing one of his majedy’s poffeflions ; and
that, diould fatisfaftion be refufed by the court of Spain
for this injury, preparations had been and were dill
making to do ourfelves judice.” Addredes were pre-
fented from both houfes on this occafion, in a drain cal¬
culated to convince the court of Spain, that Englifhmen,
however at variance amongd themfelves, are ever united,
as in a common caufe, in oppofition to a common and fo¬
reign enemy. The miniders exerted themfelves to the
utmod in the equipment of a formidable fleet ; and the
court of Madrid was foon convinced, that, unlefs fome
concellions were made, an open rupture mud enfue. In
reply to the demand made by England, the marquis de
Grimaldi, the Spanidi minider, alleged, that as England
well knew in what light the court of Madrid had ever
viewed the fettlement at Port Egmont, it could not be
imagined that the court of Spain could really difapprove
the conduCt of the governor of Buenos Ayres, don Buc-
carelli. But as it was neither the intered nor inclination
of Spain to involve herfelf in a war with England, his
Catholic majedy was willing to make fuch concefilons as
fhould be confident with his honour and the welfare of
his fubjeCls; and tl\at indruCtions had been tranfmitted
to prince Maferano, his ambalfador in London, for this
purpofe. Prince Maferano accordingly acquainted the
Englilh fecretary of date, lord Weymouth, that the king
of Spain had empowered him to difavow any particular
orders given to M. de Buccarelli, and at the fame time to
fay that lie had adted agreeably to his general indruftions
and oath as governor ; that the idands diould be redored ;
and that it was expected his Britannic majedy would
on his part difavow captain Hunt’s menace, which had
prompted the governor to adfas he had done.

At this period, lord Weymouth refigned the feals of
the fouthern department to lord Rochford, and a conven¬
tion was foon after concluded on the terms propofed, but
with a fecret article or engagement annexed, that the
idands diould be evacuated by England within a certain
fpecified term. To this mode of accommodation, lord
Weymouth refufed to accede, as injurious to the honour
of Great Britain : but the condition not being known or
fufpedted, it afforded at the time no public ground of
objection ; and when the evacuation of the idands actu¬
ally took place three years afterwards, the quarrel being
almod forgotten, and the attention of the public other-
wife engaged, it paffed off with flight and tranfient ani-
madverfions.

The earl of Halifax now took the feals of the northern
department in the room of lord Rochford ; lord Suffolk
fucceeuing lord Halifax as lord privy feal ; and fir Edward
Hawke relinquifhed his feat at the head of the admiralty
to the earl of Sandwich. Mr. George Grenville had de¬
parted this life November 13; and many of his friends
joining the adminidration, the majorities in both houfes,
notwithdanding the general unpopularity of the miniders,
became very formidable.

About the fame time an incident occurred, which re¬
vived in an alarming degree the refentment of the people

again!!

■ENGLAND.

744

againft their reprefentatives. Though nothing can appear
moie reafonable than that the public at large fhould be
funiifhed with all fuch means of information, refpeCting
the conduCt of their reprefentatives in parliament, as may
confift with the order and dignity of the houfe, it had been
long a fubjeCt of complaint, that the fpeeches of the mem¬
bers were, in contempt of the refolutions of the houfe, re¬
gularly printed in the public papers ; and feveral members
having formally (fated that their fpeeches had been thus
mifreprefented, a motion was made and carried, that the
printers, Wheble and Thompfon, (liould appear to an¬
swer this complaint at the bar of the houfe. The prin¬
ters taking no notice of this general fummons, a fecond
order was ilfued, and declared to be final. No more re¬
gard being paid to the fecond order than to the firft, a
motion was made, that Wheble and Thompfon fhould be
taken into the cuftody of the ferjeant at arms. In confe-
quence of information from the ferjeant at arms that the
parties had abfconded, a proclamation was iffued, offer¬
ing a reward of fifty pounds for apprehending the two
■printers. Another printer. Miller, was ordered to be
taken into cuftody for contempt of the houfe. Wheble
being apprehended in confequence of the proclamation,
and carried before Mr. Wilkes, recently chofen an aider-
man of London, he was difcharged by that magiftrate,
and bound over to profecute the perfon who apprehended
him ; and in a letter addrefted to the earl of Halifax, fe¬
cretary of (fate, Mr. Wilkes declared, “ that Wheble had
■been apprehended in violation of the rights of an Englifh-
man, as well as of the chartered privileges of a citizen of
London.” Thompfon alfo was apprehended, and dif¬
charged in the fame manner. Miller being taken into
-cuftody by the meftenger of the houfe of commons, at his
own dwelling, was carried before Crofby, lord-mayor,
and the aldermen Wilkes and Oliver, at the manlion-
houfe. The ferjeant at arms attending to demand the
prifoner, the legality of the warrant was denied, and the
printer not only difcharged, but the meifenger of the
houfe, on pretext of a falfe arreft, ordered to be com¬
mitted to prifon in default of bail, which was at the firft
refufed, but at length given ; and for thefe proceedings
the thanks of the corporation of London were immedi¬
ately voted.

The houfe of commons now found themfelves once
more reduced to a mod vexatious perplexity ; and the
oppofition, who, as members of the houfe, felt for its ho¬
nour, and participated in the general indignation excited
by this unparalleled affront, reminded the minifters that
to them muff be imputed the odium under which the
houfe had fallen with the people, who embraced with
eagernefs every occafion to baffle their meafures. Thefe
fefiedtions admitted of little reply, and the lord-mayor
and Mr. alderman Oliver, as members of the houfe, were
ordered to attend in their places the next day. The lord-
mayor pleaded, in his jollification, that he was bound by
oath to preferve the franchifes of the city, that his con¬
duct had been ftriCtly agreeable to law, and he demanded
to be heard by counfel. This was refufed, on the ground
that no counfel could be heard in oppofition to the pri¬
vileges of the houfe ; and the lord-mayor’s book of mi¬
nutes being called for, the recognizance of Whittam, the
meftenger, was expunged from the record by order of
the houfe; and a refolution palfed, that to inftitute any
proceeding at law in this cafe was contrary to the privi¬
leges of the houfe ; and alfo that it was a breach of pri¬
vilege to apprehend the meifenger of this houfe executing
his warrant, under the pretence of an aftault, and that it
was a breach of privilege to hold the meftenger to bail
for fuch pretended aftault. Mr. Oliver was proceeded
againft in a limilar manner; and the two magiftrates refo-
lutely refufing to make any conceftion or apology, it was
at length voted that they be committed prifoners to the
Tower.

On the laft day of the attendance of the lord-mayor,

vaft multitudes of people aflembling in the vicinity of
Weftminfter-hali, a violent riot took place, and feveral
of the minifterial minifters were grofsly infulted : lord
North himfelf being perfonally attacked, and with diffi¬
culty refcued from the fury of the populace. Mr. Wilkes.,
having received a fummons to attend at the bar of the
houfe, addrefted a letter to the fpeakcr, in which he de.
dared that he could attend only in his place as member
for the county of Middlefex. After fome fruitlefs repe¬
titions of the order, the houfe, now defirous to difmifs
the bufinefs, ordered a new fummons for the 8th of April,
and appointed the 9th as the firft day of meeting after the
Eafter recefs. The lord-mayor, and Mr. Oliver, foon
after their commitment, applied fora writ of Jiabeas corpus,
which was accordingly ilfued by the court of common
pleas; but after very long and learned pleadings, thefe
magiftrates were remanded by the court, and continued
in cuftody till the end of the feftion, when their liberation
was celebrated by great rejoicings; and from this time
forward the proceedings of parliament, and the fpeeches
of the members, have been publilhed without interrup¬
tion or moleftation.

During the recefs of parliament died the earl of Hali¬
fax, a nobleman generous, liberal, and accompli (bed, but
as a minifter unpopular and unfortunate. The earl of
Suffolk fucceeded the earl of Halifax as fecretary of date
for the northern department, and the duke of Grafton
accepted the vacant port of lord privy feal. The minifter,
lord North, notwithftanding fome falfe fteps, evidently
gained upon the nation, by the fuavity of his manners,
and his apparent candour and ingenuoufnefs of difpofi-
tion. The late rupture with Spain, in the view of the
public, who were not apprized of the fecfet article of
reftitution, had terminated honourably for England; and
his lordfhip feemed to (hew fome inclination to accommo¬
date the difputes fo long fubfifting with America. This
was further Confirmed by the refignation of the earl of
Hillfborough, fecretary of ftate for America, who was on
various accounts obnoxious to the colonies; and the (ub-
fequent appointment of the earl of Dartmouth, a noble¬
man of acknowledged probity, of a mild and lenient tem¬
per, and who had uniformly oppoled in parliament Ame¬
rican taxation in every form. Various other changes and
promotions alfo took place during the recefs of parlia¬
ment. The earl of Harcourt fucceeded lord Townfhend
as lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and lord Stormont was ap¬
pointed ambalfador at the court of Verfailles in the room
of lord Harcourt. Mr. Charles Jenkinfon being nomi¬
nated vice-treafurer of Ireland, his feat at the board of
treafury was filled by the Hon. Charles James Fox, fe¬
cond fon of lord Holland, a young man who had already
arrefted the attention of the public by the extent of his
political knowledge, and the fplendour of his parliamen¬
tary talents.

On the 2 2d of November, 1772, the feftion was opened
by an interefting fpeech from the throne, in which “ the
attention of parliament was particularly called to the pre-
fent ftate of the Eaft-India company, and the difficulties
in which they appeared to be involved ; and his majefty
recommended making fuch provifions for the common be¬
nefit and fecurity of all the various interefts concerned, as
they (hould find beft adapted to the exigencies of the
cafe.” Little certainly could it have been imagined, that
in the (hort interval which had elapfed fince the acquili-
tion of the Dewannee, of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar,
and Oriffa, by which the company appeared to be elevated
to the height of profperity, they (hould be reduced to a
ftate of embarratfment and diftrefs verging upon ruin.
No fooner had the prelidency of Calcutta obtained the
government of thofe vaft and opulent territories, than a
grand project was formed by the prelident, lord Clive,
and unanimoufiy approved by the board ; agreeably to
which, the members of the council, and other civil and
military ferva'nts of the company, might be enabled to

derive

E N G 1

derive vaft emoluments, not only without prejudice to
their principals, but with great advantage to the com¬
pany’s revenue. This was no other than the eftablifh-
ment of a commercial alfociation, for the purpofe of car¬
rying on an inland traffic in the important articles of fait,
betel-nut, and tobacco. Thefe are articles of general
confumption in India, and confidered as amongft the ab¬
solute neceffaries of life; and they had under the ancient
government been Subject to the trifling duty of the for¬
tieth penny. But in order to obtain the fanftion of the
company to the commercial fyftem now eftabliihed, a duty
•of thirty-five per cent, was impofed on fait, which, with
fifteen per cent, on betel-nut, and twenty-five per cent,
on tobacco, produced an annual additional revenue of
i6o,oool. to the company. This, however, was regarded
by the natives as a trivial grievance, in comparifon of the
mode i-n which the traffic was condudted : for the Servants
of the company, adting at once in the two-fold capacity
of merchants and Sovereigns, “in order (as they expreffed
themfelves) to affift this infant branch of commerce,”
the council decreed to the affiociation, i.e. to themfelves
and their copartners, “the free and exclufive purchafe
and Sale or, in other words, the complete monopoly, of
the above articles ; and their governing rule of trade ap¬
pears invariably to have been to reduce to the loweft ex¬
treme of depreffion the price in the purchafe, and to en¬
hance it in the fame extravagant proportion in the Sale.
When this plan was communicated to the directors, they
expreffed much difpleafure that Such extortion Should be
pradtifed under their authority. “We leave (fay they
to the council) the adjuflment of the duties on thefe.
commodities, to your judgment and consideration: but
we think the vaft fortunes acquired by the inland trade,
have been obtained by a Scene of the mod oppreffive and
tyrannic conduit ever known in any age or country.
Were we to allow it, we Should confider ourfelves'as ab¬
senting and Subscribing to all the mifchiefs which Bengal
has preSented to us for four years paft.” They approved,
therefore, the oppreffion of the natives So far as they
themfelves were benefited by it, and no further. But
thefe feeble and inconfiftent remonstrances were little re¬
garded.

Another device or project of legal plunder was, to de¬
clare void at once, to the inexpreffible consternation of
the zemindars and polygars, who constitute the great
landed interest of the country, all the leafes held by them
under the government, on very low and beneficial terms,
by a kind of feudal tenure. The pretext for this was,
that many of thefe leafes had been collufively obtained ;
and it was faid, that impartiality required that they Should
be now relet, without diftindtion, to the higheft bidder.
By this enormous adt of defpotifm, many individuals of
very elevated Situations in life were entirely ruined, im-
menfe fortunes were made by the favoured few, and the
landed revenue of the company, after all, was acknow¬
ledged to be very little improved. Notwithstanding, in¬
deed, every expedient that could be put in practice for
the accumulation of wealth, the aggregate receipts of
the company’s treafury alarmingly decreafed ; the natives,
reduced to poverty, and almoft defpair, by perpetual ex¬
actions, could *no longer purchafe their favourite articles
at the extravagant prices demanded by the monopolists.
Thofe that cultivated the foil, planted in doubt, and
reaped in uncertainty. A large proportion of land was
left untilled, and a general Scarcity of provisions, parti¬
cularly of rice, the great Staple of Indian Sustenance, un¬
avoidably enfued. It was poffible to exist without betel-
nut and tobacco, but not without their daily food. The
commercial monopolists feized with avidity the opportu¬
nity _of collecting the rice into (tores. As the Gentoos
would in no extremity violate the precepts of their reli¬
gion by eatiflg fleffi, they had no other alternative than to
part with the regains of their property, or die with hun¬
ger. The people being thus reduced to a wretched Sub¬
sidence 0V1 unwholefome and unaccuftomed roots, a dread-
Vol. VIy-Nov^SS.

.AND. 743

fill ficknefs and mortality enfued.. In Some districts, the
living Scarcely Sufficed to bury the dead ; and jleftilence
and famine in horrid combination defolated the land.
The waters of the Ganges were infected by the multitude
of carcaffes caSt into the river ; whilst flights of vultures
and other birds of prey, attracted in aftonifhing numbers
by the putrefcent effluvia, completed the Shocking pic¬
ture. See the article Hindoostan.

In the courfe of the feflion, a report was prefented to
the houfe by general Burgoyne, containing heavy charges
againSt individuals in very exalted Stations, and in which
the character and conduCt of lord Clive in particular, un¬
derwent a moft Severe investigation. The deposition and
consequent death of fu-rajah Dowla, the direful refuit of a
conspiracy between the Servants of the company and t’ne
Subjects of the fubah, was represented as an aCt replete
with treachery and cruelty. The inextinguishable third of
lucre was affirmed to be the real and primary caufe of this
revolution, which proved the Source of infinite mifehief, '
and the means corresponded in balenefs and turpitude
with the end. It appeared in evidence, that Omichund,
one of the chief of the confpirators at the court of Moor-
Shedabad, infilled upon five percent, on all the nabob’s
treasures, and thirty lacks in money, for his nefarious Ser¬
vices ; and that this condition was expreSsly inSerted in a
formal treaty, concluded and Signed by the parties pre¬
vious to the attempt: that another treaty was framed
and Signed by the Several parties, Omichund excepted, n
order to defraud him of the reward he had ftipulated for
his villainy : that admiral Walfon, a man of ftridt probity
and honour, had absolutely refufed to Sign the fictitious
treaty; but that lord Clive had caufed the admiral’s
name to be affixed without his knowledge to this instru¬
ment : that, on the Subsequent accomplishment of the
revolution, a conference wms held at Moorfhedabad, in
prefence of the new fubah Meer Jaffier, and the real
treaty, Signed by the fubah and the English council, pub¬
licly read ; on which occafion lord Clive himfelf declared
to the committee, that the refentment and indignation
expreffed in the countenance of Omichund baffled all de¬
scription. He faid, “This cannot be the treaty; it was
a red treaty that I Saw.” On which his lord Sh i p replied,
“Yes, Omichund, but this is a white treaty.” It was
affirmed, that lord Clive acquired, in confequence of the
deposition of fu-rajah Dowla, vaft Sums under various
pretexts, amounting in English money to no lefs than
234,000!. exclufive of a jaghire or life-annuity of 30,0001.
charged on the revenue of the diftridts ceded by Meer
Jaffier to the company. That lord Clive declared, “he
had never made the leaft Secret of thefe tranfadtions ;
that his lordShip held prefents So received to be not disho¬
nourable; that the fubah, agreeably to the cuftoms of
the Eaft, had, in a manner Suitable to his rank and dig¬
nity, rewarded thofe who had been, happily, instrumental
to the fuccefs of So hazardous an enterprize; adding,
that it was well known to every gentleman in Bengal,
that the honour of his country, and the intereft of the pro¬
prietary, were the principles that governed all hisadttions.”

Colonel Barre, on the debate which arofe on reading
the report, obferved, “that the fortunes amaffed by the
company’s Servants, were, no doubt, all honourably ac¬
quired. If the property of the natives was taken with¬
out their confent, it was military plunder; if otherwise,
it was compensation for Services: if by a commercial
monopoly, it was inland trade. The nice and ingenious
difti notions made by the noble lord between bribes and
prefents, exactions and gratuities, reminded him of a
certain Spanish governor of Gibraltar, who, amongft other
perquisites of office, had been accuftomed to receive an
annual donation from the Jews. This people bringing
him, on one of their anniversaries, only a thoufand Se¬
quins, the governor indignantly declared, “that the Jews
Should not have audience, as they were Sprung from an¬
cestors who crucified our Lord Jefus Christ.” The Jews
went back dii’confolate ; but, on further consideration,
9 D returned

746

ENGLAND.

returned with two thoufand fequins, on which they were
again admitted: “for (faid the governor), poor menl
they had no hand in the crucifixion.”

General Burgoyne concluded the report by moving,

“ i. That all acquifitions made under the influence of a
military force, or by treaty with foreign princes, do of
right belong to the (fate. 2. That to appropriate acqui¬
fitions fo made to the private emolument of perfons en-
trufted with any civil or military powers of the Hate, is
illegal. 3. That very great fums of money, and other
valuable property, have been acquired in Bengal by per¬
fons of this defeription, and appropriated to their private
ufe.” Thefe refolutions, amidft the general indignation
excited by the report, parted with great unanimity ; and
the chairman of the committee moved, “ That lord Clive,
about the time of the depofition of fu-rajah Dowla, did
obtain and poffefs himfelf of feveral fums amounting to
two hundred and thirty-four thoufand pounds, under the
denomination of private donation, to the difhonour and
detriment of the ftate.”

Lord Clive now entered with great ability into his own
vindication, and fliewed the urgent political neceflity
which had induced him to embrace the meafures for
which he was at this diftance of time fo unexpectedly
and injurioufly arraigned. He affirmed, that the power
and fortune of the Englifh nation in India had been en¬
tirely owing to the boldnefs and prompitude with which
thofe meafures had been conducted ; that what he had
acquired for himfelf, was inconfiderable in comparifon
with what he had acquired for the company, whofe wel¬
fare had ever been his great objeft ; that he had been
placed in great and eminent fiations, furrounded with
temptations ; the civil and military powers were united
in him, a circumftance which had never happened to any
other individual ; that, being circumfcribed by no reftraint
but that of his own confcience, he might have accumu¬
lated a fortune too great for a fubjeft ; but that he had
then determined to rejeft all future opportunities of gain,
and from the day on which he entered the city of Moor-
fliedabad in triumph, after the victory of Plaffey, which
was a fpace of fifteen years, he had not benefited himfelf
a Angle (hilling, direftly or indireftly, the jaghire only
excepted.

Many of the moll refpeftable and impartial members
of the houfe, could not on reflection but think it a harfli
and invidious thing, that the vengeance of parliament
Ihould be directed againfl: a man who had raifed fo high
the reputation of the Britifh arms in India; who had
fought the battles of his country with fuch unparalleled
glory and fuccefs ; and who would to the lateft genera¬
tions be accounted amonglt the molt illuftrious of her
heroes. That the fyftem of policy adopted by the com¬
pany’s fervants in India was totally indefenfible, mult be
admitted ; but it did not appear from the nature of the
regulations, which had received the fanCtion of parlia¬
ment, that any radical alteration of that fyrtem was in
contemplation. A great empire had been founded in the
eaft, chiefly through the exertions of the noble lord againfl:
whom this charge of delinquency was brought. Is it fe-
rioufly meant to relinquifh this empire ? to reftore thofe
immenfe fums to the native princes and inhabitants, of
which they have been plundered ? Far from it. The
queflion is merely, whether the ftate or the company Ihall
enjoy the advantages arifing from thefe vaft poffeflions ?
Of this contefl the refult is known. The company, loaded
with reproach and obloquy, are cenfured, condemned,
and puniflied, without fo much as being heard in their
own defence ; but reftitution is made, not to the princes
of India, but to the people of Great Britain; and almoft
at the fame inftant that we are palling bills for the pur*
pofe of transferring the riches of Hindooftan from the
treafury of the company to the royal exchequer, we are
called upon to vote impeachments againfl the man by
whole heroic efforts of valour and plans of policy thofe
(riches were acquired. Is there any trace of dignity, of

confiffencv, or virtue, in this conduft ? If we are delibe¬
rately determined to keep poffeflion of thofe dominions,,
which are univerfally allowed to have been unjuftly ac¬
quired, we are parties in the injuftice, and thofe who
were the original aftors of it are entitled from the juftice
of the nation (for there is a juftice even in injuftice) tO'
indemnity at leaft, if not to gratitude and applaufe ; and
all that can with propriety be done, Ihort of reftitution
and emancipation, is to fecure, by wife and equitable regu¬
lations, the future happinefs and welfare of thofe diftant
nations, who are become by an aftonilhing viciffitude of
fortune fubjeft to our dominion.

On putting the queflion, the laft claufe of the refolution
was rejected, although the minifter declared in favour of
the words of cenfure, and divided in the minority. An
amendment was then moved, “ That lord Clive did at
the fame time render great and meritorious fervices to this-
country ;” which was carried by a confiderable majority,
and an end put to the enquiry. A deep impreftion was ne-
verthelefs made upon the mind of lord Clive by this pub¬
lic accufation, and by the odium and obloquy which from
this time attached itfelf to his charafter. His faculties,,
no longer roufed to aftion by the neceflity of great and
vigorous exertion, languifhed in retirement and folitude,.
and gradually preyed upon themfelves till exiftence be¬
came infupportable. Originally educated in ft rich prin¬
ciples of religion, it is probable that his early affociations
now recurred with redoubled force; and though acquitted’
by the higheft human jurifdiftion, he could not acquit
himfelf, or hope for acquittal at that far more awful tri¬
bunal at which he dreaded to appear. After a few years
paffed in a ftate of wretchednefs and defpondency, lie at
length put a voluntary period to his life; by this melan¬
choly cataftrophe demonftrating to mankind the vanity of
human purfuits and wifhes, and the infinite fuperiority of
confcious virtue to all the gifts of fame and fortune.

When at a very early period of lord North’s admini-
ftration the duties on paper, glafs, and colours, were
repealed, it has been already remarked, that the duly on
tea was purpolely left as a mark of legislative fupremacy.
The Eaft-India company finding their flock of tea to ac¬
cumulate in their warehoufes, in confequence of the lofs
of the American market, were very urgent with the mu
nifter to repeal the American import duty of three-pence
per pound, offering in lieu of it to pay double the funi
on exportation. A fairer opportunity could not occur to-
terminate the difpute. Accordingly, in the feffion of 1773,
the aft paffed for allowing the exportation of teas duty
free ; and the company, eager to make a grand effort to
relieve themfelves from their difficulties, were buoyed up
with the flattering expectation, by becoming their own
faftors, of regaining poffeflion of the American market :
for, when the teas were actually tranfported acrofs the
Atlantic, and lodged in warehoufes, the mere circum¬
ftance of their having previouflv paid the import duty
would not, it was imagined, impede the company’s tales.
In this idea, however, they were moll fatally deceived.
The Americans confidered this new attempt as an artifice,
calculated to inveigle them into the payment of this tax,
in order to eftablifh the precedent ; and they were deter¬
mined that no fuch experiment Ihould take effeft. Six
hundred chefts were by the company, in purfuance of the
aft, configned to their agent at Bofton, the like quantity
to New York and Philadelphia, and in proportion to the
other principal ports of the continent. Pennfylvania dif-
tinguifhed herfelf by fetting the firft example of oppofi-
tion. A general meeting was convened at Philadelphia,
in which a feries of vigorous refolutions were paffed,
“declaring this new plan of importation to be a violent
attack1 upon the liberties of America, and pronouncing
it to be the duty of every American to oppofe this
attempt; and that whoever Ihould direftly or indireftly
countenance it was an enemy to his country.” A com¬
mittee was then appointed to wait upon the confignees
of the company, and to requeft their refignation, which
1 was

747

England.

was immediately complied with. At New York, on the
arrival of the tea-ffiips, they were with difficulty per¬
mitted to approach the. wharf; and, as at Philadelphia,
the confignees w'ere compelled to relinquifh their ap¬
pointments, and the (hips returned back to England with¬
out breaking bulk. At Charleffown, after much oppofi-
tion and tumult, the tea was permitted to be unloaded,
but vras immediately lodged in damp unventilated cel¬
lars, where it long remained, and finally perifhed. In no
place was the delivery of it to the confignees buffered,
and in mod the captains of the India fhips, on being ap¬
prized of the temper and difpofition of the people, with¬
out any attempt to land, wifely fet their fails for England.
At Bofton the fpirit of refiftance rofe to a height which
made the exceffes committed elfewhere appear trivial ;
and here, in confequence, the firfl blood was died, which
brought on the long, obfiinate, and unnatural, American
war. — For the arduous and interefting events of this war,
to the eftabliffimenc of its independence, and peace with
England, A.D. 1782, fee the article America, vol. i.
p.439—

The watchfulnefs of France to take every advantage of
the misfortunes of this country, was never more ftrikingly
ntanifefted than during the war of the mother country
with her colonies. Without a fhadow of caufe, and with¬
out the lead fufpicion, die privately entered into the war
in fupport of the rfradtory colonies, and left it to the
bed informed in England to difcover her intrigues. This
extraordinary information was fird developed by the lion.
Charles James Fox, in the meeting of the houfe of com¬
mons in the fefiion of 1778. Fie did not, he faid, fpeak
from furmife, but he had it from authority he could not
quedion, “ that a treaty of amity and alliance had been
ligned in Paris between France and America, ten days ago ;
he therefore widied that the noble lord (North) would
give the houfe fatisfaction on that intereding point.” The
minider, clofely preffed, at length acknowledged, “ that
it was but too probable fuch a treaty was in agitation,
though he had no authority to pronounce abfolutely that
it was concluded and it was animadverted upon as a
very extraordinary circumdance, that the intelligence of
a private member of that houfe fhould be fooner received,
and more authentically afcertained, than that of the fird
minider of the government.

In the houfe of peers, on the fame day, the duke of
Grafton informed their lord fit i p s, that he had indubitable
intelligence, that a treaty had been aftually dgned be¬
tween France and America ; and his grace demanded from
the miniders a public avowal or difavowal of this im¬
portant fadt. To which lord Weymouth, fecretary of
date, replied, “ that he knew nothing of any fuch treaty,
nor had received any authentic information of its being
either in exidence or contemplation.” Neverthelefs,
within a very few days after this extraordinary declara¬
tion, lord North delivered a meffage to the houfe of com¬
mons, and lord Weymouth to the houfe of peers, in
which the king informed the two houles, “ That a re-
fcript had been delivered by the ambadador of his mod
Chridian niajedy, containing a direft avowal of a treaty
of amity, commerce, and alliance, recently concluded
with America; in confequence of which offenfive com¬
munication on' the part of the king of France, his niajedy
had fent orders to his ambadador to withdraw from that
court ; and, relying on the zealous fupport of his people,
he is prepared to exert all the force and refources of his*'
kingdoms, to repel fo unprovoked and -unjuft an aggref-
fion.” Addredes were voted by both lioufes, containing
the ftronged adurances of afiiftance and fupport. An
amendment moved by Mr. Baker, containing a fevere
reflection on the conduit of the minider, was previoufly re¬
jected in the houfe of commons, by 263 voices againft 113.

A fimilar amendment was moved in the upper houfe
by the duke of Manchefter, which gave rife to a debate,
chiefly intereding as it brought into view a very import¬
ant difference of opinion fulfilling between the lords in

oppofition, and which had on various occafions' more co¬
vertly appeared, refpecting the recognition of American
independence. The marquis of Rockingham, and the
whole Rockingham connection, maintained without re-
ferve the necedity of admitting the independence of Ame¬
rica. “ To attempt impoffibilities, (faid they,) can only
render our ruin inevitable ; it is not now in our power
to recoyer what we have wantonly thrown away.” On
the other hand, the earls of Chatham, Temple, and Shel¬
burne, and feyeral other minority lords, who had efta-
blidied a didindt connedlion, and were, throughout the
long courfe of oppofition to this minidry, confidered as a
feparate party, difclaimed every idea of relinquidiing
America, and deprecated its independence as the greateft
of all political and national evils; and as including the
utter degradation and final ruin of this country. The
numbers on the divifion were, 100 lords who voted againft.
the amendment, to 36 who fupported it.

On the 7th of April, 1778, the duke of Richmond
moved an addrefs to the king on the ftate of the nation.
In his fpeech in fupport of this addrefs, his grace declared
in ftrong terms his conviction of the necedity of an im¬
mediate recognition of American independence. “ The
mifchief, (he laid,) whatever might be the magnitude of
it, was already done ; America was for ever loft ; and her
independence as firmly eflablilhed as that of other dates.
We had indeed fufficient caufe for regret ; but our la¬
mentation was of no more avail than it would be for the
lofs of Normandy or France.” The earl of Chatham, in
full expectation that this point would come under dif-
cuflion, relolved, however enfeebled and afflidled by his
corporeal infirmities, to make his perfonal appearance in
the houfe, in order to bear his decided teftimony againft
it. The mind feels interefted in the minuted circum-
ftances relating to the laft day of the public life of this
renowned ftatefman. He was led into the houfe by his
fon and fon-in-law, Mr. William Pitt and lord vifcount
Mahon, all the lords (landing up out of refpect, and
making a lane for him to pafs to the earls’ bench, he
bowing very gracefully to them as he proceeded. He
looked pale and much emaciated, but his eye retained all
its native fire; which, joined to his general deportment,
and the attention of the houfe, formed a lpedtacle very
ftriking and imprefiive.

When the duke of Richmond had fat down, lord Chat¬
ham rofe, and began by lamenting, “ that his bodily in¬
firmities had fo long, and at fo important a crifis, pre¬
vented his attendance on the duties of parliament. He
declared, that he had made an effort almoft beyond the
powers of his conftitution, to come down to the houfe
on this day, perhaps the laft time lie (hould ever be able
to enter its walls, to exprefs the indignation he felt at
the idea which he underftood was gone forth, of yielding
up the fovereignty of America. My lords, (continued
he,) I rejoice that the grave has not clofed upon me ;
that 1 am (till alive to lift up my voice againft the dif--
memberment of this ancient and noble monarchy. Prell'ed-
down as I am by the load of infirmity, I am little able to
aflift my country in this moft perilous conjundlure ; but,,
my lords, while I have (enfe and memory, I never will,
confent to tarnifh the luftre of this nation by an ignomi¬
nious furrender of its rights and faireft poffeflions. Shall
a people fo lately the terror of the world, now fall prof-
trate before the houfe of Bourbon? It is impofiible. I
am not, 1 confefs, well informed of the refources of this
kingdom, but I truft it has ftill fufficient to maintain its
juft rights, though I know them not. Any ftate, my
lords, is better than defpair. Let us at lead make one
effort ; and, if we mud fall, let us fall like men.”

The duke of Richmond, in reply, urged the noble lord
to point out any poflible mode, if he were able to do it,
of making the Americans renounce that independence of
which they were in poffeffion. Flis grace added, that if
he could not, no man could ; and that it was not in his
power to change his opinion on the noble lord’s autho-

ENGLAND.

74S

rity, unfupported by anyreafons, but a mere recital of
the calamities arifing from the (fate of tilings not in the
power of this country now to alter. Lord Chatham, who
appeared greatly agitated during the reply, made an eager
effort to rife at the conclufion of it, as if labouring with
fome great idea, and impatient to give full fcope to his
fentiments; but, before he could utter a word, prefling
his hand on his bread:, he fell down fuddenly in a con-
vulfive fit. The duke of Cumberland, lord Temple, and
other lords near him, caught him in their arms. The
lio ufe was immediately cleared ; and his lordfiiip being
carried into an adjoining apartment, the debate was ad¬
journed. Medical afliftance being obtained, his lordfhip
in fome degree recovered, and was conveyed to his fa¬
vourite villa of Hayes, in Kent, where, after lingering
fome few weeks, he expired. May the nth, 1778, tn the
feventieth year of his age.

On the firft intelligence of his death, colonel Barre re¬
paired to the houfe of commons, then fitting, and com¬
municated the melancholy information. Although it was
an event which had been for fome time expected, the
houfe feemed affected with the deeped fenfibility. The
recollection of his former pre-eminence in power, of his
unrivalled eloquence, of his unwearied exertions in the
public fervice, and of the unexampled profperity to which
Great Britain had attained under his adminiftration, ruflied
upon the mind with irrefiftible force, and produced an
emotion which the fympathy fo powerful in popular af-
femblies heightened to enthufiafm. The motion made by
colonel Barre, “ That the remains of the earl of Chatham
be interred at the public expence,” was unanimoufiy
adopted; with the further addition, “ That a monument
be ereCted to his memory in the collegiate church of St.
Peter, Weftminfter.” This was followed by a motion
from lord John Cavendifh, for an addrefs to the king,
“ That his majefiy would be gracioufly pleafed to make
a permanent provifion for the family of the late William
Pitt, earl of Chatham, in confideration of the fervices per¬
formed by that able ftatefman and a bill was brought
into parliament, and unanimoufiy puffed, by which a clear
annuity of four thoufand pounds per annum, payable out
of the civil lift, is for ever to be annexed to the earldom
of Chatham, and the fum of twenty thoufand pounds
voted for the difcharge of debts and incumbrances. Thus
nobly and gratefully did the nation reward the fervices
of the man, whofe counfels, to the amazement of the
world, file had for fo many years negledted and contemned.
The ready concurrence of the court in the honours la-
vifhed on the memory of this great ftatefman, may be
afcribed entirely to the decided manner in which he deli¬
vered, almoft in his laft breath, his fentiments againft the
recognition of American independence, and which may
be regarded as the foie political error, with which, in
refpeCt to America, he is chargeable. What his precife
ideas were, with regard to the plan of conciliation proper
to be adopted in the then aCtual circumftances of the na¬
tion, cannot be afcertained ; but of this we may reft af-
fured, from the uniform and fyftematic tenor of his policy,
that he never would have employed coercive means in
accomplilhing it. It is exceedingly to be lamented, that
perfonal and party confiderations prevented that firm
and cordial coalefcence amongft the whig infereft, which
was fo neceffary to give efficacy to their exertions. The
diflike of lord Chatham to the Newcaftle or Rockingham
party was invincible ; and the divifions and animofities
which originated in that diflike, and which his death was
far from extinguiftiing, will ever be lamented by this 11a,
tion, inafmuch as fuch a coalition of great abilities might
have finally prevented the mifchiefs that followed.

At the eve of a war with France, and a war with Spain
in no very diftant profpeCt, two different lines of condudt
now obvioufly prefented themfelves : either, firft, to with¬
draw our fleets and armies from America, and to direCl the
whole force of the empire againft the houfe of Bourbon, in
the hope of fuccefs fo decifive, as to enable us in the refult

to conclude an advantageous accommodation with Ame¬
rica, conformably to the general ideas of lord Chatham;
or, fecondly, which would have been infinitely the wifer,
though the l'efs fplendid plan, at once to recognize, upon
a principle of mutual amity, the independency of Ame¬
rica, which would have opened the way, without diffi¬
culty, to an immediate and general pacification. But our
affairs feemed as yet too profperous in the opinion of mi¬
ni (try to juftify fuch a facrifire ; and the North-American
continent continued to be the theatre of bloodfhed, rapine,
difcord, and defolation; families deftroying kindred fal
milies, and Englifhmen and their offspring planting the
fword in each others breafts ; while the natural foe of
both hovered on the coafts, anxious to aftift and promote
the felf-deftruftion of an empire, which it could otherwife
never hope to fubdue.

From this fatal fcene of unnatural warfare in America,
the particulars of which we have already referred the
reader to in our firft volume, p. 439, &c. it will be expe¬
dient to advert to the fituation of affairs in F.urope. When
a war with France became inevitable, admiral Keppel,
an officer of diftinguifhed reputation, but wholly uncon¬
nected with the miniftry, was, on the perfonal folicitation
of the king, prevailed on to accept the command of the
channel fleet, though, as he himfelf obferved, “ his forty
years fervices were not marked by any favour from the
crown, except that of its confidence in the hour of dan¬
ger.” On the 13th of June, 1778, the admiral failed from
St. Flelen’s with twenty (hips of the line, and at the en¬
trance of the bay of Bifcay lie fell in with the Licorne and
the Belle Poule, two French frigates. Through that
feeblenels and indecifion of counfels which prevailed at
this period, the admiral had no pofitive orders as to the
commiffion or avoidance of aCtual hoftilities, but was in¬
verted with an unmeaning, and as to himfelf dangerous,
difcretion of adding according to circumftances. Perceiv¬
ing the frigates intent on taking an accurate furvey of his
fleet, he thought it expedient to fire a gun in order to
compel them to bring to ; and on their refufal to obey, a
chace enfued, when the Licorne, after wantonly difcharging
a whole-broadfide, ftruck to the America, of feventy-fo.ur
guns. The Belle Poule, after a warm engagement with
the Arethufa, efcaped by running on-fhore. The Pallas
alfo, another French frigate, was in the mean time cap¬
tured and detained. From the papers found on-board
thefe frigates, the admiral difcovered, to his inexpreflible
aftonifliment, that the French fleet, lying 'in Brelf-water,
amounted to no lets than thirty-two fail of the line ; he
was therefore under the immediate neceflity of returning
to port for a reinforcement.

On the 9th of July, he was enabled again to fail with
twenty-four (hips, and was foon afterwards joined by fix
more. In a few days he came in fight of the French fleet,
commanded by M. d’Orvilliers, who feemed, on perceiv¬
ing the Englilh fleet nearly equal in force, inclined to
avoid an engagement ; but the wind changing fome points
in favour of the Englifh, they gained fo much upon the
enemy, that an engagement became inevitable, and the
French ranging in order of battle, but on the oppofite
tack, the fleets parted each other about noon in a diago¬
nal direction. The action, though very warm, was con-
fequently partial ; but the Englifh admiral, having in a
fliort time fufticiently repaired his damages, made the
proper (ignals for the van and rear divifions to take their
refpeftive ftations. This order was inftantly obeyed by
fir Robert Harland, of the van j but admiral fir Hugh
Pallifer, of the rear or blue divifion, who had fallen a
great way to leeward, took no notice whatever of the fig-
nals. Admiral Keppel, after waiting perhaps too long,
fent the Fox frigate at five o’clock with peremptory di¬
rections to fir Hugh Pallifer, to bear down into his wake
in order to renew the engagement. Sir Hugh anfwered,
“ that he was knotting and fplicing, but would obey the
order as foon as poflible.” At fix o’clock the commander
threw out another fignai f®r all lhips to come into their

ftations ;

E N G L A N D.

rtations ; and at feven o’clock, wearied with expe&ation,
he threw out a third fignal, tor each particular (hip of
the blue divifion to come into her ftation in the line ; but
all to no purpofe, and the day finally clofed before fir
Hugh Pallifer rejoined his commander. In the night the
French made fail for their own coaft, and in the morning
fcarcely were the rearmoft fliips difcernible from the top-
maft heads of the Englilh fleet. Admiral Keppei there,
fore returned to Portfmouth to refit; but his public let-
ter, containing an "account of this tranfadlion, occafioned
great fpeculation ; his defire to fcreen the mifcondudt of
the admiral of the blue, induced him to give fuch a rela¬
tion of this engagement, as feemed to imply great impro¬
priety of behaviour in the commander himfelf. For no
reafon whatever was affigned for not renewing the engage¬
ment in the afternoon, except the expedition of the ad¬
miral, “ that the French would fight it out handfomely
the next day.”

It was impoffible that the truth fhould not in fome de¬
gree tranfpire ; and a well-written letter appearing fome
time afterwards in the public prints, feverely reflefting
on the conduit of fir Hugh Palliier, that officer thought
proper to require from the commander in chief a formal
difavowal of the charges it contained, and a public jufti-
fication of his charaiter. This the commander abfolutely
and indignantly declining, the vice-admiral immediately
exhibited articles of accufation againft admiral Keppei,
for mifconduit and negleit of duty on the 27th of July,
1778, although he had in the month of October a fecond
time failed with admiral Keppei, and had never before
this fo much as whifpered a word to his prejudice. The
lords of the admiralty,- with apparent alacrity, fixed a
day for the trial of the commander in chief ; the refult
of which was in the higheft degree honourable to that
brave and injured officer, who was not only unanimoufly
acquitted by the court-martial, but received the thanks
of both houfes of parliament for his fervices. Sir Hugh
Pallifer afterwards demanded a court-martial upon him¬
felf, which terminated in a flight cenfure only ; but the
refentment of the public was fo great that it was deemed
expedient by the minifters to accept his fucceffive refig-
nations of his place at the board of admiralty, his lieute-
nant-generalfliip of marines, his government of Scarbo-
rough-caftle, and to permit him to vacate his feat in the
houfe of commons. The ready acquiefcence of the board
of admiralty in the appointment of the court-martial, on
a charge fo grofsly invidious and unjuft, gave the higheft
difguft to the officers of the navy. A ftrong memorial
was prefented to his majefty on the fubjeft by the duke
of Bolton, figned by twelve admirals, with the venerable
Hawke at their head, dating to .his majefty, in ftrong co¬
lours, the ruinous confequences which the precedent now
introduced would inevitably bring upon all naval fervice
and difcipline. “ If, (faid thefe gallant defenders of
their country,) we had conceived that this board had no
legal ufe of their reafon in a point of fuch delicacy and
importance, we Ihould have known on what terms we
ferved ; but we never did imagine it poffible that we were
to receive orders from, and be accountable to, thofe who
by law were reduced to become mere paffive inftruments
to the poffible ignorance, malice, or treachery, of any in¬
dividual, who might think fit to difarm his majefty’s
navy of its belt and higheft officers. We conceive it to
be difrefpeftful to the laws of our country to fuppofe
them capable of fuch manifeft injuftice and abfurdity.”

The only part of admiral Keppel’s conduct really cul¬
pable, appears to have proceeded from that excefs of de¬
ference and refpeft for fir Hugh Palliier, which prevented
his adopting thofe daring and decifive meafures the occa-
fion called for, in order to improve in the moft effectual
manner an opportunity of which he had little reafon to
expedt the return. The courage of fir Hugh Pallifer had
been on many occafions too confpicuous to be queftioned ;
but that principle of envy, fo powerful in fome minds,
could not endure that a man whom he regarded in the
Vol. VI. No. 388.

743

light of a rival, ffiould acquire fuch an addition of fame
and fuperiority as muft have refulted from a complete
and decided vidtory. In confequence of this fatal milun-
derltanding, lord Howe declared in parliament his refolu-
tion to decline all future fervice, fo long as the prefep.t
minifters continued in office. A decifive experience had
taught him, that befides rilking his honour and profef-
fional charadter in fuch an attempt, he could not, under
fuch counfels, render any elfential fervice to his country.
The Howes, impatient of the obloquy now thrown upon
them by the partifans of the miniftry, earneftly folicited
a parliamentary enquiry into their conduct in America;
to which the minifter at length very reluctantly aflented.
A multitude of papers were in confequence laid upon the
table ; and the houfe refolving itfelf into a committee of
enquiry, lord Cornwallis, fir Charles Grey, fir Guy Carle-
ton, and various other officers of high reputation who
had ferved in America, were examined at the bar of tire
houfe ; and the refult of a long and tedious inveftigation
was, “ That the force fent to America was at no time
equal to the fubjugation of that continent ; that the
people of America were almoft unanimous in their en¬
mity and refiftance to Great Britain ; that the nature of
the country was beyond any other difficult and impracti¬
cable for military operations ; and that there was no fairer
profpedt of fuccefs, in any fubfequent attempt at conqueft,
than in thofe which had been already made.” On the
29th of June, 1779, the committee was fuddenly dilfolved,
without coming to a fingle refolution on any part of the
bufinefs.

A fiiort time before the prorogation, a royal meflage
was unexpectedly delivered to both houfes, on a fubjeCt
of the iaigheft importance, informing them, that a mani-
fefto had been prefented to his majefty by the count
d’ Almodovar, ambaifador of the king of Spain, contain¬
ing a declaration of hoftility on the part of the Catholic
king, who had in confequence ordered his ambaifador to
depart without taking leave. The difclofure of this alarm¬
ing event, fo long predicted by the minority, called for k
all their powers of eloquence and inveCtive. The mi¬
nifters were reminded of their incredulity on this fubject,
and of their unfounded declarations, “ that Spain could
have no intereft in joining our enemies ; Spain had colo¬
nies of her own, and would not fet fo bad an .example as
to afford aid or fuccour to our rebellious colonies. The
honour, fincerity, and fidelity, of the court of Spain, were
held up as facred, and thus were parliament and the na¬
tion kept in a conftant ftate of delufion, until awakened
from their dream by impending ruin.”

On the 3d of July, the king clofed the feffion with a
fpeech, in which his majefty mentioned it as a happy
omen of the fifccefs of his arms, that the in’creafe of dif¬
ficulties feemed only to augment the courage and con.
ftancy of the nation. The memorial of count d’Almo-
dovar, and a long juftificatory manifefto fubfequently pub-
liflied by the court of Madrid, were filled with heavy
complaints of the condudt of the Englilh court for feveral
years paft, though certainly grounded on no folid reafon;
the king of England truly affirming in his meflage to par¬
liament, “ That with regard to Spain he had nothing to
reproach himfelf with ; and that his defire to cultivate
peace and amity with that power had been uniform and
lincere.” The court of Madrid pretended, that the in.
fults and incredible violences offered to the Spanilh tra¬
ders by England, from the year 1776 to the beginning of
the prefent year 1779, .were no lefs than eighty-fix in
number, fince which other infults and injuries had been
offered ; fo that the whole amount arofe to the full com¬
plement of one hundred.

During the recefs of parliament, the earl of Stormont,
late ambaifador at Paris, was made fecretary of ftate in
the room of the earl of Suffolk, deceafed. The earl of
Weymouth a fecond time refigned the feals of the fou th¬
em department, which were transferred to the earl of
Hillfborough ; and earl Bathur.il, chancellor of Great
9 ■£ Britain,

ENGLAND,

750

Britain, was nominated prefident of the council, in the
room of earl Gower. The great feal had been configned,
in the cotirfe of the preceding year, to the attorney-gene¬
ral Tluirlow, created baron Thurlow, a man endowed by
nature with uncommon talents, which were concealed,
and in efieiSt loft to the world, under an almoft impervious
veil of niorofenefs. Under this miniftry the war broke
cut with Spain.

In the Weft Indies, foon after the failure of d’Eftaing
on St. Lucie, admiral Barrington was joined by admiral
Byron ; and the Engliih fleet being now fuperior to that
of the French, endeavours were ufed to force the enemy
to a general engagement ; but they chofe, rather than en¬
counter this rifk, to remain inaftive in the harbour of
Fort Royal. Admiral Byron, however, deeming it expe¬
dient to convoy the trade-fhips collected at St. Chrifto-
p’ner’s in June, part of their voyage ; count d’Eftaing
took the opportunity of detaching a confiderable force to
the ifland of St. Vincent, which furrendered, though gar-
rifoned by feven companies of regular troops, without
firing a (hot. This is afcribed to the dread entertained
of an infurredtion of the Caribbs, who ftill entertained a
deep refentment of the injuries they had fuftained. The
French commander, being now joined by a large rein¬
forcement of (hips and troops, failed with twenty-fix (hips
of the line from Fort Royal, in the beginning of July,
and (leered his courfe to the ifland of Grenada, which,
though bravely defended by the governor, lord Macart¬
ney, was compelled in a (liort time to furrender at difcre-
tion. Admiral Byron, on his return, receiving intelligence
of the capture of St. Vincent’s, immediately determined
to make an effort for its recovery ; but, on his paffage
thither, heard the ftill more unwelcome tidings of the
attack of Grenada, of which he now refolved to attempt
the relief. On the 6th of July the two fleets came in
fight; but the French, having already effedled their pur-
pofe, were little inclined, notwithftanding their prefent
fuperiority, to rifk a clofe engagement. A warm but in-
decifive action enfued between the van divifions of the
two fleets, in the courfe of which the Englifh firft difco.
vered the French colours flying on the fortrefs of St.
George. In the refult, the Englifh fleet bore away for
Antigua, and the French returned to Grenada.

Count d’Eftaing being fully informed of the critical
fituation of the fouthern provinces of America, now, un¬
expectedly directing his courfe to Georgia, made an eafy
capture of the Experiment, of fifty guns, with fupplies
of various kinds on-board for Savannah, and three othef
frigates, which he fell in with on his way. On the 9th
of September he anchored off" the mouth of the Savannah,
to which general Prevoft had again retired, and fent a
haughty fummons to that officer to furrender to the arms
of his mod Chriftian majefty ; to which a fpirited anfwer
was returned. The count d’Eftaing being joined by ge¬
neral Lincoln, the allies advanced to the attack of the
Britifti lines on the morning of the 9th of October. They
were every where repuifed with heroic valour. Count
d’Eftaing himfelf being wounded in the aCtion, and the
troops having fuftained great lofs, the liege was raifed.
The count now retired to the Weft Indies; whence he
quickly returned to France, much chagrined at the final
difappointment of the vaft hopes and projects which he
had originally formed.

During tilde tranfaCtions, much alarm had been created
in England by the junction of the fleets of France and
Spain, which took place very foon after the delivery of
the Spanilh manifefto. In Auguft, 1779, they entered
the channel to the amount of (ixty-five (hips of the line,
accompanied by a cloud of frigates, (loops, and fire-(hips.
The Engliffi fleet, commanded by fir Charles Hardy, who
had received no inftruCtions to prevent this formidable
junction, being utterly unable to encounter fo prodigious
a force, was compelled to retire, whilft the flags of France
and Spain menaced and infulted the Englifh coafts, whilft
their (hips rode triumphant in the Engliih channel, Ply¬

mouth was, by the unaccountable negligence of the mf-
nifters, left fo entirely deftitute of the means of defence,
that the docks and lhipping in the harbour might have
been deftroyed without difficulty. Fortunately this was
not known to the confederate commanders ; and on the
approach of the equinox, count d’Orvilliers (leered his
courfe back to Bred, without effecting any tiling further
than the capture of the Ardent man of war, which had
failed into the midft_of the combined fleets while at an¬
chor off Plymouth, miftaking them for the Englifh fqua-
dron. But the mod remarkable confequence refulting
from the appearance of this vaft armament in the Britifh
feas, was the extraordinary vigour and refolution with
which it fuddenly infpired the inhabitants of the kingdom
of Ireland, who had hitherto contented themfelves with
feeble lamentations and unavailing complaints. Seeing
themfelves in a manner abandoned by England, their
troops withdrawn, their commerce unprotected, their
grievances unredreffed, military and mercantile affocia-
tions began every where to be formed ; and in a (hort
time, to the aftonifhment of the world, an army of fifty
thoufand volunteers, as if by magic, was created, difei-
plined, and equipped ; and refolutions almoft univerfally
paffed againft the life of Britifti manufactures.

The Englifh minifters, whofe fears and apprelienfions
on this occafion happily fupplred their deficiency in in¬
formation, inftead of oppofing this national rage, furniftied
the new-raifed army with arms from the royal magazines ;
and thus gave a lanCtion to a meafure which had been
adopted without any regard to their confent or approba¬
tion. The Irifli parliament met on the izth of October*,
and to the ufual addrefs brought forward by the courtiers,,
ail amendment was moved, and adopted by a great majo¬
rity, to infert in the body of the addrefs the following
words: “We beg leave humbly to reprefent to your
majefty, that it is not by temporary expedients, but by a
free trade, that this nation is now to be faved from im¬
pending ruin.” In this the lords concurred, and the ad-
dreftes were carried up to the lord lieutenant with great
parade arnidft the acclamations of the people ; the duke of
Leinfter, who commanded the Dublin volunteers, efcort-
ing the fpeaker in perfon; and the thanks of both houfes
were unanimoufly voted to the volunteer corps through¬
out the kingdom, for their patriotic exertions ; and a fix
months money bill palled the commons, in order to pre¬
vent a fudden prorogation.

Before we inveftigate the confequences of this alarming
fpirit, it may be proper to notice a further occafion of
mifunderftanding between the courts of London and the
Hague, from an encounter which took place in the courfe
of the prefent fummer between fir Richard Pearfon of the
Serapis man of war, accompanied by the Scarborough
frigate, having under their convoy the trade from the
Baltic, and captain Paul Jones, an adventurer of defperate
fortune and defperate courage, who was commander of a
final! American fquadron, which had for fome time paft
infefted the Britifh feas. After a very fierce and bloody
attion, both the Serapis and Scarborough, the convoy
being firft fecured, were compelled to (trike their colours,
and were carried by their captors to the Texel. On this
a very ftrong memorial was prefented to the ftates-general
by fir Jofepli Yorke, who urged in the moft preifing terms,
“ That thofe drips and their crews may be (topped and
delivered up, which the pirate Paul Jones, who is a rebel
fubje£t, and a criminal of the (late, has taken.” But
their high mightineffes anfwered, “ That they will in no
refpe£t whatever pretend to judge of the legality or ille¬
gality of the actions of thofe who have on the open feas
taken any veflels which do not belong to this country,
and bring them into any ports of the republic ; and that
they are not authorized to pafs judgment either on thofe
prizes, or on the perfon of Paul Jones.” This was an an¬
fwer hard of digeftion to the Englifh, and which indeed
clearly indicated the partiality of the republic to the caufe
of America; but the quarrel between the two countries,

though

E N G L. A N D;

though evidently growing more and more ferious, was not
yet fufficiently matured for an aCtual rupture.

Very early intelligence of the war with France having
been lent by exprels over land to India, the city of Pon¬
dicherry was inverted by the troops of the company and
of the government, in the autumn of 1779; and, after a
gallant refiftance by M. de Bellecombe, the governor, it
furrendered to the arms of his Britannic majefty. On the
other hand, the fettlement of Senegal, and the Britifh
forts on the river Gambia, were captured by a French
fquadron under M. de Lauzun.

On the 6th of December, a refolution of cenfure on the
minifters was moved in the houfe of commons by the earl
of Upper Oflory, relative to the affairs of Ireland. His
lordfhip obferved, “ rhat the minifters feemed totally to
have abandoned the government of that country to
chance. They neither felt for its diftreftes, nor provided
againft its refentments : the prefent ftate of Ireland, (his
lord fit ip faid,) was truly alarming, and feemed to portend
a fudden diffolution of the conftitutional connection which
had fo long fubfifted between the two countries. To the
fhameful inattention of the miniftry, who might in the
early ftages of the miferies of that kingdom have granted
the Irifti nation fubftantial relief, was the prefent fpirit of
refiftance wholly imputable.” The motion was power¬
fully fupported by Mr. Fox, Mr Burke, and Mr. Dun¬
ning; and oppofed in an elaborate fpeech by lord North,
who pledged himfelf, on a given day, to move certain
propofitions favourable to Ireland. On the day previ-
oufty fixed, lord North accordingly brought forward his
propofitions refpeCtijig Ireland, which opened her com¬
merce, and allowed the free exportation of her woollens.
Thefe privileges were received in Ireland, not only with
fatisfadtion, but with exultation and joy, from the flutter¬
ing expectation of deriving from them an gfteCtual relief
to her diftrefles.

An aCt of parliament had parted in the courfe of the
fertion of 177S, relieving the Roman catholics from fome
of the heavier penalties infliCted upon them in the feven-
teenth century. This aCt feemed to be well approved in
England ; but the fanatical fpirit, unextinguirtied fince
the days of Knox, and which ftilt difcovered itfelf by
unequivocal fymptoms in Scotland, prevented the exten-
fion of this defective toleration to that kingdom. Yet
on the bare fufpicion of fuch an indulgence, great tu¬
mults took place at Edinburgh and Glafgow, the popirti
chapel in the metropolis was deftroyed, and the houfes
of the principal catholics attacked and plundered ; on
which the lord provoft ptiblirtied a fingnlar proclama¬
tion, afcribing the riots to the “ apprehenlions, fears, and
diftrefled minds, of well-meaning people, and a {Turing
them no repeal of the penal ftatutes would take place.”
Incited by this encouraging declaration, the fanatics
formed themfelves into a fociety, ftyled the “ Proteftant
Artociation,” to oppofe any remiflion of the perfecuting
laws againft the papifts ; and of this artociation lord
George Gordon was chofen p'refident, a man in the high-
eft degree wild, eccentric, and enthufiaftical. This t\ffo-
ciation was gradually extended to England, and much
pains were taken by inflammatory harangues and pam¬
phlets to prejudice the minds of the vulgar againft the
late falutary relaxation of the penal code. It was at
length determined to prepare a petition for a repeal of
the law in queftion, which is affirmed to have obtained
one hundred and twenty thoufand fignatures, or marks, of
men of the loweft orders of fociety, whofe excefs of zeal
could be equalled only by the grofl'nefs of their ignorance ;
a combination of qualities at once ridiculous and terrible.
Lord George Gordon, who was himfelf a member of the
houfe of commons, declined to prefent this petition, un-
lefs lie were accompanied to the houfe by at leaft twenty
thoufand men.

A public meeting of the artociation was, in confequence,
convened in St. George’s Fields, London, June 2, 1-780,
whence it was fuppofed that not lefs than fifty thoufand

75 S

perfons proceeded in regular divifions, with lord George
Gordon at their head, to the houfe of commons, where
their petition was prefented by their prefident. Towards
evening this multitude began to grow tumultuous, and
grofsly infulted various members of both houfes, compell¬
ing them in parting to and from the houfe to cry, “ No
popery!” and to wear blue cockades. During the de¬
bate on the petition, lord George Gordon frequently ad-
drefled the mob without, in terms calculated to inflame
their paflions, and exprefsly ftating to them, “ that the
people of Scotland had no redrefs till they pulled down
the popifti chapels.” After the adjournment of the
houfe, the mob, on this fuggeftion, immediately pro¬
ceeded to the demolition of the chapels of the Sardinian
and Bavarian ambafladors. The military being ordered
out could not prevent the mifchief, but apprehended fe-
veral of the ring-leaders.

The next day, Saturday, parted quietly; but on Sun¬
day the rioters re-aflembled in vaft numbers, and deftroy¬
ed the chapels and private dwellings belonging to the
principal catholics in the vicinity of Moorfields. On
Monday they extended their devaftations to other parts
of the town ; and fir George Saville’s houfe, in Leicefter-
fqttare was totally demolithed by thefe blind and barba¬
rous bigots ; that diftinguifhed fenator and patriot hav¬
ing had the honour to be the firft mover of the bill. On
Tuefday, the day appointed for taking the petition into
confideration, the mob again furrounded the parliament
houfe, and renewed their outrages and infults. The
houfe, after parting fome refolutions adapted to the occa-
fion, and exprertive of their juft indignation, immediately
adjourned. In the evening the populace, now grown
more bold, attacked the prifon of Newgate, where feveral
of their comrades were confined ; and, letting the build¬
ing in flames, liberated more than three hundred felons
and debtors refident within its walls. Encouraged by
the impunity with which they had hitherto been fuffered
to go on, they next proceeded to lord Mansfield’s houfe
in Bloomfbury fquare, which they totally demolished,
his-lordffiip efcaping with great difficulty. Tire prifons
of Clerkenwell were alfo forced, many private houfes
plundered or deftroyed, and fcarcely did the night afford
any celfation of the riots.

On Wednefday the mob, hardened by- the mifchiefs
and villanies they had already perpetrated, attacked
with incredible fury the houfes of various individuals,
chiefly catholics, which they had previoufly marked for
deftruCtion. In the evening the King’s-bench, the Fleet
prifon, and the new compter, were fet on fire, and, with
a prodigious number of private dwellings in different parts
of the town burning at the fame time, formed a tremend¬
ous lcene of conflagration, to which London, fince the
great fire of 1666, had feen nothing parallel or fimilar»
The fame day attempts were made by the rioters on the
bank and pay-office; but thefe, being ftrongly guarded,
happily efcaped that deftruCtion which muft have involv¬
ed the whole nation in irreparable diftrefs and ruin.
What. appeared moll to excite the public indignation was
the criminal fupinenefs of the magiftracy of London dur¬
ing thefe horrible commotions, apparently threatening to
lay the metropolis of the empire level with the ground,
and which actually prefented in many parts the image of
of a city (formed and facked. At length the king himfelf
declared, with laudable refolution, in council, “that,
although the magiftrates had not done their duty, he
would not be deficient in his,” and general orders were
immediately tranfmitted to the military to fire upon the
rioters, without waiting for directions from the civil ma-
girtrate, in confequence of which the {laughter was terri¬
ble ; but in a fhort time the commotions were effectually
fuppreffed, and by Tlnirfday noon order and tranquillity
were perfectly reftored.

On that day lord George Gordon was taken into cufto-
dy, and, after a ftriCt examination before the privy coun¬
cil, committed clofe prifoner to the Tower on a charge
1 of

I

752 ENG L

of high treafon, for which there does not appear to have
been fufficient ground, and therefore on his trial he was
acquitted. An impeachment by the houfe of commons
■for high crimes and mifdetneanors would have been a
mode of procedure far more eligible and efficacious, and
would indubitably have infured that puniftiment which
his rafli condudt fo juflly merited.

A fpecial commillion was iffued for the trial of the riot¬
ers, of whom a great number, confifting of men very oppo-
file in defcription and character, were apprehended ; many
of whom fuffered death, On the 19th of June the parlia¬
ment met, and the king going in date to the houfe of
peers, made a very judicious fpeech, “ lamenting the ne-
cefiity which had obliged him, by every tie of duty and
affebtion to his people, to employ the force entrufted to
him for the fuppreflion of thofe abts of felony and trea¬
fon, which had borne down all civil authority, and
threatened the immediate fubverfion of all legal power,
the dedrubtion of all property, and the confufion of every
order in the date ; at the fame time renewing his affur-
ances, that he had no other object than to make the laws
of 'the realm, and the principles of the conditution, t he
rule and meafure of his condudt.” An addrefs of thanks
was defervedly voted in reply to this laudable fpeech,
without a fingle negative.

The political alienation which had for fome years taken
place between England and Holland, now began to un¬
fold itfelf. A requidtion had been made by the court of
London to the dates general, foon after the declaration
of war againft Spain, for the fuccours dipulated by the
treaty of 1678, confirmed by various fubfequent agree¬
ments ; but no anfwer could be obtained from their high
rnightineJTes. On the contrary, loud complaints were
made of the condubt of the Englifh court, which had
caufed to be feized, and carried into the different ports
of Great Britain, fli ips belonging to t he fubjebts of the
republic, navigated under the faith of treaties, and not
laden with contraband goods. On the other hand, Great
-Britain complained that France received from Holland
continual fupplies of naval and military dores, contrary
to the faith of treaties ; and that the principle of felf-
defence warranted the feizure and detention of all veffels
laden with fuch exceptionable cargoes.

On the id of January, 1780, commodore Fielding fell
in with a fleet of Dutch merchant fliips off Portland, con¬
voyed by a fmall fquadron commanded by count Byland.
Captain Fielding deflring permiflion to vifit the merchant
fliips, in order to afcertain whether they contained any
contraband goods, was refufed by the Dutch admiral ; on
which lie fired a (hot a-bead of the count, who returned a
broaddde : commodore F ield ing did the fame, and then the
Dutch immediately druck their colours. Such of tire mer¬
chant fliips as had naval dores on-board were Hopped, and
the Dutch admiral was informed that he was at liberty to
hoid his colours and profecute his voyage. But he re¬
fufed to quit his convoy, and accompanied the commodore
to Portfmouth. A memorial in drong and refentful terms
was prefented by the Dutch ambaffador, count Welderen,
by order of the dates, in confequence of this tranfabtion,
which was reprefented as a direbt attack upon the inde¬
pendence and fovereignty of their high mightineffes ; and
a peremptory demand was made of reparation and redrefs,
to which no regard was paid. But on the 17th of April
a declaration was publidied by the king of Great Britain,
by which it was announced, “ That repeated memorials
having been prefented by his majedy’s ambaffador to- the
(fates general, demanding the fuccours dipulated by
treaty, to which requidtion they had given no anfwer,
nor dgnified any intention of compliance, his majedy con-
fidered their high mightineffes as having deferted the
alliance that had fo long fubfided between Great Britain
and the republic; and Iris majedy from this time fuf-
pended, providonally, all the dipulations of the feveral
exidmg treaties, particularly. of the marine treaty, con¬
cluded at London, A.D. 1674.”

AND.

Holland was, however, far from being lingular in her
complaints refpebting the violated rights of neutrality.
The powers of the Baltic, with a firmer tone, and in more
decided language, declared their refolution to adopt fuch
meafures as were neeeffary for their own fecurity. Early
in the fpring of 1780, the emprefs of Rudia addrelfed a
declaration to the courts of London, Verfailles, and Ma¬
drid, containing an explicit ftatenrent of the principle^ on
which die had determined to abt for the removal of thofe
moledations which had interrupted the navigation of her
fubjebts, and for the prote’btion of the liberty of com¬
merce in general. The radical principles here laid down
were: I. That neutral fliips fnotild enjoy a free'naviga-
tion even from port to port, and on the coads of the bel¬
ligerent powers. II. That all eliebts belonging to the
fubjebts of the belligerent powers (hall be looked upon
as free on-board fuch neutral (hips, excepting only war¬
like dores or ammunition ; but neither the velfels, paf-
fengers, nor the red of the goods, (hall be liable to feizure
or detention. “ To thefe principles, (her imperial ma¬
jedy declared,) (he was firmly refolved to adhere ; and,
for the honour of her flag, and the fecurity of her fub¬
jebts, (lie had ordered a confiderable part of her naval
forces to be equipped, to act wherever her honour, inte-
reft, or necedity, (hould require.” Denmark and Sweden,
according in form to this declaration of Rudia, and or¬
dering fimilar equipments of their marine, this confede¬
racy of the powers of the north acquired the appellation
of “the armed neutrality;” and the bads on which it
was founded feemed to give univerfal fatisfablion through!
out Europe; England alone, againd whom it was mani-
fedly levelled, excepted.

Great Britain, thus menaced on all fides, neverthelefs
purfued the war with vigour; and Spain commenced her
offenfive operations with the blockade of Gibraltar. Early
in 1780, dr George Rodney was appointed to the com¬
mand of a powerful fleet, dedined for the relief of that
garrifon, having on-board prince William-Henry, the third
(on of his majedy. On the northern coad of Spain he fell
in a convoy of twenty-two merchant-dtips, richly laden,
under the protebtion of a fquadron of feven diips of war.,
to which he immediately gave chace, and in a few hours
the wdiole were taken. This fuccefs was the prelude to
another and much greater.

On the 1 6th of January, off Cape St. Vincent, he
defcried a Spanilli fquadron, confiding of fourteen fail of
the line, which he direbtly bore down upon, and, not-
withdanding the dormy feafon, taking the lee-gage, in
order to prevent the enemy from retreating into their
own ports ; at four in the afternoon the action began, and
in little more than half an hour one of the Spanifh (hips
blew up with a dreadful explofion. Tiie engagement,
neverthelefs, continued with unabating fury in the midd
of darknefs ; and, before morning, the Phoenix, of eighty
guns, don Juande Langara, the Spanidi admiral’s own
(hip ; the Motiarca, the Princeffa, the Diligenti, of feventy
guns each, druck their colours ; the St. Julien, and St.
Eugenio, were alfo captured ; but through the violence
of the temped, were driven on-lhore and lod. The others
efcaped in a very (hattered condition, and the whole fqua-
dron, as to any immediate capability of fervice, might be
confidered as annihilated. Though the force of admiral
R.odney was greatly fuperior, his lkill and courage were
fully apparent in the mode of conducting the attack,
which the violence of the dorm, the darknels of the night,
and the vicinity of a lee-(hore, every where encircled with
fhoals and breakers, rendered extremely dangerous; the
admiral’s own diip, the Sandwich, and feveral others,
were in extreme hazard of being lod on the (lioals of St.
Lucar, and did not get into deep water till the next day.
After effecting the primary object of his commillion, tiie
relief of Gibraltar, (ir George Rodney proceeded to the
Wed indies, lending home his prizes under the care of
admiral Digby, who, on his pa (Cage, captured the Prothee,
a French (hip of iixty-four guns, and part of her convoy

of

ENGLAND.

of merchant- (hips. No fooner had admiral Rodney taken
upon him the command in the Weft Indies, than every
poffible exertion was made to bring on a general adtion,
which count de Guichen, who commanded the French
fleet, cautioufty avoided ; but intelligence being received
that in the night of tire 1 5th of April, 1780, they had put
to fea with their whole force, Rodney, who was ftationed
at St. Lucie, immediately followed, and early on the
morning of the 17th he came in fight of the enemy ; at
noon the admiral made the fignal for a general and clofe
engagement, himfelf fetting a noble example of courage
to the fleet by bearing down upon tire French admiral,
whom he fought with unremitting fury till the enemy
bore away, leaving the Sandwich, which from caufes not
eafily or clearly afcertainable, was very ill fupported in
this adtion, a mere wreck upon the water. Other partial
and indecifive encounters alfo took place, in which little
inferiority of (kill or courage was difcernible on the part
of the French officers or feamen.

During thefe tranfadfions in the Weft Indies, don Gal¬
vez, the Spanilh governor of Louifiana, reduced the Bri-
tifli fettlements on the Miffiffippi, and had made great
progrefs in the conqueft of the province of Weft Florida,
though Penfacola held out to the next year. As a very
inadequate counterbalance to thefe f'uccefles, an expedi¬
tion had been undertaken from Jamaica to the Spanifit
main ; and the fortrefs of Omoa, which contained a con-
(iderable booty in fpecie and merchandife, was taken by
ftorrn, but foon afterwards evacuated. A very heavy
misfortune in the autumn of this year took place, in the
entire capture of the outward-bound Eaft and Weft India
fleets, in the Bay of Bifcay, by the Spaniards; a lofs
which had no parallel in the naval and commercial hif-
tory of Great Britain, fince the famous capture of the
Smyrna fleet, in the reign of king William.

On the 3d of September, 1780, the Mercury, a congrefs
packet, was taken by the Veftul friga.e, off the banks of
Newfoundland. On-board this packer was Mr. Laurens,
prefident of the American congrefs, charged with a com-
million to Holland. On being brought to England, he
was examined by the privy council, and committed clofe
prifoner to the Tower, on an accu Cation of high treafon.
His papers, which had been thrown overboard, and by
great dexterity and diligence recovered and deciphered,
were found to contain the lketch of a treaty of amity and
commerce between the republic of Holland and the dates
of America. This treaty appeared to be in a train of ne-
gociation, and to have received the fandtion and appro¬
bation of M. Van Berkel, counfellor and penfionary of
Amfterdam. Such was the high offence taken by the
court of London at this difeovery, that orders were tranf-
nritted to fir Jofeph Yorke immediately to leave the
Hague, and a declaration of war was made againft Holland
on the 20th of December, 1780. This was a meafure to¬
tally unexpedfed on the part of the (fates general, wdio
were ill-prepared for fuch a rupture. Before the de¬
parture of count Welderen from the court of London, he
delivered, by order of the dates, a letter to lord Stormont,
which his lordfliip returned unopened; the war having
been decided on in the cabinet as inevitable.

A very confiderable portion of the fir ft feffion of the
new parliament, w'hich met on the 31ft of Odtober, 1780,
was occupied in the confideration of the affairs of India,
from the period in which the memorable bill of regula¬
tion framed by lord North, A. D. 1773, pafted into a
law. In the mobth of April, a 772, took place, in confe-
Xtuence of the removal of governor Cartier, the memo¬
rable appointment of Warren Haftings, efq. as governor-
general of Bengal ; a man, whofe conduct throughout
ail the inferior gradations of office (food confefledly un¬
impeached. The members of the fupreme council at the
fame time appointed under him were, fir John Clavering,
colonel Monfon, and Philip Francis, efq. That the reader
may be enabled to form a competent idea of the nature of
Indian politics, and of the mode of traffic by which fuch
Vol, VI. No, 388.

753

immenfe fortunes were all at once poured into England
from that opulent country, we fliall, from the docuf
ments furniffied by the public enquiry into the condudt
of Mr. Haftings in Hindooftan, give a faint outline of the
government under which fuch riches were acquired, and
which called fo loudly for the interference of the Britifh
parliament.

The project which had been unjuftly adopted in India,
and fo univerfally execrated in England, of fetting up the
lands of the zemindars, polygars, See. to public audtion,
ftill appeared, from the immediate adoption of this fyftenr
by the new governor, to be the favourite policy of Mr.
Haftings himfelf. In the (pace of about two hundred
years, during which the kingdom, of Bengal and its ap¬
pendages had been under the Mahomedan government,
the original ground rents or heriots, aujjil jumm'a, of the
zemindars, and other great hereditarydandholders who
held under the government, had never been railed ; and'
a permanent intereft being thus created in the land, the
talookdars, polygars, and 'ryots, who poflefied the fub-
ordinate rights of property under the zemindars, were
neither themfelves opprelfed, nor allowed to opprefs the
adtual occupants and cultivators of the foil. But from
the period that Bengal fell into the hands of the Englifti,
this judicious regulation appears to have been annihi¬
lated, by unreafonably advancing the fee- farm rents.
Mr. Haftings, among the firft adis of his government,
inftituted a committee of circuit, inverted with the power
to difpofe of all the lands in the province, from the higheft
zemindar down to the lowed ryot, by public auction,
to farm for the term of five years. The pretext for this
bold meafure, was the decay of the public revenue, of
which, in confequence of this fyftem, Mr. Haftings had
the courage to prorrjife the court of directors an immedi¬
ate and progreffive augmentation ; acknowledging, never-
thelefs, the country at the fame time to be in a languifh-
ing date, and that the population had decreafed in the
proportion of one-third fince the firft grant of the dewan-
nee, or fovereign jurifdidlion, from the Mogul emperor.
The mod dreadful confufion began to enftte ; and Mr.
Haftings, in his minute of April, 1773, confefles, “ That
the expedted improvement had not taken place, being
obftrudted by a circumftance which could not be fore-
feen, viz. the farmers having engaged for a higher re¬
venue than their diftridts could afford. It is true (fays
he) that the lands were almoft all over-bid for ; and many
let to indigent and defperate adventurers ; but this was
unavoidable in fuch a mode.” The deficiency in the re¬
venue was in fadt enormous, falling, in five years, no lefs
than two millions and a half fhort of the fettlement. The
lands being on all hands admitted to be partially over¬
rated, the governor and council were of courfe called
upon to exercife a diferetionary power of remillion. 1 his
at once opened an immenfe field of fraud and peculation,
and could not fail to prove to individuals, in certain filua-
tions, an exhauftlefs fource of wealth. The court of di-
redtors declared themfelves, in the fequel, “ fully aware
of the duplicity which had been pradtifed in the letting
out the lands in Bengal; that flagrant corruption and
great oppreffions had been committed ;” and they ordered
a profecution to be commenced againft the perfons who
compofed the committee of circuit. But after long and
ftudied delays, Mr. Haftings ultimately propofed, and
carried his propofition in council, “ That orders fhould
be given for withdrawing the faid profecution.” It is
worthy of remark, that the banyan, or black fteward, of
Mr. Haftings, Cantoo Baboo, rented, under the new te¬
nure, lands to the value of 150,000!. per annum ; and
remillions to a very great amount were granted to this
man, as well as to all thofe whofe reafons appeared to
the governor and council equally valid. The zemindary
of Baharbu’nd, taken from the rannee ot Radlhi, was alfo
given in perpetuity to Cantoo Baboo, at a rent of 82,000
rupees, although the value of it was rated at 350,000.
The fame Cantoo Baboo was alfo permitted to contract
9 F largely

ENGLAND.

754

largely for the provifion of the company’s inveftments ;
“ but this (the court of directors, in their general letter
of December, 1776, fay,) we pofitively forbid in future.”
The aftonifhment into which fir John Clavering and his
colleagues were thrown, on being apprized of this extra¬
ordinary (late of things in Bengal, was much increafed by
the alarming information of a_war, into which the gover¬
nor-general had recently entered, in conjunction with the
vizier Sujah ul Dowla, nabob of Oude, for the abfolute
conquefl and extirpation of the nation of the Rohillas,
inhabiting the fertile and beautiful province of Rohil-
cund, fituated to the northward of the dominions of the
vizier, and bounded by the high range of mountains di¬
viding Hindooftan from Tartary. It was not pretended
by Mr. Mailings, that the company had received any in¬
jury whatever from the Rohilla nation ; but that we en¬
gaged in the war folely as allies. of the nabob vizier. The
caufes or pretexts of the quarrel, with refpeCt to the
vizier himfelf, were of a nature palpably unreafonable
and unjuft. The Rohilla nation, being involved in hofti-
lities with the Mahrattas, had applied to the vizier for
afiiftance, who agreed to furnifti them with a large body
of troops for an equivalent in money. But, through the
dilatory, or perhaps infidious, policy of the vizier, the
auxiliary troops did not arrive till the enemy were re-
pulfed. The Rohilla government, therefore, objected
to the payment of the promifed flipend ; on which the
vizier, with the concurrence of Mr. Hallings, determined
to declare war againft the Rohillas, for the purpofe of
adding fo defirablea territory to his dominions. Such is
the Rohilla ftatement of the cafe. Neverthelefs, fir Ro¬
bert Barker, and the other officers employed in this expe¬
dition, (Irongly attefl the performance of the fervice con¬
tracted for by the vizier, in their refpeCtive examinations
at the bar of the houfe of commons. The Rohillas, in
the higheft degree alarmed, offered to fubmit the whole
caufe of difpute to the arbitration of the Englifit ; but
this was declined by Mr. Haftings, who urged the vizier
in ftrong terms to the execution of his defign, declaring
to him, “ That it would be abfolutely neceflary to perfe-
vere in it until it fhould be accompli(hed ; and that he
could not hazard or anfwer for the difpleafure of the
company, if they fhould find themfelves engaged in a
fruitlefs war, or in a ruinous expence for profecuting
it.” This apprehenfion was founded on very reafonable
grounds; for the court of directors, in their inftruCtions
to the fupreme council, had laid it down as an unaltera¬
ble maxim, “ That they were to avoid taking part in the
political fchemes of any of the country princes, particu¬
larly of the nabob of Oude, of whofe ambitious difpofi-
tion they were well apprized.”

A confiderable body of troops under colonel Champion,
being detached to the aid of the vizier, entered the pro¬
vince of Rohilcund, and a pitched battle took place, in
which Hafiz Rhamel, the principal leader of the Rohillas,
and many other of their chieftains, were flain. The whole
country, defcribed as “ a garden not having one fpot in
it of uncultivated ground,” was, in confequence of this
war, converted into a barren wade, and in a great meafure
depopulated, either by the rigours of military execution,
or by forcing the wretched inhabitants beyond the moun¬
tains, to wander and perifh in the Tartarian deferts. For
this fervice, the vizier had agreed to pay into the trea-
fury of Calcutta the fum of forty lacks of rupees ; and
Mr. Haftings, in vindication of his conduCt, alleged, and
in his memorable parliamentary defence entered upon
record, the following very extraordinary reafons : “Tire
acquifition of this film to the company, and of fo much
fpecie added to the exhaufted currency of our provinces,
that it would give wealth to the nabob of Oude, of which
we fhould participate; that he ftiould be always ready to
profefs, that he did reckon the probable acquifition of
wealth among his reafons for taking up arms againft his
neighbours; that it would eafe the company of a confi¬
derable part of their military expence, and preferve their

troops from inactivity and relaxation of difcipline; that
the Rohillas are not a nation, but a body of foreign ad¬
venturers, who had made a conqueft of the country about
fixty years before. See the article Hindoostan. That
this province would be a rnofl commodious acquifition,
and the weaknefs of the Rohillas, with the open and de-
fencelefs ftate of the country, promifed an eafy conqueft -
and finally, that fuch was his idea of the company’s difl
trefs at home, added to his knowledge of their wants
abroad, that he fhould have been glad of any occafton to
employ their forces which faved fo much of their pay and
expences.”

The principal of the Rohilla chieftains, who efcaped
from the decifive battle of St. George, was Fyzoola Khan,
who retired to a remote part of the country with his treal
fures, and the fhattered remains of the Rohilla army ;
and after the death of Hafiz, renowned throughout the
eaft for the fuperiority of his intellectual talents and per-
fonal accomplifhments, Fyzoola Khan was very generally
acknowledged as the head of this unfortunate nation.
Finding his utter inability to continue the war, he fued
in very ftibmiflive terms for peace ; which the vizier,
through the interceftion of colonel Champion, thought
proper to grant ; and a treaty was accordingly figned at
Lali-Dang, OCtober 1774, agreeably to which Fyzoola
Khan was confirmed in the poffeflion of Rampore, Shaw-
abad, and fome adjoining diftriCts ; on condition of giving
up half his treafure, and of furnifhing a certain ftipulated
quota of troops when called upon. Thus the Rohilla
war ended : but it was fubfequently condemned in deci¬
five terms by a formal refolution of the court of directors
in London, paffed November 1775, “ as contrary to the
exprefs and repeated orders of the court, and inconliftent
with the principles both of policy and juftice ;” and this
refolve was, with the omiflion of the laft word, confirmed
by a vote of the court of proprietors.

After having made the acquifition of Bengal, the com¬
pany at home feemed fully fatisfied with the extent of
their conquefts ; and the difpatches of the court of direc¬
tors were from that period filled with rigorous injunctions
to avoid all offenfive wars, in which they appear perpetu¬
ally apprehenfive that the ambition, temerity, and ava¬
rice, of their fervants in India would involve them. Ne¬
verthelefs, at the diftance of half the globe from the fcene
of aCtion, it was impoflible not to allow in the execution
of their orders fome latitude of difcretion. “ The fixa¬
tion of affairs, (fay they, in their general letter of the
30th of June, 1769,) may be varied by unforefeen events
at the very moment we are writing; whenever you think
yourfelves obliged for our fecurity upon emergent occa-
fions to adopt meafures of a contrary, i. e. hoftile ten¬
dency, you are to give us very full reafons for fuch
deviations.” In another letter they fay, “ You mult
undoubtedly act according to the emergency of affairs
and again, in another difpatch, “ As we know not what
alliances may be formed to juftify us in carrying our arms
beyond the bounds of the provinces, we are prevented
from propofing any precife plan for your guidance in this
refpeCt.”

Thefe neceflary and unavoidable conceffions on the part
of the directors, Mr. Haftings, in his minutes of defence,
converts into a juftification of the Rohilla war; although
the Rohillas were as unwilling as they were unable to do
any injury to the company. The real grounds of the
war, however, appeared fufiiciently obvious. The pre¬
text held out was, that the vizier, as an ally of the com¬
pany, was entitled to our afiiftance ; and that, as guaran¬
tees of the treaty between him and the Rohilla chiefs, we
were bound to grant it. Without adverting to the juf.
tice or injuftice of the vizier’s demand on the Rohillas,
it is enough to fay, that this pretended guarantee con¬
fided only in the treaty being figned at the requeft of the
Rohillas themfelves, from their well-grounded diftruft.
of the vizier, in the prefence of fir Robert Barker, com¬
mander in chief of the company’s forces, as a witnefs of

the

eng:

the fame. It is not pretended that fir Robert Barker had
authority to pledge the company as guarantees of the
treaty; and that he fhould take upon him to bind the
government by fo ferious and important an aft, without
fpecial inftruftion and direction, is an incredible fuppofi-
tion ; and in faft, fir Robert Barker, being interrogated at
the bar of the houfe of commons, “ Whether he con¬
ceived that he had by any aft of his bound the company
to a guarantee of the treaty by war ?” anfwered pofitively,
tc I did not.” Alfo, in a letter written even before the
aftual conclufion of the treaty, he declares, “ That it was
the furtheft from his intention that the company fhould
in any refpeft whatever be mentioned in the agreement
between the vizier and the Rohillas.”

From the firft fuggeftion of this projeft of conqueft and
extirpation by the vizier of Chide, it is evident that Mr.
Haftings urged its profecution with an ardour far fuperior
to that difcovered by the nabob, whofe ambition was
counteracted by his avarice, and who on cool reflection
appears to have thought the prize fcarcely worth the
purchafe. “ I availed myfelf, _ffays Mr. Haftings,) of
his eager folicitude for the attainment of this point, to
engage his ailent to another meafure of much greater
value to the company ; that is to fay, the increafe of his
annual payments or fubfidy to the amount of two hundred
and ten thoufand rupees per month.” But it is fufficiently
evident, that when this conceflion was once extorted from
the vizier, his folicitude for the war began to link into
indifference.

In a letter written by Mr, Haftings to the vizier, April
21, 1773, he enlarges on the great advantage which would
refult to the vizier from the reduction of the Rohilla
country ; “ becaufe (fays he) by that means the defenfive
line of your dominions would be completed, by including
within it all the land lying on that fide of the river
Ganges.”- — “ The allurement (to adopt the language of
Mr. Haftings, in his defence,) thus held out to the vizier,
fucceeded. He propofed, in reply, a meeting with me at
Benares. I found him (till equally bent on the defign of
reducing the Rohillas, which I encouraged as I had be¬
fore done, by dwelling on the advantages which lie would
derive from its fuccefs ; by objecting with great force the
orders of the company reftrifting us from fuch remote
fch ernes of conqueft, to which I therefore could not a (Tent
without fuch conditions obtained in return for it as might
obviate their difplcafure, and win their fanftion to fo ha¬
zardous and unauthorized a meafure. Having at length
obtained this point, viz. the increafe of the fubfidy, 1
eafily yielded my aflent to the Rohilla plan, on the ftipu-
lation of forty lacks for its accomplifhment. (A lack of
rupees, at par, amounts to 12,500!. fterling.) As a pre¬
caution againft any eft'efts which, were to be apprehended
from the vizier’s irrefolurion, the conditions originally
.accepted were dictated to him in the form of a letter, to
be written by him, in which a claufe was inferted, ‘ that
whether the country was conquered, or a peace concluded
between him and the enemy, the ftipulation for the forty
lacks fhould become equally due.' Thus, at laft, (fays
Mr. Haftings,) an occafion took place, when, by a flight
deviation from the defenfive plan, our alliance with the
vizier might be converted into folid advantages. In ef-
feft, the fame reafons which before urged us to fhun every
military expedition, now operated in the contrary direc¬
tion, and recommended the employment of our army for
the purpofe of reducing our expences, and adding to our
currency.”

As to the mode in which this war of extirpation was
condufted, we are aftured that colonel Champion never
mentioned the fervice on which he was employed without
the deepeft exprefiions of grief and abhorrence. “ Whilft
all Alia knows, (fays this commander,) that the Englifh
gave him, i. e. Sujah, the nabob of Oude, the rod, will
they not reafonably conclude that the fcourges which the
agent gives are connived at? will they not fay every Eng-
Jifh chief is another Sujah ?” — •“ The authority given to

.AND. 7 55

the vizier over the army, (fays the colonel, in a letter to
Mr. Haftings, dated May 10, 1774,) has totally abforbed
that degree of confequence due to my ftation. My hands
have been tied up from giving protection to the miferable.
I have been obliged to lend a deaf ear to the lamentable
cries of the widow and the fatherlefs, and fhut my eyes
againft a wanton difplay of violence and oppreflion, of
inhumanity and cruelty. The company’s intereft con-
ftrained me in public to ftifle the workings of my feelings,
but I mu ft give way to them in private ; it would affeft
your fenfibility too much, were I to defeend to particu¬
lars. The family of Hafiz, the Begums included, have
been driven to the necefllty of making fupplications for a
little rice and water ; and of the prifoners, many have
died for want of fuftenance, I wifh to leave feenes which
none but the mercilefs Sujah can bear without heart¬
bleeding pain : relieve me, therefore, as foon as poftible.’*
In a moving reprefentation to the colonel from the fons of
Hafiz, of their manifold diftreftes, they fay of the vizier,
“ He has deprived us of our country, our riches, and evert
of our honour; and not fatisfied with that, he is going to
fend us prifoners to Fyzabad. We defire no country, no
riches, no palaces ; but at Bifloulee are the tombs of our
noble anceftors : near them, under fome (hade, we beg
permiffion to fpend the remainder of our days as faquiers.”1
Thefe things the colonel fays he is compelled to ftate, al¬
though the ungracious reception of his former reprefen-
tations gave him but little encouragement to plead tho
caufe of the unfortunate.

In afubfequent letter, dated June 15, 1774, the colonel"
defires that lie may be empowered to withdraw the Eng¬
lifh troops, in cafe the vizier will not otherwife be pre¬
vailed upon to defift from his enormities : but this Mr.
Haftings, in his reply, declares to be “ obvioufly inad-
miftible. Where, (faid he,) is our authority to judge or
controul the conduft of the vizier, further than refpefts
his engagements with us ? Even granting we had an au¬
thority to controul the vizier’s conduft in the manner
you propofe, we nmft have demonftration of the infalli¬
bility of the perfon we entrufted with fuch an authority,
before we could be vindicated in the delegation of it.
All the country fubdued becomes abfolutely the vizier’s.
On the terms you propofe, the Englifh commander would
fuperfede his authority in the government of his new pof-
fellions.” In lieu, therefore, of the expedient fuggefted
by the humanity of colonel Champion, the governor-ge¬
neral ordered hisrelident, Mr. Middleton, to remonftrate
and expoftulate with the vizier concerning his conduft
towards the Rohillas, £i in order to exculpate the Englifh
government from the imputation of affenting to fuch a
procedure.” But fo little did the vizier regard thefe
feeble and formal renionftrances, that the family of Hafiz,
after fuffering the molt dreadful and fhocking indignities,
were carried in captivity to Fyzabad.

In a fubfequent letter from the nabob Mahub Ulla
Khan, el deft fon of Hafiz, he molt earneftly fiipplicates,
in the name of God and Chrifr, the interpofition of the
Englifh commander for their releafe. “ Q my guardian!
(fays he,) turn your face to the bufinefs of a (lave, and
have us enlarged, and it will not go unrewarded. ” As
to the plea fet up in defence of this unprovoked invafion,

“ That the Rohillas were not a nation, but a body of
foreign adventurers, who poflefted the country by a pre-
feription of only fixty years;” it is fufficient to know,
that the inhabitants of Rohilcund, under their civil go¬
vernment, enjoyed peace and profperity ; that thefe people
were able to bring an army of fifty or fixty thoufand men
into the field ; and that it might with infinitely more force
be retorted on the Englifh themfelves, that they were a
body of “ foreign adventurers,” who had been at this
time fcarcely feven fummers in poffeflion of the country
they occupied. With equal feeling and animation it has
been faid in relation to the general infamy of the Rohilla
war, “ There is no power in this world that can annihi¬
late fuch a queftion- — though it were dead, yet ftiali it live.

1 The

\ -(

' ; v

ENGLAND.

756

The caufe by its own energy (hall turn upon the force
that oppreffes it, and (ting to deftruCtion the vulnerable
heel that endeavours to keep it down.”

Another important tranfaCtion, of which the new conn-
fellors were for the fird time apprized at their arrival in
India, gave further fcope to their fyftem of policy. In
the folenin treaty of peace, concluded Auguft 1765, at
Illahabad, between the nabob vizier of Oude and the
Eaft-India company, it is (tipulated, that the Mogul em¬
peror, Sha Allum, (hall remain under the guarantee of
the company in full pofleflion of the provinces of Corah
and Illahabad, as a royal demefne ; in confideration of
which the dewannee or fovereignty of Bengal was granted
by the Mogul emperor in perpetuity to the company.
About the year 1772, the emperor, who had hitherto
redded at Illahabad, removed to his ancient capital of
Dehli ; but unhappily engaging in unfuccefsful hoftilities
with the Mahrattas, this people compelled him, while in
their power, to grant funnuds for the furrender of Corah
and Illahabad to them. But Mr. Haftings, in his letter
of March 1773 to the court of directors, fays, “ In no
fhape can this compulfatory ceilion by the Mogul king,
releafe 11s from the obligation we are under to defend the
provinces which we have fo particularly guaranteed to
him;” and they were accordingly occupied by the troops
of the company, and taken under its immediate protection.
In a fhort time, however, the ideas of Mr. Hadings fuf-
fered a total change ; for by an uCt of the governor and
council, paffed in June following, the engagements be¬
tween t lie company and the emperor are declared to be.
did'olved, by his alienation from them and their intereds,
manifefted by his removal to Dehli. Neverthelefs, “ if
the Mogul king fhould make overtures to renew his former
conneCtion, his right to reclaim the oiftricts of Corah and
Illahabad could not (fay they) be difputed ; and the go¬
vernor is authorifed to reftore them to him, on condition
that he (hould renounce his claim to the annual tribute of
twenty-fix lacks of rupees, referved to the emperor out of
the revenues of Bengal, and to the arrears which might
be due.” Yet, in the treaty concluded in perfon by the
governor-general with the vizier of Onde, in September
1773, it is aderted, “ That his Mogul majefty having
abandoned the didriCts of Corah and Illahabad, and given
a fnnnud for Corah and Currah to the Mahrattas, had
thereby forfeited his right to the faid diftridts.” And
in his fubfequent report of this interview and negociation
witli the vizier Sujah ul Dowla, the governor declared,
“ That the adminidration would have been culpable-
in the higheft degree for retaining pofleflion of Corah
and Illahabad, for any other purpofe than that of making
an advantage by the difpofal of them, and therefore he
had ceded them to the vizier for fifty lacks of rupees ;
the nett annual revenue of thefe provinces being eftimated
at twenty-five lacks.” At the fame time the governor
and council determined to withhold the tribute of twenty-
fix lacks of rupees from the emperor, pretending “ That
they were not fatisfied of his amicable intentions, and
that the reduced date of their treafury rendered fuch
payment impracticable.” Such was the unaccountable
treatment which the emperor of Hindooltan received from
the fervants of a foreign mercantile company; although
Mr. Hadings himfelf, in a minute recorded in the coun¬
cil-book on another occadon, declared, “ That fallen as
the houfe of Timur is, it is yet the relic of the mod il-
ludrious line of the eadern world ; that its fovereignty is
univerfally acknowledged, though the fubdance of it no
longer exids ; and that the company itfelf derives its con-
ditutional dominion from its odenfible bounty.”

The Mahratta dates are the only people of Hindoodan
who were not fubdued by the Moguls, or who never ac¬
knowledged allegiance to the houfe of Timur. Secure
arnidfl their inaccedible mountains, they preferved, un¬
impaired, their liberty and independency, and were at all
times regarded by the mod powerful of the Mahomedan
ernperots as very formidable adverfaries. This nation

confided of a number of didinct tribes, go verned by their
refpeCtive chieftains, but who all recognized, as their
fupreme head, a prince dyled the Sou, or Ram Rajah,
i. e. the great rajah, whofe throne was eftabliflied at Set-
terah. Si^ce the decline of the Mogul power, that of
the Mahrattas had rifen rapidly on its ruins. At this
period their dominions extended from Travancpxe, near
the fouthern extremity of the peninfula, to the province
of Guzzerut, northward, divided from the Perfiau terri¬
tories by the river Paddar, the Jumna feparaUng them
from the empire of the Mogul. To the ead they dretch
to the Carnatic and the dominions of the Nizam of the
Decan, the province of Catac carrying their po tie (lions
irregularly acrofs the peninfula to the bay of Bengal.
Their revenues were computed to amount to more than
twelve millions derling; and their military edablidiment,
which was compofed chiefly of cavalry, to three hundred
thoufand men. It is a Angular circumflance in this go¬
vernment, that the fovereignty of the Sou or Ram Rajah
exid, at this day, only in name. Nana Row, peifliwaor
prime minider of the country, at a period not very re¬
mote, feizing the perfon of the rajah, confined him in a
fortrefs near Setterah ; and, ufurping the powers of the
government, continued to adminider them in the name of
the fovereign. Nana Row, dying, left the fucceflion to
his foil Mada Row, who finding a rival in the perfon of
Ragonaut Row, his uncle, a man of an intriguing difpo-
fition and mod flagitious character, kept him in clofe con¬
finement till near the time of his own death ; when, being
defirous to enfure the quiet fucceflion of the peifhwafhip
to his brother Narrain Row, he became reconciled to
Ragonaut, in confequence of the mod folemn promifes of
the latter to aOid the young Narrain Row with his molt
tender care, protection, and advice. The credulous Mada
Row (lied tears of joy and fatisfaCtion at this happy event,
and clofea his eyes in peace. But the vile and unnatural
wretch, thus generoufly liberated, immediately engaged
in new plots againd his nephew Narrain; and in a few
months after his acccdion, September 1773, the young
peilhwa was aflaflinated by the villainous contrivance of
his uncle, who expected to have fucceeded without dif-
dculty to the government. But the horror and detefta-
tion excited by a crime of this enormous magnitude,
occadoned an oppolition fo general, that the parricide
Ragonaut was compelled to fly his country. Unhappily
he directed his courfe to the lilaud of Bombay, the go¬
vernment of which not only granted him, without hefita-
tion, their protection, but, affeCtlng to admit the validity
of his claims, they commenced open hoftilities againd the
Mahrattas, indulging the mod ambition^ and fanguine
hopes, if the reftoration of Ragonaut Row could be ac-
complidied by their aid, to rival Madras and Calcutta in
opulence and power.

The ifland of Salfette, and the city of Baroach, were
quickly reduced ^by the valour of the company’s troops;
but it does not appear that at this period the preddency
of Bombay received any encouragement from Mr. Haftings
to profecute thele projects of aggrandifement. On the
contrary, the governor joined with the new counfellors,
Clavering, Mpnfon, and Francis, in reprobating thele
proceedings ; declaring by an aCt of council, palfed May
1775, that the meafures adopted by the preddency of
Bombay had a tendency to a very extenfive and indefinite
feene of troubles; and that their conduct was unfeafon-
able, impolitic, urtjud, and unauthorized. And availing
themfelves of the fuperiority vefted in them as confti-
tuting the fupreme power in India, colonel Upton was
ferit on an embalfy to the Mahratta court, for the purpofe
of negociating a peace, which was concluded at Poonah,
and ratified March 1, 1776, upon terms honourable and.
advantageous. By this treaty Salfette, Baroach, and va¬
rious adjoining diflriCts in. the Guzzerat provinces, were
ceded to the company, and the fum of twelve lacks of
rupees allotted to them, as an indemnification for the ex-
pences of the war. On the other hand, it was ftipulated

that

ENGLAND. 75*.

that Ragonaut Row ffiould withdraw from Bombay, and
that no protection or affiftance fhould be granted 'to him
or any other fubjedt of the Mahratta date, who may caufe
any diflurbanee or rebellion in that country. Notwith.
(landing the folemnity of this engagement, Ragonaut Row
(till continued at Bombay, and by means of his agents
fomented parties and diffenfions in the court of Poonah,
until the Mahratta government, jealous in the higheft
degree of the defigns of the Englifh, were provoked to
receive with marked diftindtion the chevalier de. St. Lubin,
ambaflador from the French prefidency of Pondicherry.
This event brought on the fubfequent druggies betwixt
the Englifli and French in India.

On the 28th of January, 1778, the governor introduced
this fubjedl at the fupreme board. “ If report could be
believed, (faid Mr. Haftings,) written engagements had
pafled between the Mahratta court and M. St. Lubin, the
objeCt of which, whatever it be, mult, if attempted, prove
deltruCtive to the Britilh trade and influence in India.
Although the Mahratta power, unallied with other dates,
was unable to cope with the company, yet, fudained by
the French, they are qualified to refute acquiefcence with
our demands, which demands the illand of Baffeen offers
as the only profpedt of a fecurity ; that no obligation pre¬
cludes us from demanding it, nor can any blame be im¬
puted to us, if, as the fuperior power, we prefcribe the
terms of accommodation.” In addition to this demand,
Mr. Hadings, in the plan fubfequently laid by him before
the board, required “ that the Mahratta government give
fuch fecurity for the perfonal fafety of Ragonaut Row as
he himfelf fhall require ; that a fpecific fum be demanded
to reimburfe the company for their late military charges;
that a grant of territory be made contiguous to Baffeen ;
and that no European fettlement be allowed on the Mah¬
ratta coads without content of the company.” At the
fame time he communicated a plan formed by the prefl-
dency of Bombay, to reindate Ragonaut Row in the peifli-
walhip by force of arms, being invited to this enterprife
by fundry members of the Mahratta government.

After much oppofition from Mr. Francis and Mr.
Wheeler, who had recently fucceeded fir John Clavering
as a member of the board, the governor’s propofals were
carried in council by his own cading vote ; and it was
finally determined to fupport Ragonaut Row, in the event
of the infraction of the Poonah or Poorunder treaty, as
now explained : afferting that “ the prefidency of Bengal
was in a condition to aflid Bombay abundantly with men
and money to carry on the Mahratta war,” Mr. Hadings
propofed to march a large detachment of the company’s
troops acrol's the peninfula, for the purpofe of reinforcing
the Bombay army. This alfo being carried in the fame
manner, the defiined reinforcement, under colonel Leflie,
commenced this unprecedented march of eleven hundred
miles, early in May, 1778. In order to promote and cor-
roboiate the fuccefs of this project, Mr. Hadings had
mod affidnoufly courted the friendfhip and alliance of the
rajah of Berar, Moodajee Boofla, whole dominions occu¬
pied the intermediate fpace between thofe of the company
and of the Mahratta dates, inciting and urging' that prince,
who was far advanced in years, and of a mild and pacific
difpofition, openly to avow his claim to the fovereignty
of the Mahrattas, to which the rajah had fome obfcure
and remote pretenfions. Moodajee Boofia, however, was
fo far from being willing to embark his fortunes in this
new war, that he abfolutely declined to take any part in it.

Colonel Leflie, who commanded the army on its march
to Bombay, dying, October, 1778, was fucceeded by colonel
Goddard. This able officer, after furmounting great and
various obdacles, reached the fouthern banks of the Nar.
budda, within the territory of Berar, January,' 1779;
and immediately detached lieutenant Wetherftone to the
court of Naigpore, again to urge the rajah’s acceffion to
the propofed plan of operation. But the lieutenant, in
his letters to colonel Goddard, declares, that Moodajee
Boofla, and the government of Berar, were determined

Vol. VI. No. 389.

not to take any adtive part whatever with the company’s
armies; that they had a thoufand arguments to oppofe to
thofe he urged in favour of the plan for affuming the
dignity of ram rajah of Setterah, particularly the faith
pledged, and the alliance of friendfhip they had (worn to,
With the prefent peifliwa ; that the aliening their preten¬
fions to the fovereignty would meet with numberlefs op-
pofitions ; and that fuccefs could not be obtained without
fliedding much blood, and at the expence of violating
the facred engagements before entered into with them.
Mr. Wetherftone further fays, “ that ft feemed now to
be the firft with of the court of Berar to fet afide our
connection with Ragonaut Row, the fupporting of whom
they aliened to be highly unpolitical, and that in the end
it would be fully proved fo ; that this chief, Ragonaut
Row, was held in univerfal abhorrence ; and that the
prejudices againft him in the decan would not eafily, if
ever, be removed. And the rajah earneltly offered his
mediation to make up all the exifting differences.”

About this period, likewife, letters were received by
the governor-general from Siccaram Pundit, prime mi-
nifter of the Poonah government, containing heavy com¬
plaints of the conduCt of the Englifh fince the conclufion
of the treaty of Poorunder. “ The government of Bom¬
bay from that period has, in every inftance, (he aflerts,)
excited troubles and commotions, in violation of the ties
of friendfhip; and notwithflanding thfc exprefs flipulation
to expel Ragonaut Row from the dominions of the com¬
pany, they have performed nothing thereof. Out of re¬
gard to the friendfhip and alliance of the company, I call
God to witnefs, that the envoy of France was dif'miffed
without negociating with him. It is mutually incumbent
upon us to obferve the terms of the treaty.” And again,
in a fubfequent difpatch, the fame minilter fays, “ Not-
withftanding the conclufion of the treaty, the Bombay
government kept Ragonaut Row with them. It even
appears to a conviction, that they perfuaded Ragoba, i. e.
Ragonaut Row, to the meafures he lias purfued. How
then does the fupreme authority of the council of Cal¬
cutta from the king of England appear, fince the chiefs
of the different fettlements do not regard engagements
made by you as binding on them > And you, fir, paying
no regard to your own aCts, take your meafures on the
representations of the government of Bombay. This is
indeed aftonifliing to the higheft degree ! It is the dictate
of found policy, that you withdraw your troops to your
own territory. This will be a convincing proof of the
fincerity of your friendfhip, and will fpread the fame of /
your good faith throughout the univerfe. From the
commencement of the government of the family of the
peifliwa, they have entered into treaties with many of the
chiefs of the eaft and weft, and have never before expe¬
rienced fuch a want of faith from any one.”

In the mean time, pending thefe negociations and the
march of the Bengal army, the prelidency of Bombay,
poffeffed with high ideas of their own (trength, confident
of f uccefs, and jealous, left, by the arrival of the expeCted
reinforcements, they fliould be obliged to divide the fpoil
and profit of the expedition into the Mahratta country,
with thole of whofe affiftance they flood in no need, having
made all the previous military preparations, and formally
declared the treaty of Poorunder void, put their troops
in motion, November, 1778. The event of this expedi.
tion cannot be better related than in the words of Row-
Ghee, relident at the court of Poonah from the nabob of
Arcot : “ The Englifli furdars, (lays this intelligent ob-
ferver, in a letter to the nabob,) with an army confifting
of feven hundred Europeans, eight battalions of fepoys,
and forty pieces of cannon, marched from Bombay to the
paffes. Siccaram Pundit and Nana Furnefe joined their
forces, and fatisfied the difcontented chiefs, Scindia and
Holkar, by giving them money, jaghires, and other pre-
fents. All the chiefs having met to confult, agreed
unanimoully not to receive Ragonaut Row, fince became
vvith an army of Englifli, who were of a different nation
9 G from

ENGLAND.

758

from them, and whofe condttft in Sujah Dowla’s country,
the Rohilla country, Bengal, and the Carnatic, they were
well acquainted with. Otherwife, in the end, they would
be obliged to forfoke their religion, and become the (laves
of Europeans.” Upon this they exchanged oaths, and a
great army was fent to occupy the Ghaut, or pafs of Tul-
licanoon. Mr. Martyn, the Bombay refident at Poonah,
had encouraged the Englifh to believe, that as foon as
their army fhould arrive at the Ghaut, Holkar would join
them with all his forces. The Englifh, truding to this,
waited there with impatience for a whole month, but no
one appeared to join their dandard. They then marched
forward, although much harafTed by the Mahrattas, who
at length completely cut off their fupplies of provifions.

The Englifh then determined upon retreating back to
the. Ghaut; but Siccaram, gaining intelligence of their
march, detached a large body of troops to intercept them.
An obdinate engagement enfued on the 13th of January,
1799, in which the Englifh, being furrounded and over¬
powered, loft two hundred Europeans and twelve hun¬
dred fepoys. No poflibility of efcape now remained; and
on the renewal of hoftilities on the 15th, by a heavy can¬
nonade from the Mahrattas, a gentleman, Mr. Farmer,
advancing from the Englifh camp, the firing ceafed. The
chiefs of the Mahrattas fent for him into their prefence,
and Mr. Farmer addreffed them in the following words :
“ We are only merchants — when difputes prevailed with
you, Ragonauf Row came to us, and demanded our pro¬
tection. We thought he had a right to the government,
and gave him our aflidance. Nothing but ill fortune at¬
tends him, and we have been brought to this miferable
date by keeping him with us. You are matters to keep
him from us. We fhall henceforth adhere to the treaties
that have formerly taken place between 11s ; be pleafed
to forgive what has happened.” The minifter anfwered,
“ Ragonaut Row is one of ns — what right could you have
to interfere in our concerns with him ? We now defire you
to give up Salfette and Baffeen, and what other countries
you have polfelfed yourfelves of. Adhere to the treaty
made in the time of Bajalee Row, in September, 1761,
and afk nothing elfe.”

Next day at noon Mr. Farmer returned, and told Scindia
“ that fie had brought a blank paper, figned and fealed,
which the Mahratta chiefs will fill up as they pleafed.”
Scindia told the chiefs, “ that although they had it in
their power to make any demands they pleafed, it would
not be advifable to do it at this time. For our making
large demands would only fow refentment in their hearts,
and we had better demand only what is neceffary. Let
Ragonaut Row be with us ; let Salfette and the pergun-
nahs in Guzzerat be redored; let the Bengal army return
back.” Thefe articles being wrote out on paper, in Per-
fiun, Mahratta, and Englifh, fealed with the company’s
feal, were figned at Worgaum, by general Carnac and
feven officers. Hoffages were given for the due perform¬
ance of them. After this the Mahratta furdars fent them
victuals, which they needed much. The Englifh and
i'epoys, grounding their arms, marched out, efcorted by
two thoufund Mahratta horfe.

Intelligence of this difadrous event having reached
Calcutta, Mr. Haftings declared in council, that general
Goddard, in cafe of the failure of the Poonah expedi¬
tion from Bombay, had his exprefs orders to recur to his
negociations with Moodajee Boofla, which implied his
return to Berar. But that officer, regardlefs of that in-
firuction, proceeded by forced marches to Surat, agree¬
ably to the requifition of the prefidency of Bombay. This
government, in their difpatches to the fupreme council,
after dating the defeat of their army, have the effrontery
to fay, “ that they did not think themfelves obligated by
the conditions of the fubfequent treaty ; but that, having
intentions to enter into another, they had tranfmitted di¬
rections to general Goddard accordingly.” Mr. Hadings
expreffed his approbation of the tenor of this difpatch,
and, declaring “that the treaty, being made by perfons
1

unauthorifed to fubfcrlbe to fuch conditions, was inva.
lid ; propofed that general Goddard be commidioned to
negociate at the court of Poonah for the renewal of the
treaty of Poorunder; and that the prefidency of Bombay
be required to prepare for fervice, whether offenfive or
defensive.”

Mr. Francis entered in the council-book his reafons for
diffenting from the governor-general. He admitted “ the
probability, that peace might be obtained on the terms
of the treaty of Poorunder, provided this government be
itfelf in earned in purfuit of its prefent objeCt, and dif¬
fered not itfelf to be entangled in the defperate fchemes
of thofe who conditute the government of Bombay. The
re-edablifhment of peace on the Malabar coad, I deem,
(faid this able counfellor, ) to be effential, not merely to
the profperity of the India company, but to their exid-
ence. Let a war upon that coad be conducted how it
may, the difference between conqued and defeat, in my
judgment, is little more than -the delay or acceleration of
the ruin of all our refources. The annexed account flvews
that, during the lad five years, they have received liitle
lefs than 116 lacks of current rupees direCtly out of the
revenues of Bengal. Yet their bond-debt accumulated
daily, and now amounts to thirty-eight lacks. By the
month of OCtober, the prefident Hornby fays, their finances
will be utterly exhauded; in the interval they will want
a fupply of thirty lacks. Of this fum the prefident pro-
pofes to borrow’ twenty lacks, but doubts the poflibility
of raifing fo" large a fum ; and if it could be borrowed, he
fays, they have no funds to pay the intered. We fhould
therefore confider how long we can maintain a war on fuch
a footing, before we engage in it.” To this the governor-
general was pleafed to declare, “ that, from his anxiety to
avoid controverfy, he Ihould decline any reply.”

A letter was then read by the governor, in anfwer to
the difpatches from Bombay, which, though drongly ob¬
jected to by Mr. Francis and Mr. Wheeler, received the
fanCtion of Mr. Barwell, and of fir Eyre Coote, who had
now taken his place at the board as commander-in-chief
of the company’s forces. In this letter the governor, in
name of himfelf and council, acquaints the prefidency of
Bombay, “ that the government of Bengal refufes to ra¬
tify even the fmalled tittle of the treaty or convention
of Worgaum ; that general Goddard was inveded with
full powers to conclude-a pacification with the court of
Poonah, on the terms prefcribed in his indruCtions; and
that, if the Mahratta miniders fhall rejeft thofe propo-
fals, and the company be reduced to the neceffity of de¬
fending its rights by an open war, a latitude of aCtion is
left to general Goddard, to avail himfelf of the fituation
which fortune fhall prefent to him. Mr. Hadings, in
order to enforce the general fydem of policy contained in
this letter, moreover declared to the council, “ that he
never would fuffer the objeCt to be lod, for which the
detachment now commanded by general Goddard was fird
appointed.” This paffed in the month of June, 1779;
and by a letter from general Goddard, dated October fol¬
lowing, the governor and council were informed, as they
had every reafon to expe£t, “ that the peidiwa’s minider
had, in plain and pofitive terms, declared to him that his
mader would not accede to the propofals made by gene¬
ral Goddard, or conclude peace with the Englifh, unlefs
Ragonaut Row, who had efcaped, was delivered up to
him, and Salfette furrendered to the Mahratta govern¬
ment ; that, in confequence of this declaration, general
Goddard had broken off the negociation, and prepared
for war.” As was predicted by Mr. Francis, the whole
Mahratta race, including the rajah of Berar, together
with Hyder Ally Khan, and the nizam or fubah of the
Decan, in the highed degree exafperated, now refolved,
with the adidance of the French, to endeavour to expel
the Englifh nation from India.

In the progrefs of the war, the government of Bengal
foon found itfelf reduced to the extremed neceffity for
money to defray the enormous expence of its complex

and

E N G I

and extended Operations. Calling his eyes around, the
governor-general at length fixed them on the territory of
Benares, a province depending on the vizierate of Oude,
highly cultivated and populous, and the capital city of
which, fituated oh the Ganges, has for ages been regarded
by the Hindoos as a place of peculiar and indelible fanc-
tity, as the feat and centre of their fcience, their laws,
their philofophy, and religion. The late rajah of Be¬
nares, Bulwant Sing, during the wars between the vizier
and the company, had zealoufly attached himfelf to the
Englilh intereft ; and the court of directors, in their letter
of May 26, 1768, acknowledge “ the fignal fervices he
had rendered them; and they exprefs their hope, that
the attention paid to thofe who have efpoufed their inte-
refts in this war will reftore their reputation in Hindooftan,
and that the Indian powers will be convinced that no
breach of treaty will ever have their faifttion.”

Two years after this, Bulwant Sing died, leaving the
fucceflion to his fon, Cheyt Sing; and the council of
Calcutta, Mr. Cartier being then prefident, interpofed
their influence and authority at the court of Lucknow,
in order to procure from the vizier juft and reafonable
terms of fiettlement. It was finally agreed, that the rajah
fiiould pay to the vizier a pelhculh, or fine, equivalent to
about 200, oool . and that an annual advance of 30,0001.
Ihould be made to the dated tribute. A folemn deed of
confirmation was then palled by the vizier, and the rajah
waS invefted with the government, amid -the loud accla¬
mations of a numerous and happy pe >ple. *In 1773, at
the immediate inftance of Mr. Haftings, this grant was
anew confirmed and ratified by the vizier, with the addi¬
tional and exprefs provilion, that no increafe of tribute
Ihall ever hereafter be demanded ; and that the govern¬
ment of Benares Ihall defcend, on the terms of this agree¬
ment, to the heirs of the prefent rajah.

The governor-general, knowing the enmity which had
long fubfifted between the vizier and the la • rajah, de¬
clared himfelf “ to be well convinced that tite rajah’s
inheritance, and perhaps his life, are no longer fare than
while he enjoys the company’s prote£tion, which is his
due by the ties f juftice, md the obligations of rublic
faith.” In the. following year, 1774, the governor-gene¬
ral and council-obtained the aftignment of the fovereignty
paramount 01 .. province of Benares, by treaty with the
nabob vizier of Oude, “ without any encroachment (to
adopt the words of the a£l of council) on the juft rights
of tire rajah, or the engagements adtually fublifting with
him.” And at the exprefs recommendation of Mr.
Haftings, by a new grant, further privileges were con¬
ferred upon the rajah, viz. the fovereignty of the mint,
and the rights of criminal juftice in the laft refort ; the
governor, in the record of this tranfadtion in the council-
book, making ufe of thefe remarkable words : “ The
rajah of Benares, from the fituation of his country, which
is a frontier to the provinces of Oude and Bahar, may be
made a ferviceable ally to the company ; but, to infure
his attachment, his iiitereft muft be connected with it,
which cannot be better effedted than by freeing him to¬
tally from the remains of his prefent vaftalage, under the
guarantee and protection of the company ; and, at the
fame time, guarding him againft any apprehenlions from
this government, by thus pledging its faith, that no en¬
croachment fliall ever be made on his rights by the com¬
pany.” Such were, at this period, the good-will and
generofity of Mr. Haftings, that he propofed to receive
the tribute of the rajah, amounting to 26o,oool. perann.
punctually and cheerfully paid in monthly afteffments ;
not at Benares, but at Patna, the neareft provincial ftation,
“left the prefence of a refident Ihould in any manner
fruftrate the intention of rendering the rajah independent ;
eventually reducing him (as Mr. Haltings’s iolicitude
apprehended) to the mean and depraved ftate of a mere
zemindar.” Amongft the prefents privately received
by Mr. Haftings, on this occafion, as he acknowledges,

AND. 759

was the fum of 23,000!. or two lacks of rupees, from the
rajah Cheyt Sing.

In this ftate things remained till, in the year 1777, the
rajah had the misfortune to give great offence to the go¬
vernor-general ; an offence, however, unintentional, but
for which his final ruin only could atone. In order to
comprehend the nature of his delinquency, it is neceffary
to obferve, that in the ceurfe of the preceding year,
1776, Mr. Haftings had, in his private and confidential
correfpondence, authorifed Mr. Maclean, his agent in
England, to fignify to the court of direftors his defire to
refign his office, and to requeft their nomination of a fuc-
ceftor to the vacancy which would be thereby occafioned
in the fupreme council. The court, after appointing a
committee to examine into the powers velted in Mr.
Maclean, unanimoufly refolved to accept the faid refig-
nation, and named Mr. Wheeler to fill the vacancy occa¬
fioned by the fame. A regular notification of this ac¬
ceptance was immediately tranfmitted to India, and the
diipatches were read in council, June 19, 1777. Mr.
Haftings obferving a profound lilence on the fubjett of
thefe difpatches, general Clavering addrelfed a letter to
him on the following day, containing a formal requifi-
tion to the governor-general, to furrender the keys of
Fort William, and of the company’s treafury. But Mr.
Haftings, affedting furprife and indignation, peremptorily
refilled to comply with this demand ; denying that his
office was vacant ; alferting that Mr. Maclean had ex¬
ceeded his powers, and declaring his refolutihn to maintain
his authority by every legal means. General Clavering,
on the contrary, conceiving the office to be irrevocably
vacated, and that he himfelf had legally fucceeded to the
government, ilfued fummonfes to the other members of
tile council, Mr. Barwell, and Mr. Francis, and in the
prefence of Mr. Francis, took the oaths as governor-ge¬
neral. On the other hand, Mr. Haftings, l'upported by
Mr. Barwell, ift'ued directions to the commandant of the
garrifon of Fort William, to the provincial councils, and
to the officers on the different military ftations, enjoining
them, at their peril, to obey no orders but fuch as Ihould
be figned by him, or a majority of his council. Sir John
Clavering, perceiving that Mr. Haftings was determined
rather to rifk a civil war than to refign the government,
propofed a reference to the fupreme court of judicature ;
to which Mr. Haftings, confiding in the known integrity
of fir Elijah Impev, readily conlenting, a decifion was
given in favour of Mr. Haftings.

But thiiF judicial confirmation of his authority, by no
means fatisfied Mr. Haftings. Omitting, therefore, to
fummon fir John Clavering and Mr. Francis to the next
meeting of council, the governor, fupported only by Mr.
Barwell, entered in the council-book a formal refolve,
importing, “ that general Clavering having ufurped the
prefidency of Bengal, had thereby relinquilhed and va¬
cated the office of fenior counfellor and commander-in-
chief of the company’s forces; and that, for the preferva-
tion of the legality of their proceedings, the faid general
Clavering be not in future fummoned or admitted as a
member of the council.” This refolve was notified to
fir John Clavering, and iffued in general orders to the
officers civil and military of the three provinces. At the
enfuing meeting of council, Mr. Francis moved the re-
verfal of thefe proceedings ; but Mr. Haftings declared
his determination to adhere to them, faying, “That they
were not the precipitate effects of an inftant and paffionate
impulfe, but the fruits of long and temperate delibera¬
tion, and of the ftri&eft fenfe of public duty.” The
chief-juftice Impey, however, having his reafons for de¬
clining to lupport the governor in this exercife of his
public duty, Mr. Haftings thought proper to move a fub-
lequent resolution in council, conformably to the advice
of the judges, “ That all parties be replaced in the lame
fituation in which they flood before the receipt of the laft
advices from England.”

Thus

7 Go , E N G I

Thus 'terminated this extraordinary bufinefs ; but, mod
unfortunately for the rajah Cheyt Sing, on the firft intel¬
ligence of general Clavering’s advancement to the govern¬
ment, he had, with officious complaifance, deputed a
vakeel, or ambaffador, to congratulate the new governor
on his acceffion. This, Mr. Haftings, in his fubfequent
juftification, urges as a prefumptive proof of the rajah’s
difaftedtion to the Engliih government ; and the affront
thus offered to him appears to have rankled in his bofom,
till he found a fit opportunity for gratifying his revenge.
Confciousof his uncontroulable power, the governor pro-
pofed in council, July 9th, 1778, fir John Clavering being
deceafed, “ That the rajah of Benares fltould confent to
the eftablifhment of three battalions of fepoyss to be raifed
ffnd maintained at his own expence;” and, notwithftand-
ing the alarm of the rajah at the firft intimation of this
detign, and die vigorous oppofition of Mr. Francis and
Mr. Wheeler, the refolve was carried into effedt by the
Carting vote of the governor. The fum of five lacks of
rupees, which was fuppofed to be equivalent to the ex¬
pence of raifing the three battalions, was demanded of the
rajah to be paid in fpecie within five days ; and in cafe of
non-compliance, the refident, Fowke, was peremptorily
enjoined to refrain from ail further intercourfe with him.
The affrighted rajah paid the money without delay or
liefitation. But the fame demand being renewed the fol¬
lowing year, he ventured to remind the governor, in a
moft refpectful letter, “ that he was encouraged to be¬
lieve the former demand would not be drawn into prece¬
dent. I am therefore hopeful, (faid he,) you will be
kindly pleafea to excufe me the five lacks now demanded,
and that nothing may be demanded of me beyond the
amount expreffed in the pottah.” In reply to this fub-
mirtive application, the governor repeated his demand,
that the rajah ffiould, without evafion or delay, pay the
five lacks of rupees ; in cafe of his refufal, informing him
that meafures would be taken to oblige him to a compli¬
ance. The third year, the fame demand being made, the
rajah again entreated a remiflion, but without effedt; and
as a puniffiment for his continued contumacy, the gover¬
nor-general, of his own authority, impofed upon him an
additional fine or muldt of io,oool. Thefe outrages fail¬
ing to produce the effedt intended on the mild and timid
temper of the rajah, a fudden demand was made, in ad¬
dition to the tribute and fubfidy, to provide a body of
two thoufand cavalry for the fervice of the company. It
was in vain that the rajah protefted he had no more than
thirteen hundred horfe in his fervice ; five hundred of
which, and five hundred burkundaffes, or match-lock
men, fhould be ready to march to whatever place they
fhould be ordered. Mr. Haftings gave no anfwer what¬
ever to this reprefentation ; but declared, “ that he was
determined to convert the faults of the rajah into a pub¬
lic benefit ; that he would exacl the fum of 500,000!. as
a puniffiment for his breach of engagements, and other
afts of mifeonduft ; and that if the rajah ffiould refufe
the demand, he would deprive him of his government.”

Mr. Barwell and Mr. Francis having by this time re¬
turned to England, and Mr. Wheeler only remaining in
council, the foie refponfibility of the government cen¬
tered in Mr. Haftings. For the purpofe of executing
more effedtually thefe preconcerted defigns, the governor
determined upon a journey to Benares; previous to which
he verted in himfelf, by a formal a<51, the entire powers
of the fupreme council. At the eve of his departure,
however, he informed Mr. Wheeler, “ that the offences
of the rajah required puniffiment ; and, as his wealth Was
great , and the company’s exigencies prefling, it was a
meafure of policy and juftice to exadt from him a large
pecuniary muldt for their relief.” On the entrance of the
governor-general into the province, he was met by the
rajah in perfon, with a magnificent attendance. Never-
thelefs, to ffiew his confidence in the juftice of the go¬
vernor, he entered alone the pinnace in which the gover-

> A N D.

nor had proceeded up the Ganges, and, in a lowly and
fuppliant manner, putting his turban in his lap, entreated
his favour. He was, however, repulfed with contempt ;
and on the arrival of the governor at Benares, he re¬
ceived an injunction from Mr. Haftings, not to enter his
prefence without his permiflion.

On the fucceeding day, the governor fent articles of
accufation in writing to the rajah, importing, 1. That he
had endeavoured to excite diforders in the government on
which he depended. 2. That he had fuffered with im¬
punity the perpetration of robberies and murders, even
in the ftreets of Benares, to the great and public fcandal
of the Engliffi name. 3. That he had delayed the pay¬
ment of the funis required of him for the company’s fer¬
vice; and, 4. That he had not complied with the demand
of cavalry : all of which amounted, as the governor af-
ferted, to a diredt charge of difaftedtion to the govern¬
ment on which the rajah depended ; and to thefe articles
of impeachment he demanded an immediate anfwer. On
the evening of the fame day, the rajah lent in his defence,
denying, in the moft pofitive manner, the truth of the
aForefaid articles : “ My enemies, (faid he,) with a view
to my ruin, have made falfe reprefentations to you. Now
that, happily for me, you have yourfelf arrived at this
place, you will be able to afeertain all the circumftances.
1. Relative to the horfe. 2. To my people going to Cal¬
cutta. 3. The dates of the receipts of the particular fums
above-mentioned. I have never fwerved in the fmalleft:
degree from my duty to you. It remains with you to de¬
cide on all thefe matters. I am in every thing your Have.
What is juft 1 have reprefented to you. May your prof-
. perity increafe!” At this reply the governor expreffed
great wrath, declaring it to be lefs a vindication of the
rajah than a recrimination on him ; and that it was couched
in terms of defiance, manifefting a dangerous fpirit off in¬
dependency.

In confequence of the rajah’s offenfive conduct, Mr.
Haftings conceived himfelf obliged to adopt fome deci-
five plan; and an order was therefore immediately iffued
to put the rajah under an arreft in his own palace. To
this indignity the rajah, flipeked as he appeared to be,
fubmitted with the moft paflive humility. “ He hoped,
(he faid,) that the governor would allow him a fubfift-
ence in confideration of his father’s fervices; but as for
his zemindary, his foris, and his treafures, he was ready
to lay them at his feet, and his life, if required.” Being
at once dejedted with the ignominy, and difmayed with
the danger of his fituation, furrounded by a guard of fe-
poys with their fwords drawn, he wrote to the governor,
“ Whateverbe your pleafure, do it with your.own hands.

I am your (lave. What occafion can there be for a guard ?
It depends on you alone to take away, or not to take away,
the country out of my hands.” The higheft alarm being
excited in the city of Benares, by this arreft of the rajah,
great numbers of people affembled round the palace, nor
could the earned and repeated entreaties of their prince
reftrain them from ails of violence ; and believing the
perfon of the rajah, who was much beloved by his fub-
jedls, to be expofed to extreme hazard, they at length
broke through the enclofure, and falling fuddenly upon
the guard of fepoys and Engliffi officers, nearly the whole
were cut to pieces. In the tumult the rajah made his
efcape over the walls of his palace by means of a cord
formed of turbans tied together; and, crofting the Ganges
in a boat, fled to a place of refuge, whence he directed a
fuppliant letter to Mr. Haftings, to which the governor
affirmed “ he did not think it becoming him to reply.”

The troops in the province of Benares being quickly
reinforced, the territories of the rajah were immediately
attacked, and completely reduced. The rajah having
himfelf made his efcape to the camp of the Mahrattas,
orders were given by Mr. Haftings to feize upon the
fortrefs of Bidjegur, the refidence of the Rannee Fauna,
mother of Cheyt Sing, reprefented as a woman Angularly

amiable

ENGLAND. 7 61

amiable and virtuous, and againft whom no delinquency
was even pretended. The treafures of the Rannee being
very confiderable, file was defirous to capitulate upon
conditions, in order to fave fomething from the wreck of
her fortunes. But Mr. Haflings wrote to the commander,
major Popharn, “ 1 think every demand the Rannee lias
made to you, except that of fafety and refpedt for her
perfon, unreafonable. I apprehend that (lie will contrive
to defraud the captors of a confiderable part of the booty,
by being differed to retire without examination. But this
is your confideration, and not mine. As to making any
conditions with her fora provifion, I will never confent
to it.” In a fecond letter he fays, “ If file delays the
furrender beyond the term of twenty-four hours, it is my
pofitive injunction that you put a flop to the negociation,
and on no account renew it r nor will I grant her any con¬
ditions whatever ; but leave herexpofed to thofe dangers
flie has chofen to rifk, rather than trulh to the clemency
and generofity of our government.” The caflle being
accordingly furrendered within the time l'pecified, the
articles of the capitulation, by which an allowance of
fifteen per cent, was referved to the Rannee, were never-
thelefs fliamefully and outrageoufly broken, the perfon
of the Rannee and her attendants grofsly infulted, and
their effects plundered. Notwithstanding the efforts and
reprcfentations of major Pophani, the commander, a man
of humanity and honour, no redrefs was obtained from
the governor, who, now wholly intent upon the vindica¬
tion of his conduct, had caufed a great number of affida¬
vits and depolitions, aiming to prove the exigence of a
confpiracy againft the Englifh government, to be taken
by fir Elijah Impey, who happened at this time, in the
courfe of an excurfion for the benefit of his health, to be
fortunately refident at Benares.

In his fubfequent narrative of this tranfaCtion to the
court of directors, Mr. Haflings hefitated not to affert,
“ that the rajah of Benares had no claim to the title or
privileges of a prince ; that the deeds which palled be¬
tween him and the board, upon the transfer of the
zemindary, in 1775, were not to be underftood to bear
the quality and force of a treaty between equal ftates ;
that the payments to be made by him were not a tri¬
bute, but a rent ; that, being nothing more than a com¬
mon zemindar, he owed a perfonal allegiance, and an
implicit and unreferved obedience, to the authority of
the company, at the forfeiture of his zemindary, and even
of his life and property.” Yet, perhaps, the records of
hiflory do not exhibit a pofition more enormoufiy extra¬
vagant, than that the fovereign of a province in the in¬
terior parts of Hindoofiran, exercifing the powers of go¬
vernment over a happy and confenting people, fnould
owe implicit and unreferved obedience to a company of
traders inhabiting an ifland on the other fide of the globe !

After the depofition of the rajah Cheyt Sing, Mr.
Haflings, in virtue of the commiflion with which he had
inverted himfelf, inftantly exetcifed the fovereign autho¬
rity over the province of Benares. Setting alide all former
agreements, though evidently made with the rajahs not
in their perfonal but political capacity, he increafed the
tribute, or dated rent-charge, from 260,000k to 400,000k
per annum. Having bellowed the government on a youth,
called Meliip Narrain, a defeendent by the mother from
the rajah Bulwant Sing ; lie, in addition to the tribute,
imported filch heavy and grievous duties on merchandize,
as threatened the abfolute annihilation of their commerce ;
si targing moreover penlions on the revenues of the pro¬
vince, and fending large bodies of troops into the terri¬
tory of Benares, to be maintained by the oppreffed and
impoverifhed inhabitants. The father of the new rajah,
Durbitzee Sing, who was appointed guardian and admi-
niftrator to his foil, was by Mr. Haflings, in a lhort time,
deported from his office, on a vague and indefinite charge
of mal-adminirtration and deficiency in his payments, and
thrown into prifon. His property being confifcated, and

Vol. VI. No. 389.

his perfon endangered, he in a rtiort time died, over¬
whelmed with dirtrefs and ruin.

“ When a new fyrtem was to be formed with the fuc-
ceffior of Cheyt Sing, (fays Mr. Haflings,) I faw no ob¬
jection to making the company’s interefls my firft princi¬
ple of aCtion. The eafy accumulation of too much wealth
had been Cheyt Sing’s ruin. It had buoyed him up
with extravagant and ill-founded notions of independency,
which I much wiflied to difeourage in the future rajah.
Some part, therefore, of the fiiperabiindant produce of
the country, I turned into the coffers of the company, by
an augment .tion of the tribute.” Here the grand object
of the British government in India, as adminiflered by
Mr. Haflings, is undifguifedly avowed : the filling the
company’s coffers w ith money, was by him held to be
the firft principle of aftion. Happy would it indeed have
been for the inhabitants of Hindocflan, if even this prin¬
ciple had been purfued by rational and politic means,
fuch as would have fecured, unimpaired, the fources of
profperity, though for the mere purpofe of fubfequent
emolument.

The treaty concluded in 1765 with the vizier Sujah ill
Dowla, nabob of Oude, by the late lord Clive, left that
province in a confiderable meafure dependent upon the
company. From this period the decay and defolation of
the vizierate commenced. The annual revenue, which was
eftimated at more than three millions, had funk, in 1779,
to lefs than or.e million and a half. The vizier had con¬
tracted to maintain, at his own expence, a brigade of the
company’s troops in his fervice, for fo long time as he might
deem them neceffiry for the defence of his country. But
the court of directors, in their letter to the governor and
council, of the 15th of December, 1775, exprefsly fay, “ If
you intend to exert your influence, firft to induce the vi¬
zier to acquiefce in your propofal, and afterwards to com¬
pel him to keep the troops in his pay during your plea-
fure, your intents are unjuft, and a correfpondent conduft
would reflect great diftionour on the company.” In the
mean while, the nabob Afoph ul Dotvla, who had fuc-
ceeded his father in the vizierate, February, 1775, making
very earned fupplication to be relieved from this burden,
which the reduced date of his revenue rendered him ut¬
terly unable to fuppovt; Mr. Haftings declared, “ the
relief defired was totally inadmiffible further affirming,
“ that the tone in which the demands of the nabob were
afferted, gave caufe for the moft alarming fufpicions
though it is difficult to conceive how language more fub-
miftive and humble could have been adopted.

“ During three years, (fays the nabob,), the expence
occafioned by the troops in brigade, and others com¬
manded by European officers, has much diftreffed the
fupport of my houfehold, infomuch that the allowances
made to the l'eraglio and children of the decealed nabob,
have been reduced to one-fourth of what it had been.
The attendants and fervants of my court have received no
pay for two years pall, and applications from my father’s
private creditors are daily preffing upon me. All thefe
difficulties I have for three years ftruggled through, and
found this confolation therein, that it was complying
with the plealwre of the honourable company, and in the
hope that the fupreme council would make enquiry, from
impartial perfons, into my diftrerted fituation: but I am
now forced to a reprefentation. From the great increafe
of expence, the revenues were neceffarily farmed out at
a high rate, and deficiencies have followed yearly, till the
whole country and cultivation is abandoned.”

In 1781, a commiflion of delegation having been exe¬
cuted at Calcutta, inverting Mr. Haftings with the entire
powers of the fupreme council, the governor-general re-
folved to vifit the^ province in perfon. At a meeting
which took place at Chunar, on the confines of Benares,
a lecret treaty was concluded by the governor with the
vizier, containing feveral articles of .1 very extraordinary
nature. By this the claims upon the nabob, on various
9 H grounds

ENGLAND.

703

grounds and pretences, arofe to the enormous fum of
2,785,0001. fterling, which was confiderably more than
two years net produce of the nabob’s revenues. In order
to liquidate this debt, Mr. Haftings urged the nabob,
and an article to this effect was inferted in the treaty of
Chunar, to a general refumption of the jaghires, or go¬
vernment aflignments upon land, throughout the pro¬
vince, to the amount of many hundred thou land pounds
annual rent, including the provifions made by the former
nabob-viziers for their princes of the blood, and the an¬
cient friends and dependents of their family. The eftates
thus confifcated were re-let on rack-rents, and at the fame
time mortgaged to rich bankers of Benares, to fupply the
immediate wants of the Englifh government. A gift from
the vizier of ioo,oool. fterling was alfo at this period
accepted by Mr. Mailings ; which being, as he confeffed,
a fum of too great magnitude to be concealed, he, after
fome deliberation, thought proper to apprize the court of
directors of this violation of their commands ; but he ne-
verthelefs had to exprefs his hope, “ that, in consideration
of his long and faithful fervices, and the furns he had ex¬
pended from his private fortune upon their account, they
would permit him to apply this donation to his own life.”

The confufion and diftrefs confequent on the late vio¬
lent expedition of refumption, and other devices of ex¬
tortion, it is intpoftible in adequate terms to defcribe.
The regular authority of the magiftracy, and the admi-
niftration of jultice, totally ceafed ; and no power was
vifible but that of the farmers of the revenue, attended
by bodies of troops, to enforce the collections. The
country was declared, by one of the nabob’s minifters, to
be “ a fpeaking pifture of famine and woe.” — “ From the
total want of police, (fays the refid nt, Briftow,) hardly
a day efcapes but I am informed of fome tragical event,
whereof the bare recital is (hocking to humanity :” and
he confeffes that his feelings are fenfibly hurt, and his
compaftion ftrongly excited, by the difgraceful and mife-
rable ftate of poverty to which the brothers of the nabob
are reduced. From three of thefe princes, Mirza Ali,
Mirza Hyder, and Mirza Sief, the refident received an
affefting memorial, in which they fay, “ Our fituation
is not fit to be told : for two years we have not received
an hubba on account of our tur.caw (aflignment 011 the
revenue). It is furprifing, having fuch a friend as yon,
our fituation is arrived at that pafs that we fhould be in
diftrefs for bread and clothing — yet we are the fons of
Sujah ul Dowla ! ”

The mother and wife of the late nabob kept their court
at the city of Fyzabad, where, after the cuftom of the
eaft, they lived in much magnificence, having the charge
of educating the numerous offspring of the deceafed fove-
reign, and of maintaining a houfehold confiding of two
thoufand perfons. To fupport this vaft expence, the
nabob had left them a large proportion of his treafures,
and had fettled upon them jaghires, or permanent reve¬
nues, fuitable to their high rank and dignity, and to the
importance of the truft committed to them; folemnly
and earneftly recommending at the fame time the interefts
of his family to the guardian care and protection of the
company, by whom their poffeftions had been fubfe-
quently and authentically guaranteed. By the treaty of
Chunar, neverthelefs, the prefent nabob was authorized
by Mr. Haftings to feize upon the jaghires, or landed re¬
venues, of thefe illuftrious relatives, and to allow them
penfions equal to the amount. And this, the governor
pretended, was conformable to the Mahommedan law.
The nabob appearing, neverthelefs, manifeftly reluftant
to carry this projeft into execution, Mr. Haftings figni-
fied his pleafure to his own refident at Lucknow, Mr.
Middleton, “ that as this meafure originated with the
Englifh, and was intended for their benefit, the execution
was to be forced upon him although the exprefs, words
of the treaty of Chunar were merely, “ that the nabob
be permitted to refume fuch jaghires, or eftates, as he
may think neceli'jry.”

2

In order to impart fome colour of juftice to thefe pro¬
ceedings, depofitions the moft futile and ridiculous were,
as at Benares, extra- judicially made before fir Elijah
Impey, who unexpectedly prefented himfelf in the courf'e
of his progrefs, after leaving Benares, firft at Chunar,
then at Lucknow. For this vriagi (irate fo highly degraded
his character and ftation, as to become a principal agent
in this bufinefs. And fuch was the filent celerity of his
movements, that the chief juftice has been, with hu¬
mourous aliufion, compared to the ghoft in Hamlet, ex¬
claiming, in almoft every quarter at the fame inftant,

“ Swear!” Thefe affidavits, founded on vague rumours,
were defigned to prove, that the princeffes of Oude fo¬
mented the infurreftion at Benares, and were even en¬
gaged in a plot for the dethronement of their own for,,
and the utter extirpation of the Englifh nation. Very
little ftrefs, however, was at this crifis placed by Mr.
Haftings on the validity of thefe proofs, which were evi¬
dently calculated to anfwer a different and diftant pur-
pofe. “ Your pleafure, (lays Mr. Middleton,) refpeft-
ing the begums, I have learnt from fir Elijah Impey.
Finding the nabob wavering in his determination about
the refumption of the jaghires, I this day ordered the ne-
ceffary perwannahs for that purpofe. But before they
were tranfcvibed, 1 received a meflage from the nabob,
entreating that I would withhold them till the morning.
As it is poflible that the nabob, feeing the bufinefs will
at all events be done, may make it an ait of bis own, I
have confented to indulge him in this requeft.” The
nabob at length blued his perwannahs, but with extreme
reluctance, and, to ufe the language of Mr. Middleton,

“ after much trifling evafion and puerile excufes;” the
irrefiftible effufions, no doubt, of that natural afteftion
which it is fo difficult totally to eradicate from the human
heart. “ At the fame time the nabob declared, (fays
Mr. Middleton,) both to me and his minifters, that it wasu
an aft of compulfion.” a.

In a fubfequent letter, Mr. Middleton informs the go¬
vernor, t hat the vizier, wi filing to evade the meafure of
refumption, fuggefted to him, that the debt of the com¬
pany might be better and more expeditioufly liquidated
by taking the amount at once from the treafures left by
his father. Mr. Haftings, now, Hill infifting upon the
refumption of the jaghires, declared his refolution alfo t«
feize the treafures ; enjoining upon the agent, Middleton,
the execution of this nefarious aft, in the following pe¬
remptory terms : “You yourfelf muft be perfonally pre¬
fent. You muft not allow any negociation or forbear¬
ance, but muft profecute both fervices until the Begums
are at the entire mercy of the nabob.” In conformity to
this order, the Britifh refident, at the head of a body of
troops, accompanied by the terrified vizier, marched to
Fyzabad, and with little or no refiftance ftormed firft the
town, and then the caftle. The chief officers of the
houfehold, the eunuchs Jewar Ali Khan and Bahar Ali
Khan, perfons of diftinguifhed rank, who had been in
high truft and favour with the late nabob, were ignomi-
nioufly thruft into confinement, in order to extort from
them Hie difcovery of the-treafures and effefts committed
to their care.- In confequence of thefe feverities, the
bkow begum, i. e. the mother princefs, at length con¬
fented to the furrender of her treafures, hid in the moft
fecret recedes of the palace, to the amount of the bond
debt due from the nabob to the company. But avarice
is infatiable as the grave! Another demand of 120,0001.
was made for the balance pretended to be due fince the
execution of the bond ; and to enforce compliance, the
two eunuchs were, by order of the refident, Middleton,
committed to clofe cuftody, put in irons, and kept from
all food. To raife this fum, great part of the furniture
of the palaces, the jewels, and other effefts of the begums,
even to the wardrobe, were difpofed of by public -ale.

Fully apprifed of the diftrefsful fituation of the prin-
ceffes, Mr. Haftings could, neverthelefs, write at this pe¬
riod to the relident, Middleton, as follows : “The nabob

having

ENG

•{laving confenied to the refumption of the jaghires held
by the begums, and to the connfcation of their treafures,
and thereby involved my own name, and the credit of the
company, in a participation of both meafures, I have a
right to require and infid on the complete execution of
them, and I look to you for their execution, declaring
that T hold you accountable for it.” Mr. Hadings, in
his defence, alleged, that he was ignorant of many tranf-
aftions imputed to him refpefting this bufinefs. But of
thofe which were in any degree material, he could not,
with truth, plead ignorance. “ If Mr. Middleton did
not give him an exaft account of the groans that were
heaved, the tears that were died, the weight of the fet¬
ters, or the depth of the dungeon, he dated (fays Mr.
Sheridan, vide his fpecch, June, 1788,) every important
dep that was taken in the progrefs and winding up of this
relentlefs tragedy.” In faff, nothing of moment was
done without the exprefs command of Mr. Hadings; for
even Mr. Middleton difcovered no fymptoins of alacrity
in the execution of this direful commiffion.

It may eadly be imagined, that the pendons allotted to
the begums, and other jagheerdars, in lieu of their jag¬
hires, would be very ill and defeftively paid. In the
month of March, 1782, the officer on duty at Fyzabad,
major Gilpin, wrote to the refident : “ The women be¬
longing to the khord mohul, or leder palace, are in want
of every necedary of life; and are driven to that defpera-
tion, that they threaten to throw themfelves from the walls
of the zenana.” In a fubfequent letter it is laid, “ The
women in the zenana adembled lad night on the tops of the
building, crying in a mod lamentable manner for food.”
And in a third letter, “ The repeated cries of the women
ior fubfidence have been truly melancholy. They beg
mod piteouflv for liberty, that they may earn their daily
bread by fervitude, or to be releafed from their mifery by
immediate death.” At length the company’s refident, Mr.
Bridow, ventured, of his own authority, to order the re.
moval of the troops, and the releafe of tire prifoners, Ba-
har and Jewar Ali Khan, who had now been confined and
in irons for near twelve months. “ The quivering lips,
(fays the commander of the troops at Fyzabad, fpeaking
of their enlargement,) and the tears of joy dealing down
the poor mens’ cheeks, was a fcene truly affefting.” The
didrefl'es of the zenana, or feraglio, neverthelefs, dill con¬
tinued; and the women, breaking by frantic violence the
facred bounds of the palace, exhibited themfelves in this
date of degradation and defpair to the adoniffied inhabi¬
tants of Fyzabad, in the public bazar, or market-place,
of that great and populous city. But after this aft of
defperation, they do not appear to have been permitted
to fuft'er equal extremity.

In a letter from the bhow begum to the refident, Brif-
tow, this unfortunate princefs fays, “ An accufation was
framed againd me, which I had never conceived even in
idea, of rendering affidance to rajah Cheyt Sing. Having
feized my head eunuchs, Jewar Ali Khan and Bahar Ali
Khan, they obliged them to fign a bond for fixty lacks of
rupees. They were thrown into prifon with fetters about
their feet, and denied food and water. I, who had never
even in my dreams experienced fuch an oppreffion, gave
tip all I had to preferve my honour and dignity. My
fufferings did not terminate here. The didurbances of
colonel Hannay and Mr. Gordon were made a pretence
for feizing my jaghire. The date of the matter is this:
When colonel Hannay was by Mr. Hadings ordered to
inarch to Benares, during the troubles of Cheyt Sing, the
colonel, who had plundered the whole country, was in¬
capable of proceeding from the union of thoufands of
zemindars, who had feized this favourable opportunity.
They haraded Mr. Gordon near Junivard, and oppofed
his march. Mr. Gordon forded the river upon his ele¬
phant. In the mean time a letter was received by me
from colonel Hannay, defiring me to efcort Mr. Gordon
to Fyzabad. As my friendfhip for the Engliffi was al¬
ways lincere, I readily complied, and feat fome compa-

2 A N D. 763

nies of Nejeebs to efcort Mr. Gordon and all his effefts
to Fyzabad ; where, having provided for his entertain¬
ment, I effefted his junftion with colonel Hannay. The
letters of thanks I received from both thefe gentlemen
are dill in my poffieffion. But is it not extraordinary, that
notwithdanding- the judnefsof my caufe, nobody relieves
my misfortunes r”

In the letter of colonel Hannay, referred to by the
begum, that officer, in the oriental phrafeology, fays:.
“ Begum Saib of exalted dignity ! Your exalting letter,
fraught with grace and benevolence, I had the honour
to receive in a fortunate moment. Your faithful fervant
repofeth his mod unbounded hopes and expeftation upon
your highnefs, that Mr. Gordon may arrive at Fyzabad
without apprehenfion or danger.” And Mr. Gordon
exprelfes himfelf in a dill higher drain of refpe£t and
gratitude: “Begum Saib or exalted dignity and gene-
rofity ! Your gracious letter, in anfwer to the petition of
your fervant from Goondah, exalted me. The welfare
of your fervant is entirely owing to your favour and be¬
nevolence. Continue to exalt and honour me with your
gracious letters. May the fun of profperity continually
diine !”

When the intelligence of thefe adonifhing tranfaftions
reached the court of directors, that aflembly ordered a
letter to be written to the governor and council, in which
they fay, with reference to the iniquitous and enormous
plan of feizure and refumption, “We hope and trud,
tor the honour of the Britidi nation, that this meafure
appeared fully judified in the eyes of all Hindoodan.
It no where appears, from the papers at prefent in our
podedion, that they, the begums, excited any commo¬
tions previous to the imprifonment of Cheyt Sing; and
only armed themfelves in confequence of that tranfac-
tion ; and it is probable, that fuch a conduft proceeded
from motives of felf-defence, under an apprehenfion that
they themfelves might likewife be laid under unwarrant¬
able contributions.” And the court exprefsly ordered
an enquiry to be indituted into this matter, and, if the
charge proved to be unfounded, that their jaghires diould
be redored. But thisrequidtion was never complied with.

On the departure of Mr. Francis from India early in
1781, Mr. Hadings, upon whom the entire powers of
government devolved, immediately didblved the pro¬
vincial councils, and edabliffied a committee of revenue,
with powers in the highed degree defpotic. The gene¬
ral renewal of leafes coming under the confideration of
this board, they determined, “ that as to the period of
the leafes, it appeared bed to the committee to limit
them to one year.” In this refpeft the committee of re¬
venue were lefs lenient than the famous committee of
circuit. And they acted in direft ccntradiftion to the
former opinion of Mr. Hadings, who then folemnly de¬
clared, “that the farmer, i.e. the government ledee,
who holds his farm for one year only, having no intered
in the next, takes what he can with the hand of rigour :
he will be tempted to exceed the bounds of right, and to
augment his income by irregular exaftions, and by rack¬
ing the tenants, for which pretences will not be wanting
where the farms pafs annually from one hand to another.
On the contrary, from long leafes the farmer acquires a
permanent- intered in his lands: he will, for his own
fake, lay out money in adiding his tenants, in improving
lands already cultivated, and in clearing and cultivating
wade lands.” All the evils fo clearly forefeen, and fo
little regarded, added to thofe aridng from the groded
peculation, took place under this new fydem ; the chief
adminidrator and manager of which was one Govind
Sing, a wretch loaded (as Mr. Hadings himfelf acknow¬
ledged) with reproaches, and of whom it dands upon re¬
cord, “that there was icarcely a family of rank in the
three provinces whom he had not fome time or another
didreded and affiifted — fcarcely a zemindary that he had
not difmembered and plundered.”

During the long adminidration of Mr. Hadings, va¬
rious

764

ENG

rious momentous incidents occurred in the fubordinate
departments of government in India ; but of thefe a cur-
fory mention can only be made. Mahomed Ali Khan,
nabob of Arcot, had, by means too obvious to need ex¬
planation, acquired an unbounded influence over the
counfels ot the government of Madras. Supported by
the aid and authority of that prefidency, under the ex-
prefs fandtion of the governor and council of Bengal, the
nabob, on frivolous pretences, declared war againfl the
rajah of Tanjore, a neighbouring prince and ancient ally
ot the company ; and, feizing his dominions, annexed
them to his own territory. The court of directors, highly
indignant at this unjuft and violent ufurpation, deter¬
mined upon the reftoration of the rajah : and for this
purpofe lord Pigot, a nobleman who had formerly been
employed in the Indian (ervice, and whofe charadter,
both in a civil and military capacity, flood defervedly
high, was appointed to the government with pofitive or¬
ders to that effect. His lordffiip arrived at Madras the
latter end of the year 1775 i and, notwithftanding all the
oppolition and the temptation thrown in his way, he ac¬
compli (fled the grand objedt of his appointment in the
re-inftatement ot the rajah. Difputes running extremely
high in the council in confequence of this meafure, the
governor, in the autumn of 1776, fufpended two of the
members from their fundlions, by a doubtful and dan¬
gerous aflumption of authority. But ample revenge
was loon after taken by the remaining malcontents, in the
aneft and imprifonment of his lordfhip, who furvived
this daring outrage but a very fhort time. In the feflion
of Parliament which began November 1778, Admiral
Pigot, brother to lord Pigot, brought this affair in all its
circumftances before the lioufe of commons; and after
ftatmg, in a feries of refolutions, the principal fadfs re¬
lative to this cataftrophe, he concluded with moving an
addrefs to his majefty, “ humbly praying, that George
Stratton, efq. and the other members of the council of
Madras, be profecuted for ordering their governor and
commander in chief to be arrefled, and confined under a
military force— they being returned to England, and now
within the jurifdidtien of his majefty’s courts of Weft,
minder-hall.” Notwithftanding the laboured juftifica-
tion ot Mr. Stratton, who was a member of the houfe,
thefe refolutions were unanimoufly carried. Thefe gen¬
tlemen, being in the fequel tried and convidfed in the
court of king’s-bench, were, to the amazement of the
public, fentenced only to pay a trifling fine.

At this period the war in India had become very
general ; a mod formidable combination of the country
powers in oppofition to the Engliih had taken place,
which, aftifted by the fleets and armies of France, feemed
to menace the very exiftence of the empire of Britain in
India. Hyder Ali, the ancient and inveterate enemy of
the company, in July, 1780, broke into the Carnatic with
a vaft army, and committed the mod dreadful ravages.
On the 10th of September, he attacked and furrounded
a confiderable detached corps under colonel Baillie, which
were entirely cut to pieces or made prifoners. He then
attacked and made himfelf matter of Arcot; and fcarcely
did the government at Madras believe itfelf to be in
fafety, wh.en fir Eyre Coote arrived to take the command
of the company’s forces on the coaft of Coromandel, and
Hyder was in repeated engagements foiled and defeated
by this gallant veteran. Various naval encounters alfo
took place between the French and Englifh fleets, com¬
manded by M. Suffrein and admiral fir Edward Hughes,
with equal fkill, courage, and fuccefs. The naval 'force
of both nations was gradually increafed, in the progrefs
of the war, to a degree far beyond what had been known
at any former period in India, amounting at the laft, on
the part of the Britifti, to eighteen (hips of the line of
battle. But the proportion continuing nearly the (lime,
the mutual accefiions of ftrength ferved only to increafe
the number of human vidtims : and the fuccellive battles
being obftuiately and heroically contefted^ the blood fhed

.AND.

in the eaftern world was uncommonly great. — See the
article Hindoostan.

The affairs of India were now become fo alarming in
England, that a fecret committee having been appointed,
in 1781, to enquire into the caufes of the Mahratta war,
and that in the Carnatic; a very able report was brought
up early in the feflion of 1782, by Mr. Dundas, chairman
of the committee, in which the general fyftem of policy
purfued by the governor-general Haftings, was reprobated
in terms of extreme feverity. Mr. Dundas, in the courfe
of his fpeech, laid, “ that the governor had no right to
fancy he was an Alexander, or an Aurengzebe ; or to
prefer frantic military exploits, -inftead of the improve¬
ment of the trade and commerce of the country.” Sir
Thomas Rumbold alfo, who had juft: relinquilhed the
government of Madras, was criminated as guilty of grofs
peculation, embezzlement, and oppreflion. General
Smith, in moving that the report of the fecret committee
be referred to a committee of the houfe, took notice that
fir Elijah Impey, his majefty’s chief juftice in India, had
fo far degraded his charadter and office, as to accept of a
place under the company of 8000I. per annum, contrary
to the folemn engagements under which he held his ap¬
pointment. An addrefs was in confequence prefented to
the king, to befeech his majefty to recal fir Elijah Impey
from India to anfwer for his conduit. A bill was likewife
brought in by Mr. Dundas, for inflidting certain pains
and penalties on fir Thomas Rumbold, for high crimes
and mifdemeanours.

On the 28th of May, 1782, the houfe of commons
palled a feries of refolutions, in the molt decifive terms
condemnatory of the whole fyftem of Indian politics. The
laft refolution imported, “ That Warren Haftings, efq.
governor-general in Bengal, and William Hornby, efq.
prelident of the council at Bombay, having in fundry in-
ftances added in a manner repugnant to the honour and
policy of this nation, and thereby brought great calami¬
ties on India, and enormous expences on the Eaft-India
company, it is the duty of the diredtors of the faid com¬
pany, to purfue all legal and effectual means for the re- <*
moval of the faid governor-general and prelident from ’
their faid offices, and to recal them to Great Britain.”
This refolution was confirmed by the court of directors,
and patted Odtober, 1782, in the following terms ; “ Re-
folved, that it is the opinion of this court, that a*fteady
perfeverance in the fyftem of condudt fo frequently en¬
joined by the court of diredtors, cannot be expedted from
thofe fervants whofe ideas of extenfion of dominion, either
by negociation or conquelt, have led them to depart from
orders fo often enforced ; and therefore, that it is expe¬
dient to remove Warren Haftings, efq. from the office of
governor-general of Bengal.”

The war in India, in the mean while, went on with
various fuccefs. The valuable fettlements of Negapat-
nam, on the Coromandel coaft, and Trinquemale, in the
ifland of Ceylon, belonging to the Dutch, were captured
by the Engliih. On the other hand, colonel Braithwaite,
with a detachment of the company’s troops, was totally
routed on the banks of the Coleroon by Tippoo Saib, fon
of Hyder Ali, afiifted by a body of French troops; after
which Cuddalore furrendered to the vidtors. The ope¬
rations of the war on the Malabar coaft were at the fame
time condudled by general Goddard, with a great difplay
of military (kill and fpirit. Invading the province of
Guzzerat, in 1780, he reduced the city of Amedabad, its
capital ; and, on thefecond of April j«he ftormed the camp
of the Mahrattas, commanded by Madajee Scindia, whom
he totally defeated. Entering into a treaty with the rana
of Gohud, major Popham, by order of the general, at¬
tacked and carried, in the courfe of the hammer, the
ftrong fortrefs of Gualior, which was garrifoned by the
Mahrattas, though within the territory of the rana.

Early in 1781, general Goddard fat down before Baf-
feen ; and, after reducing this important place, he delifted
from further active operations, in confequence of the fuc-

cours

E N G I

eours lie was under a neceffity to fend to fir Eyre Coote.
In the province of Malva, colonel Carnac furprifed,
April 30, (lie camp of the enemy, and Madajee Scindia
was a fecond time totally routed. After this the 'Mali,
ratta chieftain made fecret overtures fora feparate peace ;
and a cefiation of lioftili ties between England and the
Mahratta Rates took place in. the month of Oirtober, 17S1.
The definitive articles of peace were figned in May fol¬
lowing, at Salberg, by Mr. Anderfon, on the part of the
company, and by Scindia, general and plenipotentiary,
on the part of the peifiiwa. By this treaty BalTeen, and
the other recent acquifitions in the Guzzerat, were re-
ftored to the Mahrattas, the ifland of Salfette only of the
late conqnefts remaining to the Englifh ; for, at the re¬
fined of Madajee Scindia, the Englilh confented alfo to
relinquifh their claim to the city of Baroach and the con¬
tiguous diftridls. Ragonaut Row was, by this treaty,
for ever abandoned, and compelled to quit the territories
of the company; and their ally, the rana of Gohud,who
appears indeed without fcruple to have oppofed dupli¬
city to duplicity, was, under pretext of “ leaving him to
fettle his own affairs,” virtually delivered up to the
mercy of hisenemies. But the mod extraordinary article
of the treaty was that whereby the peifiiwa engages that
Hyder Ali Khan fiiall be made to relinquifh, within fix
months, all fuch territories belonging to the company or
their allies as he (hall have taken polfefiion of fince the
ninth of the month Ramzan. The fa6t was, that not
only a treaty of peace, but of the ftriefteft alliance and
iriendfliip, was now formed by the governor-general
Haftings with the Mahratta court ; and a fecret project
was believed to be already in contemplation for the parti¬
tion of Hyder’s dominions. The nizam of the Decan
and the rajah of Berar were alfo parties in this accommo¬
dation, for their acceflion. to which they received large
pecuniary gratifications.

This pacification with the Mahrattas induced the pre-
■ fidency of Bengal to rifque a bold attempt on the domi¬
nions of Hyder Ali on the Malabar fide. The kingdoms
of Canara and Myfore, both under fubjedtion to that
^ prince, ftretch along the weftern coaft of Hindoofian,
nearly in the latitude of Arcot. The chief city of the
former is Bednore, a name changed by its pofieffor to
Hydernagore. A confiderable force, already landed in
the kingdom of Myfore, had relieved the city of Tel 1 i-
cherri, a port or fadtory on that coaft belonging to the
Englifh, and reduced the neighbouring town of Calicut.
It was with difficulty, neverthelefs, that the Englifh kept
their footing in this country, when General Matthews
arrived from Bombay with verv large reinforcements, and
immediately laid fiege to the important fortrefs of Oncre,
which was carried by ftorm on the fifth of January, 1783.
At this period died Hyder Ali ; who was fucceeded by
his fon Tippoo Saib, a prince who had already given
great proofs of valour and ability.

From Onore general Matthews proceeded through the
ghauts, or pafies of the mountains, to Hydernagore, which
furrendered to him without refiftance. After this, An-
nampore, Carwa, and Mangalore, were fticceffively fub-
dned ; the former by ftorm, with circumftances of Angu¬
lar barbarity : four hundred beautiful women perifhed in
the general malfacre, under the brutal licentioulnefs of
the foldiery. In the mean time Tippoo prepared for the
■relief of Myfore and Canara ; and, leaving a ftrcng force
to guard his conquefts in the Carnatic, he marched his
army acrofs the peninfula with unexampled expedition,
and arrived in the vicinity of Hydernagore in April, 1783.
By a feries of manoeuvres he made himfelf mailer of the
ghauts in the rear of general Matthews, by which means
all communication with the fea was entirely cut off. . The
force of general Matthews being now centred in Hyder¬
nagore, this city was inverted by Tippoo with a vaft
army, computed at 150,000 men, covering the hills on
every fide as far as the eye could reach. The Englilh,
reduced to extremity, were foon obliged to furrender on

*iOL. VI. No. 389.

A N D. 765

capitulation, by the terms of which the public treafure
was to be reftored to the ftiltan ; but not a rupee being
found in the fortrefs, general Matthews was charged by
the conqueror with grofs collufion, and a diredt infraction
of the treaty ; and being conducted in chains to Seringa-
patam, the capital of Myfore, lie was thrown into a dun¬
geon, and, with the greater part of his officers, periffiecl
miferably in confinement under various devices of cruel
torture. See the article Hindoostan.

Notwithftanding the departure of Tippoo from the Car¬
natic, tire prelidency of Madras had (till to cope with
fuperior force. Although the utmoft exertions of fir
Eyre Coote had not been wanting, no decifive advantage
had been gained in the Taft. campaign with Hyder'; and
the ill date of health of this able commander obliged him
to relign the army into the hands of general Stuart, and
to retire at the conclufion of 1783 to Bengal. Early in
the enfuing fpring, believing himfelf fomewhat recovered,
he returned to Madras in order to refume his command ;
but two days only after his arrival, he expired in an ad¬
vanced age, having acquired in more than thirty years
military fervice in India a reputation, the luftre of which
could be deemed fcarcely inferior to that of his pretle-
ceffior, lord Clive. The important fettlement of Trin-
quemale was retaken by M. Sufffefn, and a very large
reinforcement of French troops landed in the Carnatic
under M. de Bufii. Notwithftanding all oppofition, ge¬
neral Stuart inverted Cuddalore, and made confiderable
progrefs in the fiege, when an exprefs arrived with the
intelligence of a treaty of peace having been concluded
between the belligerent powers, on which an immediate
cefiation of hoftilities took place.

After the conqueft of Hydernagore, and the recapture
of the inland country by Tippoo, he laid fiege to Jvjan-
gafore, the principal place yet remaining in the hands of
the Englifh ; an obftinate refiftance was made by the gar-
rifon ; but a practicable breach being at length effedled,
a general affiault was in contemplation, when news ar.
rived of the pacification which had taken place in Europe;
and the French troops and engineers in his fervicp in¬
formed him, that they muft immediately withdraw their
affiftance. Tippoo, after much paffionate expoftulation,
therefore afiented to an armiftice, in a few days after
which event colonel Macleod arrived with powerful
reinforcements from Bombay. A negociation was imme¬
diately commenced for a definitive peace. This was ac¬
celerated by a declaration which the fultan received from
the peifiiwa of the Mahrattas, that if Tippoo did not
confent to an immediate evacuation of the Carnatic, he
would unite with the Englifh againff him. During the
continuance of the truce and the negociation., the bibby,
or princefs of, Cannanore, a diftridl depending on the
kingdom of Canara, having feized tome boats with fepoys
belonging to the garrifon of Mangalore, accidentally
forced by ftrefs of weather on her coaft, colonel Macleod
attacked and ftormed the fortrefs of Cannanore, making
the princefs herfelf prifoner. Although loud complaints
were made by Tippoo of this violation of the armiflice,
it does not appear much to have retarded the negociation,
the articles being figned March 11, 1784, on the terms of
mutual reftitution, and a renunciation on the part of
Tippoo of his claim to the fovereignty -of the Carnatic.

In the month of March, 1783, Mr. Haftings difpatched
his own fecret agent, major Browne, to the court o-f
Dehli, in order to make propofals to the Mogul emperor
Sha Allum, to enter into engagements with the company
and the Mahratta government, for the accompli fliment
of certain defigns in favour of the emperor, but of a very
hoftile nature to feveral powersof Hindoofian then in amity
with the company. And major Browne was ccmmif-
fioned to offer to the Mogul, to provide for the entire ex¬
pence of any troops the emperor might require ; which
propofal was accepted with every lymptom of eagetnefs
and fatisfadtion. And the negociation being fufficiently
advanced, Mr. Haftings, brought forward a v.rpp.ofitjon in
9 I " council,

766

ENGLAND.

council, October 5, 17S3, to affift the Mogul with a mili¬
tary force : and at a fubfequent meeting of the board,
he laid before them a letter from major Browne, dated
Dehli, December 30, 178-3, containing, amidft much mif.
cellaneous matter, the following extraordinary paffagesr
“ 1 he bufinefs of aflifting the (hah can and mud now go
on, it we wifli to be fecure in India, and regarded as a
nation. We have offered; the (hah has accepted the
offer of affiftance. We have annexed conditions ;. the
fhah lias approved of them.” The projeift thus unex¬
pectedly obtruded on the board by Mr. Haftings, was
very ill received by his colleagues, Mr. Wheeler and
Mr. Stables, who (trongly remonftrated againft involving
the company in new wars and dangerous foreign connec¬
tions. But Mr. Haftings was not to be difcouraged by
trivial obftacles.

Early in the following year, 1784, Mr. Haftings made a
progrefs to the city of Lucknow, and there had an inter¬
view with the prince Mizra Jehander Sha, eldeft fon of
the Mogul emperor, and who, as the governor-general in
his public letter fays, “ had long held the principal part
in the adminiftration of the king his father.” From Mr.
Maftings’s account of this interview, which he reprefents
as wholly unexpected and fortuitous, the prince having
left the court of Dehli without even the knowledge of
the emperor, it appears that urgent folicitations were
made by the heir of the Mogul empire to the Englifh
governor, for aid and alliftance to raii'e the king, his fa¬
ther, from that ftate of degradation and infignificance into
which he had fallen: intimating his readinefs even to go
in perfon to England, to reprefent the diftrefles of the
emperor of Hindooftan, in the hope of obtaining relief.
Mr. Haftings in reply informed the prince, “ that the
Englifh nation, juft emerged from a ftate of univerfal
warfare, required repofe, and would be alarmed at any
movement of which it could not immediately fee the
ifftie or the progrefs, but which might eventually create
new hoftil i ties ; that as to himfelf, he could not engage,
if he chole it, in a bufinefs of this nature, without the
concurrence of his colleagues in office, who, he believed,
would be averfe to it ; that he would, however, repre¬
fent his fituation to the joint members of his own go¬
vernment, and wait their determination. In the mean
time he advifed him to make advances to Madajee Scin-
dia, as the effective head of the Mahratta (fate, and who
was in intimate union, and fvvorn connection, with the
Englifh .”

On the departure of the young prince from Dehli, Mr.
Haftings wrote to the Mahratta chief, Madajee Scindia,
to apprize him of this event, and, profeffing himfelf un¬
prepared, to afk his advice how to aCt in this emergency ;
and certain confidential agents from the Mahratta chief
repairing to Lucknow, held fiequentand fecret confer¬
ences with the governor, the purport of which was
never communicated to the board at Calcutta. This
tiifue of intrigues terminated, however, very unexpect¬
edly, in the hidden invafion of the emperor^s territories
by the Mahrattas, who made themfelves mailers of
Dehli; and the emperor, being a fecond time prifoner in
their hands, was obliged to declare the head of the
Mahratta ftate to be vicegerent of the Mogul empire ;
in which capacity great and indefinite claims of fupe-
riority were advanced on the part of the peiffiwa, and a
fpecific claim fet up to the tribute due to the emperor
from the Englifh at Bengal. Far from being alarmed at
this addition to the Mahratta power, Mr. Haftings de¬
clared, “that fuch was the attachment of Scindia to the
Englilh, that, while he lives, every acceffion of territory
obtained by him will be an advantage to this govern¬
ment.” The council, however, unable to explore the
dark and unfathomable abyf's of the governor’s politics,
at length came to a. refolution to oppofe them; and the
governor, perceiving his influence in the council loft,
knowing his reputation at home to be in the wane,
and feat ing mod probably a difgraceful difmiflion, now

thought it expedient to njlgn the government. On his-
arrival in England, he was impeached at the bar of the
houfe of lords, by the commons of Great Britain, of
high crimes and mifdemeanors in the execution of his
office.

We are now ter revert from this long but necefiary di-
greflion, to the regular narrative of events in England.
On the i3th of July, 1781, the fellion was clofed by a
fpeech, in which his majefty obferved, “ that the great
efforts made by the nation to furmount the difficulties of
the prefent arduous and complicated war, muft convince
the world that the ancient fpirit of the Britifh nation was
not abated or diminifhed; and he was refolved to accept
of no terms or conditions of peace, than fuch as might
eo lift ft with the honour and dignity of his crown, and the
permanent interefts and fecurity of his people.”

The military hiftory of the prefent year was marked, in
its commencement, by a fpirited attempt on the part of
the French, to capture the ifland of Jerfey by a coup-de-
main. Early on the 16th of January, 1781, a landing was
effected by the baron de Rullecourt, at the head of about
eight hundred men, at the Bank dtt Violet ; and, to the
aftonifhment of the inhabitants, when the day began to
dawn, the market-place of St. Helier was found occupied
by French troops. The governor’s houfe being entirely
furrounded, he was compelled to furrender himfelf pri¬
foner, and was fo far intimidated as even to fign articles
of capitulation. But when Elizabeth-caftle was fum-
moned, captain Aylward, the commander, far from pay¬
ing the leaft regard to the a£ts of the governor in his pre¬
fent ftate of durance, fired upon the French, and obliged
them to retreat ; and major Pierfon, a young and gallant
officer, fecond in command, having affembled the regular
troops and militia of the ifland on the heights near the
town, attacked the enemy with the greateft refolution
and vigour. Baron Rullecourt being at the commence¬
ment of the aflion mortally wounded, the French troops
in lefs than half an hour laid down their arms, and fur-
rendered prifoners of war. Unfortunately almoft the lafc
(hot fired, proved fatal to major Pierfon, in whole con-
dud, during the whole of this tranfadlion, diferetion and
valour had been equally confpicuous.

Early intelligence of the rupture with KoHand having
been tranfmitted to the Weft Indies, admiral Rodney and
general Vaughan appeared, February, 1781, with a very
conftderable naval and military force before the ifland of
Sf. Euftatia, that famous depolit of wealth and mart of
traffic. So little apprehenftve were the inhabitants of
this event, that it was with difficulty they were brought
to give credit to the fummons. Being totally deftitute
of the means of reftftance, they were compelled to fur-
render at diferetion. The (lores and merchandize, efti-
mated at three millions fterling, were publicly fold for
the benefit of the captors. A prodigious number of
trading veffels lying in the harbour alfo became the pro¬
perty of the vidiors, with two men of war, one of which
was a flag-fhip, commanded by admiral count Byland_
Nearly at the fame time, the Dutch fettlements of De-
merara, Berbicia, and HTequibo, on the fouthern main,,
alfo fubmitted without refiftance to the arms of his Bri¬
tannic majefty.

The French fleet under count de Grade, after a partial
engagement with admiral Hood, who in the abfence of fir
George Rodney commanded the Englifh fleet, fleered its
eourfe to the ifland of Tobago, on which M. de Bouille,
with a conftderable land force, made an immediate de-
feent. Admiral Rodney, on receiving intelligence of this
attack, detached a fquadron for the relief of the ifland,
which finding the French in great force was obliged to re¬
turn ; and the admiral, accompanied by general Vaughan,
now failed in perfon with the whole fleet for Tobago,
off the coaft of which he arrived the fourth of June, but
had t he mortification to learn that the ifland had f'urren-
dered on the fecond. And at the latter end of the year,
the ifland of Euftatia was re-captured. M. de Bouille,

receiving

ENGL

receiving certain intelligence of the habitual negligence_
of the garrifon, landed by night about four hundred
troops, part of a much larger force, which the tempeftu-
oufnefs of the weather had feparated, in a cove at the
back of the ifiand. This fpirited officer, confiding in his
fortune, advanced with his troops, as foon as day-light
appeared, to the citadel, which they immediately ftormed,
and carried with little difficulty ; and the furprife being
very complete, near feven hundred men, with colonel
Cockbourne, their commander, were, by a mod humi¬
liating neceffity, conftrained to furrender themfelves pri-
foners of war.

While the war was going on with various fuccefs in
America, governor Johnftone, late one of the comtnif-
fioners to America, was inverted with a naval command,
and with a confiderable fquadron was detached on an ex¬
pedition to the Cape of Good Hope. The court of Ver-
failles, knowing the inability of the ftates-general to pro-
ted their foreign dominions, fent a fuperior fquadron
under M. Suffrein to counterad the defigns of the Eng-
liffi ; and coming up with them at Port Praya, in the illand
of St. Jago, the French admiral fcrupled not to violate
the neutrality of the Portuguefe flag, by attacking the
fquadron of commodore Johnftone while it lay'difperfed
and fcattered, unfufpicious of danger, in the harbour.
Happily the French, rather by extraordinary efforts of
valour on the part of the Britifh feamen, than of lie i 1 1 on
that of their commander, were beaten oft’ ; but immedi¬
ately proceeding to the Cape, they effectually fecured
that important fettlement from any hoftile attempt. Com¬
modore Johnftone, on his fubfequent arrival, was obliged
to content himfelf with the capture of feveral Dutch Eaft
Indiamen in Saldanha bay ; and thofe of his (hips which
were deftined for the Eaft Indies profecuting their voyage
thither, the commodore returned home with his prizes
from his lucrative expedition.

In the courfe of the fummer of 1781, an engagement
took place off the Dogger Bank, between an Englifti
fquadron commanded by admiral Hyde Parker, and a
Dutch fquadron of equal force under admiral Zoutman,
who had under convoy the Baltic trade bound to the
Texel. On perceiving the Englifti fleet bearing down,
the Dutch admiral, who was to leeward, lay-to, and the
Englifh were fuffered to approach within half muiket
lhot without firing a gun, when a dreadful cannonade
commenced, which was kept up without interruption for
three hours and forty minutes ; and the adion then ceafed
only becanfe the fhips on both (ides, from the damages
they had refpedively fuftained, were no longer found ma¬
nageable. The Dutch, after fome time, bore aw'ay with
their convoy for the Texel, which they reached with
great difficulty, one of their largeft (hips finking before
they could make the harbour. Admiral Parker, who
had unavailingly applied to the admiralty for a reinforce¬
ment, returned in great difeontent and in a ftiattered con¬
dition to the Nore, where he received the (ignal honour
of a vifit from his majefty on-board his own (hip, and
was offered knighthood as the reward of his valour.
But his haughty refufal fliewed how little he was flat¬
tered by thefe puerile diftindions.

About this time the emperor of Germany, then refident
in the Netherlands, ifl’ued a placart, by which Offend was
declared to be a free port ; and in the month of Otlober,
1781, he acceded in form to the armed neutrality, as the
kings of Pruffia and Portugal had alfo previoufly done.
All the continental powers feemed fully fenfible that Eng¬
land was rapidly exhaufting her ftrength inafruitlefs and
unnatural war with her colonies ; and they were all equally
fedulous to be prepared to take advantage of her weaknefs.
But the bulk of the people of England were not fo blind
to their own affairs as not to be fully fenfible that the po¬
licy of lord North’s adminiftration was tending rapidly to
the ruin and difgrace of the country ; and therefore a firing
of motions for the difcontinuance of the American war,
2nd for the difmiffion of his majelty’s minifters, had been
1

A N D. 767

ftrenuoufly followed up by the members in oppofition.
On the 19th of March, 1782, the earl of Suirey had pro-
pofed to move arefolution of a (imitar import ; but when
his lordftiip was about to rife, lord North addreffed him¬
felf to the fpeaker, and faid, “that as he underftood
the objed of the noble lord’s motion to be the removal
of minifters, he wiflied to prevent the neceffity of giving
the houfe further trouble by an explicit declaration, that
his majefty had come to a determination to make an entire
change of adminiftration : and he and his colleagues only
retained their official fituation till other minifters were
appointed to occupy their places.” Thus was this fa¬
mous adminiftration under lord North, which had exifted
for twelve years, fuddenly and totally dilfolvcd. The
marquis of Rockingham, to the univerfal fatisfadion of
the kingdom, was now a fecond time placed at the head
of the treafury ; under whom lord John Cavendifli aded
as chancellor of the exchequer; the earl of Shelburne
and Mr. Fox were nominated fecretaries of date ; lord
Camden was appointed prefident of the council ; the duke
of Grafton reinftated as lord privy feal ; admiral Kep-
pel, now created lord Keppel, placed at the head of
the admiralty ; general Conway, of the army ; the duke
of Richmond, of the ordnance. The duke of Portland
fucceeded lord Carlifle as lord-lieutenant of Ireland ;
Mr. Burke was conftituted paymafter of the forces ; and
colonel Barre, treafurer of the navy. Lord Thurlow,
by the unanimous confent of the new minifters, conti¬
nued in poffeftion of the great feal.

The firft ad of the new adminiftration was to fignify
its abhorrence of the war, and by every honourable
means to flop the further effufion of human blood.
Negociations for a general peace were almoft immediately
commenced between France and Great Britain, and
Mr. Grenville was fent to Paris, inverted with full powers
to treat for that purpofe with all the belligerent powers.

Previous to the change of adminiftration, fir Henry
Clinton had refigned to fir Guy Carleton his command
in America, which he had held lince the refignation of
fir William Howe in the fpring of 1778. Inftrudions
were now fent to the new commander, and admiral
Digby, to acquaint the congrefs of the pacific view's of
the Englifh court, and of t heir readinefs to treat on the
bafts of American independence ; for the event of which
fee the article America, vol. i. p.463.

On the 15th of April, a meffage was delivered to the
houfe by Mr. Fox from the king, dating, “ That his
majefty, taking into confideration the fupplies which have
been' given with fo much liberality, and fupported by
fttch uncommon finnnefs and fortitude by his people in
the prefent extenftve war, recommended to his faithful
commons the confideration of an effedual plan of eco¬
nomy throughout all the branches of the public expen¬
diture.” An addrels ot thanks was then moved for, and
immediately agreed to by the houfe ; and in confequence
of this meffage, Mr. Burke’s reform bill vvas a third time
brought forward, and finally palled. By this biil the
board of trade, and the board of works, with the great
wardrobe, were abolifhed ; together with the 'office of
American fecretary of ftate, the offices of treafurer of the
chamber, cofferer of the houfehold, the lords of police
in Scotland, the paymafter of the penfions, the mafter of
the harriers, the mafter of the flag-hounds, and fix clerks
of the board of green doth. Provifion alio was made to
enable his majefty to borrow a fura for the liquidation of
a new arrear of three hundred thoufand pounds, by a tax
on falaries and penfions ; a debt to this amount having
been contracted by the prodigality of the late minillersg
notwithftanding the addition of one hundred thoufand
pounds per annum, recently made to the civil lift.

On the 3d of May, 1782, after a debate of fome length,
it was refolved by the houfe of commons, “ That all
the declarations, orders, and refolutions, of that houl'e,
refpeding the eledion of John Wilkes, efq. be expunged
from the journals of the houfe, as fubverfive of the rights

of

E N G L A 'N E>.

TGs

cf the whole hotly of electors in the kingdom.” Mr-
Wilkes, in a public letter addreffed to his conftituents,
“congratulated them on the (ignal reparation they had
now obtained for their violated frarrchi fes, and the inju¬
ries they had fuffained under the former adminiftration/”

The new miniftry, though compofed of diffonaait and
jarring materials, conduced public affairs with at lead:
the appearance of perfedt and cordial unanimity, until
the death of the marquis of Rockingham, July 1,-1782,
in the meridian of his age, and at the very height of his
political reputation ; the weight and influence attached
-to which, combined with the excellence of his private
character, and the mild benignity of his manners, formed
that power of attradfion -which held together the new
minifferial fyftem ; and when this ceafed "to operate, dif-
order, confufion, and mutual repulfion, took place. On
the very day fucceeding the deceafe of the marquis of
Rockingham, the earl of Shelburne was declared firft
lord of the treafury. The acceptance of this high office,
without any previous communication with his colleagues
in adminiftration, was conlidered by the Rockingham
party as equivalent to a declaration of political hostility
on the part of lord Shelburne. On this promotion, there¬
fore, Mr. Fox resigned the feals as fecretary of the north¬
ern department ; lord John Cavendiffi his office as chan¬
cellor of the exchequer; the duke of Portland his go¬
vernment of Ireland ; lord Althrop, lord Duncannon,
Mr. Frederic Montague, &c. their feats at the boards of
treafury and admiralty ; and Mr. Burke his port; of pay.
smarter of the army. -In confequence of thefe refignations
and removes, the feals of the fouthern department were
given to the -earl of Grantham; and of the northern to
Mr. Thomas Townfhend, late fecretary at war ; fir
George Young fucceeded Mr. Townfhend ; colonel
Barre was made paymaffer of the forces ; and the lord
advocate of Scotland, in his room, treafurer of the navy.
The earl of Temple, eldeft fon of the late George Gren¬
ville, fucceeded the duke of Portland in the lord lieu¬
tenancy of Ireland ; but the promotion which attradled
mod of the public attention was that of Mr. William
.Pitt, who, at the age of three-and-twenty, was confti-
tuted chancellor of the exchequer, ; an office which had
been always fuppofed to require, in order to its proper
difcharge, not fo much brilliancy of talents, as long pre¬
vious ftudy and experience, and confirmed habitudes of
diligence and induffry in accounts.

On the nth of July, 1782, the feffion terminated, un¬
der which the new adminiftration had been formed and
reformed ; and the fpeech from the throne contained the
welcome declaration, “ that nothing could be more re¬
pugnant to his majefty’s feelings, than the long continu¬
ance of fo complicated a war; and that his ardent defire
of peace had induced him to take every meafure which
prcmifed the fpeedieff accomplifhment of his willies.”

The military events of the year yet remain to be nar¬
rated. The fortrefs of . Gibraltar had continued to be
clofely invefted by the Spaniards; and the refolute de¬
fence of the garrifon began to attract the attention of
Europe. Towards the clofe of 1781, by a moil fpirited
and fuccefsful fortie, the Itupendous works eredled by
the Spaniards acrofs the ifthmus which connedts the rock
of Gibraltar with the Spanilh main, were ftormed and
almoft totally demolilhed, when, after immenfe expence
and labour, they had arrived at the higheft ftate of per-
fedlion. In lefs than half an hour five batteries, with all
the lines of approach, communication, and traverfe, were
in flames; the magazines blowing up one after another
as the conflagration fuccelTively reached- them ; the afto-
nifhed Spaniards offering no other reliftance, than a dif-
tant and ill-diiedted fire from the forts of St. Philip and
St. Barbara.

To balance this fuccefs, intelligence arrived early in
the fpring of 1782, that general Murray, governor of
Minorca, had been compelled, after a long and vigorous
■rsfiftance, to furrender that ifland to the arms of his ca¬

tholic majefty. 'Formerly, the lofs of Minorca 'had og»
cafioned the downfal of an adminiftration; but fuch
were the infinitely greater misfortunes and difafters of
the prefent war, that this event made little impreffion
•upon the public, and it was fcarcely remarked, that no
-attempt whatever had been made for its relief during a
•fiege of one hundred and feventy-one days.

The ifland of Nevis, in the Weft Indies, alfo about the
Tame time furrendered to the marquis de Bouille and the
•count de Gralfe ; by whom the moil liberal terms were
-granted to the inhabitants. Eight thoufand troops, with
a formidable train of artillery, were then landed on the
important ifland of St. Chriftopher. Sir Samuel I-Jood,
who now commanded the Britifh fleet in the Weft Indies,
made ftrenuous efforts for its relief.: and, notwithftand-
ing his difparity of force, in three fucceffive encounters
with the count de Gralfe he obtained each time the ad¬
vantage, and, at length, by a dextrous manoeuvre gained
poffeffion of the enemy’s anchorage in Balfeterre Road.
Admiral Hood then landed a confiderable detachment of
troops from Antigua under general Prefect ; but general
Frazer, the commanding officer on the ifland, who was
ftrongly ported on an intrenched eminence, fent him word,
“that as he had taken the trouble to come with troops
to his aftiftance, he fhould doubtlefs be glad of the I10-.
nour of feeing him, but he was in no want of him or his
troops.” Notwithftanding this idle vaunt, he was obliged
to furrer.der the ifland on capitulation, after a fiege of
five weeks, on the 12th of February, 1782. In the fame
month, Demerara and Iffequibo were captured by the
French : alfo the ifland of Montferrat. The lofs of the
Bahamas quickly followed, being reduced by a confider¬
able force under don Manuel de Cigagal, governor of the
Havannah, to the obedience of the crown of Spain.

On the 19th of February, however, fir George Rodney
arrived in the Weft Indies with a ftrong reinforcement
of fliips from England, and refumed the command of the
fleet. Mighty preparations were now making both by
the French and Spaniards, for the invafion of Jamaica ;
and as the combined force of thefe powerful nations
amounted to above fixty fail of the line, had a jundlion
been effedled, the ifland would have been irrecoverably
loft. The firft objedt of the Britifh admiral was to inter¬
cept a great convoy of troops, provifions, and (lores, ex¬
pedited from Europe: but in this lie was difappointed ;
the enemy found means to efcape his vigilance, by making
the ifland of Defeada, to the northward, and keeping clofe
in (bore under the high land of Guaduloupe and Domi¬
nique, and arrived fafe at Fort Royale on the 21ft of
March. It was the defign of count de Gralfe to proceed
to Hifpaniola, and join the Spanifli admiral, don Solano,
who was waiting his arrival, in order to make, in con-
jundtion, the pre-concerted attack on Jamaica.

On the 8th of April, at day-break, the French fleet
left the harbour of Fort Royale ; and admiral Rodney,
who had the earlieft intelligence of their movements, in-
ftantly made the fignal for a general chace. Early the
next morning he came up with the enemy under Domi¬
nique, where the van of the Englifli engaged the rear of
the French, but the continued calms prevented a general
or clofe adtion. In the morning of the 1.1th a frefh breeze
fprung up, and the chace was renewed ; and towards
evening the headmoft (hips of the van gained fo much
on one or two of the enemy’s fliips, damaged in the late
adtion, that the count de Grade thought it neceflary to
bear down for the purpofe of protedling them. Sir George
Rodney, who had eagerly watched for this opportunity,
now manoeuvred the fleet with fuch (kill, as to gain the
windward of the enemy during the night, fo as entirely
to preclude their retreat. At feven in the morning of
the 1 2th, the two fleets, being ranged in lines diredtly
oppolite, engaged with the greateft fury. The French
fliips being crowded with men, the, carnage was prodi¬
gious, but no viflble impreffion was made, or material
advantage gained till about noon, when fir George Rod-

■ JJey

ENGLAND. - 1W

ney in the Formidable, followed by his feconds, the
Namur and the Duke, perceiving an accidental interval
-which invited the attempt, bore directly with fiuMfejl
athwart the enemy’s line, and fuccefsfnlly broke through,
about three fhips fhort of the centre, where the count de
Grade commanded in the Ville de Paris. Being quickly
fupported by the remainder of his divifion, the Englifh
commander wore round clofe upon the enemy, and actu¬
ally feparated their line, placing the central fhips of the
French between two fires. This bold and mafterly man¬
oeuvre proved decifive. The French, however, conti¬
nued to fight with the utmoft bravery, and the battle
laded till fun-fct. The Csefar was the fird fhip which
(truck her colours, having lod her captain, and being al-
mod torn to pieces by the Britidi fire. Soon afterwards,
by fome unfortunate accident die blew up, and every
foul on board peridied. The Glorieux, the HeCtor, the
Ardent, now followed the example of the Csefar, and
the Diadem went down by a fingle broadlide. The count
<3e Grade in the Ville de Paris, belet on all Tides, dill
held out with heroic bravery, and, though reduced to a
wreck, feemed to prefer finking rather than (trike to any
■thing under a flag. At length admiral Hood, in the
Barfieur, approached him juft at funfet, and poured in
a mod deftruCtive fire, which the count yet fuftained for
fome time, till, having three men only left alive and un¬
hurt on the upper deck, he druck to his gallant antago-
nid. Night only clofed the action: the (hattered re¬
mains of the French fleet crowded all the fail they could
make for Cape Francis, and in the morning they were
-out of fight. Sir Samuel Hood being detached to purfue
the flying enemy, came up with five fail off Porto Rico,

■ and captured the Jafon and Gaton fliips of the line, and
two frigates, the third with difficulty clearing the Mona
paffage. Unfortunately the fleet was becalmed for three
days after the aCtion ; and fir George Rodney did not
efcape cenfure for the previous dilatorinefs of his purfuit.
Whether more might have been done, if more had been
attempted, it is difficult, perhaps impoffible, to deter¬
mine. “What had been is unknown, what is appears;”
and certain it is, that this was one of the mod glorious
and decifive naval victories ever obtained by the arms of
Britain in any age of the world.

For this great victory, fir George Bridges Rodney was
created a peer of Great Britain, by the title of baron
Rodney, of Rodney-Stoke, in the county of Somerfet,
and a perpetual annuity of two thoufand pounds annexed
to the title. And the admiral received, as he well de-
ferved, the unanimous thanks of both houfes for his
eminent fervices.

jThe campaign of 1782 was deftined to be for ever fig-
nalized in the annals of hiftory, by another event not
lefs glorious to the arms of Britain than the victory, of
fir George Rodney. The favourite object of Spain, du-«
ring the whole of this war, was the recovery of the im¬
portant fortrefs of Gibraltar; and, after the reduction
of Minorca, the whole ftrength of the Spanifh monarchy
feemed to be directed to this purpofe. The due de
Crillon, conqueror of Minorca, was appointed to conduct
the fiege, and, from the failure of former plans, it was
refolved to adopt an entire new mode of operation. A
project was formed by the chevalier d’Arcon, and ap¬
proved by the Spanifh court, to conftruCt a number of
floating batteries, on a model which it was. imagined
would fecure them from being either funk or fired.
With this view their keels and bottoms were made of an
extraordinary thicknefs, and their fides defended by a kind
of rampart, compofed of wood and cork long foaked in
water, and including between them a large layer of wet
fand. The roof was made of a ftrong rope-work netting,
covered with wet hides, and calculated, by its (loping po-
fition, to prevent the (hells and bombs from lodging, but
to glide their, off into the fea before they could produce
any effeCt. The batteries, ten in number, were made of
the hulls of large veffels cut down for the purpofe, and

Vol. VI. No. 390.

mounted with heavy brafs cannon ; and, by a mod inge¬
nious mechanifm, a great variety of pipes and canals
perforated all the folid workmanfhip, in fuch a manner,
as to convey a continued fucceflion of water to every part
of the veffels.

The preparations were enormoufly expenfive in other
refpeCts : about twelve hundred pieces ol heavy ord¬
nance had been brought to the fpet, to be employed in
the different modes of attack; above eighty gun-boats
and bomb-ketches were to fecond the operations of the
floating batteries, with a multitude of frigates, (loops,
and fchooners ; and the combined fleets of France and
Spain, amounting to fifty fail of the line, were to cover
and flip port tire attack, while they heightened the awful
grandeur of the feene. The Spaniards employed by land
and fea againft the fortrefs, were eftimated at more than
one hundred thoufand men.

With this force, and by the fire of three hundred can¬
non, mortars, and howitzers, from the adjacent ifthmus,
it was intended to attack every part of the Britifh works
at one and the fame moment. The count d’Artois and
the due de Bourbon, the brother and coufui of the late
unfortunate Louis XVI. had repaired to the Spanifh camp,
in order to witnefs the inevitable fall of Gibraltar, which
had fo long bid haughty defiance to the united powers of
France and Spain.

Early on the morning of the 13th of December, the
ten battering fhips, commanded by admiral don Moreno,
came to an anchor in a line parallel to the rock, at the
diflance of about 1200 yards. The furroupding emi¬
nences were covered with people, as though all Spain
were affembled to behold the fpeCtacle. The cannonade
and bombardment on all fides, from the ifthmus to the
fea, and the various works of the fortrefs, were tremen-
doufly magnificent. The prodigious and unintermitted
fhowers of red-hot balls, of bombs and carcaffes which
filled the air, exhibited a feene perhaps unparalleled in
military hiftory. The whole peninftila, like fome vaft
volcano difeharging on all fides its burning lava, feemed
enveloped in a fheet of liquid fire. The battering fqua-
dron for many hours remained to all appearance unaf¬
fected, but about two in the afternoon the admiral’s thip
was obferved to fmoke, and foon after, that of the prince
of Nuffau was obferved to be in the fame condition.
The whole line of attack was now vifibly difordered.
At length, the day having clofed, the two firft (hips ap¬
peared to be in flames, and others were beginning to kin¬
dle ; and fignals of diftrefs were univerfally made. Cap¬
tain Curtis, who commanded the Englifh marine force ira
the bay, to complete the confufion, having advanced to
the attack with his gun-boats, and raked the whole line
of batteries with his fire, the Spanifh launches, which
had been employed in bringing off the men, no longer
dared to appear; but were compelled, after feveral had
been funk in the attempt, to abandon their fliips to the
flames, and their men to the mercy of the Englifh. The
diftrefs of the enemy was now wrought up to the higheft
pitch of calamity ; and the Britifh officers and feamen,
feeing all rcfiftance at an end, nobly exerted themfelves
to fave the vanquifhed foe ;-’and their humanity was, at
the clofe of this memorable conflict, no lefs confpicuous
than their valour. Captain Curtis, in particular, ex-
pofed himfelf to the mod imminent perfonal danger;
and his pinnace was almoft in contaCt with one of the
larged batteries at the moment of her explolion, while
occupied in the philanthropic work of having the enemy
from drowning.

In the mean time, lord Howe, who commanded the
grand fleet confiding of thirty-four fail of the line, was
on his paffage from Portfmouth, in order to throw fuc-
cours into the fortrefs. He arrived at Cape St. Vincent
the 9th of O.Ctober, and on the nth he palled the Straits,
where the combined fleets had for fome time been fta-
tioned in order to intercept him; but a violent tempeft
drove them upon the Barbary coaft, and prevented all
9 K , poftibiiity

770 ENGL

poffibility of attack. The Sr. Michael, of feventy-two
guns, having feparatgd from the fleet, ran on-fhore on the
rock of Gibraltar, and was taken pofleflion of by captain
Curtis. After fully executing the purpofe of his de-
flination, lord Howe fet fail for England. The enemy
making their appearance off Cape St. Vincent, Octo¬
ber 20, the Britifli admiral lay-to, in order to receive
them ; but they kept at fo great a diftance, that the can¬
nonade, which lafted from about five in the afternoon till
ten at night, did little damage; and his lordfliip, having-
no prelfing reafons for renewing the fight againft fo fupe-
vior a force, continued his voyage without further molcfta-
tion back to Portfmouth. The governor of Gibraltar,
general Elliot, for his gallant and heroic defence of that
fort refs', was mod defervedly railed to the peerage by the
title ef baron Heathfield, and a penfion annexed to the title
equal in amount to that granted to fir George Rodney.

This was the luft military tranfadlion of importance
during the continuance of the war in Europe; and thus
the career of Britain, after her repeated ' misfortunes,
terminated with great fplendour and eclat. All the bel¬
ligerent powers were now inclined to liften to her over¬
tures of pacification. The independence of America
being virtually recognized by England, and a refolution
againft offenfive operations having palled the houfe of
commons, the war with the colonies was, in fact, at an
end. The original purpofe of France, that of detaching
the colonies from the parent country, being accompliflied,
file could have no motive to perfevere in a war, the ex¬
pence of which was enormous, and the further fuccefs
uncertain. Spain, after extraordinary exertions, having
failed in her grand objedts, the recovery of Gibraltar
and the conqueft of Jamaica, had little reafon to flatter
lierfelf that her future efforts would be more fuccefsful ;
and Holland had neither the inclination or the ability to
continue the war alone.

During the negociation with France and Spain, provi-
fional articles of pacification between Great Britain and
America were figned on the 30th of November, 1782, by
which the thirteen provinces were declared free and in¬
dependent ftates ; and, by a boundary line very favour¬
able to America, the whole country fouthward of the
lakes on both tides of the Ohio, and eaftvvard of the
Mifiiflippi, was ceded to the colonies, with a full parti¬
cipation of the fifheries on the banks of Newfoundland,
and the Gulf of St. Laurence. In return for which, the
congrefs engaged to recommend to the feveral ftates to
provide for the reftitution of the confifcated eftates of
the loyal i Its. But this recommendation eventually proved
nugatory and ufelefs ; and this wretched portion of his
majefty’s American fubje£ts migrated in great numbers
to the inhofpitable- wilds of Nova Scotia, and the barren
fiiores of the Bahamas. See the article America, vol. i.
p.465, &c.

Preliminary articles of peace were figned between Great
Britain, France, and Spain, on the 20th of January, 1783.
By this treaty Great Britain guaranteed to France the
if] and of Tobago, and reftored that of St. Lucia; alfo
the fettlements of Goree and Senegal in Africa ; and t he
city of Pondicherry, with her other conquefts in the eaft,
accompanied by fome additions of territory. Laftly, the
claims of Britain refpefting Dunkirk were exprefsly re-
linquifhed ; and .on her part, France agreed- to reftore,
Tobago excepted, all her valuable and important con¬
quefts in the Well Indies. His catholic majefty was al¬
lowed to retain Minorca and Weft Florida, Eaft Florida
being alfo ceded in exchange for the Bahamas. Holland
having rejected the former advances of the Englifli court
towards an accommodation, it was refolved that the ftioutd
not efcape with total impunity; and the Britifli plenipo¬
tentiaries were directed to offer the reftitution of the
Dutch fettlements in the pofleflion of England, with the
important exception of Trincomalee, which their high
niightinefles declared they could not reconcile witli the
profeflions of moderation on the part of his Britannic m*w

A N t>.

jefty. On the other hand, Holland demanded an inderrt^
nification for the Ioffes and expences of the war, a preten-
fion which the Englifh negociators peremptorily rejected
as totally inadmiflible.

' Upon this peace lord North’s famous motion of difap-
probation was brought into the houfe of commons. His
lordfliip wiflied not, however, “ to fet the negociations
afide, however derogatory of the honour and intereft of
Great Britain ; nor to put thofe who advifed them under
peril of punifhment, how much foever it was deferved.”
Such was the candour of the noble lord, and fucli his
indulgence to thofe guilty of the crime of refeuing the
nation from the ruin which impended over it, as the ine¬
vitable refult of that fatal fyftem which had been fo long
patronized and fupported by the noble lord. Mr. Fox
now rofe, and declared “ liis perfeft concurrence with
the fentiments expreffed by lord North ; and in Hill more
bitter terms reprobated the peace as the 1110ft difaftrous
and humiliating that had ever difgraced any country. He
had been accufed, (he fa i d , ) of having formed an union
with the noble lord, whofe principles he had oppofed for
feveral years of his life ; but the grounds of their oppo.
fition were removed, and lie did not conceive it to be ho¬
nourable to keep up animofities for ever: He was happy
at all times to have a proper opportunity to bury his re.
fentments, and it was the with of his heart that his friend,
lhips fiictild never die. The American war was the fource
of his difagreement with the noble lord ; and that caufe
of enmity being now no more, it was wife and fit to put
an end to the ill-will, the animofity, the feuds, and the
rancour, which it engendered. It was a fatisfadlion to
him to apply the appellation of friend to the noble lord';
he had found him honourable as an adverfary, and he had
no doubt of his opennefs and fincerity as a friend.” But
by a very great and refpedtable part of the houfe, this
execrable coalition , which opened a perfectly new feene
of things, was moft indignantly received. Mr. Powis
laid, “ This was the age of ftrange confederacies. The
world had feen great and arbitrary defpotsftand forth the
protedhors of- an infant republic : France and Spain had
combined to eftablitli the rifing liberties of America ; the
houfe now furveyed the counterpart of this picture — a
monftrous coalition of oppofite principles — the lofty a f-
fertor of the royal prerogative joined in alliance witli the
vvorfliippers of the majefty of the people 1

By this coalition the duke of Portland was placed at
the head of the treafury ; and lord John Cavendith was
re-appointed chancellor of the exchequer; lord North
and Mr. Fox were nominated joint fecretaries of ftate,
the firft for the home, the latter for the foreign, depart¬
ment ; lord Keppel, who had recently refigned on account
of his difapprobation of the peace, was again placed at
the head of the admiralty ; lord Stormont was created
prefident of the council ; and lord Carlitle was advanced,
to the poft of lord privy feal. The great feal was put
into commifllon ; the ciiief-juftice Loughborough, fo dif-
tinguifhed for political verfatility, being declared firft
lord commiffioner; the earl of Northington was appointed
to the government of Ireland ; and Mr. Burke reinftated in
his former poft of paymafter of the forces. The coalition
was, however, the theme of univerfal difapprobation :
all thofe bitter and opprobrious expreflions of contumely
and reproach againft lord North, with which the fpeeches
of Mr. Fox and Mr. Burke had been for fo many years
filled, were now recalled to the general recollection : —
when lord Chatham “ wiflied that the vengeance of the
nation might fall heavy upon the minifters ; — when Mr.
Fox declared, “ that lie would purfue even to the fcaf-
fold the authors of the public ruin ; — and when Mr.
Burke affirmed, “ that lie had articles of impeachment
actually framed againft lord North, whom he ftigmatized
as a ftate criminal.” In fhort, the coalition was univer-
fally branded as a’grofs and palpable facrifice of every
fentiment of honour, confiftency, and reftitude, on the
altar of private intereft and ambition.

One

ENGLAND,

One of the moft diftiiiguiftied meafures of Mr. Fox and
J'iis new colleague, was the introduction of their India bill.
This famous bill propofed no lefs than to take from the
directors and proprietors the entire adminiltration, not of
their territorial merely, but of their commercial affairs,
and to ve(t the management and direction of them in the
hands of feven commiflioners named in the bill, and irre¬
movable by tlte crown, except in confequence of an ad-
drefs of either houfe of parliament. Thefe commiflioners
and directors were immediately to enter into pofleilion of
all lands, tenements, books, records, veffels, goods, mer¬
chandize, and fecurities, in truft for the company. This
aCt, by which the charter of the company was entirely
fuperfeded, was to continue in force four years, that is,
till the year after the next general election ; and it was
accompanied by 'a fecond bill, enaCting very wife and
equitable regulations for the future government of the
Britifh territories in Hindooftan. The aftonifliment ex¬
cited by the difclofure of this plan was very great ; and
while it was on one-fide of the houfe extolled as a mafter-
piece of genius, virtue, and ability, it was on the other
reprobated as a deep and dangerous defign, fraught with
mifehief and ruin. A petition was alfo prefented from
the company, reprefenting the meafure as fubverfive of
their charier, and operating as a confifcation of their pro¬
perty, without charging againft them any fpecific delin¬
quency, without trial, without conviction ; a proceeding
contrary to the molt facred privileges of Britifh fubjefts,
and praying t< be heard by counfel againft tlte bill. The
'bill, however, was carried with rapidity through all its
ftages in the houfe of commons; and on the 9th of De¬
cember, 1783, Mr. Fox, attended by a numerous train of
members, prefented the bill at the bar of the houfe of
lords. On this occafion, earl Temple declared, “ that he
was happy to embrace the firft opportunity of entering
his proteft againft f'o -infamous a bill ; againft a ftretch of
power fo truly alarming, and that went near to feize upon
the molt ineftimable part of our conftituiion, our chartered
rights.” On. the 17th of the fame month it was moved,
that the bill be rejected ; and after a vehement debate, the
motion of rejection was carried by 95 againft 76 voices.
At midnight, , on the 1 8t h of December, a royal mefl'ige
was fent to the coalition fecretaries of ftate, demanding
the feals of their feveral departments; and early the next
morning letters of difmiflion, figned Temple, were fent
to the other members of the cabinet. In a few days after,
Mr. Pitt was declared firft lord of the treafur, and chan¬
cellor of the exchequer ; which terminated the very ftiort
adminiftration of MelTfs. Fox and North. The marquis
of Carmarthen, and Mr. Thomas Tovvnfhend, now created
lord Sydney, were nominated fecretaries of ftate ; .lord
Thurlow was reinftajed as lord chancellor; earl Gower,
afterwards created marquis of Stafford, as prefident of the
council ; the duke of Rutland was conftituted lord privy
feal ; lord Howe placed at the head of the admiralty, and
the duke of Richmond of the ordnance. The earl of
Northinglon was recalled from his government of Ireland,
to which lord Temple, who had retained the feals of ie-
cretary only three days, was again deftined to fucceed.

On the difmiflion of the coalition . adminiftration,
Mr. Pitt, who now took the lead, recommended the ar¬
rangement of a plan for the future government of India.
For this purpefe, Mr. Pitt, on the lixth of July, 1784,
brought in a bill founded on the general principles of
one that had been rejected by the former parliament, and
to which the company had now given their flow and re¬
luctant affent. By this bill the Britifh territories in Hin¬
dooftan are now governed and regulated ; the particulars
of which may be feen under East-india Company,
vol. iv. p. 875 — 883.

In the interval between the prorogation of the parlia¬
ment, A. D. 1784, and its re-affembling in the courfe of
the enfuing winter, the nation enjoyed a flattering and
delightful repofej under the bieffmgs of peace. Highly

771

gratified with the recent change which had taken place in
the adminiftration, the people viewed with u bounded
complacency and confidence the minifternow at the head
of affairs ; and indulged the moft fond and fangu'ne hopes,
that'under his aufpices Britain would be foon reftored to
her former enviable ftate of profperity and greatnefs.

The affairs of India during the feffion of 1786, occu¬
pied the chief attention of Parliament. A bill was
brought in by Mr. Dundas, which with fome oppdfition
palled into a law, to explain and amend the aft of 1784.
This bill, among other regulations of inferior importance,
bellowed upon the governor general of India the high
prerogative of deciding in oppofition to the fenfe of the
majority of the council. The offices of commander in
chief and governor general, were in future to be united
in the fame perfon ; and earl Cornwallis, who had borne
fo confpicuous a part in the American war, and vvhofe
character ftood defervedly high in the public eftimation,
was nominated to fill this important commifiion.

Mr. Haftings, the late governor-general of Bengal, ar¬
rived in England in the month of June 1785 ; and the
feafon being then far advanced, Mr. Burke gave notice
of his intention to move early in the next (efiion for a
parliamentary inveftigation into hisconduft. According¬
ly, on the 17th of February 1786, Mr. Burke threw
down the gauntlett, and defiring that the refolutions of
May 28, 1782, might be read (refolutions moved by Mr.
Dundas, as chairman of the feleft committee, declaratory
of the culpability of Mr. Haftings, and the confequent
neceftity of his recall), declared his “ deep regret, that
the lolemn and important bufinefs of that day had not
been brought forward by the original mover of the refo.
lutions now recited. Moft feelingly did he lament, as
the unwelcome confequence of a devolution caufed partly
by the natural demif'e of fome, the political deceafe of
others, and in particular cafes a death to virtue and to
principle, that he fliould now remain alone engaged in
tlte attempt to prelerve unfullied the honour and the
confiftency of that houfe, which had fixed upon Mr.
Haftings as an objeft of their particular and formal accu-
fation, by impeachment : preparatory to which, he con¬
cluded witli moving for the papers neceffary to corro¬
borate the charge againft the late governor-general of
India. And on the 4th of April, 1786, Mr. Burke fo-
lemnly rofe to impeach Warren Haftings, efq. of high
crimes and mifdemeanorS in the execution of his office,
exhibiting at the fame time nine diflinft articles of accu-
fation, which in a few weeks were increafed to the num¬
ber of twenty-two.

On the iff of May, Mr. Haftings, at his own defire,
and by the indulgence of the houfe, was heard at the bar
of the houfe, in this early period of the bufinefs, in his
own defence : and at the farther requeft of the accufed,
the minutes of his defence were ordered to lie on the
table. But the general opinion, faintly controverted
even by the friends of Mr. Haftings, was, that the de¬
fence, thus prematurely delivered, was of no fervice to
his caufe, and contributed in a very inadequate' degree to
the vindication of his cliarafter. The houfe now pro¬
ceeded in the examination of evidence : and the firft ar¬
ticle of impeachment relpefting the Rohilla war was
brought forward on the ift of June. After a very long
debate, the qtieftion was decided in favour of Mr. Haft-
i tigs, ayes for the impeachment 67, noes 119. Mr. Pitt
gave a filent vote againft the motion ; but the ground on
which he vot.ed was afeertained by a declaration he bad
previoufly made, when the fubjeft of the Rohilla war
was in a more general way difeuffed, “ that lie conlidered
that tranfaftion in a horrible alarming point of view ; and
as being fo repugnant to every fentinient of human na¬
ture, that nothing could juftify it but the ftrongeft mo¬
tives of political expediency, and the invincible princi¬
ples of retributive juftice ; adding, nevertlielefs, that if
would be highly inconfilteul and abfurd to- confider Mr.
t Haftings-

772 E N G 1

Iluftings flow in the light of a culprit, for any meafures
taken by h\m previoiifly to the period in which he had been
. nominated by aft of parliament, governor. general of India."

On the 13th of June, the fecond charge, relative to the
rajah of Benares, being brought forward, it was refolved
by the houfe, on a divifion of 119 to 79 voices, “ that
this charge contained matter of impeachment againft the
late governor-general of Bengal,” On thisoccufion Mr.
Pitt fpoke in fupport of the motion. On the nth of
July, 1786, an end was put-to thefe proceedings for the
prefent by a prorogation of the parliament, which was
di funded with adiirances of “ the particular fatisfadtion
with whi'ch the king had obferved their diligent attention
to the public bufinefs, and the meafures they had adopt¬
ed for improving the refqurces of the country.”

Soon after the rifing of parliament, aftngular incident
occurred which ingrofled for a moment the attention of
the public. As the king was alighting from his poft-
chariot at the garden entrance of St. James’s palace,
Augutt the 2d, a woman decently drelfed prefented a pa¬
per to his majefty ; and while he was in the aft of receiv¬
ing it, (he (truck with a concealed knife at his breaft.
The king happily avoided the blow by drawing back ;
and as (he was preparing to make a fecond thrutt, one of
the yeomen caught her arm, and the weapon was wrench¬
ed out of her hand. It appeared that this poor woman,
whofe name was Margaret Nicholfon, had for a long time
laboured under a mental derangement ; die was therefore
taken to a proper place of fecurity, and maintained at the
king’s expence.

In September, 1786, the king was pleafed to appoint a
new committee of council, for the confideration of all
matters relating to trade and foreign plantations. Of
this board the famous Charles Jenkinfon, now for his
long and faithful (ervices created lord Hawkefbury, and
conftituted chancellor of the duchy of Laneafter, was de¬
clared prettdent. Under the aufpices of this new com.
mittion a treaty of commerce was (igned between the two
courts of England and France, September 26, 1786, on
the liberal principles of equality and reciprocity. Its
general principle was to admit the’ mutual importation
and exportation of the commodities of ea^i country at a
very low ad valorem duty. About the fame time a con¬
vention was (igned with Spain of fome importance, as it
finally terminated the long fubfifting difputes refpedting
the fettlements of the Englilh nation on the Mofquito
fhore, and thecoaft of Honduras. By the prefent treaty
the Mofquito fettlements were formally and explicitly
relinquittied, as they had already virtually been by the
6th article of the general treaty of 1783. In return-the
boundaries of the Englifli fettlements on the coatt and
bay of Honduras were fomewhat extended, but in fuch
manner, and on fuch conditions, as to leave the king of
Spain in full poflefiion of his territorial rights and exclu-
five dominion.

The impeachment of Mr. Haftings was refumed on the
7th of February, 1787, when Mr. Sheridan opened the
third charge refpedting the begum princelfes of Oude,
with an eloquence and energy which were perhaps never
furpafled. On a divifion, the numbers were, in favour of
the motion 175, againtt it 68. On the 2d of March, Mr.
Pelham opened the charge relative to the nabob of Fer-
ruckabad, which was affirmed by 112 againft: 50 voices.
On the 15th of March, the charge upon the lubjedt of
contrails was brought forward by (ir James Erfkine.
54 All of them,” fir James obferved, “ were made in
diredt violation of the regulations of the court of direc¬
tors.” On this article the divifion was, ayes 60, noes 26.
Upon the 23d of March, the charge relative to Fyzoela
Khan was brought forward by Mr. Windham. This'vvas
carried on a divifion of 96 againft 37 voices. On the
2d of April, Mr, Sheridan opened to the houle the
charge upon the fubjedt of corrupt and unreafonable pre-
fents. Upon a divifion, the numbers appeared, ayes 165,

.AND.

noes 54. On the 19th of April, the charge refpedting the
wafte of the revenues was opened by Mr. Francis, who
had formerly occupied with fo much honour, the office
of member of the fuprerae council in India, and who
had recently taken his feat as a member of the houfe of
commons. This charge was confirmed, notwithftanding
the unexp&dted diffent of the minifter, by 71 to 35 voices.

On the 9th of May, the report made by Mr. Burke
from the committee, to whom it had been referred to
prepare the articles of impeachment, was confirmed by
the houfe, ayes 1 75, noes 89. On the following day it was
'voted that Mr. Haftings be impeached: and Mr. Burke
accordingly, in the name of the houfe of commons, and of
all the commons in Great- Britain, repaired to the bar of
the houfe of lords, and impeached Mr. Haftings of high
crimes and mifdemeanours. On the fame day the articles
actually prepared w'ere fent to the lords ; and on the 21ft
Mr. Haftings, being conducted to the bar of that houfe
by the ferjeant at arms, was taken into the cuftody of the
black rod, but on the motion of the lord chancellor was
admitted to bail — himfelf in twenty thoufand pounds, and
two fureties, Mr. Sullivan and Mr. Sumner, in ten thou¬
fand pounds each ; and he was ordered to deliver in ara
anfwer to the articles of impeachment in one month from
that time, or upon the fecond day of the next fefiion of
parliament. On the 30th of May, 1787, the king put an
end to the feffion by a fpeech, applauding 44 the meafures
taken by parliament refpedting the reduction of the na¬
tional debt, and the treaty of navigation and commerce
with the moft Chriftian king.”

One of the adts of the fefiion of 1787, provided for the
eftablifhmeut of a court of judicature in New South
Wales, a part of the great iflai d, we may fay continent,
of New Holland. The prifonsin England, being inconve¬
niently crowded, the idea of a diftant removal, combined
with the hope of colonial advantage, had occafioned the
refolution of fending convidts to the country bordering oh
Botany Bay, of which captain Cook had made favourable
mention. About eight hundred delinquents, of which
number three fourths were males, were fent out under
the care of captain Philip, who w’as cotnmittioned to adt
as governor of the future colony. The duration of the
voyage was above eleven months ; and, when the fleet
had reached the bay, the fcarcity of freffi water rendered
it expedient to feek another fpot. Port Jackfon, being
found more eligible, became the primary feat of the
criminal exiles. The neceffary rigour of the colonial go¬
vernment operated to the repreffion of crimes, ancl the
prefervation of general order ; and in many of the convidts
a fenfe of fname had an extraordinary effedt, which feem-
ed to augur future profperity and fuccefs.

The parliament again aflembled on the 27th of Novem¬
ber; and in the early part of the feffion Mr. Haftings de¬
livered in his anfwer to the impeachment of the commons,
who immediately proceeded to the appointment of a com¬
mittee of managers. The trial commenced on the 13th
of February, 1788 ; Weftminfter-hall being fitted up for
the purpofe with great magnificence. Mr. Burke was no
lefs than four days in making his preliminary fpeech,
which was filled with vehement invedtive, with much
rhetorical exaggeration, and with matter wholly extra¬
neous to the iubjedt. Men of plain fenfe, whofe objedt
was truth, and who delired only a clear and Ample lum-
mary of fadts, (ighed over thefe eccentricities, and augur¬
ed ill of the procedure from fo injudicious an outfet.

On the 22d of February, the Benares charge was opened
by Mr. Fox ; and it was concluded on the 25th by Mr-
Grey. On the 15th of April, the charge relative to the
begums of Oude was brought forward by Mr. Adam ;
and the evidence on this charge was fummed up by Mr.
Sheridan, in a fpeech which lafted five days., and of which
the more vigorous compieffion only was wanting to the
perfedtion of eloquence. The king put an end to the
iellion, July 11., 1 788, by a fpeech from the throne, in

which

E N G J

which he complimented the two houfes on their great at¬
tention and liberality.

Soon after the recefs of parliament, the king, who had
been for feme time indifpofed, was advifed by his phy-
ficians to try the mineral waters of Cheltenham, which
he was believed to drink in too profufe a quantity. On
his return to Windfor, late in the hummer, his illnefs re¬
turned with new and alarming fymptoms. By the end of
Oftober, it could no longer be concealed that the malady
of the king was of a nature peculiarly afflictive and dread¬
ful. A mental derangement had taken place, which ren¬
dered him totally incapable of public bufinefs.

The fituation of affairs was at this period fingularly cri¬
tical. The prince of Wales, into whofe hands the go¬
vernment of the country was then likely to fall, had con¬
ceived a deep refentment againft the minifters ; and he
took no pains to conceal his decided predilection for the
perfon and politics of Mr. Fox. This didinguifhed datef-
man, on the earlied intelligence of the king’s indifpofi-
tion, had returned from a hummer excurlion to the con¬
tinent with incredible expedition ; and in contemplation
of an approaching change, a new arrangement of admini-
dration was already believed to be formed, confiding of
the principal members of the former coalition minidry,
lord North only excepted, and of which the duke of Port¬
land was to be once more the odenfible head. The po¬
licy of oppofition feemed evidently repugnant to every
idea of unneceffary delay. Yet doubts were darted by
Mr. Fox, Mr. Burke, and others of the fame party, whe¬
ther parliament could in this momentous cafe difpenfe
with that fort of evidence on which they had been accuf-
tomed to proceed. The validity of the objection was
very faintly conteded, and a committee of twenty-one per-
fons in each houfe, after no long debate, appointed to
* examine and report the fentimenls of the king’s phy-
licians. The report of the committee was laid upon the
table of the houfe of commons on the roth of December;
when Mr. Fox advanced, as a propofition deducible from
the principles of the conditution, and the analogy of the
law of hereditary fuccedion, “ that whenever the fove-
reign was incapable of exercifing the functions of his high
office, the heir apparent, if of full age and'capacity, had
as indifputable a claim to the exercife of the executive
authority, in the name and on the behalf of the fovereign,
during his incapacity, as in the cafe of his natural demife.”

On this affertion, Mr. Pitt rofe with much apparent
warmth, and declared, “ that the fpeech of Mr. F'ox was
little fliort of treafon againd the conditution. And he
pledged himfelf to prove, that the heir apparent, in the
indances in quedion, had no more right to the exercife
of the executive power than any other perfon ; and that
it belonged entirely to the two remaining branches of
the legillature to make fuch a provifion for fupplying the
temporary deficiency as they might think proper.” Thus
was this famous quedion at iffue between thefe two great
political rivals ; in which it was remarkable, that Mr.
Fox, the great advocate of the rights of the people, be¬
came the defender of prerogative; and Mr. Pitt, who had
been loudly accufed of deferting the principles of liberty,
appeared in the advantageous light of their zealous af-
fertor. All the popular arguments and axioms' of go¬
vernment, were upon this occafion urged by Mr. Pitt.
“ When, (faid lie,) the regular exercife of the powers
of government was from any caufe fufpended, to w hom
could the right of providing a remedy for the exiding
defeCt devolve, but to the people, from whom all the powers
of government originated? To ajfert an inherent right in the
prince of Wales to afume the government , was virtually to revive
tliofe exploded ideas of the divine and indefeafible authority of
princes, which had Jo jufly funk into contempt, and almojl into
oblivion. Kings and princes derive their power from the
people; and to the people alone, through the organ of
their reprefentatives, did it appertain to decide in cafes
for which the conditution had made no fpecific or pofi-
jivfv provifion.” The difeuffion of the abdraft quedion
V ol. VI. No, 390.

• AND. 773

of right being perceived to afford a great and unexpected
controverly, the duke of York, foon after this debate, in
the name of the prince, mod nobly and ingenuoufiy ex-
preffed his willies, “ that the quedion might be waved.
No claim of right, (his highnefs laid,) had been advanced
by the prince of Wales ; and he was confident that his
brother too well underdood the facred principles -which
feated the houfe of Brunfvvick upon the throne, ever to
affume or exercife any power, be his claim what it might,
that was not derived from the will of the people exprejfed by their
repreje'ntatives."

Thefe debates were at length happily arreded in their
progrefs, by an intimation from the lord chancellor, that
the king was declared by his phyficians to be in a date of
convalescence. This was followed by a declaration on
the iotli of March, 1789, that his majedy being perfectly
recovered from his indil'pofition, had ordered a commillion
to be iffued for holding the parliament in the ufual man¬
ner. The tidings of the king’s recovery diffuled the mod
general and heartfelt fatisfaCtion. A national thankfgiving
was appointed, and the king himfelf went in folemn pro-
cedion to the cathedral of St. Paul’s, to offer up his
grateful devotions on this event; which was celebrated
throughout the kingdom by fplendid illuminations, and
every other demondration of joy. In this feffion Mr. W i 1 -
berforce brought forward his long-expeCted motion, re¬
lating to the abolition of the African dave-trade, which
was now become the theme of public execration. See the
whole of this intereding fubjeft amply difculfed under
the article Slave.

The trial of Mr. Hadings was now refumed ; and the
third article, refpefting prefents illegally and corruptly
received, was brought forward by Mr. Burke. In his
opening fpeech in fupport of this charge, in which the
fatal bufinefs of Nund-comar, who was laid to have fallen
a victim to the rapacity of Mr. Hadings, dood mod con-
fpicuous, Mr. Burke made ufe of the following indifereet
expredion : “ that man Mr. Hadings murdered by the
hands of Sir Elijah Iinpey.” This afforded a ground of
petition from Mr, Hadings, that this allegation diould
be profecuted in fpecific articles, or that the houfe diould
grant him fuch redrefs as to them diould feem meet.
After a long debate, the houfe of commons refolved,
“ that no authority had been given by the houfe for the
purpofe of making any criminal charge refpefting the
death of Nund-comar, and that the words complained of
ought not to have been fpoken.”

Mr. Grenville, fpeaker of the houfe of commons, being
advanced, upon the relignation of lord Sydney, to the
office of fecretary of date, was fucceeded, after fitting in
the chair of the houfe fcarcely fix months, by Henry
Addington, efq. This new fpeaker foon acquired great
reputation, for dignity, integrity, and impartiality in the
diicharge of -his office; and the feffion was terminated
Augult 11, 1789, by a fpeech from the lord chancellor in
the name of the fovereign ; in which it was obferved,
“ that although the good offices of the king and his
allies had not been effectual for the redoration of the
general tranquillity, the fituation of affairs promifed to
this country the uninterrupted enjoyment of the blellings
of peace.” This was an alfurance highly and peculiarly
grateful, in conlequence of the recent events which had
taken place in the different kingdoms of Europe. A war
had been kindled between Ruliia, Audria, and the Turks,
which gradually diffufed itfelf from the Euxine to the
Baltic — from the fnow-clad mountains of Norway to the
arid wades of Tartary : while the foundations of a great
and dupendous revolution had been laid, which, almoft
indantly expanding itfelf into gigantic growth, became
the fubjeft of terror, no lefs than of adonifhment to the
furrounding nations. This was no other than the French
revolution: for the rife, progrefs, and fatal circumdances
of which, fee the article France, in our feventh volume.

In this date of things, the parliament of Great Britain
was convened January the 21ft, 1790. The king’s fpeech
9 L contained.

774 ENG1

contained nothing remarkable. It (lightly glanced on
the affairs of France, in declaring, “the internal fituation
of the different parts of Europe, to have been produftive
of events which had engaged his majefty’s moft ferious
attention.” But early indications appeared of the mif-
chiefs with which the recent tranfaftions in that kingdom
were likely to involve this country. The bufinefs rela¬
tive to the abolition of the (lave-trade was now refumed ;
but it went on (lowly and heavily. Every artifice of
.procraftination was ufed on the part of the (lave-mer-
ch ants and planters, and the whole (edion palled over in
the hearing of evidence and examination of witneffes.

The trial of Mr. Haftings alfo proceeded with equal
languor. On the 16th of February, 1790, the charge re-
fpeiSling corrupt prefents was recapitulated by Mr. Burke;
but in the entire courfe of the feffion the court fat only
thirteen days. The entliufiafm of tliofe who expe&ed to
have feen a great public delinquent brought to juftice,
■was fad changing to companion for the man who feemed
deftined to live a life of impeachment, and to have be¬
come the object of a relentlefs perfecution. The evi¬
dence on three articles only of the general charge out of
twenty-two was as yet clofed, after which Mr. Haftings
was to enter upon his defence, and the commons were to
reply ; fo that in all probability the judges and the wit-
nelT'es, the accufers and the accufed, would be all fwept
away by the hand of time before the trial could arrive at
its legal termination. The common fenfe of mankind
revolted at this procedure. It appeared manifeft to all,
that this was not the mode in which human affairs could
or ought to be conducted. The real merits of the caufe
were loft in the immenfity of the detail. It was not to
be expected or imagined that the public at large could
pretend to form any judgment refpefting it. This only
without helitation they inferred, that if Mr. Haftings was
fo criminal as he was reprefented, a fhort. and fimple ftate-
ment of faffs would fuffice to prove his guilt. But Weft,
minder-hall was converted into a lyceum, a fchool of elo¬
quence, and all was feen confufed and magnified through
the mift of rhetorical declamation.

On the 31ft of March, 1790, Mr. DundSs brought for¬
ward his annual ftatement of the debts and revenues of
the Eaft-India company, as required by the regulation
act. He reprefented their fituation as in the higheft de¬
gree profperous and flouriftiing; and what is very re¬
markable, he did not conclude his eulogium of the pre-
fent year with afking a loan to enable them to avoid the
horrors of infolvency. Through the wife and equitable
adminiftration of lord Cornwallis, the revenues of Ben¬
gal had been advanced during the laft year, without the
aid of any new impofition, from one million eight hundred
thoufand pounds to two millions one hundred and fifty
thoufand pounds. The prefent governor-general, on his
acceftion to his high office, had (fated the fituation of the
provinces as moft wretched and deplorable. In his dif-
patch to the. court of directors, Auguft 2, 1789, he fays,
“ Independent of all other confiderations, it will be of
tl\e utmoft importance for promoting the (olid intereft of
the company, that the principal landholders and traders
in the interior parts of the country fhould be reftored to
fuch circu'mftances as to enable them to fupport their
families with decency, according to the cuftonis of their
feveral cades and religions. I am forry to be obliged to
fay, that agriculture and internal commerce have for
many years been gradually declining ; and the inhabitants
of thefe provinces were advancing haftily to a general
date of poverty and wretchednefs. In this defcription I
mu(t include almoft every zemindar in the company’s
territories.” And in his council-minute of September
18, 1789, his lordfnip writes, “ I can fafely affert, that
one-third of the company’s territory is now a jungle,
inhabited by wild beafts!” One of the primary and moft
important meafures of the new governor-general was, to
leafe the lands in perpetuity at an equitable valuation to
the actual occupants j in allufion to which momentous

a A N B.

tranfadtion his lordfhip thus forcibly exprefies himfelf to
the directors : “ The Security of property, and the cer¬
tainty with which each individual will now feel of being
allowed to enjoy the fruits of his labours, muff operate
uniformly as incitements to labour and induftry.” This
could not but be conftrued as a bitter fatire on the condudl
of his predecelfor ; and as amounting to a very explicit
acknowledgment of the mifery and oppreftion which the
inhabitants had long buffered under the former capricious
government.

In April, 1790, Mr. Pitt prefented his ftatement of the
national revenue and expenditure of the date ; and it was
very confolatory to the public to be informed that the
receipt of the exchequer had furpaffed that of the year
preceding in the fum of half a million, and more fo to be
told that (Fill greater acceffions might reasonably be hop¬
ed from the uninterrupted enjoyment of the ineftimable
bleftings of peace. It therefore excited peculiar'aftonifti-
ment, when in about a fortnight from this period, viz.
May 5th, 1790, a royal melfage was delivered by the
rninifter, announcing a date of tilings which bore the un-
difguifed and menacing afpect of war. To elucidate this
matter, it is neceffary to mention that the celebrated cir¬
cumnavigator Cook, in his laft voyage of difcovery, touch¬
ing at divers ports on the weftern coaft of North America,
purchased from the natives a number of valuable furs
bearing a high price in the Chinefe market. This branch
of commerce proving very lucrative, a fpot of ground was,
in 1788, procured from the Indians, and a regular efta-
blifliment, defended by a (light fortification, formed at a
place called Nootka Sound, Situated about the fiftieth
degree of latitude. This being regarded by the Spaniards
as an encroachment on their exclufive rights of fovereign-
ty, the Princeffa, a Spanifh man of war dilpatched tor
this purpofe by the viceroy of Mexico, in the following
Spring, feized without ceremony upon the fort, and cap¬
tured fuch Eng li Hi veffels, the Iphigenia, Argonaut, &c.
as were found trading on the coaft. At the fame time
the Spanifh commandant holding the national ftandard,
declared that the whole line of coaft from Cape Horn to
the Sixtieth degree of latitude belonged to the king of
Spain. After fome delay, and much lofs and vexation
to the proprietors, the captured veffels were reftored by
order of the viceroy, on the fuppofition, as he declared,
“ that nothing but ignorance of the rights of Spain could
have induced the merchants in queftion to attempt an
eftablifhment on that coaft.” This was the exatt coun¬
terpart of the memorable affair of Falkland Iflands,
which had fo nearly involved Europe in a war twenty
years before. _ *

The claims of Spain, in relation to her rights of do¬
minion and Sovereignty in America, were doubtlefs in the
higheft degree chimerical. By the treaty of 1763, the
river Miftiflippi, flowing from north to fouth in a direfl
courfe of fifteen hundred miles, was made the perpetual
boundary of the two empires ot Spain and Great Britain;
and the whole country to the weft of that vaft river be¬
longed to his catholic majefty, by juft as valid a tenure
as the country eaftward of the river to the king of Eng¬
land. Exclufive of this recent and decifive line of de¬
marcation, by which the relative and political rights of
both nations were clearly afcertained, the Spanifh court
referred to ancient treaties, by which the rights ot the
crown of Spain were acknowdedged in their full extent
by Great Britain. Charles III. king of Spain, died De¬
cember, 1788, and his fon, Charles IV. confiding in the
juftice of his claims, offered to fubmit.the decilion of this
queftion to any one of the kings of Europe, leaving the
choice wholly to his Britannic majefty. The reply of
the court of London to the Spanifh ambaffador, was full
of dignity and fpirit : “ The aft of violence mentioned
in the memorial, neceffarily fulpended any difcuflion till
an adequate atonement had been made for a proceeding
fo injurious to Great Britain.”

On the 10th of June, 1790, the king terminated the

feffiojij

775

ENGLAND.

feffion, and in his fpeech fignified the probability of a
fpeedy diffolution of the prefent parliament ; affuring
the members in handfome terms of “ the deep and grate¬
ful fenfe which he entertained of that affectionate and
unfliaken loyalty, that uniform and zealous regard for the
true principles of the conditution, that unremitted atten¬
tion to the public happinefs and profperity, which had
invariably directed all their proceedings and on the day
following the parliament was ditlolved by proclamation.

Confcious of her inability to contend alone with the
power of England, Spain had in an early dage of the ne-
gociation applied to the court1 of France, to know how far
the could depend, in prefent circumdances, upon the ful¬
filment of the conditions of the family compact, in cafe of
a rupture with Great Britain. But fuch was the tumul¬
tuous (fate of affairs at Paris, that the court of Madrid
plainly faw the inability of the French nation to engage
in a war with England ; and, yielding to neceffity, com¬
plied firft with the harfh demand of previous reflitution
and indemnification; and at length, on the 2d of' October,
1790, a convention was (igned at the Efcurial, by which
every point in difpute was conceded by Spain. The fettle-
mVnt at Nootka was reftored ; the free navigation and right
of fifiiery in the Southern Pacific Ocean, were confirmed to
Britain ; a full liberty of trade was granted to all the north-
veff coafts of America, beyond the mod: northerly of the
Spanifh fettlements, unaccompanied, however, by any
formal renunciation of their right of fovereignty. And
the two povyerswere, on the other hand, equally redrain-
ed from attempting any fettlement nearer to Cape Horn
than the mod foutherly of the fettlements actually formed
by Spain. A very wife article was inferted likewife in
this treaty : 'that in all future cafes of complaint, or fup-
pofed infraction of the prefent convention, no aCt of vio¬
lence (hall be committed, but an exadt report diall be
made of the affair to the refpeCtive courts, who will ter¬
minate fuch difference amicably.

The new parliament adembled on the 25th of Novem¬
ber, 1790. In his opening fpeech, the king fignified
“ his fatisfadlion that the differences with Spain were
brought to an amicable termination. He obferved, that
lince the lad fefiion of parliament a foundation had been
laid for a pacification between Audria and the Porte ;
but that the war between Ruffia and the Porte dill con¬
tinued. “ The principles on which I have hitherto
aided (faid the monarch,) will make me always defirous
of employing the weight and influence of this country
in, contributing to the redoration of general tranquillity.”

The termsof theconvention with Spain were approved
and ratified in both houfes by great majorities. To de¬
fray the expence of the armament which had taken place,
Mr. Pitt, with the laudable refolution to fuffer no per¬
manent increufe of debt, propofed various temporary
taxes, which would difcharge the incumbrance in four
years, with the afli dance of five hundred thoufand pounds,
■which he had it in contemplation to take from the un¬
claimed dividends lying in the Bank of England, the
amount of which he edimated at 66o,oool. This propo-
fition excited a jud alarm in all the great chartered com¬
panies, and in the commercial and mercantile world in
general ; and was, therefore, drongly and ably oppofed.
It was urged, “ that agreeably to the terms of the origi¬
nal contrail between the government and the public cre¬
ditors, the directors of the bank are condituted trudees
for the public creditor. When the money is once paid
into the bank, it ceafes to be public money, and is indantly
converted into private property ; which mud there re¬
main a facred depofit till it is claimed by the private in¬
dividuals to whom it appertains. And even in cafe of
the expiration of the charter of the bank of England,
the diredtors dill remain a corporation by law, for the
exprefs purpofe of executing their delegated trud. What
mifehief may not refult from the admiffion of a power in
government, arbitrarily to depart from the conditions of
She contract actually made with the public ? Under the

the very term unclaimed dividends , is indeed veiled a grofs
fallacy. Exclufive of the dividends of the lad three years,
which are not properly unclaimed but merely unreceived
dividends, the balance amounts fcarcely to a fifth part ot
the fum which the minider propofes to feize. If the re¬
cent and fluctuating balances of the bank are thus liable
to feizure, the minider may one day order the money to
be paid into the bank, and the next he may without any
violation of public faith command it to be repaid into the
exchequer.” After much hefitation and conted, the
minider confented, by way of compromife, to accept of
a loan of five hundred thoufand pounds from the bank,
without intered, fo long as a floating balance to that
amount fliould remain in the hands of the calhier.

On the 17th of December, 1790, Mr. Burke moved,
11 that the houfe do refolve itfelf into a committee, to
take into confideration the date of the impeachment of
Warren Hadings, efq.” This being done, he made a
fecond motion, “ that an impeachment by this houfe, in
the name of the commons of Great Britain, againd War¬
ren Hadings, efq. for high crimes and mifdemeanours, is
dill pending.” From this propofition, the entire corps
of lawyers in the houfe with fcarcely an exception de¬
clared their total diffent : and Mr. Erfkine, in an elabo¬
rate fpeech, endeavoured to flieiv that in confequence of
the diffolution of parliament the impeachment had abated,
and on this ground he was fupported by Mr. Hardinge,
Mr. Mitford, and fir John Scott.

Upon this great quedion, in the decifion of which the
honour, the dignity, and the authority, of the houfe, were
fo deeply involved, the fpeaker with great propriety rofe
to deliver his opinion: “ If -the maxim laid down by
the lawyers were admitted as jud, the confequence was
obvious. The impeachment of a profligate or corrupt
minider might, by the infidious intervention of the pre¬
rogative, at any time be rendered nugafory and abortive.
In the view of the conftitution, and even by the forms of
parliament, the impeachment is preferred not by the
houfe of commons merely, but by all the commons of
England ; and the houfe can be confidered in relation to
the profecution as no more than the agents and attornies
of the people at large. A fecond houfe of commons
therefore, though certainly poffeffing a difcretionary
power of dropping the profecution, if upon due confidc-
ration they are of opinion that it does not red upon a jud
foundation, are as certainly at full liberty to proceed in
it, if in their judgment conducive to the fafety or the
intereds of the date. In an impeachment of the nature
of the prefent, it would fcarcely be imagined that twenty-
two complex articles could by any mode of invedigation
be decided upon in a fingle feffion. If then, agreeably to
the genius of the ancient conditution, parliaments them-
felves were to be made annual, the labour would be truly
Syfiphean; as fuch a trial never could arrive at a legal
termination. Such were the plain didlates of common
fenfe; which pointed to rules of law, and precedents of
parliament.” Upon a general review of thefe tadts and
precedents, the fpeaker gave it as his deliberate and de¬
cided judgment, that the impeachment was dill legally
pending: in this opinion Mr. Pitt, Mr. Fox, and the
mod eminent parliamentary authorities on both fides con¬
curred. But very little progrefs was made in it during
the fhort remainder of the feflion.

The date of affairs in France, though paffed. over in
total filence in the king’s fpeech, was now become very
critical. In England, the anniverfary of the French re¬
volution was celebrated, not without a certain mixture of
indifcretion, confidering the lowering afpedt of the poli¬
tical horizon in France, and the party fpirit which at this
period raged throughout England. The latter months
of the year paffed over in gloomy filence. The parlia¬
ment was not convened till the 3rd of January, 1792.
The king announced in his fpeech the marriage of his foil,
the duke of York, with the princefs Frederica, daughter
of the king of Pruflia. The general Hate of affairs in
3 Europe,,

776 eng:

Europe, he faid, promifed a continuance of peace, and
he was induced to hope f. r an immediate reduction of
the naval and military eftablifhments.

The attention of parliament towards the conclulion
of the feftion, was again forcibly drawn to the fituation
of India. From the era of the peace of Mangalore, con¬
cluded by the company with Tippoo Saib in 1784, the
power of that prince had been regarded as very formida¬
ble. He was.avowedly attached to the interefls of France,
to which country he had foon after that event fent a
fplendid embafly, and eftab.lifhed an intimate friendfhip
and alliance. The period, however, at length arrived,
when, France being occupied with other and greater ob¬
jects, a fevere vengeance might be fafely taken on the
tyrant of Myfore, for all his perfidies and oppretfions.
The Dutch Eaft-India company had in the feventeenth
century conquered from the Portuguefe two forts, fituated
within the territory of Myfore, called Cranganore and
Acottah. Thefe they had recently difpofed of by purchafe
to the rajah of Travancore, an ally of the Englifh com¬
pany. Tippoo, relenting the conduct of the Dutch, and
affirming that the rajah had no right to make any fuch
purchafe within the limits of his territory, marched a con¬
siderable military force, in <die fummer of 1789, againft
Cranganore, with a profeffied inten*- to reduce it to his
dominion. The conduct of the rajah in making the pur-
chaie in queffion, on fo precarious a title, was feverely
cenfured by the government of Madras ; and, Mr. Hol¬
land, the prefident, warned him to defift from his ambi¬
tious defigns.

In confequence of the powerful mediation thus inter-
poled, Tippoo withdr ew his troops, Hill, however, alfert-
ing his claim to the feudal fovereignty of the forts, and
offering, as it is faid, to fubmit his pretenfions to any im¬
partial arbitration. But on the iff of May, 1790, the
raj h, relying, as it afterwards appeared, on the fupport
of the fuperior prefidency of Bengal, made an offenlive
attack on the army of Tippoo Sultan ; and the war hav¬
ing thus commenced, the Englifh government was bound
in honour and juftjce to defend their ally. This the com¬
pany were the betier enabled to, do, not merely from their
knowledge of the (fate of France, but from the treaties
they had actually formed with the nizam of the Decan,
and the Mahratta (fates, for the exprefs purpofe of hum¬
bling the power of Myfore. The grand Carnatic army
immediately aflembling, under the command of general
Meadows, marched through the fouthern or Coimbetore
country, and penetrating the ghauts or palfies of the
mountains, advanced towards the city of Seringapatam,
the capital of Myfore..

On the weffern fide, the Bombay army, under general
Abercrombie, after reducing Cannanore, and feveral other
places on the coal!, entered the kingdom of Myfore ;
which, notwithfianding the opprelfion of the government,
exhibited every where the marks of the higheft cultiva¬
tion and profperity. The fultan, defending himfelf with
great refolution, and no mean difplay of military fk.il l ,
general Meadows found himfelf under the necefiity of re¬
treating to the vicinity of Madras; where, in the month
of December, 1790, lord Cornwallis alfiumed the com¬
mand of the army in perlon. The plan of the war was
now entirely changed, and a grand effort refolved on, to
force a palfiage to Seringapatam, through the country ly¬
ing direXly weftward of Madras. On the 21ft of March,
1791, the important town of Bangalore was taken by
ftorm, with little lofs on the part of the Britilh, but with
a dreadful carnage of the garrifon.

On the 13th ot May, the army, by extraordinary exer¬
tions, arrived in fight of the fuperb capital of Myfore,
defended by the lultan in perfon ; and, on the next day,
an aXion took place, in which Tippoo was faid to be de¬
feated, though he does not appear to have fufiained any
very confiderable lofs ; and the fwelling of the Cavery,
{in an illand formed by the branches of which Seringa-
patam is fituated,) together with the want of provifionsj

-AND.

compelled lord Cornwallis to begin his retreat to Ban«
galore, almoll before his victory could be announced.
General Abercrombie, who had advanced through the
ghauts on the oppofite fide, with a view to form a junc¬
tion with lord Cornwallis, was now all'o obliged to lead
back his army, fatigued, haralfed, and difappointed, over
the mountains they had fo lately and with fuch difficulty
palfied. During thefe tranfaXions, the troops of the nizam
and the Mahrattas kept difcreetly aloof, leaving the bur¬
den of the war almoll entirely to the Britilh.

But the next campaign, for which lord Cornwallis made
unremitted preparations, opened under more favourable
aufpices. Early in February, 1792, the eaftern and weft-
ern armies, refuming their former plan of operations, ef¬
fected, before the end of the month, a junction under the
walls of Seringapatam ; the forces of the peifiiwa and of
the nizam encamping alfo at a fmall difiance, and furnifti-
ing to the Britifh army a plentiful fupply of ftores and
provifions. On the 7th of February, a general attack
was made by moonlight on the lines of the fultan, which
was attended with important effieCts; Tippoo being com¬
pelled to relinquifli his former advantageous pofition,
which covered his capital, and Seringapatam was, in c*in-
fequence of this defeat, clofely and completely inverted.
The fituation of Tippoo being now in the higheft degree
alarming and almoll hopelefs, he thought proper to (end
a vakeel to the camp of lord Cornwallis to fue for peace ;
which the Britilh general granted on the terms, 1. Of
ceding one-half of his dominions to the allied powers.
2. Of paying three crores and thirty lacks of rupees, as
an indemnification for the expences of the war. 3. The
releafe of all prifoners ; and, 4. The delivery of two of his
fons as hoftages for the due performance of the treaty.

On the 26th of February, the princes, each mounted
on an elephant magnificently caparifoned, proceeded to
the Britilh ca^np, where they were received by lord
Cornwallis with all poliible kindnefs and affeCtion. The
eldeft, Abdul-Kalic, was, about ten ; the younger, Mir-
zaud-Deen, about eight years of age. The princes were
attired in white tnullin robes, with red turbans richly
adorned with pearls, and they conducted themfelves with
a politenefs and propriety which aftonifhed the fpeXa-
tots. On the 19th of March, 1792, the definitive treaty,
figned by the fultan was delivered by the young princes,
with great folemnity, into the hands of lord Cornwallis;
but the fums fpecified in the fecond article not being aXu-
ally paid, the princes remained under the fafeguard and
cuftody of his lordftiip until the payment was completed,
when they were honourably reftored. See the article
Hindoostan.

The feflion clofed with a fpeech from the throne,
June 15, 1792, in which his majerty exprefted to the two
houfes “ his great concern at the actual commencement
of hoftilities in different parts of Europe, in confequence
of the affairs of France; affuring them, neverthelefs,
that his principal care would be to preferve to his people
the uninterrupted bleflings of peace.” At this crifis a
very remarkable letter was written in confidence by the
king of France to the king of England, exprefiing in the
moil flattering terms his obligations to his Britannic ma-
jefty for his impartial conduct, and making the mod
eager advances to the formation of a treaty of amity and
alliance. “ Between our two countries, (fays the French
monarch,) new connexions ought to take place. I think
I fee the remainsof that rivalfiiip which has done fo much
mifchief to both, daily wearing away. It becomes two
kings, who have diftinguiflied their reigns by a conftant
defire to promote the happinels of their people, to con¬
nect themfelves by fuch ties as will appear to be durable
in proportion as the two nations (hall have clearer views
of their own interefts. 1 conlider the fuccefs of the al¬
liance, in which I wifh you to concur with as much zeal
as I do, as of the higheft importance. I confider it as
neceffary to the (lability of the refpeXive conftitutions,
and the internal tranquillity of our two kingdoms ; and

I will

E N G J

I will add, tl at our union ought to command peace
to Europe.”

It was in a fhort time after this announced, that the
combined armies of Auftria and Pruffia had entered
France, under the command of the duke of Brunfwick,
who had on the 25th of July ilFued a proclamation which
feerned purpofely calculated to complete the ruip of the
French king. In this famous manifefto the mod dread¬
ful vengeance is denounced againft the French nation :
all fuch as are found in arms againft the troops of the al¬
lied powers, are threatened to be punifhed as deftroyers
of the public tranquillity ; and the city of Paris is threat¬
ened to be -delivered up to the horrors of military execu¬
tion ! This violent declaration- filled up the meafure of
the popular fury, and the fate of the unfortunate French
monarch was hence decided. See the article France.

M. Dumourier, to whom the army of France was now
entrufted, could fcarcely oppofe thirty thoufand men to
the army of the duke of Brunfwick, confiding of eighty
thoufand. With this (mall force he determined to make
his (land at the foreft of Argonne, the partes of which
after repeated attempts the duke found himfelf unable
to force. The French army receiving continual rein¬
forcements, and the Pruftians fuft'ering under the united
evils of ficknefs and famine, the duke of Brunfwick was
compelled to the humiliating neceflity of commencing a
hafty retreat, and the French arms were triumphant in
every quarter. Early in November, Dumourier entered
the Andrian Netherlands ; and on the 5th of that month,
attacking the Auftrian entrenchments at Jemappe, near
Mons, he gained a mod: complete and fignal victory, the
confequences of which were decifive as to the fate of the
Netherlands.

lit confequence of the virtual depofition of the French
monarch, lord Gower, the Engliffi ambadador at Paris,
received orders from the court of London to quit the
kingdom ; for that, the functions of royalty being fuf-
pended, his midion was at an end. Neverthelefs, M.
Chauvelin, the French ambadador, dill remained in
London, though fron. this period unacknowledged in any
public or authorifed capacity. And as a ftriking indica-'
tion of the defign of Great Britain to take a part in the
war, the minifter, on the fuccefs of the French arms in
■Flanders, made an unfolicited offer of ailiftance to the
ftates-general in cafe of need. But their high mighti-
neffes declined to accept the favour, declaring themfelves
under no apprehenfion of an attack.

On the 17th of December, 1792, a memorial was pre¬
ferred by M. Chauvelin to lord Grenville, in which he
informed his lordftiip, that the executive council of the
French Republic, had authorized him to demand, Whe¬
ther France ought to conlider England as a neutral or
la o ft i 1 e power; at the fame time being folicitous, that not
the fmalleft doubt Ihould exift refpeCting the difpofition
of France towards England, and of its defire to remain in
peace. 'To which lord Grenville returned the following
anfwer: “If France is really delirous of maintaining
friendffiip and peace with England, fhe mud: (hew herfelf
difpofed to renounce her views of aggrefiion and aggran¬
dizement, and to confine herfelf within her own territory,
without infiulting other governments, without difturbing
their tranquillity, without violating their rights.” At
length this bufinefs was brought to a crifis, by a letter
from lord Grenville to M. Chauvelin, dated January 24,
1793, in which his lordftiip fays, “ I am charged to notify
to you, fir, that the character with which you had been
inverted at this court, and the functions of which have
been fo long fufpended, being now entirely terminated by
the fatal death of his mod: Chriftian majefty, you have
no longer any public character here; and his majefty has
thought fit to order that you fhopld retire from this king¬
dom within the term of eight days.”

The death of the French monarch was indeed a dif-
aftrous and mournful event. It is well known that the
executive council, and a great majority of the conven-

Vol. VI. No. 390.

^ A N D. > 777

tional affembly, were eagerly defirous to have averted
this calamity; but the violence of the jacobin faCtion,
and the favage rage of the populace, hurried on the fatal
cataftropbe. The convention, however, dung at the dif-
miffal of their ambalfador from the court of London, came
to an ultimate refolution ; and on the irt of February,
1793, a decree unanimoully parted that affembly, declaring
the republic of France at war with the king of Great
Britain, and the ffadtholder of Holland.

The operations of the French republican army com¬
menced againft the Dutch,, with an attack upon Breda,
which was defended by count Byla.od, who was foon
terrified into a capitulation ; but, at Williamftadt, the
aid of the Britifti troops was ufefully exerted in compel¬
ling the French to retire. Yet Gertruydenberg, where
the Englilh was not prefent, was quickly taken; and
Dumourier was preparing to ruflt into the heart of Hol¬
land, when he was called off to a different fervice. The
French troops in the Netherlands, and on the German
frontier, being injudicioufly ported, and the commanders,
not being on the moft harmonious terms, the prince of
Saxe-Cobourg, who commanded the Auftrians, conceived
the hope of bringing the republican army to a difadvan-
tageous aCtion. Clairfait was therefore detached over
the Roer ; and, when this intrepid officer had aftaulted
fome ports with advantage, the prince, engaging the ene¬
my near Aix-!a-Chapel!e, on the 3d of March, 1793, ob¬
tained a confiderable victory, deftroying about five thou-
fand of the French. The vanquilhed fled toward Liege in
great confufion ; and the confternation of the defeat ex¬
tended to the camp of general Miranda, who was employ¬
ed in befieging Maeftricht. He raifed the fiegeon the ap¬
proach of the victorious army : the Lower Maes was left
open to the allies; and the divided bodies of tiie French
took refuge in Brabant, where they were greatly weakened
by defertion.

Dumourier now afflimed the command of the retiring
troops, and led them back againft prince Cobourg’s
army. I11 fome (kirmifties he met with fuccefs : but, in
an obftinate conflict near Landen, March 18, he was
obliged to yield the honour of the day, after loling above
three thoufand of his men ; and, being unfuccefsful in
another engagement, he retreated to the borders of France.
His ambition and talents bad excited the jealoufy of the
jacobin faction, who, being alio difgufted at bis repug¬
nance to their fanguinary fchemes, fought an .opportunity
of emitting him. He was endeavouring to reftore dif-
cipline to a diforganifed army, when commiffioners, lent
from Paris to arreft him, arrived in his camp. Inffeadof
fuft'ering them to feize him, he ordered them to be de¬
livered up to the Auftrians, as hoftages for the Jafety of
the royal family of France, and endeavoured to prevail
on his army to aim at a counter-revolution : but he foqnd
that his exhortations had no effeCt on their republican
fpirit ; and he was even apprehenfive that they would
betray him into the hands of his enemies. Thus fituat-ed,
he fled to Mons, and offered to the allies that feryice of
which he deemed his countrymen unworthy : but, being
expofed to negleCt and difgrace, he foon quitted the army
for a private (lation. .

The fucceft’or of the fugitive general was Dampierre,
who being attacked near Valenciennes, on May 8, repelled
the alfailants. In a battle near St. Amand, the Britifti
troops, particularly the guards, under the command of the
duke of York, obtained great praife by their fpirited
exertions. They fo effectually (up; erted the Auftrians
and Prufiians, that the French were at laft conftrained to
retire. The republican commander received a (hot which
proved fatal ; and loft about four thoufand of his men in
killed and wounded. The valour of the Englifh alio ap¬
peared when the French were attacked in the well-fortified
camp of Famars, May 23, which covered the city of Va¬
lenciennes, and from which they were driven, after the
fall of a confiderable number of men on both lides. The
allied army now fubjeCted Valenciennes to a clofe fiege,

9 M in

778

ENGLAND.

in which much time was confumed and many lives were
loft. Conde was at the fame time blockaded; and it was
hoped that the reduction of thefe important towns would
be followed by triumphant fuccefs. After a blockade of
three months, the governor of Conde furrendered, on the
io! h of July, to the prince of Wirtemherg. Thefiegeof
Valenciennes was fupported with vigour by the duke of
York, but the mod arduous part of the fiege devolved to
the Andrians, of whom about, thirteen hundred were
killed. When a general aflault was commenced, July 28,
the g.irrifon haftily capitulated, and 0 itained leave to retire
into France, on condition of not ferving againft the allies
during the remainder of the war.

Thus far the progrefs of the allied army irTthe interior
of France carried all before it ; but its fiibfequent move¬
ments, and final reparation, have remained an inexpli¬
cable mydery on the minds of the people in England,
which no fyflem of political meafures have yet been able
to unravel. Perhaps the following remark of M. Laere-
telle, in his Precis HiJIorique de la Resolution Francaije, pub-
lilhed at Paris in 1803, may help to explain this -ob feme
part of the campaign : “ After the fall of Valenciennes,
not one of the powers feemed to recollect the purpofes
of their league. France now appeared to them another
Poland ; and partition views and fclfiflinefs led adray their
policy. The emperor declared Valenciennes to be his
conqueft. The prince of Cobourg threatened an invadon
far better concerted than that of the king of Pruffia. He
had already obliged the French to quit Csefar’s camp ;
and Cambray would have yielded but feeble reliflance,
and the" line of drong pods would have been palled. The
numerous German cavalry was about to over-run the
plains of France. Paris would have known its approach
by that of famine : but Audria forgot Paris and France,
and fixed its thoughts on Q^iefnoy and Maubeuge, as did
England upon Dunkirk. An abfurd order was iflued by
the cabinet of St. James’s ; and the Englifii army, com¬
manded by the duke of York, feparated itfelf from the
conquerors of Famars. Had the mod inveterate hatred
directed this movement, it could not have rendered it
more incompatible with any plan of future concert and
mutual fupport. The prince of Cobourg marching to¬
wards Maubeuge, and the duke of York towards Dun¬
kirk, caufed a reparation of their forces, exaftly fuch as
adtive and provident enemies could have widied.”

The duke of York had no fooner made known his in¬
tention of attacking Dunkirk, than the hereditary prince
of Orange alfaulted feveral pods, chiefly with a view of
covering his highnefs’s march. He forced Lincelles,
Augu A 18, with fmall lofs ; but he was foon difpoflefled
of it by a fuperior force. Three Britilh battalions, con-
dudted to his aid by major-general Lake, bravely Aormed'
a very drong redoubt, and faved the Dutch by routing the
enemy. Near Furnes, another brifk engagement occurred,
in which the allies were alfo fuccefsful. But the unac¬
countable delay of naval preparations for the fiege, and
the necedity of waiting for very heavy artillery, gave the
French time to make ample providon for the defence of
the town. The Hanoverian general Frey tag was fiercely
attacked on September 6, by the French army, and
obliged to retreat with confiderable lofs. He and prince
Adolphus, the younged fqn of our fovereign, were made
prifoners in their retreat, but were-feafonably refeued by
a detachment fent to their relief. The duke’s right wing
was haratfed by a fally ; but, on this and fome other occa-
fions, he drove back the enemy into the town. An im¬
probability of fuccefs, however, condrained him to raife
the fiege ; and his artillery, with a great dore of ammu¬
nition, fell into the hands of the enemy. Bouchard, for
iiiffering the befieging army to efcape, was put to death
by the tyranny of the convention.

Soon after the duke of York had raifed the fiege of
Dunkirk, the Dutch pods upon the Lys were forced, the
confeqitence of which was the evacuation of Menin. This
misfortune was counterbalanced by the furrender of Le

Quefnoy to the emperor's troops, ancj by the defeat of a
numerous body of French near Bideghem. General
Beaulieu then alLulted Menin, and re-took it with very
fmall lofs. The prince of Saxe-Cobourg inveded the
Camp and fortrefs of Maubeuge ; but, after two engage¬
ments, in one of which he was feverel'y haralfed, he quit¬
ted his advantageous pofitioti. Other conflifts in the
Netherlands difplayed the obdinate courage of the oppo-
fire parties, without any decilive refult. In Germany
the allies for a time were more fortunate than the French.
They defeated the enemy on feveral occafions, and,
among other {'accedes, recovered the city of Mentz, to
the great joy of the imperial diet, which had recently de¬
clared its concurrence in the war. They afterwards at¬
tacked the lines of Weiflembourg, -and forced them by
a perfevering defiance of all danger.

The Spaniards, having invaded France, prevailed in
different conflicts, and reduced Bellegarde and Colioure.
This-ill fuccefs of the republican army in the fouth, was
embittered by the dread of an extenfion of that fpirit of
loyalty which had appeared at Marf'eilles, Toulon; and
Lyons. The Marfeillois, indeed, did not long continue
refractory ; but, at Toulon, the mal-contents were fo
hodile to the convention, that they furrendered that im¬
portant city and nrfenal to lord Hood, commander of the
Britilh fleet in the Mediterranean, Augud 29, on his pro-
mife of alfidance in the recovery of the conditution of
1789, with a provifo for the full leditution (after the re¬
turn of peace) of the town, forts, and veflels, to Louis
XVII. or his lawful fiiccelTor.

In La Vendee (a part of the former province of Poifioit),
and other wedern departments, numerous bodies had taken
arms, under the celebrated Charette, for the redoration
of royalty ; and fome defperate engagements had occurred,
to the difadvantage of the republican government. But,
when the latter had repeatedly routed the infurgents,
Barrere announced to the legidature the extinftion of the
revolt. This orator, however, paid little regard to truth
in his datements ; for the inflirreftion dill bore a ferious
and violent afpeft. But at Lyons, the republican arms
triumphed over all oppofition. General Doppet, after a
vigorous fiege, entered the city, from which the leaders
of the revolt had previoufiy retired. A great part of the
town was wantonly dedroyed ; and many thoufands of
the inhabitants, of both fexes, were put to death in dif¬
ferent modes, under the direction of Collot d’Herbois,
without even the formality of a trial.

Toulon was inveded by a numerous army of French
republicans, towards the clofe of 1793, under general
Dugommier ; but it was defended with great fpirit and
bravery by the Englifii. Briik {’allies were made by the
garrifon, which confided of foldiers of various nations. In
one of the forties, general O’Hara was wounded and taken
prifoner; and in this and otherconflifts, no fmall lofs was
iudained by the allies. They were obliged to extend
their force fo as to occupy eight confiderable pods, and
feveral dependent ftations; and, while about nine thon-
fand men filled thofe pods, fcarcely more than three
thoufand remained in the town. The increafing drength
and refentful fpirit of the befiegers alarmed the confede¬
rates, who, being diflodged from fome of their chief
dations, refolved to quit a place which they found it im.
poilible to retain ; therefore, dedroying the arfenal, and
defolating the city, they evacuated the garrifon on De¬
cember 18, 1793. Sir Sydney Smith undertook the dan¬
gerous talk of burning the dore-houfes and (hips, amidd a
continued firing from the enemy on diore. A “ rapid igni¬
tion,” took place; but the operators were unable to ex¬
tend it to the veflels which were neared to the town.
Nine fliips from feventy-four to eighty guns, beddes fome
that were not completely prepared for fervice, were
dedroyed, with an immenfe quantity of naval flores.
Three {hips of the line, four frigates, and many doops,
were added to the Britidi fleet ; and as many of the roy-
alids as could be flowed in the retiring veflels, were
z brought

ENGLAND.

brought off by the allies. It is laid that Dugommier
expreffed, in council, the utter impofHbili'fy of recovering
this great naval arfenal, unlefs a mod competent engineer
could be found, to manage and direCt the immenfe artil¬
lery to be employed againft it. Such a per£pn was at length
difcovered in Napoleone Bonaparte, an obfcure Corfican,
who had been educated at the military academy in France,
and ferved as a lieutenant ip the regiment of La'-Fere.
Having (led from the troubles that prevailed in his native
jfland, he now offered his .Cervices, and was employed by
the deputy Barras, on the recommendation of his conn-
trymarr Salicetti, and certainly contributed by his military
talents to decide the fate of Toulon.

On the Rhine the French arms were equally profper-
ous ; for, though the duke of Brunfwick had the advan-
tage in feveraf actions, and general Wurmfer was fome-
times fuccefsful, the overwhelming mafs of republicans
fo effectually prevailed after four days of continued con¬
flict, that the lines of Weiffembourg were recovered, and
Landau was relieved from a blockade by the flight of the
Prufiians and Auftrians. The cities of Spire and Worms
were feized ; and (tores of various defcriptions, to a great
amount, fell into the hands of the republican army.

The fleets of the contending nations had no engage¬
ment in this firft year of the war ; but fome maritime ex¬
editions were undertaken. An armament failed to To-

ago, and the ifland was foon reduced ; but, when a
fquadron had appeared before Martinique with a fnhilar
view, the debarkation of a fmall force proved fruitlefs ;
and the Englifh retired. In the northern part of the
Weftern hemifphere, two i (lands (St. Pierre and Mique¬
lon) were added to the Britifli pofleflions. In India, the
fliips and factories of the French Were taken as foon as the
intelligence of the war arrived ; and Pondicherry was fur-
rendered by a fpiritlefs garrifon to the Britith arms. In
the Mediterranean, our naval commanders endeavoured to
intimidate the grand duke of Tufcany and the republic
of Genoa into a conjunction with the allied powers; but
French influence, and a defire of peace, had a greater ef¬
fect than thefe menaces. While the war thus raged, a
declaration was prefented to the world, on the part of
Great Britain, dated October 29, vindicating the exercife
of external force for the eftablifhment of order in France,
as fuch interference was eftential to the fecurity and re-
pofe of all civilifed powers ; recommending an hereditary
monarchy, yet not infilling on the exclufion of. any other
form of government which might prove compatible with
the peace and fafety of Europe.

In opening a new feffion of parliament, January 21,
1794, the king obferved, that he and his fubjeCts were
engaged in a momentous conteft, on the ilfue of which
depended the maintenance of the national confutation,
laws, and religion, and the fecurity of all civil fociety.
Having mentioned the advantages obtained by the arms
of the confederate powers, he added, that the circum-
ilances by which their further progrefs had been impeded,
not only proved the neceflity of vigour and perfieverance,
but confirmed the expectation of ultimate fuccefs. He
regretted the neceflity of continuing the war ; but he
thought he fliould ill confult the eftential interefts of his
people, if he defired peace on any grounds exclufive of
a due provifion For their permanent fafety, and for the
independence and fecurity of Europe.

The difembarkation of a body of Heflians in the ifie of
Wight, and their detention there, without the previous
conVent of parliament, furnifhed a topic of debate. Mr.
Grey moved, that the commons fhould declare it to be
contrary to law; and the earl of Albemarle contended
for the propriety of enaCting a bill of indemnity on ac¬
count of this invafion of the conftitution. A treaty was
alfo announced to the parliament, by which the king had
bound himfelf, in concert with tbe Dutch, to the pay¬
ment of 50., cool, per month for a Pruflian army of 62,400
men, of 300,0001. for putting that force in a ftate of
aCtion, and of a large fum for bread and forage. It was

779

obferved, that the king of Pruffia was more interefled in
oppofing the French than we could be ; that he had been
one of the chief infligators of the war 5 that former en¬
gagements required him to continue hofiilities, without
being fubfidiled by Great Britain ; that the terms were
extravagant ; and that the men who thus laviftied the
treafures of their country had no reafon to expeCt. good
faith from a venal and fickle prince, who would probably
defert us in the hour of need. It tyas faid in reply, that
it was illiberal to doubt the honour of that magnanimous
court ; but the event afforded a new and fingular inftance
of rapacity and defection in a foreign ally.

The conduct of the war was the fubjeCt of ftrong cen-
fure in various debates; and the improbability of its final
fuccefs was repeatedly noticed. Mr. Jenkinfon expofed
himfelf to ridicule in one of thefe difeufiions, by alferting
the practicability of marching to Paris, and overturning
the obnoxious government. After a review of the French
revolution and the progrefs of the war, the duke of Bed¬
ford propofed, as preliminaries to a peace, a candid and
explicit declaration of the objeCt of the war, and a renun¬
ciation of all concern witli the internal affairs of France ;
and Mr. Fox ably harangued the commons on the fame
ground ; but both houfes exploded all propofitions of
this nature.

It was fuppofed that the trial of Mr. Haftings would
have been brought to a clofe in the preceding year ; but
tbe further examination of vvitneffes, and the intervention
of fpeeches from the advocates and the managers, retarded
the conclufion. In this feffion, marquis Cornwallis ap¬
peared as a witnefs ; and his teftimony being favourable
to his predeceffor, gave a remarkable turn to the caufe.
Replies to the defenfive allegations followed thefe pro¬
ceedings ; and Mr. Burke, in a feries of admired ha¬
rangues, again entered into the hiftory of India, and de¬
lineated in glowing but overcharged colours, the chief
features of the impeachment. He then urged with for¬
cible eloquence the claims of eternal juffice, and thus
clofed the procefs of accufation, June 16, 1794. The ma¬
nagers were complimented by Mr. Pitt with a (notion for
a vote of thanks, which paffed, though not unanimoufly .

On the day of prorogation, July n, earl Fitzwilliam
was appointed prelident of the council ; the duke of Port¬
land became one of the fecretaries of (fate ; earl Spencer
was declared keeper of the privy feal, and Mr. Windham
fecretary at war.

In the mean time the campaign of 1794 opened; but
with the difadvantages moff commonly attendant upon
allied powers. The rivalry between Auffria and Pruffia,
and the jealoufy which each had conceived of the other,
were fo vifible to the duke of Brunfwick, that he refolved.
to have no further concern in the command of an army
whole efforts, he thought, would be rendered unavailing
by the difunion of offenfible confederates. His refignation
was foon followed by a complaint from the Pruflian mo¬
narch of the great expence of the war, and a propofal
that the (fates of the empire fliould provide for the fub-
fiffence of his troops; a requeft to which that body did
not accede. When the emperor defired that the diet
would order the people in the frontier circles to rife in a
mafs, the court of Berlin ffrongly oppofed the meafure as
fruitlefs and dangerous. The general levy did not take
place ; and the contingents of the.German princes were
imperfectly and tardily furnifhed.

Extraordinary preparations were made for the defence
of the Netherlands, and the attack of the F'rench fron¬
tiers. The emperor Francis, took the perfonal command
ot the Auffrian, Britiffv, and Dutch armies, April 17, and
led them forward in eight columns. The three firft of
thefe battalions diflodged the enemy from various pofts ;
and the fourth, conducted by the duke of York, approach¬
ing Vaux amidft a very ievere fire, forced that poft as well
as the wood of Bohain. Tire works' at Premont were
(formed by the corps which fir William Erfkirie com¬
manded ; while the three other columns gained their ap,

pointed

780 E N G I

pointed ftations without the hazard of a conflict. En.
couraged by this fuccefs, the emperor refolved to invert
Land fee y ; and the hereditary pririce of Orange was in-
trurted witli the direftion of the fiege. This gallant
prince afi'aulted an entrenched camp with vigour and fuc-
cefs ; and, during the fiege, lieutenant-general Otto, with
Britifh and Auftrian troops, totally routed a confiderable
body of the French near Cambray. The two covering
armies were afterwards attacked, April 26, with great im-
petuofity. The villages in the duke of York’s front were
quickly taken ; but Otto, with the right wing, charged
the enemy in the flank and rear, and did great execution.
The left wing alfo triumphed ; and the Auftrian army
met with equal fuccefs./ General Clairfait, however, was
defeated at Moucron ; but the furrender of Landrecy
compenfated that difafter. Near Tournay a gallant aftion
took place, to the difadvantage of the French ; and, though
they obtained a victory over Clairfait near Courtray, they
were routed by general Kaunitz. near Mons. But in ano¬
ther battle near Tournay, May 17, they fo effedtually pro¬
fited by their f'uperiority of numbers, that the allies were
defeated with great lofs, and the duke of York efcaped
with extreme difficulty. In a fubfequent conflict, victory
was long doubtful ; but it ultimately devolved to the
confederates, who killed or wounded above ten thoufand
of the French republican army.

The moft memorable engagement of this campaign in
the Netherlands, was that of Fleurus. The importance
of the befieged town of Charleroi induced the prince of
Saxe-Cobourg, J une 26, to rifk a battle for its relief, as he
did not know that the garrifon had already furrendered.
Fie attacked the army of Jourdan near Goffelies, and met
with filch fuccefs as flattered him with the hope of
triumph. Thrice were the French driven back to their
entrenchments with great (laughter ; but Jourdan, (who
had recently obtained confiderable advantages near Arlon
and Trafegnies,) again renewed the contell with alacrity
and vigour; and, being well fupported with frefti fupplies
of' men, he overpowered his adverfaries after a conflict of
fifteen hours. About ten thoufand of the allies were
killed or wounded ; and the reft fled with precipitation.

The Englifh army had no fhare in this difaftrous col 1 i-
fion, or in thofe actions which, for four fucceflive days,
thinned the ranks of Clairfait and Moreau, near Yores.
The retreat of the Auftrians, and the redudfion of that
town by the French, conftrained the duke of York to re¬
move from Tournay, which, with Oudenarde and Ghent,
quickly admitted the French yoke. Oftend was evacuat¬
ed by the Britifli garrifon, and Mons by the Auftrians
under prince Cobourg; who, being again defeated by
Jourdan, left Bruflels to the vidlorious enemy. The duke
of York, now reinforced by the earl of Moira with a fmall
army from England, made a fhow of defence at Mechlin ;
but he was foon'obliged to retire toward the Dutch fron¬
tiers. The defeat of Clairfait near Louvain put the French
in pofieflion of that city. Nieuport was reduced by a vi¬
gorous fiege : Namur and Antwerp were taken with lels
difficulty : the conqueft of the bifhopric of Liege fol¬
lowed this fignal fuccefs in the Low Countries ; and the
United Provinces were now threatened with the terror ot
becoming the theatre of the war.

Mean time the feuds and animofities of the newly-con-
ftituted powers at Paris ran high. The jealous and tyran¬
nical Robefpierre, anxious for the maintenance of his own
authority, watched the condudt of all parties, harafled all
Who murmured, and wreaked his vengeance on all who
oppofed him. Sufpedting Hebert, and other chiefs of the
Cordelier club, of aiming at political pre-eminence, he
accufed them of being traitors to the republic, and fub-
jedled them to the new-fangled inftrument of decapita¬
tion, the guillotine. Fie coolly ordered the arreft of many
«f his former affociates, and fac.rificed them without re-
ijiorfe to his fears and his ambition. Executions were wan-
tonly multiplied ; and even the lifter of Louis XVI. one of
the moft refpedtable and virtuous women of her age, was

A N D.

deprived of life by the atrocious cruelty" of the defpot.
The fervile fubmiflion of the legiflative body to the ty¬
ranny of this monfter, and the paflive fubfet-viency of an
oppreffed community, aftonifhed and difgufted foreign na.
tions: but the difgraceful yoke was at length lhaken off.

Such continued inhumanities excited a general horror,
and, by rendering life precarious and infecure, alarmed
all ranks throughout the republic, except the lowed: of
the populace. Some fpirited members of the convention,
among whom were Tallien, Barras, and Freron, refolved
to fubdue the tyrant, or die in the attempt. They roufed
the aflembly againft him by a detail of his enormities,
and procured a decree for his arreft. Henriot, the com¬
mandant of the Parifian guard, prepared to.crufh the
party that oppofed his patron ; but a vote of outlawry
confounded even the armed force, and the exertions of
the friends of the convention fecured the public tranquil¬
lity. Tn a fit of defpair, he who had deltroyed fo many
of his fellow-creatures attempted to difpatch himfelf ;
but he failed in his efforts, and was beheaded with his
principal adherents, July 28, 1794, amidft the exultations
of the fpedlators. — See the article France.

The outrageous inhumanity of Robefpierre had ex¬
torted a decree from the convention, for the murder of
all the Britifli and Hanoverian foldiers who fhould fall
into the hands of the French : but the troops were not fo
bafe as to comply with this order. After the conqueft of
all the Auftrian low countries, except Luxembourg, the
French eafily recovered Le Quefnoy, and the three other
towns which had been taken by the confederated army;
and they found in thofe place very confiderable fupplies.

The Prufiians did not adf with much vigour in this
campaign ; nor were they wholly inadtive. They forced
the entrenchments at Kaiferflautern, but' they and the
Auftrians were defeated at Tripftadt, and other ports.
The city of Treves was now taken by the republicans ;
and, after they had repeatedly triumphed over the gene¬
rals Latour and Clairfait, they reduced the greater part
of the country between the Maes and the Rhine. Againft
their Spanifli foes the French were alfo eminently fuccefs-
ful. They routed a far fuperior number near St. Jean de
Luz ; and, after another vidtory, took Fontarabia and St.
Sebaftian. They met with fuccefs in a fkirmifh at Al-
berdes, obtained a more important advantage at Colioure,
and defeated an army which oppofed them at Bellegarde.
They routed the enemy near Mouga, where Dugommier,
their victorious general, was flain ; and, having ftormed
the formidable works near Figueres, they took poflellion
of various towns, and filled the whole country with con-
fternation. Good fortune alfo attended the French arms
in Italy. They reduced Oneglia, forced the Col deTende,
and fubdued feveral diftridts in the fouthern parts of Pied¬
mont. The defenfive ftrength of Mont Cenis ferved only
to inflame their ardour: they 'ftormed the well-fortified
ports of that difficult pafs ; and, having defeated their
opponents in other parts of the country, they looked for¬
ward to more important vidtories.

The Englifh in the Mediterranean were now employed
in the redudtion of Corfica. An armament under lord
Hood attacked the town and forts of Baftia, after the ac-
quifition of San Fiorenzo: the feamen and foldiers co¬
operated with emulous zeal ; and the place was taken
with fmall lofs. General Paoli having exerted his influ¬
ence over his countrymen, they voted, in a regular aflem-
bly, June 14, 1794, that the fovereignty of the ifland
fhould be transferred to the king of Great Britain. Sir
Gilbert Elliot, in the royal name, accepted the offer, with
an engagement for the maintainance of that conftitution
which was then framed by the national reprefentatives.
The Jtrong town of Calvi was ftill poflefled by the French:
but it was at length reduced by Britifh valour. But
the fuccefs of the Englifh fleet in the Atlantic, excited
(Longer emotions of joy than the addition of Corfica to
the dependencies of Great Britain. Earl Howe was muf¬
fing olf the coaft of Bretagne, when he was informed that

the

ENGLAND. 7SI

- ' i

the French admiral, Villaret-Joyeufe, had failed from the
harbour of Breft. Having approached the enemy to the
weftward of Ulhant, rear-admiral Pafley attacked the rear
with fpirit ; and a brifk engagement enfued on the fol¬
lowing day, when the nautical (kill of the veteran Howe
enabled him to obtain the weather-gage. Three days af¬
terwards, June :, he brought the French to a clofe aition,
having twenty-five fail of the line oppofed to twenty-fix.
In the Queen Charlotte he broke their line, and evinced
an admirable union of fkill and intrepidity. Captain
Berkeley, in the Marlborough, had a dangerous conflict
with two (hips ; but he difabled one, and repelled the
other. The Brunfwick, commanded by Hervey, engaged
feveral fhips with great gallantry, and had a long conteft
with Le Vengeur, whole crew implored mercy; but the
Britifh captain could not prevent her from finking. Though
many of the French were faved on this occafion by the
humanity of their adverfaries, above three hundred went
to the bottom. The fame fate attended the fine fliip Le
Jacobin, out of whofe crew fcarcely a man was faved ; but
the undaunted republicans, when finking on the wreck
of their (hip, exultingly cried out with their lalt breath,
Vive la libcrte'l Vive la republique / The French line was
broken in three places; and at length the Britifh fleet
obtained a memorable triumph. When the firing ceafed,
the admiral found that fix (hips of the line had been
taken, in which 690 men were killed, and 580 wounded ;
a number far exceeding the official lift of fufferers (904)
in the whole Britifh fleet.

An expedition to the Weft Indies alfo proved, in a
great degree, fuccefsful. Sir Charles Grey landed, with
a refpeitable but not numerous force, on the ifland of
Martinique, while fir John Jervis fuperintended the na¬
val operations. Several ftrong ports wrnre feized ; and
the reduction of Pigeon-ifle opened the bay and harbour
of Fort Royal to the (hipping. Of the works near St.
Pierre the invaders gained pofleflion with fmall lofs; and
that town was then evacuated by the enemy. To com¬
plete the inveftment of Fort Bourbon, it was neceffary that
the heights of Sourier fhould be gained. Bellegarde, a
bold leader of the mulattoes and negroes, might have de¬
fended this port for a confiderable time, if he had not
been prompted by the impettiofity of his fpirit to ruffi
from the heights with a part of his force, and attack the
left divifion of the Britifh army. Pleafed at the oppor¬
tunity, the general fent three battalions from his right to
florm the weakened camp, which was eafily forced by
the valour of this detachment, while Bellegarde was foon
repelled by the firmhefs of the corps which he engaged.

Preparations were now made for affaulting Fort Royal;
and a detachment of grenadiers and light infantry, under
the conduct of colonel Symes, marched to the back of it,
while commodore Thompfon, directed the exertions of a
feleit naval force. Captain .Faulknor particularly diftin-
guilhed himfelf on this occafion. He puflied forward at
the head of the crew of the (loop which he commanded,
and fcaled the walls in defiance of repeated volleys of
grape-fhot. This daring ait concurred with the approach
of the foldiery, to intimidate the garrifon into a furrender,
which took place on the 20th of March, 1794. The
commandant of Fort Bourbon, no longer inclined to refift,
propofed a capitulation ; and the acquifition of this for-
trefs completed the reduction of the ifland. Major-ge¬
neral Dundas and prince Edward, who diftinguiffied him¬
felf in thefe exploits, afterwards landed in St. Lucia, and
proceeded to the inveftment of la Morne Fortunee. Lieu¬
tenant-colonel Coote (formed a redoubt and two batteries ;
and the dread of an allault of the fort produced its fpeedv
furrender. The ifles called the Saints were then reduced ;
and a difembarkation was effected at Gofier-bay, in Gua-
daloupe. Fort Fleur d’Epee was quickly ftormed ; and
the impetuous fire of the affailants had fpared only a
fmall part of the garrifon. Fort Louis, and other ports
of Grande Terre, were abandoned with great precipita¬
tion ; and the Englifh proceeded to the conqueft of Baffe
Vol. VI, No. 391.

Terre. Palmifte, the ftrongeft port of this divifion, was
foon taken ; and, after other exploits, the whole ifland
furrendered, with its dependencies.

The Englifh did not long retain the laft of thefe con-
quefts. The yellow fever began to diffufe its ravages,
which diminifhed the number of the armed, and weakened
the furvivors. From hence, expeiting to find the works
inadequately manned, a French force approached the coaft,
attacked Fleur d’Epee and other ports, and recovered them
with little difficulty. The Englifh foon regained the port:
of St. Anne, where they put to death about four hundred
of the enemy, without lofting an individual of their own
party. After various aitions, brigadier Symes and colo¬
nel Fiffier, with a body of foldiers and feamen, endea¬
voured to furprife the enemy in the night on the heights
near Point-a-Petre; but they were faluted in their march
with fo fevere a cannonade, that great confufion arofe.
A retreat was now ordered ; and, for fome time, from the
prevalence of difeafe, the troops were almoft inactive.
When the camp at Berville was at length attacked by
the French, it was fo bravely defended that the republi¬
can army fuffered confiderable lofs; but their repeated
exertions conftrained the Englifh to capitulate.

After further hoftilities, I'ort Matilda was the only
place of ftrength which the Englifh retained in Guada,
loupe. Here they were befieged by Viitor Hugues for
eight weeks; and, as the fort was no longer tenable, they
found it expedient to retire in the night. Not long after
the lofs of the ifland, the brave Captain Faulknor, who
had fo eminently contributed to the reduction of Marti¬
nique, loft his life in an engagement with a frigate near
Marie-galante. More than feventy men are faid to have
been killed in the French veffel, and above one hundred
wounded ; while only twenty-nine fuffered in the victo¬
rious fliip.

In the fanguinary ifland of St. Domingo, the Englifh
had fo far profited as to acquire fome territorial poffef-
fions. That ifland, in a remarkable degree, had fuffered
the mifchievous effeits of the F'rench revolution. When
the people in the mother country afferted their right to
freedom, the claims of the colonial fubjeits of France
were alfo recognifed ; and a fociety called les Amis des Noirs,
(Friends of the Negroes,) warmly fupported the preten-
lions of the (laves to emancipation, and of the mulattoes
to all the privileges enjoyed by the white inhabitants.
The declaration of rights promulgated by the national
affembly increafed the ferment which the firft intelligence
of the revolution had produced in the iflands ; and violent
difturbances and contefts were apprehended. Deputies
from the different diftriits of the F'rench part of St. Do¬
mingo met by the king’s order, to prevent tumults and
reform abufes by feafonable regulations : but their endea¬
vours were oppofed by the partifans of the old regime ;
and the governor diffolved the affembly. Many of the
reprefentatives failed to France to juftify their conduit ;
and, during their abfence, Oge, an enterprifing mulatto,
returned to the ifland from Europe for the execution of
a fcheme which had been fuggefted to him by Brifl'ot and
Gregoire, who wiffied that the people of colour, (as the
mulattoes were ftyled,) might be ftimulated to rife in
arms, and redrefs their own grievances. He found means
to excite an infurreition ; but it was quickly fuppreffed,
and his life was facrificed to public jufticc. The claims,
of his brethren, however, were confirmed by a decree of
the ruling affembly of the parent (fate, which admitted
them to all the privileges of French citizens, on the 15th
of May, 1791. Before the death of Oge, the negroes had
been inftigated to join the mulattoes in a general rebellion;
and the recent decree gave vigour to their intentions.

While a new colonial affembly deliberated on the con¬
duit which prudence required at this crifis, the (laves in
the neighbourhood of Cape Francois attacked the whites,
murdered a great number of them, and deftroyed the
plantations. The infurreition foon fpread to other dif¬
triits; and, though many hundreds of the negroes and
9 N their

782 ENG

their cbrifederates to fere (lain in battle, or perifhed by-
famine, they feeined to rhultiply like tli'e heads of the
hydra. In the vicinity of Port-aii-Prince, however, the
infurgents agreed to an accommodatibn, on condition of
the obfervan'ce of the late decree; but, about the fame
time, the Firench legiflatufe thought proper to ahrttil it.
"When the intelligence of this repeal reached the ifland,
the nuilattoes ac'cdfed the planters and their adherents of
infidnouS tin pli'city, and again had recourfe to arms. They
deftroyed a third part of Port-au-Prince by fife, arid com¬
mitted barbarous outrages, which expofed theih, when
token-, to lev ere retaliation. CommidionerS were lent froth
France to heal the difbrders of the colony ; but they did
not fuCceed in their endeavours. A new decree ref pett¬
ing equality of privilege was enacted ; and he to delegates
were fent to enforce it. Thefe rtien behaved in an abfurd
and arbitrary manner, and difgufted the colonifts by their
rapacity ahd violence. Having produced by their mif-
condudt a civil war among the whites', they invited to
their aid a body of rebel negroes, with, tbus encouraged,
perpetrated a horrible feries of maflacfes at Cape Francois,
and in June, 1793, burnt the greater part of the tb'wn.

The convulfions of the colony induced many of the
planters to folicit fuccour from the Britifh government ;
and, as they afferted the probability of a fpeedy acquifi-
tion of the whole French divifion of the ifland, major-
general Williamfon was ordered to detach an armament
front Jamaica, to take pofleflion of thofe fettlements which
the people might be difpofed to furrender. Lieutenant-
colonel Whitelocke failed in confequence to Jeremie, and
received the fubmifiion of the inhabitants : the town and
harbour of St. Nicolas were alfo given up to the Engiifh ;
and to thefe pofFeflions Leogane and other toivns and dif-
trifts were foon added. An expedition Was undertaken
for the reduction of Cape Tiburon ; and a bribe was of¬
fered to general Lavaux for the furrender of Port de
Paix. The enterprise fucceeded, and the toWn Was taken
on the 2d of February, 1794. The fort of Acul Was
Formed by the Engiifh ; but, at Bompard, they were re¬
pelled With lot's. They defended Cape Tiburon againfi
an army of blacks and mulattoes, who were routed With
considerable (laughter. The arrival of a reinforcement
from Great Britain, under brigadier-general Whyte, ele¬
vated the hopes of the Engliflt ; and preparations were
made for the conqtteft of Port-au-Prince. Fort Bizotton
was attacked by tea with little effect ; but, when aflaulted
on (lie land fide by a final 1 party under captain Daniel,
amrdft a violent thunder-ftorm and torrents of rain, it was
taken at the point of the bayonet ; and the town Was foon
after evacuated. The French commifTiohers intended to
have let fire to the buildings, and the veffels that were in
the harbour ; but this haVock Was prevented by the vi¬
gilance of the Englith. The unhealthinefs of the climate
now occafioned a great mortality among the troops, and
checked the extenfion of their conquefts. They loft Leo¬
gane, were feverely harafied in the town of St. Marc and
at Fort Bizotton, and were deprived of Tiburon by the
mulatto general Rigaud.

While thefe operations were going on in the Weft In¬
dies, the Englith on the continent of Europe were intent
on the prefervation of Holland ; but they Were not more
fortunate in that objeit than they had been in their endea¬
vours to fecure the Netherlands to the emperor. When
Moreau had reduced the ifle of Cadfand and the ftrong
town of Slugs, Pichegru advanced witlt a numerous U'rmy
againrt the duke of York, and attacked Boxtel and other
ports near the river Dommel, from which he diflodged his
opponents, on the 16th of September, after a Vigorous
conflict. The fort of Creve-coeur was foon taken ; and
Bois-le-Duc did not long reft ft the befiegers. The duke
of York, who had removed to the banks of the Waal, vVas
again ‘ulfaulied, October 19, and compelled to retire. In
this engagement, a corps of hiS infantry miftook a body
of the enemy for a party of frierlds, and being tlttis fur-
jprifed, buffered a heavy lofs. His royal highnefs now

a A N D.

endeavoured to proteft Nimeguen, which was feverely
hdrafled by a fiege. A fully of the garrifon, though
iitany of the French were killed on the (pot, proved inef¬
ficacious: the batteries played with redoubled fury ; but.
White forne divifion's of the allies were marching from the
town, the French, who were favoured by the treachery
of fome of the inhabitants, were enabled to gain poftef.
fion of it. Maeftricht fttftained a longer fiege ; but, when
Kleber threatened a general a (fault, the governor was per-
fuaded by the inhabitants to capitulate.

When the French Attacked fort St. Andre and the ad.
jricent ports, they met with fitch a warm reception, that
they Were obliged to retreat in confufton ; but, on the re¬
newal Of their exertions, they palled the Waal, and feized
the ftrong port of Tuyl. The duke of York and the uf-
fociated commanders now ordered an allault upon this
fta'tion ; and it was executed with great fpirit, the enemy
haftily re-crofling the frozen river; but, after a ftiort in¬
terval, the port was regained by the French. Alarmed at
their progfefs, the allied generals refolved to make vigor¬
ous efforts of ■counteraction. A frelh attack was directed ;
but the enemy anticipated the afiault hy an impetuous
charge at Geldermalfen, which threw the allies into con-
fitfidn, though it did not diflodge them. Reflecting on
the danger to which the fatigued and unflieltered troops
of the allies Were expofed, the commanders thought it
expedient to fall back, and take a polition on the right
bank of the Leek. A fudden thaw occafioned the recal
of the orders given for that purpofe ; and, though the
froft foon returned, major-general Dundas advanced to
rifle an engagement, in Which he was fuccefsful. The
French foon after attacked the Auftriansand Hanoverians,
drove them back, and alfo conftrained lieutenant-general
(afterwards fir Ralph) Abercrombie to retire. Having
taken Heufden, they affailed the whole confederated little
from Arnheitn to Amerongen ; and compelled a retreat,
on the 14th of January, 1795.

The fuccefs of the French republican army induced
many of the Dutch to feek refuge in Britain, where they
were received with politenefs and holpitality . When
Utrecht had fubmitted to the enemy, the ftadtholder,
knowing that Amfterdam would not be defended, left his
country to its fate, and efcaped to England in a fifhing-
boat. He and his family became immediate objects of
royal benevolence, and were treated with the refpedt due
to their rank and misfortunes. The Dutch, who had
viewed the Engiifh with an unfriendly eye (ince the re¬
volution of 1787, appeared to be highly pleafed at this
change in their affairs. They now treated the Britifh
troops with contempt and illiberality, and were not dif¬
pofed to alleviate, by kindnefs or cotnpaflion, the buffer¬
ings of the wounded, or the diftrefs of the fugitives, who
at length effected their retreat to Bremen, after a long and
fevere exercife Of patience and fortitude. The united
provinces were now revolutionifed on the French model,
under tire name of the Batavian republic. But the Gallic
friends of the Hollanders, in relating them from what
they termed a difgraceful yoke, have never once per¬
mitted them to enjoy real freedom or independence.

During the fanguiriary extenlion of the war in Europe,
the king of Great- Britain Was anxious to enlarge his con¬
nections in Afia, by an alliance with the emperor of China.
The prevailing defire of commercial advantage, concur¬
ring with a vvifh to fecure the friendlhip of a potentate
whofe influence extended to territories bordering on thofe
of .the Engiifh Eaft India company, induced the king to
fend an ambaffador to treat with the Chinefe court. The
abilities of earl Macartney, who had acquired reputation
as governor of Madras, qualified him for fuch a negocia-
tion ; and, when he had added to his finite fome able cul¬
tivators of fcience and fkilful artiffs, he failed under the
conduit of fir Erafrnus- Gower. He reached the yellow
fea in fafety, pafled np the white river to Tong-choo-fOO’,
and thence proceeded by land to the metropolis of China.
Tchien-Lung, the aged emperor, was then at the palace

ENGLAND.

(of Zhi-hot, beyond five celebrated wall Which had been
created as a barrier againfi the incurfi'oiis of f lie Tartars.
A garden belonging to this mdnfion was the fcene of for¬
mal prefentation. Here, in a fplendid tent, the dmbafla-
dor delivered a letter from the Britiflt fovereign in a box
of gold, adorned with jewels ; and he was gratified with
a reception which the Chinefe confidered as particularly
gracious and honourable. But his interviews with Tchien-
Lung were not produflive of dn alliance. A fpirit of jea-
loufy di (inclined the emperor to a treaty ; and, after the
exchange of mutual prefents, it was hinted that the de¬
parture of the (Hangers would be agreeable. See the
particulars of this celebrated embaffy under the article
China, vol. iv. p. 468 — 498.

When the parliamentary feflion commenced, Decem¬
ber 30, the fpeec’h from the throne, after an all u fion to
the difa, pointments and reveffes of the late campaign,
fignified his majefly’s conviction of the decertify of per-
fifting in the war, as perfeverance alone could produce a
fecure peace ; repeated the remark of the violent and
unnatural fyftem purfued by the republican leaders; and
deprecated an imitation of the negociatory and f’ubmiflive
example of Holland, as it Would involve the facrifice of
our honour and fafety to an enemy Whofe chief animolity
was avowedly directed againfi tlrefe kingdoms.

In this memorable feflion, the very Angular loan to the
emperor, in Aerling money, which drained England of its
gold* and occafioned the bank to (top, was, after a long
and acrimohious debate, voted, to enable tlie emperor to
employ two hundred thoufand men againfi the French.
Mr. FoX (aid, that the recent defalcation of tlie king pf
Pruflia, immediately after pocketing the Engl i Hi gold,
bught to operate as a caution againfi all advances of money
to German princes; and he had no confidence in the effi¬
cacy of the propoled loan ; but fir William Pulteney en¬
tertained a high opinion of its probable utility. Lord
Grenville had fo much reliance on the promifed exertions
of his imperial majefly, that he would rather confent to
fnake a prefent of the defired fum, than lofe the chance
of expected benefit. (A prefent indeed it proved.) The
marquis of Lanfdown difapproved all connections with
German princes; but lord Hawkefbury and other peers
Were more credulous and confident. The loan amounted
to 4,600,0001. (hipped to the continent in llerling gold !
See Bank of England, vol. ii. p. 676.

The long tried of Mr. Mailings was now brought to a
conclufion. After the peers had inveftigated 'former
modes of proceeding, the lord chancellor difeufled 'the
Benares charge. He cbnfidered Mr. Haftings as having
afted againfi Cheyt Sing udder the influence of perlonal
refCntnrent, (fee p. 760,) and under the unwarrantable
idea of pollefling an unlimited right of exaftion in times
of emergency ; and therefore concluded that tlie commons
had made good that article of accufation. Lord Thurlow
difptited this opinion, and vindicated the governor-general
in elaborate detail, but not always on conftitutional prin¬
ciples. The earl of Caernarvon ftrongly contended for
his delinquency ; w hile the earl of Mansfield, the liraf-
cjuis of Lanfdown, and the hi (hop of Rochefier, main¬
tained his innocence, and extolled his fervices. The de-
cifion of the committee, on different parts of this charge,
was, however, favourable to Mr. Haftings.

In the confideration of the other charges, lord Thur-
lovv was the chief defender of the governor-general. He
maintained that the refumption of the jaghiers, on the
part of the nabob, was a meafure of found policy ; that
the (leps taken by Mr. Mailings to compel that prince to
execute a fclienle Which, though it was originally pro-
pofed by himfeif, he was afterwards unwilling to enforce,
were meritorious rather than criminal ; and that his con¬
fent to the feizureof the treafures involved no criminality,
as they were public property. L lie lord chancellor con¬
demned the concern of Mr. Mailings in thole meafures,
and denied that the begums or their eunuchs had been
guilty of rebellious a<5ts. Lord Thurlow entered very

^83

fully into the charge refpeCling prefents, controverting
the flat'ements and conclufions of the managers. The
chancellor alfo differed from the profecutors with regard
to the early prefents ; but he agreed with them in the
fubfequent part of the charge. The urchbifhop of York
ridiculed this branch of accufation as frivolous, and la¬
mented the ill return made for the fplendid fervices of
IVlr. Haftings. The article of contracts did not appear to
lord Thurlow in that criminal light in which the mana¬
gers viewed it ; and the bifliop of Rochefier, though he
thought there was fomething objectionable in the opium
contract, did not confider that point, or any other part of
this Charge, as criminal : but the chancellor contended
that, in moil of the contracts and agencies, Mr. Haftings
had been profufe and improvident, and was a] fo guilty of
dilobedience to the exprefs Orders of the directors.
When every part of the accufation had been difallowed
by the committee, the report was reviewed by the lioufe ;
and, after feme debates on the mode of proceeding, it was
refolved that the queflion fhould be feparutely put on fix-
teen points. The greatefl number of peers who voted
the defendant guilty in any one refpeCt, did not exceed
fix : the votes of innocence, in fome of the charges, were
tiventy-fix ; in others, twenty-three ; in one, nineteen.
The chancellor intimated the decifion of the court to Mr.
Haftings, on the 23d of April, 1795, who received it in
filence, bowed, and retired from the bar.

The propriety of this fentence was chiefly difputed by
the advocates of flriCt juftice. The public iu general,
entertaining lefs rigid notions, feemed to be pleafed with
the acquittal of one who had fuffiered fo long an arraign¬
ments, yet had conducted the aft urs of his government
with fpirit and fuccefs, and who, though he had on fome
occafions difregarded the duties of morality, the dictates
of virtuous policy, or the fentiments of humanity and
moderation, had promoted the interefls of his employers,
fecured their authority, and eftablifhed their dominion.

When the requifite parliamentary bufinefs was con¬
cluded, his majefly, in his fpeech, June 27, 1795, ac¬
knowledged the zealous and uniform regard which both
houfes had fliown to the general interefls of tlie nation,
and the prudent, firm, and fpirited fup port, which they
had continued to afford him in the profecution of the war.
“ It is impoflible, (faid tlie king,) to contemplate the in¬
ternal iituationof the enemy with whom we are contend¬
ing, without indulging a hope, that the prefent circum-
ftances of Prance may in their effects luifien the return of
fuch a ftate of order and regular government as may be
capable of maintaining the accuftomed relations of amity
and peace with other powers. The iffne, however, of
thefe extraordinary tranfaClions, is out of the reach of
human forefight.

The third year of the war between England and the
French republic, commenced with the brilliant fuccefs
which attended the exertions of a fquadron commanded
by lord Bridport (formerly fir Alexander Hood), early iu
1795. That officer attacked the French with an inferior
force, and would probably have captured or deltn yed the
greater part of their fleet, if the engagement had been
more diftant from the land; but it occurred near Port
l’Orient, and they were confequently favoured by the
fortifications of file place. After an action of-a!moft four
hours, three of their (hips (truck, and w'ere iecured in
fpite of all the dangers of a lee-fliore. This engagement
was foon followed by another, alike honourable to the
Britifli navy. Vice-admiral Hotham .purfued to tlie Ge»
noefe coaft a French fleet, which had failed from Toulon
with troops intended for the recovery of C'orfica, and had
captured one of his detached (hips. He, wish great diffi¬
culty, brought the enemy to a partial engagement, on the
14th of March, and took tw'o fail of the line ; but lie
loft one of the (hips of his van, in confequence of the
great damage fire had received in the aftion .

Vice-admiral Cornwallis wascruifing near the Penmarks
with eight (hips, including frigates, when thirteen French
a fail

784 ENG]

fail of the line and fourteen frigates made their appear¬
ance. The large fhips came up in fuccefiion, June 27,
and ilightly fired upon fome of his veffels. An attack
apparently more ferious was made upon one which had
fallen to leeward; but, even in this fhip, not a man was
kiWed. Before fun-fet, the firing ceafed ; and the timid
enemy tacked and flood off. The Britifh fleet, by the
exercife of a fmall degree of courage and dexterity on the
part of the French, might have been brought to a general
action ; but their dominion is not on the feas : and, as
they declined the riik, it would have been an acl of def-
peration in the vice-admiral to encounter fo great a force.
His men, far from wifhing to avoid an aClion, were eager
to engage; but he was not fo rafh as to let loofe their
valour, and rather thought that the efcape was a fair
ground of congratulation, than that the lofs of fuch an op¬
portunity of exertion was to be regretted. His character,
far from fuffering on this critical occafion, acquired repu¬
tation and praife. In the month of July, 1795, the French
were again attacked by vice-admiral Hothani, and a (hip
of confiderable force was taken from them ; but it foon
blew up, with the lofs of about 350 of the crew. After
fome intervening captures on both Tides, the French re¬
covered a fiiip of the line, and took thirty fail of a valua¬
ble Englifh fleet returning from the Mediterranean. They
alfo made prize of part of a Jamaica fleet; and indeed,
both in this and the preceding year, the Britifh trade buf¬
fered immenfely from their attacks, while their own de¬
clining commerce prefented few objects of reprifal for our
cruifers and privateers.

Though the French had been very fuccefsfu'l on the
continent, they were by no means unwilling to diminifh,
by negociation, the number of their enemies. They
courted the king of Pruffia into forbearance, and per-
fuaded him that his fafety and interefl required peace.
Satisfied with his rapacious acquilitions in Poland, and
defpairing of the fubverfion of the French republic, that
prince feceded from the confederacy, and concluded a
treaty, on the 5th of April, 179 5, by which he relin-
quifhed his poffeflions on the left bank of the Rhine. By
another agreement, he fecured the neutrality, and pro¬
vided for the peace, of the north of Germany. The king
of Spain was alfo induced to agree to a pacification with
the victorious republic. In the former part of the year,
the French met with great fuccefs over the troops of the
Spanilh monarch, and threatened him not only with the
lofs of confiderable provinces, but with the propagation
of revolutionary doCtrines among his people. To avert
thefe dangers, the king of Spain purchafed peace by the
refignation of that part of the ifland of St. Domingo which
the Spaniards had poffeffed everfince the time of Colum¬
bus. Even the eleCtor of Hanover, though he remained
the mod aCtive member of the confederacy in his capacity
of king of Great Britain, neverthelefs ordered a treaty of
peace to be figned with the French, as far as related to
the electorate ; as did alfo the landgrave of Heffe Caffel.

The endeavours of the French convention to reftore
peace and order to thofe weftern departments which had
bitterly experienced both the dreadful effeCts of inteftine
war, and the fanguinary rage of the officers of the govern¬
ment, were fo far fuccefsful, that Charette, and other
leaders of the mal-contents, fubmitted to the republic.
The peace, however, was of fhort duration. The ftandard
of royalty was again ereCted ; and the people were invited
to promote the claim of Louis XVIII. (for fo was the
count de Provence ffyled, immediately after the death of
the fon of Louis XVI.) to the throne of France. The
Britifh government favoured the infurgents with various
fupplies, and fent a body of emigrants to their aid. But
this expedition, which was planned by Mr. Windham,
was ill-concerted and difaftrous. The royalifts polfeffed
no towns on the coaft, and were too clofely watched by
the republicans to be ready to co-operate effectually with
the expeCted auxiliaries. The fquadron having reached
the bay of (iujberon,.the troops landed on the peninfula,

-AND.

reduced fort Penthievre, and raifed entrenchments for
their defence. The count d’Hervilly advanced into the
country with a body of the infurgents ; but they mani-
feffed no courage, and fled before a fmall party of the
enemy. About five thoufand me<r afterwards attacked
the redoubts which guarded the palfage to the main land.
Two of thefe works were forced ; but, in the progrefs of
the affailing corps, a mafked battery played with fuch
vigour as to produce great' confufion. A rapid retreat
enfued ; and, if the fire of fome of the veffels had not
checked the purfuers, the fugitives would perhaps have
been completely crufhed. Many of the French prifoners
who had engaged in the expedition, now deferted the
caufe, and repaired to the ftandard of the convention,
communicating to general Hoche and his officers fuch in¬
formation as was calculated to promote the republican
interefl. That commander, profiting by the treachery of
his own countrymen, furprifed the fort in the night of
July 21, and prepared to attack the camp. While many
of the royalifts, commanded by Puyfaye, difpcrfed them-
felves over the neighbouring country, the gallant Som-
breuil animated the emigrants to a fpirited refiftance:
but a confiderable number refufed to fight againfl the re¬
public. When the camp was forced after the daughter
of many of its defenders, the furvivors retired toward the
extremity of the peninfula. One body of the enemy ap¬
proached them in front, while two divifions marched to
the right and left to preclude their efcape. The Englifh
brought off as many as could reach the veffels, amount¬
ing to about nine hundred of the men who had failed from
England, afnd fifteen hundred of the inhabitants. The
reft (about four thoufand in number) being expofed to
extreme danger, defired to capitulate; but Hoche would
only promife that they fhould be treated as prifoners of
war, if the convention fhould approve that indulgence.
To this conditional engagement they were obliged to fub-
mit; and many of thefe unfortunate men were afterwards
facrificed by the vindictive fpirit of the republicans.

The great exertions of the early part of the campaign
having rendered a refpite expedient, it was late in the
year before any operations of moment diftinguifhed the
war in Germany. Jourdan then forced his way over the
Rhine, ftormed the citadel of Duffeldorff, and reduced
the greater part of the duchy of Berg. Pichegru paffed
the fame river near Manheim, and took poffeflion of that
garrifon. The former general, having eroded the Lahn,
was attacked by the Auflfians, and obliged to retreat.
They again encountered his army, made a forcible im-
prellion on his rear, took four thoufand of his men, and
drove him back over the Rhine. General Wurmfer was
repelled by the French near Manheim; but his troops
returned to the charge, and became victorious. The
republican camp near Mentz was attacked by Clairfait,
and forced after a fpirited refiftance. Manheim was re¬
taken ; and the French were alfo difpoffeffed of feveral
other towns which they had feized in Germany. Some
of the rencontres in Italy were unfavourable to the
French arms ; but the battle of Loano was attended with
lofs and difgrace to the Piedmontefe and Auftrians ; and
the viCtors were enabled to make effectual incurfions into
the adjacent country.

As the Dutch, though nominally independent allies of
the French, were eafily induced to become the enemies
of their former friends, letters of marque and reprifal
were iffued againft them by Great Britain ; and directions
were given for the feizure of their colonial territories,
which, however, the king profelfed his intention of re-
ftoring, whenever the ftadtholderian government fhould
be re-eftabliihed. Vice-admiral Elphinftone appeared
with a fleet in Simon’s-bay, near the Cape of Good. Hope ;
and, as it was fufpected that the governor intended to
fet fire to Simon’s-town, from which he had ordered all
the inhabitants to retire, major-general Craig landed, and
took poffeflion of the place, but prohibited his men from
committing any other aCt of hoftility , When the militia,

however.

however, fired from the neighbouring hills, it was thought
^proper to retaliate ; and an attack was meditated upon the
pafs of Muyfenberg. While a fele£t body advanced with
that view, the well-direCted fire of fonre velfels occafioned
an evacuation of the poll; and a fpirited affault foon dif-
lodged the enemy from a rocky eminence which might
have been long defended. After fome weeks of inaction,
■an attempt to furprife the mod conilderable of the out-
pofls failed; and, though the Englifh repelled a fierce
attack, their efforts did not deter their adverfaries from
preparing for a general engagement. At this crifis, the
appearance of a Britifh reinforcement at fea checked the
eagernefs of the enemy. This force was commanded by
major-general Clarke, who, as foon as lie had made pro¬
per arrangements, marched toward Cape-town. At Wyn-
berg, the Dutch made a fnow of refifiar.ee; but they were
foon driven from the port ; and, when the vice-admiral
had detached four velfels to bombard that fide of the
town, the governor propofed a ceffation of hoftilities, and
terms of capitulation were adjufted. It was agreed, Sep¬
tember 1 6, that the troops in gart ifon fhonld be prifoners
of war, and that the property of the Dutch Eaft-India
company fhonld be delivered up to the captors of the fet-
tlement ; but private poffefiions and civil rights were left
■inviolate. Some of the Afiatic fettlements of the Hol¬
landers were alfo feized by the Englifh. Trincomale, in
the i fie of Ceylon, was taken by a fmall armament ; and
the fort of 'Ooftenborg was foon after reduced, with JafF-
napatam, and other towns. To thefe acquifitions were
.added the colonial diftrids of the Malay peninfula; and,
on the coaft of Malabar, Cochin was feized by a detach¬
ment from Bombay.

The Dutch territories in the Weft Indies were not re¬
duced in this year, as the Englifh found greater difficulty
•than they expected in defending the illands which they
had taken from the French, and in fecuring thofe which
they pofTefFed at the beginning of the war. In Grenada,
an infurredtion was excited by the arts of the enemy.
Many of the French inhabitants and negroes were encou¬
raged to revolt by promifes of aid ; and, on the arrival of
a fmall body of foldiers from Guadaloupe, they perpe¬
trated many aits of violence. Their camp was alFaulted
without eftedt ; but they were not fo fuccefsful on other
occafions as to be induced to prolong offenfive hoftilities.
In Dominique, likewife, an infurredtion took place, and
a party of French landed; but the rebels were reduced to
fubmiffion, and the invaders were either killed or made
prifoners. In the ifiand of St. Vincent the Caribs rofe
In arms, and committed many brutal ravages; and, being
joined by the majority of the French colonifts, they boldly
vvithftood the efforts of the Englifh. In St. Lucia fimilar
difturbances arofe; and the new pofTeffors were at length
conftrained to relinquifh the ifland to the French. Even
Jamaica was not free from commotion; for the Maroons
were guilty of many cruel depredations, and were not fub-
dued till they were hunted down with blood-hounds.

Among the negociations of the year 1795, were an
agreement with Spain, and treaties with RufTia and Auf-
tria. His catholic majefty, before he concluded peace
with France, ordered the furrender of the lands which
^in repugnance to the former convention) he had retained
at Nootka. With the court of Peterfburg the king of
Great Britain entered into new ftipulations of alliance ;
but the only fruit was the appearance of a Ruffian fleet
in the channel. The emperor of Germany was more ear-
neft than the czarina-in the caufe of the confederacy; and
on his engagements the Britilh court more confidently re¬
lied. The Germanic body, wiffiing for the termination
of a calamitous war, defired the emperor to treat with
France, under the mediation of the king of Pruffia. He
promifed to forward the objed of this requifition; but,
in reality, he rather checked than promoted it ; and the
-French executive direftory refufed to agree to an armiftice
which was propofed by the mediator, as a preliminary
ftep to a congrefs.

Vol, VI, No. 391.

The probability of fubduing the French now became
very remote and imperfed. They were much more pow¬
erful at this time than they had been at the commence¬
ment of the conteft. They were complete mailers of the
Netherlands, had a controuling influence over the United
Provinces, and had acquired valuable territories in Ger¬
many and in Italy. They had alfo ftrengthened them-
felve-s, in the way of negative fuccefs, by detaching two
powerful princes from the hoftile confederacy. Yet all
thefe confiderations did not prevent his Britannic majefty
from affirming, in his fpeech to t Ire two houfes of parlia¬
ment, October 29, that the profped refulting from the
general ftate of affairs had in fome important refpeds been
materially improved in the courfe of the year. He was
of opinion, that the fuccefs of the French on particular
occafions, and the advantages which they had derived
from the conclufion of feparate treaties with fome of the
belligerent powers, were far from compenfating the evils
which they experienced from the continuance of the war.
He fpoke of “ the definition of their commerce, the di¬
minution of their maritime power, and the unparalleled
embarralFment and diftrefs of their internal fit nation
yet he did not think that their rulers were fo humbled by
the increafing prefFure of difficulties, as to be difpofed to
“negociate fora general peace on juftand fuitable terms:”
it therefore feemed necefFary to profecute the war with
the utmoft energy and vigour.

Great Britain, in the campaign of 1796, furnifiied few
troops for the continental war, but overwhelmed the em¬
peror with freffi fuppliesof money. In the Weft: Indies,
the exertions of the Engliffi were produdive of great
benefit. They recovered Port-Royal, in Grenada, from
the infurgents, whom they reduced to uncontrolled fub¬
miffion. An armament under fir Ralph Abercrombie and
fir Hugh Chriftian failed to St. Lucia ; and, though the
troops failed in an attack of fome batteries, they carried
on their operations againft the principal fortrefs, which
furrendered May 15; but not without the lofs of many
brave men. In the following month, the poll of the
Vigie, in St. Vincent’s, was reduced, and the whole
ifland replaced under the Britifh government.

In South America fome territorial advantages accrued
to this country ; for Demerara and Effequibo were wrefted
from the hands of the Dutch, as was alfo the colony of
Berbice. On the other hand, a French fquadron, failing
to North America, captured or deftroyed a confiderable
portion of mercantile property in Newfoundland. Li
Afia likewife, new conquefis gratified both the defire of
power and the fpirit of commerce. Colombo, the capital
of the Dutch government in Ceylon, was eafily reduced ;
and tile valuable illands of Atnboyna and Banda were
likewife furrendered to Great Britain.

The Dutch alfo fuffered another lofs not inconfiderable.
For the recovery of the Cape of Good Hope, they fent
out a fquadron with troops on board, which reached Sal-
danha bay unmolefted. Sir George Elphinfton failed with
as great hafte as the ftormy weather would allow, and,
having anchored within ffiot of the enemy, demanded a
furrender of the fiiips. As his fleet was far fuperior to
that of the Hollanders, and major-general Craig had
made proper difpofitions for co-operating by land, the
demand was not refilled by rear-admiral Lucas, w ho,
Auguft 17, delivered up his own Ibip of lixty fix guns,
two other (hips of the line, four frigates, a (loop, and
a (tore- veil'd.

The Englifh were lefs fuccefsful in the Mediterranean,
being reduced to the neceflity of evacuating' Corfica,
which, from the intrigues of the French, the viceroy
found great difficulty in retaining. After the retreat of
the Engliffi from Leghorn, where the French exercifed a
confiderable influence, fir Gilbert Eliot quitted Baftia,
and pafl'ed over to the ille of Elba, where Porto-Ferraio
had been lately feized and garrifoned by his order. Cor
(ica was immediately re-occupied by a body of Freno
republicans, to whom the natives readily fubmitted.

9 O Militaiy

786

ENGL

Military incidents, ami attendant negociations, render
this period important in the hiftory of the continent ; but
as thofe events come more properly under the refpeftive
heads or titles of thole countries to which they particu¬
larly appertain, we (hall in this place only take a flight
furvey of them. While general Hoche was afting with
vigour and fuccefs againft the royalifts of La Vendee,
whofe chiefs, Stofllet and Charette, were put to death as
rebels, Napoleone Bonaparte carried into the Italian dates
the terror of the French arms. He engaged the Auftrians
at Montenotte, and, with the aid of Berthier and MafTena,
put them to a total rout. He alfo obtained another vic¬
tory, of which the Piedmontefe felt the bitter effefts. In
a third conflict, he met with fimilar fuccefs. Mondovi
and other towns were reduced by his aftive troops ; and
the king of Sardinia was fo difcouraged, that, to procure
a ceffation of hoftilities, he delivered up fome of his prin¬
cipal fortrelfes to the victorious army. A peace was foon
concluded between him and the French, to whom he
ceded the duchy of Savoy and county of Nice. The dukes
of Parma and Modena, and the king of Naples, alfo pur-
chafed an armiflice ; and treaties of pacification with thofe
princes followed. Advancing to Lodi, the French en¬
countered general Beaulieu ; but they were oppofed by
fuch (trenuous efforts, and fo tremendous a fire, that vic¬
tory feemed to promife itfelf to the Auftrian battalions.
At length, however, the bridge was forced, and the re¬
publican army bore down all before it. By this victory
Bonaparte gained poffeflion of the greater part of the
Milanefe ; and, after having quelled an infurreftion of the
new fubjetts of France at Pavia, he alarmed the pope by
an invafion of his territories. After thus difproving his
infallibity, he granted the favour of a truce to the pon¬
tiff, and proceeded to cover the fiege of Mantua. The
Auftrians, under the command of general Wurmfer, now
obtained fome advantages over his troops, and compelled
him to raife the fiege ; but he foon retaliated with fupe-
rior effeft. He prevailed in the moll obftinate conflicts,
and eventually conftrained Wurmfer to take refuge within
the fortifications of Mantua. On the banks of the Bren-
ta, Bonaparte was nearly defeated by Alvinzi ; and, at
Arcole, he was involved in the greateft danger ; but he
finally difiodged the foe, and after great lofs had been
luftained on both (ides, he completely triumphed over the
empire of ancient Rome.

The campaign of 1796, in Germany, was opened with
Tliccefs on the part of the French, who, led by Jourdan
and Kleber, gained the battle of Altenkirchen. The re-

?ublicans were lefs fortunate in an engagement near the
,ahn ; but, proceeding to the Mayne, they reduced
Franckfort, Wurtzburg, and fome other confiderable
towns. In the autumn, they were defeated in feveral ac¬
tions, and obliged to recrofs the Rhine with marks of dif-
gface. Moreau, who commanded on the Upper Rhine,
took the fort of Kchl, and made great progrefs in the
enemy’s country. At Rhenchen he put the Auftrians to
flight : at Raftadt he was alfo victorious. He compelled
the duke of Wirtemberg to relinquifti all oppofition to
the French caufe, and to fue to the directory for peace,
which was granted both to him and the margrave of
Baden. He penetrated to the Bavarian capital, and ex¬
acted large contributions from theeleftor, with whom
lie agreed to a truce. Finding that the emperor was
marching againft him with augmented forces, he com¬
menced a retreat, which he executed with great (kill and
extraordinary judgment. He wasexpofed to various dif¬
ficulties. and frequent attacks ; but he furmounted every
obftacle, and continued his perilous retreat from the Lech
to the Rhine, expiring alike the admiration of his afto-
niflted adverfaries.

In conformity with the intimations his Britannic ma-
jefty had given of a defire of reltoring the bleffings of
peace, he made dignified propolitions for negociatory
conferences j and the French directory, after various

1

AND.

fubterfuges and evafions, agreed to the propofal, but dfd
not in the mean time negleCt the progrefs of hoftility, as
preparations were ordered for a defeent on the coaft of
Ireland. While preparations were thus going on for vi¬
gorous hoftility, lord Malmfbury (formerly fir James
Harris) was engaged at Paris in the talk of negociation
with M. Delacroix, the French minifter. When he had
propofed that a general principle fhould be eftablifhed,
as the bafis of definitive agreement, it was long evaded
by his diplomatic adverfary ; and, when the directory af-
fented to its adoption, there was no in'ention of obferving
the promife. Its purport was, that compenfation (hould
be made to France by proportional reftitutions of conqueft
for thofe arrangements to which ftie might be defired to
confent, in order to fatisfy the juft pretentions of the al¬
lies of Great Britain, and to preferve the political ba¬
lance of Europe. In conformity with this principle,
lord Malmfbury required, That the emperor fnould be re-
inftated in the full poffeflion of his dominions ; that peace
fhould be fettled with the Germanic body on a bafis
which might not injure or weaken the general fafety of
Europe ; that the Jiatus ante bellum (hould, as far as prac¬
ticability would allow, take place in Italy ; and that
Ruflia and Portugal fhould enjoy the benefit of the ne¬
gociation, if they were fo inclined. On thefe conditions
the king promifed to reftore all the territories w hich his
arftiies had taken from the French fince the beginning of
the war. With regard to the Dutch, he would not en¬
gage for the reftitution of conquefts, unlefs the political'
fituation in which they flood before the war fhould be re-
eftablifhed.

Some of thefe terms were declared by M. Delacroix ter
be inadmiffible, as they would unreafonably diminifh that
degree of power to which France, in confideration of the
increafing ftrength of other European dates, was fairly
entitled ; and he particularly oppofed the disjunction of
the Netherlands from the French dominions. On this
demand lord Malmfbury peremptorily infilled, though he
hinted that France might be allowed to retain a part of
her German conquefts, befides Savoy and Nice. After a
long conference on thefe points, he received a note, re¬
quiring the delivery of an ultimatum within twenty-four
hours. He remonftrated againft this arbitrary preclufion
of deliberate negociation, and requefted a contre-projet on
the part of the directory, that the propofals of both par¬
ties might be fairly weighed, and mutually difeufted with
conciliatory candour. This reafonable requeft was an-
fwered, December 19, 179 6, by a determined refufal of
reftoring any country which had been conftitutionally an¬
nexed to the republic ; accompanied with an order for
his departure from Paris within two days, and his expe.
ditious retreat from the French territories. This infult
was qualified by alleging that his part in the negociation
was merely paffive, as he was obliged to fend, on every
occafion, for the advice of his court, and that a negocia¬
tion might eafily be carried on by the channel of couriers.

While the people lamented the failure of the negocia¬
tion, they were pleafed at the ill fuccefs of the French
fcheme of invafion. Seventeen (hips of the line, and
many fmaller veffels, failed from the coaft of France,
with an army exceeding eighteen thoufand men. An ap¬
plication had been made to the diredory by the repub¬
lican fociety of United Iriihmen, whofe agents repre-
fented in perfuafive terms the probability of a general in¬
furreftion againft the government. Deluded by this ex¬
aggeration, the French Cent out their fleet, and intruded
Hoche with the command of the troops. A part ot the
armament caft anchor in Bantry-bay, and remained there
for fome days, without an attempt to invade the country.
Having waited in vain for the reft of the fleet, the (hips
failed away. Others afterwards made their appearance ;
but the violence of the wind prevented that rendezvous
which was neceffary for the fuccefs of a defeent ; and the
continuance of ftormy weather defeated the views of the

enemy,

ENGLAND.

enemy. A frigate was taken by the Englilh ; two others
foundered at fea ; one fhip of the line was alfo loft; and
another, running on-fhore, was defrroyed.

An invafion of Wales was next attempted ; but it ex¬
cited ridicule rather than terror. About 1250 men dif-
embarked in the county of Pembroke, February 22, 1797 ;
and, as the fliips in which they arrived left them unpro¬
tected, they fubmitted to a demand of lord Cawdor for
their furrender. Of the four veffels which thus infulted
our weftern coaft, two were taken by our cruifers.

An extraordinary meafure followed the meeting of par¬
liament. The unbounded remittances, in cajh , to the em¬
peror, and other foreign princes, and the recal of cafh
from all the banking-houfes for the purpole of railing the
films required, had alarmingly diminifhed the circulation
of coin; and, after frequent confultations with the di¬
rectors of the bank, the embarralfed directors and mi-
rifters difculfed the affair in council. From thefe deli¬
berations refulted an order, February 26, 1797, againlt
the ilfue of cafli from the bank ; an adt of policy which,
though it did not demonftrate infolvency, filled the minds
of the timid with the dread of national bankruptcy. See
the article Bank of England, vol. ii. p. 676.

When French influence, operating on the fears of the
Spanilli monarch, had produced a peace between the na¬
tions, there was reafon to fuppofe that the artful repub¬
licans would lead that paflive prince into a clofe alliance,
and endeavour to render his arms fubfervient to the views
of France. This eft'edf did not immediately follow, as
the Spaniards were not very eager to commence hoftiiities
again!! their late allies; but a treaty of confederacy was
at length concluded, and war was declared againfl Great
Britain by his catholic majefly, on frivolous and abfurd
pretences, on the 5th of October, 1796.

Naval and military preparations were expedited ; and,
while an army threatened an irruption into the Portuguefe
territories, a confiderable fleet failed from Cadiz to join
a French iquadron. Sir John Jervis deferied this fleet
to the fouth-w eft of Cape St. Vincent, February 14, 1797;
and, though he had only fifteen fail of t'ii.e line, he re-
folved to rifque an engagement. Me was fo fortunate as
to reach the enemy before a regular line could be formed
to oppofe him; and, by .1 fkiltul manoeuvre h. feparated
one third of the enemy’s fliips from the main body. The
intrepid Nelfon and Troubiidge, in the Captain and Cul-
loden men of war, highly diftinguifhed themfelves in this
adtion. For fome time, their fhips were engaged with
fix of the Spanilh veffels, out of tvventy-feven fail of the
line. At length they were affifted by the Blenheim ;
and the exertions of captain Collingwood, in the Excel¬
lent, greatly contributed to make them victorious. Nel¬
fon, when his (hip was difabled, prepared to board the
San Nicolas ; and his orders for that purpofe were exe¬
cuted with promptitude and alacrity. The cabin door
was forced by fome marines ; and, rufhing upon the quar¬
ter deck, he found that captain Berry was nearly mailer
of the fhip. When all oppofuion was fubdued in this
veflel, the San Jofef was boarded; and the commodore
received the fwords of the Spanifh officers. The conflict:
was but partial, though other fliips, befides thofe which
we have particularized, had a fliare in it ; and, when the
aCtion ceafed, four fhips from 74 to 112 guns were prizes
to the Britifh fleet. In the Englifh fliips 73 were killed
and 227 wounded ; while, in the captured velfels, above
600 are faid to have futfered. The conduCt of the vic¬
torious admiral was honoured with general applaufe ;
and he was advanced to the peerage with a title drawn
from the cape near which he triumphed.

Nearly at the fame time, a Britifh armament appeared
before Trinidad, a confiderable ifland to the Southward
of Tobago. Four SpanilK fliips of the line and a frigate
being feen in the bay, apparently ready for failing, dif-
pofitions were made to obftruCt their efcape. In the
night, one veflel was perceived to be on fire ; three others
were foon after involved in the flames and deftreyed,

787

while one, of feventy-four guns, was taken by the Eng¬
lifh. The troops under fir Ralph Abercromby landed
without oppofition : the chief town was not defended ;
and the governor tamely refigned the whole ifland, Fe¬
bruary 18, 1797. The fame fuccefs did not occur at
Porto-Rico ; for, though a defeent took place on the
main ifland, the troops were unable to force a paffage to
the ifle on which the capital is fltuated : they therefore
retired, after an ineffective bombardment of the garrifon.

The exertions of the Britifh navy during the war, had
been highly ufeful and important ; and, as their merit
was a conftant theme of univerfal praife, they were in¬
duced to take the opportunity of demanding not only an
advance of wages proportioned to the increafed price of
the articles which they were obliged to purchafe, but
alfo an enlargement of the quantity of provifions allowed
to them by government. An application to lord Howe
being difregarded, they refolved to enforce redrefs by
fpirited behaviour. When orders were given to prepare
for putting to fea, the crew of the Queen Charlotte, and
other fliips lying at Spithead, refufed to aft ; and, treat¬
ing witli contempt the remonftrances of the officers, they
made choice of delegates, who, after a formal confulta-
tion, drew up petitions to the board of admiralty and the
lioufe of commons. Earl Spencer, the naval niinifter,
dreading a mutiny, and not thinking the demands unrea-
fonable, promifed compliance ; and the king offered full
pardon to all who fliould immediately return to their
duty. The feamen, however, would not declare their
fatisfaCtion before the parliament had confirmed tlie pro-
mifes of the lords of the admiralty; and, as this fandtion
was unnecelfarily delayed, the irritation of their minds led to
a conteft with vice-admiral Colpoys, May 7, in which tome
lives were loft. A bill was in confequence enaCted tor
relief of the feamen, in point of pay and allowance ; and'
fubordination was happily reftored at Spithead and at
Plymouth.

The grant of thefe claims, however, encouraged the
feamen at the Nore to infill on a greater freedom of ab-
fence from their fliips while in harbour ; on a more punc¬
tual difeharge of arrears ; a more juft diftribution of
prize-money ; and a general abatement of the rigours of
difeipline. The chief fabricator of thefe demands was
Richard Parker, a man of a daring fpirit, who adted as
prelident of the feamen’s council of delegates. Having,
received an unfatisfadtory anfwer from the board of ad¬
miralty through the medium of vice-admiral Buckner,
he boldly fuperfeded the "authority of that commander,,
and the other officers of the fquadron, and condudted,
himfelf with Angular arrogance. He required the per-
fonal attendance of fome of the lords of the admiralty at
Sheernefs, and to fignify their alfent to the new demands;
but, as they gave no hopes of conceilion, he treated them
with rudenefs and infolence. He prevailed upon the
men to rejedt the repeated offers of pardon : he robbed
two merchant (hips of their provifions, and obftrndted
commerce by the detention of others ; and he fired on
fome men of war that refilled to accede to the mutinous
combination.

The parliament being requefted to interfere on this
alarming occafion, a bill was propofed for the inflidtion
of capital punifliment on every one who fliould hold com¬
munication or intercourfe with the crew of fliips declared
to be in a ftate of rebellious mutiny, as well as on all
Who, after fuch declaration, fliould voluntarily continue.
on-board. This bill, and one equally fevere againfl all
attempts to feduce feamen or foldiers into mutinous
pradtices, was palfed on the 6th of June. Th*.fe adts,
concurring with the ftrong difapprobation with- which
the public in general viewed the condudt of the muti¬
neers at the Nore, accelerated the fuppreffion of the dif-
turbances. A returning fenfe of loyalty, and the hope
of obtaining that indulgence which the lords of the ad¬
miralty were authorifed to grant at their diferetion, pro¬
duced a feparation of fome of the fhips from the reft, and

ENGLAND.

78-3

the mutiny gradually fubfided. Parker, when the crew
of the Sandwich ceafed to flip port him, was taken into
cuftody ; and, being tried by a court-martial, was con¬
demned to death. He was hanged at the yard-arm,
June 30, in the (hip which had been the fcene of his de¬
fection. Seven of the delinquents were afterwards put
to death ; and, at different times, the fame fine attended
others}.; but a pardon was granted to the far greater num¬
ber of thofe who were condemned. The French, whofe
revolutionary principles had certainly fome weight in
producing thefe commotions, exulted at the intelligence
of the mutiny; and, while they lamented its extinction,
conceived hopes of the eruption of future difeontent in
the fame branch of the fcrvice, or in the military depart¬
ment ; but the true-hearted feamen refumed their habits
of order and fubmiffion, and the foldiers, who alfo re¬
ceived an augmentation of pay, preferred their loyalty
u nimpaired.

The Tailors in the fleet of the earl of St. Vincent were
totally uninfected with the mutinous fpirit which had ap¬
peared at the Nore. After the defeat of the Spanifh
fquadron, they blocked up Cadiz, and captured the
ftraggling (hips of the enemy. Rear-admiral Nelfon re¬
pelled an armed flotilla, and bombarded the town with
fpirit. Being fent by the earl to TenerifTe, he projected
a nodturnal attack upon the town of Santa Cruz. The
mole was (formed, July 25; but the alfailants could not
reduce the fort; and the danger of continuing on the
ifland induced them to a(k for a fafe retreat, which the
governor, intimidated by their menaces, allowed. In
this bold enterprife, captain Bowen was drowned, as were
alfo about one hundred teamen and marines; the rear-
admiral Nelfon on this occafion loft his arm; and 150
men were killed or wounded in the affault.

Though the difeomfiture of the Spaniards off Cape
St. Vincent baffled the maritime views of the French,
the fuccefs of the continental w’ar afforded them ample
compenfation. In the firft month of the year, Bonaparte
repeatedly triumphed over the Andrians in the Veronefe,
particularly near the lake of Garda. Mantua, after a
long and murderous fiege, was obliged to furrender ; and
the general then directed his courfe toward the papal do¬
minions. He received the fubmiffion of the whole coun¬
try in his progrefs, and compelled his holinefs the pope
to cede Ferrara and other provinces, and grant a confide-
rable fum of money, befldes valuable pictures, flatties,
and manuferipts, as the only terms of being fuffered to
retain the reft of his territories. Returning towards the
dependencies of the Venetian (fate, Bonaparte advanced
againft the archduke Charles, who, after he had difpof-
fe (Ted the French of Fort-Kehl, had affumed the com¬
mand of the Auftrian army in Italy. He crofted the
Piave with little difficulty ; but the Tagliamento was de¬
fended againft him by the bold efforts of the archduke,
who could not, however, fecure a victory. The French
now rufiied into the hereditary dominions of the emperor,
and reduced Gradifca, Goritz, and Triefte. Having in¬
vaded Carinthia, Maffena defeated the archduke at Tarvis,
while Joubert met with uninterrupted fuccefs in the Ty¬
rol. Laubach, the capital of Cnrniola, was taken ; the
province of Styria was threatened with an overwhelming
torrent; and the circle of Auftria trembled to its centre.
Yet, affeCting a fpirit of peace and philanthropy, the
French commander made overtures of accommodation to
the archduke. The terrified court of Vienna affented to
an armifiice ; and preliminaries of peace were figned
near Leoben, on tire 1 Sth of April, to the great difguft
of the Britifh miniftry, without whofe knowledge and
concurrence they were adjufted, though the war had
been carried on wholly at their expence.

The Venetian government having teftified a partiality
for the Aullrians, and encouraged the hoftilities of its
fubjeCts againft the French, Bonaparte refolved to revo-
lutionife that ftate. Many of the inhabitants of the ca¬
pital anticipated his views; and fome democratic inno¬

vations were in force when the French arrived. That
conftitution which had long been the bcaft of Italy was
eafily fubverted ; and an executive directory, under Gallic
influence, affumed the adminiftration. The Genoefe ftate.
was democratifed with equal facility; and the Cifalpine
republic, which the French general had ereCted on the
conqueft of the duchy of Milan, was enlarged and ftrength-
ened by his victories and vigilance. — Yet let it be ever
recolleCted, that the Italians would not fight-, their dege¬
neration from the ancient Roman invincible fpirit, was
never fo confpicuoufly demonftrated ; and Bonaparte might
be truly faid to have gained rapid conquefts over whole
provinces that courted a revolution , and that rejoiced in being
beaten.

At a time when the moderate party prevailed in the
two councils at Paris, the Engliftv court, in conformity
with the wifhes of the people, again offered to negociate ;
and lord Malmfbury and Le-Tourneur met at Lille for
that purpofe. The former, in lieu of the territories which
were to be conceded to the French, demanded the ceifion
of Trinidad, the Cape of Good Hone, Ceylon, and the
fettlenient of Cochin ; but the French minifter replied,
that the republic would not allow Great Britain to retain
any one of thefe conquefts ; upon which, September 5,
the negociation was difmiffed. A declaration from the
king of Great Britain announced to the world this new
proof of tire hoftile fpirit of the rulers of France, and af¬
fected his eager defire of putting an end to a war “ fo
deftruftive in its progrefs, and fo burthenfomc even in its
fuccefs.” He added, that, though “ his claims had been
ftrengthened and confirmed” by a recent victory, he was
“ yet ready (if the calamitiesof war could then be clofed)
to conclude peace on the fame moderate and equitable
principles and terms which he had before propofed.”

The viftory to which his majefty referred, was that of
the fleet which engaged the Dutch. Admiral Duncan,
during the fummer, had blocked up the (hips of that na¬
tion in the harbour of the Texel. When lie retired for
a fhort time, admiral de Winter failed out with a view of
reinforcing the French, and flattered himfelf with the
hope of eluding the vigilance of the Englifh ; but captain
Trollope, Oftober n, difeerned the fleet in its progrefs,
and his fignals were obferved with joy by admiral Dun¬
can, who inftantly ordered a general chafe. Finding that
an engagement could not with honour or fafety be avoid¬
ed, the brave de Winter formed a line at no great diftance
from the land between Camperdown and Egmont. Sen-
fible of the advantage of getting between the Dutch (hips
and the fliore, the Britilh commander made fignals for
bearing up, breaking the line of his adverfaries, and en-
gaging them to leeward. The conflict began with an
attack upon the enemy’s rear, by that divifioii which
was under vice-admiral Onflow ; and both parties fought
with great courage. The admiral, encountering the van,
foon paffed through the line, and was clolely engaged for
two hours. The (hip occupied by de Winter contended
at one time with two, and afterwards with three, of the
Britilh ftiips. About 250 of her men were killed or
wounded ; and (lie was difmafted and a wreck before (lie
furrendered. Vice-admiral Reyntjes was wounded, and
obliged to (trike to his antagonift, Onflow. One of the
Dutch ihips took fire ; but the flames were happily ex-
tinguiflied, and (lie was captured. Six other drips of the
line and two frigates were taken, out of tweniy-one ; to
which fixteen Englifh (hips, exclufive of frigates, had
been oppofed. Above 750 of the Englifh were killed
or wounded ; and the lofs of captain Burgefs, who brought
the Ardent into abtion in the molt gallant and mafterly
manner, was moft particularly regretted.

In the week which followed this memorable engage¬
ment, a definitive treaty, between the emperor and the
French republic, as hinted above, was figned, Obtober 1 7,
at Campo-Formio, near Udina. The Netherlands were
ceded by the emperor; who alfo contented that the Ve¬
netian iflands in the Levant, and territories in Albania,

Ihould

£ N G 1

fftould be poffeffed by tlie French, on condition of his en¬
joyment of the city of Venice, and the chief dominions of
that dare. Renouncing all right to t he Milanefe, he ac¬
knowledged the independence of the Cifalpine republic.
By fecret articles, the left bank of the Rhine was allowed
as a boundary to France; a part of Bavaria was afiigned
to the houfe of Auftria ; and the princes injured by thefe
arrangements were to be indemnified by i he grant of other
territories within the empire. On the injuftice of the con¬
tracting parties, in combining to degrade and plunder the
Venetians, flrong cenfures may be lavifined without the
imputation of feverity.

As the peace with the emperor left feveral French ar¬
mies unemployed, the directory proclaimed an intention
of fending a confid'erable force to attempt a defcent on
the Britifh coaft; and, while preparations were expedited
in the ports of France, Flanders, and Holland, as if fuch
an intention really prevailed, the parliament of England
affcmbled, on the 2d of November, 1797. Tn the fpeech
from the throne, the long delay and final breaking up of
the negociation, v\ere attributed to “the evafive conduit,
the unwarrantable pretentions, and the inordinate ambi¬
tion, of the French ; and, in particular, to their inveterate
animotity againft thefe kingdoms.” Being thus compelled
to perfevere in hofiilities, his majefty had the fatisfaftion
of knowing that the country poffeffed means and refources
proportioned to the nature and demands of the conteft.
The date of the war, he thought, would admit fome di¬
minution of charges: but a heavy expence was (till un¬
avoidable ; and the “ true value of any temporary facri-
fices could only be eftimated by comparing them with the
importance of effectually fupporting public credit,” and
convincing the enemy of the unconquerable fpirit and un-
diminifhed power of the nation.

In the mean while an infurreftion, fomented by the
French, broke out in Ireland, the fecret plans of which
■were imparted to the lord-lieutenant by fome of the con-
Ipirators, by whofe means the capital was preferved from
danger. But, in other parts of the province of I.einfter,
rebellion difplayed its horrid features, and fcenes of fan-
guinary havoc arofe. A body of catholics, on May 24,
1798, chiefly armed with pikes, furprifed a fmall town
called Profperous, and maflacred many of its inhabitants.
Another party attacked Naas ; but the affailants were
fpeedily repelled, with the lofs of above one hundred of
their number. The rebels were alfo defeated in an en¬
gagement near Kilcdllen. A more important affair hap¬
pened near Dunlavin, where they are faid to have loft
three hundred men. On the hill of Taragh, an altion
proved fatal to three hundred and fifty of the infurgents ;
and, at Catherlogh, four hundred perifhed, with little in¬
jury to the defenders of the town. Near Kildare, above
two hundred of the rebels were killed, principally incon-
fequence of a nfiftake, when they were on the point of fub-
mitting ; and the number of victims would have been
confiderably greater, if a prohibition of (laughter had not
humanely arrived from lieutenant-general Dundas.

The catholics of Wexford commenced hofiilities under
the conduit of a pried ; and, having crufhed a party of
militia, attacked Ennifcorthy, of which they gained pof-
fefiion with the lofs of about three hundred men. Wex¬
ford, being weakly garrifoned, was now a fcene of alarm
and confufion, particularly as many of the inhabitants
were fuppofed to be difaffelted ; and the troops took an
opportunity of evacuating the dangerous port. The roads
were covered with men, women, and children, feeking
refuge from rebellious fury ; and, as the infurgents were
reinforced in their progrefs, a general confternation pre¬
vailed. A numerous body of revolters made an attack
upon Rofs, June 5, and were not defeated without great
difficulty. About fifteen hundred of their number fell
on this occafion, and two hundred and thirty of the loyal
party were killed. An atrocious maffacre was committed
by a party of rebels who fled from the field. Above

Vp l, VI. No, 391.

i A N D. 7fe<)

two hundred protefiants, confined at Scullabogtie, were
pierced with pikes, or burnt alive.

The town of Arklow was fo vigoroufly affaulted, that
a retreat was meditated by the loyal forces; but a more
manly refolution was loon adopted ; and perleverance put
the rebels to the rout, after the fall of 350 of their affo-
ciates. The Durham fencibles acquired great reputation
by their courage and firmnefs on this occafion. In this
part of Ireland, the war feetned to take a religious turn,
the infurgents being more intent on the ruin of the pro-
teftants than on political reform. But, in the north, the
latter object was predominant. A party of rebels, chiefly
protefiant diffenters, took poffefiion of Antrim,- which,
however, they foon loft. At Ballinah-inch, about four
thoufand men were routed by fifteen hundred under ma¬
jor-general Nugent ; and the northern infurreltion was
now quickly fuppreffed.

Vinegar-hill, near Ennifcorthy, was for fome weeks the
chief ftation of the fouthern revolters, and the (cene of
their vindictive barbarities. Being attacked by general
Lake, it was forced with unexpelted facility, June 21 ; birtf
the far greater part of the rebel army avoided deftrultion
by flight. At Golf’s-bridge, a well-contefted battle ter¬
minated in the flight of the king’s enemies; and, on the
approach of a refpeltable force, Wexford was quitted by
its inhuman captors, after the facrifice of many of the
friends of government. A rapid difperfion took place ; yet
alts of hoftility and outrage were not wholly difeontinued.
A fyfiern of moderation foon followed the appearance
of the marquis Cornwallis in Ireland. After the capital
puniftiment of the ring-leaders Harvey and Colelough,
(who were taken in a cave formed in one of the Saltee
iilands,) and of other altive encouragers of the revolt,
a proclamation of pardon was iffued, which, though it
made fome exceptions, happily promoted the reftoration
of tranquillity.

When only the faint fparks of expiring rebellion could
be perceived, Auguft 22, 1798, three frigates appeared in
the bay of Killalla, having above one thoufand French
foldiers on board, under the command of Humbert, who
had rifen from the ranks to the dignity of a field-officer.
This petty invafion diffufed great terror over the coun¬
try ; but the enemy had no reafon to expelt important
advantages, as they were joined by few of the natives.
Humbert boldly marched to Caftlebar, where a battle en-
fued, Auguft 28. He profited by the confternation which
the exaggerated report of the number of his army had
produced ; and his opponents, though they were com¬
manded by general Lake, yielded to the impetuofity of
his attack. He was favoured by the treachery of many
whofe duty it was to refill the enemy with vigour, but
who took an opportunity of deferting. After this ex¬
ploit, Humbert advanced toward Sligo, and routed a
detachment near Colloony; but here his fuccefs ended.
While the marquis Cornwallis was approaching with a
great army, general Lake took another route for the in¬
terception of the invaders. A part of his force, over¬
taking the French rear-guard at Ballinamuck, Septem¬
ber 8, made a bride attack, upon which two hundred
threw down their arms. Some officers were riding up to
fummon the reft to follow this example, when a fire of
cannon and mufquetry feemed to announce an intention
of refiftance. A battalion of light infantry immediately-
attacked the invaders; and, after a (hort altion, the ap¬
pearance of the remainder of the troops intimidated the
French into an unconditional furrender. The rebel Irifh,
at the fame time, fled in all direltions; and they fullered
feverely in their confufed retreat. Only three Britilh
foldiers were killed in this engagement; and very few
were wounded.

A more confiderable jnvafion would certainly have been
attempted by the French, if fir John Borlafe Warren had
not difeovered the hoftile armament, compofed of a (hip
of the line and eight frigates, carrying a military fore?

9 P and

790 ENG L

and a great quantity of ftores for Ireland. He loft no
time in commencing an engagement, and was fo fuccefsful
as to capture, October 12, the principal (hip, and Tix
frigates. Wolfe Tone, one of the founders of the fedi-
tioos fociety, being taken with the French, was con¬
demned by a court-martial to the death of a traitor ; but
lie avoided the fentence by filicide.

The terror of the Britifh arms, in the campaign of 1798,
did not operate with important effeft on the affairs of the
continent. The weak remains of influence, enjoyed in
Holland by the ftadtholder, could not prevent the French
from drawing their Batavian allies into a ftate of more
implicit fubmiflion than that which had been adjufted at
the fi r ft offer of democratic fraternity. Nor could the
menaces of the Britifh cabinet fecure the cantons of Swif-
ferland from that yoke to which, aftera fruitlefs refiftance
to an invafion from France, they were unjuftly fubjedted.
The fame third of dominion prompted the French to vio¬
late their engagements with the pope, and eredt the terri¬
tories of the church into a commonwealth dependent on
their power. With their ufual oftentation, they boafted
of their glorious efforts for the ruin of a tyrannical theo¬
cracy, and the revival of the Roman republic. The de-
pofed pontiff, exiled from his country, died a prifoner
in France. Among the numerous changes which had oc¬
curred from the time of the French revolution, thefc
events were not undiftinguifhed ; they were, indeed, mo¬
mentous and memorable ; but their details belong to
other departments of this work. See the articles France,
Sv/ISSERLAND, ROME, &C.

An expedition was undertaken in the fpring of 1798,
againft the Netherlands. Major-general Coote landed
with a fmall force near Offend, and prepared to deftroy
the fluices of the Bruges canal. This fervice was exe¬
cuted ; but, as the wind and furf prevented the re-em¬
barkation of the troops, it became neceffary to form a
defenfive poff on the fand hills. An attack was made
upon the invaders by a body which far out-numbered
them ; and, though they fought with diftinguifhed cou¬
rage, their front was broken, and their flanks were com¬
pletely turned. In this perilous ftate, their commander,
who was wounded, called major general Burrard to a con-
fultation ; and it was refolved that a general furrender
fhould fake place. About fifty men were killed, and
above eleven hundred fubmitted themfelves prifoners
of war.

This trivial difgrace was foon compenfated by a fignal
vidtory obtained in the fummer of 179*8, over the French
fleet, on a coaft rarely vilited by Britifh fhips of war.
Defirous of feizing Egypt, and fubjecting that rich pro¬
vince to the dominion of France, the directory fent out
a fleet of thirteen fhips of the line for that purpofe, with
many frigates and Hoops, and tranfports containing a nu¬
merous army, under the command of Bonaparte. The
advantageous fituation of M dta prompted the general
fir ft to aim at the redudlion of that ifland ; and, being
favoured by the treachery of a garrifon which might have
refiffcd the befiegers for many months, he procured from
the Multefe knights a furrender of their whole territory.
Proceeding to the Egyptian coaft, he hoped there to efta-
blifh fuch a balls of military, naval, and commercial,
ftrength, as might eventually lead to the ruin of the Bri-
tifti power in India. But the Britifh fquadron, commanded
by rear-admiral fir Horatio Nelfbn, after a long fearch for
the fleet of the republic, difcovered it in the bay of Abou-
kir, Auguft 1, 1798. An equal number of fhips of the
fine appeared on both fides ; but the weight of metal and
number of men were decidedly in favour of the French,
who had alfo the advantage of fituation, and the protec¬
tion of gun-boats and a battery. Captain Foley, in the
Goiiah, commenced the adlion near the clofe of day, by
attacking Le Guerrier, which, by broadfides from that
and other fhips, was foon difabled. Le Conquerant was
reduced to a fimilar ftate, chiefly by the fire of the Go-

, AND.

liah. Nelfon’s flag- fhip , the Vanguard, then took an
adtive part in the engagement ; and, when he had been
wounded in the head, his captain (afterwards fir Edward
Berry)- ably fuperintended the operations. Two veffels
encountered l’Orient, which bore the flag of admiral
Brueys; and this large fhip, which mounted 120 guns,
at length took fire, and blew up. The tremendous explo-
fion produced a momentary ceffation of firing: but the
conflidt was again renewed ; and it terminated in the cap¬
ture of nine French fhips of the line. To which we may
add the burning of the Timoleon, and of a frigate, and
the finking of another fhip of war. See all the particu¬
lars of this expedition and the glorious fuccefs of the
Britifh arms in Africa, under the article Egypt, p. 329.
— 343, of this volume.

The grand fignor, who holds a nominal fupremacy over
Egypt, was provoked by this invafion to declare war
againft France. But more important benefits were ex¬
pedited from the arms of the P-uflian emperor Paul, who,
now leagued with the Porte, took an adtive part in the
war. His magnanimity was panegyrifed by the king of
Great Britain, in a fpeech to^the parliament, and the
fuccefs of his arms for a time excited the admiration of
Europe.

In the meanwhile an Englifh armament failed toward
tlie ifland of Minorca ; and a defcent was made near the
creek of Addaya. A body of Spaniards threatened to
furround the firft divifion of the invading army ; but
they were foon repelled ; and the 'Britifh troops gained a
pofition from which they might have attacked the enemy
with advantage, if the latter had not retired. The army
feized the poft of Mercadal, and a detachment took the
town of Mahon and fort Charles. The chief defence
was expedted at Ciudella, where new works were added to
the old fortifications. The approach of the Englifh drove
the Spaniards within the walls of that town ; and general
Stuart fummoned the governor to furrender without de¬
lay. To enforce compliance, two batteries were eredted ;
but, as the invaders had few of the requifites of a fiege,
their adverfaries might, with a (mail fhare of fpirit, have
made a confiderable refiftance. Intimidated, however, by
the movements of the troops and the appearance of the
fquadron, the garrifon capitulated, November 15, and the
whole ifland was reduced without the lofs of a Angle man.

In St. Domingo, however, the Englifh were unable to
extend their acquifitions ; and the fury of difeafe made
alarming havock among them. At length, they refolved
to furrender Port au Prince and St. Marc to Touffaint, a
negro commander, w ho had nearly annihilated the domi¬
nion of the French in the ifland; and, in the courfe of
the year, they evacuated every other poft. Such were
the chequered fcenes of the campaign of 1798 ; but the
balance of victory, of difinterefted policy, and of fuccefs
in arms, (the affairs of Egypt taken into the feale,) pre¬
ponderated greatly in favour of England.

When the emperor of Germany agreed to a pacification
with the French, he (lill cheriftied the high pretenfions
which had urged him to take arms againft the revolu-
tionifts ; and, in confenting to a treaty, he rather fought
a refpite than a durable peace. Tlie French, by their
unbounded encroachments on the rights of other nations,
gave him aplaufible pretence for re arming ; and the per-
fuafions of Great Britain, and the preparations of R uffia,
confirmed him in refolutions of hoftility. While tlie
Ruffians were on their march, the directory in lifted on the
exertions of the emperor to enforce the retreat of tlmfe
troops ; but as all remonftrances'on this head were difre-
gardea, one French army recommenced hoftilities in Ger¬
many, while another entered the Grifon territories, and
engaged the Auftri'ans near Coire. The former hoft fuf-
tained a defeat near Stockach, and foon iepaffed the
Rhine. The latter fubdued the Grifons, but afterwards
received fevere checks. A detachment from the army of
the archduke Charles drove the French from Schaff'-
1 haufen ;

ENG

Raufen ; and fome fpirited aftions put tliat prince in pof-
felfion of Zurich. Italy again became the fcene of re¬
markable events. In the preceding winter, the French
had unjuftly deprived the king of Sardinia of Piedmont,
and formed a republic of that principality ; and, as the
king of Naples, influenced by the Britifh court, had at¬
tacked their troops in the Roman ftate, they ruflied into
his dominions, took Capua, and, after a great daughter of
his fubjefts, feized his capital. In the fpring, they in¬
vaded Tufcany, and depofed its fovereign for pretended
adts of perfidy. Bur their progrefs in the Veronefe was
checked by general Kray, who refcued Verona from their
power, defeated them near Magnan, conliderably thinned
their ranks, and haralfed them feverely by his adfivity
and vigilance.

The Ruffians, alfo, under Suwarrow, joined by an Au-
flrian army, ftormed the pods near the Adda, and obtained
an important vidtory over Moreau; and, April 27, 1 7 ^9,
entered Milan in triumph. Having weakened his force
by fending oft' numerous bodies upon different enterprifes,
the Ruffian commander encouraged the French to attack
him in the Modenefe ; but he prevailed againft them in
an obftinate conflict, June 19, deftroying many thou rands
of the French troops. Turin, Aleffandria, and Mantua,
were reduced by the confederates, who alfo fignalized
their courage with vidtorious effedt in the battle of Novi.
Aflifted by Britifh feamen, the Neapolitans adted with
unufual alertncfs againft their republican oppreffors. Cap¬
tain Troubridge reduced fort St. Elmo, took Naples and
other towns, and afterwards contributed to a counter-re¬
volution in the Roman ftate. A fimilar change was ef-
fedted in Tufcany by the fpirit of an exafperated people.
Suwarrow, after his great fuccefs in Italy, directed his
courfe toward the Swifs territories. Maflena, who had
defeated an army of the allies near Zurich, encountered
the Ruffian general without difmay, and impeded his ad¬
vance. He alfo checked the career of Korfakoff, and
fecured the afcendancy of the French in Swifferland.

While thefc incidents occurred in Europe, a new war
broke out in India. It was of very fhort duration ; but
its progrefs and refill t were important. On the departure
of that fleet which was deftined for Egypt, the commif-
fioners for the affairs of India, apprehending that the com¬
pany’s fettlements were endangered by the armament,
fent out fhips of war and troops for the defence of thofe
pofleffions. The governor-general, the earl of Morning-
ton, afterwards marquis of Wellefley, who fucceeded fir
John Shore, had already made difuofitions for counter¬
acting the views of Tippoo, as the fultan had received a
fnv.ll force from the Mauritius, and expedled a greater
aid for an attack of the Englifh, againft whom the imme¬
diate lioftilities of Zeman Shah, king of Ca dahar, were
likewife urgently folicited. Even after the fplendid fuc¬
cefs on the Egyptian coaft, the earl did not fuft'er the leaft
abatement of the fpirit of military or naval preparation ;
and, his repeated offers of negociation being evaded by
Tippoo, he gave orders for the march of the troops, and
fent intelligence to the commander of the king’s fhips on
the coaft of Malabar, and to the allies of the company,
that he confidered the Br: ilh government in India as
being at war with that of My'fore. The fultan now gave
a reludtant alfent to the ad million of an envoy ; but this
was deemed an artifice for the purpofe of gaining time,
as it was known that he had recently difpatched ambaffa-
dors to the executive directory of France, to fupplicate
their aid.

About eighteen thoufand effedtive men, of whom above
twelve thoufand were natives of India, advanced from
the coaft of Coromandel under the command of general
Harris; and, being joined by the troops of the nizarn, re¬
duced fome ill-defended forts on the frontiers of Myfore.
Tippoo, in the mean time, attacked at Sidafir a brigade
of the army which had been put in motion by the gover¬
nor of Bombay, and of which lieutenant-general James
Stuart had the command. The great fuperiority of the

LAND. 791

affailants, in point of number, did not enfure to them the
victory which they expected to obtain. They were routed
on the 6th of March, 1799, with a lofs which very far ex¬
ceeded that of fir James, whole fuccefs entitled him to
high praife.

The fultan now haftened to meet the grand army, and
encountered the right wing near Malavelli. The en¬
gagement, which was not very fanguinary, ended in the
defeat of the Myforians. When general Harris approach¬
ed Seringapatam, another conflict favourable to his army
occurred. He then commenced the (iege of that town ;
and the Bombay force zealoully promoted the fuccefs of
the enterprife. Tippoo had not taken proper meafures.
for obftrudting the march of his enemies, or intercepting
their fuppliesof provifion ; and, during the fiege, he did
not adt in the mod: judicious manner for the defence of
the town or the fupport of his belt interefts. The be-
liegers profited by his inattention, and carried on their
operations with vigor and. alacrity. As foon as a breach
was perceived, arrangements were made for an alfault.
The battalions advanced in the heat of the day, May 4,
‘when the befieged were leaft prepared for oppofition ;
and, having palled the Caveri, approached the rampart.
Sergeant Graham led the forlorn hope with an animated
countenance ; but, while he was fixing the colour-ftatf on
the breach, he was. (hot through the head. The alarm
having roufed the fultan, he haftened along the rampart,
and found his men purified by the grenadiers who had
rulhed through the breach. He endeavoured to rally the
fugitives ; and the intruders were checked for a time ;
but their impetuofity fubdued the fpirit of refiftance.
Retiring to the gate of the inner fort, the harafled prince
received feveral wounds ; and, in aiming a blow at a fol-
dier who was feizing his fword-belt, he was killed by a
ball which ftruck him in the temple. When the oppofi¬
tion of the garrifon had ceafed, the victorious officers
eagerly repreffed the violence of their men. In a town
abounding with wealth, defultory adfs of depredation
could not be prevented ; but the ric Ires of the palace
were referved for regular diltribution.

A quadruple divifion of the conquered country now
took place. The territories of the company were con-
fiderably augmented ; the nizarn and the Mahraitas ob¬
tained additional parts of Tippoo’s dominions ; and the
remaining portion was given to a prince of that family
which had loll its power by Hyder’s ufurpation. This
extraordinary fuccefs fixed the Britifh power in the Eaft
on a firm balis, and gave it a decifive fway over the
princes of India. See the article Hindoostan.

Before the report of this rapid conqueft reached Great
Britain, an expedition was planned for the refeue of the
United Provinces from French tyranny. After a long
courfe of preparation, a defeent was made, Aug lift 27,
1799, 011 tl'e coaft of North-Holland. A body of feven
thoufand men, French and Dutch, encountered the Eng-
lift), who with difficulty gained the advantage. Above
one thoufand of the enemy were killed or wounded, and
of the Britilh about 450. It was the intention of lir
Ralph Abercrombie to attack the Fielder fort the next
morning; but it was evacuated in tiie night, and he
found in it a confiderable train of artillery. A naval ma¬
gazine was alfo abandoned; and thirteen (hips of war, .
befides three Indiamen, were taken without refiftance.
Vice-admiral Mitchell then made judicious arrangements
for entering the harbour of the Texel ; and the approach
of the velfels which he feledted for that fervice aftonilhed
the Hollanders. Having fummoned the commander of
the Dutch fleet to hoift the flag of the prince of Orange,
and accept the friend (hip of Great Britain, he received
an anfwer from rear admiral Story, pro mi ling to deliver
up his fquadron, as the men refufed to fight. The fhips
were twelve in number, and eight of them mounted from
fifty-four to feventy-four guns.

For feveral days the invading army had no other ihelter
than could be obtained by digging trenches in the land ;

but

702 , ENGLAND.

but they found better quarters in their progrefs. While
they waited for the arrival of reinforcements, about twelve
thoufand French and Dutch attacked them with vigour,
September i o ; but fo ftrong was the port of the Zuyp, and
Jo firmly diet the Englifh defend it, that about eight hun¬
dred ot the affailants were killed or wounded, while only
two hundred futfered on the part of their opponents.
1 he guards diftinguifhed themfelves in this engagement,
and made great impreflion on a column of French. Tire
duke of York now landed with three brigades, and a
Ruffian army alfo difembarked. As the allied army
amounted to thirty-five thoufand men, the duke, and
general d’Hermann, ventured upon a fpeedy action. The
Ruffians, by an impetuous onfet, September 19, made
great havock, and puttied forward to Bergen. Aber¬
crombie’s column penetrated to Hoorn ; and the two other
columns/were fuccefsful in their attacks; but the rath
confidence of the Ruffians expofed them to fuch danger,
that the retreat of the whole force foon became necelfary.
About three thoufand of the enemy are faid to have been
made pri (oners, and two thoufand were killed or wound¬
ed ; of the Britifh foldiers, above one thoufand were
killed, wounded, or captured ; and of the Ruffians about
two thoufand.

When the weather permitted, the army moved forward,
in four columns, to the battle of Egmont, O6tober 2.
The Englifh and Ruffians were commanded by generals
Abercrombie, d’Effen, Dundas, and Pulteney. The
Tortile force confided of twenty-five thoufand men, of
which number about three-fifths were French, who
were under the orders of general Brune, while Daendels
had the command of the Dutch. The main body of the
Jirrt column did not meet with great refinance in the early
part of the day; but when fir Ralph approached Eg¬
mont, he was warmly oppofed by a ftrong corps of French
infantry, who were fupported by a confiderable body of
cavalry and a train of artillery upon the beach. A part
of the lame column, under colonel Macdonald, had driven
the enemy from Campe and the neighbouring fand bills;
and fome brigades of the fecond and third divifions forced
Schorel and other ports. The vicinity of Bergen was a
feene of brilk conflict. The brigades of major-general
Coote and the earl of Chatham charged the enemy in
flank and rear, and produced a confufed retreat ; but
they could not prevent their adverfaries from re-occupy¬
ing the village in force, though they defended with effect
fome heights which they had feifed. Colonel Macdonald
being clofely engaged with a refolute body, lieutenant-
general Dundas fent a corps to affift that officer, and thus
enabled him to proceed to the aid of fir Ralph, who had
been contending for fome hours with a very fuperior
force. At length the cavalry were baffled in an attack
-upon the Britifh artillery, and, being charged with fpirit
by lord Paget, were driven towards Egmont with confi¬
derable lot's. The evening put an end to the engage¬
ment ; and the troops refted upon their arms. At day¬
break, the retreat of the enemy gave the Engliffi and Ruf¬
fians an opportunity of taking feveral ports ; but, though
they purtied forward for that purpofe, they were preclud¬
ed by fatigue from effectually haraffing the republican
troops. The killed and wounded of the Britifh were
about 1350 by fome accounts, and 1530 by others. Of
the Ruffians about 600 futfered or were captured. The
lofs of the French and Dutch rofe far beyond thefe cal¬
culations. The enemy feem to have marked out the Eng-
lifh officers, as an unufual proportion received wounds.
The enemy having taken a very ftrong pofition, and being
in expectation of a reinforcement, the duke of York re-
folved upon another attack before the ereCtion of new
works, and when he had no knowledge of the arrival of
frelh troops to oppofe him. The Ruffians had a greater
concern in this aCtion of October 6, than in the preced¬
ing ; and they were fo vigoroufty refitted ; that fir Ralph
Abercrombie was obliged to advance with a ftrong body
to their relief. The whole hoftile force then put itf'elf

in motion, and the action became general along the line
from Limmen to the fea. It terminated to the honour of
the invaders, as they were left matters of the field. The
Ruffians killed were above 380; and 735 were wounded.
The Britifh loft about 100 in killed; 725 were wounded;
and above 600 were miffing.

A confiderable body of frefii troops joined the army of
general Brune after this aCtion ; and he ftationel his
force fo ftrongly, as fo render a renewal of attack highly
dangerous. This confideration, added to the ruined ftate
of the roads, and the difficulty of procuring fupplies ne-
ceffary for the accommociation of the foldiery, produced
in the minds of the chief'officers a conviction of the pru¬
dence of a retreat. This determination was executed
without diforder, and with fmall lofs. A convention was
adjufted, October 18, between the commanders of the op-
pofite armies, providing for the fpeedy departure of the
Englifh and Ruffians, prohibiting the commiffion of any
injury by the retiring hoft, and requiring the delivery of
eight thoufand French and Dutch prifoners of war, who
had been taken before the prefent campaign. It was in
the power of the invaders to fecure a retreat to their
fhips by inundating North Holland; but, as this was a
meafure which would have greatly diftrefted or ruined
the inhabitants, the duke of York abftained from this in¬
humanity, by the furrenderof prifoners without exchange.

Though the French preferved their influence in Hol¬
land unimpaired, their own government now Juffere’d a
great change. The two councils had lately humbled the
directory, and thus adheredTo the conftitution of 1795;
but they were expoled to a violent attack from the am¬
bition of Bonaparte. Returning fuddenly from Egypt,
lie (Lengthened his intereft among the foldiery and the
people ; and, having procured an appointment to the
command of the P.irifian guard, he forcibly diffolved the
two affemblies, November 10, 1799, and became in effect
fovereign of F'rance, under the title of Firjl Conful. His
popularity, and the terror of his name, fecured the affen’t
of the people to the new conftitution ; and he prepared
to imprefs other nations with a fenfe of his importance
and a refpeft for his dignity. To give the greater weight
to his new character, he fuggefted, by a letter under his
own hand, to the king of Great Britain, a pompous pro-
pofition for a general peace ; but the offer was rejected,
and vigorous preparations were made for the campaign
of 1800.

During the winter, the temporary danger of the fove¬
reign greatly alarmed his loyal fubjefts. Hadfield, who
had ferved his country as a foldier, fired a piftol at the
king in one of the theatres; but fortunately no injury re-
fulted from the daring attempt. As evident proofs of
infanity were adduced, the maniac was acquitted.

The raoft important event which took place in the
year 1800, was the union of Great Britain with the king¬
dom of Ireland. Upon this occafion the king declared,
that he fhould “ever confider this great meafure as the
happieft event of his reign.” That it was one of the
moft judicious aCts of the government, few will be dif-
pofed to deny ; and the mode in which it was. conducted,
without afperity or rancour, and in a moment fo critical
to the peace and fafety of Ireland, will ever reflect the
higheft credit on the minifter, Mr. Pitt, under whofe
an f pices the enactment of union took place, on the 2d of
July in England, and the ift of Auguft in Ireland, fo
nearly at the completion of the eighteenth century.

The new conful, finding his defire of being the pacifi¬
cator of Europe rejected by the king of Great Britain,
propofed to the court of Vienna a renewal of a feparate
negociation ; but the influence of the Britifh miniftry,
and the fuccefs of the late campaign, induced the empe¬
ror to continue the war. His troops gained fome advan¬
tages in the fpring, when they attacked the French in the
Ligurian territories. After feveral engagements, general
Melas encountered Maffena near Voltri; and, having pre¬
vailed in a conflict which proved fatal to a vaft number

..of

ENG.

of men, he confined the enemy within the walls of Genoa.
In the blockade of that city a Britifh fquadron affided ;
and the want of provifions reduced the defenders to mod
fevere difficulties. Sicknefs became fo prevalent, and
hunger fo urgent, that Malfena was at length obliged to
fue for the indulgence of an unmoleded retreat.

As it was the earned wifh of Bonaparte to drike a de-
ciftve blow in Italy, he fent forward a confiderable army
under Berthier, to prepare the way for his own perfonal
operations. Penetrating into Piedmont over the mountain
of St. Bernard, the French drove their alarmed adver-
faries before them ; and, advancing into the Milanefe,
fpeedily re-took fome of the chief towns. At Cadeggio,
they met with important fuccefs ; but their mod fignal
triumph was on June 14, at Marengo. Here the vigour
of the Audrianr feemed long to ptomife viftory to their
efforts. They turned the wings of the French, and forced
the centre to fall back ; and Melas even flattered himfelf
with the hope of cutting off the retreat of the difordered
troops. But, when the chief conful, who was in the heat
of aftion, alrnofl defpaired of fuccefs, the celebrated
Defaix appeared with a corps de referve, and changed
the fortune of the day. A new line was formed; the
Audrians were checked in their career; and, though they
dill exhibited marks of obdinate courage, they were at
length totally routed. About nine thoufand of their num¬
ber were killed, wounded, or made prifoners, but not
without the lofs of many lives on the part of the conque¬
rors. This defeat ruined the hopes of the emperor. It
was followed by a propofal from the vanquifhed general
for an armiflice, which he purchafed by the reditution
of Genoa, and the furrender of the citadels of Milan,
Turin, Tartona, and other fortreffes.

The French alfo afted with fimilar vigour in Germany.
Moreau engaged general Kray at Mofkirch ; but a Bava¬
rian force, fubfldifed by Great Britain, contributed to
prevent the republicans from being completely victorious
on this occadon. Several other obdinate battles took
place, with confiderable lofs on both tides; and, after the
victory of Oberhaufen, the French took poffeffion of Mu¬
nich, and other Bavarian towns; but their progrcfs was
arreded by a truce. The emperor confented to a nego¬
tiation, July 28, which produced preliminaries founded
on the treaty of Campo Formio.

The hodilities of the Engliffi during the year 1800,
were Chiefly connected with the maritime fervice. A
defcent being made on the coad of Bretagne, the forts of
Quiberon were dedroyed ; and other debarkations were
injurious to the French. From the Dutch the African
jde of Goree was taken, as was alfo the American ifland
of Curayoa, And after a very long blockade, in which
the Portuguefe affided, the French were compelled to
relinquilh Malta, on September 5, to the great joy and
reputation of the Britilh court. Ferrol was for fome
time threatened by a Britidi armament ; but, though the
invaders gained the neighbouring heights by repelling
the Spaniards, they had no encouragement to attack the
place. Cadiz was likewife menaced, and was faved by
the fame improbability of fuccefs, added to the rifque of
being infefted with a contagious difeafe, then prevailing
among the garrifon and the inhabitants.

On the clofe of the campaign of the year 1800, the
emperor of Ruffia withdrew his arms from the confede¬
racy. Not content with this manifedation of his defer-
tion of the common caufe, he expreffed drong refentment
againd England, complaining of her maritime encroach¬
ments ; and he flopped all the Britidi veffels in his ports,
before the difpute refpefting Malta gave him even a pre-
fence for difpleafure. He, however, removed the em¬
bargo ; blit again renewed it, on the idle allegation of the
detention of Malta, to which he claimed a right, in con-
fequence of the a (Fumed authority of grand mader of
the order of knights of St. John of Jerufalem. He even
fent the feamen into confinement, and haraffed them with
arbitrary rigour. To the Daniffi court, and alfo to that
Vol. VI. No. 392.

a A N D. 7<J3

of Sweden, he propofed a renewal of thofe engagements
of armed neutrality which the emprefs Catharine had
framed during the American war ; and a convention to
that edeft was figned at Peterfburg, December 1 6, 1800.
Refenting this ungenerous conduct, the Btitifli court fub-
jefted Ruffian, Danidi, and Swedifh (hips, to an embargo,
January 14, i§oi, and prepared for vigorous hodilities.

While this dorm impended over Great Britain from
the north, her Andrian ally was perfuaded to renounce
the late preliminaries, and again renew the war. But the
fignal defeat of the Andrian army at Hohenlinden by the
(kill of Moreau, the fuccefs of Augerean in Franconia,
and the progrefs of the republicans in Italy, induced the
emperor to fue for peace ; and, being releafed from the
obligation of treating in concert with Britain, he autho-
rifed count Cobentzel to fign a treaty at Luneville. By
this treaty, he confirmed the ceffioh of the Belgic pro¬
vinces to the French : he alfo ceded to them the county
of Falkendein, the Frichtal, and all the Audrian terri¬
tory on the left bank of the Rhine between Zurzach and
Bade; and engaged to give up the Brifgaw to the duke
of Modena. He confented to the renunciation of Tuf-
cany by the grand duke, who was to be fucceeded by the
heir of the duchy of Parma, and was to be indemnified
by German grants. He fanftioned the agreement of the
deputies of the empire, who had affented, in thecongrefs
at Radadt, to the French demand of the permanent pof¬
feffion of the countries fituated on the left bank of the
Rhine, from the point where it leaves the Helvetic terri¬
tory to the fpot where it enters the Batavian confines.
Therepublic waved all pretenfions to the right bank of
that river, and promifed to redore the fortreffes of Duf-
feldorff, Ehrenbreitdein, Philipfburg, Caffel, and Old
Brifach, on condition of their remaining in the fame date
in which they fhould be found at the time of their evacu¬
ation ; and it was alfo agreed, that the former affignment
of Venetian territories to the emperordiould be edablidied.

In this date of affairs the parliament affembled, Fe¬
bruary 2, 1801. Addreffing the two houfes, the king
obferved, that, at a crifis fo important to the intereds of
his people, he derived great fatisfaftion from being ena¬
bled, for the fird time, to avail himfelf of the advice and
affidance of the united parliament." “ This memorable
era, (he faid,) didinguiflied by the accomplifhment of a
meafure calculated to augment and confolidate the drength
and refources of the empire, and to cement more clofely
the intereds and affections of my fubjefts, will, I trud,
be equally marked by that vigour, energy, and firmnefs,
which the circumdances of our prefent fituation peculi¬
arly require.”

The mod remarkable debate in this meeting of the
parliament, related to the cafe, of the Irifli catholics,
whofe claims, after the completion of the aft of union,
formed a particular fubjeft of difcuffion in the cabinet.
Mr. Pitt and lord Grenville reprefented-an acquiefcence
in the widies of thofe feftaries as neceffary for the perfeft
confolidation of the intereds of the united kingdom, and
affirmed, that, as no danger could arife from it, policy
required the conceffion. Several of the privy council
expreffed oppofite fentiments ; and his majedy took a de¬
cided part in the difpute, alleging that the oath taken by
him at his coronation precluded his affent to a fcheme
which might, in its confequences, endanger the religious
edablidiment. As this repugnance obdrufted the recom¬
mendation of the meafure to the parliament, and dinti-
nifhed the probability of its fuccefs, Mr. Pitt declared
that he conceived himfelf bound by his duty, his con-
fcience, and his honour, to refign that fituation in which
he was not at full liberty to purfue his ideas of equity
and public benefit. His reflgnation was accepted, as was
alfo that of lord Grenville ; and earl Spencer, at the
fame time, relinquidied all concern in the adairs of the
admiralty.

After fome deliberation, his majedy felefted Mr. Ad¬
dington for the office of his fird minider. That gentle-
9 man

794 ENGL

man had long been an Intimate friend of Mr. Pitt, whofe
influence had placed him in the chair of the houfe of
commons, which he filled with high reputation. Lord
Hawkefbury was feleCled for the vacancy occalioned by
the refignation of lord Grenville ; and the earl of St.
Vincent was made fuccetfor to earl Spencer, as firft lord
of the admiralty.

A febrile indifpofition with which the king was feized,
retarded the public bufinefs. It was apprehended that
a regency would be neceflary ; but the return of health,
after an illnefs of three weeks, enabled his majefty to re¬
new his attention to affairs of flate. On the 17th of
March he honoured Mr. Addington with a formal ap¬
pointment to the two offices which Mr. Pitt had fo long
enjoyed ; fubftituted lord Hobart and Mr. Charles Yorke
in lieu of Mr. Dundas and Mr. Wyndham, and deputed
the earl of Hardwicke to Ireland as lord-lieutenant.

The orders which the late miniftry had iffiued for vi¬
gorous operations againft the Danes and Swedes in the
Weft Indies, were now carried into effeCl. Lieutenant-
general Trigge and rear-admiral Duckworth failed from
Antigua with a fmall fleet and about fifteen hundred fol-
diers, and (leered to the Swedifh ifle of St. Bartholomew.
The governor, having no means of effeClual defence, ac-
quiefced in the demand of an immediate furrender.
Leaving a garrifon in the chief town, the affociated com¬
manders would have proceeded without delay to the ifie
ot St. Thomas; but the appearance of a reinforcement
from England induced them to extend their views to the
reduction of St. Martin, though an attempt upon this
ifland was not included in the inflru&ions which they had
received. One brigade landed in the Dutch quarter,
and another in the French territory, March 24, 1801. The
former, in approaching the heights near Fort Amfterdam,
met with fome refiftance, but prevailed in every fkirmiffi.
The enemy, having attacked one of the pofitions occu¬
pied by the Engliffi, a fpirited conflict enftied, which ter¬
minated in the defeat of the enemy; and a capitulation
was figned the next morning.

The Danifh iflands were the next objects of attack.
The fleet failing to the weftward, the ifles of St. Thomas
and St. John were taken without oppofition ; and St.
Croix (or Santa Cruz) wras added with facility to the
Britifti conquefts. Some veffiels were found in the har¬
bours of thefe iflands ; but they were not large or valu¬
able. As it was not fuppofgd that thefe acquifitions
would be durable, the fuccefs made little impreffion on
the public. : but the expedition tended to prove the de¬
termination of the cabinet to maintain the naval authority
ef Great Britain.

This authority was further eftabli filed in a mod ho¬
nourable and glorious manner by the Britifti fleet, which
was purfuing its courfe toward the Sound. The com¬
mandant of the caftle of Cronenburg having intimated
that he would not fuller the Englifh fir i ps to pafs, this
anfwer to an application from fir Hyde Parker was confi-
dered as a declaration of war, though the admiral affured
the Dane that lie was ready to attend to any conciliatory
propofals. The cannonade began from the fortrefs, but
was not very injurious to the fleet, which foon reached
the ifle of Huene. From this ftation fir Hyde reconnoitred
the Danilh line of fliips, radeaux, pontoons, galleys, fire-
fliips, and gun-boats. The approaches to Copenhagen
were foitified with (kill ; batteries of cannon and mortars
were ereCted on every part of the fhore where they were
likely to be efficacious ; the Crown iflands and that of
Amak were ftrengthened by a variety of works ; the
mouth of the harbour was protected by a chain and by a
fort built on piles ; and a line of ftiipping added to the
natural ftrength of the place. The admiral, on the 2d
of April, having ordered an attack from the fouthward,
lord Nelfon advanced with twelve fail of the line, four
frigates, fome (loops, fire-fiiips, and bomb-veffiels ; but,
from tlie intricacy of the navigation, two of the largeft
fliips ran aground, and another was obliged to call anchor

A N D.

far from her appointed ftation. Captain Murray, in the
Edgar, led the van with great intrepidity. The Mo-
narque fuftained the moft definitive fire ; and her com¬
mander, captain Mode, loft his life, with above fifty of
his men. Captain Riou was alfo killed, while he was at¬
tacking the fliips at the entrance of the harbour. The
battle raged for four hours, with great (laughter 011 both
fides. The number of killed, on the part of the Englifh,
exceeded 250; and on the lide of the Danes, above 500.
Almoft 700 men in the Englifh fliips, and about 1500 of
the Danes were wounded. Seventeen Danifh veffiels,
floating batteries included, were funk, burned, or cap¬
tured. Immediately after the victory, lord Nelfon threat¬
ened to burn all the floating batteries which he had taken,
without faving the prifoners who were on-board, if the
enemy fliould continue the lead firing. This menace pro¬
duced a ceffiation of hoftilities : lord Nelfon landed, and
conferred with the prince of Denmark ; and a convention
was figned for a regular armiftice.

The death of the Ruffian emperor Paul, haftened this
agreement ; and, if that event had been known before
the fanguinary conflict occurred, the Danes would pro¬
bably have fubmitted without a blow. His violent death
feemed unlamented ; and his fon Alexander afcended the
throne amidft the congratulations of his people. An ex¬
traordinary change followed this unexpected event. The
new emperor difclaimed the politics of his predeceffior,
and affiured the Britifti court of his pacific intentions.
The court of Copenhagen relaxed in its zeal for the
armed neutrality ; that of Stockholm breathed forbear¬
ance ; and the king of Pruffia, who had feized Hanover,
affiumed a lefs imperious tone. At the requeft of Alex¬
ander, the Britifti admiral forbore to obftruCt the Ruffian
or Swedifh trade and navigation. Lord St. Helen’s was
lent to Peterfburgh to negociate ; the refpeCtive em¬
bargoes were taken off; and the ftorm in the north fub-
fided in April, giving place to the milder influence of the
month of May.

A convention was now adjufted, by the interference of
Ruffia, between all the belligerent powers. By the third
article of this agreement it was flipulated, that effeCls
embarked in neutral, veffiels fliould be free, with the ex¬
ception of contraband (lores of war and the property of
an enemy ; that the latter defignation Ihould not include
the merchandife of the produce, growth, or manufacture,
of the countries at war, acquired by the fubjeCts of the
neutral (late, and tranfported on their account ; that the
commodities prohibited fliould be fuch only as were de¬
clared contraband by the treaty of commerce concluded
between Great Britain and Ruffia in 1797 ; that a port
fliould be confidered as under blockade, when the fliips
of a belligerent power fliould be fo ftationed as to ren¬
der it evidently dangerous to enter ; that the neutral
veffiels fliould not be flopped except upon ftrong grounds,
and that the proceedings fliould be uniform, prompt, and
legal. The next article provided, that the right of
fearching mercantile veffiels failing under convoy of a
fliip of war fhould only be exercifed by the fliips of the
government, not by tliofe of private adventurers. Thus
the chief points in difpute were fettled in favour of thofe
modes which had been long adopted in the commercial
intercourfe and connections with Great Britain.

As the north of Europe had thus witneffied the triumph
of the Britifti navy, fo did the fouth feel the effeCts of its
thunder. Rear-admiral fir Janies Saurnarez was cruifing
near Cadiz, when it was reported to him that three French
fliips of the line and a frigate had been feen near Gibral¬
tar. He immediately directed his courfe to the entrance
of the ftrait; and, finding that the fliips which he wiflied
to engage had anchored in the bay of Algefiras, he lent
the Venerable man of war to begin the attack. Rear-
admiral Linois now drew his fliips in a clofer line, and
warped them near the batteries which defended the bay;
and a brilk fire was opened, on July 6, not only from the
fliips, but alfo from the fortifications, and from a number

ENGLAND. 795

of gun-boats fo difpofed as to rake the Englifh fquadron.
Captain Stirling, in the Pompee, made a great impreffion
on the flag- fliip of Linois, till a change of wind prevented
him from aiding. As foon as the wind favoured, tile Han¬
nibal, captain Ferris, puffied forward in the hope of palling
between the French (hips and the batteries; an attempt
which, he thought, might lead to a complete triumph.
But his fliip happened to take the ground under one of
the batteries ; and, as no efforts could extricate her, he
was obliged to give her up, after a confiderable lofs of
men and the deftnuftion of a great number of his adver-
faries. A breeze having enabled two other fhips to ap¬
proach the enemy, they kept up for a time a heavy fire,
which, if the wind had not declined, would have enforced
the furrender of the oppofing veffels. The imprafticabi-
lity of a clofe action at length induced fir James to with¬
draw his force, when above 360 of his men had been
killed or wounded. This difappointment ferved only to
ftimulate the eagernefs of the B riti fit Teamen for another
conteft. The (hips were repaired with great expedition ;
and, when the French, joined by a Spaniffi fquadron,
were failing toward Cadiz, the rear of the united fleet
was attacked, on July 12, by the Superbe. This veffel
having fired between the Spaniffi admiral’s fliip and ano¬
ther of 1 12 guns, and then retiring, a mutual error (amidft
the darkneis of the night) occasioned a conflict between
thofe twm enemy’s (hips. One of them fuddenly took
fire; the flames rapidly extended to the other; and both
blew up, with the lofs of about two thoufand men. This
melancholy accident difcouraged Linois and his afl'ociates,
and tended to accelerate their retreat. The San Antonio,
of feventy-four guns, was taken; but the Formidable
baffled a fevere attack from captain Hood, whofe fliip
ftruck upon a rock, and was with difficulty towed off in
a difabled (late. The enemy reached Cadiz without fur¬
ther molefiation ; and admiral Saumarez failed with his
prize to Gibraltar.

But while thefe partial conflidls were going on in the
vicinity of the Britifh territories in Europe, the decifive
battle was fought before Alexandria in Egypt, which
gave peace and glory to England ; (fee the article Egypt,
p. 336 ; ) and when this fuccefs was announced in England,
the general joy was accelerated by a two-fold caufe. M.
Otto had been for fome time negotiating with lord Hawkef-
bury, on the fubjedt of a general peace, the preliminary
articles of which were figned Odtober t, 1S01. It was
ftipulated, that the king of Great Britain fliould reftore
all the poffeffions and colonies occupied or conquered by
his forces in the courfe of the war, except the ifland of
Trinidad, and that part of Ceylon which lately belonged
to the Dutch ; that, in the port of the Cape of Good
Hope, each of the contradting parties ffiould enjoy the
fame advantages ; that the territories of the Ottoman em¬
peror, including Egypt, fhould be maintained entire, as
they were before the war; that the French fliould recog-
nife the republic of the Seven United I (lands : thefe were
Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, &c. which, having been taken
by the Ruffians and Turks, had been formed into a re¬
public under their protedfion. That Malta fliould be
again poffeffed by the knights of St. John of Jerufalem ;
that the kingdom of Naples and the Roman (late ffiould
be evacuated by the French troops ; and that the queen
of Portugal ffiould not lofe any part of her dominions,
butremain as before the war. For a completion of thefe
articles, it was agreed that Englifh and French plenipo¬
tentiaries ffiould fpeedily repair to Amiens, and treat in
concert with the refpedfive allies of the two powers.

While the definitive treaty was yet unadjufled, a great
force was deemed neceffary for the national defence, as
doubts were dill entertained of the pacific inclinations of
the firft conful of France. From the eagernefs of the
public for a general peace, the interval of negociation
feemed a tedious delay ; but the anxiety of fufpenfe was
at length removed. The treaty was finally figned at
Amiens by the marquis Cornwallis and Jol'eph Bonaparte,

March 27, 1802; differing from the preliminaries only
in the following points: A part of Portuguefe Guiana
was'given up to the French by a new adjudment of boun¬
daries. With regard to Malta, it was dipulated that no
French or Englifh tongue, or clafs of knights, ffiould be
allowed ; that one-half of the.foldiers in garrifon fhould
be natives, and that the red fliould be furniffied for a
time by the king of Naples ; that the independence of the
ifland under the (way of the knights fliould be guaranteed
by France, Great Britain, Audria, Spain, Ruflia, and
Pruffia ; and that its ports fliould be free to all nations.
It was agreed, that the prince of Orange fliould receive
compenfation for his lofs of property and of power. Per-
fons who might hereafter be accufed of murder, forgery,
and fraudulent bankruptcy, were to be furrendered to the
demands of each of the refpedtive powers.

It was never expected that this peace would be of per¬
manent duration ; the unfettled date of the government
of France, and the partial and intcreded views of the
firfl conful, plainly indicated that the prefent pacification
was intended only as a grand paufe — a ceffation from
hodilities merely to take breath — while plans of greater
aggrandifement and ambition were fabricating, and to
arife out of the fcourges of a new war. This difpofitiorP
too foon manifeded itfelf in the imperious manners and
arbitrary conduct of Bonaparte, who aft'ebted to treat
with contempt and derifion, at Paris, feveral of the am.
baffadors from thofe powers who had oppofed France in
her late revolutionary fydem. The mod marked indig¬
nities were cad upon lord Whitworth, ambaffador from
the court of London, boldly charging his fovereign with
an infraftion of the treaty of peace, by keeping pofleflion
of the ifland of Malta. Lord Whitworth, in his turn,
demanded an explanation of the fecret views of France
in her extraordinary armaments, and in her political con¬
nections with thofe powers inimical to Great Britain;
and in failure of a fatisfadhory anfwer, his lordfliip gave
notice of his determination to quit Paris, as the prelude
to freffl hodilities. To this requifition the firfl conful
loudly and haughtily replied, in the face of his whole
levee, “ That France was prepared, and the battle ffiould
be fought on Englifh ground.” Lord Whitworth imme¬
diately quitted Paris, and a new war commenced betvreen
France and England, May 12, 1803, juft thirteen months
and fifteen days after figning the definitive articles of the
peace of Amiens.

The only meafure hitherto adopted on the part of
France, has been the old and dale threat of an invafion of
England ; while, on the other hand, the ports of France
have been fo clofely blockaded by the fleets and fquadrons
of Great Britain, that fcarcely a French veffel has dared
to put to fea but by flealth ; the whole naval power of
France has been thus confined to their own harbours,
and their commerce virtually annihilated. But the very
unhandfome detention of a number of Englifh gentlemen
who were fpending their money in France, was a fpecie's
of unmanly and impotent revenge, totally unworthy of
the head of a great nation.

Though from the caufe above-mentioned, no general
adtion at fea has hitherto taken place, nor can perhaps be
expedted, yet the Englifh crnizers have been fo fuccefsful
in the only warfare that has been carried on, that not. lefs
than a hundred and five prizes were carried into one (ingle
port (Plymouth), in the (pace of three weeks after the
commencement of hodilities. No time was loft in lend¬
ing notice of the event to the Britiffi fleets on the' Faff
and Wed India ftations; and the i (lands which had been
ceded to France at the peace, with feveral others, were
again quickly in our pofleflion. St. Lucia was taken by
the forces under lieutenant-general Gfinfield and commo¬
dore Hood, on the 2 2d of June, 1803; Tobago on the
id of July ; Demarara and Effequibo on the 19th of Sep¬
tember ; and Berbice on the 25th; the iflands of St.
Pierre and Miquelon were taken by captain Malbon on
the 30th of June. In the month of May, 1804, we cap,

• t Ered

796 ENG

tured the fettlement of Surinam, in Dutch Guiana. The
enterprize was under the command of major-general fir
Charles Green, aflifted by commodore Hood, who failed
for this purpofe from Barbadoes on the 6th of April, and
reached the mouth of the Surinam river on the 25th of the
fame month. The number of troops amounted to about
fifteen hundred, and the total of the enemy’s force aver¬
aged a number confiderably fuperior. The governor re¬
filled at firft to capitulate; but, from the aftiviry of the
JBriti fir troops, he at laft found himfelf compelled to fub-
mit. The conteft, in the interim, was by no means blood-
lefs. It commenced on the 29th of April, and confided
of various Ikirmilhes, which continued till the 4th of
May, on which day the enemy difpatched a flag of truce
with propofals to furrender. The terms were honourable
to both fides. The prifoners captured, including feamen,
exclufive of the fluff and departments, amounted to 2100 ;
the ftores confiderable and valuable. In November,
1803, the ifland of St. Domingo became an independent
black republic : the fhips and veffels, commanded by the
French general Rochantbeau, were taken polfeflion of by
the Britilh admiral Duckworth; and CapeTown and the
forts were delivered up to the black general Deffalines ;
and the place is now reltored to its ancient name of Hayti.
On the other hand, the French general Berthier feized
upon the electorate of Hanover, on the 3th of June, and
and laid it under heavy contributions.

The renewal of the war occafioned Mr. Addington, in
the ftimmer of 1S03, to revive the income-tax, but under
a different form, and at a lower rate, than it had been laid
during Mr. Pitt’s firft adminiftration. The next important
meafure was the bill for the general defence of the nation,
the intent of which was to embody the entire effective
ftrength of the country ; but the laudable fpirit of the
nation rendered it unneceffary to enforce the aft; for a
body of men fully adequate to every purpofe of defence
fpontaneoufly armed and clothed themfelves at their own
expence, and thus nobly contributed once more to the
fafety of their country.

The rebellion again broke out in Ireland in July ; and
might have been attended with very fatal confequences ;
but that by fome fortunate accident the rifing was pre¬
mature, and the rebels did not aft in concert. Neverthe-
lefs, a very worthy nobleman, lord Kilwarden, was cruelly
murdered ; but the rebellion was foon quelled, and the
diligence of the government afterwards brought moft of
the ringleaders to public juftice.

A Mahratta war broke out in India, in September,
1803 ; but the rapid fucceflfes of generals Wellefley and
Lake, brought about a peace in the month of December
of the fame year. For the caufes and’ progrefs of that
war, fee Hindoostan.

At a moment when both king and people appeared
well fatisfied with the perfons who were condufting the
affairs of the government ; at a moment when the prime
minifler, Mr. Addington, feerned to poffefs the confidence
and good-will of the country ; a party, or a co-operation
of difeordant parties, fuddenly appeared, in the parliament
only , and determined to impede the adminiftration of af¬
fairs, by enforcing a change in the miniftry. His majefty
at length confented to a change ; Mr. Pitt became prime
minifler for a fecond time on the 12th of May, 1804, and
Mr. Addington retired, with the greateft honour to him¬
felf, untitled, and unpenfioned.

The laft important meafure we have to notice in the
politics of Europe, is the alfumption of the title of'Em-
peror by Napoleon Bonaparte, firft conful of France.
This new dignity was broached in April, and aftually took
place on the 28th of May, 1804. The title and power is
decreed to be inherited for ever by Bonaparte’s own male
iflue ; or he may adopt the children or grand-children of
his brothers, provided they have attained the age of eigh¬
teen years complete, and he himfelf have no children.
In default of a natural and legitimate heir of the pre-
fent emperor, or of an adopted heir, the empire will be

LAND.

transferred to Jofeph Bonaparte, and his defeendants; and
in default of Jofeph Bonaparte and his defeendants, to
Louis Bonaparte and his defeendants ; in cafe of failure
of the heirs of Jofeph and Louis Bonaparte, the fenate is
to appoint an emperor. The members of the imperial
family, in the order of inheritance, are to bear the title of
French princes. The eldeft fon of the emperor is To bear
the title of imperial prince. The falic law is revived, and
females are excluded from inheriting the crown, or from
being regent in the cafe of the minority of an emperor.

To many thinking people this meafure will appears
change which adds to the odium of his government
without ftrenthening the reputation of it ; (ince repub!
licans have now to choofe between the old hereditary
fucceffion and that of the new. Thus ended the repub¬
lican form of government in France, after a duration of
eleven years and a half. How this bold ufurpation of
the rightful inheritance of the unfortunate royal family
of France, will be received by the other confiderable
powers of the civilized world — how it may afieft the
conduft of the war, or accelerate the return of peace ;
remain to be developed from the bofom of time ; and will
be difeuffed under the article France, in our feventh
volume, to which we fhall beg to refer the reader; and
alfo to the article Great Britain.

ANTIQUITIES, CURIOSITIES, and HISTORICAL
EPOCHS.

To trace back the antiquities of England, or to fix the
era at which our refearches ought to begin, is a talk
of no fmall labour and difficulty. That this beautiful
ifland was inhabited many ages before it was noticed by1
Julius Caefar, and had been confequently the feene of
many wars, revolutions, and other important events,
there can be no reafonable doubt ; although the anti¬
quarian, in fuch remote enquiries, is often bewildered
and milled by the fabulous and imperfeft accounts of
thofe dark ages.

The ancient monuments which are found in England,
may be claffed in fix divifions. 1. Thofe belonging t®
the primitive Celtic inhabitants. 2. Thofe of the Bel-
gic colonies, which followed. 3. Thofe belonging t®
the Romans. 4. Thofe eredfed by the Saxons. 5,
Relics of the Danifii fovereignty. 6. Monuments oa
ftruftures of Norman original. Few of thefe remains, ig
mull be confelfed, throw much light upon hiftory ; but
many of them, being interefting and curious in them¬
felves, deferve the attention of the Englifh traveller.
Among the firft and fecond claffes we recognize the cu¬
rious ftrufture of Stone-henge, and all the other circular
temples, rocking-ftones, barrows, cairns, cromlechs, &c»
ufually, and perhaps very erroneoufly, attributed to th«
Druids. See the article Druid, p. 88, of this volume.

The Belgic relics were followed by thofe of the
Romans, which are ftill numerous in different parts of
England. Amphitheatres are Laid to be ftill difcernible
at Silchefter, in Hampftiire, and lome other places. The
Roman caftie at Richborough, the ancient Rutupise in
Kent, prefents confiderable remains of a maffy wall, ce¬
mented with furprifing firmnefs. Thefe Roman ruins are
commonly compofed of ftone or flint, with ftrata of flat
bricks at confiderable intervals. Themofaic pavements,
hypocaufts, &c. are generally the remains of the villas of
opulent Roman families, fcattered over the country. The
greateft number of Roman inferiptions, altars, &c. has
been found in the north, along the great frontier wall,
which extended from the weftern fea, to the eftuary of
Tyne. This vaft wall is juftly efteemed the moft impor¬
tant remain of Roman antiquity in England, as that of
Antoninus is in Scotland. The extent of the former was
about feventy miles ; of the latter about thirty. feven, as
deferibed under the article Antoninus, vol. i. p. 781.
Numerous are the more minute relics of the Roman power
in England, as coins, gems, weapons, ornaments, &c.

One of the grand caufes of the civilization introduced

ENG

by that people into the conquered dates, was the high¬
ways, which form, indeed, the fil'd germ of national in-
dnflry, and without which neither commerce nor fociety
could ever make any confiderable progrefs. Confcious
of this truth, the Romans feem to have lent particular
attention to the confirmation of roads in the didant pro¬
vinces ; and thofe of England, which may dill be traced
in various ramifications, prefent a lading monument of
thejudice of their conceptions, the extent of their views,
and the utility of their power. A grand trunk, as it may
be called, palfed from the fouth to the north, and another
to the wed, with branches in almod every direction that
general convenience and expedition could require. What
is called the Watling-dreet, led from Richborough, in
Kent, the ancient Rutupias, north-wed through London to
Cheder. The Ermin-dreet pafled from London to Lin¬
coln, thence to Carlide, and into Scotland, the name being
fuppofed to be corrupted from Herman, which means
warrior, as the chief wars lay in the north. The Foffe-
way is fuppofed to have led from Bath and the wedern re¬
gions, north-ead, till it joined the Ermin-dreet. The lad
celebrated road was the Ikenild, or Ikeneld, fuppofed to
have extended from near Norwich, fouth-wefi, into Hamp-
diire and Dorfetdiire. Of the original Britiih towns we
have no certain account ; but thofe of the Romans are
well authenticated. The termination chefter, which is
common to fo many towns in England, is thought to be
derived from the Latin caftra, they having been places of
Roman encampments. Londinum, London, was early
remarkable for the great refort of merchants. Camalo-
dnnum, Malden, or according to others Colcheder, was
the fil'd Roman colony in Britain. The port mod fre¬
quented under the emperors, was, Rutupia, Richborough,
in Kent ; the Portus Dubris, or Dover, was afterwards
more famous : and Lemanis, Lime, near which Caefar is
fuppofed to have fird landed. Other remarkable places
were, Durovcrmtm , Canterbury; Durobrivis, Rocheder;
Venta Belgarmn, Wincheder ; Durnium or Durnovaria, Dor-
cheder ; Ifca, Exeter; Verulamiam, Verulam, near St.
Alban’s ; Aqua Solis or Calida, Bath -; Clanum, Glouceder ;
Deva, Cheder, on the river Dee, where the ancient walls
and fortifications dill remain ; Liridvm Colonia, Lincoln ;
Eboracinn, York ; Luguvallum, Carlide; Alatra cajlra, fup¬
pofed to be Edinburgh, called anciently Edenodunum , from
its Celtic appellation, Dune Aidan, the eminence or citadel
of Aidan, its proprietor ; burg, is Saxon, anfwering to
dune in the Celtic ; or rather, according to others, from
Eden, a Northumbrian king, who either built or poirelfed
it. See Edinburgh, in this volume.

The £axon antiquities in England are chiefly edifices,
facred or fecular ; many churches remain which were
altogether, or for the mod part, condrufted in the Saxon
period ; and fome are extant of the tenth, or perhaps the
ninth, century. The vaults erected by Grimbald, at
Oxford, in the reign of Alfred, are judly edeemed curious
relics of Saxon architecture. One of the rudefl fpecimens
of their ancient cadles, is Coningtburg-cafile in York-
fbire ; but, as that region was fubjeft to the Danes till
the middle of the tenth century, it may perhaps be Danifli .
Among the fmaller remains of Saxon art, may be men¬
tioned the fhrines for preferving relics, which fome fup-
pofe to prefent the diminutive rudiments of what is dyled
the Gothic architecture ; and the illuminated manuferipts
w'hich often afford curious memorials of the date of man¬
ners and knowledge.

The Danifli power in England, though of confiderable
duration in the north, was in the fouth brief and tranfi-
tory. The camps or fortifications of that nation were
circular, like thofe of the Belgie and Saxons, while thofe
of Roman armies are didinguifhed by the fquare form :
and it is believed that the only didinCt relics of the Danes,
are fome cadles to the north of the Humber, and a few
flones with Runic inferiptions.

The monuments dyled Norman, rather to diflinguifh
their epoch ihan front any information that Norman ar-

Vgl. VI. No. 392.

LAND. 797

chiteCls were employed, are reputed to commence after
the conqued, and to extend to the fourteenth century ;
when what is called the rich Gothic ornamented flyle
began to appear, which, in the fixteenth century, was
fupplanted by the mixed ; and this in its turn yielded to
the Grecian. See the article Architecture, vol. ii.
p. 78-94.

Ancient authors affirm, that' king Alfred inflituted the
fird dividon of England into flures, fo denominated from
a Saxon word, fignifying parts cut off, or divifions. They
are alfo denominated counties, as having been each go¬
verned by a diflin6t ealdorman, correfponding with the
Latin word comes, or count ; and fometimes tranflated con -
fid, and fometimes comes, by thofe Anglo-Saxon authors
who wrote in Latin. After the Danifli conqueft, this offi¬
cer was known by another appellation, that of earl, from
the Danifli iarl ; which, like the word barony in its origi¬
nal acceptation, implied Amply, but by way of great emi-„
nence, a man. About the eleventh century tliefe titles
became hereditary dignities; and the government of the
(hire devolved upon the earl’s deputy, the vice-comcs, /hire-
reeve, flieritf, or manager of the fhire. A remarkable fub-
divilion prevails in the extenfive county of York, which
was divided into thred parts, implied in the Saxon word
try things, now corruptly called ridings. It is alfo gene¬
rally believed that Alfred was the author of the fubdi-
vifions of counties, called hundreds and tythings, now
feldom mentioned except in legal proceedings, and in to¬
pographical deferiptions. — For the names of the counties,
and their particular privileges, fee the article County,
vol. v. p. 289—290. It is probable that the hundred, ori¬
ginally contained one hundred farms; while the tything
was redrifted to ten. Such -are the chief features of the
Saxon divifions of England. The capital of the feveral
heptarchic kingdoms varied at the will of the fovereign.
London, which belonged to the Ead Saxons, maintained
in fome degree its Roman fame and eminence ; but on the
termination of the heptarchy, Wincheder was regarded
as the capital of England.

It mud not however be forgotten, that the kingdom of
Northumbria, comprifing the regions north of the Hum¬
ber, exided till the year 950, under its peculiar fove-
reigns, the lad of whom was Eric: and that even Domef-
day-book, which was compiled in the time of William
the Conqueror, excludes the three counties of modem
Northumberland, Cumberland, and Wedmoreland, then
regarded as part of Scotland. Durham, the patrimony of
St. Cuthbert, is alfo omitted; and Lancaflrire is arranged
under the divifions of Yorkihire and Chefhire. The king¬
dom of Bernicia at one period extended to the Frith of
Forth ; but in the latter Saxon times the boundaries of
England on the north fell confiderably fliort of their pre¬
fent extent. On the wed, Ofla king of Mercia redricled
the Weld) by an extenfive barrier, the remains of which
are dill called Offa’s dyke. It extended from the river
Wye, along the counties of Hereford and Radnor into
that of Montgomery, where it enters North Wales. It
afterwards pafles by Chirk-cadle to the river Dee, and
ends in the pariffi of Mold.

Few alterations of any confequence appear to have been
made in the Norman period. The northern limits were
however extended to their prefent circuit. Cumberland
and Wedmoreland were wreded from the Scots, and the
provinces north of the Humber were completely incor¬
porated. On the wed, Henry I. about the year 1120,
having conquered a part of Wales, invited and eflablifhed
a Flemiffi colony in Pembrokefhire, and one or two others
of the mod fouthern counties, which afterwards became
remarkable for indudry ; a Angular fadt, and for that pe¬
riod a remarkable exertion of political wifdom. The fub-
fequent conqued of Wales by Edward 1. and its gradual
affimilation and aflbeiation with England, have been al¬
ready dated.

The population of England by the Celts, may be re¬
garded as its fird hidorical epoch. The fecond is formed
9 R by

N-

ENGLAND.

793

by the Belgic colonies ; who, perhaps about three cen¬
turies before the Chriftian era, feized the fouthern and
eaftern (hores, and advancing by degrees refiriCted the
Celts to the welt. The Belgic colonization of England
is important in many points of view, as cltablilhing the
.• primitive germ of the prefent Englilh nation, and as in¬
troducing agriculture, which was not praftifed by the
hunting and paltoral tribes of the Celts : nor is it impro¬
bable that fome of the fertile d i ft r i eft s of England have
known cultivation for the fpace of two thoufand years.
The third hiltorical epoch is the fubjugation of England
by Julius Caefar.

After a duration of four centuries, the Roman domina¬
tion yielded to that of the Saxons and Angles, nations
congenerous with the Bclgae. This revolution has inde¬
libly imprefled the name, character, language, laws, man¬
ners, and cuftoms, of the people; and forms the fourth
hiltorical epoch. The fifth commences with the fove-
reignty of the Danes, in the year 1016.

On the death of Edward the Confelfor, what is called
the epoch of the con quell of England, took place in 106 6.
As the Normans had been fettled in the north of France
for a long time, they introduced the French language
among people of rank, and even into legal procedure ; a
fervile badge, not even yet completely eradicated. The
great charter granted by king John at Runnymede, is de-
fervedly efteemed a memorable epoch of Englilh freedom.
And the civil wars between the houles of York and Lan-
calter, may be regarded as the eighth remarkable epoch.
Though deftrudtive of literature and the arts, they proved
the bane of a ferocious ariltocracy ; and eftablillied by de¬
grees the third balance of the Britilh conllitution, i. e. the
houfe of commons.

The reformation, by delivering the nation from the
heavy yoke of fuperftition, increafed the national ener¬
gies, and imparted freedom of thought, and a fpirit of in¬
dependence, to the individual character; which forms the
ninth remarkable epoch. The civil wars under Charles I.
form the tenth. The revolution under William III. and
the laws enafted upon that occafion, by the unchange¬
able eftablilhment of the proteftant religion, create the
eleventh epocha, which marks the acceffion of the houfe
of Hanover to the throne of Great Britain.

GOVERNMENT, CONSTITUTION, LAWS, and
RELIGION.

Tn almoft all the Hates of the world, the will of the
prince holds the place of law ; but it is the lingular hap-
pin'efs of the united kingdom of Great Britain, that the
legillative power is veiled foiefy in the parliament ; the
conitituent parts of which are the king, the houfe of lords,
and the houfe of commons. The king of Great-Britain,
though only one branch of the legiflature, is neverthelefs
;one of the greatelt monarchs reigning over a free people.
His perfon is facred in the eye of the law, which makes it
high treafon fo much as to imagine or intend his deafh ;
neither can he, in himfelf, be deemed guilty of any crime,
the law taking no cognizance of his actions, but only in
the perfons of his minifters, if they infringe the laws
of the land. As to his power, it is very great, though
he has no right to extend his prerogative beyond the
boundaries preferibed by the conllitution ; he can of
himfelf make no laws, nor raife taxes, nor a6t in oppofi-
tion to any of the laws ; but he can make war or peace ;
fend and receive ambaffkdors ; make treaties of league
and commerce ; levy armies, and fit out fleets, for the
defence of his kingdom, the annoyance of his enemies, or
the fupprellion of rebellions ; grant commiflions to his
officers both by lea and land, or revoke them at pleafure;
dtifpofe of all magazines, caftles, &c. ftimmon the parlia¬
ment to meet, and, when met, adjourn, prorogue, or dif-
fulve it, at pleafure ; refufe his affent to any bill, though
it had pafled both houfes ; which, confequently, by fuch
a refufal, has no more force than if it had never been
moved ; but this is a prerogative that the kings of Eng¬

land have very feldom ventured to exercife. He poflelTes
the right of choofing his own council ; of nominating all
the great officers of Hate, of the houfehold, and the
church; and, in fine, is the fountain of honour, from
whence all degrees of nobility and knighthood are de¬
rived. With all thefe prerogatives, as extenfive and nu¬
merous as ever were claimed by the molt abfolute mo¬
narch, yet, lince only a third branch of the legillative
authority exilts in the royal perfon, it is impoffible for
him to exercife an arbitrary will — he has indeed the pre¬
rogative of commanding armies and equipping fleets ;
but without the concurrence of his parliament he cannot
maintain them. He can bellow places and employments;
hut without his parliament he cannot pay the falaries at¬
tendant on them. He can declare war ; but without his
parliament it is impoffible for him to carry it on. In a
word, the royal prerogative, deftitute of the power of
impofmg taxes, and with only a fpecific revenue refult-
ing from the people, is like a valt body, which cannot of
itfelf accomplifh its motions ; or, it is like a fliip com¬
pletely equipped, but from which the parliament can at
pleafure d.raw off the water, and leave it aground — or fet
it afloat again, by granting the fupplies.

The parliament is affembled by the king’s writs, and its
fittings mult not be intermitted above three years. When
the three brandies are convened, they form the great cor¬
poration or body politic of jhe kingdom, of which the
king is Laid to be caput, principium , ct jinis. For upon their
coming together the king meets them, either in perfon,
or by reprefentation ; without which there can be no be¬
ginning of a parliament ; and he alio has alone the power
of diifolving them.

It is highly neceffary, for preferving the balance of the
conllitution, that the executive power fliould be a branch,
though not the whole, of the legiflature. The crown
cannot begin of itfelf any alterations in the prefent elta-
blifhed law ; but it may approve or difapprove of the
alteration fuggelted and contented to by the two houfes.
The legillative therefore cannot abridge the executive
power of any rights which it now has by law, without its
own confent : lince the law mult perpetually Hand as it
now does, unlefs all the powers will .agree to alter it.
And here indeed, confifls the true excellence of the Eng-
lifh conllitution, that all the parts of the government
form a mutual check upon each other. In the legifla¬
ture, the people are a check upon the nobility, and the no¬
bility a check upon the people ; by the mutual privilege
of rejecting what the other has refolved : while the king
is a check upon both, which preferves the executive
power from encroachments.

The lords fpiritual confilt of two archbtlhops and
twenty-four bilhops. The lords temporal confilt of all
the peers of the realm, the hilltops not being in ftridtnefs
held to be fuch, but merely lords of parliament. Some
of the peers fit by defeeut, as do all ancient peers ; fome
by creation, as do all the new-made ones : others, linc§
the union witlt Scotland and Ireland, by election. The
number of Englilh peers is indefinite, and may be increaf¬
ed at will by the power of the crown. A body of nobi¬
lity is more peculiarly neceflary in our mixed and com¬
pound conllitution, in order to fupport the rights of both
the crown and the people ; by forming a barrier to with-
ftand the encroachments of both. It creates and preferves
that gradual fcale of dignity, which proceeds from the
peafant to the prince ; riling like a pyramid from a broad
foundation, and diminilhing toa point as it afeends. The
nobility therefore are the pillars, which are reared from
among the people, more immediately to fupport the
throne ; and, if that falls, they mult alfo be buried under
its ruins. Accordingly, when in the feventeenrh century
the commons, under Cromwell, had determined to extir¬
pate monarchy, they alfo voted the houfe of lords to be
ufelefs and dangerous.

The commons confilt of all fuch men, of any property
in the kingdom, as have not feats in the houfe of lords ;

every

ENGLAND. 799

every one of which has a voice in parliament, either per- The houfe of commons confids alone of the reprefenta-
fonally, or by his reprefentatives. In a free (late, every fives of the people. Notwithftanding any place of dignity
man who is fuppofed a free agent, ought to be, in fome or trull allotted to particular members by the king, Hill
meafure, his own governor; and therefore a branch at they have no power to fit, unlefs deputed by the eledlors,
lead of the legidative power Ihould relide in the whole their condiments : and with a view to keep this franchife
body of the people. In fo large a date as that of Great for ever inviolate, the-wifdom of our ancedors laid it down
Britain, it is very wifely contrived, that the people Ihould as a fundamental law, that every member of the houfe of
do that by their reprefentatives which it is impracticable commons, accepting a place of trud or profit under the
to perform in perfon ; reprefentatives chofen by a num- king or the government, whereby his judgment or conduit
ber of minute and feparate didriCts, wherein all the votes might be liable to bias, Ihoukl to all intents and purpofes
are, or eafily may be, didinguifhed. The counties are vacate his feat in parliament, nor be fuffered to lit again,
therefore reprefented by knights, eleCted by the proprie- unlefs afterwards re-chofen by his condiments. To reftri'ft
tors of lands ; the cities and boroughs are reprefented by the tumult of popular election, it was enacted by Henry V I.
citizens and burgedes, chofen by the mercantile part, or that none diould vote for a knight of the dr ire, except
fuppofed trading intered, of the nation. The number ■ freeholders worth forty fhi 1 lings a-year, which at the pre-
of Englilh reprefentatives is 51 3 ; of Scots, 45 ; and of fent value of money may be computed at twenty or thirty
Iridi, 100; in all 658. And every member, though cho- pounds. It is lingular that copyholders were excluded,
fen by one particular didriCl, when elected and returned, The elections for the cities and boroughs, are regulated
ferves for the whole realm. For the end of his coming by their charters and cudoms. The commons form the
thither is not particular, but general; not merely to ferve grand inqueft of the realm, and may impeach or accufe
his condiments, but alfo the commonwealth, and to ad- the greated peers; but their chief privilege, and upon
vife his tnajedy, as appears from the writ of fummons. which their whole power depends, is the levying of mo-
Thefe are the condiment parts of a parliament, of which ney, in which they are defervedly fo jealous, that they
each is fo necellary, that the confent of all three is re- will not permit the fmalled alteration in a money-bill,
quired to make any new law that Ihould bind the fubjeCt ; This amounts to an almod abfolute veto on any public
and thefe condiment parts form what has been long called meafure, and efpecially on war. A fpeaker, or preiidenf,
the glorious constitution of Great Britain; the is chofen at the meeting of every new parliament ; an of-
fource and guardian of our liberties and properties, the fice which requires a competent knowledge of edablilhed
drong cement which binds the foundation and fuper- forms and ancient ufages of the houfe. ACts of parlia-
druCture of our government, and the wifely-concerted ment, which conditute the datute law of the kingdom,
balance, maintaining an equipoife, that no one part of may originate in either houfe ; but they commonly make
the three edates can overpower or diftrefs either of the their ftrlt appearance in the houfe of commons,
other two. To aflift the king in the more critical and important

Originally both the nobles and the commons met in tranfaftions of the date, a privy council is appointed,
one houfe; and as the greated national events often de- Under whatever form of monarchy, privy councils are
pend on chance, it is not impoffible that the mere incon- found to be coeval with the date. It is impodible for one
venience of not finding halls large enough for the whole man, however tranfeendent his abilities, to manage alone
parliament, might have occafioned the diviliob into two the multifarious bufinefs of the government. The mem-
lioufes, unknown in any other country, and which in fa 61; bers are chofon by the king; and on changes of admini-
may be regarded as the fird foundation of Englilh liberty, dration are feldom erafed, though entirely at the pleafure
The heufe of peers may be faid to have exided from the of the king. A privy council is feldom or never held vvitli-
earlied period of our hidory. Concerning the commons, out the prefence of at lead one of the fecretaries of date ;
authors are dilfentient, fome afierting that they formed a who, till the reign of Elizabeth, ufed to dand by the royal
part of the IVcttcna-ge-Mot, or alterably of fages ; and it is chair, but have fince been allowed to fit at the board,
not improbable that commoners of diftinguifhed ability The judicature of England is worthy of the higlied ap-
might have been admitted to that great council, which pTaufe, with regard to precifion and purity. It is, indeed,
confided principally of military chiefs. But it feems im- to be regretted, that the vaft number and confufion of the
probable that delegates front towns diould have been datutes, render the dudy of the laws peculiarly difficult,
then known, as the idea feems too complex for a rude and that the number of retainers on the courts of judice,
people ; nor have we any traces of it in our ancient re- (wells the expences of a fuit to ati enormous fum. But
cords. However this be, the prefent conditution of the hardly can a country be named on the face of the globe,
parliament of England, may certainly be traced to near in which judice, civil or criminal, is adminillered with
the middle of the thirteenth century ; but it remains un- more integrity: bribes, fo frequent in other countries, are
known at what precife time happened the important fepa- t-ot illy unknown ; and the faving of this expence ought
ration of the commons from the peers. to be candidly poifed again & other legal dilburlefnents.

The peeis of .England only require the full age of twen- The trial by jury is the mod glorious feature of Englilh
ty-one years, to become hereditary fenators in their feveral jurifprudenee, handed down from the Saxon times, and
degrees of duke, marquis, earl, vifeount, and baron, for- is jvrftly regarded1 as the fafeguard of the li ves, liberties,
merly created by inv-editnre, or fym'oolic forms, but lat- and properties,, of the nation. Its excellence has been
terly by patent. Every peer may appoint a proxy to vote refpetted by the D.milh and Norman conquerors; and, it
for him in the fenate, a privilege unknown to the commons, is hoped, will be venerated to the kited poderity.

In the houfe ot peers is placed the royal throne ; but the Tire laws of England in general, form a noble code for
monarch never attends, except at the meeting or proro- the prefervation of judice and equity. Englilh jurifpru-
gation of parliament, when he proceeds to- the houfe in deuce regards the c ivil code as a relic of defpotifm; and
great date ; the attendance of (he. commons is commanded, therefore rarely lideivs to the papal voice of the canon
who dand below the bar, and the king pronounces his law. The mod lingular ufages are what was termed
fpeech, ufua-Uy the compofition of the minifter. The ar- borough Englijh, by which the younged fon, or in defedt of
rangement of the houfe pf peers is well conceived, and ilfue, the younged brother, was to enjoy the heritage; as
produces a grand effeit. The wool-lacks upon which the it was to be prefumed that his elder brethren had learned
chancellor, and the judges when called for their advice, their father’s bufinefs. That of gavel-kind, is fcarcely
are feated, conditute a remarkable feature, fymbolac of known except in Kent, and has three branches : the heirs
the daple commodity of England. The appearance i.s yet male fhareall the land alike; each heir may fell or alienate
more magnificent, when the peers.fit as judges in Wed- at the age of fifteen ; and, though the father be attainted
minder-ball ; the great nefs of the perfons, and the fo- of trealon, the inheritance pa lies to the progeny. See
lemnity of the occaficns, exciting imprefiions of lingular thefe cudortjs and ufages under their refpedtive heads in
national fublimity. this work.

soo

ENGLAND.

Of the Englifit courts of law, the next in dignity to the
Tiotife of lords is the court of king’s bench, fo called be-
caufe the fovereign was underftood to judge in perfon,
&nd its jurifdiCt ion of courfe extends to the whole king¬
dom. The prefiding judge is denominated lord-chief-juf-
tice of England. Mere are chiefly determined what are
called pleas of the crown ; and appeals lie from feveral
other courts. The court of chancery judges caufes in
equity, to moderate the rigour of the law, and defend the
helplefs from oppreflion, and efpecially to extend relief
in three cafes; fraud, accident, and breach of truft. The
chancellof him (elf is the fupreme judge. The matter of
the rolls, or keeper of the important papers enrolled in
chancery, is an officer of great dignity, and confiderable
patronage. The office of the rolls contains the charters,
&c. granted by Richard III. and his fuccefiors ; thofe of
more remote antiquity being lodged in the Tower. The
court of common pleas judges, as the name imports, of
the common fuits between fubject and fufcjedt ; and tries
all civil caufes, real, per-fonal, or mingled, according to
the preeife precepts of the law. The court of exchequer,
fo termed from the ancient mode of accounting upon a
checquered board, decides all caufes relating to the royal
treafury or revenue. See the article Courts of Law,
vol. v. p. 297 — 306.

For the more commodious and general diftribution of
juftice, the kingdom is divided into li x circuits, which
are vifited by the judges in fpring and autumn, when
they fit and determine all caufes of ‘importance, civil and
criminal. See the article Circuit, vol. iv. p. 610.
The more minute cafes are determined by juftices of the
peace, who may' be traced as far back as the fourth year
of Edward III. Their office is chiefly to commit crimi¬
nals to prifon, and to infpect the execution of particular
laws, relating to the poor, highways, peace, decorum,
and orderly behaviour of alehoul'e-keep’ers, labourers,
artificers, &c. They have a commiffion under the great
feal, and the mod refpedtable are ftyled juftices of the
quorum, from the words in the commiffion, Quorum A. B.
unum cfle volumus. The cujlos rotulorum , or keeper of the
rolls, produces them at the quarter feflions, where the
juftices meet once in three months : the grand inqueft,
or jury of the county, is here fummoned, which en¬
quires concerning all crimes and mifdemeanours within
its jurifdiftion.

The office of ftieriff, or pnefeCt of the county, is to
execute the royal mandates, to impannel juries, to bring
perfons to trial, and to fee the fentences executed, to col¬
lect fines, and remit them to the exchequer, and to pre-
fefve the tranquillity of the (hire. On the circuits he
meets and attends the judges, with a gallant train of offi¬
cers and fervants. The ftieriffs are annually pricked with
a golden needle, by the king, out of a lift of fix gentlemen
of the county, drawn up by the judges.

The proteftant religion forms the eftablifhed dodtrine
of the church of England, founded upon a moft peculiar
bafts, and truly charadteriftic of a moderate and judicious
people. It is the only reformed church which has re¬
tained epifcopacy in its ancient fpler.dour : for though
bifhops may alfo be found in Denmark, Sweden, Norway,
&c. they are rather infp editors of the condudt of the cler¬
gy, and of the modes of education, than prelates endowed
with fenatorial rank and dignity. In England, on the
contrary, the bifhops are peers of parliament, and have
the ftyle and importance of nobility. Yet the creed of
the Englilh church is rather Calviniftic than Lutheran.
But the fpecial tenetsofthe Englilh church are fufficiently
explained in the thirty-nine articles.

The orders of biftiops, priefts, and deacons, compofe
the body of the Englilh clergy. Upon his difpute with
the pontiff, to avoid any claims whatever of fuperiority,
Henry VIII. aft’umed the title of fupreme head of the
national church, and iftiied feveral medallions with in-
feriptions in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, to commemorate
this new prerogative, which is, indeed, important, as it
blends the ecclefiaftic with the civil adminiftratjon, Next
2

in dignity and power to the king, are the archibiftiops of
Canterbury and York. The firft is ftyled primate of all
England, and precedes all perfons except the royal family.
The archbiftiop of York is alfo ftyled primate of England,
but in prerogative and jurifdidtion yields to the firft me¬
tropolitan. The archiepifcopal office is rather a dignity
than a jurifdiction, and the primates rarely interfere in
any diocefe except their own. They are appointed by
the king, in the fame manner as the biftiops, by what is
called a conge d’elire.

The hi (hops ordain deacon sand priefts, dedicate churches
and burial grounds, and adminitter confirmation. In for¬
mer times, epifcopal jurifdiftion extended to the licenfing
of phyficians, furgeons, and fchoolmafters, and to the
uniting of fmall parilhes. At prefent, it chiefly embraces
questions of births, marriages, deaths, and teftaments, and
any delinquencies of the clergy ; to which body, indeed,
their attention is now chiefly confined, and they rarely,
except in parliament, interfere in fecular fubjects. The
bifhop of Sodor and Man has no place in parliament.
All tiie other biftiops are barons, and peers of the realm,
by three different claims ; in right of the baronies attach¬
ed to their fees, as barons fummoned by writ, and as
barons by patent ; a form which accompanies their confe- *
cration. Their privileges approach the regal ; they arb
the foie judges in their own courts, and iftue writs in
their own names, not in the royal ftyle ufed by other
courts. 1 hey can depute their authority, which no
other judge can ; and their epifcopal power of conferring
orders, &c. may be exerted in any Chriftian country,
while lay peers are only acknowledged in the country
whence they derive their dignities. For the particular
functions and privileges of the archbilhops and biftiops,
and number of bifhoprics, with their value in the king’s
books, and the era of their foundation, fee vol. ii. p. 46,

47. Vol.iii.p.65 — 68. Vol. iv. p. 660. Vol. v. p.290,
3o/>, 629, and 833. _

Thofe who differ in tenets or forms from the eftablifhed
church of England, may, in general, be ftyled diffenters ;
though the term be more ftridlly applied to the prefby-
terians and independents. The other principal claffes of
diflidents, are the catholic?, methodiffs, quakers, ana-
baptifts, Swedenborgians, and Unitarians ; the laft clafs
deny the trinity, and believe only in one God. Upon the
whole, it muff be admitted as a ftriking feature of the
Englilh government, t hat as far as prtfSence and difere-
tion goes, after contemplating its political hiftory, it has
no dif'pofition to fetter'men’s minds, but allows an ample
toleration, and the free and uninterrupted exercife of
their religion, to diffenters of every kind.

ARMY and NAVY.

In a land of liberty it is extremely dangerous to make
a diftincf order of the profeffion of arms. In fuch no man
fltould take up arms, but with a view to defend his coun¬
try and its laws: he puts not off the citizen when he en¬
ters the camp ; but it is becaufe he is a citizen, and would
wiflt to continue fo, that he makes himfelf for a while a
foldier. The laws and conftitutions of thefe kingdoms
know no fuch date as that of a perpetual (landing foldier,
bred up to no other profeffion than that of war ; and it
was not till the reign of Henry VII. that the kings of
England had fo much as a guard about their perfons. It
Teems univerfally agreed by all hiftorians, that king Alfred
firft fettled a national mili.ia in this kingdom, and by his
prudent difeipline made all the fubjedls of his dominions
i'oldiers. See p.550. In the mean time we are not to ima*
gine that the kingdom was left wholly without defence, in
cafe of domeftic inl’urredlions, or the profpedt of foreign
invafions. Befides thofe, who, by their military tenures,
were bound to perform forty days fervice in the field, the
ftatute of Winchefter obliged every man, according to his
eftate and degree, to provide a determinate quantity of
Rich arms as were then in life, in order to keep the peace ;
and conftables were appdinted in all hundreds, to fee that
fu.ch arms were provided, Thefe weapons were changed

by

ENGL

by the ftatute 4 and 5 Philip and Mary, c. 2. into others
of more modern fervice : but both this and the former
provifions were repealed in the reign of James I. While
thefe continued in force, it was ufual, from time to time,
for our princes to blue coHimiflions of array, and fend into
every county officers in whom they could confide, tomuf-
ter and array (or let in military order) the inhabitants of
evcvy diftriCt ; and the form of the commiflion of array
was fettled in parliament in the 5th of Henry IV. But
at the fame time it was provided, that no man fhould be
compelled to go out of the kingdom at any rate ; nor out
of his {hire, but in cafes of urgent neceflity nor fiiould
provide foldiers unlefs by confent of parliament. About
the reign of king Henry VIII. lord-lieutenants began to
he introduced, as (landing reprefentatives of the crown, to
keep the counties in military order ; for we find them
mentioned as known officers in the ftatute 4 and 5 Philip
and Mary, c. 3. though they had not been then long in
ufe ; for Camden fpeaks of them in the time of queen
Elizabeth as extraordinary magiftrates, conllituted only
in times of difficulty and danger. Soon after the reftora-
tion of king Charles II. when the military tenures were
nboliffied, it was thought proper to afcertain the power
of the militia, to recognife the foie right of the crown to
govern and command them, and to put the whole into a
more regular method of military fubordination : and the
order in which the militia, now (lands by law, is princi¬
pally built upon the fiatutes which were then enabled.
It is true, the two lad of them are apparently repealed ;
but many of their provifions are re-enaCted, with the ad¬
dition of fome new regulations, by the prefent militia-
laws; the general fcheme of which, is to difeipline a
certain number of the inhabitants of every county, cliofen
by lot for three years, and officered by the lord-lieutenant,
the deputy lieutenants, and other principal land-holders,
under a commifiion from the crown. They are not com¬
pellable to march out of their counties, unlefs in cafe of
invafion, or aCtnal rebellion, nor in any cafe to be fent out
of the kingdom. They are to be excrcifed at (fated
times, and their difeipline in general is liberal and eafy ;
but, when drawn out into aCtnal fervice, they are 1'ubjeCt
to the rigours of martial law, as necefiary to keep them
in order. This is the confiitntional feenrity which our
laws have provided for the public peace, and for pro¬
tecting the realm againft foreign or domeftic violence,
and which the fiatutes declare, is effentially necefiary to
the fafety and profperity of the kingdom ; the militia,
however, cannot be called forth and embodied but by an
act of the legifiature.

But, as the fafiiion of keeping (landing armies has uni-
verl'ally prevailed over all Europe of late years, (though
fome of its potentates, being unable themfelves to main¬
tain them, are obliged to have recourfe to richer powers,
and receive fubfidiary penfions for that purpofe,) it has
al'fo for many years pad been annually judged necefiary
by our legifiature, for the fafety of the kingdom, the de¬
fence of the polfefiions of the crown of Great Britain,
and the prefervation of the balance of power in Europe,
to maintain, even in time of peace, a (landing body of
troops, under the command of the crown ; who are, how¬
ever, ipfoja&o, difoanded at the expiration of every year,
unlefs continued by parliament. The land forces of thefe
.kingdoms, in the time of peace, amount to about 40,000
men, including troopsand garrifons in Ireland, Gibraltar,
the Eaft Indies, and America ; but in time of war, there
have formerly been in Britifh pay, natives and foreigners,
above 150,000 ; and there have been in the pay of Great
Britain, fince the commencement of the prefent war,
139,000 men, befides 60,000 militia. To keep this body
of troops in order, an annual aCt of parliament pafles,
“ to punifli mutiny and defertion, and for the better pay¬
ment of the army and their quarters.” This regulates
the manner in which they are to be difperled among the
feveral innkeepers and victuallers throughout the king¬
dom ; a,nd eftablifties a law martial for their government.
Vol. VI. No. 392,

AND. soi

By this, among other things, it is enaCted, that if any
officer and foldier (hall excite or join in any mutiny, or
knowing of it filial 1 not give notice to the commanding-
officer ; or (hall defert, or lift in any other regiment, or
fieep upon his pod, or leave it before he is relieved, or
hold correfpondence with a rebel or enemy, or (trike or
life violence to his fuperior officer, or ffiall difobey his
lawful command ; fucli offender filial 1 fufter fuch punifli-
ment as a court-martial (hall infiiCt, though it extend to
death itfelf.

Officers and foldiers that have been in the king’s fervice,
are, by feveral fiatutes enacted at the clofe of feveral
wars, at liberty to life any trade or occupation they are
fit for, in any town of the kingdom, (except the two uni.
verfities,) notwithfianding any ftatute, cuftom, or char¬
ter, to the contrary. And foldiers, in aCtnal military
fervice, may make verbal wills, and difpofe of their
goods, wages, and other perfonal chattels, without thofe
forms, folemnities, and expences, which the law requires
in other cafes.

At the breaking out of the prefent war, an invafion of
this country by the French being daily expeCted, an aCl
was brought in for the defence of the kingdom, com¬
monly called the General Defence Act, by which all the
effective men were made liable to be called out in claffes,
enrolled, and exercifed in their pariffies, or othei wife, fo
as to be ready to march in cafe of aCtual invafion. But
the law was not aCted upon, in confequence of the pub¬
lic fpirit of the nation, which induced perfons to come
forward voluntarily , lo as to anfwer every intent required
by the defence aCt. The lifts however were made out,
in cafe it fiiould hereafter be necefiary to enforce the att;
and by the abftraCt laid before the houfe of commons, in
June, 1804, it appears that the following are the total

numbers of each clafs :

Number in 1 ft clafs effective . 552,619

- in 2d clafs effective ........ 138,752

- in 3d clafs effective . 315,653

- - in 4th clafs effective . 794,291

Voluntary fervice . 482,761

Army, marines, volunteer corps, fea fencibles . 176,780

Clergy, licenfed teachers, medical men, and

conftables . 29,878

Infirm . 118,322

Total 2,609,056

And in the houfe of commons, in the month of April,
1804, Mr. Addington, then chancellor of the exchequer,
dated our army in round numbers, as follows:

Regulars, including militia and cavalry . . . 184,000

Volunteers . 400,000

Total 584,000

The maritime (late is nearly related to the former;
though much more agreeable to the principles of out-
free conftitution. The royal navy of England hath ever
been its greateft defence and ornament ; it is its ancient
and natural ftrength ; the floating bulwark of the bland ;
an army, from which, however ftror.g and powerful, no
danger can ever be apprehended to liberty : and accord¬
ingly it has been affiduoully cultivated, even from the
earlieft ages. To fo much perfection was our naval repu¬
tation arrived in the twelfth century, that the code of
maritime laws, which are called the laws of Oleron, and
are received by all nations in Europe as the ground and
fubftruCtion of all the marine conftitutions, was confeff-
edly compiled by king Richard I. at the file of Oleron,
on the coaft of France, then part of the pofleffions of the
crown of England. And yet, fo vaftly inferior were our
anceftors in this point to the prefent age, that even in the
reign of queen Elizabeth, fir Edward Coke thinks it matter
of boaft that the royal navy of England then confided of
thirty-three ffiips. The prefent condition of our marine
is in great meafure owing to the falutary provifions of the
ftatute called the Navigation-aCt; whereby the conftant
9 S increafe

802

ENGLAND.

increafe of Englifh (hipping and feamen was not only en¬
couraged, but rendered unavoidably neceflary. The mod:
beneficial flatute for the trade and commerce of thefe
kingdoms, is that navigation aft ; the rudiments of which
were fil'd framed in 1650, partly with a narrow view ; being
intended to mortify the fugar iflands, which were difaf-
fefted to the parliament, and dill held on t for Charles II.
by dopping the gainful trade which they then carried on
with the Dutch ; and at the fame time to clip the wings
of thofe our opulent and afpiring neighbours. This pro¬
hibited all fhips of foreign nations from trading with any
Englifh plantations, without licence from the council of
date. In 1651, the prohibition was extended alfo to the
mother country ; and no goods were flittered to be im¬
ported into England, or any of its dependencies, in any
other than Englifh bottoms, or in the fhipsof that Euro¬
pean nation of which the merchandife imported was the
genuine growth or manufafture. At the redoration, the
former provifions were continued, By flatute 12 Charles II.
c. 18. with this very material improvement, that the maf-
ter, and three-fourths of the mariners, (hall alfo be Eng-
lidi fubjefts. The complement of feamen, in time of
peace, ufually bath amounted to 12 or 15,000. In time
of war, they have formerly amounted to 80,000 men;
and, after the commencement of the prefent war, they
amounted to 102,000 men, including marines, which was
2000 beyond the number voted by parliament.

This navy is commonly divided into three fquadrons ;
namely, the red, white, and blue, which are fo termed
from the differences of their colours. Each fquadron has
its admiral : but the admiral of the red fquadron has the
principal command of the whole, and isdyled vice-admi¬
ral of Great Britain. Subjeft to each admiral is alfo a
vice and rear admiral. But the fupreme command of our
naval force is, next to the king, in the lords commiffioners
of the admiralty. Notwithftanding our favourable fitua-
tion for a maritime power, it was not until the vaft arma¬
ment lent to fi^bdue us by Spain, in 1588, that the na¬
tion, by a vigorous effort, became fully fenfible of its
true interefl and natural ftrength, which it has fince fo
happily cultivated.

Many laws have been made for the fupply of the royal
navy with feamen; for their regulation when on board;
and to confer privileges and rewards on them, during
and after the fervice.

1. For their fupply. The power of imprefiing men,
for the fea fervice, by the king’s commilfion, has been a
matter of fome difpute, and fubmitted to with great re-
luftance ; though it hath very learnedly been (hewn by
fir Michael Forfter, that the praftice of imprefiing, and
granting powers to the admiralty for that purpofe, is of
very ancient date, and hath been uniformly continued
by a regular feries of precedents, to the prefent time ;
whence he concludes it to be a part of the common law.
The difficulty arifes from hence, that no flatute, or aft of
parliament, hasexprefsly declared this power to be in the
crown, though many of them very ftrongly imply it. It
lias alfo been fuppofed, that a pradtice fo unfavourable
to the liberty of the fubjeft,.and to common principles of
juftice and humanity, could not be folidly fupported with¬
out fome clear, pofitive, and unequivocal, law. Befiaes
this method of imprefiing, (which even if legal, is only
defenlible from public necellity, fuch as an aftual rebel¬
lion or invafion of the kingdom, to which all private con-
liderations mult give way,) the principal trading cities,
and fome.times the government, offer bounty money to
feamen who enter voluntarily into his majetty’s fervice ;
and every foreign feamen who, during a war, (hall ferve
two years in any man of war, merchantman, or privateer,
is naturalized ipfofaBo.

2. The method of ordering feamen in the royal fleet,
and keeping up a regular difeipline there, is direfted by
certain exprefs rules, articles, and orders, firft enadled by

the authority of parliament, foon after the redoration ; but
new modelled and altered fince the peace of Aix la Cha-
pelle, to remedy fome defect- which were of fatal confe-
quence in condufting the preceding war. In thefe arti¬
cles of the navy, almod every poffible offence is fet down,
and the punifliment thereof annexed ; in which refpeft the
feamen have much the advantage over their brethren in
the land fervice, whofe articles of war are not enafted by
parliament, but framed from time to time at the pleafure
of the crown.

3. With regard to the privileges conferred on bailors,
they are pretty much the fame with thofe conferred on
foldiers ; with regard to relief, when maimed, or wound¬
ed, or fuperannuated, it is afforded them either by county
rates, or from the royal hofpital at Greenwich ; they are
alfo allowed the exercife of trades in corporations, and the
power of making teftaments ; and, fmther, no feamen
on-board his majefty’s fhips can be arrefted for any debt,
unlefs the fame be fworn to amount to at lead twenty
pounds; though, by the annual mutiny aft, a foldier may¬
be arretted for a debt which extends to half that value,
but not for lefs amount.

We (hall clofe this account of the military and mari¬
time ftrength of England or rather of Great Britain, by
obferving, that though fea officers and failors are fubjeft:
to a perpetual aft of parliament, which anfwers the an¬
nual military aft, that is patted for the government of the
army, yet neither of thofe bodies are exempted from legal
juriidiftion in civil or criminal cafes, but in a few in-
ftances of no great moment. The foldiers, particularly,
may be called upon by a civil magittrate to enable him
to preferve the peace againft all attempts to break it. The
military officer, who commands the foldiers on thofe oc-
cafinns, is to take his directions from the magittrate ;
and both he and they, if their proceedings are regular,
are indemnified againft all confequences, be they ever fo
fatal. Thofe civil rnagiftrates who underftand the prin¬
ciples of the conftitution, are, however, extremely cau¬
tious in calling for the military on thefe occufions, or
upon any commotion whatever : and, indeed witlt good
reafon ; for, the frequent employment of the military
power, in a free government, is exceedingly dangerous,
and cannot be guarded againft with two much caution.

The following is a ftatement of the numbers and dif-
tribution of the Britifh naval force, in Auguft, 1804,
exclufive of the hired armed veflels, which are chiefly
employed in protecting the coafting trade.

Line.

50 to
44.

Fri¬

gates

Sips,

&c.

fotai

I I

4

26

69

I 10

6

3

7

4

20

3 1

2

26

72

131.

*3

5

20

11 s

153

2

2

14

23

41

6

O

10

21

37

O

2

5

I

8

9

3

9

7

28

O

0

1

I

2

4

0

I

3

8

I 2

0

1 5

14

4i

I 2

I

3

O

1 6

106

22

137

330

595

5

2

5

0

1 2

10

3

5

5

23

51

I I

44

19

15

O

23

48

86

iS 7

38

214

402

341

In Port and fitting .

Guard-fhips .

In the Englifh & I rifh Channels
On the Downs and North-Sea

Stations .

At the Weft-India Illands, and

on the Paflage .

On the Jamaica Station . .
American and Newfoundland

Stations .

Cape of Good Hope, Eaft In¬
dies, and on the Paffage . .

Coaft of Africa . .

Spain, Portugal, & Gibraltar
Mediterranean, and on Paifage
Hofpital and Prifon Ships .

Total in Commiflion

Receiving Ships .

Serviceable, and repairing for

Service .

In Ordinary .

Building .

Totals

COMMERCE.

803

ENGLAND.

COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, PUBLIC RE-
VENUE, and PRESENT STATE.

It was not till the reign of queen Elizabeth, that the
commerce of England firff began to make a figure in the
trade of Europe. In the fecund year of her reign, the
queen can led gunpowder to be made in England, which,
till this time, had been fupplied by the German Steel¬
yard company ; (lie alfo can fed brafs and iron ordnance
to be caft, and built a conliderable number of fhipsof war,
forming the mofl important fleet that England had ever
feen; lhjTomuch, that foreigners ftyled her “ the refterer
of naval glory, and queen of the northern feas.” Her
wealthieft merchants alfo, after her example, began to
build (hips with great alacrity ; and,- on any emergency,
readily joined them with the national fleet, which enabled
her to fend out twenty thoufand fighting men for fea fer-
vice. AmidCt this profperity, it was no fmall mortifica¬
tion to the queen, that, having no military (lores of her
own production, (lie was dill neceflitated to obtain them
of the German Steel. yard merchants, at their own prices,
there being then but few Englifli merchants dealing in
that way ; and this was one of her greateft inducements
for encouraging commercial companies amongft her own
fubjeifis. To (hew that this period was but the dawning
of the day of Britifli commerce, we may here remark, that
queen Elizabeth, in the third year of her reign, was pre-
fented, by her (ilk Woman, Mrs. Montague, with a pair
of black knit fiik (lockings, the fir(l of the fort known in
England ; and thenceforth (lie never wore cloth ones any
more. Dr. Howell, in his Iliflory of the World, relates,
that Henry VIII. that magnificent and expenfive prince,
generally wore cloth hofe, except there came front Spain,
by great chance, a pair of filk ftockings ; for Spain very
early abounded in filk. His fon, Edward VI. was pre-
fented with a pair of long Spanifh filk (lockings by fir
Thomas Grefham ; and the prefent was much taken no¬
tice of at court. From henceforward, not only trade and
commerce, but every fpecies of domefiic convenience and
national advantage, was wifely and liberally promoted.
The manufacture of alum was alfo, in 1608, firfl invented,
and fuccefsfully praCtifed in England, under the pa-tronage
of James I. by lord Sheffield and fir John Bourchier, who
opened manu factories of this article in Yorkfltire, and
warehoufes in London, which were greatly encouraged by
government. The king alfo, in 1610, built the larged
and fined (hip of war, that ever England had before feen,
carrying fixty-four cannon, and of fourteen hundred tons
burthen. Thus, we may in part fee, by what gradual
Heps the royal- navy of England arrived at its present, mag¬
nitude and grandeur.

The commerce of the world being in perpetual fluctua¬
tion, we can never be too watchful, not only for preferv-
ing the invaluable portion we are now in polfeffion of, but
for availing ourfelves of the midakes or negligences of
other nations, in order to acquire new branches of it. See
the article Commerce, vol. iv. p. 856. Who could have
imagined, three hundred years ago, that thofe ports of
the Levant, from whence, by means of the Venetians,
England, and almod all -the red of Chridendom, were
fupplied with the fpices, drugs, &c. of India and China,
(hould one day come themfelves to be fupplied with thofe
very articles by the remote countries of England and Hol¬
land, at an eafier rate than they were ufed to have them
direCtly from the ead? or, that Venice (hould afterwards
Jofe to Lifbon the lucrative trade of fupplying tite red of
Europe with them? or, ladly, that Lifbon (hould after¬
wards lofe the fame to Amderdam: or that Amderdam
and Haerlem (hould gradually lofe, as in great part they
have done, their famous fine linen manufactures to Ire¬
land and Scotland? At prefent, our w-oollen manufacture
is the nobled in the univerfe; and fecond to it is our me- ’
tallic manufacture of iron, (teel, tin, copper, lead, and
brafs, which is fuppofed to employ upwards of half a
million of people. Our unmanufactured wool alone, of
one year’s produce or growth, has been lately edimated
to be worth two millions of money llerling ; and, when

manufactured it is valued at fix millions more, and is
thought to employ upwards of a million of our people in
its manufacture ; whereas in former times all our wool
was exported to foreign countries unmanufactured, and
our own people remained at home unemployed.

Our trade to the Ead Indies alone, conditutes one of
the mod dupendous political, as well as commercial mar
chines, that is to be met witli in hidory. The trade it-
felf is exclufive, and lodged in a company, which has a
temporary monopoly of it, in confideration of money ad¬
vanced to tlie government. See East-India Company,
vol. iv. p. 875. Without entering into the hidory of the
trade, and the company’s concerns in that country, it is
fufficient to fay, that, befides their fettlements- on the
coad of the peninfula of Alia, which they enjoy under
certain reft fictions by aft of parliament ; they have, through
the various internal revolutions which have happened in
Hindoodan, and tiie ambition or avarice of their fervants
and officers, acquired fuch territorial poireffions, as render
them the mod formidable commercial republic (for fo
it may be called in its prefent fituation) that has been
known in the world fince the demolition of Carthage. For
tlie Britifh arms have lately been carried by generals Wel-
lelley and Lake, further than ever Alexander the Great
penetrated in India. Thefe happy fuccedes were follow¬
ed by a peace figned between the Ead India company
and the rajah of Berar, on the 17th of December, 1803 ;
and with the chief of the Mahrattas on the 30th of the
fame month.

The manufactures and commerce of England at the
prefent day, form fo extenfive an income to the nation at
large, and produce fuch a condderable revenue by the
cudoms and excife, that the unparalleled profperity of the
government feems to have arifen in great meafure from
this unbounded' fource of wealth. Whenever money is
wanted by the minider, the commercial men are applied
to ; and thefe monied men, as they are called, have it always
ready to advance ; be the millions what they may, of
which 'the loan confids ; an evident proof of the riches
dill acquired by individuals from trade and commerce, in
fpite of the heavy duties and taxes with which they are
burthened. -To trace the origin of our commerce, we
mud obferve, that the earlied daple commodity of Eng¬
land was tin, a metal rarely found in other countries!
The Phoenicians at a very remote era fil'd introduced it
into commerce, and their extenfive trade foon ditfufed it
among the Oriental nations. Tlie Romans, upon their
conqued of thefe regions, did not neglect this fource of
wealth ; but as Cornwall was not conquered by the
Anglo-Saxons till the reign of Atheldan, we know not
whether the Cornifh Brifons carried on any condderable
traffic in this commodity, though it is probable that it
was at lead exchanged for the wines of France. The fin-
gularity and importance of this fird national daple, has not
been diffidently noticed by the Englifli hidorians. Wool
had been regarded -as the grand daple of England, as
early as tlie twelfth century, but was chiefly exported in
a crude date, till Edward 111. encouraged fettlements of
Flemiffi manufacturers. Wool then became the dandard
of private property, and the prime article of commerce.
Taxes and foreign fubfidies were edimated by lacks of
this commodity. Great quantities of raw wool continued
to be exported to the Netherlands and Hanfe Towns ; but
queen Elizabeth caufed it to be chiefly manufactured at
home, and the exportation of woollen cloths was then
valued at a million and a half annually.

I11 recent times, tlie manufactures of iron and copper,
as native minerals, have become great fources of national
wealth ; nor fhculd the new and extenfive exportation of
elegant porcelain be forgotten. The cotton manufacture
is ditfufed far and wide, forming a grand fource of national
induftry and profperity. That of linen is not lo much
cultivated in England as in Ireland and Scotland ; though
nature would rather demand that flax fliould be more
cultivated in this fertile country, while (heep and wool
were reftriCted to the alpine pafturesof Scotland. 'Die
* 2 manufactures

804

ENGL

manufactures of glafs and fine (teel, clocks, watches, &c.
are defervedly eminent and extenlive. As the nation is
indebted to Wedgcwood for converting clay into gold, fo
to the engraving artifls we owe another elegant branch
of modern exportation, that of beautiful prints.

The Engli(l) manufactures, in their prefent (late, are
eflimated at the annual value of 63,600,0001. and are fup-
pofed to employ 1,585,000 perfons. Of thefe the wool¬
len manufacture is fuppofed to yield in round films,
15,000,0001. the leather 10, 000, cool, the iron, tin, and
lead io,ooo,oool. the cotton 9,000,0001. The other chief
manufactures, which yield from 1 to 4,ooo,oool. may be
thus arranged, according to their confequence, fteel,
plating, &x. copper and brafs, filk, potteries, linen and
flax, hemp, glafs, paper.

The commerce of England, in the prefent period, may
be faid to extend to every region of the globe. It was
conceived that the defection of the American colonies,
would have proved detrimental in this view ; but the
commercial conl'equences have been more beneficial ;
which ftrongly proves the afl'ertion.of Dr. Adam Smith,
“ that a free trade is ever molt productive.” The trade
with the Welt Indies furnilhes another grand refource ;
while that with the ealtern world would have altoniflied
the molt celebrated trading cities of antiquity. The fol¬
lowing Table will prefent a more complete epitome of the
fubject, than could otherwife be conveyed. !t Ihews, at
one view, the progrellive increafe of the Exports and Im.
ports of Great Britain for the whole of the la It century.

YEARS.

a IMPORTS.
£. s .

d.

EXPORTS.
£. s.

if.

I7OO

5)97°; 1 75 i 1

[O

7,302,716

8

7

I 7OI

5,869,606 9 ;

[0

7,621,053

6

5

I 702

4,i59>3°4 16

0

5,235,874

0

5

1703

4>52(5>596 1 1

1

6,644,103

6

0

1704

5,383,200 16

5

6,552,019

18

2

1 7°5

4,031,649 14 :

[O

5,501,677

1 1

2

1 706

4.H3.933 3

3

6,512,086

17

1

1707

4.274,055 10

4

6,767,178

8

6

1708

4,698,663 11

8

6,969,089

19

1

1709

4,510,593

8

6,6 27,045

i,7

6

1710

4,011,341 7

4

6,690,828

15

2

1 7 1 1

4,685,785 17

7

6,447,170

16

3

1712

4,454,682 11

6

7,468,857

5

1

I7I3

5,811,077 16

6

7,352,655

1 2

2

1714

5,929,227 0

8

8,361,638

3

3

1715

5,640,943 16

5

7,379>409

0

8

1716

5,800,258 7

8

7,614,085

6

1 1

1717

6,346,768 1

6

9,147,700

2

4

1718

6,669,390 1

1

8,255,302

14

5

I719

5,367,499 8

3

7,709,528

1

7

1720

6,090,083 15

1

7,936,728

16

6

1721

5,768,510 16

7

8,681,200

i7

4

1722

6,378,098 19

1

9,650,789 17

10

1723

6,505,676 6

8

9,489,81 1

16

7

1724

7,394,405 2

5

9,i43>356

1 2

7

1725

7,094,708 8

6

11,352,480

1 1

4

1726

6,677,865 13

' 4

9,406,731

10

10

1727

6,798,908 4

2

9,553,043

18

3

1728

7,569, 299 1

9

11,631,383

1

1 1

1729

7,540,620 10

5

n,475,77i

16

8

1730

7,780,019 9

2

n,974,i35

14

1 1

I73i

6,991,500 3

1 1

11,167,380

1 1 ,786,658

10

6

1732

7,087,914 5

0

13

0

1733

8,016,814 2

2

u,777,3o6

6

7

1734

7,095,861 8

4

1 1 ,000,645

2

2

1735

8,160,184 0

1 1

13,544,144

7

0

1736

7,307,966 12

10

1 1,616,356

10

2

1737

7, °73, 638 3

6

1 1,842,320

17

0

X738

7,438,960 4

7

12,289,495

7

1

1739

7,829,373 8

1 1

9,495,366

14

3

1740

6,703,778 10

6

8,869,939

15

5

1741

7, 936, 0S4 18

7

11,469,872

8

2

1742

6,866,864 13

0

11,584,427

2

4

1743

7,802,353 6

6

14,623,653

9

6

1744

6,3 62,971 6

6

1 1,429,628

10

.3

A N

D.

YEARS.

IMPORTS,

EXPORTS.

£■ 5. .

i.

£•

5.

d.

1745

7,847,123 3

3

10,497,329 17

0

1746

6,205,687 15

8

11,360,792 16

2

1747

7,116,757 5

6

1 1,442,049

I

6

1748

8,136,408 19

6

12,351,433 :

[ 2 1

L I

1749

7,917,804 10

4

14,099,366

I I

O

1750

7,772,039 12

5

15,132,004

3

X

1751

7,943,436 4

5

13,967,811

8

7

1752

7,889,369 9

3

13,221,116

3 3

1 I

1753

8,625,029 4

3

14,264,6 14

3 :

I I

1754

8,093,472 15

O

I3,396,853

9

7

1755

8,772,865 2

IO

12,182,255

17

6

1756

7,961,603 8

IO

12,517,640

8

3

1757

9, 253> 3i7 14

9

13,438,285

I

0

1758

8,415,025 4

IO

i5,°34,994

IO

7

1759

8,922,976 1

4

14,696,892

7

I

1760

9,832,802 11

I

i5,579>°73

O -

5

1761

9,543,901 14

4

16,365,953

O

7

I 762

8,870,234 14

3

I4,i34,093

3

6

1763

11,665,036 0

9

16,160, 181

l6

3

1764

10,364,307 12

3

16,512,403

l6

3

1765

10,889,742 13

10

14,550,507

I

S

I 766

n,475,775 5

8

14,024,964

2

8

1767

12,073,9 56 0

I I

I3,844,5ii

I *

1 768

11,878,661 2

7

i5,h7,9S2

l6

I

1769

11,908,560 16

5

13,438,236

6

I I

1770

12,216,937 14

3

14,266,653

17

5

1771

12,821,995 16

9

17,161,146

14

2

1772

14,508,715 16

9

18,732,379

5

8

1773

12,522,643 7

O

16,654,052

5

8

1774

14,548,902 16

I

17,607,447

4

O

1775

14,816,955 17

2

16,946,523

18

4

1776

12,449,189 17

I I

15,685,107

l6

7

1777

12,643,834 7

8

14,152,243

6

I

1778

10,975,533 r

O

12,375,712

I 2

I I

1779

11,435,263 13

5

13,597,771

4

2

1780

11,714,967 7

I I

13 689,073

12

6

1781

12,723,613 16

I

1 1,470,388

14

8

1782

10,341,628 15

6

13,224,637

IO

I I

1783

13,122,235 7

'6

i5>450>778

I 2

9

1784

15,272,802 0

3

14,961,074

I I

9

1785

16,279,490 1

6

16,770,239

7

9

1786

15,786,072 7

5

16,300,730

I 2

5

1787.

17,804,024 16

I

18,296,166

I 2

I I

1790

19,130,886 0

O

20,120,121

O

O

1791

19,669,782 13

7

22,731,995

7

3

1792

i9>659,358 6

7

24,905,200

3

5

1793

I9>256,7i7 9

8

20,390, 180

6

IO

1794

22,288,894 0

5

26,748,083

8

IO

1795

27,270,553

2

5

1796

30,424,184

O

O

1797

21,013,000 0

0

28,91 7,000

O

O

1799

25,000,000 0

0

33,000,000

O

O

1800

29,925,000 0

0.

39,471,203

O

0

1801

30,000,000 0

0

44,770,354

0

O

1802

30,300,000 0

0

48,500,663

O

0

The net produce of the Duties of Cultoms, for three
years, ending the 5th of January, 1802, was as follows:

1799 £8,556,598 8 3A

1800 8,125,036 19 5

1801 8,804,226 4 11

The aggregate value of goods import¬
ed into London in one year . . . £29,706,476 17 4

Bririlh manufactures exported .... 11,396, 539 r3 8

Foreign merchandize do . 14,208,925 14 6

Value of goods imported in upwards
of 9000 coafting vefiels, averaged at

500I. each . 4,500,000 o o

Value of goods exported coaltways in

about 7000ve(Iels, at 1000I. each . 7,000,000 o o

Total amount of property Ihipped and
unihipped in the river Thames,
in the courfe of a year, is thus elti-
matedat . ........... . £66,811,942 5 6

If

S05

ENGLAND.

If to this eftimate be added thofe of the ports of Liver¬
pool, Briftol, See. how enormous mu ft be the amount !

On the introduction of the income tax, in the year
1798, Mr. Pitt gave the following eftimate of the annual
rental of Great Britain :

The land rental, after deducting one-fifth . £ 20,000,000
Tenant’s rental of land, deducting two-thirds

of the rack-rent . 6,000,000

Amount of tythes, deducting one-fifth .... 4,000,000
Produce of mines, canal navigation, See. de.

duCting one-fifth . 3,000,000

Rental of houfes, deducting one-fifth .... 5,000,000

Profits of profeffions . 2,000,000

Rental of Scotland, taking it at one-eighth of

that of England . 5,000,000

Income of perfons refident in Great-Britain,

drawn from poffeffions beyond the feas . . 5,000,000

Amount of annuities from the public funds,
after deducting one-fifth for exemptions and

modifications . 12,000,000

Profits on the capital employed in our foreign

commerce . 12,000,000

Profits on the capital in domeftic trade, and

the profits of Ikill and induftry . 28,000,000

Total ^102,000,000

By others, the landed property of Great Britain has
been computed at the rental of 33,000,0001. which, at
thirty years purchafe, would yield 990,000,0001. ; the
rental of houfes in England and Wales, ai 7, 436,000k
and eftimating that of Scotland at abouta fixth, the value
at fifteen years purchafe, might be about 130,000,0001.
The cattle and farming-ftock, about ioo.ooo.oool. the
furniture, apparel, &c. 26,000,000!. The navy and mer-
chant-lhips have been valued at 16,000,000! . ; the goods
in the hands of merchants and wholefale dealers, more
than 13,000,0001. and thofe in the hands of manufacturers
and retail traders, more than 22,000,0001. Including the
money, of which the eftimate is far from certain, the
whole capital of Great Britain may be calculated at more
than one thoufand two hundred millions. In the begin¬
ning of the eighteenth century, Gregory King eftimated
the value of England and Wales at 650,000,0001. MS.
Harl. No. 1,898. Againft the preceding rental and total
valuation, is to be placed the national debt, which is now
{July. 1804,) 484,162,6221. 7s. 3|d.

The national debt, is the principal money due from the
government to the public, borrowed through the medium
of the joint ftock companies, to anfwer the immediate
exigencies of the ftate. In order to trace the origin of
this debt, we muft recollect, that after the revolution,
when our new connections with Europe introduced a new
fyftem of foreign politics, the expences of the nation, not
only in fettling the new eftablithment, but in maintaining
long wars, as principals, on the continent, for the fecurity
of the Dutch barrier, reducing the French monarchy,
fettling the Spanifh fucceflion, fupporting the Ivoufe of
Auftria, maintaining the liberties of the Germanic body,
and other purpofes, increafed to an unufual degree ; in-
fomuch that it was not thought advifeable to 1'aife all the
expences of any one year by taxes to be levied within that
year, left the unaccii domed weight of them lhauld crufh
the people. It was therefore the bad policy of the times,
to mortgage the revenues of their pofterity, by borrowing
immenfe fums for the current fervice of the ftate, and to
lay no more taxes upon the fubjeCt than would fuffice to
pay the annual intereft of the fums fo borrowed j by this
means converting the principal debt into a new fpecies of
property, transferable from one man to another, at any
time, and in any quantity. A fyftem which feems to
have had its origin in the ftate of Florence, A. D. 1344;
which government then owed about 6o,oool. llerling ;
and, being unable to pay it, formed the principal into an
aggregate fum, called metaphorically, a nnpunt or bank j
Vol. VI. No. 393.

the fhares whereof were transferable like our ftock. This
laid the foundation of what is called the national debt :
and the example then fet, has been fo clofely followed
during the long war's in the reign of queen Anne, and (ince
her time to the prefent, that its amount is become a moft
enormous fum. In order that every reader may form a
competent idea of this interefting fubjeCt, we Ihall ftate
its progrefs.

In the year 1740, immediately before the com¬
mencement of the war, the principal money
of the national debt amounted to .... ^46, 382, 650

In 1749, immediately after the war . 78,166,906

Diminiftied by the peace from 1749 to 1755 . 3,089,641

Amount at the beginning of the war, in 1755 75,077,264
At the termination of that war, in 1 763 . . 122,603,336

In the year 1786, it was . 266,755,203

In 1793 . 227,989,000

I n 1 80 exclufive of imperial loan, &c. . . 400,709,000

In July, 1804 . 481,162,622

The intereft of which is 16,045,6911. annually.

The certain revenues of the kings of England, were
anciently greater than thofe of any king in Europe ; and
till the time of the civil wars, they enjoyed in domains
and fee-farm rents almoft enough to difeharge all the or¬
dinary expences of the crown, without any tax or irnpo-
fition on the fubjeCt. The revenues which the Britilh
conftitution hath veiled in the royal perfon, in order to
fupport his dignity, and maintain his power, are either
ordinary or extraordinary ; and of the ordinary revenues
there are four of an ecclefiaftical kind: as, 1. The cuf-
tody of the temporalities of vacant bifhoprics ; from
which he receives little or no advantage. 2. Corodies
and penfions, formerly arifing from allowances of meat,
drink, and clothing, due to the king from an abbey or
monaftery, and which he generally bellowed upon favou¬
rite fervants ; and his fending one of his chaplains to be
maintained by the bilhop, or to have a penfion bellowed
upon him till the bilhop promoted him to a benefice.
Tliefe corodies are due of common right, but are now
difufed. 3. Extra-parochial tithes. 4. The firft fruits
and tenths of benefices. At prefent, fuch has been the
bounty of the crown to the church, that thofe- four
branches afford little or no revenue. The king’s ordinary
temporal revenue confifts in, x. The demefne lands of the
crown, which at prefent are contraifled within a narrow
corripafs. 2. The hereditary excife; being part of the
confideration for the purchafe of his feudal profits, and
the prerogatives of purveyance and pre-emption. 3. An
annual fum iffuing from the duty on wine licences ; being
the refidue of the fame confideration. 4. His forefts.
5. His courts of juftice, &c. Such is the king’s ordinary
revenue, or the proper patrimony of the crown, which
was formerly of a magnitude truly formidable ; but, for¬
tunately for the liberty of the fubjeCt, this hereditary
landed revenue is now funk almoft to nothing ; and the
cafual profits, arifing from the other branches of the
cenfus regalis, are likewife moll of them alienated from the
crown. In order to fupp.ly.the deficiencies of which,
we have now recourfe to methods of railing money, which
conftitute the king’s extraordinary revenue ; which are
called by the fynonymous names of aids, fublidies, .fup-
plies, &c. and are granted by the commons of Great
Britain in parliament affembled ; and that part which goes
to the maintenance of the royal perfon, with all its con¬
tingencies, is called the civil lijl. Thefe contingent ex--
pences are. all thofe which in any. Ihap.e relate to civil
government ; fuch as the expences of the houfehold, all
falaries to officers of ftate, to the judges, and every one
of the king’s fervants ; the appointments to foreign am-
baffadors, the maintenance of the queen and royal family,,
the king’s private expences, or privy purfe, and other
very numerous out-goings as fecret fervice-money, pen¬
fions, and other gratuities. Hence the civil lijl. is properly
the whole of the king’s revenue in his own diliinCt capa-
9 T city ;

SQC)

ENGL

N I).

city ; the reft being rather the revenue of the nation ;
ieeing his prefent majedy, foon after his acceflion to the
throne, fpontaneoudy refigmed his own hereditary re¬
venues into the hands of the public, and accepted in lieu
of them the fpecific fumof Boo,oool. per annum ; fo that
tiie hereditary revenues are now curried into, and made
part of the annual income of the country ; and as 8oo,oodl. '
was found barely fufficient to flip port the (late and dignity
of the fovereign, an additional ioo,oool. has fince been
added to it ; fo that the 'civil lift, or income of the king,
is now gso,oool. per annum, which is always provided in
the annual taxes and fupplies. The annual taxes are,
i. The land tax, or the ancient fubfidy raided upon a new
adelAnent. 2. The malt tax, being an annual excife upon
rualt, mum, cyder, and perry. The perpetual taxes are,
1. The cuftoms, or tonnage and poundage of all mer¬
chandize exported or imported. 2. The excife duty,
or inland impofition, on a great variety of commodities.
3. The fait duty. 4. The pod-office, or duty for the
carriage of letters. 5 The damp duty on paper, parch¬
ment, &c. 6. The duty on houfes and windows. 7. The

duty on licences for hackney coaches and chairs. 8. Tiie
duty on oRices and pennons ; with a variety of new .taxes
fince impofed. The clear net produce of thefe feveral
branches of the revenue, old and new taxes, after all
charges of collecting and management paid, is called The
annual re-venue of the nation , out of which is paid the intered
of the different docks compofing the national debt, the
civil lid, the navy, ordnance, and army expenditures, and
every other fpecies of claim that can be made upon the
the public. To illudrate this fubjeCt more extendvely,
we have fubjoined the following cffrreCt datement of the
annual income of the nation, calculated from the average
of feven years receipts and difburfements, as delivered
in by the feleCt committee of finance, to the houfe of
commons.

The Income, or net produce of the permanent taxes ,
(excludve of land and malt,) exiding previous to 5th
January, 1793, was,

, In the year ending 5th January, 1793
on 3th January, 1794
on 5th January, 1795
on 5th January, 1796
on 5th January, 1797
on 3th January, 1798
, on 5th January, 1799

on 3th January, jSoo
on 3th January, 1801
on 3th January, 1802
on 5th January, 1803
-and on 3th January, 1804
The total net produce of the permanent taxes, in the
year ending 5th January, 3803, amounted to 28,246,681].
and, on the 3th January, 1804, the total net produce of
the permanent taxes amounted to 30,754,724!. Add to
either of thefe Aims 2,750,000!. for the annual taxes of
land and malt, and the income or revenue of the nation
for that year will be teen.

Recapitulation refpeCling the Confolidated Fund, and
the net produce of the Permanent Taxes of Great Britain,
for the year 1804, from Mr. Pitt’s financial datements in
July, 1804.

Total Income of the Confolidated
Fund, in the year ended 5th Jan.

1804, was . . .

Total of the aftual Payments out of
the Confolidated Fund, for the year
ended 5th Jan. 1804, was ....

The future Annual Charge upon that
Fund, as it Rood on the 5th Jan.

£• s‘

33,862,961 15

£» •

28,246,6s 1

The Total Amount of the net Pro¬
duce of Permanent Taxes, in the
year ended 5th Jan. 1803 ....

Ditto, ditto, in the year ended 5th

Jan. 1804 . 30,754>7°o

Total of the Capital redeemed by
the Commiflioners for liquidating
the National Debt of Great B;i-

/. d

o o

Feb. 1804 . . f .

77,698,467

0

0

For which redemption the total of
Aims paid was .

49>243>965

10

8

Total of Debt unredeemed id Feb.
3804 .

484,162,622

7

3|

Total of Sums annually applicable to
the reduction of the Public Debt
of Great Britain .

6,851,192

0

0

Total Amount of the Public Debt
of Ireland redeemed to the id Feb.

. 3804 .

1, 595,67!

0

0

Total Sums paid for its Redemption

983,63 1

6

9

Total unredeemed id Feb. 1804 . .

4.^000,000

O

0

On the 20th of June 1804, it was . .

5 2, 500,000

O

0

Total Sums annually applicable to
reduction of ditto .

305,230

I

10

Total Amount of the Imperial Debt
l'edeemed, id Feb. 1804 .

459,828

O

0

Total Sum paid for its Redemption

265,939

4

2

Total Debt unredeemed, id F'eb. 1804

7,042,805

O

0

Sum annually applicable for its Re¬
demption .

50,487

1 6

9

/14, 284,000
33,941,000
13,858,000

13,557,°°°
14, 292,000
i3,332,ooo

14,275,°°°

15,743,109

14,194,539

14,497,226

15,425,000

14,900,000

The national Expenditure, during the undermen¬
tioned years, under the heads of Intered and Charges of
the National Debt ; Intered of Exchequer Bills ; Civil
Lid ; Charges on the Aggregate and Confolidated Funds ;
Navy; Army; Ordnance; Militia; Mifcellaneous Ser¬
vices; and Appropriated Duties, was as follows :

For the year 1786 . . . fi5>72°,543

1787 . 15,620,783

1788 . - . 35,800,796

37S9 . 16,030,204

1790 . i5,9' 2,597

1804 . 33,70°,679

The amount voted for the Service of the prefent Year 1804.
Navy (excludve of 325,0001. Ordnance Sea

Service) . £n, 715, 000

Army (England) . . . f 13,236,000

- (Ireland) . 3,887,000

- - 19,143,000

Ordnance (England) . 3,693,000

- (Ireland) . 369,000

Vote of Credit, including 8oo,oool.

for Ireland .

Mifcellaneous (England) including

40,000!. for Services not yet voted 617,000
Ditto (Ireland) including'50,0001. to
. be voted for Civil Contingencies 266,000

4,062,000

2,500,000

883,000

400,000

■2(5,7°°,533 1 3k

Iridi Permanent Grants .

Joint Charge of England and Ireland 38,703,000
Add England feparate Charges.

Toulonefe Ships . £ 265,000

Deficiency of Malt Duty, 1802 . . 115,000

American Awards . 432,000

■Exchequer Bills, V. C. 1803 . . 1,500,000

- 2,-292,000

iSo.i, amounts to . 26,433,874

Total Supplies 40,995,000
Dedudt on Account of Ireland . . 4, 71, ,652

On Account of England . 36,283,348

Ways

E

N G L A N D.

£07

Ways and Means to provide for the fane.

Malt Duty .

Duty on Penfions, Offices, &c .

Surplus, Ways and Means, 1803 .

War Taxes, to April 5, 1805.

Cuftoms and Excife ...... £ 8, 200,000

Propei ty Tax . 7,000,000

35,200,000

Deduct, wanting to complete

Grants, 1803 . 760,000

14,440,000

Additional War Taxes, on Wine,

Imports, Stamps ...... 1,000,000

Surplus Confolidated Fund, to April 5, 1805

Lottery .

Yote of Credit .

Loan .

36,5 10,000

That fuch fums fhotild be fo eafily raifed, and (o little
felt, by the bulk of the people, can only be accounted
for from the unbounded extent of the Britilh commerce,
and the increafing population of the country. Hence the
population of England, as in molt other countries, be¬
comes the bed criterion of its profperity and power. It
has generally been eftimated at eight millions; but fome
writers raifte it to a much greater amount. That of the
city of London has been dwelled to a million, though re¬
duced by more precife calculations to about feven hun¬
dred thoufand.

The cuftoms and manners of the people of England,
have always been remarked and admired for their frank-
siefs and fnnplicity. The plainnefs and neatnefs of their
drefs, devoid of ermin, furbelow, and gold lace, avoided
by every gentleman, except on court-days and extraordi¬
nary occafions, is no lefs furpriftng to the gaudy foreigner,
than the fplendid plainnefs of the mufiin dreffes of the
ladies, who have long abandoned the tight unnatural
form, fo prejudicial to health, and have alfumed much
of the Grecian eafe and elegance.

The fimplicity of the Englifh cookery, alfo ftrikes
foreigners as much as that of the drefs. A Frenchman
drinks his wine during dinner ; but the late Mr. Gibbon
has juftly remarked, that the luxury of a daily table in
England, permits a gentleman to tafte half a dozen forts
of wine during dinner, and to drink his bottle of claret
afterwards. The red wine of Portugal is, however, a
greater favourite than that of France, as its aftringent and
antifeptic qualities, are found highly falutary in a moift
climate. The houfes in England are peculiarly commo¬
dious, neat, and cleanly ; and domeftic architecture, as
well as the grand and magnificent, feems to have arrived
.at the higheft pitch of penettion.

The amufements of the theatre and of the field, and
-various games of fk i 1 1 or chance, are common here, as in
moll other refined nations. Prior to the middle of the
fixteenth century, the Englifh and French were alike re¬
garded asbarbarous nations by the more poliftied Italians.
But though the Englifh literature was at that period con-
feffedly in a rude and unpolifhed ftate, yet Englifh in¬
tegrity was even then confidered as a genuine attribute
of the people, and which has carried their credit and
commerce to an extent before unknown in the hiftory of
■nations.

The conftrudfion of the Englifh language is peculiar,
and renders the ftudy of it very difficult to foreigners.
The German, and other Gothic dialefts, prefent declen-
fions of nouns, and other correfpondencies with the Latin;
.while in the Englifh all fuch objects are accomplifhed by
prefixes. — See the articles Grammar, and Language.
Anomalies alfo abound, and are too deeply rooted ever
to be eradicated by grammatical rules j yet Englifh litera¬

£ 750,000
2,000,000
1,370,000

15,440,000

5,000,000

250,000

1,700,000

30,000,000

ture is now become a vaftnnd inviting fource of informa¬
tion, amufement, and delight.

The prefent ftate of the arts in England, is highly wor¬
thy of fo opulent and refined a country, and the progrefs
has been rapid beyond example. The late Horace Wal¬
pole, earl of Orford, has delineated, from the papers ot
the induftrious Vertue, a pleafing and animated picture of
the hiftory of the arts in this country, to which we feel
great pleafure' in referring the inquifitive reader. Edu¬
cation, too, forms one of the moll important objects of an
enlightened people; and it has been attended 10 accord¬
ingly, as the efience and well-being of the community.
The education of the lower daffies in England, had be¬
come extremely negledted, before the benevolent inftitu-
tion of the fun^lay fchools. There can be no doubt that
where the common people are the beft inftrufted, there
they will be found the mod contented, orderly , and virtu¬
ous ; as they feel a confcious felf-refpeft, are accuftonred
to be treated with regard by each other, and will cheer¬
fully extend the fame reverential conduct towards their
fuperiors. A practical eftimate of the advantages of ge¬
neral education, may be formed by comparing the neglect¬
ed peafantry of Ireland, with the peaceable and induf¬
trious Highlanders of Scotland, where public fchools
exift in every parilh. The middle and higher ranks of
Englifh, much to their praife, fpare no expence in the
education of their children. The moft eminent public
fchools, are thofe of St. Paul’s, Weftminfter, Eton, and
Winchefter; and from them have arifen fome of the moft
diftinguiftied ornaments of this country. The fcholars
in due time proceed to the univerfities of Oxford and
Cambridge, foundations of an extent and grandeur that
imprefs deferved veneration. — See the article Educa¬
tion, in this volume.

The climate of England, though perhaps more variable
than that of any other country on the globe, occafioned
by the drying winds of the eaflern continent oppofing fo
vehemently the vapours cf the Atlantic Ocean ; yet its
vegetable productions, from the great improvements
made in horticulture and hulbandry, are more than ample
for all the demands of home confumption, and are excel¬
lent in their kinds. The tender wall-fruits, however,
are very fubjedl to fail, from the great prevalence of that
moft undefinable of evils, called tiie blight-, for the fup-
pofed caufes of which fee vol. iii. p. 3 10. — The humidity
of the climate, indeed, clothes the face of the country
with a rich and luxuriant verdure ; but it is injurious to
the health of the inhabitants, by caufing colds and ca¬
tarrhs, the frequent fources of confumptions, which are
fatal to many of the Englifh in the prime of youth.. The
moift and foggy climate alfo confpires with the great ufe
of animal food, to produce that melancholic referve
which is efteemed by foreigners a national charadteriftic.
In confequence of the mutability of the climate, the fea-
fons too are always more or lefs uncertain. Many ob-
fervers, endowed with philofophical (kill and candid
judgment, have agreed, that fince the year 177^, a confi-
derable change feems to have taken place in the tempera¬
ture of the feafons both in Great Britain and Ireland.
The winters in general have been more moift and mild,
and the fummers more humid and more cold, than will
be found on an average of preceding years. What is
called the fpring, dawns in April, commonly indeed a
mild month ; but the eaftern winds Hill prevalent in
May, feem commiflioned to ruin the efforts of reviving
nature, and nip the tender buds and fruits. June, July,
Auguft, and September, are ufually warm fummer months ;
but a night of ffoft is not unknown even in Auguft, and
fometimes a cold eaft wind will then blow for feveral
days together; nor of late years are fummers unknown
of almoft conftant rain. The winter may be faid to com¬
mence with the beginning of Odfober, at which time
domeftic fires become neceffiary ; but there is feldom any
fevere froft till Chrifrmas, and January is the moft ftern
month of the year. Yet, as our fummers often produce
• x fpecimens

SOS'

ENG

fpecimens of winter, fo now and then gleams of warm fun-
ihine illuminate the darker months. However, under all
the inconveniences of our climate, it appears not that the
human fpecies in any country can boaft of greater happi-
nefs or longevity than the people of England ; or that the
comforts of life, or blellings of plenty, are enjoyed under
the folace of fofter climes with more heart-felt gratifica¬
tion and domeftic felicity than in this country. Even
thofe fuccefsful adventurers who acquire princely for¬
tunes, we know not how, in the luxuriant regions of Afia,
fatigued with the toils of (late, and fatiated with the
voluptuous pleafures of Hindooftan, return with anxious
hafte to the fterner climate of England, to feek that more
folid and rational enjoyment, which they have fought in
vain amongft foreign nations.

London, the capital of England, may now with truth
be called the metropolis of the world; fince no
city at this time exifting can be compared with it in
magnitude, riches, fplendid ftreets and fquares, magni¬
ficent architecture, trade, or commerce, which is extend¬
ed into almoft every known region of the univerfe. Many
others of the towns and cities of England juftly merit re¬
gard for their magnitude, opulence, induftry, and ele¬
gance. Briftol for its manufactures and foreign trade
ranks high, as does Bath for its fuperior magnificence ;
while York, Liverpool, Manchefter, Birmingham, Shef¬
field, Nottingham, Exeter, Salifbury, Winchefter, Portf-
mouth, Plymouth, Southampton, Poole, Canterbury,
Hereford, Gloucefter, Worcefter, Coventry, Shrewfbury,
Norwich, Newcaltle, Yarmouth, Lincoln, Chelter, Lan-
calter, Hull, Leeds, Durham, Carlifle, Whitehaven,
Brighthelmftone, Lewes, Dorchelter, Weymouth, New¬
port in the Ifle of Wight, &c. are celebrious in various
ways, as particularized under each of their refpeCtive
heads in this work. Thofe which are fea-ports, moftly
enjoy an extenlive and increafing commerce ; whillt thofe
which are inland, and noted for their valuable mineral
productions and manufactures, are extremely benefited
and enriched by the great extenfion of inland navigation
through every part of the kingdom. — See Canal Navi¬
gation, vol. iii. p. 675.

The bulk of the Englifh people have received from
different hiflorians, as much praife for their united induf¬
try, hofpitality, and orderly deportment, as for their
magnanimity and unfhaken courage in times of danger.
Many and various have alfo been the general charac-
teriftic features drawn of the Englifh nation ; the neat-
eltof which, we think, is that of Dr. Wendeborn, a Ger¬
man author, in his “ View of England at the clofe of
the Eighteenth Century;” and, falling from the pen of a fo¬
reigner, devoid alike of prejudice and predilection, would
appear molt. juft. “ In my opinion, (fays this writer,)
the Englifh, of all cultivated nations, approach the near-
eft to what man, in reality, ought to be ; and this, I think,
is their chief charaCteriftic. ”

EN'GLAND (New). See New England.

EN'GLE,y’. [from the French engluer, to catch with
birdlime."] A gull, a put, a bubble, a fnare. Hanmer.

EN'GLECERY, or Eng leschire,/. [ Engleceria , Lat. ]
In our ancient laws, a word lignifying the being an Eng.
lifkman. When Canute the Dane came to be king of Eng -
land, he at the requeft of the nobility lent back his army
into Denmark, but kept fome Danes to be a guard to his
perfon ; and he made a law for the prefervation of his
Danes (who were often privately made away with by the
'Englifh), that if an Englijhman killed a Dane, he fliould be
tried for the murder; orlf he efcaped, the town or hun¬
dred where the fa Cl was done, was to be amerced fixty-fix
•marks to the king: fo that after this .law, whenever a
murder was committed, it was neceffary to prove the
party (lain to be an Engliftiman, that the town might be
exempted from the amercement ; which proof was called
Englecery, or Englefckire. Anjl whereas, if a perfon were
privately (lain, he was in ancient time accounted Franci-

E N G

gena, which word comprehended every alien, efpecially
the Danes: it was therefore ordained, that where any
perfon was murdered, he fhould be adjudged Francigena
unlefs Englecery were proved, and that it was made manil
feft he was an Engliftiman. The manner of proving the
perfon killed to be an Engliftiman, was by two w Undies
who knew the father and mother, before the coroner.
Fleta, l.i. c.30. 7 Rep. 16. Englecery, byreafonof the great
abufes and trouble that afterwards were perceived to°row
by it, was utterly taken away by flat. 14 Edw. III. m 4.

ENGLES QJJEV I L'LE, a town of France, in the de¬
partment of the Lower Seine : fifteen miles fouth-wefl
of Arques.

EN'GLISH, adj. [enjlep, Sax.] Belonging to Eno-.
land; thence Englijh is the language of England. See
the article Language.

EN'GLISH,/: [the adj. by ellipfis, for] The Englifh
language. — I can fpeak Englifh, lord, as well as you. Shake —
fpeare. — There are in Englijh twenty-fix letters. Lowth.

To EN'GLISH, v. a. To tranflate into Englifh. _ The

hollow inftrument terebra, we may englijh piercer. Bacon.

EN'GLISH BANK, a remarkable fhoal in the Indian.
Ocean, is fituate in lat. 17. 56. N. and Ion. 39. 3. E.

EN'GLISH BAR, an extenfive fand-bank 0,1 the weft
coaft of France, called by the French la Barre Anolois,
which runs off for near a league from Point Terre Negree
towards Point de la Coubre, which are .the two points of
a large bay that affords anchorage in five fathoms water..
It is on the north coaft of the river of Bourdeaux, and
almoft north from the tower of Cordovan.

EN'GLISH BAY, a fpacious bay on the weft coaft of
the gulf of Manar, in the Eaft Indies, fituated on the
coaft to the north-eaft from Cape Comorin, or the fouth-
ern point of the peninfula of India. It is not far from
the Dutch ftation for carrying on the pearl filhery, and is
formed by two points of land, projecting out in fuch a
manner as to fhape a kind of bafon. Lat. 8. at, N. Ion
76. 50. E.

EN'GLISH CHANNEL, all that fpace of fea which
runs between the fouth coaft of England and the north
coaft of France, opening or entering from Ulhant to the-
Scilly I Hands, which is called the Chops of the Channel.

EN'GLISH COVE, a harbour or bay, on the coaft
of New Ireland, about three or four miles from Cane
St. George.

EN'GLISTI COVE, a commodious bay in the ifiand
of Minorca, a little below the town of Mahon. It is the
watering-place for the navy, where the harbour is nearly
a mile over, which is almoft the greateft breadth of the
harbour; and is about half a mile above Bloody Ifiand,
which is fituated nearly in the middle of the channel.

EN'GLISH CREEK, a fmail cove near the fouth-eaft
part of the ifiand of Martinico in the Weft Indies, a little
to the north-eaft from Point Salines, or the mod foutherly
cape of the ifiand.

EN'GLISH HARBOUR, a commodious bay of the
river St. Lawrence, in North America, eight leagues
weft-by-fouth from Trinity Point. Lat. 49. 29. N. Ion.
67. o. W.

EN'GLISH HARBOUR, a fifhing cove near the ex¬
treme limit of the large and deep bay called Trinity Bay,
on the eaft court: of Newfoundland, and contiguous to
Trinity Harbour.

EN'GLISH HAR.BOUR, a large bay on the north-
weft of Cape Raphael, on the eaft part of St. Domingo
or Hifpaniola, in the Weft Indies. On a rock near the
entrance of this harbour the Scipion, of feventy-four guns,
was loft, in running for the harbour, after having had an
engagement with the London, of ninety guns, in the month
of October, 1782. Lat. 19. 8. N. Ion. 68. 25. W.

EN'GLISH HARBOUR, a large bay on the fouth
coaft of the ifiand of Antigua, in the Weft Indies, and the
beft port of the whole ifiand. At a very great expence
it has been rendered capable of receiving the largeft fhips

of

eng

of war, and is provided with a dock-yard, and all the (lores
- and materials necefl'ary for repairing and careening veflels.

EN'GLISH ISLANDS, l’mall iflands fituate on the
fouth point of Englifh Creek, near the fouth-eaft part of
the ifland of Martinico, in the Weft Indies.

EN'GLISH MERCURY. See Chenopodium.

EN'GLISH POINT, a cape in the river St. Lawrence,
on the coaft of Canada. Lat. 49. 40. N. Ion. 61. 45. W.
Greenwich.

EN'GLISH REACH, a reach in the Straits of Magel¬
lan, about three leagues over, between Cape Gallant and
Cape Holland.

EN'GLISH ROAD, a road in the ifland of Eooa, or
Middleburgh, in the South Pacific Ocean, with twenty-
five fathoms water. Lat. ai. 20. S. Ion. 174. 34. W.
Greenwich.

EN'GLISH-TOWN, a town of the American States,
inNewJerfey: fix miles north. eaft of Philadelphia, and,
eighteen eaft of Prince-town.

ENGLOTTOG AS'TOR, J. [from tv, yharln, Gr. the
tongue, and yar'/jf, the belly.] One who fpeaks from his
b.elly ; a ventriloquift.

EN'GLST AIN, a town of Germany, in the archduchy
of Auftria: fix miles north-weft of Zwetl.

To ENGLU'T, v. a. \_engloutir, Fr.] To fwallow up.
It is now little ujed :

How many prodigal bits have Haves and peafants
This night engluttcd! Shakejpeare.

To fill; to glut; to pamper. — Being once cnglutted with
vanity, he will ftraightway loath all learning. AJ'cham.

To ENGLU'TE, v. a. [from gluten , Lat. glue.] To
glue or faften together.

ENGOMPHO'SIS, J. [from tv, and yoptpoq, Gr. a nail.]
In anatomy that fpecies of articulation which refembles
a nail driven into wood, as a tooth in its focket.

ENGO'NASIS, J. \_tyyovu.a\c, Gr. a bowing of the
knee.] In aftronomy, the fame as Hercules, one of the
northern conftellations, fo called from the figure of Her¬
cules bearing upon his right knee, and endeavouring to
bruife a dragon’s head with his left foot. See Hercules.

To ENGO'RE, v. a. To pierce; to prick. Not ujed :
As favage bull, whom two fierce maftiffs bait,

When rancour doth with rage him once engors ,

Forgets with wary ward them to await,

But with his dreadful horns them drives afore. Spenjer.

To ENGO'RGE, v. a. [ from gorge, Fr. a throat.] To
fwallow ; to devour ; to gorge :

That is the gulf of greedinefs, they fay,

That deep engorgeth all this world’s prey. Spenjer.

To ENGO'RGE, v. n. To devour; to feed with eager-
nefs and voracity; to riot:

Greedily fhe engorg’d without reftraint,

And knew not eating death ! Milton.

To ENGR A'lL, v. a. [from grcle, Fr. hail.] To va¬
riegate ; to fpot as with hail. A word now ufed only in
heraldry, for to indent in curve lines.

To ENGRA'IN, v. a. To die deep; to die in grain .*

See thou how frefli my flowers being fpread,

Dyed in lilie white and crimfon red,

With leaves engrain’d in lufty green. Spenjer.

To ENGRAP'PLE, v.a. To clofe with; to contend
with hold on each other:

There (hall young Hotfpur, with a fury led,

Engrapple with thy fon, as fierce as he. Daniel.

To ENGRASP'; v. a. To feize ; to hold faft in tire
hand; to gripe:

Now ’gan Pyrocles wax as wood as he,

And him affronted with impatient might ;

And both together fierce engrafped be,

Whiles Guyon Handing by, their uncouth ftrife doth fee.

Spenjer.

yOL. VI. No. 393.

ENG S09

To ENGRA'VE, v. a. preter. engraved ; part. paff. en¬
graved or engraven ; [ engraver , Fr.] To p id til re by inci-
lions in any matter :

O’er all, the heav’n’s refulgent image fhines;

On either gate were fix engraven figns. Addifon.

To mark wood or Hone. — Engrave the two Hones with
the names. Ex. xxviii. 11. — To imprefs deeply; to im¬
print. — It will fcarce feem poffible, that God fhoiild en¬
grave principles, in men’s minds, in words of uncertain
lignification. Locke.

Sounds which addrefs the ear, are loft and die
In one fliort hour ; but that which (hikes the eye,

Lives long upon the mind : the faithful fight
Engraves the knowledge with a beam of light. Watts.
[from grave. ] To bury; to inhume ; to inter :

The fon had charge of them, now being dead.

In feemly fort their corfes to engrave ,

And deck with dainty flowers their bridal bed. Spenjer.

ENGR A'VER, J. A cutter in ftone or other matter.
It is univerfally applied to thofe artifts who engtave cop¬
per-plates for. books and prints, &c. — Images are not
made in the brain itfelf, as the pencil of a painter or en¬
graver makes the images in the table, but are imprinted
in a wonderful method in the foul. Hale.

ENGRAVING, /. The art of forming any device,
figure, picture, ornament, or writing, by (inking or cut¬
ting the fame on metal, wood, ftone, glafs, &c. whereby
prints or impreftions may be taken, and multiplied at
pleafure. It is, ftriCtly fpeaking, a branch of fculpture.
Among the elegant arts engraving copper-plates has at
length arrived at fuch a degree of perfection, and contri¬
butes fo much to the rational amufement of cultivated
life, that eminent engravers have the faired claim to be
honourably recorded in the faithful page of biography.
This reward, not unfrequently the only one obtained by
genius, ought fo much the rather to be beftowed, as it
frequently operates as an encouragement to the young ar-
ti ft, and infpires him with that glow of ambition, without
which no mafterpiece was ever accomplifhed. Indeed,
when the anxious (Indent fees with how much veneration
great artifts and their productions are mentioned, the im¬
portance of the art will necelfarily rife in his opinion.
When he conliders with what perfeverance the mod emi¬
nent engravers have toiled till they arrived at the fummit
of the art ; and that the mod fatiguing labour, the mod;
formidable obftacles, and the mod deprefling poverty,
have operated only as a ftimulus to employ every expe¬
dient for obtaining their great end : thel’e reflections will
not fail to roufe and ftimulate him, and induce him to
take advantage of every hour in the day, and devote
every minute of his time to exertion! In the fame man¬
ner, the infttances of adverfe fortune, under which more
than one great mafter have laboured, may ferve as whole-
fome advice to-him, and (hew how eflential it is to add
morality and prudence to genius and talents, in order fo
procure folid happinefs by the fuccefsful praClice of fo
honourable a profeflion. And, let it be remembered by
thofe who, not much to the credit of their difeernment,
affeCt to rail at virtuofi, that nothing is better calculated
to form our tafte than the ftudy of good engravings.
They pleafingly introduce us to the fine arts, and pave
the way for a knowledge of pictures; if examined atten¬
tively, they foon teach the beholder to difeover the pecu¬
liar manner of each particular mafter and fchoot ; and
they give 11s an idea, and put us, as it were, in pofleflion
of an infinite number of paintings, ‘which we could not
have acquired without the aid of immenfe films of money.
Befides thefe effeCts, which are general, every one may
derive from this branch of the arts individual advantages,
according to the extent of his tafte, attainments, and in¬
clination. Every perfon, of whatfoevec profeflion, may
deduce great benefit and inftruCtion from engravings ;
which, ever fince their invention, have been copied and
9 U multiplied

810

ENGRAVING.

multiplied from fuch a variety of objedts, that nearly all
neceflary information refpedting the form and conftrudirion
of the remote!! and moll complicated things, may be ac¬
quired by their affiftance.

From the facility with which copper-plate impreflions
are multiplied, prints have derived an advantage over
paintings by no means inconfiderable. They are found
to be more durable ; which, however, muft be attributed
to the different methods in which they are preferved.
Many of the beft-paintings of the early matters have ge¬
nerally had the misfortune to be either painted on walls,
or depolited in large and unfrequented, and confequently
damp and deftrudtive, buildings; whilft a print, patting,
at dittant intervals, from the port? feuillc of one collector
to that of another, is preferved without any great exer¬
tion of its owner : and hence it happens, that whilft the
pidtures of Raphael have mouldered front their walls, or
defected their canvas, the prints of his friend and cotem¬
porary Mark Antonio Raimondi continue in full perfec¬
tion to this day, and give us a lively idea of the beauties
of thofe paintings, which without their affiftance, had
been loft to us for ever ; or at leaft, could have been only
known to us, like thofe of Zeuxis and Apelles, by the
defcriptions which former writers on thefe fubjedts have
left us. Independent of the advantages which prints af-
iord 11s, when confidered as accurate reprefentations of
paintings, and imitations of fuperior productions, they
are no lefs valuable for their pofitive merit, as immediate
reprefentations of nature. For it muft be recolledted,
that the art of engraving has not always been confined to
the copying other productions, but has frequently itfelf
afpired to originality, and'has, in this light, produced
more inftances of its excellence than in the other. Albert
Durer, Goltzius, and Rembrandt, among!! the Dutch
and Germans ; Partnegiano and Della Bella among!! the
Italians, and Callot among!! the French, have publiftted
many prints, the fubjedts of which, there is great reafon
to fuppofe, were never painted. Thefe prints may there¬
fore be confidered as original pidtures of thofe matters,
deficient only in thofe particulars in which a print muft
ever neceffarily be inferior to a painting.

The art of engraving on copper appears comparatively
to be only a modern invention, having had its, rife no ear¬
lier than about the commencement of the 15th century.
The ancients, it is true, pradiifed engraving on precious
ftones and cryftals, called gems, with very good fuccefs ;
and there are ftill many of their works remaining equal
to any production of the later ages. See the article
Egypt, p. 374, of this volume. But the art of engraving
on plates and blocks of wood, to afford prints or im-
preftions, was not known till very long after the invention
of painting in oil.

The different modes of engraving are the following;
In ftrokes cut through a thin wax, laid upon the copper,
with a needle ; and thefe ftrokes bitten or corroded into
the copper with aquafortis; called etching. In ftrokes
with the graver alone, unaffifted by aquafortis. In this
the defign is traced with a Iharp tool, called a dry point ,
upon the plate ; and the ftrokes are cut upon the copper
with the inftrument called a graver. In ftrokes firft etch¬
ed, and afterwards finiftied with the graver : by this expe¬
dient the two former methods are united. In dots with¬
out ftrokes, which are executed with the point upon the
wax or ground, bitten in with the aquafortis, and after¬
wards harmonized with the graver. In mezzotinto, which
js performed by a dark ground being raifed uniformly
upon the plate with a barbed tool. The defign being
traced upon the plate, the light parts are fcraped off by
inftruments for that purpofe, in proportion as the effeCt
requires. In aquatinta, where the outline is firft etched,
and afterwards a fort of wafti is laid by the aquafortis
upon the plate, refembling drawings in Indian ink, &c.
On wood, performed with a fingle block, on which the
defign is traced with a pen, and,thofe parts which fliould
be white carefully hollowed out ; and this block fs after¬

wards printed by the letter-prefs printers, in the fame
manner as they print a book. On wood, performed with
two, three, or more, blocks ; the firft having the outlines
cut upon it ; the fecond is referved for the darker !ha-
dows ; and the third for the fhadows which terminate
upon the lights ; and thefe are fubftituted in their turn,
each print receiving an impreffion from every block.
This mode of engraving is called chiaro fcuro, and was de-
figned to reprefent the drawings of the old matters.

Of all thefe modes of engraving, for the purpofe of
giving impreflions on paper, the raoft ancient is that on
wood. It appears that we are indebted to the makers of
playing cards for this invention, who pradtifed the art in
Germany prior to the 15th century. From that time it
continued in an improving ftate ; and towards the end of
the 15th, and beginning of the 16th century, it became
cuftomary for almoft every one of the German engravers
on copper to engrave on wood alfo. The works of Al¬
bert Durer and Holbein, in this ftyle of engraving, are
juftly held in the higheft efteem. Italy, France, and
Holland, have produced many capital artifts of this kind ;
but for boldnefs and fpirit, we muft prefer the prints of
Chriftopher Jegher, who worked under the direction of
Rubens, and was without doubt aflifted by that great
matter.

The invention of that fpecies of engraving diftinguifhed
by the appellation of diiaro-Jburo , feems alfo to be juftly
claimed by the Germans, and was firft pradtifed by Mail';
one of whofe prints of this kind is dated 1499. Many
excellent works in chiaro-fcuro have been produced in
France; and in Italy it was honoured with the perfor¬
mances of Titian and Partnegiano. To this invention of
cutting or engraving blocks of wood, we are indebted for
the devices and ornaments on paper-hangings, and printed
cottons and chintz.

In Germany, about the year 1450, prints from engrav¬
ed copper firft made their appearance. The earlieft date
hitherto found on a copperplate print, is 1461 ; but how¬
ever faulty this print may be with refpedt to the drawing,
or defedtive in point of tafte, the mechanical part of the
execution of it has by no means the appearance of being
one of the firjl productions of the graver. We have alfo
feveral other engravings, evidently the work of the fame
raafter ; in which the impreflions are fo neatly taken from
the plates, and the engravings fo clearly printed in every
part, that, according to all appearance, they could not be
executed in a much better manner in the prefent day, with
all the conveniences which the copperplate printers now
polfefs, and the additional knowledge they muft necefla-
rily have acquired in the courfe of more than three cen¬
turies. Hence we may fairly conclude, that if they were
not the firft fpecimens of the engraver’s workmanfhip,
they w'ere much lefs the firft efforts of the copper-plate
printer’s ability. The earlieft prints that are known to
be Italian, are a fet of the feven planets, and an almanack
by w'ay of frontifpiece ; on which are directions for find¬
ing Eafter from t he year 1465 to 1517 inclufive. The
three earlieft Italian engravers are, Finiguerra, Boticelli,
and Baldini.

With refpedt to the invention of etching, it feems to be
not well known to whom it is to be ascribed. One of
the rnoft early fpecimens is of a print by Albert Dur-er,
known by the name of the Cannon , dated 1518. Another
etching by the fame artift is Mofes receiving the Tables
of the Law, dated 1524. It was alfo pradtifed in Italy
foon after this by Parmegiano, in whofe etchings we dis¬
cover the hand of the artift working out a fyftem as it
were entirely from his own imagination. We fee plainly
the difficulty he laboured under ; and cannot doubt, from
the examination of the mechanical part of the execution,
that he had no inftrudtion ; and that it was an operation
quite new to him. As to that fpecies of engraving in
which the etching and cutting with the graver are united,
it muft have taken place immediately upon the invention
of etching ; it was, however, firft carried to perfection by
0 G. Audran,

811

ENGRAVING.

G. Audran, and is nowalmoft univerfally pradlifed, whe¬
ther tlie work be in ftrokes or in dots.

Engraving in dots, now fo highly improved under t lie
name°of Jlibblivg, or chalk, is a very old invention, and the
only mode difcovered by the Italians. Agoftino de Mufis,
commonly called Augujlinc of Venice, a pupil of Marc An¬
tonio, ufed it in feveral of his earlieft works, but confined
it to the flefh. He flouriflied from 1509 to 1536. We
alfo find it in a print by Giulio Campagnola, about the
year 1516. The back ground is executed with round
dots, made apparently with a dry point.

In the condudt of the graver and dry point, confifts all
the excellence of this valuable art ; for which there are
no rules to be given ; all depending on the habitude, dif-
pofition, and genius, of the artift . However, as the prin¬
ciples of engraving are the fame with thole of painting,
a perfon cannot expedt to attain any confiderable degree of
eminence, who is not a good mailer of defign ; and there¬
fore he ought to be well acquainted with perfpedlive and
architecture : the former, by the proper gradations of
ftrong and faint colours, will enable him to throw back¬
wards the figures and other objedls of the pidture or de¬
fign which lie propofes to imitate ; and the latter w ill
teacli him to preferve the due proportion of its feveral
orders, which the painter often entruils to the diferetion
of the engraver. In order to preferve equality and union
in his works, the engraver fhould always Iketch out the
principal objedls of his piece before he undertakes to
finifii them. In working, the Itrokes of th? graver lliould
never be eroded too much in a lozenge manner, particu¬
larly in the reprefentation of flefli, becaufe Iharp angles
produce the unpleafing elfedl of lattice-work, and take
from the eye the repofe which is agreeable to it in all
kinds of pidfurelque defigns: we diould except the cafe
of clouds, tempefts, waves of the fea, the (kins of hairy
animals, or the leaves of trees, where this method of
eroding may be admitted. But in avoiding the lozenge,
it is not proper to get entirely into the fquare, which
■would give too much of the hardnefs of (lone. In con-
dudling the ftrokes, the adlion of the figures, and of all
their parts, Ihould be conlidered ; and it fiiould be ob-
ferved how they advance towards, or recede from, the
eye ; and the graver diould be guided according to the
rifings or cavities of the mufcles or folds, making the
Ilrokes wider and fainter in the light, and clofer and firmer
in the diades. Thus the figures will not appear jagged ;
and the hand fhould be lightened in fuch a manner, that
the outlines may be formed and terminated without being
cut too hard; how'ever, though the ftrokes break off where
the mufcle begins, yet they ought always to have a cer¬
tain connection with each other, fo that the firft ftroke
may often ferve by its return to make the fecond,
which will (how the freedom of the engraver. But to
excel in producing a powerful imitation of flefh, and in
giving a foft and delicate turn to the mufcular fibre, it is
neceflary that the artift fhould clofely ftudy the ftrudture
of the human body ; and in order to give energy and true
character to ftill life, he fhould ftudy the general phyfio-
logy of man and animals.

Etching, or the artifice of working with aquafortis,
has been of late fo much improved, that inftead of being
now deemed a coarfe or fpurious kind of engraving, it
evidently appears the foundation of an excellence in many
modern works, that could never have been produced
without it. There are two methods praCtifed of engrav¬
ing in this way ; the one with a hard varnifh or ground,
the other with a foft. The firft was formerly much ufed,
being better accommodated to the intention of imitating
the engraving with the tool ; as the firmnefs of the body
of the varnifh gave more opportunity of retouching the
lines, or enlarging them with the oval-pointed needles,
called by the French cchoppes, as was praCtifed by Le Boffe
and others -for that purpofe. The latter has now almoft
wholly fuperfeded the ufe of the other, by the free man¬
ner of working it admits of ; which affords a power of ex-

preftion incompatible with the greater inflexibility of the
hard varnifh, that confines the lines and hatches to fuch
a regularity and famenefs, as gives a fiiffnefs of manner
and coldnefs of effeCt to the work.

The mixture of the ufe of the tool and aquafortis,
which are thus both employed, has obvioufly given that
perfection to engraving which it poftefies at prefent.
The truth and fpirit of the outline that the method of
working with aquafortis affords, and the variety of (hades
produced in this way, as well as other means of exprefting
the peculiar appearance and character of particular fub-
jeCts, furnifh what was defective in the foie ufe of the
tool; while, on the other hand, the exaCtnefs and regu¬
larity of the lines, which are required for finifhing many
kinds of defigns, are fupplied by the graver; and by a
judicious application of both, 'that coniplete finifhing is
obtained, which either of them alone would neceffarily
want.

The manner by which this art is performed, is the co¬
vering the fitrface of the plate with a proper varnifh or
ground, as it is called, which is capable of refilling aqua¬
fortis ; and then fcoring or feraping away, by inftruments
refembling needles, the parts of this varnifh or ground,
in the places where the ftrokes or hatches of the engrav¬
ing are intended to be : then, the plate being covered
with aquafortis, the parts that are laid naked and expofed by
removing the ground or varnifh, are corroded or eaten
away by it ; while the reft, being fecured and defended,
remain untouched. But the varnifh ought always to be
harder in fnmmer than in winter. For the mofi approved
kinds, fee the article Varnish.

The plate being thus prepared, and an exact drawing
of the outlines of the defign made upon thin paper, the
other fide of the paper mud be rubbed over with red
chalk feraped to a powder ; and the loofe chalk cleared
off with a linen rag : then t lie ftained fide of the paper is
laid upon the- varnifh, fixing the corners to the plate with
wax or wafers, to prevent its moving ; and with a blunt¬
ed needle or point the drawing is (lightly traced, and com¬
municates to the varnifh an exaCt ofTtline of the defign to
be etched. If any fcratches or falfe ftrokes happen in the
working, they are to be ftopped up with a hair-pencil
dipped in Venetian varnifh, mixed with lamb-black, by
which means thefe places will be defended from the adiion
of the aquafortis. The next operation is to make a bor¬
der of foft wax round the plate about an inch high, to
contain the aquafortis. At one of the corners of this
border a gutter is ufually made, which ferves for pouring
the aquafortis oft' the plate. The plate being thus bor¬
dered, the etching is to be made as follows : Take a due
quantity of the refiners aquafortis; mix it with half its
quantity of common water ; and pour it gently on, till it
rife above a finger’s breadth above the furface of the
plate ; when, if all things have been rightly conducted,
it will be feen that the aquafortis will foon exert its ac¬
tion in the hatches or parts which have been ftrongly
touched ; but thofe more weakly engraved will appear at
firft clear, and of the colour of the copper. The men-
ftruum muft therefore be fiiffered to continue on the plate
till its eftedts become vifible on the more tender parts:
then the aquafortis fhould be poured off, the plate waflied
with clean water, and dried before the fire : then take a
fmall pencil dipped into the Venetian varnifh, and cover
with it the lighter parts of the plate. This being done,
the aquafortis muft again be poured on, and fuffered to
continue a longer or fhorter time, according to the ftrength
of the menftruum, or the nature of the engraving ; when
it muft be again poured oft’ as before, and the plate im¬
mediately waflied with water. It may not be improper
to obferve, that, when the aquafortis is on the plate, a
feather fhould be ufed to cleanfe away the foulnels of the
verdigris that gathers in the hatches when the aquafortis
operates on them, and to give it more room to exert its
adtion ; for by moving the aquafortis to and fro on the
plate by the feather, and bruihing away the black faline

matter

S12

ENGRAVING.1

matter where it 'appears to be formed, the hatches will
be c lea fifed and the aquafortis exert its whole force equal¬
ly on every part. The border of wax is then to be re¬
moved, the plate wa filed, and rubbed over with oil of
olives; after which a more elegant finilh is given wdth
the graver.

The art of engraving in Mezzotinto is calculated to
form prints in imitation of drawings in Indian ink. The
invention has been ulually attributed to prince Rupert.
But baron Heinikin afferts, with great appearance of truth,
that it was lieutenant-colonel de Siegan, an officer in the
fervice of the landgrave of Heffe, who firft engraved in
this manner; and that the print which he produced was
a portrait of the princefs Amelia Elizabeth of Helfe, en¬
graved in 1643. Prince Rupert learned the fecret from
this gentleman, and brought it into England when he
came over the fecond time with Charles II. Prince Ru¬
pert’s print of an executioner holding a fword in one hand
and a head in the other, from Spagnoletto, is dated 1658.
It is remarkable that this art has never been cultivated
with fuccefs in any country but England.

This method is very different from the common way of
engraving. To perform it, they rake, hatch, or line, the
furface of the plate all over with a knife, or inflrument
made for the purpofe, firft one way, then the other, acrofs,
See. till the furface of the plate be thus entirely covered
with lines or furrows, clofe to each other; fo that, if an
imprefiion was then taken from it, it would be one uniform
patch of fmut. This done, the defign is drawn or marked
on the fame furface ; after which, they proceed with btir-
niffiers, ferapers, &c. to expunge the dents or furrows,
in all the parts where the lights of the piece are to be ;
leaving thofe parts black which are toreprefent the dark
ihadows of the draught. As it is much eafier to ferape
or burnilh away parts of a dark ground correfponaing
with the outline of any defign fketched upon it, than to
form (hades upon a light ground by an infinite number of
hatches, ftrokes, and points, which mud all terminate with
exactnefs on the outline, as well as differ in their force
and manner ; the method of feraping, as it is called, in
mezzotinto, confequently becomes much more eafy and
expeditious than any other method of engraving. The
inftruments ufed in this work are cradles, ferapers, and
burniftiers.

In this engraving, the plate muft be prepared and po-
liftied in the fame manner as for other engraving ; and
afterwards divided equally by lines parallel to each other,
and traced out with very loft chalk. The diftance of
thefe lines (hould be about one-third of the length of the
face of the cradle which is to be ufed, and thefe lines
Ihould be marked with capital letters, or ftrokes of the
chalk. The cradle is then to be placed exactly betwixt
the two firft lines, and palfed forwards in the forne direc¬
tion ; being kept as fteady as poffible, and prefied upon
with a moderate force. The fame operation muft be re¬
peated with refpedt to all the other lines ; till the inftru-
ment has thus palfed over the whole furface of the plate.
Other lines muft be then drawn from the extremities of
the other two (ides, in the fame manner ; which, inter¬
fering the firft: at right angles, will with them form
fquares ; and the fame operation muft be repeated with
the cradle as in the cafe of the firft. New lines muft
then be drawn diagonally, and the cradle paffed betwixt
them as before ; and when the firft diagonal operation is
performed, the lines muft be crolfed at right angles as the
former, and the cradles paffed betwixt them in the fame
manner. The plate having undergone the adlion of the
cradle, according to the difpolition of the firft order of
lines, a fecond fet muft be formed, having the fame dif¬
iances from each other as the firft. But they muft be fo
placed as to divide thofe already made into fpaces one-
third lefs than their whole extent ; i. e. every one after
the firft 011 each (i de will take in one-third of that before
it, e. g. beginning at A, of which the firft third muft be
left out ; a third of 13 will confequently be taken in, and

fo of the reft. Thefe lines of the fecond order muft be
marked with fmall letters, or lelfer ftrokes, to diftinguifti
them from the firft: and the fame treatment of the plate
muft be purfued with refpeft to them as was pradtifed for
the others. When this fecond operation is finiftted, a third
orderof lines muft be made ; the firft of which, e.g. in A,
muft omit two-thirds of it, and confequently take in two-
thirds of B, &c. By thefe means, the original fpaces
will be exactly divided into equal thirds ; and the cradle
muft be again employed betwixt thefe lines as before.
When the whole of this operation is finiftied, it is called
one turn ; but in order to produce a very dark and uniform
ground, the plate muft undergo the repetition of all thefe
ieveral operations for above twenty times ; beginning to
pafs the cradle again betwixt the firft lines, and proceed¬
ing in the fame manner through all the reft. When the
plate is prepared with a proper ground, the (ketch muft
be chalked on it, by rubbing the paper on the backfide
with chalk. It is alfo proper to overtrace it afterwards
with black lead or Indian ink. The feraping is then per¬
formed, by paring or cutting away the grain of the ground
in various degrees; fo that none of it is left in the original
(fate except in the touches of the ftrongeft (hade. The
general manner of proceeding is the fame as drawing with
white upon black paper. The mafles of light are firft be¬
gun with ; and thofe parts which go off into light in their
upper part, but are brown below : the refledlionsare then
entered upon ; after which the plate is blackened with a
printer’s blacking-ball made of felt, in order to difeover
the effedl : and then the work is proceeded with; ob-
ferving always to begin every part in the places where
the ftrongeft lights are to be.

The art of feraping mezzotintoes has been applied to
the printing with a variety of colours, in order to pro¬
duce the refemblance of paintings. The inventor of the
method of doing this was J. C. Le Blon, a native of
Frankfort, and pupil of Carlo Maratta, between the years
1720 and 1730. It was eftabliftied by the inventor on this
principle, that there are three primitive colours, of which
all the reft may be compofed by mixing them in various
proportions; and that three plates were necetfary, exactly
of the fame kind, to imprefs the three colours, by laying
one over the other, the laft of which was to be charged
with the brighteft tints. Modern improvement has, how¬
ever, fuperfeded this tedious method, and the colours are
now all laid upon one plate, which gives the imprefiion
at once in a very correft and beautiful manner, and is
called printing in colours.

Engraving in Aquatinta, is of a very modern date, and
is admirably calculated for landfcape, coftume, and other
light fubjedls. See the method deferibed under Aqua¬
tinta, vol. i. p. 840.

Thofe who (hall invent, defign, and engrave, prints,
are to have the foie right of printing them for fourteen
years, but which (hall be engraved with the names of the
proprietors; and others copying, and felling fuch prints,
though by varying, &c. without their confent, (hall for¬
feit five pounds for every print, and alfo the plates and
imprelfions. 8 Geo. II. c. 13.

The art of engraving on precious (tones or gems, called
pictre dure, is one of thofe wherein the ancients excelled;
there being many antique agates, cornelians, and onyxes,
which greatly furpafs any thing of that kind produced by
the moderns. Prygoteles among the Greeks, and Diof-
corides under the firft emperors of Rome, are the mod
eminent of thefe engravers recorded in hiltory : t he former
was fo efteemed by Alexander, that he forbad any body
elfe to engrave his head ; and Auguftus’s head, engraved
by the latter, was deemed fo beautiful, that the fucceed-
ing emperors chofe it for their feal. The polite arts
having been buried under the ruins of the Roman empire,
the art of engraving on gems met with the fame fate. It
was retrieved in Italy at the beginning of the fifteenth
century, when John of Florence, and after him Dominic
of Milan, performed works of this kind no way to be

defpifed.

ENGRAVING.

defpifed. From that timts, fitch fculptiircs and feals be¬
came common in Europe, and particularly in Germany,
whence great numbers were fent into other countries: but
they were far fhort of the beauty of thofe of the ancients.
Tite number of engraved gems has been fo great, that
the collection made by Mr. TafTie, in Leicefter-fquare,
London, alone occupies two large quarto volumes, in the
mere recital.

The diamond, which is the hardeft of all gems, is only
cut by itfelf, or with its own matter. The firft thing in
this branch of engraving is, to cement two rough dia¬
monds to the ends of two flicks big enough to hold them
Ready in the hand, and to rub or grind them againft each
other till they be brought to the form defired. The duft
or powder that is rubbed off ferves afterwards to polith
them, which is performed with a kind of mill that turns
a wheel of foft iron. The diamond is fixed in a brafs difii ;
and, thus applied to the wheel, is covered with diamond
duft, mixed up with oil of olives. Rubies, fapphires,
and topazes, are cut and formed the fame way on a cop¬
per wheel, and polifiied with tripoli diluted in water.
Agates, amethyfts, emeralds, hyacinths, granites, rubies,
and others of the fofter ftones, are cut on a leaden wheel,
moiftened with emery and water, and polifhed with tri¬
poli on a pewter wheel. Lapis-lazuli, opal, &c. are
polifhed on a wooden wheel. To fafhion and engrave
vafes of agate, cryftal, lapis-lazuli, &c. they make life of
a kind of lathe, 1 ke that ufed by pewterers, to hold the
veftels, which are to be wrought with proper tools: that
of the engraver generally holds the tools, which are turned
by a wheel; and a velfel is held to them to be cut and
engraved, either in relievo or otherwife ; the tools being
moiftened from time to time with diamond duft and oil,
or with emery and water. To engrave figures or devices
on any of thefe ftones, when polifiied, fuch as medals,
feals, &c. they ufe a little iron wheel, the ends of whofe
axis are received within two pieces of iron, placed up¬
right, as in the turner’s lathe ; and to be brought clofer,
or fet further apart, at pleafure ; at one end of the axis
are fitted the proper tools, being kept tight by a fcrew.
The wheel is turned by the foot, and the (lone applied
by the hand to the tool, and is ftiifted and conducted as
occafion requires.

The art of engraving upon glafs appears to be no new
difcovery. It is certain that the ancient Greek artifts
formed upon glafs, both raifed and engraved figures; as
may he feen by articles (till preferved in collections,
though it is probable that many pieces of glafs may have
been moulded like pafte ; for that art alfo is of very great
antiquity. It appears likewife that they cut upon plates
of glafs and hollow glafs veftels all kinds of figures and
ornaments, in the fame manner as names, coats of arms,
flowers, landfcapes, &c. are cut upon drinking-glafles at
prefect. If we can believe that learned engraver in done,
the celebrated Natter, the ancients employed the fame
kind of inftruments for this purpofe as thofe ufed by the
moderns. They undoubtedly had in like manner a wheel
which moved round in a horizontal direction above the
work-table, or that machine which by writers is called a
lapidary’s wheel.

Many, however, affirm, that the art of glafs-cutting,
together with the necelfary inftruments, was firft invented
in the beginning of the feventeenth century. The inven¬
tor is faid to have been Cafpar Lehmann, w ho originally
was a cutter of ft eel and iron ; and who made an attempt,
which fucceeded, of cutting cryftal, and afterwards glafs,
in the like manner. He was in the fervice of the emperor
Rodolphus II. who, in 1609, conferred on him the title of
lapidary and glafs-cutter to the court, and gave him a pa-*
tent by which every one except himfelf was forbidden to
exercife this new art. He worked at Prague, where he
had an aftiftant named Zacharias Belzer; but George
Schwanhard the elder, one of his fcholars, carried on the
fame bufmefs to a far greater extent. The latter, in
»6i£, went to Prague to learn the art of glafs-cutting from
Vox.. VI. No. 393.

81.1

Lehmann. By h is good behaviour he fo much gained
the efteem of his mafter, who died a bachelor in 162?.,
that he was left his heir; and obtained from the emperor
Rodolphus a continuation of Lehmann’s patent. Schwan¬
hard, however, removed to Nuremberg, where he worked
for many of the principal nobility ; and by tbefe means
procured to that city the honour of being accounted the
birth-place of this new art. That engraving on glafs is
of fo modern a date, is alfo attempted to be confirmed by
Zahn, who fpeaks of it as of a new employment carried
on, at that time, particularly at Nuremberg. He de-
fcribes the work-table, as well as the other inftruments;
and gives a figure of the whole, which he appears to
have confidered as the firft. It may be feen, however,
that this invention does not belong entirely to the mo¬
derns ; and, to deny that the ancients were altogether
unacquainted with it, would be doing them an injuftice.
It was forgotten, and again revived ; which is proved by
count Caylus. Before this invention, with a wheel,
there were artifts who, with a diamond, engraved figures
on glafs, which were every where admired. The firft
mention of a diamond being ufed among the moderns for
cutting or writing on glafs, occurs in the fixteenth century,
Francis I. of France, who was fond of the arts, wrote the
following lines with his diamond ring upon a pane of
glafs, at the caftle of Chambord, in order to let Anne de
Pifteleu, duchefs of Eftampes, know that he was jealous :

Souvent femme varie ,

Mai habit qui s'y fie.

Put no trufl in womankind ;

Fickle as the waves and wind.

The hiftorian recorded this not fo much on account of
the admonition, as becaufe it was then thought very in¬
genious to write upon glafs. About the year 1562, fef-
toons and other ornaments, cut with a diamond, were ex¬
tremely common on Venetian glaffes, which, at that
period, were accounted the beft. George Schwanhard
the elder was a great mafter in this art ; and, in more
modern times, John Koft, an artift of Augfburg, orna.
mented, in a very curious manner with a diamond pencil,
fome drinking-glades which were purchafed by the em¬
peror Charles VI.

The art of etching on glafs, faid to have been firft difeo-
vered in 1771 by Scheele the chemift, can be proved to
have been in ufe fo early as the year 1670, by the before-
mentioned artift, Henry Schwanhard. We are told, that
fome aqua regia having fallen by accident upon his fpec-
tacles, the glafs was corroded by it; and that he thence
learned to make a liquid by which he could etch writing,
and figures of men, animals, plants, and flowers, upon
plates of glafs. It is very probable that his preparation
was the fame as that known to fome artifts as a fecret
in 1721.

The prefent mode of etching on glafs is as follows : the
plate or veflel of glafs is to be completely covered with
melted wax or maftic ; and when the coating becomes
hard, it is to be engraved upon by a very fharp-pointed
needle or other inftrument of that kind, as in common
etching. A mixture of oil of vitriol and fiuor acid is
then to be poured upon the plate, and the whole covered
with an inverted China veffcl, to prevent the evaporation
of the fluoracid. In two days the glafs plate may be
cleared of its coating, when all the traces of the needle
will be found eaten in, or etched upon it. Thus by the
action of the fluor acid, a fk.il ful artift can engrave upon
the hardeft glafs, in the fame manner as he can engrave
upon copper with aquafortis. — In the “ Memoirs of the
National Inftitute at Paris,” publilhed in 1802, a favour¬
able report was made by the prefident Camus, of fome
attempts to fubftitute prepared plates of glafs for engrav¬
ings, inftead of thofe of planifhed copper. The procefs
is yet in its infancy : but the Inftitute entertain fanguine
hopes of its being fpeedily brought to maturity. The
fuperiority of the one fubftance over the other, if it can
9 X be

811

ENG

be made to refill the requlfite preffure of the rolling-prefs,
is too obvious to need being dated : — the plate would not
wear out, and it would pafs to pofterity unaffected by ruff
or canker, while each impredion would be equally good.

1 he manufacturing of velfels with engraved ornaments
of every kind, upon Co lid fparry fluor, was begun in Der-
bydiire, in 1765. The articles formed of it are called
Jpar ornaments, and fometimes blue-john. Many beauti¬
ful colours are produced ; and the difcovery has at once
afforded a valuable acquifition to our commerce, and an
elegant addition to the equipage of the table.

Engraving on Steel is chiefly employed in cutting
feals, punches, matrices, and dyes, proper for driking
coins, medals, and counters. The method of engraving
with the indruments, <S.-c, is the fame for coins as for me¬
dals and counters : all the did'erence confids in their
greater or lefs relievo ; the relievo of coins being much
lefs condderabie than that of medals, and that of coun¬
ters dill lefs than that of coins. Engravers in deel
commonly begin with punches, which are in relievo, and
ferve for making the creux or cavities of the matrices and
dyes. The fird thing done, is that of dedgning the figures ;
the next is the moulding them in wax, of the (ize and
depth they are to lie, and from this wax the punch is en¬
graved. When the punch is finifhed, it receives a very
high temper, that it may the better bear the blow of the
hammer with which it is druck, to give the impredion to
the matrice. The deel is made hot to foften it, that it
may the more readily take the impredion of the punch ;
and after driking the punch on it in this date, they pro¬
ceed to touch up or finifh any thing defective, with deel
gravers of different kinds. For many purpofes of an in¬
ferior kind, fuel) as the encravinsrs or dialings on the or-
naments of coaches and coach-harnefs, &c. an ingenious
method has been invented by Mr. Janies Yates, of Bordf-
ley near Birmingham; for which, in 1788, he obtained a
patent. The defign is fird engraved on a folid block of
deel, made to the form or dze required. It is then bxed
in a die, which has a ring or collar round it, fo as to form
a kind of didi, the ring on the outdde of it riling higher
than the engraved block; a forcer or block of -metal is
then impreffed upon the engraving, and, with thin plates
of foft tin, or lead, or mixed metal, is laid under a damp
or prefs, by the force of which a perfect impredion is
ftruck from the engraved block. Thin plates of gold*
filver, plated metal, copper, brafs, or. other mixed metals,
are thus impreffed, or (la mped, and the raifed fide of the
impredion of the engraving is then filled with melted
lead, tin, or any other hard cement, to any thicknefs re¬
quired ; fo that the reverie fide has the perfect appear¬
ance of the original engraved block. For fome purpofes,
as deel, iron, or other metal roll is engraved, of any de¬
fign required, and an impredion taken off, by another
counter roll ; and thus plates of thin metal, of any kind,
are palfed between the rollers, by the force of a mill, and
the railed fide of the impreflion is afterwards filled with
cement, as before defended.

An ingenious method of engraving in oil, and multi¬
plying copies on paper, parchment, linen, or other ma.
terials of a fiexible texture, has been lately invented by
Mr. Samuel I'oplis, of Gaitifborough. His method is as
follows : Prepare a copper, bvafs, or other metal plate,
well poli fhed ; or a piece of fmooth glazed earthen ware ;
or a board, previoudy coated with copal, fhell-lac, or any
other hard varnilh : have alfo ready a.cufhion, made of
the lofted kind of leather, duffed with wool, or other
convenient article. On the culhion, fpread a fine coat of
ffrong printing-ink ; or, if that cannot be eulily procured,
ufe paint of any colour, or other fubftance of a vifeous
nature, of fuch a confidence as will admit of a feparation
without running. Take the plate, of whatever fort,
(holding it by the corners alternately,) and fuffer it to
touch the ink, paint, &c. by a gentle compreffion of the
plate, till the whole becomes coated. With a piece of
pointed wood, or even a common lkew.er, reduced to a

ENG

point fit for making proper ffrokes, write, engrave, or
delineate, the fubjedt intended ; either backwards or for¬
wards, holding a flat ruler in one hand, as a guide, and
to prevent injuring the coating while the operation is
performing with the other. The plate thus prepared,
jnuft be taken to a common rolling-prefs, or any other
kind of prefs, or, for want of them, placed on a hard
piece of ground, or a boarded floor. On the plate lay a
vnoift (beet of paper, fkin of parchment or leather, piece of
filk, linen, or other material of flexible texture; on thefe
lay a woollen cloth, or piece of blanket, and on that a
proper lized board, flat (lone, or other fuch body, giving
the required prelfure by your own weight, or by any other
effort of art or ftrength ; there will then be found a fair
copy of all matters written, engraved, or delineated, on
the coated plate, appearing on the paper, &c. in white
letters or characters. If more than one copy is required,
by this fimple yet effectual method, the force meant to
be applied to the written or engraved plate muff be di¬
vided by the number of copies wanted ; three, if not four,
are to be had this way, and perhaps a greater number may
be obtained by more general practice and experience.

As a diftinft as well as new branch of the polite and
liberal arts, engraving and writing in oil and oil colours
may alfo be applied to glafs, and to earthen ware in gene¬
ral, with peculiar advantage and neatnefs, according to
the abilities and genius of the engraver ; for which pur-
pofe the following rule is given, viz. If the letters, de¬
vices, ciphers, or other fignatures, are delired to be of a
colour oppolite to that of the natural body or ground
colour of the veffel, lay a coat of paint or varnifh upon it ;
let it become dry or hard, and write or engrave in the
fecond, third, See. coat : but, if the ground-colour of the
veffel be preferred, one coat, in general, will be found
fufficient, and will be of cor.liderable ufe. Moreover,
this invention, may ferve to convey ufeful knowledge,
or the delineations of fancy, to the various parts of the
habitable globe, in a different and more curious mannez
than by any other means that have hitherto been prac-
tiled or attempted ; as the art may be exten ied, through
the mediums of painting, japanning, calico-printing, &c.
to all bodies poffeffing plain furfaces, of whatever fhape
or ufe, amid our various arts and manufactures ; for,
amopgff other advantages that will certainly arile from
it, is the very obvious one of being able to figure that
e Hernial part of drefs, printed linens or cottons, in a
cheaper and readier way than by any yet adopted. A
fmall jhin plate of iron, brafs, 8ec. w ill be found extremely
ufeful, with paint, or any other (tailing fubftance of a
glutinous and drying nature ; and an advantage with re¬
gard to time, and other important confiderations, will
undoubtedly arife from its ufe.

To ENGRIif'VE, v. a. To pain ; to vex ; to afflift ;
to difconfolate. — Aches, and hurts, and corns, do engrievi
either towards rain, or towards fnovv. Bacon.

The gnawing anguifh, and (harp jealoufy,

Which his fad fpeech infixed in my bread,

Rankled fo fore, and fefter’d inwardly,

That my engrieved mind could find no reff. Spenftr.

To ENGRO'SS, v. a. [grojjir, Fr.] To thicken ; to
make thick :

The waves fo (low and fluggifh were,

Eng:mfs\d with mud, which did them foul agriefe.

That every weighty thing they did upbear. Spcnfer -

To increafe in bulk. — Though pillars, by channelling, be
feemingly engrojed to our fight, yet they are truly weak¬
ened in themfelves. IVotton. — To fatten; to plump up l

Not fieeping, to engrofs his idle body ;

But praying, to enrich his watchful foul. Shahefpcare.

To feize in the grofs ; to feize the whole of any thing.—
Thole two things that fo engrofs the defires of both the
nobler and ignobler fort of mankind, are to be found la
religion; namely, wifdoni and pleafure. Sautfi.

815

E N J

A do?, o parrot, or an ape.

Or fome worle brute in lmman ftiape,

EngfcJ's the fancies of the fair. Swift.

To purchafe the whole of any commodity for the fake of
felling at a high price. To write or ropy in a large hand :
Here is th’ indictment of the good lord Hadings-,

Wj.iich in a fet hand fairly is engrofs'd. Shakefpeare.

ENGROSS'ER, f. He that purchafes large quantities
of any commodity, in order to (ell it at a high price. — A
new fort of engrcfcrs , or foredallers, having the feeding
and fupplying this numerous body of workmen in the
woollen manufactures, out of their warehoufes, fet the
price upon the poor landholder. Locke.

ENGROSS'MENT, f. Appropriation of things in the
grofs ; exorbitant acquilition. — Thofe held their immo¬
derate cngrojfments of rovi er and favour by no other tenure
than prelumption. Swift.

To ENGUA'RD, v. a. Toproteft; to defend; to fur-
round as guards. Not uj'cd.

A hundred knights! yes, that on ev’ry dream,

He may cnguard his dotage with their pow’rs,

And ho:d our lives at mercy. Shakefpeare'.

ENGUELEGUIN'GIT, a town of Africa, in the em¬
pire of Morocco, not far from Mogador.

EN'G YSCOPE, f. The fame a, microfcope.

ENHAL'I.OW, one of the lmaller Orkney iflands, be¬
tween Rowfa and Pamona.

To ENH AN'CE, v. a. [ haiijf r , cnhavjfer , Fr.J To lift
tip ; to raife on high. A fenfe now ohjolete •

Both of them high at once their hands enhanc'd ,

And both at once their huge blows down did fway .Spcrfer.

To raife; to advance ; to heighten in price _ The de fire

of money is every where the fame; its vent varies very
little, but as its greater fcarcity enhances its price, and in.
creafes the fcramble. Locke. — To raife in elleein. — What
is it but the experience of want that enhances the value of
plenty? L,' FJlran ,e. — The remembrance of the difficulties
we now undergo, will contribute to enhance our pleafure.
Atterbury . — To aggravate ; to increafe from bad to worle.

• — To believe or pretend that whatever our hearts incite is
the will of God within us, is the principle of villainy that
hath acted in the children of difobedience, enhanced and
improved with circnmftances of greater impudence than
the mod abominable heathens weie guilty of. Hammond.

EjM H AN'CEMENT, f. Increafe; augmentation of
value. — Their yearly rents are not improved, the land¬
lords making no lefs gain by fines than by enhancement of
rents. Bacon. — Aggravation; increafe of ill. — Jocular
danders have, from the fiightnefs of the temptation, an
enhancement of guilt. Government of the Tongue.

To ENHAR'BOUR, v.a. To harbour in :

O true delight, e nkarbouring the breds

Of thofe fweet creatures with the plumy creds. IV. Browne.

ENHARMO'NIC, adj. The lad of the three kinds of
mufic. It abounds in diefes, or the lead fenfible divisions
of a tone. See the article Music.

ENJE'DIM (George), a learned unitariap, divine in
the fixteenth century, native of Hungary, whence he re¬
moved into Tranfy Ivania, where he became one of the
fuperintendants of tire Unitarian churches in that princi¬
pality. He died in 1597 According to father Simon, lie
was' one of the mod a^ute defenders of that fenle of fieri p-
ture for which the Socinian writers contend, and was the
author of a work entitled Explicatio Loccrum Scripture Vete-
ris C3 Novi Tefanunti, ex quibus dogma Trinitatis fabilirijoict,
quarto. The greater part of the fird impreffion of this
work, which appeared in Tranfyl vania, having been burnt
through the zeal of (ome advocates for tile orthodox faith,
a new edition of it was afterwards publidied in the Nether¬
lands, where the fide of the quedion which it embraces
has of courie many Supporters.

E N K

ENTG'MA, f. [ anigma , Lat. Gr.J A riddle;

an obfcuie quedion; a polition exprelfed in remote and
ambiguous terms.

ENIGMATICAL, adj. Obfcure ; ambiguoufly or
darkly exp elled. — Your anfwer, fir, is enigmatical. Shake¬
fpeare. — Cloudy; obfeurely conceived or apprehended. —
Faith here is the afient to thofe things which come to us
by hearing, and are fo believed by adherence, or dark
enigmatical knowledge, but hereafter are feen or known
demondratively . Hammond.

ENIGMATICALLY, adv. In a fenfe different from
that which the words in their familiar acceptation imply.
— Homer fpe.ks enigmatically , and intends that theie lnorr-
ders are merely the creation of poetry. Broome.

ENIG'M ATIST, f. One who deals in obfcure and
ambiguous matters; a maker of riddles. — That I may
deal more ingenuoufly with my reader th in the above-
mentioned enigmatifl lias done, 1 (hall prefent him with a
key to my riddle. Addifm.

To ENJO'IN, v a. [ enjoindre , Fr.J To dire«£t ; to or¬
der, to preferibe. It is more authoritative than dircEl,
and lefs imperious than command:

To fatisfy the good old man,

I would bend under any heavy weight

That he’ll enjoin me to. Shakefpeare .

ENJOI'NER, f. One who idues injunctions.

ENJOIN'MENT, f. DireCtiori ; command. — Critical
trial Ihould be made by public enjoinment, whereby deter¬
mination might be fettled beyond debate. Brown.

To ENJO'Y, v. a. [ jouir , enjouir, Fr.] To feel or per¬
ceive with pleafure ; to have a pleating, fenle of; to be
delighted with :

I could enjoy the pangs of death,

And (mile in agony. Addfon.

To obtain poffeffion or fruition of.— Edvyard the faint, in
whom it pleafed God, righteous and juft, to let England
fee what a bieding fin and iniquity would not differ it to
enjoy. Hooker.

He, who, to enjoy

Plato’s elyfium, leap’d into the fea. Milton.

To pleafe ; to gladden ; to exhilarate ; to glad ; to delight.
This fenfe is ufual with the reciprocal pronoun, and is
derived from enjouir. — Creatures are made to enjoy them-
felves, as well as to ferve us. More.

To ENJO'Y, v n. To live in happinefs :

Then I (hall be no more!

And Adam, wedded to another Eve,

Shall live with her enjoying , I exiinCt. Milton.

ENJOY'ER, f One that has fruition or pofieffion.

ENJOY'MENT, f. Pleafure; happinefs ; fruition -

His hopes and expectations are bigger than his enjoyments.
Tillotfon.

ENISE'I, a river of Ruffia, which rifes in the borders
of Chinefe Tartary, and taking a northern courfe, runs
into the Frozen Ocean. Lat. 72. 20. N. Ion. 100. o. E.
Ferro.

ENISEI'SK, a town of Ruffian Siberia, in the govern¬
ment of Tobolik, on the river Enifci ; large, populous,
and fortified,, with an extenfive jurifdiCtion, which pays
annually a tribute in (kins to the crown of Ruffia : 400
miles ead-north-ead of Kollivan, 1692 ead-north ead of
Aftrachan, and 2293 ead-fouth-ead of Peterffiurgh. Lat.
38. 1 6. N. bin. 109. 36. E. Ferro.

E'NIX,. a towirof Spain, in the province of Grenada:
eight miles wed of Almeria.

To EN KlIN'DLE, v.a. To fet on fire; to inflame ; to
put in a flame :

Edmund, enkindle all the fparks of nature

To- quit this horrid aft. Shakefpeare.

To roufe paffions; to fet the foul into a flame. To in¬
cite to any act or hope ;

Your

816 E N L

Your hand

Gave fign for me to leave yoti : fo I did,

.Fearing to ftrengthen that impatience.

Which feem’d too much enkindled. Shakefpeare.

EN KIO'PTNG, a town of Sweden, on the north fide of
tlie Mceler lake, in the province of Upland : twenty-one
miles fouth-weft of Upfat.

EN'KIRCH, a town of Germany, in the circle of the
Upper Rhine, and county of Sponheim : three miles
north of Traarbach.

ENKU'SEN, a town of the iflandof Borneo.

To ENLA'RD, v. a. To pamper. — That were to enlard
his fat-already pride. Shakefpeare.

To ENLAR'GE, v. a. [ clargir , Fr.] To make greater
in quantity or appearance :

The wall, in lufire and effedl like glafs,

Which o’er each objedl calling various dyes,

Enlarges fome, and others multiplies. Pfe.

To increafe any thing in magnitude, to extend. — Where
there is fometlving both lading and fcarce, and fo valuable
to be hoarded up, there men will not be apt to enlarge
their podeflions of land. Locke. — To increafe by reprefen-
tatioji ; to magnify; to exaggerate. To dilate; to ex¬
pand. — O ye Corinthians, our mouth is open unto you,
our mouth is enlarged. 2 Cor. vi. 11. — To let free from
limitation. — Though die appear honed to me, yet at
other places die enlargetk her mirth fo far, that there is
fhrevvd condrudlion made of her. Shakefpeare. — To extend
to more purpofes or ufes. — It hath grown from no other
root than only a delire to enlarge the neceflary ufe of the
word of God, which defire hath begotten an error, en¬
larging it farther than foundnefs of truth will bear. Hooker.
To amplify; to aggrandife. — This is that fcience which
would truly enlarge mens minds, were it dudied. Locke. —
To releafe from confinement:

Enlarge the man committed yederday,

That rail’d againd our perfon. Shakefpeare.

To diffufe in eloquence. — They enlarged themfelves upon
this fubjedt w ith all the invidious infinuations they could
devife. Clarendon.

To ENLAR'GE, v. n. To expatiate; to fpeak in many
words. — They appoint ’d the chancellor of the exchequer
to enlarge upon any of thofe particulars. Clarendon. — To
be further extended. — The caliphs obtained a mighty
empire, which was in a fair way to have enlarged, until
they fell out among themfelves. Raleigh.

ENLAR'GEMENT,y. Increafe ; augmentation ; far¬
ther extenfion :

The ocean, which fo long our hopes confin’d.

Could give no limits to his vader mind:

Our bounds’ enlargement was his fated toil,

Nor hath he left us printers to our ifle. Waller.

Releafe from confinement or fervitude. — If thou holdeft
thy peace at the time, then (hall their enlargement and deli¬
verance arife to the Jews from another place. EJlker iv. 14.
— Magnifying reprefentation :

And all who told it, added fomething new;

And all who heard it, made enlargements too. Pope.
Expatiating fpeech ; copious difeottrfe. — He concluded
with an enlargement upon the vices and corruptions which
were got into the army. Clarendon.

ENLAR'GER,y Amplifier; one that increafes or
dilates any thing. — We (hall not contentioufly rejoin, but
confer what is in us unto his name and honour, ready to
be fwailowed in any worthy enlarger. Brown.

To ENLl'GHT, v.a. To illuminate; to fupply with
light; to enlighten:

Wit from the fird has (hone on ages pad,

Enlights the prefent, and dial! warm the lad. Pope.

To ENLIGH'TEN, v. a. To illuminate ; to fupply with
light. — God will enlighten my darknefs. P/alms. — As the

> E N N

fun fhineth to the whole world, fo there is no faith but
this one publiflied, the brightnefs whereof mud enlighten
all that come to the knowledge of the truth. Hooker.— To
quicken in the faculty of vifion. — His eyes were enlight¬
ened. Samuel.

Love never fails to mader what he finds;

The fool enlightens , and the wife he blinds. Dry den.

To indruft ; to furnifh with increafe of knowledge. _ _

This doctrine is fo agreeable to reafon, that we mee "with
it in the writings of the enlightened heathens. SpeRalor.—
To cheer; to exhilarate ; to gladden. To illuminate with
divine knowledge. — Thofe who were once enlightened.
Hebrews.

ENLIGH'TENER, f. Illuminator; one that gives
light. Indrudtor:

O, feut from lieav’n,

Enlight'ner of my darknefs! gracious things

Thou hud reveal’d. Milton. •

To ENI.INK', v. a. To chain to ; to connect. — Enlinks
to wafte and defolation. Shakefpeare.

To ENLI'VEN, v.a. [from life, live.] To make quick;
to make alive; to animate. To make vigorous or active;
Thofe grett orbs thus radically bright,

Primitive founts and origins of light,

Enliven worlds denied to human fight. Prior.

To make fprightly or vivacious. To make gay or cheer¬
ful in appearance.

ENLI VENER.y. That which animates; that which
puts in motion ; that which invigorates :

But fire, th’ enlivener of the general frame,

Is one, its operation dill t he fame :

Its principle is in itfelf; while ours

Works, as confed’rates war, with mingled pow’rs. Dryden .

To ENLU'MINE, v.n. [enluminer, Fr.] To illumine;
to illuminate; to enlighten. Not in ufe:

For having yet, in his dedudled fpright,

Some fparks remaining of that heav’nly fire.

He is enlumin'd with that goodly light,

Unto like goodly fentblance to afpire. Spenfer.

EN'MITY, f. [from enemy, as if enemity, inamity .] Un¬
friendly difpofition ; malevolence ; averfion. — Their being
forced to their books, in an age at enmity with all redraint,
has been the reafon why many have hated books. Locke.—
Contrariety of intereds or inclinations ; mutual malignity:
Between thee and the woman I will put
Enmity, and between thine and her feed;

Her (eed (hall bruife thy head, thou bruife his heel. Milton.
State of oppofition. — Know ye not that the friendfhip of
the world is enmity with God ? Jam. iv. 4. — Malice ; mif.
chievous attempts. — He who performs his duty in a dation
of great power, mud needs incur the utter enmity of many,
and the high difpleafure of more. Atterbury.

To ENMAR'BLE, v.a. To turn to marble ; to harden.
Obfolete :

Their dying to delay.

Thou do’d enmarble the proud heart of her,

Whofe love before their life they do prefer. Spenfer.

To ENME'SH, v. a. To net ; to entangle; to intrap :
So will I turn her virtue into pitch ;

And out of her own goodnefs make the net

That (hall enmefi them all. Shakefpeare.

EN'NA, anciently a town of Sicily, fituated on an emi¬
nence to the louth of the Chryfas; called the centre of
Sicily. It was famous for a facred grove, in which the
rape of Proferpine happened ; for a temple of Ceres,
thence furnamed Ennaa, and Entw/fs -, and for fine fprings;
whence the name. Bockart.

EN'NEAD, /. [from tma?, Gr.] The number nine.
ENNEADECA'TERIS,y [of tvnoo, nine, and hxa.'rti,
Gr. ten.] I.n chronology, a cycle or period of 19 folar
.1 years,

E N N

years, being the fame as the Golden Number, and Lunar
Cycle, or Cycle of the Moon. See Chronology.

ENNEA'GON, /. [ of uvea, nine, and yuna, Gr. an
angle.] A plane geometrical figure of 9 Tides and angles ;
and is otherwife called a nonagon. If each fide of this
figure be 1, its area will be 6-i8iSz42=-£ of the tang, of
70 degrees, to the radius 1.

ENNEAHE'DRIA f. In natural hidory, a fpecies of
columnar double pointed fpars.

ENN E'ALOGUE/i [from ewca, nine, and Xoyo;, Gr.
a word.] A difccnrfe of nine parts. Cole.

ENNEA'LOGY/i [from evvece, and Aoyo;, Gr. a word.]
A difcourfe confiding of nine points; a treatife divided
into nine parts. Scott.

ENNEAND'Rl A, f. [from smtz, nine, and uve%, a man
orluifband.] In botany, the name of the ninth clafs in
Linnaeus’s fexual fydem, confiding of plants which have
hermaphrodite flowers with nine flamina or male organs.
See Botany, vol. iii. p. 256. — It is alfo an order in the
clafles Monadelphia and Dioecia.

ENNEAPE'TALA Corolla , f. In botany, a nine-
petalled corolla ; or, a flower of nine petals: as in Thca
viridis, Magnolia, and Liriodcudron.

ENNEA'TICAL, adj. [from cma, Gr.] Enneatical days,
are every ninth day of a (icknefs; and enneatical years, every
ninth year of one’s life.

ENNEBACK'A, a town of Norway : twenty-fix miles
fouth-ead of Chridiana.

EN'NEL LOUGH, a lake of Ireland, in the county of
Wedmeath : two miles fouth of Mullengar.

EN'NERIS,^ in the naval architecture of the an¬
cients, a galley with nine tires of oars.

ENNEZA'T, a town of France, in the department of
the Puy-de-Dome, and chief place of a canton, in the dif-
trift of Riom : one league and a half ead of Riom.

EN'NIS, a town of Ireland, in the county of Clare,
large and populous, fituated on the Fergus, which is na¬
vigable for large boats from the Shannon,, which adds
greatly to the trade of the town : feventeen miles north-
wed of Limerick. Lat. 52. 49. N. Ion. 8 . 54. W. Greenwich .

ENNISCOR'THY, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Wexford ; where is a manufacture of coarfe woollen
cloth, and fome confiderable iron works: ten miles north
of Wexford, and twenty-feven north-ead of Waterford.

ENNISKIL'LEN, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Fermanagh, fituated on an ifland in the river Erne, be¬
tween the two parts of Lough Erne. The linen manu¬
facture fiouriflies here, and produces its principal wealth :
thirty-three miles wed of Armagh, and forty-one fouth of
Londonderry.

EN'NIUS (Quintus), an early Roman poet of great
fame, a native of Rudise in Calabria, born about the year
of Rome 514, before Chrid 237. He boaded a defcent
from king Meffapus, but he appears to have been in an
humble condition of life. According to Si li us Italicus,
he ferved as a centurion in Sardinia when that ifland was
fubdued by T. Manlius, and didinguiflied himfelf by his
valour. He probably remained in Sardinia after the war ;
for we are told by Corn. Nepos, that Cato the cenfor,
when praetor, brought back with him from his govern¬
ment of Sardinia, the poet Ennius. He lived on terms
of great intimacy with Scipio Nafica, as we learn from a
jed recorded by Cicero (de Orat. 1. ii.) Fulvius, pro¬
cured for him the citizenfiiip of Rome. From the affec¬
tion borne him by thefe emihent perfons, we may judge
favourably of the character and manners of Ennius;
though it is probable that his convivial talents carried
him beyond the bounds of drift fobriety, fince Horace
(Epid. 19. 1. i.) reprefents him as warming his heroic
vein by liberal potations. The gout, which tormented
his old age, was probably the confequence of his intem¬
perance ; as, perhaps, was alfo his poverty ; which evils,
however, he bore with great- equanimity. He lived to
the age of feveaty. A flatue, fuppofed to be of him, was
extant in the monument of the Scipios, in the time of
Vol. VI. No. 394.

E N N 817.

Livy. Ennius is regarded as the father of Latin epic or.
heroic poetry, and he appears to have been didinguiflied
by that force and vigour, accompanied with rudicity
and negligence, which is generally the character of genius
in an unpoliflied age. This is the idea given of him by
Ovid:

Ennius ingenio maximUs, arte rudis.

The bard in genius mighty, rude in art.

Lucretius fpeaks of him as the fird who brought the
mufe to Latium; and Virgil proved his edeem of him by
tranfcribing into his w’orks many whole or half lines from
Ennius. It cannot be doubted that his poetry was very
popular in Rome, fince he made the great events of Ro¬
man hidory his topic in a large performance entitled
“ Annals,” which, by the grammarian Vargunteius,
were afterwards divided into eighteen books. He was ac-
cudomed publicly to recite portions of this poem on cer.
fain days; and we learn from Gellius, that recitations
from the Annals of Ennius were continued to his time.
He alfo compofed tragedies, comedies, epigrams, and fa-
tires ; and he is praifed as being the fird who ventured
to defert the Grecian dramatic dories, and take his argu¬
ments from Roman hidory. Some didaftic works of his
are alfo mentioned. None of his pieces are come down
to us entire, but fragments of feveral of them. Thefe
have been publiflied feparately, Amderd. 4to. 1707, and
alfo in the Corpus Poetar. of Mattaire.

To ENNO'BLE, v. a. [ cnnoblir , Fr.] To raife from
commonalty to nobility:

Many fair promotions
Are given daily to ennoble thofe,

That fcarce, fome two days fince, were worth a noble.

Shakefpeare.

To dignify; to aggrandife; to exalt; to raife. — God
raifed up the fpirit of this great perfon, and enn'obled his
courage and conduft with the entire overthrow of this
mighty hod. South.

What can ennoble fots, or fiaves, or cowards ?

Alas 1 not all the blood of all the Howards. Pope.

To elevate ; to magnify :

None fo lovely, fweet, and fair,

Or do more ennoble love. Waller.

To make famous or illudrious. — The Spaniards could
not as invaders land in Ireland', but only ennobled fome of
the coads thereof with fiiipwrecks. Bacon.

ENNO'BLEMENT, J. The aft of railing to the rank
of nobility. — He added, during parliament, to his former
creations, the ennoblement or advancement in nobility of a
few others. Bacon. — Exaltation ; elevation ; dignity. — The
eternal wifdom enriched us with all ennoblements, fuitable
to the meafures of an unredrained goodnefs. Glanville.

ENNO'DIUS (Magnus Felix), bifliop of Ticinum, now
Pavia, in the fixth century, defcended from an illudrious
family among the Gauls, and born in Italy, about the
year 473. He was ordained one of the deacons by Epipha-
nius.bifhop of Pavia, with whom he lived in habits of the
drifted intimacy and friendfhip. Having from his early
years been much attached to the dudy of rhetoric and
poetry, he continued to cultivate his tade for them, in
conneftion with the fubjefts which were more imme¬
diately appropriate to his theological profeflion. He was
employed to draw up a Panegyric upon Theodoric king
of the Oflrogoths, in which lie difplayed an extenfive
acquaintance with profane hidory, much eloquence, and
a fufficient portion of courtly adulation. But his rheto¬
rical talents were exercifed with more art, and lefs honour,
in the Apology which he wrote for the council which
acquitted pope Symmachus of the accufations laid to his
charge by Laurentius, his. rival candidate for the pontifical
chair. In this Apology, the colours of a gaudy rhetoric
are artfully made ufe of to difguife the truth ; and the
author’s abilities are profiituted to fupport the foundation
of that enormous power which the popes of Rome after-
9 Y wards

S 18

E N O

wards acquired, by maintaining the dodlrine, that the
Roman pontiff was anlwerable to none upon earth for his
condudt, and fubjedt to no human tribunal. He obtained
the reward of his fervices, however, by being promoted
to the fee of Pavia ; where lie died in 521, aged forty-
eight years. Befides the Panegyric and Apology already
mentioned, he was the author of 1. Epf alarum ad Diverfos,
Libri ix. 2. Vita B . Epipkanii, Epifeopi Ticinen/is. 3. Vita
B. Antcnu, monachi Lirmenfs . 4. Eucharipiicon de vita fua ad
FJpidiUin. 5. DiElionesfacrcc. 6. Scholafticas. 7. Ethic#, &c.
8. Poemat-a. 9. Epigrammata, &c. They were collected
and publilhed by Andrew Schottus, at Tournay, in 1610,
Svo.and by father Sirmond, at Paris, in 1611, 8 vo.

ENNUI , f. [French ; a term which feerns naturalized
in modern Englifli, becaufe we have no word in our lan¬
guage exactly fynonymous.] Languor or laffitude of
miud ; irregularity or per.plexity of thought ; faftidiouf-
nefs of temper. Ennui is a dileafe to thofe who are de¬
termined to be diflatisfied with every fituation or event of
human life. To prevent ennui, all thofe employments
which awaken ingenuity, which fmooth the temper, and
excite complacency of mind, ffiould be made the firft ru¬
diments of a liberal education. Chagrin, care, and re¬
gret, are commonly the ennuis of old age.

E'NO, a town of European Turkey, in the province of
Romania ; the fee of a Greek archbifliop : twenty-eight
miles north-weft of Gallipoli.

E'NO, a river of the American States, in North Caro¬
lina, which unites with Little and Flat rivers in Orange
county, an'd forms the Neus, about feventeen miles below
H i 1 1 fb oro u gh .

E'NOCU, Heb. dedicated.] The fon of Jared,

and father of Methufelah, and the feventh man in a lineal
defeent from Adam, born in the year before Chrift 3382.
He was a prophet, eminent for his exalted piety and con-
fummate virtue in thejnidft of a corrupt. and vicious race
of men ; on which account he found fuch favour in the
fight of God, that he was tranfiuted to heaven without
undergoing t he paiiis of death, when he was 365 years
old, or in the year before Chrift 3017. St. Jude, in the
14th and 15th verfes of his Epiftle, has quoted a prediction
of this prophet, taken, according to the fuppofition of
fome critics, from an ancient book, containing the tradi¬
tions of the Jewifh church, which has been long fmee loft ;
but according to others, from a work called “ The Book,
or the Prophecies of Enoch,” cited by Irenaeus, Clement
of Alexandria, Tertullian, Athenagoras, Jerome, and
others of the fathers. But whether St. Jude be confiuer-
ed as quoting the words of a prophecy preferved by tradi¬
tion, or as making ufe of expreflions taken from fome tin-
canonical author, there appears no reasonable evidence to
conclude that in t he time of the apoftles there exifted any
book which was to be aferibed to the prophet Enoch.

E'NOCH, or Cha'noch, the name of a city built by
Cain, which he named af er his fon Enoch. This is the
firft: city we find mentioned in feripture. Gen. iv. 17.

F/NOCHS, a town of the American States, in the ftate
of Virginia : 145 miles w eft-fouth-weft of Virginia.

ENOD A' riON, f. \_cnodaiio, Lat.] The aft of unty¬
ing a knot. Solution of a difficulty.

ENO'DUS, adj. [from e, priv. and nodus , a knot.] In
botany it means without knots or joints.

ENO'LA, a tow n of Italy, in the kingdoni of Naples,
and province of Lavora : four miles north of Fundi.

ENOM TE'KIS, a town of Swedilh Lapland : 150 miles
north of Tornea.

E'NON, [Heb. bis fountain.] A town of Paleftine,
fituated near Salim, where John the Baptift exercifed his
functions. John, iii.23.

ENORE E, a north-weft branch of Broad River in
South Carolina. It feparates Pinckney and Ninety-fix
dittridts of the American States, and joins Broad River
about five miles below Tyger River.

ENO'RM, adj. [from enormis , Lat.] Wicked beyond
meafure :

E N O

I will, I wall, if your courageous force
.Dareth fo much as it can well perform, 9

dear out his curfed heart without reniorfe.

The neft of treafon falfe, and guile mom. Fairfax.

ENOR'MI 1 Y, f. Deviation from rule; irregularity.
Deviation front right ; depravity; corruption.—' That this
law will be always fufficient to bridle or reftrain enormity ,
no man can warrant. Hooker. — Atrocious crime ; flagitious
villainy ; crimes exceeding the common meafnre. In this
fenle it has a plural. — It is not a bare {peculation that
kings qnay run into enormities-, the practice may be proved
by example. Swift.

ENOR'MOUS, adj. fnormis, Lat.] Irregular; out of
rule ; not. regulated by any dated meafure. — Wallow itv
unwieldy, enormous in their gait. Milton.

Nature here '

Wanton’d, as in her prime ; and plaid at will
Her virgin fancies, pouring forth more fweets,

Wild above rule, or art, enormous blifs ! Paradife Lojl.
Excurfive ; beyond the limits of a regular figure. — The
enormous part of the light in the circumference of every
lucid point, ought to be lefs difcernible in fliorter tele’-
fcopes than in longer, becaufe the fiiorter tranfmit lefs
light to the eye. Newton.— Difordered ; confufed :

I ftiall find time

From this enormous ftate, and feek to give

Loifes their remedies. Skakefpeare.

Wicked beyond the common meafure. Exceeding in bulk
the^ common meafiires; always ufed with fome degree of
diflike, or horror, or wonder:

A giant fliepherd here his flock maintains,

Far from themeft, and folitary reigns,

A form enormous! far unlike the race

Of human birth, in (future or in face. Pope.

ENOR'MOUSLY, adv. Beyond meafure. — One who
could never efpoufe a notion fo enormoujly abfurd and fenfe-
le Is, as that the world was framed by chance. Woodward.

ENOR'MOUSNESS,yi Immeafurable excefs. — When
thofe who have no opportunity to examine our faith, fee
the enor/noujnfs of our works, but what ffiould hinder them
from mealu ring the mailer by the difciple ? Decay of Piety.

E'NOS, [ umK Heb. mortal, fickly, miferable.] The
fon of Seth, and father of Cainan, born in the year of the
world 235. Mofes tells us, Gen. iv. 26. that then “ men
began to call upon the name of the Lord;” or, as others
tranflate it, that “ Etios began to call upon the name of
the Lord;” denoting, that he was the inventor of reli¬
gious rites and ceremonies in the external worftiip which
was paid to God. This worftiip was kept up in Enos’s
family, while Cain’s family was plunged in all manner of
impieties. The Jews are of opinion, that idolatry was at
firft introduced into the world in tiie time of Enos. They
tranflate the Hebrew thus : “ Then men began to profane
the name of the Lord.” Eno,s died at the great age of
905 years, in the year of the world 1140.

E'NOSBURG, a„townfliip of the American States, in
Franklin county, Vermont, about eighteen or twenty
miles eaft of Swantown.

ENOTAE'VSK, a towm of Ruffia, in the government
of Caucafus, on the Volga: feventy-two miles north-
north-eaft of Aftrachan. Lat. 47. 15. N. Ion. 64. 5. E.
F'erro.

EN'OVATED, adj. Made new', brought up as fome-
thing new. Scott.

ENOUGH', adj. [?>enoh, Sax. ganali, Goth, genoeg ,
Dut. It is not eafy to determine whether this word be an
adjedtive or adverb; perhaps, when it is joined with a
fubftuntive, it is an adjedtive, of which e now is the plural.
In other fituations it feems an adverb ; except that after
the verb To have, or To be, either exprefled or underftood,
it may be accounted a fubftantive. It is pronounced as
if it were written enuf. ] In a fufficient meafure; fo as may
fatisfy ; fo as. may fuffice.— .When there was not room

enough

E N R

enough for their herds, they by confent feparated, and
enlarged their pafture. Locke.

Why would’ft thou go, with one confent they erv,

When thou halt gold enough, and Emily? Drydtn.

ENOUGH', f. Something fufficient in greatnefsor ex¬
cellence. — ’Tis enough for me to have endeavoured the
union of my country, vvhild I continued in public em¬
ployments. Temple.

Enough for me that to the lift’ning fvvains,

Firfl in thofe fields I lung the filvan (trains. Pope.
Something equal to a man’s powers or faculties. — Some
great defeats and main errors in his nature, cufioms, and
proceedings, he h ^d enough to do to fave and help, with a
thoufand li.tle induftries and watches. Bacon.

ENOUGH', adv. In a fufficient degree ; in a degree that
gives futisfa&tion. It notes a flight augmentation of the
pofitive degree : as, I am ready enough to quarrel ; that is,
I am rathei quaitelfome than peaceable. — It is fometimes
pleufant ciwugh to confider the different notions which dif¬
ferent perfons have of the fame thing. Addifun. — Some¬
times it notes diminution; as, the long is well enough ;
that is, not quite well, though not much amifs. An ex¬
clamation noting fulnefs or latiety :

Henceforth, I’ll bear
Affliction ’till it do cry out itfelf,

Enough , enough, and die. Shah fpcare.

“ Enough is as good as a Feafi.” — The French fay,
Out a ajjez , n'a plus rien a dejirer ■. He that has enough has
nothing more t6 dejfire. 1 he Latins, Quod fatis eft, cui con-
tingit, nihil amplius qptet ; or, Satis rjl quod jufficit ; nimis ejl
quodjnjfucat. I he Germans fay, Einvergnugter rnuht is tag-
lich, mohl leben ; A contented mind is a daily happinefs.
The French fay likewife, On ejl ajfez riche quand on a le ne-
cejjaire : Rich enough who has what is neceilary. Pro¬
verbial layings calc dated to influence the minds of men
to be fatisfieu with the difpenlations of Providence, and
content with moderate fortunes. They are likewile in¬
citements to temperance and frugality.

To ENOUN'CE, v. a. [cnuncio, Lat.] To declare. — He
does not fear to enounce hintfelf with (hunts of exultation.
A. Smith.

Liftcn to your Maker’s voice
Mellifluous, which aloud the mild award
Enounces through your regions. Bally's Day of Judgment.

ENOW', the plural of enough. In a fufficient number.
— There are at Rome enow modern works ol architecture
to employ any reafonable man. Addifon.

Man had felfifh foes enow belides,

That, day and night, for his deftruCtion wait. Milton.
EN PAS'SANT, adv. [Fr.] By the way.

To ENPIE'RCE, v. a. To transfix :

I am too fore enpierced with his fir aft
To four with his light feathers. Shakefpeare.

ENQUI'RY. See Inquiry.

To ENRA'CE, v. a. (_ enraciner, Fr.] To root :
Whence he it fetcht out of her native place,

And did in (tocke of earthly fle(h enrace. Spenfcr.

To ENRA'GE, v. a. [enrager, Fr. ] To irritate; to
provoke; to. make furious ; to exafperate :

Enrag'd at this, upon the bawd I flew ;

And that which mod enrag'd me was, ’ewas true. Waif.

To ENRAN'GE, v. a. To place regularly; to put in
order:

As fair Diana, in fre(h fummer’s day,

Beholds her nymphs enrang'd in flmdy wood, Spenfer,

7b ENRAN'GE, v.n. To range :

Where, as this day I was enraunging it,

3 chaunft to meet this knight. Spenfer.

Tb.ENRAN'K, v. a. To place in orderly ranks. — No
leifure had he to enranh his men. Shakejpeare.

E N R 819

To ENRAP'T, v. a. [from rapt: the participle pre¬
terite feems to be enrapt. ] To throw into an extafy ; to'
tranfport with enthuliafm:

I myfelf

Am, like a prophet, fuddenly enrapt

To tell thee, that this day is ominous. Shakefpeare.

In the following quotation it feems erroneoiifly written
for enwrapt, involved; wrapt up. — Nor hath he been fo
enrapt in thofe ftudies, as to negleCt the polite arts of
painting and poetry. Arbuthnot.

To ENRAPTURE, v. a. To tranfport with pleafure;
to delight highly :

Oft gazing on her (hade, th’ enraptur'd fair

Decreed the fubftance well deferv’d her care. Shenjlone.

To ENRA'VISH, v. a. To throw into an extafy ; to
tranfport with delight :

What wonder,

Frail men, whofe eyes feek heavenly tilings to fee,

At fight thereof fo much enravif'd be ? Spenfer.

ENRA'VISHMENT,' f. Extafy of delight.— They
contract a kind of fplendour from the (eemingly obfeuring
vail, which adds to the enravfments of her tranfported
admirers. Glanville.

To ENRE'GIS FER, v.a. Toregifter:

And in the fame, as in a brafen book,

To read enregifer' d in every nook

His guodneis, which his beauty doth declare. Spenfer.

To (ENRH EU'M, V; a. \_enrhumer , Fr.] To have rheum
through cold. — The phyfleian is to enquire where the
party hath taken cold or enrheumed. Harvey.

TbENRI'CH, v.a. [ cnricher , Fr.] To make wealthy ;
to make opulent. — The king will enrich him with great
riches, and will give him his daughter, i Sam. xvii. 25.

Henry is able to enrich his queen,

And not to feek a queen to make him rich. Shakefpeare.
To fertilife ; to make fruitful :

See the fweet brooks in filver mazes creep,

Enrich the meadows, and fupply the deep. Blackmore.
To (lore ; to fupply with augmentation of any thing de-
firable. — There is not any one among them that could
ever enrich his own underftanding with any certain truth,
or ever edifv others therein. Raleigh. ft-

EN R ICH'MENT, f. Augmentation of wealth. Am¬
plification; improvement by addition. — It is a vaft hin¬
drance to the enrichment of our underfiandings, if we fpend
too much of our time and pains among infinites and un-
fearchables. Watts.

To ENRID'GE, v. a. To form with longitudinal pro¬
tuberances or ridges :

He had a thoufand nofes,

Horns welk’d and wav’d like the enridged fea :

It was fome fiend. Shakefpeare .

To ENRIN'G, v.a. To bind round; to encircle ; to
adorn with a ring. — Ivy fo tarings the barky fingers of the
elm. Shakejpeare.

To ENRl PEN, v.a. To ripen; to mature; to bring
to perfection :

The fummer, how it enripen'd the year;

And autumn, what our golden harvefts were. Donne.

To ENRI'VE, v. a. To force afunder. — And made a
griefly wound in his enriven fide. Spenfer.

To ENRO'BE, v. a. To drefs; to clothe; to habit; to
inveft :

Her mother hath intended,

That', quaint in green, (he (hall be ioofe enrob'd. Shahefp.

.To ENROL'L, v. a. [ enroller , Fr.] To infert in a roll,
lid, or regilter. — There be enrolled amongft the king’s
forces about thirty thoufand men of the Jews. 1 Mac.x. 36.
2 —We

820

E N R

-—We find ourfelves enrolled in this heavenly family as
fervants, and as fons. Spratt.

Mentes, an ever-honour’d name of old.

High in Ulyfles’ focial lifts enroll'd. Pope.

To record ; to leave in writing:

Laws, which none fliall find
Left them enroll'd ; or what the fpirit within
Shall on the heart engrave. Milton.

To involve ; to inwrap :

From his infernal furnace forth he threw
Huge flame, that dimmed all the heaven’s light,

Enroll'd in dufkifh fmoak and brimftone blue. Spevfcr.

ENROL'LER, f. He that enrols; he that regifters.

ENROL'MENT, f. Regifter ; writing in which any
thing is recorded ; record. — The king himfelf caufed to
be enrolled, and teftified by a notary public ; and deli¬
vered the enrolments , with his own hands, to the bifiiop of
Salifbury. Davies on Ireland.

ENROL'MENT,/. in law, the regiftering or entering
in the rolls of the chancery, king’s-bench, common-pleas,
or exchequer, or by the clerk of the peace in the records
of the quarter feffions, of any lawful aft; as a ftatute or
recognizance acknowledged, a deed of bargain and fale of
lands, See. An enrolment of a deed, may be either by the
common law, or according to the ftatute : and enrolment
of deeds ought to be made in parchment, and recorded in
court, for perpetuity’s fake. But the enrolling a deed
doth not make it a record, though it thereby becomes a
deed recorded : for there is a difference between matter
of record, and a thing recorded to be kept in memory ; a
record being the entry in parchment of judicial matters
controverted in a court of record, and whereof the court
takes notice ; whereas an enrolment of a deed is a private
aft of the parties concerned, of which the court takes no
cognizance at the time of doing it, although the court
permits it. 2 Lil. Abr. 69.

Every deed, before it is enrolled, is to be acknowledged
to be the deed of the party before a mailer of the court
of chancery, or a judge of the court wherein enrolled;
which is the officer’s warrant for enrolling of the fame :
and the enrolment of a deed, if it be acknowledged by the
grantor, will be good proof of the deed itfelf upon a trial.
A deed may be enrolled without the examination of the
party himfelf ; for it is fufficient if oath is made of the
execution. If two are parties, and the deed is acknow¬
ledged by one, the other is bound by it : and if a man
lives in New York, &c. and would pafs land in England,
a nominal perfon may be joined with him in the deed,
who may acknowledge it here, and it will be binding.

1 Salk. 389. If the party dies before it is enrolled, it may
be enrolled afterwards ; and enrolments of deeds operate
by virtue of the ftatute of enrolments; but if livery and
feifin be had before the enrolling, it prevents the opera¬
tion of the enrolment, and the party fliall be in by that, as
the more worthy ceremony to pafs eftates. zNelf.Abr. 1010.

An indorfement on the back of the deed by the proper
officer is fufficient evidence of the enrolment. Doug. 56,8.
And by 10 Anne, c. 18, where a bargain and fale enrolled
Ihall be pleaded with a profert, a copy of the enrolment
flgned by the proper officer, and proved on oath to be a
true copy, fliall be of the fame force as the deed itfelf.
Enrolment is ordained in divers cafes by ftatute; of bar¬
gains and fales by 27 Hen. VIII. c. 16. Deeds in corpo¬
rations, &c. 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. 22. Of writings in
the counties of Lancafter and Chefter, &c. 5 Eliz. c. 26.
Grants from the crown of felons’ goods, &c. 4and 5 Wil.
and Mary, c. 22. Alfo, of deeds and wills made of lands
of papifts.

LoENROO'T, v.a. To fix by theroot; to implant deep:
He cannot fo precifely weed this land,

As his mifdoubts prefent occaflon :

His foes are fo enrooted with his friends.

That, plucking to unfix an enemy,

He doth unfaften fo and ftiake a friend. Shakefpeare.

E N S

To ENRO'UND, v.a. To environ; to furround ; to
encircle ; to inclofe :

Upon his royal face there is no note

How. dread an. army hath enrounded him. Shakefpeare.

ENS,/. [Lat.] A term for any being or exiftence. In
chemiftry, fome things that are faid to contain all the qua¬
lities or virtues of the ingredients they are drawn from.

ENS, a river of Germany, which riles about four miles
weft of Raftadt, in the archbifliopric of Saltzburg, and
runsinto the Danube at Enns, in the archduchyof Auftria.

ENS, or Enns, a town of Germany, in the archduchy
of Auftria, fituated at the conflux of the Ens and the
Danube; founded about the year 900; fituated on an
eminence, well built and ftrongly fortified ; containing a
convent, an arfenal, and two caftles, one of which js fur-
rounded with walls, and bears the name of Enftmrg:
forty-two miles eaft-fouth eaft of Paflau, and eighty weft
of Vienna. Lat. 48. 13. N. Ion. 32. 13. E. Ferro.

ENS, a town in the fouthern part of the ifland of Scliok-
land, in the Zuyder Sea : ten miles north-weft of Campen.

ENS M AR'TIS,/. A name anciently given to the calx
of iron which arifes in fublimation, with twice its quan¬
tity of fal ammoniac. Medical praftice does not now
place this preparation in a higher rank of eftimation than
other calces of iron.

ENS VE'NERIS,/. The ens martis is in many difpen-
fatories called by this name; others direct a fublimation
to be made with fal ammoniac, and the calx of cupreous
vitriol, a procefs which it is well known affords no flowers,
or at leaft a quantity proportioned merely to the iron
with which the vitriol of copper may be contaminated.
Hence it appears, that there is really no ens veneris.

ENSAM'PLE, /. [ejfempio, Ital.j Example; pattern;
fubjeft of imitation. '1 his orthography is now juftly dif-
ufed. — Ye have us for -an enfample. Phil. iii. 17.

Such life ffiould be the honour of your light ;

Such death, the lad enfample of your night. Spenfcr.

To ENSAM'PLE, v. a. To exemplify; to fliew by ex¬
ample ; to give 11s a copy. — I have followed all the an¬
cient poets hiftorical : firft, Homer, v\ ho, in the perfon
of Agamemnon, enfampled a good governor and a virtuous
man. Spetjer.

To ENSAN'GUINE, v. a. \_fangnis, Lat. enfanglanter ,
Fr. ] To fmear with gore ; to fuffufe with blood :

With cruel tournament the fquadrons join ;

Where cattle paftur’d late, now Icatter’d lies,

With carcaues and arms, til’ enfanguin' d field. Milton.

ENSA'TiE,/. [ enfis , Lat. afword.] In botany, the
fifth order in Linnaeus’s Fragments, and the fixth in the
natural orders at the end of his Gen. PI. containing fome
of the liliaceous plants, which have fword-fltaped leaves.

ENSCHE'DE, a town of the United Dutch States in
Overiflel : five miles fouth from Oldezeel.

To ENSCDE'DULE, v. a. To infert in a fchedule or
writing:

You muft buy that peace
With full accord to all our juft demands,

Enfchedul'd here. Shakefpeare.

To ENSCON'CE, v.a. To cover as with a fort; to fe-
cure. Hanmer. — We make trifles of terrors, enfeoncing our¬
felves in feeming knowledge. Shakefpeare.

A fort of error to enfconce

Abfurdity and ignorance. Hudibras.

To ENSE'AM, v. a. To fow up ; to inclofe by a feam
or junfture of needlework. — A name engraved in the re-
veftiary of the temple, one ftole away, and enfeamed it in
his thigh. Camden. — To contain:

And bounteous Trent, that in himfelf enfeames
Both thirty forts of fith, and thirty fundry ilreams. Spenf.
Upton’s gloffiary interprets enfeam here by ’fatten ; which
interpretation, or the reafons of the gloflarift, the com¬
piler can by no means adopt. Mafon.

E N S

To ENSEA'R, v.a. To cauterife 5 to ftanch or flop
with fire :

Enfear thy fertile and conceptions womb ;

Let it no more bring out t’ ingrateful man. Shakefpcare .

ENSEI'NT, adj. [law Fr.] With child.— A. died
without ilTiie born, but leaving his wife en feint, or big
with child. Blackjlove.

EN'SENE, a town of Egypt, on the eaft fide of the
Nile: 1 20 miles (oiith of Cairo. Lat. 28. 5. N. Ion. 48.
40. E. Ferro.

To ENSHIE'LD, v.a. To fliield ; to cover; to protedt:
Thefe black maflcs

Proclaim an enjhield beauty, ten times louder

Than beauty could difplay. Shakefpcare.

To ENSHRI'NE, v. a. To enclofe in a cheft or cabinet ;
to preferve and fee ure as a thing facred :

Fair fortune next, with looks ferene and kind,

Receives ’em, in her ancient fane enfirin'd. Addifon.

ENSIF'EROUS, adj. \enffer, Lat.] Sword-bearing.
EN'SIFORM, adj. [enfformis, Lat.] Having the fhape
of a fword, as tiie xiphoeides or cnjrform cartilage. In
botany, it denotes plants with fword-fhaped leaves, ta¬
pering from the bafe towards the point.

EN'SIGN,/". [en/cigne, Fr.] The flag or ftandard of a
regiment. — Hang up your enfiqns, let your drums be (till.
Shakfpeare. — Any fignal to alfemble. — He will lift up an
tnfvgn to the nations from far. Ifaiah v. — Badge ; or mark
of diftinftion, rank, or office. — The marks or enfigns of
virtues contribute, by their nohjenefs, to the ornament of
the figures ; as the decorations belonging to the liberal
arts, to war, or facrifices. Dryden.

Princes that fly, their feeptres left behind.

Contempt or pity, where they travel, find ;

The enjigns of our pow’r about we bear,

And ev’ry land pays tribute to the fair. Waller.

The officer of foot who carries the flag. See the articles
Flag, and Standard.

EN'SIGN-BE A K SR,y. He that carries the d ig; the
enfign. — If it be tine that the giants ever made war
againft heaven, he had been a fit crfgn-beartr for that
company. Sidney.

EN'SISHEIM, a town of France, in the department
of the Upper Rhine, and chief place of a canton, in the
diftrift of Colmar : four leagues fouth of C i n ; r.

ENSKY'ED, part. adj. Carried to heaven. — I hold
you as a thing enjky'd and fainted. Shakefpcare.

To ENSLA'VE, v. a. To reduce to fervitude ; to de¬
prive of liberty. — While the balance of power is equally
held, the ambition of private men gives neither danger
nor fear, nor can poffibly erflave their country. Swift.

The conquer’d alfo, and enjlav'd bv war,

Shall, with their freedom loft, their virtue lofe. Milton.
To make over to another as his Have or bondman. — No
man can make another man to be his (lave, unlefs he hath
firft enjlaved himfelf to life and death, to pleafure or pain,
to hope or' fear ; command tbofe paffions, and you are
freer than the Parthiap king. Taylor. — L'lie more virtu-
oufly any man lives, and the lefs he is enfaved to any hift,
the more ready he is to entertain the principles of reli¬
gion. Tillotfon.

ENSLA'VEMENT, f. The (late of fervitude ; fla-
very ; abjedt fubjedlion. — The children of Ifrael, accord¬
ing to their method of finning, after mercies, and there¬
upon returning to a freffi enflavement to their enemies, had
row p.a fifed (even years in cruel fubjedlion. South.

ENSLA'VER,/i He that reduces others to a (late of
fervitude :

What indignation in her mind,.

Againft enf avers of mankind ! Swift.

ENSNA'RE. See Insnare,

Vol. VI, No. 394.

ENT 821

To ENSNAR'LE, v. a. To entangle.— They inawayt
would clofely hi m tnfnarlc. Spetfcr.

To ENS rA'L, &c. See I.nstal.

EN'STORF, a town of Germany, in the circle of Ba¬
varia and Upper Palatinate : ■ twenty-two miles north of
Ratifbon.

To ENSTY'LE, v. a. To denominate :

High on the plains of that renowned ile,

Which all men beauty’.-, garden-plot enjlyle. W. Browne.

To ENSU'E, v.a. [ enfuivre , Fr ] To follow ; to pur-
fue. — Flee evil, and do good ; feek peace, and enfue it.
Common Prayer.

To ENSU E, v. n. To follow as a confeqttence to pre-
mifes. — Let this be granted, and it dull hereupon plainly
enfue , that the light of (cripture once ftiining in the wot Id,
all other light of nature is therewith in fuch fort drown¬
ed, that now we need it not. Hooker. — To fttcceed in a train
of events, or courfe of time. — Of worfe deeds worfe buf¬
ferings nutft enfue. Milton.

Then grave Clarifla graceful wav’d her fan ;

Silence enfu'd, and thus the nymph began. Pope.

ENSU'R ANCE, f. Exemption from hazard, obtained
by the payment of a certain fum- The fum paid for
fecurity .

ENSU'RANCER, f. He who undertakes to exempt
from hazard :

The vain enfurancers of life,

And they who mod perform’d, and promis’d lefs,

Ev’n Short and Hobbes, forfook th’ unequal ftrife. Dryd.

To ENSU'RE, v. a. [from/«rf, afurer , Fr.] To afeer-
tain ; to make certain ; to fecure. — It is eafy to entail
debts on fucceeding ages, but how to enfure peace for any
term of years is difficult enough. Swift. — To exempt any
thing from hazard by paying a certain fum, on condition
of being teimburfed for mifearriage. To promife reim-
burfement of any mifearriage for a certain reward ftipu-
lated. — A mendicant contracted with a country fellow
for a quantity of com, to enfure his (heep for that year..
V EJlrange.

ENSU'RER,/! One who makes contracts of enfurance ;
one who for a certain fum exempts any thing from hazard.

EN F (George), a learned phyfician and anatomift,
born, in 1603, at Sandwich, (on of a Flemifh merchant
who took refuge in England from the tyranny of the duke
of Alva. He was brought up to letters ; and after finifti-
ing his education at Cambridge, went abroad for the ftudy
of phyfic, and took his doctor’s degree at Padua, in which,
upon his return, he was incorporated at Oxford. He let-
tied in London, and was admitted into the college of
phylicians, of which he filled the various offices with great
reputation. He firft made himfelf known as an author by
a defence of Harvey’s dodlrine of the circulation, in a
work entitled Apologia pro Circulatione Sanguinis, qua refpon-
detur Ae.milio Parifano, 1641, reprinted with large additions-
in 1685. The anatomical reputation he had acquired
caufed him to be appointed one of the ledturers in that
fcience before the college of phylicians. Charles IT.
once condefcended to be his auditor, and after the ledhire
conferred upon him the honour of- knighthood. He was
one of the original members of that private philofophical
fociety, which, after the reftoration, formed the Royal
Society. 'He publifhed, in 1679, a controverfia! piece,
inti tied Antidialriba in Malachiam Thrujlon de Refpirationis Ufa
primario, containing fome obfervations upon Dr. Thruf-
ton’swork upon refpiration, which he had firft communi¬
cated to him in manufeript. Sir George Ent died in 1689,
at the age of eighty-fix.

ENTA’BLATURE, or Entablement,/; [from table.']
In architedlure, that part of an order of column which is
over the capital, compt ehending the architrave, frize,
and cornice. It is alfo ufed for the la ft row of (tones on
the top of the wall of. a building, on which the timber and
9 Z covering

822 ENT

covering reft; fometimes called the drip , becatife it pfo-
jefls a little to throw the water off.

ENTA'DA, f. in botany. See Mimosa.

ENT A'lL.yi \_feudum talliatum, from the Fr. entaille ,
cut, from tailler , to cut.] The eftate entailed or fettled,
with regard to the rule of its defcent. The rule of defcent
fettled for any eftate. Engraver’s work; inlay. Obfolete:
Well it appeared to have been of old,

A work of rich entail, and curious mold,

Woven with anticks and wild imagery. Spenfer.

To ENTA'IL, v. a. [ en tailler, Fr. from tailler , to cut.]
To fettle the defcent of any eftate, fo that it cannot be by
any fubfequent poffeffor bequeathed at pleafure :

Had Richard unconftrain’d refign’d the throne,

A king can give no more than is his own :

The title flood entail'd , had Richard had a fon. Dry den.

To fix unalienably upon any perfon or thing. — None ever
had a privilegeof infallibility entailed to all he faid. Digby.

• — The intemperate and unjuft tranfmit their bodily infir¬
mities and difeafes to their children, and entail a fecret
curfe upon their eftates. Tillotfon. — To cut. Obfolete. In
the following paffage it is neuter:

The mortal fteel, difpiteoufly entail'd,

Deep in their flefti, quite through the iron walls
That a large purple ftream adown their giambeaux falls.

Spenfer.

To carve for ornament :

All bar’d with golden bendes, which were entayl'd
With curious antickes, and full fayre aumayld. Spenfer.

To ENTA'ME, v. a. To tame; to fubjugate; to
fubdue :

’Tis not your inky brows, your black filk hair.

Your bugle eyeballs, and your cheek of cream,

That can entame my fpirits to your worfhip. ShakeJ'peare.

To ENTAN'GLE, v. a. [A word of uncertain etymo¬
logy-] To inwrap or infnare with fomething not eafily
extricable, as a net ; or fomething adhefive, as briars. To
lofe in multiplied involutions; as in a labyrinth. To
twift, or confufe in fuch a manner as that a feparation can¬
not eafily be made ; to make an entangled knot. To involve
in difficulties ; to embarrafs ; to perplex. — He knew not
how to wreftle with defperate contingencies, and fo ab¬
horred to be entangled in fuch. Clarendon.

Now all labour,

Marrs what it does, yea, very force entangles

Itfelf with ftrength. Shakefpcare.

To puzzle; to bewilder. — I fuppofe a great part of the
difficulties that perplex men’s thoughts, and entangle their
linderftandings, would be eafily refolved. Locke. — To en-
fnare by captious queftions or artful talk. — The pharifees
took council how they might entangle him in his talk.
Matt. xxii. 15. — To diftraft with variety of cares. — No
man that warreth entangletk himfelf with the affairs of this
life. 2 Tim. ii. 4. — To multiply the intricacies or diffi¬
culties of a work.

ENTAN'GLEMENT,/! Involution of any thing in¬
tricate or adhefive. Perplexity ; puzzle. — The mod im¬
proved fpirits are frequently caught in the entanglements of
a tenacious imagination. Glanville.

ENT AN'GLER, f. One that entangles.
ENTA'TICA,y; [from efletvu, Gr. to drain.] Provo¬
catives; medicines which create lull.

ENTELE'CHI A, f. [Gr.] A word ufed by Ariftotle
to exprefs the human mind.

ENTEL'LUS, a famous athlete among the friends of
^Eneas. He was intimate with Eryx, and entered the
lifts againft Dares, in the funeral games of Anchifes, in
Sicily. Virgil.

To E'NTER, v. a. [ entrer , Fr.] To go or come into
any place.

ENT

I with the multitude of my redeem’d,

Shall enter heav’n long abfent. Milton.

To initiate inabufinefs, method, or fociety. — The eldeft
being thus enter'd, and then made the fafliion, it would be
impoffible to hinder them. Locke.— To introduce or admit
into any counfel :

They of Rome are enter'd in our counfels,

And know how we proceed. Shakefpcare.

To fet down in writing :

Mr. Phang, have you enter'd the a£lion >

—It is enter'd. Shakefpcare,

To E'NTER, v.n. To come in ; to go in. — Be not
flothful to go and to enter to poflcfs the land. Judges. — -
To penetrate mentally ; to make intellectual entrance.
— He is particularly pleafed with Livy for his manner of
telling a ftory, and with Salluft for his entering into eternal
principles of adlion. Addifon. — To engage in. — The
French king hath often entered, on feveral expenftve pro¬
jects, on purpofe to diffipate wealth. Addifon. — To be
initiated in. — As foon as they once enter'd into a ftate of
pleafure, politcnefs, and magnificence, they fell into a
thonfand violences, confpiracies, and divifions. Addifon.

O pity and lhame, that thofe who to live well
Enter'd fo fair, ftiould turn afide 1 Milton.

ENTERDE'AL,/. \_entre and deal.~] Reciprocal tranfac.
tions. Obfolete .-

To learn the enterdeal of princes ftrange,

To mark th’ intent of counfels, and the change
Of ftates. Hubberd's Tale.

ENTEREN'CHYTA,/. [from e*t the bowels, and
tyxva’ Gr. to infufe into.] An inftrument for adminifter.
ing elyfters.

EN'TERING, f. Entrance ; paffage into a place.—
It is laid wafle, lo that there is no houfe, no entering in.
lfaiah.

ENTERI'TIS, f. [from imga, Gr. the bowels.] An
inflammation of the bowels.

To ENTERLA'CE, v. a. \_entrelaJfer,Yr.~\ To inter¬
mix ; to interweave. — This lady walked outright, ’till
we might fee her enter into a fine clofe arbour : it was of
trees, whofe branches fo lovingly enterlaced one another,
that it could refill the ftrongeft violenceof the fight. Sidney.

ENTEROCE'LE, J. [from tvri^oc, the bowels, and
Gr. a tumour.] An inteftinal hernia.

ENTEROEPIPLOCE'LE, f. [from trr s?cc, the bow¬
els, t'xiTtXoot, the omentum, and n.r>M, Gr. a rupture.] A
rupture of the omentum and the inteftines, in which they
protrude themfelves through the integuments of the belly.

ENTEROHYDROCE'LE,y] [from errc^a, the bowels,
and vfyoxnhn, Gr. a dropfy of the fcrotum.] A dropfy of
the fcrotum, with a defcent of the inteftine.

ENTERO'LOGY, f. [e^te^oii and \oy <>$, Gr.] The
anatomical account of the bowels and internal parts.

ENTEROM'PHALOS, f. [from Evrsga, the inteftines,
and ofAtya, Ao;, Gr. the navel.] A rupture of the inteftines
at the navel.

EN'TERON,y. [from eeto;, Gr. within.] An inteftine.

ENTEROSCHEOCE'LE, f. [from sm?a, the intef¬
tines, and oo-^eokjjAd, Gr. a rupture of the 'fcrotum.] A
rupture of the inteftines into the fcrotum.

ENTERPAR'LANCE, /. [entre and parler, Fr.] Par¬
ley ; mutual talk ; conference. — During the enterparlance
the Scots difcharged againft the Englifh, not without
breach of the laws of the field. Hayward.

ENTERPLE'ADER, in law. See Interpleader.

EN'TERPRISE,^ \entreprife , Fr.] An undertaking
of hazard ; an arduous attempt. — Now is the time to
execute mine enterprfes to the deftrutlion of the enemies.
Judith xiii. j.

The day approach’d, when fortune (hould decide
The important enterprife , and give the bride. Dryden.

To

823

ENT

To ENTERPRISE, v. a. To undertake ; to attempt ;
to eduy. — Princes were only chiefs of thofe aflemblies, by
whofe confultations and authority the great a&ions were
refolved and enterprifed. Temple.

Hade then, and lofe no time :

The bufinefs mud be enterpris'd this night ;

We mud furprife the court in its delight. Dryden.
To receive ; to entertain. Obfolete:

•In goodly garments, that her well became,

Fair marching forth in honourable wife,

Him at the thrediold met, and well did enterprife. Spenfer.

ENTERPRISER, f A man of enterprife ; one who
undertakes great things ; one who engages himfelf in im¬
portant and dangerous defigns. — They commonly proved
great enterprifers with happy fuccefs. Hayward.

To ENTERTA'IN, v.a. [ entretenir , Fr.] To converfe
with ; to talk with. — His head was fo well dored a ma¬
gazine, that nothing could be propofed which he was not
readily furnidted to enteriain any one in. Locke. — To treat
at the table.— You (hall find an apartment fitted up for
you, and fhall be every day entertained with beef or mut¬
ton of my own feeding. Addifon. — To receive hofpitably.
—Be not forgetful to entertain drangers ; for thereby fome
have entertained angels unawares. Heb. xiii. 2.

Heaven, fet ope thy everlading gates.

To entertain my vows of thanks and praife. Shakefpeare.
To keep in one’s fervice. — You, fir, I entertain for one of
my hundred ; only I do not like the fathion of your gar¬
ments. Shakefpeare. — To referve in the mind. — This pur-
pofe God can entertain towards us. Decay of Piety. — To
pleafe ; to amufe ; to divert.— The hidory of the Royal
Society fliews how well philofophy becometh a narration!
the progrefs of knowledge is as entertaining as that of arms.
■Felton. — To admit with fatisfafition. — Reafon can never
permit the mind to entertain probability in oppofition to
knowledge and certainty. Locke. — To make choice of :
But when he lookt about on every fyde.

To weet which way were bed to entertaine.

To bring him to the place where he would faine,

He could no path nor traft of foot defery. Spenfer.

ENTERTA'IN, y. Entertainment:

But neede, that anfwers not to all requeds,

Bad them not looke for better entertaine. Spenfer.

ENTERTA'INER,^. He that keeps others in his fer¬
vice. — He was, in his nature and conditution of mind, not
very apprehenfive or forecading of future events afar off,
but an entertainer of fortune by the day. Bacon. — He that
treats others at his table. — It is little the fign of a wife or
good man to fuffer temperance to be tranfgrefied, in order
to purchafe the repute of a generous entertainer. Atterbury.
—He that pleafes, diverts, or amufes.

ENTERTA'INMENT,y". Converfation. Treatment
at the table ; convivial provifion :

With Britifh bounty in his fhip he feads
Th’ Hefperian princes, his amazed gueds,

To find that wat’rv wildernefs exceed
The entertainment of their great Madrid. Waller.

Hofpitable reception. Reception; admidion. — It is not
eafy to imagine how it (hould at fird gain entertainment ,
but much more difficult to conceive how it fhould be
univerfally propagated. Tillotfon. — The date of being in
pay as foldiers or fervants. — Have you an army ready, fay

you ? - A mod royal one. The centurions and their

charges diftinttly billetted, already in the entertainment ,
and to be on foot at an hour’s warning. Shakefpeare. —
Payment of foldiers or fervants. Now obfolete. — The
captains did covenant with the king to ferve -him with
certain numbers of men, for certain wages and entertain¬
ment. Davies. — Amufement ; diverfion. — Pafiions ought
to be our fervants, and not our maders ; to give us fome
agitation for entertainment } but never to throw reafon out

ENT

of its feat. Temple.— Dramatic performance ; the lower
comedy. — A great number of dramatic entertainments are
not comedies, but five-adl farces. Gay.

To ENTERTA'KE, v. a. To entertain ; to receive.—
And with more myld afpefil thofe two to entertake. Spenfer.

ENTERTIS'SUED, adj. [entre and tiffue, Fr.] Enter-
woven or intermixed with various colours or fubdances :
The fword, the mace, the crown imperial.

The entertijfued robe of gold and pearl. Shakefpeare.

ENTERVIEW', f. in falconry, is the fecond year of
a hawk’s age.

To ENTHAL'MIZE, v. a. [from enthalmizo , Lat.] To
bring the bride and bridegroom to the bedchamber. Scott.

Not much ufed.

ENTHE'AL, adj. [from tv, in, and 6eo;, Gr. God.]
Divinely infpired.

ENTHEAS'TICAL, or Entheated, adj. Infpired;
divinely infpired. Scott. Not much ufed.

ENTHE'MA,y. [from tv, in, and Tifbjjtu, Gr. to place.]
With phyficians, a medicine to dop bleeding.

ENTHE'MATA, f. [from tv, in, and Gr. to
place.] Grafts inferted into the Hits of trees. Not ufed.

To ENTHRO'NE, v. a. To place on a regal feat :

Mercy is above this feepter’d fway :

It is enthroned in the hearts of kings ;

It is an attribute to God himfelf. Shakefpeare.

To inved with fovereign authority. — This pope was no
fooner elefted and enthroned, but that he began to exercife
his new rapines. Ayliffe.

To ENTHRO'NIZE, v. a. To enthrone :

Right princely virtue, fit to reign,

Entkroniz'd in her fplrit remain. Davis's Afrit a .

ENTHU'SIASM,y. [ enthufafmus , Lat. from tvQ aerva-ty,
Gr. to rave.] A vain belief of private revelation; a
vain confidence of divine favour or communication. —
Enthufiafm is founded neither on reafon nor divine revela¬
tion, but rifes from the conceits of a warmed or over¬
weening brain. Locke. — Heat of imagination ; violence of
padion ; confidence of opinion. — Elevation of fancy ; ex¬
altation of ideas. — Imaging is, in itfelf, the very height
and life of poetry, which, by a kind of enthufafm, or ex¬
traordinary emotion of foul, makes it feem to us that we
behold thofe things which the poet paints. Dryden.

ENTHU'SIAST, f. [svSetnxa, Gr.] One who vainly
imagines a private revelation, or who has a vain confi¬
dence of his intercourfe with God. — Let an enthufaf be
principled that he or his teacher is infpired, and adted by
an immediate communication of the Divine Spirit, and you
in vain bring the evidence of clear reafon againd his doc¬
trine. Locke.— One of a hot imagination, or violent paf-
fions. — Chapman feems to have been of an arrogant turn,
and an enthufaf in poetry. Pope. — One of elevated fancy,
or exalted ideas :

Divine Cecilia came,

Inventrefs of the vocal frame ;

The fweet enthufaf , from her facred dore,

Enlarg’d the former narrow bounds,

And added length to folemn founds,

With nature’s mother-wit, and arts unknown before. Dryd.

ENTHUSIAS'TIC, or Enthusiastical, adj. [from
Evfiacriarixo;, Gr. ] Perfuaded of fome communication with
the deity. — He pretended not to any feraphic enthufaf ical
raptures or inimitable unaccountable tranfports of devo¬
tion. Calamy. — Vehemently hot in any caufe. Elevated
in fancy; exalted in ideas. — An enthufaf ic or prophetic
dyle, by reafon of the eagernefs of the fancy, doth not
always follow the even thread of difeourfe. Burnet.

At lad, fublim’d
To rapture and enthufaf ic heat,

We feel tluf prefent Deity. Themfon.

EN'THYMEME, f. [evSv^^a, Gr.] In logic, an ar¬
gument cohfiding only of an antecedent and confequential

propofition ;

824

ENT

pvopofition ; a fyllogifm where the major propofition is
fupprefled, and only the minor and confequence produced
in words. — Playing much upon the limple or luftrative
argumentation, to induce their mthymemes unto the peo¬
ple, they take up popular conceits. Brown. — What is an
enthymeme, quoth Cornelius ? Why an enthymeme, replied
Crambe, is when the major is indeed married to the
minor, but the marriage kept fecret. Arbuthnot.

To ENTI'CE, v. a. [of uncertain etymology.] To al¬
lure ; toattradf; to draw by blandishments or hopes to
iomething (infill or dedrudfive. — If a man entice a maid
that is betrothed, he fhall furely endow her to be his wife.
Ex. xxii. 1 6.

So fang the fyrens with enchanting found,

Enticing all to liften, and be drown’d. Granville.

ENTI'CEMENT, f The adt or practice of alluring
to ill. — Suppofe we that the facred word of God can at
their hands receive due honour, by whofe enticement the
holy ordinances of the church endure every where open
contempt ? Hooker.

And here to every thirfty wanderer,

By fly enticement gives his baneful cup,

With many murmurs mixt. Milton.

The means by which one is allured to ill ; blandifliment ;
allurement.- — In all thefe inftances we mud feparate in¬
treaty and enticements from deceit or violence. Taylor.

ENTI'CER,/. One that allures to ill.

- ENTI'CINGLY, adv. Charmingly ; in a winning
manner. — She ftrikes a lute well, and fings mod enticingly.
Addifon.

EN'TIERTY, f. [ entierte Fr.] The whole; not
barely a part. — Sometime the attorney thrufteth into the
writ the uttermoft quantity ; or, elfe fetteth down an
entier/y, where but a moiety was to be palfed. Bacon.

ENTI'RE, adj. Rentier, Fr. integer , Lat.] Whole;
undivided. — It is not fafe to divide, but to extol the en¬
tire , ftill in general. Bacon. — Unbroken ; complete in its
parts. — An antique model of the famous Laocoon is entire
in thofe parts where theftatue is maimed. AddiJ'on on Italy .

■ — Full ; complete ; comprifing all requifites in itfelf. —
An action is entire when it is complete all its parts : or,
as Ariftotle deferibes it, when it conii.'ts of a beginning,
a middle, and an end. Speblator. — Sincere ; hearty :
Love’s not love,

When it is mingled with regard that (lands

Aloof from the entire point. Skakefpeare.

Firm ; Cure ; folid ; fixed :

Entire and fare the monarch’s rule mu ft prove,

Who founds her greatnels on her fubjedts’ love. Prior.

Unmingled ; unallayed :

Wrath (hall be no more

Thenceforth, but in thy prefence joy entire. Milton.

Honed; firmly adherent ; faithful. — No man had ever a

heart more entire to the king, the church, or his country ;

but he never fiudied the eafieft ways to thofe ends. Cla-

rerdon. — In full drength ; with vigour unabated ; with

power unbroken. — Then back to fight again, new breathed

and entire. Spenfer. — Inward

Deep in the clofet of my parts entire

Her worth is written with a golden quill. Spenfer.

ENTIRETY, adv. In the whole ; without divifion.
— Euphrates, running, finketh partly into the lakes of
Chaldea, and falls not entirely into the Perfian (ea. Raleigh.
—Chyle may be faid to be a vegetable juice in the fto-
mach and intedines ; as it paffeth into the ladleals it
grows dill more- animal, and when it hath circulated often
with the blood, it is entirely, fo. Arbuthnot.

Completely ; fully :

Here finifh’d he, and all that he had made

View’d; and. behold! all was entirely good. Milton.

ENT

With firm adherence ; faithfully :

Which when his penfive lady faw from far.

Great woe and forrow did her foul aflay,

As weening that the fad end of the war,

And ’gan to highed God entirely pray. Spenfer.

ENTI'RENESS, f. Totality; completenefs; fulr.efs,

• — In anarch, each Angle done, which, if fevered from the
reft, would be perhaps defencelefs, is diffidently fecured
by the folidity and entirenefs of the whole fabric, of which
it is a part. Boyle. — Honefly ; integrity.

EN.TI'RET Y, f. Completenefs. — This is the natural
and regular confequence of the union and entirety of their
intereft. Blackfone.

To ENTI'TLE, v. a. [ entituler , Fr.] To grace or dig¬
nify with a title or honourable appellation. To give a
title or diferiminative appellation ; as, to entitle a book.
— Befides the Scripture, the books which they call eccle-
fiadical were thought not unworthy to be brought into
public audience, and with that name they entitled the
books which we term apocryphal. Hooker.

Next favourable thou,

Who highly thus to entitle me vouchfaf’d

Far other name deferving ! Milton.

To fuperferibe, or prefix as a title. — How ready zeal for
party is to entitle Chriftianity to their defigns, and to
charge atheifm on thofe who will not fubmit. Locke. — To
give a claim to any thing. — God difeovers the martyr and
confeflbr without the trial of flames and tortures ; and
will hereafter entitle many to the rewards of adtions which
they had never the opportunity of performing. Addifon.
— To grant any thing as claimed by a title. — This is to
entitle God’s care how and to what we pleafe. Locke.

EN'TITY, /. \_entitas, low Lat.] Something which
really is ; a real being. — Fortune is no real entity , nor
phyflcal eflence, but a mere relative figmfication. Bentley.
Dear hope, earth’s dowry and heaven’s debt,

The entity of things that are not yet :

Subt’left, but Cured being. Crafiaw.

A particular fpecies of being. — All eruptioas of air,
though (mail and flight, give an entity of found, which we
call crackling, puffing, and [pitting ; as in bay fait and
bay leaves, cad into the fire. Bacon.

ENTLIBU'CH, a town of Swiffierland, in the canton
of Lucern ; the principal place of a baili.vic, about nine
leagues long, and fix wide -. which applied to the Swifs
to be relieved from the oppredions of its lords in the year
13S6 : twelve miles welt of Lucern.

ENTO'GANUM, f. in bot .ny. See Melicope.

To ENTO'IL, v. a. Toenfnare; to entangle ; to bring
into toils or nets. — He cut oft' their land forces from their
lhips, and entailed both their navy and their camp with a
greater power than theirs, both by (eapnd land. Bacon.

To ENTO'MB, v. a. To put into a tomb ; to bury. —
Procefiions were firft begun for the interring of holy mar¬
tyrs, and the vifiting of thofe places, where they were
entombed. Hooker.

They within the bead’s vafl womb,.

The choice and flow’r of all their troops entomb. Denham..

ENTOMO'LOGY, f. [from evropov, an infedt ; of e»,,
in, and rspyu, to cut, becaufe of the cuts or indented
rings on its abdomen; and A 070?, Gr. difeourfe.] The
fcience which inveftigatesthe nature, drudlure, and econo¬
my, of infedts ; called likewtfe infeblology. On the flighted
view of this fubjedt, we cannot but be ftruck with the
extenfive range which Providence has afligned to thefe
diminutive animals, which are found to pervade the whole
empire of Nature, in numbers which defy all powers of
computation: and in nothing does the immenfity of crea¬
tion more wonderfully appear, than in the infinite variety
and beauty of the infedt tribes. In their manners and
habitudes they form refemblances with almoft every other
animal : feme walk like quadrupeds, or creep like rep-
j. tiles;

ENTOM

tiles ; others fly like birds, while others again fwim, and
live in the water, like fifhes. Entomology, therefore, of
all the departments of natural hiflory, prefents the wideft
field for invertigation. The number of experiments and
obfervations necelfary to furnifli a complete hiflory of fo
many tribes of animals, is not only great, but the diffi¬
culty of making them is alfo immenfe. The number of
ideas with which a fk il fill botanift mud load his memory,
before he can acquire an accurate knowledge of plants,
is no doubt great: his talk, however, bears no proportion
to that of the entomologifl ; for, amidft fo many plants,
there is perhaps hardly one that does not furnifli nourifh-
ment and an habitation to feveral infects; while many,
inch as the oak, afford a retreat for lome hundreds of dif¬
ferent families. Plants, however, are far from being the
only abode of infedts ; vaft numbers refide upon the larger
animals, whom they continually fuck ; many live upon
and devour others of their own kind : the earth fwarms
with multitudes, while the air teems with others, too
»umerotts for the imagination to conceive !

But though a complete hiflory of this large and popu¬
lous part of nature’s empire cannot be expected ; yet,
fuch a general outline may be given, as fliall demonftrate
the exiftence of that great vivifying principle by which
fhe is animated, and by which (he is enabled continually
to pour forth into exiftence fuch immenfe numbers of or¬
ganized beings. Such an enquiry will prefent to us a
pleating view of that protection which Providence affords
even to the fmalleft of its creatures ; of the means it em¬
ploys for perpetuating them ; and of that wonderful ar¬
rangement by which one fet of beings fubfift upon ano¬
ther, and by which life is renovated and held on through
every part of the creation, without a paufe. It is there¬
fore extraordinary that the ftudy of entomology fhould
have been deemed an employment the moft ufelefs and
frivolous in which the human mind can be engaged : and
it is to be lamented that many have been in confequence
deterred from contemplating the wonders difplayed by
nature, in a kingdom of animals the moft numerous, di-
verfified, and fplendidly adorned, of any on the face of the
globe; and hence have deprived themfelves of views of
the pow er and munificence of the Author of Nature, the
moft ftriking and interefting that can be prefented to the
mind of man.

To thofe, however, who even derive no pleafure from
the (Indies of a liberal mind, and who feel no fatisfadlion in
any employment that is not attended with immediate pro¬
fit, the refearches of the entomologifl may not be altoge¬
ther ufelefs. Had the operations of the filkworm never
been examined, how could men have availed themfelves
of the labour of an infect that adminifters fo profufely to
the richnefs and elegance of our drefs ? It was not to the
unobferving eye that it fil'd occurred, that the produce of
that animal’s labour might be converted into a confidera-
ble article of commerce, and might give rife to many arts,
and afford fubfiftence to thoufands of manufacturers. In
the fame manner, wax and honey enter into the articles of
commerce, and add to our luxuries. It cannot, there¬
fore, be denied, but that thofe naturalifts were profitably
employed who firft obferved the induftry of the bee ; who
brought that animal from its native woods, introduced it
into the hive, and, by domefticating it there, have render¬
ed it fubfervient to our enjoyments.

The Chinefe, whofe progrefs in many of the arts is de-
fervedly-celebrious, avail themfelves of the labours of
certain infedts in procuring a rich dye, and an elegant
varnifh, which is provided by a certain fpecies of winged
ant. Our fined red colours are alfo furnifhed by infedts.
The cochineal infedt, the extenfive advantages of which
have been long known, is propagated with care, and in
vaft numbers, in the kingdom of Mexico, and in many
parts of South America. See the article Coccus, vol. iv.
p.721-724, and the correfponding engraving. The kernes,
or grain of fcarlet, which was formerly imagined to be
one of the galls or excrefcences that are feen on Ihrubs, i
VoLe VI. No. 394.

O L O G Y. 825

now found to be an infedt, which attaches itfelf in that
form to a fpecies of the oak.

The medical ufes of the infeCt tribes are alfo far from
being inconfidcrable ; and to thefe objects they have long
been applied. The valuable purpofes to which the cantha-
rides has been made fubfervient, will alone vindicate the
utility of thofe refearches which have been made concern¬
ing this part of the animal kingdom. There are dill
other ufes to which infedts have been applied, and that
from the moft remote antiquity, which appear of a curious
and Angular nature. Even before the time of Theo-
phraftus and of Pliny, certain kinds of them were employ¬
ed in ripening the figs throughout the iflands of the Ar¬
chipelago ; and it appears from Tournefort, that the fame
practice dill fubfifts among the inhabitants of thofe iflands.
There are two kinds of figs cultivated around the Medi¬
terranean ; the wild, and the domeftic. The former
produces fruit feveral times in the year; and in it are
foftered certain worms, which are afterwards transformed
into fmall flies. It is by the afliftance of thefe little ani¬
mals that the domeftic fig is brought to maturity, which
would otherwife drop from the tree in an unripe date.
During the months of June and July, the peafants are
bufily employed in collecting fuch of the wild figs as
abound moft with thefe infeCts, and in placing them near
the cultivated fig, that they may co-operate with nature in
bringing it to maturity. Similar purpofes are effected
by our gardeners in England, who employ the bees on
their firft coming, and (hut them into the frames, to
transfer the prolific farina of the male bloffom to that of
the female, whereby fructification is infured, and early
cucumbers produced.

But there are other inducements to the ftudy of ento¬
mology, of a nature wholly different from thofe already
mentioned; inducements, founded not on any hope of pe¬
cuniary advantage, but of alleviating or preventing the
numerous mifehiefs they occafion. Infinite fwarms of
infedts annually defolate whole provinces; others attack
our gardens and cultivated grounds, where they commit
endlefs devafhtions upon the corn, vegetables, and fruit
trees. Nor are their depredations confined to the fields ;
they even enter the habitations of man, pierce the found-
eft bottoms of (hips, and by deftroying the timbers gra¬
dually reduce them to ruin. They injure his books and
furniture, and deflroy his clothing ; fome of them fpare
not even his perfon, tormenting it long before the period
which nature has deftined it to become their legitimate
prey. Here, then, by aclofer examination of the deftruc-
tive powers of infeCts, we (hall have melancholy proofs
of their importance in the fyftem of nature, and be per-
fuaded that however trifling they may appear, there is no
clafs of animals whofe hiflory more nearly concerns us,
and which better deferves the attention of the naturalift.

There are tour different fpecies of the locuft which are
remarkably deftrudtive. Almoft every year, whole pro¬
vinces, the moft fertile in Ada and Africa, are laid w afte
by their depredation. In Tunis and Algiers, fwarms of
the gryl.'ns rnigratorius appear fo numerous, that they
darken the face of the fky, like a threatening cloud.
Thefe pernicious animals are wafted there by the fouther-
ly winds in the month of April. In May they take their
departure for the interior parts of the country, to propa¬
gate their young ; thefe make their appearance in their
larva or caterpillar (late, during the month of June, when
they commit vaft depredations. The firft columns, which
pervade the country like an army, deftroy every green
ftirub and pile of grafs; and their devaftation has not
ceafed, when they are fucceeded by other fwarms, that
prefs upon tlfeir rear, devouring the tender branches and
(talks of plants, which their forerunners had left. This
dreadful vifitation, which the language of feripture has
juftly deferibed as a plague, does not terminate till the
infeCts have paffed into their winged date, when they fly
off, leaving the whole furface of the earth naked and
brownP as if fcorched by fire. — See the article G&yllus,
10 A with

826 E N T O M

with the correfponding engravings of the moll remarkable
fpecies of locufts.

Little inferior to the locufl in its deflrudtive powers, is
the phaltsno. graminis of Linnaeus, which deflroys the mea¬
dows in Sweden. There the peafants are employed in
cutting deep ditches in the furface to flop the progrefs of
the larvae as they pafs along. If the fwarm be fmall,
this device has the defired effedt ; but the numbers of
thefe animals are often fo great, that they fill up the
trenches, and pafs along over the dead bodies that are
buried in them. The formica facchilifcra is a native of
the Weft Indies, where it pervades the plantations of
the fugar-cane, entering the plants, and deflroying them
when they are tender : after long experience of its de¬
predations, the inhabitants have never been able to in¬
vent a method of deftroying this pernicious animal. In
our own country, the turnip-fly, the butterfly, the chafer
maggot, the corn infedt, thrips phyfapus, and the goofe-
berry worm, have long committed depredations in the
fields and gardens, which no invention has hitherto been
able wholly to prevent. See the article Thrips, and
correfponding engraving of the corn infedt. Another
objedt highly worthy the attention of the entomologifl,
is the means of preferving corn from the invafion of in-
fedts, after it is colledted into granaries. Our fubfiftence,
in almofl every flage of its progrefs, isconflantly expofed
to the intrufions of thefe enemies of human induftry.
Flour, bifcuit, and almofl every kind of provifion, even
after it is barrelled up for exportation, is liable to be de¬
voured or rendered ufelefs, by the depredations of the
minuted animals. See Curculio, vol. v. p.480, and
correfponding engraving of the weevil, &c. The pa-
triotifm of ftatefmen, and their zeal for the good of man¬
kind, could not receive a nobler or more ufeful diredtion
than in holding out rewards to fuch as might difeover t he
mod effedtual means of preventing the ravages of thofe
animals, which, by the mod deflrudtive adtivity, are con¬
tinually converting large dores of provifions into fo many
mafles of corruption. If we pafs from thefe evils to
other inconveniences with which infedts opprefs the hu¬
man race, we fhall find room to commiferate the inhabi¬
tants of many parts of the globe. What an uncomfort¬
able life mud the poor Laplander lead, fince, at certain
feafons of the year, the number of infedts is fo great,
that a candle is no fooner lighted than the flame is ex-
tinguiflied by the multitudes that flock to it ; where,
after millions are dedroyed, famidied millions fucceed,
and renew the unceafing combat. Lefs injurious, though
equally tormenting, are the mufquetos which infed the
warm climates of Ada and South America. Even in Bri¬
tain, which is happily free from thefe unrelenting inva¬
ders, much inconvenience is often felt from the ding of
the hornet, the wafp, and the bee; and almod as bad
from filthy vermin, efpecially the bug. See the articles
Cimex, vol. iv. p. 59S, and Culex, vol. v. p.461 — 463,
with the corper-plates of thofe various infedts. To coun-
teradt thefe inveterate enemies of man, and to relieve him
from the mifehiefs they occafion, ought always to be one
aim of the entomologid: and no perfon will deny, that
whoever, by the dudy of infedts, has found the means of
availing himfelf of the labours of fuch as are ufeful, or
prevent the noxious from doing harm, hath rendered an
edential fervice to mankind.

After what has been faid, it may appear lingular, that
the dudy of entomology was very long before it attradted
any confiderable degree of attention from men of learning,
Aridotle, the father of naturalids, has allotted but a fmall
portion of his works to the hidory of infedts; nor does it
appear that he has been always fufficiently attentive to
the authorities upon which he inferts the different fadts
he relates, or to the order in which they are arranged.
The hidories of Pliny and iElian are formed upon the
fame plan, and are liable to fimilar defedts : they confid of
a number of obfervations, ill arranged, and infufficiently
authenticated.

OLOGY,

During that long fucceffion of ages, which was only
didinguifhed by ignorance and barbarifm, entomology
fliared the fame fate with every other fcience : it was
condemned to oblivion. After a fade for literature had
begun to revive, the hidory of infedts again attradted
the notice of the curious ; unhappily, however, for the
growth of fcience, men were then devoted to the dudy
of the ancients with a blind admiration. It was from
their writings that they imagined the moderns were to
derive a complete knowledge of all the fecrets of nature ;
and Aridotle was principally confulted for the hidory of
animals. Had Aldrovandus, Gefner, and Mouffet,"be-
dowed the fame attention in fludying the works of nature,
that they employed upon the writings of ancient authors,
they would have made a much greater progrefs in real
knowledge. T. he attempts of thefe writers, however,
gave birth to the refearches of others, who were gradu¬
ally more bold and fuccefsful, in proportion as their re¬
verence for antiquity was diminiflied. I11 1668, about
twelve years after Mouffet publiflied his Thcatrum InJ'dto-
rum, the experiments and obfervations of the celebrated
Rhedi made their appearance in Italy. His invefligations
were principally directed to the manner of the generation
of infedts, with a view to overthrow that abfurd and er¬
roneous dodttine edablifiied by the ancients, of their ari-
fing fortuitoufly from different bodies in a date of putre¬
faction. Nothing can more fully demondrate the drength
of prejudice than thofe elaborate treatifes which Malpighi,
Swammerdam, and Rhedi, were obliged to compote, in
order to combat the notion of the fpontaneons generation
of infedts ; an opinion which at prefent feems as ridicu¬
lous and unphilofophical as it is untrue. Notwithfland-
ing all their efforts to prove, that the fmaller animals are
produced in the fame manner with the larger, and that
the organization of the body of a mite requires the fame
apparatus of litnbs, and' the fame complete ftrudture of
parts, as that of an elephant, attempts were dill made to
revive the ancient error by Kirker, Bonarie, and others.
And what is mod mortifying to human reafon, the fame
Rhedi, the declared enemy of prejudices, and the man of
all others who knew bed how to combat them, has, upon
this very fubjedt, fallen into a fimilar error. In order to
produce thofe infedts which are found upon the fmall ex-
crefcences of plants and trees, he conferred a vivifying
power, a kind of foul, upon thofe vegetables where they
were found, and thus laid afide the ordinary mode of
generation, which in other inftances he had laboured to
edablifli.

Swammerdam w'as the contemporary of Rhedi; and,
like him, he poffeffed the courage to examine nature, and
think for himfelf*. This naturalid made many anatomical
experiments upon infedts, which after his death were
publiflied at Leyden, and laid the foundation of great
improvements in entomology. About the fame period,
Mary Sibille Merian, a Dutch lady, contributed largely
to bring the hidory of infedts into repute, by the beauty
of her paintings and drawings. After having executed
elegant figures of feveral of the infedts of Europe, from a
finguiar avidity for entomology fhe was prompted to
crofs the Atlantic, and give paintings of many of thofe
in South America. Having refided for feveral years in
Surinam, fhe returned to Europe with exquifite drawings
of many of the fplendid infedts of that continent, which
were afterwards engraved and publiflied in Holland ; and
her work, with the original drawings, are now preferved
as objedts of real curiodty in the Britifh mufeum. From
thefe are given many of the bed engravings which illuf-
trate this work.

Goedart is another of the firfl authors who adorned the
hidory of infedts with the labours of the pencil. He paid
great attention to the metamorphofes of the animals, and
has painted many of them in the feveral forms which they
affume, from their appearance till their death. His work
was originally publillied in German, very badly arranged ;
a new edition in Latin was afterwards given by Dr, Lider,

in

•82?

ENTOMOLOGY.

in which many errors were corredled, and a new arrange¬
ment made out by that able naturalift, who has himfelf
written a valuable treatife upon the intricate genus of fpi-
ders. Some of thefe authors, by ihe extent of theirlabours,
and others by the boldnefs of their genius, had convinced
mankind that the ancients were far from attaining that
perfedt knowledge of nature which they had hitherto
imagined. They were now fo far emboldened by the
prog-refs they had made, that they trufted to their own
judgment and obfervation in examining the works of na¬
ture; and many productions far more judicious, accurate,
and philofophical, were oifered to the public, than had
ever before appeared. Among the firft of thefe may be
ranked that of our celebrated countryman, Mr. Ray, who
had, for the greater part of his life, affiduoufly examined
the economy of infedls. His Mdhodus Inferior um was not
publi filed till after his death in 1710, and was then the
moft accurate and concile performance on the fubjedt of
entomology. In the meanwhile, there appeared a nume¬
rous lift of authors who treated this clafs of the animal
kingdom ; Albin deferibed the infedls of England, while
fir Hans Sioane, Petiver, Catefby, and Frifch, have de¬
tailed the hiftory of vaft numbers of exotic animals of
this tribe. — In this (late of the fcience, about the year
1754, appeared M. de Reaumur, by far the moft laborious
and indefatigable entomologift then in Europe. Almoft
in every part of France this naturalift had correfpondents
Rationed to tranfmit him deferiptions and fpecimens of
every curious infedl that might occur. And in order to
examine their inftindts, their transformations, and mode
of generation, heinclofed vaft numbers of them in a large
aviary, conftrudted with a clofe net, and fecured below
with a pavement overlaid with green turf, and planted
with ftirubs and different kinds of plants. It was there
that this unwearied obferver of nature examined the man¬
ners and economy of thofe infedls, which he has deferibed
in one of the moft voluminous works that has appeared
on entomology. As a writer, he is extremely diffufe,
but always entertaining and inftrudtive. The principal
defedl in his work is the want of a fyftematic arrange¬
ment, and the fynonyma of other authors ; a precaution
that was alone able to have prevented confufton in fo
large a performance, and amid the vaft number of infects
■which he has deferibed. Thefe defeats, however, were
foon after remedied by the excellent claflilication of the
illnftrious Swede, whofe fyftem will probably long con¬
tinue to be a ftandard to all thofe who (hall hereafter at¬
tempt to enlarge the boundaries of natural hiftory.

Since 1715, when the Syftema Naturae was firft pub-
lifbed by fir Charles Linnaeus, various improvements were
ni3de on it by that author, who enjoyed the rare felicity,
not only of feeing his works gain univerfal approbation,
but of many opportunities of bringing them nearer to
perfedtion. In the mean time Geoffroy, Scopoli, Wotton,
Harvey, Valifnieri, and many others of confiderable note,
turned their attention to this interefting part of natural
hiftory ; and while they have endeavoured to improve
upon the arrangement of the Swedifh naturalift without
fuccefs, have neverthelefs added greatly to the known
fpecies of infedls. Among this number De Geer, a Swe-
di(h nobleman, counfellor to the king, may be ranked in
the firft Ration : he has publiftied a large treatife upon
this fubjedl, in which he has not only deferibed a great
number of infedls with accuracy, but has indulged in
philofophical remarks upon their hiftory, which poftefs
very confiderable merit. For corredl claffification, how¬
ever, and an enumeration of all the fpecies of infedls at
prefent known, Dr. Gmelin’s edition of Linnaeus, 1793 ;
the Syftem cf Entomology, by Fabricius, 1795 ; and Dr.
Turton’s tranflation of Gmelin, 1800, are by far the moft
complete.' — Befides thefe, a number of entomologifts have
appeared, who have given moft elegant engravings of in¬
fers ; among which are, Knorr, Roefel, Seba, Leeuwen¬
hoek, Fuefsly, Muller, Cramer, Pallas, Baker, Barbut,
Harris, Wilkes, Latreiile, Paykull, Coquebert, Bofch,
2

Frifch, Clairville, Detigny, and particularly Drury. Some
of thefe have improved this fcience by microscopical uu.
fervation : the laft elegant improvement of which has been
recently given by Kanmacher, in his new edition of Mr.
Adams’s Hiftoryof Infedls, illuftrated by the miferofeo; e>

Whether wrn turn our attention to a hot or a cold eft.
mate, it is probable that the number of infedls in every
country is greater than that of plants. In Sweden thcie
have been enumerated, and pretty accurately deferibed,
about one thoufand feven hundred infedls, while the num¬
ber of plants, though no where more accurately examined
than in that kingdom, do not exceed thirteen hundred. —
In the neighbourhood of Paris, there have been difeover-
ed by Geoffroy and Reaumur, upwards of one thouland
four hundred infedls, while the plants of the fame diftricl,
which have been dill more accurately examined than the
infedls, do not nearly amount to that number. — The Bri-
tifh infedls have never yet been either fully enumerated,
or accurately deferibed; although the plants of this ifiand
have been pretty accurately afeertained, by the indefati¬
gable induftry of Dr. Withering. Dr. Berkenhout, in
his outlines of the natural hiftory of this ifland, has enu¬
merated five hundred and feventy-two different fpecies.
In all probability, a more complete inveftigation would
difeover three, or perhaps four, times, that number of
Britifh infedls. The nearer any country approaches to
the equator, the more numerous will the infedl tribes be
found. In thefe northerly climes, however, there is
ftill much room left for entomological inveftigation and
enquiry.

The different operations which infedls are obferved to
perform, oblige the naturalift to aferibe to them a certain
degree of intelligence. Yet the various precedes through
which they pafs are fo uniform, and that fucceftion of
adtions which we fee them exhibit are fo little varied,
that nature feems to have deftined them to adl a fubor-
dinate part in the great republic of animals. If their
hiftory fometimes represents them varying their proce¬
dure, and accommodating themfelves to circumftances,
the fphere of their addrefs feems to be confined within
narrow limits ; and it is feldom that they attradl our ad¬
miration by any unufual efforts of fagacity. The bee and
the ant reprefent flriking inltances of afliduity in labour ;
they have, however, but one fingle method of operating,
and, withdrawn from that, can turn to no other. A bee
taken out of the hive is totally helplefs and inadlive ; far
from difplaying the fagacity of the dog, it feems incapable
of giving the (mailed variation to its inftindls. In the
purfuits of the latter animal, there appears fomething
like choice ; in the labours of the former, the whole ap¬
pears like neceflity or compulfive inftindl.

The amazing number of infedls is another argument of
their inferiority in the fentient principle. It is a rule
which obtains among the offspring of nature, that the
nobler animals are fiowly produced, and that, in forming
thefe, (lie adls with a dignified economy ; while, in her
meaner births, (he is often lavifh to profusion ; and thou-
fands of the more ignoble kinds are produced merely to
fupply the neceffities of the more favoured and highly
organized parts of her creatures. From thefe confidera-
tions, we are induced to believe, that the degree of intel¬
ligence allotted to this clafs of the animal kingdom is but
fmall ; and our experience, as far as it goes, coincides with
this opinion. While other animals are capable of fome
degree of education, thefe have one invariable mode of
operating, which no art can either alter or improve. The
dog is taught to carry ; the bird to fing a tune ; but
thofe infedls which may be confidered as completely do-
mefticated, can by no invention be turned from their in¬
ftindl. The filkworm completes its labours, and the
fpider conftrudts its web invariably in the fame manner*
An exiftence which continues but a fingle fegfon, feems
too (hort for the purpofes of inftrudtion, or of learning.
Hence the infecls are not only of a rank inferior to the
larger animals, but are more nearly allied to the vermes ,

tha»

828

♦

E N T O M

4han to tlie claffes above them. Many are attached to
one vegetable, Come to a (ingle leaf, where the period of
their lives is completed in a fevv weeks, or perhaps a few
days or hours ; and where the pleafures they enjoyed, or
the purpofes for which they were produced, are in a great
meafure beyond the reach of our faculties to explore.

Of the PARTIS of INSECTS.

An infedl is denned to be, an animated being deditufe
of bones; but which, inftead thereof, is covered with a
very hard (kin which fupplies the place of edification ;
has fix or more feet ; and breathes through fpiracula, or
pores placed in the fide of the body : yet infedls are very
diltindt from, and mud not be confounded with, verm* or
worms. Quadrupeds, birds, and fillies, have all an inter-
jnal fkeleton of bones, to which the mufcles are affixed ;
but the whole interior of infedls is compofed of f'oft flefh,
and the mufcles are attached to an external (hell, which
ierves the double purpofe of (kin and bone, completely
exemplified in the crab and lobftcr.— See the article Can¬
cer, vol.iii. p. 704 — 707.

Infedls are divided into four principal parts : the caput ,
or head; the thorax , or trunk; the abdomen , or belly;
thearfar, or limbs. The Head is affixed to the thorax
by a fpecies of articulation or joint ; it is the principal
feat of the fenfes, and, ^s proved by Fabricius, contains
the rudiments of the brain ; it is furniihed with a mouth,
eyes, antennae, a forehead, a throat, and ftemmata. In
the greater part of infedls the heafl is didindtly divided
from the thorax, but in others it coalefces with it. The
head of fome infedls is very large compared with the fize
of their bodies ; the proportion between the head of the
fame infedl is not always fimilar ; in the caterpillars with
horny heads it is generally fmall, before they moult or
change their fk in, but much larger -after each moulting.
The hardnefs of the exterior part of the head prevents its
growth before the change ; it is, confequently , in propor¬
tion to the body very fmall; but when the infedl is dif-
pofing itfelf for the change, the internal fubftance of the
head retires inwards to the firft ring of the neck, where it
has room to expand itfelf ; fo that when the animal quits
the (kin, we are furprifed with a head twice the former
fize ; and, as the infedl neither eats nor grows while the
head is forming, there is this further circumftance to be
remarked, that the body and the head have each their
particular time of growth : while the head expands and
grows, the body does not grow at all ; when the body
increafes, the head remains of the fame fize, without any
change.

Os, the mouth, is a part of the infedl to which entomo-
logids will find it rieceffary to pay a very particular atten¬
tion. Fabricius goes fo far as to affiert that, without a
thorough knowledge of the mouth, its form, and various
appendages, it will be impofiible to diferiminate with ac¬
curacy one infedl from another. In the ftrudture of the
mouth confiderable art and wifdoin is difplayed; the di-
verfity of the figure is almoft as great as the variety of
fpecies. It is tifually placed in the forepart of the head,
extending fomewhat downwards : in the chermes, coccus,
and fome other infedls, it is placed under the bread. In
fome infedls, the mouth is forcipated, to catch, hold, and
tear, the prey; in others, aculeated, to pierce and wound
animals, and f uck their blood ; in others, drongly ridged
jaws and teeth, to gnaw and ferape out their food, carry
burdens, perforate the earth, nay the harded wood, and
even dones, for habitations and neds for their young.
Others are furnidied with a kind of tube, at one time
moveable, at another fixed, with which they fuck the
jnices of the flowers.

Maxilla , the jaws, are generally two in number ; in
fome, four ; in others, more. They are fometimes placed
in an horizontal, fometimes in a tranfverfc, diredlion ;
the inner edge is ferrated, or furniihed with fmall teeth,
as in the cicada, nepa, notonedla, cimex, aphis^ and re.

O L O G Y.

markably fo in fome curculeones. They move the jaws
from right to left, not up and down, but fideways.

The roftnun, or probofeis, is a very curious and compli¬
cated organ ; it is t he mouth drawn out to a rigid point.
In many infedls of the hemiptera clafs, it is bent down
towards the bread and belly. It has by fome writers
been confidered as ferving at once the different purpofes
of month, nofe, and windpipe, enabling the infedl to ex-
tradl the juices of plants, communicate the fenfation of
fmelling, and convey air to the body.

Lingua, the tongue, is a taperand compadl inftrument,
by which the infedl obtains the juices of plants. Some
can contract or expand it, others roll it up with dex¬
terity ; in fome it isinclo(ed within a (heath. It is taper
and fpiral in the butterfly, tubular and fi'efiiy in the fly ;
in all affording under the microfcope, a mod lingular dif-
play of curious ntechanifm. Swammerdam, when fpeak-
ing of the probofeis of the butterfly, is full of admiration ;
“ I cannot refrain, (fays he,) from confelling to the glory
of the Immenfe and Incomprehenfible Architedl, that I
have but impetfedlly deferibed and reprefented this fmall
organ ; for, to represent it to the life in its full perfedlion,
as truly mod perfedl it is, far exceeds the utmod efforts
of human knowledge.” Reaumur breaks out into fimilar
expreflions, on describing the probofeis of the bee, with
which they take their nouri fitment, and colledl the honey.
See thisindrumentdeferibedandfigured under Apis, vol .i.
p. 796. The probofeis of the bee is ffiaped like a barbed
javelin, but that of the butterfly is a fpiral fubdance,
fomewhat refentbling the fpring of a watch when wound
up ; as may be feen in the butterfly, in the Entomology
Plate I. fig. 6. By means of a pin it can be gently pulled
out to its full length ; it grows gradually tapering from
the bafe, at the end it divides or feparates into two tubes,
each furnidied with little organs of fudtion ; probably, it
is by thefe that it exrradls the juices on which it feeds,
and not by the extreme ends of the tongue. As the but¬
terfly has no mouth, the probofeis is the only alimentary
organ ; when feparated from the infedl, it will often un¬
roll itfelf, then wind and coil itfelf up again, continuing
thele motions at intervals for a confiderable time.

The probofeis of the tabanus, or ox fly, is alfo of a very
Angular and curious drudlure. The whole apparatus is
compofed of fix parts, exclufive of the two guards or
feelers, all of which are inclofed in a fleflty cafe, which
opens at the will of the animal, and lets out its weapon,
whenever difpofed to pierce the hides of cattle, and fuck
their blood. But the mod Angular and curious confor¬
mation of a probofeis, if it may be fo called, is the inflated
projection of the head of the lanthorn-fly, which, in lu¬
minous fplendour, fo far exceeds the refulgence of the
glow-worm, as to enable the inhabitants of South Ame¬
rica to read by its light, and travellers are even faid to be
directed on their journey, by fixing one or two. of them to
the end of a ftick. See their natural hifiory, and an en¬
graving of them, under Fulgora, vol. vii.

Antennae. — Thefe are fine fiender horns, confiding of
feveral articulations, moveable in various directions, and
conflituting one of the diferiminating charadleriftics of
infects. They are beautiful in form, and of a very deli¬
cate ftrudture, fo finely articulated, and fo minutely joint¬
ed, as to be indantaneoufly moveable in every diredlion.
They are fituated on the fore part of the head. The
fhape, the length, the number, and kind of articulations,
not only vary in different fpecies, but the antennae of the
male generally differ from thofe of the female. The
greater number of infedls have only two antennae, but
the onifeus, the pagurus, and adacus, have four. Re.
gular rows of minute holes are obfervable in the antennae,
which are fuppofed to be nafal apertures, poffelfing the
faculty of feent. Several infedls cover their eyes with
the antennae, while they deep. But we are far from being
certain of the pofitive ufe of this indrument : fome writers
have merely conjedtured that they are the organs of fmell

ENTOM

*nd ef hearing, others have fuppofed them appropriated
to. a<.delicate kind of feeling, fenfible to the lead motion
or difturbance in the circumambient fluid in which they
move. It is very reafonable to fuppofe they are the or¬
gans of fmelling, fiuce we evidently find that many infects
polfefs this fenfe in a very exquifite degree, and yet we
fee no external organs except thefe to ferve that purpofe.
The following obfervations may ferve to throw fome light
on this obfcure fubjeCt. When a winglefs infect is placed
at the end of a twig, or in any other fituation where it
meets with a vacuity, it moves the antenna: backward
and forward, elevates and deprefles them from fide to
fide, and will not advance further left it Ihould fall.
Place a ftick or any other ftibflance near the antennae, and
the infeCt immediately applies them to this new objeCt,
feems to examine whether it be fudicient to fupport its
weight, and then proceeds on its journey. From thefe
obfervations it would appear that the antennae a Hi ft the
infeCt in judging of the vicinity of objeCts, and probably
enable them to walk with lafety in the dark.

That thefe obfervations are not, however, conclttfive,
appears from an experiment of a very ingenious naturalilf :
being defirous of afcertaining the nature and life of the
antennae and prcbofcis of a butterfly, he gently approach¬
ed one that was flying about in fearch of food ; he ob-
ferved that it turned the antennae about every way, till
coming within fcent of a flower, it kept them fixedly
bent toward that objeCt, directing its courfe by their
guidance, till it arrived at the flower ; there they ap¬
peared to aCt as an organ of fmell, and that the minute
•holes with which it is furniflied afiifted in promoting this
operation. When the creature had reached the flower,
.it hovered over it as with rapture, poifing itfelf quietly
upon wing, like a kite or hawk in the air ; it then drop¬
ped fuddenly, till it was on a level with the flower, when
it began to agitate its wings brilkly, and to unroll its
fpiral trunk, thrufting it to the bottom of the flower;
in a little time the trunk was rolled up, and again in a
moment unrolled ; thefe operations it repeated till the
flower yielded no more juices, the butterfly then fought
for and alighted on another. But after all, this fubjeCt
mud for the prefent remain undecided. Indeed, the
bodies of infedts are throughout formed of parts fo dif¬
ferent from ours, that we can probably conceive no more
idea of the ufe of fome of their organs, than a man born
blind or deaf can of the fenfesof vifion or hearing. They
may have fenfes different from ours, and thefe may be the
inftruments of them. The differences in the form and
confirmation of the antennae, are diftinguifned in entomo¬
logy by the following names :• — Setaceous , are thofe formed
like a briftle, gradually tapering towards the point or ex¬
tremity, as in many of the phalenae. Filiform, are thread-
fhaped, and of an uniform thicknefs. Monilifonn, are alfo
of a regular thicknefs, but are made up of a feries of
minute knobs, refentbling a necklace of beads, as in the
chryfomela, Clavate, formed like a club, increafing gra¬
dually from the bafe to the extremity, as in the papilio,
or butterfly. Capitate, alfo formed like a club, but the
laft articulation is larger than the reft, finiftiing with a
kind of knob or head. Fijfile, are like the former, ofily
that the capitulum or knob is divided longitudinally into
three or four parts or laminae, as in the fcarabaei. Perfo¬
liate, are alfo capitated, but have the knob divided hori¬
zontally, and the laminae connected by a kind of thread
pafiing through their center, as in the dermeftes and dy-
tifeus. Petdinate, fo called from their fimilitude to a
comb, though they more properly refemble a feather, as
in the phalenae and elateres ; this is moft obvious in the
male. Arijlate, are fuch as have a lateral hair, which is
either naked, or furnifhed with fmaller hairs, as in the
fly. — Befides the foregoing terms, the antenna: are called
breviores , or fhort, when they are fhorter than the body ;
raediocres, or middling, when they are of the fame length ;
and longiores, when they are longer.

Near the mouth there is alfo a fpecies of fmall filiform
Vojl. VI. No. 395.

O L O G Y. 829

articulated antennae, called the palpi, or feelers ; they
are generally four in number, fometimes fix ; they are
placed under and at the fides of the ntouth, which fitua¬
tion, together with their fize, fufficiently uiitinguilh them
from the antennae ; they are in continual motion, the ani¬
mal thrufting them in every matter, as a hog would its
nofe, when in fearch of food. Some have fuppofed them
to be a kind of hand to afiift in holding the iood when it
is near the mouth.

Eyes. — The ftruCture of the eye has always been con-
fidered as a wonderful piece of mechanifm ; the admirable
manner in which thofe of the human fpecies are formed,
and the nature of vifion, are fpeculations which cannot
but excite the attention of every inquifitive mind. The
eyes of infects, though they differ conliderably in their
conftruCtion from thole of other animals, are no lefs wor¬
thy of our admiration. Indeed, among the exterior parts
of infetts, none are more deferving of minute inveftiga-
tion, and very few perfons are to be found, who can be
infenfibie to the beauties of this organ when exhibited
under the microfcope ; which is the only means of difeo-
vering the prodigious art employed in their organization,
and evidently fhews how many curious objects efcape
the unallifted fight. The conftruCtion of the eye in in-
feCts is not only diftinCt from that of other animals, but
alfo differs in different fpecies. They vary in number,
fituation, connection, and figure. In other creatures the
eyes are moveable, and two in number, one on each fide
of the head: in infeCts, the genus of cancri excepted, the
eyes are fixed ; they have no eye-brows, but the outer
coating is hard and tranfparent. The greater part of in-
feCts have two eyes; in the monoculus they approach fo
near to each other, as to appear like one ; the gyrinus
has four eyes, the fcorpion fix, the fpider eight, and the
fcolopendra three. Of thefe eyes fome have them fingle,
that is, placed in facets at a fmall diftance from each
other; while others are furniflied with an indefinite num¬
ber of lenfes all placed in one common cafe or focket ;
and termed reticulated eyes. Thefe appear like protube¬
rances on the heads of infeCts, and we can perceive that
they confift of a number of lines crofting each other like
the meflies of a net. By this we know that they are re¬
ticulated fubftances ; but in what manner they are fo, can
only be fhewn by the microfcope.

The eyes of the libellula, or dragon-fly, are divided
into a number of hexagonal cells, each of which forms a
complete eye. The external parts of thefe eyes are fo
perfectly finootlt, and fo well poliflted, that, wiien viewed
as opake objects, they will, like fo many mirrors, refleCt
the images of all the furrounding objects. The figure of
a candle may be feen on their furface multiplied almoft
to infinity, fhifting its beam to each eye, according to the
motion given by the hand of the obferver. Other crea¬
tures are obliged to turn their eyes towards the objeCt.
they defire to fee ; but infects have eyes directed thereto,
on whatfoever fide it may appear; they more than realize
the romantic accounts of fabulous hiftory : poets gave to
Argus an hundred eyes; infeCts are furnifhed with thou-
fands, having the benefit of vifion on every fide with the
utmofteafe and fpeed, though without any motion of the
eye, or flexion of the neck. Each of thefe protuberances,
in its natural ftate, is a body cut into a number of faces,
like an artificial multiplying glafs; but with this fupe-
Tiority in the workmanftiip, that, as there every face is
plane, here every one is convex, immenfely more nu¬
merous, and contained in a much fmaller fpace. Each
of the eyes is an hexagon, varying in fize according to
its fituation in the head, and each of them is a diftinct
convex lens, and has the fame effeCt in forming the image
of an objeCt placed before it.

Hooke, Catalan, and other entomologifts, have fhewn
that thefe fmall eyes are furniflied with every requifite of
vifion, and that each of them has the ufe, the power, and
properties, of an eye. But we mull have recourfe to the
works of Swammerdam fora full account of the aftoni filing
10 B organization

S30

ENTOMOLOGY.

organization of the eyes of infers. Among other things,
he has (hewn, that under each facet there is a pyramid of
fibres broad at the bafe, and growing fmaller as it pro¬
ceeds inwards ; the pyramid has the fame number of Tides
as the eye, and there are as many hexagonal pyramids,
as there are fmall facets or eyes in the infedl. An innu¬
merable number of pulmonary tubes afcend thefe fibres,
terminating in a white fibrous convex membrane ; under
thefe membranes there is another, fiill more delicate and
tranfparent; beneath this,, a fecond fpecies of fibres is
tranfverfely applied, like To many beams to fupport the
pyramids that are laid upon them. Still we cannot deter¬
mine with certainty, how thefe numerous inlets to fight
operate for the fervice of the animal; they may increafe
the field of view, augment the intenfity of light, and be
productive of advantages of which we can have no con¬
ception. Hooke computed 14,000 of thefe facets in the
two eyes of a drone ; Leeuwenhoek reckoned 6036 in the
two eyes of a filkworm, when in its fly ftate ; in the eyes
of the libellula lie reckoned 12,344 hexangular lenfes.
Swammerdam covered the reticulated eyes of certain in¬
fects with black paint ; in this ftate they flew at random,
and feemed to be deprived of their ftrength ; when they
fettled, they did not avoid the hand that was going to
take hold of them. Reaumur made fimilar experiments
on the eyes of bees, which concurred with thofe of
Swammerdam.

Some ephemera flies have four reticulated eyes, two of
which are placed as in the common fly; the other two
are placed, one befide the other, upon the upper part of
the head, and have the appearance of a kind of niufti-
room, the head extended fomewhat beyond the ftalk.
The firft pair are of a brown colour, thofe of the mufti-
room form are of a very beautiful citron colour. In many
of the fly clafs, thefe reticulated eyes are little inferior
in colour and brilliance to the brighteft gem. The colour
varies in different fpecies; in fome we find it green, in
others red, &c. fome have a mod elegant changeable co¬
lour thrown over them, partly purple, partly green, and
partly of that braffy hue which is feen on the backs of
fome of the beetles, and which is not equalled by any
other produdlion of art or nature.

It might be imagined, that as every fly has two reticu¬
lated eyes, they could not have occafton for more ; but
fo it has not appeared to that Great Being who formed
them, for many are furnilhed befides with other eyes,
differing in form and conftrudfion from thofe that are re¬
ticulated. Thefe were firft noticed by M. de la Hire ;
they are three lucid protuberances placed on the back
part of the head of many infefts; their furface is gloffy,
of an hemifpheric figure, and a coal-black colour. They
are tranfparent, and difpofed in a triangular form ; by
modern entomologifts they are termed Jfenvnata. Reaumur
made experiments upon thefe eyes, fimilar to thofe he
had made on the reticulated ones, and found that when
the (lemmata were covered with dark varnifh, the infefts
flew but to a fmall diftance, and always at random. No
infeft feems to poftefs both kind of eyes, unlefs in its
perfect ftate: there are many fpecies which are not ftir-
niftied with (lemmata, gnats and tipulm are without them.
But the mod extraordinary conftrublion of the eye per¬
haps in the whole tribe of infects, is that of the diopfts, or
fpedtacle-fly. In this infebt the eyes are placed on the
extremity of two long, (olid, inarticulate, filiform horns;
the extremities of which form a kind of focket to receive
the eyes, which are fpherical, and lucid black. See the ar¬
ticle Diopsis, and the engraving of the fly, vol. v. p. 842.

Body. — The trunk or body of the infect is fitnated
between the head and abdomen. Entomologifts divide
it into three parts : the thorax, fcutellum-, and fternum.
The thorax is the part of the body next the head, and is
of various fliapes and proportions ; the Tides and back of
it are often armed with points. The fcutellum, or efeut-
cheon, covers the part between the thorax and abdomen,
and is generally of a triangular form though it adheres

to the thorax, it is eafily diftinguiflied from it by its
figure, and often by an intervening future. It feems in¬
tended to aflift in expanding the wings. The Jiernum is
fituated on the under part of the thorax ; in fome fpecies
it is pointed behind, as in the elateres ; in others, bifid,
as in fome of the dytifei. In (hort, the thorax is the fto-
mach of infefts; and is either round, triangular, cylin¬
drical, thick, (lender, &c. It may be confidered as com-
pofed of fix faces, like a cube, which form it fometimes
affumes, and is often terminated by a kind of border, and
then called viarginated.

Abdomen. — The abdomen contains the inteftines, air-
veffels, &c. It is compofed of feveral corneous rings or
fegments, fo that it may be moved in various directions,
or lengthened and fhortened at pleafure ; in fome it is
formed of one piece only. It is perforated with fpiraculi,
or breathing holes, and is terminated by the tail. The
Jpiraculi are fmall oblong holes or pores placed fingly one
on each fide of every ring or fegment ; thefe are the
means or inftruments of refpiration, which fupply the
want of lungs, and form a peculiar charaCteriftic of in-
fefts. The organs of generation are placed in the extre--
mity of the abdomen.

Limbs. — By the limbs are meant the inftruments ufed
by the infeCt both for motion and defence. They are,
ala, the wings; halteres, the poifers; pedes, the legs;
cauda, the tail ; and aculeus, the (ling.

The wings are thofe inftruments by which the in fed is
enabled to fly; fome have only two, others are furnilhed
with four, two on each fide ; thefe are, in fome, of the
fame (ize ; in others, the fuperior ones are much larger
than the inferior: Linnaeus has made them the founda¬
tion of the feven orders into which he has divided this
numerous clafs of beings. The variety in the form and
ftruClure of the wings is almoft infinite; the beauty of
their colouring, the art with which they are connected to
the body, the delicate manner in which fome are folded
up, the fine articulations provided for this purpofe, by
which they are laid in their cafes when out of ufe, and
yet ready to be extended in a moment for flight, afford
an inexhauftible fund of curious inveftigation. The wings
of moths and butterflies are moftly farinaceous, covered
with a fine duft, which, by the affiftance of the microfcope,
appears to be a regular affemblage of organized fcales.

The following terms are applied to the different kinds
of wings. They are firft diftinguifhed, with refpeCt to
their furfaces, into fuperior and inferior. The part next
the head is called the anterior part ; that nearer the tail,
the pofteiior part. The interior part is that next the
abdomen; the exterior part is the outermoft edge. Thofe
wings are termed plicate, which are folded when the infeCfe
is at reft, as in the wafp. Plane, when incapable of being
folded. EreEl, when the fuperior furfaces are brought ini
contadl when the infedt is at reft, as in the ephemera,'
papiliones, &c. Patent , if extended horizontally when
the infeft is at red, as in the phaheme geometrae. ham n
bent, if when they are not in motion, they cover horizon¬
tally the fuperior part of the abdomen. Dejlexed, are alfo
incumbent, but not horizontally, when the outer edges
decline towards the (ides. ReverJ'e, are alfo defiexed, with
this addition, that the edges of the inferior wings projefe
from under the anterior part of the fuperior ones. Dentate,
when with ferrate or feolloped edges. Caudate, when the
fibres of the wings are extended beyond the margin into
a kind of tail. Reticulate, when the veins or membranes
of the wings put on the appearance of net-work.

The wings are further diftinguiflied by their ornaments :
when painted with fpots, macula-, bc\t\Ai,fafcia -, (freaks,
Jtriga : when thefe are extended lengthways, they are
called lines, lina ; and if with dots ,'punCla-, one or more
rings; or fpots are termed eyes, ocelli-, if the fpots are
fhaped like a kidney, they are termed Jligmata. Thefe
fpots or eyes are mod common to the wings of the
butterfly.

The elytra, or cruftaceous (hells or cafes of the wings,
x are

831

ENTOMOLOGY.

are extended when the infefli flies, and (hut when it reds,
forming a longitudinal future down ,the middle of the
back ; they are of various (hapes, and diffinguifhed by the
following names : — Abbreviate , when fliorter than the ab¬
domen. Truncate, when their extremities terminate in a
tranfverfe direbt line. Fafligiate, when of equal or greater
length than the abdomen, and terminating in a tranfverfe
line. Serrate, or toothed , having their external margins
edged with teeth or notches. Spifiofe, when their exterior
furfaces are covered with fmall (harp points. Scabrous ,
when very rough. Striate , when marked with (lender
longitudinal furrows. Porcate, having (harp longitudinal
ridges. Sulcate, with deep furrows. They are likewife
diffinguifhed by the denomination of hemelytra, when their
cafes are neither fo hard as the elytra, nor fo delicate as
the tranfpar.ent wings.

Under the wings of mod infebts which have only two,
there is a fmall head placed on a dalk, frequently under
t a little arched fcale ; thefe are called halteres, or poifers ;
they appear to be rudiments of tire hinder wings: it lias
been (uppofed that they ferve to keep the body in equili-
brio when the infedt is flying.

The elytra, or exterior cafes, are much harder and
more opake than the wings under them ; they are gene¬
rally highly polifhed, and often enriched with various
colours, adorned with ornamental flu tings, and dudded
with brilliants, wliofe beauties are beyond defeription.
All thefe ornaments are united in the curculio imperialis,
or diamond beetle, one of the riched and mod magnificent
creatures in nature; the head, the wings, the legs, & c.
are curioufly befet with feales of a mod fplendid appear¬
ance, outvying the ruby, faphire, and emerald, forming,
under the microfcope, one of the mod noble phenomena
that the colours of light can exhibit. It is faid, that in
the Brazils, from whence they come, it isalmofi impoffi-
ble to look at them on a funny day, when they are flying
in little fwarms, fo great is the glowing fpl'endewrof their
heightened colours. For the figure and natural hidory of
it, fee the article Curculio, vol. v. p.480.

The ftrength and hardnefs of the elytra are admirably
adapted to the various purpofes of the infects to which
they are appropriated ; at the fame time that they protect
the tender wings beneath them, they ferve as a (hield to
the body ; while the ribs, and other prominences, contri¬
bute to leffen the fribtion and diminiffi the preffure to
which they are often expofed. In mod of thefe infebts,
the under wing is longer and larger than the exterior
fhell, fo that it is obliged to be bent and folded up, in or¬
der to lie under the elytra ; for this purpofe they are fur-
nifhed with drong mufcles, and proper articulations to dif-
play or conceal them at pleafure. The united drength and
fplendour of the elytra may be pleadingly contemplated by
referring to that noble infebt the cerambyx giganteus, exhi¬
bited in the engraving oppofite Cerambyx, vol. iv. p. 34.

The wings of moths and butterflies are moflly imbricate
or farinaceous, being covered wdth a fine dud, which ren¬
ders them opake, and produces thofe beautiful and varie¬
gated colours by which they are fo richly adorned, and
fo profufely decked. If this be wiped off, we find the
naked wing to conlid of a number of ribs, like thofe in
the leaves of plants, but of a crudaceous nature ; the
larged rib runs along and fortifies the exterior edge of the
wing ; the interior edge is drengthened by a fmaller veffel
or rib. The ribs are all hollow, by which means the
wing, though comparatively large, is very light. The
The membrane between the ribs, which conffitutes the
body of the wing, is furprifingly thin and tranfparent ; and
as this is extremely tender, one life of the feales may be
to protect it from injuries. When the moth emerges from
the chryfalis, the wings are (oft and thick, and it they be
examined in that date, Will be found to confid of two
membranes, that may be railed up and feparated, by
blowing between them with a fmall tube : the ribs lie be¬
tween thefe membranes. With the aflidance of glalfes
we dilcover certain drait and circular rows of extremely

minute holes, running from rib to rib, or forming figures
in the intermediate fpaces, which feem to anfwer to
the figures and variegations on the complete wing, and
are probably the fockets for the flalks or (terns of the
fmall feales.

Legs. — Thefe are found to vary greatly in different
infebts. The mod general number is fix ; many of the
clafs aptera have eight, as the fpider ; the hornet has ten ;
the onifeus or wood-loufe fourteen ; the julus has from
feventy to one hundred and twenty on each fide. The
legs of thofe infebts that have not more than ten, are
affixed to the trunk, while thofe that exceed that num¬
ber, have part fixed to the trunk, the red to the abdo¬
men. The legs of infebts are divided into four parts.
The firfl, which is ufually the larged, and connebted to
the body, is called the femur ; the fecond, or tibia, is
joined to the former, and is commonly of the fame fize
throughout, and longer than the femur; this is followed
by the third part, which is didinguifhed by the name of
tarjiis, or foot ; it is compofed of feveral joints, the one
articulated to the other, the number of rings varying in
different infebts; the tarfus is terminated by the unguis,
or claw.

Entomologids, in order to render their deferiptions
clear and accurate, have given feveral names to the legs
of infebts, from the nature of the motions produced by
them. Thus curforii, from that of running; thefe are the
mod numerous. The faltatorii , thofe that are ufed for
leaping; the thighs of thefe are remarkably large, by
which means they poffefs confiderable drength and power
to leap to great didances; as the grafshopper. The naia-
torii, thofe that ferve as oars for fwimming ; the feet of
thefe are flat, and edged with hairs, polfeffing a proper
furface to ftrike againd the water, as in the dytifeus,
notonebta, &c. Such feet as have no claws are termed
mutici. The chelee, or claws, are an enlargement of the
extremity of the fore feet, each of which is furniflied
with two leffer claws, which abt like a thumb and finger,
as in the crab ; and are called chelate. The under part of
the feet in fonte infebts is covered with a kind of brufli or
fponge, by which they are enabled to walk with eafe, on
the mod polidied fubdances, fuel! as panes of glafs, in
every direbtion.

Many infeds can only move the thigh in a vertical di¬
redion, while others can move it in a variety of ways.
The progreflive motion of infeds, and the various me¬
thods employed to effed it, will be found a very curious
and important fubjed, and well worthy the attention of
the naturalid. The intelligent mechanic may not find it
lod labour if he bedow fome time on the fame fubjed.
Very little has been done on this head, and that princi¬
pally by Reaumur, in his excellent Memoires ;. and by
M. Weifs, in a Memoir publifhed in the Journal de Phy-
fique for 1771. The reader may alfo confult Borelli de
Motu Animalium.

Cauda, the tail, terminates the abdomen, and is con-
druded in a wonderful manner for arifwering the pur¬
pofes for which it is formed, namely, to dired the motion
of the infed, to ferve as an indrument of defence, or for
depofiting its eggs; tire figure and fize thereof varying in
each genus and its fpecies, and rnolily different in the
male and female, and thus ferving to diltinguifli the fexes.
In mod inleds it is Ample, and yet capable of being ex-'
tended or drawn back at pleafure; in others elongated,
as in the crab and fcorpion ; or fliaped like a bridle, as
in thp raphidia ; or with three appendages like bridles,
as in the ephemera ; in fome it is forked, as in the po-
dura ; and in others it is furniflied with a pair of forceps,
as in the earwig; in the blatta, grylli, and others, it is
foliofe, or like a leaf; in t lie fcorpion and panorpa it is
furniflied with a dart or ding.

Aculeus, the (ting, is an indrument with which infebts
wound and inffil a poifon; the ding generally proceeds
from the under part of the lad ring of the belly; in fome
it is Iharp and pointed, in others ferrated, or formed like a

jCavv a

entomology.

{aw. It is tifed by many infects both as an offenfive and
defenfive weapon ; ' by others it is only ufed to pierce the
fub (lances where they mean to depcfit their eggs. This
inftrument caunoribe properly fcen or known, but with
the afliftance of a micro (cope. Of bees, it is only the
neuters and tire queen that have (ting's. The apparatus
is of a very curious conftrudtion, fitted for inflidling a
wound, (and at the fame time conveying poifon into that
wound. — See a figure and defcription of it, under Apis,
i.voJ T. p. 796.

It has already been obferved, that the bodies of infedts
are covered with a hard (kin, anfwering the purpofe of an
internal (keleton, and forming one of the c’naradters by
■which they are difiinguifhed from other animals. This
external covering is very ftrong in thofe infects which,
from their manner of life, are particularly liable to great
fridtion, or violent comprefliOn ; but is more tender and
delicate in fuch as are not Co expofed. Another diftin-
guifiiing criterion of infedts is the colour of their circu¬
lating fluid or blood, which is never red; this, at fir ft
fight, i'eems liable to fome objedtions, on account ot the
drop of red liquor which is often procured from -final 1 in¬
fedts when fqueezed to pieces. It does not appear, how¬
ever, that this is the blood of the animal ; when it exifted
as a worm there was no fuch appearance, and when tranf-
formed to the perfedt, or fly (late, it is only found in the
eye, and not in the body, which would be the cafe if it
circulated in the veins of the infedt. It is probable there
is a circulation of fome fluid analogous to the blood in
mod infedts: with the afliftance of the onicrofcope this
■circulation may be perceived in many; but the circulating
liquor is not red.

The ftudent in entomology, who willies to attain a pro¬
per knowledge of the fcience, will find it neceflary to make
himfelf converfant with the various dalles, genera, &c.
into which infedts have been divided by Linnaeus. Every
fyftem has its defedts, and probably fome may be found
in that of this truly celebrated naturalift ; but the pur¬
pofe of fcience is anfwered by ufing thofe diferiminations
which are generally adopted. We (hall therefore ftate the
Linntean claflification, illuftrated with the Seven Orders
of Infedts, in the annexed engraving.

ORDERS and GENERA.

I. Coleoptera, [from KwXeo?, a (heath, and Trlegcv, a
wing.] Contains all fuch infedts as have cruftaceous ely-
try or (hells, called wing-cafes, which fhut together, and
form a longitudinal future down the back of the infedt.
Thefe are divided into the following genera :

Antenna clavate , thicker towards the tip. — Club lamellate .
Scarabaeus. - Fore-ftianks toothed.

Lucanus. - Two palpigerous tufts under the lip.
Synodendron. Jaw one-toothed ; lip filiform, palpigerous.

Dermeftes. -

Melyris. - -
Byrrhus.
Silpha. - -
Tritoma. -
Hydrophilus.
Tetratoma. -

Club perfoliate.

Head infledted under the thorax, which
is (lightly margined.

Lip clavate, emarginate.

Lip extended, bifid.

Thorax and (hells margined.

Anterior feelers hatchet-fhaped.

Feelers filiform: jaw bifid, horny.

Feelers unequal: jaw bifid, membrana¬
ceous.

Club /olid or inflated.

Hifter.

Boftrichus. -

Anthrenus. -
Nitidula. -
Coccinella. -
Curculio. -
Paufus. - -

Head retradtile within the thorax.

Head infledted under the thorax, which
is (lightly margined.

Jaw bifid.

Thorax and (hells margined.

Anterior feelers hatchet-fhaped.

Snout elongated, horny.

Antennae two-jointed, the club hooked
and inflated.

Brentus. - -

Attelabus.
Erodius. -
Staphylinus. -

Zygia. - - -
Meloe. - - -

Tenebrio. - -

Caflida. -

Opatrum. - -
Mordella. - -

Chryfomeln.
Horia. - - -

Apalus.

Manticora. - -

Pimelia.

Gyrinus. -
Cucujus. - -
Cryptocephalus.
Bruclms. - -
Ptinus. - - -

Hifpa. - - -

Bupreftis, - -
Necydalis. - -

Lampyris.

Cantharis. - -

Notoxus. - .

Elater. - - -

Calopus. -
Alurnus. - -

Carabus. -
Lytta. - - -

Serropalpus.
Cerambyx. -
Leptura. -

Rhinomacer.
Zonitis. -
Cicindela.

Dytifcus.
Eorficula. -

Antenna monolifom.

Snout elongated, horny, ftraight.

Snout elongated, incurved.

Lip horny, emarginate.

Shells half the length of the body, co¬
vering the wings : above the tail two
exfertile veficles.

Lip elongated, membranaceous.

Thorax rounded : head gibbous, in¬
fledted.

Thorax margined : head exferted : body
oblong.

Body ovate : (hells margined : head co¬
vered with a fliield.

Thorax and fliield margined.

Laminae at the bafe of the abdomen :
head infledted.

Body ovate, immarginate.

Feelers unequal: jaw bilid: lip rounded.
Antenna fliform.

Thorax roundifh : head gibbous, in¬
fledted.

Jaws exferted, toothed: eyes rather
prominent.

Thorax margined : head exferted: body
oblong.

Antennae a little rigid : eyes four.

Lip ftiort, bifid, the diviftons diftant.

Body ovate, immarginate.

Antennae growing largertowards the tip.

Thorax receiving the head : laft joints
of the antennae longer.

Antennae ftretched forward, approxi¬
mate, fufiform.

Head partly retradted within the thorax.

Shells half as long as the body : wings
naked.

Shells flexile: thorax furrounding and
concealing the head.

Shells flexile: fides of the abdomen
edged with folded papillae.

Lip bifid: the divifions connivent, ob-
tufe.

A pedtoral fpine fpringing from an ab¬
dominal pore.

Thorax fpinous or gibbous at the fides.

Jaw arched : feelers fix.

Thorax obcordate, truncate behind.

Thorax roundifti : head gibbous, in¬
fledted.

Antenna fetaceous.

Anterior feelers deeply ferrate.

Thorax fpinous or gibbous at the fides.

Shells tapering towards the tip : thorax
roundifh.

Antennae feated on the fnout.

Lip emarginate.

Jaws exferted, toothed: eyes a little
prominent.

Hind legs fringed, formed forfwimming.

Shells half as long as the body : wings
covered : tail forked.

II. Hemiptera, [from half, and nlegcv, awing.]

Thefe have their upper wings ufually half cruftaceous
and half membranaceous, not divided by a longitudinal
future, but incumbent on each other. This order con¬
tains the following genera :

Blatta. - - - Mouth armed with jaws : wings co¬
riaceous, plane : legs formed for
running.

Pneumora. - - Mouth armed with jaws: wings mem¬
branaceous, defledted : legs formed
for running.

Mantis,

ENTOMOLOGY.

Mantis.

Gryllus. -

Fulgera.

Cicada. - - -

NotoneCta. - -
Nepa. -
Cimex.

Macrocephalus.
Aphis. - - -

Chenr.es. - -

Coccus.

Thrips.

Mouth armed with jaws: fore-feet fer¬
rate, the claw (ingle.

Mouth armed with jaws : hind-legs
formed for leaping.

Snout infleCted : front projecting, in¬
flated : antennae capitate.

Snout infleCted : hind-legs formed for
leaping.

Snout infleCted: hind-legsciliate within.
Snout infleCted: fore-legs cheliform.
Snout infleCted : legs formed for run¬
ning: antennae longer than the thorax.
Snout infleCted: antennae very fliort.
Snout infleCted : abdomen two-horned.
Snout placed in the bread : hind-legs
formed fof leaping.

Snout placed in the bread: abdomen
(in the males) terminating in bridles.
Snout obfolete : wings incumbent on
the abdomen, which is reflexile.

III. Lefidoptera, [from AE7TI?, a fcale, and irl^cv, a

wing,] are infeCts having four wings, covered with fine
imbricate fcales refembling pow der or meal ; as in the but¬
terfly, moth, &c. This order contains three genera, viz.
Papilio. - - Antennae thicker towards the tip.

Sphinx. - - Antennae thicker in the middle.

Phaltena. - - Antennae thicker towards the bafe.

IV. Neuroftera, [from vendor, a nerve, and tCIe^ov, a
wing.] Thefe have four membranous transparent naked
wings, generally reticulate, or like net-work. This order
contains the following genera :

Libellula. - - Tail forked : mouth with many jaws :

wings expanded.

Ephemera. - - Tail with two or three bridles : mouth
without teeth : wings ereCt.

Myrmeleon. - Tail forked: mouth two-toothed: wings
deflected.

Phryganea. - Tail Ample : mouth without teeth :
wings defleCted.

Hemerobius. - Tail Ample: mouth two-toothed: wings
defleCted.

Panorpa. - - Tail chelate : mouth with an extended

fnout : wings incumbent.

Raphidia. - - Tail ending in a Angle thread : mouth
two-toothed : wings defleCted.

V. Hymenoftera, [from v/xcv, a membrane, and
Yflsgov, awing,] comprehend infeCts with four membra¬
nous wings, and a tail. This order contains the follow¬
ing genera :

Cynips. - - - Sting fpiral.

Tenthredo. - Sting ferrate, two-valved.

Sirex. - - - Sting ferrate, projecting from a fpine

under the abdomen.

Ichneumon. - Sting exferted, triple.

Sphex. - - - Sting pungent : wings fmooth : tongue
fiat, dilated, nearly entire at the end.
Ammophila. - Sting pungent : wings fmooth : tongue
infleCted, bifid,

Scolia. - - - Tongue infleCted, trifid : lip membra¬

naceous at the end.

Thynnus. - - Tongue very fliort, involute: lip trifid.
Leucopfis. - Lip longer than the jaw, notched: an¬
tennae clavate.

Tiphia. - - Lip fliort, horny, three-toothed.

Chalcis. - - Antennae fliort, cylindrical, fufiform.

Chryfis. - - Sting pungent : abdomen arched be¬

neath.

Vefpa. ... Sting pungent : upper wings folded.
Apis. - - - Sting pungent : tongue infleCted.

Formica. - - Sting obfolete : neuters without wings.

Mutilla. - - Sting pungent : neuters without wings.

VI. Diptera, [from Sw, two, and srUgov, a wing,]
comprehend all fuch infeCts as have only two wings, and

Vo L- VI. No. 395.

833

This order contains the following

poifcrs or balancers.

genera :

With probofcis and fucker.

Diopfis. - - Head two-horned : eyes terminal .

Tipula. - - Sucker without a (heath : feelers two,

projecting, filiform.

Mufca. - - Sucker without a (heath, furniflied with

bridles.

Tabanus. - - Sucker with'a fingle-valved (heath, fur-

nifhed with bridles.

Empis. - - Probofcis infleCted.

Conops. - - Probofcis projecting, geniculate.

With fucker , but no probofcis.

Oeflrus. - - Sucker retraCted within the perforated

lips.

Afilus. - - - Sucker draight, two-valved, gibbous
at the bale.

Stomoxys. - Sucker with a fingle-valved convolute
' flieath, geniculate at the bafe.

Culex. - - Sheath exferted, one-valved, flexile,

with five bridles.

Bombylus. - Sucker very long, draight, fetaceous,
two-valved.

Hippobofca. - Sucker fliort, cylindrical, draight, two-
valved.

VII. Aptera, [from «, without, and ttIs^os, awing,]

infeCts having no wings. This order contains the follow¬
ing genera :

Legs fix : head difiinEl from the thorax.

Lepifma. - - Tail ending in fetaceous bridles.

Podura. - - Tail forked, infleCted, elaflic.

Termes. - - Mouth with two jaws : lip horny, four-

cleft.

Pedictilus. - Mouth armed with an exfertile fling.

Pulex. - - Snout infleCted, armed with a ding:

feet formed for leaping.

Legs eight to fourteen : head and thorax united.

A cams.

legs eight: feelers com-

Hydrachna.

Aranea.

Plialangium.
Scorpio.
Cancer. -

Monoculus.

Onifcus.

Eyes two
prefled.

Eyes two to eight: legs eight: abdo-
. men with textorial papillae.

Eyes eight : legs eight : abdomen with
textorial papillae: feelers clubbed.
Eyes four : legs eight : feelers chelate.
Eyes eight: legs eight: feelers chelate.
Eyes two : legs ten : the firfi pair che¬
late.

Eyes two: legs twelve: ten of them
chelate.

Eyes two: legs fourteen.

Legs numerous : head difiinEl from the thorax.
Scolopendra. - Body linear.

Julus. - - - Body fubcylindrical.

The annexed engraving. Entomology Plate I. is calcu¬
lated to exhibit at one view the condruCtion of the feven
orders of the Insecta of Linnaeus. Fig 1, a Coleop¬
terous infeCt ; the Bupredis gigantea. Fig. 2, the fe¬
male of the fame. Fig. 3, an Hemipterous infeCt ; the
Blatta Americana. Fig. 4, the female of the fame. Un¬
der the female at a , is (hewn the egg of the blatta, with a
young larva, b , juft quickened, and emerging from it.
Fig. 5, a LEriDOPTEROUs infeCt ; the Phalsena colfus,
or goat moth. Fig. 6, another Lepidopterous infeCt;
the Papilio vanillae, or butterfly with fpiral probofcis.
Fig. 7, a bunch of eggs belonging to the goat-moth. Fig.
8, an unimpregnated egg, magnified; and Fig. 9, two
fecundated eggs, alfo magnified, belonging to the butter¬
fly. Fig. 10, a Neuropterous infeCt; the Libellula
Carolina, or male dragon-fly of Carolina: Fig. ii, the
female of the fame. Fig. 12, an Hymenofterous in¬
feCt ; the Apis mufcorum, or mofly humming bee.

10 C Fig. t3s>

834

E N TO M

Fig. 13, the female. Fig. 14, a Ditterous infedt: ; the
Oeftrus equi. Fig. 15, its female: this produces the
Lots in hories. Fig. 16, an Af ferous infedt ; the female
of the Fermes fatale, or white ant. Fig. 17, the male of
the fame, which being winged, may, while in this hate,
be conlidered as a Neuropterons infedt. See the larvce
and chryfalides of thefe feven orders of infects, in the En¬
tomology Plate II.

Of the TRANSFORMATION of INSECTS.

Infedts are diftinguifhed from other animals by the
wonderful changes that all thofe of the winged fpecies
without exception, and fotne which are deflituteof wings,
neceffarily pafs through, before they can arrive at the
perfection of their nature. Molt animals retain, during
their whole life, the fame form which they receive at
their birth ; but infedts go through various exterior and
interior changes, infomuch that the fame individual, at
its birth and middle (late, differs elTentially from that un¬
der which it appears when arrived at a date of maturity ;
and this difference is not confined to marks, colour, or
texture, but is extended to their form, proportion, mo¬
tion, organs, and habits of life. It was not till towards
the latter end of the feventeenth century, that any juft
conception of this fubject was formed. By diffedtion juft
before their changes, it was readily feen that the moth
and butterfly grow and ftrengthen themfelves, that their
members are formed and unfolded under the figure of the
infedt we call a caterpillar, and that the growth is^ effect¬
ed by a developement of parts ; confequently the changes
which are apparently fudden to our eyes, are gradually
formed under the fkin of the animal, and only appear fud¬
den to us, becaufe the infedt then gets rid of a cafe which
had before concealed its members. By this cafe it is pre-
ferved from injuries, till its wings-, and every other part of
its delicate frame, are in a condition to bear the intpulfe
of the fun, and the action of the air; and when all the
parts are grown firm, and ready to perform their feveral
offices, the perfedt animal appears in the form of its pa¬
rents. Thefe transformations clearly prove, that without
experience every thing in nature would appear a myftery ;
fo much fo, that a perfon unacquainted with the tranf-
fbrmation of the caterpillar to the chryfalis, and of this
to the fly, would confider them as three diftindt fpecies
of infedts ; for who, by the mere light of reafon unaided
by experience, could believe that a butterfly, adorned
with four beautiful wings, furnifhed with a long fpiral
probofcis or tongue, inftead of a mouth, and with fix
legs, proceeded from a hairy caterpillar, provided with
jaws and teeth, and fourteen feet? Without experience,
who could imagine that a long white foft worm hid under
the earth, fhould be transformed into a cri£ftaceous cha¬
fer ? Nor could any one, from confidering them in their
perfedt ftate, have difcovered the relation which they
bear to the correfponding forms through which they have
paffed, and which are to appearance as diftindt as differ¬
ence can make them.

The life of thofe infedts which pafs through thefe va¬
rious changes, may be divided into four principal ftates.
The firft change is from the egg into the larva ; or, as it
is more generally called, into the worm or caterpillar.
From the larva it paffes into the pupa, or chryfalis ftate.
From the pupa, into the imago, or fly ftate.

Few fubjedts are more expreffive of the extenfive good-
nefs of Divine Providence, than thefe transformations, in
which we find the temporary parts and organs of thefe
little animals fuited and adapted with the mod minute
exadtnefs to the manner of their exiftence; which again
are fhifted and changed, upon the infedts commencing a
new fcene and ftate of adtion. In its larva ftate the in-
fedt appears groveling, heavy, and voracious, in the form
of a worm, with a long body compofed of fttcceflive
rings; crawling along by the aftiftance of thefe, or fmall
little hooks, which are placed on the fide of the body.

O L O G Y.

Its head is armed with ftrong jaws, its eyes fmooth, en¬
tirely deprived of fex, the blood circulating from the
hind part towards the head. It breathes through fmall
apertures, which are fituated on each fide of the body, or
through one or more tubes placed in the hinder part
thereof. While it is in the larva ftate, the infedt is as it
were maflced, aud its true appearance concealed ; for un¬
der this mafic the more perfedt form is hidden from the
human eye. In the pupa, or chryfalis ftate, the infedt
may be compared to a child in fwaddling clothes ; its
members are all folded together under the bread, and in-
cloled within one or more coverings, remaining there
without motion. While in this ftate, no infects but
thofe of the hemiptera clafs take any nourifnment. The
change is effedted various ways ; in fome infedts the fkin
of the larva opens, and leaves a paffage, with all its inte¬
guments ; in others, the fkin hardens and becomes a fpe¬
cies of cone, which entirely conceals the infedt ; others
form or fpin cones for themfelves, and in this ftate they
remain till the parts have acquired fufficient firmnefs, and
are ready to perform their feveral offices. The infect
then calls off the fpoils of its former ftate, wakes from a
death-like inadtivity, breaks the inclofures of its tomb,
throws oft' the dufky fliroud, and appears in its imago or
perfedt form ; for it has now attained the ftate of organi-
cal perfedtion, which anfwers to the rank it is to hold in
the corporeal world : the ftrudture of the body, the alimem.
tary organs, and thofe of motion, are materially changed.
It is now fnrniftied with organs of generation, and with
wings magnificently adorned ; it foars above its former
purfuits, plays in the genial air, choofes its mate, and
tranfmits its nature to a fucceeding race. Thofe mem¬
bers, which in the preceding ftate were wrapped up, foft,
and motionlefs, now difplay themfelves, grow ftrong, and
are put in exercife. The interior changes are as confi-
derable as thofe of the exterior form, and that in pro¬
portion as the firft ftate differs from the laft ; fome organs
acquire greater ftrength and firmnefs, others are rendered
more delicate ; fome are fuppreffed, and fome unfolded
which did not appear to exift in the former ftages of
its life.

The greater part of thofe infedts which come forth in
fpring or fummer, perifh at the approach of winter;
there are very few, the period of whole life exceeds that
of a year; thofe which furvive the rigours of winter, are
buried under ground ; many are hid in the bark of trees,
and others in the chinks of old walls ; fome, like the
caterpillar of the brown-tailed moth, at the approach of
winter fecure and ftrengthen the web in which the fociety
inhabit, and thus protedt themfelves, till the fpring ani¬
mates them to new life. Many that are hatched in the
autumn, retire and live under the earth during the winter
months, but in the fpring come out, feed, and proceed
onward to their feveral changes ; while no fmall part pafs
the colder months in their chryfalis or pupa ftate : but
the greater number of the caterpillar race remain in the
egg, being carefully depofited by the parent fly in thofe
places where they will be hatched with the greateft
fafety ; in this ftate the latent principle of life is preferved
till the genial influences of the fpring call it into adtion,
and bring forth the young infedt to Ihare the banquet that
nature there provides.

All caterpillars are hatched from the egg, and when
they firft proceed from it are generally fmall and feeble,
but grow in ftrength as they increafe in fize. The body
is divided into twelve rings ; the head is connedted with
the firft, and is hard and cruftaceous. No caterpillar of
the moth or butterfly has lefs than eight, or more than
fixteen, feet ; the fix firft are cruftaceous, pointed, and
fixed to the three firft rings of the body ; thefe feet are
the covering to the fix future feet of the moth ; the other
fix feet are foft and flexible or membranaceous ; they
vary both in figure and number, and are proper only to
the larva ftate; with refpedt to their external figure, they

are

%

/(’ J Cl’C'C l

( ^i c/c 'C'-> cyf t l .O-C c- 4) .

culp!

f. on.L’n . 1‘iUSisA ed as the Sic? directs. Se/>C?22. 1804- by S-W/A'cs ■

E N T O M

are either fmooth or hairy, ("oft to the touch, or hard like
fhagre'en, beautifully adorned with a great variety of the
moft lively tints ; on each fide of the body nine flemmata,
or little oval holes, are placed, which are generally confi-
dered as the organs of refpiration. Therfe are on each
fide of the head of the caterpillar five or fix little black
fpots, which are fuppofed to be its eyes. Thefe crea¬
tures vary in fize, front half an inch long to four and five
inches.

The caterpillar, whofe life is one continued fuccefiion
of changes, often moults its fkin before it attains its full
growth ; not one of them arrives at perfeftion, without
having calf its Ikin twice or thrice. Thefe changes are
the more remarkable, becaufe when the caterpillar
moults, it is not limply the fkin that is changed ; for we
find in the exit via, the fkull, the jaws, and all the exterior
parts, both fcaly and membranaceous, which compofe its
upper and under lip, its antennre, palpi, and even thofe
crufraceous pieces within the head, which ferve as a fixed
balls to a number of mufcles ; we further find in the exu-
via, the fpiracula, the claws, and fheaths of the anterior
limbs, and in general all that is vifible of the caterpillar.
The new organs appear under the old ones as in a {heath,
fo that the caterpillar effedts the changes by withdrawing
itfelf from the old (kin, when it finds itfelf lodged in too
narrow a cornpafs. But to produce this change, to pufh
off the old covering, and bring forward the new, is a work
of labour and time. Thofe caterpillars who live in fo-
ciety, and have a kind of neft or habitation, retire there
to change their Ikins, fixing the hooks of the feet, during
the operation, firmly in the web of their nefi. Some of
the folitary fpecies fpin at this time a (lender web, to
which they affix themfelves. A day or two 'before the
moment approaches, the infeft ceafesto eat, and lofes its
ufual aftivity; in proportion as the time of change ad¬
vances, the colour of the caterpillar becomes more opaque ;
the fkin hardens and withers, and is foon incapable of re¬
ceiving thofe juices by which it was heretofore nouriflied
and fupported. The infeft may now be feen, at diftant
intervals, to elevate its back, and ftretch itfelf to its ut-
moft extent ; fometimes to lift up the head, move it a
little from fide to fide, and then let it reft again. By re¬
peated exertions, all the veffels which conveyed the nou-
ri fitment to the exterior fkin are difengaged, and ceafe to
aft, and a flit is made on the back, generally beginning at
the fecond or third ring; the new fkin may now be juft
perceived, being diftinguilhed by the frelhnefs and bright-
nefs of its colour; the caterpillar then preffes the body
like a wedge into this flit, by which means it is foon
opened from the firft down to the fourth ring ; this ren¬
ders it large enough to afford the infeft a paffage, which
it foon effefts in a very curious manner. The caterpillar
generally fafts a whole day after each moulting, for it is
neceffary that the parts ihould acquire a certain degree of
confiftency, before it can aft; in its ufual manner ; many
alfo perifti under the operation. The body having grown
under the old Ikin, till the infeft was become too large
for it, it always appears much larger after it has quitted
the exuvia : now as the growth was gradual, and the
parts foft, the Ikin preffed them together, fo that they lay
in a fmall fpace ; but .as foon as the (kin is caft off, they
are as it were-liberated from their bounds, and diftend
themfelves confiderably. Some caterpillars, in changing
their (kin, from fmooth, become covered with fine hair ;
■while others, that were covered with this fine hair, have
the laft (kin fmooth. The filkworm, previous to its
chryfalis or pupa (late, cafts its (kin four times ; the firft
is caft on the tenth, eleventh, or twelfth, day, according
to the nature of the feafon ; the fecond, in five or fix days
after ; the third in five or fix days more, and the fourth
and laft in fix or feven days after the third.

Entomologifts diftinguifh the different appearances of
the infeft in its pupa ftate, as follows: It is called coarc-
tata , when it is confined to a cafe of a globular form,
without the fmalleft refemblancc to the ftrufture of the

OLOGY, 83.3

infeft; it contains, as in the diptera. It is called obtetia,
when the infeft is inveloped in a cruftaceous covering,
confiding of two parts, one of which furroun'is the head
and thorax, the other the abdomen. It is termed incom¬
plete, when the pupa has perceptible wings and feet, but
cannot move them, as in meft of the hymenoptera. Semi-
complete, when the pupa can walk or run, having only the
rudiments of wings ; as in the clafs hemiptera. I lie dif¬
ference between the pupa and the larva of this order, is
very inconfiderable ; as they eat, walk, and aft, juft as
they did in their primitive ftate. Complete are thoie which
take their perfeft form at their birth, and do not pafs,
like other infefts, through a variety of dates, though
they often change their fkin ; as is the cafe with many of
the aptera clafs.

It is a general rule, that all winged infefts neceffarily
pafs through the larva and pupa ftate, before they affume
their perfeft form : there are alfo infefts which have no
wings, and yet undergo fimilar transformations, as the bed
bug, the flea, &c. Other infefts, which have no wings,
and which always remain without them, never pafs through
the pupa ftate, but are fubjeft to confiderable changes, as
well with refpeft to the number as the figure of their
parts; thus mites have four pair of feet, and two fmaller
ones at the fore part of the body, near the head ; yet
fome of thefe are born with only three pair of feet, the
fourth is not evolved till fome time after their birth. The
figure of the monoculus quadricornis changes confiderably af¬
ter its birth, The jitlus is an infeft with a great number
offeet; and yet thefe at their birth have only three pair,
the reft putting not forth till fome time after.

When the caterpillar has attained to its full growth,
and the parts of the future moth or butterfly are fuffi-
ciently formed beneath its fkin, it prepares for its change
into the pupa ftate; it feeksfora proper place in which to
perform the important bufinefs: the different methods
employed by thefe little animals to fecure this ftate of
reft, may be reduced to four: fome fpin follicles or cones,
in which they inclofe themfelves ; others conceal them-
felve in little cells, which they form under ground ; fome
fufpend themfelves by a glutinous matter at their pofte-
rior extremity ; while others are fufpended by a girdle
that goes round their body. Preparatory to the change,
the caterpillar empties itfelf of all tire excrementitious
matter that is contained in the inteftines, voiding at the
fame time the membrane which ferved as a lining to thefe
and the ftomach. The inteftinal canal is compofed of
two principal tubes, the one inferted into the other ; the
external tube is compadt and flefliy, the internal one is
thin and tranfparent ; it is the inner tube, which lines the
ftomach and inteftines, that is voided with the excrement
before the metamorphofis. It generally perfeveres in a
ftate of reft for feveral days, which affords the external
and internal organs that are under the (kin an opportunity
of gradually unfolding themfelves. In proportion as the
change into the pupa form approaches, the body is ob-
ferved often to extend and contraft itfelf; the hinder
part is that which is firft difengaged from the caterpillar
(kin ; when this part of the body is free, the animal con¬
tracts and draws it up towards the head ; it then liberates
itfelf in the fame manner from the two fucceeding rings,
confequently the infeft is now lodged in the fore part of
its caterpillar covering; the half which is abandoned re¬
mains flaccid and empty, while the fore part is fwoln and
diftended. The animal, by ftrong efforts, ftill forcing it¬
felf againft the fore part of the (kin, burfts the fkull into
three pieces, and forms a longitudinal opening in the three
firft rings of the body ; through this it proceeds, drawing
one part after the other, by alternately lengthening and
fbortening, {welling and contrafting the body and diffe¬
rent rings ; or elfe, by pufhing back the exuvia, finally
gets rid of its reptile form.

The caterpillar, thus dripped from its fkin, now be¬
comes the pupa, nymph, chryfalis, or aurelia, in which
the parts of the future moth are inclofed; but are fo foft,

that

836

ENTOMOLOGY.

that the flighted touch will difcompofe them. The ex-
terior part ot the chryfalis is at firft exceedingly tender,
foft, and partly tranfparent, being covered with a vifcous
fluid ; this (oon dries up, thickens, and forms a cruft
round the animal, capable ot refilling external injuries;
a cafe, which is at the fame time the fepulchre of the
caterpillar, and the cradle ot the moth ; where, as under
a veil, this curious transformation is carried on. The
pupa was firft called a chryfalis, or creature made of gold,
trout the retplendent yellow colour with which feme
kinds are adorned. Reaumur has fhewn us whence they
derive this rich colour; that it proceeds from two fkins,
the upper one a beautiful brown, which lies upon or co¬
vers a highly polifhed and fmooth white (kin; the light
reflected from the laft, in palling through, gives it the
golden yellow, in the fame manner as this colour is often
given to leather ; fo that the whole appears gilt, -although
no gold enters into the tinfture. The .chryfalis of the
common white butterfly furnifhes a mod beautiful objedf
for the lucernal opake microfcope.

_ Thofe who are defirous to difeover diftinCtly the va¬
rious members of the moth in the pupa, fliould examine
it before the fore-mentioned fluid is dried up, when it
will be found to be only the moth with the members
glued together; thefe, by degrees, acquire fufficient force
to break their covering, and difengage themfelves from
the bands which confine them. While in this ftate, all
the parts ot the moth may be traced out, though fo folded
and laid together, that it cannot make any ui'e of them ;
nor is it expedient that it fliould, as they are too foft and
tender to be ufed, and pafs through this ftate merely to be
hardened and ftrengthened. To examine the moth con¬
cealed under the fkin of a caterpillar, one of them fliould
be taken at the laft change ; when the fkin begins to
open, it fhould be drowned in the fpirit of wine, or
brandy, and be left therein for fome days to harden ; the
fkin of the caterpillar may then be ealily removed : the
rudiments of the chryfalis will be firft difeovered, after
which the tender moth appears ; and its wings, legs, an¬
tennas, &c. may be opened and difplayed by an accurate
obferver.

The time which the moth or butterfly remains in the
pupa ftate is not always the fame, -varying in different
fpecies, and depending alfo upon the warmth of the wea¬
ther, and other adventitious circumflances ; fome remain
in that fituation for a few weeks; others do not attain
their perfect form for eight, nine, oreleven, months ; this
often depends on the feafon in which they affume the
pupa form, or rather on the time of their birth. Some
irregularities are alfo occafioned by the different tempe¬
rature of the air, by which they are retarded or accele¬
rated, fo as to be brought forward in the feafon Left fuited
to their nature and the ends of their exiftence.

When the moth or butterfly is fufficiently matured to
break the bonds which furround it, and of which it feems
to be informed by its internal fenfations, it makes a power¬
ful effort to efcape from its prifon, and view the world
with new-formed eyes. A (mail degree of motion, or a
little inflation of the body, is fufficient to enlarge the
hole, and afford the animal room to efcape from its con¬
finement. When the moth firft fees the day, it is humid
and moift ; but this humidity foon evaporates, the interior
parts dry and harden as well as the exterior; the wings,
which are wrinkled, being thick and frtiall, then extend
themfelves, and the fibres which were at firft flexible,
become hard and ftiff. The wings, though at firft fcarcely
half the length of the body, foon acquire their full fize :
nor is it the wings only which are thus rapidly increafed ;
all their fpots and colours are proportionably extended,
fo that what at firft appeared as fo many confufed points,
become diftinCt and beautiful ornaments ; and thofe that
are furnifiied with a tongue or trunk, curl and coil it up.
When the wings are unfolded, the tongue rolled up, the
parts fufticiently dried, and the different members ftrength¬
ened, it takes its flight. Moft of them, foon after they

z

have attained their perfect ftate, void an excrementitious
fubftance ; and Reaumur thinks that they eject very little
if any, during the reft of their lives. If the moth be now
opened down the belly, the grofs artery, which is called
the heart, will be vifible, and the contractions and dila¬
tations, by which it pu flies forward the liquor it contains,
may be eafily obferved. One of the moft remarkable cir-
cumftances is, that the circulation of this fluid in the
winged ftate is directly contrary to that which took place
in the caterpillar; in this, the liquor moved from the tail
to the head, whereas ih the winged ftate, it moves from
the head to the tail ; fo that the fluid which anfwers the
purpofes of blood, goes from the fuperior towards the
inferior parts ; but in the caterpillar the order is reverfed :
it proceeds from the inferior towards the fuperior parts.

The induftry of thofe moths that fpin cones or follicles
in which they inclofc themfelves for their transformation,
is well known and admired ; fince it is from -a fpecies of
thefe, the plialcena inori, or (ilk-worm, that we derive fo
many benefits to the community. All caterpillars under¬
go fimilar changes with it, and many of the genus greatly
exceed it in beauty : but the golden tiffue in which the
(ilk-worm wraps itfelf, far furpaffes the filky threads’ of
all the other fpecies : they may indeed come forth with
a variety of colours, and wings bedecked with gold and
fcarlet ; yet they are but the beings of a fummer’s day ;
both their life and beauty quickly vanilh, and leave no
remembrance of them ; but the (ilk-worm leaves behind
it fuch beneficial monuments^ as at once record the vvif-
dom of its Creator, and his bounty to man. The fubftance
of which the filk is formed, is a fine yellow tranfparent
gum, contained in two refervoirs that wind about tite in-
teftinps, and which, when they are unfolded, are about ten
inches long; they terminate in two exceeding fmall ori¬
fices near the mouth, through which the (ilk is drawn,
or fpun to the degree of finenefs which its occafions
may require.

When the filk-worm, or caterpillar of the phalsena
mori, is about to enter its pupa ftate, it fets to work, firft
fpinning (ome random threads, which ferve to fupport
the future fuperftruCture ; upon thefe it forms an oval of
a loofe texture, confiding of what is called the flofs-filk;
within this it forms a more confident ball of (ilk, remain¬
ing during the whole bufinefs within the circumference of
the fpheroid that it is forming, reding on its hinder parts,
and with its mouth and fore legs directing and fecuring
the threads. Thefe threads, when meafured, have been
found to be about three hundred yards long, and fo fine,
that eight or ten are generally rolled off into one by the
manufacturers. The (ilk-worm ufually employs about
three days in finiftiing this cone ; the infide is generally
fmeared with a kind of gum, that is deligned to keep out
the rain : within this cone it alfumes the pupa form, and
remains therein from fifteen to thirty days, according to
the warmth of the climate. When the moth is fufticiently
matured, it moiftens the end of this cone, and by frequent
motions of the head loofens the texture of the filk, fo as
to form a hole without breaking it, and through which it
efcapes. For more on the natural hiftory of the moth,
and the manufacture of filk, fee the articles Phal^ena,
and Silk.

The coleoptera genus, or beetle, is an infeCt alfo dif-
engaged from the pupa form, before it can attain its wing¬
ed ftate. The pupa is a transformation in like manner
from the worm or larva, and this derived its exiftence
from the egg ; fo that here, as in the foregoing inftances,
one infeCt is exhibited in four different forms, before it
acquires its perfedt organization, or mature ftate of life.
The worm or grub of the beetle, like other infeCts in the
larva ftate, in order to undergo its transformation, dif-
charges all its excrement, and forms a convenient hole in
the earth ; where it cafts not oft’ merely the external co¬
vering, but the throat, a part of the ftomach, and the in¬
ward furface of the great canal, change at the fame time;
their (kin. After the transformation, the head and teeth

are

E-N T O M

src white and tender, though before as hard as bone ; fo
Tthat the larva, when provoked, will attempt to gnaw
iron. When the worm a flumes the pupa date, it forms
with the hinder feet a poliffied cavity, in this it lies for
fome time immoveable; after which, by voiding excre-
tnentitious fubflances, and by the evaporation of humidity,
it becomes thinner and fhorter, the (kin more furrowed and
wrinkled, fo that it foon appears as if it were ftarved by
degrees. If it be diffeCled about this period, the head,
the belly, and the thorax, may be clearly diftinguifhed.
While fome external and internal parts are changing by a
flow accretion, others are gently diftended by the force of
the impelled humours. The body contracting itfelf,
while the circulating fluid is propelled towards the head,
forces the fkull open in three parts, and the (kin in the
middle of the back is feparated by means of an undulat¬
ing motion of the incifions of the back ; at the fame time
the eyes, the horns, the lips, &c. call their exuvia. Dur¬
ing this operation, a thin watery humour is diffufed be¬
tween the old and new fkin, which renders the reparation
eafler. The procefs going on gradually, the larva is at
laft difengaged from its fkin, and the limbs and parts are,
by a continual unfolding, transformed into the pupa flate ;
after which, it twills and comprefles the exuvia by the
fundament, and throws it towards the hinder part under
the belly. The pupa is at this time very delicate, tender,
and flexible ; and affords a mofl pleafing appearance to
an attentive obferver. In it the future parts of the beetle
are finely exhibited, fo difpofed and formed, as foon to
be able to ferve the creature in a more perfect flate of life,
and to put on a more elegant form.

The pupa of this infeCt weighs, a little after its change,
much heavier than it does in its beetle flate ; this is alfo
the cafe with the pupa of the bee and hornet. The latter
has been found to weigh ten times as much as the hornet
itfelf; this is probably occafioned by a fuperabundant
moifture, by which thefe infeCts are maintained and nou-
rifhed during their torpid flate. Ilovv long the feene of
mutation continues is not known ; fome remain during
the whole winter, more particularly thofe which quit the
larva flate in autumn, when a hidden cold checks their
further operations, and confequently they remain a pupa
for feveral months. Some fpecies of the beetle tribe go
through all the ftages of their exiftence in a feafon, while
others employ near four years in the procefs, and live as
winged infeCts a year.

When the proper time for the final change arrives, all
the mufcular parts grow flrong, and are thus more able
to fhakq^off their laft integuments,. which is performed
exaClly in the fame manner as in the palfage of the infeCt
from the larva to the pupa flate ; fo that in this laft fkin,
which is extremely delicate, the traces of the pulmonary
tubes, that have been pulled off and turned out, again
become vifible. All parts of the infeCt, and more parti¬
cularly the wings and their cafes, are at this period fwel-
led and extended by the air and fluids which are driven
into them through the arteries and pulmonary tubes ; the
v/ings aje now foft as wet paper, and the circulating fluid
iffues from them on the lead wound ; but when they have
acquired their proper confiftency, which in the elytra is
very confiderable, they do not exhibit the leaf! fign of any
fluid within them, though cut or torn almoft afunaer, — •
The pupa being difengaged from its fkin, affumes the form
of a beetle, and acquires a diftinCtion of fex, being either
male or female. The infeCt now enters on its laft flate of
exiftence ; raifes itfelf towards the Ikies, plays in the fun-
beam, propagates its like, depofits the eggs for a new pro¬
geny in a f'ecure place, and dies.

Such is the procefs of the transformation of thofe in-
feCls whole habitudes confine them to dry land. We
fhall now deferibethe metamorphofis of an aquatic infeCt,
the mufea chamaleon. In the worm or larva condition it lives
in the water, breathes by the tail, and carries its legs
within a little trunk near its mouth. When the time ar¬
rives for its pupa flate, it goes through the change with-
•V-0 L. VI. No. 395,

O L O G Y. 837 ‘

out calling off the fkin of the larva. But in the imago, or
fly flate, it would infallibly peri fh in the water, was not the
larva by nature inflrudled how to choofe a fuitab'e fitua-
tion for its approaching transformation.' The larva of
this infedt appears to confift of twelve annular divifions ;
hy thefe it is feparated into a head, thorax, and abdomen ;
but as the ftomach and inteflines He equally in the thorax
and abdomen, it is not eafy to diftinguifh rheir limits until
the infedl approaches the pupa (late. The parts mofl
worthy of notice, are the tail, and the fnout or trunk. — •
The tail is furniflied with an elegant circle of bridles, dif¬
pofed quite round it in annular form ; by means of this
the tail is fupported on the furface of the water, while the
worm or larva is moving therein, the body in the mean¬
while hanging towards the bottom in feavch of food.
When it is difpofed to fink to the bottom, it turns the
bridles of the tail towards each orher, hollow in the mid¬
dle, but clofe towards the extremity; by thefe means a
conical fpace is formed, and the bladder of air pent up
in it looks like a pearl . It is by the afliftance of this little
balloon, that the infeCl raifes itfelf again to the furface.
If this bubble efcape, it can replace it from the pulmo¬
nary tubes ; fometimes large quantities of air may be feen
to arife in bubbles from the tail of the worm to the fur-
face of the water, and there mix with the incumbent
atmofphere. This operation may be eafily feen by placing
tire worm in a tumbler of water, where it will afford a
very entertaining fpectacie. The fnout or trunk is di¬
vided into three parts, of which that in the middle is im¬
moveable ; the two other parts grow from the (ides of
the former; thefe are moveable, vibrating in a very An¬
gular manner, like the tongues of lizards and ferpents.
The greateft flrength of the animal relides in thefe lateral
parts of the fnout; it is on thefe that it walks at the bot¬
tom of the water, and alfo on dry land ; appearing, as it
were, to walk on its mouth, and ttfing it as a parrot does
its beak, to climb with greater advantage.

Thefe larvae are generally to be found in (hallow (land¬
ing waters, about the beginning of June, fooner or later,
as the fummer is more or lefs favourable. After a certain
period they pafs into the pupa form. When they are
about to change, they betake themfelvesto the herbs that
float on the furface of the water, and creep gently there¬
on, till at length they lie partly on the dry furface, and
partly on the water ; when in the larva or pupa flate, they
can live in water, but can by no means inhabit there when
changed into flies. When thefe worms have found a pro¬
per (ituation, they by degrees contraCl themfel ves, and
lofe all power ot motion. The inward parts of the
worm’s tail now feparate from the outer fkin, and be¬
come greatly contracted ; by this contraction, an empty
fpace is left, into which the air foon penetrates. Thus
this infeCt paffes into the pupa flate under its own fkin,
entirely different from that of the caterpillar. This
change may often be obferved to take place in the fpace
of ten or twelve hours ; but in what manner it is perform¬
ed, or how efl'eCted, is hidden from our view.

Whilft the larva is thus changing under the fkin, the
body, the head, and tail, feparate infenfibly from their
outward veflure. The legs at this time, and their carti¬
laginous bones, are, on account of the parts which are
withdrawn from them, left empty; the worm lofes alfo
the former fkull, ‘ together with the bones belonging
thereto, which remain in the fkin of the exuvia. It is
worthy of notice, that the optic nerves feparate alfo from
the eyes, and no more perform their office. The mufcles
of the rings in like manner, and a great part of the pul¬
monary points of refpiration, are feparated from the ex¬
ternal cuticle. Thus the whole body contracts itfelf by
degrees into a compaCt mafs. At this time the gullet and
pulmonary tubes cafl a coat within the fkin. To make
this evident, it is neceffary to open the abdomen ; when
the pupa, its parts, together with the caft-off pulmonary
pipes, may be clearly diftinguifhed.

When the time approaches that the hidden infeCt is to
jo D attain

838 E N T O M

attain the imago, or fly ftate, which generally happens in
about eleven days after the preceding change, the fuper-
fluous humours are evaporated, and the pupa is contract¬
ed into the fifth ring of the fkin, and the four laft rings of
the abdomen are filled with air, through the aperture in
the refpiratory orifice of the tail. This may be feen by
expoling the pupa for a fhort fpace to the rays of the fun,
and then putting its tail in water, when It will breathe
(tronger than it did before, and, by expreffing an air bub¬
ble out of its tail, and then fucking it in again, will ma-
nifeftly perform the action of infpiration and expiration.
If the exterior cafe be opened near this period, a wonder¬
ful variety of colours may be perceived through the fkin
which invefts the pupa. The colours of many of the
different parts are now changed ; fome parts from aqueous
become membranaceous, fome flefhy, and others cruftace-
ous. When the fly begins to appear, the exterior fkin is
fecn to move about the third and fourth anterior ring;
the infedft then ufes all its efforts to quit the interior and
exterior ikin at one and the fame time. The exterior fkin
is divided into four parts ; the infedt immediately after¬
wards breaks open its inner coat, and carting it off, efcapes
from its prifon in the form of a beautiful fly. Having
thus acquired its perfect rtate, the little animal which liv¬
ed before in water and mud, enters into a new feene of
life, visits the fields and meadows, is tranfported through
the air on its elegant wings, and fports in the wide expanfe
with unrertrained freedom. For a view of this infect in
the worm rtate, fee the Entomology Plate II. fig. i+.
and for its imago or fly rtate, fee the engraving to the
article Muse a.

Another very curious aquatic infedt is the libellula , or
dragon fly. This infedt partakes of almoft all colours,
green, blue, crimfon, fcarlet, and white ; fome unite a
variety of the moll vivid tints, and exhibit in one animal
more different rtuides than are to be found in the rainbow.
But it is not to colour alone that their beauty is confined,
it is heightened by the brilliancy of their eyes, and the
delicate texture and wide expantion of their wings. The
larva of the libellula is an inhabitant of the water, the fly
itfelf is generally found hovering on its banks. The
dragdn fly is exhibited in the Entomology Plate I. fig.
io, i r ; and the larva and pupa in Plate 1 1 . fig. 15, 16.
But for figures of the mod curious and elegant fpecies of
the fly, fee the engraving to the article Lieellula.

Thefe infedts are produced from an egg, which is de-
poiited in the water by the parent; the egg finks to the
bottom, and remains there till the worm finds ftrength to
break the fliell. The larva is hexapode, and not fo long
as the fly; on the trunk are four prominences or little
bunches, which become more apparent as the larva in-
creafes in fize, and changes its fkin. Thefe bunches con¬
tain the rudiments of the wings, which adorn the infect
when in its perfedt rtate. The head of the larva is ex¬
ceedingly lingular, the whole fore part of it being cover¬
ed with a malk, having proper cavities to fuit the dif¬
ferent prominences of the face ; it is of a triangular form,
growing Imaller towards the bottom ; at this part there
is a knuckle that fits a cavity near the neck, on which it
turns as on a pivot. The upper part of this mafk is di¬
vided into two pieces or iluitters, which the infedt can
open or dofe at pleafure ; it can alfo let down the whole
mafk whenever it pleafes. The edges of the rtuitters are
jagged like a faw. It makes ufe of the mafk to feize and
hold its prey. Thefe larva generally live and feed at the
bottom of the water, fwimming only occalionally : their
manner of moving in the water is curious, being by bid¬
den jerks ; but this motion is not occalioned by their legs,
which at this time are kept clofe to the body ; it is by
forcing out a ftream of water from the tail, that the body
is carried forward ; this may be eafily perceived, by
placing them in a flat veflel, in which there is only juft
water enough to cover the bottom. Here the adtion of
the water fquirted from the tail will be very vifible ; it
Will occafion a fmall current, and give a fenlible motion
z

O L O G Y.

to any light bodies on the furface. This adtion can only
be effedted at intervals, becaufe after each expulfion the
infedt is obliged to inhale a frelli fupply of water. The
larva will fometimes turn its tail above the furface of the
water, and- ejedt a fmall ftream from it as from a little
fountain, and that with confiderable force.

The pupa differs but little from the larva ; the bunches
containing the wings grow large, and begin to appear like
four fliort thick wings. It is full as lively as the larva,
feekingand enjoying its food in the fame manner. When
arrived at its full growth, and ready to go through its laft
change, it approaches the edge of the water, and fixes it-
felf firmly to a piece of wood or other fubftance by its
claws. It remains for fome time immoveable; the fkin
then opens down the back, and on the head ; through
this opening is exhibited the real head and eyes, and at
length the legs; it then creeps gradually forward, draw¬
ing firft its wings, and then the body, out of the (kin. The
wings, which are moiftand folded, foonexpand themfelves
to their real fize ; the body is alfo extended till it has
gained its proper length, which extenfion is accompliftied
by the propelling force of the circulating fluids. When
the wings and limbs have acquired fufficient ftrength, it
enters on a more noble ftate of life : in this new feene it
enj.oys the living fragrance of the richeft meadows, revels
in delight, and, having laid the foundation for its future
progeny, finks into an eafy dilfolution. In its mature
ftate the dragon fly is of a ferocious difpofition, hovering
in the air like a bird of prey, in order to feed on and de-
flroy every fpecies of fly ; its appetite is grofs and vora¬
cious, net confining itfelf to fmall flies only, but the large
flelh-fly, moths, and butterflies, are equally fubjedt ed to
its tyranny. See the article Libellula.

The female of the cynips or gall infedt, which lias no
wings, partes through no transformation; while the male,
which has four wings, partes through the pupa ftate in
order to become a fly. The principal habitude of the
female is this, that after impregnation by the male, and
with a view to the prefervation of a future progeny, it
fixes itfelf to the branch or leaf of a tree, where it makes
a pundture, which, from the gelatinous matter thrown
out by the infect, added to the fap of the vegetable, in-
creafes in fize, and becomes a true gall ; here the female
depofits an egg, for which the gall firft ferves as a nidus,
and afterwards as an habitation for the larva. See thia
curious procefs deferibed, with figures of t he fly, under
the article Cynips, vol. v. p. 519.

The aphides, or plant lice, to arrive at their refpedtive
ftate, pals through that of the femicomplete pupa, and
their wings do not appear till they have quitted their
pupa ftate ; but, as in all the families of the pucerons
there are many which never become winged, we rriuft not
forget that thefe undergo no transformation, remaining
always the fame, without changing their figure, though
they increafe in (ize and change their Ikin. See the ar¬
ticle Aphis, vol. i. p. 789.

An infedt that mu ft cart off its exuvia, or moult five
times before it attains the pupa ftate, as is the cafe with
many of the caterpillars, may be confidered as compoled
of five organized bodies inclofed within each other, and
nouriflied by common vifeera placed in the center: what
the bud of the tree is to the invifible buds it contains,
fuch is the exterior part of the caterpillar to the interior
bodies it conceals in its bofom. Four of thefe bodies
have the fame eflential ftrudture, namely, that which is
peculiar to the infedt in its larva or caterpillar ftate : the
fifth body is that of the pupa. The refpedtive ftate of
thefe bodies is in proportion to their diftance from the
center of the animal ; tliofe that are fartheft off have
mod confidence, or unfold themfelves fooneft. When
the exterior body has attained its full growth, that inte¬
rior one which is next in order is conliderably unfolded;
it is then lodged in too narrow a compafs, therefore it
llretches on all fides the (heath which covers it; the vef-
fels which nourifh the external covering, are broken by

ENTOM

this violent diftenfion, andceafing toaft, the Ikin wrinkles
and dries up ; at length it opens, and the infeft conies
forth with a new (kin, and new organs. When we have
thus formed the idea that all the exterior parts are inlaid,
or included one within the other, the produdtion of new
organs does not appear fo embarrafling, being nothing
more than a fimple developernent ; but it is more difficult
to form any conception of the changes that happen in the
vifcera before and after the transformation, the various
modifications they undergo eluding our refeaches. We
have already obferved, that a little before the change
the caterpillar rejects the membrane that lines the intef-
tinul bag : this bowel has hitherto digefted only grofs
food, whereas it muft hereafter digefl that which is very
delicate: a fluid that circulates in the caterpillar from
the hind part towards the head, circulates a contrary way
after transformation. Now if this inverfion is as real as
obfervation feems to indicate, how amazing the change
the interior parts of the animal mull have undergone !

To give the curious reader a competent idea of the ad¬
mirable ftrudture of the mufcles and interior mechanifm
of the caterpillar, we have, in the Entomology Plate II.
fig. i, exhibited an anatomical fedlion of the caterpillar
of the Phalaena coffus, or goat-moth, eonfiderably mag¬
nified to fliew out its parts. The body of this caterpillar,
and of infedts in general, includes four principal vifcera ;
the fpinal marrow, the inteflinal bag, the heart, and tra¬
cheal veflels. The fpinal marrow, or principal trunk of
the nerves of infedts, is a whitilh thread, extended the
whole length from the head to the hindermoll part, fur-
nilhed at intervals with fmall knots or ganglions. From
thefe knots proceed the nervous threads that are fuppofed
to be the inftruments of fenfation and motion. On the
medullary thread is placed the inteflinal bag, which is
equal to it in length ; it is a long gut, in which are con¬
tained the oefophagus, the Ilomach, and inteflines. Down
the back, and parallel to the inteflinal bag, runs a long
thin veffel, in which may be perceived through the fkin
of the inf'edl alternate contradljons and dilatations ; this
part is fuppofed to perform the functions of the heart.
The tracheal veflels of infedls are very fimilar to thole of
plants ; are of the fame ftrudlure, colour, and ehiflicity,
and are, like them, difperfed through the whole body.

The internal ftrudlure of the caterpillar, as represented
in the Plate, divides itfelf into twelve parts, correfponding
to its twelve rings. Each of thefe rings is diflinguifhed
from that which follows, and that preceding it, by a kind
of neck, or fmaUc hollow part or fedlion. By conceiving
a line to pafs through thefe necks, and forming boundaries
to the rings, the divifions become more apparent.

The anatomical delineation of the mufcles of the head;
the two palpi ; the truncated mufcles of the lower lip,
and part of thofe w'hich give it motion ; the two gang¬
lions of the neck united ; the two filk veflels which form
tubes from the right and left, and pafs through the center
of the head ; the cefophagus ; the two dilfolving vef-
iels ; the cephalic arteries ; the ten abdudlor mufcles of
the jaw ; the four occipital mufcles ; alfo a nerve of the
ifirft pair, belonging to the ganglion of the neck, may be
cafily traced by contemplating the engraving.

The mufcles of the body of infedls have neither the
exterior form, nor the colour, of thofe of larger animals.
In their natural flate they are foft, and have the appear¬
ance of a jelly ; they are of a greyilh blue, and the filver-
coloured appearance of the pulmonary veflels, which
creep over and penetrate their fubflance, exhibirs under
the microfcope a moft beautiful fpedlacle. When the
caterpillar has been foaked for fome time in fpirit of wine,
they lofe their elallicity and tranfparency, and become
firm, opake, and white; the aerial veflels difappear. At
fir ft fight they might be taken for tendons, as they are of
the fame colour, and poffefs almofl: the fame luftre. They
are generally flat, and of an equal (ize throughout ; the
middle feldom differs either in colour, fubflance, or fize,

O L O G Y. 839

from the extremities. The ends are fixed to the fkin ;
the reft of the mufcle is generally free and floating ; fe-
veral of them branch out eonfiderably ; the'branches ex¬
tend fometimes fo far, that it is not always eafy to dif-
cover whether th'ey are diftindt and feparate mufcles, or
parts of another. They are of a moderate ftrength ;
thofe that have been foaked in fpirit of wine, when exa¬
mined by the microfcope, will be found to be covered
with a membrane which may be feparated from them;
they then appear to confift of feveral parallel bands, dil-
pofed according to the length of the mufcle. Thefe,
when divided by the affiftance of very fine needles, ap¬
pear to be compofed of ft i 11 fmaller bundles of fibres, in
the fame diredlion; which, when examined by a very
deep magnifier, and in a favourable light, appear twilled
like a fmall cord. If the mufcles are feparated by means
of very fine needles, in a drop of fome fluid, we find that
they are not only compofed of fibres, membranes, and
aerial velfels, but alfo of nerves; and, from the drops of
oil that may be feen floating on the fluid, that they are
alfo furnilhed with many undtuous particles. The muf¬
cles in the caterpillar are very numerous, exceeding by
much thofe of the human body. They occupy the
greateft part of the head ; there is an amazing number at
the oefophagus, the inteflines, &c. the Ikin is as it were
lined by different beds of them, placed one over the
other, and ranged with wonderful fymmetry. The num¬
ber of mufcles is truly aftonifliing; there are 228 in the
head, 1647 in the body, and 2066 in the inteflinal tube,
making in all 3941 !

The fpinal marrow and the brain of the caterpillar,
feem to have very little relation to thofe of man. We
find in the head of that which we are deferibing, a part
which feems to anfwer the purpofe of the brain, becaufe
the nerves that are dilfeminated through the head are
derived from it ; but then this part is unprotected, and
fo fmall, that it does not occupy one-fifth part of the
head; the furface is fmooth, and has neither lobes nor
anfradltioufnefs ; and if we call this a brain, the cater¬
pillar may be faid to have thirteen, as there are twelve
more fuch parts following eacli other in a line ; they are
nearly of the fame fize with that in the head, and of the
fame fubflance ; and it is from them that the nerves are
diftributed through the whole body. Left the idea of
thirteen brains might appear abfurd, M. Lyonet has
called thefe parts ganglions. The fpinal marrow in the
human fpecies defeends down the back, inclofed in a bony
cafe ; is large with refpedt to its length, and not divided
into branches, diminifhing in thicknefs in proportion as
it is removed further from the brain. In the caterpillar,
the fpinal marrow goes along the belly, is not inclofed in
any tube, is very fmall, forks out at intervals, and is
nearly of the fame thicknefs throughout, except at the
ganglions. The fubflance of the fpinal marrow, and of
the ganglions, is not near fo tender and eafily feparated as
in man ; it has a very great degree of tenacity, and does
not break without confiderable tenlion. The fubflance
of the ganglions differs from that of the fpinal marrow,
as no veflels can be difeovered in the latter, whereas the
former are full of very delicate ones. The Ikilful ana-
tomift of the caterpillar has counted forty-five pair of
nerves, and two Angle ones ; fo that there are ninety-two
principal nerves, whofe ramifications are innumerable.

The tracheal arteries of the caterpillar are two large
elaftic veflels, which, with their numerous ramifications
may be prefled clofe together, and drawn out eonfiderably,
but return immediately to their ufual fize when the ten-
fion ceafes ; they creep under the Ikin clofe to the fpira-
cula, one at the right fide of the infedt, the other at the
left, each of them communicating with the atmofphere,
by means of nine fpiracula ; they are nearly as long as
the body, beginning at t lie firft ipiraculum, and going a
little farther than the laft, terminating in fome branches
which extend to the extremities of the body. Round

about

8*0 E NTOM

about each fpiraeuium the L'aeheal artery puthes forth a
great number of branches, which are again divided into
(mailer ones; thefe further fubdivide, and fpread through
the whole body of the caterpillar. This vetfel and its
principal branches are compofed of three coats, which
may be feparated one from the oilier. The exterior co.
vering is a thick membrane, furnifhed with a great num¬
ber of fibres, which defcribe a vaft variety of circles
round it, communicating with each other by numerous
flioots. The fecond is very thin, and tranfparent ; no
p irticular vetfel is diftinguithed in it. The third is com¬
pofed of fcaly threads, Which are generally turned in a
fpiral form, and come fo near each other, as fcarcely to
leave any interval ; thefe threads are curioutly united
with the membrane which occupies the intervals, and
form a tube which is always open, notwithftanding the
flexure of the vetfel. The principal tracheal vetfels
branch out into 236 fmaller ones, from which there fpring
1326 different ramifications.

The part of the caterpillar which naturalifls call the
heart, is of a nature very different from that of larger
animals. It is almoft as long as the caterpillar itfelf,
lies immediately under the fkin at the top of the back,
entering into the head, and terminating near the mouth.
It is large and fpacious towards the luff rings of the body,
and diminifhes very much as it approaches the head, from
the fourth to the twelfth diviiion; it has on both (ides,
at each divifion, an appendage, which partly covers the
mufcles of the back; but, growing narrower as it ap¬
proaches the lateral line, forms a number of irregular
lozenge-fhaped bodies. This mufcular tube has been
deemed the heart of the caterpillar ; firfl, becaufe it is
generally filled with a kind of lymph, which has been
fuppofed to be analogous to the blood of larger animals;
fecondly, becaufe in all caterpillars, whofe (kin is in fome
degree tranfparent, continual, regular, and alternate, dila¬
tations and contractions may be perceived along the fu-
perior line, beginning at the eleventh ring, and going on
from ring to ring to the fourth, whence this vetfel has
been considered as a file of hearts ; but dill this vifcera
feems to have very little relation to the heart of larger
animals ; we find no veffel opening into it to anfwer the
aorta, vena cava, &c. Yet it cannot be of any import¬
ance in what manner this organ be formed, any more than
that of the brain, fo that the Great Author of its ftruc-
ture has enabled it to perform its proper office. Near the
eighth divifion are two white oblong maffes, that join the
tube of the heart ; they have been called reniform bo¬
dies, becaufe they are fomething fimilar to a kidney in
their thape.

The corpus crajfum is, with refpedl to volume, the moll
confiderable part of the whole caterpillar ; it is the fi r ft
and only fubftance that is feen on opening it, forming a
kind of (heath, which envelopes and covers all the en¬
trails, and introducing itfelf into the head, enters all the
mufcles of the body, filling the greateft part of the
empty fpaces in the caterpillar. It is of a milk-white
colour. In its configuration it is very fimilar to the hu¬
man brain. When the different maffes of the corpus
era (Turn which covers the entrails are removed, the largeft
parts are the oefophagus, the ventricle, and the large in-
tefiines. The cefophagus descends from the bottom of
the mouth to about the fourth divifion. The anterior
part which is in the head is flefhy, narrow, and fixed by
different mufcles to the cruftaceous parts thereof ; the
lower part which paffes into the body is wider, and forms
a kind of membranaceous bag, which is covered with
very fmall mufcles ; near the (tomach it is again narrower,
and is as it were bridled by a ftrong nerve, which is fixed
to it at diftant intervals. The ventricle begins a little
above the fourth divifion, where ihe oefophagus finiffies,
and terminates at the tenth divifion; it is about feven
times longer than it is broad ; the anterior part, which is
the broadeft, is generally folded. The folds diminilh

OLOGY.

with the bulk, in proportion r.s it approaches the Intef-
tines. An afferublage of nerves cover the furface ; it is
furrounded by a number of aerial veffels, and opens into
a tube, which M, Lyonet calls the large inteftine.

There are three of thefe large tubes or inteftines, each
of which differs from the other fo much, both in ftruc. '
ture and character, that they fiiould have a particular
name to diftinguith them. As mod caterpillars are en¬
dued with a power or faculty of f pinning, they are pro.
vided with two veffels where the fubftance is prepared,
which, when drawn out, and extended in the air, be.
comes a filken thread ; thefe two veffels are termed the
filk-veffels or tubes ; in the caterpillar of the cofl’us they
are often above three inches long, and are diftinguithed
into three parts, the anterior, the intermediate, and pot-
terior. It has alfo two other veffels, which are fuppofed
to prepare and contain the liquor by which it diffolves the
wood on which it feeds. Such is the wonderful organi¬
zation of this apparently trifling and imperfeCt animal.
Yet the four-thoufand mufcles employed in the conftruc-
tion of the caterpillar of the coffus, cannot beconfidered
without the deepeft aftonifhment : their admirable co-or¬
dination and junction with other parts equally numerous,
yet all harmonizing and acting together as if they were
effentially one, naturally lead the mind to confider the
nature and perfection of creation, and to perceive that it
is an exhibition of the higheft wifdom and molt profound
omnipotence. — See Lyonet fur la Chenille de Saule;
and Theologie des InfeCtes. Alfo Mr. Adams on the
Microfcope, by Kanmacher.

In the Entomology Plate II. are given figures of dif¬
ferent caterpillars, and various infedts in their larva and
pupa date. Fig. 2, the caterpillar of the phalaena coffus
or goat-moth, of its natural fize, and the fame animal as
diffeCted and magnified at fig. 1. The pupa of this moth
is (hewn. at fig. 3. The moth itfelf is (hewn at fig. 6, in
the Entomology Plate I. Fig. 4, the filkvvorm, or cater¬
pillar of the phalaena mori. Fig. 5, the pupa or chryfalis
of the fame moth. Fig. 6, a feCtionof the cone or folli¬
cle of (ilk, in which the pupa inclofes itfelf. Fig. 7, the
cone or follicle, (hewing the moth in the a£t of making its
way out, and juft arrived at its imago or fly ftate. For
the phalaena mori, or (ilkworm moth, fee the article Pha-
L2ENA. Fig. 8, the caterpillar of the phalaena erythrinae,
in its firft worm ft ate. Fig. 9, the fame caterpillar, after
its firft moult. Fig. 10, the fame after its fecond moult.
Fig. 1 1 , the caterpillar of the papilio vanillae, or butterfly
with the fpiral tongue, (hewn in Plate I. fig. 6. Fig. 12,
caterpillar of the atlas moth. Fig. 13, caterpillar of
the Achilles butterfly. See thefe two luperb fpecies in
the engravings adapted to the articles Papilio, and Pha-
lje N A . Fig. 14, the larva of the mufea chameleon.
Fig. 15', the larva of the libellula or dragon fly. Fig. 16,
the pupa of the fame, with its wings beginning to evolve.
Fig. 17, the palmer or caterpillar of the apis mufeorum,
or humming bee. Fig. 18, the pupa of the fame, with
the rudiments of its wings. See the perfeCt fly, male and
female, fig. 12, 13, in Plate I. Fig. 19, the larva of the
oeftrus equi, or grub called the lot, voided by horfes.
Fig. 20, the pupa of the fame. For the perfeCt fly, male
and female, fee fig. 14, 15, in Plate I. Fig. 21, the larva
of the lucanus interruptus, or black beetle with yellow-
wings. Fig. 22, fame in its pupa ftate, fhewing therudk
ments of its limbs. For the perfect beetle, fee the article
Lucanus. Fig. 23, the larva of the blatta Americana ;
the perfeCt infeits, male and female, are (hewn at fig. 3, 4,
in Plate I. Fig. 24, the larva of the bupreftis.gigantea.
The perfeCt beetles, male and female, are exhibited at
fig. 1 and 2,.Piate I. Fig. 25, the larva of the termes fa¬
tale, or white ant. Fig. 26, the pupa of the fame. See
the perfect infeCts, fig. 16 female, and 17 male, in Plate I.
— For the natural hiftory, and more engravings of all
thefe infeCts, fee under their refpeCtive geNeric titles in
this work.

Og

ENTOMOLOGY.

Plate JJ

hondon- Published as The u^ct directs- Octave. 1804. by d-TYJ/ces -

E N T O M

Of the GENERATION of INSECTS.

One of the greateft myfteries appertaining to the infeCt
tribes, is their mode of generation. Many ancient phi-
lofophers imagined that infects were produced from cor¬
rupt and putrefied fubfiances, and thus owed their origin
to mere chance. But they fhould have taught that every
degree of life mu ft proceed from the fountain and fource
of all life ; and that therefore infeCts rnuft conform to
that general law which runs through the whole of ani¬
mated nature, namely, that the conjunction of the male
and female is necefiary for the production and propaga¬
tion of their offspring.

But though infeCts are, like larger animals, for this
end diftinguiffied into male and female, yet in fome claffes
there appears to be a kind of mules, partaking of neither
fex, though themfelves originating from the conjunction
of both ; and many other particularities relative to the
fexes of infeCts, feem equally my fierious and unaccounta¬
ble : though it is mod confonant to reafon that all fuch
infeCts as are termed mules, neuters, or which appear of
doubtful or imperfect conformation, are only fuch whofe
parts are not yet completely evolved, and confequently
not arrived at their laft or perfect ftate. It is evident
that this is the cafe with what are called labourers among
the white ants.

In many infeCts the mrale and female are with difficulty
diftinguidted ; and in fome they differ fo widely, that an
unfkilful perfon might eafily take the male and female of
the fame infeCt for different fpecies ; as for in, fiance, in
the phalcena humuli, piniaria, ruffula, &c. The diflimi-
larity is fi ill greater in thofe infeCts in which the male has
wings and the female none, as in the coccus lampyris,
termes fatale, phalaena antiqua, and many of the hemip-
tera clafs. The female of the gryllus pedeftris is quite
defiitute of wings, and paffed for a gryllus in its larva
date, until it was feen in copulation, which proved its
maturity ; for it is an eftablifhed faCt, that no infeCt can
propagate, till it arrives at its laft or perfect ftate. — “ Ple-
raque infe&orum genitalia fua intra anum habent abjeondita, et
penes folitarios, fed nonnulla penem habent bijidum: cancri autem
et aranei geminos, quemadmodum nonnulla amphibia , et quod mi¬
n' andum in loco alieno, ut cancer, J'ub bafi caudee. Arancus mas
palpos habet clavatos, qui penes J ant, juxta os utrinque unicum ,
qua clava fexum nec fpeciem dijlinguunt ; et feemina vulvas fuas
habet in abdomine juxta peblus ; hcic vero Ji unquam vere dixeris :
res plena timoris amor, Ji enim procus inaufpicato accejferit feemina
ipfum devorat, quod etiam fit,f non Jlatim fe retraxent. Libcl-
lula feemina genitale fuurrifim apice gerit caudie, et mas fub pec-
tore, adeo ut cum mas collum feemina forcipe caudie arripit, ilia
caudam fuain peElori ejus adplicet,fcque peculiari ratione connexce
zjolitent.”

InfeCts are either oviparous, or viviparous ; in other
words, the fpecies is perpetuated either by their laying of
eggs, or bringing forth their young alive. The former is
the more general cafe ; there are but few inftances of the
latter. Thofe infeCts which pafs through the different
transformationsalready deferibed, cannot propagate, there¬
fore, till they arrive at their winged ftate ; and we believe
there is feldom any conjunction of the fexes in other claffes
till they have moulted, or put off' their laft fkin, the can¬
cri and monoculi excepted: Reaumur, tom. iv. p. 415,
mentions feveral fpecies of two-winged flies that are vivi¬
parous, -bringing forth worms, which are afterwards tranf-
formed into flies. The womb of one of thefe is Angularly
curious ; it is formed of a band rolled up in a fpiral form,
and about two inches and a half in length ; fo that
it is feven or eight times longer than the body of the
fly, and compofed of worms placed one on the fide of the
other with wonderful art ; and are many thoufands in
number.

Among the aphides, or pucerons, many bring forth their
young alive in fummer, but in autumn they depofit eggs
upon the branches and bark of trees. The generative
habitudes of this genus are very Angular : an aphis or
puceron, hatched from a rofe-leaf, and brought up in the

Vol. VI. No. 396.

O L O G \. 64i.

mod perfeft folitude from the very moment of its birth,
in a few days will be found the parent of a numerous
family ; repeat the experiment on one of the individuals
of this new family, and the fecond generation will multiply
like its parent ; and this is found to be the cafe for ten
generations, when impregnation by the male appears again
neceffary for another ten years procreation. See thefe faCts
explained under the article Aphis, vol. i. p. 789.

However Angular the generation and production of
the aphides may appear, that of bees is not lefs fo. —
This little republic has at all times gained univerfal
efteem and admiration ; and, though they have attracted
the attention of the moft ingenious inquirers into nature,
yet the mode of propagating their fpecies for a long time
baffled the ingenuity of ages, and rendered their attempts
to difeover it abortive. Reaumur was the firft who re¬
moved the veil, and explained their manner of generating:
he difeovered that the queen bee was the only female be¬
longing to a fwarm or hive, and the mother of the next
generation; that the drones are the males by which fhe
is fecundated, and that the working bees, or thofe that
collcCt wax on the flowers, that knead it, and form from
it the combs and cells, which they afterwards fill with
honey, are at the time of neither fex, but neuters ; and
that the neuters afterwards become perfeCt. The queen
bee is diftinguifhed by her fize, being larger than the
working bee or the drone. See a full account of their
mode of propagation, habits, and economy ; with figures
of the male, female, and neuters; their various parts,
combs, &c. under Apis, vol. i. p. 792 — 798.

Divine Providence inftruCts the infeCts in a moft remark¬
able manner to depofit their eggs, not only in fafety from
their numerous enemies, but alfo in fituations where a
fufficient quantity of food is on the fpot to fupport and
nourifh the larva immediately on breaking the (hell. The
gnat, the ephemera, the phryganea, the libellula, hover
over the water all day to drop their eggs, which are hatch¬
ed in the water, and continue there all the time they are
in the larva form. The mafs formed by the gnat refetn-
bles a little veffel fet afloat by the infeCt ; each egg is in
the form of a keel, and curioufly connected together.
The gnat lays but one egg at a time, which fhe depolits
on the water in a very ingenious and fimple manner ; (lie
ftretches her legs out, and erodes them, thus forming an
angle to receive and hold the firft egg ; a fecond egg is
foon placed next the firft ; then a third, and fo on, till the
bafe is capable of fupporting itfelf; thefe, as they come
to maturity, fink deeper. The fpavvn of this infeCt is
fometimes above an inch long, and one-eighth of an inch
in diameter, and tied by a little ftem or ftalk to fome flick
or ftone. Sometimes they are laid in a Angle, fometimes
in a double, fpiral line ; fometimes tranfverfely. Many
of the moths cover their offspring with a thick bed of
hair, which they gather from their own body ; while
others cover them with a glutinous compofition, which,
when hard, protects them from moifture, rain, and cold.
The gall-flies, it has been obferved, know how to open
the nerves of the leaves, to depofit their eggs in a place
which afterwards ferves them for a lodging and a maga¬
zine of food. The folitary bees and wafps prepare an
habitation for their little ones in the earth, placing there
a proper quantity of food for them, when they proceed
from the egg. The voracious fpider is careful of its eggs ;
the wolf fpider carries them on its back in a little bag
formed of its filk, it cannot be feparated from them but
by violence, and exhibits the moft marked figns of uneafi-
nefs when deprived of them : a circumftance the more re¬
markable, as they love to deftroy each other, and even
carry on their courtfhips with a diffidence and caution un¬
known in any other fpecies of animals. See the article
Aranea. The paternal affeCtion and care of the ant is
alfo well known. They are not fatisfied with placing their
eggs in fituations made on purpofe, and to raife or rear
them till they come to the nymph or pupa ftate, but they
even extend their care to the pupae themfelves, removing
10 E them

ENTOMOLOGY.

842

them from their nefi: to the furface of the earth, whenever
the weather is fine, that they may receive the benignant
influence of the fun, carrying them back again as foon as
the air begins to grow cold. If any accident difturb their
nefi, and difperfe the pupae, they manifeft the greateft figns
of diftrefs, feeking thofe which are loft and fcattered,
placing them in fome fheltered place while they repair
the neft, when they again tranfport them to it.

The fecundity of infedts exceeds in an aftonilhing degree
that of all the productions of nature. Reaumur calcu¬
lated the fecundity of the queen bee as, follows : he found
that Hie laid in the two months of March and April
12,000 eggs, fo that the fwarm which left the hive, in May,
confided of near 12,000 bees, all produced from one mo¬
ther : but this calculation falls ftiort of that which was
made by Leeuwenhoek on a fly, whofe larva feeds on
flefli, putrid carcafes, See. which multiply prodigioufly,
and in a fliort fpace of time. One of thefe laid 144 eggs,
from which he got as many flies in the firft month ; fo
that, fuppofing one-half of thefe to be females, in the third
month we (hall find 746,496, all produced in three months
from one fly. M. Lyonet, in order to inveftigate the ge¬
neration of a moth, out of 350 eggs produced by a Angle
female, took only Bo, from which he obtained, when ar¬
rived at their perfedt (late, 15 females ; from whence he
deduces the following computation : if 80 eggs give 13
females, the whole brood of 350 would have produced
63 ; thefe 65, fuppofing them as fertile as their mother,
would have produced 22,750 caterpillars, among which
there would have been at lead 4265 females, who would
have produced for the third generation 1,492,750 ca¬
terpillars. This number would have been much larger,
if the number of females among thofe which were feledted
by M» Lyonet had chanced to have been greater. M. de
Geer counted in the belly of a moth 480 eggs ; reduc¬
ing thefe to 400, if fuppofing one-fourth only of thefe to
be females and as fruitful as their mother, they will give
birth to 40,000 caterpillars for the fecond generation;
and forthe third, fuppofing all things equal, fourmillions
of caterpillars. It is not furprifing, therefore, that they
are found fo numerous in years that are favourable to their
propagation. But the Author of Nature has for our
fakes limited this abundant multiplication, and wifely or¬
dained, that thofe fpecies which are the mod numerous
lhall afford food to the greateft number of birds, fifties,
&c. who, though conftantly employed on the deftrudtion
of individuals, are unable to effedt that of any of the fpe¬
cies ; by which means an equilibrium is preferved, and
no one fpecies preponderates. Few infects live long after
their laft transformation, but their-fpecies are continued
by their amazing fecundity ; their growth is completed,
and their parts hardened fooner than thofe of larger ani¬
mals, and the duration of their exiftence is proportiona-
bly limited.

In the amours of the in fedt tribes, it is extremely curious
to obferve the avidity with which the male and female
approach each other. The facility with which the males
fieek out the females, is hardly credible. If a female
butterfly be concealed in a box, and there be any males
within half a mile of the place, they will directly fly to
the fpot, and hover over it. In fome genera the males
are not fo adtive, but are eagerly (ought and caretled by
the females : the incitements of the queen bee to ftimu-
late the paflions of the male, are truly wonderful : fee
A?is, vol. i. p. 793. The:- mode of contadt is by intro-
million ; an operation which with them requires much
time elfedtually to accompli fh ; after which the congrefs
continues for many hours. The butterfly and moth are
often feen in coitu for a whole day ; and the common
chafer beetle for upwards of twenty-four hours. But
this furprifing duration of tire fexual embrace appears to
be given them, becaufe it is perhaps the only one of their
lives, and ferves to fecundate the whole mafs of eggs in
the ovarium of the female. The male is afterwards (een
retiring in a very languid Hate, to fome obfeure hiding-
place, where it foon falls 3 prey to birds or reptiles;, the

female feeks a nidus wherein to depofit her impregnated
(lore, after which (he difappears, and in like manner falls a
vidtim to death; the ends of her exiftence having been
thus fulfilled. Were not this the cafe, infedts would
multiply in fuch countlefs myriads, that the whole ex-
panfe of our globe, and its furrounding atmofphere, would
be found too limited to afford them fufficient room. The
female, by a very furprifing. inftindt, almoft unerringly
depofits her eggs where (he is certain her progeny will be
fafely hatched, and fupplied with fuch food, and fuch
means of pafling through their transformations, as nature
has ordained for them. There are a great number of in¬
fedts which rejedt vegetable matter, and feek a nidus for
their eggs in putrid flefh, or in living animals. But Reau¬
mur informs us, that thofe infedts which prefer dead flelh
never attack living animals ; the fiefli-fly depofits her eggs
in the bodies of dead carcafes, where her progeny receive
the nourilhinent bed adapted for them ; but this fly never
attempts to lay her eggs in the flefli of found and living
animals.

The infedts which principally depofit their impregnated
eggs in the flefli of living animals, and which have not a
little perplexed and embarralfed the refearches of both
ancient and modern naturalifts, before they could difeover
and afeertain their real habitudes, are the oeftri fpecies,
commonly called gad-fly. The oeftrus bovis depofits its
eggs in the back of cattle, under the (kin; which as they
are hatched into larvae, produce a purulent tumour. By
the pain it inflidfs, by making a nidus for its eggs, an ex¬
treme terror and agitation is occafioned, and the objedt
of the attack runs bellowing wildly about, with its tail
erect, and in a tremulous motion, and communicates the
agitation to the whole affrighted herd. The larva is
brown, having eleven fegments, with tranfverfe lines.
When fufficiently matured, they drop from the nidus, to
prepare for their winged (late. The oeftrus equi depofits
its eggs on the hairs or cuticle of horfes, and always on
thofe parts which can be licked with the tongue ; thefe,
in the egg or larva (late, are conveyed with the tongue of
the horfe, by licking the irritated part, into the ftomachj
and pafling through the inteftines with the food, when
fufficiently matured, are difeharged with the dung. Thefe
larvae are commonly known by the name of bots. See
-the engraving, fig. 19. The haemorrboidalis is another
kind of equi: it depofits its eggs on the lips of horfes,
occafioning a titillation, which caufes the animal, when
attacked by it, to move its head violently up and down,
and gallop, about with every appearance of diftrefs. The
larvae are conveyed through the inteftines like thofe of
the other fpecies. — The oeftrus ovis depofits its eggs on
the inner margin of the noftrils of flieep, occafioning them
to (hake their heads violently, and hide their nofes in
duft or gravel. The larvae crawl up into tire frontal'
finufes or horns, and when full fed, are again difeharged
through the noftrils, to prepare for the fly (fate. — The
oeftrus cuniculi, in like manner depofits its .eggs in the
(kins of hares and rabbits. But the mod Angular of all,
is the oeftrus hominis; which depofits its eggs under the
(kin on the bellies of the Indians in South America, who
go nearly naked. The larva, if difturbed, penetrates
deeper, and produces an ulcer, which not unfrequently
becomes fatal. — See the natural hiftory of thefe infects,
under the article Oestrus, with corredt engravings of
the different fpecies.

Neither the larva, pupa, or eVen the egg-ftate of fome
infedts are exempt from the attacks of others, who depofit
their eggs in like manner upon them ; thefe, after having
pa fled through the ufual transformation, become what is
termed the ichneumon fly. An ingenious entomologift de-
feribes the operation as follows : “ Oblerving fome cater¬
pillars feeding on a leaf, my attention was attracted by a
little ichneumon fly, which appeared as if deliberating
where to fettle. I was furprized to fee the caterpillars
endeavouring by various contortions to get out of its way,
and more fo whenever the fly poifed on the wing, as if
going to drop. At length the parafite made its choice^

ENTOMOLOGY. 843

and feated itfelf on the back of one of the larged of the
cinder. It was in vain that the caterpillar endeavoured
to diflodge the enemy ; and its anguifh at intervals ap¬
peared intolerable, in confequence of the wounds given
by the fly. At every wound the poor caterpillar wreathed
and twitted its whole frame, endeavouring to difengage
the enemy, fometimes aiming its mouth towards the place,
but it -was all in vain; its little tormentor ftill kept its
place. When it had inflicted thirty or forty wounds, it
took its flight with a vifible triumph; in each of thefe
wounds the ichneumon had depolited an egg. I took the
caterpillar home, to obferve the progrefs of the eggs
which were tints placed in its body, taking care to give
it a frefh fupply of leaves from time to time ; it recovered
to all appearance from the wounds, and from that time,
for the (pace of four or five days, feemed to feed with its
ufual avidity. The eggs were all hatched into fmall ob¬
long voracious worms, which fed from the moment of
their appearance on the flefh of the caterpillar, in whofe
body they were inclofed, and feemingly without wound¬
ing the organs of refpiration or digeftion ; and when they
had arrived at their full growth, they ate their way out
of the Tides of the animal. Thefe are what have vulgarly
been called caterpillar caters. The caterpillar thus attacked
by the larva of the ichneumon never efcapes, its dedruc-
tion is infallible; but then its life is not taken away at
once; the larva, while it is feeding thereon, knows how
to fpare the parts which are ell'ential to life, bccaufe its
own is at that time tied up in that of the caterpillar. No
butterfly is produced from the caterpillar; the worms
that feed on it are no fooner out of its body, than every
one fpins its own web, and under this they pafs the pupa
ftate, in order to introduce them to their winged form.”
The number of infedts which feed upon others, nay,
fome even upon their own fpecies, is very great : it is
among thefe that we find the traces of the greateft art and
cunning, as well in attack as defence. Some indeed ufe
main force alone; as does the larva of the cimex merianae
of Surinam, which leizes and devours young toads and
frogs. See the article Cimex, and the correfponding en¬
graving, vol. iv. p. 598. Mod perfons are acquainted
with the dexterous, arts of the fpider, the curious con-
ftrudtion of the web he fpins, and the central pofition he
takes, in order to watch more effectually the lead motion
that may be communicated to the mefhes of its net. For
their natural hidory, particularly of the tarantula , fee the
article Aranea, vol. ii. p,. 30 — 35, and its correfponding
engravings.

We cannot difmifs this fubjedt without remarking on
the extraordinary community and generation of the terines,
or white ants, infedts of the aptera clafs, and far exceed¬
ing in wifdom and' policy of the bee, the ant, or the bea¬
ver. They are inhabitants of India, Africa, and South
America. They build pyramidal ftrudtures, ten or twelve
feet in height, and divided into appropriate apartments,
magazines for provifions, arched chambers, and galleries
of communication. Thefe are fo firmly cemented, that
they eafily bear four men to dand upon them ; and in the
plains of Senegal, appear like the villages of the native
inhabitants. With wonderful dexterity and rapidity they
dedroy food, furniture, books, clothes, and timber, of
whatever magnitude, leaving the furface a mere fhell.
The larva are fmall, being not half an inch long, fix¬
footed, with a roundifn tedaceous head, as fliewn, fig. 25,
in the preceding plate ; mandibles fliort, ftron’g, and
toothed; antennae as long as the thorax, and ovate abdo¬
men. Thefe, like the neutral bees, are only the labour¬
ers, who build the ftrudtures, procure provifions for the
males and females, and take care of the eggs; they are
alfo the mod numerous. When they reach the pupa
ftate, they are dill adtive, but.never work ; ferve as fuper-
intendants over the labourers, or as guards to defend their
habitations from intrufion and violence. Whenever a
breach is made in the dwelling, they rufh forward and
defend the entrance with great ferocity ; fome of them

beating with their mandibles againd any hard fubdance,
as a fignal to the other guards, or as encouragement to
the labourers'; they then retire, and are (ucceeded by the
labourers, each with a burthen of tempered mortar in
his mouth, and who diligently fet about to repair what¬
ever injury has been fudained. One of thefe attends every
fix or eight hundred labourers who are building a wall,
taking no adtive part himfelf, .but frequently making the
fignal above-mentioned, which is condantly anfwered by
a loud hifs from all the labourers, who then evidently
redouble their diligence. See this date of the infedt,
fig. 26, in the preceding plate.

The male and female are nearly alike ; but the male,
after pafling from the pupa date, is furnidied with four
long horizontal wings. See the female, fig. 16, and the
male, fig. 17, in the Entomology Plate I . Thefe fly abroad
in the night ; but foon after fun-rife, the wings become
dry, and they fall on the ground, and are devoured by
birds, or fought after by the inhabitants, who road and
eat them with great avidity. After impregnation, the
abdomen of the female grows to a prodigious bulk, ex¬
ceeding the red of her body nearly two thouland times :
it is then vehicular and white, with tranfverfe brown
fpots, and an undulate or dightly lobed margin. In this
date it contains an immenfe number of fmall round brown
eggs, which are protruded to the amount of eight thou-
fand in twenty-four hours. Thefe are indantly taken up
by the labourers, and conveyed to feparate chambers,
where after they are hatched, the young are attended and.
provided for, till they are able to fliift for themfelves,
and take their diare in the fervices of the community. — ■
For. their natural hidory, and figures of their fpecies and
huts, fee the article Termes.

Yet the works of thefe bufy infedts are nothing to the
immenfe labours of the little animals which produce the
coral rocks, and which form cinders of iflands in the fea.
See the articles Coral, Cora l-Rocks, and Coral lina,
with the corefponding engraving, vol. v. p.,187 — 193.

On the revivification of. torpid and drowned infedts,
many curious fadts have been related. Common flies,
fmall beetles, fpiders, moths, bugs, See. after being
drowned in fpirit of wine, and continuing apparently
dead, have been redored to life merely by being thrown
among wood-alhes dightly warm. While Dr. Franklin
redded in France, he received from America a quantity
of Madeira wine which had been bottled in Virginia.
At the bottom of fome of the bottles he found a few
dead flies, which he expofed to the warm fun, it being
then the month of July; and in lefs than three hours
thefe apparently dead animals recovered life, which had
been fo long fufpended. At fird they appeared as if
convulfed; they then raifed themfelves on their legs,
waffled their eyes with their fore feet, dreffed their wings
with thofe behind, and began in a little time to fly about.

But the mod extraordinary indance of revivification
that we have feen recorded, is the following: In the
warmer parts of France there is an infect very deftrndtive
to rye, which feems to begin its operations at the root of
the plant, and gradually to proceed upwards to the ear.
If the plant be completely dried while the infedt is in
the root or Item, the animal is irrecoverably killed ; but
after it has reached the grain, the cafe is very diiferent.
There have been indances, which are noticed in the
academy of fciences at Paris, of thefe infedts being
brought to life in a quarter of an hour, by a little warm
water, after the grains, in which they were lodged, had
been kept dry for thirty years i

Thofe who wifli to take infedts for the purpofe of
forming a collection, fltould be provided with a gauze
clap-net condrudted for that purpofe. When they are
taken, dick a pin through the middle of one of the hard
wings, and pafs it through the body-. They may be
killed without injury to their colours or beauty, by im-
merfion in hot water, or in fpirit of wine; then dick
them on a piece of cork; and afterwards carefully pl.acci
1 " thek"

844

ENT

ENT

their legs in a creeping pofition, and let them continue
expofed to the air until all the moifture is evaporated
from their bodies.

Butterflies and moths, as well as all flies with mem¬
branaceous wings, fliould be taken with great care, left
the beauty of their plumage be injured. When taken,
run a pin through the thorax or flioulders, between the
fore-wings. After this is done, the wings fhould be ex¬
panded, and kept fo by the pre fibre of fmall flips of pa¬
per for a day or two. Moths expand their wings when
at reft, and they .will naturally take that pofition.

The beft method of procuring the raoli perfeft butter¬
flies is to find out, if pofiible, the larva or caterpillar of
each, by examining the plants, fhrubs, or trees, they ufu-
ally feed upon, or by beating the (limbs and trees with
long poles, and thereby (baking the caterpillars into a
(heet fpread underneath to receive them; to put them
into boxes covered with thin canvas, gauze, or cat-gut,
and to feed them with the frefh leaves of the tree or
herb on which they are found ; when they are full grown,
they will go into the pupa or chryfalis date, and require
then no other care till they come out perfeft butterflies.

Moths might likewife be procured more perfect, by
collefting the caterpillars, and breeding them in the fame
manner. It may be necetTary to obferve, that in breeding
thefe kinds of infects, Come earth fliould be put into the
boxes, as likewife fome rotten wood in the corners ; be-
caufe, when the caterpillars change into the pupa (late,
fome go into the earth, and continue under ground for
many months before they come out into the moth date ;
and fome cover themfelves with a hard cruft, made up of
fmall pieces of rotten wood.

After the infefts are properly dried, they may be
placed in the cabinet or boxes where they are to remain :
thefe boxes fhould be kept dry; and alfo made to (hut
very clofe, to prevent fmall infefts from injuring them ;
the bottoms of the boxes fliould be covered with green
wax, over which paper may be laid ; or, which is better,
lined with cork, well impregnated with a folution of cor-
rofive fublimate, in a faturated folution of crude fal-am-
moniac in water, an ounce of which will diffolve twenty
fcruples of the fublimate. The fineft collections have
been ruined by the depredations of fmall infects ; it is
impoffible, therefore, to have the cabinets too fecure.
Such infedts as are thus attacked may be fumigated with
fulphur ; if this prove ineffedtual, they may be immerfed
in fpirit of wine, without injury. But baking the col¬
lection in an oven is the moft effedtual method of extir¬
pating thefe enemies when too numerous for partial ap¬
plications. — To deftroy caterpillars and other infedts in
gardens, orchards, Sec. fee the article Caterpillar,
vol. iii. p. 903.

ENTRAC'QUE, a town of Italy, in the principality
of Piedmont, on the Geffo : five miles fouth-fouth-eaft
of Demont.

ENTRAl'GUES, a town of France, in the department
of the Aveiron, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt
of Mur de Barres : fix leagues north of Rhodez.

ENTRAFGUES, a town of France, in the department
of the Ifere, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrift of
Grenoble : twenty miles fouth.eaft of Grenoble.

ENTRA'IL, f [from entrelas, Fr.] A knot :

Whofe folds difplaid

Were ftretcht now forth at length without entraile. Spen/er.

To ENTRA'IL, v.a. [ intralciarc , Ital.] To mingle;
to interweave ; to diverfify.

Over him, art ftriving to compare
With nature, did an arbor green difpred,

Framed of wanton ivy, flow’ring fair,

Through which the fragrant eglantine did fpread,

His prickling arms entrail'd with rofes red. Spenfer:

To twift together :

Before they faftened were under her knee

Tn a rich jewell, and therein entrayl'd

The ends of all the knots. Spenfer.

EN'TRAILS, f. without a Angular, [ent rallies, Fr.
eKTfjai, Gr. } The inteflin.es ; the inward parts; the guts:
What, hath thy fiery heart fo parch’d thine entrails,

That not a tear can fall ? Shakfpeare.

The internal parts. — He had brought to light but little of
that treafure, that lay fo long hid in the dark entrails of
America. Locke.

The earth hath loft

Moft of her ribs, as entrails ; being now

Wounded no lefs for marble than for gold. Ben Jon Jon.

ENTRAI'NS, a town of France, in tire department of
Nyevre, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriCt of
Ciamecy : three leagues and a half weft of Clamecy.

EN'TRANCE,yi [ entrant , Fr.] The power of en¬
tering into a place. — Where diligence opens the door of
the underftanding, and impartially keeps it, truth is fure
to find both an entrance and a welcome too. South. — The
aft of entering :

All the world’s a ftage,

And all the men and women merely players;

They have their exits and their entrances. Shakefpeare.
The pafiage by which a place is entered ; avenue. — .Pal¬
ladio did conclude, that the principal entrance was never
to be regulated by any certain dimenfions, but by the dig¬
nity of the mafter. Wotton. — Initiation ; commencement.
— This is that which, at firft entrance, baulks and cools
them. Locke. — Intellectual ingrefs ; knowledge. — He that
travelleth a country before he hath fome entrance into the
language, goeth to fchool, and not to travel. Bacon. —
The aft of taking pofleflionof an officeor dignity. — From
the firft entrance of this king to his reign, never was king
either more loving, or better beloved. Hayward. — The
beginning of any thing. — St. Auguftine in the entrance of
one of his fermons, makes a kind of apology. Hakewill.

To ENTRA'NCE, v. n. [from trance-, tranfe, Fr. from
tranfeo , Lat. to pafs over; to pafs for a time from one re¬
gion to another.] To put into a trance ; to withdraw the
foul wholly to other regions, while the body appears to
lie in dead deep. To put into an extafy ; to make infenfi-
ble of prefent objects. — With delight I was entranced, and
carried fo far from myfelf, as that I am forry that you end¬
ed fo foon. Spenfer.

And I fo ravifh’d with her heav’nly note,

I flood entranc'd, and had no room for thought ;

But all o’erpow’r’d with eeftafy of blifs,

Was in a pleafing dream of paradife. Dryden.

To ENTRA'P, v. a. To enfnare ; to catch in a trap
or fnare :

Take heed, mine eyes, how ye do flare

Henceforth too rafhly on that guileful net ;

In which, if ever eyes entrapped are,

Out of her bands ye by no means fliall get. Spenfer.

To involve unexpectedly in difficulties or diftreftes; to
entangle. — He fought to entrap me by intelligence. Shake¬
fpeare.

Misfortune waits advantage to entrap
The man moft wary, in her whelming lap. Spenfer.
To take advantage of. — An injurious perfon lies in waif
to entrap thee in thy words. Ecclef. viii. n.

ENTR A'VE, or Entravon, f. in the manege, a lock
for a horfe’s pattern.

EN'TRE AMBOS OS RIOS, a town of Portugal, in
the province of Entre Duero e Minho : eight miles fouth.
fouth-weft of Amarante.

ENTRE DUERO E MINHO, a province of Portugal,
bounded on the north by Galicia, a province of Spain, on
the eafl by the province of Tra-los-Montes and Spain, on
the fouth by the province of Beira, from which it is fe-

parated

E N T

pa rated, by the river Duero, and on the wed by the Atlan¬
tic. It takes its name from its fituation between the rivers
Duero and Minho, the latter of which waters part of its
northern borders, as the former bounds the fouth ; about
fixty miles from north to fouth, and thirty-five from eaft
to weft. The foil is fertile, and the air pure and healthy.
It produces corn, wine, oil, and flax in abundance, with
great numbers of ftieep, and plenty of game and fifh.
It is divided into fix jurifdiftions, which contain 1460
churches, 963 parifhes, 1 130 convents, and 504,000 in¬
habitants ; it has feveral fea-ports fituated on navigable
rivers, which render it very commercial. The principal
towns are Braga, Porto, Viana, Guimaraens, Amarante,
Moncao, Ponte de Lima ; the principal rivers are the
Minho, Lima, Cavado, Tamega, and Duero.

To ENTRE'AT, v.a. [trailer, Fr.] To petition; to
folicit ; to importune. — Ifaac entreated the Lord for his
wife. Gen. xxv. 21. — To prevail upon by folicitation. —
The lord was entreated of him, and Rebecca his wife con¬
ceived. Gen. xxv. 21. — To treat or ufe well or ill. —
Whereas thy fervant worketh truly, entreat him not evil.
Fcclef. vii. 20.

Well I entreated her, who well deferv’d,

I call’d her often ; for fhe always ferv’d :

Ufe made her perfon eafy to my fight,

And eafe infenlibly produc’d delight. Prior.

To entertain ; to amufe. Not uj'ed.

My lord, 1 mud entreat the time alone,

God fhield I ftiould difturb devotion. Shakefpeare.

To entertain ; to receive. Not in ufe:

The garden of Proferpina this bight,

And in the midft thereof, a filver feat,

With a thick arbour goodly overdight,

In which (he often us’d, from open heat,

Herfelf to fliroud, and pleafures to entreat. Spenfcr.

To ENTRE'AT, v. n. To offer a treaty or compact.
Not uj'ed. — Alexander was the firft that entreated peace
with them. Mac. — To treat, to difeourfe. Notufed. — The
mod admirable myftery of nature is the turning of
iron, touched with the loadftone, toward the north pole,
of which I fit all have further occafion to entreat. Hakewill.
— To make a petition. — They charged me, on pain of
perpetual difpleafure, neither to fpeak of him, entreat for
him, or any way fuftain him. Shakefpeare.

ENTREAT'ANCE, y.^Petition ; entreaty; felicita¬
tion. Notufed:

Thefe two entreatance made they might be heard.

Nor was their juft petition long deny’d. Fairfax.

ENTRE'ATY, f. Petition; prayer; folicitation; fup-
plication; requeft:

If my weak oratory

Can from his mother win the duke of York,

Anon expeft him here ; but if fhe be

Obdurate to entreaties , God forbid

We fhould infringe the holy privilege

Of fanfluary. Shakefpeare.

Treatment :

Yet if thofe cunning palates hither come,

They (hall find guefts’ entreaty, and good room. B. Jonfon.

ENTREC ASTE AU'X, a town of France, in the de¬
partment of the Var, and chief place of a canton, in the
•diftrift of Barjols : ten miles eaft of Barjols.

ENTREME'TS, f. [Fr.] Small plates fet between
ihe main diflies. — Chards of beet are plants of white beet
iranfplanted, producing great tops, which, in the midft,
have a large white main (hoot, which is the true chard
ufed in pottages and entremets. Mortimer.

EN'TREPAS,_/i in the manege, a broken pace, a kind
©f amble.

ENTRESO'LE,y in architeflure, a kind of little ftory,
yaifed on another ftory.

Vol. VI. No, 396.

E N T 34.5

ENTREVAU'X, a town of France, in the department
of the Lower Alps, and chief place of a canton, in the
diftrifl of Caftellane, on the Var; built near the ruins of
the ancient Glandeves : five leagues north-eaft of Caf¬
tellane.

EN'TROCHUS,yi[from er, and rpo^o?, a wheel.] A tro-
chite or jointed petrefaflion, found in clay-pits, in the
fliape of a wheel. — Entrochi, are a genus of extraneous
foflils, ufually of about an inch in length, and made up of
a number of round joints, which, when feparateand loofe,
are called trochitae : they are compofed of the fame kind
of plated fpar with the foflil fnells of the echini, which is
ufually of a blueifli grey colour; and are very bright
where frelh broken : they are all ftriated from the centre
to the circumference, and have a cavity in the middle.
They feem to be the petrified arms of that Angular fpecies
of the fea ftar-fifti, called Stella arborefeens.

EN'TRY, f. [ entree , Fr.] The palfage by which any
one enters a houfe.— Some there are that know the reforts
and falls of bufinefs, that cannot fink into the main of it ;
like a houfe that hath convenient flairs and entries, but
never a fair room. Bacon.

A ftraight long entry to the temple led,

Blind with high walls, and horror over head. Dryden.

The aft of entrance ; ingrefs. — The lake of Conftance is
formed by the entry of the Rhine. Addifon. — By the entry
of the chyle and air into the blood, by the lafteals, the
animal may again revive. Arhuthnot. — The aft of regifter-
ing or fetting down in writing. — A notary made an entry of
this aft. Bacon. — The aft of entering publicly into any
city. — The day being come, he made his entry : he was a
man of middle ftature and age, and comely. Bacon. A
mufical air. — Among the different airs (fuch as fonatas,
entrys, and farabands) there are different and diftinft fpe¬
cies. Shaftefbury .

EN'TRY, in law, is the taking poffeflion of lands or
tenements, where a man hath title of entry : and it is alfo
ufed for a writ of poffeflion. This entry into lands, is
where any man enters into or takes poffeflion of any lands,
&c. in his proper perfon ; and is an aftual entry when
made by a man’s felf, or by attorney by warrant from him
that hath the right; or it is an entry in law, for a conti¬
nual claim is an entry implied by law', and lias the fame
force with it. Lit. 419. There is a right of entry, when
the party claiming may for his remedy either enter into
the land, or have an adtion to recover it : and a title of
entry, where one hath lawful entry given him in the
lands, which another hath, but has no aftion to recover
till he hath entered. Plozud. 558. Finch’s Lazo, 105.

Entry, may be defined to be an extrajudicial and fum-
mary remedy, againft certain ft ecies of injury by oufter,
ufed by the legal owner, when another perfon who hath
no right, hath previoufly taken poffeflion of lands or tene¬
ments. In this cafe, the party entitled may make a
formal but peaceable entry thereon, declaring that there¬
by he takes poffeflion ; which notorious aft of ownerftiip,
is equivalent to a feodal inveftiture by the lord : or he
may enter on any part of it in the fame county, declaring
it to be in the name of the whole. But if it lies in dif¬
ferent counties, he mud make different entries ; for the
notoriety of fuch entry or claim to the pares or freeholders
of Weftmoreland, is not any notoriety to the pares of free¬
holders of Su flex. Alfo if there be two diffeilors, the party
dilfeifed mud make his entry on both ; or if one diffeifor
has conveyed the lands with livery or two diftinft feoffees,
entry muft be made on both. Co. Lit. 252. For as their
feifin is diftinft, fo alfo muft be the aft which devefts
that feifin. If the claimant be deterred from entering by
menaces or bodily fear, he may make claim as near to the
eftate as he can, with the like forms and folenmities :
which claim is in force for only a year and a day. And
this claim, if it be repeated once in the fpace of every
year and day, (which is called continual claim,) has the
1© F fame

846 E N T R Y.

fame effeft with, and in all refpefls amounts to, a legal
entry. Ibid. § 419. See the article Claim. Such an en¬
try gives a man feifin; or puts into immediate pofleftion,
him that hath right of entry on the eftate; and thereby
makes him complete owner, and capable of conveying it
from himfelf by either defcent or purchafe. Co. Lit. 15.

This remedy by entry takes place in three only of the
five fpecies of oufler, viz. abatement, intrufion, and
difteifin; for, as in thefe t he original entry of the wrong¬
doer was unlawful, they may therefore be remedied by
the mere entry of him who hath right. But, upon a dif-
continuance, or deforcement, the owner of the eftate can¬
not enter, but is driven to his adtion : for herein the ori¬
ginal entry being lawful, and thereby an apparent right
of poftellion being gained, the law will not fuffer that
right to be overthrown by the mere a£t or entry of the
claimant. Yet a man may enter on his tenant by fuffer-
ance : for fuch tenant hath no freehold, but only a bare
pofleftion ; which may be defeated, like a tenancy at will,
by the mere entry of the owner. But if the owner thinks
it more expedient to fuppofe or admit fuch tenant to have
gained a tortious freehold, he is then remediable by writ
of entry, ad terminum qui proeteriit. 1 Injl. 57.

On the other hand, in cafe of abatement, intrufion, or
difteifin, where entries are generally lawful, this right of
entry may be tolled , that is, taken away, by defcent.
Defcents which take away entries, are when any one,
feifed by any means whatfoever of the inheritance of a
corporeal hereditament, dies, whereby the fame defeends
to his heir : in this cafe, however feeble the right of the
anceftor might be, the entry of any other perfon who
claims title to the freehold is taken away ; and he cannot
recover pofi'effion againft the heir by this fummary me¬
thod, but is driven to his aftion to gain a legal feifin of
the eftate. Lit. 38 5. In general therefore, no man can re¬
cover pofTefiion by mere entry on lands, which another
hath by defcent. Yet this rule hath fome exceptions;
efpecially if the claimant were under any legal difabilities,
during the life of the anceftor, either of infancy, cover¬
ture, imprifonment, infanity, or being out of the realm :
in all which cafes, there is no negleft or laches in the
claimant, and therefore no defcent fliall bar, or take away
his entry. Co. Lit. 246. And this title of taking away en¬
tries by defcent, is ft ill farther narrowed by 32 Hen. VIII.
c. 33 ; which enadts, that if any perfon dilfeifes or turns
another out of polfellion, no defcent to the heir of the
diffeifor fliall take away the entry of him that litis right to
the land, unlefs the diffeifor had peaceable poftellion five
years next after the difl'eilin. But the ftatute, on feodal
reafons, does not extend to any feoffee or donee of the
diffeifor, mediate or immediate.'

By the ftatute of limitations, 21 Jac. I. c. 16, it is
enacted, that no entry lhall be made by any man upon
lands, unlefs within twenty years after his right lhall ac¬
crue. And by 4& 5 Anne, c. 16, no entry fliall be of force
to fatisfy the fluid ftatute of limitations, or to avoid a fine
levied of lands, unlefs an action be thereupon commenced
within one year after, and profecuted with effect. This
remedy by entry muft be purfued, according to 5 Rich .11.
ft. 1. c. 8, in a peaceable and eafy manner ; and not with
force or ftrong hand. For, if one turns or keeps another
out of polfeflion forcibly, this is an injury of both a civil
and a criminal nature. The civil is remedied by imme¬
diate reftitution, which puts the ancient poflelfor in Jlatu
qtio ; the criminal injury or public wrong, by breach cf
the king’s peace, is punilhed by fine to the king. See the
article Forcible Entry.

The writ of entry is a polfelfory remedy which dif-
proves the title of the tenant or poflelfor, by fhewing the
unlawful means by which he entered, or continues pof-
feflion. The writ is direfted to the fheriff, requiring
him to “command the tenant of the land, that he render
to the demandant the land in queftion, which he claims

be his right and inheritance; and into which, as he

faith, the faid tenant had not entry, but by (or after) a
difteifin, intrufion, or the like, made to the faid demand¬
ant, within the time limited by law for fuch actions ; or
that upon refufal he do appear in court on fuch a day, to
fhew wherefore he hath not done it.” This is the origi¬
nal procefs, the praecipe, upon which all the reft of the
fuit is grounded ; wherein it appears, that the tenant is
required, either to deliver feifin of the lands, or to fhew
caufe why he will not. This caufe may be either a de¬
nial of the faff, of having entered by or under fuch
meansasare fuggefted, ora jollification of his entry, by rea-
fon of title in himfelf, or in thole under whom he makes
claim ; whereupon the poftellion of the land is awarded to
him who produces the clearelt right to polfefs it.

The writs of entry are of divers kinds, diftinguilhed
into four degrees, according to which the writs are va¬
ried. The firft degree is a writ of entry fur dijfeifm, that
lieth for the dilfeifee againft a difteifor, upon a dilfeifin
done by himfelf ; and this is called a writ of entry in the
nature of an affile. Second, A writ of entry fur dijfiijin
in le per, againft the heir by defcent, who is faid to be in
the per, as he comes in by his anceftor ; and fo it is if a
difteifor make a feoffment in fee, gift in tail, &c. the
feoffee and donee are in the per by the difteifor. Third,
A writ of entry fur dijfeifm in le per & cui, where the
feoffee of a difteifor maketh a feoffment over to another;
when the dilfeifee lhall have this writ of entry fur dijfeifm ,
&c. of the lands in which fuch other had no right of
entry, but by the feoffee of the diffeifor, to whom the
diffeifor demifed the fame, who unjuftly and without
judgment dilfeifed the demandant. 1 hfl. 238.

Thefe three degrees thus ftate the original wrong, and
the title of the tenant, who claims under fuch wrong.
If more than two degrees (that is two alienations or de¬
fcents) were part, there lay no writ of entry at the com¬
mon law. For, as it- was provided for the quietnefs of
men’s inheritances, that no one, even though he had the
true right of polfellion, ihould enter upon him who had
the apparent right by defcent or otherwife, but he was
driven to his writ of entry tp gain polfellion ; fo, after
more than two defcents, or two conveyances, were palfed,
the demandant, even though he had the right both of
polfellion and property, was not allowed this polfelfory
action, but was driven to his writ of right; a long and
final remedy, to punifti his negledt in not fooner putting
in his claim while the degrees fublifted, and for the ending
of fuits, and quieting of all controverfies. 2 Injl. 153.
But by the ftatute of Marlbridge, 52 Hen. III. c. 30, it
was provided, that when the number of alienations or de¬
fcents exceeded the ufual degrees, a new writ Ihould be
allowed without any mention ot degrees at all. And ac¬
cordingly, — Fourthly, A new writ hasbeen framed, called
a writ of entry in the pojl, which only alleges the injury
of the wrong-doer, without deducing all the intermediate
title from him to the tenant, dating it in this manner;
that the tenant had not entry, unlefs after, or fubfequent
to, the oufter, or injury done by the original difpolfeffor ;
and rightly concluding, that if the original title was
wrongful, all claims derived from thence muft participate
of the fame wrong. Upon the latter of thefe writs it is
(the writ of entry fur dijfeifm in the pof ), that the form
of our common recoveries of landed eftates is ufually
grounded. See the article Fine and Recovery.

This remedial inftrument of writ oficntry is applicable
to all the cafes of oufter, except that of difcontinuance of
tenant in tail, and fome peculiar fpecies of deforcements.
Such is that of the deforcement of dower by not afligning
any dower to the widow within the time limited by the
law; for which die has her remedy by writ of dower,
unde nihil habet. But in general the writ of entry is the
univerfal remedy to recover pofleftion, when wrongfully
withheld from the owner.

Entry ad communem legem. A writ of entry which lies
where the tenant for term of life, or for term of another’s

life*

847

E N V

life, or by the curtefy, &c. aliens, and dies ; he in the
reverfion Ihall then have this writ againft whomfoever is
in pofleffion of the land.

Entry ad terminum qui preteriit. A writ of entry anci¬
ently brought againft tenant for years, who held over his
term, and thereby kept out the lelfor. But an ejectment
is now the common mode of proceeding; and by 4Geo. II.
c. 28, tenants for term of years, &c. holding over after
demand made, are fubjeft to double rent.

Entry in cafu conjimili. A writ that lies for him in re¬
verfion by Will. II. c. 24, againft tenant for life, or tenant
by the curtefy, who aliens in fee, &c.

Entry in cafu provifo. Where a tenant in dower aliens
in fee, or for term of life, or of another’s life; then he
in the reverfion fliall have this writ, provided by the fta-
tute of Gloucefter, 6 Edw. I. c. 7, by which it is enacted,
“that if a woman alien her dower in fee, or for life, the
next heir, &c. fhall recover by writ of entry.” See the
article Dower. And the writ may be brought againft
the tenant of the freehold of the land, on fuch aliena¬
tion, during the life of the tenant in dower, &c.

Entry fine affcnfu capituli. A writ of entry that lay
where a bifhop, abbot, &c. aliened lands or tenements of
the church, without theaftent of the chapter or convent.

EN'TRY ISLAND, one of the Magdalen iflands, in
the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lat. 46. 18. N. Ion. 61. 20.
W. Greenwich.

EN'TWINE. See Intwine.

ENT'ZERSTORFF, a town of Germany, in the arch¬
duchy of Auftria : fix miles fouth of Laab.

ENT'ZERSTORFF, a town of Germany, in the arch¬
duchy of Auftria, near the conflux of the rivers Reftin-
pach and Reifenpach: ten miles weft. north-weft of Bruck.

ENT'ZERSTORFF in Langf.nthal, a town of Ger¬
many, in the archduchy of Auftria: two miles fouth-eaft
of Corn Neubtirg.

ENT'ZERSTORFF, or Statl Entzerstorff, a
town of Germany, in the archduchy of Auftria, on
the north fide of the Danube, with a caftle furrounded
with towers and ditches, belonging to the biffiop of Frey-
fingen : twenty-four miles weft of Freiburg, and nine eaft
of Vienna.

To ENU'BILATE, v. a. [e and nubile, Lat. ] To clear
from clouds.

To ENU'CLE ATE, v. a. [enuclco, Lat.] Tofolve; to
clear ; to difentangle.

ENUCLE A'TION, f ^A taking out the kernel;
opening or explaining a difficult matter.

ENUD A'TION, f [e, from, and nudus, Lat. naked.]
The aft of making naked ; the aft of laying open. Scott.

To ENVE'I.OP, v. a. [ enveloper , Fr.] To inwrap ; to
cover ; to inveft with fome integument. To cover ; to
hide ; to furround. — It is but to approach nearer, and
that mift that enveloped them will remove. Locke.

A cloud of fmoke envelops either hoft,

And all at once the combatants are loft :

Darkling they join adverfe, and Ihock unfeen,

Courfes with courfers jufting, men with men. Dryden.

To line ; to cover on the infide.

His iron coat, all overgrown with ruft,

Was underneath enveloped with gold,

Darkened with filthy duft. Spenfer.

ENVELO'PE, f. [Fr.] A wrapper; an outward cafe;
an integument ; a cover :

Send thefe to paper-fparing Pope ;

And, when he fits to write,

No letter with an envelope

Could give him more delight. Swift.

To ENVE'NOM, v. a. To tinge with poifon ; to
-poifon; to impregnate with venom. It is never ufed of
the perfon to whom poifon is given, but of the draught,
meat, or inftrument, by which it is conveyed ;

The treacherous inftrument is in thy hand,

Unbated and envenom'd, Shakefpeare.

E N U

Nor with envenom'd tongue to blaft the fame
Of harmlefs men. Philips.

To make odious :

Oh, what a world is this, when what is comely
Envenoms him that bears it ! Shakefpeare .

To enrage ; to exafperate :

With her full force ffie threw the pois’nous dart,

And fix’d it deep within Amata’s heart ;

That thus envenom'd fhe might kindle rage,

And lacrifice to ftrife her houfe and hulband’s age. Dryd.

To ENVER'MEIL, v. a. [from vermeil, Fr. ] To colour
as with Vermillion :

That lovely dye

That did thy cheek envermeil. Milton.

EN'VERMEU, or Envermeuil, a town of France,
in the department of the Lower Seine, and chief place
of a canton, in the diftrift of Dieppe: eight miles eaft
of Dieppe.

EN'VIABLE, adj. Deferving envy ; fuch as may ex¬
cite envy.— They, in an enviable mediocrity of fortune, do
happily polfefs themfelves. Carew.

EN'VIER,/ One that envies another; a maligner;
one that defires the downfal of another. — Men had need
beware how they be too perfeft in compliments ; for thajt
enviers will give them that attribute, to the difadvantage
of their virtues. Bacon.

They ween’d

To win the mount of God, and on his throne

To fet the envier of his ftate, the proud

Afpirer; but their thoughts prov’d fond and vain. Milt.

EN'VIOUS, adj. Infefted with envy ; pained by the
excellence or happinefs of another. — A man of the moll
envious difpofition that ever infefted the air with his
breath ; whofe eyes could not look right upon any happy
man, nor ears bear the burden of any man’s praife. Sidney .

Still in thy right hand carry gentle peace.

To filence envious tongues. Shakefpeare.

Sometimes with againf. — Be not thou envious againf evi
men. Prov. xxiv. 19. — Sometimes with at. — Neither be
thou envious at the wicked. Prov. xxiv. 19. — Commonly
with of:

Sure you miftake the precept, or the tree ;

Heav’n cannot envious of his bleffings be. Dryden.

EN'VIOUSLY, adv. With envy; with malignity;
with ill-will, excited by another’s good. — Damned fpi-
rits, being fallen from heaven, endeavour envioufy to ob-
ftruft the ways that may lead us thither. Duppa.

To ENVI'RON, v.a. [environner, Fr. ] To furround;
to encompafs ; to encircle. — God hath fcattered feveral
degrees of pleafure and pain in all the things that environ
and affeft us, and blended them together in almoft all our
thoughts. Locke.

I (land as one upon a rock.

Environ'd with a wildernefs of fea. Shakefpeare.

To involve; to envelope:

Since (he muftgo, and I muft mourn, come, night,
Environ me with darknefs whilft I write. Donne.

To furround in a hoftile manner ; to befiege ; to hem in -*

Methought a legion of foul fiends

Environ’d me, and howled in mine ears. Shakefpeare .

To inclofe ; to inveft :

The foldier, that man of iron,

Whom ribs of horror all environ. Cleaveland.

EN'VIRONS, f [Fr. ] The neighbourhood, or neigh¬
bouring places round about the country.

EN'ULA, /. in botany. See Inula.

ENU'LUM, f. [from sv, within, and n\ov, Gr. the
gums.] The fleffi within the mouth. The internal gum.

To

848

ENV

To ENU'MERATE, v. a. [enumcrc, Lat.] To reckon
up fingly ; to count over didinctly ; to number. — You
mult not only acknowledge to God that you are a (Inner,
but mud particularly enumerate the kinds of fin whereof
you know yourfelf guilty. Wake's Preparation for Death.

ENUMER A'TION, f. [enumeratio, I.at.] The a£t of
numbering or counting over ; number told out. — Who-
foever reads St. Paul’s enumeration of duties, mud con¬
clude, that well nigh the bufinefs of Chridianity is laid
on charity. Spratt.

To ENUN'CIATE, v. a. [enuncio, Lat.] To declare;
to proclaim ; to relate ; to exprefs.

ENUNCI A'TION, f. [enunciatio, Lat.] Declaration;
public attedation ; open proclamation. — Preaching is to
drangers and infants in Chrid, to produce faith ; but this
facramental enunciation is the declaration and confedion of
it. Taylor. — Intelligence ; information. — It remembers
and retains fuch things as were never at all in the fenfe ;
as the conceptions, enunciations, and actions, of the intel¬
lect and will. Hale. — Expredion; manner of utterance. —
Without a graceful and pleading enunciation, all your ele¬
gancy of ftyle in fpeaking is not worth one farthing.
Chejlerfield.

ENUN'CIATI VE, adj. Declarative ; expredive. —
This prefumption only proceeds in refpedt of the difpo-
fitive words, and not in regard of the enunciative terms
thereof. Ayliffe.

ENUN'Cl ATIVELY, adv. Declaratively.

EN'VOY.y. [envoy e, Fr.'] A public minider fent from
one power to another. — Perleus fent envoys to Carthage,
to kindle their hatred againd the Romans. Arbuthnot. — A
public medenger, in dignity below an ambaflador. A
medenger :

The watchful fentinels at every gate,

At ev’ry padage to the fenfes wait ;

Still travel to and fro the nervous wav.

And their impredions to the brain convey ;

Where their report the vital envoys make,

And with new orders are commanded back. Blackmore.

To ENU'RE, v. a. [en and ure, Lat.] To put in prac¬
tice ; to promote habitually :

The wanton boy was diortly well recured

Of this his malady ;

But he foon after fredi again enured

His former cruelty. Spenfer's Sonnets.

Ne certes can that friendfhip long endure.

However gay and goodly be the dyle,

That doth ill catife or evill end enure. Fairy Queen.

In law it fignifies to take place, or be available ; as
for example : a releafe made to tenant for life, (hall enure,
and be of force and efteft to him in the reverfion. Lit.

ENURE'SIS, f. [from ev, and «£sa>, to excrete the
urine.] The malady called an involuntary difeharge of
urine.

To EN'VY, v. a. [envier, Fr. invidere, Lat.] To hate
another for excellence, happinefs, or fuccefs. — Envy thou
not the oppredor, andchufe none of his ways. Prov. iii. 31.
—A woman does not envy a man for fighting courage, nor
a man a woman for her beauty. Collier. — To grieve at any
qualities of excellence in another. — You cannot envy your
neighbour’s wifdom, if he gives you good counfel ; nor
his riches, if he fupplies you in your wants; nor his
greatnefs, if he employs it to your prote&ion. Swift. —
To grudge ; to impart unwillingly ; to withhold mali-
cioufly. — Jonfon, who, by dudying Horace, had been ac¬
quainted with the rules, feemed to envy others that know¬
ledge. Dryden. — [According to Spenfer, who, for rhime’s
fake, lays the accent on the lad fyllable,] To emulate :
Let later age that noble ufe envy,

Vyle rancor to avoid and cruel furquedry. Fairy Queen.

To EN'VY, v.n. To feel envy; to feel pain at the
fight of excellence or felicity : with at.- — Who would
2

E N Z

envy at the profperity of the wicked, and the fuccefs of
perfecutors > Taylor — To fhew ill will :

For that he has from time to time
Envied againd the people. Shakefpeare.

EN'VY, f. Pain felt and malignity conceived at the
fight of excellence or happinefs. — Envy is a repining at
the profperity or good of another; or anger and difplea-
lure at any good of another which we want, or any ad¬
vantage another hath above us. Ray.

Envy, to which th’ ignoble mind’s a Have,

Is emulation in the learn’d or brave. Pope.

It is ufed fometimes with of:

All the confpirators, fave only he,

Did that they did in envy of great Caefar. Skakfpea.re.

Sometimes with to. — Many differed death, merely in envy
to their virtuous and fuperior genius. Swift. — Rivalry ;
competition. — You may fee the parliament of women,
the little envies of them one to another. Dryden. — Malice ;
malignity :

Madam, this is a meer didraftion ;

You turn the good we offer into envy. Shakefpeare.

Public odium; ill repute; invidioufnefs. — Edward Plan-
tagenet fhould be fhewed unto the people; to difeharge
the king of the envy of that opinion and bruit, how he
had been put to death privily. Bacon.

“ Better envied than pitied.” — The French fay, II
vaut mieux faire envie que pitie. — The Italians, Piu tojlo in-
vidia che compaflione. — 'Fhe Greeks, <PSok&wi yjr,cfi ov edlw n
oiKTEipcSai. — The Latins, Malo invidiam quam mjericordiam.
This proverb is intended to inculcate, that it is better to
be in thofe circumdances of life which may raife envy,
than to be the objects of mere companion. The confide-
ration of which ought to prove a condant admonition to
employ our utmod diligence, and all lawful means, to at¬
tain at lead to fuch a condition of life as may exempt us
from pity.

ENWAL'LOWED, part. adj. Wallowing .—EnwaL
low'd in his own blacke bloody gore. Spenfer.

L ENWHEE'L, ».«. Toencompafs; to encircle. A
word probably peculiar to Shakefpeare:

Hail to thee, lady ! and the grace of heav’n,

Before, behind thee, and on ev’ry hand

Enwheel thee round. Othello.

To ENWO'MB, v.a. To make pregnant:

Me then he left enwombed of this child,

This lucklefs child, whom thus ye fee with blood. Spenf.
To bury ; to hide as in a womb :

Or as the Afric’s Niger dream enwombs
Itlelf into the earth, and after comes.

Having fird made a natural bridge to pafs.

For many leagues, far greater than it was ;

May’t not be faid, that her grave (hall redore

Her greater, purer, finer, than before ? Donne.

ENYS'TRUM, /. [from to perfect.] The lad
ltomach in animals which chew the cud ; fo called be-
caufe it completes the digedion.

ENZ, a river of Germany, which rifes about ten miles
wed of Altendadt, in the circle of Swabia, palies by
Wildbad, Neuenburg, Pforzheim, &c. and joins the
Neckar at Bedigheim, in the duchy of Wurtemberg.

EN'ZIG, a lake of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Saxony, and New Mark of Brandenburg: twelve miles
wed fouth-wed of Dramberg.

EN'ZIN AS (Francis), called alfo Dryander, born at
Burgos in Spain, about the year 1515. He had a brother,
named John, who relided at Rome, while it appears that
Francis had reforted to Germany for the fake of purfuing
his dudies. They had both become converts to the pro-
tedant religion ; and John was on the point of fetting out

E O B

or Germany to join his brother, when Tome cxprelTions
which he had dropped relative to the corruptions and
diforders of the church, occafioned his being accufed of
herefy, and thrown into prifon. Being brought before
the pope and cardinals to be examined, he had the bold-
nefs openly to avow his opinions; and, refilling to re-
trafl, was condemned to the hake, and burnt at Rome,
in 1545. Francis became a difciple of Melandthon, who
entertained a high opinion of his character and abilities.
He was the author of a Spanifh tranflation of the New
Teftament, printed at Antwerp in 1543, and dedicated to
the emperor Charles V. He was alfo the author of a
Hiftory of the State of the Low-countries, and of the
Religion of Spain, 8vo. now very fcarce, and forms a
part of the Proteftant Martyrclogy, printed in Germany.

ENZO'WAN, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Leitmeritz: four miles eaft of Leitmeritz.

E'O, or Miranda, a river of Spain, which rifes in the
mountains of Afturias, feparates the province of Afturias
from Galicia, and runs into the Atlantic, a little to the
north of Rivadeo.

E'O-TABLE, f. a very ingenious machine, conftrudted
for the purpofe of gaming. It is of a circular form,
fcooped or hollowed down info a regular concavity, on
the exterior borderof which is an arrangement of notches
cut efcollop-fafliion to receive a marble, and marked al¬
ternately with the letters E and O. In one part of the
circle is a recefs or notch without any mark or letter.
Oppofite to this (its the table-keeper, who conducts the
game. As many perfons can play as there are letters E
and O marked upon the circle, the number of which de¬
pends on the greater or fmaller fize of its circumference.
Thofe who play put down their money, half-crowns,
half-guineas, guineas, or what pieces, and as many of
each, as they choofe to (lake, upon either or both the
letters, which the table-keeper covers with pieces of the
fame number and value, and then throws the marble,
which runs round a circular plane, till it finally fubfides
into one of the notches. If the notch be marked with E,
all thofe who laid on that letter win, and all who laid on
O, lofe ; and fo vice verfa. By the rules of the game,
the table-keeper is allowed to have one chance more than
his adverfaries ; and as he is at the expence of the table,
and plays fingly againft as many perfons as the letters on
the table will admit of, lie feems fairly entitled to fuch
fupernumerary chance ; and therefore, as often as the
marble falls into the blank recefs, he fweepsall the money
from both letters. Hence the game, upon a fuperficial
view, appears fair, and nearly equal. But as chicanery
finds its way into every fpecies of gaming, fo it happens
in this. We are informed, that by the help of an invi-
fible fpring placed under the plane on which the marble
runs, and moveable by a minute brafs pin known only to
the table-keeper, a certain bias is communicated to the
marble, fo as to make it fall into the blank recefs at plea-
fure, whereby every player is in one moment defrauded
of his money. Thefe tables are much ufed at races, to
decoy the unwary ; but they are liable to be feized and
burnt by the magiftrates, and the owners of them commit¬
ted to the houfe of corre&ion. — See the article Gaming.

EOBA'NUS (Helitis), furnamed Hejfus, an eminent La¬
tin poet, born in 1488, on the confines of Hefle, as is faid,
under a tree ; whence his parentage is concluded to have
been very obfeure. His proper name was Elias Bokkendorff •
the Chriftian name he graecifed, with an allufion to his
being born on a Sunday. He was firft taught to read
by a monk ; and, after learning Latin at a neighbouring
fchool, purfued his maturer (Indies at the univerfity of
Erfurt. The biftiop of Rifenburg in Prufiia, who wifhed
to make him his fecretary, fent him for the (Indy of the
civil law to Leipfic; but his paflion for polite literature
daufed him to quit this place in difguft, and felling his
books, he returned to Erfurt. There he employed him-
felf in teaching the belles-lettres, till, in 1526, Philip
Melan&hon procured him an invitation from the city of
Voh.VI. No, 396,

EOS 849

Nuremberg. He taught there for feven years ; and his
reputation was fo high, that, it is faid, he had fifteen hun¬
dred auditors at a time. Philip landgrave of Hetfe placed
him in the univerfity of Marpurg, where lie died in 1540.
He pofiefled a wonderful facility in Latin poetry, whence
he has been called the German Ovid, and fometimes the
Chriftian Ovid, which laft title he particularly acquired
from his Hcroidum Ckrifiianorian Epiflola, in imitation of the
Roman poet’s heroic epiftles. He compofed a great va¬
riety of other Latin poems, of which his Elegies have
been judged to be the beft. He likewife gained credit by
his metrical verfions of tome of the Greek poets. Among
thefe are tranllations of Homer’s Iliad, the Idylls of Theo¬
critus, and the Rape of Helen by Coluthus. His poems
have been frequently publiftied, both feparately and col-
letflively. A collection of his epiftles has alfo been pub-
lilhed, with his life prefixed, by Joachim Camerarius.

EODOR'BRICE, f. [from eobejt, Sax. a hedge, and
bpice, ruptura .] Hedge-breaking; in which fenfe it is
mentioned in the laws of king Alfred, c. 45.

EO'LIPILE. See Hsolipile, vol. i. p.139.

E'ON, f. [from vim, Gr. a bank.] The whole com-
pafs of the eye, which is furrounded by the eye-lids as
by a bank.

E'ON (de 1’Etoile), a French fanatic in the twelfth
century, who fora time excited much attention, and drew
after him numerous followers. He was a native of Lower
Bretagne, and a gentleman by birth . His brain, however,
was undoubtedly difordered ; for, having heard thefe
words in the form of exorcifm, per Evm qui venturus ejl
judicare vivos ct viortuos, from the refemblance in found
between the Latin word Eum and his own name, he per-
luaded himfelf that he was the perfon who was to come
to judge the quick and the dead, and of courfe the Mef-
fiah. This extravagant opinion lie preached in various
towns and provinces of France, and notwithfianding its
abfurdity and wildnefs, fucceeded in gaining a vaft crowd
of adherents, who believed him to be the arbiter of their
everlafting deftiny. He ought to have been confidered as
an unfortunate and crazy enthuliaft, and recommended
to the care of his friends, and the advice of phyficians^
but the church raifed againft him the cry of impiety and
herefy. He was committed to prifon by order of the
archbiftiop of Rheims, who, in 1148, brought him to be
examined before the council aftembled in that city, at
which pope Eugenius prefided in perfon. The anfwers
which Eon made to the queftions put to him by the pope,
afforded evident proof of the derangement of his mind,
and (hould have recommended him to merciful treat¬
ment ; but being committed to a clofe prifon, he in a few
days died miferably. The deluded followers of Eon were
arrefted and brought before the fame council, where the
option was propofed to them either of abjuring their
mailer’s opinions, or of being committed to the flames.
But no menaces could induce them to abandon his caufe;
and the council, ftrangers to the genuine fpirit of reli¬
gion, and accuftomed to perfecute for fuppofed errors in
judgment, delivered them over to the fecnlar arm, by
which they were inhumanly burnt in the neighbourhood
of Rheims.

E'ON, in mythology. See JE on.

EO'OA. See Eaoowe.

EO'RIA, f. in mythology, a feaft: celebrated by the
Athenians in honour of Erigonus, who by way of punifh-
ment for their not avenging the death of his father Icarus,
engaged the gods to inflift the curfe on their daughters,
that they (hould love men who never returned their paf-
fion. The feaft was inftituted by the order of Apollo.

E'OS, the name of Aurora among the Greeks; whence
the epithet Eous is applied to all the eaftern parts of the
world. Ovid.

EOS'TRE, in mythology, a Saxon goddefs, to whom
facrifices were offered in the month of April, called the
month of Eojlra ; and thence the name Eafter , which the
Saxons retained after their converfion to Chriftianity, ap-
10 G plying

S50 E P A

plying it to the feftival celebrated in commemoration of
our Saviour’s refurredlion. See Easter.

EPAC'ME , [from Gr. to increafe.] The

increafe or exacerbation of a difeafe.

EP'ACRIS,/ [from ewi, and Gr. the fummit

of a mountain ; thefe plants growing in that fituation.
Forjler ,~\ In botany, a genus of the clafs pentandria, order
monogynia, natural order of ericas, ( JuJJ '.) T he generic
charadiers are — Calyx : perianthium five-parted, equal,
permanent; divifions lanceolate. Corolla : one-petalled,
funnel-form ; tube gradually widening into a five-cleft
border ; divifions ovate, acute, villofe above ; nedtary
five obovate emarginate fcales, fafiened to the germ, and
prefled clofe. Stamina: filaments five, very Ihort, in the
throat of the corolla ; antherae incumbent. Piftillum :
germ roundifii, five-fireaked ; ftyle cylindric, fiiort ; ftigma
capitate. Pericarpium : capfule globular-flatted, five-
celled, five-valved, gaping. Seeds: numerous, very
fmall. — EJfential Char after. Corolla funnel-form, villofe;
nectary fcales fafiened to the germ ; capfule five-celled,
five-valved.

Species, i. Epacris longifolia, or long-leaved epacris :
arboreous; leaves fubulate, fheathing ; racemes upright;
flowers oppofite. 2. Epacris juniperina, or juniper epa¬
cris : arboreous; leaves fcattered, linear, acute, fpread-
ing, fefiile ; racemes drooping; flowers alternate. 3.
Epacris pumila, or dwarf epacris : herbaceous ; leaves
ovate-oblong, imbricate ; flowers fefiile, fubfolitary. 4.
Epacris rofmarinifolia, or rofemary-leaved epacris: fhrub-
by ; leaves linear, obtufe, rigid, fheathing ; flowers f o 1 i -
tary, lateral. Thefe are all natives of New Zealand. The
fruit of the firfi and fecond fpecies is particularly de-
fcribed by Gaertner. The fecond is confidered as com¬
prehending two fpecies by Forfter.

E'PACT,/ [ssra-nTt;, Gr. ] A number, whereby we
note the excefs of the common folar year above the lunar,
and thereby find out the age of the moon. See the article
Chronology, vol.iv. p. 536, 537.

EPAGO'GIUM, f. [from e nayu, Gr. to draw over.]
The prepuce, or that part of the penis which is drawn
over the glans.

EPAl'GNE, a town of France, in the department of
the Eure : five miles fouth Pont-Audemer.

EPAINE'TIC, adj. [from esrawo?, Gr. praife.] Praif-
ing ; tending to praife. Scott.

EPAMINON'D AS, a famous Theban, defcended from
the ancient kings of Boeotia. His father’s name was Po¬
ly mnus. He has been celebrated for his private virtues
and military accomplifhments. His love of truth was fo
great, that he never difgraced himfelf by falfehood. He
formed a mod facred and inviolable friendfhip with Pelo-
pidas, whofe life he faved in a battle. By his advice
Pelopidas delivered Thebes from the power of Lacedae¬
mon. This was the fignal of war. Epaminondas was fet
at the head of the Theban armies, and defeated the Spar¬
tans at the celebrated battle of Leudira, about 371 years
before Chrift. Epaminondas made a proper tile of this
victorious campaign, and entered the territories of Lace¬
daemon with 50,000 men. Here he gained many friends
and partifans ; but at his return to Thebes he was feized
as a traitor for violating the laws of his country. While
he was making the Theban arms victorious on every fide,
he negleCted the law which forbad any citizen to retain in
his hands the fupreme power more than one month, and
alt his eminent fervices feemed unable to redeem him
from death. He paid implicit obedience to the laws of
his country, and only begged of his judges that it might
be infcribed on his tomb that he had futfered death for
having his country from ruin. This animated reproach
was felt ; he was pardoned, and inverted again with the
fovereign power. He was fuccefsful in a war in Thefialy,
and allifted the Eleans again!! the Lacedaemonians. The
hoftile armies met near Mantinea, and while Epaminon¬
das was bravely fighting in the thicked of the enemy, he

E P E

Received a fatal wound in the breaft, and expired exclaim¬
ing that he died r.nconquered, when he heard that the
Boeotians obtained the victory, in the 48th of his age,
363 years before Chrift. The Thebans feverely lamented
his death ; in him their power was extinguifhed, for only
during his life they had enjoyed freedom and independ¬
ence among the Grecian ftates. Epaminondas was frugal
as well as virtuous, and he refufed with indignation the
rich prefents which were offered to him by Artaxerxes
the king of Perfia. He is reprefented by his biographer
as an elegant dancer and a fkilful mufician, accomplilh-
ments highly etfeemed among his country men. Plutarck.

EPAN ADIPLO'SIS, f. [Gr.] A rhetorical figure,
wherein a fentence begins and ends with the fame words,

EPAN ALEP'SIS, f. [Gr.] A figure in rhetoric, in
which the fame word is, for enforcement fake, repeated.

EPANAPH'ORA, f. [Gr.] A figure in which the
fame word begins feveral fentences; as, Ver adeo Frondi,
Ver utile Syivis.

EPAN A PNE'SIS, /. [from E7r» and uvoeirviu, Gr. to
breathe.] Shortnefs of breath : a quick refpiration.

EP AN'ODOS, /. [Gr.] Areturn; a figure in rhetoric
in which the fame found or word is repeated twice in
feveral fentences.

EPANOR'THOSISyi [Gr.] A corredlion, an amend¬
ment ; a figure in rhetoric in which a fentence too weakly
exprefted is ftrengthened by the addition of one exprefted
in more forcible terms.

EPAPH'RAS, /.' [Gr.] A man’s name,

EPAPHiE'RESIS, f. [from E7ri and Gr. t©

take away.] A repeated evacuation by bleeding.

EP'APHUS, a fon of Jupiter and I,o, who founded a
city in Egypt, which he called Memphis, in honour of
his wife, who was the daughter of the Nile. He had a
daughter called Libya, tie was worfliipped as a god at
Memphis. Herodotus.

EPAPHRODI'TUS, one of the firfi bifhops or mini-
fters of the Chriftian church that was founded by St.
Paul at Philippi in Macedonia. He was in that fituation
when St. Paul was prifoner at Rome, and was lent by his
church to vifit the apoftle in his bonds, and to carry him
their liberal contributions towards his fupport and main¬
tenance. He therefore deferves to have his name recorded
with honour among the worthies who, in the early ages of
Chriftianity, when its enemies were adlive in their endea¬
vours, by perfecution and every fpecies of difcouragement,
to crufh the rifing feet, flood forward at all hazards to
avow its principles, and to confirm the firfi believers, in fi
ftedfaft adherence to the doctrines and inftrudtions of the
apoftles. ,

E'PARCH, f. [from eirapx °5> Gr.] The prefident of a
province.

EPAR'MA,y. [from eireuga, Gr. to elevate.] With
furgeons, an epithet for any kind of tumour.

EPAULET'TE, f. [Fr.] The Ihoulder-ftrap of a
boddice or ftays ; the (houlder-piece of a fhirt or fhift ;
a ribbon tied upon a man’s Ihoulder. It is commonly
ufed for the flioulder-knot of diftindtion in the army, worn
both by the officers and private men ; and is an ornamen¬
tal badge now commonly placed on the (boulders of men.
fervants.

EPAUL'MENT, f. [Fr. from epaule, a Ihoulder.] In
fortification, a fidework made either of earth thrown up,
of bags of earth, gabions, or of fafeines and earth. It
fometimes denotes a femi-baftion and a fquare orillion,
or rnafs of earth faced and lined with a wall, defigned to
cover the cannon of a cazemate. See the article Forti¬
fication.

EPE'E, a port of Africa, in the country of Benin.

EPEN'THESIS, f. [from e tti, to, ev, and Gr.

to place.] In grammar, the addition of a letter or fyllable
in the middle of a word, as reiligio for religio , induperater
for imperator.

EPE'RIES, a town of Hungary, celebrated for its
2 mines

851

E P H

mines wf fait. It was taken by the malcontents in 1682,
and retaken by general Schultz in 16S5: twenty miles
north of Cafchau.

EPERLE'QJJE, a town of France, in the department
of the Straits of Calais, and chief place of a canton, in
the diftrift of St. Omer : two leagues north-weft of St.
Omer,

EPERNAY', a town of France, and principal place of
a diftrift, in the department of the Marne, celebrated for
its wine, and manufactures of cloth. It was taken by
Henry IV. in the year 1592, when the marefchal de Biron
was killed while the king leaned on his fhoulder: four
leagues and a half fouth of Rheims, and five and a half
weft of Chalons-fur-Marne.

EPERNON', a town of France, in the department of
the Eure and Loire, and chief place of a canton, in the
diflriCt of Chartres : four leagues north-eaft of Chartres.

EPER'VA,/! in botany. See Dimorpha.

EPE'US, a Ion of Endymion, brother to Paeon, who
reigned in a part of Peloponnefus. His fuhjefts were
called from him Epei. Paufanias .■ — A fon of Panopeus,
who was the fabricator of the famous wooden horfe which
proved the ruin of Troy. Virgil.

E'PHA ,y [ns-M, Heb.] A meafure among the Hebrews,
containing dry, 3 pecks, 3 pints, 12 folid inches, and 4
decimal parts; and in liquid things, 4 gallons, 4 pints,
and 15 folid inches, wine meafure. But Taylor, in his
Hebrew concordance, fays, it contains 7 gallons, 2 quarts,
and half a pint,' wine meafure. — The epha and the bath
fliall be of one meafure ; that the bath may contain the
tenth part of an homer, and the epha the tenth part of an
homer. Ezekiel.

E'PHAH, a country mentioned by the prophet Ifaiah,
as famous for its dromedaries. Ifaiah lx. 6.

EPHEB^E'UM, f. [from £7n, and 3 £u, Gr. the groin.]
The hair upon the pubes.

EPH'EBI,/". [from tQnQia., Gr. a (tripling.]

Among the Athenians, a defignation given to their young
men when they arrived at eighteen years of age, at which
time they had their names entered in a public regifter.

EPH'EDRA,y [from e< pefyy.ca, Gr. to fit upon.] The
protuberant part of the buttocks upon which we fit.

EPH'EDRA,y. [from etti, by, and vfeg, Gr. water ; ex-
preflive of the place of growth. Linn. According to this
derivation, it fhould be epkydra. The true derivation
muft be from £^)£^ct, infejio . ] In botany, a genus of the
clafs dioecia, order monadelphia, natural order ot coni-
ferae. The generic characters are — I. Male. Calyx :
ament compounded of one-flowered fcales, few, roundift),
concave, length of the perianthium ; perianthium proper
one-leafed, half tw’o-cleft, roundifh, inflated, fmall, com-
preffed ; divifions obtufe. Corolla : none. Stamina : fila¬
ments feven, coalefcing into a tubulate pillar, divided at
the tip, longer than the calyx ; antherae roundifh, turned
outwards, of which four are inferior, the other three fu-
perior. II. Female. Calyx: perianthium five-fold, one
placed on another, with alternate divifions, in an ovate
figure ; each one-leafed, fomewhat ovate, two-parted ; the
exterior ones fmaller. Corolla: none. Piftillum: germs
two, ovate, fize of the'laft perianthium, on which they
are placed; ftyles fimple, filiform, fhort ; ftigmas Ample.
Pericarpium: none; calycine fcales all thickened, fuccu-
lent, conftituting a divided berry. Seeds: two, ovate-
fharp, on one fide convex, on the other flat, compreiled
by the calyx covering them on every fide. — EJfential Cha.
raEler. Male. Calyx of the ament two-cleft ; corolla
rone ; ftamina feven ; antherae four inferior, three fupe-
rior. Female. Calyx two-parted, five-fold; corolla none ;
piftillum two; feeds two, covered with a berried calyx.

Species. j. Ephedra diftachya, great fhrubby horfe-tail,
or fea-grape : peduncles oppolite, aments in pairs. 2.
Ephedra monoftachya, or fmall ihrubby horfe-tail : pe¬
duncles feveral, aments folitary.

This genus is allied to Equifetum, as well in its habit
and fheathed joints, as in its ftaminiferous column $ it is

E P H

perhaps (till more nearly allied to gnetum, or falicornia.
1 hefe plants vary extremely. Some, in the fouth of
Europe, are only a hand in height, whilft others are
three feet high. Linnaeus fufpefted that the Siberian
plant might not be fpecifically different from this-; and
Pallas is decidedly of that opinion : he fufpefts that Lin¬
naeus had received only imperfeft fpecimens from Siberia,
and was led by them to make a fecond fpecies. Pallas
thus defcribes it: It is a flirub, varying wonderfully ac¬
cording to its ftation, fometimes a foot or eighteen inches
high, fometimes only a finger’s height, or even lower;
proftrate or afcending. Trunk fibrous- woody, often
thicker than a finger, with fome branches fpreading on
the ground, and others, which are fhort and woody, riling,
and fnbdivided copioufly into rufh-like branchlets. Thefe
are jointed, not at all fucculent, fufficiently tenacious,
glaucous-green, a little fubdivided, fometimes more than
a fpan in length, and ftraight, fometimes curled in a
fpiral, particularly in dry lituations. The joints do not
readily (eparate; the internodes are often an inch and half
in length, very finely ftreaked, cylindric, terminated at
the top by two membranaceous, pubefcent, emarginate,
fcales. The plants are never hermaphrodite, but fre¬
quently barren, efpecially in a dry foil. The male plant
is ufually taller, with the aments of the upper joints com¬
monly in pairs, oppofite, on a peduncle ilfuing from one
of the fcales. It is found in mod of the fouthern parts
of the vaft Ruffian dominions; is common from the Volga
to the Lena, and fouthward to Perfia and India. The
berries ripen in July and Auguft ; they are fweetifh, mu-
cofe, and leave it little heat in the throat : they are eaten
by the Ruffian peafants, and by the wandering hordes of
all Great Tartary ; the Calmucs and other Tartars alfo
life them medicinally, in catarrhs, rheumatifms, &c.
The European plant was cultivated here before 1570, by
Matthias de 1’Obel, and flowers in June and July. The
Siberian was introduced about 1772, by Meffrs. Kennedy
and Lee, and flowers from September to November.

Thefe may be propagated by offsets, which the plants
fend forth in great plenty; for the roots creep under
ground, and fend forth fuckers, which may be taken off
to tranfplant in the fpring. They love a pretty moijt
ftrong foil, and will endure the cold of our ordinary win¬
ters very well in the open air. Some of thefe plants were
formerly preferved in pots, and were hotifed in winter,
but by later experience they are found to thrive better
in the full ground.

EPHE'LIS, f. [Gr.] A fpot or freckle which pro¬
ceeds from a fun-burn.

EPHE'MERA, f. [from yy.tga, Gr. a day.] In medi¬
cine, a diary fever, or a fever of one day’s continuance
only. In this cafe, fuch a heat as attends an excefs of
wine, a pulfe fomewhat full and quick, but foft and re¬
gular, a flight head-ach, a naufea, and reftleffnefs, are
the fymptoms, and which terminate without any fenlible
evacuation. If it continue unto the third day, it is not
a diary fever; and if the conftitution is very irritable, an
lieftic is to be apprehended.

EPHE'MERA, f. [from etti, and jj/xEga, a day. ] The
Day-Fly ; in entomology, a genus belonging to the or¬
der of neuroptera. The generic characters are : mouth
without mandibles; feelers four, very fhort, filiform;
antennae fhort, 'and filiform ; above the eyes are two or
three Itemmata ; wings ereft, the lower ones Ihorteft ;
tail furnifhed fome with two, fome with three, briftles.
This is what the Britilh anglers call the May fly, frorsi
their chiefly abounding towards the middle or end of that
month, falling on the waters, where the fifh eagerly de¬
vour them ; and on the river fide, when the angler col-
lefts them. Thefe flies, who take their name from the
fhortnefs of their life, are diftinguifhed into twenty-one
fpecies. Some live feveral days, others do not take flight
till the fetting of the fun, and live not to fee the riling
of that luminary. Of this kind is the Ephoron leukon, or
white fly, lately difcovered and defcribed by Dr.William-

foru

832 E l5 H

fon. Thefe infedts are natives of the river Paffaic, but
their utmofl range is not above two miles and a half, and
within thefe limits they rife iji clouds, and without nuni-
b'r. Their firfl appearance every year is about the 20th
of July, and they continue riling every evening, more or
lefs, about three weeks. They feek the light, for they fly
in crowds to a lamp or candle. Some exift but one lvour,
others but half that time ; in which fhort period they com¬
ply with the call of nature. With refpeft to thofe who live
feveral days, there is a peculiarity obferved, incident to
themfelves alone. They have to cad: off one flough more,
an operation which fometimes takes twenty-four hours to
complete. To bring this about, they cling fad to a tree.
The ephemerse, before they flutter in air, have in fome
meafure been filhes. They remain in the dates of larvae
and chryfalids for one, two, or three, years. The chry-
falis only differs from the larva by there being on its back
cafes for wings. Both have on their ddes fmall fringes
of hair, which, when put into motion, ferve them as
fins. Nothing can be more curious than the plying of
thefe little oars in the water. Their abdomen is termi¬
nated, as well as in their fly date, by two or three threads
or bridles. Thefe larvae fcoop themfelves out dwellings
in the banks of rivers ; and they are fmall tubes made
like fiphons, the one ferving for an entrance, the other
affording them an outlet. The banks of fome rivers are
quite perforated with them. When the waters decreafe,
they dig frefit holes lower down, in order to enjoy their
element, the water. The feafon and hour when the
chryfalids of the different fpecies of the ephemera; turn
into flies, maintain a kind of regularity. The heat, the
rife or fall of the waters, accelerate, however, or podpone,
their final difplay. The ephemera? of the Rhine appear
in the air two hours before funfet. Thefe flies are hatched
almod all at the fame indant in fuch numbers as to darken
the air. The mod early of thofe on the Marne and Seine
in France do not begin to fly till two hours after the fet-
ting of the fun, towards the middle of Augud. They
are feen fluttering and fporting on the brink of their
tomb. The glare of light attracts them, round which
they perform a thoufand circles with amazing regularity.
Their coming together for the purpofe of generation can
only be furmifed, the fliortnefs of their life requiring that
all its funftions fliould be proportionable to their dura¬
tion. Some naturalids have been of opinion, that the
males impregnate the eggs after the manner of fifties.
The females, by the help of the bridles of their tail, and
the flapping of their wings, fupport themfelves on the
furface of the water, and in that almod upright fituation
drop their eggs in cluders. One (ingle female will lay
feven or eight hundred eggs, which link to the bottom.
The larvae that efcape from the voracioufnefs of the fifhes,
fet about the condruftion of habitations to (helter them
from every kind of danger. When the flies have propa¬
gated, they are feen to die and fall by heaps. In Car-
niola, the land and waters are drewed with them to a
confiderable thicknefs ; infomuch that the peafants colledt
them by cart-loads to manure the ground. Trout are
not only remarkably fond of this fly, but of the larvae
likewife. The fiftiermen confider thefe multitudes of
falling infects as manna for the fifhes. — See figures of
three fpecies in the engraving.

EPHE'MER AL, or Ephemeric, adj. [from two, upon,
and §«, Gr. a day.] Diurnal 5 beginning and ending in
a day. — This was no more than a mere bubble or blad,
and like an ephemeral fit of applaufe. Wotton.

EPHE'MERIS, or Ephemerides, /i [effemaeride, Ital.
stpii/y.epiJsc, Gr.] Tables calculated by adronomers, (hew¬
ing the prefent date of the heavens for every day at noon;
that is, the places in which all the planets are found at
that time ; differing but little from an adronomical al¬
manac. It is from fuch tables that theeclipfes, conjunc¬
tions, and afpedts, of the planets are made out ; as alfo
horofeopes, or celedial fchemes, condrudted, &c. There
fiave been ephemerides of Origan, Keeler, Argoli, Hec-

E P H

kerus, Mezzarachis, Wing, Gadbury, Parker, De la Hire,
&c. In France the academy of fciences have publifhed
annually, from the beginning of the eighteenth century,
a kind of ephemeris, under the title of Connoi/fance dcs
Temps , which is dill continued, and is in great edeem ; as
are alfo the ephemerides, publiihed every ten years, by
M. Defplaces, and De la Lande. There are alfo publifh¬
ed fuch ephemerides by the academies of feveral other
nations ; but that which is in mod edeem for its accuracy
and ufe in finding the longitude, is the Nautical Almanac,
or Adronomical Ephemeris, publifhed in London by the
board pf longitude, under the direction of the Rev. Dr..
Mafkelyne, afironomer royal, which commenced in 1767.

EPHE'MERIST, f One who confults the planets;
one who (Indies or pradtifes aftrology. — The night before,
he was difeourfing of and flighting the art of foolifh adro-
logers, and genethliacal ephemerifes, that pry into the horo-
fcope of nativities. Hoiocl.

EPHE'MERUM, f. in botany. See Commelina,
Eranthemum, Helonias, Lysimachia, and Trades.

C ANTI A.

E'PHES-D AM'MIM, (or the coad of Dammim, called
alfo Paf-dammim,) in Palefiine, in the tribe of Judah ;
where the Phil i dines encamped previous to the battle in
the valley of Elah. 1 Sam. xvii. 1. 1 Chron. xi. 13.

EPHE'SIAN, adj. Belonging to Ephefus.

EPHE'SI AN,/-. A native of Ephefus.

EPHES'TRIS, f. In antiquity, a garment worn over
armour. Phillips.

FiPH'ESUS, a city of Ionia, in Afia Minor, built, as
Judin mentions, by the Amazons; or by Androchus, fon
of Codrus, according to Strabo ; or by Ephefus, fabled
to be a fon of the river Cayfler. It is famous for a tem¬
ple of Diana, which was reckoned one of the feven won¬
ders of the world. Mr. Dallaway, wdio recently vifited
Ephefus, and publifhed his account of it fo late as 1797,
deferibes it as follows : V At a ruined bridge, on the
banks of the Cayder, the view, infinitely grand, extends
from a mount crowned with a (ingle tower, and includes
a feries of the reliques of ancient Ephefus around mount
Prion, flanked by the ferrated cliffs of mount Correffus,
the dilapidated mofque, village, and caflle, of Aiafoluk,
ingrafted on a bold fadnefs, and completing a profpect
of fuperior interefl. What it was, when Ephefus flou-
riflied, the boaff of Ionia, imagination mud now fupply ;
nor are all the features of nature dill the fame. Thofe
which are unaltered are upon fo magnificent a fcale as
feldom to occur independent of fuch accompaniments,
however heightened by them. The branch of the fea
which formed its port no longer exids, and is ill fucceeded
by a vad morafs of tall reeds. The vale of Ephefus
exhibits fo total a change, that a perfect phenomenon ap¬
pears to have taken place ; although, in the lapfe of fo
many ages, from the fame caufe, the fame effedl may have
been produced in many countries, the date of which, at
as remote a period of time, has not been tranfmitted to 11s.

An arm of the Asgean fea furniflied the city with feve¬
ral ports, but all were (hallow and incommodious. At-
talus Philadelphus, king of Pergamus, memorable for the
magnificence of his public works, was perfuaded by an
architect to condruft a mole, which fliould remedy the
inconvenience. They did not forefee that by interrupting
the current fo great a mifehief would enfue ; for the ac¬
cretion of the earth, brought down by a river of torrents,
foon dedroyed the port, and the commercial advantages
of the place ; and in fucceflive ages has encroached fome
miles on the dominion of the fea. The Cayder now flows
through fedges, fcarcely 1 vifible ; and whoever vifits
Ephefus, without previous information, could not fup-
pofe it ever to have had a free communication with the
ocean.

In the Grecian hidory, the firfl circumdance recorded
of Ephefus, is the (iege by Croefus, king of Lydia, at
that time a city of the Carians, rendered facred by the
fame of Diana. To that venerable ftru&ure, the Ephe-

ifjans

e p h :

Sans were proud to owe their fuperiority over the Ionian
cities. The rude objeft of their primeval worfliip was a
block of beech or elm carved into the fimilitude ot Diana,
not as the elegant huntrefs, but an /Egyptian hierogly¬
phic, which we call the goddefs of nature, with many
breads, and the lower parts formed into an hermaean datue
grotefquely ornamented and difcovering the feet beneath
it. This image was prelerved till the later ages in a
fhrine, on the embellifliment of which mines of wealth
were confumed, and the genius of Praxiteles exhaufled.

The earlied temple was partially burned, and probably
the roof of timber only, by Heroflratus, a philofopher
who chofe that method to infure to himfelf an immortal
name on the very night on which Alexander w-as born.
Twenty years after, that magnificent prince, during his
grand expedition for the conqued of Perfia, offered to ap¬
propriate his fpoils to the reftoration of it, if the Ephe¬
fians would confent to allow him the foie honour; but
they rejected the propofal as difgraceful for them to ac¬
cept ; and fo general was the devotion, that the women
worked at its materials, and 220 years w ere fpent in its
completion. The defigner and original architect was
Ctefiphon, a Cnoflian, aflifted by his (on Metagenes, 541
years before the Chridian era ; and their plan was con¬
tinued by Demetrius, a pried of Diana; but the whole
was completed by Daphnis of Miletus, and a citizen of
Ephefus. It was the fird fpecimen of the Ionic dyle, and
in which the fluted column and capital with volutes were
originally introduced. Led fo great a flru&ure diould
be endangered by earthquakes, they feleCted amarlhy fite
for the foundations, which were laid on charred piles
and beds of wool. The whole length of the temple was
425 feet, and the breadth 220 ; with 127 columns of the
Ionic order, and Parian marble each of a Angle fliaft, and
lixty feet high. It had a double row of columns, fifteen
on either fide ; and Vitruvius has not determined if it had
a roof ; probably, over the cell only. Such dimenfions
excite ideas of uncommon grandeur from mere madivenefs ;
but the notices we collect of its internal ornament will
increafe our admiration. It was the repofitory in which
the great artids of antiquity dedicated their mod perfeft
works to poderity. Praxiteles and his fon Cephifodorus
adorned the fhrine ; Scopas contributed a datue of He¬
cate ; Timarete the daughter of Mycon, the fil'd female
artid upon record, finifhed a picture of the goddefs, the
mod ancient in Ephefus; and Parrhafius and Apelles, both
Ephefians, employed their fkill to embellifli the pannels
of the walls. The excellence of thefe performances may
be fuppofed to have been proportioned to their price,
and a picture of Alexander grafping a thunder-bolt by the
latter, was added to this fuperb collection, at the expence
of twenty talents of gold, a fum, according to certain
commentators on Pliny, fo exorbitant, as fcarcely to be
reconciled to an equivalent value in our money. From
thefe imperfect documents we may conjecture what was
the date of painting in the flourifhing ages of Greece,
whild the admiration of the Italian fchools may induce a
regret, that the opportunity of forming a comparifon is
loft for ever. So great an inferiority exids between the
defign and execution of tire Frefco paintings in the mod
perfect date difcovered at Herculaneum and Portici, that
at may be prefumed, that many of them were copied from
the more famous works of Grecian artids at that time im¬
ported into Italy.

The priefls of Diana fuffered emafculation, and virgins
were devoted to inviolable chadity. They were eligible
only from the luperior ranks, and enjoyed a great revenue
with privileges, the eventual abufe of which induced
Augudus to redrain them. Amongd others was that of
an afylum for infolvent debtors. For feveral centuries
after the pofieflion of the Roman emperors, and feven
fucceflive injuries from which it fuffered almod a demo¬
lition, the temple retained an undiminiflied fplendour ;
and was finally burnt by the Goths in their third naval
jnvafion, when the remaining beauty of the Afiatic cities
Vol, VL No. 397.

' S U S, 853

was totally defaced, and of thofe in the region of the Troad
fcarcely a vedige can be difcovered. The Ephefian
games, originally indituted by the Ionians in honour of
Diana, were frequented as late as the reign of Caracalla.
They bore the title of Neocori, in confequence of having
templesand ceremonies dedicated to Claudius and Hadrian.

In the year 409 before Chrid, the Ephefians fignalized
themfel ves by a total defeat of the Athenians under Thra-
fyllus; and during the Perfian war in 395 B. C. Agefi-
laus edablidied himfelf in their city . The Roman fenate
appointed Attalus king of Pergamus, and his fuccedors,
guardians of the Afiatic dates ; and under the imperial
government Ephefus continued to increafe in opulence
and fplendour ; though, of the thirteen cities almod de-
droyed by the earthquake in the reign of Tiberius, it did
not efcape without a confiderable fliare of the calamity.

Timothy, the colleague of St. Paul, was the fird bifliop
of Ephefus, and edablidied the Chridian faith ; and under
the aufpices of Coirdantine and Theodofius new churchds
were ereCted and the pagan temples defpoiled of their or¬
naments, or accommodated to other worfhip. The ediCt
of the latter emperor, the objeCt of which was the fubver-
fion of thole magnificent piles which had been confecrated
to the heathen deities, was executed with the molt labo¬
rious defiruCtion ; and the ruin of the faired flruCtures of
antiquity originated in the zeal of the early Chridians.
The immenfe dome of Santa Sophia at Condantinople,
now rifes from the columns of green jafper which were
originally placed in the temple of Diana at Ephefus, and
were taken down by order of Juftinian. Procopius de adificiis
jfujiiniani afcertains their identity. Two pillars now in
the great church at Pifa were likewife tranfported from
thence. The antiquary is frequently pleafed to be able
to trace thefe dupendous ornaments through their whole
hidory, as compofing in fucceflive ages, the grandeur of
temples facred to Paganifm, to Chriflianity, and the Ma,
homedan faith.

Circumdances, not abfolutely to be attributed to any
Angle caufe, but to thofe periods of growth and decay
which await cities as well as men, involved Ephefus in
univerfal depopulation, even before the Greek empire
was extinCt. The Carian princes founded their citadel
and town, about two miles didant, at Aiafoluk ; and re¬
moved all the materials for that purpofe, fo that upon
their pofieflion of the Afiatic provinces it was totally de-
ferted, and the fite remains to be didinguifhed by nume¬
rous and confufed heapsof disjointed architecture. Among
thefe we may notice the range of vaults, once communi¬
cating with the harbour as warehoufe, and forming one
fide of an ample dreet ; above which is the ftadium, partly
raifed on vaults to render it level with the dope of the
hill ; a high wall at the circular end is perfect, and con-
druCted with heavy rough dones. The gate of the left
wing is of white marble, and nearly entire ; but evidently
made up of fragments in a latter age. Ignorant of this
circumdance, Tournefort is puzzled with a mutilated in-
fcription, which is legible. There are others of Greek,
but too far didant to be tranfcribed. The blocks of mar¬
ble are feveral tons weight. The pavement of a broad
dreet then intervenes between another eminence of greater
height, upon the brow of which, and occupying the
whole platform, are the foundations of a fumptuous ar¬
cade, as appears from the bafes of ieveral columns, traced
to a great extent. This has been a fpacious temple, hi¬
therto unnoticed. Winding round the hill, is the theatre
which Pococke confiders as the inferior of two, if it were
not a Naumachia ; it has two vad gateways, and a regular
bafin fcooped from the marble rock, with the fublellia
removed. Beyond is a groupe of broken pillars and heaps
of architectural fragments near the temple voted to Clau¬
dius by the Afiatic cities, which had a portico of the Co¬
rinthian order, raifed on four columns only, each thirty
feet in length, the mod intire fliaft of which rneafures
more than four feet in diameter, and one broken in two
pieces is of more than half its proportions. The point of
*0 H the

854 E P H

the tympanum, with a very rich cornice, confided of
blocks feveral tons weight, with capitals of carved acan¬
thus, all of white marble, fupplied by the contiguous
quarries of mount Prion. The fronting area of an acre at
lead was inclofed by a periftyle of black granite, of which
are innumerable veftiges. It was probably the agora or
forum. Farther on, and clofe upon the brink of the pre-
fent morafsonce covered by the fea, upon a riling ground,
are accumulated walls of brick faced with large flabs of
marble, and of fufficient extent to encourage Tournefort
and the Engliffi travellers in a conjecture that this ftruc-
ture was the famed temple-of Diana. One common de¬
molition has now, however, overwhelmed the parent city
and its temporary rival ; and the lapfe of many interme¬
diate ages is not difcernible from- any feries of more com¬
plete ftruftures.

On the eaft fide of mount Prion, there is a cavern as ex-
tenfive as fome of thofe in Derbyfliire, but not fo deep ;
the length is a hundred yards, and the height about as
many feet, both apertures being nearly equal. Of thefe
there are many curious traditions. In the reign of j ulian,
a noted fop hi ft named Maximus occupied one of them for
the celebration of midnight orgies and the Eleufinian
myfteries, when that emperor was initiated, his infolent
apoftacy openly profelfed, and he became, as lie wiflied
the world to believe, a follower of Plato.

The legendary miracle of the feven fleepers, who were
faid to have been immured in one of thefe grottos in the
reign of the perfecuting Decius, and to have awakened
nearly two centuries after in that of the bigot Theodo-
fius, has afforded matter for the homilies of the fathers
of the Greek church, and the Koran. When the popu¬
larity of this ftory was fpread through many languages
and nations, Mohammed had patiently liftened to the
narrative camel driver, who related it amongft other tales
for the folace or the caravan. He then, perhaps, little
fufpedted that he fliould ever become the leader of mil¬
lions, and that fucli a fable would be of confequence
enough to be admitted into the volume which engrofles
the faith of his followers. But fuch was its acceptation
amongft thofe whom he determined to conquer or con¬
ciliate; and the ufe he as made of it, with the latitude it
offered, is no proof of his original genius. Mohammed
entitles the eighteenth chapter of the Koran, “ the Chap¬
ter of the Cave,” in which he diredts his followers how
they are to believe this celebrated miracle. “ The infi¬
dels fay they were five, and that their dog was the fixth :
they fpeak by opinion; but the true believers affirm
them to be feven, and their dog to be the eighth.” Upon
a gold coin of the Turks called armoodi, the names of
feven fleepers are thus written, “ Jemlika, Meffielina,
Miflina, Mernoos, Debernoos, Shazenous, and Kephe-
ftatjoos.”

At the foot of mount Prion, under the fingle tower
known by tradition as the prifon of St. Paul, are the vef-
tiges of many fumptuous buildings, which muff have
added fuperior grandeur to the Ionian metropolis. We
are told that the tombs of St. John and Timothy were
both in that fpot, decorated with ftately ftrudtures.
Farther from the town are many fmall vaults, originally
ferving as catacombs for families of fuperior rank.

In the time of the apoftle Paul, Ephefus retained a
great deal of its ancient grandeur. See Adts xviii. 19,
&c. Towards the end of the nth century, a Turkilh
pirate, named Tangripermes , fettled there. But the Greek
admiral, John Ducas, defeated him in a bloody battle,
and purfued the flying Turks up the Maeander. In 1306,
it was among the places which buffered from the exac¬
tions of the grand-duke Roger; and two years after, it
furrendered to fultan Sayfan, who, to prevent future in-
furredtions, removed moft of the inhabitants to Tyriaeum,
where they were maffacred. Ephefus appears to have
fubfifted as an inconfiderable place for many centuries.
Now the Ephefians are only a few Greek peafants, living
■in extreme wretchednefs, dependence, and infenfibility }

E P H

the reprefentative of an illuftrious people, and inhabit"-.
ing the wreck of their greatnefs ; fome, the fubftrudtions
of the glorious edifices which they railed ; fome, beneath
the vaults of the Stadium, once the crowded fcene of
their diverfions ; and fome, by the abrupt precipice, in
the fepulchres which received their allies.

EPHE'TiE, a number of magiftrates at Athens firft infti-
tuted J>y Demophoon, the fon of Thefeus. They were
reduced to the number of fify-one by Draco, who, accord¬
ing tafome, firft eftablifhed them. They were fuperior to
the Areopaga'ces, and their privileges were great and nu¬
merous. Solon, however, leffened their power, and en-
•trufted them only with the trial of manflaughter and con-
fpiracy againft the life of a citizen. They were all more
than fifty years old, and it was required that their man¬
ners fhould be pure and innocent, and their behaviour
auftere and full of gravity.

EPHI AL'TES, f. [from stpccMopai, Gr. toleapupon.J
The medical term for the nightmare ; fo called becaufe
it was thought a daemon leaped upon the breaft.

EPHL'ELIS, f. [Gr. calyculus ; fo called from the
nedtary forming a fort of crown to the corolla.] In bo¬
tany, a genus of the clafs octandria, order monogynia,
The generic characters are — Calyx : perianth one-leafed,
five-parted, fpreading : fegments roundifti, acute. Co¬
rolla: petals five, having claws, roundifh, fpreading,
emarginate with a point, the length of the calyx ; nec¬
tary of ten fcales, a pair to each petal faftened to the
bafe, roundifti, villofe, fmaller than the petals. Sta¬
mina : filaments eight, briftle-fliaped, longer than the
corolla, inferted into a gland; anthers four-cornered,
roundifh. Piltillum: germ ovate, furrounded by a gland ;
ftyle none, ftigma blunt. Pericarpium : capfule oblong,
comprelfed, grooved onboth (ides, one-celled, two-valved.
Seeds: two, kidney-form, faftened to one -of the valves in
the middle one above the other. — EJfentialCkarafter. Ca¬
lyx five-parted; petals five, with claws; nectary ten
fcales, two to each petal ; capfule oblong, one-celled,
two-valved, two-feeded.

Ephielis guianenfis, a fingle fpecies. It is a tree fifty
or fixty feet high, very much branched at top ; the mid¬
dle branches, or thofe in the centre, being the higheft,
and (landing perpendicular: the lower ones are more in¬
clining and horizontal, and fpread out to a great diftance:
they divide into many branchlets, furnilhed with alter¬
nate leaves, each of which is pinnated : the pinnules op-
pofite, from four to fix in number, entire, oval, pointed,
of a fmooth furfajpe, and of a bright green : thefe pinnules
or leaflets are fometimes eight inches in length. The
flowers grow from the bofoms of the leaves on long
pedicels, divided at their extremities into feveral fmaller
ones: thefe flowers are very fmall, and white. This
tree grows in the forefts of Guiana, and there 'flowers in
the month of October.

EPH'OD, [ti2n, Heb.J A fort of veftment worn by the
Hebrew priefts. That worn by the high prieft was r>chly
compofed of gold, blue, purple, crimfon, and twifted cot¬
ton ; and upon the part which came over his two (bould¬
ers were two large precious ftones, upon which were en¬
graven the names of the twelve tribes of Ifrael, upon each
(tone fix names. Where the ephod crofted the high
prieft’s breaft, was a fquare ornament, called the breaft-
plate ; in which twelve precious ftones were fet, with
the names of the twelve tribes of Ifrael engraved on them,
one'on each (tone. The ephods worn by the other priefts
were of plain linen. Calmet. — He made the ephod of gold,
blue, and purple, and fcarlet, and fine twined linen.
Exod. xxxix. 2.

Aray’d in ephods ; nor fo few
As are thofe pearls of morning dew.

Which hang on herbs and flowers. Sandys.

EPH'ODES,/ [from sot-i and oboe, Gr. a way.] The
dufts or palfages by which the excrements of the body
are evacuated. The accefs or attack of any thing hurtful .

EPH'ORI,

E P I

855

E P II

EPH'ORT, powerful magidrates at Sparta, who were
firft created by Lycurgus; or, according to fome, by
TheopOmpus, before Chrid 760: they were five in
number. Like cenfors in the date, they could check and
redrain the authority of the kings, and even imprifon
them, if guilty of irregularities. They fined Archidamus
for marrying a wife of fmall feature, and hnprifoned Agis
for his unconftitutional behaviour. They were much the
fame as the tribunes of the people at Rome, created to
watch'with a jealous eye over the liberties and rights of the
people. They had the management of the public money,
and were the arbiters of peace and war. Their office
was annual, and they had the privilege of convening, pro¬
roguing, and diffiplving, the greater and lefs atremblies of
the people. The former was compofed of 9000 Spartans,
alt inhabitants of the city; the latter of 30,000 Lacedae¬
monians, inhabitants of the inferior towms and villages.

EPH'ORUS, a Greek orator and hiftorian, native of
Curme, in Hiolia, flourifhed about 352 before Chrid.
He was a difciple of liberates, at whole mitigation he un¬
dertook to write hiltory. Judicioufly avoiding the fabu¬
lous periods, Ire commenced with the return of the Hera-
clidae into Peloponnelus, and brought down his narration
to the twentieth year of Philip of Macedon. This he
divided into thirty books, prefixing to each an introduc¬
tion. It appears that this work was in confiderable elteem
among the ancients, and it is frequently quoted by Strabo
and other writers ; yet its miftakes and mifreprefentations
were not few, and lie was likewife charged with many
plagiarifms. The total lofs of his work is, however, to
be regretted. He wrote feveral other books on moral,
geographical, and rhetorical, topics, all which have pe-
riftied. He might have had the honour of belonging to
the court of Alexander, but declined it.

E'PHRAIM, [d'osn Heb. fruitful.] A proper name
of men.

E'PH R A ithe fecond fon of the patriarch Jofeph,
and the progenitor of one of the twelve tribes of Ifrael,
born in Egypt, of Athenah, the daughter of a pried: or
prince of On, towards the lattei end of the feventeenth
century before Chrid. He was adopted, together with
his brother Manaffeh, by Jacob, when on his death-bed,
who decreed that, in the future diftributions of inheri¬
tance among his defeendants, they diould be entitled to
rank with his immediate fons, and be confidered as the
ancedors of didinbt tribes. In the manner of pronounc¬
ing his bleffing on them, however, he propheded that
Ephraim, though the younged of Jofeph’s Ions, lliould
have pre-eminence over his brother, by proving the father
of a much more numerous poderity ; which prediction
was verided in the fubfequent hidory of the Ifraelites.

E'PHRAIM, a province of Paledine, occupied by the
tribe of that' name, fituated in the didritl of Samaria;
bounded, on the north, by the half tribe of Manaffeh
wed of Jordan ; on the ead, by the river Jordan; on the
fouth, by the tribes of Benjamin, Dan, and Simeon; and
on the wed, by the Mediterranean. In feripture, it is
frequently dyled Mount Ephraim; and after the defec¬
tion of the ten tribes from the houfe of David, formed a
part of the kingdom of Ifrael. It contained a great num¬
ber of cities, of which Samaria was chief, and the metro¬
polis of that kingdom. J0JI1. xvi. — Alfo the name of a
city of Paledine, fituated in Judea, near the Wildernefs:
here Chrid retired with his difciples previous to his lad
vifit to Jerufalem. John xi. 54.

E'PHRAIMITE, a defeendant from Ephraim.

E'PHRAIN, a city of Paledine, belonging to the king¬
dom of Ifrael at the commencement of that kingdom;
taken by Abijam or Abijah king of Judah, who annexed
it to his kingdom. 1 Chron. xiii. 19.

EPHRA'TA, or Dunkard Town, a town of the
American States, in Lancader county, Pennfylvania, fitu¬
ated on the north-wed fide of Calico Creek, which, join,
jng the Conedoga, falls into the Sufquehannah ; twenty-
two miles north of Lancader, and upwards of fixty weft
2

of Philadelphia. It is fituated in a romantic and fequef-
tered vale, and podeded by a religious community called
T tinkers, who are m.odly of- German defeent, and believe
in general redemption. They ufe great plainnefsof drefs
and language, and will neither fwear, nor fight, nor go to
law, nor take intered for the money they lend. They
have many peculiarities; but their native finiplicity and
innocent manners have acquired them the name of the
harmlefs . -T tinkers. They fubfilb by cultivating their
lands, by attending a printing office, a grid-mill, a paper-
mill, an oil-mill, &c. and the fillers by'fpinning, weaving,
fevving, See. Belides this congregation at Ephrata, there
were in 1770, fourteen others of this fett in various parts
ot Pennfylvania, and fome in Maryland; The whole, ex-
clufive of thole in Maryland, amounted to upwards of
2000 fouls.

EPH'RATAH, Ephrath, Bethlehem Ephratah,
Bethlehem Judah, or Bethlehem, a city ot Paledine,
in the tribe ot Judah. Here, in the days of the patriarch
Jacob, Rachel died and was buried. It is dyled Bethle¬
hem Judah to didinguifii it from another of that name in
the tribe of Zebulon : it is likewife called the City of
David on account of its being the birth-place of that emi¬
nent perfon ; as it was alfo of David’s great antitype and
fuccelfior, the Redeemer of mankind. See Beth lehem,
vol. ii. p. 930.

EPH'RATH, [Heb. abundance.] The name of a
woman.

EPH'R ATI-IITE, a defeendant of Ephrath the wife
of Caleb ; an inhabitant of Ephrath ; a defeendant from
Ephraim.

E'PHREM (Syrus), a celebrated Chridian writer in
the fourth century, deacon of Ededa, born at N i ii be, in
Syria. He was greatly edeemed by St. Bifil, Sc. Gre¬
gory Ny den, and other eminent men. He wrote againd
the opinions of Subellius, Arius, Apollonarius, the Ma-
nichees, &c. and acquired Inch reputation by his virtue
and his works, that he was called the doBor and the prophet
of the Syrians. He died in 378. The bed editions of his
works ate, that of Oxford, in 1708, in folio, and that of
Rome, from 1732 to 1736, in Syriac, Greek, and Latin,
6 vols. folio.

EPiT'REMOV, a town of Rufiia, in the government
of Tula: thirty-fix miles fouth-ead of Tula.

EPHREMOVSK A'l A, a fortrefs of Rufiia, in the
government of Ekaterinodav : 108 miles north-ead of
Ekaterinodav.

E'PHRON, [Heb. dud.] A city of Paledine, fituated
in the extremity of the province of Judah, near a moun¬
tain of that name. Here, in the days of Judas Macca¬
beus, (it being a firong and well fortified place,) was the
garrifon of Lyfias, whom Judas attacked and drove from
the city; it was alfo remarkable for denying Judas a
palfage through the city, for which he nearly dedroyed
it. Jofi . xv. 9 • 1 Macc. v. 46— 51. 2 Macc. xii. 27.

EPH'YDOR, f. in antiquity, an officer in the Athenian
courts of judice, who was to provide the plaintiff and de¬
fendant with equal water hour-glaffes. When the glafs
was run out, they were not permitted to fpeak any further.

EPH'YRA, the ancient name of Corinth, which it
-received from a nymph of the fame name, and thence
Ephyreus is applied to Dyrrhachium, founded by a Gre¬
cian colony. Virgil.

EPI'ALUS, J. [from wi or, gently, and sat^oi, Gr. to
heat.] A kind of fever, in which the heat of the patient
is tempered with a certain degree of coldnefs.

EPIB A'l JE, f. [ETnSarcii, Gr.] Among the Greeks,
marines or foldiers who ferved on-board the fhips of war.

EPIB ATE'RION, f. A poetical competition, in ufe
among the ancient Greeks.

EPIB AT E'RIU M, f. [from £ 77 : and fictivco, Gr. in-
feendo ; this being a climbing plant. is a ma¬

chine for climbing walls. ] In botany, a genus of the clafs

monoecia, order hexandria. The generic characters are _

I. Male flowers. Calyx: perianthiura double, deci¬
duous $

856 E P I

duo us ; outer fix-leaved, very fmall, flat ; inner three¬
leaved, three times the fize of the other, with ovate,
fpreading, leaflets. Corolla: petals fix, lefs than the in¬
ner calyx, roundifti ; three outer, interpofed between the
calycine leaflets, three inner. Stamina: filaments fix,
capillary, bowed inwards, the length of the petals ; an-
therae roundifti. II. Female flowers on the fame plant.
Calyx and corolla as in the male. Piflillum : germs
three, fubglobular ; ftyles three, bowed inwards, very
fmall ; ftigmas comprefled, fpreading. Pericarpium :
drupes three, fubglobular, mucronate, with the perma¬
nent ftyles. Seed: nut kidney-form, comprefled, (lightly
grooved. — EJfential Charabler. Calyx, double ; outer fix -
leaved, fmall ; inner three-leaved, large ; petals, fix,
three outer, between the calycine leaflets; three inner;
drupes three, fubglobular, mucronate, with the three
permanent ftyles inclofing a kidney-form nut.

Epibaterium pendulum, a Angle fpecies, from Forft.
Gen. 108.

EPI'BOLE,yi [Gr.] The aft of throwing in; a figure
in rhetoric, in which the repetition of the fame word
occurs at the beginning of feveral fentences ; a kind of
epanalepfis.

EP'lC, adj. [epicus, Lat. itto;, Gr.] Narrative ; com-
prifing narrations, not afted, but rehearfed. It is uftially
fuppofed to be heroic, or to contain one great aCtion
atchieved by a hero. See Poetry. — From morality they
formed that kind of poem and fable which we call epic.
Broome.

Homer, whofe name (hall live in epic fong.

While mufic numbers, or while verfe has feet. Dryden.

EPIC AR'PIUM, f. [from ewi, upon, and Gr.

the wrift.] A topical medicine applied to the wrift.

EP'ICED,yi [from eniKn^ov, Gr.] A funeral fong:
And on the banks each cyprefs bow’d his head.

To hear the fw3n fing her own epiced. IV. Browne.

EPICE'DIUM, f. [from E7nx^5S«?, Gr.] An elegy; a
poem upon a funeral :

You from above fhall hear each day
One dirge difpatch’d unto your clay ;

Tliefe, your own anthems fhall become,

Your lading epicedium. Sandys.

EP'ICENE, adj. [from ettixoivo;, Gr.] Common to both
fexes.

EPICER AS'TICS, f, [from tort, and xe^avwj/.i, Gr.
to mix.] Medicines which by mixing with acrimonious
juices’temper them, and render them lefs troublefome.

EPICHARl'KAKY, f. [from tm, upon, joy,

and y.onioti, Gr. evil.] A rejoicing at the misfortunes of
others. Scott.

EPICH AR'MUS,ta philofopher and writer of comedy,
fuppofed to have been a native of Cos, but to have been
brought very young into Sicily, whence he has ufually
pa(Ted for a Sicilian. He was a difciple in the Pythago¬
rean fcliool ; and upon being prevented by the tyranny
of king Hiero from publicly profeffing philofophy, lie
applied to dramatic poetry, and is reckoned by Ariftotle
the earlieft writer of comedy. He was a fertile compofer;
for Suidas aftigns to him fifty-two comedies, and the in-
duftry of modern philologifts has afeertained the titles of
forty; but of thefe fome fragments only are left. He
taught at Syracufe, and is faid to have been the inventor
of the two Greek letters, 6 and %. He wrote alfo com¬
mentaries upon phyfical and medical fubjefts. Among
his fragments are fome moral fentences which do him
honour : fuch are — Be fober in thought, be flow in be¬
lief ; thefe are the finews of wifdom — The gods fet up
their favours at a price, and induftry is the purchafer —
Live fo as to be prepared either for a long life or a fliort
one — He who is naturally inclined to good is noble, though
his mother were an Ethiop. He lived to the great age
®f ninety-feven.

E P I

EPICHIRE'M A, f. [from eci, upon, and Gr;

to labour with the hand.] An attempt, an endeavour; a
prolix kind of argument to prove a point,

EPICHl'RESIS, f. [from tern, upon, and Gr.

to labour.] An attempt, a dexterity, a readinels at dif¬
fering animal bodies.

EPICOPHO'SIS, f. [from E<sri, and y.utpty;, Gr. deaf.]
The medical term for a total deafnefs.

EPICR A'SIS, f. [Gr.] A gradual evacuation of bad
humours in the blood by degrees.

EPICRI'SIS, f. [Gr.] A judging of a difeafe.

EPICTE'TUS, an eminent philofopher of the Stoic
fchool, who flourilhed in the firft century of the Chrif-
tian era, born at Hieronolis in Phrygia, in a fervile con¬
dition, and fold as a (lave to Epaphroditus, one of Nero’s
freed-men. Having by fome means obtained his freedom,
Epictetus retired to a little hut, where, enjoying only the
bare neceftaries of life, he clofely devoted his time to the
ftudy of philofophy. After a diligent application, by which
he became thoroughly converfant in the principles of the
Stoic fedt, he commenced his philofophical ledtures, and
foon acquired great popularity as a moral preceptor. He
was an acute and judicious obierver of manners ; bold and
animated in his reprelvenfions of vice; fimple, impreflive,
and conciliating, in his precepts and inftrudtions ; and
free from that vanity and rudenefs which were too com¬
monly affedted by philofophers. The morals which he
inculcated were of the pureft kind ; and his life was a
fhining example of true independence of fpirit, content¬
ment, magnanimity, temperance, humility, and modefty.
He was accuftomed to fay, that the fum of moral inftruc-
tion may be comprifed in two words aviyye xai an E^e,
i. e. endure and abftain, or bear and forbear. When the
philofophers were baniftied from Italy under the tyranny
of the monfter Domitian, he was involved in their fate;
but he bore his exile with true philofophic firmnefs, con-
fidering himfelf as a citizen of the world; and knowing
that wherever he went he carried his bed treafures along
with him. He fixed his refidence at Nicopolis in Epirus,
where he profecuted the great objedl to which he had
devoted his life, by reproving vice and folly, and expa¬
tiating on the true means of attaining contentment and
happinefs. We have no certain account either of the
time or manner of his death. There feems, however,
reafon to conclude, from the mention that is made of him
by Aulus Gellius, and by the emperor Marcus Aurelius,
that he died towards the clofe of Adrian’s reign. Ex¬
cepting fome fragments preferved by Antoninus, Gellius,
Stobaeus, and others, the only remains of this philofopher
are to be found in the beautiful manual, or Enchiridion,
and the Diftertations, collected by Arrian, and drawn up
from notes taken by himfelf and others from Epictetus’s
lips. The fame difciple wrote alfo a large account of
the life and death of EpiCtetus, which has not reached
modern times. Simplicius likewife has left a commentary
upon his opinions in the eclectic manner. On the whole,
the doftrine of EpiCtetus breathes the genuine fpirit of
the Stoic fchool. The doCtrine of the immortality of the
foul he firmly maintained, and fpeaks of the happinefs of
good men after death, in terms which might fuit a better
lyftem than that of inevitable necefiity. He ftrongly op-
pofed the opinion which fome of the Stoics held, relpeft-
ing the lawfulnefs of fuicide : and it may truly be faid,
that the fyftem of practical virtues which he recommends,
approaches nearer than that of any inftruCtor, not en¬
lightened by revelation, to the purity of Chrirtian mo¬
rality. Some of the bed editions of this philofophers
remains are thofe publifhed at Leyden, in 1670, in oCtavo,
cum. notis variorum ; at Utrecht, in 1711, in quarto; at
Oxford, in 1740, in oCtavo, by Jofeph Simpfon, together
with Cebetis Tabula, Prodici Hercules, See. and at London,,
in 1742, by J. Upton, in two volumes quarto, which is
the mod valuable of them all. They have been tranfiated
into various languages ; and the edition in this country

moft

E P I

snoft efteemed, is that by Mrs. Carter, publifhed in 1758,
ivith notes.

E'PICURE, f. [ cpicureus , Lnt.] A follower of Epi¬
curus; a man given wholly to luxury. — The epicure
buckles to ftudy, when fhame, or the defire to recom¬
mend hrmfelf to his miflrefs, (hall make him uneafy in
the want of any fort of knowledge. Locke.

Then fly falfe thanes,

And mingle with the Englifti epicures. Shahcfpcare.

EPICU'RE AN, adj. Luxurious; contributing to luxury :
Tie up the libertine in a field of feafts,

Keep his brain fuming; epicurean cooks,

Sharpen with cloylefs fauce his appetite. Shakefpeare.
Containing, or attached to, the dodtrines of Epicurus. —
The Epicurean dodtrine, as explained by Lucretius, though
widely different from the Peripatetic in many things, is
almoft the fame in this. Reid.

EPICURE'AN, f. One of the Epicurean fedt. — Thus
the atomift or Epicurean pleading for a vacuum. Shaftejbury.

EPICUREANISM, f. An attachment to Epicurean
dodtrines. — Thefe lines can never be tortured into Epi¬
cure anifm. Ja. Harris.

To EPPCURI5E, v. a. [from Epicurus.'] To devour
like an epicure. Not vfed:

While I could fee thee full of eager pain

My greedy eyes epicuris'd on thine. Flatman.

E'PTCURISM, f. Luxury; fenfual enjoyment ; grofs
pleafure. — Some good men have ventured to call munifi¬
cence, the greateft fenfuality, a piece of epicurifm. Calamy.

EPICU'RISM, J. [accented on the third fyllable.]
The principles of Epicurus. — The firft book of the En¬
quiry ends with a fentence far remote from irreligion and
epicurifm... J. Warton’s Pope.

EPICU'RUS, one of the greateft philofophers of his
age, born at Gargettus, near Athens, in the third year of
the 109th olympiad, or 342 before Chrifl. His parents
were among the number of Athenian citizens who were
fent to colonife the ifland of Samos, after it had been fub-
dued by Pericles. Here he is laid to have early imbibed
a tafte for literature and philofophy, and to have attended
on different mafters at Samos, and the neighbouring iiland
of Teos; from whence he removed to Athens. In that
city he continued the profecution of his ftudies till he
was twenty-three years of age ; after which he improved
liimfelf, and enriched his mind by travelling. He firft
opened a fchool at Mitylene, which he continued for
about a year, and then removed it to Lampfacus, where
lie was attended with difciples from Colophon and other
places. After four years, he became diffatisfied with the
narrow fphere in which he moved, and determined to fix
his refidence at Athens; to which city he returned when
jhe was about thirty-fix years old. Upon his arrival at
Athens, he purchafed for his fchool a pleafant garden,
■where he taught his fyftem of philofophy to a great num¬
ber of difciples. Hence the Epicureans were called “ the
philofophers of the garden.” In the ftate of luxurious
refinement which then prevailed at Athens, the new fyf¬
tem came recommended, to young minds efpecially, with
much more powerful attractions than the very fubtle and
fevere fyftems taught in other fchools ; and the garden
was foon crowded with fcholars from all the cities of
Greece and Afia, and even from Egypt. Epicurus dif-
carded all unnatural feverity ; was difting'uifhed by a cap¬
tivating addrefs, and great urbanity of manners ; and held
it out as the profeffed defign of his dodtrine, to lead men
to true pleafure, by natural and eafy fteps, in the paths
of virtue. By thus rendering fmooth the brow of phi¬
lofophy, it is not a matter of wonder that his dodtrines
became exceedingly popular. From the opening of his
philofophical fchool at Athens, Epicurus confined him-
felf to that city, except when he. paid occafional vifits to
his friends in Ionia ; and lived there in a ftate of celibacy,
for the fake of profecuting his ftudies with lefs inter-
Vo l. VI. No. 397.

E P I 857

ruption. His condudt, according to the confeftion of the
moll candid enemies to his opinions, was ft richly moral,
and exemplary for temperance and abftemioufnefs ; and
lie conftanlly inculcated upon his followers the pureft
manners, and the careful government of their paflions,
as the beft means of enjoying a tranquil and happy life.
Through the intenfenefs of mental application, his con-
ftitution became enfeebled towards the clofe of his days,
and he was afflidted with the ftrangury, and a dyfen-
tery. Finding that his end was approaching, he be¬
queathed his garden, and the buildings belonging to it,
to his friend Hermachus, who was his immediate fuc-
celfor in his fchool, and after him to the future profeffors
of his philofophy. He died in the feventy-third year of
his age, while exhorting his furrounding difciples not to
forget the dodtrines which he had taught them. No
perfon’s memory was ever held in higher refpedt by his
followers than that of this philofopher. They not only
celebrated his birth-day, but the whole month in which
he was born, as a perpetual feftival. So great was the
regard for his authority, that his fchool was never di¬
vided ; and his followers formed a fort of philofophical
republic, exempt from difputes and mifunderftandings,
regulated by one judgment, and animated by one foul.
Epicurus has notwithftanding been accufed of impiety;
of infolence and contempt ; of being addidted to the
vileft and moll fcandalous vices ; and of being an enemy
to all manly purfuits. But the greater part of thefe ac-
cufations is to be aferibed either to envy and calumny,
or to mifconception and mifreprefentations of his princi¬
ples. His dodtrine was warmly attacked by the philofo¬
phers of the different fedts, and particularly by the Stoics-
They obferved that he difgraced the gods by reprefent-
ing them as inactive, given up to pleafure, and uncon¬
cerned with the affairs of mankind. But he refuted all
the accufations of his adverfaries by the purity of his
morals, and by his frequent attendance on places of pub¬
lic worfhip. When Leontium, one of his female pupils,
was accufed of ppoftituting herfelf to her mafter and to
all his difciples, the philofopher proved the falfity of the
accufation by filence, and an exemplary life. Of all the
philofophers of antiquity, Epicurus is the only one whofe
writings deferve attention for their number. He wrote
no lefs than three hundred volumes, according to Dio¬
genes Laertius ; and Chryfippus was fo jealous of the
fecundity of his genius, that no fooner had Epicurus
publiftved one of his volumes, but he immediately com-
pofed one, that he might not be overcome in the number
of his produdtions. Epicurus, however, advanced truths
and arguments unknown before ; but Chryfippus faid,.
what others long ago had faid, without (hewing any thing
which might be called originality. The followers of Epi¬
curus were fo numerous, that his dodtrines were rapidly
diffeminated over the world; but, when the gratification
of the fenfe was fubftituted to the pradtice of virtue, the
morals of mankind were undermined and deftroyed. Even
Rome, whofe auftere fimplicity had happily nurtured vir¬
tue, felt the attack, and was corrupted. When Cyneas
fpoke of the tenets of the Epicureans in the Roman fe-
nate. Fabricius indeed intreated the gods that all the
enemies of the republic might become his followers. But
thofe were the feeble efforts of expiring virtue ; and when
Lucretius intfoduced the popular dodtrine in his poetical
compofition, the fmoothnefs and beauty of the humbers
contributed, with the effeminacy of the Epicureans, to
enervate the conquerors of the world.

The principles of the Epicurean Philosophy, were
as follow : No thing can fpring from nothing, nor can any
thing return to nothing. The univerfe always exifted,
and will always remain ; for there is nothing into which
it can be changed. There is nothing in nature, nor can
any thing be conceived, befides body, and Jpace. Body
is that which poffeffes the properties of bulk, figure, re¬
finance, and gravity ; it is this alone which can touch;,
or be touched. Space, or vacuum , deftitute of the pro-
iq I perties.

EPICURUS.

358

perttes of body, incapable of action or paflion, is the
region which is or may be occupied by body, and which
affords it an opportunity of moving freely. That there
are bodies in the univerfe, is attefted by the fenfes. That
there is alfo fpace, is evident ; fince otherwife bodies
would have no place in which to move or ex i ft ; and of
their exigence and motion we have the certain proof of
perception. Befides thefe, no third nature can be con¬
ceived. The univerfe, confifring of body and fpace, is
infinite, for it has no limits. Bodies are infinite in mul¬
titude ; fpace is infinite in magnitude. The univerfe is
to be conceived as immovable, and as eternal and immu¬
table ; neverthelefs, the parts of the univerfe are in mo¬
tion, and are fubjedt to change. All bodies confift of
parts, of which they are compofed, and into which they
may be refolved; and thefe parts are either themfelves
Ample principles, or may be refolved into fuch. Thefe
firft principles, or Ample atoms , are divilible by no force,
and therefore muft be immutable. A finite body cannot
confift of parts infinite, .either in magnitude or number ;
divifibility of bodies in infinitum is therefore inconceivable.
All atoms are of the fame nature, or differ in no efl'ential
qualities. From their different effects upon the fenfes,
it appears, however, that they differ in magnitude, figure,
and weight. Gravity muff be an effential property of
atoms ; for, fince they are perpetually in motion, or mak¬
ing an effort to move, they muff be moved by an internal
impulfe, which may be called gravity. Atoms, by this
internal force, are carried forwards in a diredlion which
is nearly, but not exadfly, redfilineal ; and whilft they
pafs through free fpace, this declination from the right
line occafions a cafual concurrence of corpufcles of dif¬
ferent forms. In compound maffes of atoms, the efforts
of fome of the particles towards motion in different di¬
rections being repreffed by the efforts of others, an uni-
verfal agitation muft take place. The principle of gra¬
vity being efl’ential to the primary corpufcles or atoms,
they muft have been neceffarily and from eternity in
adtual motion. Atoms are not only the elements from
■which all things are compounded, but that energy or
principle of motion which effentially belongs to them, is
the foie agent in the operations of nature. Every com¬
pound body poffeffes the energy of all the atoms of which
it is compofed, but varioufly modified according to the
refpedtive figures and relative fituations of its component
parts. All the changes which take place in the figure,
and other properties of bodies, confift in local motion.
As different words are formed from the different combi¬
nations of the fame letters, fo different qualities are pro¬
duced by the different arrangement of the fame particles.
Bodies'are more or lefs rare, in proportion to the magni¬
tude of the vacuities which intercept the folid atoms of
which they are compofed. Tranfparency, hardnefs and
foftnefs, flexibility, ductility, and other qualities, are to
be explained upon thefe principles. From the combina¬
tion of the properties of atoms, and the qualities of bodies
already enumerated, arife other properties and faculties,
which are likewife to be traced up to the principle of
motion; as heat and cold. Pleafure and pain, motion
and reft, and even time, are accidents of bodies. The
world, or that portion of the univerfe which includes the
whole circumference of the heavens, the heavenly bodies,
the earth, and all vifible objeCts, is to be conceived as
one whole, on account of the contiguity and relation of
its parts ; but there is no proof that it is an organifed and
•animated body. The world is not eternal, but began at
fome time to exift ; for, fince every thing in the world is
liable to the vicifiitudes of production and decay, the
world itfelf muft be fo too. The formation of the world
may be conceived to have happened thus : A finite num¬
ber of that infinite multitude of atoms, which, with infi¬
nite fpace, conftitute the univerfe, falling fortuitouffy
into the region of the world, were in confequence of their
innate motion collected into one rude and indigefted mafs.
In this chaos, the heavieft and largeft atoms, or collec¬

tions of atoms, firft fubfided, whilft the fmaller, and thofe
which from their form would move moft freely, were
driven upwards. Thefe latter, after many reverberations,
rofe into the outer region of the world, and formed' the
heavens. Thofe atoms which were by their fize and
figure fuited to form fiery bodies, collected themfelves
into ftars. Thofe which were not capable of rifing fo
high in the fphere of the world, being difturbed by the
fiery particles, formed themfelves into air. At length,
from thofe which fubfided was produced the earth. By
the aCtion of air, agitated by heat from the heavenly bo¬
dies upon the mixed mafs of the earth, its fmoother and
lighter particles were feparated from the reft, and water
was produced, which flowed by its nature into the loweft
places, in the firft combination of atoms, which formed
the chaos, various feeds arofe ; which, being preferved,
and nourifhed by moifture and heat, afterwards fprung
forth in organifed bodies of different kinds. The world
is preferved by the fame mechanical caufes by which it
was framed ; and from the fame caufes it will at laft be
dilfolved. The incelfant motion of atoms, which pro¬
duced the world, is continually operating towards its dif-
folution ; for nothing is folid and indilfoluble but atoms.
Whence it may be concluded, that the time will come,
when nothing will remain but feparate atoms and infinite
fpace. The earth, which was formed of heavy particles,
fubfiding to the loweft place, is fituated in the middle of
the world. Not that there is any point within the earth
which is the centre of gravity. The doctrine that there
are upon the earth antipodes, is falfe. The earth is in
form a circular plane ; it is prevented from falling towards
the lower region by the air, with which it is congenial,
and upon which therefore it does not prefs ; their mutual
aCtion deftroying the effect of gravity. Earthquakes are
caufed by the agitation of internal winds and water, or
by the decay and fudden fall of columns, by which por¬
tions of the earth’s furface are fupported. Or the inter¬
nal winds may be converted into fires, which may caufe
fudden and violent eruptions, as in mount ./Etna. Foflils
and plants are produced by the neceffary impulfe of na¬
ture, that is, by the motion of atoms, cauling continual
tranfpofition, accretion, or diminution, in individual bo¬
dies. They have no vital principle, and can therefore
only be fuid analogically to live or die. Animals having
being once formed, at the beginning of the world, by the
cafual conjunction of fimilar atoms, the production of
animal bodies is ftill continued in a conftant and deter¬
minate' order. The parts of animals were not originally
framed for the ufes to which they are now applied ; but,
having been accidentally produced, they were afterwards
accidentally employed. The eye, for example, was not
made for feeing, nor the ear for hearing; but the foul,
being formed within the body at the fame time with thefe
organs, and connected with them, could not avoid mak¬
ing life of them in their refpeCtive functions. The foul
is a fubtle corporeal fubftance, compofed of the fineft
atoms; which, by the extreme tenuity of its particles, is
able to penetrate the whole body, and to adhere to all its
parts. Notwithftanding the fubtlety of its texture, it is
compofed of four diftinCt parts: fire, which caufes ani¬
mal heat ; an ethereal principle, which is moift vapour ;
air; and a fourth principle, which is the caufe of fenfa-
tion. This fentient principle differs effentially from the
three former; but it is, like the reft, corporeal, becaufe
it is capable both of aCting and being aCted upon by bo¬
dies. Thefe four parts are fo perfectly combined as to
form one fubtle fubftance, which, whilft it remains in the
body, is the caufe of all its faculties, motions, and paf-
fions, and which cannot be feparated from it without
producing the entire diffolution of the animal fyftem.
Different fenfations are the cafual effedts of the different
organs which the foul in its union with the body is ca¬
pable of employing, and of the different properties and
qualities of external objects. Thefe become fenfible by
means of certain fpecies, or images, which are perpetually

pafling.

EPIC

f affing, like thin films, from bodies, in form fimilar to
the fnrfaces of the bodies themfelves, and ftriking upon
organs fitted to receive them. The mind, or intelledt,
in which is lodged tire power of thinking, judging, and
determining, is compofed of particles mob fubtle in their
nature, and capable of the inofl rapid motion. The feat
of this mod excellent part of the foul, feems to be in the
middle of the bread, or the heart, which we perceive to
be the region of thofe aft'eCtions which are excited by
cogitation. Thought is produced by fubtle images, which
find their way through the body, and, when they arrive
at the intellect, move it to think. The affedlions and
padions of the foul may be reduced to two, pleafure and
pain: the former, natural and agreeable ; the latter, un¬
natural and troitblefome. Whild all the parts of the
foul remain in their natural date, it experiences nothing
but pleafurable tranquillity f but from the various mo¬
tions which take place either in ourfelves, or in the ob¬
jects round us, the foul is liable either to be dilated by
the approach of images fuitable to its nature, and there¬
fore pleafant, or to be contracted by contrary impredions.
Sleep is produced when the parts of the foul which are
at other times diffufed through the body are reprclfed or
feparated by the aCtion of the air, or of food. Dreams
are the effects of images cafually dying about, which
from their extreme tenuity penetrate the body and drike
upon the mind, exciting an imaginary perception of thofe
things of which they are images. Death is the privation
of fenfation, in confequence of the feparation of the foul
from the body, when the former is difperfed into the
corpufcles or atoms of which it was compofed, and there¬
fore can no longer be capable of thought or perception.
In the heavens, or ethereal regions, the fun, moon, and
fiars, appear to be berg bodies; or they may be fmooth
mirrors, from which bright fiery particles flowing through
the ethereal region, are reflected to the earth ; or they
may be deep veffels, containing fires, &c. The apparent
motion of the heavenly bodies may arife from the revo¬
lution of the whole heaven in which they are fixed, like
nails in a folid body ; or by the revolution of the bodies
themfelves through the heavens. The caufe of the mo¬
tion of the heavenly bodies may either be an internal
neceflity in the nature of the bodies themfelves, or the
external prefl’ureof fome ethereal fluid: but to albert any
thing podtively upon this fubjeCt, becomes thofe who
ad'eCt-an odentatious difplay of knowledge. The opinion
concerning the exidence of the gods is an innate prin¬
ciple, producing univerfal content; it mud therefore be
true. But it is inconfident with our natural notions of the
gods, as happy and immortal beings, to fuppofe that they
encumber themfelves with the management of the world,
or are fubjeCt to the cares and padions which mud necef-
farily attend fo great a charge. We are therefore to con¬
ceive, that the gods have no intercourfe with mankind,
r.or any concern with the affairs of the world. Neverthe-
lefs, on account of their excellent natures, they are pro¬
per objeCts of reverence and worfhip. Becaufe the hu¬
man figure is the mod perfed, and the only form that
admits of reafon and virtue, we mud conceive that the
gods refemble men in their external fhape ; but we are
not to fuppofe them to be grofs bodies, confiding of fledi
and blood, but thin ethereal fubdances, endued with fen¬
fation and intellect, and, from their peculiar nature, in¬
capable of decay. The place of -heir refidence is un¬
known to mortals ; but we may be adured that, wherever
it be, it is the mandon of perfeCt purity, tranquillity,
and happinefs.

In this fumtnary of Epicurus’s Sydem of Phyfics will
be found fuch a degree of ignorance with refpeCt to the
true principles of the phenomena of nature, as fhews the
author to have been very ill qualified to folve the grand
roblem concerning the origin and formation of the world,
t involves in it wild and fanciful hypothefes, which are
cot only unfupported by natural appearances, but con¬
trary to the known and indifputable laws of nature.

U R U S. -S5Q

Though his fydem admits the exidence of gods, yet the
idea which it gives concerning their nature, is degrading
to the proper character of the Deity, and cannot be at
all explained in congruity with the fundamental princi¬
ples of his own philofophy. Epicurus’s Ethics conditute
tire lead exceptionable part of his fydem, and, when fairly
conddered, will be found for the mod part conformable to
reafon and nature. The following is a futnmary of them.
The end of living, or the ultimate good, which is to be
fought for its own fake, is happinefs; yet men, for the
mod part, fail in the purfuit of this end, either becaufe
they do not form a right idea of the nature of happinefs,
or becaufe they do not make ufe of proper means to attain
it. Since it is every man’s intered to be happy through
the whole of life, it is the wifdom of every one to employ
philofophy in the fearch of it. The happinefs which be¬
longs to man is that date in which he enjoys as many of
the good things, and differs as few of the evils, incident
to human nature, as podible ; pading his days in a fmooth
courfe of permanent tranquillity. It is impoflible that
perfeft happinefs can be poffefled without ti e pleafure
that attends freedom from pain, and the enjoyment of the
good things of life. Pleafure is in its nature good, as
pain is in its nature evil ; the one is therefore to be mir-
fued, and the other to be avoided, for its own fake. Piea-
fure or pain is not only good, or evil in itfelf, but t! e
meafure of what is good or evil in every object of defire
or averlion ; for the ultimate reafon why we purfue one
thing and avoid another is, becaufe we expeCt pleafure
from the former, and apprehend pain from the latter.
Although all pleafure is edentially good, and all paia
edentially evil, it doth not thence necefl'arily follow, that
in every bugle inflance the one ought to be purfued, and
the other to be avoided ; but reafon is to be employed in
didinguidiing and comparing the nature and degrees of
each, that the refult may be a wife choice of that which
fhall appear to be, upon the whole, good. There are
two kinds of pleafure ; one confiding in a date of red, in
which both body and mind are undidurbed by any kind of
pain ; t he other ariling from an agreeable agitation of the
fenfes, producing a correfpondent emotion in the foul.
It is upon the former of thefe that the enjoyment of life
chiefly depends. Happinefs may therefore be faid to
condd in bodily eafe and mental tranquillity. It is the
office of reafon to confine the purfuit of pleafure within
the limits of nature, in order to the attainment of that
happy date, in which the body is free from every kind of
pain, and the mind from all perturbation. This date
mud not, however, be conceived to be perfeCt in propor¬
tion as it is inactive and torpid, but in proportion as all
the functions of life are vigoroufly and pieafantly per¬
formed. This happy date can only be attained by a pru¬
dent care of the body, and a Ready government of the
mind. The difeafes of the body are to be prevented by
temperance, or cured by medicine, or rendered tolerable
by patience. Againd the difeafes of the mind, philofo¬
phy provides fufficient antidotes. The indruments which
it employs for this purpofe are the virtues ; the root of
which, whence all the reft proceed, is prudeqee. This
virtue comprehends the whole art of living difcreetly,
juftly, and honourably, and is in faCt the fame thing with
wifdom. It indruCts men to free their underftandings
from the clouds of prejudice ; to exercife temperance
and fortitude in the government of themfelves ; and to
praCtife juftice towards others. Although pleafure, or
happinefs, which is the end of living, be fuperior to vir¬
tue, which is only the means, it is every one’s intereft to
praCtife all the virtues; for in a happy life pleafure can
never be feparated from virtue. A prudent man, in order
to tecure his tranquillity, will confult his natural difpo-
fition in the choice of his plan of life. Temperance is
that difereet regulation of the defires and padions by
which we are enabled to enjoy pleafures without fu (Faring
any confequent inconvenience. They who maintain fuch
n telecommand as never to be enticed by the profpeCt

e£

860 E P I

of prefent indulgence to do that which will be produc¬
tive of evil, obtain the trued pleafure by declining plea-
lure. Sobriety, as oppofed to inebriety and gluttony, is
of admirable ufe in teaching men that nature is fatisfied
with a little, and enabling them to content themfelves
with ft tuple and frugal fare. Such a manner of living
is conducive to the prefervation of health ; renders a
man alert and adlive in all the offices of life ; affords
him an exquifite relifh of the occafional varieties of a
plentiful board ; and prepares him to meet every reverfe
of fortune without the fear of want. Continence is a
branch of temperance, which prevents the difeafes, infa¬
my, remorfe, and punifhment, to which thofe are expofed
who indulge themfelves in unlawful amours. Mulic and
poetry, which are often employed as incentives to licen¬
tious pleafures, are to be cautioufly and fparingly ufed.
Gentlenefs, as oppofed to an irafcible temper, greatly
contributes to the tranquillity and happinefs of life, by
preferving the mind from perturbation, and arming it
againft the afFaults of calumny and malice. A wife man,
who puts himfelf under the government of reafon, will
be able to receive an injury with calmnefs, and Jo treat
the perfon who committed it with lenity. Refraftory
fervants in a famiiy fhould be chaftifed, and diforderly
members of a (late punifhed, without wrath. Modera¬
tion, in the purfuit of honours or riches, is the only fecu-
rity againft difappointment and vexation. A wife man,
therefore, will prefer the fimplicity of ruftic life to the
magnificence of courts. Future events a wife man will
confider as uncertain, and will therefore neither fuffer
himfelf to be elated with confident expectation, nor to be
deprefTed by doubt and defpair ; for both are equally de-
ftruCtive of tranquillity. It will contribute to the en¬
joyment of life, to confider death as the perfeCt termina¬
tion of a happy life, which it becomes us to clofe like fa¬
tisfied guefts, neither regretting the paft, nor anxious for
the future. Fortitude, the virtue which enables us to
endure pain and to banifh fear, is of great ufe in producing
tranquillity. Philofophy inffruCls us to pay homage to
the gods, not through hope or fear, but from veneration
of their fuperior natures. It moreover enables us to
conquer the fear of death, by teaching us that it is no
proper objeCt of terror ; fince whilft we are, death is not,
and when death arrives, we are not ; fo that it neither
concerns the living nor the dead. The only evils to be
apprehended are bodily pain and diftrefs of mind. Bo¬
dily pain it becomes a wife man to endure with patience
and firmnefs; becaufe, if it be (light, it may eafily be
borne, and if it be intenfe, it cannot laft long. Mental
diftrefs commonly arifes not from nature, but from opi¬
nion ; a wife man will therefore arm himfelf againft this
kind of fuft'ering, by reflecting that the gifts of fortune,
the lofs of which he may be inclined fo deplore, were ne¬
ver his own, but depended upon circumftances which he
■could not command. If therefore they happen to leave
him, he will endeavour as foon as pofiible to obliterate
the remembrance of them, by occupying his mind in
pleafant contemplations, and engaging in agreeable avo¬
cations. J Lidice refpeCts man as living in fociety, and is
the common bond, without which no fociety can exift.
This virtue, like the reft, derives its value from its ten¬
dency to promote the happinefs of life. Not only is it
never injurious to the man who praftifesit, but nourifhes
in his mind calm reflections and pleafant hopes ; whereas
it is impoflible that the mind in which injuftice dwells
lhould not be full of difquietude. Since it is impoflible
that iniquitous actions fhould promote the enjoyment of
life as much as remorfe of confcicncc, legal penalties,
and public difgrace, muft increafe its troubles, every one
who follows the dictates of found reafon will praCtife the
virtues of juftice, equity, and fidelity. In fociety, the
neceflityof the mutual exercife of juftice, in order to the
common enjoyment of the gifts of nature, is the ground
of thofe laws by which it is preferibed. Nearly allied to
juftice are. the virtues of beneficence, companion, grati.

2

E P I

tude, piety, and friendfhip. He who confers benefits
upon others procures to himfelf the fatisfaftion of feeing
the dream of plenty fpreading round him from the foun¬
tain of his beneficence : and at the fame time he enjoys
the pleafure of being efteemed by others. The exercife
of gratitude, filial affe&ion, and reverence for the gods,
is neceflary, in order to avoid the hatred and contempt of.
all men. Friendfhips are contracted for the fake of mu¬
tual benefit ; but by degrees they ripen into fuch difinte-
refted attachments, that they are continued without any
profpeCt of advantage. Between friends there is a kind
of league that each will love the other as himfelf. A
true friend will partake of the wants and forrows of his
friend as if they were his own : if he be in want he will
relieve him; it he be in prifon he will vifit him ; if lie
be fick he will come to him ; nay, fituations may occur,
in which he would not fcruple to die for him. It cannot
then be doubted that friendfhip is one of the raoll ufefui
means of procuring a fecure, tranquil, and happy, life.

From this fummary of the Ethics of Epicurus, it will
readily be feen how unjuftly his enemies mifreprefented
his doCtrine, when they dated that it offered encourage¬
ment to the practice of vice and licentioufnefs, and how
illiberally they perverted his fenfe of the term plcafurep
when he taught that it was the ultimate end of living.
By the notions, however, which it propagated refpeCting
the gods, it certainly contributed, in common with the
principles of the atheiftic feCts, and of others who de¬
nied, the immortality of the foul, greatly to weaken the
motives to virtue. It muft, however, be acknowledged;
that his doCtrine was very early much abufed, and that
the greater part of thofe who pretended to belong to the
epicurean fchool, reflected difgrace on the feCt by their
diffolutenefs of manners. This was the cafe at Athens,
and afterwards at Rome. In the modern epicurean,
fchools in France, the members have been more diftin-
guiflred by their literary refinement, polilhed manners,
and luxurious indulgences, than their culture of the
genuine doCtrine of the Greek philofopher.

EPICY*CLE,yi [etl and xvxho;, Gr,] A little cirelfe-
whofe center is in the circumference of a greater; or a
fmall orb, which, being in the deferent of a planet, is
carried along with its motion; and yet, with its own pe¬
culiar motion, carries the body of the planet faftened to it-
round about its proper centre. It was by means of epi¬
cycles that Ptolemy and his followers folved the various
phenomena of the planets, but more efpecially their fta-
tions and retrogradations.

Gird the fphere

With centric and eccentric, fcribbl’d o’er;

Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb. Milton-.

EPICY'CLOID, /. [from evi, kvkXo?, andji^;, Gr,
form.] In geometry, a curve generated by the revolution
of the periphery of a circle along the convex or concave
part of another circle.

EPLCYE'MA,/! [from ejtl upon, and y.va, Gr. to con¬
ceive.] Superfcetation. Superimpregnation. Afecond
conception before the foetus of the firft is difmifled from
the womb.

EPIDAM'NUS,. a town of Macedonia on the Adriatic,
nearly oppofite Brundufium. The Romans planted there
a colony which they called Byrrachium, conlidering the
ancient name ominous. Paufanias.

EPIDAPH'NE, a town of Syria, called alfo Antioch.
Germanicus, fon of Drufus, died there. Tacitus.

EPIDAU'RIA, a feftival anciently kept at Athens in
honour of yEfculupius. — A country of Peloponnefus.

EPIDAU'RUS, a town at the north of Argolis in Pe¬
loponnefus, chiefly dedicated to the worfhip of dEfcula-
pius, who had there a famous temple. It received its
name from Epidanrus, a fon of Argus and Evadne. It
is now called Pidaura. Virgil. — A town of Dalmatia,
now Ragufi Vecchio. — A town of Laconia, in the Ionian
Sea, now Molva/ia, in the Morea.

EPIDE'MIC3

E P I

EPIDE'MIC, or Epidemical, adj. [from em, upon,
and Gr. the people.] That which falls at once

upon great numbers of people, as a plague. — See the ar¬
ticle Medicine. — As the proportion of epidemical difeafes
fliews the aptnefs of the air to fudden and vehement im-
preflions, the chronical difeafes (hew the ordinary temper
of the place. Graunt. — Generally prevailing ; affedting
great numbers. — The more epidemical and prevailing this
evil is, the more honourable are tliofe who (bine as ex¬
ceptions. South. — General; univerfal : not ufed, nor proper-.
They’re citizens o’ th’ world, they’re all in all ;
Scotland’s a nation epidemical. Cleaveland.

EPIDEN'DRUM, f. [sth cSeropoi', Gr. from its growing
upon trees.] In botany, a genus of the clafs gynandria,
order diandria, natural order orchidese. The generic
characters are — Calyx: fpathes vague; fpadix fimple;
perianthium none. Corolla: petals five, oblong, ex¬
tremely long, very fpreading ; nedtary tubular at the
bafe, top-fhaped, placed downwards within the petals,
with an oblique two-cleft mouth ; the fuperior lip very
fliort, three-cleft ; the inferior lengthened into a point.
Stamina : filaments two, very (hot t, fitting on the piltil ;
antherae covered by the upper lip of the nedtary. Pif-
tillnm: germ fiender, long, twilled, inferior; ftyle very
fiiort, fattened to the upper lip of the nedtary ; ftigma
obfeure. Pericarpium: filiqueextremelylong, columnar,
flefhy. Seeds: numerous, extremely fmall. — EJfential
Chara&er. Nedtary, turbinate, oblique, reflex ; corolla,
fpreading ; fpur, none.

Defcription. The whole genus is obfeure in its charac¬
ter, differences, and fynonyms ; for the flowers in dried
fpecimens can hardly be unfolded : the plants are culti¬
vated with difficulty in gardens; and the fpecies have
not been fufficiently deferibed by authors who have had
an opportunity of feeing them in America and the Eaft
Indies, their native places of growth. Linnaeus had
only thirty forts in his Species Plantarum, and the num¬
ber was not increafed in the twelfth and thirteenth edi¬
tions of the Syflema Vegetabilium. In the fourteenth
edition of the fame work, two only are added by Murray
from Jacquin, who has eleven other new fpecies in his
Stirpium Americanarum Hifloria. Swartz has forty-nine
from the Weft-Indies, fome of which are the fame with
Jacquin’s. Retzius has twenty-three obferved by Koenig
in the Eaft Indies. And Forfter has ten from the iflands
in the South Seas. The number of forts here regiftered
amounts to 125, and doubtlefs there are many more, firice
Dr. Smith, in his elegant works, has figured two fpecies
from Jamaica, which efcaped the refearch of the indefa¬
tigable Swartz. On a feverer ferutiny, however, fome
of thefe numerous fpecies may turn out to be varieties,
and others to be the fame fpecies repeated. Jacquin re¬
marks, that all his fpecies, particularly the fmaller ones,
become by age more or lefs cefpitofe, and run over the
bark of trees with their numerous roots, fixing them-
felves into it with a confiderable degree of firmnefs.

Species. I. Climbing. 1 . Epidendrum vanilla, vanil¬
la or vanelloe : leaves ovate-oblong, nerved, felfile, cau-
line, tendrils fpiral. The vanilla is feparated from the
other epidendrums by Plumier, Juflieu, Miller, and
others ; Item trailing, fomewhat like common ivy, but not
fo woody, faftening itfelf to whatever tree grows near it,
by fmall fibres or roots produced at every joint, by which
it may receive nouriftiment when cut or broken off from
the root a confiderable height above the ground ; the
leaves are as large as thofe of the common laurel, but
siot quite fo thick ; they are placed alternate at the
joints, which are fix or feven inches afunder, and are of a
lively green colour above, but paler underneath ; the
Items .{hoot into many branches, which alfo faften thern-
felves to the boughs of trees, and thus rife to the height
of eighteen or twenty feet, fpreading quite over fmaller
trees; the flowers are of a greenifli yellow colour, mixed
with white, and are fucceeded by fruit fix or feven inches
Yol, VI. No. 397.

E P I S61

long. The manner of growth and flowering, the fize of
the flowers, fruit, and lens-fhaped, dark-fhining feeds,
without any aril, diftinguifti this from the other fpecies.
Vanilla, with E. fios aeris and claviculatum, might be
feparated from the genus epidendrum. Native of South
America and the iflands in old woods, in the moift flutdy
parts of them. In the bay of Campeachy, at Cartha-
gena, the Caraccas, Honduras, Darien, Cayenne, &c. the
fruit is gathered and pteferved. When it turns of a yel¬
low colour, and begins to open, they gather it, and lay it
in fmall heaps to ferment two or three days, in the lame
manner as is pradtifed for the cocoa or chocolate pods ;
then they fpread them in the fun to dry ; and when they
are about half dried, they flat them with their hands, and
afterwards rub them over with the oil of palma Chrifti,
or of the cocoa ; the,n they expofe them to the fun again
to dry, and afterwards they rub them over with oil a fe-
cond time ; then they put them in fmall bundles, cover¬
ing them with the leaves of the Indian reed, to preferve
them. Thefe plants produce but one crop of fruit in a
year, which is commonly ripe in May, fit for gathering,
for they do not let them remain on the plants to be per-
fedtly mature, becaufe then they are not fo fit for ufe ;
but when they are about half changed yellow', they ef-
teem them better for keeping than when they are changed
to a dark brown colour, at which time the fruit fplits,
and (hews a great quantity of fmall feeds, which are in-
clofed within it. While the fruit is green, it affords no
remarkable feent, but as it ripens it emits a raoft grateful
aromatic odour. When the fruit begins to open, the
birds attack it and devour all the feeds very greedily, but
do not eat any other part of the fruit. The fruits which
are brought to Europe are of a dark brown colour, about
fix inches long, and fcarce an inch broad; they are
wrinkled on the outfide, and full of a vaft number of
black feeds, like grains of fund, of a pleafant fmell, like
balfarn of Peru. The fruit is only ufed in England as
an ingredient in chocolate, to which it gives a pleafant
flavour to fome palates, but to others it is very difagree-
ble ; but the Spanifti phyficians in America ufe it in me¬
dicine, and efteem it grateful to the ftomach and brain for
expelling wind, to provoke urine, to refill poifon, and
cure the bite of venomous animals. The Spaniards,
French, and Italians, not only ufe the vanilla to give cho¬
colate a delicate fmell and agreeable flavour, but alfo to
perfume fnuffs and other fubftarices. It yields a great
quantity of oil and volatile fait.

Mr. Miller has another fpecies, which he calls Vanilla,
axillaris , and diftinguiflies by its oblong, blunt, com.
prefled, jointed leaves, and axillary flow'ers. It was lent
him from Carthagena in New Spain, where it grows na¬
turally. It has. a climbing ftalk, fending out roots from
the joints, like the other, and mounting to a great height.
The leaves, which come out fingly at each joint, are ob¬
long, fmooth, and jointed. The flowers come out from
the fide of the branches ; they are fhaped like thofe of
the great bee-orchis, but are longer : the helmet is of a
pale pink, and the lip is purple. It flowered in the
Chelfea garden, but lived only one year. There are two
or three varieties of the common vanilla, differing in the
colour of their flowers, and the length of their pods.

2. Epidendrum flos aeris: ftem columnar, fomewhat
branched; leaves lanceolate ; petals linear, obtufe. The
flowers referable a fpider. It is a native of Java, and is
parafitical. See No. 112.

II. Stem upright, leafy. 3. Epidendrum tenuifolium,
or thin-leaved epidendrum : leaves on the ftem fubulate,
channelled. Native of Malabar in the Eaft Indies.

4. Epidendrum fpatulatum, or flatted epidendrum :
leaves on the ftem oblong, alternate, obtufe, veinlefs;
lip of the nectary bifid and divaricate. 5. Epidendrum
furvum, or dark epidendrum : caulefeent ; leaves im¬
bricate, lanceolate ; racemes axillary. Natives cf the
Eaft Indies.

6. Epidendrum coccineum, or fcarlet vanilla ; leaves
jo K CIV

862

EPIDENDRUM.

on the ftem enfiform, obtufe'; peduncles one-flowered,
axillary, crowded. This is an elegant paralitical plant.
Roots round, numerous, fibrous, afh-coloured ; ftems feve-
r:;l, fcarcely attaining to a foot in height ; before thefe
fpring the flowers come forth in the axils of the root-leaves ;
they are void of fcent, and fcarlet. Native of Martinico,
in moift woods, efpecially by the fide of torrents ; alfo
in Jamaica, but not common. Cultivated at Kew in 1794.

7. Epidendrum fecundum, or inferior epidendrum :
leaves on the Idem oblong, emarginate ; Hem comprefled ;
fpike directed one way ; tube of the neCtary length of
the corolla. Paralitical. Roots fibrous, white; Item
round at bottom, gradually comprefled, leafy, pendulous ;
leaves feflile, fheathing, alternate, fpreading in two rows,
the outmoll tip emarginate, veinlefs; peduncle fcape-
form, olten two feet long, terminating, comprefled, jointed
as it were by the deciduous fheaths ; flowers terminating,
in form of a corymb, nodding one way, pale red or brown.
It varies with a rounder and more comprefled Item ;
leaves broader, or more acuminate ; flowers terminating,
or breaking out on the fide; and tube of the neCtary
fhorter or longer than the petals. Native of Martinico
and Jamaica, in mountainous woods. Cultivated at Kew
in 1 794.

Swartz is of opinion that E. anceps of Jacquin is no
more than a variety of this. Jacquin thus deferibes it:
Purafitical, half a foot high or fomewhat more; roots fi¬
brous, round ; (lent comprefled, ancipital at top, with
few leaves; leaves oblong, blunt, coriaceous, alternate,
fheathing. Native of Martinico.

8. Epidendrum lineare, or linear epidendrum : leaves
on the item diltich, linear, obtufe, emarginate ; (tern Am¬
ple ; flowers terminating in a fort of fpike; lip entire.
Stems Ample, heaped, tufted, from one to two feet long,
ere<5t, filiform, leafy, comprefled a little, fmooth ; feeds
extremely minute, dufty and briflly ; as Jacquin fays, ir¬
regularly fhaped like faw-duft. Native of thick moun¬
tain woods in Martinico, and other of the Weft India
iflands ; flowering in fpring. Cultivated at Kew in 1794.

9. Epidendrum pun&atum, or dotted epidendrum :
leaves lanceolate, nerved; flieaths imbricate; fcape pa-
nicled ; and corollas dotted. 10. Epidendrum cauda-
tum, or tailed epidendrum: leaves lanceolate, nerved;
fcape panicled ; petals fpotted, tailed, two very long.
Natives of America.

11. Epidendrum ovatum, or ovate epidendrum : leaves
on the ftern ovate, acute ; item clafping, nerved ; fcapes
panicled. Native of the Eaft Indies.

12. Epidendrum ciliare, or ciliated epidendrum:
leaves oblong, veinlefs; lip of the nectary three-parted,
ciliate, the middle fegment linear; Item two-leaved. This
is an elegant plant, a foot and half high, paralitical on
the trunks of vaft trees, from which it hangs down to¬
wards the ground ; fpike loofe, compofed of about ten
handfome white flowers, four inches in diameter, all
pointing one way. Native of Martinico. Cultivated at
Kew in 1794.

13. Epidendrum noCturnum, or no&urnal epidendrum :
leaves oblong, veinlefs; lip of the neCIary three-parted,
quite entire; the middle fegment linear; Item many¬
leaved. Native of the mountain woods in Martinico,
and in Jamaica, but not common. It fmells very fweet
during the night.

14. Epidendrum cucullatum, or hooded epidendrum :
leaves fubulate ; fcape one-flowered ; lip of the neCtary
ovate, ciliate, acuminate ; petals elongated. Native of
America. Cultivated at Kew in 1794.

15. Epidendrum teres, or taper epidendrum : ftem
Iheathed, decumbent; leaves columnar. Native of Japan.

III. Scape naked; leaves radical. 16. Epidendrum
nodofum, or knotty epidendrum : leaf Angle, fubradical ;
fpadix containing about four flowers. Native of the
Weft Indies, near the coaft ; flowering in fpring.

1 7. Epidendrum carinatum, or carinated epidendrum:

a

leaves oblong, obtufe, comprefled, jointed. Native of
the Philippine iflands, on trees.

18. Epidendrum aloifolium, or aloe-leaved vanilla:
leaves oblong, obtufe, broader at the end. Root thick,
fungous, crinite, knobbed, paralitical ; leaves feveral
from the knob of the root, from two to three feet long,
and two fingers broad, fmooth, (hining, brownilh green,
thick; flowering-ftems feveral, undivided, round, green,
Ihining; three of the petals are narrow, oblong, of a fine
red colour within, with white edges, on the outfide white
and green, in ftreaks, with a tinge of red ; neCtary yellow,
with red lines. Native of Malabar, on different trees. .

19. Epidendrum guttatum, or dotted epidendrum :
leaves lanceolate, channelled; petals wedge-lhaped, re-
tufe. From a matted root this fends out feveral leaves
three inches long, and not a quarter of an inch broad,
almoft triangular, and of a yellowish green colour. From
the midft of thefe comes the flowering-ftalk. Each
flower is made up of four little white petals, fpotted with
brown, and one large one with fewer fpots, on. which is a
fmall yellow hood, and oppolite to it one like it of a
blue colour; on pedicels an inch long, round the top of
the (talk. Native of Jamaica, on the ebonies.

20. Epidendrum juncifolium, or ruflt-leaved epiden¬
drum : leaves fubulate, furrowed ; fcape and petals dot¬
ted ; lip without dots, dilated. Native of America.

21. Epidendrum feriptum, or marked vanilla : leaves
ovate-oblong, three-nerved; flowers racemed, fpotted.
Native of the Eaft Indies.

22. Epidendrum retufum, or retufe epidendrum :
leaves linear, retufe at the end, in two rows ; flowers ra¬
cemed, fpotted. Three feet in height; root white,
woody, bent in, curled, fixing itfelf into the bark of tree*
by its capillary hairy fibres; ftem lifing between two
rows of leaves, Ample, Ihining, fmooth, marked with
rings; the leaves which come out from the top of the
ftem, and when dry, conftitute the ftem itfelf, are oblong-
narrow, equally thick and broad on every fide, folded to¬
gether, fmooth, Ihining, without any vilible veins or
nerves. Native of Malabar, where it flowers in April
and Ottober, the flowers continuing two months; and a
branch fet in water will flower for a month.

23. Epidendrum amabile, or lovely epidendrum :
leaves broad-lanceolate, veinlefs; petals lateral, orbicu-
late. Roots thick, like packthread ; ftem two. feet high,
naked, furrounded by a few acute, very fliort, feales ;
flowers fnow-white, the fize of narciffus flowers. Ob-
ferved in the Eaft Indies by Olbeck ; on branches of
trees, on the coaft of Java, alfo, by Rumphius. The
flowers are large and odoriferous ; lying in a room, they
do not wither for feveral days, and fill it with a molt
agreeable fmell. On the ille of Ternate, none but prin-
cefles are allowed to wear this precious flower.

24. Epidendrum cochleatum, or fpiral epidendrum :
leaves oblong, double, fmooth, (freaked, growing on the
bulb; fcape many-flowered; nectary cordate. Native
of the mountainous parts of Jamaica. This is one of
the few fpecies yet introduced ; we are obliged to Mr.
Alexander Anderfon for it in' 1786. It flowers here in
January and February.

25. Epidendrum tuberofum, or tuberous epidendrum :
leaves broad-lanceolate, nerved, membranaceous, growing
on the bulb ; fcape Iheathed ; nectary boat-form, bifid.
This a native of America. Linnaeus jets it down as the
growth of both Indies, fuppofing it to be the Angraecum
terreftre primum of Rumphius, which Swartz allures us
it is not, becaufe it is drawn without leaf-bearing bulbs,
and is faid to grow on the ground. It is probably a fpe¬
cies of Limodorum. Loureiro has deferibed a plant
cultivated in the gardens of China and Cochinchina, as
the E. tuberofum of Linnteus ; but as he refers to
Rumphius, and fays that it is not parafitical on trees, but
grows on the ground ; it may alfo be a Limodorum, or at
lead is a different fpecies from this.

26. EpL

•E P I D £

2 6. Epidendrum pufillinn, or dwarf epidendrum :
leaves enfiform, fomewhat flefhy ; fcape few-flowered.
Root fibrous ; plant little more than an inch high. Ob¬
served in Surinam by Dahlberg.

27. Epidendrum enlifolium, or fword-leaved epiden¬
drum: flem round, even; leaves enfiform; petals lan¬
ceolate ; lip lanceolate, recurved, dotted. The flowers
have a fweet lemon-like odour, pungent but not (trong,
mod remarkable at night or on entering the hot-houfe in
a morning. On account of this perfume, the plant is
much cultivated in China. Native of China and Japan.

28. Epidendrum moniliforme, or necklace epidendrum :
(lent round, jointed, (freaked, necklace-form, naked, quite
Simple; leaves linear, acute ; flowers white ; common on
walls and in hedges in Japan ; parafitical. Thunberg, in
Iris travels through Japan, obferved it at Mifima, tied up
in bundles, and hung out before a houfe. It can live Se¬
veral years without water or other nourifliment, and yet
grow and flower all the while.

29. . Epidendrum ophiogloflbides, or harts-tongue epi¬
dendrum : ftem one-leafed ; flowers racemed, pointing
one way. Native of America.

30. Epidendrum rufcifolium, or rough-leafed epiden¬
drum : (fern one-leafed ; flowers from the finus of the leaf
aggregate. Native of the high mountains of Jamaica, on
the trunks of old trees; and in the thick woods of Mar-
tinico. Cultivated at Kew in 1794.

31. Epidendrum graminifolium, or grafs-leafed epiden¬
drum : Stem one-leafed ; flowers from the Sinus of the
leaf in pairs. Native of America.

32. Epidendrum Capenfe, or Cape epidendrum : fcape
naked ; leaves imbricate in two rows, linear, obtufe ;
flowers directed oneway ; horn very long. Found at tiie
Cape of Good Hope by Thunberg; parafitical on the
trunks of trees.

33. Epidendrum fufcatum, or brownepidendrum : (lems
Simple; leaves oval; peduncle terminating, elongated,
Scaly ; lip of the nedtary five-lobed, the middle lobe
.minute. This approaches to E. fecundum ; from which
it differs in having a column (horterthan the petals, capi¬
tate and purplifh or brownifn-green flowers, inftead of
violet ones, leaning all one way. Native of Jamaica.
Cultivated by the hon. Mrs. Barrington, at Mongewell,
in 1791.

34. Epidendrum tripterum, or triangular-fruited epi¬
dendrum : leaves from a bulb and from the root fword-
fhaped ; (talks radical flieathed, many flowered; germ
three-winged; lip equal to the petals. Native of Ja¬
maica. It flowered in the garden of the hon. Mrs.
Barrington, in February, 1793 ; alfo in Kew garden,
about 1791 .

35. Epidendrum Barringtonre, or large-flowered epiden¬
drum : leaves broad lanceolate, nerved, arifing from a
bulb ; peduncles radical, moftly (ingle-flowered, lip fring¬
ed ; column with a cover ; flower-ftalks three inches high,
nearly eredt, bearing one flower, rarely two, round, green,
Smooth; clothed with four or more flieathing alternate
Scales, which are ovate, concave, green with a rufty-co-
loured powdery down. This is the mod diflinguiflied of
the Species hitherto introduced among us, not only on ac¬
count of its fize, but its Singularity. Neither this nor the
preceding occurred to Dr. Swartz, who inveftigated the
ifland of Jamaica with no lefs ardour than accuracy. It
is to be hoped, therefore, that more new Species may here¬
after be discovered there. Native of Jamaica. It flower¬
ed in April, 1791, in the collection of the hon. Mrs. Bar¬
rington ; and in Chelfea garden the year following.

36. Epidendrum claviculatum, orclafpingepidendrum :
Item climbing, round, branching ; leaves feflile, half-ftem-
clafping, acute, concave, recurved, rigid. This plant
hangs down from the branches of trees, and creeps up
others to forty feet high. Stem jointed at the diftance of
about five inches, and at every joint fibres three or four
inches long, catching hold by their broad vifeid end of
any part of a tree they come near ; it is about three quar-

N D R U M. 863

ters of an inch in diameter, very Smooth, round and deep
green, Solid, juicy, and Sometimes branched : here arid
there, oppofite to the tendril, comes out a thin mem¬
branaceous leaf, from a broad beginnijig ending in a point.
Native of Jamaica and Hifpaniola.

37. Epidendrum ramofum, or branching epidendrum :
(lem very branching, fuftVutefcent ; leaves linear, emar-
ginate ; racemes terminating, comprefled ; plant a foot
and an half high, leafy, parafitical ; flowers Small, inele¬
gant, greenifli. Native of Martinico and Jamaica.

38. Epidendrum nutans, or nodding epidendrum : (lera
Simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate, nerveleSs ; (tern clafping ;
Spike terminating, nodding, lip of the neftary three-lobed,
the middle lobe three-toothed. Native of Jamaica. Cul¬
tivated at Kew, in 1794.

39. Epidendrum umbellatum, or nmbelled epiden¬
drum: (lem Simple; leaves ovate, emdrginate ; flem-clafp-
ing, veinlefs ; flowers terminating, umbelled. Common
in the valt woods of Martinico, and in Jamaica.

40. Epidendrum anceps, or doubleepidendrum : leaves
cordate lanceolate ; (lem-clafping, horizontal ; raceme
terminating, comprefled, ancipital, fubflexuofe ; flowers
diftich; inner petals capillary, with a three-lobed lip.
Native of Jamaica.

41. Epidendrum rigidum, or fluff epidendrum : leaves
oblong, obtufe, (heathing ; raceme terminating, comprelf-
ed, ancipital ; flowers diftich, larger than 1 he fpathes ; lip
entire ; cordate ovate, acute. Native of woods in Marti¬
nico and Jamaica.

42. Epidendrum diffuftim, or diffufed epidendrum :

leaves oblong; (fern clafping; ftem ancipital; panicle
terminating, very much branched, diffufed ; lip entire,
acuminate. 43. Epidendrum vnontanum, or mountain
epidendrum : leaves lanceolate, flat, recurved, fpread-
ing, fubmembranaceous ; raceme terminating, Simple ;
flowers pointing one way ; lip trifid. 44. Epidendrum
ferrulatum, or Serrated epidendrum : (terns aggregate,
Subdiphyllous ; leaves lanceolate, keeled, Serrulate ; ra¬
ceme terminating ; flowers diftich . 45. Epidendrum

teretifolium, or long-leaved epidendrum : leaves femi-
cylindric ; (tern one flowered ; lip three-fided at the
tip. Natives of Jamaica. Of thefe and others we lament
that we have not descriptions from the accurate hand
of Swartz.

46. Epidendrum globofum, or globular epidendrum :
leaves cylindric, channelled ; flowers terminating, fubfo-
litary ; lip ovate, acute, capfulas globular. Native of
the woods of Martinico and Jamaica.

47. Epidendrum fertularioides, or clover epidendrum :
Item filiform, creeping, jointed ; leaves lanceolate ; pe¬
duncles one-flowered from radical (heaths. 48. Epiden¬
drum teftaefolium, or fhell-leaved epidendrum : (tern
creeping ; leaves incumbent, elliptic, concavo-convex.,
keeled ; flowers feflile under the leaves. Natives of
Jafnaica.

49. Epidendrum undulatum, or waved epidendrum-:
leaves elliptic, acute, fcape farmentofe, very much
branched; petals ovate, clawed obtufe ; lip dilated, emar-
ginate, waved. Parafitical, and the largeft of its fort ; roots
large ; leaves many, long, narrow, Smooth, dark green,
fomewhat like thofe of our common white lily ; (talk
round, tough, brown crooked, fix feet high, with joints
at every eight or nine inches diftance, where are branches
Standing (traight out, with feveral flowers on peduncles
an inch long. Jacquia refers Sloane’s plant here describ¬
ed, to his altijjimum. Swartz thinks that the cartkagcnfc
of Jacquin may poflibly be the fame with his undulatum,
Jacquin’s plant is a native of Carthagena, in thick woods ;
that of Swartz, Sloane, and Browne, of Jamaica.

50. Epidendrum variegatum, or variegated epiden¬
drum : leaves lanceolate, keeled, channelled ; cartila¬
ginous ferrate- on the edge ; (heaths imbricate ; fcapes
fheathing, with a Simple raceme, lip eruciate, two lobed.
Native of the woods in Jamaica and Hifpaniola,

51. Epidendrum utricularioides, or bagpipe epiden¬

drum ;

864 EPIDENDRU M.

drum : leaves lanceolate, marked with lines, flat, {cape
panicled ; lip large, heart-fhaped, horn very fhort. Na¬
tive of Jamaica and Hifpaniola.

52. Epidendrum triquetrum, or three. tided epidendrum :
leaves three-fided, cultrate, compretfed at the tip, lan¬
ceolate, acute; fcape fimpie; lip heart-fliaped, ovate;
Tides emarginate. 53. Epidendrum feffile, or feflile epi¬
dendrum : leaves comprelfed at the bafe, broader at top,
lanceolate linear, obtufe, veinlefs ; peduncles radical,
very fliort, one-flowered. 54. Epidendrum flabelliforme,
or fan-thaped epidendrum : leaves compretfed at the bafe,
dilated at top, ovate lanceolate, acute, flat, nerved ; pe¬
duncles one-flowered, elongated. 55. Epidendrum fu-
bulatum, or awl-fhaped epidendrum : leaves awl (haped,
grooved ; peduncles flieathed, radical, many flowered.
Natives of Jamaica.

56. Epidendrum fatyrioides, or rag-wort epidendrum :
leaves Tubulate cylindric ; Tcape few flowered ; corollas
ventricofe at the bafe in front. Native of Hifpaniola.

57. Epidendrum tribuloides, or thiftle epidendrum:
leaves pedicelled, lanceolate, obtufe, emarginate : pe¬
duncles very fliort, capfules globofe, echinate. 58. Epi¬
dendrum corniculatum, or horned epidendrum: leaves
pedicelled, wedge fliaped, oblong ; peduncles radical,
one-flowered ; corollas acuminate, curved. 59. Epi¬
dendrum lanceola, or lanceolate epidendrum : leaves
pedicelled, lanceolate, acute; peduncles from radical
{heaths, two-flowered. 60. Epidendrum anguftifolium,
or narrow-leaved epidendrum : leaf linear, growing upon
the bulb; fcape panicled. 61. Epidendrum palmifo-
lium, or palm-leaved epidendrum : leaves broad lanceo¬
late, nerved, membranaceous, growing on the bulb ; pe¬
duncles radical, flieathed, many flowered, nedtary boat-
fliaped, entire, reflex. Natives of Jamaica. Of all thefe
we have no defcription.

62. Epidendrum altiflimum, or tall epidendrum : leaves
lanceolate, growing on the bulbs; fcape very much
branched, farmentofe ; petals oblong, lanceolate, acute;
lip obcordate, fliorter than the petals. This is an ele¬
gant parafitical plant. Leaves acute, enfifcrm-oblong,
veinlefs, fliining, quite entire, thickifli, an inch wide, and
half a foot long, keeled at the bafe, in other parts flat,
each fpringing from a joint, or an ovate, comprelfed,
fmooth tuber, fometimes as big as a goofe’s egg, which
is placed on the bafe of another root-leaf or two, like the
others. Flowers without fcent, yellow' with brown fpots,
numerous. Nativeof the woodsof Martinico ; cultivated
at Kew in 1794. Jacquin mentions another, which he
names E. violaceum, from its beautiful violet-coloured
flowers. He found it on a very tall arboreous cereus,
and had not an opportunity of examining it particularly;
it appeared to him to have the habit of the fpecies thus
defcribed.

63. Epidendrum fragans, or Tweet epidendrum : leaf
broad-lanceolate, nervelefs, growing on the bulb; fcape
many-flowered, abbreviated ; lip heart-fhaped. Native
of Jamaica. Introduced here in 1786, by Hinton Eaft,
efq. It flowers in October.

64. Epidendrum fanguineum, or bloody epidendrum :
leaves in pairs, oblong, growing on the bulb ; fcape many-
flowered, fubflexuofe ; lip roundifh, waved, emarginate ;
horn adnate. This, has many white thick fibres like thofe
of leeks, or the tendrils of ivy, taking firm hold of the
bark of trees, and matted together; thefe fend up one
thick greenifli, roundifh, compreifed, bulbous or tuber¬
ous leaf, of an inch diameter, covered with fome brown
withered filaments. From the top of this come two
fmooth ftriated hollow hard pale green leaves, three
inches long and one inch broad, between which fprings
out a naked brown jointed round fmooth ftalk, about a
foot high, near the top of which ftand feveral long red-
difli purple flowers, very beautiful. Native of Jamaica,
on the ebonies and other trees in the favanna-woods plen¬
tifully : cultivated at Kew in 1794.

6j. Epidendrum labiatum, or lipped epidendrum :

leaves radical, oblong, middle bulb folitary, one-leafed S
fcapes few-flow’ered ; lip oblong, with a flefiiy corpufcle
growing to it at top. Natives of Hifpaniola.

66. Epidendrum polybulbon, or many-bulbed epiden-
drum: ftem creeping ; bulb bearing ; bulbs two-leaved,
one-flowered; flower peduncled ; lip heart-fliaped. 67.
Epidendrum proliferum, or proliferous epidendrum :
caulefcent, leaves diftich, fubimbricate ovate ; bulbs
from the (heaths of the leaves two-leaved ; flowers axil¬
lary, feflile. 68. Epidendrum veftitum, or clothed epi¬
dendrum : flem leaflefs, imbricate all round with fheaths,
roundifh ; bulb-bearing ; bulbs growing on the leaf ;
flowers crowded from the fheaths of the ftem. 69. Epi¬
dendrum vomiforme, or Jamaica epidendrum : caulefcent ;
leaves growing on the bulbs, ovate-acuminate, convex,
channelled, three-fided beneath ; fcapes from the bofom
of the leaves. Natives of Jamaica.

70, Epidendrum echinocarpon, or prickly epidendrum :
ftem comprelfed, decumbent, one-flowered ; leaves im¬
bricate all round, diftich, ovate, capfules muricate. Na¬
tive of Guiana, on the trunks of old trees, which are
fometimes quite covered with it.

71. Epidendrum trichocarpon, or maiden-hair epiden¬
drum : flem comprefled, round, rooting, leaves imbricate
all round, diftich, linear, capfules tomentefe. 72. Epi¬
dendrum glaucum, or blue epidendrum: ftem compreft-
ed, almoft upright, many-flowered; leaves imbricate all
round, diftich, broad-lanceolate, very fmooth, glaucous
beneath; capfules naked. 73. Epidendrum graminoides,
or grafty epidendrum : ftem ere£t, comprefled, many-
flowered ; leaves imbricate all round, diftich, remote,
linear; peduncles longer. 74. Epidendrum micranthum,
or fmall-leaved epidendrum : ftemone-leafed ; leaf broad-
lanceolate ; raceme very long, filiform ; flowers pointing
one way, roundifh, fix-cornered. Natives of Jamaica.

75. Epidendrum trigoniflorum, or three-fided epiden¬
drum : ftem one-leafed ; leaf oblong lanceolate ; raceme
the length of the leaves ; flowers moftly pointing one
way, three-cornered. This little parafitical plant is only
about four inches high. Roots fibrous, whitifh, nume¬
rous ; flowers fmall, diredled all to the fame fide, without
fcent, on fliort peduncles, of a dirty yellow colour. Na¬
tive of the mountain woods in Martinico and Jamaica.
According to Swartz, Jacquin’s ophioglojfoidcs is not
that of Linnaeus, but this fpecies.

76. Epidendrum racemiflorum, or raceme-flowered epi¬
dendrum : ftem one-leafed, leaf ovate, raceme longer than
the leaves ; flowers pointing one way ; inner petals ovate.
Natives of Jamaica.

77. Epidendrum alpeftre, or Hifpaniola epidendrum ;
ftem one-leafed, leaf ovate-lanceolate ; racemes loofe ;
keels of the capfules muricate. Native of Hifpaniola.

78. Epidendrum laxum, or fupple epidendrum : ftem
one-leafed ; leaf oblong ; raceme the length of the leaves ;
inner petals awl-ftiaped ; lip ovate ; capiules naked. 79.
Epidendrum ovale, or oval epidendrum : ftem one-leafed ;
leaf ovate, acuminate ; raceme prefted ciofe ; many-
flowered; petals roundifh ; the inner ones remote in front
at the bafe, capfules pedicelled. So. Epidendrum pul-
chellum, or red epidendrum : ftem one-leafed ; leaf round,
ith, acute; raceme loofe ; few-flowered; petals acuminate,
ciliate, the inner one crofted at the tip. 81. Epidendrum,
tridentatum, or three-toothed epidendrum : ftem one-
leafed ; leaf ovate-acute ; three-toothed at the tip ; ra¬
ceme many-flowered; flowers three-fided, acuminate;
petals of the nedftary ere<T, bowed inwards. 82. Epiden¬
drum cochlearifolium, or fpiral-leafed epidendrum : ftem
one-leafed; leaf orbiculate, concavo-convex; raceme few-
flowered. S3. Epidendrum funale, or corded epidendrum:
leaflefs, filiform, rooting ; peduncle two-flowered ; lip two-
lobed; horn very long, awl-fhaped. Natives of Jamaica.

84. Epidendrum filiforme, or filiform epidendrum :
leaflefs; filiform; rooting; peduncles fubtriflorous ; lip
ovate ; horn very fhort, headed at the tip. Native of
Hifpaniola. Of all thefe fpecies, from 36 to 84, we ek~

E P I D E N D R U M.

:pect defcriptions from the accurate hand of Dr. Swartz,
the firfl difcoverer of them.

85. Epidendrum concretum, or concrete epidendrum :
leaves radical, lanceolate, acute; nedtary concrete with
the petals; parati tical, a foot high. Native of Martirtico.

8d. Epidendrum cebolleta, or bulbous epidendrum :
leaf radical (ingle, awl-fhaped ; knot rooted ; raceme
compound. Leaf round, acute, (lightly grooved within,
fmooth, flefliy, at bottom a finger in thicknefs, in length
from one to two feet, but fometimes four feet, ending at
tire bafe in a knot or roundifh tubercle, permanent after
the leaf is decayed. The natives call it cebolletas, (cibouls
or little bulbs,) and make ufe of the tubercles triturated
with fait in violent contufions, fradtures, &c. The whole
plant is void of fmell. Native of Carthagena in woods,
efpecially on the coaft.

87. Epidendrum fpathulatum, or fheathed epidendrum:
leaves bifarious, alternate, approximating ; praemorfe,
with a doubled tip, coriaceous, fcarcely a foot long. 88.
Epidendrum variegatum, or varied epidendrum : leaves
alternate, fpreading, (heathing, ovate acute, three-nerved,
waved, fmooth, variegated. Swartz has given the fame
same to an American fpecies : fee No. 50. 89. Epiden¬

drum calceolarias, or (hoe epidendrum : leaves bifarious,
alternate, remote, fpreading very much, awl-fhaped, thick,
fmooth. 90. Epidendrum hexandrum, or fix-parted epi-
dendrum : leaves bifarious, alternate, fpreading, a little
feffile, ending in (heaths, fomewhat remote, lanceolate,
emarginate with a point, rigid. 91. Epidendrum ophry-
dis, or eye-brew epidendrum : leaves alternate, (heathing,
from eredt fpreading, ovate, acute, quite entire, nerved,
fmooth ; a little bulbed on the furface ; membranaceous;
(horter than the fcape ; ending in tubular, keeled,
fmooth (heaths. 92. Epidendrum fupplex, or proftrate
epidendrum: leaves crowded, fword-fhaped, (lieathing,
comprefied, quite entire, acute, fmooth, flelhy. 93.
Epidendrum orchideum, or olive epidendrum : leaves
bifarious, alternate, fefiile, fpreading, lanceolate, quite
entire, acute, fmooth, flefliy, rigid. 94. Epidendrum
pufillum, or dwarf epidendrum : (hoots in bundles ;
apprefl'ed; a fpan long; racemes folitary, Ample, up¬
right, comprefied, naked at bottom, toothletted towards
the tip, fmooth. 95. Epidendrum complanatum, or
flat epidendrum : leaves alternate, fefiile, fpreading,
linear-moon-fhaped, retufe, fmooth ; upper furface con¬
cave, lower keeled ; flefliy. 96. Epidendrum clava-
tum, or clubbed epidendrum : leaves alternate, fef¬
file, fpreading, a little linear-club-(haped, with two un¬
equal teeth at the end, fmooth, flat, having a large nerve,
depreffed above, permanent beneath. 97. Epidendrum
fubulatum, or fubulate epidendrum : leaves alternate,
eredt, fefiile, awl-fhaped, cylindric, fmooth, acute ;
(heaths obtufe, margined, fmooth, with minute dark-pur¬
ple dots, (horf. Swartz gave the fame name to No. 55.
98. Epidendrum nudum, or naked epidendrum : ftem none ;
peduncles (imple, one-flowered, with two or three "fmooth
membranaceous tubular (heaths, inverting the younger pe¬
duncles with an oblique mouth, caducous. 99. Epiden¬
drum tomentofum, or rugged epidendrum: leaves from
the bulbs ufually four, feldom two or three, alternate,
almoft eredt, bifarious at the bafe, half-fheathing the
bulb, oblong, quite entire, acute, concave, recurved at
the tip, fmooth, eight-nerved, flefliy. 100. Epidendrum
bidentatum, or two-toothed epidendrum : leaves (heath¬
ing each other, three or four, feldom five, fword-fliaped,
bifarious, fertile, quite entire, with two (harp toothlets at
the tip, fmooth on both Tides, keeled at the back. 101.
Epidendrum lycopodioides, or lycopodon epidendrum :
rtenis crowded at the roots, pendulous, Ample, comprefT-
ed ; leaves alternate, bifarious, (heathing one another at
the bafe, prefied clofe above the (heaths, lanceolate,
acute, a little margined, fmooth, flefhy. 102. Epiden¬
drum longiflorurn, or long-flowered epidendrum : leaves
growing to the bulbs, folitary, fubpetioled, eredt, lan-
ceolate-retufe, margin quite entire, recurved, fmooth,
fkefhy, rigid, brittle. 103. Epidendrum flabellum, or
Vol. VI. No, 398,

863'

fan epidendrum : leaves folitary, one from each bulb,"
eredt, petioied, lanceolate oblong, quite entire, emargi¬
nate, a little recurved, obfeurely nerved, fmooth, flefhy,
rigid. 104. Epidendrum faaroniipum: leaves alternate,
fubbifarious, fefiile, fpreading, lanceolate, flattifh, above
even, fireaked (lightly, and having five more evident
nerves, beneath fmooth, with a (mail groove along the
midrib, but no (freaks, emarginate, flefliy, rigid. >05.
Epidendrum plantaginifolium, or plantain-leaved epiden¬
drum : leaves bifarious, (lieathing each other, eredt, li-
near-tliree-(ided, (lightly channelled, fharpirti, fmooth,
flefhy, narrow at the bafe next the (heaths. 106. Epi-
dendrtim fertile, or fertile epidendrum : leaves fcattered
from fertile bulbs, fpreading, fubpetioled, retufe, above
fmooth, a little channelled, beneath convex, flefliy. 107.
Epidendrum liliifolium,or lily-leaved epidendrum : leaves
from the bulbs fubpetioled, eredt at the bafe, more
fpreading at the tip, linear lanceolate, fharpirti, fmooth,
keeled at the back, membranaceous, fcarcely rigid.
108. Epidendrum calceolaria: terreflre, or earth epiden¬
drum : leaves fpreading, bifarious, fertile, ending in
(heaths, oblong-lanceolate, quite entire, (lightly and ob¬
liquely emarginate, above even, (Timing, beneath fmooth,
with from nine to fourteen nerves, rigid, the lower ones
(hort, broader, the upper longer, and fcarcely an inch
broad. 109. Epidendrum flos aeris, or doubtful epi-
dendrum : leaves from bulbs, ovate oblong, acute, flat,
flelhy. This having the name of flos aeris with a note of
interrogation, is fufpedted to be the fame with No. 2.
Tliefe twenty-three fpecies are natives of the Eaft-Ir.dies,
w here they were di (covered by Koenig, and aredeferibed by
him at great length, as may be feen in the fixth fafciculus
of Retzius’s obfervations. Moft of the fpecies are new
ones, not mentioned by any other author. A few of them,
however, are probably deferibed and figured by Rum-
pliius. Neither Koenig nor Retzius have given any diag-
nofes or fpecific charadters.

no. Epidendrum trifle, or fad epidendrum: leaves
cylindric, empty, (heaths fi (till ofe ; peduncles oppoliteto
the leaves, corymbed, perforating the (heath ; lip of the
nedtary entire, fpatulate-heart-fhaped. in. Epidendrum
crifpattivn, or crifped epidendrum : leaves cauline, round,
filiform, fubincurved, empty, fertile ; raceme quite Ample ;
lip of the nedtary with the middle fegmerit revolute,
waved, crenate. 112. Epidendrum equitans, or equitant
epidendrum: leavesequitant, enfiform-comprefled, keeled,
acuminate ; fcape naked, raceme fpiked ; nodding, filiform.
113. Epidendrum myofurus, or moufe-ear epidendrum :
leaves (heathing at the bafe, obliquely divaricate, linear, ob¬
tufe, channelled ; fcape naked ; raceme fpiked, nodding,
filiform. 114. Epidendrum biflorum, or two-flowered,
epidendrum : leaves diftich, linear-lanceolate, acute ;
peduncles two-flowered, folitary, perforating the (heaths
of the leaves; lip of the nedtary trifid, acuminate. 115.
Epidendrum autumnale, or autumnal epidendrum : leaves
cauline, lanceolate, nerved, crowded, (heathing, pedun¬
cles terminating, fcaly, panicled, lip of the nedtary eredt,
retufe. u6. Epidendrum fafciola, or banded epiden¬
drum : leaves rooting, parafitical, bundled, linear, w’av-
ed ; fcapes feveral ; racemed ; lip of the nedtary flipper-
(liaped, with a fpur. 117. Epidendrum umbellatum, or
umbelled epidendrum : runners creeping ; leaves oval,
flefliy, petioied ; petioles fixed into ovate angular-keeled
apophyfes, fcape rooted, umbel (imple, one-fided, lowed
petals elongated. 118. Epidendrum refupinatum, or
inverted epidendrum : leaves cauline, petioied, ovate,
acuminate, quite entire, plaited, keeled, five-nerved ; ra¬
ceme Ample, fpiked ; flowers inverted ; lower lip of the
nedtary toothed. 119. Epidendrum clypeolum, or fnield-
ed epidendrum : leaf radical, roundifh, cordate, cowled .
at the bafe, reflex and (harp at the tin, fcape almofl eredt,
racemed ; lower lip of the nedtary orbiculate, emarginate.
very large. Thefe are all natives of the newly-difcol
vered iilands in the South Seas. They are all fuppofed ’
to be new, except No. 118, which is figured in Hortus
Malabaricus. Porlter, in his appendix to his Florida
io L AuftraliSj

866. E P I

Auftralis, mentions another fpecies to be found in the So¬
ciety ifies, to which he gives the name of dijlichumy and
a fecund, to which he does not give any trivial name.
We have to lament that we have hitherto no defcriptions
of thefe fpecies.

120. Epidendrum nervofum, or nerved epidendrum :
fcape angular; leaves ovate, nerved; lip entire, reflex.
Native of Japan between Ofacca and Jedo : flowering
in May and June.

12s. Epidendrum ftriatum, or ftriated epidendrum:
fcape angular, fmooth, leaves fword-fftaped, nerved, pe¬
tals lanceolate, lip oblong, flat. Leaves radical, four or
five, fheathing, entire, fmooth, unequal, an inch wide, a
fpan long. Nativeof Japan, flowering in June. Though
this be Limodorum flriatum of the Flora Japonica, yet it
is diflindl Lrom the plant of the fame name in Ksempf.
ic. fjl. t. 2. which is a very beautiful parafite, found on
trees among the Circar mountains ; it flowers during the
wet feafon.

122. Epidendrum teflelatum, or teflelated epidendrum.

123. Epidendrum prtemorfum, or truncated epidendrum.

124. Epidendrum pendulum, or pendulous epidendrum.
Thefe three inhabit the fame places as No. 121.

125. Epidendrum vanda, or Indian epidendrum. Ad¬
ded by fir W. Jones. This lively lovely plant attaches
itfelf chiefly to the higheft Amras and Bilvas (the Man-
gifera and Crataeva of Linn.) ; but it is an air plant, and
lives (fays the prefident) in a pot without earth or water :
its leaves are excavated upwards, to catch and retain dew.

Propagation and Culture. Since Miller’s time numerous
fpecies of this fine and very Angular genus have been in¬
troduced into our gardens, and fome of them cultivated
with fuccefs by the fuperior fkill of modern pra6tice,
which defpairs not of rearing and preferving any plants
where expence is not regarded. It requires, however,
great (hill and attention to overcome the united difficulties
which attend the cultivation of plants which are at tire
fame time of the Orchis tribe and paralitical. Dr. Smith
fays, we have fcarcely feen any one fpecies of this genus,
except in a dry (late, before the year 1 7S7, when E. coch-
leatum flowered for the firft time in the ftove, at Kew ;
nor was it till October, 1788, that Is. fragrans of Swartz
exhibited its fragrant and elegant bloom in the fame rich
colleftion. At prefent feveral fpecies are to be feen
flowering in fpring or autumn. They are all cultivated
in the ftove, with very great heat ; being moftly parafi-
tical, they flouriffi belt with fragments of half-rotten bark
at their roots. They may be increafed by parting their
roots, or what are commonly called offsets, of which they
generally have plenty. See Lycoperdon.

EPIDER'MIS, f. [from e wa, upon, and os^a, the
fkin.] The fcarf-fkin, or cuticle, which lies upon and
covers the true fkin. — See Anatomy, vol. i. p. 586.

. EPIDID'YMIS, J. [from etti, upon, and hov^oi;, a
tefticle.] That body on the upper part.of the tefticles,
formed from a continuation of the tubes which conftitute
the tefticles. — See Anatomy, p. 618.

EPI'DIUM, one of the weftern ifies of Scotland, or
4he Mull of Cantyre. Ptolemy.

EP1 D'OSI S,f. [from emot ^u, Gr. ] The medical term
for a preternatural enlargement of any part of the body.

EPIDO'TiB, certain deities who prefided over the
birth of children. They were vvorfhipped by the Lace¬
daemonians, and chiefly invoked by thofe who were per¬
secuted by the ghofts of the dead, &c. Paufanias.

E'PIEZ, a town of France, in the department of the
Loiret, and chief place of a canton, in the diftricf of
Beaugency : twelve miles weft of Orleans.

EPIGvE'A, f. [ETrtyoua, Qr. lying or creeping on the
ground.] In botany, a genus of the clafs decandria, order
monogynia, natural order bicornes. The generic charac¬
ters are— Calyx : perianthium double, approximated,
permanent : perianthium-exterior three-leaved ; leaflets
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; the exterior large: peri-
aiithium-iuterior five-parted, upright, a little longer than

E P I

the exterior ; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla :
one-petalled, falver-form ; tube cylindric, as long as the
calyx or longer, hirfute within ; border fpreading, five-
parted ; lobes ovate-oblong. Stamina : filaments ten,
filiform, length of the tube, affixed to the bafe of the
corolla; anthers: oblong, ffiarp. Piftillum : germ glo-
bofe, villofe ; ftyle filiform, length of the ftamens ;
ftigma obtufe, fubquinquefid. Pericarpium : capfule
fubglobole, deprefled, five-cornered, five-celled, five-
valved. Seeds : very many, roundith ; receptacle large,
five-parted. — EJfential Character. Calyx, outer three¬
leaved; inner five-parted; corolla, falver-form; cap¬
fule, five-celled. _ /

Species. 1. Epigaea repens, creeping epigsea, or trail¬
ing arbutus : leaves cordate-ovate, entire, flat, ftiarp ;
corollas cylindric. It is a low plant, with a trailing
ft) rub by ftalk, which puts out roots at the joints, and
when in a proper foil and fituation, multiplies very faft;,
the ftalks are garniflied with oblong rough leaves which
are waved on their edges ; the flowers are produced at
the end of thefe branches in loofe bunches ; they are
white, and divided at the top into five acute fegments,
which fpread open in form of a ftar. It flowers in July,
but does not produce fruit in England. Native of Vir¬
ginia and Canada.

2. Epigaea cordifolia, or heart-leaved epigtea : leaves
heart-fhaped, roundith, ferrate, convex, ’hifpid, rigid,
corollas ovate. Native of Guadaloupe.

Propagation and Culture . The firft fpecies is a plant eafily
propagated by its trailing ftalks, which put out roots at
the joints, may be cut off from the old plant and placed in
a thady fituation and amoift foil ; the beft time for this is
in autumn, that the plants may be well rooted before the
fpring. If the winter (hould prove very fevere, it will
be proper to lay a few dried leaves, or fome fuch light
covering, over them, which will prevent their being in¬
jured by froft ; and after they are well rooted, they will
require no farther care but to keep them clean from weeds.

EPIGiE'UM, f. [E'Euyaior, Gr. ] The part of a circle
in which a planet moves, which is neareft to the earth,
oppofed to the apogseum.

EPIGAS'TRIC, adj. [ epigafricus , Lat. s-snyargioi1, Gr.,
the epigaftrium.] Belonging to the epigaftrium.

EPIG'ASTRIUM, [from e®s upon, and yarnp, Gr.
the belly.] The upper fore-part of the belly, reaching
from the pit of the ftomach, nearly to the navel. See
Anatomy.

EPIGEI'OS,/. in botany. See Arundo.

EPIGENNE'MA, f. [from zemyivofAca, Gr. to gene¬
rate upon.] With phyficians, a fymptom fupervening
upon another fymptom. Any thing growing upon ano¬
ther, as a fur upon the tongue.

EPIGLOT'TIS,/. in botany. See Astragalus.

EPIGLOT'TIS, [from EOTt, upon, and y^urJii, Gr. the
aperture of the larynx.] The leaf-like cartilage which
covers the glottis whilft we fwallovv, to prevent any thing
from falling into it. See Anatomy.

EPIGLO 1 ' TUM,/. [from s'EnyAi.'Tlij, Gr. the epi¬
glottis, which it refembles in fhape.] In furgery, an
inftrument for elevating the eye-lids.

EPIGLU'TIS,/. in anatomy. That part of the thigh
which is joined to the hip.

EPIG'ONI, the fons and defendants of the Grecian,
heroes who were killed in the firft Theban war. The war
of the Epigoni is famous in ancient hiftory. It was un¬
dertaken ten years after the firft. The fons of thofe who
had periftied in the firft war, refolved to avenge the death
of their fathers, and marched againft Thebes, under the
command of Therfander; or, according to others, of
Alcmapon the fon of Amphiaraus. The Argives were
aflifted by the Corinthians, the people of Meffenia, Ar¬
cadia, and Megara. The Thebans had engaged all their
neighbours in their quarrel, as in one common caufe, and
the two hoftile armies met and engaged on the banks of
the Giiffas. The fight was obftinate and bloody, but

victory

E P I

TiCtory declared for the Epigoni, and fome of the The-
bans fled to Illyricum with Leodamas their general, while
others retired into Thebes, where they were foon befieg-
ed, and forced to furrender. In this war ASgialeus alone
was killed, and his father Adraftus was the only perfon
who efcaped alive in the firlt war. This whole vyar, as
Paufanias obferves, was written in verfe ; and Callinus,
who quotes fome of the verfes, afcribes them to Homer,
which opinion has been adopted by many writers. Poi¬
nty part, continues the geographer, I own that next to
the Iliad and Odyfley of Homer, I have never feen a finer
poem. Apollodorus. This name has been applied to the
fans of thofe Macedonian veterans, who, in the age ot
Alexander, formed connections with the women of Alia.

EPIGO'NATIS,/ [Gr.] The pan of the knee.

E'PIGRAM,/. [ epigramma , Lat.] A fliort poem ter¬
minating in a point. — A college of witcrackerscannot flout
me out of my humour : do’it thou think I care for a fatire
or an epigram ? Shakef peart.

I writ

An epigram that boafts more truth than wit. Gay.

EPIGRAMMATIC, orEpiGRAMMATiCAt,,aj/;'. [ epi-
grammaticus, Lat.] Dealing in epigrams ; writing epi¬
grams. — Our good epigrammatical poet, old Godfrey of
Winchefler, thinketh no ominous forefpeaking to lie in
names. Camden. — Suitable to epigrams ; belonging to epi¬
grams. — Me is every where above conceits of epigrammatick
wit and grofs hyperboles : he maintains majetly in the
midft of plainnefs ; he (bines, but glares not ; and is
ftately, without ambition. Addifon.

EPIGRAM'MATIST,y. One who writes or deals in
epigrams. — Suchacuftomer the epigrammatijl Martial meets
withall, one who, after he had walked through the faired
ftreet twice or thrice, cheapening jewels, plate, rich hang¬
ings, came away with a wooden difli. Peachum.

EP'IGRAPH,yi [from f<an, upon, and Gr. wri¬

ting.] An infcri.ption on a building, pointing out the
time when, the perfons by whom, the ufes, &c. for which
it was erefted.

EPIGRY'PHUS,yi [from vm t, and ygtnj/, Gr. a hawk. ]
Having amofe like the beak of a hawk, commonly called
a Roman nofe. This was the diftinguifhing charadberiftic
of the Egyptian god Ofiris. See Egypt, in this volume.

EPI'LA, a town of Spain, in the province of Aragon,
on the Xiloca : feventeen miles weft of Saragolfa.

EPILAMP'SIS,y. [from £®-iAag.'Erw, Gr. to thine.] The
fparkling and fhining lights which feem to appear before
the eyes of epileptic perfons.

EP'ILEPSY,yi [from I’mXapGuvco, Gr. to feize upon. ]
A convulfion, or convullive motion of the whole body, or
fome of itsparts, with a lofs of fenfe. A convulfive mo¬
tion happens when the blood, or nervous fluid, runs into
any part with fo great violence, that the mind cannot rc-
ftrain them. See the article Medicine. — Melancholy
diflempers are deduced from fpirits drawn from that ca-
^hochymia, the phrenitis from cholerickTpirits, and the
epilepfy from fumes. F layer.

EPILEP'TIC, adj. Convulfed ; difeafed with an epi¬
lepfy. — Epilepticks ought to breath a pure air, unaffefted
with any (teams, even fuch as are very fragant. Arbulhnot.

EPILEP'TICS,/! [ epileptica , Lat. from iw^wiGr.,
the epilepfy.] Medicines which cure or relieve an
epilepfy.

EPILO'BIUM, f. [£®i Ao£0y toy, Gr. “ a violet
upon a pod a rare inftance of the name exprefling an
elfential character of the plant.] In botany ; the Wit,-
tow-HERB ; a genus of the clals oCtandria, order mono-
gynia, natural order of calycantheinse. The generic
characters are — Calyx : perianthium one leafed, four-
parted, fuperior ; divilions oblong, acuminate, coloured,
deciduous. Corolla : petals four, roundifh, outwardly
wider, emarginate, expanding, inferted into the divifiojts
of the calyx. Stamina : filaments eight, fubulate, the
alternate ones (horter; anthers oval, comprefled, obtufe.
Piftillum : germ cylindric, extremely long, inferior ;

E P I 807

ftyle filiform ; (tigma four-cleft, thick, obtufe, rolled
back. Pericarium : capfule extremely long, cylindric,
ftreaked, four-celled, four-valved. Seeds : numerous,
oblong, crowned with down ; receptacle extremely long,
four-cornered, free, flexile, coloured. — EJfcntial CharaElcr.
Calyx four-cleft ; petals four; capfule, oblong, inferior ;
feeds, downy.

Species. I. Stamens bent down, i . Epilobium anguffi-
folium, or narrow. leaved or rofebay willow-herb : leaves
fcattered, linear-lanceolate, quite entire, veined, flowers un¬
equal. Thele plantsare hardy perennials, not void of beau¬
ty ; they are, however, commonly conlidered only as weeds,
and accordingly are Celdom cultivated in gardens, except
the prelent fpecies, which has an upright (fern, from three
to fix feet high, branched at top, round, and pubefeent ;
branches alternate ; leaves alternate, running (lightly down
the (tern, fmooth, the edge minutely and rarely indented,
the midrib whitifh, the lateral nerves are nearly at right
angles with this, and the leaves at their fi r ft appearance are
rolled in at the edge ; flowers purple, (howy, growing in
a kind of long fpike, on purple peduncles, the length of
the germ, bending down before the flowers open, but
afterwards eredl, feldom more than four or five blown to¬
gether on the fame fpike. There is a variety of this with
white flowers. From the fimilitude of the leaves to thofe
of willow, this plant obtained the name of willow-herb or
French willow. It was formerly much planted in gardens ;
but, as it overruns all the neighbouring plants by means
of its creeping roots,. it has generally been caff out : how¬
ever, in low moift places, or in great (hade, this plant will
make a good appearance when it is in flower, which will-
be near a month, if the feafon be not very hot. It is na¬
tive of mod parts of Europe from Lapland to Italy. In
Britain it is not common ; on Maizehill, beyond Green¬
wich, and other places near London, it has probably got
out of gardens ; but in other places it is undoubtedly
wild, as near Alton in Hamplhire ; in Charlton foreft, and
feveral other woods in Suffex, where Mr. Miller found
it in great plenty, far from any habitations ; about Berk-
hampitead, in Hertfordfhire ; in feveral parts of York-
fhire ; and many places in Scotland. The young (hoots
are (aid to be eatable, although an infufion of the plant
ftttpifies : the pith, when dried, is boiled, and becoming
(weet, is by a proper procefs made into ale, and this into
vinegar by the Kamtfchatdales ; it is alfo added to the
cow-patfnip, to enrich the fpirit that is prepared from
that plant ; as fodder, goats are faid to be extremely fond
of it, and cows and (beep to eat it ; the down of the feeds
mixed with cotton or fur has been manufactured into
(lockings and other articles of clothing.

2. Epilobium angufliflimum, or linear-leaved willow-
herb : leaves fcattered, linear, obfeurely toothletted,
veinlefs; petals equal, quite entire. This fpecies has
been confounded with the foregoing. ProfelfOr de Sauf-
(ure fays it differs in its woody Item, its very narrow
leaves with falient glands on their edges, the much more
lively colour of the flower, (horter (iliques, and the air
entirely different. Haller adds, that the Item is only a
foot or eighteen inches in height with a branch from al-
ntofl: every axil ; the flowers almoft the fame with the
foregoing, but the leaves totally different. M. Villars
fays, that the flowers do not come in a fpike, like thofe
of the preceding, but terminate the (fern, and are fewer
in number. It is an alpine plant, but is common low
down in the beds of the alpine torrents ; as in the Vevaife,
and the Grande Eati near Aigle ; found alfo in Provence,
Dauphine, Savoy, &c. and flowers in July and Augufi.

3. Epilobium latifolium, or broad-leaved willow-herb z
leavesalternate, lanceolate-ovate ; flowers unequal. This
differs from the firff fpecies in having flowers twice the
(ize ; the leaves broader, regularly alternate, not fcattered,
very fmoothly tomentofe on both (ides. The ftem is
round, eighteen inches to upwards of two feet in height,
and ereft. Both this and the firll differ from the follow¬
ing fpecies in having unequal corollas with entire petals ;
the flamens converging at the bafe to the ftyle.; the piffil

bent

E P I

8tf8

bent down ; the leaves not oppofite, and when they firft
break forth rolled back. Native of Denmark, Silelia,
and Siberia.

II. Stamens upright, regular ; petals bifid. 4. Epi'lo-
bium hirfutum, or large-flowered willow-herb : leaves
ovate-lanceolate, half-ftem-clafping hirfute ; Item branch¬
ing very much ; root creeping. Stem from three to fix.
feet high, upright, very much branched, cylindric, fome-
what quadrangular at bottom, hirfute and pur pli fh : with
foft i pleading hairs, flatted at the inferticm of the branches ;
which are like the (fern, nearly upright, the upper gene¬
rally folitary alternate ; flowers, large, fhovvy, purple or
fiefh-coloured, fomewhat bell-ftiaped, and hanging down
a little, on peduncles, folitary, alternate. Native of mod
parts of Europe, by the Tides of ditches, ponds, lakes and
rivers; flowering in July and Auguft. The leaves, and
particularly the top (hoots when (lightly bruifed, have
a delicate cool fragance, refembling fealded codlings,
whence its name of codlings and cream ; this fragrance is
very foon loft after the plant is gathered. It is alfo called
great hairy codded loofe-Jlrife. Horfes, (beep, and goats, eat
it ; and, if it were found to be an acceptable fodder, it
might be cultivated to advantage in wet filiations. It
varies with white flowers, and alfo with variegated leaves,
in which date it is fometimes fold by the gardeners ; but
having a creeping root, it is apt to increafe too much.

5. Epilobitim villofum, or hoary willow-herb : leaves
oblong-lanceolate, toothed, pubefeent ; ftem columnar
villofe. This invariably differs from the foregoing
in its corolla, root, and pubefcence. The corolla is in
general not more than one-third of the fize; the root
does not creep ; and both ftem and leaves are covered
with numerous foft hairs, which give the whole plant a
Iioary appearance. The plant is alfo much fmaller, and
in general not fo much branched: the leaves feflile but
not decurrent, the ferratures few and diflant : the calyx
is alfo very different ; and the fegments of the ftigma are
fcarcely rolled back. It grows in the fame places, and
-flowers at the fame time, with the foregoing.

6. Epilobium montanum, mountain or wood willow-herb:
leaves oppofite, ovate, toothed. The root has, on its
upper part, little buds of a light red colour. Stem from
one to three feet high, upright, red, cylindric, fcarce per¬
ceptibly downy, fometimes branched at top, but often
(ingle. Native of Europe, in woods and hedges ; fome¬
times in moift meadows, but more frequently in dry gra¬
velly foils, in courts, negledted walks, and on walls ; on
old trees, el'pecially willows. It flowers from June to
Auguft. Mr. Hudfon, marks it as biennial, and indeed it
has not the appearance of being perennial, like moft of
the others. — This, like moft of the reft, varies with a
white corolla, as alfo with three or four leaves at each
joint.

7. Epilobium tetragonum, or fquare-ftalked willow-
herb : leaves lanceolate, toothletced, the bottom ones
oppofite; ftem four-cornered. One of the moft ftriking
characters of this is the apparent fquarenefs of the (talk,
which arifes from projecting lines running from the leaves
down it : to this we may add the narrownefs of its leaves ;
the uncommon length of its pods, and its undivided ftig-
xna, a character firft noticed by Ray. The lower leaves
are lanceolate, the upper ones narrower, all ferrate and
fmooth ; flowers fmall, purple. Native of Europe, the
Raft Indies, China and Cochinchina ; with us not uncom¬
mon, generally met with in marfhes, and by the Tides of
rivulets and ditches ; as in the lane from Newington to
Hornfey-wood ; near Bungay :n Suffolk; Alconbury in
Huntingdonfhire, &c. flowering in July and Auguft.

8. Epilobium paluftre, or marrti willow-herb : leaves
oppofite, lanceolate, quite entire; petals emarginate;
ftem ereCt. Stem cylindric, upright, fmooth, or pubef-
cent, a foot high ; but Villars deferibes it as being lower
than any of the preceding, and only half a foot high ; the
leaves narrow, almoft linear, moftly alternate, obtufe and
wider at the bafe 3 the flowers fmall, pale red, emarginate.

E P I

He fay?, that there are intermediate fpecimens which fo
bring together this and E. montanum and tetragonum,
that it is difficult to diftinguifli them ; that this, how¬
ever, is marked by the form of its leaves, the branches
being approximating,- and by its truncate root full of
fibres : lie adds, it is clear that this is not Chamaenerion
paluftre of Scopoli, becaufe the petals are entire ; and he
is of opinion that Scopoli has given this name to the fe-
cond fpecies. Native of Europe, on marfhes, bogs, and
by the (ides of lakes.

9. Epilobium alpinum, or alpine willow-herb : leaves
oppofite, ovate-lanceolate, quite entire, filiques feflile,
ftem creeping. This is a creeping plant, flowering early in
the fpting with feflile germs : it is three or four inches,
or hardly a fpati high, decumbent at bottom, then upright,
and bears one or two flowers at the top. Native of the
mountains of Lapland, Denmark, Swiflerland, Silelia,
Savoy, Dauphine, Britain ; as on Cheviott bills, near Set¬
tle, about Buckbarrow-well, and in many parts of Scot¬
land, by the fides of rivulets, and in fandy places.

10. Epilobium fruticofum, or fhrubby willow-herb:
ftem fhrubby very much branched, leaves quite entire,
alternate, hirfute. Stem ftraight, round, fix feet high,
with afeending branches. This is a native of Cochinchina.

11. Epilobium glabellum, or fmooth willow-herb:
leaves oblong, toothed, obtufe, the bottom ones oppo¬
fite ; ftem roundifh, eredt. 12. Epilobium rotundifo-
lium, or round-leaved willow-herb : leaves oppofite,
roundifh, toothletted. Natives of New Zealand.

13. Epilobium parviflorum, or fmall -flowered willow-
herb : leaves oppofite, lanceolate, ferrate feflile, both they
and the ftem villofe. Native of Germany.

14. Epilobium alfinefolium, or chick-weed leaved wil¬
low herb : ftem creeping; leaves ovate, acute, toothed ;
filiques the length of the ftem. This is very nearly allied
to E. alpinum in its fize, habit, difpofition of the leaves,
flowers, and filiques : their (ferns at bottom decumbent are
thence afeending ; they are Ample, and commonly two or
three inches high ; the leaves are oppofite ; thofe of E.
alpinum are elliptic, obtufe, very feldom toothed, the
upper ones are narrower and alternate; both upper and
lower are of a bright green : the leaves of this are wider,
oval, fharp, always toothed, and of a dufky green inclin¬
ing to black; the flowers are bright red, a little emargi¬
nate, middle-fized ; the filiques are few, fmall, at an ob¬
tufe angle in the firft ; fquare, very long, and ftraight in
the fecond. They both grow on the fummits of the
higheft mountains, near the fnow, where the filiques are
often as long as the ftem. It is poflible that they may be
only varieties of E. montanum and tetragonum.

Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants propagate fpon-
taneoufly, both by feeds and runners ; and require to be
reftrained rather than increafed by the hand of art. They
may, however, be admitted to advantage in remote fhady
corners, or on rock-work. They require no culture, ex¬
cept fuch as is neceflary to keep them within bounds.

EP'ILOGUE,yi \_epilogus, Lat.J The poem or fpeech
ufually delivered at the end of a play. — If it be true that
good wine needs no bufh, ’tis true that a good play needs
no epilogue ; yet to good wine they do ufe good buflies,
and good plays prove the better by the help of good epi¬
logues. Shakcfpeare.

To EPI'LOGUIZE, v. n. To fpeak fomething by way
of epilogue. — The dances ended, the fpirit epiloguizes.
Stage-direElion in Milton’s Comus.

EPILOI'MICA, J'. [from eth, upon, and A01 Gr.
the plague.] Medicines good for the plague.

EPIME'DIUM,^ [fo called by Pliny and Diofcorides,
from e7ti and /zrihov, Gr. being larger than another plant
named medium: this derivation is very unfatisfactory, but
we have not abetter to fubftitute. ] Barrenyvort; in
botany, a genus of the clafs tetrandria, order monogynia,
natural order of corydnles, (berberides, JuJf.) The ge¬
neric characters are — Calyx: perianthium four-leaved;
leaflets ovate, obtufe, concave, expanding, fmall, placed

directly

E P I

dire&ly (not alternately) below the petals, caducous,
(with a (ingle braCle at the bafe of two of them, J.)
Corolla: petals four, ovate, obtufe, concave, expanding;
neCtaries four, cup-form, (dipper-form, J. ) with obtufe
bottoms, of the fize of the petals, and leaning on them,
affixed by the edge of the mouth to the receptacle. Sta¬
mina: filaments four, fubulate, preffing on the flyle;
antherre oblong, ereCt, two-celled, two-valved, gaping
front the bafe towards the tip, with a free dilfepiment.
Piftillum: germ oblong; flyle fhorter than the germ,
length of the (tamens; (tigma fintple. Pericarpium : dlique
oblong, acuminate, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds: very
many, oblong. — EJfential CharaElcr. NeCtaries four, cup-
form, leaning on the petals ; corolla four-petalled ; calyx
very caducous ; fruit a filique.

Epimedium alpinum, or alpine barrenwort, a fingle
fpecies. This plant has a creeping root, from which
arife many ftiff fmooth (talks about nine inches high. It
is a native of the Alps and Apennines; flowering in
April and May, and longer in fhady places; alfo in Japan.
Mr. Miller affirms that he received fome plants of it,
which were found growing naturally in a wood in the
north of England: but he was probably mifinformed.
“ This rare and flrange plant, (fays Gerarde,) was fent
to me from the French king’s herbarift, Robinus, dwel¬
ling in Paris, at the fign of the Black Plead, in the flreet
called Du Bout du Monde. I planted it in my garden, but
it was dried away with the extreme heat of the fun, which
happened in the year 1590, fince which time it bringeth
feed to perfection.” Johnfon (Ger. emac.) adds, that it
grew in the garden of his friend, Mr. John Milion, in
Old. flreet, and fome other gardens about town.

Propagation and Culture. It may be increafed by the
roots, and fucceeds beft in the (hade, where it mu ft every
year be reduced, otherwife it will fpread its roots, fo as
to interfere with the neighbouring plants. It deferves
a place in gardens, though not fhowy, for its beauty and
Angularity.

EPIME'NIA, /l A law term : gifts, expences.

EPIMEN'IDES, an epic poet of Crete, contemporary
with Solon. His father’s name was Agiafarchus. He is
reckoned one of the feven wife men, by thofe who ex¬
clude Periander from the number. While he was tend¬
ing his flocks, he entered into a cave, where he fell
afleep. His deep continued for fifty-feven years, accord¬
ing to legendary tradition, and when he awoke, he found
every objeCt fo confiderably altered, that he fcarcely knew
where he was. His brother apprized him of the length
of his fleep to his great aflonifliment. It is fuppofed that
he lived 289 years. After death he was revered as a god,
and greatly honoured by the Athenians, whom he had.
delivered from a plague, and to whom he had given many
good and ufeful counfels. He is faid to be the firft who
built temples in the Grecian communities. Strabo.

EPIME'THEUS, in fabulous hiflory, a fon of Japetus
and Clyinene, one of the Oceanides, who inconfideratelv
married Pandora, by whom he had Pyrrha, the wife of
Deucalion. He had the curiofity to open the box which
Pandora had brought with her, and from thence iffued a
train of evils, which from that moment have never ceafcd
to affliCl the human race. Hope was the only one which
remained at the bottom of the box, not having fufficient
time to efcape, and it is fhe alone which comforts men
under misfortunes. Epimetheus was changed into a
monkey by the gods, and lent into the ifland cf Pithe-
cufa. H</iod.

EPIM'YLIS, f. [from £7n, and Gr. the knee.]

The oatella, or knee-pan.

EP'INAL, a city of France, and capital of the depart¬
ment of the Vofges, on the Mofelle ; formerly belonging
to the duchy of Lorrain, and taken by the troops of
Louis XIV. under the command of marefchal Crequi,
and foon after difmuntled: forty-eight polls and three
quarters eaft-fonth-eaft of Paris. Lat. 4-’ . 10. N. Ion. 24.
9. E. Ferro.

Vol. VI. No. 398.

E P I 869

EP'INAY, a town of France : two leagues north of
Paiis.

EPINE'PIIELUS, f. the Wall-eye; a new genus of
fiflies in Bloch’s fyftem, the fpecies of which are included
under Holocentrus.

EP'INEU-LE-CHEVREUIL, a tow n of France, in the
department of the Sarte, and chief place of a canton, in
the diflriCt of Sille : twelve miles weft of Le Mars

EPINEU'L, a townof France, in the department of the
Yonne, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriCt of Ton-
nere : one mile and a half north of Tonnere.

EPINI'CION, J. [Gr.] A triumphal fong. — A danc¬
ing mafk of fix enters, then the cpinicion is lung by two
bards. Stage-dircElion in Fuimvs Trees.

EPINO'I, a town of France, in the department of the
North : feven miles fouth of Lille.

EPIPAC'TIS. See Astrantia, Ophrys, Orchis,
Satyrium, and Serafias.

EPIPAS'TUM,y. [from etti, upon, and ttoco-o-u, Gr. to
fprinkle.] A medicine reduced to powder, and fprinkled
over the body of a patient, or part affected.

EPIPEDO'METRY, J. [from s* vi upon, •ro-t?? a foot,
and /xETgor, Gr. a meafure.] The menfuration of figures
that (land on the fame bafe.

EP'IPHAN, a town of Ruffia, in the government of
Tula : forty miles eaft of Tula.

EPIPHA'NEA, anciently a town of Cilicia, near Iffus,
now Surpendkar. — Another town of Syria, on the Eu¬
phrates.

EPIPH'ANES, a furname given to the Antiochus’s,
kings of Syria, fignifying illujlrious. — A furname of one of
the Ptolemies, the fifth of the houfe of the Lagidte.

EPIPHA'NIUS, bifhop of Salamis in the ifland of
Cyprus, in the fourth century, and in the catholic calendar,
dignified with the title of faint, was born at Bezanduce, a
village in Paleftine, about the year 320. Many of the
particulars which are related by different writers con¬
cerning his extraction, his education, and the other cir-
cumftances of his early life, are involved in much obfeu-
rity, and fome of them are evidently fabulous. From
the mod credible accounts of him it appears, that when
he was but very young he went into Egypt, whej;e lie be¬
came intimate with fome of the Gnoftics, by whom he
was almoft perfuaded to embrace their opinions : but he
foon broke off’ his connection with them, and became a
difciple of the Egyptian Afcetics. In the twentieth year
of his age, he returned to his native country, and placed
himfelf under the difeipline of Hilarion. After remain¬
ing for fome time under his inftruCtions, Epiphanius
founded a monaftery near the village in which he w'as
born, over which he himfelf prefided during the remain¬
der of his life. In 368 he w'as chofen bifhop of Salamis,
afterwards called Conftantia, the metropolis of the ifland
of Cyprus, where he acquired a high reputation for piety
and fanclity of manners, and zealoufly employed himfelf
in writing defences of the orthodox doClrines againft the
attacks of contemporary heretics. His zeal, however,
was more confpicuous in his polemical productions, than
the accuracy of his judgment, or the folidity of his rea-
foning ; and it was the occafion of his being involved in
many unpleafant difputes, which embittered a confider-
able portion of his life. He was unqueftionably a very
pious and religious character; but his mind was unfor¬
tunately tinCtured by a gloomy fuperflition, which led
him to cor.fider the auftere difeipline of the cloifter to he
the moft acceptable fervice in the light of heaven.
Hence he was led to praCtife it in all its rigour, after he
was advanced to the epifcopal ftation, and to fill the
countries where his influence extended with monadic in-
ftitutions. He is faid to have been fo humane and chari¬
table, that he expended not only his own private fortune,
but the greatefl part of the revenues of his church, and
vaft fums that were entrufted to his difpofal, in relieving
the poor and unfortunate. Epiphanius was (killed in the
Hebrew, Syriac, Egyptian, Greek, and Latin, languages,
10 M whence

870 E P I

hence he was called by St. Jerom TrsvIayXvr jo?; and his
reading was very extenftve, particularly in ecclefiaftical
antiquities. He was, however, greatly deficient in judg¬
ment, and cannot be commended for his (kill in wielding
the weapons of controverfy. Befides being inaccurate in
tiie numerous tranfcripts from ancient authors now no¬
where elfe to be found, of which a confiderable part of
his works confifls, he has fliewn himfelf exceftively cre¬
dulous in admitting ftatements and reports without any
enquiry into their evidence ; by which means he has be¬
trayed himfelf into a variety of contradiXions and abfurdi-
ties, which elfentially affeX the value of his labours as
works of reference and authority. His fiyle, far .from
having any pretenlions to Attic elegance, is mean, liarfii,
fmd unpolithed, without perfpicuity, and without con¬
nexion. The works of Epiphanius were firft printed in
Greek at Bafi], by Oporinus, in 1544.; fince which time
they have undergone various impreffions, of which the
molt valuable is that publifhed at Paris in 1622, in two
volumes folio, by the learned Petavius. This edition
was afterwards reprinted at Cologne in 1682, in two vo¬
lumes folio.

EPIPHA'NIUS, furnamed the Scholastic, an. Ita¬
lian by birth, and an able Greek and Latin fcholar, flou-
rifhed about the year 510. He was the friend of the cele¬
brated Cafiiodorus, at whofe requeft he tranllated into
the Latin language the ecclefiaftical hiftories of Socrates,
Sozomen, and Theodoret; which verfion is more to be
commended for its fidelity than its elegance, fince it
is marked by numerous barbarifms of the age in which
the author wrote. Epiphanius was aifo the author of
ieveral other tranflations from the Greek into Latin,
which are no longer extant. To him Cafiiodorus was
indebted for the improvement, at leaft, of the verfion
of the Codex encyclicus, or ColleXion of Synodal Letters of
the year 458, addrefied to the emperor Leo, in defence of
the Council of Chalcedon. The beft edition of that ver-
fion is to be found in Baluzius’s New ColleXion of the
Councils, publifhed at Paris in 1683, folio.

EPIPHA'NIUS, patriarch of Conftantinople in the
fixth century. He was a ftrenuous advocate for the or¬
thodox doXrines in oppofition to the tenets of the, Euty-
chians ; and, after his elevation to his high dignity in 520,
he procured the condemnation of the latter in a fynod of
bifhops held at Conftatinople. During his patriarchate,
the decrees of the council of Chalcedon were confirm¬
ed, and the reconciliation was completed between the
churches of Conftantinople and Rome, after the firft
great fchifm which had lafted about thirty-five years.
Five letters of his to pope Hormifdas on the fubjeX of
the union, are extant in the fourth volume of the Collec¬
tion of the Latin Counc ils.

EPIPH'AN Y,y. [ epiphanie , Fr. epiphania, Lat. ewitpccpzia,
of E-E-i, and (paivoi, Gr. manifeftation. ] A Chriftian festi¬
val, otherwife called the Manfejlation of Chrijl to the Gen¬
tiles, obferved on the fixth of January, in honour of the
appearance of the ftar to the three magi or wife men,
who came to adore the Mefiiah, and bring him prefents.
It is commonly called Twelfth-day .

EPIPHONE'MA, f. [from erripcoiinp.a., Gr.] An ex¬
clamation ; a conclufive fewtence not clofely conneXed
with the words foregoing. — If thofe preachers who abound
in epiphoncmas would but look about them, they would
find one part of their congregation out of countenance,
and the other afleep. Swift.

EPIPI-lLOGIS'MA.y. [from eth, upon, and ipAoyt^v,
Gr. to inflame.] The medical term for the ffiingles.

EPIPH'OR A,y [from ewitpega, Gr. to carry forcibly.]
With phyficians, an impetuous flux of humours to the
furface of the body. It particularly means a flux of tears
from the eyes, in confequence of any difeafe of the part.

EPIPHYLLAN'THUS, inbotany. See Xylophylla.

EsPIPHYLLOSPER'MOUS, adj. [E7n, upon, (pyXhov ,
a leaf, jwEgp*, Gr. feed.] In botany, it is applied- to

E P I

fuch plants as have their feeds growing on the back of
the leaves, as the ferns.

E PI PH'YS I S,y. [from e-eu, upon, and (pvco, Gr. to grow , ]
A fmall bone annexed to a larger by means of an inter¬
vening cartilage. See Anatomy.

EPl'PLOCE, f. [from eTrnrXoy.vi, Gr.] A figure of
rhetoric, by which one aggravation, or ftriking circum-
ftance, is added in due gradation to another ; as, He not
only f pared his enemies , but continued them in employment ; not
only continued, but advanced them.

EPI'PLOCELE.y. [from eetiwAoo v, the omentum, and
jt/jA'4, Gr. a tumour or rupture.] A rupture of the
omentum.

EPIPLOOM'PFIALON, f. [from ztxv'ur\aav, the omen¬
tum, and otyCpx Aoc, Gr. the navel.] An umbilical hernia.

EPI'PLOON, f. [from ewictAew, Gr. to lie upon.]
The omentum or caul, which lies upon the furface of the
bowels.

EPIPLOSCHEOCE'LE, f. [from e^Aoo,, the omen¬
tum, otTxioii the ferotum, and x^A n, Gr. a tumour or her¬
nia.] A rupture of the omentum into the ferotum.

EPIPO'GIUM, f. in botany. See Satyrium.

EPIP'OLvE, a diftriX of Syracufe, on the north fide,
furrounded by a wall by Dionyfius, who, to complete
the work expeditioufly, employed 60,000 men upon it,
fo that in thirty days he finiftied a wall four miles and
three quarters long, and of great height and thicknefs.

-tiPIPO'LASIS, f. [from Gr. to fwim on

the top.] In medicine, a fluXuation of humours. In
chemiftry, it means the fettlement of any matter fublimed,
and fwimming on the top.

EPIPO'MA.y [from cm, upon, and Gr. a

lid.] In furgery, an inftrument to cover the Ihoulder'in
a luxation.

EPIPORO'MA,_/i [from csti'&vqou, Gr. to harden.]
An indurated tumour in the joints.

EPIPTYX'IS, f [from z’zntarkcro-a, Gr. to clofe up.]
A fpafmodic diforder of the lips, fo that they can hardly
be opened.

EPI'RE, the ancient Epirus, now united with Albania,
and included in that country, of which it forms the
fouthern part, extending from Valona to Arta.

EPI'RUS, a country of ancient Greece, bounded on
the eaft by E'tolia, on the weft by the Adriatic, on the
north by Theflaly and Macedon, and on the fouth by t he
Ionian fea. It was anciently governed by its own princes,
in which ftnte it made a con/iderable figure. According
to Jofephus, it was firft peopled by Dodanim, the fon of
Javan, and grandfon of Japliet. The people were war¬
like, but continued in their favage ft ice long after their
neighbours were civilized ; whence the iflanders tiled to
threaten petty offenders with tranfportation to Epirus. The
hiftory of Epirus commences with the reign of Pyrrhus,
fon of Achilles by Deidamia the daughter of Lycomedes,
king of Scyros. He is faid to have behaved with. great
bravery at the fiege of Troy; but with no lefs barbarity.
After the city wds taken, he is faid to have killed old king
Priam; to have thrown Aftyanax, the fon of HeXor and
Andromache, headlong from an high tower; and facri-
ficed Polyxena, the daughter of Priam, on the tomb of
his father. He carried Andromache with him into Epi¬
rus, where he fettled by the advice of the famous footh-
fayer Helenus, one of Priam’s fons, who had ferved during
the Trojan war both under his father and himfelf. The
moft remarkable period of the hiftory of Epirus is the
reign of Pyrrhus II. who made war upon the Romans.
He was invited into Italy by the Tarentines ; and em¬
barked about 280 years before Chrift. After having
efcaped many dangers by fea, he landed in that country,
and with great difficulty gained a viXory over the Ro¬
mans; but was afterwards utterly defeated. To retrieve
his credit, he undertook an expedition againft Macedon ;
where he overthrew Antigonus, and made himfelf matter
of the whole kingdom. He then formed a defign of fub-

duing

E P I

duing all the other Grecian dates ; but met with fiich an
cbftinate refiftance at Lacedaemon, that he was obliged to
drop the enterprize ; and was foon after killed at the fiege
of Argos by a woman, who from the wall threw a tile
upon his head. Deidamia, the grand-daughter of Pyrrhus,
was the laft that fat on the throne of Epirus. She is faid
to have been murdered after a flvort reign ; upon which
the Epirots formed themfelves into a republic.

Under the new form of government Epirus never made
any confiderable figure, but became dependent on the
kingdom of Macedon. The Romans, after conquering
king Philip, reftored the Epirots to their ancient liberty;
but they, forgetful of this favour, took up arms in be¬
half of Perfeus. As a punifliment for their ingratitude,
the Romans gave orders to Paulus Emilius to plunder
the cities of Epirus, and level them with the ground.
Upwards of feventy cities were difmantled, and the chief
men of the country carried to Rome, where moll of them
were condemned to perpetual imprifonment. This ter¬
rible blow Epirus never recovered. Upon the diflplution
of the Achaean league, it was made part of the province
of Macedon’; but when Macedon became a diocefe, Epi¬
rus was again feparated from it, and called the province of
Old Epirus, to diftinguifh it from New Epirus , another pro¬
vince on the eaft of it. On this divilion it fell to the
emperors of the eafi:, and continued under them till the
taking of Conftantinople by the Latins, when Michael
Angelus, a prince nearly related to the Greek emperor,
feized on Etolia and Epirus, of which he declared him-
felf prince; and wasfucceeded by his brother Theodorus,
who took feveral towns from the Latins, and fo far en¬
larged his dominions, that he affumed the title of emperor,
and was crowned by Demetrius archbifhop of Bulgaria.
Charles, the laft prince of this family, dying without law¬
ful ilfue, bequeathed Epirus and Acarnania to his natural
ions, who were driven out by Amurath II. Great part
of Epirus was afterwards held by the noble family of the
Caftriots, who ftyled themfelves princes of Epirus. Upon
the death of the famous George Caftriot, furnamed Scan-
derbeg, Epirus fell to the Venetians, from whom it was
taken by the Turks; in whofe hands it full continues,
and is now known by the name of Albania.

EPIS'COPACY, f. [from the Latin epifeopatus, which
is derived from the Greek ettk tjcotto;.] In its primary fenfe
it means “The office of overlooking or overfeeing and
thence, as applied by ecclefiaftical writers, it is ufed to
fignify in a more peculiar manner “ The office of a biftiop,
who is to overlook and overfee the concerns of the
church.” The origin of this office is clearly traced back
to the days of St. Paul : for that apoftle left Timothy at
Ephefus, and Titus at Crete, for the exprels purpofe of
exercifing it. The adts, by which thefe two perfons
fhared a degree of pre-eminence over others in the church,
were the appointment of pretbyters and deacons by ordi¬
nation, and the corredtion of mifeondudt in prelbyters and
deacons by reproof. However therefore the Scriptures
may want a Greek word to exprefs epifcopacy, the office,
with the powers now deemed epifcopal, did virtually exift
in the earlielt age of Chriftianity. That it prevailed uni-
verfally, wherever a church was planted, is not fo clear.
But that in the fecond century this office became more
general, with the view of preferving peace and fubordi-
nation among the prelbyters, is very certain. From that
period for feveral hundred fucceffive years, the church
government was epifcopal ; that is, under the diredfion
of bifliops, priefts, and deacons. Writers on the fubjedt
of epifcopacy and prelbytery have been led into error,
from not attending to this circumftance ; viz. that every
bifliop was necelfarily a prefbyter, but every prefbyter
was not a bifhop. The qualification for epifcopacy was
the being a prefbyter : but it did not follow that becaufe
a perfon was a prefbyter he fhould therefore be a bifliop.
The epifcopacy foon became to be conlidered fo fuperior
to prelbytery, that a diftindt form of prayer and appro-

E P I 871

pria(e folemnities were appointed to be ufed, when a
prefbyter was advanced to epifcopacy.

EPIS'C'OPAL, adj. [from epifeopus, Lit. ] Belonging
to a bifliop. — The plot of difeipline fought to eredl a po¬
pular authority of elders, and to take away epifcopal jurif-
didtion. Hooker. — Veiled in a bifliop.' — The apoftle com¬
mands Titus not only to be a pattern of good works
himfelf, but to life his epifcopal authority in exhorting
every rank and order of men. Rogers.

EPISCOPA'LI A, y. Synodals, or other cuftomary pay¬
ments from the clergy to their bifhop or diocefan ; which
were formerly collected by the rural deans, and by them
tranfmitted to the bifliop. Thefe cuftomary payments
have been otherwife called onus epijeopale ; and were re¬
mitted by fpecial privilege to free churches and chapels
of the king’s foundation, which were exempt from epif¬
copal jurifdiblion.

EPISCOPA'LI ANS, f. An appellation given to thofe
who prefer the epifcopal government and difeipline to all
others. By the tell act, none but epifcopalians, or mem¬
bers of the church of England, are qualified to enjoy any
office civil or military.

EPIS'COPATE, f. ycpifcapalus , Lat.] A biffiopric ;
the office and dignity of a bifliop.

EPISCO'PIA, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of
Naples, and province of Bafiiicata: nineteen miles fouth-
weft of Tnrfi.

EPISCO'PIUS (Simon), a learned Dutch divine of
the feventeenth century, born at Amfterdam in 1583.
After palling through a courfe of claffioal education in
his native city, he entered upon academic (Indies at the
utiiverfity of Leyden, where he took his degree of M. A.
in 1606. In 1612 he was chofen profelfor of divinity at
Leyden, in the 100m of Gomarus. To the duties of this
office, and the private ftudies neceffiiry to the honourable
difeharge of them, he applied himfelf with the greateft:
afliduity, and became one of the greateft ornaments and:
ableft defenders of the Arminian feit. His works, con¬
fiding of commentaries, theological inftitutions, contro-
verfial treatifes, &c. form two volumes in folio ; the firft
of which contains fuch pieces as were publiflied during
the author’s life-time, and appeared in 1650, and the
fecond his pofthumous productions, which were firft:
given to the public in 1665. They were edited by Ste¬
phen Curcellasus, who has prefixed to them an account
of the author. A larger Life of him was publiflied by
Philip a Limborch, the foil of his brother’s daughter,
written in the Dutch language, of which a Latin verfion
appeared at Amfterdam in 1701, 8vo.

EPISPHAi'RI A, J. [from t*un, upon, and ertpa^a., Gr.
a fphere.] The windings of the exterior furface of the
brain, and veflels upon it : fo called from the fphserical
fhape of the brain.

EP'ISODE,y [Gr.] An incidental narrative, or di-
greliion in a poem, feparable from the main fubjedt, yet
rifing naturally from it. — The poem hath no other tpifodes
than fuch as naturally arife from the fubject. Adclifon.

EPISO'DIC, or Episodical, adj. Contained in an
epifode ; pertaining to an epifode. — EpiJ'odical ornaments,
fuch as deferiptions and narrations, were delivered to us
from the oblervations of Ariftotle. Dryden. — I difeovef
the difference between the epifodic and principal actions,
as well as the nature of epifodes. Notes on the Odyf'ey.

EPISPAS'TIC,yi [from e®-i and cojuw, Gr.] Drawing.
Bliftering ; this is now the more frequent, though lefs
proper fenfe. — This matter ought to be folicited to the
lower parts, by fomentations, bathing, epifpa/lics, and blis¬
tering. Arbuthnot. ,

EPIS'TASIS,yi [from t-m, and irn/2i, Gr. to flay.] A
fuppreffion or retention of any of the excretions. Alfo
the fublfance on the furface of tire urine, from Esair'/ig.ij
to Hand upon.

EPISTAX'IS, f. [from E<mrafy} Gr, to diftil from.}
A violent bleeding of the nofe.

2 EPIS'TLEg

872 E P I

EPIS'TLE,y. [from eths-oAh, Gr.] A letter. This
word is feldom ufed but in poetry, or on occafions of dig¬
nity and folemnity:

When loofe epiflles violate chafte eyes,

She half confents, who filently denies. Dryden.

Epistles and Gospels, in the liturgy of the church
of England, are felect portions of fcripture, taken out of
the writingfc'of the evangelifts and apottles, and appoint¬
ed to be read, in the communion-fervice, on Sundays and
holidays. They are thought to have been felefted by
St. Jerom, and by him put into the leftionary. It is
certain, they were very anciently appropriated to the
days whereon we now read them, (ince they are not only
of general ufe throughout the weftern church, but are
alfo commented upon in the homilies of feveral ancient
fathers, which are faid to have been preached upon thofe
very days to which thefe portions of fcripture are now
affixed. The epiftlesand gofpels are placed in an admir¬
able order and method, and bear a fpecial relation to the
feveral days whereon they are read. The year is diftin-
guiflied into two parts ; the firft being defigned to com¬
memorate Chrift’s living among us, the other to inftruft
us to live after his example. The former takes in the
whole time from Advent to Trinity-Sunday ; the latter,
all the Sundays from Trinity to Advent. During the
firft of thefe feafons, the epiflles and gofpels are calculat¬
ed to raife in us a grateful fenfe of what our Saviour dif¬
fered for us, and fet before our eyes his nativity, circum-
cifion, and manifeflation to the Gentiles; his doctrines
and miracles ; his baptifm, farting, and temptation; his
agony and bloody fweat ; his crofs and paffion ; his death,
burial, refurreftion, and afcenfion ; and the million of the
Holy Ghcft. During the fecond feafon of the year, the
epirtles and gofpels tend to inftruft us in the true paths of
Chriftianity.

EPIST'LER, f. A fcribbler of letters.
EPIS'TOLARY, adj. Relating to letters; fuitable to
letters. Tranfafted by letters. — I (liall carry on an cpijlo-
lary correfpondence between the two heads. Addifon.

EPISTOLOGR A'PHIC, adj. [from etti roAii, an epiftle,
and Gr. to write.] Belonging to the writing of

letters ; writing letters.

EPISTO'MIA, f [from em, upon, and r&v/.a, Gr. a
mouth.] In anatomy, the opening of one vert'd into ano¬
ther ; the jundtion or meeting of the veffels.

EPISTO'MIUM, f. in hydraulics, a plug or inrtru-
ment by which an aperture may be opened and flint at
pleafu re.

EP'ISTYLE, f. in the ancient architecture, a term
ufed by the Greeks for what w’e call architrave , viz. a
mafiive done, or a piece of wood, laid immediately over
the capital of a column.

EP'ITAPH, y. [from epitaphium, Lat. emrcctpiov, of etti
<rw t o.tpa, Gr. upon a tomb.] A monumental infcription,
in honour or memory of a perfon deceafed :

Some thy lov’d duff in Parian rtones enfhrine,

Others immortal epitaphs defign ;

With wit and ftrength, that only yields to tlnne. Smith.

The origin of epitaphs and monumental infcriptions,
feems to have proceeded from that ftrong prefage or fenfe
of immortality, naturally implanted in the minds of men.
Their invention is attributed to the fate of Lynus the
Theban poet, who flourifhed about the 2700th year of
the world, and who being unhappily flain, his fcholars
lamented the lofs of their mafter in a particular kind of
mournful verfes, called from him JElinium , and after¬
wards epitaphia ; becaufe they were fung at burials, and
engraved upon monuments a mevioria , to put men in mind
cf the inftability of human nature, as well as to refpeft
and imitate the virtues of their departed friends.

EPIT'ASIS, f [from ewi and retvu, Gr. to extend.]
A term with phyficians for the beginning and increafe of
a paroxyfm or difeafe. — In dramatic poetry, it is the fe-

E P I

cond and bufiert part of a comedy, wfierein the plot
thickens, and is, as it were, brought to its height.

EPI ITIALA'MIUM, f. [Lat. epithalame , Fr. epito-
lamio, Ital. B7ri/&a.7'.ce(/.H>v, of etti, and SaAap.o;, Gr. a bed.]
A nuptial fong ; a compliment upon marriage. — Epi-
thalamia were fung amongft the Jews, at the door of
the bride, by her friends and companions, the evening
before the marriage. Pfalm xlv. is an epithalamium.
Among the Greeks, the epithalamium was fung as foon
as the married couple were gone to bed, and attended
with fhouts, and ftamping of the feet ; a practice as coarfe
as that of “ throwing the flocking,” amongft the vulgar
in England, Scotland, and Ireland ; to which it probably
gave rife. > >*

EP'IIHEM, f [from e®-i$e p,«, Gr.] A liquid medi¬
cament externally applied. — Cordials and epithems are ne-
ceftary, to rertft the putrefaftion and ftrengthen the vitals.

Wifeman.

EPI'THESIS, f. [from eot, and ti6 r,/>A, Gr. to cover
or lay upon.] In furgery, the rectification of crooked
limbs by means of inftruments.

EP'ITHET, f. [epitheton, Lat. cmSeror, Gr. a thing
added to.] An adjeftive denoting any quality good 01-
bad : as, the verdant grove, the craggy mountain’s lofty
head. — I affirm with phlegm, leaving the epithets of falfe,
fcandalous, and villainous, to the author. Swift. — It is
ufed by fome writers improperly for title, name. — The
epithet of fhades belonged more properly to the darknefs
than the refrefhment. Decay of Piety . — It is ufed impro¬
perly for phrafe, expreftion. — For which of my good parts

did you firft fuffer love for me. - Suffer love ! a good

epitket: I do fuffer love indeed: for I love thee againlt
my will. Shakefpearc.

EPI'THETON, f. The Greek original of epithet, put
by Skahefpeare into the mouth of Armado. — I fpoke it,
tender Juvenal, as a congruent epitheton-. Love's Labour loft.
EPI'THYMUM, f. in botany. See Cuscuta.
EPITO'GIUM, J. [not much ufed.\ A tabard, a loofe
upper garment, a kind of hood worn by ftudents after
taking a degree in the univerfity. Phillips.

EPI'TOME, f. [from eeziltyiuj, Gr. to retrench.]
Abridgement; abbreviature; compendious abftract;
compendium. — Epitomes are helpful to the memory, and
of good private ufe. IVotton.

To EPI'TOMISE, v. a. To abftraCt; To contract into
a narrow fpace. — If the ladies take a liking to fuch a di¬
minutive race, we ftiall fee mankind epitomized, and the
whole fpecies in miniature. Addifon. — Lefs properly, to
diminifli by amputation ; to curtail. — We have epitomized
many particular words, to the detriment of our tongue.
Spectator.

EPI'TOMISER or Epitomist, f. Anabridger; an
ab ft rafter ; a writer of epitomes.

EPITCENIUM, f. [from E-nu upon, and teivw, Gr. to
ftretch.] An inftrument to ftretch cords, a peg in a mufi-
cal inftrument, a device to force water up out of a well.
Phillips.

EPI'TRITUS, f. [in poetry.] A foot confifting of
four fyllables, the firft fhort and the three following long.

EPITROCHAS'MUS,/. [from etti upon, and 'rpoya.if,
Gr. to run.] A figure in rhetoric in which feveral things
are run over in a hurry.

EPIT'ROPE, f. [from etti upon, and rgs-nu, Gr. to
turn.] A figure in rhetoric in which the orator advances
what he might deny in order to obtain what he demands.

EPIT'ROPUS, f. [from etti upon, and -reyna, Gr. to
turn.] An arbitrator; one chofen by the Chriftians in
Turkey to decide their differences, and prevent the incon¬
veniences of applying to the civil magiftracy.

EPIT'YRUM, f. [with the ancients.] A kind of
fallad.

EPIZEUGME'NON, f. [in rhetoric.] The diezug-
menon, a figure in which feveral fubjefts have reference
to one verb.

EPIZEU'XIS,/ [from nu upon, and fyvyvup, Gr. to

join-3

E P P

join.] The aft of joining together ; the (late of being join¬
ed together. In rhetoric, it is a repetition of the fame
word in the fame fentence or verfe, no other word com¬
ing between.

EPNJEUMA'TOSIS, f [from sin, uppn, and
Gr. the breath.] The ait or power of breathing out.

E'POCH, or Epocha.T". [epocha, Lat. £ir oyyi, of eth,
upon, and e^&j, Gr. to hold. ] In chronology, the time at
which a new computation is begun ; the time from which
dates are numbered. — Moles diltinitly computes by cer¬
tain intervals, memorable aeras and epockas, or terms of
time. Brown. — Time is always reckoned from fome known
parts of this fenlible world, and from fome certain epochs
marked out to us by the motions obfervable in it. Locke.

Time by neceffity compell’d, fhall go

Through feenes of war, and epochas of woe. Prior.

Different nations make ufe of different epochs. The
Chriftians chiefly ufe the epoch of the nativity or incarna¬
tion of Jefus Chrift; the Mahometans, that of the
Hegira; the Jews, that of the creation of the world, or
that of the Deluge; the ancient Greeks, that of the
Olympiads ; the Romans, that of the building of their
city ; the ancient Perfians and Affyrians, that of Nabo-
nalfar ; See. The doCtrine and ufe of epochs is of very
great extent in chronology. To reduce the years of one
epoch to thofe of another, is to find what year of one cor-
refponds to a given year of another ; a period of years has
been invented, which, commencing before all the know n
epochs, is, as it were, a common receptacle of them all,
called the Julian Period. To this period all the epochs
are reduced ; i. e. the year of this period when each epoch
commences is determined. So that, adding the given
year of one epoch to the year of the period correfponding
with its rife, and from the fum fubtraCting the year of
the fame period correfponding to the other epoch, the
remainder is the year of that other epoch. — See Chro¬
nology, vol. iv. p. 537.

EPODE,y [epodus , Lat. of etti, after, and u&a 1, Gr.
fongs.] One of the numbers of that fort of lyric poetry,
of which the odes of Pindar confift.

EPOISS'E, a town of France, in the department of
the Cote.d’Or, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriCl
of Semur-en-Auxois : feven miles weft Semur.

EP'OMIS,/. [of etti, and a^o<;, Gr. a Ihoulder.] An
hood, fuch as univerfiry Undents wear. It was alfo a
part of the Jewifti high-prieft’s vefture. See Efhod.

EP'ONA, a beautiful girl, faid to have been the fruit
of a man’s union with a mare.

EPGPE'E,/! [Gr.] An epic or heroic poem. — Tra¬
gedy borrows from the epopee, and that which borrows is
of lefs dignity, becaufe it has not of its own. Dryden.

EPO'PEUS, a fon of Neptune and Canace, who came
from Theflaly to Sicyon, and carried away Antiope,
daughter of Ny&eus king of Thebes. This rape was
followed by a war, in which NyCteus and Epopeus w ere
both killed. ApolLcdorus.

EPOS'CHEUM, J. [from iiri, upon, and oayyov, Gr. a
branch. ] In botany, a tendril, or little fpiral ramification,
growing from the branches.

EP'PING, a neat and pleafant town, in the county of
Eflex, with a market on Thurfdays for cattle, and ano¬
ther on Fridays for provifions. The fairs are Whit-
Tuefday, and OCtober 13. The butter made in this part,
known in London by the name of Epping-butter, is in
particular efteem, and fells, in courfe, at a higher price
than any other.

Epping Forest, is a royal chafe, extending from the
town of Epping alrnoft to London ; .it was anciently a very
extenfive diftriCl:, and, under the name of the Ford! of
Eflex, included a great part of the county. It had after¬
wards the name of Waltham-foreft, which has long yield¬
ed to its prefent appellation.. To this foreft, that of
Hainault, which lies to the fouth-eaft, was once an ap»
Voi. VI. No. 398.

EPS $73

pendage. In Hainault-foreft, about a mile from Barking
Side, (lands the celebrated oak, known through many
centuries by the name of Fairlop. “ The tradition of
the country,” fays Mr. Gilpin, in his Remarks on Foreft
Scenery, “ traces this oak way up the Chriftian aera. It
is frill a noble tree, though it lias fuffered greatly from
the depredations of time. About a yard from the ground,
where its rough fluted ftem is thirty-fix feet in circum¬
ference, it divides into eleven vaft arms ; yet not in the
horizontal manner of an oak, but rather in that of a beech .
Beneath its (hade, which overfpreads an area of 300 feet
in circuit, an annual fair has long been held, on the fecond
of July; and no booth is fuffered to be ereCted beyond
the extent of its boughs.” This venerable oak is now
fenced round with a clofe paling, about five feet high.
Aimoft all the extremities of its brandies have been flaw¬
ed off, and Mr. Forflyth’s compofition applied to them,
to preflerve them from decay ; and the injuries which the
trunk of the tree had fuftained, have been repaired, as
much as poffible, by the fame compofition.

Wanfted village, and Wanfted Houle, the magnificent
feat and extenfive park and gardens of fir James Tylney
Long, bart. hereditary warden of Epping-foreft, are very
contiguous to Epping town. The ancient manor was
granted, by Edward VI. to Robert lord Rich. He fold
it to Robert Dudley, earl of Leicefter, who, in 1638, en¬
tertained queen Elizabeth here, for five or fix days.
Reverting to the crown, king James gave it to fir Henry
Mildmay, who having been one of the judges of Charles I .
it was forfeited. Charles II. gave it to the duke of
York, who fold it to fir Robert Brooks. Of the repre-
fentatives of this gentleman (who had retired infolvent to
France) it was purchafed by fir Jofiah Child, bait, a con-
fiderable merchant, author of fome valuable commercial
trails, and great grandfather to the late earl Tylney,
from whom it defeended to the prefent proprietor. Sir
Jofiah Child planted a great number of trees in avenues
and viftas leading to the feite of the old manfion. His
fon, before he was created vifeount Caftlemain, laid out
fome extenfive grounds in gardens ; and, after thefe were
finiflied, he employed the celebrated Colin Campbell to
build the prefent ftruCture, which is cafed with Portland
ftone, and is upwards of 26 o feet in length and 70 in
depth. It is one of the nobleft houfes, not only in Eng¬
land, but in Europe; and its grand front is thought to be
as fine a piece of architecture as any in Italy. Wanfted
Houfe is now celebrious, aR affording a fafe and elegant
afylum to the unfortunate royal Bourbon family, exiled
from their patrimonial fovereignty in France, but pro¬
tected, comforted, and cherifhed, by the illuftrious foVe-
reign of Great-Britain.

EP'PING, a townfhip of the American dates, in Rock¬
ingham county, New-Hamplhire, taken from the north-weft
part of Exeter, and incorporated in 1741. It contained
by the cenfus of 1796, 1 740 inhabitants : fix miles north-
weft of Exeter, and eighteen weft of Portfmouth.

EP'PING, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of
Auftria: fotirmiles fouth Aigen.

EPPIN'GEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of the
Lower Rhine, and palatinate of the Rhine, on the Elfatz :
ten miles weft Heilbron, and eighteen fouth-fouth-eaft
Heidelberg.

EP'SOM, a neat and pleafant town in the county of
Surrey, nine miles from Dorking, and fixteen from Lon¬
don, long famous for its mineral waters, its charming
opening to Banftead Downs, and its many handfome con¬
tiguous feats. Its purging waters were firft difeovered in
1618, and, though not in fuch repute as formerly, yet they
are not impaired in virtue, and the fait made from them is
famous all over Europe, for gently cleanfing, cooling, and
purifying the body. Epfom has a market on Friday ; and
a fair July 25. Near Epfom is Durdans, originally built
by George firft earl of Berkeley, with the materials brought
from Nonfuch, when that celebrated royal reliuence, the
to N once

874

E Q U

once magnificent feat of Henry VIII. was demolifhed.
Durdans was formerly inhabited by the father of his pre-
fent majefty George III.

EP'SOM, a townfiiip of the American States, in Rock¬
ingham county, New Hampfliire ; ten miles eaft of Con¬
cord, and thirty-fix miles north-weft of Portfmouth. It
was incorporated in 1727 ; in 1775 it contained 387, and
in 1790, 799 inhabitants.

EP'SOM-SALT, a fait firft obtained from the mineral
water at Epfom : it came afterwards to be feparated from
the brine which remains after the crystallization of com¬
mon fait, and this is the fort now in general ufe. It is
with this cathartic fait, or fulphat of magnefia, that the
purging mineral waters are impregnated, and to which
they owe their virtue. This fait has a naufeous bitter
tafte ; is a gentle purgative, operating in general with
cafe and fafetv, yet with fufficient efficacy, and quickly
finifhing its operation. Two or three drams, diftoived in
a pint of water, or a larger quantity, operates more power¬
fully and eafily than twice the quantity in three or four
ounces. Its palling off haftily, and not extending its ac¬
tion fo far as molt other purgatives, feem to be its prin¬
cipal imperfedlions ; though if given in fmall dofes, it
palfes farther into the conftitution, promotes the fecre-
tions in general, and proves an excellent aperient in many
chronical diforders. If the patient keeps warm, fmall
dofes will fweat him ; if cool, they pafs off by urine. As
a purge, from an ounce to an ounce and a half is a full
dofe, which, when diftoived in a quart of water that hath
a dram of mace or of cardamon-feeds previoufiy infufed in
it, fits very eafy on the ftomach. For its chemical ana-
lyfis and habitudes, fee the article Chemistry, vol. iv.
p. 231.

EP'SOM-WATER, f the valuable production of a
fpring at Aftited, near Epfom, in Surrey. This water
lias been long in repute, and was the firft from whence a
bitter purging fait was acquired. It is one of the molt
noted purging waters in Europe ; and its medicinal
powers are contained in the fulphat of magnefia, or fait
which bears its name. There are different accounts of
the produbts of this water, relpebting the quantity of its
folid contents.

5 Dr. Lifter, ounce.

Dr. Rutty, 1 ounce, and in fome fea-
^ ) fons only half the^quantity .

* Dr. Lucas, only 5 drams and 1 fcruple.
EP'STEIN, a town of Germany, in the circle of the
Upper Rhine, and county of Konigftein : nine miles north-
north-eaft of Mentz.

EP'TE, a river of France, which runs into the Seine,
near Vernon.

EP' WORTH, a town of Lincolnfhire, aiftant from
Kinnald Ferry, on the Trent, about four miles ; Gainf-
borough, eleven ; Crowle, fix ; Burton, eight j and 1 66
from London. It has a market on Thurfdays, and two
fairs in a year for cattle ; one on the firft Thurfday after
new May-day, the other the firft Thurfday after new
.Michaelmas. Here is alfo a charity-fchool. The trade
of tire place is chiefly the manufacture of hacking and
bagging. A great quantity of hemp and flax is grown
in this part of the county, and the poor are nroftly em¬
ployed in fpinning.

EP'ULARY, adj. [from epulum , Lat. a feaft.] Belong¬
ing to a feaft, pertaining to a banquet. Scott.

EPULA'TION, f. [epulatio, Lat.] Banquet; feaft. —
Contented with bread and water, when he would dine
with Jove, and pretending to epulation , he defired no other
addition than a piece of cheefe. Brown.

EPULO'TIC, adj. [from im, upon, and Gr. a ci¬
catrix.] Tending to a cicatrix, cicatrifing.

EPULO'TICb, f. Medicines which dry up the moif-
ture of wounds, and difpofe them to be covered with
a fk i n .

EQUABI'LlTY,yi Equajity to itfclf j evennefsj uni.

1

E Q U

formity. — The equability of the temperature of the air ren¬
dered the Afiatics lazy. Arbutknot.

E'QUABLE, adj. [ aquubilis , Lat.] Equal to itfelf ;
even ; uniform in refpedt to form, motion, or tempera¬
ture. — Nothing abates acrimony of the blood more than
an equable motion of tt, neither too fvvift nor too flow ; for
too quick a motion produceth an alkaline, and too flow
an acid, acrimony. Arbutknot.

E'QUABLY, adj. Uniformly; in the fame tenour ;
evenly ; equally to itfelf. — If bodies move equably in con-
centrick circles, and the fquares of their periodical times
be as the cubes of their diftances from the common centre,
their centripetal forces will be reciprocally as the fquares
of the diftances. Ckeyne.

E'QUAL, adj. [a? qualis , Lat.] Like another in bulk,
excellence, or any other quality that admits comparifon ;
neither greater nor lefs ; neither worfe nor better. — If
thou be among great men, make not thyfelf equal with
them. Ecclef.

Equal lot

May join us; equal joy, as equal \ove. Milton.

Adequate to any purpofe. — The Scots trufted not their
own numbers as equal to fight with the Engiiffi. Clarendon .
— Even; uniform:

Think not of me : perhaps my equal mind

May learn to bear the fate the gods allot me. Smith.

In juft proportion. — It is not permitted me to make my
commendation equal to your merit. Dryden. — Impartial ;
neutral.

Each to his proper fortune Hand or fall ;

Equal and unconcern’d I look on all :

Rutilians, Trojans, are the fame to me,

And both fhall draw the lots their fates decree. Dryden.
Indifferent. — They who are not difpofed to receive them,
may let them alone, or rejedt them ; it is equal to me.
Ckeyne.' — Equitable ; advantageous alike to both parties.
— He fubmitted himfelf, and (ware to all equal conditions.
Mac. — Being upon the fame terms. — They made the
married, orphans, widows, yea and the aged alfo, equal
in fpoils with themfelves. Mac.

E'QUAL, f. One not inferior or fuperior to another.
— He would make them all equals to the citizens of Rome-.
2 Mac. ix. 15.

To my dear equal in my native land,

My plighted vow I gave : I his received :

Each fwore with truth, with pleafure each believ’d :•

The mutual contract was to heav’n convey’d. Prior.

One of the fame age. — I profited in the Jews religionabove
many my equals in mine own nation. Gal. i. 14.

To E'QUAL, v. a. To make one thing or perfon equal
to another. To rife to the fame ftate with another per¬
fon. — I know no body fo like to equal him, even at the
age he wrote, as yotirfelf. Trumbull. — To be equal to. —
One whofe all not equals Edward’s moiety. Shakefpeare. —
To recompenfe fully ; to anfwer in full proportion :

She fought Sichaeus through the ffiady grove,
Whoanfvver’d all her cares, and equat'd all her love. Dryd.

To E'QUALISE, v: a. To make even.— To equalij't ac¬
counts we will allow three hundred years, and lo long a
time as we can manifeft from the Scripture. Brown. — To
be equal to ; a fenfe not ufed :

Ye lofty beeches, tell this matchlefs dame,

That if together ye fed all one flame,

It could not cqualife the hundredth part

Of what her eyes have kindled in my heart. Waller.

EQUA'LITY,/. Likenefs with regard to any quanti-
ties compared. — The famedegreeof dignity .—According
to this equality wherein God hath placed all mankind,
with relation to himfelf, in all the relations between matt
and man there is a mutual dependance. Swift .

On®

From one ^
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EQUALITY.

875

One fliall rife,

Of proud ambition; who, not content
"With fair equality , fraternal date,

Will arrogate dominion undeferv’d,

Over his brethren. Milton.

Evennefs; uniformity; conftant tenon r ; equability. — *
Meafure out the lives of men, and periodically define the
alterations of their tempers, conceive a regularity in mu¬
tations, with an equality in conftitutions, and forget that
variety which phylicians therein difcover. Broom.

On the very delicate yet interefiing fubjert of equality,
much has been written, much midaken, and much pervert¬
ed. Neither in England, nor even in France, can the rights
of men be underflood to confifl in every perfon’s doing
what he pleafes ; nor can equality be confidered as im¬
plying the levelling of all property. Yet thefe notions
have been artfully dilfeminated, to bring into difcredit
that true principle of equal rights, which is the bafts of
Englifh freedom, by thofe perhaps who have perfonal
reafons for w idling to perpetuate political abufe and cor¬
ruption. That Inch have been the defigns of fome indi¬
viduals, is clearly evinced, from the great number of
pamphlets written avowedly to eftablifit this deceptive
idea; but tire cool and difpafiionate reafonings of Dr.
Paulus of Haarlem, profefTor Cras of Amflerdam, profef- 1
for Brown of Utrecht, M. Turgot, Dr. Rennell, and
other eminent authors, have contributed to difpel the al-
lufion, nd to place the fad in an obvious and fatisfatlory
point of view : and from thefe writers our prefent remarks
are feierted. It is in vain, however, to attempt the dif-
cuflion of io complicated a queftion, unlefs the terms be
accurately underltood : it is therefore neceffary to pre-
mife, that the word equality, in its prefent application,
fuppofes comparifon, and indicates a certain agreement
or refemblance in the things compared ; fo that fome
properties or circumffances, belonging to the one, mnft
alfo be found to belong to another, which, in thisrefpert,
is faid to be equal to the former; and by the nature and
number of thefe common circumdances, the mode and
degree of equality mud be edimated. Hence equality, as it
refperts mankind, maybe refolved into phyfical and moral-,
the former relates to circumdances which are independent
of the will, and which therefore cannot be fubjert to any
law ; the latter confids in a parity of rights, which law
confers, and a pariry of duties, which it preferibes. Moral
equality maybe termed either natural, or civil, according
to the kind of law on which it is founded ; and it may be
confidered either as abfolute or relative : in abfolute equa¬
lity, the parity mud extend to all rights and duties what¬
ever ; whereas, in relative, it is liable only to particular
exceptions.

We may now advert to the grand propofition, Wherein
does the equality of jnankind covfjl ? In order to anfwer this
queftion, it is necefiary to take into our view thofe parti¬
culars which are common to all; fuch as the vicifiitudes
of health and ficknefs, of pleafure and pain, of profperity
and adverfity, to which all men arealike expofed. Who,
that contemplates individuals in thefe points of view, does
not difeern their equality ? This may properly be termed
moral equality, to didinguith it from that fimilitude in
other refperts, which may be referred to phyfical equality :
but thefe twoki^ds are intimately conm'rted ; and, as the
common rights and duties of men arife from the w hole of
human nature, fo moral equality mud, in fome refpe'rt,
refult from phyfical. That equality of rights and duties,
arifing from the common nature and condition of man¬
kind, is not a mere firtionof imagination, but actually takes
place jn many cafes, not only between nations indepen¬
dent of each other’s authority, but alfo between indivi¬
duals, w ho happen to be connected by no other ties than
thofe of humanity. It is remarkable that the celebrated
M. Necker, greatly mifreprefents the propofition, and
confounds phyfical witli moral equality ; though the lat¬
ter is clearly and corrertly indicated by the expredion,
That all men are born equal w ith refpeit to rights. . This

maxim is by no means new ; for Montefquieu has affirm¬
ed the very fame in his Spirit of Laws, book viii. M.
Necker fays, “ that men are no otherwife equal with refpert
to rights, than in confequence of their defire and (enle of
happinefs;” and then, obferving that brutes have alfo this
defire and fenfe, he attempts to ridicule the propofition,
by concluding that brutes are equal to men in rights.
This is a grofs miftake : for the equality ot men refults,
not from any particular properties which they may have
in common with brutes, but from the aggregate ot thofe
which are common to mankind, and which conditute hu¬
man nature. In the animated as well as inanimated na¬
ture, in man as well as the inferior creatures, we dilcern
not only uniformity but alfo variety ; and he mud be a
poor philofopher indeed, who does not perceive how much
this variety, in the moral not lefs than in the phyfical
world, contributes to preferve the order and harmony of
the whole. Did mankind come into life like the fabled
Theban colony, which fprang from the ferpent’s teeth-,
their abfolute equality might be pofiible : but we teat the
event would be what the poet deferibes, when he adds,
- -Jitoque

Marte cadunt fubiti per mutua vulncra fratres.

This, however, is not the cafe ; for the mod driking in¬
equality refults from the circumdances in which we are
born, and mud inevitably attend mankind even in a date
of nature, were it only in thofe' refpedts which refult from
the various degrees of bodily and mental powers, by which
individuals are diilinguifited. Civil fociety mutt there¬
fore have been the obvious confequence of the firft focial
union, which mud have fubfided in a date of nature; in
which, as mankind increafed in number, and as indivi¬
duals became more independent on each other, common
laws were found neceffary, in order to protect the weak
againd the drong, and to preferve the peace of the com¬
munity. Thefe fird rudiments of civil fociety were pro¬
bably as fimple and rude as wrere the men for whom t hey
were defigned, till experience taught them to improve
thefe regulations, and at length to form regular lydems
of legifiation. Belide thefe circumdances of inequality
in a date of nature, a very driking one refults in civil
fociety from the abfolute necefiity of government. The
lower <. daffies of citizens, wdio conditute the majority in
every date, are too clofely employed in procuring their
fubfiftence, to have either time, or inclination, to attain
fufficicnt knowledge for the didribution of judice and the
administration of public affairs. Hence it becomes necef¬
fary to felect thofe for the offices of government, on whom
wealth has conferred leifure ; whofe education has called
forth and improved their abilities ; and whofe moral cha-
rarter, as well as talents and knowledge, entitle them to
the confidence of the community. From thefe premifes,
we may legitimately conclude, that mankind are equal,
inafmuch as the rights and duties refulting from human
nature are common to all ; that hence men ought to be
deemed equal in all cafes, except thofe in w'hici), either
from the ties of blood, or from mutual compart, or elfe
from the very nature of civil fociety and government, pe¬
culiar rights and duties neceffarily induce fubordination,
and hence inequality.

It may here be judly obferved, that, as all moral law
(and it is by this that man, in whatever (late we fuppofe
him to be, tnufl be direrted) is founded in the common
nature of mankin 1, all the rights which it confers, all
the duties which it preferibes, mud be referred equally to
every individual. Hence the force of that moral maxim,
to art towards others as we would with them to art to¬
ward its; which, in fart, prefuppofes the moral equality
of mankind as the principle on which its authority de¬
pends ; and hence we immediately feel the grand right
and correfpondent obligation refulting from equality ;
which, however extenfive, may be generally expreffed in
thefe words: “ Whatever others, who are our equals,
can judly require of us, we have an abfolute right to re¬
quire of them ; and they are under the fame obligation to

comply

$76

EQUALITY.

comply with our requifition in the latter cafe, as we are
to comply with theirs in tire former.” This right of
equality, together with its correfpcndent obligation, not
only extends to mankind in general, but is applicable to
every individual, and to all particular circutnftances and
relations ; fo that whoever enters into thefe, is imme¬
diately inverted with ail the rights, and bound to all tire
duties, which nature has connected with them. It is
obvious that tlris right and obligation mu ft fubfift equally
among different nations colleftively confidered, and that
no pretences of precede cy can be valid, unlefs founded
on Come compaft, either tacit or exprefs. -Arioviftus felt
this equality, when he faid to the Roman ambufTadors, If I
wanted any thing of Caefar I would have gone to him ; if he
wants any thing of me, let him come to me. And hence
Dr. P aulus maintains, that as a dwarf is as much a man as
a giant, fo the fmalleft independent republic is equal, with
refpeft to its rights, to the mod powerful monarchy. Hence
Ire deprecates all pretences to precedence among Sovereign
ftates ; and infills that no fovereign frate can jnrtly forbid
the commercial intercourfe of its fubjefts with tlrofe of
other ftates, except in thofe cafes alone in which its abfo-
lute fafety is immediately concerned. He expofes the
abfurdity of every excltilive claim laid to newly-difco-
vered countries, except fuch as is founded on peopling
and cultivating thofe which were uninhabited ; and even
then the claim can extend no farther than the part occu¬
pied by the colonifts. On all thefe fubjedts it muft be
acknowledged that he is juft and impartial in his reafon-
ing : and it is greatly to be lamented that politicians are
fo much more attentive to expedience than to juftice in
their tranfaftions : — but as long as an appeal to the fword
is the only mean by which nations can decide their claims,
weean fcarcely hope that impartial juftice will be the rule
of their dealings with one another. The minifter of each
ftate looks on thofe of other countries as men who are en¬
deavouring to take all portible advantage of any inadver¬
tence into which he may be betrayed, in order to extort
all that they can ; he therefore thinks himfelf juftified in
adopting a fimilar conduft, and tries to advance the im¬
mediate interefts of his principals, by praftifing the like
difingenuous arts.

With the equality of mankind, their liberty is imme¬
diately and infeparably connected : for, among thofe who
are entirely equal, (that is, who are connected by no re¬
lation except the common tie of humanity,) none can
have any right to command, nor can 3ny be under an ob¬
ligation to obey : but as this right of freedom belongs to
all alike, it impofes on every individual the moft indif-
penfable obligation to refrain from every thing that vio¬
lates the liberty of any other perfon, and to grant to all
around him the peaceable enjoyment of that which he
juftly claims as his o'W’n. This right and obligation ex¬
tends to religious fentiments and inodes of worfhip, to
the acquifition and improvement of property, and to w hat¬
ever may be fuppofed to increafe the comfort and happi-
nefs of human life. Many writers have maintained that pro¬
perty is not a natural but a civil right, and that the laws, by
which it is regulated, necelfarily produce inequality ; but
profertbr Cras has juftly (hewn that property, or exclufive
potfellion, is a right of nature, and that the law, by which
it is guarded, by afligning rights and duties to every indi¬
vidual, tends to eftablilh and preferve moral equality. —
It may therefore be proper to contemplate the original
tranfition of men, from a ftate of nature into one of civil
fociety. If firth an aftbeiation be formed by a number of
perfons who are equal, no individual can claim a right to
govern the reft ; all have an equal (liare in the original
foveveignty, which muft therefore refide in the citizens
colleftively, that is, in the people ; and they havea right
either to exercife it themfelves, or to delegate it to one
or more of their number, as they may think moft condu¬
cive to their welfare. Hence neither an individual, nor
any number of perfons, can poftibly have an original right
to govern without theconfent of the governed ; but when.

by mutual compact, the people have delegated their au¬
thority, the compact 'ought to be held faered and inviola¬
ble both by the governor and governed. Thus, in civil
(ociety, the equality of men is in fome refpefts neceftariiy
di mi ni died , but this diminution does not affeft the eftential
rights and duties of humanity. They lie beyond the
reach of civil authority, which ought always to confider
them as principles previoufly eftabliflied, that cannot
juftly be violated by any human laws. And, though the
governors and the governed, from the authority commit¬
ted to the one of thefe clafles, and the obedience required
from the other, are unequal in rank and ftation ; yet, if
we confider them as members of the fame community, as
fubjeft to the fame general laws, they are equal, as they
all enjoy the fame general rights, and are bound by the
fame general obligations. Hence the obfervations made
by Grotius, that a magiftrate muft be confidered in a dou¬
ble capacity; it is only in his official character that he
can have a right to exert authority and to require obe¬
dience : in every thing in which his intereft, as an indi¬
vidual, is concerned, he is equally with others amenable
to the laws : he cannot, in a conteft with the meaneft
citizen, be judge in his own cafe, but muft fubrnit it to
the decifion of thofe whom the law appoints, and who
muft proceed impartially as the law directs. This kind
ot equality, which is -eflential to every free government,
may and ought to be fo modified as to preferve that decent
relpeft for the magiftrate, which is neceflary to the pre-
fervation of public order ; and this, we may obferve, is
admirably done in our own conftitution, by rendering the
minifters and advifers even of the king refponfible for the
wrongs committed in his name.

On entering into civil fociety, men lofe their natural
equality no farther than is abfolutely neceflary for the
welfare of the community, and become fubject, not to
arbitrary power, but to juft and lawful authority ; the
nature and limits of which muft be known from what are
commonly called the conftitutional laws of a ftate. In all
cafes which do not manifeftly alfeft the public order and
happinefs, every fubjeft, when arrived at years of matu¬
rity, has a full right to regulate his own conduit accord¬
ing to his own will, without being neceftariiy dependent on
t hat of his fellow-fubjefts, or of the magiftrate. This
limitation of civil authority is evidently juft and reasona¬
ble ; and therefore, in civil fociety, much of the natural
equality of mankind remains ; and of liberty, though it
be more reftrained than in a ftate of nature, enough may
be left to render life perfectly fecure and happy ; for every
individual retains a lull right to aft conformably with the
diftates of his own will, provided he neither injures the
welfare of the community, nor violates the rights of
others, who have the fame claim with himfelf to this
freedom. This is all that a good man can defire.

That men were fit ft prompted to enter into civil fociety
in order to fecure their natural rights, is a principle laid
down by every eminent writer on government ; and that
the firft or primary objeft, the right of bolding a (hare iu
the legifiature, either personally, or by a reprefentative,
is a ftrong feature of equality in every fuch government.
Yet fome have afterted that no civil fociety founded on
fuch equality could flourifh ; and that, where all the
members of the community had equal rights, there would
not be proper fubordination, but that the ftate would be
torn by diflenfions, of which anarchy and civil war would
be the deplorable confequences. But Dr. Paulus (hews,
that the principle of equality, when properly underftood,
is fo far from tending to produce fedition and anarchy,
that it necelfarily fuppofes a drift obedience to the laws,
and to that authority which is founded on them. Equa¬
lity of rights is infeparabiy connedted with equality of
moral obligation; and the former cannot be maintained
without the cbfervance of the latter. In every conftitu¬
tion, they who are inverted with the executive part of
government muft be armed with a power fufficient to
compel every individual to obey the laws, which confti.

tute

EQUALITY.

tute the will of the community ; and men will more cheer¬
fully and readily obey laws which they, by their repre-
fentatives, have concurred in making, than thofe which
are impofed by arbitrary controul, and in the eftablifh-
ment of which they had no concern. Arbitrary meafures
at once deftroy the fundamental principles of civil focie-
ty, and militate completely againft the propofition, “ that
men are equal in point of natural rights.” That this fpe-
cies of equality ought to be maintained and admitted in
all governments, there can be no doubt, becaufe all men
are left at liberty by their Creator to exert the faculties and
talents which he has given them, in purfuing their own
proper happinefs, according to thofe modes which appear
bed to their own calm and fober reafon, affifted by the
reafon of others, and by the revelation which he has made
known to them. In the fight of God, every man, with¬
out exception, is juftified, if he defends this liberty in
himfelf ; and every man is condemned, if he attack it in
another. In this refpeft, all menare equal and on a level :
whence it follows, that no man is bound to obey any mere
human laws, but thofe to which he has previoully alTent-
ed ; or in other words, every man has a right to govern
himfelf, or to be governed by his own confent ; and which
confent is either exprefsly or tacitly acknowledged in the
formation of every free conftitution.

Equality in right, as thus explained, is, indeed, fo far
from being a novelty, that it is the balls of that excellent
conftitution under which we have the happinefs to live ;
and fo obvious is this principle of right, that profeflTor
Brown maintains, though it may appear paradoxical, “that
an equality the moft exadt and perfect, in refpedl of every
moral and focial obligation, fpringsfrom inequality itfelf.”
In this light, the profeffor feems to confider thefe rights,
when he obferves that there are certain principles fo
ftrongly interwoven with the human frame, fo intimately
blended with its effence, fo efficient of all that is human,
that the violation of them cannot be regarded in any other
refpedt than in that of a degradation, nay, an entire ex-
tinftion, of the diftindlive attributes of the human cha-
rafter. Of confequence, (he adds,) every man ftipulates,
by entering into fociety with his fpecies, that the enjoy¬
ments grounded on thefe principles, or, in other words,
the rights which attach to them as the gifts of God to his
rational creatures, {hall be maintained to him inviolate,
and referves to himfelf the privilege of defending them
at all hazards, whenever it is attempted to wreft them
from him. For, as every human being is a conftituent
member of the focial body, he is, while he difeharges the
duties incident to his peculiar capacity, entitled, equally
with every other, to the grand prerogatives of human
nature, which civil fociety is intended to maintain and
improve. Thefe rights are the neceftary appendages of
that equality, which fubftfts among all men, amidft the
diverfities which fociety'and civilization have introduced.
Civil fociety, therefore, does not neceflarily make any
one member of the community either the mafter or the
flaveof his fellow-citizens, but only confirms the relations
whichalready exifted. Infteadof thuselevating fomeabove
others, it places all on an equal footing, by making
all equally fubjedt to the common authority of the laws,
which conftitute the will of the community. This, fays
Dr. Paulus, is the only objedl of fociety which concurs
with the precepts and defign of our Saviour and his apof-
tles. Chriftianity is founded on univerfal brotherly love,
and commands men to love their fellow mortals as them-
felves ; that is, to live as in a fraternal fociety of equals.
Our own Englifh laws delight in equality : for whatever
offence be committed againft them, whether of murder,
of fraud, or of mifdemeanour, either by the peer or the
peafant, the punifhment of the crime admits of no diftinc-
tion, fo precifely equal do the culprits (land. In affairs at
corflmon law, equality of rights is fcrupuloufly maintain¬
ed ; fo that when a charge is made againft any one perfon,
and divers ought to bear it, he fhall have relief againft the
reft. 2 Rep. 25. And where a man leaves a power to
Von. VI. Mo. 399.

877

his wife to give an eftate among three daughters, in fuch
proportions as (lie fhall think fit : it has been held that
file muft divide it equally-, unlefs good reafon be given for
doing othervvife. Preccd. Cane. 256. And in our courts of
equity it is a maxim , that “ equality is equity.”
Francis's Maxims, Jol. 9. With refpedt to that perverted
dodlrine of univerfal equality among men, which would level
all diftindlions, and divide equally the goods of fortune,
the principles of it are fo abfnrd, fo incompatible with
reafon, and fo utterly impoffible to every (late and condi¬
tion of fociety, that we might well be furprifed how the
public mind could for one moment be deluded by it. On
this fubject M. Turgot has fatisfadtorily fhewn, that in¬
equality in the divifion of property inevitably flows from
natural caufes. His principles are clear, and his argu¬
ments convincing. They are well worth the confideration
of thofe who think that an equal diftribution of a man’s
eftate between his children would banifh from the world
that inequality of fortune, which has always exifted in
fociety. This may indeed be combated on a moral prin¬
ciple : phyfical principles are however too ftubborn to
give way to what may be called moral propriety. M.
Turgot’s argument is as follows: — “ The primeval or
original proprietors would occupy as much land as their
ftrength would permit them with their families to culti¬
vate. A man of greater ftrength, more laborious, more at¬
tentive about the future, would occupy more than a man of
a contrary character. He, vvhofe family is the moft numer¬
ous, having greater wants and more hands, extends his pof-
feflions farther ; this is a firft caufe of inequality . Every
piece of ground is not equally fertile ; two men with the
fame extent of land, may reap a very different harveft ;
this is a fecond fource of inequality. Property in de¬
fending from fathers to their children, divides into
greater or lefs portions, according as the defendants are
more or lefs numerous, and as one generation fucceeds
another, fometimes the inheritances again fubdivide, and
fometimes re-unite again by the extinction of fome of the
branches ; this a third fource of inequality. The differ¬
ence of knowledge, of adtivity, and, above all, the ceco-
nomy of fome, contrafted with the indolence, inadtion,
and diffipation, of others, is a fourth principle of inequa¬
lity, and the moft powerful of all : the negligent and
inattentive proprietor, who cultivates badly, who in a
fruitful year, confumes in frivolous things the whole of
his fuperfluity, finds himfelf reduced on the leaft accident
to requeft affiflance from his more provident neighbour,
and to live by borrowing. If by any new accident, or
by a continuation of his negligence, he finds himfelf not
in a condition to repay, he is obliged to have recourfe to
new loans, and at laft has no other' refource but to aban¬
don a part, oreven the whole, of his property to his credi¬
tor, who receives it as an equivalent ; or to affign it to
another, in exchange for other valuables with which he
difeharges his obligation to his creditor.” — Hence it fol¬
lows moft clearly, that if all the individuals now on the
face of the earth were to be made equal in the prefent
hour, they could not poffibly be found fo in the next.

Yet an apparently ingenious writer, Mr. Pilkington, in¬
fills, that by following the benevolent precepts of our
blefled Saviour, in diftributing our property among thofe
who are deftitute, it would foon annihilate all difference
of rank and condition, and quickly eftablifh univerfal
equality ainonglt men. If this writer could but enforce
his opinion, many perfons' would think him, inftead of an
advocate for an equality of rights, a much more formidable
opponent than even Thomas Paine. A propofition fo
chimerical may fuit the poor ; but it will never operate
upon the rich, particularly while a man may be as good a
Chriftian with twenty tkoufand pounds, as wirh twenty pounds
a-year. But that this dodlrine of univerfal equaldy is not
only mifehievous in its operation, but completely falfe in
fadt, is fhewn in very linking colours by the Rev. Dr.
Rennell, mafter of the Temple, in his difeourfes, lately
publiflied. We fhall give the paflage in his own words

jo O “ AS

S78

E Q U

“ At no time were men born equal ; at no time did
they become, or if they were, could they continue,
equal. Even previous to the exigence of civil govern¬
ment, this inequality exifted. It is aflerted, and with
the utmoft truth, by the profoundeft reafoner and matured:
thinker in Pagan antiquity, that man brought not
Equality, but Subordination, to political fbciety.
The family diftinctions of Father and Child, Husband
and Wife, Master and Servant, exifted before, and
prepared the way for the civil relation of Subject and
Magistrate. The fame inequality which fubfifted in
the origin, is effentially necelfary to the continuance of the
political machine. The inequality of property is the
foundation of all honed indudry and exertion ; the pro¬
tection of property once acquired is t he only preventive
of never-ceafirg blooddted, violence, and confufion. The
commoned fenfe mud inform us, that the contrary doc¬
trine is equally dedruttive of poor as well as rich. De¬
prive the merchant of his opulence, and where can the
numerous manufacturers and their families find that plen¬
tiful and comfortable maintenance, which lies open to
honed indudry in every commercial, town in thefe king¬
doms ? Take from the landholder his edates, and where
will the farmer, and much more his labourer, fly for re¬
fuge > Where will be thole improvements and operations
of agriculture, which fuppofe, and necefiarily infer, a
much larger portion of landed property than can come to
any man’s dtare upon an equal divifion ?” See thefe fe-
veral works, and the volumes of Monthly Review, New
Series.

EQUA'LITY, in painting and fculpture, is repre-
fented by a middle-aged woman, holding in her right hand
a pair of fcales, and in her left a fwallow’s ned, in which
the parent bird is equally dividing the food to her young.

E'QUALL, J'. Equality:

Thou, that prefum’d to weigh the world anew,

And all things to an equall to reflore,

Indead of right, me feemes, great wrong dod fliew,

And far above thy force’s pitch to fore. Spenjer.

E'QUALLY, adv. In the fame degree with another
perfon or thing ; alike. — To reconcile men’s vices to their
fears is the aim of all the various fchemes and projects of
fin, and is equally intended by atheifm and immorality.
Rogers. — Evenly; equably; uniformly. — If the motion
of the fun were as unequal as ot a fliip, fometimes flow,
and at others fwift ; or, if being conflantly equally fwift,
it yet was not circular, and produced not the fame appear¬
ances, it would not help us to meafure time more than the
motion of a comet does. Locke. — Impartially :

We fliall ufe them,

As we fliall find their merits and our fafety

May equally determine. Shakcjpeare.

E'QUALNESS,/ Equality :

Let me lament

That our flars unreconcileable fliould have divided
Our equalnefs to this. Shakefpcare.

EQUAN'GULAR, adj. [from equus and angulus, Lat.]
Confiding of equal angles.

EQJJANI'MITY, f. \_a-quanimitas , Lat.] Evennefs of
mind, neither elated nor deprefled.

EQUA'NIMOUS, adj. £ aquanimis , Lat.] Even; not
dejeCted; not elated.

E'QU ANT, f an imaginary circle conceived by aftro-
nomers, for correcting the Ptolemaic fyftem, and called
the equalizing circle. See Astronomy, vol. ii. p. 330.

EQUA'TION, f. [aquare, Lat.] The invefligation of
a mean proportion collected from the extremities of ex¬
cels and defect, to be applied to the whole. — We are to
find out the extremities on both fides, and from and be¬
tween them the middle daily motions of the fun along the
ecliptic ; and to frame tables of equation of natural days,
to be applied to the mean motion by addition or fub-
traCtion, as the cafe Ihall require. Holder. — By an argu-

E Q U

ment taken from the equations of the times of the eclipfes
of Jupiter’s fatellites, it feems that light is propagated in
time, fpending in its paflage from the fun to us about
feven minutes of time. Newton.

EQUA'TION,./. in algebra, an expreflion of the fame
quantity in two diflimilar terms, but of equal value ; as,
3*. — 36^. See Algebra, voi. i. p. 288 — 290.

- EQUA'TION, J. in aftronomy, the difference between
the time marked out by the fun’s apparent motion, and
the time that is meafured by its real or middle motion;
according to which clocks and watches ought to be ad-
jufted. See Astronomy.

EQUA'TOR, f. [(equator, Lat.] The equator on the
earth, or equinoctial in the heavens, is a great circle,
whole poles are the poles of the world. It divides the
globe into two equal parts, the northern and feu them
hemifpheres. It pafles through the end and weft points
of the horizon ; and at the meridian is raifed as much
above the horizon as is the complement of the latitude
of the place. Whenever the fun comes to this circle, it
makes equal days and nights all round the globe, becaufe
he then rifes due eaft and fets due weft, w hich he doth
at no other time of the year. See the articles Astro¬
nomy and Geography. — By reafon of the convexity of
the earth, the eye of. man, under the equator, cannot dif-
cover both the poles : neither would the eye, under the
poles, difeover the fun in tiie equator. Brown.

Rocks rich in gems, and mountains big with mines,

That on the high equator ridgy rife.

Whence many a burfting Itream auriferous plays. Thom/on.

EQUATO'RIAL, adj. Pertaining to the equator;
taken at the equator. — The planets have fpheroidicai
figures, and obliquities of their equatorial to their ecliptic
planes. Cheyne.

EQUATO'RIAL,/. An inftrument calculated to an-
fwer a number of ufeful purpofes in practical aftronotny.
It may be employed in any fteady room or place, and it
performs moft of the ufeful problems with the greateft
accuracy. It is the invention of tire ingenious Mr.
Ramlden; and confifts of the following parts, as fhewq
in the annexed figure. A, the azimuth or horizontal
circle, which reprefents the horizon of the place, and
moves on a long axis B, called the vertical axis. C, the
equatorial or hour-circle, reprefenting the equator, placed
at right angles to the polar axis D, or the axis of the
earth, upon which it moves. E, the femicircle of decli¬
nation, on which the telefcope is placed, and moving on
the axis of declination, or the axis of motion of the line of
collimation F ; all which circles are meafured and divided
as in the following Table :

Mealures of the leve-
ral Circles, and divi-
fions on them.

Radius

Inches

Limb

divided

to

Non. of
30 gives
feconds

Divid. oh
limh into
pts.oflnc.

Livid, by
Non. into
pts.oflnc.

Azimuth or ho
rizontal cir- V
cle 3

5'1

15'

30"

45 th

1350th

Equatorial or ^
hour circle S

S'1

15',

or 1 m.
in time

30"

2"

45^1

1350th

Vertical femi-
circle for de- f
clination or f
latitude J

S'

15'

3°"

42d

1 260th

The telefcope placed on the femicircle of declination,
is an achromatic refractor with a triple objeft-glafs, whofe
focal diftance is 17 inches, and its aperture 2-45 inches,
and it is furnifhed with fix different eye-tubes ; fo that
its magnifying powers extend from 44 to 168. The tele-
fcope in this equatorial may be brought parallel to the
polar axis, as in the figure, fo as to point to the pole-ftar
in any part of its diurnal revolution; and thus it has
been obferved near noon, when the fun has flione very

bright.

EQUATORIAL.

bright, The apparatus for corred! ng the error in alti¬
tude occafioned by refradion, which is applied to the
eye-end of the telefcope, confifts o.f a Aide G, moving in
a groove or dove-tail, and carrying the feveral eye-tubes
ot the telefcope, on which Hide there is an index corre-
fponding to five frnall divifions engraved on the dove-tail ; ■
it has a very frnall circle, called the refradion circle H,
moveable by a finger-ferew at the extremity of the eye-
end of the telefcope ; which circle is divided into half
minutes, one whole revolution of it being equal to 3' 18",
and by its motion it raifes the centre of the crofs-hairs on
a circle-of altitude ; and alfo a quadrant I, of i£ inch
radius, with divifions on each fide, one expreffing the
degree ot altitude of the objed viewed, and the other
exprefiing the minutes and feconds of error occafioned
by refradion, corref ponding to that degree of altitude.
T. o this quadrant is joined a frnall round level, K, which
is adjutted partly by the pinion that turns the whole of
this apparatus, and partly by the index of the quadrant;
for which purpofe the refradion circle is fet to the fame
minute, &c. which the index points to on the limb of the
quadrant; and if the minute, See. given by the quadrant,

exceed the 3' 18" contained in one entire revolution of
the refradion circle, this mu ft be fet to the excefs above
one or more of its entire revolutions; then the centre of
the crofs-hairs will appear to be raifed on a circle of alti¬
tude to the additional height which the error of refrac¬
tion will occafion at that altitude.

The principal adjuftment in this inftrument, is that of
making the line of collimation to deferibe a portion of an
hour circle in the heavens : in order to which, the azi¬
muth circle mull be truly level ; the line of collimation,
or fome corresponding line reprefented by the frnall brafs
rod M parallel to it, mull be perpendicular to the axis
of its own proper motion ; and this laft axis muft be per¬
pendicular to the polar axis. On the brafs rod M there
-is occafionally placed a hanging level N, the ufe of which
will appear in the following adjuftment: The azimuth
circle may be made level by turning the inftrument till
one of the levels he parallel to an imaginary line joining
Swo of the feet ferewsj then adjuft that level with thefe

879

two feet ferews; turn the circle 1800, or half round;
and if the bubble be not then right, corred half, the error
by the ferew belonging to the level, and the other half
error by the two foot ferews, repeating this operation till
the bubble come right ; then turn the circle 90^ from
the two former pofitions, and fet the bubble right, if it
be wrong, by the foot ferew at the end of the level;
when this is done, adjuft the other level by its own ferew,
and the azimuth circle will be truly level. The hanging
level muft then be fixed to the brafs rod by two books
of equal length, and made truly parallel to it : for this
purpofe, make the polar axis perpendicular or nearly per¬
pendicular to the horizon ; then adjuft the level by the
pinion of the declination femicircle : reverie the level,
and if it be wrong, corred half the error by a frnall fteel
ferew that lies under one end of the level, and the other
half error by the pinion of the declination femicircle, re¬
peating the operation till the bubble be right in both
pofitions. To make the brafs rod, on which the level is
fufpended, at right angles to the axis of motion of the
telefcope, or line of collimation, make the polar axis
horizontal, or nearly fo ; fet the declination femicircle to
o°, and turn the hour circle till the bubble cotne right;
then turn the declination circle to 900 ; adjuft the bubble
by raifing or deprefiing the polar axis (firft by hand till
it be nearly right, afterwards tighten with an ivory key
the focket which runs on the arch with the polar axis,
and then apply the fame ivory key to the adj lifting ferew
at the end of the faid arch till the bubble come quite
right) ; then turn the declination circle to the oppoftte
900 ; if the level be not then right, corred half the error
by the aforefaid adjufting ferew at the end of the arch,
and the other half error by the two ferews that raife or
deprefs the end of the brafs rod. The polar axis remain¬
ing nearly horizontal as before, and the-declination femi¬
circle as o°, adjuft the bubble by the hour circle ; then
turn the declination femicircle to 900, and adjuft t lie bub¬
ble by raifing or deprefiing the polar axis ; then turn the
hour circle 12 hours; and if the bubble be wrong, cor¬
red half the error by t lie polar axis, and the other half
error by the two pair of capftan ferews at the feet of the
two fupports on one fide of the axis of motion of the tele¬
fcope; and thus this axis will be at right angles to the
polar axis. The next adjuftment, is to make the centre
of the crofs-hairs remain on the fame object, while the
eye-tube is turned quite round by the pinion of the re¬
fradion apparatus: for this adjuftment, fet the index on
the Hide to the firft divifion on the dove-tail ; and fet the
divifion marked 18" on the refradion circle to its index;
thert look through the telefcope, and with the pinion
turn the eye-tube quite round ; then if the centre of the
hairs does not remain on the fame fpot during that revo¬
lution, it muft be correded by' the four final 1 ferews,
two and two at a time, which will be found upon un-
ferewing the neareft end of the eye-tube that contains the
firft eye-glafs; repeating this correction till the centre of
the hairs remain on the fpot looked at during a whole re¬
volution. To make the line of collimation parallel to
the brafs rod on which the level hangs, fet the polar axis
horizontal, and the declination circle to 900, adjuft the
level by the polar axis ; look through the telefcope on
fome diftant horizontal objed, covered by the centre of
the crofs hairs : then invert the telefcope, which is done
by turning the hour circle half round ; and if the centre
of the crofs-hairs does not cover the fame objed as be¬
fore, corred half the error by the uppermoft and lower-
raoft of the four frnall ferews at the eye-end of the large
tube of the telefcope ; this corredion 1 . . give a fecond
objed now covered by the centre of the hairs, which
muft be adopted inftead of the firft objed ; then invert
the telefcope as before; and if the fecond objed be not
covered by the centre of the hairs, corred half the error
by the fame two ferews as were ufed before: thjs cor¬
redion will give a third objed, now covered by the
centre of the hairs, which muft be adopted inftead of the

fecond

8S0

E Q U

fecond objeft ; repeat this operation till no error remain ;
then fet the hour circle exactly to 12 hours, the declina¬
tion circle remaining at 900 as before; and if the centre
of the crofs-hairs do not cover the laft object fixed on,
fet it to that object by the two remaining fnrall fcrevvs at
the eye-end of the large tube, and then the line of colli-
mation will be parallel to the brafs rod. For rectifying
the nonius of the declination and equatorial circles, lower
the telefcope as many degrees, &c. below o° on the de¬
clination femicircle as are equal to the complement of
the latitude; then elevate the polar axis till the bubble
be horizontal ; and thus the equatorial circle will be ele¬
vated to the co-latitude of the place : fet this circle to 6
hours; adjuft the level by the pinion of the declination
circle; then turn the equatorial circle exadtly 12 hours
from the laft pofition ; and if the level be not right, cor¬
rect one half of the error by the equatorial circle, and
the other half by the declination circle : then turn the
equatorial circle back again exadtly 12 hours from the
laft pofition ; and if the level be Hill wrong, repeat the
corredtion as before, till it be right, when turned to
either pofition: that being done, fet the nonius of the
equatorial circle exadtly to 6 hours, and the nonius of the
declination circle exadtly to o°.

The chief ufes of this equatorial are, Firft, To find the
meridian by one obfervation only : for this purpofe, ele¬
vate the equatorial circle to the co-latitude of the place,
and fet the declination femicircle to the fun’s declination
for the day and hour of the day required ; then move the
azimuth and hour circles both at the fame time, either in
the fame or contrary diredtion, till you bring the centre
of the crofs-hairs in the telefcope exadtly to cover the
centre of the fun; when that is done, the index of the
hour circle will give the apparent or folar time at the
inftant of obfervation ; and thus the time is gained, though
the fun be at a diftance from the meridian ; then turn the
hour circle till the index points precifely at 12 o’clock,
and lower the telefcope to the horizon, in order to ob-
ferve fome point there in the centre of the glafs ; and that
point is the meridian mark, found by one obfervation
only. The belt time for this operation is three hours be¬
fore, or three hours after, twelve at noon. — Secondly, To
point the telefcope on a ftar, though not on the meridian,
in full day-light. Having elevated the equatorial circle
to the co-latitude of the place, and fet the declination fe-
micircle to the ftar’s declination, move the index of the
hour circle till it (hall point to the precife time at which
the ftar is then diftant from the meridian, found in the
tables of the right afcenfion of the ftars, and the ftar will
then appear in the glafs. — Befides thefe ufes, peculiar to
this inftrument, it may alfo be applied to all the purpofes
to which the principal aftronomical inftruments are ap-
applied ; fuch as a tranfit inftrument, ajjuadrant, and an
equal-altitude inftrument.

EQUE'A, a town of Africa, on the Gold Coaft.

E'QjJERY, or Equerry, f [ecuyer, Fr.] Anofficer
who has the care and management of the horfes of a king
or prince. Stables for horfes, furnifhed with all con¬
veniences. The lodging places or apartments of the
equerries or grooms.

E'QUES, f. the Knight; a new genus of fifties in
Block’s fyftem ; for the fpecies of which fee Ch^todon.

EQUE'STRI AN, adj. [ equejlris , Lat.] Being on horfe-
back. — An equeftrian lady appeared upon the plains. Spec¬
tator. — .Skilled in horfemanfhip. Belonging to the fecond
rank in Rome.

Equestrian Games, among the Romans, horfe-races,
of which there were five kinds : the prodromus or plain
horfe-race, the chariot-race , the decurfory-race about funeral
piles, the ludi fevirales , and the ludi neptunales.

Equestrian Order, the knights or equites of an¬
cient Rome.

EQU E'STRIAN STATUE, in fculpture, the figure
of a perfon on horfeback,— See the article Sculpture.

EQU

E QU I AN'GUL AR, adj. in mathematics, a figure that has
all its angles equal among themfelves ; as the fquare, and
all the regular figures. An equilateral figure infcribed
in a circle, is always equiangular. But an equiangular
figure infcribed in a circle, is not always equilateral, ex¬
cept when it has an odd number of Tides : If the Tides be
of an even number, then they may either be all equal, or
elTe half of them will always be equal to each other, and
the other half to each other, the equals being placed al¬
ternately. Equiangular, is alfo faid of any two figures of
the fame kind, when each angle of the one is equal to a
correfponding angle in the other, whether each figure,
feparately confidered in itfelf, be an equiangular figure or
not, that is, having all its angles equal to each other.
Thus, two triangles are equiangular to each other, if,
ex. gr. one angle in each be of 30°, a fecond angle in each
°f f°°» and the third angle of each equal to 100 degrees.
Equiangular triangles have not their like Tides neceftarily
equal, but only proportional to each other; and fuch tri¬
angles are always fimilar to each other.

EQUICU'LUS or Equus Minor, a conftellation of
the northern hemifphere. See Equuleus.

EQUICRU'RAL, or Equicrure, adj. [xquus and
crus, Lat.] Having legs of an equal length, and longer
than the bafe ; ifofceles. — An equicrure triangle goes upon
a certain proportion of length, and breadth. Digby. — We
fuccefiively draw lines from angle to angle, until feven
equicrural triangles be defcribed. Brown.

EQUIDIF'FERENT, adj. in arithmetic, belonging to
a feries of four quantities in which there is the fame dif¬
ference between the firft and fecond as between the third
and fourth.

EQUI DISTANCE, f. [from equidijlant . ] The ftate
of being equally diftant.

EQUIDISTANT, adj. [ equus and dijlans, Lat.] At
the fame diftance. — The fix ftars are not all placed in the
fame concave fuperficies, and equidijlant from us, as they
feem to be. Ray.

EQ^JIDIS'TANTLY, adv. At the fame diftance. —
The liver, feated on the right fide, by the fubclavian di-
vifion cquidijlantly communicates unto either arm. Brown.

EQUIFO'RMITY, J. \_<?quus and forma, Lat.] Uni.
form equality. — No diverfity or difference, but a fimpli-
city of parts and equiformity of motion. Brown.

EQUILATERAL, adj. \_equus and latus, Lat.] Having
all fides equal. — Circles or fquares, or triangles equilateral,
which are all figures of equal lines, can differ but in
greater or leffer. Bacon.

To EQUILI'BRATE, v. a. To balance equally; to
keep even with equal weight on each fide. — The bodies
of fifties are equilibrated with the water in which they
fwim. Arbutknot.

EQUILIBRATION, y. Equipoife; the adt of keep,
ing the balance even. — In fo great a variety of motions,
as running, leaping, and dancing, nature’s laws of equili¬
bration are obferved. Derham.

EQUILIBRIUM, f. [Lat.] Equipoife; equality of
weight, — Equality of evidence, motives, or powers of
any kind. — Health confifts in the equilibrium between thofe
two powers, when the fluids move fo equally that they
don’t prefsupon the folids with a greater force than they
can bear. Arbuthnot. — Equilibrium in folid bodies forms a
confiderable part of the fcience of ftatics ; and equilibrium
of fluids a confiderable part of the dodtrine of hydroftatics.
Hutton.

It is in equilibria
If deities defcend or no ;

Then let th’ affirmative prevail.

As requifites to form my tale. Prior .

EQUIMULTIPLES, f. in arithmetic and geometry,
numbers or quantities multiplied by one and the fame
number or quantity. Hence, equimultiples are always in

3 the

881

E Q U

the fame ratio to each other as the Pimple quantities be¬
fore multiplication : thus, if 6 and 8 are multiplied by 4,
the equimultiples 24 and 32 will be to each other as 6 to 8.

EQUINE'CESSARY, adj. [aquus and ncceJJ'arius, Lat.]
Needful in the fame degree :

For both to give blows and to carry.

In fights, are cquinecejfary . Hudibras.

EQLJINOC'TI AL, f. [ aquus and nox , Lat.] A great
circle conceived in the heavens, under which the terref-
trial equator moves in its diurnal motion. The poles of
this circle are the poles of the world. It divides the
fphere into two equal parts, the northern and fouthern.
See Astronomy, vol. i. p. 325, &c. The equinoElial
; points , are the two oppolite points where the ecliptic and
equinoctial crofs each other; the one point being in the
beginning of Aries, and called the vernal point, or ver¬
nal equinox ; and the other in the beginning of Libra,
and called the autumnal point, or autumnal equinox.
It is found by obfervation, that the equinoCtial points,
and all the other points of the ecliptic, are continually
moving backwards, or in antecedentia, i. e. wellwards.
This retrograde motion of the equinoctial points, is that
phenomenon called the Precellion of the Equinoxes. See
Astronomy, p. 372.

EQUINOC'TIAL, adj. Pertaining to the equinox :
Thrice th’ equinoElial line

He circled ; four times crofs’d the car of night
From pole to pole, traverfing each colure. Milton.

Happening about the time of the equinoxes. — Being
near the equinoctial line ; having the properties of things
near the equator :

In vain they covet (hades and Thracia’s gales,

Pining v\ ith equinoElial heat. Philips.

EQUINOC'TIALLY, adv. In the direction of the
equinoCtial — They may be refrigerated inclinately, or
fomewhat equinoEliaJly ; that is, towards the ealtern and
wefiern points. Brown.

E'QUINOX, f. [aquus and nox, Lat.] Equinoxes are
the precife times in which the iun enters irito-thei firlt
point of Aries and Libra ; for then, moving exactly un¬
der the equinoCtial, he makes our days and nights equal.
This he doth twice a year, about the 2 1 ft of March'and
23d of September, which therefore are called the vernal
and autumnal equinoxes. See Astronomy.

’Twas now the month in which the world began,

If March beheld the firft created man ;

And fince the vernal equinox , the fun

In Aries twelve degrees or more had run. Dry den.

Equality, even meafure. Improper:

Do but fee his vice ;

’Tis to his virtue a juft equinox ;

The one as long as th’ other. Skake/peare.

EquinoCtial wind ; a poetical ufe :

The paffage yet was good ; the wind, ’tis true,

Was fomewhat high, but that was nothing new,

No-more than ufual equinoxes blew . Drydcn.

EQUINU'MER ANT, adj. [ aquus and numerus, Lat.]
Having the fame number; confiding of the fame number.
— This talent of gold, though not equinumerant , nor yet
equiponderant, as to any other; yet was equivalent to
Pome cprrefpondent talent in brafs. Arbuthnot.

7bEQUIP', v. a. [ equipper , Fr.] Tofurnifh forahorfe-
man or cavalier. To furnifh ; to accoutre ; to drefs out.
— The country are led affray in following the town ; and
equipped in a ridiculous habit, when they fancy themfelves
in the height of the mode. Addifon.

E'QUIPAGE,/. [equipage, Fr.] Furniture for a horfe-
man. Carriage of flute ; vehicle :

Myriads, between two brazen mountains lodg’d
Again ft a folemn day^ harnefs’d at hand,

Celeftial equipage! Milton.

Vol. Vi. No. 399.

£ Q U

Attendance; retinue. Accoutrements; furniture:

Soon as thy dreadful trump begins to found.

The god of war, with his fierce equipage,

Thou do’ft awake, fleep never he fo found. Spenjer.

E'QUIPAGED, adj. Accoutered; attended; having
fine habits ; having fplendid retinue :

She forth iffued with a goodly train
Of fquires and ladies, equipaged well.

And entertained them right fairly, as befell. Spenfer.

EQUIPAR A'TES, f. [ aquiparata , Lat.] In logic,
things compared and made equal.

EQUIPEN'DENCY,/. [aquus and pendco, Lat.] The
aft of hanging in equipoife ; not determined either way.
— The will of man, in the date of innocence, had an entire
freedom, a perfeCt cquipendency and indifference to either
part of the contradiction, to ftand or not to (land. South.

EQUIP'MENT, /. The act of equipping or accou¬
tring. — Accoutrement ; equipage.

E'QU (POISE, y. [aquus, Lat. and poids, Fr.] Equality
of weight; equilibration; equality of force. — In the tem¬
perate zone of our life there are few bodies at fuch an
equipoife of humours, but that the prevalency ol fome one
indifpofeth the fpirits. Glanville.

EQUIPOL'LENCE, J. [aquus and pollcntia, Lat.]
Equality of force or power.

EQU IPOL'LENT, adj. [aquipol/ens, Lat.] Having
equal power or force; equivalent. — Votary refolution is
made equipollent to cuftom, even in matter of blood. Bacon.

EQU IPON'DER ANCE, or Equiton'derancy, f.
[aquuswivS pondus, Lat.] Equality of weight ; equipoife.

EQIJ IPON'DER ANT, adj. [aquus and ponderans, Lat.]
Being of the fame weight. — A column of air, of any given
diameter, is equiponderant to a column of quickhl ver of be¬
tween twenty-nine and thirty inches height. Locke.

To EQLJ IPON'DER ATE, v. n. [aquus and pondero ,
Lat.] To weigh equal to any thing. — The heavinefs ot
any weight doth increafe proportionably to its diftance
from the centre: thus one pound A at D, will equiponde¬
rate unto two pounds at B, if the diftance A D is double
unto A B. Wilkins.

EQU IPON'DEROUS, or Equipondious, adj. [aquus
and pondus, Lat.] Equilibrated; equal on either part. Notin
vje. — The fceptics affedted an indifferent equipondious neu¬
trality, as the onlv means to their ataraxia. Glanville.

EQU PRIA, f. Feftivals eftablifhed at Rome, by Ro¬
mulus, in honour of Mars, when horfe-races and games
were exhibited in the Campus Martins. Varro.

EQUISE'TUM, f. [of Pliny; from equifeta, Lat.
horfe-hair.] Horse-tail; in botany, a genus of the clafs
cryptogamia, order Alices, natural order of filices or ferns.
The generic characters are — Fructifications difpofed into
a long ovate-oblong fpike ; each orbiculate, gaping at
the bale with feveral valves, connected by a flat (hield-
fhaped top.

Defcription. Roots perennial, creeping. They are leaf-
lefs herbs, with a hollow ftreaked ftem, either Ample or
branched, the branchlets ufually diipofed in whorls ; it
is jointed, and the joints are furrou tided with a toothed
(heath. The vernal (terns ufually bear a fort of cone,
and foon perifh ; thefe are fucceeded by others without
cones, and lading much longer. Perhaps the former are
males, the latter females, in which the (ex has not been
difeovered. Hedwig takes the little balls for the ftigma,
and the bridles covered with duft, converging in wet, and
fpreading in a dry fituation, for ftamens. Linnaeus, Sco-
poli, Curtis, and others, confider the powder in the (pikes
as the feed. Adanfon has removed the horfe-tails from
the cryptogamous plants, and placed them in the family
of pines, from which they differ in every refpect.

Species. 1. Equifetum fylvaticum, or wood horfe-tai! :
ftem fpiked, fronds compound. This grows to the height
of a foot or eighteen inches, and even of three or four
feet. There are twelve or more ((ixteen to twenty-four.
Leers ; twenty-four to thirty, Scop.) branchlets, or leaves
10 P as

8S2 E Q U

as fame cal 1 them, in a whorl ; thefe are very (lender,
about five inches long, quadrangular, and befet with fe-
veral other fecondary whorls, having five to feven branch-
lets on each ; fo that the whole refembles a pine-tree in
miniature. The flowering (pike is at the end of the frond.
Native of moft parts of Europe, in woods and fiuidy places;
flowering in April and May. According to Linnaeus, it
is a principal food of horfes in fome parts of Sweden.
Scopoli affirms that it is noxious to-kine, making them
filed their teeth, and bringing on a diarrhoea. This is alfo
faid of the two next fpecies.

2. Equifetum arvenfe, or corn horfe-tail : fruit-bear¬
ing fcap.e naked, barren leafy. The naked flowering ftems
appear early in tiie fpring, and Toon decay : they are the
thicknefs of a large wheat ftraw, a hand’s breadth or
more in height, upright, yellowiffi, with from two to five
joints, covered with membranous ribbed (heaths, divided
at the top into numerous fegments or teeth. Native of
moft parts of Europe, the Levant, Japan, and North
America, in corn-fields and wet meadows, flowering in
March, April, and May. It is a troublefome weed, and
difficult to extirpate. The country people call it horfe-
pipe and Jkake-pipe. It is fuppofed to indicate fubterra-
neous flowing waters or fprings.

3. Equifetum paiuftre, or marfh horfe-tail : ftera angu¬
lar, fronds fimple. The ftem is a foot or eighteen incites
high, nearly fmooth, channelled with five or fix deep fur¬
rows. Grows in marflies and ditches; flowering in June.

E. pal. minus polyftacliion, the variety, has fmaller
fronds, alntoft all the branchlets having a fpike at the
end, but that at the end of the ftem twice as large as
the reft.

4. Equifetum fluviatile, or river horfe-tail: ftem ftreaked,
fronds altnoft fimple. This is the largeft of all the Eu¬
ropean fpecies. The ftem is three or four feet high, the
thicknefs of a finger, and fometimes near an inch in dia¬
meter, ftreaked, not furrowed, fmooth, foft, of a pale or
whitifh colour at firft, but blackifh in decay ; joints nu¬
merous, (heaths ftreaked, and divided into as many long
linear dents as there are branchlets in the whorl, that is,
from twenty-four to thirty, thirty-fix, and even forty ;
the branchlets or leaves are quadrangular, and generally
Ample. The fpikesgrow diftimSt from the fronds on fcapes,
but from the fame root ; thefe come out earlier, are a foot
or eighteen inches in height, and the fpikes are replete
with a blueifli powder. Haller tells 11s that this fpecies
was eaten by the common people among the Romans ;
and Linnaeus affirms, that rein-deer, who refufe hay, will
however eat this ; that it is cut as fodder for kine, with
a view to increafe their milk ; but that it is not fo accept¬
able to horfes. Native of Europe, on the banks of rivers,
lakes, ponds, and ditches ; flowering in May and J tine.

5. Equifetum limofum, or fmooth horfe-tail : ftem al-
moft naked, fmooth, and even. This grows three or four
feet high, and is often quite deftitute of leaves, but fome¬
times produces a few draggling ones. Haller is of opinion
that this is only a variety of the paiuftre. Linnaeus and
Leers fufpeft it to be a variety of the foregoing. Found
in watery places, lakes, ponds, and ditches ; flowering
in May and J line.

6. Equifetum hyemale, or rough horfe-tail: ftem naked,
fcabrous, fubracemed at the bafe. Stems evergreen, about
eighteen inches high, naked and unbranched for the moft
part, but fometimes emitting two or three lateral branches
near the bafe ; they are furrowed with eighteen or twenty
rough obtufe angles, and many of the joints are three
inches afunder. This is the beft fpecies for polifhing
wood and metal, as being the hat deft and roughefi. Hence
our old writers called it fhave-grafs. It is much ufed by
the wliitefniiths and cabinet-makers, under the name of
Dutch ruffles. In Northumberland, the dairy-maids fcour
their milk-pails with it. Gerarde fays, that the women
fcower their pewter and wooden things of the kitchen
therewith, and thence call it pewterwort ; and that the
fletchers and comb-makers do' rub and polifh their work

E Q U

with it. Native of Europe, by river fides, in bogs and1
watery places, and in wet marfiiy places in woods: flow¬
ering in July and Auguft; alfo of Japan.

7. Equifetum giganteum, or giant horfe-tail : ftem
ftreaked, arborefeent ; fronds fimple, ftiitt, fpike-bearing.
We have no defeription of this fpecies. It is a native of
South America.

Propagation and Culture. Though the horfe-tails be in¬
habitants of the water, or at lead fiourifli beft where they
can lodge their perennial creeping roots in a wet foil or
ftrong clay which holds the wet, yet they will grow with¬
out difficulty in a garden, efpecially near water, or under
a north wall, or in the ftiade : they require only to be kept
within bounds, as they run much at the root ; it is better,
therefore, to plant them in pots, plunged in the earth,
than in the open ground. It is not fo eafy to extirpate
them from cultivated lands. Haller lays that he tried in
vain to accomplifh it by ploughing, dunging, and other
methods ; and that any one who publifhed the fecret of
deftroying this unpropitious weed, fo injurious to kine,
would merit a confiderable reward. Draining lanjds in-
fefted with it, would have the beft chance of removing
the evil. See Ceratofh yLlum, Chara, Hippuris,
and Elatine.

E'QJJITABLE, [equitable, Fr.] Juft; due to juftice.
— It feems but equitable to give the artifts leave to name
them as they pleafe. Boyle. — Loving juftice; candid;
impartial ; as, an equitable judge.

E'QUITABLENESS,y. Juftnefs. — Demon fixating bo til
the equitablenefs and pradticablenefs of the tiling. Locke.

E'QUITABLY, adv. Juftly; impartially.

E'QLJITY, /. [ equite , Fr. aquitas, Lat.] Juftice;
right; honefty. — Chriftianity fecures both the private
intereft of men and the public peace, enforcing all juftice
and equity. Tillotfon.

Foul fubordination is predominant,

And equity exil’d your highnefs’ land. Shakefpeare.

Impartiality. — Liking their own fomewhat better than
other mens, even becaufe they are their own, they muft
in equity allow 11s to be like unto them in this affection.
Hooker.

E'QUITY, in law, is defined to be a corredlion, or qua¬
lification of the common law, generally made in that part
wherein it faileth, or is too fevere. It likewife fignifies
the extenfion of the words of the ftatute law to cafes un-
expreffed, yet having the fame reafon : fo that where one
thing is enacted by ftatute, all other things are enatted
that are of the like degree : for example ; the ftatute of
Gloucefter gives action of wafte againft him that holds
lands for life or years ; and by the equity thereof, a man
(hall have aiSlion of wafte againft a tenant that holds but
for one year, or half-year, which is without the words of
the a<£t, but within the meaning of it ; and the words that
enaft the one, by equity enait the other. Terms de Ley .
So that equity is of two kinds ; the one doth abridge and
take from the letter of the law ; and the other enlarge and
add thereto. And ftatutes may be conftrued according
to equity ; efpecially where they give remedy for wrong,
or are for expedition of juftice, & c. Co. Lit. 24. 2 Injl. 106.
A court of equity cannot now be created by the king, but
the fame muft be done by a£t of parliament. \lnjl.%\.

The diftinftion between law and equity, as adminiftered
in different courts, is not at prefent known, nor feems to
have ever been known, in any other country than Eng¬
land. With us the Aula regia which was anciently the
fupreme court of judicature, undoubtedly adminiftered
equal juftice according to the rules of both or either, as
the cafe might chance to require: and, when that was
broken to pieces, the idea of a court of equity, as diftin-
guifhed from a court of law, did not fubfift in the original
plan of partition. For though equity is mentioned by
B radon l. 2. c. 7. pi, 23, as a thing contrafted to ftridt law,
yet neither in that writer, nor in Glanvill or Fleta, nor
yet in Britton, (compofed under the aufpices and in the

name

883

E Q U

siaitte of Edward T. and treating particularly of courts
-and their feveral jurifdidtions,) is th-ere a fyllable to be
found relating to the equitable jurifdidtion of the court
of chancery. It feems therefore probable, that when the
courts of law, proceeding merely upon the ground of the
king’s original writs, and confining themfelves ftridtly to
that bottom, gave a harfli or imperfect judgment, the ap¬
plication for redrefs ufed to be to the king in perfon af-
'iifted by his privy council; (from whence alfo arofe the
jurifdiftion of the court of requefts, which was virtually
abolithed by i6Car. I. c. io;) and they were wont to
refer the matter either to the chancellor and a felect
committee, or by degrees to the chancellor only, who
mitigated the feverity, or fupplied the defedts, of the
judgments pronounced in the courts of law, upon weigh¬
ing the circumflances of the cafe. This was the cuffom
not only among our Saxon ancefiors, before the inftitu-
tion of the Aula regia, but alfo after its dilfolution, in the
•reign of Edward I. and perhaps during its continuance, in
that of Henry II . LI. Ed. c. 2. Lamb. Arch. 59.

When, about the end of the reign of Edward III. ufes
of land were introduced, and though totally difeounte-
nanced by the courts of common law, were confidered as
fiduciary depofits and binding in confcience by the clergy,
the feparate jurifdiction of the chancery as a court of
equity began to be eftabliflied. John Waltham, bifiiop
of Salifbury, and chancellor to Richard II. (by a drained
interpretation of the ftatute of Weftminfter 2. (i^Edw I.
c. 24,) enabling the clerks in chancery to form new writs
according to the fpecial circumftances of each cafe,) de-
vifed the writ of fubpoena, returnable in the court of
•chancery only, to make the feoffee to ufes accountable to
his cejlui que uje : which procefs was afterwards extended
to other matters wholly determinable at the common law,
upon fictitious fuggeftions ; for which therefore the chan¬
cellor himfelf is b 17 Rich. II. c. 6, directed to give
damages to the party unjuftly aggrieved. But as the
clergy, had long attempted to turn their ecclefiaftical
courts into courts of equity, by entertaining fuits pro Ice-
fione Jidei, as a fpiritual offence againfi confcience, in cafe
of non-payment of debts or any breach of civil contracts ;
tillchecked by the Conftitutions of Clarendon (10 Hen. II.
c. 15) ; therefore probably the ecclefiaftical chancellors,,
who then held the feal, were remifs in abridging their
own new acquired jurifdidtion ; efpecially as the fpiritual
courts continued to grafp at the fame authority as before,
till finally prohibited by the unanimous concurrence of
all the judges.

In the time of lord chancellor Ellefmere, A. D. 1616,
arofe that famous difpute between the courts of law and
equity, fet on foot by fir Edward Coke, then chief juf¬
tice of the court of king’s bench ; whether a court of
equity could give relief after or againfi: a judgment at the
common law. This conteft was fo warmly carried on,
that indictments were preferred againfi: the fuitors, the
folicitors, the counfel,and even a matter in chancery, for
having incurred a praeminure by queftioning in a court of
equity a judgment in the court of king’s bench, obtained
by grofs fraud and impofition. This matter being
brought before the king, was by him referred to his
learned counfel for their advice and opinion ; who report¬
ed fo firongly in favour of the courts of equity, that his
majefty gave judgment on their behalf. Whitelock of Pari.
2, 390. Lord Bacon, who fucceeded lord Ellefmere, re¬
duced the pradtice of the court into a more regular fyf-
tem; his fuccelfors in the reign of Charles I. did little to
improve upon his plan ; till the appointment of fir Hene-
age Finch in 1673, who became afterwards earl of Not¬
tingham. He was a perfon of the greateft abilities and
molt uncorrupted integrity ; a thorough matter and zea¬
lous defender of the laws and confiitution of his country ;
and endued with a pervading genius that enabled him to
difeover and to purfue the true fpirit of juftice, notwith¬
standing the embarralfments railed by the narrow and
technical notions which then prevailed in the courts cf_

I T Y.

law, and the imperfedt ideas Of redrefs which had pof-
fefied the courts of equity. The reafon and necefiities of
mankind, arifing from the great change in property by
the extenfion of trade and the abolition of military tenures,
co-operated in efiablilhing his plan, and enabling him in
the courfe of nine years to build a fyfietn of jurifprndencc
and jurifdidtion, upon wide and national foundations,
which have alfo been extended and improved by many
great men, who have fince prefided in chancery.

Upon the abolition of the court of wards, the care,
which the crown was bound to take as guardian of its in¬
fant tenants, was totally extinguifhed in every feodal
view ; but refulted to the king in his court of chancery,
together with the general protedtion of all other infants in
the kingdom. When therefore a fatherlefs child has no
other guardian, the court of chancery has a right to ap¬
point one, and from all proceedings relative thereto, an
appeal lies to the hottfe of lords. The court of exche¬
quer can only appoint a guardian ad litem, to manage the
defence of the infant if a fuit 'be commenced againfi him ;
a power which is incident to the jurifdidtion of every court
of juftice. Cro. Jfac. 641 . But when the intereftof a minor
comes before the court judicially, in the progrefs of a
caufe, or upon a bill for that purpofe filed, either tribunal
indifcriminatelv will take care of the property cf the in¬
fant. As to ideots and lunatics, the king himfelf ufed
formerly to commit the cuftody of them to proper com¬
mittees, in every particular cafe ; but now to avoid folici-
tations and the very fhadow of undue partiality, a warrant
is ilfued by the king under his royal fign manual to the
chancellor, to perform this office for him: and if he aits
improperly in granting fuch cuftodies, the complaint mu ft
be made to the king himfelf in council. 3 P. Wins. 108.
But the previous proceedings on the conunillion, to en¬
quire whether or no the party be an ideot or a lunatic,
are on the law-fide of the court of chancery, and can only
be redreffied, if erroneous, by writ of error in the regular
courfe of law.

The king, as parens patriae, has the general fuperinten-
dence of all charities ; which lie exercifes by the chan¬
cellor. And, therefore, when neceftary, the attorney-
general, at the relation of fome informant, (who is ufually
called tlie relator) files ex officio an information in the court
of chancery to have the charity properly eftabliflied. By
fiat. 43 Eliz. c. 4, authority is given to the lord chancel-
cellor, and to the chancellor of the duchy of Lancafter,
refpedtively, to grant commiffions under their feveral
feals, to enquire into any abides of charitable donations,
and rectify the fame by decree ; which may be reviewed
in the refpedtive courts of the feveral chancellors, upon
exceptions taken thereto. But, though this is done in
the petty-bag office in the court of chancery becaufe the
comniifiion is there returned, it is not a proceeding at com¬
mon law, but treated as an original caufe in the court of
equity. The evidence below is not taken down in writ¬
ing, and the refpondent in his anfwer to the exceptions
may allege what new matter he pleafes ; upon which they
go to proof, andexarnine witneffes in writing upon all the
matters in ifflie : and the court may decree the refpondent
to pay all the cofts, though no fuch authority is given by
the ftatute. And as it is thus confidered as an original
caufe throughout, an appeal lies of courfe from the chan¬
cellor’s decree to the houfeof peers, notwithftanding any
loofe opinions to the contrary. Duke’s Char. Ufes, 62, 128.

By the feveral ftatutes relating to bankrupts, a fummary
jurifdidtion is given to the chancellor, in many matters
confequential or previous to the commiffions thereby di-
redted to be ifiTued ; from which the ftatutes give no ap¬
peal. The jurifdiction of the court of chancery doth not
however extend to fome caufes, -wherein relief may be
had in the exchequer. No information can be brought,
in chancery, for fuch miftaken charities as are given to^the
king by the ftatutes for fuppreffing fuperftitious ufes.
Nor can chancery give any relief againfi the king, or di¬
rect any aft to be done by him, or make any decree dif-

poting

€84

E Q U

poling of or affefHng his property ; not even in cafes
where lie is a royal truftee. Such caufes nmll be deter,
ruined in the court of exchequer, as a court of revenue ;
which alone has power over the king’s treafure, and the
officers employed in its management, unlefs where it pro.
perly belongs to the duchy court of Lancafter.

Equity is to be conficlered as affiftunt to the jurifdidfion
of the courts of law ; iff. By removing legal impediments
to the fair decilion of a qaeftion depending in courts of
law. 2aly. By compelling a difeovery which may enable
them to decide. 3 d 1 y . By perpetuating teftimony, when
in danger of being loft, before the matter to which it re¬
lates can be made the fubjedt of judicial inveftigation. It
may alfo be faid to be afliftant, by rendering the judg¬
ments of courts of law effective, as by providing for the
fafety of property in difpute pending a litigation ; by
counteracting fraudulent judgments ; and by putting a
bound to vexatious and oppreffive litigation. It exercifes
a concurrent jurildiction with courts of law, in moft cafes
of fraud, accident, miftake, account, partition, and dower.
It claims an exclufive jurifdiCtion in all matters of truft
and confidence; and wherever, upon the principles of
univerfal juftice, t he interference of a court of judicature
is neceffary to prevent a wrong, and the pofiiive law is
lilent. See Mitford’s Treatil'e on the Pleadings in Chan¬
cery. This jurifdidtion may, in the greater number of
cafes in which it is exercifed, be juftified by the propriety of
preventing a multiplicity of fuits ; for, as the mode of pro¬
ceeding in courts of law requires the plaintiff to eftablifh
his cafe, without enabling him to draw the neceffary evi¬
dence from the examination of the defendant, juftice
could never be attained at law in thofe cafes where the
principal fadls to be proved by one party are confined to
the knowledge of the other party. In fuch cafes, there¬
fore, it becomes neceffary for the party, in want of fuch
evidence, to refort to the extraordinary powers of a court
of equity, which will compel the neceffary difeovery ; and
the court, having acquired cognizance of the fuit for the
purpofe of difeovery, will entertain it for tire purpofe of
relief, in moft cafes of fraud, account, accident, and mif¬
take ; and for oilier reafons will entertain fuits for parti¬
tion and dower, though difeovery be not neceffary to the
plaintiff’s cafe.

The cafe (and, it feems, the only cafe) in which fraud
cannot be relieved- againft in equity, concurrently with
courts of law, though difeovery be fought, is the cafe
of fraud, in obtaining a will ; which, fince the cafe of
Kerrick v. Branfby, 3 Brown’s Pari. Caf. 358, is conftant-
ly referred to a court of law in the fhape of an ifllie, de-
rifavit ve l non. That courts of equity have a concurrence
of jurifdidtion with courts of law, in all other matters of
fraud; fee White v. Huffey, Pre. Ch. 14. Hungerford v.
Earle, 2 Vern. 261. Colt v. Woollafton, 2 Pr. Wins. 156.
Stent v. Baillis, 2 P. IVms. 220. 2 Comyns's Digcjl , titles

Chancery and Fraud.

Tire jurifdidtion exercifed by our courts of equity, in
moft cafes of accident , prefents a very (h iking inftance of
their anxiety to prevent innovation on the jurifdidtion of
courts of law : their interference being generally founded
on fome circumftance, which prevents the party being
rclievable at law ; as where a bond or other inftrtiinent or
fecurity, is left, equity will interfere, by compelling a
difeovery from the defendant, and will relieve upon fuch
difeovery ; but the plaintiff is not entitled to any relief,
upon a mere (uggeftion that the bond, inftrument, or fe¬
curity, is loft ; but is required, for the purpofe of relief,
to annex to his bill, an affidavit to fuch effect. Mitford’s
Treatife 1 12. And, as a further fecurity againft innovation,
it nuift appear that the lofs of the deed or inftrument
obftrudts the plaintiff' in feeking relief at law ; for the
lofs of a deed is not always a ground to come into a court
of equity for relief ; if there was no more in the cafe, al¬
though he is entitled to have a difeovery of that, whether
left or not, courts of law admit evidence of the lofs of a

1 T Y.

deed, proving the exiftence of it and its contents, juft ass
court of equity does. There are two grounds to come
into equity for relief, annexing an affidavit to the bill.
Firft, where the deed is deftroyed or concealed by the de¬
fendant ; and whenever that is the cafe, the plaintiff is in-
titled to have relief in this court, upon the reafon in lord
Hunfdon’s cafe. Hob. 109. Another is, whers the plain¬
tiff cannot recover at law, without making profert of the
deed in pleading at law. Whitfield v. Fail (let, 1 Fez. 392.
But where the relief fought in equity is upon the lofs of
a bill of exchange, or promiftory note, the plaintiff muff,
by his bill, offer to give fecurity, as an indemnity to the
defendant, againft any demand being made upon him in
refpedt of fuch loft bill or note. Walmfley v. Child, x
Fez. 341.

The jurifdidtion of our courts of equity, in matters of
dower, for the purpofe of aflifting >the widow with a dif¬
eovery of the lands or title deeds, or of removing impe¬
diments to her rendering her legal title available at law,
has never been doubted. But it has been queftioned,
whether equity could give relief in thofe cafes, in which
there appeared to be no obftacle to her legal remedy.
Wallis v. Everard, t,CIi. R. 87. It feems now, however,
to be fettled, that the widow labours under fo many dis¬
advantages at law, from the embarraffments of truft terms,
&c. that (he is fully entitled to every affiftance that a
court of equity can give her, not only in paving the way
for her to eftablifh her right at law, but alfo by giving
complete relief when the right is afeertained. Curtis v.
Curtis, 2 Bro. C. R. 634. And in the exercife of this juris¬
diction, courts of equity will even enforce a difeovery
againft a ptirchafer for valuable confideration without
notice. Williams v. Lambe. 3 Bro. Ch. Rep. 264. And
though the widow ftiould die before fhe had eftablilhed
her right to dower, equity will, in favour of her perfonal
reprefentative.s, decree an account of the rents and profits
of the lands, of which (lie afterwards appeared dowable-.

The effential difference (fays Blackftone) between law
and equity principally confifts in the different modes of
adminiftering juftice in each; in the mode of proof j the
mode of trial, and the mode of relief. Upon thefe, and
upon two other accidental grounds of jurifdidtion, viz.
the true conftruCtion of fecurities for money lent and the
form and effedt of a truft or Second life, hath been princi¬
pally eredied that ftrudture of jurifprudence, which pre¬
vails in our courts of equity, and is inwardly bottomed
upon the fame fubftantial foundations as the fyftemof the
courts of common-law. As to the mode of proof. When
facts, or their leading circumftances, reft only in the
knowledge of the party, a court of equity applies itfelf to
his confcience, and purges him upon oath witli regard to
the truth of the tranfadtion ; and, that being once difeo-
vered, the judgment is the fame in equity as it would
have been at law. But, for want of this difeovery at law,
the courtsof equity have acquired a concurrent jurifdic-
tion with every other court in all matters of account. 1
Chan. C. 57. As incident to accounts, they take a concur¬
rent cognizance of the adminiftration of perfonal aftets.

2 P. Wins. 143 ; confequently of debts, legacies, the diftri.
bution of the refidue, and the condudt of executors and
administrators. As incident to accounts, they alSo take
the concurrent jurifdidtion of tithes, and all queftions re¬
lating thereto ; of all dealings in partnerfnip ; and other
mercantile tranfadtions ; and fo of bailiffs, receivers, fac¬
tors, agents, &c.

The mode of trial, is by interrogatories adminiftered
to the witneffes, upon which their depofitions are taken
in writing, wherever they happen to refide. If therefore
the caufe arifes in a foreign country, and the witneffes.
refide upon the fpot ; if in caufes arifing in England, the
witneftes are abroad, or fhortly to leave the kingdom ;
or if the witneffes refiding at home are aged or infirm ;
any of thefe cafes lays a ground for a court of equity
to grant a commifiion to examine them, and (in confe-
.5 quence)

835

E Q U

quence) to exercife the fame jurifdiCtion which might
have been exercifed at law, if the witnelfes could proba¬
bly attend.

E'QjJITY of REDEMPTION, on mortgages. If
where money is due on a mortgage, the mortgagee isde-
firous to bar the equity of redemption, he may oblige the
mortgager either to pay the money or to be foreclofed of
his equity ; which is done by proceedings in the court of
chancery. But the chancery cannot Ihorten the time of
payment-of the mortgage money, where it is limited by
exprefs covenant ; though it may lengthen it : and then
upon non-payment, the practice is to foreclofe the equity
of redemption of the mortgagor. 2 Vent. 364. To fore¬
clofe the equity, a bill in chancery is exhibited ; to
which an anfwer is put in, and a decree being obtained,
a mailer in chancery is to certify what is due for princi¬
pal, intereft, and cofts, which is to be paid at a time pre¬
fixed by the decree, whereupon the premifes are to be re¬
conveyed to the mortgagor ; or, in default of payment,
the mortgagor is ordered to be foreclofed from all equity
of redemption, and to convey the premifes abfolutely to
the mortgagee.

A fine or non-claim will bar equity of redemption : but
in a common mortgage, a covenant to reftrain it fliall not
be regarded in chancery. 2 Vent. 365. If the condition
of a mortgage is, that the mortgagor only (hould redeem
during life, or that he and the heirs of his body (hall do
it ; yet the general heir (hall have the equity of redemp¬
tion, for if the principal and intereft be offered, the land
is free. 1 Vern. 30, 190. And it is held, though a bond be
conditioned, that if the money be not paid at fitch a time,
then for a further fum the mortgagee (hall have the land
abfolutely, as a purchafor, & c. in fuch cafe a man may
alfo redeem. See the article Mortgage.

EQUI'VALENCE, or Equivalency, f. yaquiis and
valeo, Lat.] Equality of power or worth. — Civil caufes
are equivalent unto criminal caufes, but this equivalency
only refpedts the careful and diligent admilfion of proofs.
Ay life.

To EQUI'VALENCE, v. a. To equiponderate; to be
equal to. — Whether the trangreffion of Eve feducing did
not exceed Adam feduced, or whether the refiftibiiity of
his reafon did not equivalence the facility of her feduCtion,
we fliall refer to fchoolmen. Brown.

EQJJl'V ALENT, adj. [aquus and valens, Lat.] Equal
in value. Equal in any excellence :

No fair to thine

Equivalent, or fecond ! which compell’d
Me thus, though importune perhaps, to come
And gaze, and v. orfliip thee. Milton.

Equal in force or power:

The dread of Ifrael’s foes, who, with a ftrength
Equivalent to angels, walk’d their ftreets,

None offering fight. . Agonijles,

Of the fame cogency or weight. — The confideration of
public utility is, by very good advice, judged at the lead:
the equivalent to the eafier kind of necefiity. Hooker. — Of
the fame import or meaning. — The ufe of the word mi-
nifter is brought down to the literal fignification of it, a
i’ervant ; for now to ferve and to minifter, fervile and mi-
nifierial, are terms equivalent . . South.

EQJJI'VALENT, f. A thing of the fame weight, dig¬
nity, or value. — Fancy a regular obedience to one law will
be a full equivalent for their breach of another. Rogers.

The flave without a raiifom fliall be fent ;

It refts for you to make th’ equivalent. Dryden.

EQUI'VOCAL, adj. [ aquivocus , Lat.] Of doubtful
fignification; meaning different things, handing for dif¬
ferent notions. — Words of different fignifications, taken
in general, are of an equivocal fenfe; but being confidered
with all their particular circumftances,. they have their
lenfe reffrained. Stilling fleet. — Uncertain; doubtful; hap¬
pening different ways, — There is no fuch thing as equi-
Vol. VI. No, 399.

E Q U

vocal or fpontaneous generation ; but all animals are ge¬
nerated by animal parents of the fame fpecies with them-
felves. Ray.

Thofe half-learn’d witlings, num’rous in our ifle,

As half-form’d infeCts on the banks of Nile ;

Unfinifli’d things, one knows not what to call,

Their generation’s fo equivocal. Pope.

EQUI'VOCAL, f. Ambiguity ; word of doubtful
meaning. — Shall two or three wretched equivocals have
the force to corrupt us? Dennis.

EQJUI'VOCALLY, adv. Ambiguoufly ; in a doubtful
or double fenfe. — Words abftraCted from their proper
fenfe and fignification, lofe the nature of words, and are
only equivocally fo called. South, — By uncertain or irregular
birth ; by equivocal generation ; by generation out of the
ffated order. — No infeCt or animal did ever proceed equi¬
vocally from putrefaction, unlefs in miraculous cafes ; as
in Egypt by the divine judgments. Bentley.

EQUI'VOC ALNESS, f. Ambiguity; double mean¬
ing. — Diftinguifh the equivocalnefs or laflitude of the word,
and then point out that determinate part which is the
ground of my demonftration. Norris.

To EQUI'VOCATE, v. n. [ aquivocatio , Lat.] To ufe
words of double meaning ; to ufe ambiguous expreffions ;
to mean one thing and exprefs another. — -"Not only Jefuits
can equivocate. Dryden.

My foul difdain’d a promife ; —

— But yet your falfe equivocating tongue.

Your looks, your eyes, yourev’ry motion promis’d:

But you are ripe in frauds, and learn’d in fallhoods. Smith.

EQU 1 VOC A'TION,yi [ aquivocatio , Lat.] Ambiguity
of fpeech ; double meaning. — Reproof is eafily misap¬
plied, and through equivocation wrefted. Hooker.

I pull in refolution, and begin

To doubt the equivocation of the fiend

That lies like truth. Shakefpeare.

EQUIVOCA'TOR, f. One who ufes ambiguous lan¬
guage; one who ufes mental refervation. — Here’s an equi-
vocator, that could fwear in both the feales againft either
fcale; yet could not equivocate to heaven. Shakefpeare.

EQUO'REAN, adj. [from the Lat. aquor, the fea.]
Belonging to the fea. Scott.

EQUULE'US, Equiculus, and E«uus Minor,
Equi Sectio, the horfe's head , one of the forty-eight old
conftellutions in the northern hemifphere. Its liars, in
Ptolomy’s catalogue, are four, in Tycho’s four, in Heve-
lius’s fix, and in Flamfteed’s ten.

EQUULE'US, f. a kind of rack for extorting confef-
fions, at firft chiefly praCtifed on criminals, but after¬
wards made ufe of againft the Chriftians. It wras made
of wood, having holes at certain diftances, with a ferew,
by which the criminal was ftretched to the third, fome-
times to the fourth or fifth, holes, his arms and legs being
fnftened on the equuleus with cords ; and thus was hoifted
aloft, and extended in fuch a manner, that all his bones
were diflocated. In this ftate red-hot plates were applied
to his body, and he was goaded in the fides with an in-
ftrument called ungula.

EQjUUS, J'. [from equus, Lat. equal, quod equi pares
folent quadrigis jungi, becaufe they are tiled to be yoked to¬
gether.] The Horse ; in zoology, a genus of quadru¬
peds belonging to the order of belluae. This genus com¬
prehends fix fpecies, viz. the horl’e, the dftiiggetai or wild
mule, the afs, the zebra, the quagga, and the bifulcus, or
cloven-footed horfe of Chili. The generic characters
are: fix ereCt and parallel fore-teeth in the upper jaw,
and fix fomewhat more prominent ones in the under jaw ;
tulks or dog-teeth folitary, or remote from the reft ; feet,
in the firft five fpecies, confift of an undivided hoof. In
the males, the teats are fituated on the glans penis ; and
this genus has the lingular properties of voluntary ereCtion,
and of breathing only through the noftrils, and not
through the mouth,

10 Q^.

«86 E Q U

i. Equvs Cabullus, tlie wild, and domedic, Horse ; dif-
tinguidied by a long flowing mane, and the tail wholly
covered with long hairs — The horfe is known among
mod nations of the world, in a domedic date. Ingrace-
fulnefs of form and dignity of carriage, he appears fupe-
rior to every other quadruped. Among all the inferior
animals, man has found no other equally manageable and
ufeful with the horfe. He is lively and high-fpirited,
yet gentle and tractable; vigorous and adtive ; keen and
ardent in his exertions, yet firm and perfevering. He
feems equally qualified for all the different purpofes for
which man can wifh to employ him : he fubmits peace¬
ably to the draught ; exults in the race; difidains every
obdacle in hunting ; and on tits road ad vances cheerfully
with his mafter, for whom he conceives the attachments
ftt a companion. In war, he performs every evolution
with the utmod dexterity, and difplays a degree of ardour
for battle, which the courage even of the braved foldier
cannot excel. The voice of this animal is peculiar; we
call it neighing. The male becomes capable of propagat¬
ing his fpecies at the age of two or three years ; and the
female admits his embraces even at an earlier period.
But the foals produced from fuch young parents are of
little value ; fo neceflary is it that all animals fhould be
iufficiently mature, before the fexual contact takes place.
In a date of nature, this premature intercourfe is chiefly
prevented by the jealous vigilance of thofe that have ar¬
rived at their full vigour and drength. The period of
gedation is 190 days. Horfes are known to live, when
their days are not fhortened by ill ufage, commonly to the
age of five-and-twenty or thirty years.

The horfe, like the other domedic animals, has, no
doubt, been originally tamed by human art. Wild horfes
are dill found in various parts of the world. But this
fpecies of animals have been fo long known in a domedic
date, and their ufeful qualities have caufed them to be
diffufed fo generally over the globe, that it is impoffible
to difeover, with any degree of certainty, of what coun¬
try they were originally natives. Wild horfes are found
in the country lying round the lake Aral ; on the river
Tom, in the fouthern part of Siberia ; in the great Mon-
galian defertsS ; and among the Kalkas, norih-wed of
China. Thefe horfes are fmaller than the domeftfc ;
their hair, particularly in winter, is very thick, and gene¬
rally of a moufe colour. Their heads are larger, in pro¬
portion to their bodies, than thofe of the tame horfes ;
and their foreheads remarkably arched. They herd to¬
gether in large companies, and often gather round the
horfes of the Mongols and Kalkas, while grazing in the
fields, and carry them off among them. They are ob-
ferved to be very watchful of their common fafety.
While the herd is feeding, the native fagacity of the
horfe is manifeded in a very extraordinary manner : a
leader is dationed before, with its ears thrown forwards,
and a centinel placed behind, with its ears bent back, to
guard againd furprife both ways ; and when danger of
any kind approaches, they warn their fellows by neighing,
on which they all betake themfelves to flight with the
utmod fpeed. Yet the Kalmuks frequently ride in
among the herds on very fleet tame horfes, and kill them
•with broad lances. Hawks are alfo ufed in taking the
wild horfes ; thofe birds are taught to fix on its forehead,
where they teafe and didrefs it in fitch a manner as to
prevent it from efcaping its pttrfuer. In the wilds of
Africa too, particularly in the country adjoining to the
Cape of Good Hope, numbers of wild horfes are found.
Their fize is fmall ; their difpofition vicious; and no
art, we are told, can fucceed in taming them. The Hot¬
tentots and Caffrees kill them for food.

In the deferts, on each fide of the river Don, particu¬
larly towards the Palus Maeotis and the town of Back-
mut, there is a race of wild horfes, which are known to
be the progeny of the Ruffian horfes that were turned
loofe from the fiege of Afoph in 1697, for want of forage.
The Coflacks chafe and kill thefe for their ikins. When

u s.

they happen to take a young one, it is domefHcated by
coupling it for a few months with a tame horfe. Tliefe
are in general much dronger than the tame horfes of the
country. The horfes of the Tartars copulate and breed
with the wild horfes which carry them off: and the off.
fpring produced by this intermixture are didinguifhable
by their colours. In Spaniih America, there are vad herds
of wild horfes. But they are known to have been origi¬
nally introduced by the Spaniards, when they fird con¬
quered that country. Being fuffered to run about in
thofe extenfive and unappropriated fields and forefls,
without redraint or culture, they have become drangers
to man, and have multiplied fo amazingly, that they are
now fpread over all the fouth of the American continent,
nearly to the Straits of Magellan. The inhabitants of
thofe regions are not without arts for taking them. When
taken, they are eafily tamed ; and though fuffered to re¬
turn to their former date of freedom, they are faid never
afterwards to forget their maders : — a mod amazing
proof of retentive memory. Ancient authors mention
wild horfes as inhabitants of many other countries. He¬
rodotus fpeaks of a race of wild white horfes, that were
found on the banks of the river Hypanis in Scythia ; and
mentions another tribe in the north of Thrace, vvhofe
hair was five inches long all over the body. Strabo
fpeaks of wild horfes on, the Alps, and in Spain. Cardan,
who vifited Scotland in the minority of queen Mary, re¬
lates that wild horfes then abounded in that country, and
in the Orkney ifles. And, indeed, we are told, that in
the highlands of Scotland, many of that fmall breed of
horfes, known in the low countries by the name of Jhelties,
dill run about, almod wild, among the hills, in a date
very little different from that of the wild horfes in South
America. It is worthy of notice, that the fabulous re¬
cords in which the earlier hidory of ancient Greece is
preferved, reprefent horfes as having been fi d domefti-
cated by the inhabitants of Theffaly, a country bordering
on Thrace. The fable of the Centaurs is well known.
From every fadt that ancient authors have preferved, or
modern travellers relate, concerning the horfe in a wild
date, this fpecies of animals appear to have been deftined
by nature for inhabitants, not merely of one or two dif¬
ferent tradts of country, but of a confiderable part of the
globe. An animal fo ufeful and fo friendly to man, is
happily qualified to be his fervant and companion in many
varieties of climate, and through a great diverfity of
local circumdances.

The wild horfes of Arabia are indifputably to be pre¬
ferred for fwiftnefs and elegance of fhape. They are
found in the deferts; but are not now fo numerous as
formerly. The natives ufe various arts, and difplay the
greated activity and addiefs, in taking them. The fwift¬
nefs of the animal, after he is taken, is tried in chacing
the odrich : if fuccefsful in this cliace, he is valued at a
very high price. Horfes are with the Arabians a princi¬
pal article of commerce. Arabian horfes are, among
every nation, eagerly fought after. They cannot, how¬
ever, be called wild, in any other refpedt than the horfes
in South America, or thofe on the mountains in the north
of Scotland. The Arabians fuffer them to breed and
multiply in the deferts, with a defign to take and fell
them at proper feafons, or train them for their own ufe.
Every Arabian, however humble his fituation, is poffeffed
at lead of one horfe. They prefer the mare for labour,
as being more capable of bearing hunger, third, and fa¬
tigue. They generally difpofe of their horfes to the
Turks; excepting fuch as they feledl for ftallions, which
are always the mod adfive, beautiful, and vigorous. In
Arabia the breed is never eroded as in other countries,
but preferved unmixed, with the utmod folicitude. It
has been inferred from this, that Arabia may probably
have been the original country of horfes.

The next choiceft race of horfes occurs in Barbary ;
and among thefe, the mountain barbs are faid to be the
belt. In Gambia and Senegal, the chiefs or governors
2 have

887

E Q U U S.

Iiave very beautiful horfes, of a fmall fiz.e : in fwiftnefs
and beauty they nearly approach to tliofe of Arabia.
The Arabian breed has fpread into Egypt, Turkey, and
Perfia, where they are of great value. The celebrated
Venetian traveller, Marco Paulo, relates, that he faw in
Perfia a fluid confiding of ten thoufand white mares ; and,
in one province of that'empire, a great number of very
large and fleet horfes, whole hoofs were fo hard that they
needed not to be fnod. The Turks alfo procure horfes
from Hungary and Tartary, as well as from Arabia. The
Tartars aflbeiate with their horfes with almoft as much
familiarity as the Arabians; and make them an article of
traffic. The Tartarian horfes are fo eafily fubfifted, that
thole wandering people are enabled to take out vaft num¬
bers with them in their predatory excurlions. In the
army of the chain, when De Tott accompanied him,
there were no fewer than three hundred thoufand of thefe
animals. Browne deferibes the horfes of Soudan in the
kingdom of Fur, as numerous and tractable. The beft
are bred in the country of Dongola, and by the Arabs to
the eaft of the Nile. Thefe are perfeftly well formed,
and full of fire. Their aftion is grand ; yet Browne
fays they are not remarkable for bearing fatigue. The
breeders of them are in the habit of feeding them with
milk ; and rarely, if ever, caflrate them ; nor are they
ever (hod.

The horfes of Arabia and Barbary are often brought
into Europe; and through all the countries of the eaft
they are highly prized. The horfes of India are of an
inferior kind-, being fmall and fpiritlefs ; the Arabian
horfes are therefore much fought after in Hindooftan.
The barbs have been moftly introduced into Italy and
Spain. The Spanifh genette is much efteemed. This
variety of the horfe is fmall, but beautifully fhaped,
fpirited, and fwift. The Italian horfes are not in the
fame eftimation in which they once were ; yet they are of
a large fize, high fpirited, and move gracefully. The
Danifli horfes are excellent for the draught. They are
flout, but feldom elegant, or finely proportioned. They
move well ; and accordingly make good war horfes. They
are often party-coloured ; fometimes ftreaked like the ty-
ger, or fpotted like the leopard. The German horfes
are originally of the Arabian and the Barbary breed ;
but they are much degenerated. The Hungarian horfes
are excellent both for the draught and thefaddle; but
the Dutch horfes are moftly preferred on the continent
for draught.

.The Englifh horfes are at prefent efteemed through
Europe, more perhaps than thofe of any other country.
The attention paid, in our ifland, to the breed and cul¬
ture of this noble animal, and the vaft Aims expended on
ftuds and horfe-races, have naturally produced this effeft.
The inftances of fwiftnefs which the horfes of this ifland
have difplayed at Newmarket, are almoft incredible. Nor
are the horfes of this ifland lefs remarkable for ftrength,
than for fwiftnefs. Thofe of Yorklhire, employed in
conveying the manufaitures of that county, ufually carry
a burden of 420 pounds. Our Britifh mill horfes often
carry, at one load, the weight of 910 pounds. The im¬
provements made by the late Mr. Bakewell, of Difhley,
in Leicefterftiire, in the ftrength and fymmetry of draught
horfes, has rendered them at this time the beft in the
■world. The horfes alfo on which our cavalry are mount¬
ed, are well known to be fuperior in ftrength and activity
to thofe in the armies of every other nation in Europe.
Under the Anglo-Saxon monarchy, it even appears that
the Englifh horfes mud have been much efteemed by fo¬
reigners ; for there is a law of Athelftan, prohibiting their
exportation, except when intended for prefents. Wales
and the Highlands of Scotland ftill furnilh a breed of
An all horfes, which are very hardy and patient of fatigue.

It is remarkable that no horfe was found in America
when firft difeovered ; and that even their prefent wild
breed fprung from the flock carried there by Europeans.
Why this excellent animal was denied to the new conti¬

nent, almoft: all regions of which are fo well adapted to his
produftion and maintenance, is a difficulty not eaft 1 y folved.
Whether they were, ab origine, indigenous 10 one particu¬
lar country, whence all parts elfc were fupplied ; or whe¬
ther common to many, and of different races, befitting the
nature and circumftances of eacli country, is a queftion
that will probably for ever remain undecided. Thus
much conftant obfervation and experience have deter¬
mined, that the genus varies with foil and climate; that
the horfes of warm climes and dry foils, are of the truefi:
proportion, the fineft (kin, and the mod generous fpirit ;
of courfe the fleeted and fitted: for the faddle : as we
approach the north, we find them more robuft, and form¬
ed with very little fymmetry of fhape ; coarfe-haired,
hardy, and flow, fitted for draught, and the more laborious
purpofes of life ; that the fpecies will thrive, with proper
care, in all habitable countries ; but Aicceed beft under
the temperate'zones, and upon fruitful and grameniferous
foils. For the qualifications and bed: forms of this noble
animal ; age, breeding, ffioeing, anatomy, and external
and internal blemifhes, difeafes, and beft means of cure,
fee the article Farriery, vol. vii. with the numerous
and elegant correfponding engravings of a complete dif-
feftion of the horfe, throughout all its parts.

2. Equus Hemionus, the Dshiggetai, or Wild Mulf..
This animal, deferibed by Dr. Pallas and Dr. Zimmer¬
man, and after them by Mr. Pennant, has received the
Latin name of equus hemionus. By the Mongols it is called
djkiggetai , which is faid to fignify the eared ; and by the
Chinefe yo to t/c , the mule; not becaufe it is a mule, but
becaufe it refembles one. It feems to have been known
to the ancient naturalifts, Ariftotle, Theonhraftus, and
Pliny. In fize and general appearance it nearly refembles
the hybrid mule, the progeny of the horfe and the afs.
Its head is rather large in proportion to the body; its
forehead is flat, and becomes narrow towards the extre¬
mity of the nofe. Its ears are confiderably longer than
thofe of the horfe ; they ftand ereft, and are lined with
a thick coat of whitifh curling hair. Its neck is (lender
and firm, not loofe and foft. The bread fwells forward,
and is (harp. The limbs are long and finely fhaped ; the
thighs thin, like thofe of the common mule. There is
an oval callus within the fore legs, but none on the hinder
legs. The hoofs are oblong, fmooth, and black. The
tail refembles that of a cow : it is (lender, one half of it
bare, but covered on the other half with long a(h-co-
1 011 red hairs.

This animal changes its coat with the feafon. In win¬
ter, its hair is about two inches long, foft, like that of a
camel, waved on the back ; and, on the fuperficies, of a
grey colour, but under that, of a browniffi afli-colour. In
Cummer, Hie hair is much Ihorter, beautifully fmooth,
and marked here and there with hairy vortices. The
extremity of the nofe is, at this time, white ; and from
that part, up the front, the colour is nearly tawny. The
buttock, the infide of the limbs, and the under part of
the belly, are white. A blackiffi teftaceous line extends
from the mane, along the ridge of the back, to the tail :
this line becomes broader upon the loins, and narrowei!
again as it approaches the tail. The upper part of the
body is now of a light yellowifh grey colour, paler to¬
wards the fides. The body of this animal, between the
tip of the nofe and the bafe of the tail, is fix feet feven
inches long; the trunk of the tail meafures one foot four
inches; the hairs depend about eight inches beyond the
extremity of the trunk. The height of the animal is
about three feet nine inches.

The hemionus, or dffiiggetai, is mentioned by Ariftotle
to have been found, in ancient times, in Syria. Pliny in¬
forms us, on the authority of Theophraftus, that it was
then found likevvife in Cappadocia. This animal is no
longer found in thofe countries ; but it is now known for
an inhabitant of Dauuria, and the deferts between the
rivers Onow and Argun, in the mod fouthern part of
Siberia, of the extenlive plains and deferts of weftern

Tartary,

8S8

E Q U U S.

Tartary, and of the celebrated Tandy deferts of Gobi,
which reaches to India. They fhnn tracts of wood, and
lofty fnowy mountains. They are not numerous in Si¬
beria ; thofe which are there met with feem to be only
flragglers, that have originally wandered from the large
herds which are found to the fouth of the Ruffian domi¬
nions. In Tartary, they frequent chiefly the country
lying round the lake Taricnoor ; a fait lake which be¬
comes fometimes dry. They live in feparate parties;
each of which, confiding of mares and colts, with an old
male at their head, is feldom above twenty, and fre¬
quently under that number. Their time of copulation is
about the middle or end of Auguft. They produce only
one foal at a time; at lead, the inftances in which a fe¬
male has more, are very rare. In its third year, the young
animal attains its full growth, with the due proportions
of form, and the colours which diflinguifh it during the
reft of life. When the young have reached this age, the
elder mules expel them from their fociety, and they
aflociate with new parties of their own age. Attempts
have in vain been made to tame them, being impatient
of all reftraint or controul. European arts might poflibly
be more fuccefsful ; but, were it taught to be peaceful
and domeftic, like the horfe, it would perhaps degene¬
rate in fpirit and fwiftnefs. Hitherto the dfliiggetai has
been only an animal of the chace for the Moguls and
Tungufians, who conflder its flelh as their greateft dainty,
and employ the fkin to make boots. It is, however, dif¬
ficult to kill ft ; for, on account of the keennefs of its
fight and the acutenefs of its fmell, it feldom lets the
hunters get within ftiot. When running, it outftrips even
the antelope: it is impoffible for the fleeted horfe to
overtake it ; and therefore it is feldom caught during the
hunting excurfions of the Moguls, which they call oblaui,
but muft be fhot, by lying in wait for it ; which can be
bed done in the neighbourhood of the dreams or pools
to which it repairs to drink, or of the fpots where it
comes to lick fait. The Moguls, however, are fuid to
have remarked, that during rainy and ftormy weather
the dfhiggetai becomes, as it were, ftupid, and neither
fees nor fmells the hunters fo well as at other times.
The dallions, which conduct herds more or lefs nume¬
rous of females, and young ones of from one to two years
old, are exceedingly vigilant; keep their females toge¬
ther with the mod jealous care ; drive from the herd the
young dallions which begin to fhow a defire for the fe¬
males ; and are always on the watch to guard againft
being furprifed. When they obferve any thing uncom¬
mon at a diliance, the male immediately fprings forwards;
endeavours, by making a circuit, to approach fo near the
objedt as to difcover the danger, and for that purpofe ad¬
vances two or three times towards the hunters, who lie
clofe to the ground on their bellies. On fuch occafions
they are fometimes fhot. If the male, however, obferves
the danger, he makes the herd which he left behind him
betake themfelves to flight with incredible velocity. The
Moguls fpeak of this velocity with aftonifhment; and, in
general, the dfliiggetai is confidered as the fwifteft of all
the wild animals of their country; for this reafon the
people of Thibet aflign it, indead of a riding horfe, to
Chammo , their god of fire and of war.

Idle dfliiggetai always carries its head eredt, and when
running, throws it entirely back, in order that it may fee
better behind it ; and bears its tail ereft. It has a parti¬
cular kind of neighing, which is louder and Thriller than
that of a horfe. Dr. Pallas diffedled one of them, and
found its conformation in every refpeft as perfedt as that
of the horfe : the dfhiggetai cannot, therefore, be confi-
dered among the hybrid mules. “This animal, (fays
Dr. Pallas,) ftands high on its limbs, which are delicate,
though its mufcles are ftrong ; but the (boulders, thighs,
and legs, are fomewhat lean. I found the winter hair to
be two inches long, tolerably thick, as foft as camel hair,
and of an ifabella-grey colour outwardly, but of a pale
iron-grey towards the roots. The fummer hair was fcarce-.

ly three quarters of a line in length, here and there dif-
pofed into circular vortices and fhadings. A fhading of
the hair runs lengthwife along the face, and two others
above the eyes. The vortices I obferved firft on each
fide of the mane immediately behind the ears. There
were two alfo above each other under the neck ; two on
the (ides of the neck oppofite the dioulders ; a larger one
on each joint of the fhoulder; another large one on each
fide of the bread behind the dioulders, and alfo a cruci¬
form (hading of the hair. Several more of thefe hair
vortices were formed on different parts of the body. The
dfliiggetai is didinguifhed particularly by the head, which
has a mean proportion between that of the horfe and the
afs ; and, in that refpedt, as well as by the ears and the
tail, it approaches very near to the zebra. In the reft of
the body and the thighs it is more like the afs ; and in
the limbs it has a greater fimilarity to the mule and the
horfe. Its colour and hair vortices are peculiar to itfelf.
The dripe on the back, however, is like that of the fe¬
male afs, and of many liorfes, without any crofs dripe.
The tail excepted, it has, in general, the greateft likenefs
to the mule. Bur, from the above circumdances, it
clearly appears that the dfliiggetai is an animal of a dif-
tindt genus, and as much peculiar to Afia as the zebra
and quagga are to Africa; whereas the afs, and perhaps
the horfe, in a wild date, belong to both thefe quarters
of the world in common.”

3. Equtts AJinus, the Ass. — This animal, in the wild
date, has received from ancient and modern naturalifts
the name of onager. It is diftinguidied by long douching
ears, a fliort mane, and long hairs covering only the end
of the tail. It is commonly afh-coloured, with two black
ftreaks eroding each other upon its (houlders. In youth,
this animal is rather handfome in its fhape, alert, and
playful ; but, as it advances in life, the tame afs, either
from the natural effects of age, or from ill treatment, lofes
its fprightlinefs, and becomes fluggifh, ftubborn, and
awkward. It attains its full growth in the fourth or ftfth
year, and lives, like the horfe, to the age of five-and-
twenty or thirty years. The male is capable of procrea¬
tion at the age of two years and an half, and the female
dill earlier. Both fexes are remarkably falacious : the
male has been known to die immediately after covering ;
and the female is not eadly brought to fubdue the eager-
nefs of her defires: like the mare, die is gravid 29orlays.
Her parental tendernefs is not inferior to the ardour of
her amorous difpofition : die will accompany her young,
or hade to their relief, through the mod formidable dan¬
gers ; even flames and burning coals, are, on fuch an oc-
cafion, no obftacle. She brings forth in a ftanding pof-
ture ; and, feven days after delivery, again courts the
embraces of the male. She produces but one colt; the
inftances of twins are very rare. The afs deeps lefs than
the horfe, and never lies down to repofe, but after having
differed much fatigue. He is lefs fubjedt to difeafes than
the horfe. A fmall quantity of food, and that of the
coarfed kind, fatisfies this animal. He does not defpife
even the thiftle; but his favourite herb is the plantane.
I.ike the horfe, he is capable of aft'edtion and attachment
to his mafter. He diftinguifhes him among others; and
feems even to difeern him by the feent, when at foine
diftance. His vilion is diffidently acute. His hearing is
fo remarkably delicate, that lie is alarmed and frightened
by the impulfe even of muflcal founds. In the more
fouthern countries of Europe, and in the eaft, where the
afs is dronger, more elegantly fliaped, and more generous
in his difpodtions, he is employed in more honourable
fervices, and kept for riding even by the rich and luxu¬
rious. The milk of the flie-afs is edeemed medicinal. It
is chiefly for its milk that the afs is valued in Britain.
The fkin being dry, hard, and elaftic, is made into lieves,
drums, (hoes, and parchment, which is laid over With a
thin coat of due plafter, and ufed in pocket-books. By
the nations of the eaft, the leather called fagri or chagrin
is prepared from the fkin of the afs. The ancients made

their

E Q

their bed flute* of afies* bones. The Perfians life the bile
of the afs as a remedy againft dimnefs of fight.

The afs appears to have been originally an eaflern ani¬
mal. In thofe warm climates he appears to much greater
advantage than -in Europe, and other northern regions.
In Senegal, it is actually confpicuous for beauty : its hair
is there of a glittering moufe-colotir ; and the ftreaks which
crofs on its back and (houlders have a very agreeable ef¬
fect. In Arabia, Egypt, Barbary, India, and Guinea, the
afs is remarkable for its fize and ftrength . The Indians
of Madura believe that the fouls of their nobility after
death animate the bodies of alles ; and, for that reafon,
treat the animal with peculiar refpedt. We learn from
the Ckronicon Pretiofum, that a lies were known in England
in the days of king Ethelred ; and the animal is again
noticed in the fame record, under the reign of Henry II I.
Holingflied relates, however, that, in the days of queen
Elizabeth, there were no alles in the ifiand : perhaps he
may have been mifinformed ; or the extindlion of the race
may have been owing to fome accident. In Sweden, this
fpecies is extremely rare ; and we know not if it has yet
-made its way into Norwray.

The onager, or wild afs of the ancients, which is called
koulan by thofe modern nations who have the bed oppor¬
tunities of being acquainted with it, is the fame fpecies,
in a wild flate. The forehead of the koulan is very much
arched : its ears (land always ereft; they are lined with
whitifh curling hairs, and (harp-pointed : its lips are
thick ; its noftrils large and oval ; and the end of the nofe
flopes abruptly to the upper lip. It is taller than the
domeftic afs ; its legs are much more elegantly (biped;
and it bears its head higher. Its (kull is remarkably
thin. Its mane is about three or four inches long, of a
dun colour, foft, and woolly ; and extending to the
fhoulders. The hairs at the end of its tail are coarfe,
and about a fpan long. The colour of its hair, in gene¬
ral, is a filver-white. The upper part of the face, the
fides of the neck, and the body, and the under part of the
thighs, are flaxen. The fore-part of the body is divided
from the flank by a white line, extending round the rump,
to the tail. The legs and the belly are white. A ftripe
of waved, coffee-coloured, bufhy hairs, runs along the
top of the back, from the mane to the tail. Another flripe
of the fame colour, erodes the former at the fhoulders.
Two beautiful white lines, one on each fide, bound the
dorfal band, and the mane. In winter, the hair of this
animal is foft, filky, and waving : it bears, in this (late, a
confiderable refemblance to the hair of the camel ; it feels
greafy ; and the flaxen colour is, now, mod exquifitely
bright. In fummer, the hair is very fmooth, filky, and
even ; but certain (haded rays, pointing downwards, mark
the fides of the neck.

The koulan inhabits the mountainous parts of the de-
ferts of Tartary; but is not found farther north than the
forty-eighth degree of latitude. In fummer, thefe ani¬
mals appear in vad herds, in the neighbourhood of the
lake Aral ; but in winter, they retire to the warmer cli¬
mate of India. Barboga, quoted by Dr. Pallas, relates,
that they penetrate to the mountains of Malabar and
Golconda. Perfia, however, is their favourite winter re¬
treat; and they are found, through the whole year, on
the mountains of Caflbin. The deferts in the north of
Africa are faid to afford wild affes of an adi-colour. An¬
ciently thefe animals were likewife found in Lycaonia,
Phrygia, Mefopotamia, Silefia, and Arabia Deferta. They
are remarkably wild. The Perfians, however, deceive
thefe animals into pits, and by that means take them
alive. They afterwards break them for the draught and
the faddle ; and value them highly for both thefe pur-
pol'es. The breed of tame affes is improved by inter¬
mixture with thefe. The Romans edeemed the progeny
of the onager copulating with the tame afs, by far the
bed. This animal is mentioned in the book of Job, as
remarkable for its wild, impetuous, untameable, fpirit.
Like the wild borfe, and the dftiiggetaij this fpecies affo-
Vol, VI. No. 400.

U U S. 889

date- in herds, under a leader, and are very (by. They
fometimes, however, dop when running, in the midd of
their career, and fuffer a perfon to approach them ; but,
before they can be caught, fuddenly dart away, with
great velocity.

The Tartars, and even the Perfians, edeem the fledi of
the wild afs a great delicacy. The former watch, and
(hoot it, when it goes to drink in the ponds of brackidi
water, in the deferts; for it prefers faltidi to fredi water,
and is even fonded of faline and bitter milky plants.
The Romans, among their other delicate diflies, were
very fond of the fle(h of the young of this animal, which
they called lalifio ; not lefs fo, it would appear, than the
Perfians and the Tartars.

The hybrid Mule is produced from the copulation of
an horfe with a (lie afs ; which fort is didingui(hed by
the term hinny : and that produced from the contadl: of
the male afs with a mare is properly the mule, and thefe
are confidered as the bed, being larger than thofe whofe
male parent is the horfe. Their form bears a confiderable
refemblance to that of the afs ; and in their difpofitions
they are rather vicious and intractable. The Spanifh
mules are fuperior to thofe of other countries: .very large
ones are bred in Savoy. In Britain, a larger and (Longer
breed of mules has been obtained, by the importation- of
Spanifii male afles for the purpofe. In Spain, the mule
is a favourite animal. It is well known to tread more
firmly and fecurely than the horfe. Perfons of quality
in Spain prefer it, on this account, for drawing in their
carriages. Pliny relates, as a fa£t authenticated by the
public records of the Athenians, that a mule had been
known to live to the age of eighty years. On the con¬
troverted fubjedt of the impoflibilitv of mules being able
to procreate, and of the nature of hybrids in general, fee
the article Mule.

4. Equvs Zebra, the flriped Horfe. The French hi f-
torians, Briffon and Buffon, call it le zebre, or Pane raye';
from Linnaeus it has received the name of equus zebra.:. ;
by Kolben, in his account of its native country, it is
called the wild d/s ; and by the colonifis at the Cape of
Good Hope, they are called wilde paavden, or wild horfes.
This beautiful animal is nearly of the fame (hape and
fize with the Spanifli mule. Its tail, like that of the a(s,
has long hairs at the extremity. The (kin under the jaw
is faid to hang loofe on the neck, in a manner which
rather injures the general elegance of its appearance. Its
mane is (hort, and (lands ereCl. The head, the neck,
the mane, and the body, are flriped downwards, with
lines of dark brown, on a light ground, or with alternate
black and white lines. Its legs and thighs are flriped
acrofs, with the fame colours. This arrangement of its
colours is univerfally admired. The males and females,
excepting fome trifling variations, are coloured alike.

This animal is remarkably fwift. Kolben afferts, that
he is fwifter than the horfe ; but Sparrman affures us,
that, with good horfes, zebras are eafily hunted down.
Their feet are fmall, and their hoofs hard ; fo that they
may be regarded as furer-footed than horfes. Mankind
have hitherto made but few attempts to tame this ani¬
mal ; and fuch as they have made have proved unfuc-
cefsful. The individuals of this fpecies which have been
brought into Europe, are remarkably wild and vicious.
Buffon informs us, that the zebra which he examined
was extremely wild ; and though great pains had been
ufed to tame him, yet (till he continued fo unmanageable,
that two men always held the bridle, while a third fat
on the animal’s back. His ears were fo exquifitely fen-
fible, that he kicked whenever they were touched. Py-
rard, quoted by Buffon, relates, that, in Brazil, a zebra
had been known to break loofe, and kill its keeper ; yet
zebras may hereafter, perhaps, be rendered as tame as
horfes. Thefe animals are gregarious, and are feen in
large troops. Their (kins are procured by the European
furriers, and fold at a high price. Attempts have been
repeatedly made to bring the zebra to copulate with the
10 R afs.

®90 ERA

afs. In France, the experiment did not fucceed : but in
London, as Mr. Pennant informs us, the female zebra
was covered by the male afs. At firft, (he refufed with
continued obftinacy ; but when the afs was painted fo as
to referable herfelf, fhe became complacent and paflive.
A hybrid zebra was accordingly produced ; but which
of the parents it chiefly refembled, we have not been
informed.

The zebra appears to be a native only of the African
continent. The fpecies abounds near the Cape. They'
are found, likewife, all along the country between the
Cape and Ethiopia ; and are alfo to be met with in
Congo. They have been obferved by travellers in Brazil,
and in Perfia and Turkey; but thofe muft have been
tranfported thither from the countries of which they are
natives.

5. Earns quagga. This fpecies is called by Pennant,
in his Hiffory of Quaprupeds, Quacha ; by MafTon, in the
Philofophical Tranfaftions, Opeagha ; and by Sparrman,
Quagga-, which name has been adopted by Linnaeus.
T his animal very nearly refembles the zebra. It is of a
fmaller lize, and its ears are fhorter : it has no (tripes on
its fore legs, loins, or hinder parts. The flanks are fpot-
ted ; the rump uniformly coloured; and the belly, legs,
and thighs, are of a pure white. A tame quagga, which
Dr. Sparrman faw at the Cape, was fo pleafed with the
familiarity of mankind, that, inflead of fhunning thofe
who approached it, it came up to receive their carefles.
I he quagga is much more traftable than the zebra, and
is even yoked by the colonifts at the Cape, in teams, with
horfes. It is remarkable of the quagga, likewife, that
notwithflanding its being of a mild charafter, it is an
overmatch for the hyaena ; purfues that ferocious animal
whenever it makes its appearance ; and protefts the horfes
with whom it affociates from the hyaena’s violence, from
which they would otherwife fuffer. The quagga, like
the zebra, aflociates in herds ; and the fpecies feems con¬
fined alfo to the regions of Africa. Edwards hasmiftaken
this animal for the female of the zebra ; and, till very
lately, the two genera were confounded by mod African
travellers.

6. Equus Bifulcus , the Cloven-footed Horse ; an
animal lately difcovered by Molina, in his travels through
Chili and Peru, in South America. This obfcure.qua-
druped, frequents the precipitous and rocky mountains
of the Andes or Cordelleras ; in fize, number and ar¬
rangement of teeth, and in general appearance, it refem¬
bles the horfe, for which reafon it is placed by Dr. Gme-
lin in this genus, though its cloven hoofs are fimilar to
thofe ot the ruminant clafs. It is a vicious, wild, and
exceedingly fwift, animal, having the fize, hair, colour,
nofe, eyes, neck, back, tail, legs, and genitals, refembling
the afs, with which it likewife agrees in its internal llruc-
ture, but wants the dufky crofs or tranfverfe band over
the (boulders, and refembles the horfe in the figure of its
ears, and the neighing found of its voice. It isT-ngular
that this curious fpecies, which feems, as it were, to form
a kind of link between the cloven-hoofed and whole-hoof¬
ed animals, fltould have fo long remained unknown to the
naturalifts of Europe.

ER, [ejt and op, Sax. er, Dut. and Ger. ago;, Gr. er,
aV, or, and ur, Teut. or Lat. ] the comparative termination
of adjectives. Being added to verbs, it fignifies the aftor
or doer, as commander, fighter, walker, &c. he who com¬
mands, fights, walks, &c.

ER, a fyllable in the middle of names or places, comes
by contraction from the Saxon Jjapa, dwellers. Gibfon.

E'RA , f. [ara, Lat.] The account of time from any
particular date or epoch. See .CEra, vol. i. p. 140.

E'RA, a river of Tufcany, which runs into the Arno,
fourteen miles above Pifa.

ER ADIA'TION,/. [e and radius , Lat.] Emiffion of
radiance. — God gives me a heart humbly to converfe with
him, from whom alone are all the eradiations of true ma*
jelly . King Charles,

ERA*

lo ERA'DICATE, v.a. [ eradico , Lat.] To pull up
by the root. — He fuffereth the poifon of Nubia to be ga¬
thered, and aconite to be eradicated, yet- this is not to be
moved. Brown. — To completely deftroy ; to end ; to cut
ofi- — If vice cannot wholly be eradicated , it ought at lead
to be confined to particular objefts. Swift.

ERADICA'TION, J. The aft of tearing up by the
root; deftruftion ; excifion. The (fate of being torn up
by the roots. — They affirm the roots of mandrakes give a
(liriek upon eradication, which is falfe below confutation.
Brown.

ER A'DICATIVE, adj. That which cures radically ;
that which drives quite away.

ERACLIS'SA hexagyna of Forfkahl. The fame with
Andrachne telephoides.

ER AGROS'TIS, /'. in botany. See Briza.

E'RAN, [Heb. their enemy.] A man’s name. The
fon of Shuthelah, head of the Eranites. Numb. xxvi. 36.

ER AN AR'CHAjj". a public officer among the ancient
Greeks, whofe bufinefs was to prefide over and direft the
alms and provifions made for the poor. Cornelius Nepos,
in his life of Epaminondas, deferibes his office thus :
When any perfon was reduced to poverty, taken captive,
or had a daughter to marry, which he could not effeft for
want of money, &c. the eranarcha called an affiembly of
friends and neighbours, and taxed each according to his
means and eftate, to contribute towards his relief.

E'RANG, a town of the illand of Ceram.

ERANGE'LI A,y. in botany. See Galanthus,

ER'ANITE,yi A defeendant of Eran.

ERAN'THEMUM,y. [from eapa, the earth, and atSoj,
Gr. a flower.] In botany, a genus of the clafs diandria,
order monogynia, natural order aggregatae, (vitices, JuJf. )
The generic characters are — Calyx: perianthium five-cleft,
tubular, very narrow, upright, fhort, acuminate, perma¬
nent. Corolla : one-petalled, funnel-form ; tube filiform,
extremely long; border five-parted (four-parted fome-
times,)flat; divifions obovate. Stamina: filaments two,
very fhort, in the mouth of the corolla ; antherae fubo-
vate, compreffied, beyond the tube. Piftillum : germ
ovate, very fmall ; ftyle filiform, length of the ftamens ;
ftigma Ample. — EJfential CharaEler. Corolla five-cleft,
with a filiform tube ; antherae beyond the tube ; ftigma
Ample.

Species, r. Eranthemum Capenfe, or Cape earth-flower ;
leaves lanceolate-ovate petioled. 2. Eranthemum an-
guftifolium, or rough-leaved earth-flower : leaves linear,
remote, patulous. 3. Eranthemum parvifolium, or
fmall-leaved earth-flower : leaves ovate linear, imbricate.

4. Eranthemum falfoloides, or falfola earth-flower : leaves
fleftiy, nearly columnar, linear, very fmooth ; racemes
axillary, they and the calyxes pubefeent ; tube bent back.

5. Eranthemum fpinofum, or prickly earth-flower : leaves
ovate, oppofite ; ftipules fpiny ; flower folitary, lateral.
They are all underfhrubs or herbs, natives of the Cape of
Good Hope. Leaves oppofite or alternate ; flowers in
terminating fpikes.

ToERA'SE, v.a. \rajer, Fr. ] Todeftroy; toexfeind.

• — The heads of birds, for the mod part, are given erafed ;
that is, pluckedoff. Peachamon Blazoning. — To expunge;
to rub out.

ERA'SEMENT, f. Deftruftion, devaftation ; extinc¬
tion, abolition.

ERASE'NUS, a river of Peloponnefus, flowing for a
little fpace under the ground in Argolis. Ovid.

ERASIS'TRATUS, an ancient Greek phyfician, a na¬
tive of Sicyon, and grandfonof Ariftotle. He was in high
profefiional reputation in the reign of Seleucus Nicanor,
who confulted him concerning the illnefs of his fon An-
tiochus, which Erafiftratus by his fagacity difeovered to
be occafioned by love for his mother-in-law, Stratonice.
He was rewarded with one hundred talents on this occa-
fion. He is called by Galen the reviver of anatomy ; and
lie, as well as Herophilus, is charged with the cruelty of
diffefting criminals alive., fupplied to him by Antiochus.

ERA

lie made a number of anatomical difcoveries, which have
been confirmed by modern obfervations. He was an ene¬
my to blood-letting ; and in medical practice he preferred
fimples of the milder kind, and taken from the vegetable
kingdom. He was an enemy to empiricifm, and held,
that a diforder could not be cured without a knowledge
of its caufe. Erafifixatus wrote a number of books, all
which have peridied ; but many of his opinions are re¬
corded by Galen and Caelius. He founded a fe£t which
was fubfifting in the time of Galen.

ERAS'MUS, [from G r. amiable; lovely.]

A proper name of men.

ERAS'MUS (Defiderius), a perfon eminent for
learning, born at Rotterdam in 1467. He was fent to
fchool at Deventer when nine years of age, and foon ex¬
hibited quick parts, and particularly that drength of me¬
mory which is fo efiential to a fcholar. He was left an
orphan in the care of three guardians, who agreed to
bring him up to a religious life, in order the more eafily
to embezzle his fmall patrimony. In conformity with
the pedantic tade then prevailing among men of letters,
of a (Turning names of Greek or Latin etymology, he tranf-
lated his family name of Gerard, fignifying amiable, into
the equivalent ones of Defiderius in Latin, and Erafmus in
Greek. He ufed both of thefe ; but the latter became
his perpetual appellation. His conftitution was delicate,
and ill fuited to monadic auderities, nor were his tades
and fentiments better accommodated to the monkidt pro-
feflion ; he therefore, with permidion of his fuperiors,
accepted, in his twenty-third year, an invitation to refide
with the archbifhop of Cambray. Thence he went to
Paris, and became a dudent in the college of Montaigne.
For his fupport he gave private lectures ; but he pad’ed
fome years of his life in that penury which dinnilated him
to great exertions, and gave him thofe habits of indudry
which raided him to eminence. Among his pupils at
Paris were fome Engliflimen, whofe liberality induced him
to vifit their country. He was in England in 1497, where
he contracted many valuable frienddiips. The works by
which he was fird known were of the philological kind,
calculated to adid dudents in the learned languages. Of
thefe were his De Copia Verborum & Rerum, De Ratione Con-
fcribendi Epifiolas, and many others. In 1503, he printed
at Louvain fome works of the theological kind, particu¬
larly his Enchiridon Militis Chrifliani, a kind of manual of
practical religion, written with a manly and rational fpirit,
much fuperior to the punctilious devotion of the cloider.
It underwent fome cenfure from the monks, but was much
read, and was tranfiated into feveral modern languages.
About this time too, he prefixed to a trandation of feveral
dialogues of Lucian, a dedication, in which he freely ex-
pofed the legendary fables of the early Chridians. In his
fortieth year he vilited Italy, took his doctor’s degree at
Turin, and daid about a year at Bologna ; thence he went
to Venice, and printed an improved edition of his Adagies ;
he fpent the winter of 1508 at Padua, and went to Rome
the year following. He received a preding invitation to
England from Henry VIII. who had contracted a friend-
d)ip for him while prince. He accepted the invitation,
and came over at the beginning of 1510, and was in great
favour with the king and Wolfey. He fird lodged with
fir Thomas More, and amufed himfelf with writing his
Moria Encomium ; or, Praife of Folly : a facetious and fa-
tirical compofition, which became popular. At the re-
qued of Fifher bidiop of Rocheder, chancellor of Cam¬
bridge, Erafmus went to that univerfity, and read leCtures
in Greek and divinity. A living was conferred upon him,
and he received prefents from many of his patrons ; but,
upon the whole, his expectations in this kingdom were
not gratified. Hereturned to the Low Countries in 1514,
and viiiting the court of the archduke Charles (afterwards
Charles V.), was created nominal counfellor to that
prince, with a dipend. He paid a vifit to the town of
Bafil, where he formed that intimacy witli the learned
family of Amberbach, and with the printer Froben,

ERA 891

which induced him to fpend his latter days in that place.
In 1516, his New Tedament, in Greek and Latin, with
notes, was publidied at Bafil, and was received with great
avidity by all who were defir.ous of dudying theology in
its original and genuine fources. It was dedicated to
pope Leo X. His edition of St. Jerom alfo appeared
this year, dedicated to his excellent and generous patron
archbiihop Warham. An ofter was made to him on the
part of Francis I . to fettle in France ; but his connections
with Charles V. induced him to decline it. Among the
meritorious fentiments of Erafmus may be reckoned his
perpetual oppofition to war, which he thought fcarcely
lawful to a Chridian. He has dwelt upon this topic in
many of his works, efpecially in his eloquent Querela Pads ,
printed in 1517.

The commencement of the reformation under Luther
was the mod trying circumdance in the life of Erafmus.
No man had done fo much as he to^diferedit the frauds
and fuperditionsof popery, and to place Chridianity upon
its proper foundation. The monks were fo fenlible of
this, that they were ufed to fay, “ Erafmus laid the egg,
and Luther hatched it.” Yet there were feveral reafons
which prevented him from joining the reformers. He was
likewife offended with the rtidenefs, vulgarity, and con¬
tempt of polite literature, which charaCferiled fome of the
clafs. Yet he did enough to merit the eternal gratitude
of all candid friends to light and liberty, by the example
he never ceafed to give of free enquiry, and the perpetual
war he waged againd perfecution, ignorance, and bigotry.
For fome years Erafmus treated Luther with great de¬
ference, and in his letters to various perfons defended his
character and applauded his intentions. In procefs of
time, however, Erafmus, irritated at fome attacks upon
him by the zealous reformers, took his part among the
defenders of the church of Rome.

In 1522, he publidied the mod popular of his works,
his Colloquies, which, though apparently intended for the
indruCtion of youth in the Latin language, and commenc¬
ing with dialogues of great fimplicity, abound in folid
and liberal fentiments on the mod important topics, and
attack the prevalent fuperditions with ferious argument
and humorous farcafm. After having been long urged
by his catholic friends and patrons to W'rite againd Lu¬
ther, he at length, with manifed unwillingnefs, undertook
the talk, and in 1524 publidied his treatife De Libero Ar-
bitrio. As in this work he profeffedly attacked only Lu¬
ther’s opinion concerning prededination, it might be fup-
pofed that he did not mean to condemn his dilfent from
the church of Rome in other points. In 1528, he pub¬
lidied his dialogue, entitled Ciceronianus, one of the mod
lively and ingenious of his compofitions. In the fame year
he alfo publidied his learned treatife De. ReEia Latini Gra-
dque Sermonis Pronuntiatione ; and thus feems to have been
defirous of diverting his mind from the dangerous dif-
putes of theology. He continued his learned labours
without intermillion, though under the preflure of many
infirmities; and clofely attended the printing of his trea¬
tife, Ecclefafes; or, On the Manner of Preaching. At
this time there was an intention at Rome to add Erafmus
to the college of cardinals; but it was now too late to
burthen him with fo fplendid a promotion. His health
had rapidly declined ; a dyfentery exhauded his remain¬
ing firength ; and he calmly expired on July 12, 1536, at
the age of fixty-nine, in the arms of his deared friends,
who were protedants, and after having preferred pious.
addredes to God and Chrid, to all the dying ceremonials
enjoined by the Romifh ritual. His body was interred
with great funeral folemnity in the cathedral church of
Bafil, where his tomb is dill to be feen. His works were
collecled and publidied by Froben, in nine volumes folio,

ERAS'MUS, a mountain of the idund Ceylon : thirty
miles north-wed of Trincomalee.

ERAS'TI ANS, J. a religious faftion, which arofe in
England during the time of the civil wars in 1647, thus,
called from their leader Thomas Eraftus, whofe didin-
1 guilhing

sga E R B

gui filing doftrine was, “ that the church had no right to
difcipline, no regular power to excommunicate, exclude,
cenfure, abfolve, -decree, or profecute,”. all fuch power
being in the civil magistrate-.

ER'ATO, one of the mufes, who prefided over lyric,
tender, and amorous, poetry. She is reprefented as crown¬
ed with rofes and myrtle, holding a lyre in her hand.
She appears with a thoughtful and fometimes with a gay
and animated look. She was invoked by lovers, efpe-
cially in the month of April, which, among the Romans,
was more particularly devoted to love. Apollodorus.

ERATOS'THENES, an eminent Greek philcfopher,
mathematician, and ehronologid, born at Cyrene, in
the fecond year of the 126th olympiad, or 275 before
Chrift. So didinguilhed was he for his proficiency in
different branches of erudition, that lie acquired the fur.
name of or victorious in five contefts, which,

tinder an allufion to the five prizes of the Olympic games,
was meant to defignate his fuccefs and fuperiority in all
kinds of literary purfuits. On the invitation of Ptolemy
Euergetes, he quitted Athens, and went to Egypt, in order
to undertake the office of librarian to the celebrated library
at Alexandria. In that fituation he continued under the
reigns of three fucceffive princes, difcharging the trull:
committed to him with great applaufe, and acquiring a
high reputation for fcience and learning by the many
books which he wrote, and the difcoveries which he an¬
nounced. He was the fir ft who found out a method of
meafuring the periphery of the earth ; and he alfo ob-
ierved the obliquity of t he ecliptic. He wrote an epiffle
to king Ptolemy, in which he folved tire problem of the
duplication of the cube ; and lie invented a convenient
method of difcovering the primary numbers, that is, fuch
as have no common meafure of divifion inter fe, excepting
unity, which has been called the fieve of Eratodhenes.
He wrote numerous treatifes in grammar, adronomy, hif-
tory, and geography, together with dialogue's on the phi-
lofophical fedls, and poems. Nothing more than frag¬
ments, however, of his different pieces have reached our
times, fome of which were publifiied at Oxford in 1672,
with brief annotations, in 8vo. The mod valuable of his
remains, which is not in that little collection, is his Cata¬
logue of the Kings of Thebes, in Egypt, from Mefies,
who firft peopled Egypt after the Deluge, to the Time
of the Trojan War. It is one of the mod venerable and
authentic monuments of antiquity now extant, and contains
a feries of thirty-eight kings, reigning in a direft line of
fucceffion, taken not only from the records in the Alexan¬
drian library, but the facred archives in Diofpolis, or
Thebes, and mod probably drawn up to fupply the de¬
fects, and correCt the errors, of Manetho’s Dynadies. By
fome of ourabled chronologers it has been conddered and
made ufe of as an authority of the fird importance in fetr
tling the Egyptian chronology. Eratodhenes died at the
advanced age of eighty-one. The fragments of his works
which are noticed above to have been publifhed at Ox¬
ford, were alfo printed in Uranologium of Petavius, at
Paris, in 1630, and afterwards at Amderdam, in 1703.

ERATOS'TRATUS, an Ephefian who burnt the fa¬
mous temple of Diana the fame night that Alexander the
Great was born. Eratodratus committed this a& of vil¬
lainy merely to eternize his name. Plutarch.

ERAVIN'SKOI, a fortrefs of Ruflia, in the govern¬
ment of Irkutfch : eighty miles fouth-fouth ead of Bar-
guzinfk. Lat. 52. 32. N. Ion. 129. E. Ferro.

ER'BACH, a town of Germany, in the circle of the
Lower Rhine, and electorate of Mentz, on the Rhine:
eleven miles wed of Mentz.

ER'BACH, a town of Germany, in the circle of Fran¬
conia, and capital of a county of the fame name : twenty
miles north-ead of Manheim, and fixteen north-north-ead
of Heidelberg.

ER'BACH (County of), a principality of Germany, in
the circle of Franconia, about feven leagues long, and fix
wide : the foil is mountainous, but produces enough to

ERE

fupply the wants of the inhabitants. The inhabitants
make a large quantity of pot-afli, and feed a great number
of cattle : it contains mines of lead, filver, iron, copper,
and quickfilver : the number of inhabitants is edimated
at 23,060 or 24,000, who are chiefly Lutherans. The
articles of commerce which they export are fpelt, oats,
wheat, cattle, wood, pot-afli, honey, wax, iron, and
charcoal. The counts are hereditary cup-bearers to the
elector palatine. The affeffment for the Roman month is
forty florins, and the tax for the chamber at Wetzlar
twenty-feven rixdollars.

ER'B AT, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province of
Diarbekir : fifty-eight miles fouth-ead of Diarbek.

ER'BAZ, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province
of Natolia: thirty-fix miles wed-fouth-wed of Degnizlu.

ER'BLSPACH, or Erwoltspach, or Erlsbach, a
town of Germany, in Lower Bavaria : twelve miles wed-
north-wed of Dingelfingen, and thirty-four ead-loiith-ead
of Ingolddadt.

EPCCE, a town of France, in the department of the
Ille and Vilaine, and chief place of a canton, in the dif-
tri£l of Bain : five miles ead of Bain.

ER'CHEE, a town of Perfia, in the province of Adir-
beitzan : dxty miles ead-north-ead of Tauris.

ERCIL'LA Y ZUNIGA (Don Alonzo de), an emi¬
nent Spanidi poet, born at Madrid in 1533. He was
early in life made page to the infant don Philip, whom he
attended in his progrefs through the Low-countries, and
part of Germany and Italy He afterwards accompanied
Philip when he went to England to celebrate his marriage
with queen Mary. He was afterwards engaged in the
war with the Araucanians, whofe courage and love of
liberty he leems greatly to have admired, though his
military duty obliged him to ufe his bed efforts in fub-
duing them. The intereding feenes to which he was
witnefs called forth his poetical powers, and he employed
the intervals of leifure in recording them in heroic verfe.
He compofed, as it were, with the fword in his hand, and
the earlier parts of his poem were written upon feraps of
leather for want of paper. The “ Araucana” is rather an
hidorical poem than a proper epopoea, as it is a narrative
of real events, only interfperfed with fabulous circum-
dances. It was publifhed in three parts : the two fird in
1577 and 157S, the whole complete in 1590. Mr. Hay-
ley, in his Effay on Epic Poetry, and the notes attached
to it, has taken much pains to make Ercilla advantage-
oudy known to the Engiifh reader, by tranflations of feledft
parts, and an analyfis of the whole.

ERDE'Nl-TCHAO, a town of Chinefe Tartary, in the
country of the Eluths : 680 miles north-wed of Peking.
Lat. 46. 38. N. Ion. 120. 30 E. Ferro.

ER'DER, a town of Germany, in the circle of Wed-
phalia, and county of Lippe : twelve miles north-north-
ead of Lemgow.

ERD'MANSDORF, a town of Germany, in the circle
of Upper Saxony, and circle of Erzgeburg : five miles
ead of Chemnitz.

ERE, adv. [aep, Sax. air , Gothic; err, Dutch. This
word is fometimes vitioufly written e'er, as if from ever.
It is likewife written or before ever, op and aep in Saxon
being indiferiminately written. Mr. Lye.] Before ; fooner
than. — Ere he would have hang’d a man for the getting a
hundred badards, he would have paid for the nurfing a
thoufand. Skakejpeare. — The lions brake all their bones
in pieces or ever they came to the bottom of the den. DanieL
The birds dull ceafe to tune their ev’ning fong,

The winds to breathe, the waving woods to move,

And dreams to murmur, ere I ceafe to love. Pope .

ERE ,prep. Before:

Our fruitful Nile

Flow’d ere the wonted feafon. Dryden.

EREBIN'THUS,/. in botany. SeeGALEGA.

E'REBUS, [sgE&s, Gr. from zny, Heb. night.] In my¬
thology,

£ R 'E

tHology, a term denoting darknefs. According to Efefiod,
Erebus was the fon of Chaos and the Night, and the fa¬
ther of the Day. This was alfo the name of part of the
inferi among the ancients.' Erebus properly fignificd the
gloomy region, and was didinguiflted both from Tartarus
the place of torment, and from Elyfium the region ot
blifs: according to Virgil, it forms the third grand divi-
fion of the invifible world beyond the Styx, and compre¬
hends feveral imaginary didrifts, as the limbus infantum , or
receptacle for infants ; the limbus for thofe who have been
put to death without caule : that for fuch as dedroyed
themfelves; the fields of mourning, full of dark groves
and woods, inhabited by thofe who died for love; and
beyond thefe, an open champaign country for departed
heroes.

E'RECH, one of the primitive kingdoms of the world,
founded by Nimrod in the land of Shinar. Gen. x. io.

EREC'THEUS, king of Athens, and the fixth from
Cecrops, fucceeded his father Pandion about 1399 before
Chrid. He was the mod powerful Grecian prince of his
time. Among his children was a daughter, Orithyia,
who is fabled to have been forcibly carried away by the
wind Boreas, which is with probability interpreted to re¬
fer to her rape by a Thracian king. In his reign the
Athenians were indrufted by a drangerin the cultivation
of corn, whence Ceres is faid to have vifited Athens at
that period. Ereftheus, after a reign of fifty years, was
llain in a battle againft the Eleufians.

To ERE'CT, v. a. [erettus, Lat. ] To raife in a ftraight
line; to place perpendicularly to the horizon.

To Erect a Perpendicular. Tocrofsone line by another
at right angles. To raife; to build :

Happier walls expeft,

Which, wand’ring long, at lad thou fhalt ereEl. Dryden.

To eftablilh anew ; to fettle. — He fuffers feventy-two dif-
tinft nations to be ereEled out of the fil'd monarchy under
didinft governors. Raleigh. — To elevate; to exalt. — I,
who am a party, am not to ereEl myfelf into a judge.
Dryden. — I am far from pretending infallibility : that
would be to ereEl myfelf into an apodle. Locke. — To raife
confequences from premifes. — From fallaciousfoundations
and mifapprehended mediums, men ereEl conclufions no
way inferrable from the premifes. Brown. — To animate ;
not to deprefs ; to encourage :

Why diould not hope

As much ereEl our thoughts, as fear dejeft them ? Denham.

To ERE'CT, v. n. To rife upright. — The trefoil againd
Tain fwelletit in the dalk, and fo dandeth more upright;
for by vvet, dalksdo ereEl, and leaves bow down. Bacon.

ERE'CT, adj. [ereElus, Lat.] Upright; not leaning;
not prone. — Bafil tells us that the ferpent went ereEl like
man. Brown. — Direfted upwards :

Vain were vows,

And plaints and fuppliant hands, to Heav’n ereEl. Philips.
Bold; confident; undiaken:

Let no vain fear thy gen’rous ardour tame ;

But dand ereEl, and found as loud as fame. Glanville.
Vigorous ; not depreded. — That vigilant and ereEl atten¬
tion of mind, which in prayer is very necedary, is waded
or dulled. Hooker.

EREC'TION, y. The aft of raiding, or date of being
raided upward. — We are to confider only the ercElion of
the hills above the ordinary land. Brerewood. — The aft of
building or railing edifices. — Pillars were fet up above one
thoufand four hundred and twenty-fix years before the
flood, counting'Seth to be an hundred years old at the
ercElion of them. Raleigh. — Edablidiment ; fettlement. —
It mud needs have a peculiar influence upon the ercElion,
continuance, and didolution, of every fociety. South. —
Elevation ; exaltation of fentiments. — Her peerlefs height
my mind to high ercElion draws up. Sidney. — Aft of rouf-
ing ; excitement to attention. — Starting is an apprehen-

Vol. VI. No. 400.

ERE 893'

fion of the thing feared, and in that is a dirinking, and
likewife an inquifition what the matter diould be ; and in
that it is a motion ot cve.El.i n : fo that when a man would
liden fuddcnly he darteth ;*for the darting is an crcEhon
of the fpirits to attend. Bacon.

ERECT'NESS,/ Uprightnefs of podure or form.—
We take ercElnefs driftly as Galen defined it : they only,
fayeth he, have an ereft figure, whofe fpine and thigh¬
bone are carried on right lines. Brown.

EREC'TOR,/. [from erigo, Lat. to lift up.] A mul-
cle of the penis, whofe office it is to raife or lift it up.

See Anatomy, vol. i. p. 620.

ER'EGEM, a town of Flanders : ten miles fouth-wedt
of Bruges.

EREK'LI, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province
of Caramania: fixty miles ead of Cogni.

EREI.O'NG, adv. Before a long time had elapfed.
Nec longum tempus. — Nothing is lading that is feigned: it
will have another face than it had erelong. Ben Jorfon.

They fwim in joy.

Erelong to fwim at large, and laugh, for which

The world erelong a world of tears mud weep. Milton.

EREMEG'IKE, a town of Alia, in Thibet: twenty-
five miles fauth of Tourfan.

E'REMITE, /. Zeremita, Lat. e?n^, Gr.] One who
lives in a wildernefs ; one who lives in folitude ; an her¬
mit ; a folitary ; we now fay hermit :

Embryoes and ideots, eremites and friars.

White, black, and grey, with all their trumpery. Milton.

EREMI'TICAL, adj. Religioudy folitary ; leading
the life of an hermit. — They have multitudes of religious
orders, eremitical and cenobitical. Stilling feet .

ERENOW', adv. Before this time.— Had the world,
eternally been, fcience had been brought to perfection
long erenow '. Cheyne.

Ah, gentle foldiers, fome fliort time allow ;

My father has repented him erenow. Dryden.

EREPTA'TION, f. Zereptio, Lat.] A creeping forth.

EREP'TION, f Zereptio, Lat.] A fnatching or taking
away by force.

E'RES, or Eris, a town of Perfia, in the province of
Sceirvan, on the borders of Armenia ; falling to decay s
eighty miles fouth-wed of Derbend, and 1 20 fouth ead of
Teflis.

ERE'SIA,y. in botany. See Theophrasta.

ERES'MA, a river of Spain, which runs into the
Duero, between Simancas and Tordefillas.

ERE'SUS, a town of Lefbos, where Theophradus was
born.

ERE'TRI A. a city of Euboea on the Euripus, anciently
called Melaneis and Arotria. It was dedroyed by the
Perfians, and the ruins were hardly vifible in the age of
Strabo. It received its name from Eretrius, a fon of
Phaeton.

ERE'TUM, a town of the Sabines near the Tiber,
whence came the adjeftive Eretinus.

ERETHIS'MUS,/. [from ^6^, Gr. to irritate.] An
irritation of the intedines from thin acrimonious humours.

EREUX'SIS, f. [from ege vya, to eruftate.] Erufta-
tion, or flatulence in the domach.

EREWHl'LE, or Erewhiles, adv. Some time ago ;
before a little while. — We lit down to our meals, fufpeft
not the intrufion of armed uninvited gueds, who erewhiles
we know were wont to furprife us. Decay of Piety.

I am as fair now as I was erewhile :

Since night you lov’d me, yet fince night you left me. Shakef.

ER'FA, a town of the ifiand of Corfica -. twenty-five
miles north-north-wed of Badia.

ER'FURT, or Erfort, a city of Germany, in the
circle of the Lower Rhine, founded in the fifth century ;
belonging to the eleftor of Mentz, who governs it by a
ftadtholder. It ha,s anecclefiadical, a civil, and criminal,
10 S tribunal;

804 E R I

tribunal ; and a regency, from whence appeals may be made
to the elector. The municipality is compofed of an equal
number of Catholics and Lutherans. The town is large,
but not populous, the buildings in general in the Gothic
fly le ; fituated on the Gera, fortified, and defended by
two cattles, with a garrifon of imperial and electoral
troops, it contains, befides a college, a mitred abbey,
and feven others, four parifii churches and three chapels
for the Roman Catholics, and eleven churches for Lu¬
therans, and an academy indituted for ufeful fcience ; a
well furnilhed library, in which are feveral manufcript
Bibles in the Hebrew characters ; and an univerfity, com¬
pofed of five colleges, whofe profelfors are Roman Ca¬
tholics and Lutherans. The territory of Erfurt is fertile,
but wants wood : it contains, befides the capital, two
towns, and feventy-three. villages: no miles welt of
Drefden, and i6oeadof Cologne. Lat.30. 50. N. Ion.
28 . 37. E. Ferro.

ER'GANE, ariver whofe waters were fabled to intoxi¬
cate as wine. — >A furname of Minerva. Paufanias.

ERGE'NE, a river of European Turkey, which runs
into the Mariza, near Demotica, in Romania.

ER'GERS, a river of France, which runs into the Ill,
about two miles eaft from Grifpoltheim, in the depart¬
ment of the Lower Rhine.

ERGl'NUS, a king of Orchotnenos, fon of Clymenes.
He obliged the Thebans to pay him a yearly tribute of
100 oxen, becaufe his father had been killed by a The¬
ban. Hercules attacked his fervants, who came to raife
the tribute, and'mutilated them, and he afterwards killed
Erginus, who attempted to avenge their death by invad¬
ing Bceotiawith anarmy. Paufanias. — A riverof Thrace.
Mela. — One of the four brothers who kept the Acroco-
rinth, by order of Antigonus. Polyanus.

ER'GOT, f. A fort of dub, like a piece of foft horn,
about the bignefs of a chefnut, which is placed behind
and below the pattern joint of a horfe, and is commonly
hid under the tuft of the fetlock.

E'RIACH.y: [Irifh] Recompence for murder. — The
Brehon, that is their judge, will compound between the
murderer and the friends of the party murdered, which
profecute the action, that the malefactor fhall give unto
them, or to the child or wife of him that is (lain, a re¬
compence, which they call an eriach. Spencer’s Ireland.

ERIAM'BO, a river of Ruflia, which runs into the
Oby, thirty miles above Obdorlkoi.

ERI'CA,y". Gr. to break; from its fuppofed

quality of breaking the done in the bladder.] Heath;
in botany, a genus of the clafs oCtandria, order monogy-
nia, natural order of bicornes, (ericas, fuff.) The generic
characters are — Calyx : perianthium four-leaved ; leaf¬
lets ovate-oblong, permanent. Corolla : one-petalled,
bell-form, four-cleft, often bellied. Stamina: filaments
eight, capillary, inferted into the receptacle; antherae
two-cleft at the tip. Pittillum : .germ rotindidi, fuperior;
ttyle filiform, upright, longer than the ftamens ; ftigmu
crowned, four-cornered, folir cleft. Pericarpium : cap.
title roundith, fmaller than the calyx, covered, four-
celled, four-valved; partitions meeting with the futures,
(oppoftte to the futures, G.) Seeds : numerous, very
fmall. — Effential CharaElcr. Calyx four-leaved; corolla
four-cleft ; filaments inferted into the receptacle ; antherae
cloven; capfuhe four-celled. ^

Defcription. Heaths are fmall ttirubs, or what are com¬
monly called underlhrubs (Juffrutices J. Their leaves are
very fmall, linear, lanceolate or ovate, imbricate or re¬
mote, entire, ciliate or ferrate, in fonte oppolite, in mod;
whorled, in others again fcattered. BraCtes ufually tliree,
two of which are oppcfiie. The flowers are either axil¬
lary or terminating, and varionfly difpofed. Corolla
modly of a purple colour- Antherae commonly oblong,
but fometimes linear. Germ in mod fpecies fmooth. In
fome fpecies the antherae are awned, in others creded, in
others awnlefs; in fome they are included within the co¬
rolla, in others they are projedted, or dand out beyond

E R I

the corolla. Hence this unwieldy genus is ccmmodiotifiy
divided into four fedlions ; and thefe are fubdivided into
fubordinate fedtions from the difpofition of the leaves.
The inclufion or projedlion of the dyle alfo affords ano;
ther divifion of the fpecies. The calyx in fome is double.
And, ladly, the form of the corolla affids us much in dif-
tinguifhing the numerous fpecies. The campanulate and
ovate forms, with their feveral modifications, are the
predominating ones. This genus has within the compafs
of a few years rifen from negledt to fplendour. Every one
remembers that Mr. Pope marks it with contempt, at
the fame time that he celebrates the colour of the flowers:
“ E’en the wild heath difplays its purple dyes.” Mr.
Miller, fo late as the year 1768, makes mention of no
more than five forts, four of which, as being wild, he
configns to oblivion; the fifth, our No. 17, is an inha¬
bitant of the fouth of Europe; but he has not one of
thofe beautiful natives of the Cape of Good Hope, which
now form fo great an ornament to our green-houfes or
dry doves. In Linnaeus’s Species Plantarum, 1762, we
have thirty-eight forts; in Dahlgren’s Didertation, 1770,
there are fifty-eight; which are increafed to feventy-four
in Murray’s edition of Sy dema Vegetabilium, 1784. From
Bergius, the Supplement, &c. and to ninety-one in Thun-
berg’s Didertation on this genus, publiflied the year fol¬
lowing. Our lid, by the adidance principally of the
Hortus Kewenfis, contains eighty-three fpecies. Our fird
acquaintance with the African heaths is from Hermann
and Oldenland, towards the end of the lad century. The
latter of thefe authors enumerates twenty-fix fpecies.

Ray, in his Hidory, 1688, enumerates fifteen forts,
which are chiefly our wild ones, and thofe from the
fouth of Europe ; he has only one African in this lid :
in his Dendrologia, however, 1704, he has a long cata¬
logue of fifty-fix African heaths, from Petiverand Pluke-
net, but chiefly from Sherard. This is a mere enume¬
ration of names ; and heaths continued to be little known,
except from the dried fpecimens in the herbariums of the
curious, till fome of the European fpecies were imported
into our gardens between the years 1763 and 1770; and
the ricli harved of Africans were introduced from the
Cape of Good Hope, by Mr. Francis Malfon, who made
two voyages to that fpot, fo abundant in rare plants, by
the command and at the expence of the king of Great
Britain; fird in the years 1773, 1774, and 177 5; and
again in the years 1786 and 1787. Since thefe two pe¬
riods, no genus of plants has attracted more regard than
that which is now to be deferibed.

Species. I. Anther® awned, leaves oppofite. 1. Erica
vulgaris, or common heath: corollas be!l-(haped, almoft
equal; calyxes double, (the inner longer than the co¬
rolla ;) leaves fagittate, (imbricate in four rows, St.)
Common heath is a foot or two in height, or more ; the
dents brown and woody, very much branched ; the
branches inoppodte pairs, modly upright, round, downy,
and reddidt ; the branchlets fquare. Leaves nearly ovate,
bluntidi, with a whitidi furrow, dightly hairy at the edge ;
according to Lightfoot tetragonal, in four imbricate rows,
the. uppermod having angles at t he bale like the barbs of
an arrow. Flowers folitary, on peduncles the length of
the leaves, from the ttdes of the branches, dightly nod¬
ding, oppofite, but generally pointing one way, giving the
branches the appearance of long bunches, but leafy Ihoots
will be always found at the end. Seeds fix to nine in each
cell, fub-ovate, fcrobiculate-vvrinkled, pale yellow.

This plant, which is little regarded in warmer climates,
is made fubfervient to a great variety of purpofes in the
bleak and barren highlands of Scotland, and other north¬
ern countries. The poorer inhabitants cover their cabins
with it indead of thatch, or elfe twid it into ropes, and
bind down the thatch with them in a kind of lattice
work; they alfo make the walls with alternate layers of
heath, and a fort of cement made of black earth and draw.
The hardy Highlanders frequently make their beds with
it. In mod of the wedern illes they dye their yarn of a

yellow

E R

yellow colour, by boiling it in water with the green tops
and flowers of this plant : and woollen cloth boiled in
alum-water, and afterwards in a flrong decoftion of the
tops, comes out a fine orange-colour. In fome of thefe
iflands they tan their leather in a flrong decobtion of it.
Formerly the young tops are faid to have been ufed alone
to brew a kind of ale; and Boethius relates that this li¬
quor was much ufed by the Pibts. In fome of the ifles,
it is faid, they ftill brew ale with one part malt, and two

arts of the young tops of heath, fometimes adding hops.

n many parts of Great Britain befoms are made of it.
The turf, with the heath growing on it, is cut up and
dried for the fuel of the cottager, for heating ovens, co¬
vering under-ground drains, See. Sheep and goals will
fometimes eat the tender flioots, but they are not fond
of them. Cattle not accuftomed to browfe on heath give
bloody milk, but are foon cured by drinking plentifully
of water. The branches of heath afford (belter, and the
feeds a principal part of the food of many birds, efpecially
thofe of the grous kind : and for this purpofe, the feed-
veffel is formed and protected in Inch a manner, that the
feeds are preferved a whole year, or even longer. Bees
colled! largely from the flowers, and honey made from
them was anciently fuppofed to be of a bad quality, but
in fadt it is only of a darker colour. The foliage affords
nourifhment to the Phalaena quercus, or great egger moth.
Dodder frequently entwines itfelf about this plant, and
gives it a Angular appearance. Almoft every part of Eu¬
rope abounds with heath, efpecially the northern coun¬
tries; it is alfo common in all the temperate parts of the
vaft Ruffian empire. Heath is called ling in fome parts
of England; in Shropfhire, grig ; in Scotland, hather. It
is remarkable that Shakefpeare enumerates heath and ling
as different plants. The former of thefe names is from
the German hade, and the latter from the Danilh lyng:
in Swedifli it is Hung ; in Italian, erica; in Spanilh, brezo;
in Portuguefe, urze , erice, torga, or cjlorga; in Ruffian,
uerejli .

It varies with white flowers, and with hoary leaves.
The latter has been confidered by fome as a diftindf fpe-
cies, and by others confounded with E. ciliaris. It is
frequent on Baglhot-heath, Enville-common in Stafford-
fhire, Birmingham-heath, and, as Ray fays, not only
about Windfor, where Clufius obferved it, but all over
England .

2. Erica lutea, or yellow heath: corollas ovate, acu¬
minate; flowers heaped; leaves linear. The whole plant
being covered with its Aiming golden or filvery flowers,
is very beautiful. Native of the Cape of Good Hope,
where it was obferved by Bergius; and thence introduced
here by Mr. Francis Maffon, in 1774.

Leaves in threes. 3. Erica halicacaba, or purple-ftalked
heath : corollas ovate, inflated; Ayle included ; flowers
folitary. This is a lofty fiirub with purplilh branches;
the branchlets fubtomentofe and white. Leaves crowded
very much, even, rugged about the edge. Corolla pur-
plifh, fmooth, diftinft from all others in its flowers being
the fize of an acorn. Native of the Cape ; flowers in
May and j une.

4. Erica regerminans, or felf-fov. ing heath: corollas
ovate, ftyle included, calyxes acute, flowers racemed.
Native of the Cape.

5. Erica monfoniana, or bladder-flowered heath : flow¬
ers at the ends of o'btufe branchlets ; calyxes calycled ;
corolla oblong, inflated; ftyle included. This is one
of the mod beautiful of this beautiful genus, with large
white flowers. Tluinberg found it in the interior part
of Africa.

6. Erica rnucofa, or mucous heath : corollas fubglo-
bular, mucous ; ftyle included. Native of the Cape.

7. Erica urceolaris, or hairy-flowered heath : flowers
umbelled ; calyxes lanceolate ; corollas ovate-conical,
villofe ; ftyle included. 8. Erica marifolia, or marum-
leaved heath: leaves ovate, pubefeent, whitifh under-

I C A. 895

neath ; corollas ovate-conical ; ftyle of a middling length.
Natives of the Cape; flower in May and June.

9. Erica Bergiana, or Bergius’s heath : calyxes reflex ;
corollas bell-fhaped ; ftyle included. Found at the Cape
by Bergius. It is covered w ith beautiful flowers.

10. Erica depreffa, or flat-ftemmed heath : deni de-
preffed, flow-ers few, corollas bell-fhaped, ftyle included.

1 1. Erica pilulifera, or rounded heath : flowers umbelled,
corollas bell-fhaped, ftyle included. Natives of the Cape.

12. Erica viridi-purpurea, or green-blue heath : flow¬
ers fcattered, corollas bell-fhaped, ftyle included. This
varies, with leaves in fours. Native of Portugal.

13. Erica pentaphylla, or five-leaved heath: flowers
pubefeent, corollas bell-fhaped, ftyle included. 14. Erica
nigrita, or black heath : calyxes imbricate, three-flow¬
ered, feflile ; corollas bell fhaped, ftyle included. 15.
Erica plunifolia, or 1'mooth-leaved heath : leaves fpread-
ing very much, corollas bell-fltaped, ltyle (landing out.
Thefe are natives of the Cape.

16. Erica fcoparia, or fmall green-flowered or bruftt
heath : corollas bell-ftiaped, ftigma Handing out, peltate.
This is a ftirub growing to the height of feveral feet.
The leaves quickly fall off. With the branches of it
they make befoms, whence the trivial name. It is com¬
mon in the fouth of Europe, was introduced here about
1770, and flowers in April and May.

17. Erica arborea, or tree heath : branchlets hoary,
corollas bell-fhaped, ftyle (landing out. This is an up¬
right ftirub, growing to the height of fix feet, with up¬
right branches covered with a white nap. Leaves very
abundant, upright, fmooth, almoft awl-fliaped, covering
the branches, wrinkled when dry. Flowers very nume¬
rous, on the middle of the branches, fo that the later
leaves are above them ; they are on branching peduncles,
forming a panicle. Corolla white, fliort, broad, four-
cleft two-thirds of the way. Native of the fouth of Eu¬
rope, and the ifland of Madeira ; flowers from February
to May. Mr. Miller makes it a native of the Cape of
Good Hope and Portugul ; but moll of the little he has
faid on this genus is wrong. He fets down E. herbacea
and ciliaris as natives of England ; and he gives no de-
feription of any except of this, and that is imperfebt and
erroneous.

18. Erica vefpertina, or evening heath : corollas bell-
fliaped, ftyle (landing out. This is an upright (hrub,
with the branches growing by threes; leaves triquetrous,
even, prefled clofe. Flowers in a panicle, nodding, al¬
ternate, white, on white pubefeent peduncles; corolla
double the length of the calyx, broad, (harp, almoft like
that of E. cubico; antherae black, two-parted, above the
throat. Found at the Cape of Good Hope by Thunberg.

19. Erica cruenta, or bloody-flowered heath : leaves
fmooth, brabtes remote, calyxes awl- fhaped, dilated at
the bafe ; corollas cylindrical, incurved ; ftyle (landing
out. Flowers axillary; corolla deep crimfon, an inch
long, a little bent in, fmooth, fubpellucid, a little fuelling
at the top, with a four-cleft mouth; fegments broad,
fharpifh, fu bereft ; filaments whitifh. Found by Mr.
Francis Maffon at the Cape of Good Hope, and intro¬
duced in 1774. It flowers at various feafons.

Leaves in fours. 20. Erica ramenfacea, or (lender-
branched heath : leaves briftie-fhaped, corollas globular,
ftyle included, ftigma doubled . Native of the Cape of
Good Hope ; flowers in July.

21. Erica perfoluta, or blufh-flowered heath : calyxes
ciliate, corollas bell-fhaped, ftyle included. Native of the
Cape; flowers from February to May.

22. Erica Itrigofa, or dwarf downy heath : leaves pube¬
feent, ciliate; corollas bell-ftiaped, fmooth; ftyle (land¬
ing out. Found at the Cape by Mr. Francis Maflbn ; it
flowers in March and April.

23. Erica tetralix, or crofs-leaved heath : leaves ciliate,
flowers in heads, corollas ovate, ftyle included. Stems
fhrubby, from nine to twelve inches high, branched,

1 brown,

?9G E R 1

brown, fomewliat rugged from the remains of the leaves
which have fallen oft'; branches a little woolly. Leaves
commonly in fours, but fometimes in fives, ovate-linear,
fpreading, near the flowers prefled dole to the ftem, the
edges turned in and ciliated, each hair terminating in a
fmall round gland ; the upper furface is flat, the lower
concave and white. Flowers hanging down one over ano¬
ther all one way, forming a little head. It flowers twice
in the year. Native of the northern parts of Europe, on
moift heaths and'moorifh grounds; flowering in July and
Auguft ; Linnaeus fays, twice in the year. This fpecies
is not inferior to many of the foreign heaths in the beauty
and delicacy of its flowers. It is diftinguifhed from the
other Britifh heaths, not only by the flowers growing in
a kind of pendulous clufter on the tops of the ftalks, but
by the leaves growing in fours, and forming a fort of
crofs; whence the trivial and Englifh names. Our old
.writers call it Low-Dutch heath , or bejbme- heath.

24. Erica pubefeens, or hairy heath: leaves rugged,
•flowers feflile, lateral, corollas ovate, ftyle included.
Thunberg thus deferibes it: ftem afh-coloured, hifpid,
flexuofe, erect, two feet high and more. Leaves in threes
or fours, frequently four on the branches, and three on
the branchlets, feldom all in fours, linear, obtufe, rugged,
villofe, incurved, grooved beneath, fpreading, a line in
length. Flowers at the end of the branchlets, untbelled,
two, three, or more, together, abundant, blood-red, hir-
fute. It has its name from the pubefcency of the flowers.
Native of the Cape.

According to Thunberg, this varies much in the ftem,
branches, leaves, and flowers. The principal varieties
arethefe: 1. Hairy, with leaves in threes, and the co¬
rollas very finely hairy. 2. Hifpid, with leaves in threes,
and hifpid. 3. Villofe, with leaves in fours, rugged, and
the branches in whorls. 4. Small-flowered, with the
leaves on the branches in fours, on the branchlets in
threes, hifpid, corollas minute.

25. Erica abietina, or fir heath : flowers feflile, corollas
fig-fhaped, ftyle included. Stem afh-coloured, rugged,
ere ft, a foot high and more. Native of the Cape ; flowers
in June and July.

26. Erica mammofa, or breafted heath : corollas fig-
fhaped, ftyle Handing out. Thunberg fays it differs from
-the preceding, in having the calyx linear, the corollas
more inflated, the flowers in umbels, and the leaves in
fixes. Native of the Cape.

27. Erica Catt'ra, or Caff're heath : leaves pubefeent,
flowers heaped, corollas ovate, ftyle Handing out. This
is the fize of juniper. Native of the Cape.

28. Erica fefliliflora, or feflile-flowered heath : flowers
in a fpike, feflile bent down oblong, corollas club-fhaped,

»jftyle ftanding out. This is a brown rugged flirub, deter-
minately branched, fomewhat rigid, having the appear¬
ance of a fmall pinus fylveftris. Native of the Cape.

Leaves fcattered. 29. Erica fafcicularis, or bundled
heath: leaves feveral, linear, truncated ; flowers in bun¬
dles, corollas fig-fhaped, ftyle included. Native of the
Cape ; obferved there by Biick.

II. Antherae crefted, leaves in threes. 30. Erica tri¬
flora, or three-flowered heath : flowers terminating ; co¬
rollas globular, bell-fhaped ; ftyle included. Stem, ac¬
cording to Thunberg, brown, fmooth below, hifpid at
the top, ereft, a foot high. Native of the Cape; intro¬
duced in 1787 by Mr. Francis Maftbn.

31. Erica baccans, or arbutus-flowered heath : leaves
imbricate ; corollas globular, bell-fhaped, covered ; ftyle
included. Native of the Cape; introduced by Maftbn;
flowers in April and May.

32. Erica gnaphalodes, or foft-leaved heath : corollas
ovate, covered ; ftyle included, ftigtna four-parted. Thun¬
berg deferibes his gnaphalodes thus : It is a fmall fhrub,
fmooth all over, of a cinereous brown colour, erect, a
fpan high. Branches and branchlets dichotomous and
trichotomous, filiform, from erect fpreading, faftigiate-

C A.

Leaves ovate, entire, fmooth, flat above, convex beneath,
with a longitudinal groove, prefled clofe, the length of
the internodes, forming as it were jointed branchlets, a
line and a half in length. Flowers terminating, about three
together, purple. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

33. Erica ccrifolia, or (lender-twigged heath: flowers
umbelled, calyxes turbinate, corollas ovate, ftyle in¬
cluded. Native of the Cape; flowers in Auguft.

34. Erica articularis, or jointed heath : corollas ovate,
acuminate; ftyle included, longer than the calyx. 35.
Erica calycina, or calycined heath : calyxes fpreading
very much, wheel-fhaped ; corollas ovate, ftyle included.
Natives of the Cape.

36. Erica cinerea, or fine-leaved heath : corollas ovate ;
ftyle a little ftanding out ; ftigma capitate. Root peren¬
nial, woody, ftems fhrttbby, about a foot high, with op-
pofite branches; the bark afh-coloured. Leaves*dinear,
flefhy, fpreading above, fmooth and fhining, tranfverfelv
wrinkled, towards the end befet with a few fcattered
hair-like points; beneath having a longitudinal furrow,
which is white from a woollinefs apparent to the magni¬
fier ; the edge fomewhat membranaceous, and when view¬
ed with the microfcope appearing ferrulate : the leaves,
when young, have three flat fides, but when full grown
are nearly flat. Flowers in long cluttered whorled ter¬
minating fpikes, fonorous when (truck; they come out
from the fides of the young (hoots ; thofe from the end-
fhoots are near each other, but fcattered and bare ; thofe
from the fmall lateral branches generally in pairs. Seeds
oval, the furface netted, and four times as big as thofe of
E. tetralix. Dr. Stokes remarks, that the lower part of
the trunk is free from hairinefs, that the bark of the lad
year’s fhoot is' afh-coloured, covered with a fhort light-
brown woollinefs, and that the branches are moftly in
threes. Mr. Curtis obferves, that the ftyle is inclofed
within the corolla, but is longer than the ftamens; and
that it is diftinguifhed from E. tetralix, with which
and the common heath it grows promifcuoufly, by the
finenefs, fmoothnefs, and deep green colour, of its leaves ;
the flowers alfo grow more in fpikes, and are of a deeper
purple colour. Native of Europe, but not in the fouth,
nor in the extreme northern parts; alfo of the Levant.
It flowers from June to Auguft. It may be applied to
the fame purpofes as the common heath ; and the flowers
are much more fliowy.

37. Erica paniculata, or panicled heath : flowers mi¬
nute, corollas bell-fhaped, ftyle ftanding out. This is a
fhrub, with linear upright leaves, almoft even. Flowers
purple, very fmall, as are alfo the calyxes and peduncles;
they are fo abundant as to cover the whole plant. Na¬
tive of the Cape of Good Hope; flowers from February
to April.

38. Erica auftralis, orSpanifh heath: leaves fpreading,
corollas cylindric, ftyle ftanding out. This is an upright
rigid fhrub, with an afh-coloured bark. Leaves in threes
or fours, linear, obtufe, fomewhat rugged on the edge.
Native of Spain and Portugal ; obferved in the former by
Alftroemer. Introduced in 1769, by George W. earl of
Coventry. It flowers in April and May.

Leaves in fours. 39. Erica phyfodes, or expanded
heath : flowers fubfolitary, corollas ovate, inflated; ftyle
included. Leaves patulous, broad-linear, keeled. Calyx
ovate, fmooth, coloured, one-third of the length of the
corolla, which is the fize of a pea, and vifeid. The flow¬
ers are at the ends of the branches in a fort of umbel.
Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

40. Erica empetrifolia, or crowberry-leaved heaths
flowers feflile, lateral ; corollas ovate. Stem, according
to Thunberg, brown, rugged, a foot high. Leaves in
fixes, oblong, obtufe, incurved, above three-cornered,
flat, beneath grooved, rugged, efpecially underneath,
very finely ciliate, imbricate, a line in length. Native
of the Cape; introduced by Maflonj flowers in April
and May.

41.

E R

41. Erica cernua, or drooping heatli : flower? ovate,
capitate ; calyxes ciliate, antherae included. 42. Erica
retorta, or crook-leaved heath : leaves recurved, corollas
ovate-oblong, ftyle of a middling length. Found at the
Cape by Thunberg.

43. Erica margaritacea, or pearl-flowered heath : co¬
rollas pitcher-bell-lhaped, flyle of a middling length.
Native of the Cape, where it was found by Mr. Francis
Maflon ; flowers in May and June.

III. Antherae awnlefs included ; leaves oppofite. 44.
Erica tenuifoiia, or fmall-leaved heath : corolla and calyx
blood-red. According to Thunberg, the whole ftem is
fmooth, ereft, a fpan high ; flowers blood-red. Native
of the Cape.

45. Erica pafferinaa, or pafferine heath: corollas bel 1-
fliaped, flyle ftanding out, (included, Tk.) This has the
herb of Pafferina ericoides, not to be diftinguiihed from
it, infomuch that Pairerina ericoides has entirely the herb
of an Erica, with the flowers of Pafferina. Here we have
an inftance of the intermixture of genera, which is not
uncommon in the Cape plants. Native of the Cape.

46. Erica albens, or white heath : racemes pointing
one way, corollas ovate-oblong, acute. 47. Erica fpu-
znofa, or fix-angled heath: corollas in threes, covered by
a common calyx, flyle ftanding out. Natives of the Cape.

48. Erica capitata, or woolly heath: flowers feflile,
corollas covered with a woolly. calyx, antherae middling.
Thunberg thus deferibes it: ftem feldom ere£t, common¬
ly decumbent, fmooth, flexuofe, filiform. Flowers at
the ends of the extreme branchlets, peduncled, one, two,
or three, together, the whole calyxes covered clofe with
a white wool. Linnaeus, in his Species Plantarum, fays
that this is known by its globular flowers, covered with
a greenifti-yellow lanugo. Native of the Cape ; flowers
from April to July.

49. Erica melanthera, or black-anthered heath: corollas
bell-lhaped, longer than the coloured calyx, antherae
middling, flyle ftanding out. 50. Erica Thunbergii, or
Tluinberg’s heath: corollas flat, with a globular tube,
antherae middling, flyle ftanding out. Found at the Cape.

51. Erica abfynthoides, or wormwood heath : corollas
ovate-bell-fhaped, flyle ftanding out, ftigma funnel-fhaped.
This flirub has the ftature of wormwood, and is a native
of the Cape. Thunberg fays it varies, 1. With a wand¬
like ftem, and branches and leaves very hirfute and
rugged. 2. With a wand-like hirfute ftem and branches,
and wrinkled villofe patulous leaves. 3. With a panicled
ftem, very fhort branchlets, and the leaves a little rugged
and hirfute. 4. With a panicled ftem, longer faftigiate
branchlets, and the leaves a little rugged and fmooth.

52. Erica ciliaris, or ciliated heath : racemes pointing
one way, corollas ovate, fig-ftiaped, ftyle ftanding out.
This is a fuffruticofe plant, two feet high. Native of Spain
and Portugal ; introduced about 1773. It flowers from
July to September. Cafpar Bauhin gives it the epithet of
EngliJIi ; no one, however, has heard of its being found
in our ifland, though Mr. Miller has fallen into Bauhin’s
error, and fets it down as one of our wild plants.

53. Erica hifpidula, or hifpid heath: ftem hifpid ;
leaves about three, ovate, acute, ciliate; corollas round-
ifh. Stems decumbent, half a foot, high, ftrigofe or hairy.
Thunberg fays it much refembles the planifoliay No. 15.
but differs in having an erett fhrubby ftem, awnlefs an¬
therae, the leaves fcarcely ciliate, revolute, more ap¬
proximating, the corollas globular and fmooth. Native
of the Cape of Good Hope.

54. Erica petiolata, or rofemary-leaved heath : leaves
oblong, petioled ; corollas in threes, ovate, the length of
the calyx; antherae ftanding out a little, ftyle ftanding
out. Native of the Cape ; flowers from March to June.

55. Erica leucanthera, or white-anthered heath : flow¬
ers in threes, calyx white, corolla bell-fhaped, antherae
and ftyle ftanding out. Stem ereft, fmooth, a foot high
and more. Branches commonly in threes, pubefeent,
ereift, wand-like ; branchlets fcattered, very frequent,

Vol, VI. No. 400.

: C A. 897

filiform and capillary, pubefeent, ereft, leafy. Leaves
three-cornered, obtufe, preffed clofe, fmooth, with a very
flender groove underneath. Flowers on very fhort pe-
-duncles, ere6t. This is diftinguifhed by its 'white co¬
rolla, and awnlefs, projected, white, anthers. Found at
the Cape by Thunberg.

Leaves in fours or more. 56. Erica tubiflora, or tube-
flowered heath : leaves fubciliate, corollas club-ftg-fliaped,
antherae and ftyle included. 57. Ericacurviflora, or curve-
flowered heath : leaves fmooth, corollas club-fig-ftiaped,
anthera; and ftyle included. 58. Erica coccinea, or fear-
let heath : calyxes hirfute, corollas club-fig-fnaped, an¬
therae fubincluded, ftyle included. Natives of the Cape.

59. Erica confpicua, or long-tubed yellow heath : leaves
fmooth, corollas cylindric, curved, very long, hairy, with
a revolute border, antherae fubincluded, ftyle ftanding
out. Found at the Cape of Good Hope by Mr. Francis
Maffon ; flowers from May to Auguft.

60. Erica cerinthoides, or honey wot t-flowered heath :
corollas club-fig-(haped, ftigma included, cruciate. Na¬
tive of the Cape ; introduced by Mr. Francis Maffon ;
flowers mod part of the year.

61. Erica faftigiata, or pointed heath : corollas falver-
fhaped, in bundles, ftyle included. 62. Erica cubica, or
fquare heath : calyxes four-cornered, corollas bell-lhaped,
acute, ftyle included. Natives of the Cape.

6 3. Erica denticulata, or toothed heath: calyxes
toothletted, corollas ovate, funnel-fhaped, ftyle included.
Stems diftorted, as in common heath ; leaves crowded
together, fpreading a little, fubcylindric, even; flow¬
ers in terminating bundles. Obferved at the Cape by
Bergius.

64. Erica vifearia, or clammy-flowered heath : flowers
in racemes, corollas bell-lhaped, glutinous, ftyle included.
Native of the Cape ; flowers in March.

65. Erica granulata, or granulated heath : calyxes fub-
imbricate, corollas globular, ftyle included. This refem-
bles E. ramentacea, and Thunberg makes it to be the
fame. It is a native of the Cape.

66. Erica comofa, or tufted-flowered heath: flowers
heaped, corollas ovate-oblong, ftyle included. Native of
the Cape.

67. Erica Sparrmanni, or Sparrmann’s heath : leaves
imbricate, ciliate, heads four-flowered, corollas tubular,
fttigofe-hifpid, antherae fubincluded. This is remarkable
for having the flowering heads always divided into- four
flowers ; before thefe are elongated, the head appears glo¬
bular, and echinate, as in achyranthes, from the very
fpreading yellow briftles of the leaves of the involucre
and calyx. Obferved by Sparrmann far inland from the
Cape of Good Hope.

68. Erica concinna, or flelh-coloured heath : leaves in
fixes or thereabouts, fmooth ; flowers terminating, um-
belled ; corollas cylindric, attenuated at thebafe. Branches
fmooth; leaves on the branches -in fixes, on the branch-
lets in fours, petioled, erefl, acerofe, four lines in length ;
flowers from three to fix in an umbel . Obferved by Maffon
at the Cape of Good Hope; flowers in September and
Oftober.

69. Erica Maffoni, or tall downy heath : leaves in eight
rows, imbricate, pubefeent ; flowers capitate, corollas
cylindric, fig-fhaped. Obferved by Back at the Cape ;
introduced in 1787 by Mr. Francis Maflon.

IV. Antherae awnlefs, ftanding out; leaves in threes.

70. Erica Plukenetii, or fmooth-twigged pencil- flowered
heath : calyxes Ample, corollas cylindric, antherae very
long, ftyle ftanding out. Refembles the following lpe-
cies, but the calyx is Ample. Native of the Cape.

71. Erica Petiveri, or downy-twigged pencil-flowered
heath : calyxes imbricate, corollas acute, antherae very
long, ftyle ftanding out. This is a brown ftirub. Branches
covered with branchlets in threes, crowded, very fhort,
pubefeent, clothed with fquarrofe leaves. Native of the
Cape ; flowers from January to March.

72, Erica nudifiora, or naked-flowered heath : branches

10 T tomentofe,

6c)8 E R I

tomentofe, corollas Cylindric, fcattered, T*lus is alfo a
native of the Cape : it is known only by a fingle fpecimen
in the Linntsan Herbarium.

73. Erica Bruniades : flowers fcattered, corollas covered
by a woolly calyx, (lyle (landing out. Native of the Cape,
Thunberg makes this to be the fame with the capitata.

74. Erica imbricata, or imbricate heath : corollas bell,
fliaped, covered with the imbricate calyx, (lyle (landing
out. Native of the Cape.

75. Erica umbellata, or umbelled heath: leaves ace-
rofe, corollas bell-fhaped, (lyle (landing out. This little
(limb has the habit of common heath. Native of Portugal.

Leaves in fours or more; 76. Erica purpurafcens, or
jSurple heath : flowers fcattered, corollas bell-fhaped,
(lyle (landing out. Native of the fouth of Europe.

77. Erica vagans, or wandering heath : flowers foli-
ttiry, corollas bell-fhaped, (lyle (landing out. Stem like
fhat of empetrum, (hrubby, fomewhat rugged ; the ex¬
treme branches whitilh and divaricating. Leaves in fours,
feldom in fives, linear, bluntifh, fometimes fmoothifh,
fometimes a little rugged, beneath convex and chan¬
nelled, (hortifh, crowded. Native of Africa, and alfo of
the neighbourhood of Thouloufe. See No. 80, which is
fuppofed to be the fame.

78. Erica herbacea, or early-flowering dwarf heath :
flowers directed all one way, corollas oblong, (lyle (land¬
ing out. This is a fmall ihrub, from a foot to eighteen
inches in height, decumbent at the bottom, then upright,
branched, flexible. Flowers at the tops of the branch-
lets, on (hort peduncles, alternate, among the leaves ;
they come out in autumn, continue clofed during winter,
and are then green ; in May the year following the flow¬
ers are unfolded, the anther® which were inclofed are pro¬
truded, the calyx and corolla opening are both changed
into a pale purple or flefh-colour. Hence many authors,
among whom is Linnaeus, have made two fpecies of this.
Native of Auflria, Swifterland, and Silefia. Introduced
in 1763, by the earl of Coventry.

79. Erica multiflora, or many-flowered heath : leaves
in fives, flowers fcattered, corollas cylindric, (lyle (land¬
ing out. Stem the height of a man. Leaves in fours or
fives, foreading, obtufe, gibbous at the bafe. Flowers
purplifh. Native of the fouth of Europe. It flowers
from June to November. Linnaeus lets this down as a
native of England: but our plant, which he fuppofed to
be the fame with his multiflora, is the next fpecies.

80. Erica didyma, of double-ant'nered heath : leaves
in fives, peduncles fcattered, longer than the flower, co¬
rollas beil-(haped, anther® twin, (lyle Handing out. Stems
Swifted, trailing. Branches between fcored and angular,
light reddifli brown, the more (lender (hoots a(h-coloured,
all lateral, to feven or more riling from the fame point in
the manner of an umbel, in fome Hates of its growth giv¬
ing it much the appearance of euphorbia cyparillias ; when
beginning to flower, gradually tapering towards the end.
Leaves linear, fomewhat like thole of fir, bowed fideways,
fmooth, but not gloffy, fomewhat pointed, when magni¬
fied appearing to have diflant ferratures on the edge,
which is bent in, upper furface green, (lightly elevated
in the middle, under whitilh, convex, with a fmooth fur¬
row running along it, longer, and fometimes thrice as
long as the corolla, and crowded fo clofe as to conceal
the younger (hoots. Seeds reddifli brown. Found on
heaths, as on Goonhilly-downs, going from Helfton to the
Lizard-point, in Cornwall. It flowers from June to Au-
guft. The fame with E. vagans, No. 77.

81. Erica Mediterranea, or Mediterranean heath : leaves
fpreading, flowers fcattered, corollas ovate, (lyle (landing
out. Refembles E. multiflora, but the corolla is abfo-
lutely ovate ; the branches angular and white. Native
of the fouth of Europe; introduced about 1765 by Mr.
Jofhua Brooks ; it flowers from March to May.

82. Erica grandiflora, or great-flowered heath : leaves
in fixes or thereabouts, acerofe, fmooth ; flowers axillary,
jpeduncled ; corollas cylindric, fubincurved, fmooth ; (lyle

E R I

elongated. This refembles E. curviflora, but the leave®
are longer. Obferved at the Cape of Good Hope by
Thunberg; introduced here in 1775 by Maflon ; it flow¬
ers from May to July.

Place uncertain. 83. Erica tetragona, or four-fided
heath : leaves in threes, flowers in racemes, pointing all
the fame way ; calyx linear, corolla four-cornered, ob¬
long, (lyle included. Flowers yellow, like thofe of E.
lutea, but longer. Native of the Cape.

84. Erica pyramidalis, or pyramidal heath : anther®
awnlefs, included ; corollas funnel-lhaped, in fours; (lyle
a little protruded ; leaves in fours, pubefeent. Intro¬
duced from the Cape by Maflon in 1787.

Propagation and Culture. Common heath, which over¬
runs immenfe trafls, efpecially in the elevated parts of
northern countries, can be extirpated only effeflually by
paring and burning. In fome lands, deep and crofs plough-
ings, getting up roots with heavy harrows, burning the
whole, and fpreading the afhes, may be fufiicient. Dr.
Anderfon affirms, that wherever heath abounds, there is
generated, by the rotting of the plant, a peculiar black
earth, that is not only of itfelf (lerile, but has a powerful
tendency to make any other foil unfertile ; fo that in im¬
proving heathy grounds, the top foil (hould be buried by
trenching or deep ploughing.

Notwithftanding the commonnefs of our Briti (h heaths,
they deferve a place in fmall quarters of humble flower¬
ing (hrubs, where, by the beauty and long continuance of
their flowers, together with the diverfity of their leaves,
they make an agreeable variety. They may be taken up,
with a ball of earth to their roots, from the natural places
of their growth, in autumn. The foil fhould not be
dunged, and the lefs the ground is dug, the better they
will thrive, for they commonly (hoot their roots near the
furface. They may alfo be propagated by feeds, but this
is a tedious method.

12, 16, 17, 38, 52, 75-79, 81. Thefe, which are na¬
tives of the fouthern countries of Europe, will bear the
open air in England in a dry foil and a warm fituation.
They may be increafed and treated in the fame manner
with our Britifli heaths, and may alfo be propagated by
layers and cuttings.

All the reft of this numerous and beautiful genus being
natives of the Cape of Good Hope, or the more interior
parts of Africa leading to that famous promontory, muft
be preferved in the dry (love, greenhoufe, or glafs cafe.
Thefe may be increafed either from cuttings or from
layers. There are not many of the fpecies but what may
be increafed in the firft way, provided good young (hoots
can be got for cuttings; efpecially if they are put under
bell-glalles, and the pots are fet where they can be (haded,
and have a moderate heat. Thefe plants (hould have a
light and rather poor foil to grow in; a compofition of
bog earth and light loam will fuit them well. Mr. James
Donn, curator of the botanic garden at Cambridge, col-
lefled upwards of fixty of thefe Cape heaths, which he
cultivated in 1795 ; though he was appointed to his office
only at Michaelmas 1794. See Alyssum, Andromeda,
Blceria, Brunia, Bryonia, Diosma, Empetrum,
Hottonia, Passerina, Pen^ea, Phyllica, Fucus,
and Frankenia.

ERIC/EFOR'MIS, f. in botany. See Diosma and
Hudsonia.

ERICEY'RA, a town of Portugal, in the province of
Eftremadura, on the fea co.tft : twenty miles north-weft
of Lifbon.

ERICOI'DESjyi in botany. See Elatine.

ERICOI'LA,yi in botany. See Gentiana.

ERICHTHO'NIUS, the fourth king of Athens, fabled
to have fprung from the feed of Vulcan which fell upon
the ground when that god attempted to ofFer violence
to Minerva. He was very deformed, and had the tails of
ferpents inftead of legs. Minerva placed him in a bafket,
which (he gave to the daughters of Cecrops, with drift
injunctions not to examine its contents. Aglaurus, one

E R I

ef t!ie fitters, had the cnriofity to open the balket, for
which the goddefs punifhed her indifcretion by making
her jealous of her fitter Herfe. Erichthon was young
when he afcended the throne of Athens. He reigned
fifty years, and died B. C. 1437. The invention of cha¬
riots is attributed to him, and the manner of harnetting
Jhorfes to draw them. He was made a conftellation after
death under the name of Bootes. Virgil.

E'RTCU,/i in botany. See Asclepias.

ERICU'SA, one of the Lipari ifles, now Allcudi.

ERI'DANUS, one of the largeft rivers of Italy, rifing
in the Alpsand falling intothe Adriatic by feveral mouths ;
now called the Po. It was in its neighbourhood that the
Heliades, the fitters of Phaeton, were changed into pop¬
lars, according to Ovid. Virgil calls it the king of all
rivers, and Lucan compares it to the Rhine and Danube.

ERI'DANUS, the River, a conftellation of the fouthern
hemifphere, and one of the forty-eight old afterifms. The
ftars in this conftellation, in Ptolemy’s catalogue, are
thirty-four, in Tyche’s nineteen, and in the Britifh cata¬
logue eighty-four.

ERI'E, an Indian nation, formerly poffefling the banks
of lake Erie, called by the French du Chat, or Cat-nation.
They were extirpated by the Iroquois about the year 1655.

ERI'E, a lake of the fourth magnitude in North Ame¬
rica, and through which runs the line between the United
States and Upper Canada. D’Etroir river on the weft
brings the waters of the great lakes with which lake
Erie has a communication on the north-weft, and Niagara
riveron theeaft, forms its communication with the waters
of lake Ontario and the river St. Lawrence, Itisfituated
between 41. and 43. N. lat. and between 78. 48. and 83.
W.lon. Its form is elliptical. Its length is about 225
miles; and its medium breadth about 40. It affords good
navigation for (hipping of any burden. The coaft on both
fides of the lake is generally favourable for the paffage of
batteaux and canoes. Its banks in many places have a
flat Tandy (bore, particularly to the eaftward of the penin-
fula called Long Point, which runs upwards of eighteen
miles into the lake, and being compofed of hand is very
convenient to haul boats out of the furf upon it, when
the lake is too rough for failing and rowing ; yet in fome
places, chiefly on the fouth fide towardsboth ends of the
lake, it would be dangerous to approach and impoflibleto
land, by reafon of the perpendicular height of the rocks.
Some of thefe, (as at Crayahoga,) are magnificent beyond
defcription, and muft alfo infpire dread in the boldeft
heart, when viewed from the water. Lake Erie has a
great variety of fine fifli, fuch as fturgeon, eel, trout,
perch, &c. Lakes Huron and Michigan afford commu¬
nication with lake Erie, by veffels of eight feet draught.
There are portages into the waters of lake Erie from the
Wabalh, Great Miami, Mufkingum, and Alleghany, from
two to fixteen miles. The portage between the Ohio and
Potowmack about twenty miles. Some of thefe rivers
are connected in a moft Angular manner with others,
which run in a courfe totally different. For inftance, after
palling over the lakes Erie, St. Clair, and Michiligan, to
the head of Puan’s Bay, we reach Fox River ; from hence
there is a portage of three miles only to Ouifconfing Ri¬
ver, which empties itfelf into the Mifliflippi ; and, in the
fall of the year, when the waters are high, and the rivers
overflow, it is oftentimes poftible to pafs. from Fox River
to Ouifconfing River, without ever getting out of a canoe.
Thus, excepting a portage of three miles only at the moft,
it is poftible to go the whole way by water from Prefque
Ifle, on Lake Erie, to New Orleans, at the mouth of the
Mifliflippi, a diftance of near four thoufand miles.

ERI'E FORT, a ftrong fortification in Upper Canada,
nutated on the north lhore of lake Erie, and on the weft
bank of Niagara river, twenty. feven miles fouth by eaft
of Niagara Fort, and eighteen above the carrying place at
the Fails of Niagara. Lat. 42. 59. N. Ion. 78 . 20. 30. W.
The fort and furrounding houfes built on the rocky fhore,
the veliels lying at anchor, the verdant meads, the diftaat

£ R I 89.9

hills on the oppofite fide of the lake, and the vaft lake
itfelf, extending to the fartheft boundary of the horizon,
forms an interefting, contemplative, and captivating feene.

ERIEU'X, a river of France, which runs into the
Rhone, at Beattchaftel.

ERI'GENA (John Scotus), an eminent philofopher in
the ninth century, fuppofed to have been a native of
Scotland, though fome writers affert that he was a native
of Hereford (hire, and others of Ireland. He was pofleff-
ed of an ardent third for literature ; and, finding few ad¬
vantages in his native country, is laid to have travelled
into foreign parts, and to have ftudied at Athens, and
other places, where he acquired a knowledge of the
Greek, Chaldaic, and Arabic, languages, and became
more intimately converfant in the Grecian philofophy
than any of his contemporaries in that dark age. From
the extent of his erudition he obtained the name of
Scotus the Wife. He was alfo diftinguilhed by the liveli-
nefs of his wit, and his pleafing manners, as well as his ex¬
traordinary acquirements. His fame having reached the
court of Charles the Bald, king of France, the greateft
patron of literature in that period, he received an invita¬
tion from that prince to vifit him ; which he accepted,
and lived for feveral years in habits of the utmoft inti¬
macy and familiarity with hisroyal patron, who gave him
the direction of the univerfity of Paris. While Erigena.
refided at the court of France, he compofed a variety of
works, fome in refutation of tranfubftantiation, which
procured him a number of admirers, and alfo many ene¬
mies. Erigena tranllated the treatifes of Dionyfius the
Areopagite, “ On the celeftial Monarchy “ On the
Ecclefiaftical Hierarchy “ On Divine Names and
“ On Myftic Theology.” This tranflation was received
with great eagernefs by the weftern churches ; but as it
contained many things contrary to the faith of the church
of Rome, pope Nicholas I. was highly difpleafed, and
wrote a threatening letter to the French king, command¬
ing that Erigena (hould be baniflied from the univerfity of
Paris, and lent to Rome. Charles, how’ever, had too
great a regard for Erigena, and, accordingly advifed him
to withdraw to England. The principal work of Erigena
was his treatife “ On the Divifion of Nature, or the Na¬
tures of Things,” which, after long lying in MS. in un-
difturbed repofe, was publifhed at Oxford, in 16S1, by
Dr. Thomas Gale, under the title of Joannis Scoti Erigena
de Divijione Natures Libri quinque, diu defiderati. This work
is an object of literary cnriofity, as furnifhing us with an
extraordinary example of metaphyfical fubtlety and acute-
nefs, for the age in which the author lived, which he ac¬
quired by ftudying the writings of the Greek philofophers.
By the application of it to theological fubjeCts, he became
the father of that fcholaftic divinity, whicli made fo dif-
tinguifhed a figure in the middle ages, and fo long obftruCt-
ed the progrefs of genuine fcience. According to Cave and
Tanner, Erigena took refuge in England in t lie year 877, and
was employed by king Alfred in the reftoration of learn¬
ing at the univerfity of Oxford. Tanner aflerts, that he
was appointed profeffor of mathematics and aftronomy in
that univerfity in the year 789. After continuing to teach
there for three years, fome differences took place in the
univerfity, which occafioned himtoquit his fituation, and
retire to the abbey of Malmfbury in Wiltfhire, where he
opened a fchool . In this place, according to the accounts
of the generality of Englifti writers, he was murdered by
his fcholars, in the year 88 3. But Dr. Henry, in the fe-
cond volume of his Hiftory of Britain, gives it as the moft
probable opinion that he died in France.

ERI'GERON, f [of Pliny, Theophraftus, and Diof-
corides; from ■/)%, fpring, and yapuv, Gr. old man ; be-
caufe it is hoary in the fpring. J In botany, a genus of the
clafs fyngenefia, order polygamia ftiperflua, natural order
of compofi tae difeoidae, (corymbiferm, JujJ.) The gene¬
ric characters are — Calyx : common, oblong, cylindric,
imbricate ; lcales fubulate, upright, gradually longer,
nearly equal. Corolla : co/npound, rayed ; corollets her¬
maphrodite 3

900 E R l G E R O N.

maphrodite, tubular in the difk ; females ligulate in the
ray ; proper of the hermaphrodite funnel-form ; border
five-cleft ; of the female, ligulate, linear, fubulate, up¬
right, commonly quite entire. Stamina : in the herma¬
phrodites j filaments five, capillary, very fhort ; anthers
cylindric, tubular. Pittillum : in the hermaphrodites;
germ very frnall, crowned with a down longer than its
corollet ; fiyle filiform, length of the down ; fligmastwo,
very (lender. Perianthium : none; calyx converging.
Seeds: in tlie hermaphrodites oblong, fmall ; down long,
hairy ; of the females extremely like the hermaphrodites.
Receptaculmn : naked, flat. Dillenius obferves that the
inmolt or intermediate florets of the difk are commonly
males ; one fpecies has female naked florets. — EJfential
CharaEler. Receptaculum naked ; down hairy ; corolla of
the ray linear, and very narrow.

Species, i. Erigeron vifcofum, or clammy erigeron :
peduncles one-flowered, lateral ; leaves lanceolate, tooth-
letted in the middle, reflex at the bafe ; calyxes fquar-
rofe, corollas radiate. Stem upright, (tiff, ftviated, hairy,
vifcid, branched from the very bottom, near three feet
high ; leaves alternate, four inches long, and two broad
in the middle ; flowers Angle, on pretty long foot-ftalks,
fome from the fide, others from the end of the (talk ; they
are yellow, have an agreeable odour, and appear in July.
Native of the fouth of France, Italy, Sicily, Portugal, and
Spain, by way-fides, and on the borders of vineyards.
Cultivated by Mr. Miller before 1 759. It is ufed to drive
away fleas and gnats; the flrong fcent, as fome fuppofe,
being difagreeable to thofe infects ; but it is probable they
are caught by the clammy juice of the leaves and (talks.
The old name of this is great facet jleabane, or great flea-
wort. Rftot perennial.

2. Erigeron graveolens, or ftrong-fmelling erigeron :
leaves fublinear, quite entire; branches lateral, inany-
flowered. Root annual ; Items eight or ten to eighteen
inches in height, ftriated, branched the whole length.
Monf. Villars thinks that this fpecies rather belongs to
the genus folidago. The (talks are in gardens ftitf, and
three feet high. The flowers are produced in dole
bunches from the fide of the (talk towards the top ; they
appear in July, and in warm feafons the feeds ripen in
England. Native of the fouth of France, and Italy ;
very frequent near Madrid ; called formerly fmall true

jleabane.

3. Erigeron glutinofum, or glutinous erigeron : leaves
lanceolate-linear, hairy-vifcid ; peduncles one-flowered.
Root perennial ; (terns a long fpan in height. Native of
the fouth of France and Spain, ®n mountains near the
coaft ; flowering in Auguft.

4. Erigeron ficulum, or red-flalked erigeron : lower
calycine Ccales loofe, longer than the flower ; peduncles
leafy. Annual; (terns red. It greatly refembles the fecond
fpecies, except that it has no ray whatever ; and it is al¬
lied to inula pulicaria. Found in Sicily, and about Mont¬
pelier, in marflies ; flowers in Augult and September.

5. Erigeron Carolinianum, or Carolina erigeron : Item
panicled ; flowers fubfolitary, terminating ; leaves linear,
quite entire. Stems three feet high and more,_ftraight,
round, flreaked, the thicknefs of the little finger at bot¬
tom, where they are red, growing gradually more (lender
upwards ; the leaves from top to bottom are frequent,
very narrow, and fomewhat hairy. Towards the top the
Item puts forth branches, forming in the whole a fort of
pyramid ; thefe are covered with leaves like thofe of the
ftem, only (horterand narrower ; each of thefe bears one
fmall flower, fometimes more. The root-leaves are like
thole on the (lera, only fhorter and blunter. It flowered
in the green-houfe of the Eltham garden, in November
1727; but being a native of North America, it is hardy
enough to flower in the open ground in July and Auguft.
It is perennial. In the text of Hortus Eltliamenfis this is
marked fig. 393. but on the plate fig. 394.

6. Erigeron Canadenfe, or Canadian erigeron : flowers
in panicles, hairy, rough ; leaves lanceolate, ciliate. Root

annual ; (lem firm, hairy, fometimes three or four feet
high, frequently crooked, much branched towards the
top, and even from the middle, the branches gradually
fhorter, and forming a long cone ; lower leaves oval, ta¬
pering to a foot-ftaik, with large blunt diftant teeth;
higher up lanceolate, diftantly ferrate, (or entire,) flightly
hairy on the upper, but more fo on the lower furface,
thofe on the branches and at their bafe linear-lanceolate,
entirely feflile ; flowering heads numerous, on Ample or
branched (lender peduncles. This came originally from
North America; but now has the appearance of being indi-
genous in many parts of Europe : with us, it is not uncom¬
mon about London, on cultivated grounds, and on rubbifh .
It flowers in Auguft. Petiver calls it white golden rod.
Being a naturalized plant, it would be curious to afcertain
when it firft appeared among us in a wild (late. In Ray’s
Synopfis it is (aid to have been obferved by Dr. Tancred
Robinfon. Merret (in 1667) fays it is plentiful at Hed-
dington-hill, by Oxford, and in Yorkfhire. Petiver men¬
tions its growing about London.

7. Erigeron bonarienfe, or buck’s-horn erigeron : leaves
rolled back at the bale. Native of Buenos Aires, in
South America ; cultivated in the Eltham garden in 1732 •
flowers in July and Auguft.

8. Erigeron Jamaicenfe, or Jamaica erigeron: (lem
few-flowered, fubvillofe ; leaves wedge-form-lanceolate,
with two ferratures on each fide. Sloane obferves that
the roots are fmooth, white, no bigger than threads, and
an inch and an half long ; (lem round, hoary, five or fix
inches high, having few leaves, placed without order,
feflile, with a narrow beginning, augmenting to a round
end, about an inch long, rough, hoary, of a whitifh green
colour, very often having two or three notches; flowers
on the top of the (tern, and from the axils, refembling
thofe of groundfel, compofed of many fmall yellow
florets clofe fet together, encircled by many whitifh, long,
narrow, femiflorets. Native of Jamaica.

.9. Erigeron Philadelphicum, or fpreading erigeron :
(lem many-flowered; leaves lanceolate, fubferrate, thofe
on the (tern half-ftem-clafping ; flofcules of the ray ca-
pillaceous, the length of the difk. Native of North Ame¬
rica ; obferved in Canada by Kalm. Perennial ; it flowers
from June to Auguft. Loureiro thus defcribes a Cochin-
chinele plant under this name : Stem herbaceous, three
feet high, ereft, branched; leaves finuate ; flowers yel¬
low, panicled, terminating, oblong, many; female florets
in the ray very (lender, ere£l ; receptacle naked; down
hairy. It agrees in the fpecific charadter with this fpecies,
but it is doubtful whether they are the fame fpecies. The
defcriptionin,Linnaeus’s fpecies belongs loE.iEgyptiacum.

10. Erigeron purpureuin, or purple erigeron : Item
many-flowered, hairy ; leaves oblong, fomewhat toothed,
(lem-clafping ; corollas of the ray capillaceous, longer
than the dilk. Root perennial ; (lem herbaceous, branch¬
ed, a foot or more in height. Native of Hudfon’s Bay ;
flowering in July and Auguft.

11. Erigeron ^Egyptiactim, or Egyptian erigeron:
leaves half-ftem-clafping, fpatulate, toothed ; flowers glo¬
bular. Root annual ; (tern Ample, upright, a foot and an
half high, fomewhat ftreaked, afli-coloured, pubefcent,
and fomewhat vifcid. Native of Sicily and Egypt.

12. Erigeron Gouani, or clufter-flowered erigeron:
flowers heaped ; calyxes fcariofe ; leaves lanceolate,
fomewhat toothed, fcabrous about the edge. Root an¬
nual, bitter; (lem upright, round, a foot high, Ample,
with a few upright hairs. It approaches very near to E.
.TDgygtiacum. According to Gouan, the (lem is fmooth,
very (lightly ftreaked, rough at the top, with whitifh
hairs prelfed clofe ; the root-leaves and lower ftem-leaves
are petioled, ovate, ciliate, an inch wide, near two inches
in length, or as long as the petiole, very fmooth, quite
entire at the bafe, toothed from the middle to the tip ;
teeth large, equal, diftant : middle ftem-leaves feflile or
rather ftem-clalping, lanceolate ; upper (tern leaves, and
thofe on the branches, narrower, hirfute, quite entire ;

flowers

(ERIG

Rowers the fize of thofe on E. tuberofuni, and globular ;•
calyx having the colour and appearance of conyza chinen-
fis, but with the fcales not at all fquarrofe, flefliy, green,
inembranaceous at the edge, and very fmooth ; corollas
whitifli, with white down. Native of the Canary iflands;
flowers in July and Auguft.

13. Erigeron acre, or blue erigeron : peduncles alter¬
nate, one-flowered ; flems fix to eighteen inches high,
upright, fomewhat angular, hairy, often purple ; in forne
fcarcely branched at all, in other plants very much fo.
Inhabits dry lofty paflures frequent, efpecially fandy and
calcareous foils; alfo often found on walls ; near London
it is not a common plant ; but it occurs frequently near
Charlton-wood. Johnfon, in Gerarde, fays, that he firfl
obferved it in company of Mr. George Bowles, Mr. John
Bugs, and others, by Farmingham, in Kent ; and the laft
year, (1635,) Mr. William Broad found it growing at the
blockhoufe at Gravefend. It flowers from July to Sep¬
tember. The Germans take a deco&ion of it to attenuate
vif'cid phlegm. Cows and goats refute it. Our Englifh
botanifts name it blue-flowered or purple fleabane. Seve¬
ral fpecies of this genus have this ‘name of fleabane in
Englifh ; which tends (as Mr. Curtis very well obferves)
to confound this with the genus conyza. Gasrtner re¬
marks, that it has fome affinity with chryfocoma, and
that erigeron is a chryfocoma with a difform ray.

14. Erigeron alpinum, or alpine erigeron : ftem with
one or two flowers; calyx fubhirfute ; leaves obtufe ;
■villofe underneath. This is like the foregoing, infomuch
that Haller doubts whether it be a diftinct fpecies, or only
a variety. It has frequently a higher ftem, but the height
varies much in both ; commonly one-flowered, feldom
two-flowered. The flowers are larger; the femi-florets
more numerous ; the leaves longer; the feather denfe and
whitifli : it varies with one, two, and three, flowers on a
-ftalk, and fometimes they are panicled ; it varies alfo with
a villofe and fmooth calyx. The flowers in this come
out from the middle and even the lower part of the ftem ;
whereas in moft of the fpecies they branch out only from
the upper part. Native of Alpine paftures. Found on
Ben Lawers, in Scotland, by Mr. Dickfon, in 1789. Pe¬
rennial ; flowers in July and Auguft.

15. Erigeron uniflorum, or dwarf erigeron : ftem one-
flowered ; calyx hairy ; root perennial ; ftems a finger’s
length ; fcarcely three inches high according to Haller;
from a finger’s length to a fpan and more, as others fay ;
very Ample, ftreaked, with w’andering hairs fcattered over
them. The flower is as large as in the foregoing fpecies,
thick, the fcales covered with a white nap, lanceolate,
broader; all the femiflorets ligulate, with no imperfect
ones ; fometimes purple, according to Pontedera and
Scheuchzer. All the varieties with one and many flowers,
with a fmooth and hairy calyx, with blue and white flow¬
ers, make but one fpecies, in the opinion of Allioni.
Hence Scopoli has named this E. polymorphum. Monf.
Villars on the contrary, thinks that this bears little affinity
to E. alpinum, or any other ; from which it is eafily dif-
tinguifhed by the open fcales of the calyx, loaded with
long and wider hairs, be the plants ever fo fmall. He
refers Oeder’s figure to this fpecies; but obferves that
be has never feenany fpecimenfo large as that reprefents.
Native of the European mountains from Lapland to Italy;
flowers in Auguft and September.

16. Erigeron gramineum, or grafs-leaved erigeron : ftem
one-flowered; leaves linear ; ciliate ; fcabrous. Avery
fmall perennial plant, guarded with fading dry leaves.
Native of Siberia.

17. Erigeron camphoratum, or Virginian erigeron:
leaves lanceolate-ovate, villofe ; ferratures cartilaginous
at the tip ; annual. Native of Virginia.

1 8 . Erigeron Japonicum, or Japan erigeron: leaves
feffile, obovate, ferrate, villofe, flowers panicled ; annual;
ftefn limple, filiform, hairy, upright, a foot high. Native
of Japan; flowers in June.

19. Erigeron fcandens, or climbing erigeron: leaves

V.OL. VI. No. 401. 1

E R O N. 90 1

ovate, ferrate, villofe ; flowers axillary ; ftem climbing.
Having feen only a Angle, flower, and that not open,
Thunberg fays he is not very certain about the genus.

, 20. Erigeron tuberofum, or tubcroiis-rooted erigeron .
leaves linear ; branches one-flowered ; ftem fuffruticofe.
It is the link between this genus and after. Native of the
fouth of France and Syria.

2.1 . Erigeron fcetidum, or {linking erigeron : leaves lan¬
ceolate-linear, retufe, flowers coryrnbed ; root perennial,
thick, fibrous, from which arife feveral upright hairy
ftalks, near four feet high, putting out feveral fide
branches ; leaves feflile, hairy, a quarter of an inch broad
towards the end, where they are broadeft, and dimiuiffiing
gradually to their bafe; of a deep green on their upper
fide, and pale on their under, continuing all the year :
they come out from the fide of the ftalk, and branches in
cinders from the fame point, and without order, on every
fide. The ftem is terminated by feveral large corymbs of
golden-coloured flowers : thefe appearlate in the autumn,
continuing in beauty great part of the winter, fading in
the fpring, and are fometimes fucceeded by oval feeds,
which ripen in England. The ftems generally decay the
fecond year, and are then fupplied by new ones from the
fame root ; the old ones remaining with their green hairy
leaves in vigour, until the young ones are grown to a con-
fiderable height. Native of the Cape of Good Hope;
and has been long cultivated in the curious European
gardens. It has a great refemblancC to inula foetida, but
the flowers are flofculous. Cultivated in 1722, in the
botanic garden at Chelfea.

22. Erigeron obliquum, or oblique-leaved erigeron :
very much branched ; leaves ovate ; oblique ; annual ;
ftem herbaceous, a hand high, round, ereift, hairy,
branching very much. Native of the Eaft Indies.

23. Erigeron tricuneatum, or wedge-leaved erigeron :
fomewhat fhrubby ; leaves wedged, three-lobed. A fmall
ftirub, very much branched or panicled, leafy. Native of
Mexico ; obferved there by Mutis.

24. Erigeron pinnatum, or pinnatifid leaved erigeron :
leaves pinnatifid, toothed ; ftem herbaceous, upright, a
foot high. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

25. Erigeron Sumatrenfe, or Sumatra erigeron : tomen-
tofe ; flowers raceme-panicled ; leaves lanceolate, fubfer-
rate ; ftem three feet high and more, round, ftreaked,
tomentofe, red. Native of Sumatra.

26. Erigeron fericeum, or filky-leaved erigeron : flowers
panicled ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tomentofe-filky, entire
and ferrate, appendicled at the bafe. Native of Java.
The two laft were brought to Europe by Wennerbcrg.

27. Erigeron hirfutum, or hirfute erigeron : ftem hif-
id ; leaves linear-lanceolate, fubferrate, very hairy on
oth fides ; ftem herbaceous, twofeethigh, erettt, round.

Native of China, near Canton.

28. Erigeron rivulare, or rivulated erigeron: leaves
wedge-ftuiped, acute, rough with hairs, toothed on both
fides at the tip, ciliate on the edge, thofe on the ftem fef-
file; ftem almoft fimple, eredt, few-flowered. This is an
annual plant, native of Jamaica and Hifpaniola.

29. Erigeron decurrens, or retiring erigeron : leaves
decurrent, linear, tomentofe; flowers panicled. Native
of Arabia.

30. Erigeron incanum, or hoary erigeron : leaves linear,
tomentofe, toothed a little; flowers coryrnbed; ftem
ftirubby. Native of Arabia and Felix.

Propagation and Culture. Tire firfl; fpecies is propagated
by feeds, which, if fown in autumn, w ill more certainly
fucceed than thofe which are fown in the fpring. When
the plants come up, they fiiould be thinned if they are too
clofe, and kept clean from weeds till autumn, when they
fiiould be tranfplanted where they are to remain. They
delight in a dry foil, and a funny expofure. The fecond
year the plants will flower and perfect their feeds, but the
roots will continue feveral years, and annually produce
their flowers and feeds.

6, 7, 13, 14. Are preferved in botanic gardens,, for the
10 U £ake

E R I

902

fake of variety, but are feldoni admitted into gardens for
pleafure. The fourteenth fort is a perennial plant, which
grows naturally on the Alps, and may be propagated by
feeds in the fame manner as the firft fort, but fhould have
a fhady fituation, and a moiff foil. The others are annual
plants, which, if once admitted into a garden, and fuffered
to fcatter their feeds, will become very troublefome weeds
there. They will help very well to cover rubbifh or rock-
work. No. 21 is too tender to thrive in the open air in
this country, fo the plants fltould be kept in pots ; and if
in the winter they are placed in a common frame, where
they may have a large (bare of free air in mild weather,
and fcreened from bardfrofts, they will thrive better than
with tender treatment. It is eafily propagated by cut¬
tings, which, if planted in May, will readily put out roots,
and the young plants will flower the autumn following.
See Cony za, Crepis, Inula.

ERI'GERUM,/ in botany. See Senecio.

ERI'GONE, a daughter of Icarius, who hung herfelf
when (lie heard that her father had been killed by fome
fiepherds whom he had intoxicated. She was made a
confleilation, now known under the name of Virgo. Bac¬
chus deceived her by changing himfelf into a beautiful
grape. Ovid. — A daughter of fEgifthus and Clytemneftra,
who had by her brother Orefles, Penfhilus, who fhared the
regal power with Timafenus, the legitimate fon of Oreftes
and Hermione. Paufanias. s

ERIN A'CEA, f. in botany. See Anthyllis.

ERINA'CEUS, the hedgehog, in zoology ; a genus of
quadrupeds belonging to the order of ferae, the characters
of which are, two upper fore-teeth dillant ; and two lower,
approximate: upper tufks five on each fide ; lower, three.-
grinders four on each fide, in each jaw : back and (ides
covered with fpines. This animal has a very uncommon
method of defending himfelf : being poflefted of little
flrength or agility, he does not attempt to fly from or af-
fail his enemies ; but eredts his bridles, and rolls himfelf
up like a ball, expofing no part of his body that is not
furnifhed with (harp weapons of defence ; he will not un¬
fold himfelf unlefs thrown into water : the more he is
frightened or haraffed, the clofer he (huts himfelf up ; and
frequently difcharges his urine, which has a very fetid
fmell. The females come in feafon in the fpring, and
bring forth their young in the beginning of fummer.
They bring forth from three to five at a time. The young
are of a whitifh colour, and only the points of the bridles
appear above the (kin. According to Gmelin, the Kal-
jnucs tame them, and employ them as cats. They feed
upon mice, fallen fruits, roots, and infeCts : they are very
fond of flelh-meat, whether raw or roaded. They fre¬
quent woods, and live under the trunks of old trees. They
Jeldom come out of their holes in the day, but go about
in qued of food during the night. They eat but little,
and can live very long without taking any nouridiment.
They do not lay up any (lore of provisions in harved ;
inch an inftinCt would be ufelefs, as they are torpid in
the winter. They lie under the undeferved reproach pf
fucking cattle and hurting their udders ; but the fmall-
nefs of their mouth renders that impodible. There are
fix fpecies, as follow ;

1. Erinuceus Europceus, the European or common
hedge-hog ; tins is diftinguifhed by a long nofe, nodrils
bordered on each fide with a loofe flap ; ears fhort,
rounded, broad, and naked ; eyesfmull ; legs (hort, naked,
and dufky ; claws weak ; the upper part of the face, Tides,
and rump, are covered with a drong coarfe hair, of a yel¬
low ifh adi-coiour ; the back with drong fharp cinerous
fpines, having a bar of black through their middle. This
European fpecies inhabits Madagascar, and mod parts of
Rudia, but is fcarcely ever found in Siberia. He hunts
during the night, but keeps retired during the day. ; feeds
on roots, fruits, and infects; reiides in final 1 thickets and
hedges; nedles in mots, grafs, or leaves; and, during win¬
ter, he rolls himfelf up and deeps away that dreary feafon.

2. Erinaceus nuritus, the Siberian hedge-hog. This

E R I

fpecies, which inhabits the lower parts of the Volga and
Ural, and as far Lake Baikal, are inferior in fize to the
preceding. They grow very fat, deep all the winter, live
on infefits, even the mod caudic, and will eat above a hun¬
dred cantharides without any injury : they roll themfelves
up, and have all the manners of the common fpecies.
Their ears are large, open and oval, with foft whitidi hairs
within; tail fhort; fpines (lender and brown, but white
at their roots and points ; the limbs and belly covered
with’ a mod elegant foft white fur. They bring their
young, from four to feven, twice a-year.

3. Erinaceus inauris, the Guiana hedge-hog, native of
South America. It is about eight inches long, deditute
of ears, head thick, diort ; fpines cinereous tinged with
yellow ; hair foft, whitifh-chefnut over the eyes ; tail
fhort ; claws long and crooked.

4. Erinaceus Malaccenfis, the Malacca hedge-hog with
pendulous ears. Inhabits Ada ; from it is procured the
precious done called piedra del porco.

5. Erinaceus fetofus, the Adatic liedge-hog : ears
fhort, with fpines on the head, neck, tail, and withers
only. Inhabits India and Madagafcar ; hardly fix inches
long ; wallows in the mire, grunts like a hog, burrows ;
lies torpid fix months, during which the hair falls off.
Snout and whifkers long ; feet fhort ; fpines whitidi, pale
chefniit in the midfile ; hair white.

6. Erinaceus ecaudata, the taillefs hedge-hog : fnout
very long, acute. Inhabits India and Madagafcar ; eight
inches long ; in its habit exaCtly refembles the Adatic
fpecies. Mouth and eyes fmall : ears rounded, longer
than the lad; fpines black in the middle, covering the
whole back and Tides ; hair yellowidi ; feet tawney.

ERINA'CEUS,/; in botany. See Hydnum.

ERIN'GO,/. in botany. See Eryngium.

ERIN'NA, a Greek poetefs, mentioned by different
writers as a native of Lefbos, of Teios, of Rhodes, and of
Tenos in Laconia. She is fuppofed to have been con¬
temporary with Sappho, about the year before Chrid 600 ;
but the Chronicle of Eufebius places her two hundred and
fifty years later. She was celebrated in ancient Greece,,
and feveral epigrams were written upon her, one of which-
fpeaks of her as inferior to Sappho in lyrics, and fuperior
in hexameters. Some fragments are extant in her name,
which are infertea in'. the Carmina Novem Poetarmi Famina-
rum ; Antwerp, 1568.

ERIN'NYS, one of the Eumenides. The word figni-
fies the fury of the mind, egis vov. Virgil. — A furname of
Ceres, on account of her amour with Neptune under the
form of a horfe. Paufanias.

ERI'NUS,/] in botany, a genus of the clafs didynamia,
order angiofpermia, natural order of perfonatae, (pedicu-
lares, JuJf.) The generic characters are — Calyx : peri-
anthium five-leaved ; leaflets lanceolate, upright, nearly
equal, permanent. Corolla : one- petalled, unequal ;
tube ovate-cylindric, length of the calyx, bent back;
border flat, five-parted; divifions equal, obcordate.
Stamina: filaments four, very fhort, within the tube of
the corolla, of which the two oppolite ones are a little
longer ; antherae fmall. Pidillum: germ fomewhat ovate;
dyle very fhort ; ftigma headed. Pericarpium: capfule
ovate, rolled up in the calyx, two-celled, gaping two
ways. Seeds: numerous, fmall. — Effential CharaBer. Ca¬
lyx five-leaved ; corolla, border five-cleft, equal, vvith
the lobes emarginate ; upper lip very fhort, reflex; cap-
fule two-celled.

Species, x. Erinus alpinus, or alpine erinus : flowers
racemed, leaves fpatulate. Root perennial. The root-
leaves form a thick tuft clofe to the ground; they ire all
linear-fpatulate, pubefeent, with a few ferratures at the
end 011 both fxd.es. Leaves on the flem alternate. Stems
many, very Ample, a hand high, round, pubefeent, up¬
right ; the fide ones barren and decumbent. Flowers al¬
ternate, feparated by leaves like thofe on the flem, but
fnutller, and forming an upright Ample raceme; calyx
bcll.fliapcd, five-parted, permanent; corolla funnel-lhaped;

ftigma

E R I

fHgma with two fmall roundifli oppofite ears; capfule
fmall, grooved on each fide, the valves when ripe bifid to
the middle. Partition doubled, formed by the edges of
the valves bent in. Receptacle oblong, comprelfed a
little, not fattened to the partition. Seeds ovate, ferru¬
ginous, rugged with obfcure crowded tubercles. The
leaves are about half an inch long, and one-eighth of an
inch broad, of a dark green. The flower-ftalk is fcarcely
two inches high ; the flowers are in a loofe raceme, and
purple. They appear in May, or earlier, and fometimes
are fucceeded by ripe feeds in July. It is a defirable little
plant for the decoration of rock-work, growing in clofe
tufts, and producing- its numerous lively purple flowers
during moft of the fummer months. Native of Germany,
of the Swifs Alps, of the Pyrenees, and the fouth of
France.

2 . Erinus Africanus, or African erinus : flowers late¬
ral, feflile ; leaves lanceolate, fomewhat toothed. Native
of Africa.

3. Erinus Capenfis, or Cape erinus: flowers fpiked,
leaves linear, toothed. Perennial. Stem ere6t, round,
pubefcent, two feet high. Native of the Cape of Good
Hope.

4. Erinus fragrans, or fvveet-fcented erinus : leaves
lanceolate-oblong, toothed; divifions of the border en¬
tire. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

5. Erinus Peruvianus, or Peruvian erinus : leaves lance¬
olate-ovate, ferrate. Native of Peru ; faid alfo to be found
at the Cape.

6. Erinus maritimus-, or fea-fide erinus : leaves lanceo¬
late, quite entire, fmooth ; divifions of the border cloven
half way. 7. Erinus triftris, or dull erinus : leaves ob¬
long, gafhed, toothed; divifions of the border emarginate.
Thefe flowers are of a dull colour, but fweet. Both thefe
are natives of the Cape.

8. Erinus laciniatus, or laciniate erinus: leaves laci-
niate. See Buchnexa Canadetijis, and Verbena Aubletia.

9. Efinus tomentofus, or rough erinus : tomentofe,
flems procumbent, flowers feflile, axillary. Stems trail¬
ing, about fix inches long. Leaves fmall, oval, placed
on every fide, very white, and woolly. At the joints juft
above the leaves come out the flowers, fitting very clofe
to the ftems ; they are white, and are fucceeded by round
capfules. This plant has great refemblance at a diftance
to fea cudweed. It was fent to Mr. Miller by Hr. Houf-
toun from Vera Cruz.

10. Erinus Americanus, or American erinus : ftem eredl,
leaves lanceolate, oppofite, flowers loofely fpiked, ter¬
minating. Stem upright, two feet high ; towards the top
two fmaller branches, oppofite, and ere£t ; thefe and the
middle (talk are terminated by loofe fpikes of purple
flowers, fucceeded by oval capfules, Difcovered by Dr.
Houftoun, at the fame place.

1 1 . Erinus frutefcens, or fhrubby erinus : ftem upright,
fhrubby; leaves ovate-lanceolate, ferrate, alternate; flow¬
ers axillary. Stem about four feet high, dividing into
feveral fmall hairy branches. Flowers Angle, or two and
three at a joint, feflile, white, fucceeded by round capfules.

12. Erinus verticillat us, or whorled erinus : ftem branch¬
ing, trailing; leaves ovate, ferrate, fmooth, oppofite;
flowers in whorls. Stems many, fmooth, branching out
very much on every fide, about feven or eight inches long,
and garnifhed with fmall leaves. Flowers feflile, white,
making but little appearance, and fucceeded by round
capfules.

13. Erinus precumbens, or procumbent erinus : ftems
procumbent ; leaves ovate, fmooth ; flowers folitary, axil¬
lary ; peduncles longer. Stems feveral, trailing, fix inches
long, dividing into many (mailer branches. Flowers bright
yellow, on l'ong (lender peduncles, fucceeded by oval cap¬
fules. This is a fpecies of lindernia, according to Swartz,
and a native of Hifpaniola. See Lindernia.

Propagation and Culture. The firft is propagated by part¬
ing the roots in autumn ; they mud have a lhady fituation
and a loamy foil without dung, for in rich earth they are

E R I 003

fubje£l to rot. The Cape forts mu ft be kept in the green,
houfe, dry ftove, or glafs cafe, and may be increafed by
cuttings. Thofe from South America mud be placed in
the bark-ftove. The eleventh being a fhrubby plant, will
continue feveral years, but the others are annual. They
are propagated by feeds, fown in pots filled with light
earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, where fome¬
times they will come up in five or fix weeks ; but they
frequently do not vegetate till the following fpring, efpe-
cially when the feeds have been kept long. When the
plants are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted in
a feparate lmall pot filled with light earth, not too rich
with dung, and then plunged into the bark-pit. When
they have taken new root, treat them as other plants from
the fame countries, by admitting proper air w-hen the wea¬
ther is warm, and frequently refrefhing them with water;
with this management the annual forts will flower in July
and Auguft, and often ripen their feeds in autumn, if
they be brought forward early in the fpring. The fhrubby
fort mult alfo frequently be refrefhed with water in win¬
ter, but not in large quantities, nor in very cold weather :
the plants will flower and perfeft their feeds the fecond
year. See Campanula and Lobelia.

ERIOC AU'LON,/] [from sgiov, wool, and v\o;, Gr„
a (talk.] In botany, a genus of the clafs triandria, order
trigynia, natural order of enfatae, (junci, JnJf.) The ge¬
neric characters are — Calyx : perianthiuni common, glo-
bofe-deprefled, imbricate ; fcales lanceolate, equal, per¬
manent. Corolla : univerfal uniform, convex ; proper
three-petalled ; petals equal, lanceolate, obtufe, villofe
at the tip, attenuated at the bafe, and connected into a
ftyle-fhaped pedicel which is hairy. Stamina: filaments
three, capillary, fitting on the germ ; antheras oblong,
verfatile. Piftillum : germ flender, fuperior, under the
ftamens; ftyles three, capillary, fhort ; ftigmas Ample.
Pericarpium: none ; calyx unchanged. Seeds: folitary,
crowned with the corolla. Receptaculum : chaffs of the
fize and figure of the calycine fcales, one-flowered, very
many. Other fpecies muft be furveyed before the Cha¬
racter can be completed. — EJfential Chara&er. Calyx com¬
mon, an imbricate head ; petals three, equal ; ftamina
upon the germ.

Species. 1. Eriocaulon triangulare, or triangular erio-
caulon : culm triangular, leaves enfiform, head ovate.
Linnaeus fays he could not difcern the flofcules in Pifo’s
Herbarium, which is in the polfeflion of Burmann. Na¬
tive of Brafil.

2. Eriocaulon quinquangulare, or quinquangular erio-
caulon : culm quinquangular, leaves enfiform. 3. Erio¬
caulon fexangulare, or fexangular eriocaulon: culm hex-
angular, leaves enfiform. 4. Eriocaulon fetaceum, or
briltly eriocaulon : culm hexangular, leaves fetaceous.
Thefe are natives of the Eaft Indies, and this of Cochin-
china.

5. Eriocaulon decangulare, or ten-fided eriocaulon :
culm decangular, leaves enfiform. Leaves two, fubu-
late, flat, channelled, jointed. Flowers in a head, with
male flowers in the difk, and female in the circumfe¬
rence. The character of the genus remains to be exa¬
mined in the other fpecies. Hope has- very well defcribed
this. The remaining fpecies muft be feen, before the
character can be corrected. Native of North America,
in the fwamps.

6. Eriocaulon quadrangulare, or quadrangular eriocau¬
lon : culm quadrangular, leaves enfiform, head of flowers
globular, truncate at the bafe. This is an annual herb,
with an upright naked four-cornered culm, eight inches
high. Leaves fhort, fmooth, few. Heads of flowers
whitifh, flattilh at the bafe, with roundifh fcales, atte¬
nuated at the bottom, one-flowered, clofed. Petals two,
fubconcave, blunt at the tip, toothed. Seeds three,
ovate. Common every where in Cochin-china.

7. Eriocaulon feptangulare, or feven-angled eriocaulon:
found in Ireland, by Dr. Walter Wade of Dublin, and
communicated to the Linntean Society in 1S02. It h;id

never

904 E R I

never before been feen but in the Ifle of Skye. Dr. Wade
obferved it in September i8or, decorating the edges of
all the lakes in the romantic diftridt of Cunnamara. He
remarked the number of angles in the (lent to vary from
fix to ten ; but in general they were limited to feven.

ERIOCE'PHALUS, f [from e wool, and y.itpuXvi,
Gr. a head.] In botany, a genus of the clafs fyngenefia,
order polygamia neceiraria, natural order of compofitae
nucamentaceae, (corymbiferte, JuJf.) The generic cha¬
racters are — Calyx: common upright; feales ten, ovate,
equal, converging, of which the five exterior are keeled,
the interior flat. Corolla: compound rayed ; corollules
hermaphrodite, twice as many in the di(k ; females five
in the ray ; proper of the hermaphrodite funnel-form;
border five-cleft, patulous; of the ray ligulate, obcord-
ate, with tliree-lobed, equal, tips. Stamina: in the her¬
maphrodites; filaments five, capillary, very fhort; an-
therae cylindric, tubulaY. Piftillum: in the hermaphro¬
dites, ?gernr very (mall, naked; ftyle Ample; fligma two-
clef, t, iharp ; in the females, germ ovate, naked; ftyle
fimple ; ftigma acuminate, inflex. Pericarpium : none;
calyx fcarce changed. Seed: to the hermaphrodites,
none; females folitary, obovate, naked. Receptaculum :
naked, flat ; or elfe a down of the calyx in a double row
is interfperfed both between the hermaphrodite and fe¬
male flofcules. — •EJfential Character. Receptaculum fub-
villofe; down none; calyx ten-leaved, equal ; in the ray
five flofcules.

Species, i. Eriocephalus Africanus, or clufler-Ieaved
eriocephalus : leaves entire and divided, flowers corymbed.
This plant has a (hrqbby (talk from four to fix feet high,
putting out many fide branches the whole length; leaves
woolly, coming out in clufters, fome taper and entire,
others divided into three or five parts, which fpread open
like a hand : they have a ftrong fmell when bruifed ap¬
proaching to that of lavender cotton, but not quite fo
rank. The flowers are produced in (mail clufters at the
ends of the branches, and (land eredt. The female florets
which compofe the ray form a hollow, in the middle of
which the hermaphrodite florets forming the difk are
fituated ; the border is white, with a little reddifh cad on
the inlide, and the difk is of a purpliflr colour. The flow¬
ers appear in autumn, but do not produce feeds in this
country. Cultivated in 1732, by James Sherard, M. D.
at Eltham. It flowers from January to March.

2. Eriocephalus racemofus, or filvery-leaved eriocepha¬
lus : leaves linear, undivided; flowers racemed. This
has the ftature and appearance of E. Africanus, but all
the leaves are undivided. Gaertner affirms, that there is
no veftige whatever of the outer calyx in this fpecies.
The receptacle is flat, and has a copious filky down on
it, of a whiti(h draw-colour, and longer than the florets.
Seeds of the females oblong, narrowed downwards, com-
prefled, three-fided, hairy or fparingly woolly, but other-
wile deditute of all down. This was cultivated by Mr.
Miller in 1758. It flowers in March and April. Both
are natives of the Cape of Good Hope.

Propagation and Culture. This plant is propagated by
cuttings, which may be planted any time from May to
the middle of Augufl ; for, if they are planted later in
the feafon, there will not be time for them to get good
root before the winter. Thefe cuttings fhould be planted
in (mall pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a
very moderate hot-bed, where they fliould be (haded from
the fun till they have taken root ; they mud be refre(hed
with water two or three times a-week, but they (hould
not have too much at each time, for much moidtire is
very hurtful to thefe plants. When the cuttings have
taken root, they (hould be gradually inured to the open
air, to prevent their llioots from being drawn up weak;
afterwards they (hould be removed into the open air, and
placed in a (heltered fituation, where they may remain
till October, when they mud be removed into an airy
glafs-cafe, that they may have as much fun as poflible,
and enjoy the free air in mild weather, but fecured from

E R I

froff and damp air, either of which will foon deflroy them.
During the winter they mud be fparingly watered, for the
reafon before given; but, in the Cummer, when the plants
are placed in the open air, they will require to be fre¬
quently refrefhed with water in hot weather. Thefe plants,
retaining their leaves all the year, add to the variety of
exotics in the winter feafon. See Erica Br.uniades,
Centaurea, and Hippia.

ER lOPH'OROS, f. in botany. See Bombax.

ERIOPH'ORUM, f. [from e^iov, wool, and (psgu , Gr.
to bear ; wool or cotton-bearing ; the feeds having a long,
white, downy, fubdance affixed to them.] In botany, a
genus of the clafs triandria, order monogynia, natural
order of calamariae, (cyperoidete, Jiff.) The generic cha¬
racters are — Calyx: fpike on all fides imbricate; feales
ovate-oblong, flat-inflefted, membranaceous, loofe, fliarp-
pointed, feparating the flowers. Corolla: none. Stamina:
filaments three, capillary; antherse upright, oblong. Pif¬
tillum: germ very fmall; dyle filiform, length of the
calycine feales; ffigmas three, longer than the dyle, bent
backwards. Pericarpium : none. Seed : three-fided, acu¬
minate, furniflied with villofe hairs longer than the fpike.
— EJfential CharaBer. Glumes chaffy, imbricate every way ;
corolla none ; feed one, furrounded with a very long wool.

Species. 1. Eriophorum vaginatum, mountain or fingle-
fpiked cotton-grafs: culms ffieathed round, fpike fcariofe.
Root-leaves obfeurely three-cornered, (harp, dreaked on
two fides ; convex on one fide, flat on two fides. It differs
very obvioufly from the third fpecies; the root being not
creeping, but more matted; the leaves much finer, and
confequently more apt to grow in tufts; the (heath of the
upper dem-leaf in particular is remarkably inflated, and
it never produces more than one fpike, which is upright.
Native of bogs in cold barren fituations, in many parts of
Europe. Not fo general with 11s, but in fome places
equally common. Near London, on Shirley-common, by
Croydon; near Lynn; Birmingham-heath ; frequent in
all the northern counties; Elfemere-meers in Shropfhire;
Pillinmofs in Lancafliire. It flowers fomewhat earlier
than the angujlifolium. No. 3. but produces its down about
the fame time. Sheep are very fond of it, whence in
Wedmoreland they call it mofs-crops. As they do alfo the
third fpecies, not diflinguifhing them. Ray calls it hair's -
tail rujk.

2. Eriophorum polyflachion, or many-fpiked cotton-
grafs: culms columnar, leaves flat, fpikes peduncled.
Linnaeus confounds this and the next fpecies together;
and refers to the firfl figure of Vaillant only as a variety
of his polyflachion ; but, if he had ever feen both plants
together, he would doubtlefs have made them didindt
fpecies. The following particulars may ferve to (how in
what our plant differs from E. polyflachion. 1. The
root of that. is not creeping. 2. The culm is very erect.
3. The leaves are fliort and flat. 4. The fpikes are many,
upon (lender foot-flalks, and pendulous. 5. The invo-
lucre is (horter than the fpike.

3. Eriophorum anguflifolium, or narrow-leaved cotton-
grafs: culms columnar, leaves channelled, three-fided,
fpikes peduncled. Our Englifli writers have followed
Linnaeus in confounding this with the foregoing, till Mr.
Dickfon diftinguiffied them. Stem from nine inches to a
foot or more in height, upright, fmooth, with two joints
projedling a little, covered throughout its whole length
with the (heaths of the leaves; thofe next the root are of
a chefnut colour, (hort, lanceolate, dreaked, marked with
tranfverfe lines, which give them a reticulated appear¬
ance ; the fucceeding leaves at their bafe clofely embrac¬
ing the dalk, from two to three lines in breadth, about
feven inches or more in length, gradually tapering to the
extremity, convex on one fide, concave on the other, and
fmooth ; the uppermofl leaves flatter, much (horter, and
manifedly keeled ; (heaths nearly of an equal thicknefs
throughout, where a leaf goes off more loofelv connected,
and marked with a fiffure filled by a membrane. Floral
leaves three or four, of unequal lengths, forming (heaths

at

E R I

at the bottom, terminate the ftalk, from the axils of
which the fpikelets proceed. Theie are from two to
feven (generally about three), ovate, firff upright, after¬
wards pendulous. Gaertner defcribes the fruit asa fmall
coriaceous-cruftaceous nut, of an obovate form, three-
cornered, fmooth or obfcurely flreaked, of a redd i fit cheft-
nut colour, one-celled, valvelefs, clothed at the bale
with a white filky down, quite fimple, and twelve times
as long as the nut. Seed fingle, fubelliptic, obfcurely
three-cornered, pale. In Germany, and the more north¬
ern parts of Europe, the down has been manufactured in¬
to various articles of drefs, paper, and wicks for candles.
In fome parts of Sweden the peafants fluff their pillows
with it, whence it is called poor-man’s pillow: but it be¬
comes brittle when quite dry. Early in the fpri-rig, cat¬
tle crop and injure the leaves, before the gralfes are fuffi-
ciently grown. It is common on moors and boggy ground ;
infomuch that they are often white all over with it in
June and July, when it is in feed. It flowers in April
and May.

4. Eriophorum Virginicum, or Virginian cotton-grafs :
culms leafy, columnar, leaves flat, fpikes upright. — Na¬
tive of Virginia.

'5. Eriophorum cyperinum, or cyperus cotton-grafs :
culms columnar leafy, panicle fuperdecompound proli¬
ferous, fpicules moftly in threes. This has altogether
the ftattire of Cyperus, but the fpikelet of Scirpus, ex¬
cept that the feeds as they ripen produce a dun-coloured
or teftaceous cotton, fcarcely longer than the fpikelets.
Native of North America.

6. Eriophorum alpinum, or alpine Cotton-grafs : culms
naked three-cornered, fpi-ke Ihorter than the down. Na¬
tive of the mountains of Lapland, Sweden, Denmark,
Silefia, Carniola, Switzerland; flowering in June and
July. It was found by Mr. Brown and Mr. Donn, in a
mol's about three miles eall of Forfar, in the (hire of An¬
gus, Scotland. A fpecimen of it from this place waspre-
fented to the Linnaean Society by Mr, Teafdale, April the
3d, 1792.

Propagation and Culture. Thefe being bog-plants, are
feldom preferved in gardens. They may however be
planted in pots filled with bog-earth, fet in pans wherein
water is kept conftantly ; or by the fide of ponds or other
waters.

ERIOPH'ORUS. See Andryala, Bombax, Car-
duus, and Scilla.

ERIO'PJLA. See Duroia.

ER I PH' AN IS, a female Greek, famous for her poeti«-
cal compofitions. She was extremely fond of the hunter
Melampus, and to enjoy his company Ihe accuftomed her¬
felf to live in the woods.

ERIPH'YLE, a filler of Adrallus king of Argos, who
married Amphiaraus. She was daughter of Talaus and
Lyfimache. When her hufband concealed himfelf that
he might not accompany the Argives in their expedition
again!! Thebes, where he knew he was toperilh, Eriphyle
fuffered herfelf to be bribed by Polynices with a golden
necklace which had been formerly given to Hermione by
Venus, and Ihe difeovered where Amphiaraus was. This
treachery of Eriphyle compelled him to go to the war;
but before he departed, he charged his fon Alcmaeon to
murder his mother as foon as he was informed of his
death. Amphiaraus perilhed in the expedition, and his
death was no fooner known than his laft injunctions were
obeyed, and Eryphile was murdered by the hands of her
fon. Homer.

E'RIS, the goddefs of difeord among the Greeks: the
fame as the Difcordia of the Latins.

ERISICH'THON.in fabulous hillory, a Theflalian, fon
of Triops, who derided Ceres, and cut down her groves.
This impiety irritated the goddefs, who afflicted him
with continual hunger. He fquandered all his pofleflions
to gratify the cravings of his appetite, and at laft he de¬
voured his own limbs for want of food. His daughter
had the power of transforming herfelf into whatever
animal Ihe pleafed, and Ihe made ufe of that artifice to

Vol. VI. No. 401.

E R I 90S

maintain her father, who fold her, after which Ihe a (Turned
another fliape and became again his property. Ovid.

ERIS'KAY, one of weltern iflands of Scotland, fepa-
rated from fouth Vi ft by a narrow ftrait, called Erijkay
Sound: about five miles in circumference.

ERISTH A'LES. See Cnicus.

ERI'I,iPALIS,yi [the name of an herb in Pliny ; from
Gr. full of verdure. J In botany, a genus of the
clafs pentandria, order monogynia, natural order of rubi-
acas, (JuJficu-j The generic characters are — Calyx:
perianthium one-leafed ; fuperior, pitcher-form, five-
toothed, permanent, (ten-toothed, minute, five-cornered,
Swartz-,) Corolla: one petalled, five-parted: tube very
Ihort ; divifions lance-lhaped, long, bent back. (Petals
five, linear, obtufe, patulous, Swartz.) Stamina: fila¬
ments five, (fix, eight, ten, from the bafe of the calyx,
Swartz ;) tubulate, patulous, fcarce the length of the co¬
rolla; anthers oblong, iinear, erect,. Swartz. Piftillum:
germ inferior, roundilh : flyle filiform, compreffed above,
length of the itamens ; fligma lharp, (bifid, Swartz.)
Pericarpium : berry globofe, crowned, ten-celled, (eight
or ten-celled, Gartner-, flightlv ten-grooved, Swartz.)
Seeds fmall, (in each cell one, pendulous, ovate, com-
prelfed like a lens, G.) — Ejfcntial ■ CharaEler . Corolla:
five-parted, with the divifions bent back ; Calyx pitcher-
thaped ; berry ten-celled, inferior.

Species, r. Erithalis fruticofa, or fhrubby erithalis : leaves
oppolite; corymbs compound- This is an upright ele¬
gant branching tree, fifteen feet in height. Leaves fub-
ovate, blunt with a fmall point, filming, quite entire,
deepgreen, paler underneath, petioled, three inches long.
Flowers numerous, caducous, with white petals, moftly
fix-ftamened with a (ix-cleft calyx and corolla, fmelling
exactly like the common Syringa. Berries fmall and
purple, (black, Swflrtz.) Seeds about nine, but uncer¬
tain in their number ; (in each cell one, rufefeent, Gartner.)
Perhaps both the fpecies of Browne, are but varieties of
this. Native of Jamaica, Martinico, & c. Jacquin de-
feribes another, which is a native of Curasao, and proba¬
bly a variety of this arifing from its growing in the clefts
of rocks, where there is no earth. It is a fhrub, two feet
high, with procumbent diffufed branches; the leaves are
thicker and numerous ; the berry and flowers fmaller ;
the former entirely void of.fcent, the latter whitifh or
very leldom purple. According to Swartz, it varies
with large ovate leaves, and all the parts larger. The
berry, as Gacrtner obferves, may with Jacquin be confi-
dered as one-celled.

2. Erithalis polygama, or polygamous erithalis : leaves
obovate; flowers axillary, males cymed, hermaphrodites
folitary. Native of the Society Ifles. The variety timo*
nious, has narrower leaves.

ERITHR/E'A,, f. in botany. See Gentiana Gen-

TAURIUM.

ERIS'TICAL, adj. [cp?, Gr.] Controverfial ; relating
to difpufe ; containing controverfies.

ERI'TRr, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province
of Natolia : thirty-fix miles weft of Smyrna.

ERITZ'KA, a town of Ruflia, in the government of
Irkutfch : twenty miles eall of Kirenfk.

ER'IVAN, ov Persian Armenia, or Greater Ar¬
menia, or Eastern Armenia, a province of Perfia,
about 200 leagues in length, and fixty in breadth. The
country is mountainous, interfedled with fertile vallies ;
the air is healthy, and the wine excellent ; the winter is
long and rough, with frequent fnow, which fometimes falls
it) June, and even is fometimes found in July ; fruit
grows flowly, and olives do not flourifh . Game and filh
abound : this is the country in which Noah’s ark is faid to
have relied after the flood, on mount Ararat, called by
the Perfians Agri, and by the Armenians Macis, or Meze-
fan-ver. This province is bounded on the north by Geor¬
gia, on the eall by Schirvan and a fmall province called
Mougan, on the fouth by Aberbeitzan, and on the weft; by
Turkilh Armenia. The principal towns are Erivan and
Nachivan. See Armenia, vol, ii. p. 194 — 197.

10 X ER'IVAN.

E R M

9O6

ER'IVAN, or Irvan, or Irivan, a city of Afia, and
capital of Greater Armenia, or Erivan, fituated in a plain,
fnrrounded with mountains, and watered by two fmall
rivers ; large, dirty, and ill-built, and but indifferently
peopled : the ramparts are of earth ; the fortrefs is en-
compafled with a wall of bricks, in which is a palace for
the governor, and 800 houfes, only inhabited by Perlians
the Armenians have (hops there, but muft not remain
during the night. The churches are fmall, and half
buried in the ground, refembling catacombs : in the town
and environs are twenty. eight convents for devotees of
both fexes, but they are poorly endowed. Lat. 40. 20. N.
Ion. 62. E. Ferro.

ERIZ'ZO (Sebaflian), a noble Venetian, diftinguifhed.
for hi . knowledge of the medallic fcience. He publifhed
in 1559, in Italian, a Difcourfe upon ancient Medals,
with the particular Explanation of many Reverfes, which
was much efteemed for its erudition. He alfo publifhed,
in 1567, a moral work, entitled Sei Giornate He was like-
wife the author of a treatife On Logic, in Italian ; a tranf-
lation of Plato’s Dialogues ; a difcourfe Of Civil Govern¬
ments ; and fome other pieces. He died in 1585.

ERKE, adj. [eapij, Sax] Idle 5 lazy; flothful. An
old word whence we now fay irkfome.

For men therein would Item delite ;

And of that dede be not erke,

But oft fithes haunt that werke. Chaucer.

ER'KF.LENS, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Weftphalia, in the duchy of Juliers; it made a part of
Guelders before the year 1719: ten miles north of J uliers.
Lat. 51. 8. N. Ion. 23. 50. E. Ferro.

ER'KOOM, an Abyflinian bird, defcribed by Mr.
Bruce. Fie fays, that though not eafily raifed, it flies
both ftrong and far. It has a rank fmell, and is faid in
Abydinia to feed upon dead carcafes. This, however,
Bruce thinks a miffake, as he never faw it following the
army, nor approaching a dead carcafe ; and as often as he
had occafion to open this bird, he found in its ftomach
nothing but the green fcarabeus beetle. It builds in large
thick trees, always, if it can, near churches : has a cover¬
ed neft like that of a magpie, but four times as large as
the eagle’s. It places its neft firm upon the trunk, with¬
out endeavouring to make it high from the ground : the
entry is always on theeaft fide.

ER'LA, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of Au¬
ftria : four miles fouth-weft of Vienna.

ER'LA (Clofter), a town of Germany, in the arch¬
duchy of Auftria : fix miles eaft of Ens.

ER'LACH, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of
' Auftria: eight miles weft of EfFerding.

ER'LACH, or Cerlier, a town of SwifTerland, in the
canton of Bern, with a bailiwic, on the borders of the
Lake of Bienne : fifteen miles weft-north-weft of Bern.

ER'I.ANG, a town of Germany, in the circle of Fran¬
conia, and principality of Culmbach, divided into Old and
New, the firft founded by Charlemagne, the latter by
the margrave Chriftian Erneft, in 1686. It has feveral
churches, an nniverfity, and a palace : ten miles north of
Nuremberg, and nineteen fouth of Bamberg. Lat. 49.
34. N. Ion. 2S. 46. E. Ferro.

ER'LAU., or Eger, a town of Hungary, fnrrounded
with walls, and defended by^i caftle. In 1552, it witlt-
Itood the Turks; but in 1596, it furrendered to them by
capitulation. In 1606 it was furprifed by the Imperialifts ;

nd in 1704, it was taken by prince Ragotfki. It is the
fee of a biftiop. Forty miles eaft of Gran, and 120 eaft-
fouth-eaft of Vienna.

ER'LEBACH, a river of Germany, which rifes ir the
duchy of Stiria, fix miles below Ips.

ER'LEBACH, a town of Germany, in the circle of the
Lower Rhine, and electorate of Mentz, on the Main :
three miles north-north weft of Clingenberg.

ER'LENBACH, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Franconia, and county of Wertheim: ten miles north-
north-eaft of Wertheim.

ER'MF.I.AND (bifliopric of), a country furrounded

E R N

by Prulfia, formerly fubjedt only to the bifhop and chap¬
ter, but now become a province of Pruflia. The princi¬
pal towns are Frattenburg, Braunfburg, and Heilfburg.

ER'MELIN, f. [diminutive of ermin; armelin, Fr.]
An ermine :

Silver fkins,

Pafling the hate fpot ermdins. Sidney.

ER'MENAK, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the pro¬
vince of Caramania : fixty-three miles fouth of Cogni.

ER'MI J A, a town of Spain, in the province of Bifcay :
fixteen miles eaft fouth eaft of Bilbao.

ER'MIL, a town of RufTia, in the government of Tarn-
boy : forty-four miles fouth of Tamboy.

ER'MINE, _/i [her mine, Fr. from arinenius, Lat.] The
w'hite float, a fpecies of weefel. See the article Mus-
TELA. The ermine is an emblem of purity ; for it is faid
that if a ring of mud or dirt be made round them, they
will die rather than daub themfelves to efcape :

A lady’s honour may be touch’d ;

Which, nice as ermines, will not bear a foil. Dryden.

ER'MINE, in heraldry, denotes a white field or fur,
powdered or interfperfed with black fpots, called powder¬
ing. See Heraldry.

ER'MINE, f. an order of knights, inftituted in 1450,
by Francis I. duke of Bretagne, and formerly fubfifting
in France. The collarof this order was of gold, compos¬
ed of ears of corn in faltier; at the end of which hung
the ermine, with this infcription, A ma vie. The order
expired when the dukedom of Bretagne was annexed to
the crown of France.

ER'MINED, adj. Clothed with ermine, or fur of the
white float:

Arcadia’s countefs, here in ermin' d pride,

Is there Paftora by a fountain fide. Pope.

ER'MINE-STREET, one of the noted Roman high¬
ways, in England, from St. David’s to Southampton.

ERMS, a river of Germany, which runs into the Da¬
nube, four miles fouth-weft of Nurtlingen, in the circle
of Swabia.

ERMSLE'BEN* a town of Germany, in the circle of
Lower Saxony, and principality of Halberftadt : fourteen
miles fouth-eaft of Halberftadt.

ERNA'NI, a town of Spain, in the province of Gui-
pufcoa : five miles fouth of Sebaftian.

ERN A'TI A, a town of Afiatic T urkey, in the province
of Natolia : fixteen miles north-weft of Satalia.

ER'NE, or Eron, do immediately flow from the
Saxon epji, eapm, a cottage, or place of retirement.
Gibfon.

ER'NE, a river in Ireland, which rifes in the northern
part of the county of Longford, erodes the county of Ca¬
van from north to fouth, pafles through Lough Erne, in
the county of Fermanagh, and empties itfelf into the Bay
of Donegal, three miles below Bally Shannon.

ERNE (Lough), a lake of Ireland, in the county of
Fermanagh, or more properly two lakes connedted.

.ERNE'E, a town of France, and principal place of a
diftrief, in the department of the Mayenne, on a river of
the fame name ; containing about 2400 inhabitants: five
leagues north-north-w'eft of Laval, and four weft of
Mayenne.

ERNE'£,a river of France, which runs into the May¬
enne, two miles north of Laval.

ERNES'TI (John Auguftus), dodfor of divinity, and
firft profelfor of theology in the univerfity of Leipfic, born
on the 4th of Auguft, 1707 , at Tennftadt, where his fa¬
ther was fuperintendant. He ftudied at Pforta, where he
foon gave proofs of his great talents ; repaired afterwards
to Wittenberg, and then to Leipfic, where he was made
dodfor and profeflor of theology. Though engaged jn
laborious occupations, he attained, with a found confti-
tution, to the great age of feventy ; but after that period
the infirmities of age gradually affailed him till the time
of his death, which took place on the nth of September,
1781. His works were received with fo much approba¬
tion,

E R O

tion, that they were foon reprinted in Holland, England,
and France. His editions of the clalTical authors, in par¬
ticular, were in fo much requeft, that he was under the
neceflity of refilling many offers made to him by foreign
bookfellers.

ERNO'DEA, f. [from spates, Gr. branched ; fo
named by Swartz.] In botany, a genus of the clafs te-
tandria, order monogynia. The generic characters are —
Calyx: perianthium four-parted, final], fuperior ; feg-
ments eredt, acute, equal, permanent. Corolla: one pe-
talled, falver fliaped : tube four-cornered, elongated ;
border four-parted ; fegments lanceolate, revolute. Sta¬
mina : filaments four, inferted in the middle of the tube,
awl-fhaped, longer than the cdrolla ; anther® eredl, acu¬
minate. Piftillum : germ four-cornered, inferior ; llyle
filiform, longer than the ftamens ; ftigma obtufe, emar-
ginate. Pericarpium : berry roundilh, crowned by th.e
c dyx, two-grooved, two-celled. Seeds: folitary, hemif-
pherical, firiated. — EJfcntial Char after. Calyx four-parted;
corolla one-petalled, falver-lhaped ; berry two-celled ;
feeds folitary.

Ernodea littoralis, a fingle fpecies. It is a native of
Jamaica, frequent near the Ihore in the parifii of St.
George, running three or four feet or more along th.e
ground, throwing out a few fpreading branches as it
creeps along. The leaves are oblong, pointed and ft iff ;
the flowers few, fingle, at the axils of the upper, leaves.
Browne named this plant Knoxia, from Knox, who refided
many years in the ifland of Ceylon, and publilhed an ac¬
count of it.

ERN'SPACH, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Franconia, and principality of Hohenlohe ; fix miles north
of Ohringen.

ERN'STEIN, a town and caflle of Germany, in the
circle of the Lower Rhine, and eledtorate of Cologne :
eight miles eaft of Lintz.

ERN'THAL, a town of Germany, in the circle of Up¬
per Saxony, and lordlhip of Schonberg : feven miles weft
of Chemnitz.

ERN'STHOFEN, a town of Germany in the circle of
the Upper Rhine, and principality of Hefle Darmftadt :
ten miles fouth of Darmftadt.

To ERO'DE, v. a. [ erodo , Lat.] To canker, to eat
away; to corrode. — The blood, being too fharp or thin,
erodes the vcflel. Wifeman,

ERO'DENTS ,/. [from erodo, Lat. to eat away.] Thofe
fubftances which eat away or deftroy other bodies, by
means of their proper menftrua.

ERO'DIUM, f. [spw^io;, Gr. is the name of the crane
in Ariilotle, whence this genus is fo called on account of
the long beak to the fruit.] In botany, a genus of the
clafs mohadelphia, order pentandria, natural order of
gruinales, (gerania, JuJJ\) The generic characters are—
-Calyx : perianthium five-leaved ; leaflets ovate, acute,
concave, permanent. Corolla : petals five, obcordate or
ovate, fpreading, large ; nedtary, five feales alternate with
the filaments; and melliferous glands placed at the bafe
of the ftamens. Stamina: filafnents five, awl-fliaped,
tonnefted at the bafe with the feales into the fliape of a
pitcher, but fpreading at top, fhorter than the corolla ;
anther®, oblong, verfatile. Piftillum : germ five-cor¬
nered, beaked ; ftyle awl-fhaped, longer than the ftamens,
permanent; ftigmas five, reflex. Pericarpium: capfule
five-grained, beaked, the cells opening inwards, each
having a long tail fixed to it, which becomes Ipiral, and
is hairy or bearded on the infide. Seeds: folitary, (fel-
dom two together,) ovate-oblong. — EJfe.ntial Charafter.
Calyx five-leaved ; corolla five-petalled ; nectary, five
feales, alternate with the filaments, and glands at the
bafe of the ftamens ; fruit five-grained, with a fpiral beak,
bearded on the infide.

Species. I. Leaves compound or pinnatifid. i. Ero-
dium abfynthoides, or wormwood-leaved crane’s-bill :
caulefcent ; peduncles four-flowered or thereabouts ;
leaves interruptedly bipinnate laciniate, fegments linear.

'l iie genus geranium w as fir ft feparatedinto three genera

E R O GO?

by monfiettr PHeritier. Of thefe this of erodium is on^,
pelargonium is a fecond, -and tire third retains the old
named geranium. The divifion is convenient on account
of the prodigious number of fpecies, but they muft ftill
be confidered as making only one natural genus. The
firft fpecies feenrs to differ from the next in being caulef¬
cent, and in having the fegments of the leaves linear and
fubvillofe, not oblong and filky, as in that. Found in
Armenia by Tournefort, and on mount Olympus by John
Sibthorp, M. D.

2. Erodium chryfantluim, or golden-flowered crane’s-
bill : almoft ftemlefs ; peduncles four-flowered ; leaves
decompoundly pinnate, laciniate, filky. This is verydif-
tinguifhable by its yellow flowers. Found on mount
Parnaflus by Sibthorp.

3. Erodium trichomanifolium, or maidenhair-leaved
crane’s-bill : ftemlefs ; fcapes leaflefs, four-flowered ;
leaves bipinnatifid hirfute. It may be doubted whether
this be any thing more than a variety of the preceding.
It differs, however, in having the flowers flefh-coloured
marked with lines, tire leaves fmaller and lefs cut, the
fcapes leaflefs and radical ; whereas E. chryfantluim be¬
comes branched when in flower. Found on mount Li-
banus by Billardiere.

4. Erodium pulverulentum, or hoary-leaved crane’s-
bill: caulefcent; peduncles many-flowered; leaves de-
compoundedly laciniate, mealy, hoary. The plant is
wholly covered with frequent fliort villofe hairs, whence
it has the appearance of being dufty. It is certainly al¬
lied to the firft and fecond fpecies, from which it differs
in its dufty habit, in having the leaves decompounded!/
laciniate, not interruptedly bipinnate, the flowers more
numerous in the umbel, and the fruits only one-third of
the length. Found by Louiche Desfontajnes in the king¬
dom of T unis.

5. Erodium craflifolium, or upright crane’s-bill : um¬

bels many-flowered ; leaves pinnatifid-laciniate thick ;
fegments linear. In appearance this refembles pelargo¬
nium myrrhifolium. It differs from the three next, ia
having thick leaves, pinnatifid not interruptedly pinnate,
braftes larger, and roundifh not lanceolate, the herb
caulefcent, and the root more flender not thick. Found
in the ifland of Cyprus by Sibthorp ; flowers in April
and May. q

6. Erodium feetidum, or (linking crane’s-bill : almoft
ftemlefs ; fcapes radical, many-flowered ; leaves inter¬
ruptedly bipinnatifid, petals roundifh. All the leaves are
heaped about the root ; they are hoary with hairs, the
whole forming a triangle. Lobel reports it to be abomi¬
nably fetid. L’Heritier fays it is Angular in having a very
ftrong naufeous fmell like fome of the clafs Syngenefin ;
and according to Gouan, it has a ftrong fmell, but neither
naufeous nor mufky, Native of the country about Mont¬
pellier. It feems to have been cultivated here in the
time of Parkinfon.

7. Erodium macrademum, or Spanifh crane’s-bill : fub-
Caulefcent ; fcapes radical, many-flowered ; leaves in¬
terruptedly bipinnatifid, petals ovate. This is al¬
lied to the preceding ; the herb is entirely the fame. The
leaves, which are very much alike, are more finely laci-
niated and more flender in this; this has alfo a-turpentine
or mufky fmell. Native of Spain.

8. Erodium fupracanum, or filky-leaved crane’s bill :
almoft ftemlefs ; fcapes radical, two-flowered or there¬
abouts; leaves interruptedly bipinnatifid, thickifh, filk-
hoary on the upper furface. This is very nearly allied
to the two preceding, and to E. romanum. Found in
Montferrat in Catalonia by Brouffonet, Sibthorp, and
Pourrett.

9. Erodium petrofelinum, or parfley-leaved crane’s-
bill : peduncles tivo-flowered; leaves pinnate ; leaflets
pinnatifid ; fegments linear. This has the habit of the
three laft, from which, however, it differs in having pinna¬
tifid leaves, not interruptedly fo, and elongated items.
Found on the fandy coafts of Barbary by Poiret.

10. Erodium alpinum, or alpine crane’s-bill ; pedun¬

cles

§08 E R O

eles many-flowered ; leaves interruptedly pinnatifid-laci-
niate. Root perennial, running very deep into the
ground ; lower leaves fmooth and on very long footftalks;
Items a foot and an half high, with leaves of the fame
form, but fmaller and oppofite ; flowers purple, many
together on very long peduncles ; the calyx is awned ;
the petals are about twice as large, and entire. Native of
Italy. The feeds were fent to Mr. Miller by Micheli.
It flowers here in June, but the feeds do notripen in
England.

11. Erodium Romanum, or Roman crane’s-bill : ftem-
lefs ; {'capes radical, many-flowered; leaves pinnate;
leaflets pinnatifid. Native of Italy, about Rome, on the
Pyrennees, alfo of Provence. It was cultivated in the
botanic garden at Chelfea, in 1724.

12. Erodium cicutarium, or hemlock-leaved crane’s-
bill : peduncles many-flowered ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets
ieffile pinnatifid. This fpecies varies extremely, from
nearly fmooth to very hairy, and from very large and
branched, with many a flowered umbel, to fmall and
nearly Ample, with few flowers.

Geranium pimpinellae-folio of Dillenius is a re¬
markable variety ; the petals irregular, the two upper
(hotter, rounder, and marked with a greenifh fpot at the
bale. The common, fort is found all over Europe, in
Africa, Afia, North America, and the ifland of Madeira.
The laft-mentioned variety has been found in England
near Hackney, and in feveral parts of Suffolk.

13. Erodium mofchatum, ormufk crane’s bill : pedun¬
cles many-flowered ; leave pinnate ; leaflets fubpetioled,
unequally galhed. This is very like the preceding, but
has an ambrofial or mufky fcent ; the whole plant is
covered with hairs, which are glutinous, particularly tl)ofe
of the calyx. All the parts are larger; the ftem is fwol-
len and crooked at the joints. The wings are fewer in
the leaves, ovate, fometimes only ferrate or jagged, rarely
pinnatifid ; peduncles thickly fet with fine white hairs,
ending in pellucid globules, with from four to ten flow¬
ers, forming a roundifh head ; corolla red or purple ; an¬
nual. Native of England, France, Switzerland, the Cape
of Good Hope, Syria, Barbary, Peru. With us about
Batterfea, Streatham, &c. near London, near Briftol,
Stourbridge ; in Weftmoreland and Yorkfhire.

14. Erodium tordylioides, or Algiers crane’s-bill : pe¬
duncles many-flowered ; leaves bipinnatifid, unequally
ferrate, the outmoft lobes confluent. This feems to differ
from the preceding in having a perrennial root, and bi-
pinnate leaves ; but it is perhaps no more than a variety.
Found on rocks near Algiers by Desfontaines.

15. Erodium gruinum, or broad-leaved annual crane’s-
bill : peduncles many-flowered ; leaves ternate, crenate-
toothed, the outmoft pinnatifid-lobed. This is an annual
plant with very broad leaves, cut on their Tides regular and
crenate. The ftem is quite fmooth; whereas in the next
fpecies it is rough with hairs, or ftrigofe. Native of
Spain, Sicily, Candia, Cyprus, Syria.

16. Erodium ciconium, or long-beaked crane’s-bill.
This alfo is an annual plant, which has feveral proftrate
fiems near a foot long ; flowers pale blue ; beaks of the
fruit long, but by no means fo long or large as thofe of the
preceding. Native of the fouth of Europe, Barbary, Sy¬
ria, Cyprus, Madeira. Cultivated in the botanic garden
at Chelfea in 1724.

/9. Geranium botrys, or hairy crane’s-bill. In this va¬
riety the whole plant is rough with hairs. It is a native
of Spain, Portugal, and Italy, on l'andy coafts.

17. Erodium lacerum, or torn crane’s-bill : peduncles
, many-flowered ; leaves doubly-pinnafifid ; fegmentsvery
remote, linear, quite entire. Stem grooved, branched,
more than a foot high ; fruit rufefcent, with a beak two
inches long. Native of Portugal.

18. Erodium diphyllum, or two-leaved crane’s-bill :
peduncles many-flowered ; involucres two-leaved, round-
difli ; lower leaves three-lobed, upper pinnatifid laciniate,
gafhed. The involucre is compofed of two oppoftte,
membranaceous, largifh brakes, that are very confpi-

2 J

E R O

cuous, and give it the fignificant trivial name. Native of
Portugal, Gibraltar, Algiers, Tunis, Candia, and Cyprus;
annual.

19. Erodium muticum, or beardlefs crane’s-bill : pe¬
duncles many-flowered ; leaves ternatifid, gaflied, tooth¬
ed ; calyxes awnlefs. Found by Desfontaines in the
kingdom of Tunis.

20. Erodium hymenodes, or Barbary erodium : pedun¬
cles many-flowered; leaves ternate or ternatifid; feg-
ments roundifh, lobed. Found by Desfontaines on’rocks
in Barbary.

21 . Erodium incarnatum, or flefh-coloured crane’s-bill :
peduncles few-flowered; leaves three-parted or ternate,
trifid, rugged; ftem fomewhat fttrubby. This has the
habit of Potentilla, with a (lender, fmooth, hard ftem, in¬
clining to fhrubbinefs. The leaves are on very long pe¬
tioles, heart-fhaped, roundifh, undivided, fmall ; ftipnles
lanceolate, very fharp ; flowers red, flefh-coloured, or fear-
let, with a paler difk. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

II. Leaves lobed, or undivided. 22. Erodium mala-
coides, or mallow-leaved crane’s-bill : peduncles many-
flowered ; leaves heart-fhaped, three-lobed ; lobes lobed
obtufe, obfoletely-toothed. This is an annual plant,
with the lower leaves heart-fhaped and three-lobed ;
branches inclining to the ground, and fpreading a foot and
an half each way. The peduncles are placed on the fide
of thefe, and fuftain many bright-red flowers. The fruits
have long beaks. Native of the South of Europe, Ma¬
deira, Barbary, Syria, the iflands of the Archipelago and
in Peru. The Geranium Chium is a variety, native of
the ifland of Chio.

23. Erodium populifolium, or poplar-leaved erodium :
peduncles many-flowered ; leaves heart-fhaped, fublobed,
obtufe-toothed ; ftamens hirfute. This has the habit of
the preceding ; from which, however, ft feems to differ
in its ftipulation, and in the hirfutenefs of the filaments,
which are fmooth in malacoides and chium. Found in Bar¬
bary by Poiret.

24. Erodium nervulofum, or nerved erodium : pedun¬
cles many-flowered ; leaves heart-fhaped, almoft undi¬
vided, toothed, thick, nerved. Native of Sicily.

23. Erodium glaucophyllum, or glaucous crane’s-bill :
peduncles many-flowered ; leaves oblong, obfoletely cre¬
nate, glaucous ; beaks feathered. This is an annual plant,
with leaves very like thofe of E. malacoides, but fmooth ;
ftem extremely fimple, very ftiort. Native of Egypt.

26. Erodium guttatum, or fpotted crane’s-bill : pedun¬
cles three-flowered ; leaves heart-fhaped, obfoletely lobed,
tooth-ferrate, afh-coloured, the centre ofa different colour.
This is very nearly allied to the preceding, but the herb
is filkand hoary, not naked and glaucous, as in that. The
flowers are violet-coloured, with a very dark violet difk,
and are extremely fweet-feented. Found by Shaw and
Desfontaines in IJarbary.

27. Erodium maritimum, or fea crane’s bill : peduncles
three-flowered or thereabouts ; leaves heart-fhaped, gafh¬
ed, crenate, rugged ; fiems depreffed. Stems branched,
lying clofe to the ground ; flowers one to three, pale red,
fmall ; beaks of the fruit very fmall, not exceeding half
an inch in length. Native of England and Holland, on
the coaft ; Norfolk and Cornwall ; alfo on fandy com¬
mons in Worcefterfhire.

28. Erodium chamaedryoides, or dwarf crane’s-bill :
almoft ftemlefs ; peduncles one-flowered ; leaves heart-
fhaped, obtufe, crenate. Native of Minorca and Corfica.
It has been known many years to the nurfery-men by the
name G. Reichardi, in compliment to a French gentle¬
man, who fir ft difeovered it in the ifland of Minorca.

Propagation and Culture , fee Geranium.

ERO'DHJS, f. in entomology, a genus belonging to
the order of coleoptera ; the generic charafters of which
are : antennae moniliform ; feelers four, filiform ; body
roundifh, gibbous, immarginate; thorax tranfverfe ; fhells
clofely united, longer than the abdomen ; jaw horny, bi¬
fid ; lip horny, emarginate. There are only four fpecies
of this infeft at prefent known ; and thefe, from their

ft] ape.

ERR

{Rape, have been confounded with the coccinella and
chryfomela. T.he thorax is widely emarginate before,
for the reception of the head ; the fliells are very gibbous,
ending in a kind of point. One fpecies, the teftudinarius,
inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; two others, the gibbus
and planus, are natives of Arabia; and the minutus is
found in the Eaft Indies. The fliells of this fpecies are
black, glabrous, and clofely united ; with two imprefl'ed
dots on the back of the thorax. See this infedl in the
engraving of the plant Epidendrum.

EROGA'TION, [ \erogatio, Lat.J The act of giving
or bellowing; diftribirtion.

EROPHEE'VO, a town of Rtiflia, in the government
of Trkutfch : fixty miles north of Balaganlkoi.

E'ROS, a fervant of whom Antony demanded a fword
to kill himfelf. Eros produced the inftrument, but in-
flead of giving it to his mafter, he killed himfelf in his
prefence. Plutarch. — A fon of Chronos, or Saturn, and
god of love.

ERO'SION, f. [ erojio , Lat.] The adl of eating away.
The flate of being eaten away; canker; corrofion. — As
fea-falt is a fliarp folid body, in a conftant diet of fait
meat, it breaks the veflels, produceth erofions of the folid
parts, and all thefymptoms of the fea-fcurvy. Arbuthnot.

EROTE'UM,yi [fo named by Swartz, perhaps from
tguc, Gr. love.] In botany, a genus of the clafs polyan-
dria, order monogynia. The generic charadters are —
Calyx: perianthium five-leaved; leaflets ovate, con¬
cave, incumbent, permanent. Corolla : petals five, ovate-
roundifh, concave, entire, fpreading. Stamina: filaments
numerous (thirty), fhorterthan the petals, eredf, filiform,
placed on the receptacle ; antherae roundifli ; minute. Pif-
tillum : germ ovate, pubefcent, fuperior; fiyle eredl,
generally longer than the (laraens, awl-fhaped, trifid at
the tip, permanent; ftigmas obtufe, iimple, reflex. Peri-
carpium : berry roundifli, juicelefs, acuminate with the
permanent fiyle, fmooth, three-celled. Seeds: in threes
or fours, oblong, comprefled a little. It has the inflo-
refcence, flower, and habit, of thea, but the fruit is of a
different kmd. — EJfential CharaEler. Calyx five-leaved ;
corolla five-petalled ; fiyle trifid ; berry juicelefs, three-
celled, many-feeded.

Species, i. Eroteum thaeoides, or thaea eroteum : leaves
ovate-lanceolate, ferrate-toothed ; flowers axillary, foli-
tary. Native of Jamaica.

z. Eroteum undulatum, or waved eroteum : leaves el¬
liptic-lanceolate, acuminate, ferrate ; flowers crowded,
axillary. Native of Jamaica, St. Chriftopher’s, Mont-
ferrat, Guadaloupe, &c.

ERO'TIA, a feftival in honour of Eros the god of
love. It was celebrated by the Thefpians every fifth year
with fports and games, w hen muficians and others con¬
tended. If any quarrels or feditions had arifen among the
people, it was then ufual to offer facrifices and prayers to
the god, that he would totally remove them.

ERO'TIC, adj. [e^wtikoj, Gr.] Treating of love. This
word is chiefly ufed in fpeaking of Greek novels, and
their authors.

EROTOMA'NI A, f. [from t?a>e, love, and y.cana., Gr.
madnefs.] That melancholy or derangement of the fenfes
which is the effedl of love.

ERO'TYLUS,/i [from ague, Gr. love.] A fpecies of
fungus refembling the erotium ; a flone fo called becaufe
it was formerly ufed in love charms and philtres.

ERPE'NIUS, or Erpen (Thomas), a learned writer
and oriental fcholar, born at Gorcum in Holland, in 1584.
He was fent to the univerfity of Leyden, when eighteen
years of age. After availing himfelf of the helps which
the univerfity of Leyden alforded, he travelled for further
improvement into England, France, Italy, and Germany.
In England lie became acquainted with the excellent Be¬
dell, who was a confiderable proficient in Hebrew, and
rabbinical learning. After fpending four years in foreign
countries, he returned to Holland in 1612, where he was
chofen profeflorof the Arabic and other oriental tongues,
in the univerfity of Leyden. In this fituation Erpenius
VOL. VI. No, 401.

ERR 009

difeharged the duties of his office with eminent ability
and reputation ; and foon after his appointment he fet up,
at a confiderable expence, a prels for the printing of works
in oriental literature. He was the author of various works,
publiflied during his life-time, and after his death, which
have defervedly given him a high reputation among orien¬
tal fcholars. The following is a lift of his valuable publi¬
cations : 1 . Annotations ad Lexicon Arabicum Francifci Raphe-
lengii, 1613, 4to. 2 . Grammatica Arabica, 1613, 4to. 3.
Proverbiorum At abicorum Centuri a II. Arabic e 63 Latinc , cum
Scholiis Jfephi Scaligeri 63 Tkoma Erpenii , 1614, 4to. 4.
Lockmanm Fabula 63 fclcEla quadam Arabian adagia, cum Inter,
pretatione Latina 63 Notis, 1615, Svo. 5. Novum TJlamcntum
Arabice, 1615, 4to. 6. Giarumia grammatica de centum Re.
gentibus, Jive Lingua Arabia parti 'culis, Arabice 62 Latinc , cum,
Notis, 1617, 4to. 7. Hijloria Jqfephi Patriarcha ex Alcorano,
Arabice , cum Verfione Latina & Notis, 1617, 4to. 8. Canones
de Literarum EVl apud Arabes Natura 63 Permutatione , 1618,
4to. 9- Rudimcnta Lingua Arabica, 1620, Svo. 10. Verfte
£2 Nota ad Arabicum Paraphrafm in Evangelium Joannis, 1 6 20,
8 vo. n. Grammatica Hebraa, 1621, Svo. 12. Orationcs
tres de Linguarum Hebrea atque Arabica Dignitate, 1621, Svo.
13. Pcntateuchus Mojis, Arabice , 1622, 4to. 14. Arcanum
punElatioms revelatum, 63c. 1624, 4to. 15. Elmacini Hijloria
Saracemca, 63c. 1625, folio. 16. Pfalmi Davidis, Syriace,
cum Verfone Latina, 1625, 4to. i~i.De peregrinatione Gallics,
utiliter injhtuenda Trabiatns, 1631, nmo. 18. Precepta. de
Lingua Gracorum Communi, 1662, Svo.

ER'PES, f. [from Gr. to creep.] The fhingles,
named from their gradually increafing till they creep as
it were round the body.

To ERR, v. n. \_erro , Lat.] To wander; to ramble :
The rains arife, and fires their warmth difpenfe ;

And fix’d and erring Ears dilpofe their influence. Dryden .
To mifs the right way ; to firay. — We have erred and
(frayed like loft (heep. Common Prayer. — To deviate from
any purpofe :

But errs not nature from this gracious end,

From burning funs when livid deaths defeend ? Pope.

To commit errors ; to miflake. — Do they not err that de-
vile evil. Prov. xiv. 22.

The mufes’ friend, unto himfelf fevere,

With filent pity looks on all that err. Waller.

ER'RA, a town of Portugal, in the province of Eftre-
madura, on a river of the lame name : twenty-two miles
fouth-eaft of Santarem.

ER'RA, a river which runs into the Latas, twelve
miles eaft of Salvaterra, in the province of Eftremadura.

ERRABA'RI, a town of Egypt, ten miles north-well
of Cairo.

ER'RABLE, adj. Liable to err ; liable to miftake.
ER'RABLENESS, f. Liablenefs to error; liablenefs
to miftake. — We may infer from the errablencfs of our
nature, the reafonablenefs of compaflion to the feduced.
Decay of Piety.

ERRAI'NE, a town of Egypt : two miles eaft of Tahta.
ER'RAND,/. [tepenb, Sax. arend , Dan.] A meftage;.
fomething to be told or done by a melfenger ; a mandate ;
a commiflion. It is generally ufed now only in familiar
language. — When he came, behold the captains of the
holt were fitting, and he laid I have an errand to thee, O
captain. Kings.

Nor doubt I, but the filver-footed dame,

Tripping from fea, on Inch an errand came. Dry din.

ERR AN'T, adj. \_errans , Lat. errant, Fr.] Wandering;
roving; rambling. Particularly applied to an order of
knights much celebrated in romances, who roved about
the world in fearch of adventures :

Chief of domeftic knights and errant ,

Either for chattel or for warrant. Hudibras.

Vile; abandoned; completely bad. See Arrant.

Thy company, if I flept not well

A-nights, would make me an errant fool. Ben Jonfon.

10 Y Deviating

010 E fi R

Deviating from a certain conrfe ;

Knots, by the conflux of meeting fap,

Infedt the found pine, and divert his grain.

Furtive and errant , from his conrfe of growth, Shahejtyeare.

ER'RANTRY, /. An errant date * the condition of a
wanderer.— After a fliort fpace of errantry upon the feas,
he got fafe back to Dunkirk. Addifon, — The employment
of a knight errant.

ER'RATA,yi [Lat.] The faults of the printer in-
ferted in the beginning or end of the book.' — If he meet
with faults, betides thofe that the errata take notice of,
he will confider the weaknefs of the author’s eyes. Boyle.

ERRA'TIC, adj. [ erraticus , Lat.] Wandering; un¬
certain; keeping no certain order; holding no eftablifhed
conrfe. This term is commonly applied to the planets
which are called erratic or wandering liars, in contradif-
tindlion to the fixed fiars ;

The earth, and each erratic world,

Around the fun their proper centre whirl’d,

Compofe but one extended vaft machine. Rlackmore.
Irregular; changeable. — They are incommoded with a
flimy mattery cough, ftink of breath, and an erratic fever,
Harvey.

ERRATICALLY, adv. Without rule ; without any
eftablifhed method or order.-— They come not forth in
generations erratically, or different from each other,' but
in fpecifical and regular fhapes. Brown.

ERRATUM,/. The Angular number of Errata.

ER'RHINES,yi [from Gr. the nofe.] Medicines
fnuffed up the nofe to promote a difeharge of the mucus.

ER'RIFF, a province of Africa, in the country of Fez,

ERRIP'SIS, f. [from e^tjrl «, Gr. to caft down.] A
proftration or lofs of ftrength.

ER'ROAD, a town of India, in the country of Coimbe-
tore : thirty-nine miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Damicotta, and
forty-eight north-eaft of Coimbetore.

ER'ROL, a town of the American ftates, on lake Um-
bagog, in tlie north eafternmoft fettled part of Grafton
county, New-Hampftiire, incorporated in 1774.

ERROMAN'GO, an ifland in the Southern Pacific
Ocean, and one of thofe called the New Hebrides, about
twenty-four leagues in circumference. Lat. 18. 47. S,
Ion. 169. 19. E. Greenwich.

F.RRONA'N or Tootoona, an ifland in the South
Pacific Ocean, and one of the mod eaftern of thofe called
the New Hebrides, about five leagues in circumference.

ERRO'NEOUS, adj. [from erro, Lat.] Wandering;
unfettled. — This circle, by being placed here, flopped
much of the erroneous light, which otherwife would have
difturbed the vifion. Newton.

Unblam’d abundance crown’d the royal board,

What time this dame rever’d her prudent lord ;

Who now, fo heav’n decrees, is doom’d to mourn,

Bitter conftraint I erroneous and forlorn. Ptpe.

Irregular; wandering from the right road. — If the vef-
fels, inftead of breaking, yield, it fubjefts the perfon
to all the inconveniences of erroneous circulation ; that is,
when the blood ftrays into the veffels deftined to carry
ferum or lymph. Arbut'inot. — Miftaking ; milled by error.
— Thou art far from deftroying the innocent with the
guilty, and the erroneous with the malicious. King Charles.
- — Miftaken ; not conformable to truth ; phyfically falfe.

. — The phaenomena of light have been hitherto explained,
by fuppofing that they arife from new modifications of
the rays, which is an erroneous fuppofition. Newton.

ERRO'NEOUSLY,arfw. Bymiftake; not rightly. — The
minds of men are erroneoujly perfuaded, that it is the will of
God to have thofe tilings done which they fancy. Hook.

ERRO'NEOUSNESS, f. Phyfical falfehoodj incon¬
formity to truth. — The phaenomena may be explained
by his hypothefis, whereof he demonftrates the truth, to¬
gether with the erroneoufnejs of ours. Boyle,

EUR

RR'RGR, f. [Lat.] Miftake; involuntary .deviation
irom truth. — Error is a miftake of our judgment giving
affent to that which is not true, Locke.

Oh, hateful error, melancholy’s child!

Why do* ft thou fhew to the apt thoughts of men,

The things that are not ? Shakefpeare,

A blunder ; an a£t or affertion in which a miftake is
committed:

In religion.

What damned error , but fome fober brow

Will blefs it ? • Shakefpeare ,

Roving excurfion ; irregular courfe :

What brought you living to the Stygian ftate ?

Driv’n by the winds and errors of the fea.

Or did you Heav’n’s fuperior doom obey ? Dryden.

[In theology.] Sin. — Blood he offered for himfelf, and
for the errors of the people. Heb. ix. 7,

ER'ROR, in law, fignifies fomething wrong in plead¬
ing or procefs ; whereupon a writ is brought for remedy
thereof, called a writ of error. This writ is a commiffion
to judges of a fuperior court by which they are authorifed
to examine the record, upon which a judgment was given
in an inferior court, and on fuch examination to affirm or
reverfe the fame, according to law. Jenk.Rcp.25. There
is alfo a writ of error to reverfe a fine, and which mu ft be
profecuted within twenty years by 10 & 11 Wil. III. c.14.
A writ of error to fome fuperior court of appeal is the
principal method of redrefs for erroneous judgments in
the king’s courts of record, having power to hold plea of
debt or trepafs above 40s. It lies for fome fuppofed
miftake in the proceedings of fuch court ; for, to amend
errors in a bafe court, not of record, a writ of falfe judg¬
ment lies. Finch L. 484. The writ of error only lies upon
matter of law, arifing on the face of the proceedings; fo
that no evidence is required to fubftantiate or fupport it,
there being no method of reverfing an error in the deter¬
mination of faffs, but by an attaint or a new trial, to cor¬
rect the miftakes of the former verdifl. If a writ of error be
brought to reverfe any judgment of an inferior court of re¬
cord where the damages are lefs than iol. or if it is brouglit
to reverfe the judgment of any fuperior court after ver¬
dict, he that brings the writ, or that is plaintiff in error,
nmft (except in fome peculiar cafes) find fubftantial bail ;
to prevent delays by frivolous pretences of appeal ; and
for fecuring payment of cofts and damages. 3 Jac. I. c. 8.
1 3 C/t. II . c. z. 16&17CLIT.C.8. 19 Geo. III. c. 70.

A writ of error lies from the inferior courts of record
in England into the king’s bench, and not into the com¬
mon pleas. Finch L. 4S0. And before 23 Geo. III. c. 28, it
lay from the king’s bench in Ireland to the king’s bench
in England. It likewife may be brought from the com.
mon pleas at Weftminfter to the king’s bench, and then
from the king’s bench the caufe is removable to the houfe
of lords. From proceedings on the law fide of the ex¬
chequer, a writ of error lies into the court of exchequer-
chamber, before the lord chancellor, lord treafurer, and
the judges of the courts of king’s-bench and common-
pleas ; and from thence it lies to the houfe of peers.
From proceedings in the king’s-bench in debt, detinue,
covenant, account, cafe, ejedlment, or trefpafs, originally
begun there by bill (except where the king is a party), it
lies to the exchequer-chamber, before the jiiftices of the
common-pleas and barons of the exchequer ; and from
thence alfo to the houfe of lords. z'jEliz. c. 8. But
where the proceedings in the king’s-bench do not firft
commence therein by bill, but by original writ fued out
of chancery, this takes the cafe out of the general rule
laid down by the ftatute ; fo that the writ of error then
lies without any intermediate ftage of appeal dire£lly to the
houfe of lords, the dernier refort for the ultimate decifion
of every civil attion. Cart/i. 180. Comb. 295. Each court
of appeal in their refpeftive ltagcs may, upon hearing the
a matter

E R S

Hf.atter of !avv jn which the error is affigncd, reverfe or
affirm the judgment of the inferior courts; but none of
them are final fave only the houfe of peers, to whofe ju¬
dicial decifion all other tribunals mult therefore fiubmit
and conform their own.

In criminal cafes alfo, judgments may be re verfed by
writ of error ; which lies from all inferior criminal juri.f-
diftions to the court of king’s-bench, and from king’s-
bench to the houfe of peers. It may be brought for noto¬
rious miftakes in the judgment or other parts of the re¬
cord : as where a man is found guilty of perjury and re¬
ceives the judgment of felony; or for other lefs palpable
errors, fuch as any irregularity, omiffion, or want of form,
in the procefs of outlawry or proclamations ; the want of
a proper addition to the defendant’s name, according to
the ftatute ; for not properly naming the ffieriff, or other
officer of the court, or not duly deferibing where his
county court was held : for laying an offence committed
in the time of the late king, to be done againfl: the peace
of the prefent; and for many other fimilar caufes, which
(though allowed out of tendernefs to life and liberty) are
not much to the credit or advantage of national juftice.

Thefe writs of error to reverfe judgments in cafes of
snifdemeanors, are not to be allowed of courfe, but on
fnfficient probable caufe ffievvn to the attorney general ;
and then they are underftood to be grantable of common
right, et ex debilo juflitiee. But writs of error to reverfe
attainders in capital cafes are allowed only ex gratia ; and
not without exprefs warrant under the king’s figu manual,
cr at lead by the confent of the attorney general. Tliofe
therefore can rarely be brought by the party himfelf,
efpecially where he is attainted for an offence againfl: the
date; but they may be brought by his heir or executor
after his death. But the eafier and more effeftual way,
is to reverfe fuch attainder by aft of parliament.

Error in the king’s-bench is thus profecuted : the cur-
Gtor of the county makes out the writ of error, from a
praecipe or copy of the declaration left with him j which
is to be allowed with the clerk of the errors, and a certifi¬
cate of the allowance of the writ muft be ferved on the
defendant’s attorney in error ; alfo the plaintiff's attorney
ia the aftion, is to procure an original to warrant bis
judgment; and warrant’s of attorney mud be filed and
bail put in, where required, See. And then the proceed¬
ings are by J'cire facias ad audiendum errores againd the plain-
tiff in the aftion, wherein judgment was obtained ; and
the writ of error being received by the Iheriff to whom
directed, he is to give notice to the plaintiff in error to
diew caufe why execution fhould not be on the judg¬
ment, and make a return to that purpofe ; then a rule is
to be given with the clerk of the rules for the plaintiff in
error to aflign his errors by fuch a day, which if he ffiall
not do before the rule is out, the plaintiff in the original
aftion may take out execution againd him.

If you would bring a writ of error in parliament to re¬
verfe a judgment in the king’s-bench, there mud be a pe¬
tition to the king for his warrant, which petition has the
allowance of the attorney-general, and then the king writes
on the top of it Fiat jufitia ; whereupon a writ of error is
made out by the clerkof the errors. And then thelordchief
judi.ee of the king’s-bench carries the record, and a tran-
feript thereof, up to the houfe of lords in full parlia¬
ment, and after they are examined there, leaves the tran-
feript with the lords, but brings back the record : and
this being done, the attorney for the defendant in error
gets fome lord to move that the plaintiff in error may af¬
lign his errors; but if for the plaintiff, motion is to be
made, that upon his affigning errors, the defendant may
appear and make his defence, and counfel be heard on
both ddes : then, after the judgment is either affirmed or
reverfed, the clerkof the parliament remands the tran-
feript of the record into the king’s-bench with the affir¬
mation or reverfal thereof, to be entered upon the record
of the faid court, which court, if affirmed, awards exe¬
cution, &c.

E R U QU

ERSE, adj. Old Scotch.— -Have you fee n the Erfc frag¬
ments, fince they were printed t Grafs Letters.

ERSE, a river of Germany, in the circle of Lower
Saxony, which runs into the Fuhfe, eight miles fouth
of Zelle.

ER'SILTON, orERLSTON, a town of Scotland, in the
county of Berwick : feven miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Lau¬
der, and twenty-eight weft of Berwick,

ERST, adv. \_erjl , Germ, aspyzit, Sax.] Firft:

Sir knight, if knight thou be,

Abandon this foreftalled place at erjl.

For fear of further harm, I counfel thee.

At fil'd ; in the beginning :

Fame that her high worth to raiie.

Seem’d erjl fo laviffi and profufe.

We may juftly now accufe

Ofdetraftion fro, a her praife.

Once ; when time was.:

As fignal now in low dejefted ftate
As erjl in higheft. Samfon Agonjles.

Formerly ; long ago :

The future few or more, howe’er they be.

Were deftin’d erjl, nor can by fate’s decree

Be now cut off. Prior.

Before; till then; till now. — The Rhodians, who erjl
thought themfelves at great quiet, were now overtaken
with a fudden mifehief. Knolles.

Opener mine eyes,

Dim erjl • dilated fpirits, ampler heart. Milton.

ER'STEIN, a town of France, in the department of
the Lower Rhine, and chief place of a canton, in the dif>
trift of Bcnfelden : three leagues fouth of Strafburg,

ER'TO DEL FERRO, a town of Italy, in the king¬
dom of Naples, and province of Calabria Citra : ten miles
weft of Umbriatico.

ERUBES'CENCE, or Erubescency,/-. \_erubcfcentiat
Lat.] The aft of growing red; rednefs.

ERUBES'CENT, adj. [ erubcj'cens, Lat.] Reddifh ;
fop.iowhat red ; inclining to rednefs.

ERU'CA,yi [from erugo, Lat. to make fmooth.] A
worm or caterpillar; fo called becaufe in moving it ex¬
tends and fmooths the wrinkles in the Ikiu. See Ento¬
mology, in this volume.

ERU'CA,y. in botany. See Arabis, Brassica, Bu.
nias, Cheiranthus, Erysimum, Sinapis, and Sisym¬
brium.

ERUCA'GO,/'. in botany. See Bunias and Reseda.

ERUCAS'TRUM, f. in botany. See Brassica,

To ERU'CT, or Eructate, v. a. [erndlo, Lat.] To
belch ; to break wind from the ftomach.

ERUCTA'TION, f. The aft of belching. — Belch;
the matter vented from the ftomach. — The figns of the
funftions of the ftomach being depraved, are emulations. ,
either with the tafte of the aliment, acid, inodprenjs, or
fetid. Arbuthnot. — Any fudden burft of wind or matter.—
Thermae, are hot fprings, or fiery eradiations ; fuch as
burft forth of the earth during earthquakes. Woodward.

E'RUDITE, adj. [ eruditus , Lat.] Learned, It often
conveys a fneer.- — Your Latin lefture is as good Latin
as the erudite Germans fpeak or write. Cheferjieid.

E'RUDITELY, adj. Learnedly. Scott.

ERUDI'TION, f. [eruditio, Lat.] Learning; know¬
ledge obtained by ftudy and inftruftion. — Some gentle¬
men, abounding in their tiniverfity erudition, fill their fer-
mons with philofophical terms. Swift.

ERVEDEI'RA, a town of Portugal, in the province of
Eftremadura : twelve miles north-north-weft of Leiria.

ERUG A'TION,_/i [e, from, and ruga , Lat. wrinkles.]
The aft of clearing any thing from wrinkles. Scott.

ERU'GINOUS, adj. \_<erugino[us, Lat.] Partaking oi
the fubftance and nature of copper. — Copperas is a rough
and acrimonious kind of fait, drawn out of ferreous and

eruginouc

Spcnfen

Milton ,

S)1C

E R V

eruginoui earths, partaking chiefly of iron and copper; the
blue of copper, the green of iron. Browne.

ER'VINE, a townfhip of the American States, in On-
tario county.

ERUNCA'TION,^ A weeding or pulling up of weeds.

ERUP'TION, y. [ truptio , Lat.J The aft of breaking
or hurtling forth from any confinement. — Finding them-
felves pent in by the exterior earth, they preffed with
violence againft that arch, to make it yield and give way
to their dilatation and eruption. Burnet. — Biirft ; emiffion;
fomething forcing itfelf out fuddenly.- — In part of Media
there are eruptions of flames out of plains. Bacon. — Sudden
cxcurfion of an hoftile kind:

Thither, if but to pry, thall be perhaps
Our firfl eruption, thither or elfewhere ;

For this infernal pit fhall never hold

Celeflial fpirits in bondage. Milton.

Violent exclamation. — To his ferretary lie would, in the
abfence of all other ears and eyes, break out into bitter
and paflionate eruptions. Wotton. — Efflorence; puftules. —
Unripe fruits are apt to occaflon foul eruptions on the fkin.
Arbuthnot.

ERUP'TIVE, adj. [eruptius, Lat. 3 Burfting forth :
’Tis liftening fear, and dumb amazement all,

When to the flartled eye the hidden glance
Appears far fouth eruptive through the cloud. Thomfon.

ERUPTU'RIENT, adj. Apt to break forth ; ready to
break forth. Cole.

ER'VUM,y [of Pliny; from the Greek ogo/3o;, chang¬
ing 1 3 into v, as from (3tce, vis, from @uo, vivo, from fioo-y.u,
ve/cor.'] The Tare, or Lentil; in botany, a genus of
the clafs diadelphia, order aecandria, natural order of
papilionaceae or leguminof®. The generic charadlers are —
Calyx : five-parted, length of the corolla ; divifions linear,
vcuminate, nearly equal. Corolla: papilionaceous; ftand-
ard flat, {lightly reflex, roundifli, larger; wings obtufe,
fhorter by half than the ftandard ; keel fhorter than the
wings, acuminate. Stamina: filaments diadelphous (Am¬
ple and nine-cleft), rifing; antherse Ample. Piftillum :
germ oblong ; ftyle Ample, rifing; ftigma obtufe, beard -
lefs. Pericarpium : legume oblong, obtufe, columnar,
knotty with the protuberant feeds. Seeds: four. This
genus differs from Vicia in the fiigma alone. — EJJential
ChardEter. Calyx five-parted, the length of the corolla.

Species, i. Ervum lens, or flat-feeded tare or common
lentil : about two flowers on a peduncle, feeds compreffed,
convex. The lentil is an annual plant, and the lead of
the pulfe kind which is cultivated. It rifes with weak
,ftalks a foot and a half high, having pinnate leaves at
each joint, compofed of feveral pairs of narrow leaflets,
terminated by a tendril, which flip ports it by fattening
about fome other plant. The flowers come out on fhort
peduncles from the Tides of the branches ; they are fmall,
of a pale purple colour, and three or four together. Le¬
gumes fhort and flat, containing two or three flat, round,
feeds, a little convex in the middle. The flowers appear
in May, and the feeds ripen in July. Grows wild in the
corn-fields of France and Germany, the paftures of Car-
niola, and the vineyards of the Valais. It is cultivated
cither as fodder for cattle, or for the feeds, which are
ufed in lotips. Thefe are commonly eaten by the poorer
fort in fome iflands of the Archipelago, and other warm
countries. The contempt, however, in which they are
held is apparent from the proverbial expreflions, Dives
JaCtus jam defnt gaudere lente ; and mira de lente. The cul¬
tivation of this pulfe does not l'eem to have been of very
long (landing in England : for Gerarde fays, “ thefe pulfes
(great and little lentils) do grow in my garden (1596) ;
and it is reported unto ine by thofe of good credit, that
about Watford in Middlefex (Hertford(hire), and other
places of England, the hulbandnten do low them for their
cattle, even as others do tares.

E R W

2. Ervum tetrafpermum, or fmooth tare: about tvm
flowers on a peduncle ; feeds globular, four in a legume.
Root annual. Stems in open places (lender, weak, and
much branched ; but among corn fupporting themfelves
by tendrils to a foot or more in height; two-edged and
inclining to four-cornered. Legumes perfe&ly fmooth,
inclining to cylindric, and containing four feeds, nearly
globular, brownifii mottled with black. According to
Scopoli, there are fometimes five feeds in a legume; and
Mr. Woodward remarked a variety near Cambridge, in
which the legumes contain, five, fix, or feven, feeds,
very rarely four. The Item was low and extremely
branched. Thefe differences could not proceed from
luxuriance of foil, as the fpot where it grew was remark¬
ably dry gravel. This fpecies is found in mod corn¬
fields, clinging to the corn, and if the feafon favours its
growth, fometimes quite overcoming it.

3. Ervum hirfutum, or hairy tare : peduncles many-
flowered ; feeds globular, two in a legume. Annual.
Stems weak, much branched, climbing, quadrangular,
ftreaked, from one to two feet high. Eafily diftinguiflied
from the foregoing ; the leaves not being pointed as in
that, but truncate; the ftipules divided into many more
fegments; the flowers, and confequently the legumes,
growing- in a kind of duffer. . It is deftrudlive to corn,
being Wronger and more prolific. In wet feaforis whole
crops are overpowered by this plant. Yet this and the
preceding may be eafily deftroyed, if they are cut up
when they begin to flower.

4. Ervum folonienfe, or fpring tare : about two flowers
on a peduncle awned, petioles acuminate, leaflets obtufe.
Flower fmall, reddiffi. Legumes (lender, an inch in length,
with three or four minute hexaedral feeds in each. It is
diffinguiffied by its earlinefs, the tenuity of its parts, and
the lhape of its feeds. It appears at the clofe of winter,
in negledled paftures, in France. Linnaeus thinks that
it is allied to Lathyrus angulatus. Cultivated in Chelfea
garden in 1739 > it flowers in April and May.

5. Ervum monanthos, or one-flowered tare or lentil :
peduncles one-flowered. Larger than lentil, climbing by-
means of bifid or trifid tendrils. It is annual ; and, ac¬
cording to Linnaeus, the leaflets convolute. Native of
Ruffia, and the county of Nice. Near Herborn in Ger¬
many, among lentils. It flowers from May to July.

6. Ervum ervilia, or officinal tare: germs naked and
plaited, leaves unequally pinnate. This is an annual plant,
rifing with angular weak ftaiks, having at each joint one
pinnate leaf, compofed of fourteen or fifteen pair of leaf¬
lets, like thofe of the vetch, but narrower. The flowers
come out, in June, from the fides of the (talk, on pedun¬
cles an inch long, each fuftaining two pale-coloured flow¬
ers, which are fucceeded by fhort pods a little compreffed,
each containing three or four feeds. Native of France,
Italy, and the Levant.

Propagation and-Culture. The feeds of lentils are com¬
monly (own in March, where tiie land is dry, but in moift
ground April is the belt time. The ufual quantity of
feed allowed to an acre is from a bufhel and a half to two
bufliels. If thefe are fown in drills in the fame manner
as peafe, they will fucceed better than when they are
fown broad caff : the drills ffiould be a foot and a half
aliinder, to allow room for the hoe to clean the ground
between them ; for if weeds be permitted to grow, they
will foon ftarve the lentils. See Sophora.

ER'VY, a town of France, and principal place of a dif-
trift, in the department of the Aube: feventeen miles
fouth of Troyes, and twelve north of Tonnerre.

ER'WASH, a river of EngFand, which rifes in the
county of Nottingham, and ahnoft in its whole courfe fe»
parates that county from Derbyfliire, and falls into the
Trent, four miles fouth-weft of Nottingham.

ER'WITE, a town of Germany, in the circle of the
Lower Rhine, and duchy of Weftphalia ; five miles fouth.
of Lippftadt.

GENERAL

I yw ]

GENERAL INDEX.

ABDALLAH, cntrufted with the com¬
mand in Africa, befieges Tripoli, 316 3
his fuccefs, 317.

Abdalrachman caliph of the weft, 321.
Abercrombie, fir Ralph, lands at Aboukir,
33<5; gains the battleof Alexandria, but re-
ceivesa mortal wound, 337; his death, 338.
Aboukir bay and lake, 363 3 ruins, 364.
Abydus, 358.

Achmin, ruins of, 359.

Acoris. king of Egypt, 297.

Acre befieged by the crufaders, 323 ; taken,
324; the Chriftians deftroyed, 3273 at¬
tacked by Fonaparte and defended by fir
Sidney Smith, 333.

Adlifanes, king of Egypt and Ethiopia, 293.
Aded, the laft caliph of Egypt, 320.

Africa, its conqueft projefted by Othman,3i6;
fuccefies and reverfesof Akbah and Haflan,
317 ; ruled by the caliphs of the weft, 318.
Akbah’s expedition into Africa, 317.
Alexander Jannaeus, king of the Jews, 306.
Alexandria, 290; the library burnt, 309;
how treated by Diocletian, 3145 taken by
Amrou 5 taken and plundered by Bona¬
parte, 329 ; attacked by the Englifli and
Tuiks, 335; battleof, 3363 fiege of by
Gen. Hutchinfon, 341 ; taken, 342; ac¬
count of the old city, 364; the pool,
harbour, Pompey’s pillar, and Cleopatra’s
needle', 365.

Ali Bey the Great, 328.

Amafis, king of Egypt, 295.

Amer, caliph of Egypt, 319.

Ammofis, 193.

Amrou invades Egypt, 314; his narrow ef-
cape, 315; takes Alexandria, ibid 3 his
adminiftration, 316.

Amyrtaeus, king of Egypt, 297.

Antinoe and Befa, ruins of, 359.

Antony with Cleopatra at Tarfus, 310; at
Alexandria, 311 ; bis war with Oftavius,
312; defeated at Adtium, and betrayed by
Cleopatra, ibid, kills himfelf, 313.
Apollinopolis Magna, 353 5 Parva, 356.
Aphroditopolis, 358.

Apries, or Pharaoh Hopkra, 295.

Araba, valley of, 346.

Arabia, a province of Lower Egypt fo called,
363.

Arabs, modern, 380.

Archelaus marries Berenice queen of Egypt,
307 ; defeated and killed, 308.
Ariftomenes, a faithful minifter, put to death,
302.

Arfinoe, daughter of Ptolemy Soter, 299,
Asfun, a village, 353,

Afiuan, or Syene, 330, 353, 355.

Afychis, king of Egypt, 294.

Aziz, caliph of Egypt, 318; another Aziz,
fultan of Egypt, 325.

Bagdad, the feat of the caliphs, 318.
Barabras, a peculiar people, 380.

Barkuh, firft fultan of the Borgite mama-
lukes, 327.

Bedouin Arabs, 380, 381.

Bees, curious particulars concerning, 387.
Beliard, Gen. defeats Ofman Bey at Benhute,
3303 take6 Coflir, 331.

Vol. VI. No. 402.

EGYPT.

Beneadi, maflacre there, 343.

Benefech, the ancient Oxyrinchus, 3 60.

Berenice, made queen of Egypt in the abfence
of her father, 307; put to death by him,
308.

Beys of Egypt, formerly mamalukes, 328 ;
feventeen of them murdered, ibid, more of
them murdered, 325.

Bibars, fultan of Egypt and Syria, 326.

Biindnefs frequent in Egypt, 387.

Bocchoris, king of Egypt, 294.

Bonaparte lands at Alexandria, 329 ; which
he takes, ibid, and Rofetta, ibid, gains the
battle of the pyramids, ibid, enters Cairo,
ibid, takes and plunders Jaffa, murders the
garrifon, and poifons his own fick, 331,
344 5 returns to Cairo, to fettle a govern¬
ment for Lower Egypt, 331 ; his civil in-
ftitutions, 3323 quells an infurrediion at
Cairo, ibid, befieges Acre, 33 3 3 afiifts at
the battle of mount Tabor, ibid, defeated
before Acre, 334 ; returns to Cairo, 333 ;
gains a great vidtory over the Turks near
Alexandria, and then embarks for France,
ibid, refledlions on his expedition to Egypt,
343-

Boundaries, extent, and divifions, of Egypt,
289.

Bubaftus, a province of Lower Egypt, 363.

Burlbai, fultan of Egypt, 327.

Bufiris, king of Egypt, 292.

Caefar, Julius, his reception in Egypt, 309 ;
fettles Cleopatra on the throne, 310 3 re¬
forms the calendar, 374.

Cairo, or the Town of Vidtory, 3 14 ; taken
by Bonaparte, 329 3 re-taken by Gen.
Hutchinfon, 341 5 defeription of it from
Denon, 362.

Cairoan, a city in Africa, 317 ; dreadful bat¬
tle near that place, 318.

Caliphs of Egypt, 314-320 5 luxury and ef¬
feminacy occafion their fall, 321.

Cambyfes king of Perfia, fubdues Egypt, 296.

Camels and other cattle of Egypt, 387.

Canopus, ruir.s of, 364.

Cephrones, king of Egypt, 293, 371.

Chemmis, or Panopolis, 359.

Chenubis, a city of Egypt, 356.

Cheops, king of Egypt, 293 5 his monument,
361 ; impiety, 371.

Cleomenes, king of Sparta, 301.

Cleopatra, widow of Ptolemy Philome tor, mar¬
ries his brother Phyfcon, 304; raifed to the
throne, 305 ; expelled, ibid, raifes Alexan¬
der to the throne, 306 ; her death, ihid.

Cleopatra II. 308 ; expelled 309 ; reftoredby
Caefar, ibid, her connexion with Mark An¬
tony, 310 ; her behaviour at Jerufalem,
311 ; her treachery 312 ; endeavours to
gain Odtavius to her purpofe, 3135 her
death and charadler, 314.

Cleopatra’s Needle at Alexandria, 363, 378.

Cneph, an Egyptian deity, 354.

Conrad of Montferrat, defends Tyre againft
Saladin, 323 ; murdered there, 324.

Contra-Latopolis, 353;

Coptos, or Keft, 356, 357.

Curiofities, Egyptian, taken from the French
by the Englifli, 384.

10 Z

Damietta repeatedly taken during the cru-
fades, 323 j deferibed, 363,

Davalta, a village, 346.

Davouft, Gen. takes and plunders Beneadi,
336-

Delta, formation of that ifland, 366.

Dendera, or Tentyra, 357.

Denon, the only hiilorian of Upper Egypt,
346 ; his account of the Egyptian mum¬
mies and burial-places, 351 ; of the fefti-
val on Mahomet’s birth-day, 381.

Defaix, general, commands the French if!
Upper Egypt, 329 5 engages Mourad Bey,
ibid, worlds him a fecond time, and takes
Syene, 330; on his return towards Cairo,
gains the battle of Birambar, 3 31 ; finilhes
the war with fuccefs in Upper Egypt, 336 ;
the extent of his march, 355,

Djezzar, pacha of Egypt, 332 5 affifted in the
defence of Acre by fir S. Smith, &c. 333.

Dio the philofopher murdered, 308.

Diocletian, his feverity in Egypt, 314.

Diofpolis Parva, 358.

Doyle, brigadier-general, takes a convoy be¬
longing to the French, 339.

Duodecemvirate in Egypt, 294; dilTolved by
Pfammetichus, 295.

Edko, a lake recently formed, 363.

Edward I. of England, his exploits in Egypt,’
326.

Egypt, ancient biftory of, 289-298 ; from
Ptolemy Soter, till reduced to a Roman
province, 289-314 ; governed by caliphs,
314-321 ; governed by fultans, 321-325 5
the Mamaluke fultans, 325.327; becomes
fubjedt to the Ottoman empire, 327 ; and
governed by a pacha, 328 ; invaded by the
French, 329 ; delivered by the Englifh,
332 ; curiofities and antiquities, 346 ; ig¬
norance of the prefent race of Egyptians,
357 ; conjedtures as to the firft inhabitants,
369 ; religion, 370 ; government and lan¬
guage, 371; hieroglyphics, 372, 376;
antiquity as a nation, 373 ; knowledge of
the fciences, ibid, meafure of time, 374 3
the arts, ibid, buildings, 375, 383 j fculp-
ture, 376; pyramids, obelilks, and fphinxes,
377 i prefent inhabitants, 378; religious
feftivals, 381; females, 382; manners,
and prefent government, 383 ; language,
money, climate, & c. 384; foil and pro¬
duce, 386 ; cattle, fruit, anddifeafes, 3875
natural produdtions, 388.

El-Hanka, battle of, 340.

Elephantina, ifland of, 353.

Embalming, how performed, 352, of the
ibis, 370.

Efneh, in Upper Egypt, 352 ; zodiac found
there by Defaix, 374.

Etfu, or the city of Apollo, 353.

Ezzed-din Moaz, the firft Mamaluke fultan,
326.

Franks, to whom this name was applied, 322;
driven out of Syrria, 323; and Egypt, 326-

Fry’s Egyptian alphabets, 373.

Gantheaume, part of his fquadron taken by
the Englifli, 340; and afterwards the re¬
mainder, 341.

Gebe) Silfilis, quqriics of, 355.

Giige^

914

Girge, tlie capital of Upper Egypt, 358.

Gizeh, where Memphis formerly flood, 362.
GnephaCtus king of Egypt, 294.

Greeks driven from Upper Egypt, 315; their
prefent ftate in Egypt, 380.

Guedime, a village near Thebes, 34.8.

Hafed caliph of Egypt, 319.

Haken caliph of Tgypt ; a remarkable in-
furreCtion in his reign, 319.

Heliopolis, the Turks defeated there by the
French, 3355 a province of Lower Egypt,
363.

Heraclius, the Roman emperor ; Egypt fub-
dued by the Saracens under his reign, 315;
his death, 356.

Hermontes and its temple, 348 ; its croco¬
diles, 3 56.

Hermopolis Magna, 359.

Hieraconpolis, ruins of, 353.

Hieroglyphics, an enquiry into their nature,
372, 376.

Kutchinfon, major-general, fucceeds fir
Ralph Abercrombie in Egypt, 338 ; takes
Rofetta,. ibid, takes Rahmanieh and a
convoy of provisions, &c. 339 5 his inter¬
view with the grand-vizier, 340; takes
Cairo, 341 ; and Alexandria, which puts
an end to the war, 342 ; reftores the go¬
vernment of Egypt, 345.

J.ffa taken by Bonaparte, and the garrifon
murdered, 331, 334.

Ibis, the facred bird, why embalmed, 370.
Ibrahim Bey, 328 ; attacks the French near
Cairo, 335 ; now the fecond perfon in the
government of Egypt, 383.

Jerufalem taken from the crufaders, by
Afdal for the caliph of Egypt, 319; reign
of the Chriftians deftroyed by Saladin,
322; ceded to the Chriftians, but foon
loft again, 325.

Jews, how treated by Ptolomy Philopator,
301 ; their deliverance, 302; build a
temple in Egypt, 304 ; again perfecuted,
305 ; prefent ftate, 380.

Inarus king of Lybia, made king of Egypt,
296 ; his death, 297.

Invincible ftandard taken at the battle of
Alexandria, 337.

Jofeph farms the taxes paid by the Jews to
Egypt, 300.

Jofephus, his erroneous account of the kings
of Egypt, 290.

Jfis, the Egyptian female deity, 370, 372.
Kalil, fultan of Egypt, 326 j drives the
Chriftians from Acre, 327.

Kamel fultan of Egypt, 325.

Kamfm, or deftroying wind, 384.

Karnak, a village in Upper Egypt, 348.
Keneh, in Upper Egypt, 357.

Kittah, a curious fpring, 358.

Kleber fucceeds to the command of the
French army in Egypt on Bonaparte’s
defertion, 335; makes a treaty, which
the Englifh break, ibid, gains the battle
of the Pyramids, 335 j murdered at Cairo,

. SSG-

Kurnu, a tillage near Thebes, 349.
Labyrinth near Arfinoe, 360.

Laniiffe, French general, killed at the battle
of Alexandria, 337.

Latopolis, or Efneh, 352.

Louis IX. of France, at the head of the 6th
crufade, 3255 taken prifoner, and ran-
fomed, 326; undertakes the 7th crufade,
ibid, his death, ibid.

Lower Egypt, 290 j its bufferings during Bo¬
naparte’s expedition, 343 ; not fo rich in
curiofrties as Upper Egypt, 346; divided
into three provinces, 363.

Lufignan king of Jerufalem, defeated and
taken prifoner, 322; releafed, and under¬
takes the fiege of Acre, 323.

GENERAL INDEX.

Luxor, a village near Thebes, 347, 373.
Lycopolis, or City of Wolves, 289, 359.
Magas king of Lybia and Cyrene, rebels
againft Ptolemy Philadelphus, 299.

Mahadi, his extravagance, 320.

Mahadie or Aboukir lake, 363.

Malek Salah, fultan of Egypt, 325.
Mamalukes firft gain power in Egypt, 326 ;
Circaftian or Borgite mamalukes, 327 ;
the heads of them now called beys, 328 j
firuggle to regain their power, ibid, their
prefent ftate, arms, &c. 379.

Manufcript, a very curious one found by
Denon, 349, 372.

Mareotis, lake, 364.

Medinct-abu, near Thebes, 349.

Memnomium and its ftatues, 350.

Memphis, 290, 292, 314, 360.

Mendes king of Egypt, 293.

Menes the firft king of Egypt, 291.

Menou fucceeds to the command of the
French army in Egypt on the murder of
Kleber, 336 ; joins the reft of the forces
at Alexandria, ibid, defeated, 337.

Middle Egypt, 290.

Mirage, an optical illufton, 386.

Mreris, a famous lake, 362.

Moaz, of the African dynafty of the Fati-
mites, reduces Egypt, 318.

Mohammed Bey Elfi, 328.

Moktador, caliph of Egypt, 321.

Monftanzor caliph of Egypt, 319; a dread¬
ful famine in his reign, ibid.

Morocco founded by Yuffuf, of the African
dynafty of the Marabuts, 320.

Moftali caliph of Egypt, 319.

Mourad Bey, 328 ; defeated by Bonaparte
near Gizeh, 329 ; and by Defaix near Se-
dinon, ibid, retreats, 330; totally reduced
by Defaix, 336; his death and character,
338 ; his palace at Gizeh, 362.

Muftapha Pacha defeated by Bonaparte, 335.
Mycerinus king of Egypt, 293.

Nagadi and its ruin, 358.

Natron lakes, 386.

Nebuchadnezzar’s victories in Egypt, 295.
Nechus, or Necho, king of Egypt, 295
Necropolis, the City of the Dead, 350.
NeCtanebis king of Egypt, 297 ; fate of
NeCtanebis II. 298.

Nelfon, admiral, deftroys the French fleet in
Aboukir-bay, 331.

Nephereus king of Egypt, 297.

Nepherotes, the laft of the Mendefian race,

297-

Nicotris, or Nicaule, or Nitocris, 291, 292.
Nile, river, firft called Egyptus, 293, 367,
385 ; battle of the, 332.

Nilometer, 353, 354, 367.

Nilus king of Egypt, 293.

Oafes, iflanos, 2S9, 386.

Octavius (Caefar), his war with Antony and
Cleopatra, 312; refufes Antony’s chal¬
lenge, and withftands Cleopatra’s charms,
3 13 ; reduces Egypt to a Roman province,
314.

Omar, caliph, undertakes the conqueft of
Egypt, 314; his clemency to Alexandria,
315; but orders the library to be de¬
ftroyed, 3 16.

Ombos, or Com-Ombos, 355.

Ommiades, 3205 the extent of their empire,
32.1.

Ofymandias and his monument, 292, 350.
Ofyris, the Egyptian deity, 370, 372.
Oxyrinchus, 360.

Pachas appointed governors of Egypt, 328 ;

their power declines, ibid.

Panoplis, or Achmin, 359.

Paris and Helen, true hiftory of, 293,-
Paufiris king of Egypt, 297.

Pelufium, the_key of Egypt, 294, 363.

Perfians fuhdue Egypt, 296 ; which fre¬
quently revolts, 297; completely fubjcCt-
ed, 298.

Phanifa, or Arabja, 363.

Pharaoh, the common but not exclufive
name of the kings of Egypt, 290 ; the ten
Pharaohs mentioned in Scripture, 291.
Pharos, a famous tower, 298, 365.

Pheron, or Sefoftris II. 293.

Phellippeaux, a French officer, 333.

Philoe, in Upper Egypt, 343.. 354-
Plague, caufes of, 387, 388.

Pompey, murdered in Egypt, 309 ; his
(fuppofed) pillar at Alexandria,. 365, 378.
Proteus, or Cetes, king of Egypt, 293.
Pfammenitus king of Egypt, 29C.
Pfamnretichus, 294 ; becomes king of Egypt,
295, 297.

Pfammis king of Egypt, 295.

Ptolemais, 318.

Ptolemy Alexander, king of Egypt, 306;
the Second, 307.

Ptolemy Auletes, 307; his infamous beha¬
viour, and death, 308.

Ptolemy fon of Auletes, confents to the
murder of Pompey, 309 ; diow-ned, 310.
Ptolemy Epiphanes, king of Egypt at five
years of age, 302 5 puts his kingdom un¬
der the protection of the Romans, ibid,
poifoned, 303.

Ptolemy Euergetes king of Egypt, 300; his
death, 3or.

Ptolemy L.rgus, or Soter, the firft king of
Egypt after the Perfians were expelled,
298.

Ptolemy Lathurus king of Egypt, 305; ex¬
pelled, but return^, 306 5 his exploits
againft the Jews, ibid, his death, 307.
Ptolemy Philadeiphus king of Egypt, 298;
fends ambaffadors to Rome, 299 j his at¬
tention to commerce, ibid. his death and
character, 300.

Ptolemy Philometor king of Egypt, 303 3
his deatlr and character, 304.

Ptolemy Philopater king of Egypt, 301; his
death and character, 302.

Ptolemy Phyfcon, joint king with Philome-
ter, 303 ; his conduCt before and after his
brother’s death, 304; dies, 305.

Pyramids, battle of, 329 ; a defeription of
them, 360, 361, 377.

Rahmanieh taken by Gen. Hutchinfon, 339.
Rhampfinitus king of Egypt, 293.

Richard I. king of England joins th* cru¬
fade, 323 5 takes Acre, Csfarea, and
Jaffa, 324; makes a truce with Saladin,
ibid, returns home to die, 325.

Roize, French general, killed, 337.

Rofetta taken by Bonaparte, 3295 re-taken
by Gen. Hutchinfon, 3385 when built,
363.

Sabbaco, a blind king, 294.

Saccarah, pyramids of, 360.

Saladin firft diftinguilhes himfelf in Egypt,
320; his parentage, 321 j fultan of Egypt,
322 j takes Tiberias and Jerufalem, ibid,
his clemency, 323 ; repulfed before Tyre,
ibid, his death and character, 325.

Selim II. emperor of the Turks, fubdues all
Syria and Egypt, 327.

Selim III, is joined by Great Britain for the
puroofe of driving the French out of Egypt,
322.

Sennacherib’s expedition againft the Jews,
294.

Sefoftris king of Egypt, 292 ; his victories,
and death, 293.

Sethon, king and prieft, 291, 294.

Shepherd kings, 369, 370.

Siut, formerly Licopolis, 359.

Smith, fir Sidney, his early hiftory, 3325

defends Acre againft Bonaparte, 333.

Sofinis,

Sofinis, a village in Upper Egypt, -353.
Solyman the Legislator, emperor of the
Turks, fettles the government of Egypt
by a pacha, 328
Sphinxes and ofcelifks, 377.

Sultans govern Egypt, 321-327.

Syene in Upper Egypt taken by the French,
330; taken and retaken, 331 ; its ruins, 353.
Tachos, king of Egypt, 297.

Tentyra, or Berbeh, 357; the zodiac and
planifphere, 357, 3 5 8 j the temple, 357, 375.

A IR always eledliified, 431 ; a non-con-
. dudtor, 432.

Amber, the firft known eledlrical fubftance,
4_°7 ■

Animal eledlricity, or galvanifm, principles
of, 433; experiments, of Volta, Carlifle,
Nicholfon, 434, 435 ; proved identical
with common eledlricity, 437, 438 ; ex¬
periments of M. Bichat, 438,439 ; fim-
ple combinations, 442 5 decompofes wa¬
ter, 444 j and o'her fluids, 445 ; medical
eft'edts, ibid, in palfies, deafnefs, & c, 446 ;
Wilkinfon’s pradtice, 447 ; experiments
on dead bodies, 448.

Animal magnetifm, 434.

Apparatus, eledlrical, 410; galvanic, 434.
Battery-, eledtrical, 412 ; defcribed, 413 ;
galvanic, 435 ; combination of, 443 ; to
regulate the flrock from, 444.

Eeccaria’s experiments in eledlricity, 408,
Bells, eledlric, 1, 413.

Boyle’s aifcoveties in eledlricity, 407.
Canton’s experiments with the Leyden phial,
4115 his eledlrometer, 4x4
Cavallo’s experiments with theLeyden phial,
413; his eledlrometer, 414 j experiments
on the air, 43 1.

Cavendifh, Mr. his mathematical demonftra-
tions of eledlricity, 4C9 ; his explanation
the adtion of points, 428.

Charcoal a good condudtor of eledlricity and
galvanifm, 442 ; the belt medium for the
deflagration of metals, 445.

Condenfor, invented by Volta, 421 ; im¬
proved by Cavallo, 422
Condudtor, or prime condudlor of an eledlri-
cal machine, 410, 425.

Condudtors diftinguilhed from eledtrics, 407,
408, 425 5 lift of condudtors and non-con-
oiidtors, of eledlricity, 426 4 of galvanifm,
440 j condudtors for lightning, 432.
Coulomb’s eledlrometer, 4x8.

Cruiklhank’s improvement on the voltaic
pile, 443.

Cuthbertfon’s large eledtrical machine, 410 3
his electrometer, 414.

Deafnefs cured by galvanifm, 446, 447.
Del'aguliers, Dr. his difcoverits in eledlricity,
408 J his thread of trial, or eledlrometer,
414

Diicharging-rod, 412.

Du Faye, 407 3 difcovers the vitreous and
refincus eledlricities, 408.

Eledlric fubftances, fucceflively difcovered
by Thales and Theopraltus, Gilbert, Boyle,

ABERCROMBY, Gen. commands the
Bombay army againft Tippoo Saib,
776; ferves in the Helder expedition, 7925
killed in Egypt, 337, 795.

Addington, Henry, made fpeaker of the

ENERAL INDE?

Thebes and its hundred gates, 290, 346,
347 ; its temple, 348.

Timaus, Egypt fubdued by marauders in
his time, 292 .

Toman Bey, the laft of the Egyptian fultans,
3-27-

Touron Shah, fultan of Egypt, 325 ; takes
the king of France prifoner, 326; mur¬
dered by the Mamalukes, ibid.

Typhon and Ifis, a curious tradition of,

’367.

ELECTRICITY

&c. 407 ; diftinguilhed from non-eledlrics
or condudlors, 407, 408 ; two eledlric
fluids, 408, 425 ; Mr. Ruflell’s dodlrine,
423; M. du Faye’s and Franklin’s, 425;
eledlric fluid the fame with lightning, 43 1 3
eledtrical fifties, 433.

Eledlricity, its firlt difcovery, and fucceflive
improvement by -Dr. Gilbert, Mr. Boyle,
Otto Gueriche, Dr. Wall, Sir I. Newton,
Hawkelbee, Grey, and Du Faye, 407;
Defaguiiers, Ludolph, Watfon, Franklin,
Canton, Beccaria, and Dr. Prieftley, 408 ;
the true theory, 4^9 ; medical and ma¬
thematical, ibid, fyftematical ftatement
of its phenomena, 425-434; analogy be¬
tween it and magnetifm, 434 3 identical
with galvanifm, 434.

Eledlrometers, feveral kinds, 414-419.

Eledtrophorus, invented by Volta, 417.

Franklin, Dr. difcovers the identity between
eledlricity 2nd' lightning, 408 ; his ex¬
planation of the phenomena of the Leyden
phial, and conftrudlion of a battery, 412 3
his eledtrical kite, 413 ; his pofitive and
negative, or plus and minus, eledlricity,
423, 427.

Frogs, much ufed in galvanic experiments,
433 ; how to prepare, 440.

Galvanifm, or animal eledlricity, 433-448 3
Wilkinfon’s application of to medical pur-
pofes, 447 : in fufpended animation, 448.

Galvanometer or galvanifcope, 440, 445.

Gilbert, Dr. his early difcoveries, 407.

Grey, Mr. difcovers the difference between
condudlors and non-condudlors, &c. 407,
408 .

Gymnotus eledtricus, the eledtrical eel, 433.

Hauch’s balance eledlrometer, 415 3 experi¬
ments of his, 431.

Hawklbee’s improvementsof eledlricity, 407.

Henley’s experiments on condudling fub-
ftances, 409 ; his luminous condudlor,
410 ; his quadrant eledlrometer, 414.

Infulation explained, 424.

Kite, eledtrical, 413.

Lane’s eledlrometer, 410, 4x4.

Lawfon’s difeharging eledlrometer, 416.

Leyden phial difcovered, 408; defcribed, 411 ;
Monnier’s and Franklin’s difcoveries, 412;
Cavallo’s experiments, 4x3 j other experi¬
ments, 430, 431.

Lightning identical with eledlricity, 431 ;
how to fecure buildings from, 431, 432.

Ludolf, firft fets fire to inflammable fub¬
ftances by eledlricity, 408.

E N G L A N Do

houfe of commons, 773 ; prime minifter,
793 ; retires with honour, 796.

Adrian builds a wall from the Eden to the
Tyne, 541.

Agincourt, battle of, 609.

915

LTchoreus, places the feat of government at
Memphis, 292.

LTpper Egypt, the war fuftained there by
Defaix againft Mourad Bey 329 ; Mou-
rad reduced, and honourably treated, 336}
blood fpilt there, 343 ; antiquities and
curiofities, 346.

Zobeir, an adlive general of the Saracens,
316 ; his extraordinary modefty, 317.

Zodiac and planifphere at Tentyra, 357,
358, 374 ; at Efneh, 374.

Machines, eledtrical, 4ro; the grand Tey-
Jerian machine at Haeilem, 4x1.

Magnetifm and animal magnetifm, 434.

Medical eledlricity, 409 ; galvanic, 445-
447-

Metals, deflagration of, 436; oxydation,
443; plates of, for galvanic experiments,
444; to llrike their oxyds upon paper,
445-

Newton, fir Ifaac, difcovers that eledlric at-
tradlion and repulfion penetrates glafs, 407.;
left the difcovery imperfedt, 425.

Nerves, arming or coating of, for galvanic ex¬
periments, 440.

Nicholfon andCarlifle’s galvanic experiments.,
43 5-

Points , adlion of, 409, 426, 427; not per-
fedtly underftood by Franklin, 427 j ac¬
counted for by Cavendilh, 428.

Poles of eledlricity, 426.

Prieftley’s difcoveries, 408; his machine, 41a.

Returning firoke, firft difcovered by earl
Stanhope, 432.

Richman, proftffbr, kT lied by lightning from
his own eledlrical battery, 431.

Rubber of the machine, 410,

Ruffel’s dodlrine of the eledlric fluid, 423.

Shock, eledlrical, 408,431; to communi¬
cate to any part of the body, 411 3 its
force, 430.

Single eledlric fluid demonftrated, 430.

Spark, eledlrical, its effedts, 425.

Silver and zinc, the bed galvanic combina¬
tion, 440 3 filver how difcoloured by eat¬
ing eggs, 442.

Torpedo, its eledlrical properties, 433.

Volta, his eledtrophorus, 419 ; his conden-
fer, 421 3 demonftrates that eledlricity and
galvanilm are the fame, 434 ; his appara¬
tus and galvanic experiments, 434, 435,.
436 ; on a feries of metals, 443; his
moto-eledlrical apparatus, 444.

Wall, Dr. obferves the fimiiarity between
eledlricity and ligntning, 407.

Water, decompofition of, by the voltaic pile,
435 5 by common eledlricity, 436 ; Dr.
Wollafton’s method, 444 ; water, or other
fluid, in galvanic experiments, adts not as
a condudlor, but by oxydating the metal,
443-

Watlon and Franklin make a fimiiar difeo-
very, 408 ; his experiments on the Ley¬
den phial, 41 1.

Wollafton on the identity of the galvanic
and eledlric fluids, 436,

Agitators, a fort of armed parliament, 676,
Agricola, his proceedings in Britain, 540. \
Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 720.

Alban’s (St.) battle of, 616; fecoxid battle
of, 617.

Aledlusj.

916

A!eftu9, his Ihort reign,, and death, 542.
Alfred, his glorious reign, 5495 death and
chara&er, 551 ; firft divided England into
fhires and counties, 797.

America, North, operations there againft the
French, 721; Louiibourgh and fort Du
Quefne taken, 724 ; forts Niagara, Crown
point, and Ticonderago ; Quebec, and all
Canada, 725 ; ftamp-a£l palled, and re¬
pealed, 737; duties on tea, 738, 741,
746 ; afiifted by the French, 747 j inde¬
pendence acknowledged, 770.

Amiens, peace of, 795.

Anne of Cleves, Henry VlII.’s fourth wife,
639 ; divorced, 640.

Anne, queen, fecond daughter of James II.
married, to prince George of Denmark,
691 ; fucceeds William III. on the throne
of England, 701 ; declares war againft
France, ~C2 j fupports Charles againlt
Philip king of Spain, 704; unites the
parliament of Scotland with that of Eng¬
land, 705; adopts a t'ory miniftry, and
difplaces the duke of Marlborough, 707 ;
peace of Utrecht, 708; death of Anne, 709.
Anfelm, archbilhopof Canterbury, 564, 566.
Anfon, commodore, commands a fquadron
againft the Spaniards, 7 1 ; ; his fuccefs, 715.
Antoninus’s wall from the Forth to the
Clyde, 541. . ,

Argyle, earl of, condemned in the reign or
Charles II. 6S9 ; duke of, joins in Mon¬
mouth’s rebellion againft james II. which
cods him his life, 691.

Armada, preparations for, 658 ; defeated,
659-

Army, Handing, under Charles II. 684; de¬
clared illegal, 688 ; vote of the commons
for dilbanding, 700 ; how governed at
prefent, 801.

Arteveld, a brewer of Ghent, J97.

Arthur, prince of the Silures, 545.

Arthur, nephew to king John, is murdered
by him, 578.

Arthur, fon of Henry VII. marries Catha¬
rine of Arragon, and dies foon after, 630.
Athelftan, king of England, 352.

Atterbury, biihop of Rochefter, bar.iihed for
favouring the pretender, 713.

Aughrim, battle of, decides the fate of Ire¬
land, 698.

Auguftine, St. fent by pope Gregory to re-
ftore Chriftianity in Britain, 546 j his
great fuccefs, 547.

Babington’s confpiracy, 655.

Bacon, lord Verulam, 665.

Baliol, John, king of Scotland, 588 ; his
banifhment, and death, 589.

Bank ftcps paying cadi, 787.

Bannockburn, battle of, 593.

Barnet, battle of, 620.

Barton, Elizabeth, an impoftor, 638.

Becket, a very troublefome prieft, 5 7 x ; pro-
te£ts a murderer, 571 ; is himfelf mur¬
dered, 572 ; Henry II. does penance at his
tomb, 574.

Bedford, duke of, protedlor during the mi¬
nority of Henry VI. 610; his great fuc¬
cefs in France, 61 1 ; his charadler (hines
. in adverfity, 612 ; dies, after condemning
Joan of Arc to the flames, 613.

Belleifle, conqueft of, 728.

Benbow, admiral, his bravery and unfortu¬
nate end, 702.

Bertram de Gourdcn (hoots Richard I. with
an arrow, 577 3 his heroic behaviour, and
hard fate, 588.

Bill of rights, 696.

Bifhops fent to the Tower, tried, and acquit¬
ted, 693.

Blake, admiral, oppofed to Van Tromp,68 J ;
.to the Spaniards, 682,

GENERAL INDE X.

Blenheim, battle of, 703.

Boadicea, her cruel fate, 540-
Boleyn, Anna, gains the affedtions of Henry
VIII. 635 ; is married to him, 637; the
king’s jealoufy, 638 ; beheaded, 639.
Bonaparte firft diftinguifhed in the recovery
of Toulon, 779 ; his numerous vidtories
in Italy, 786 ; forces the emperor into a
peace, 788 ; changes the government of
Venice and Genoa, 788 ; takes Malta, and
goes to Egypt, 790 ; fuddenly returns,
and overturns the French government, and
is declared firft conful, 792; gains the
battle of Marengo, 793 ; emperor of the
French, 796.

Bofworth, ba’.tle of, 624, 625.

Botany- bay, or Port Jackfon, fettlement at,
V72.

Bothwell, earl of, 6yo; fufpedted of the
murder of lord Darnley, but is acquitted,
and recommended to Mary for a hufband,
651; he feizes her by force, and perfuades
her to marry him, 652 ; dies, after con-
fefling Darnley’s murder, ibid.

Boyne, bittle of, 698.

Braddotk’s unfortunate expedition, 72 T.
Bridport, lord, defeats the French, and takes
three (hips of the line, 783.

Bruce, Robert, (labs the regent of Scotland,
and is crowned king, 591; his fuccefl'es,
592 ; gains the battle of Bannockburn,
593-

Bruce, David, defeated and lofes bis crown,
596 ; taken prifoner, and brought to Lon¬
don, 598.

Erunfwick, duke of, his foolilfi manifefto,
and retreat, 777.

Buckingham, duke of, afiifts Richard III. in
ufurping the- throne, 622, 623; revolts
and is beheaded, 624; his fon beheaded,
634.

Burke, Mr. his reform-bill, 767.

Byng, admiral, (hot for negledl of duty, 722.
Cade, John, the (lory of his infurredtion, 61 3.
Calais, narrative of the (iegeand furrenderof,
599 ; taken by the French in the reign of
Mary, 648.

Caledonii diftindt from the Scottii, 536 3
faid to have been cannibals, 542.

Campo Formio, treaty of, 788.

Canute king of Denmark becomes king of
England, 555.

Cape of Good Hope, taken by admiral El-
phinftone, 784; fleet for the relief of the
fame furrenders, 785.

Caradtacus king of the Silures, 539 ; defeat¬
ed, and earned to Rome, 540.

Caraufius becomes emperor of Britain, 541 ;
his death, 542.

Carr, earl of Somerfet, 663 ; he and his
countefs condemned, and pardoned, 664.
Carthagena, fruitlefs attempt againft, 715.
Catharine of Arragon, married to Arthur,
and afterwards to his brother, Henry VIII,
630 ; affair of the divorce, 635-637.
Catharine Howard, Henry VIII. ’s fifth wife,
beheaded, 640.

Catharine Parr, fixth wife of Henry VIII.
640 ; marries lord Seymourafter the king’s
death, 642 ; dies in childbed, 643.
Cavaliers and roundheads, 671.

Cefar, Julius, fends to reconnoitre the ifland
of Britain, 536 ; lands, and defeats the
Britons, S38 ; quits the ifland; his ac¬
count of the Aborigines, 539.

Charadlers of the kings of England, See. —
Alfred, 551 ; Edward the Confeflor, 557;
William the Conqueror, 562 ; William
Rufus, 565; Henry I. 568; Stephen,
570; Henry II. 575; Richard I. 578;
John, 581; Henry III. 581, 586; Ed¬
ward I. 592; Edward II. 595; Edward

III. 601 ; Richard II. 606 ; Henry IV.
6o3 ; Henry V. 610; Henry VI. 617;
Edward IV. 622; Richard III. 625 ; Henry
VII. 631 ; Henry VIII. 641 ; Edward VL
645 ; Mary, 648 ; Mary queen of Scots,
657; Elizabeth, 661 ; James I. 666 ;
Charles I. 679; Charles II. 690; James*
II. 696 ; William I If. and Mary II. 7013
Anne, 709; George I. 713; Georj$&.Il.
726.

Charles VII, of France, his forlorn (Ituation
at his father’s death, his talents, 6 r 1 ;
faved by the maid of Orleans, and crown¬
ed at Rheims, 612 ; makes the treaty of
Arras, and recovers Paris, 613 ; and the
reft of his dominions, 614.

Charles I. of England, his journey to Francs
and Spain while prince of Wales, 665 ;
fucceeds ’nis father James I. on the throne,
and becomes very unpopular, 666 ; levies
(hip money , and makes war againft France,

667 ; makes peace with France and Spain,

668 ; arms againft the puritans of Scot¬
land, 6693 calls the long parliament, 670;
his concefiions to the parliament, but at
length takes up arms, 672 ; his declara¬
tion, l'uccefsful in the firft campaign, calls
a parliament at Oxford, 673 ; worfted at
M3rfton-moor, 674; defeated at Nafeby,
and furrenders himfelf to the Scots, 675 ;
fold by them to the parliament, and im-
prifoned, 676 ; feized by the army, ibid,
efcapes, but only changes his prifon, 677 ;
his trial and execution, 678 ; charadter,
679.

Charles II. his irkfome (ituation in Scotland,
his army defeated at Dunbar and at Wor-
cefter, and he becomes a fugitive, 680 ;
efcapes to France, 681 ; returns to Eng¬
land, and afeends the throne, 684 ; his
ingratitude to his adherents, war with
Holland and France, treaty of Breda, 685 ;
war with Holland in alliance with France,
636 ; makes peace with the Dutch, which
is followed by a general peace, 687 ; plots
at home, 687, 688 ; his arbitrary pro¬
ceedings,. 689 ; more plots, his death and
character, 690.

Charles-Edward Stuart, the young preten¬
der, lands in Scotland, gains the battle
of Prefton-pans, and proclaims his father,
718 ; defeated at Culloden, 719 ; efcapes
to France, 720.

Cheyt Sing, rajah of the Benares, 759 ; how
treated by Haftings, 760 ; depofed, and
robbed of all his property, 761.

Cheviot-hills, battle of, 632.

China, embafly to, 782; fplendid, but fruit¬
lefs, 783.

Civil war, in the reign of Charles 1. 672.

Clarendon, lord, prime-minifter of Charles
II. 684; difgraced 685; retires to the
continent, ibid.

Claudius fubdues many parts of Britain, 539;
his clemency to Caradtacus, 540.

Clive, lord, his treachery and rapacity, 345 ;
vindicates his conduit, kills himfelf, 346.

Coalition adminiftration, 770.

Combat fingle, the ancient mode, 604.

Commonwealth of England, 680.

Conftantine divides Britain into three pro¬
vinces, 542.

Conftantius fubdues Britain by a fingle bat¬
tle, 542.

Coote, major-general, his unfortunate expe¬
dition, 790.

Copenhagen-found, battle of, 794.

Cornwallis, lord, made governor-general in
India, 771; his judicious meafures, 774;
takes Bangalore, invefts Seringapatam, and
figns a peace, 776 ; gives teftimony Is fa¬
vour of Haftings, 779 3 fent to quell the
rebellion

rebellion in Ireland, 7895 figns the peace
of Amiens, 795.

Corfica. annexed to the Brilifli crown, 7S0;
abandoned, 785.

Cranmer gains the king’s favour by the af¬
fair of the divorce, 636 5 pleads for Crom¬
well, 640; attends Henry VJ1I. in his
laft moments, 641 ; favours the reforma¬
tion 642 ; put under arreft, 646 ; his
apo'ffacy, repentance, and death, 647.
Crecy, battle of, 598.

Croifades firft fet on foot, 564 ; the fecond,
575 3 in which Richard 1. king of Eng¬
land, diftinguifhes himfelf, 576.
Cromwell, Thomas, fecretary of ftate, 637 ;
ordered to infpedt the mnnafteries previous
to their difiolution, 638 ; his difgrace,
<139 ; beheaded, 640.

Cromwell, Oliver, his intention of emigrat¬
ing, 669 ; gains the battle of Marfton-
moor, 674; preferves his commifiion,
not with (landing the felf-denying ordinance,
and gains the battle' of Nafeby, 673 ; made
commander in chief, 676 ; fupprefies the
levellers, and defeats the Scots, 677 ; re¬
duces the Irilh, and defeats the Scots at
Dunbar and Worcefter, 680 ; declares war
againft the Dutch, and turns out the rump
parliament, 681 ; declared protedior, 682 ;
bis death, 683.

Cromwell , Richard, declared protedior, but
retires to private life, 683.

Crofby and Oliver, aldermen, fent to the
Tower, 744

Culloden, battle of, 7 19.

Dampierre, general, his death, 777.

Danby, lord-treafurer, his imprudent con-
dudl, 087 ; impeached, 688.

Danes invade England, 548; and make a
fettlement,- 549 ; fubdueil by Alfred, 530 ;
extend their ravages in the time of Ethel-
red II. 554 ; a general maffacre of them,
ibid, obtain the crown of England, 553;
few remains of Danifh antiquities, 797.
Darnley, lord, married to Mary queen of
Scots, caufes Rizzio to be murdered, 630 ;
is blown up in his houfe, 651.

Davidfon, fecretary to queen Elizabeth, 636 ;
ruined for obeying and pleafing his fove-
reign, 657.

Der wentwater and other rebel lords exe¬
cuted, 71 1.

Dettingen, battle of, 717.

Domingo, (St.) troubles occafioned there by
the French revolution, 781 5 the Englifh
interfere, but are unfuccefsful, 782 ; the
Spanifh part ceded to the French, 7843,
becomes an independent black republic
under Defl'alines, 796.

Doomfday-hook, 361.

Drake, admiral, his exploits againft the Spa¬
niards in the Weft-Indies, 635.

Dudley, earl of Warwick, defeats an infur-
redlion in Norfolk, becomes, duke of Nor¬
thumberland, accufes the protedior of high
treafon, 644 ; gets the fuccefiion fettled
upon his daughter-in-law, Jane Grey,
645 ; beheaded, 646.

Dugommier, republican- general, 778; kil¬
led, 780.

Dumblaine, battle of, 710.

Dumourier, general, commands the French
army againft the duke of Brunfwick, but
defects the republican caufe, and flies,
777-

Duncan (admiral, afterwards lord), defeats
the Dutch, 788.

Dunflan, a troublefome prieft, 352.

Eaft-India Company, ftate of their affairs,
740, 744 ; rapacity of their fervants,
Vot, VI. No. 402,

GENERAL INDEX,

743 ; lketch of their government, 753 ;
Mahratta war, 756; did not countenance ail
the violence and rapacity of Haftings, 761,
763 ; war with Hyder Ali, 764; order W.
Haftings to be depofeJ, 7643 make peace
with the Mahrattas, 765; and with Tippoo
Saib, ibid, heads of Mr. Fox’s bill, Mr.
Pitt’s, and Mr. Dundas’s, 771 ; their affairs
improved by lord Cornwallis, 774 ; war
with Tippoo Saib, 776 ; peace, ibid, war in
which Tippoo is killed, and his dominions
partitioned, 791 ; trade and territory up
to the end of the year 1803, 803.

Edgar king of England, his gallantries,
553 j praifed by the monks, his death,

554- ■

Edgar Atheling waves his right to the
crown, 339 ; his After marries the king of
Scotland, 360.

Edge-hill, battle of, 673.

Edred and Edwy, kings of England, 332.
Edmund king of England, inftitutes capital
puniftiments, 532.

Edmund Ironfide, 554 ; his death, 555.
Edward the fon of Alfred, 551.

Edward the Martyr, 354.

Edward the Confeflor, 356.

Edward I. fon of Henry III. fupports his fa¬
ther againft the barons, 584 j his fuccefs,
583 ; joins the crufade, returns, and is
crowned king, 586 3 efcapes being mur¬
dered, reforms abufes, conquers Wales,
587 ; receives homage of the king of
Scotland, 388 ; models the parliament,
and confirms Magna Charta, 589 ; gains
the battle of Falkirk in Scotland, 590;
dies, leaving the conqueft of Scotland
. unfinifhed, 591; his character, 592.

Edward II. his favourites, 592, 593 3 defeat¬
ed at Bannochburn, and circumfcribed in
his power at home, 393 ; civil wars on ac¬
count of his favourites, 394 ; depofition,
and death, 395.

Edward III. his martial fpirit, 595 ; afiumes
the government, gains the battle of Hali-
down-hill in Scotland, and lays claim to
the crown of France, 396 ; his various
fuccefs on the continent, 397 3 gains the
battle of Crecy, 598 ; takes Calais, 399;
his death and character, 601.

Edward the Black Prince, fon of Edward III.

597 ; defeats the French army at Crecy,

598 ; gains the battle of Poidliers, 599;
his extraordinary modefty, 600 ; gains the
battle of Najara, 601 ; his death, ibid.

Edward IV. fon of Richard duke of York,

617 5 gains a great viftory at Towton,

618 ; marries Elizabeth Grey, and quells
fome infurredtions, 619 ; flies to Holland,
but returns, and gains the battle of Bar-
net, 620 ; finally defeats his enemies at
Tewkelbury, 6213 his cruelty, diffipa-
tion, indolence, and death, ibid, his cha-
radter, 622.

Edward, fon of Henry VI. murdered, 621.
Edward V. fonof Edward IV. fent witii his
brother to the Tower, 622 ; where they
are both murdered, 623.

Edward VI. fon of Jane Seymour, 639 ;
afeends the throne, 642 ; his death and
charadler, 645.

Egbert, king of Weflex, 347; reduces all
the other kingdoms of the heptarchy, and
is crowned (firft) king of England, 548 ;
his death, 549.

Eleanor, queen of Henry II. poifons his mif-
trefs and encourages his children to re¬
volt, 373 3 put in confinement, 574 ; re¬
leafed, 576; carries her foil’s ranfom over
to Germany, 577.

11 A

917

Elfrida, married to Ethelwald and Edgar,
S53 ; caufes king Edgar to be murdered,
554-

Elgira, her beauty and misfortunes, 552.
Elizabeth, queen, daughter of Anna Boleyn,
declared a baftard, 639 ; her illegitimacy
confirmed, 646 ; her perilous fituation
during the life of queen Mary, 647 3
afeends the throne, refufes to marry her
fifter’s widower Philip, completes the re¬
formation, quarrels with Mary of Scots,
and favours the reformation in Scotland,
649 ; refufes to acknowledge Mary’s right
of fuccefiion, 650 ; will not admit Mary
into her prefence, 652 ; keeps her in con-
. finement, 653; afiifts the Dutch, 6543
breaks oft’ the marriage treaty, abolifhes
torture, defeats more plots, 655 ; figns
the warrant for the execution of Mary
queen of Scots, 656 ; her hypocrify, and
cruel treatment of fecretary Davidfon,
657 ; prepares to refift the Spanifli armada,
638 ; feizes Leicefter’s goods, 659 3 fends
an expedition againft Spain, ibid, obliged
to condemn her fecond favourite, 660;
her death and charadler, 661.

Elliot, governor of Gibraltar, made lord
Heathfield, 7-0.

Empfon and Dudley, two corrupt minifters
of Henry VII. 630 ; executed, 63 1.
England, extent and population, 528 3 rivers
and lakes, mountains and hills, 529 3
woods, and fruits, 530; cattle, birds, and
fi(h, 5315 minerals, 5325 coafts and
fhores, 532-534; dependent ifles, 3343
ancient inhabitants, and its feventeen
ftates at the Roman invafion, 535 ; fend
ambafiadors to Julius Cefar, 536 ; general
charadler of the inhabitants at that time,
537 ; Cefar lands, and gains feveral ad¬
vantages, 538 ; fucceffes of Plautius, 539;
entirely fubjedted to the Romans, 540;
becomes a maritime power under Carau-
fius, 541 ; again in fubjedlion to the Ro¬
mans, 5423 finally relinquifhed by them
in the time of Honorius, 543 ; the Saxons
called in to repel the Pidts, 544 ; Saxon
heptarciiy, 545 3 Egbert, firft king of
England, 548 ; invaded by the Danes,
549 ; who are fubdued by Alfred, 550 j
again under the Danes, 555; conquered
by William duke of Normandy, 558;
under the Plantagenets, 575 ; delivered
from a French invafion, 603 ; under the
houfe of Eancafter, 605 ; of York, 618 ;
of Tudor, 6253 of Stuart, whereby the
two crowns are united, 661 3 declared a
republic, 68 1 ; houfe of Stuart reftored,
684 ; the revolution brought about by
William of Naflau, prince of Orange, 696 ;
Scottifh union, 705; the houfe of Guelphs
or Brunfwick, 709; Irilh union, 7923
remains of antiquity, 796 ; ancient geo¬
graphy, 797; and hiftorical epochs, 798;
conftitution, ibid., religion, army, and
navy, 800 ; commerce and manufadlures,

803 ; exports and imports, cuftoms, &c.

804 5 rental, debt, and revenue, 805 ;
income and expenditure, Sou ; manners,
fcience, and climate, 807 ; chief towns,
and national charadter, 808.

Efl'ex, earl of, his rife and fall. 660 3 exe¬
cuted, fc6i ; his characier, and the ftory
of the ring, 662,

Efiex, earl of, commands the parliament- ar¬
my, againft Charles 1. 673 ; refigns, 675 3
found with his throat cut, 68o.

Ethelbald, and Etbelred, 549.

Ethelred II. a weak prince, 554,

Ethelwolf, king of England, 549.

Eugene,

0 IS- I

Engffrie, (Srtric? , tfls with the duke of Marl¬
borough at Blenheim, 703 ; his fruitlefs
attempt upon Toulon, 705 ; his ill-fuc-
cefs after the recal of Marlborough, 708.

Euftatia taken and retaken, 766.

Excife propofed by fir Robert Walpole, 714 ;
made permanent by lord Bute, 735,

Exeter, bilhop of, beheaded by the mob,
59 4.

Fairfax, a parliament general, 675 ; refigns,'
68 o.

Falkirk, battle of, 590; another, 719.

Falkland Iflands, affair of, 743.

Felton, an Irifii officer, kills the duke of
Buckingham, 668.

Feilwick, fir John, unlawfully put to death,-
699» 7°°-

Feudal law eflablifhed in England by Wil¬
liam the Conqueror, 560 ; farther con-
fidered, 579.

Fleurus, battle of, 780.

Fontenoy, battle of, gained by the French,
7>7-

Fox, Charles James, a lord of the treafury,
744 j his coalition with lord North, 770 ;
his India bill and himfelf thrown out, 771 ;
propofes to make the prince of Wales re-
gent, 773 ; fpeaks in favour of peace, or at
lead of defining the objedl of war, 779.

Frederic the Great, king of Pruffia, his va¬
rious fuccefs in alliance with the Englifh,
723 ; expoftulates with George II. 724 ;
gains two viflories, relieves Leipfic, and
takes Brellau, 725; at length makes
peace, 73 5-

Frederic duke of York, his operations 3gair.fi:
the armies of the French republic, 7775
takes Valenciennes, but fails before Dun-
kirk, 778 ; further operations, 779 ;
forced to retreat, 780, 782 ; his expedi¬
tion to Holland, 791.

Galleons, or regilter-fhips, taken from tha
Spaniards, 715, 734,

Gafcoigne, an upright refolute judge, 608.

Gaveftone, Piers, Edward II. ’s favourite,
592, banifhed, recalled, and beheaded, 593.

Geoffrey, the Child of Perdition, 575.

George I. fucceeds queen Anne, 709 ; en¬
courages the whigs, the beginning of his
feign difturbed by the pretender, 710;
refules to pardon the rebel lords, 711 ;
the quadruple alliance, war and peace
with Spain, 712; his death and charac-

. ter, 7 1 3-

George II. fucceeds his father, 71!}.; war
with Spain, ibid, continental war, in de¬
fence of the queen of Hungary, 7x6 ;
heads the army, and gains the battle of
Dettingen, 717; France declares war,
ibid, attempt of the young pretender de¬
feated, 718; treaty of general peace at
Aix-la-Chapelie, 720; foon goes to war
again with the French, 721 3 makes a
treaty with the emprefs of Ruffia, 722 ;
with the king of Prufiia, 723 ; his death
and character, 726.

George III. fucceeds his grandfather, 727 ;
his firft addrefs to the parliament, his
marriage, ibid, declares war againft Spain,
732 ; the civil lift fettled, ibid, fends aid
to Portugal, 733; makes peace with
France and Spain, 7343 war with Ame¬
rica, 747 ; and France, 748 ; and Spain,
749 ; and Holland, 753 ; makes a gene¬
ral peace, 770 ; attacked by Margaret
Nicholfon, 772; makes treaties of com¬
merce, ibid, his illnefs, and recovery, 773 ;
receives a letter from the king of trance,
776 ; war declared againft him by the re¬
public of France, 777 ; publishes a deda-

GENERAL INDEX

ration, 779 ; makes peace with the French
as cleftor of Hanover, 784 ; attacks the
Dutch in the Eaft and Weft Indies, 785 ;
endeavours to negociate a peace, 786 ; at
war with Spain, 787 ; another fruitlefs
negociation, 788; lhoc at by Hadfield,
79s ; completes the union of Great-Bri-
tain and Ireland, ibid, changes his minif-
try, 793; and makes peace, 795; again
at war, ibid.

Geofge prince of Wales born, 734 ; waves
his right to the regency, 773.

Gibraltar taken from the Spaniards, 704 ; at¬
tempts to recover it, 704,713, 752; im-
menfe preparations for its reduction, 769 ;
effe&ually relieved, 770.

Ginckle, general, completes the redu&ion of
Ireland for king William, 698.

Godwin, duke of Weffex, 555 3 bis intri¬
guing charadler, and death, 556.

Gordon, lord George, 751 j acquitted on the
charge of high treafon, 752-

Gratian, emperor of the Weft, his death,

543 ; Gratian king of Britain, ibid.

Greenville, fir Richard, his extraordinary

boldnefs, 659.

Grey, lady Jane, 645 5 reigns queen of Eng¬
land for ten days, 646 ; beheaded, with
her hufband and father, 647.

Guadaloupe, taken and loft, 781..

Guernfey, 534.

Gunpowder-plot, deterfted by James I. 662.

Halidown-hill, battle of, 596.

Hampden, John, withftanda the payment
of fhip-money, 669 ; his death, 673 ;
his grandfon enters into a plot againft
Charles II. 689; heavily fined, 690.

Hanover taken by the French, 796.

Hardicanute king of England, 553.

Harfleur taken by ftorm, 609.

Harold Harefoot, 355.

Harold, fon of Godwin, his behaviour during
the life of king Edward, 556 ; crowned
king by the nameof Harold I 557 j lofes
his crown and life, 558.

Haftings, battle of, 558.

Haftings, Mr. his proceedings when firft
made governor-genoral of Bengal, 753 3
his reafons for the Rohilla war, 754 ;
aifregard of treaties, 7575 receives large
prefents from Cheyt Sing, 759 ; his
grateful return, 760 ; his treatment of
the nabob of Oude, 767 ; and of the be¬
gums, 762 ; refolutions againft him in
England, 764; refigns, and is impeached,
766 3 returns to England, and is heard at
the bar of the houfe, 771 ; his trial, 772,
773> 774. 775> 779 1 concluded, 783.

Havannah, capture of, 733.

Helder, expedition to the, 791.

Hengift and his Saxons fettle in Britain,

544 ; he conquers Kent only, 545 ; his
death, 546.

Henrietta of France, married to Charles I.
of England, 665,6; brings reinforcements
to the king from Holland, 679.

Henry I. fecond fon of William the Con¬
queror receives his patrimony in money,
362; reduced to poverty by his two bro¬
thers, 564; becomes king of England,
365 ; marries the nieceof Edgar Atheling,
566; conquers Normandy from his bro¬
ther, 567; lofs of his fon, ibid, his own
death, and charafler, 568.

Henry II. furnamed Plantagenet, fon of Ma¬
tilda, fucceeds to the crown, 570 ; correfts
many abufes1, his quarrels with Becket,

57 1 ; fuppofed to have inftigated Becket’s
murder, 572 ; conquers Ireland, 573 ; his
fons rebel againft him, 374 ; does penance

»t BecketV tomb, ibid, makes a difgraee-
ful treaty, and dies; his chara&er, 575.

Henry fon of Henry II. crowned in his fa¬
ther’s life time, 573; rebels againft him,
574 ; his death, 575.

Henry III. fon of king John, crowned king
at nine years of age, 581 ; his capricious
and imprudent behaviour, 582 ; renews
Magna- Charta, 383 ; his authority fuper-
feded, by Montfort earl of Leicefter and
the mad parliament, ibid, taken prifoner
by Leicefter, 584; liberated, 5853 hie
death, and charadter, 58s.

Henry IV. while earl of Hereford, challenges
the duke of Norfolk, and is banifhed, 604 ;
becomes duke of Lancafter, and king of
England, 603 ; infurredtions againft him,
606, 607 ; gains the battle of Shrewfbury,
defeats another infurred!ion,and perfecotes
the Wickliffites, 607 3 his death and
charadter, 6c 8.

Hienry prince of Wales, and Henry Percy
furnamed Hotfpur, 607.

Henry V. his behaviour while prince of
Wales, 607, 608 3 crowned, ibid, takes
Harfleur, and gains the battle of Agin-
coua t, 609 ; couquers France, and. dies ;
his charaAer, 610.

Henry VI. proclaimed king of France as
well as of England, 610 ; fuccefs of his
armies in France during his minority, 61 r 3
Joan of Arc turns the tide againft them,
612 ; he is married to Margaret of An¬
jou, 613 ; his weaknefs, 614; taken pri-
loner by the duke of York, 616 ; taken,
and retaken; and at length dethroned,
617; confined in the tower, 619; libe¬
rated and again imprifoned, 620 , his
death, 621.

Henry VII. while earl of Richmond, lands
in England, and lays claim to the crown,
624; gains the battle of Bofworth, and is
crowned king, 625 ; marries the heirefs
of the houfe of York, and fo unites tha
two houfes, ibid, defeats Lambert Simnel,
626 ; is difturbed by another impoftor,

627 ; and by infurre&ions in Cornwall,

628 ; pardons the Cornifh rebels twice
puts Warbeck to death, and the unfortu¬
nate earl of Warwick, 629 ; his wife po«
licy, 630 ; his death and character, 631.

Henry VIIL married at twelve years of
age to Catharine of Arragon', widow of
his brother Arthur, 630; afeends the
throne, 631 ; his befieging expedition,
632 ; makes Wolfey prime minifter., 633;
his -interview with the king of France,
634 j defends the church of R,ome againft
Luther; requires to be divorced from
his queen, 635 ; difgraces Wolfey, and
takes Cranmer into favour, 63d ; marriee
Anna Boleyn, and declares himfelf head
of the church, 637; proteftants and pa-
pifts perfecuted and burnt, 637, 639,
640, 641 ; fupprefles the monafteries,
fets forth the bloody ftatule, falls in love
with Jane Seymour, 638 ; marries Jane,
and afterwards Anne of Cleves, 639 ;
divorces Anne, and marries Catharine
Howard, fhe is beheaded, and then lie
marrie* Catharine Parr, 640; his death,
will, and character, 641.

Hexham, battle of, 618.

Honorius, the Roman emperor, advifes the
Britons to provide for their own fafety,
543-

Hood, lord, takes poffeffion of Toulon,
which he is forced to abandon, 778,

Hotham, admiral, takes two fhips, and lofes
one, 783 j another a&ion, 784.

Howard ,

Howard, fir fid ward, his unfortunate death,

6 3 2.

Howe, lord, commands the fleet for the
relief of Gibraltar, 769; defeats the
French fleet on the firft of June, 781.

Hubert de Burgh, minifter to Henry III,
581 ; difgraced, 58a,

Humber river, -529.

Humbert, French general, lands in Ire¬
land, but is defeated, and his whole party
made prifoners, 789.

Hyder Ali, a formidable enemy of the
Englilh in India, 764 ; h.is death, 765.

Jamaica takeo from the Spaniards, 682 j
the Maroons quelled, 785.

James I. hi3 political behaviour while king
of Scotland only, 6555 in vain endea¬
vours to lave his mother’s life, 657 9
will not join the Spaniards againft Eng¬
land, 658; marries Anne of Denmark,
659 ; crowned king of England upon the
death of Elizabeth, 662 j detefts the
gonpowder-plot, improves the govern¬
ment of Ireland, lofes his eldeft fon,
promotes an unworthy favourite, 663 j
another favourite, 664 ; hated and de-
fpifed, 665 ; his death and charafter,
666.

James II. married to Anne Hyde, daughter
of lord Clarendon, 684; commands the
fleet againfl: the Dutch, 685, 636; de¬
fends the caufe of Clarendon, 686 ; per¬
fected by Shaftefbury, 648 ; bill for his
exclufion, thrown out, 689 ; afeends the
throne, and openly pvofefies popery, 691 ;
his cruelty and ineannefs, 692 ; revives
the high-commiflion court, 693 3 is in¬
formed of the intentions of the prince
of Orange, 694; endeavours to quit the
kingdom,- but returns to London, 6953
at length retires to France, 696; makes
an unfuccefsful attempt in Ireland, 697;
heads the troops for a defeent on Eng¬
land, 698 } his death, and charadler, 696,
701.

James, fon of James II. proclaimed in
France king of England, 701 5 rebellion
in Scotland in his favour, 710 ; and in
England, 71 1 ; he vifits Scotland, ibid,
his curious manifefto, 7139 his death,
737-

Jane of Flanders, an heroic lady, 397.

Jefferies, judge, made lord chancellor for
his inhumanity, 692.

Jerfey, 5349 attacked by the French,
766.

Jervis, (lord St. Vincent,) his victory over
the Spaniards, 787.

Jews, a dreadful maflacre of at London and
York, 576; banilhed, 587.

Ina king of Weflex, 547.

Indian wars, 724, 756, 764, 765, 776, 791,
803.

Joan of Arc, relieves Orleans, defeats the
Englilh, and takes Jergeau, Troyes, and
Rheims, 612 ; her unfortunate end, 613.

John furnamed Lackland, rebels againfl: his
father, 575 ; is kindly treated by the
king his brother, 576 ; againft whom he
rebels, and is pardoned, 577; becomes
king of England, and murders his nephew
Arthur, 578; gives his kingdom to the
pope, to fave it from the French, 579 ;
figns IV|agna Charta, 580 9 his death and
charadVdr, 581.

John king of France, 599; taken prifoner
at the battle of Poictiers, 600 5 his nobig
behaviour, and death, 601.

Jones, Paul, 730.

Ireland annexed to England by Henry II.
573 j its fttuation in th« %\m of Eliw-

GENERAL INDEX.

betb, 654; and of James, 663 ; maflacre
of the proteftants, 671; reduced to the
commonwealth by Cromwell, 680; holds
out for James II, 697 j reduced for
William III. 6989 parliament deprived
of the right of final judgement, 712;
fifuation of affairs there in 1779, 750;
commercial regulations in favour of, 7519
invaded by the French, 786 ; rebellion,
and fecond invafion, 789 9 its parliament
fupprefled, and united with Great-Britain,
792 ; debate upon the emancipation of
the catholics, 7939 fecond rebellion foon
quelled, 796.

Ifle of Wight, 534.

Junius’s Letters, 74X.

Keppel and Pallifer, admirals, 748; both
tried by a court martial, 749.

Kilmarnock and Balmerino, rebel lords,
7*0.

Kirke, colonel, his cruelties, 692.

La Hogue, battle of, 699,

Lancafter, earl of, beheaded, 594.

Lanfraac archbifhop of Canterbury, 363.

Laogfide, near Glafgow, battle of, 652.

Langton, difputes about his promotion to
the fee of Canterbury, 579 3 his laudable
condudl, 580.

Laud archbifhop of Canterbury, 668 ; ar¬
retted, 670; tried and executed, 674.

Layer, ChriftOpher, executed for treafon,

?i 3-

Leicefter, earl of, 3 very wovthlefs noble¬
man, Elizabeth’s favourite, 658 j his
death, 659.

Levellers, a curious fe£t, 677.

Lewelling prince of Wales, his bravery,
and death, 587.

Lewes, battle of, 5843 treaty or mife of,
583.

London burnt by the Britons, 5405 prefent
ftate, 808.

Lovat, lord, 718; executed, 720.

Loan to the emperor, 783.

Luneville, treaty of, the third between the
emperor and the French, 793.

Luther preaches againfl: indulgences, writes
againfl the church of Rome, and is an-
fwered by Henry VIII. 633.

Macclesfield, earl, his trial, 713.

Magna Charta figned by king John, 580 5
renewed by Henry III. 582 3 confirmed
by Edward I. 589.

Mahratta war, 75O, 737 3 peace made, 765.

Malcolm king of Scotland, marries the
After of Edgar Atheling, 360 j Bain in
battle, 564.

Malplaquet, battle of, 707.

Malta, taken by Bonaparte, 790 ; retaken
by the Englilh and Portuguefe, 793 9
occafions a new war, 795.

Man, ifle of, 334.

Manilla, conqueft of, 734.

JVIar, earl of, headi the rebellion in Scot¬
land in favour of the pretender James,

7TO.

Marengo, battle of, 793.

Margaret of Anjou married to Henry VI.
613; fuppofed to be concerned in the
death of the duke of Gloucefter, 6143
fupports .the king’s caufe, and gains the
battles of Wakefield and St. Alban’s,
617; defeated at Towton, and at Flex-
ham, 6185 efcapes to , Flanders, 619;
returns to England, 6209 defeated at
Tswkelbury, her fon murdered, and her-
felf put in the Tower, 621 ; whence Ihe
is liberated, her death, ibid.

Marlborough, earl of, commands the allied
army againft the French ; he is made a
duke, his farther fuoeefles, 702 j gains

019

the battle of Blenheim, 7033 of Ramil,
lies, 7049 makes an indecifive campaign,
705 ; his political intrigues, 706; his
laft campaign, including the battle of
Malplaquet, Sec. he is difgraced, 707 3
infulted by earl Pawlet, and retires to
the continent, 708 ; reftored to favour
under George Tf 710.

Martinique, and other Weft-India iflandt,
taken from the French, 7329 reftored,
733 3 taken again, 78r.

Mary, eldeft daughter of Henry Vlll. af¬
eends the throne, and quells fome infur-
redions, 646 3 marries Philip of Spain j
her dreadful cruelty, 6475 death and
charader, 648.

Mary queen of Scots is refufed by Elizabeth
a fafe-condud from France to Scotland,
649 ; marries lord Darnley, 650 ; her
behaviour after his murder, 651; marries
Bothwell, is imprifoned, efcapes, is de¬
feated, and' flies to England, 652 3 her
caufe examined before commilfionefs, and
file is kept in confinement, 633 ; plots in
her favour defeated, 634, 655; fent to
Fotheringay caftle, 655; tried, and fen-
tenced to die, 6563 her execution, 657 5
charader, ibid.

Mary, eldeft daughter of James II. mar¬
ried to the prince of Orange, afterwards
William III. king of England, 694 ; her
moderate behaviour, 6963 her death and
charader, 701.

Matilda, daughter to Henry I. married to
the emperor Henry V. and to the count
of Anjou, 367 ; deprived of the crown
by Stephen, 5689 her various fortune in
aflerting her claim, 369 ; quits the king¬
dom, and refigns her pretenfions to her
fon Henry, 370.

Matthews and Leftock, their trials, 717.

Matthews, general, his fuccefles, reverfes,
and death, 765.

Maximus, emperor of Britain, 543.

Meadows, general, commands the Carnatic
army, 776.

Merfey river, 329.

Militia, its origin under Alfred, 550; im-
p'-oved by Henry II. 5743 prefent ftate,
8or.

Mi naen, battle of, 726.

Mines of tin, lead, gold, marble, and fait,

532.

Minorca taken by the French, 721; by
the Spaniards, 768 3 by the Englilh, 790.

Mitchell, vice-admiral, takes the Dutch
ihips under rear-admiral Story, 791.

Monk, general, employed by Cromwell in
.Scotland, 681 ; embraces the royal caufe,
683 j and brings in the king, 684.

Monmouth, duke of, a natural fon of
Charles II. 6873 quells an infurre&ion in
Scotland, 688 ; enters into a plot againft
the government, 689 3 declares againft
James II. 6919 proclaimed king, taken,
and executed, 692.

Montford earl of Leicefter incites the baron*
againft Henry III. 583; gains the battle
of Lewes, 584 ; his rapacity and death,
585.

Moreau, his fplendid viftories on the Upper
Rhine, 7869 defeats the Auftrians at Ho-
henlinden, 793.

Mortimer, paramour of Edward II. ’s queen,
594i governs the kingdom, 5959 his ra¬
pacity and death, 596.

Mountains and hills, 5293 of Wales, 530,

Muflelborough, battle of, 64a.

Namur taken by king William, 700,

Nafeby, battle of, 675,

Navigation-aft, 801.

Nav|

920

Navy of England, 801; privileges of Tea¬
men, 802,

Nelfon (rear-adm.) his bravery in the battle
of St. Vinient, 787 ; lofes an arm at
Tenerifte, 7885 defeats the French at
Aboukir, 790; (lord), gains the battle
of the Sound, 794.

Nile, or Aboukir., battle of, 790.

Nootka found, difpute about, 774 ; fettled
amicably, 775.

Norfolk, duke of, his cor.duft in refpefl
to Mary queen of Scots, 653 ; beheaded,
^54-

North, lord, 7391 his adminiftration formed,
742 j diffolved, 767; disapproves of the
peace, and joins Mr. Fox, 770.

Northampton, battle of, 617.

Nottingham, countefs of, and the ring, 661.

Noyon, battle of, 567.

Nullum tempus bill, and the occafion of it,
739-

Oates, Titus, his ftory of a plot, 687; for
,which he is rewarded with a pennon, 688 ;
afterwards punifhed, and fublequently re¬
warded, 691.

Odo arcbbilhop of Canterbury perfecutes
Elgiva, and caufes her to be murdered,
553-.

Odo bifiop of Bayeux, brother to William
the Conqueror, 539 ; defeats a body of
confpira'tors, 563 ; his wealth and ambi¬
tion, 5 6r ; put in prifon, 562 ; engages in
a confpiracy againft William Rufus, 563.

©ldcaftle lord Cobham, a bold follower of
Wicklifte, 608, his painful death, 609.

Orleans, relieved by the Maid of Orleans,
612.

Oudenarde, battle of, 706.

Overbury, fir Thomas, 663; poifoned, 664,

Oxford, its loyalty, 675.

Parker, admiral Hyde, his aftion off the
Dogger bank with the Dutch, 767.

Parker, Richard, head of the mutiny at
the Nore, 7875 hanged, 788.

Parliament in the time of Henry III. 383,
584; firft houfe of commons, 583,' under
Edward I. 389 ; eleftions limited to free¬
holders of 40s. 6185 petition of right,
667; refufe to be adjourned, 668 ; the
long parliament, 670: fhews a republican
fpiric, 671 ; arms againft the king, 673 ;
the Oxford parliament, ibid, the army
againft the parliament, 676 ; parliament
wifh to reftore the king, 677; the rump-
parliament vote the king’s trial, 678 ;
upper houfe abolifhed, 680; Cromweli
clears the lower houfe alfo, 68 r ; the
barebones parliament, 682 ; rump reftored
and fupprefled, 683 ; a new parliament,
which reftores the king, 684; repeals
the triennial aft, 685 ; paffes the teft-afl,
686 5 the a£t of habeas corpus, 688 ; bill
of rights, 696; bills difpleafing to king
William, 699, 700; one parliament for
Great-Britain, 703 ; the feptennial aft,
7 it ; interell reduced, marriage-aft, game-
aft, 721 ; proceedings about printing de¬
bates, 744; particularly ddcribed, 790.

Paul emperor of Rufha declares againft the
French, 790; againft the Engliih, 793;
is murdered, and the northern confede¬
racy diffolved, 794.

Pembroke, earl of, guardian of king Henry
Ill. 58..

Peterborough, earl of, 704.

Feter-pence, origin of in England, 547.

Philip of Spain, 646 ; comes to England,
marries the queen, apd retires to Spain,
647 ; propofes marriage to Elizabeth, 649 ;
invades England with a vaft force, 638 j

GENERAL INDEX

his armada defeated, his Cadiz fleet taken,
and another difperfed by a ftorm, 659.

Pichegru fuccefsful againft .the duke of
York, 782; takes and lofes Manheim,

_ 784-

Pigot, lord, his fervices, and ill treatment,
764.

Pitt, Mr. William, (afterwards earl of Chat¬
ham,) refigns the feals, and receives a
penfion, 730; oppofes the peace, 734;
oppofes the ftamp-aft, 737 ; treated with
negleft, and retires from bufinefs, 739;
appears again in favour of the Americans,
and of Mr. Wilkes, 742 ; againft acknow¬
ledging the independence of America,
747; his death, 748.

Pitt, William, fon of the preceding, chan¬
cellor of rhe exchequer at three-and-
twenty, 768; his India-bill, 771; his
behaviour in the affair of the regency,
773; in the difpute with Spain, 774;
unclaimed dividends, 773; refigns, 793 ;
again in office, 796.

Plague and fire of London, 683.

Poidliers, battle of, 399, 600.

Pole, cardinal, a mild catholic, 646, 647 ;
his death, 648.

Pondicherry taken from the French, 731,

Popes, origin of their power in England,
543-

Portugal attacked by Spain, 732 ; lofes fe-
veral towns, 733 ; regains them at the
peace, 735.

Prefton-pans, battle of, 718.

Puritans, their rife and ptcgrefs, 668 ; their
meafures in England and Scotland, 669 ;
divided into Prefbyterians and Independ¬
ents, 674 ; Cromwell at the head of the
latter, 676 ; di (liked by Charles II. 684.

Quebec, battle of, and death of general
Wolfe, 723.

Quiberon fatal expedition, 784.

Ragonaut Row, 756 ; protected by the Bri-
tifh, 757.

Raleigh, fir Walter, condemned for a plot
againft James I. 662; executed twelve
years after, 664.

Ramillies, battle of, 704.

Reformation, rife of, 634; Luther’s pro¬
ceedings, 635 ; completed in England,
and the reformers turn perfecutors, 643 ;
fufpended during the reign of Mary, 646-
649 ; finally fettled and confirmed under
Elizabeth, 649.

Richard Cceur de Lion, his ferocious tem¬
per, 373 ; fucceeds to the crown, and
joins the fecond crufade, in which he
greatly diftinguifhes himfelf, 576 ; taken
prifoneron his return, ibid, reftored to his
kingdom, and receives a mortal wound,
377 ; his death and charaCler, 378.

Richard II. fon of Edward the Black Prince,
quells an infurre&ion by a happy prefence
of mind, 602 ; weak and capricious; de¬
prived of his authority, 603 ; recovers
his power, but fhews no capacity, 604;
depofed, 605 ; murdered, his character,
606.

Richard duke of York commands in France,
613; his charafter, and pretenfions to
the crown of England, 614; puts in his
claim, 613; his caution and fuccefs, 616;
he is killed, 617.

Richard II f. when duke of Gloucefter, afiifts
in murdering the fon of Henry Yi. takes
Berwick for Edward IV. 621 ; made pro-
teftor and guardian of the young king
Edward V. and caufes feveral perfons to
be put to death, 622; caules Haftings to
be beheaded, Jane Shore to be punifhed,

the king and his brother to be murdered,
and is crowned king, 623 ; commands in
perfon at the battle of Bofworth, 624;
where he is killed, his character, 625.

Riots in Edinburgh, Glafgow, and London,
7S1-

Rivers of England, 329.

Rizzio, David, murdered, 630.

Robert, fon of William the Conqueror, 5 6r ;
becomes duke of Normandy, 562 ; joins
in a confpiracy againft his brother the
king of England, 363; pawns his domi¬
nions, and joins the croifade, 564; lofes
the crown of England by negleti, 565 ;
fufters for his imprudence, 566 ; ends his
days in prifon, 367.

Robefp;erre, his tyranny and dowrfall, 780,

Rodney, fir George, takes a rich Spanish
convoy, and foon after defeats don Lan-
gara, 752; engages count Guichen in
the Weft Indies, 733 ; takes Euftatius, & c„
766 ; defeats and takes count de Grafl'e,
768 ; made a peer and pcnfioned, 769.

Rohilla war, (ketch of, 734.

Romans invade Britain, 535; reduce it to
fubjedtion, 540; fubdue it a fecond time,
542; abandon it, 543; Roman antiqui¬
ties extant in Britain, 796.

Rooke, fir George, burns eighteen French
(hips at La Hogue, 699 ; takes a confi-
derable fum of money, &c. at Vigo, 703 ;
takes Gibraltar from the Spaniards, 704;
engages the French off Malaga, ibid.

Rofamond Clifford, 573.

Rupert, prince, a general in the fervice of
Charles I. 673, 675; an admiral under
Charles II. 685.

Ruffel, lord, 689; his trial and execution,
690.

Ruffel, admiral, defeats Tourville at La
Hogue, 699.

Sacheverel, Henry, his trial, 706.

Sackville, lord George, his behaviour at th©
battle ofMinden, 726.

Saumarez, fir James, his fpirired adlions
with Linois near Gibraltar, 794, 795.

Sawtre, the firft Engiifh martyr, 607.

Saxon heptarchy, 545 ; particulars of the
feven kingdoms, 546 ; which are united
by Egbert, 548 ; Saxon antiquities, 797.

Schomberg, general, 697 ; his death, 698.

Scil I y ifies, 534.

Scots and Piets, 536; Scots defeated, and
their king taken, by Henry II. 574;
twelv? claimants to the crown of Scot¬
land, which is given to Baliol as the
vafial of Edward I. of England, he foon
revolts, 588 ; but is fubdued, 389; frefh
inferred! ions under Wallace, 590 ; and
under Bruce, 591; their independence
eftablifhed for a time, 593 ; become in¬
vaders in their turn, 595 ; Edward Baliol
does homage for his crown, 596; the
Scots afiift the French againft Henry V.
and VI. 6 to, 6n; defeated, and their
king killed, 632; Scots defeated at Muf-
felbopough, 642 ; the reformation gains
ground, 649; Morton, the regent, put
to death, 654 ; in arms againft Charles I.
669, 673, 674; fell the king, 675; arm
.in his favour, and are defeated by Crom¬
well, 677 ; acknowledge Charles II. 680;
perfecute the covenanters, buc are quiet¬
ed by Monmouth, 688 ; acknowledge
William III. and abolifli cpifeopacy, 697;
Scottifh union, 705.

Sciope, the firft prelate capitally punifhed
in England, 607.

Seamen’s wages raifed, and a mutiny fup-
preffed, 787, 788.

Sedgemore,

Sedgemore, battle of, 6$a.

Senegal, &c. taken by the French, 750.

Seringapatam taken by general Harris, 791.

Severus divides Britain into two govern¬
ments, defeats the Caledonians, and builds
a new wall, 541.

Seymour, Jane, maid of honour to the
queen, 638 ; married to Henry VIII. and
dies in childbed, 639.

Seymour, admiral lord, marries the widow
of Henry VIII. 642 ; beheaded, 643.

Shore, Jane, her hiftory, 623,

Shovel, admiral firCloudefiey, drowned, 705.

Sidney, fir Algernon, his trial and execu¬
tion, 690.

Simnel, Lambert, hiftory of his impofture,
626 ; taken prifoner, and pardoned, 627.

Someriet, duke of, protedlor under Edward
VI 642; puts his brothet lord Seymour to
death, completes the reformation, quells
infurreftions, 643; accufed, fet at liberty,
and again arrefted, 644; beheaded, 645.

South Sea bubble, 712

Spenders,' favourites of Edward II. 593
both executed, 594, 5.

Spurs, or Guingate, battle of, 63.2.

Stafford, vi/count, a popith martyr, 689.

Stanford, battle of, 557.

Stanley, lord, arrefted by the proteflor,
Richard III. 623; goes over to Henry at
the battle of Bofworth, and turns the
fortune of the day, 625.

Stamp-adl palled and repealed, 737.

Stephen, nephew to Henry I. crowned king
of England, 568 ; civil war in confequence
of Matilda’s claim, 5694 his death and
chara&er, 570.

Stoke, battle of, 626.

Stourton, lord, hanged for mutder, 648.

Surrey, earl o<, beheaded, 641.

Suwatrow, the Ruffian general, 79 r.

Tewkefbury, battle of, 621.

Thames river, 529.

Theodofius relieves Britain from the infults
of the Caledonians, 541.

Tippoo Saib defsats colonel Braithwaite,
7C43 lofcs and recovers Hydernagore, 765;

GENERAL INDEX.

makes peace with the Englilh, ibid makes
as alliance with France, which caufes
him to be attacked by the Englilh, 776;
peace. is made, ibid, in the war of 1798,
he is killed at Seringapatam^ 791.

Tonnage and poundage, difputes about, 668.

Toulon taken and abandoned, 778.

Tournay', a very ftrong place, taken by the
duke of Marlborough, 707.

Towton, battle of, 618.

Trinidad taken from the Spaniards, 787.

Triple alliance f’oon broken, 686.

Verneuil, battle of, 611.

Vernon, admiral, takes Porto Bello with fix
ffiips, 714.

Villiers duke of Buckingham, 664 ; goes to
Spain with the king's fon, 66 c; accufed
by the parliament, and protefled by the
king, 666 ; his fruitlefs expedition to
Rochelle, 667 ; murdered by Felton, 668.

Union, Scottilh, 705 ; Irilh, 792

Vortigern, king of Britain, invites? over the
Saxons, 544.

Utrecht, peace of, 70S.

Wakefield, battle of, 617.

Wales conquered by Edward I. 387 ; the
bards put to death, 588; French troops
landed there, 787

Wallace, William, his bravery and modera¬
tion, 590; taken, and put to death, 591.

Walpole, Robert,’ made fecretary at war,
706 ; prime minifter, 713 ; (fir Robert,)
his excife fcheme, 714; made earl of
Orford, 715.

Waltheof, the only Englilh nobleman exe¬
cuted during the reign of William I. 5C0,
561.

Warbeck, Perkin, hiftory of his impofture,
628 ; hanged, 629.

Warren, fir J. B. defeats the French force
intended for Ireland, 789, 790. .

Warwick, earl of, called the king-maker,

61 5 ; endeavours to fet the duke of York
on the throne, 616 j takes the king pri¬
foner, 617; rebels againft Edward IV.
619; killed, 620.

Wat Tyler's infurreition, 602.

921

Wentworth earl of Strafford, his charadler,
668; tried and executed, 670.

Wentworth, general, his fruitlefs attempt
upon Carthagena, 715

Wefl'ex, the molt powerful kingdom of the
Saxon heptarchy, 547.

Weft Indies, operations there, 750, 779»
781, 785, 794.

Whig and Tory, 618.

Wickliffe, his followers perfecuted, 607.

Wilkes, J- hn, proceedings againft him, 736,
740, 741 j commits a meflenger to pri¬
son, 744 ; the proceedings againft him ex¬
punged from the journals, 768.

William the Conqueror, his claim to the
crown of England, 557 ; gains the battle
of Haftings, 558 ; ctowned king, 559 ;
introduces the feudal law into England,
560 ; his domeftic troubles, 561 ; death
and charafter, 562.

William Rufus, quells an infurreflion at the
beginning of his reign, 563 ; gets poflef-
fion of Normandy, 564 ; his religious dif¬
putes, ibid, death and charafter, 565.

William III. plans a defeent upon England,
694; lands in England, his firft proceed¬
ings, 695; he afeends the throne, 696;
goes to Ireland to oppofe James, 697 ;
gains the battle of the Boyne, 698; plot
for afiaffinating him, 699 ; takes Namur,
makes peace, and the partition-treaty with
the French, "00; his death and charac¬
ter, 701.

William, duke of Cumberland, defeated at
Fontenoy, by Count Saxe, 717 ; returns
from Flanders, 718 ; defeats the pretender
at Culloden, 719; lofes an army, and
Hanover, 723 ; fides with the oppofition,
734-

Winchefter, the firft capital of England, 797.

Wolfe, .Gen. dies in the arms of vitffory, 725.

Wolfey, his rapid rife, 633 ; his pride and
rapacity, 634; difgraced on account of
the king’s divorce, 636 ; his death, 637.

Worcefter, battle of, 680.

Wyat, fir Thomas, his revolt and execution*
646.

*

END or the SIXTH VOLUM'E,

Vol. VI. No. 4©x.

DIRECTIONS for placing the C O P P E R - P L AT E S to VOL. VI.

1.

2.
3*
4*
5-
6.
7*
8.

9*
10.
1 1 .
12.

*3*

14.

*5*

16.

»7*

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

*3*

24.

25.

26.

27.
2S .
29.
3°*
31*
3*-
33*
34-

S5-

<

Map of Dorsetshire, to face - page
Doris, Draco, and Dracontium
Draining, Plate I. Plans for
Draining, Plate If. Modern Implements
Portrait of DrydeN -

Map of Durham -
Improved Dynanometer of M. Regnier
Duroia, and Dytiscus, or Water-Beetle
Echeneis, and Echinorync h us
Echinus, Plate I.

Echinus, PlateH. -

Egle, Empis, and Encheus
Portrait of Ptolemy Soter
Portrait of Cleopatra Queen of Egypt
Grand Entrance of Ancient Thebes
Ruin of the Temple of Apollinopolis
Magna, or Etfu -

Egyptian Zodiac at Tentyra
Egyptian Planisphere ...

Diocletian’s Pillar and Cleopatra’s
Needle -

Egyptian Manuscript, &c.

Fragments of Egyptian Architecture -
Horfe and Foot Mamalukes, and Bedouin
Soldier -

Egyptian Harem, with Dancing Girls
Portraiture of Ibrahim Bey, an Egyp¬
tian Lady, and female Water-carrier, and

Child .

Elater, and Elops ...

Electricity, Plate I. .

Electricity, Plate II. -
Electricity, Plate III. Galvanic Apparatus
Elephas, Plate I. The Elephant
Elephas, Plate II. Elephant’s Teeth
Emberiza. The Buntings -
Map of England -
Aborigines of England - -

Portrait of Egbert, the firfl King of England 548
Portrait of Alfred the Great, (to be

removed from Vol. i.) ... 550

28

50

56

62

94

130

170

172

226

228

230

288

298

314

348

35*

356

353

366

37*

376

380

382

384

402

410

414

434

45*

466

49*

53*

538

36. Portrait of William I. furnamed the Con¬

queror -----

37. Portrait of William II. furnamed Rufus

38. Portrait of Henry I.

39. Portrait of King Stephen . . _

40. Portrait of Henry II. -

41. Portrait of Richard I. furnamed Cceur

de Lion -

42. Portrait of King John - .

43. Portrait of Henry HI. furnamed of Win-

chefler -----

44. Portrait of Edward I. . _

45. Portrait of Edward II.

46. Portrait of Edward III.

47. Portrait of Richard II. „

48. Portrait of Henry IV. -

49. Portrait of Henry V. -

50. Portrait of Henry VI. - „

51. Portrait of Edward IV. -

52. Portrait of Edward V. -

53. Portrait of Richard III. ...

54. Portrait of Henry VII. .

55. Portrait of Henry" VIII.

56. Portrait of Edward VI. -

57. Portrait of Queen Mary - .

58. Portrait of Queen Elizabeth

59. Portrait of J ames I. -

60. Portrait of Charles I. -

61. Portrait of Charles II.

62. Portrait of James II. .... .

63. Portrait of William III.

64. Portrait of Queen Anne, (to be removed

from Vol. i.)

63. Portrait of George I. - -

66. Portrait of George II.

67. Portrait of George III,

68. Entomology, Plate I.

69. Entomology, Plate II. -

70. Ephemera, Epidendrum, and Erodius

71. Equus. The Zebra *

72. Erinaceus. The Hedgehog

55*

564

566

568

57°

575

578

58 *
586
59*
59*
«6 oz
606
608
610
618
622
624
62 6
632
642
646
630
662
666
684

692

696

702

710

714

728

834

840

867

890

902

The Portraits of the SOVEREIGNS of ENGLAND which illultrate this Volume, are copied from Dacier's
invaluable Medals, in the extenfive collection of Mr. Taflie of Leicefter Square. The corredtnefs of contour, and
eoftume en militaire, which diftinguifh thefe medals, maybe fatisfaCtorily inferred from the high eftimation in which
they are held, as well as from the genuine fources from which they were taken, — namely, the coins and medals
struck by authority of the princes themselves.

The leaf in this Volume containing pages 227 and 228, and in which the article Echinorynchus is omitted,
muft be cancelled, and the annexed leaf, comprising that article, fubftituted in its place.

f£f= The Editors will efteem themfelves particularly obliged to M. M. who kindly made an offer of afliftance in
compiling “ An Hiftorical and Analytical Treatife on LAW, including Natural, Civil, and Common Law,”
if he will favour them with his addrefs.

1

J. Adlabd, Printer,
Duke-ftreet, Smithfield.