. CorioiifJ , rfe/. if. C/iti/trnB'' ENCYCLOPAEDIA LONDINENSIS; t* t OR, UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, AND LITERATURE. \ COMPREHENDING, UNDER ONE GENERAL ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT, ALL THE WORDS AND SUBSTANCE OF EVERY KIND OF DICTIONARY EXTANT IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. IN WHICH THE IMPROVED DEPARTMENTS OF THE MECHANICAL ARTS, THE LIBERAL SCIENCES, THE HIGHER MATHEMATICS, AND THE SEVERAL BRANCHES OF POLITE LITERATURE, ARE SELECTED FROM THE ACTS, MEMOIRS, AND TRANSACTIONS, OF THE MOST EMINENT LITERARY SOCIETIES, IN EUROPE, ASIA, AND AMERICA. FORMING A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF THE RISE, PROGRESS, AND PRESENT STATE, OF HUMAN LEARNING IN EVERY PART OF THE WORLD. EMBELLISHED BY A MOST MAGNIFICENT SET OF COPPER PLATE ENGRAVINGS, ILLUSTRATING, AMONGST OTHER INTERESTING SUBJECTS, THE MOST CURIOUS, RARE, AND ELEGANT, PRODUCTIONS OF NATURE, IN EVERY PART OF THE UNIVERSE 4 AND ENRICHED WITH PORTRAITS OF EMINENT AND LEARNED PERSONAGES, IN ALL AGES OF THE WORLD. TOGETHER WITH A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM OF HERALDRY, FINELY ILLUMINATED, AND ENRICHED WITH THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF THE ROYAL FAMILY; OF THE ENGLISH, SCOTCH, AND IRISH, NOBILITY; OF THE BARONETS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM; AND OF NUMEROUS DISTINGUISHED FAMILIES, PATRONS OF THIS WORK. COMPILED, DIGESTED, AND ARRANGED, By JOHN WILKES, of MILLAND HOUSE, in the COUNTY of SUSSEX, Esquire; t » ASSISTED BY EMINENT SCHOLARS OF THE ENGLISH, SCOTCH, AND IRISH, UNIVERSITIES. — . - . VOLUME VII. // " SWA l es ^ « COLL 3lcn&otK )) >ns PRINTED FOR THE PROPRIETORS, BY J. ADLARD, DUKE-STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD: SOLD AT THE enct cloPjEdia office, ave-mari a-lane, st. Paul’s; by j. white, fleet-street; AND CHAMPANTE AND WHITROW, JEWRY-STREET, ALDGATE. is ia JVora uudiendi sunt homines imperiti, qui humano ingenio mojorem, vel inutilem, et reins gerendis adverfam mhvp.u§v.civ criininantur. Eji scilicet qutzdum Scientiarum cognatio et conciliatio ; unde et ’EyxvxXoTruzozzuv vocant Grteci ; ut in und perfeSus did nequeat, qui catenas non attigerit. — Morhofi Polyhistor, 1. i. c. i. s. i. Those inexperienced perfons, who make it a charge of accufation againft variety and extenfive learning, that it exceeds the compafs of human ability, or is ufelefs, or that it is an impediment to tranfa6ting bufinefs, deferve no attention. For there is between the Sciences a degree of natural and clofe connexion; from which the Greeks ufe the term “Encyclopaedia so that no one can be perfect in any one Science, who has not attained to fome knowledge of the reft. DESCRIPTION OF THE FRONTISPIECE ILLUSTRATIVE OF FRANCE. A TERRIFIC FEMALE HABITED AS A FURY, WITH AN IMPERIAL DIADEM UPON HER HEAD, SUBDUING WITH EAGERNESS AND DELIGHT ALL THE CONTINENTAL POWERS ; AT HER SIDE A DROOPING FIGURE OF LIBERTY, EXPRESSING ABHORRENCE OF THE SCENES AROUND HER, AND SINKING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HER DESTRUCTIVE SWORD. IN THE BACK GROUND A CONFUSED SCENE, AS AFTER BATTLE, WHILST FROM THE GLOOMY ATMOSPHERE THE FIGURE OF TIME IS SEEN ISSUING FORTH, AND POINTING TO A FUTURE BRANCH OF THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. ENCYCLOPEDIA LONDXNENSIS; OR, AN UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY O F ARTS, SCIENCES, and LITERATURE. E R Y RXLE'BEN (John Chriftian Polycarp), a learned German naturalift born June 22, 1744, at Qued- lingburg, where his father was dean of St. Nicholas’s church. He ftudied medicine at Gottingen, took the de¬ gree of matter of arts in 1767, and foon after began to give lectures on natural hiftory and the veterinary art. Having publifhed introductory leCtures on both thefe fubjeCts, he undertook, at the expence of the Hanove¬ rian government, a veterinary tour through France, Hol¬ land, Denmark, and a great part of Germany ; in the courfe of which he derived much ufeful information from various men of eminence in that art, fuch as Bourgelat, Vitet, La Fofte, Camper, and Von Sind. On his return, lie taught, as profefibr of philofophy, befidesthe above branches of fcience, experimental philofophy, chernillry, mathematics, and the art of decyphering. In i774he was eleCted a member of the royal fociety of Gottingen ; and the fame honour was conferred on him by the royal agri¬ cultural fociety of Brunfwick Lunebourg at Zelle, the fo¬ ciety of experimental philofophy at Rotterdam, and the fociety offearchers into natureat Berlin. Erxleben’s judg¬ ment, acutenefs, and incelfant application to fhidy, ren¬ dered him one of thofe uncommon geniufes who make a proficiency in every branch of knowledge to which they apply. In 1771 lie conceived the defign of eftablifhing a veterinary fcliool at Gottingen ; but this laudable un¬ dertaking did not meet with that encouragement which it deferved. Erxleben gave to the literary world many ufeful productions ; of which thofe relating to natural hiftory deferve to be mentioned with particular refpeCt. An ulcer in the liver put an end to his exiftence on the 18th of Auguft, 1777, when he had fcarcely attained to the thirty-third year of his age. His works are : 1 . Prin¬ ciples of Natural Hiftory, Gott. 1768, Svo. Of this, two improved editions have been given by J. F. Gmelin, 1782 and 1790, Svo. 2. The Principles of Natural Philofo¬ phy, Gott. 1772, 8vo. reprinted, with additions, by G. Ch. Lichtenberg, profelfor at Gottingen, 1787, 8vo. 3. An Introduction to the Veterinary Art, Gott. and Gotha, 1769, Svo. 4. Practical InftruCtions in the Veterinary Art, 1771, Svo. 5. The Phyfical Library, 4 vols. 1779, 8 vo. 6. The Principles of Chemiftry, Gott. 1775, 8vo. I.SyJiema Rcgni Animalis, per Clajfcs, Ordines, Genera, Spe¬ cies, & Varietatcs, aim Synonwiia (3 Hijloria Animalium\ Claf. Jis 1. Mammalia, Lipf. 1777, Svo. ERYCfil'RA (Ferdinand count de Menefes), born at Lifbon in 1614, and brought up to arms. Fie was made governor of Peniche and Tangier, counfellor of ftate, and gentleman of the bed-chamber to the infant Don Pedro, Vol. VII. No. 403. ♦. E R Y In the midft of all thefe occupations lie cultivated life rature, and wrote a number of works ; the principal of which are, r. A Hiftory of Tangier, folio. 2. Hiftory of Portugal, from 1640 to 1657, 2 vols. folio ; and, 3. The Life of John I. King of Portugal . Thefe works are full of ufeful information refpeCting Portugal, ERYCEI'RA (Francis-Xavier count de Menefes), great-grandfon of the preceding, and, like him, allied the profeffion of arms with the ltudy of letters. He was born at Lifbon in 1672, rofe to the rank of camp-mafter- general and counfellor of war, and died in 1743. He was member of various learned focieties, and received the homage of the literati of feveral countries ; among whom he lived with great affability and politenefs. He inherited a large and well-chofen library, to which he made great additions. He himfelf was the author of many valuable works. Of thefe the beft known are, 1. Memoirs on the Value of the Monies of Portugal, 4to. 1738. 2. Reflections on Academical Studies. 3. Parallels of il- luftrious Men and Women. 4. A Tranflation of the Henriade. ERYCI'NA, a furname of Venus from mount Eryx, where (he had a temple. Horace. ERYMAN'THUS, a mountain, river, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a prodigious boar, which he carried on his fhoulders to Euryftheus, who was fo terrified at the fight, that he hid himfelf in a brazen vef- fel . Virgil. ERYN'GIUM, f Eringo, or Sea-holley ; in bo¬ tany, a genus of the clafs pentandria, order digynia, na¬ tural order of umbellatae or umbelliferae. The generic characters are — Calyx : receptacle common conic, chaff3 feparating the feflile flofcules; involucre of the recepta¬ cle many-leaved, flat, exceeding the flofcules: perian- thium proper five-leaved, upright, fharp, exceeding the corolla, feated on the germ. Corolla: univerfal uniform, roundifh ; flofcules all fertile ; proper five-petalled ; pe¬ tals oblong, the tips bent inwards to the bafe, ftraitened longitudinally by a line. Stamina; filaments five, capil¬ lary, ftraight, exceeding the flofcules ; antherae oblong- Piftillum : germ hifpid, inferior ; ftyles two, filiform, ftraight, length of ftamens ; ftigmas Ample. Pericar- pium: fruit ovate, divifible in two directions. Seeds: oblong, columnar; in fome fpecies the feeds are depofit- ed from the cruft of the pericarp, in others they remain included in it. — EJfcntial Character. Flowers in a head \ receptaculum chaffy. Species. 1. Eryngium foetidum, or ftinking eringo; root-leaves lanceolate ferrate, floral leaves multifid, Item B dichotomous. o E RYN dichotomous. Thefe plants have fomewhat the appear¬ ance of thirties : the leaves are oftan lpinous. The root of this is annual or biennial ; root-leaves bluntifh , the fer- ratures terminating in harmlefs fpines. Stem a foot high or more, green, fomewhat angular, dichotomous, fpread- ing. The whole plant is exceedingly (linking, fays Lin¬ naeus; or rather, fays Sloane, has a very penetrating, ftrong, though not very unfavoury, fmell. The lower leaves are fix or feven inches long, narrow at the bafe, and enlarging upwards to an inch in breadth near the top, where they are rounded off on one fide like a fcymitar, they are finely ferrate, and of a light green colour. The flowers are produced in fmall fertile heads, coming out at every divifion of the (talks, and at the ends of the branches; they are of a dull white colour, and make little appearance. They appear in June and July, and the feeds ripen in au¬ tumn. According to the Kew catalogue, this plant flow¬ ers from Atiguft to October. Itis a native of the Weft In¬ dies, Mexico, Surinam and Virginia. All parts of the plant are reckoned very powerful antihyfterics, and much ufed by the negroes and poorer whites, on all occafions of that nature; whence they call it fttweed. It is chiefly adrni- nilfered in decodtions or infuiions. 2. Eryngium aquaticum, or marrti eringo : leaves gla- diate ferrate-fpiny, floral leaves undivided. This has a perennial root, from which arife feveral long leaves, dif- pofed round the root, like thofe of the aloe or yucca; they are of a grey colour, a foot long or more, and one inch and a half broad, (tiff, and ending in fpines. The Item is ftrong, two feet high, and divides at top into feve¬ ral peduncles, each terminated by an oval head blue. They come out in July, but unlefs the feafon of flowers, which are white, with a little cart of pale, is very warm, the feeds will not ripen in England. It has the appear¬ ance and leaves of a fmall Bromelia, but is ciliate with capillary flexible foft fpines. The chaffs of the flowers are larger. The involucres and chaff's quite entire. It grows naturally in Virginia and Carolina, where it is call¬ ed rattlefnake-weed, from its life in curing the bite of that venomous reptile. 3. Eryngium planum, or flat-leaved eringo : root-leaves oval flat crenate, heads peduncled. Root perennial : fteni upright, round, furrowed or ftreaked, whitifh, about a toot and half in height, blueifh at top, where it divides mto three parts, each of which is terminated by a pe¬ duncled axillary flower. It makes a pretty appearance when in flower, which is in July; efpecially that with blue (talks and flowers, for there is a variety in which they are white, with the leaves of a lighter green. As this plant does not fpread at the root, it ftiould be allowed a place in the pleafure-ground. Native of Auftria, Sile- fia, Poland, and Rurtia. 4. Eringium pufillum, or dwarf eringo : root-leaves oblong galhed, (tern dichotomous, heads fertile. This puts out oblong plane leaves from the root, which are cut on their edges; the (talks rife about a foot high, and branch out into many forked divifions, which are regular, and have a fmall head of flowers in each, fitting very clofe between the branches : thefe having no great beauty it is (eldom cultivated except in botanic gardens. It flowers from June to Auguft. Native of Spain and the Levant. 5. Eryngium tricufpidatum, or trifid eringo : root- leaves cordate, (tern-leaves palmate with ears bent back, chaff's three-cufped. Root biennial, tuberous, approach¬ ing to the (hape of the radilli. Stem a foot high, with fpiny heads at the top and in the axils, fomewhat like thofe of Pfyllium or fleawort plantain, with purple florets in them. Native of Spain, Sicily, and the Levant. 6. Eryngium maritimum, or fea-eringo, or fea-holly : root-leaves roundifti plaited fpiny, heads peduncled, chaffs three cufped. Root creeping, and running deep into the ground. Stems a foot high, branched, fmooth, having at each joint leaves of the fame form with the lower ones, but fmaller. The flowers come out at the ends of the Gr 1 U M. branches in roundifti prickly heads, and are of a whitiflt blue colour; under each head is a range of narrow, (tiff, prickly leaves, fpreading like the rays of a ftar. The flowers appear in July. By old Englirti writers it is call¬ ed fea-hol'ty, fea-kohne, and fea-hulver. It grows in great plenty on the fandy and gravelly fliores, in many parts of Britain and other countries of Europe. The young flow- ering-fhoots eaten like afparagus are very grateful and nouriftiing. The leaves are fweetifli, with a (light aro¬ matic warmth and pungency. The roots are fuppofed to have the fame aphrodifiac virtues as the Orchis tribe. They are kept in the (hops candied ; and are (till regard¬ ed by the Arabs as an excellent reftorative. 7. Eryngium campeltre, or field eringo: root-leaves ftem-clafping pinnate-lanceolate. Root perennial and (trong. The whole plant very ftiff and pale green. Flow"- ers in July and Auguft. Native of mod parts of Europe ; in Great Britain not very common ; on the coaft near the ferry from Plymouth into Cornwall, near Newcaftle upon Tyne; below Melling in Yorkfhire; alfo far inland, oppofite Brookhall, near Daventry, in Northamptonftiire. 8. Eryngium amethyftinum, or amethyftine eryngo : root-leaves trifid fubpinnate at the bafe. The lower leaves are divided like the fingers of a hand, into five or fix fegments, which are very much cut at their extremi¬ ties into many parts, and have fmall fpines. Stem about two feet high, with fmaller and more divided leaves. The upper part of the Hem, and alfo the heads of flowers, are of the fineft amethyftine colour, fo that they make a very fine appearance. Native of the mountains of Styria. Cultivated in England in 1664. It flowers in July, and when the autumn proves dry, the feeds will ripen here. Scopoli cannot difcover any other difference between this and the foregoing, except that the leaves are more gafhed in the one than the other; he therefore looks upon them as one fpecies. There is a variety, which is fmaller, and the involucre has trifid folioles. 9. Eryngium triquetrum, or triquetrous eringo : root- leaves trifid, ftem very much branched, peduncles thres- fided, involucres three-leaved keeled. Stem eredt, rigid, a fpan or a foot in height, very much branched, round, fmooth, amethyftine, as are alfo the branches and flowers. Gathered in the dry plains in the kingdom of Tunis, by Vahl. 10. Eryngium alpinum, or alpine eringo: root-leaves heart-fliaped, ftem-leaves ternate gafhed, involucres fpiny- pinnate ciliate. It is a plant, fays Villars, curious to fe*, on account of the beauty of the involucres, which are of a vinous azure blue, mixed with green and white, fcarcely. prickly ; the heads of flowers are much elongated, cylin- dric in the lower, and fuddenly rounded in the upper part. This fort has been confounded with the next by the Bauhins, and Linnaeus; but it lias the lower leaves entire as in E. planum, whereas in the enfumg fpecies they are cut to the centre. The leaves of this are fi tu¬ ple, ferrate and fmooth; thofe on the ftem trifid, and the upper or floral leaves, coloured, palmate and fringed. Native of the mountains of Swifferland, Dauphiny, and Italy. ir. Eryngium Bourgati, or cut-leaved eringo: root and ftem-leaves alternate and three-parted, twice trifid; involucres awl-lhaped, many-leaved fomewhat fpiny. Height from eight inches to a foot. Stems thick, white, ftrong, and branched from the bottom. Gouan, who firft clearly diftinguilhed it, fays that it approaches very near to E. tricufpidatum, but differs from it in having the leaves digitate and biternate, but not palmate ; the chaff's quite entire, not three-cufped. Mr. Miller, who culti¬ vated this fpecies in 1731, fays that the (talks rife about two feet high, that the flowers are of a light blue colour, in very large heads, that it flowers in June and July, and that the feeds ripen here in autumn. Native of the louth of France. Propagation and Culture. 1. As this plant is a native of hot countries, it will not thrive in England, hut in a warm E R Y 3 warm dove. It is propagated by feeds, which mud be fown on a hot-bed ; and when the plants are fit* to remove, they fiiould be each planted in a fmall pot, and plunged into the bark-bed, and afterwards treated like other ten¬ der plants from the fame country ; the fecond year they will produce flowers and feeds, foon after which they commonly decay. 2. This fort is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in pots and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, will come up much fooner than thofe which are fown in the full ground, whereby they will be much fironger before the winter. When the plants are fit to remove, they (hould be each planted in a feparate fmall pot', filled with light earth; and if they are plunged into a moderate hot-bed, it will forward their taking root ; then they muff be gradually inured io bear the open air, into which they may be re. moved toward the latter end of May, and placed among other hardy exotic plants. When the plants have filled thefe pots with their roots, fome of them may be fltaken out, and planted in a warm border : the others may be put into larger pots, and in the autumn placed under a common frame, where they may be expofed to the free air in mild weather, but fheltered from fevere frolt : the fol¬ lowing fpring thefe may be turned out of the pots, and planted in a warm fituation, where they will endure the cold of our ordinary winters very well ; and if in fevere frod they are covered with draw, peafe-haulm, or any fuch light covering, it will fecure them from injury. 3. Tiiis is propagated by feeds, which if fown in the autumn, will more certainly fucceed titan when fown in the fpring, for the latter commonly remain in the ground a year before they vegetate; and if the feeds are fown where the plants are to remain, they will flower dronger than thofe which are tranfplanted ; for as they have long downright roots, fo thefe are commonly broken in taking out of the ground, which greatly weakens the plants. The culture they require is to thin them where they are too near, keep them clean from weeds, and dig the ground about them every fpring before they (hoot. 6. This fort will grow in a garden, if the roots are planted in a gravelly foil, and produce flowers annually ; but the roots will not grow near fo large or flefhy as thofe ■which grow on the fea-lhore, where they are overflowed with fait water. The belt time to tranfplant the roots is in autumn, when the leaves decay ; the young roots are much better to move than the old, becaufe being furnifti- ed w ith fibres, they will readily take root : when thefe are fixed in the ground, they (hould remain unremoved ; and if they are kept clean from weeds, it is all the culture they will require. The feventh fort is a very trouble- fome weed, for the roots run deep into the ground, and are not eafily dedroyed by the plough ; they fpread and multiply greatly in the ground, to the prejudice of what¬ ever is (own or planted on the land, therefore this plant is not admitted into gardens. The eighth, tenth, and eleventh, forts are propagated by| feeds in the fame man¬ ner as the third, and require the fame treatment. See Atractylis, and Gundelia. ERYN'NIS, [Lat.J A fury. — And teach £ry«?2zs fwim, which crawl’d before. Fuimus Troes. ERY'SIMl VARI'ETAS. See Sinapis. ERY'SIMO SI'MI LIS. See Turritis. ERY'SIMUM, f. [of Pliny, Theophrafius, and Di- ofcorides. From tfvu, Jalvifco, Linn, or tra/10, from its drawing quality; others derive it aw 0 top tfttitat, becaufe the leaves are much cut ; others from precious.] Hedge Mustard, a genus of the clafs tetradynamia, order filiquofa, natural order of filiquofe, (cruciferae, fuff. cruciatse, Hall.) The generic characters are — Ca¬ lyx: perianthium four-leaved ; leaflets ovate-oblong, pa¬ rallel-converging, coloured, deciduous. Corolla : four- petalled, cruciform; petals oblong, flat, extremely ob- tufe at the tip ; claws length of the calyx, upright ; gland nectariferous double, within the (horter filament. Stamina filaments fix, length of the calyx ; of thefe the E R Y two oppoflte (horter; anthers Ample. Piflillum : germ linear, four-cornered, length of the fiamens ; ftyle very fliort ; fligma headed, permanent, fmall. Perianthium: filique long, linear, drift, exaftly four-cornered, tvvo- valved, two-celled. Seeds very many, fmall, roundifii. — EJJ'enlial Chara&er. Silique columnar with four equal fides ; calyx, clofed. Species. 1. Eryfimum officinale, or common hedge- muftard : filiques prefledclofe to the fpike ; leaves runci- nate. Root annual ; (tern from one to two feet high, up. right, round, finely grooved, befet with numerous .fliort rough hairs, branched, and for the mofl part purpli fh , par¬ ticularly at the angles of the branches, which fpread very much ; leaves alternate, petiuled, (lightly downy on both (ides, fcabrous underneath, particularly on the midrib and nerves, pinnatifid, the fegments oppofite, oblong, ferrate-toothed, the end one larged and connected with the next to it ; racemes of flowers terminating, roundifii ; of fruits filiform, elongated, naked, pubefcent ; feeds dingy yellow, obliquely truncate at both ends, immerfed in the partition, and eight in each cell. Viewed as it comes into blollbm, and when its flowering branches flioot out horizontally to a great length, it fcarcely fieems to be the fame plant. It is common on dry banks, under walls, pales, and in wade places, from May or June to Septem¬ ber. Befides its name of hedge-mtidard, it hasalfo thofe of bank-crefles and fcrambling rocket. Turner calls it winter-crefles. In German it is named der hederich, wege- Jenf \ wilder fenf falfcher wajferfenf das ge/be eifenkraut, das lueibchen dcs eifenkrauts, kreuzkraut ; in Danifh, vild fenept veyfenep ; in Swedifli, vdggkraffa ; in French, le velar, la tortelle, l’ herbe au chantre ; in Italian, erifamo-, in Spanifh, jaramago, hierba de San Alberto, irion ; in Portuguefe, erifimo ; in Ruffian, gorezyea polna and pfzonak ziele. It is warm and acrid to the tade, and when cultivated, is ufed as a fpring potherb. Birds are fond of the feeds; fheep and goats eat it ; cows, horfes, and fwine, refufe it. Rondele- tius cured a hoarfenefs occafioned by loud fpeaking, with this herb, in a few days. The juice of it is beyond any thing in difeafes of the throat. This and fome others of the clafs, are apt to come up among theadies, where char¬ coal has been made, or where there has been any confi- derable fire. 2. Eryfimum barbarea, or winter hedge-mudard or crefs : leaves lyrate, the outmod lobe roundifii. Root perennial. Stem a foot or eighteen inches high, fmooth, round, deeply furrowed, much branched. Leavesfmooth, dark green, having two or three pairs of roundifii lobes, connected to a broad foliaceous rib ; the extreme lobe much the larged, and either of an oval or blunt rliom- boidal figure, llightly indented on the edges: but they vary much in form. Flowers in racemes or thick fpikes at the ends of the dem and branches ; calyx green ; petals yellow, much longer than the calyx. Seeds roughiffi, finely dotted and reticulated, twenty in number, in each cell ten. Found on banks of ditches and dreams, in wa¬ tery places ; fometimes in cultivated fields and even on walls. It flowers from May to July. It is called winter rocket as well as winter crejs ; and herb St. Barbara ; in Ger¬ man it is named die winter hr ejfe, barbeukraut , barbelkraut , rapunzel, fenjkraut, fchnodefens, habichtjkraut, gclber beyfufs , falfche human , in Danifh, vinte'rhars ; in Swedifli, vinter- hrajje ; in French, la barbarce, l' herbe faint barbe, l' herbe atix charpentiers, la julienne jaune, requette ; in Italian, barbarea , erba di fanta Barbara, ruchetta ; in Spanifli, hierba de fanta Barbara , ruqueta ; in Portuguefe herva de S. Barbara. The common people in Sweden ufe the leaves in falads early in the fpring, and late in the autumn : they alfo boil them as cale. Some alfo in England cultivate it for fpring fa-- lad, under the name of French or American crefs ; but it has to mod people a bitter unpleafant tade. There are feveral varieties of winter crefs. 3. Eryfimum alliaria, or dinking or garlic hedge-muf. tard : leaves cordate. Root biennial. Stem upright, from two to three feet high, round, fmooth, fomewhat ftriated. 4 E R Y * ftriated, at bottom purple and (lightly hairy, at top branched. Common by hedge Tides, on banks and in fhady places; flowering in April and May. From its place of growth it has the vulgar name of Jack by the hedge. And having a ftrongfmell and tafte of garlic, it is ufed by country people in fauces, with bread and butter, falted meat, and witli lettuce in falads: hence it has another vulgar name of fauce-alone ; in German it is called dasknob- lauchkraut, der knoblauchhederich, lauchcl , zualdhnoblauck, ram- Jen, rampen, ramfchelwurzel,, gcrnj, el, J'al/ekraut, faji \raut ; in Danilh, livid logfurt, gajlekaal : in Swedith, hvitdfort\ in French, Calliaire, I'herbe des eaux, V herbe aux aillcts ; in Ita¬ lian, Spanifh, and Portuguefe, alliaria. According to Linnaeus’s obfervation, horfes, (beep, and Twine, refufe it; but kine and goats eat it. If eaten by cows, it gives a ftrong difagreeable tafte to the milk. When it grows in poultry-yards, the fowls eat it, and it gives an intolerable rank tafte to their flefh. The feeds excite fneezing, the leaves are recommended internally, as fudorifics and deobftriients, of the nature of garlic, but much milder; externally, as antifeptics, in gangrenes and cancerous ulcers. 4. Eryfinuim repandum, or fmall-flowered hedge-muf- tard : leaves lanceolate toothed, racemes oppolite to the leaves, filiques racemed fubfeflile, corollas minute. An¬ nual. Native of Spain, Bohemia, Silefia, Auftria, Italy ; It flowers in May and June. 5. Eryfimum cheiranthoides, or treacle hedge-muftard, or wormfeed : leaves lanceolate quite entire, fometimes toothed, filiques patulous. This has very much the air or habit of cheiranthus eryfimoides, except that the flow¬ ers are fmaller and the filiques patulous. The ftigma in this is fmall and hardly divided, in the next fpecies it is formed as it were of two divaricated knobs. Root annual. Stem from one to two cubits in height, upright, ftift, ftreaked, rough, ufually Ample, fometimes branched a little; (others fay, very much branched.) Seeds about eighteen in each cell, ovate, a little turgid, beaked, of a yellowifli brown colour. They are as intenfely bitter, as wormfeed orcoloquintida. Inhabits moft partsof Europe ; in England not common; in the olier-holts near Ely, and on the bank of the river between the bridge and the city ; in the corn fields about Elden, and among turnips near Bungay in Suffolk; Afliburn in Derbyfhire. It flowers from May to Auguft. All cattle eat it. The country people give the feeds to deftroy worms, with good efteCt : lienee its name of treade-ioormfced. 6. Eryfimum hieracifolium, or hawkweed hedge-muf¬ tard : leaves lanceolate, ferrate. It differs from the fore¬ going fpecies, not only in having ferrate leaves, but long¬ er fifiques not (landing fo wide from the ftem, and larger flowers. It differs from cheiranthus eryfimoides, in hav¬ ing flowers of only half the (ize, the top of the ftyle or the ftia'ma emarginate indeed, but not two-lobed, and the filiques by no means tomentofe, although the piftils or germs be hairy. According to Villars it is much fmaller than the preceding fpecies, the ftem not being more than eight inches high, fimple or unbranched. He adds that it"is difficult to diftinguifh this plant from cheiranthus eryfimoides, except by its cut leaves and the fmallnefs of the flowers; and that he therefore confiders them as va¬ rieties of the fame fpecies, though Linnaeus has inferted them in different genera. See Cheiranthus erysi- moides. According to Retzius, the root is biennial. Stems upright, ftiff, fometimes branched, many-angled, fmooth. Leaves alternate, fmooth, very remotely tooth¬ ed, by no means ferrate. Flowers in racemes, yellow, fuelling faintly ; calyx greenifh yellow, brown at the end. The plant under the fame name in Pollich is a different fpecies. Native of Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, Auftria, Italy. 7. Eryfimum perfoliatum : leaves cordate, ftem-clafp- ing, fmooth. Linmeus has not this plant, and Teems to have confounded it with BraJ/ica campejlris, from which it differs, in having a more dift’ufed habit, a white flower, a E R Y longer filique entirely quadrangular; whereas that has the filique cylindric, loofe, dry, wrinkled and veined, ending in a foft fiftularhorn annual. Native of Germany and the Levant. See Brassica Orientalis. Z. Eryfimum bicorne, or horned hedge-nniftard : leaves lanceolate, hairy, filiques two-horned at the tip. Native of the Canary iflands ; it flowers in Auguft and September. Propagation and Culture. In general thefe plants are only admitted into botanic gardens. The three fir ft are com¬ mon weeds, and will fcatter their feeds wherever they are admitted, fo as foon to become troublefome. Moft of them perilh after they have ripened their feeds, but the fifth fort will abide feveral years in a dry lean foil, or on a wall : in rich land it foon decays. They may be all propagated by fowing their feeds in the autumn, where they are to remain ; and they require no culture but to thin them, and keep them clean from weeds. The laft fpecies requires the protection of a green-houfe ; all the others are hardy enough, and the fecond, as has already been mentioned, is cultivated by fome in the kitchen-gar¬ den, as a warm fpring falad herb, under the name of French or American crefs. If permitted to fcatter its feeds, it will come up of itfelf in fufficient quantity. See Brassica, Cheiranthus, Sinapis, Sisymbrium, and Polygonum. ERYSIPELAS, y. [from egvu, to draw, and wsTiaj, Gr. adjoining.] St. Anthony’s fire ; named from the neigh¬ bouring parts being affected by this eruption. ERYTHE'A, an ifland between Gades and Spain, where Geryon reigned. Pliny. E'RYTHRAi, in ancient geography, a city of Afia fa¬ mous for the birth of one of the Sibyls. ERYTHRAEAN, adj. [from ErythraJ Belonging to Erithrse, born at Erithrae. ERYTHRAEAN, adj. [from Egvfigo?, Gr. red.] Belong¬ ing to the Red Sea. ERYTHRAEUM MARE, in ancient geography, a part of the ocean on the coaft of Arabia, now called the Arabian Sea. As it has a communication with the Perfian gulf, and that of Arabia or the Red Sea, it has often been miftaken by ancient writers, who by the word Erytkrean , underftood indiferiminately either the Red Sea or the Pei- fian gulf. It received this name either from Erythras, or from the rednejs (ept/Spe?, Gr. ruber ) of its fand or waters. ER'YTHRAS, a fon of Perfeusand Andromeda, drown¬ ed in the Red Sea, which from him was called Erythraeum. ERYTHREM'MATA,y plu. [from spvSpo;, Gr. red.] Red fpots on the (kin which ufually appear in peftilential fevers. ERYTHRI'NA,y. [from spvfipo;, Gr. red ; the corolla being commonly fcarlet.] In botany, a genus of the clafs diadelphia, order decandria, natural order of papilonaceas, or leguminofae. The generic characters are — Calyx: pe- rianthium one-leafed, entire, tubular: mouth emarginate above, beneath furniftied with a melliferous pore. Co¬ rolla : papilionaceous, five-petalled ; ftandard lanceolate, with Tides bent back, alcending, very long; wings fome- what ovate, fcarce longer than the calyx, hardly project¬ ing beyond the tube of the ftandard, very fmall; keel ftraight, length of the wings, two-petalled, emarginate. Stamina : filaments ten, conjoined at the lower part, but little bent in, the length of half the ftandard, unequal ; antheras ten, fagittate. Piftillum : germ pedicelled, Tu¬ bulate, attenuated into a fubulate ftyle, the length of the (lame ns ; ftigma terminal, fimple. Pericarpium : legume extremely Ibng, protuberating at the feeds, terminated by- a point, one-celled ; feeds kidney-form. — Ejfential Charac¬ ter. Calyx : two-lobed ; corolla ftandard very long, lan¬ ceolate. Species. 1. Erythrina herbacea, or herbaceous coral- tree: leaves ternate ; ftems entirely fimple, (hrubby-an- nual. This has a large woody-root, from which freftt (hoots come out every fpring, growing to the height of about two feet. They feldom throw out branches, and arefometimes perennial. The petioles are ufually prickly z under- E' R Y'? ffaderneatj'! ; there is commonly a prickk alio ‘.urtsJett the common petiole on the flem, and fometimes,; but fel- dom, a prickle of two fcattered about the Hera, Leaflets haftate, deep green. The upper part of the ftalks are terminated by a long bunch or fpjke of fcaiiet flowers. Legumes five or fix inches long, containing five or fix Leaflet feeds. This fpecies flowers in September, but never produces feeds in England. It grows naturally in South Carolina, whence Mr. Catefby fent the feeds in the year 1724, and many plants were then raifed, in feveral curious gardens. It was alfo fent afterwards to Juflieu, from the banks of the Milliflippi. 2. Erythrina carnea, or flefh-coloured coral-tree: leaves ternate, fmooth ; flem arboreous, prickly ; calyxes eam- panulate truncate. The feeds of this are not half fo large as thofe of the next fort, and are of a bright fcarlet colour ; the leaves are alfo much fmaller, and have long acute points ; the branches are very elofely armed with crooked greenifh fpines, as are alfo the ribs and foot-llalks of the leaves. The flowers grow in very long clofe fpikes, and are of a beautiful fcarlet colour. Cultivated in 1759, by Mr. Miller, who fays that he received the feeds from Vera Cruz, and afterwards from the Cape of Good Hope. 3. Erythrina corallodendron, or fmooth-leaved coral- tree : leaves ternate unarmed ; flem arboreous, prickly ; calyxes truncate, five-toothed. This has a thick woody ftem, which rifes about ten or twelve feet high in this country, but where it is a native it grows to twice that height, fending out many firong irregular branches, which are covered with a brown bark. The flowers come out at the ends of the branches, in fhort thick clofe fpikes ; they are of a deep fcarlet colour, and make a fine appearance ; they are commonly in beauty in May and June, but are not fucceeded by pods here : in Ame¬ rica they have thick fwelling crooked pods, containing large feeds of a reddifli purple colour. The leaves fall off in lpring, and in autumn new leaves put forth, which con¬ tinue green all the winter. The flowers do not appear till the leaves drop. Dr. Browne thinks it is not a native of Jamaica, but that it was introduced by the Spaniards, who planted it among their cacao trees, where the walks were molt expofed to the weather, in order to break the force of the winds, whence it acquired the appellation of mader di cocco, among them. In Jamaica it is called the coral orred bean-tree. There is fome difference between the weftern and eaftern plant ; the prickles in the latter are blackifh : but the difference feems fcarcely fufficient to make them diftinCt fpecies. The leaves deep about noon, by conniving or clapping together. This is a native of the Society ifles, and of the fouthern part of China and Gochicu-china. 4. Erythrina piCta, or prickly-leaved coral-tree : leaves ternate prickly ; Item arboreous, prickly. This has ihrubby branched (talks, feldom above eight or nine feet bigih, armed in every part with ftrong crooked black ipines. The leaves are fmaller than thofe of the pre¬ ceding, and have a nearer refemblance to the fir ft ; the foot-ftalksare armed with the fame fort of fpines, and the midrib has alfo fome which are (mailer and not fo black : the flowers areof a paler fcarlet and grow inloofer fpikes. The feeds are as large as thofe of the third fort, but of a dark purple colour. This tree is generally planted in the Eaft Indies for a 1'upport to the pepper plants. 5. Erythrina crifla-galli, or • cock’s-comb coral-tree: leaves ternate ; petioles fomewhat prickly, glandular ; flem arboreous, unarmed. This is a very lofty tree w ith¬ out any prickles on the trunk. Native of Brafil. 6. Erythrina planifiliqua, or flat coral-tree : leaves Am¬ ple, oblong. Native of South America. 7-.' Erythrina fufea, or brown coral-tree : leaves ter¬ nate, unarmed, lanceolate ; banner of the corolla convo¬ lute. Stem arboreous, eight feet high, wish a brown bark like that of hemp, and many fhort fcattered prickles. Native of Cochin-china, on the banks of rivers. Mr. * Vot.. VII. No. 403. R* * Bruce; affirms, that the feeds of one fp'ecies of firyt-hrind are called carats, and are ufed in weighing gold and pre- €-ious -fto'nes. ; Miller mentions feveral other forts or varieties of this fine genus. As one which he names erythrina. inermis, the pods of which are longer, and not more than half fo thick as thofe of the third fort ; (lie feeds of a bright fcarlet, longer and more (lender than thofe of the others ; the leaves (mail and acute-pointed ; the (talks fmooth and without fpines. It does not grow very large, but (hoots out into branches at a little diftance from the ground, and thefe grow ereCt, fo as to form a bulky fhrub. The flow¬ ers come out at the ends of the branches in fhort fpikes. The wings of the corolla are longer than in the other forts, and the whole flower is more clofed. It is a native of the iflands in the Weft Indies. A fecond which he railed from fmall feedsof a bright fcarlet colour, that were fen-6 him from the Cape of Good Hope. The plants had no fpines, the leaves were much larger than the other forts, their ftems were ftrong, and they had the appearance of growing to large trees. He railed a variety of the lecond fort, with paler flowers and feeds, and the plants lei s thorny. Alfo a variety of the third fort, which he re¬ ceived from the ifland of Barbuda, with the flowers and pods very Ihort, the ftamens much longer than the petals, the pods very Ihort and crooked, but rather thicker than thofe of the third fort ; the leaves, ftems, and branches* armed with fpines. Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants are belt propa¬ gated by feeds procured from the countries where they' grow naturally, for they do not produce any here. Sow' them in fmall pots, and plunge them into a moderate hot¬ bed ; where, if the feeds be good, the plants will come up in a month or five weeks. When they are two inches high, flrake them carefully out of the pots, and plant each in a fieparate fmall pot, filled with light earth, and plung¬ ed into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, (hading them from the fun till they have taken new root, admitting a large fliare of air to them when the weather is warm, to prevent their being drawn up weak, and giving them more air as the plants increafe in ftrength : water them fre¬ quently but moderately ; for too much moifture will rot the fibres of their roots. In the autumn remove the plants into the ftove ; and for the two or three firft win¬ ters they will require more heat than when they have ac¬ quired greater ftrength. Water them two or three times a-vveek whilft the leaves are in vigour ; but when thefe are fallen, moifture is very hurtful to them. They may alfo be increafed by cuttings, planted in pots during tiro fummer months, and plunged into a hot-bed ; but feed-, ling plants are belt. The firft fort may be kept through the winter in a warm green-houfe, but in this fituation it rarely flowers. The lecond is frequently planted in the gardens near Li {bon, where it annually flowers, and the feeds ripen : but in England this and the other forts feldom flower, with any treatment we can give them. See Piscidia. ERYTHROBUL'BUS. See Wachendorfia. ERYTHRO'NIUM,/. [from epv fipo;, Gr. red.] In bo¬ tany, a genus of the. dais hexandria, order monogynia, natural order of farmentacse, (lilia, JuJf.) The gene¬ ric characters, are — Corolla : petals fix, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, alternately incumbent towards the bafe, gra¬ dually more fpreading, from the middle bent backwards; nectaries, tubercles two, obtule, callous, growing to each alternate and interior petal near the bafe. Stamina : filaments fix, 1'ubulate, very Ihort ; antherae, oblong. Piltillum : germ turbinate ; ftyle Ample, (hat ter than the corolla, ftraight ; ftigma triple, fpreading, obtule. Peri- carpium : caplttle fomewhat globofe, narrower at the bale, three-celled, three valved. Seeds: very many; ovate, acuminate. — F.Jfenlia l Char after . Corolla lix-petal- led, bell-lhaped ; nectary, tubercles two, fattened to the bafe of the alternate petals. Erythronium den's cam's, or dog-tooth violet, -a Engle C fpecies, fe E R Y fpecies, with two varieties : 0. E. longifolmm ; and y „ E. fol. ovato-oblongis glabris nigro-maculatis. Mr. Miller makes two diftinft fpecies. The firft with two ovate leaves joined at their bafe, three inches long and one, inch and an half broad in the middle, gradually leffening towards the ends ; thefe at firft embrace each other, inclofing the flower, but afterwards they fpread flat upon the ground ; they are fpotted with purple and white all over their furface. Between them rifes a Angle, fmooth, purple, naked ftalk, about four inches high, fuf- taining one flower, which hangs down ; the petals are reflex and fpread open to their bafe ; their colour is com¬ monly purple, but fometimes white. The roots are white, oblong, and fleftiy, fhaped like a tooth ; whence this plant has the name of dog’s-tooth in Englifti. The fame idea has governed the name in all the European languages. (3. Differs in the ftiape of its leaves, which are longer and narrower ; and the flowers are a little larger, but not fo well coloured, y. The leaves are of a darker green, and the flower is of a pale yellow colour. Thefe grow naturally in the fouth of France, Italy, Savoy, Switzerland, Auftria, Friuli, Siberia ; the laft in Virginia. Ray obferved the firft with a purple flower near T urin in the way to Afti, in April ; and with a white flower, between Novi and Genoa. Clufius found this variety near Gratz in Stiria ; and John Bauhinat la Batie near Geneva, flowering in March. Propagation and Culture. This is irrcreafed by offsets from the roots, which they do not fend out very plenti¬ fully. It is not therefore fo common in gardens as mo ft other flowers of the fpring feafon. It loves a fliady fitua- tion, and a light loamy foil. It may be tranfplanted any time after the beginning of June, when the leaves will be quite decayed, till the middle of September ; but the roots fhould not be too often removed, nor fliould they be kept very long out of the ground, for if they fhrink they will frequently rot. They fliould not be planted fcattering in the borders of the flower-garden, but in patches ; and thus difpofed they will make a good appearance. ERYTHROX'YLON, /. [from spvOfoy fwW, Gr. red¬ wood.] In botany, a genus of the clafs decandria, order trigynia, natural order of malpighiae, \JuJf.) The generic charattersare — Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, five cleft, turbinate j divifions ovate, (harp ; very fmall, withering. Corolla : petals five, ovate, concave, expanding ; nectary of five fcales, emarginate, upright, coloured, inferted into the bafe of the petals. Stamina : filaments ten, length of the corolla, at the bafe connected by a truncated mem¬ brane ; antherae heart-fhaped. Piftillum : germ ovate; •ftyles three, filiform, diftant, length of the ftamens ; ftig- mas obtufe, thickifh. Pericarpium : drupe ovate, one- celled. Seed : nut oblong, obtufely quadrangular. — EJfential CharaBer . Calyx, turbinate; corolla, having a fmall emarginate nectareous fcale at the bafe of the pe¬ tals ; ftamina, connefted at the bafe ; drupe, one-celled. Species, i. Erythroxylon areolatum, or dry redwood : leaves obovate mucronate ; branchlets (hort, floriferous, .fcaly. Stem iltrubby, even, with long fpreading and fomewhat rugged branches; leaves petioled, alternate, obovate, narrower at the bafe, entire, veined, fubglaucous underneath, deciduous ; flowers in alternate bundles, on fliort peduncles, fmall and white ; fruit an oblong drupe : refembling that of the barberry, acuminate, fcarlet, in¬ cluding an oblong attenuated hard nucleus or nut. Ac¬ cording to Jacquin, it is a tree twelve feet in height, with numerous branches, frequently coming out from the very bottom of the trunk, with the bark of a dark brown co¬ lour, and the wood folid and pale brown, but never red- difh, as Browne reprefents it to be. Flowers very fweet, having the odour of the jonquil, but milder. The fruit does not feem to be eaten by any animal. Browne fays it is a fmall but beautiful tree : the leaves of an oval form, and marked with two flender longitudinal lines upon the back, which were the utmoft limits of that part E R zr of the leaf which was expofed, while it lay fn a folded ftate. The flowers grow in little clufters, and are very thick upon the branches. The inward bark is of a flefh colour, and the wood of areddifh brown. It is reckoned an excellent timber-wood, for the fize of the tree, which feldom exceeds fixteen or eighteen feet in- height, and five or fix inches in diameter. Natives of the Weft Indies in dry coppices. Dr. Browne has another fpecies, which he calls, “fmall round-leafed erythroxylon or redwood, with very flender branches.” This tree, he fays, differs much front the foregoing both in fhape and manner of growth. It grow9 in the low lands of Jamaica, like the other, and rifes commonly to the height of eighteen or twenty feet. Its leaves are roundilh and fmall ; and the branches very flender. 2. Erythroxylon Havanenfe, or Havanna redwood : leaves elliptic, flowers axillary. This is a ftirub, three feet in height, having altogether the habit of the preced¬ ing, but the leaves ovate, obtufe, quite entire, without any lines underneath. Fruit orange-coloured. Native of the Havanna on rocks near the coaft. 3. Erythroxylon hypericifolium, or brown redwood r leaves obovate, emarginate ; branches floriferous ; pedun¬ cles axillary, folitary. The branches are covered with a brownifh wrinkled dotted bark, compreffed at top, and toothletted from the fallen leaves. 4. Erythroxylon fquamatum, or fcaly redwood : leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, obtufe ; branchlets fcaly, floriferous. Branches fmooth, covered with an afh-co- loured bark, round below, but compreffed at top, among the leaves at top having ovate, half-embracing, fhort, acute, keeled fcales, with a longitudinal groove on the back, at the bafe of which is inferted an awn the length of the fcale. Native of the Weft Indies: obferved in Cayenne, by Rohr. 5. Erythroxylon macrophyllum, or fmall-leaved red¬ wood : leaves elliptic, acute ; flowers axillary and lateral, aggregate. Branches round at bottom, compreffed at top, fmootli, covered with a grey bark, at bottom, among the leaves having approximating fcales, of an ovate-lanceolate form, half-embracing, keeled, ftriated, purplifh, acute ; near the bafe on the outfide is a brown- awl-fhaped awn, the length of the fcale, concealed within the dorfal groove of the fcales. There are two other bracte-ftiaped fcales, one on each fide, a little above the petiole: they are lanceolate, attenuated, and the fame length with the flower. Leaves petioled, alternate, a fpan in length, fharp at both ends, fmooth, glaucous, and veined with purple underneath, quite entire. Obferved in Cayenne by Rohr. E'RYX, a fon of Butes and Venus, who, relying upojt his ftrength, challenged all ftrangers to fight with him in the combat of the ceftus. Hercules accepted his chal¬ lenge after many had yielded to his fuperior dexterity,, and Eryx was killed in the combat, and buried on the mountain, where he had built a temple to Venus. Virgil _ — A mountain of Sicily, now Giuliano, near Drepanum, which received its name from Eryx, who was buried there. This mountain was fo fteep, that the houfes which were built upon it feemed every moment ready to fall. Dteda- lus had enlarged the top, and enclofed it with a ftrong wall. He alio confecrated there to Venus Erycina a golden heifer, which fo much refembled life, that it feem¬ ed to exceed the power of art. Ovid. ER'ZEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and principality of Calenberg, on the Hu 111 me : feven miles fouth weft of Hameln. ER'ZERUM, or Arzerum, a city of Afiatic Turkey, and capital of a pachalic to which it gives name, and is a part of Armenia, fituated near the head of the Euphrates, at the foot of }t chain of mountains, which are ufually co¬ vered with fnow till the latter end of fpring. The town is furrounded with a double wall, and defended with fome Square towers j the houfesare mean, and none of them large. 7 ESA large. The fuburbsare inhabited by Chriftians. Of the inhabitants they count 18,000 Turks, of whom two-thirds are Janifaries ; 6000 Armenians, who have an archbifhop and two churches ; and 400 Greeks, who have a bilhop and one mean church. The Greeks are modly employed in laanufafturing of copper, brought from fome mines three days journey from the city ; this, and a manufacture of the fkin of a fpecies of marten, are the only objects of their commerce. Erzerum is the ftaple of the merchan¬ dize of India, efpecially when the Arabians infelt the en¬ virons of Aleppo and Bagdad. This merchandife confifts of filk from Perfia, cotton, painted linens, fpices, rhubarb from Eukharia, madder from Perfia, zedoary, &c. This town was one of the lalt which was taken from the Greek emperors by the Arabians : 250 miles north-north-ead of Aleppo, and 510 ealt of Conltantinople. ERZ'GEBIRG, or Erzgeburg, (Circle of,) a coun¬ try of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, furround- ed by the territories of Leipfic, MeilTen, the Vogtland and Neuftadt, Bohemia, and the principality of Altenburg. It owes its name to the mines which it contains, which, with its manufactures, conditute its only riches. The foil is hard and ftubborn, the air cold, and the corn which is fown not (infrequently is deltroyed by the feverity of the weather. This territory includes fixty-four towns, and 700 villages. Freyberg is the capital. ESAI'AS, or Isaiah, a man’s name. See Isaiah. E'SAPHE, f. [from S CGttpGCWj Gr. to feel.] The aCt of touch ; or feeling the mouth of the womb to know its date previous to parturition. ESARHAD'DON, [Heb. one that fecures joy.] The fon or brother of Sennacherib, and his fuccelfor in the kingdom of Aflyria. He is faid to have reigned twenty- nine years at Nineveh, from the year of the world 3294 to 3322 ; befides which he reigned thirteen years at Babylon, in all forty-two years. He died in the year of the world 3336. Efarhaddon, in the opinion of (ir Ifaac Newton, was the Sardanapalus who died, as CleCtarchus fays, of old age, after the revolt of Syria ; the name Sardanapalus being derived from AJferhadon Pul. — See the article As¬ syria, vol. ii. p. 295. E'SAU, [iuv Heb. doing or working.] A man’s name. E'SAU, the fon of Ifaac and Rebecca, and the twin brother of Jacob, whom he preceded at their birth, was born in the year 1836 before Chrid. When he came into the world he was covered all over with red hair, indica¬ tive of great conditutional drength of body, which pecu¬ liarly fitted him for the kind of life in which he after¬ wards delighted. For, as foon as he grew up, he became “ a cunning hunter, a man of the field,” and was his fa¬ ther’s favourite, on account of the mafculine and aCtive fpirit which he difplayed, and the variety of delicious food with which he fupplied his table. With Rebecca, however, Jacob was the favourite fon, who followed the paftoral life, and inherited more of his mother’s gentle eafy temper. One day, when Efau returned home, ex- haufted with exercife and fading, he found that his bro¬ ther had cooked a red pottage, which was probably con- iidered as very nutritious, and a dainty, and he entreated that he would fltare it with him. In thefe circumdances Jacob took an ungenerous advantage of his brother’s vvearinels and faintnefs, and propofed to him, as the price of his compliance, that he diould barter the privileges of his birth right for the refrediment which he wanted. With thefe hard terms Efau, who perhaps might think himfelf at the point of death, complied, and by an oath relinquifhed his future pretenfions to the prerogatives of the fird-born, that he might fatisfy his longing appetite. On this occalion he was called Edom, which (Tgnifies red, from the colour of the pottage which he had fo dearly purchafed ; a name by which his pofterity, and the coun¬ try which they inhabited, were afterwards didinguilhed. When Efau was forty years old, he occafioned great grief to his parents, by marrying two wives out of idolatrous Canaanitidi families, with which the pofterity of Abra- ESA ham were prohibited from intermingling. But thefe cir¬ cumdances did not prevent him from being again received into his father’s favour ; and as Ifaac grew old and dim- fighted, and probably confidered his diffolution to be at no great didance, he refolved to bedow his lad prophetic bleffing on him, as his firft-born and heir. With this view he called Efau to him, and defired that he would engage in the chace, and prepare for him fome favoury meat, that he might be invigorated with it before lie went through the folemn fcene. Rebecca, who had over¬ heard the words that palled between them, and was de- firous that her fon Jacob diould receive that benediction, immediately took deps for that purpofe. She drefled fome favoury food, difguifed Jacob in his brother’s clothes, and fo completely managed the deception, that, when Jacob carried the difii to his father, and perfonated Efau, the artifice proved fuccefsful, and the irrevocable bleding, intended for the elder born, was pronounced on the younger. Jacob had fcarcely left his father’s pre¬ fence when Efau arrived with the produce of his hunt¬ ing, and an explanation took place, which plunged both Ifaac and Efau in the greated didrefs, when they found that Jacob had by fubtlety fupplanted his brother in the greated bequed which Ifaac had to bedow. Ifaac alfo blelfed Efau ; but declared that he could not devolve on him and his children equal privileges with what he con¬ ferred on Jacob and his poderity. Thefe were to prove the fuperiors of the defendants from Efau in dignity and power, to whom they mud for a long period be fubjeCt, till they diould at length acquire drength to break the yoke. Efau felt high refentment at the conduCt of his brother on this occafion, and at fird determined to kill him as foon as their father fhould die. Intelligence of this defign being brought to Rebecca, die prevailed upon Ifaac to fend Jacob to her brother Laban, where he diould be beyond the reach of Efau’s vengeance, and, by marry¬ ing a wife out of his family, prevent the fame kind of unhappinefs which his brother’s union with idolaters had occafioned. This feparation between the brothers laded for leveral years; during which Efau, confidering that Ifaac and Rebecca had an averfion to the daughters of the Canaanites, married a wife of the family of Ifhmael, and, removing to mount Seir, became poireffed of great wealth and power. Of this he afforded evidence, when his brother Jacob, who had married his uncle’s daugh¬ ters, and was returning to his father’s country, with a numerous family, and large flocks and herds, lent to in¬ form him of his circumdances, and to propitiate his anger if he dill retained refentment for Jacob’s conduct refpeff- ing the fale of the birth-right, and his father’s blefling. He went out to meet him, with a company of four hundred men, and after a tender interview, in which Efau (hewed that he entirely forgave the pad, and that his mind was influenced by a noble fpirit of generofity, as well as fra¬ ternal afteftion, he intimated his w i Hi that Jacob would fettle in his neighbourhood, where they might be within reach of rendering each other kind and friendly offices. But with this wifli Jacob was afraid of complying, and went and dwelt in Shechem. The next account which the Scriptures give of any meeting between the two brethren, was on the death of Ifaac, when they both at¬ tended to pay their filial refpedts to his remains, and appear to have adjuded their refpe6tive claims on their father’s edate, and to have conducted themfelves towards each other in the mod peaceable and amicable manner. As, however, their joint polfedions were now grown to fuch a magnitude, that there was no room for them both in the land in which they were drangers, Efau returned to his former fettlement at mount Seir, w here his pode¬ rity became a numerous and powerful people, called after their progenitor, Edomites. Of the time of Efau’s death no mention is made in Scripture, or of the age to which he arrived. At his father’s death he was one hundred and twenty years old ; after which he married a wife, by whom he had feveral fons, E'SAU, E' Sv C « E'SAU, a- mountain of Arabia, in the country of 'Ye¬ men : four miles north of Udden. FIS AULO'VO, a town of Ruffian Siberia, in the go¬ vernment of Kolivan : thirty-fix miles eaft-Touth-eaft of Krafnoiarfk. ESCACE'NA, a town of Spain, in the country of Se¬ ville : twenty miles weft of Seville. ESCAII/LON, a river of France, which runs into the Scheldt, about two miles above Valenciennes. ES'CALA (La), a town of Spain, in the province of Catalonia, on the coaft of the Mediterranean: twenty- two miles eaft. of Gerona. Lat. 42. 7. N. Ion. 19. 43. E. Peak of TenerifFe. ESCALA'DE, f [French..] The adt of (forming a town or garrifon by mounting a wall or a rampart ; car¬ ried on with ladders, without proceeding in form, breaking ground, or carrying on regular works to fecure the men. ESCALEN'TE, a town of Spain, in the province of Bifcav : fifteen miles eaft of Santander. ESCALLO'NI A, /. [fo named by the younger Lin- nteus, in honour of Monf. Efcallon, pupil and companion of Mutis, who found this, and many other rare plants, in their journey through New Granada, which they fent to Li mucus. ] In botany, a genus of the clafs pentaudria, order monogynia, natural order culycanthenue, (onagrte, Juf.) The generic charadters are — Calyx: one-leafed, five-cleft, fuperior, permanent; divifions fpreading, keel¬ ed, (harp. Corolla : petals five, tongue-lhaped, diftant, longer than the calyx. Stamina : filaments five, fmooth, oppofite to the divifions of the calyx, alternate with the petals, and ftiorter than them ; anthersc incumbent, faft- ened by the back to the filaments, emarginate, two-celled. Piftillum : germ half-inferior, an oblate fpheroid ; ftyle upright; ftigma capitate. Pericarpium : berry roundilh, furrounded with the calyx', terminated by the permanent ftyle, two-cejled. Seeds: numerous, fmall, neftling. — FJfential Charattcr. Calyx furrounding the fruit ; ftigma capitate ; berry two-celled, containing many feeds. Species. 1 . Efcallonia myrtilloides, or myrtle efcallonia: leaves ferrulate, ending in a fmall dagger-point, veiny underneath. This is a branching leafy flmib ; branches wandlike, obfcurefy angular, covered with a fmooth, clunky, deciduous, bark. Berry the fize of a pea, covered with a lid, which does not feem to fall off fpontaneoufiy. Efcallon firft found it in New Granada. 3. Efcallonia ferrata, or ferrate efcallonia : leaves fer¬ rate, fubretufe, veinlefs underneath. This is a Tow fiirub, very much branched, leafy, fmooth, and having the ap¬ pearance of vaccinium. Branches alternate, angular, fome- what flexuofe, with a fmooth pale bark. Berry fmall, continuing through the winter, covered with a lid which is cut round horizontally near the calyx, and at length falls off. All the parts of the fructification, except the petals, are only one-third of the fize of thofe in the fore¬ going fpecies. Coinmerfon found it in the ftraits of Ma¬ gellan ; and Menzies in Terra del Fuego. ESCALO'NA, a town of Portugal, in the province of Beira : (ixteen miles north of Almeida. ESCALO'NA, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile: four¬ teen miles r.orth-north-eaft of Segovia. ESCALO'NA, a town of Spain, in the province of New Caftile, fituated on an eminence, in a fertile country, near the Alberche, and furrounded with walls; it con¬ tains four fauxbourgs, four churches, two convents, and a caftle : twenty miles north-weft of Toledo, and thirty- two fouth-weft of Madrid. ESCA'LOP, f. A fheil-fifh, whofe ffiell is regularly indented. See Concho log y, vol.v. p. 30. — The (hells of thofe cockles, ejealops, and periwinkles, which have ■greater gravity, were enclofed in (lone. Woodward. — An inequality of margin ; indenture. — The figure of the leaves }s divided into jags and ejealops, curioufiy indented round the edges. Ray. ESCAM.'BI A, one of the mod confiderable rivers that fall into the bay of Penfacola, in Weft Florida, empties itfeLL hear the head of the north branch, about fifteen t SC Vmles'from Penfacohi, through feveral marches and 'chan¬ nels, which have a number of i (lands between them, that are overflowed when the water is high. A (hoal near its month prevents veflels drawing more than five or fix feet from entering; but there is from two to four fathoms of water afterwards. Ca-pt. Hutchinsafcended it in a boat up¬ wards of eighty miles, and from the depth of Water there, it appeared to be navigable for. pettiaugers many miles further. It is uncertain where its fource is. The courfe is very winding. At the mouth of the river, on the weft fide, was the town of Cambleton, fettled by French pro- feftants in 1766, but was afterwards abandoned. The lands in general, on eacjr fide of the river, are rich, low, or fwampy, admirably adapted for the culture of rice or corn. The great number of rivulets which fall into this river from the high circumjacent country, may be led over any part of the rice lands, at any feafon of the year, ESCANDE'RI A, f. The chandry or office where the candles are laid up, and delivered out for family ufes. ESCAPA'DE,yi [Fr.] Irregular motion of a horfe : He with a graceful pride. While his rider every hand furvey’d, Sprung loofe, and flew into an efcapade. Dryden. To ESCA'PE, v. a. [ echaper , Fr.] To obtain exemp¬ tion from; to obtain fecurity from; to fly; to avoid. — ^ Since we cannot efcape the purfuit of paffions, and per¬ plexity of thoughts, there is no way left but to endeavour all we can either to fubdue or divert them. Temple. — To pafs unobferved by one. — Men are blinded with igno¬ rance and error: many things may ej'cape them, in many they may be deceived. Hooker. ’Tis ftill the fame, although their airy (hape All but a quick poetic fight efcape. Denham. 7b ESCA'PE, v.n. To fly; to get out of danger ; to avoid puniftiment or harm. — Efcape for thy life; look not behind thee, neither (lay thou in all the plain : efcape to the mountain, left thou be confumed. Genefis. — Whofo pleafeth God (hall ej'cape from her, but the finner (hall be taken by her. Eccl. vii. 26. — If laws are not executed, men of virtue are difgraced, and murderers efcape. Watts. ESCA'PE, f. Flight; the adl of getting out of dan¬ ger. — I would haften my efcape from the windy (form and temped. Pfalrns, Iv. 8. — Men of virtue have had extraor¬ dinary e/capes out of fuch dangers as have enclofed them, and which have feemed inevitable. Addifon. — Excurfion ; fa 1 1 y . — We made an efcape , not fo much to feek our own, as to be inftruments of your fafety. Denham. — Excufe ; fubterfuge ; evafion. — St. Paul himfelf did not defpife to remember whatfoever he found agreeable to the word of God among the heathen, that he might take front them all efcape by way of ignorance. Raleigh. — Sally ; flight; irregularity.— Loofe J'capes of love. Milton. Thoufand fcapes of wit, Make thee the father of their idle dreams, And rack thee in their fancies. Shdkef peart . ■ Overfiglit ; miftake.— In tranferibing there would be lels care taken, as the language was lefs underftood, and fo the ej'capes lefs fubjedt to obfervation. Rrtrcwdod. ESCA'PE, in the Englilh jurifprudence, is where a perfon arrefted or imprifoned gets away before he is deli¬ vered by due courfe of law. If at the petition of A. and the reft of the creditors of B. a conimiftion under the ftatutes againft bankrupts is ilfued out againft B. and thereupon the commiffioners fit and offer interrogatories to C. and he refufe to be examined, and by them is there¬ upon committed to prifon, and the gaoler fuffers him to efcape, as the commiffioners had fufficient authority to commit, and A. was prejudiced by the efcape, he may maintain an adtion againft the gaoler. 1 Rol. Rep. 47. The (heriff cannot be charged with an efcape before lie had the party in adlual cuftody by a legal authority ; and therefore if an officer, having a warrant to arreft a man, fee him flint up in a hdufe, and challenge him as his pri- foner, but never actually have him in his cuftody, and 1 the ESCAPE. 9 the party get free, the officer cannot be charged with an efcape. But if A. is arrefted, and in the aClual cuftody of the flieriff, and afterwards another writ is delivered to him at the fait of J. S. upon the delivery of the writ, A. by conftruCtion of law, is immediately in the ffieriff’s cuftody, without an aClual arreft; and if he efcapes, the plaintiff may declare that he was arrefted by virtue of the i'econd writ, which is the operation it has by law, and not according to the faCt. 5 Co. 89. But where the Iheriff, not having actually arrefted a defendant, but accepted the undertaking of an attorney to put in bail, who put in bail, and the Iheriff had returned a cepi corpus, held per lord Mansfield at Surrey affizes, fummer 1775, in Hodgfon and Akerman, efq. that the Iheriff was not liable, upon a writ of non ejl inventus, on another procefs, to arffcaftion, either for an efcape or a falfe return, or for negligence in not taking the defendant, no actual negligence being proved ; and the plaintiff was nonfuited. If a perfon out upon bail renders himfelf in difeharge of his bail, a'nd a reddidit Jc is entered in the judge’s book, and a committitur filed in the office, and the prifoner after¬ wards efcapes ; yet if no notice was given to the marflial of fuch render, nor no entry made of the commitment in his book, the prifoner (hall not be deemed in cuftody fo as to charge the marfhal with an efcape ; but it feems this mutter cannot be inlifted upon after trial. 1 Salk. 272. But for the greater fecurity of creditors, and the better to enable them to prove tire actual cuftody of the pri¬ foner, it is enaCted, by flat. 8 and 9 Will. III. c. 27. “ That if any one, defiring to charge any perfon with any aCtion or execution, ftiall defire to be informed by the marflial or warden, or their refpeCtive deputies, or by any other keeper of any other prifon, whether fuch perfon be a prifoner in his cuftody, or not, the faid marfhal or war¬ den, or fuch other keeper, (hall give a true note in writ¬ ing thereof, to the perfon fo requefting the fame, or to his lawful attorney, upon demand, at his office for that purpofe, or, in default thereof, ffiall forfeit the fum of 50I. and if fuch marflial or warden, or their refpeCtive deputy, exercifing the faid office, or other keeper, &c. of any other prifon, (hall give a note in writing that fuch perfon is an aCtual prifoner in his or their cuftody, every fuch note ftiall be taken as a fufficient evidence, that fuch perfon was at that time a prifoner in aCtual cuftody.” Every perfon in prifon by procefs of law is to be kept in falva & arEla cujlodia, in order to compel them the more fpeedily to pay their debts, and make fatisfaCtion to their creditors. If therefore a defendant being taken in exe¬ cution, be afterwards feen at large, for any the ffiorteft time, even before the return of the writ, this is an efcape. 2 Bl. Rep. 1048. Perfons in the King’s-bench and Fleet prifons are to be actually detained within the faid prifons; and if they efcape, aClion of debt lies againft the warden. 1 Rich. II. c. 12. But now the marflial or warden grant the liberty of the rules to fuch as they think proper, (not criminally charged,) on proper fecurity. Keepers of thofe prifons fuffering prifoners either upon contempt or mefne pro¬ cefs, or in execution, to be out of the rulCs, (except on rule of court, See.) are guilty of an efcape; and perfons conniving at an efcape ftiall forfeit 500I. by 8 & 9 Will. III. c. 27. And by this ftatute, where any prifoner in execu¬ tion efcapes, the creditor may have any other new exe¬ cution againft him. If the bailiff of a liberty, who has the return and exe¬ cution of writs, remove a prifoner taken in execution to the county gaol, fituated out of the liberty , and there deli¬ ver him into the cuftody of the flieriff, this is an efcape for which an aCtion of debt lies. 2 Term Rep. 5. In ftriCt law, if a man hath judgment againft two per¬ fons, and both are taken in execution, if the flieriff fuffer one of them to efcape, he ftiall be anfwerable for the whole debt, though he hath one of them ftill in cuftody. 1 Rol. Abr. 810. But in an aCtion on the cafe, tried before lord Mansfield, in Surrey, for an efcape of one of two de- Vol. VII. No. 403. fendants, under very favourable circumftances for the officer, his lordftiip left it to the jury, whether they would find the whole of plaintiff’s debt, in damages, or only half, and the. jury found only half. By flat. 8 and 9 Will. III. c. 27. it is enaCted, t( That if the marflial or warden for the time being, or their refpeCtive deputy or deputies, or other keeper or keepers of any other prifon or prifons, ffiall, after one day’s no¬ tice in writing given for that purpofe, refufe to fliew any prifoner committed in execution to the creditor, at whofe fuit fuch prifoner was committed or charged, or to his attorney, every fuch refufal ffiall be adjudged to be an efcape in law.” In civil aiStions the flieriff is to anfwer for the efcape of his bailiff, as the bailiff is for that of his fervant ; and aCtion on the cafe lies againft the flieriff' for an efcape upon mefne procefs, becaufe the plaintiff is prejudiced in his fuit by it. See Bull. Ni. Pri. 59. Where a perfon is in cuftody on mefne procefs, and being outlawed after judg¬ ment at the fuit of another, the judgment creditor brings a warrant on a capias utlagatum, and delivers it to the ffie- riff’s officer, who hath him in cuftody; if the officer af¬ terwards permits the perfon to efcape, though he refufe to execute the warrant, the flieriff is chargeable in aCtion on the cafe. 5 Rep. 89. If the marflial of the King’s-bench, or warden of the Fleet, or any other who hath the keeping of prifons in fee, fuffer a voluntary efcape, it is a forfeiture of the of¬ fice. 3 Mod. 146. And there is likevvife a farther penalty of 500I. added by 8 and 9 Will. III. c. 27. There is this difference between an efcape on mefne procefs, and execution; if the flieriff arreft a perfon on mefne procefs, and he is refeued by J. S. he may return the refeue, and fuch return is good, and no action of efcape lies againft him after fuch return ; but the court will iffue procefs againft fuch refeuer, or fine him ; for in this cafe, though the flieriff may, yet he is not obliged, to raife the pojfe comitatus. 1 Rol. Abr. 807. But after judg¬ ment on a capias ad fatisfaciendum, the flieriff cannot return a refeue, for in fuch cafe the flieriff is obliged to raife the pojfe comitatus, if needful, and therefore, if he return a refeue, an action of efcape lies, or a new capias-, for the return of an ineffectual execution is as none. See Buller’s Ni. Pri. 60. It is ufual, on an efcape on mefne procefs, to declare againft the flieriff, &c. in cafe : on execution, in debt. The diftinCtion feems now to be thus fettled : I-f a flieriff or gaoler fuffers a prifoner, who is taken upon mefne pro¬ cefs, to efcape, he is liable to an aCtion on the cafe. Cro. Eliz. 625. But if, after judgment, a gaoler or fheriff permits a debtor to efcape who is charged in execution for a certain fum, the debt immediately becomes his own, and he is compellable by aCtion of debt, being for a fum liquidated and afeertained, to fatisfy the creditor his whole demand. 2 Injl. 382. In debt againft the fheriff or gaoler for an efcape, the jury cannot give a lefs fum than a creditor would have recovered againft the prifoner, viz. the fum indorfed on the writ, and the legal fees of exe¬ cution. zTerm. Rep. 126. By the ftatute 8 and 9 Will. III. c. 27. it is enacted, “ That it ffiall be lawful for any perfon, having caufe of aCtion againft the warden of the Fleet prifon, upon bill filed in the courts of common pleas or exchequer againft the warden, and a rule being given to plead thereto, to be out eight days at hioft after filing fuch bill, to fign judg¬ ment againft the warden, uplefs he plead to the bill within three days after fuch rule is out.” If the prifon takes fire, by means whereof the prifoners efcape, this ffiall excufe the flieriff. So if the prifon is broke by the king’s enemies, this ftiall excufe the flieriff, for he can have no remedy againft them. 1 Rol. Abr. 80S. But if the prifon was broke by rebels and traitors, the king’s fubjeCts, this ftiall not excufe him, for he may have his remedy againft thefe. When a prifoner tortioufly efcapes from the cuftody of the gaoler, he may be re- D taken j 10 ESC taken ; and the fheriff may purftte a perfon efcaping into that or any other county ; and if he retakes the prifoner on frefli purfuit before action brought, it fhallexcufe the fherifF, for there the prifoner (hall be faid to be in exe¬ cution dill. 3 Rep. 44. And where the (heriffis to anfwer the debt and damages for fuch efcape, he fliall have his counter-remedy againft the party efcaping; and may take him at any time and place, and imprifon him till he hath fatisfied the lheriff as much as he hath paid to the plain¬ tiff. Cro. Eliz. 393. In criminal cafes, a man muff be committed to prifon by lawful mittimus. If a party is committed for treafon, to break prifon and efcape is felony ; but if a prifoner let out traitors, it will be treafon. 2 Inf. 590. Where one is imprifoned for petit larceny, or killing a man fc defc.n- dendo, See. to break prifon and efcape is not felony ; and if a prifon be fet on fire, not by the privity of the prifoner, he may bieak prifon for the fafety of his life. 2 Inf . 590. A gaoler refufing to receive a perfon arrefted by the con- ftable for felony, whereby he is let go, is guilty of an efcape ; but there muff be an adtual arreft, which arreft muff be juftifiable, to make an efcape ; for if it be for a JuppoJ'ed crime, where no crime was committed, and the party is neither indidted nor appealed, it is no efcape to fuft’er a perfon to go at large. Fitz . Coron, 224. If a pri¬ vate perlon arreft another for fufpicion of felony, he is to deliver him to a public officer, who ought to have the cuftody of him ; for if he let him go, it will be an efcape. 2 Hawk. P. C. c. 19. And if no officer will receive him, he is to deliver him to the townfhip where arrefted. If a gaoler fo clofely purfue a prifoner, who flies from him, that he retake him without loling fight of him, the law looks on the prifoner fo far in his power all the time, as not to adjudge fuch a flight to amount at all to an efcape ; but if the gaoler once lofe fight of the prifoner, and afterwards retake him, he feems in ftrifftnefs to be guilty of an efcape ; and a fortiori therefore, if he kill him in the purfuit, he is in like manner guilty, though he never loft fight of him, and could not otherwife take him, not only becaufe the king lofes the benefit he might have had from the attainder of the prifoner, by the for¬ feiture of his goods, See. but alfo becaufe the public jus¬ tice is not fo well fatisfied by the killing him in fuch an extrajudicial manner. 2 Hawk. P. C. c. 19. Wherever a prifoner, by the negligence of his keeper, gets fo far out of his power that the keeper lofes fight of him, the keeper is finable at the diferetion of the court, notwithftanding he retook him immediately after ; for it feems agreed, that this is to be adjudged a negligent efcape, which implies an offence, and confequently puniffi- able. It is true, indeed, that in an adlion againft a gaoler for fuffering one arrefted in a civil action to efcape, it is a good exctife for the gaoler, that, before the adtion brought, he took the prifoner upon frefh fuit, which is well maintain¬ ed by (hewing that he purfued him immediately after no¬ tice of the efcape, though it were fome hours after it, and retook him ; but it does not from hence follow, that the like excufe will ferve for the negligent efcape of a criminal, becaufe this is an offence againft the public, but the other is only a private damage to the party : neither will it be an hardftiip to the officer, to be expofed to fuch punifhment as the court, in diferetion, fliall think fit to impofe upon him for the negligent efcape of a criminal, as it would be to be liable to an adtion of efcape, forfuffering a perfon in his cuftody, in a civil adfion, to efcape ; for that in the former cafe the court would moderate his fine according to the circumftances of the whole matter, and would cer¬ tainly mitigate, if not wholly excufe it, if he fhould ap¬ pear to have taken all reafonable care : but in the other cafe, if he fhould be liable to an adfion, his judgment •would not lie in the diferetion of the court, but he would be bound to pay the whole debt, for which the party was in cuftody, if the efcape fhould be adjudged againft him. 2 Hawk. P. C. c. 19. It is enadted by flat. 31 Edw.Ml. c. 14, “ That the ESC efcape of thieves and felons, and the chattels of felons, and of fugitives, and alfo efcapes of clerks convicts, out of their ordinary’s prifon, from thenceforth to be judged before any of the king’s juftices, (hall be levied from time to time, as they fliall fall, as w’ell of the time paft.as time to come.” By which it feems to be implied, that other juftices, as well as thofe in eyre, may take cognizance of efcapes ; and it is certain, that juftices of gaol-delivery may punifli juftices of peace for a negligent efcape, in admitting perfons to bail, who are not bailable. And it is farther enadted by flat. 1 Rich. III. c. 3, “ That juf¬ tices of peace fliall have authority to inquire, in their feffions, of all manner of efcapes of every perfon arrefted and imprifoned for felony.” Wherever an efcape is fina¬ ble, the prefentment of it is traverfable ; but where the offence is amerciable only, there the prefentment is of it- felf conclufive. 2 Hawk. P. C. c. 19. Whoever de faElo occupies the office of gaoler, is liable to anfwer for a negligent efcape; and it is no way mate¬ rial whether his title to the office be legal or not. A fheriff is as much liable to anfwer for an efcape futfered by his bailiff, as it he had actually fuffered it himfelf, and the court may charge either the fheriff or bailiff for fuch an efcape ; and if a deputy gaoler be not fufficient to an¬ fwer a negligent efcape, his principal muft anfwer for him. Alfo, it is enadted, by flat. 19 Hen. VII. c. 10, “ That every fheriff have the cuftody of the king’s common gaols, during the time of his office, except all gaols whereof any perfon or perfons have the keeping of eftate of inheri¬ tance. And that all letters patent made for term of life, or years, of the keeping of the faid gaols, &c. fhall be annulled and void.” By flat. 1 6 Geo. II. c. 31, it is enadted, That perfons who any ways affift a prifoner, committed for treafon, or felony, to attempt his efcape from any gaol, fhall be ad¬ judged guilty of felony, and be tranfported ; and if the prifoner be committed for any other crime ; or upon pro- cefs for tool. debt, See. the offenders are liable to fine and imprifonment. And where any perfon conveys any arms, inftrument, or difguife, to a prifoner in gaol for felony, Sec. or for his ufe, in order to an efcape, it is likewife felony and tranfportation. Alfo if one affift any prifoner to efcape from any conftable, or other officer or perfon in whofe cuftody he is, by virtue of a warrant of commitment for felony, it is declared to be the like offence. And to af¬ fift felons convidt to make their efcape from the perfons to whom they are delivered to be tranfported, is felony without clergy. $P.Wms. 439. But no indidlment canbe maintained on this ftatute for contributing to the efcape of a prifonercommitted on fufpicion only. Hawk. P. C. ii. c. 21. ESCA'PE-WARRANT, f. in law: if any perfon committed or charged in cuftody in the King’s-bench or Fleet prifon, in execution, or on mefne procefs, go at large ; on oath thereof before a judge of the court where the adtion was brought, an efcape-warrant fliall be grant¬ ed, diredted to all fheriffs, See. throughout England, to retake the prifoner, and commit him to gaol where taken, there to remain till the debt is fatisfied : and a perfon may be taken on a Sunday upon an efcape-warrant. Stat. 1 Ann. c. 6. ESC A'PEMENT, or Scafement, f. A general term for the manner of communicating the impulfe of the wheels in a clock or watch to the pendulum or balance. See Horology. ESCARA'Y, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile : five miles fouth of Calzida. ESCA'RGATOIRE, f. [Fr.] A nurfery of fnails. — ■ At the Capuchins I law efcargatoires, which I took the more notice of, becaufe I do not remember to have met with any thing of the fame kind in other countries. It is a fquare place boarded in, and filled with a vaft quantity of large fnails, that are elteemed excellent food, when they are well drelfed. Addifon. ESCARI'GO, a town of Portugal, in the province of Eeira: twelve miles north-weft of Penny Macor. ESC AG ESC ESCATALF.E'S, a town of France, in the department of the Garonne : five miles weft of Montauban. ESCATA'RI, a fmall ifland about five leagues north of Louiftiourg, in the illand of Cape Breton. ESCATRQ'N, a town of Spain, in Arragon : twelve miles north-north-weft of Alcanniz. ESCH, a town of the duchy of Luxemburg, on the Sours feven miles weft of Dicrich, ESCHALO'T,/ [Fr.] Pronounced Jhallot. — Efchalots are now from France become an Englifh plant, managed after the fame manner as garlick. Mortimer. — The efclia- lot was firft brought into France from Afcalon, about which place it grows wild ; and lienee called Cepa AJca- lonica, and Ajcalonilides . The old Englifh name was barren onyons , becaufe it leldom puts up any flowering ftem. See Allium. ES'CHAR,/! [from ss^afou, Gr. to fcab over.] A hard cruft or fear made by hot applications. — When i flues are made, or bones expofed, the efehar fhould be cut out immediately. Sharp. ESCHA'RA ,/. the trivial name of a fpecies of horn- wrack. See Flustra. ESCHA'ROTIC, adj. Cauftic ; having the power to fear or burn the flefh. ESCHA'ROTIC,/. A cauftic application. — An efehar was made by the catheretic, whicli we thruft off, and con¬ tinued the ufe of e/charoties. Wifcman. ESCHE, a town of Swifferland, in the canton of Uri : eight miles fouth-eaft of Altorff. ESCHE'AT, f. \_cfcaeta, Lat. from the old French tjeheoir , to fall or happen.] In the Englifh jurifprudence, it is the Cafual defeent, in the nature of forfeiture, of lands and tenements, within his manor, to a lord; either on failure of iffue of the tenant dying feifed, or on account of the felony of fuch tenant. By attainder, for treafon or other felony, the blood of the perfon attainted is fo corrupted, as to be rendered no longer inheritable. Great care, however, muft be taken to diftinguifh between forfeiture of lands to the king, and this fpecies of efeheat to the lord ; which, by reafon of their fimilitude in fome cir- cumftances, and becaufe the crown is very frequently the immediate lord of the fee, and therefore entitled to both, have been often confounded together. But in faff efeheat operates in fubordination to this more ancient and fuperior law of forfeiture, zlnjl. 64. The dodlrine of efeheat upon attainder, taken fingly, is this ; that the blood of the tenant, by the commiflion of any felony, is corrupted and ftained, and the original donation of the fend is thereby determined. Upon the thorough demonftration of which guilt, by legal attain¬ der, the feudal covenant and mutual bond of fealty are held to be broken, the eftate inftantly falls back from the offender to the lord of the fee, and the inheritable quality of his blood is extinguilhed and blotted out for ever. In confequence of which corruption and extindlion of here¬ ditary blood, the land of all felons would immediately re¬ volt in the lord, but that the fuperior law of forfeiture intervenes, and intercepts it in its paffage ; in cafe of trea¬ fon for ever, in cafe of other felony, for only a year and a day. zlnjl. 36. See the article Tenure. It has been holden, that a faving againft the corruption of blood in a ftatute concerning felony, doth by confe¬ quence fave the land to the heir, fo as not to efeheat ; becaufe the efeheat to the lord for felony is only pro defettu tenentis, occafioned by the corruption of blood : but it hath been adjudged, that a faving againft the corruption of blood, in a ftatute concerning treafon, doth not fave the land to the heir : for in treafon the land goes to the king by way of immediate forfeiture. 3 hjl. 47. Inheritances of things not lying in tenure, as of rents, commons, & c. cannot efeheat to the lord, becaufe there is no tenure : nor defeend, by reafon the blood is corrupted : though they are forfeited to the king by an attainder of treafon, and the profits of them fit a 1 1 bealfo forfeited to the king on attainder of fekny, during the life of the offender -t and .3 ESC M after his death it is faid the inheritance fliall be extin- guilhed. z Hawk.. P. C. c. 49. In cafes of efeheat, the blood of the tenant being ut¬ terly corrupted and extinguifhed, it follows, not only that all that he has at the time of his offence committed fliall efeheat from him, but alfo that he fliall be incapable of inheriting any thing for the future. This farther ii- luftrates the diftinftion between forfeiture and efeheat. If therefore a father be feifed in fee, and the fon commits treafon and is attainted, and then the father dies: the land fliall efeheat to the lord, becaufe the fon, by the cor¬ ruption of his blood, is incapable to be heir, and there can be no other heir during his life; but nothing (hall be forfeited to the king, for the fon never had any intereft in the lands to forfeit. Co. Litt. 13. In this cafe the efeheat operates, and not the forfeiture ; but in the fol¬ lowing inftance the forfeiture works, and not the efeheat. As where a new felony is created by a£l of parliament, and it is provided (as is frequently the cafe) that it fliall not extend to corruption of blood : here the lands of the felon fliall not efeheat to the lord, but yet the profits of them fliall be forfeited to the king for a year and a day, and fo long after as the offender lives. 3 Itjl. 47. Hulband and wife, tenants in fpecial tail ; the hufband is attainted of treafon and executed, leaving iffue ; on the death of the wife the lands fliall efeheat, becaufe the iffue in tail ought to make his conveyance by father and mother, and from the father he cannot by reafon of the attainder. Dyer 322. If tenant in fee Ample is attainted of treafon, and executed, upon his death the fee is veiled In the king, without office found ; yet he muft bring a Jcire facias againft the tertenants ; lands lhall never efeheat to a lord of whom they are holden, until office found. 3 Rep. 10. Efeheat feldom happens to the lord for want of an heir to an eftate; but when it doth, before the lord enters, the homage jury of the lord’s court ought to prefent it. 2 Injl. 36. Land lhall efeheat to the lord, where heirs are born after attainder of felony. 3 Rep. 40. Though if the king pardons a felon before convidiion, the lord fliall not have his lands by efeheat ; for the lord hath no title before attainder. 2 Keif. Abr. 744. If on appeal of death or other felony, procefs is awarded againft the party, and pending the procefs he conveyeth away the land, and after is outlawed, the conveyance is good to defeat the lord of his efeheat : but if where a perfon is indidted of felony, pending the procefs againft him, he conveys away his land, and afterwards is outlawed, the conveyance fliall not prevent the lord of his efeheat. Co. Litt. 13. As a confe¬ quence of this dodtrine of efeheat, all lands of inheritance immediately revelling in the lord, the wife of the felon was liable to lofe her dower, till the ftat. 1 Ed. VI. c. 12. and ftill by ftat. 5 & 6 Ed. VI. c. 11, the wife of one at¬ tainted of high treafon lhall not be endowed. See the ar¬ ticle Dower, in vol. vi. There is one fingular inftance in which lands held in fee-fimple are not liable to efeheat to the lord, even when their owner is no more, and hath left no heirs to inherit them. And this is the cafe of a corporation ; for if that conies by any accident to be diflolved, the donor or his heirs lhall have the land again in reverfion, and not the lord by the efeheat; which is perhaps the only inftance where a reverfion can be expedlant on a grant in fee-fimple ablolute. See Corporation, vol. v. p.222 — 226. To ESCHE'AT, v. a. To fall to the lord of the manor by forfeiture, or for want of heirs. — He would forbear to alienate any of the forfeited efeheated lands in Ireland, which ftiould accrue to the crown by reafon of this re¬ bellion. Clarendon. ESCHEA'TOR, /. \_efcaetor, Lat.] An officer anciently appointed by the lord treafurer, See. in every county, to make inquefts of titles by efeheat ; which inquefts were to be taken by good and lawful men of the county, im¬ panelled by the Iheriff. Stats. 14 Ed. III. c. 8. 34 Ed. 111. c. 13. 8 H. VI, c, 16. Thefeefcheators found offices after the 12 ESC the death of the king’s tenants, who held by knight-fer- vice, or otherwife of the king ; ant] certified their inqui- fitions into the Exchequer ; and Fitzherbert called them officers of record. No efcheator could continue in his office above one year : and whereas before the ftatute of Wejhn. i. c. 24, efcheators, fheriffs, &c. would feize into the king’s hands the freehold of the fubjefts, and thereby diffeife' them ; by this aft it is provided that no feizure can be made of lands or tenements into the king’s hands, before office found. 2 Inf. 206. And no lands can be granted before the king’s title is found by inquifition. Stat. 18. H. VI. c. 6. The office of efcheator was for¬ merly of great nfe to the crown ; but having its chief dependance on the court of wards, which is taken away by aft of parliament, it is now in a manner out of date. 4 Injl. 225. ES'CHENAU, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of Auftria: eight miles fouth of St. Polten. ES'CHENBACH, a town of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, and Upper Palatinate : thirty-four miles eaft-north-eaft of Nuremberg. ES'CI-IERSHF.IM, a town of Germany,' in the circle of the U pper Rhine, and county of Hanau Munzenburg : ten miles weft of Hanau, and three north-north-weft of Frankfort on the Main. ES'CHEVIN. See Echevin. To ESCHEW', v. a. [ efchcri , old French.] To fly; to avoid ; to ftiun ; to decline. A word almoft obfolete. . — Of virtue and vice, men are univerfally to praftife the one, and efchew the other. Atterbury. So let us, with this change of weather view, Change eke our minds, and former lives amend; The old year’s fins forepart let us efchew , And fly the faults with which we did offend. Spenfer. ESCH'LBERG, a town of Germany, in the arch¬ duchy of Auftria: fourteen miles fouth-weft of Freu- ftadt. ESCH'LKAMP, a town of Germany, in Lower Bava¬ ria : three miles eaft of Furth. ES'CHRAKITES, or Esrakites, a feft of philofo- phers, among the Mahometans, who adhere to the doc¬ trines and opinions of Plato. The word is derived from the Arabic pyi< fchraca, which in the fourth conjugation trpTN afchraca, lignifies “to fliine, glitter like the fun;” fo that Efchrakite feems to import “ illumined.” ESCHUT'CHEON, f. The fhield or bearings of a family; the pifture of the enjigns armorial. — E/chutcheon is a French word, from the Latin J'cutum, leather ; and hence corneth our Englifh word buckler, lepe in the old Saxon fignifying leather, and buck or bock, a buck or flag ; of whofe fkins, quilted dole together with horn or hard wood, the ancient Britons made their fhields. Peachum. — There be now, for martial encouragement, fome degrees and orders of chivalry, and fome remem¬ brance perhaps on the e/chutcheon. Bacon. — We will pafs over the e/ckutcheons of the tribes of Ifrael, as they are ufually delcribed in the maps of Canaan. Brown. ESCHWE'GEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and principality of Helfe Rheinfels, on the Werra, with about 600 houfes: twenty-feven miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Cartel. ESCHWEI'LER, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and duchy of Juliers : fix miles fouth of Ju- -Jiers. ESCHY'NOMENE, f. in botany. See Mimosa. ESCHYNOM'KNOUS, adj. Senfitive, belonging to plants that drop their leaves at the touch. ES'CLE, a town of France, in the department of the Vofges, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrift of Darney : three leagues and a half weft of Epinal. ESCOBA'R (Anthony, furnamed de Mendoza ), a Spa- nifti Jefuit, and famous cafuift, died in 1669, when eighty years of age. His opinions have been juftly cenfured by numerous writers, and the principles of his morality have E S D been ably expofed in the ingenious Mr. PafchaPs Pro¬ vincial Letters. He was the author of numerous works, ' of which the mod known are, Theologia Moralis , 7 vols. folio ; and Gommcntaria in Veins & Novum Tef amentum, in 9 vols. folio. ESCO'RT, f \_efcortc , Fr.] Convoy; guard front place to place. lo ESCO'RT, v. a. [ efcorter , Fr.] To convoy ; to guard from place to place. ESCO'I,/ [Fr.] A tax formerly paid in boroughs and corporations towards the fupport of the community, which is called foot and lot. To ESCO'T, v. a. [from the noun.] To pay a man’s reckoning; to fupport. — What, are they children ? who maintains them ? how are they e/coted? Skake/peare. ESCOU'T, f. [efcouter, Fr.] Lifteners or fpies ; per- fons fent for intelligence. Now Scout. — They were well entrenched, having good efcout abroad, and fure watch within. Hayward. ESCOYEU'X, a town of France, in the department' of the Lower Charente, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrift of Saintes : two leagues and a half north-eaft of Saintes. ESCRITOIR', f. [Fr.] A box with all the imple¬ ments neceftary for writing. Pronounced fcritore. ESCROW', f. in law, a deed delivered to a third per- fon, to be the deed of the party making it, upon a future condition, When a certain thing is performed ; and then it is to be delivered to the party to whom made. A de¬ livery as an efcrow figtiifies, in faft, as a fcrowl or writing, which is not to take efteft as a deed, till the condition be performed. Co. Lit. 36. ES'CUAGE, f ■ [from efcu, Fr. a ftiield.] In the feo- dal fyftem, a tenure by knight fervice. See the article Tenure. ES'CULENT, adj. [ efculentus , Lat.] Good for food ; nourifhing; eatable. — 1 knew a man that would faft five days; but the fame man ufed to have continually a great wifp of herbs that he fmelled on, and fome efculent herbs of ftrong fcent, as garlick. ES'CULENT, f. Something fit for food. — This cut¬ ting off the leaves in plants, where the root is the efculent , as radilh and parfnips, it will make the root the greater, and fo it will do to the heads of onions ; and where the fruit is the efculent, by (Lengthening the root, it will make the fruit alfo the greater. Bacon. ES'CULUS, f. See Quercus. ESCUR'E (L’), a town of France, in the department of the Tarn : half a league north-eaft of Alby. ESCU'RIAL, a village of Spain, in New Caftile, fi- tuated on the Guadara, which takes its name from a ce¬ lebrated palace, or convent, founded by Philip V. in con- fequence of a vow made the day on which a battle was fought at St. Quintin, in the year 1557. It is faid to contain 1140 windows; it is furnilhed with fome capital paintings by the beft mafters, and a library, which con¬ tains upwards of 20,600 volumes. It was taken by the allies, in the year 1706 : twelve miles north-weft of Ma¬ drid. ESCUROL'LES, a town of France, in the department of the Allier, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrift of Gannat : four miles north-eaft of Gannat. ES'DEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft¬ phalia, and bilhopric of Liege : three miles fouth-fouth- weft of Stocklim. ESDRAE'LON, Esdrelom, or Esdrelon, plain of ; an extenlive valley or plain in Paleftine. Judith i. 8. and iii. 9. ES'DRAS, a Jewifh prieft, and doftor of the law. Artaxerxes Longimanus lent him with rich prefents for the ufe and ornament of the temple at Jerufalem, rebuilt under Zerubbabel ; the king alfo ordered the neighbour¬ ing governors to provide him with what conduced to the pomp of the Jewifh religion, and to exempt the priefts from paying taxes. He is fuppofed to have been the col¬ lector E S K lcfior of the canon of'fcripture ; and It is imagined that he wrote the Chronicles. E'SEK, [Heb. contention. 3 The name of a well dug by the patriarch Ifaac, during his refidence at Gerar in Canaan; which being claimed by the herdmen of that place, was abandoned by the patriarch, and ftiled Efek. Gen. xxvi. 20. E'SENS, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft- phalia, and county of Eaft Frifeland : twenty-four miles north-north-eaft of Embden. _ / ESFARA'IN, a town of Perfia, in the province of Chorafan : eighty miles eaft of Afterabat. ESGUE'VA, a river of Spain, which runs into the Pifuerga, at Valladolid. ESGUEY'RA, or Esgueria, a town of Portugal, in the province of Beira, containing about 1600 inhabitants : eight miles fouth of Aveiro. ESHANESS', a cape on the weft coaft of Mainland, the largeft of the Shetland iflands. Lat. 60. 38. N. Ion. ». 7. E. Edinburgh. ESH'BAAL, [Heb. the fire of Baal.] The name of a man. ESH'COL, [Heb. a bunch of grapes.] A brook or valley, fituate in Paleftine. Here the twelve fpies lent out by Mofes terminated their refearch : and, having ga¬ thered an exceeding fine bunch of grapes, they from that ^ircumftance named the fpot as above. Num. xiii. 23, 24. The name of a man. E'SHEAN, a city of Paleftine, in the tribe of Judah, and fituated in the mountains of that province. J0JJ1. xv. 52. ESH'TAOL, [Heb. ftrong.] A city of Paleftine, in the tribe of Judah, fituated in the low parts of that pro¬ vince. It was afterwards afligned to the tribe of Dan, as their inheritance was included within that of Judah. JoJh*.x\. 33, and xix. 41. Near this place was Samfon made manifeft to Ifrael as their deliverer ; and near it was this extraordinary character buried. Judges xiii. 23, and xvi. 31. ESHTEM'OA, orEsHTEMOH, [Heb. bofom.J A city of Paleftine, in the tribe of Judah, fituated in the moun¬ tains of that province, and one of the cities of the Le- vites of the family of Aaron or Kohath. JoJhua xv. 50, and xxi. 14. E'SI, a town of Italy, in the ftate of the church, and marquifate of Ancona : eleven miles fouth-louth-weft of Ancona. ESK, a river of England, which runs into the Irifti fea near Ravenglafs, in the county of Cumberland. ESK, a river of Scotland, formed by the union of two ftreams, called the North and South Elk, about a mile north from Dalkeith, which runs into the Forth at Muf- felburg. ESKARMEK'RUN, a town of Perfia, in the province of Clnififtan : ninety miles fouth of Sofa. ES'KER, a river of European Turkey, which runs into the Danube, twenty miles weft of Nicopolis. ESKETO'RES, f. [from ejeker, Fr.J Robbers or de- ftroyers of other men’s' lands and fortunes. 20 Edzu. I. ES'KI-BABA, a town of European Turkey, in Ro¬ mania ; thirty miles fouth-eaft of Adrianople. ESKI'ER, a town of Arabia, in the country of Ye¬ men.: fixty miles north of Aden. ES'KI-HISAR, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the pro¬ vince of Natolia : fixteen miles weft of Mogla. ES'KI-HISS AR, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the pro¬ vince of Natolia, formerly Laodicea, now almoft a heap of ruins : eight miles north of Degnizln. ESKIJAL'FA, a town of Perfian Armenia, in the country of Erivan : i5o miles fouth-eaft of Erivan. ESKILSTU'NA. See Carl-Gustavadst. ESKIMAU'X. See Labrador. ESKIMAU'X BAY, a bay on the fouth coaft of La¬ brador. Lat. 51. 30. N. Ion. 57. 50. W. Greenwich. ESKIMAU'X ISLANDS, a duller of fmall iflands in Vol. VII. No. 404. E S O 13 the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near the fouth coaft of Labra¬ dor. Lat. 50. 15. N. Ion. 63. W. Greenwich. ESKIS A'DRA, a town of European Turkey, in the pro¬ vince of Romania: forty-eight miles eaft of Filippopoli. ESKISHE'HR, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province of Natolia, on the river Sakaria : 116 miles fouth-eaft of Conftantinople. Lat. 3 blue ; half-way down they are covered with long tender feales; below, they are fmooth, as is the belly ; and of a fhining filver colour. The pleafing mixture of colours in this filh, and the curious Terpentine motions it makes, are an agreeable fight. yy,//. Loadon.PuhterheJ a* t}i* 4cc directs- March *s.*«03.iv J-TVOUw ■ f *■ * * - ' 17 E S (tight. The end cff the tall is thin, hut becomes thicker towards the fins, fo that it forms a trapezium. The la¬ teral line, which is near the belly, has a direction totally different from all the fillies hitherto dcfcribed : it does not begin, as ufual, near the back of the head, neither does it end in the midft of the tail-fin ; but it arifes under the gill-covert, keeps on by the belly, and lofes itfelf near the tail-fin. The fins are (liort in proportion to the length •of the body : the pedt orals and ventrals are grey, and t heir rays divide into feveral ramifications; the anal and dorfal are bluifli, with limple rays ; the fin of the tail has a little furrow, is edged with, blue, and the rays are branched at the ends. This fpecies is found in moll large feas, fo that it was known to the Greeks and Romans. They haunt t lie depths of the fea, whence they come in fiioals from March to June, to propagate their kind on the lliores and fmooth places : they generally make their appearance a little before the mackerel, which filh they refevnble in tafle. The teeth with which the jaws are armed are fufficient to pronounce this a voracious fifii ; but in its turn it is often devoured by the fhark, and other more powerful fea-fifli. The gar is commonly a foot or a foot and a half long, and weighs from two to three pounds. Sir Wm. Hamilton, during his refidence at Na¬ ples, fawafifii of thisfpecies which weighed forty pounds ; it was prefented to the king as a rarity. According to Renard, this fifli grows to eight feet long in the Eaft, and its bite is mortal : they are taken with a peculiar kind of dart, which conti.fts of a wooden handle armed with about twenty iron points of fix inches long- The fifhermen fol¬ low this fifii in the night in the following manner : there are four in a boat ; one man, in the fore-part, holds a lighted torch of draw and wood in order to attraCl the fifii by the glare of the fire ; the others watch the mo¬ ment when the fi flies advance to pierce them with tliefe darts or forks, and often Hick feveral at once ; and thus they fometimes take twelve or fifteen hundred in a night. The gar-filhery is very confiderable in fome countries ; though the fifii is'nct much preferred in England. At Tranqucbar in the Danifii Eafi Indies, they are well efteemed as food ; they grow two feet long, and four inches broad, according to the luted accounts from that country, and are found in ponds and rivers : kakumen is the name they are known by there; and at New York waljbilor. One remarkable quality obierved in this fifii is, that when either cooked or fmoked, the bones affume a beautiful green colour : a circumftan.ee which prevents many per¬ sons from eating it. A correct figure of this fpecies is given in the Efox Plate I. 16. Efox hepfetus, the filver-lined pike. Specific cha¬ racter, lateral line fi 1 very ; dorfal and anal fins oppofite. Fourteen rays in the dorfal and tail fins, 12 in the pec¬ torals, 6 in the ventrals, and 15 in the anal. Inhabits America. Cepede and Commerfon are of opinion that this is the fame with the E. marginatus. 17. Efox Chilenfis, the Chilian pike. Specific charac¬ ter, jaws of equal length, lateral line blue. There are ten rays in the membrane of the gills, 14 in the dorfal fin, 11 in the peftorals, 6 in the ventrals, 8 in the anal, ar.d 22 in the tail. Inhabits the Chilefe feas; from two to three feet in length. Body round, covered with bony angular deciduous feales, above golden, beneath filvery ; flefh white, fomething pellucid, flaky and excellent. Head comprelfed ; eyes large, round, lateral ; mouth tranfverfe, terminal ; teeth fixed, crowded, very fmall ; tongue entire, and with the palate fmooth ; aperture of the gills falcate, the coverts fcaly, of two pieces ; lateral line above, indented ; fins radiate, fliort. 18. Efox argenteus, the filvered pike. Specific cha¬ racter, body brown, with faint yellow or filver irregular lines or marks like writing. Diicovered by Forfter in the frefli waters at New Zealand and other ides of the Pacific Ocean. It is a fmall fpecies, and fhaped like a trout. 19. Efox marginatus, the margined pike. Specific character, dorfal and anal fins oppofite, lateral line fil- very ; lower jaw fix times as long as the upper. Thirteen Vol. VII. No. 404. O X. rays in the membrane of the gills and in the dorfal fin, 1 1 in the peCtorals, 6 in the ventrals, 10 in the anal, and 14 in the tail. This was obferved by Forfkal in the Red Sea in Arabia, arid by Commerfon at Rio Janeiro in June 1767. The latter is of opinion that the kcpfelus has been feparated from this merely from 4 mutilated fpecimen having reached the examiner. The body is fomewhat tranfparent, very much lengthened, as well as the tail, and about a fpan and a half long ; body linear, tapering on each fide, covered with broad, lax, entire feales, above brown, beneath whitifli. Head narrower than the body, above horizontal ; eyes vertical, a little remote ; teeth numerous,- ereCt, rigid, fmall; tail tapering, (Haight ; peCtoral fins lanceolate ; anal final!, triangular, glaucous, yellojvifh without ; dorfal yellow without ; tail two- lobed, the upper lobe pale yellow, the pofterior edge brown ; the lower lobe twice the length of the upper. ■ 20. Efox Brafilienfis, the piper, or under fword-fifh, Specific character, lower jaw (even or eight times as long as the upper; body ferpentine. There are 14 rays in the membrane of the gills, 10 in the peCtoral fins, 6 in the ventrals, 12 in the anal, 18 in the tail, 14 in the dor¬ fal. The head is fmall, compreffed, oblong, broad at the top, (harp underneath, which makes it triangular or wedge-fhaped. The upper jaw is (hort and blunt; but the under one is produced long and (harp, being one- third as long as the body of the filh, and has a very fin- guiar appearance ; both jaws are armed with feveral rows of little (harp teeth ; the palate and tongue are fmooth ; but the throat is furnifhed with bones on each fide like chevaux de frize almoft meeting. The noftrils and, eyes are vertical ; the pupil of the eve is black, the iris (il- very. The gill-coverts are fmooth, and radiated; the aperture is wide, the membrane concealed. The body is fomewhat compreffed at: the (ides, and long. The fins are (hort, with flexible thrfee-branched rays except the firft ; the tail is forked, the lower part the longed ; the ventral fins lie very backward. The head and (ides are filvery ; on the (ides from the back there are foine dark- coloured flripes or fpots, which do not reach fo low as the lateral line; the fins are bluifli; the lower jaw and lateral line are green. This fpecies inhabits botli Indies. According to DuTertre, it grows twelve or fifteen inches long, and is delicate eating; he adds, that it is eafily caught by a light; on fetting fire to a bit of hay, thefe fi(h come round the boats in (lioals, and are eafily caught in nets. Renard agrees that they are fat and good eating ; he fays that the Eaft Indians make excellent fanfages of them. See an engraving of this (pecies in the Efox Plate II. fig. 3. 21. Efox gymnocephalus, the bald-headed pike. Spe¬ cific character, jaws equal, head naked ; gill-coverts very obtufe. Thirteen rays in the dorfal fir., 10 in the pec¬ torals, 7 in the ventrals, 26 in the anal, and 19 in the tail. Inhabits India ; about the fize of the Ammodytes, or fand-eel. 22. Efox chirocentrus, the (harp-fingered pike. Spe¬ cific character, lower jaw longeft ; head and opercula naked; a very (hong,- long, loofe, fpine, juft above the origin of the peCtoral fin, Obferved and figured by Com¬ merfon. The teeth are long and jagged; the dorfal fin (horter than the anal, both fickle-fliaped ; the ventrals very fmall ; a fort of knob or wen appears above each peCtoral fin ; the tail is very widely forked, the lower lobe rather longeft. The lateral line runs near the back, and follow s the flexure of it. Scales fmall, crowded. 23. Efox (tomias, the viper-mouthed pike. Specific character, four of the teeth much longer than the reft, and projecting from the mouth when (hut, in the manner of the E. (patula. It inhabits the Mediterranean ; is 18 inches long ; body greenilh-brown. Lower jaw longeft ; two fore-teeth in the upper jaw, and fecond pair in the lower, longer, the latter hooked at the tip. Firft ray of the dorfal fin, which is near the head, very long and fetaceous ; body gradually tapering downwards; tail a, little forked. 24. Efox F E S O 18 24. Efox polvpterus, the many-finned pike. Specific chara&er, one ray only in the membrane of the gills, a fpout-hole on each fide the head, 1 6 or 18 dorfal fins. Thirty-two rays in each pedtoral fin, 12 in each ventral, *5 in the anal, 19 in the tail, which is rounded. This very remarkable fifli was difcovered in the Nile by citizen Geoffroy, one of the fcientific perfons who accompanied the French in their expedition to Egypt : his defeription of it firft appeared in the Bulletin des Sciences by the Philomathic Society, No. 61. Cepede has received it into his fyftem as a fepa.rste genus, polypterits, fignifyiug in Greek many-finned, which name we have adopted for the fpecific. In the fize of its fcales and the long plates it is armed with, it refembles the E. offetis, or cayman ; but it has many marks of diftinflion from every fifli hi¬ therto known. Each peToral fin arifes from a kind of appendage or arm made up of feveral fmall bones which are united in the full-grown fifh, but fiill bear fome re- femblance to the fore-legs of quadrupeds. Each ventral arifes alfo from an appendage, but much fhorter than Chafe which fupport the peftorals. A hard ray appears in each of the fixteen or eighteen dorfal fins; it is com- jireffed on the fides, terminates in a double point ; and near the top four or five fmall rays, obliquely turned backwards, run along the top of a narrow high mem¬ brane, broad downwards and rounded above. The folid ray is articulated upon the head of the apophylis of the vertebra correfponding to it ; its own apophyfis is very fmall, and concealed under the fkin. Inftead of the rays which commonly fupport the membrane of the gills, there is a long bony plate, fo that the membrane cannot be contracted and extended at the will of the animal. The top of the head is cafed in a large bone, confiding of fix pieces articulated into each other. Between this bone and the operculum, there is a feries of little fouare pieces, the longed of which, being loofe at one end, opens and Units like a valve, and underneath it lies a hole for the iifue of water from the mouth ; this is probably in¬ tended to fupply the want of elafticity in the membrane of the gills. There are two barbies from the under lip ; two rows of fmall even clofe teeth in each jaw ; the tongue is moveable, flefhy, but free from afperities. The pre¬ vailing colour is lea-green, with fome irregular black fpots more numerous towards the tail-fin than nearer the head. Length about a foot and a half ; the tail not more than one-fixth of the total length ; the abdomen is very capacious. The gullet is wide ; the ft'omacb narrow, long, and conical. The inteftinal canal bears a refem- blance to that of the fliarks and rays: rifing a little arched from the upper part of the llomach, it goes direClly to the anus ; but a large duplicature in the internal mem¬ brane forms a fpiral vvhofe folds detain the food a longer time in that canal for the purpofe of digefiion. The caecum is thort ; the air-bladder very long, and commu¬ nicates with the tefophagus by a valve or fphiiiiSler which can be opened or (hut at pleafure. 25. Efox faurus, the faury or mackrel-pike. Specific character, fix fpurious fins above and feven beneath the tail. There are 12 rays in the dorfal, anal, and peCtoral, tins, and fix or feven in the ventrals ; tail deeply forked. This lingular fifh prefents the body of a pike in union with the tail of a mackrel. Rondeletius has given a de¬ feription of it in very few words, accompanied with a figure ; but it has been fuppreffed by Linnaeus, Gmelin, Hauy, Daubenton, and moft modern writers. Dr. Turton has reitored it in his recent tranflation of Linnaeus; and Cepede has given a detailed account of it from the ob- fervations which M. Camper lent him from Holland. Cepede has made it a diftinct genus, by the expreilive name of Scomherefox. According to Rondeletius, it grows to the length of a foot, and has fix fpurious fins above and below the tail ; but the fpecimen in the poffefliou of M. Camper, was not more than nine inches long; and had fix fpurious' fins above and feven beneath. The jaws are long and narrow enough to be compared to the bill ESP of a woodcock; but they are a little curved at the ti'j», as in the E. belone. The upper jaw, which is narrower and fhorter, fhuts clofe into the lower. The rims of the jaws are toothed like a faw in the full-grown animal ; but in M. Camper’s fpecimen, which was a young one, there were only a few afperities at the upper part of the lower jaw clofe to the opening of the mouth. The tongue, which is fliort and rough, fcarcely reaches to where thofe afperities begin. The entire head is about one-third of the total length. The eyes are large ; nof- trils double ; feveral mucous pores appear round the eyes and upon the jaws. The fcales are of a moderate fize, and eafily rub off ; two rows of fmaller fcales on the belly make that part appear thicker, fo that the fiender- nefs of the tail appears not gradual, but fudden. The pedtoral fins are fickle-ftiaped ; the ventrals very fmall, and far from the throat ; the fixth fpurious fin above and the feventh below are longer and narrower than the reft. The prevailing colour of this fi(h is bright filvery ; the back, the lateral line, and the riling on the belly, have a (hade of brown mingled with chefnut or rufous. The ftomach is long ; the inteftinal canal pretty ftraight ; the liver long and red ; the gall-bladder blackilh. As food, this fifli refembles the mackrel. ESPADACIN'TA, a town of Portugal, in the pro¬ vince of Tra-los-Montes, on the Duero, and borders of Spain : thirty-four miles fouth-weft of Miranda de Duero, and twenty-eight north of Almeida. ESPAGN AC',, a town of France, in the department of the Lozere, on the Tarn ; near it is a lead-mine, which yields thirty-three pounds of lead from a quintal of ore, and eight ounces of filver from a quintal of metal : ten miles fouth of Mende. ESPAGN ACJ (John-Baptift-Jofeph de Sahuguet-Da- marzil, baron d’), a military writer, born in 1713, at Brive-la-Gaillarde. He entered the fervice at the age of nineteen, bore arms with reputation in Italy in 1734, and was an aid-de-camp in the war of Bavaria in 1742. He was efteemed by marlhal Saxe, who employed him as aid-major-general and colonel of a regiment of grenadiers. In 17 66 he was made governor of the invalids, into which he introduced fome ufeful reforms. Fie arrived at the rank of lieutenant-general in 1780, and died at Paris in 17S3. He publifhed, 1. Campaigns of the King in 1745— 48, 4 vols. Svo. 2. Effay on the Science of War, 3 vols. 8vo. 1751. 3. Effay on the great Operations in War, 4 vols. Svo, 1755. 4. Supplement to the Reveries of Marfnal Saxe, 2 vols. Svo. 1773. He alfo wrote The Hiftory of Marlhal Saxe, 3 vols. 4to. in which are given plans of his battles and marches, together with anecdotes and particulars of the life of that celebrated general. ESPA'GNE (John d’), a French proteftant divine in the feventeenth century, a native of Dauphine, who be¬ came minifter of the French church in London, where he officiated during the reigns of James I. and Charles I. He publilhed feveral trails, which were collected toge¬ ther, and printed at Geneva in 1670, in 3 vols. 121110. and at the Hague in 1674, in 2 vols. 121110. Befides thefe, he publifhed a treatife entitled Erreurs populaires eti Points generaux qni conccrncnt P Intelligence de la Religion, dedicated to Charles I. king of England. Bayle fays of his works in genera!, that they deferve to be read, and that the laft- mentioned piece contains many good things. ESPAGNE'T (John d’), a learned Frenchman of the feventeenth century, and prefident of the parliament of JBourdeaux. Fie was attached to the ftudy of the new philofuphy, and exhibited a proof of the proficiency which lie had made in it, in a work entitled Enchiridion phyjicce rcJliiiLta, printed at Paris in 1623, which was afterwards tranflated into French, under the title of La Philo/ophie des Akcicns rejlablie en fa Purete. This work may be faid to have been the firft which appeared in France containing a complete fyftem of phyfics contrary to that of Ariftotle. He alfo publifhed a work concerning the philolophei ’a (tone, entitled Arcanum Hermetic# philejophi# Opus. Both r the ESP ESP the above-mentioned performances contain many juft ob- fervations, and curious particulars ; but at the fame time prefent us with fome fanciful hypothefes, which no more accord with the difcoveries of fcience in its prefent ftate of improvement, than many of the abfurdities which the author properly and ably explodes. Mr. d’Efpagnat alfo publiflied, in 1616, an old MS. entitled Le Rozier des Guerres, found at Nerac, in the king’s clofet, and erro- neoufly fuppofed by fome to have been the production of Louis XI. He added to it a treatife of his own upon the jnftitution of a young prince. ESPA'LIER, J\ Trees planted and cut fo as to join. See Horticulture. — Plant your faireft tulips in places of (belter, and under efpaliers. Evelyn. Behold Villario’s ten years toil complete. His arbours darken, his efpaliers meet. Pope. ESPALIO'N, a town of France, and feat of a tribunal, in the department of the Aveiron : four leagues and a half north-north-eaft of Rhodez, Lat. 44. 32. N. Ion. 20. 36. E. Ferro. ESPAMISCA'CK, a lake of Lower Canada : feventy- four leagues north-eaft of Quebec. Lat. 50. N. Ion. 68. W. Greenwich. ESPA'QUE, a town of Perfia, in the province of Se- geftan : fifty-four miles fouth-weft of Kin. ESPARR AGO'S A, a town of Spain, in the province of Eftremadura : thirty-five miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Merida. ESPARRAGUE'R A, a town of Spain, in the province of Catalonia: fifteen miles north-north-weft of Barcelona. ESPAR'ZA, a town of Spain, in Navarre: twenty-two miles eaft of Pamplona. ESPAR'ZA, a town of North America, in Mexico, ■and province of Cofta Rica. ESPE'CI AL, adv. [_fpecialis, Lat.] Principal; chief: They had th! efpecial engines been, to rear His fortunes up. Daniel. • ESPE'CIALLY, adj. Principally; chiefly ; particu¬ larly; in an uncommon degree above any other.— -Provi¬ dence hath planted in all men a natural defire and curio- fjty of knowing things to come ; and fuch things efpecially as concern our particular happinefs, or the general fate of mankind. Burnet. ESPE'jA, a town of Spain, in the province of Cor¬ dova: feventeen miles north-north-eaft of Montilla. ESPELET'TE, a town of France, in the department of the Lower Pyrenees, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt of Uftaritz: three leagues fouth of Bayonne. ES'PEN (Zeger Bernard Van), a celebrated Flemifli canonift, born at Louvain, in 1646. After going through the courfe of philofophv in that univerfity, he applied to theology. He was admitted to prieft’s orders in 1673, and received the degree of doctor of laws two years after¬ wards. From that time until 1702, he lived in the col¬ lege of pope Adrian VI. employed in a clofe application to the works which have attached to his name no little celebrity. He died at Utrecht, towards the latter end of 1728, in the eighty-third year of his age. The moll con- liderable of hie works, (till in great eftimation, and much confulted, is his Jus ecclefiajlicum univerfun. . All his works have undergone various irnpreflions, of which the tnoft complete was publiflied at Paris, with the imprint of Louvain, in 1753, in four volumes folio, with the title of Zegeri-Bernardi Van Efpen Opera ovinia. ESPEN'CE (Claude de), a learned French catholic divine in the lixteenth century, born at C'halons-fur- Marne, in 1511. He was educated at Paris, where he ftudied the dailies in the college of Calvi, philofophy in that of Beauvais, and theology in the college of Na¬ varre. So highly was he refpedted for his learning and 'merits’, that he was chofen redtor of the univerfity of Paris before he had taken his doctor’s degree, which he received from the faculty of the Sorbonne when he was thirty-one years of age. In 1 544 he accompanied tlic 19 cardinal of Lorrain on his embafly to Flanders, when be went to negociate a treaty of peace between Francis I. and the emperor Charles V. Afterwards lie was fent by the king to Melun, to aftift at the ecclefiaftical conference which his majefty had commanded to be held in that place by twelve divines, in order to give their advice concerning the queftions proper to be propofed for dif- cuflion at the council of Trent ; and he fnftained a lead¬ ing part in their determinations. The greater part of his days he devoted to ftudious retirement, and died at Paris, in 1571. The works which he left behind him are chiefly written in Latin, in a dignified and elegant ftyle, of which there are few examples among the writers of that period. They confift of, 1. Commentaries on the Epiftles of St. Paul to Timothy and Titus. 2. A Treatife on Clandeftine Marriages. 3. Five Books on the Adora¬ tion of the Eucharift. 4. Six Books on Continence. 5. A Treatife on the Mafs ; and feveral controverfial pieces. His works were collected together, and publiflied at Pariss in i6ig, in folio. ES'PER (John Frederic), an ingenious naturalift, born at Drolfenfeld in Bayreuth, in 1732. He ftudied at Er¬ langen, where he applied chiefly to theology; and when his education was finifhed, he refided five years at Bay¬ reuth, employed in inftruefting young perfons, and making himfelf acquainted with natural hiftory and botany, of which he was remarkably fond. Efper acquired conli- derable reputation as a naturalift, on account of his re- fearches refpedting the zoolites in the principality of Bayreuth. In the diftridt of Streetberg, are a number of large fubterranean caverns, partly infulated, and partly connected with eacli other, which contain immenfe num¬ bers of bones of various animals, many of them undefined, thrown together in heaps to a conliderable height, and covered with earth arifing from decompofed animal bo¬ dies. With the afliftance of tiie late Dr. Heuman, Efper undertook an examination and defeription of thefe re¬ markable curiofities ; and the refult of his labours was publiflied under the following title : An accurate De¬ feription of the lately-difcovered Zoolites of unknown Animals, and of feveral Caverns, &c. Nuremberg, 17745 folio, with fourteen illuminated plates. Efper wrote alio, A Method of determining the Orbits of Comets and other celeftial Bodies, without aftronomical Inftruments, or mathematical Calculations; Erlangen, 1770, Svo. with plates. ESPER A'NCE, f. [Fr,] Hope. Not vftd : To be worft, The lowed, moft dejected things of fortune, Stands Hill in efperance, lives not in fear. Shakefpeare. ESPERA'ZA, a town of France, in the department of the Aude, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrift of Qmllan: two leagues and a half fouth of Limoux. ES'PESEL, a town of France, in the department of the Aude, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt of QuUlan : two leagues and a half fouth-weft of Qynllan.' ESPI'AL, f [from efpier, Fr. ] A fpy ; a fcout ; one fent to bring intelligence. Not ufed. — Thofe foufgarri- fons, i (Tiling forth at fuch convenient times as they (hull have intelligence, or efpial upon the enemy, will drive him from one fide to another. Spenfer on Ireland, As he march’d along, By your e/pia/s were difeovered Two mightier troops. Shakefpeare . ESPIER'RE, a town of Savoy, in the county of Man. rienne, on the river Arc : three miles and a half fouth of Argentina. ESPIE'RS, a town of Flanders, eight miles north of Tournay. On the 2d of May, 1794, the French repub¬ lican army attacked the Englifh and Andrians in this town ; and, after an obftinate engagement, were repulfed, having 1 200 men killed and wounded ; leaving behind them 300 prifoners, and feven pieces of cannon. ESPINA'R, so ESP ESFINA'R, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile : eighteen miles fouth-fouth.weft of Segovia. ES'PINHAL, a town of Portugal, in the province of Beira : eighteen miles, fouth-eaft of Coimbra. ESPINO'S/^, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile : twenty miles north of Frias. ESPINO'SA, a town of Spain, in New Caftile : forty- four miles fouth-weft of Toledo. ESPl'RITU SANTO, the largeft and moft wefterly of the New Hebrides 1 (lands, in the South Pacific Ocean, about fifty-feven miles in length, and thirty in breadth. EbPPRITU SANTO, a river of South America, in the country of Brafil, which runs into the Atlantic. .ESPl'RITU SANTO, a town of the itland of Cuba, on the foil tli coaft : fifty-five miles fouth-weft of Bayamo. Lat. 19. 36. N. Ion. 24. 40. W. Ferro. ESPLANA'DE, f [Fr.] In fortification, called alfo glacis, a part which ferves as a parapet to the counter¬ fcarp, or covert way : being a declivity or dope of earth, commencing from the top of the counterfcarp, and lofing itfelf infenfibly in the level of the, .champaign. Efpla- inade alfo means the ground which has been levelled from the glacis of the counterfcarp, to the firft houfes ; or the vacant fpace between the works and the houfes of the town. The term is alfo applied to any piece of ground that is made fiat or level, and which before had fome eminence that incommoded the place. ESPLEE'S,/. [from cxplco, Lat.] In law, the products which ground or land yield j as the hay of the meadow's, the herbage of the pafture, corn of the arable ; rent and fervices, &c. And of an advowfon, the taking, of tithes in grofs by the parfon ; of wood, the felling of wood ; of an orchard, the fruits growing there ; of a mill, the tak¬ ing of toll, &c. Thefe and fuch-like iffiies are termed efplees. And it is obferved, that in a writ of right of land, advowfon, &c. the demandant ought to allege in liis count, that he or his aticeftors took the efplees of the thing in demand; otherwise the pleading will not be good. Terms de Ley. ESPLESSI'ERS, a town of France, in the department of the Somme : twelve miles fouth-weft of Amiens. ESPONDE'ILLAN, a town of France, in the depart¬ ment of the Herault : feven miles north of Beziers. ESPOSEN'DA, a town of Spain, in the province of Galicia : twelve miles fouth-weft of Orenfe. ESPOSEN'DA, a feaport town of Portugal, in the pro¬ vince of Entre Duero e Minho, at the mouth of the Ca- vado, with a harbour for fmall veftels : twenty-two miles north of Oporto. Lat. 48. 32. N. Ion. 10. 9. E. Ferro. ESPOU'SALS, J'. without a Angular; [fponfalia, Lat. efpoufe, Fr.] The a£l of contracting or affiancing a man and woman to each other ; the act or ceremony of betrothing. ESPOU'SAL, adj. Ufed in the act of efpoufing or be¬ trothing. — The ambaftador put his leg, ftript naked to the knee, between the efpoufal Iheets ; that the ceremony might amount to a confummation. Bacon's Henry V 1 1 . • To ESPOU'SE, v. a. [ efpeufer , Fr.] Tocontradt or be¬ troth to another; with to. — Deliver me my wife Michal, which. 1 efpovfed to me. 2 Sam. — Or with. — He had receiv¬ ed him as a fuppliant, protected him as a perfon fled for refuge, and efpoufd him with his kinfwoman. Bacon. — To marry, to wed : They foon efpous'd ; for they with cafe W'ere join’d, Who were before contradted in the mind. Dry den. If her fire approves, Let him efpoufe her to the peer (lie loves. Pope. To adopt ; to take to himfelf. — In gratitude unto the duke of Bretagne, for his former favours, he efpouftd that quarrel, and declared himfelf in aid of the duke. Bacon's Hen. VII. — To maintain ; to defend. — The cuufe of reli¬ gion and goodnefs, which is the catife of God, is ours by delcent, and we ate doubly bound to efpoufe it. Atterbury. ESQ ES'PRINGAL, or Espringo ld, f. An engine fot> merly ufed for throwing great ftones. ES'PRIT (James), a French moral writer, in the feventeenth century, born at Beziers, in 1611. In 1629, he entered into a feminary of the Oratory, of which his elder brother was a prieft, and diligently applied himfelf to the ftudy of the belles-lettresand theology. Afterwards, having been introduced to the duke de la Rochefoucault, the author of the well-known Maxims, that noblemait became exceedingly partial to him, and took the oppor¬ tunity of bringing him to the acquaintance of the chan¬ cellor Seguier. M. Efprit poftefted, in no common de¬ gree, the qualities that are adapted to pleafe ; good fenfe, w'it, polifhed manners, and a pleafing figure. He died at Beziers in 1678, before he had completed his fixty-feventh year. He was a member of the French academy, and in the infancy of that inftitution was confidered.as one of its finning ornaments. He was the author of Paraphrafes on fome of the Pfalms ; and of a treatife, entitled La FauJfeU des Vertus kumaincs, in two volumes 121T10. 167S. From this hook Louis de Bans has taken his Art of knowing Man¬ kind. It was his brother the abbe Efprit, who w’rote Po¬ litical Maxims in Verfe, printed at Paris in 1669, which were drawn up for the life of the dauphin, and furnifti us with an excellent collection of maxims for the education of a prince. ESPRONCE'DA, a town of Spain, in Navarre : eleven miles weft-fouth-weft of Eftella. To ESPY', v. a. \_efpier ,Y r To fee things at a diftance. • — Few there are of fo weak capacity but public evils they eafily efpy ; fewer fo patient as not to complain, when the' grievous inconveniences thereof york ienfible fmart. Hooker. — Todilcover a thing intended to be hid. — He. who before he was efpied was afraid, after being perceived was afliamed, now being hardly rubbed upon, left both fear and fhame, and was moved to anger. Sidney. — To fee un¬ expectedly. — As one of them opened his fack, he efpied his money. Gen. — To difeover as a fpy. — Moles fent me to efpy out the land, and I brought him word again. Jofh . xiv. 7. To ESPY', v. n. To watch ; to look about. — Stand by the way and efpy ; alk him that fleeth what is done > Jer. xlvii. 19. ESQJJER'DES, a town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriCt of St. Omer, one league fouth of St. Omer. ESQUIMAU'X, or Eskimaux. See Labrador. ESQUI'RE,/. [from efeu, Er. J'cutym, Lat. c-huto;, Gr. each lignifying an hide of which lliields were anciently made and afterwards covered.] An eiqttire was originally lie who attended a knight in the lime of war, and carried his fliield ; w’hence lie was called efeuier in French, and J'cutifer or armiger (i.e. armour-bearer) in Latin. Hoto- man fays, that thole whom the French call efquires were a military kind of vaftals, having jusfeuti, viz. liberty to bear a Ihield, and in it the enfigns of their family, in to¬ ken of their gentility or dignity ; but this addition hath not for a long time had any relation to the office or em¬ ployment of the perfon to whom it hath been attributed, as to carrying of arms, &c. but has been merely a title of dignity, and next in degree to a knight. A llieriff of a county, being a fuperior officer, retains the title of efquire during his life ; in refpeCt of the great truft he has had in the commonwealth. But efquires and gentlemen are confounded together- by fir Edward Coke, 2 Inf. 668. He there obferves, that every efquire is a gentleman, and a gentleman is defined to be on e-qui arma gerit, who bears coat armour ; the grant of which adds dignity to a man’s family. It is indeed a matter fome- what unfettled what conftitutes the diftinftion, or who is a real efquire ; for it is not an eftate, however large, that confers this rank upon its owner. Camden, who. was himfelf a herald, diftinguilhes them the moft accurately. And he reckons up four forts of efquires. ;. The eldeft fons ESS ESS 21 fons of knights, and their eldeft fons in perpetual fuc- ceflion. 2. The eldeft fons of younger fons of peers, and their eldeft fons in like perpetual fuccellion; both which fpecfes of efquires Spellman calls armigeri natalitii ■> as he denominates the fons themfelves of peers armigeri honora- rii. 3. Efquires created by the king’s letters patent or other inveftiture, and their eldeft: fons. 4. Efquires b-y virtue of their offices ; as juftices of the peace, and others who bear any office of truft under the crown. To thefe may be added efquires of knights of the bath, each of whom conftitutes three at his inftallation ; and all foreign, nay Irilh peers; for not only thefe, but even the eldeft fons of peers of Great Britain, though frequently titular lords, are only efquires in law, and mu ft fo be named in all legal proceedings. Barrifters at law l'eem alfo now in full poffieflion of the title of efquire, though originally, as it ffiould feem, attained by ufurpation. The court of Common Pleas refufed to hear an affidavit read, becaufe a barrifter named in it was not called efquire. 1 WilJ. 224. See the article Herai.dr-y. ES'ROM, [Heb. the divifion of a fong.] A man’s name. ESSAO'IE, a town of Egypt : three miles foutli- fouth-eaft of Achmim. ESSA'RS (Les), a town of France, in the department of la Vendee, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt of la Roche-fur-Yon : three leagues north-eaft of La Roche. ESSAR'TS (Les), a town of France, in the depart¬ ment of the Seine and Oife, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt of Dourdan : four leagues and a half north- weft of Dourdan. ESSAR'TUM, f. in old records. Woodlands turned into tillage. 7o ESSAY', v. a. [ejfayer, Fr.] To attempt ; to try ; to endeavour: While I this unexampled talk eJJ'ay , Pafs awful gulfs, and beat my painful way, Celeftial dove, divine affiftance bring. Blackmorc. To make experiment of. To try the value and purity of metals. — The ftandard in our mint being now fettled, the rules and methods of ejfaying fuited to it fliould remain unvariable. Lcckc. ES'SAY, f. [from the verb. The accent is ufed on either fy liable. 3 Attempt; endeavour; Fruitlefs our hopes, though pious our ejfay s ;■ Yours to preferve a friend, and mine to praife. Smith. A loofe fally of the mind ; an irregular indigefted piece ; not a regular and orderly compofition. — My cjfays, of all my other works, have been molt current. Bacon. Yet modeftly he does his work furvey. And calls his finilh’d poem an ejfay. Poem to Rofe. A trial ; an experiment. — This treatife prides itfelf in no higher title than that of an ejfay , or imperfect attempt at alubjeft. Glanville. — Firft tafte of any thing; firft experi¬ ment. — Tranllating the firft of Homer’s Iliads, I intended as an ejfay to the whole work. Drydcn. ESSAY'ING, or Assaying, f. in chemiftry and me¬ tallurgy, the art of analyfing metallic ores, and thence deducing the real quantity of pure metal contained there¬ in. See Assay, vol. ii. p. 281 ; and the article Che¬ mistry, vol. iv. p. 262-320. See alfo the article Me- TALLURGY. ES'SAYIST, f. the writer of an effiay. — Grave affies ! mere ejfayijls ! B.Jonfon. — Montagne the ejfayijl feems to have been a little warmed with wine, or naturally hot¬ headed. Butler’s Ckara&ers. ESSED A'Rl I, f. a fort of gladiators, mentioned by Seneca, Seutonius, and Tully, who engaged one another out of chariots called ejfeda. L he ejfedum was a fort of heavy chariot from which the Gauls and Britons engaged the Romans. See the article Gladiator. ESSED'ONES, a people of Afia, above the Palus Vol. VII. No. 404. Mceotis, who ate the flefii of their parents mixed with that of cattle. They gilded the head, and kept it as fa- cred. Mela. ES'SEL, or Ehstel, a town of Germany, in the cir¬ cle of Weftphalia, and county of Verden : two miles north of Verden. ES'SEMBERG, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and county of Meurs, near the Rhine : three miles eaft of Meurs. ES'SEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft- phalia, and bifhoprick of Ofnubruck : ten miles caft- north-eaft of Verden. ES'SEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft¬ phalia, and bifhoprick of Munfter : ten miles fouth of Cloppenburg. ES'SEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft¬ phalia : fixteen miles north-north-eaft of Dulieldorp. ESSENBE'CK, a town of Denmark, in Jutland: four miles from Randers. ES'SENCE,/. [ejfentia, Lat.] The very nature of any being, whether it be actually exifling or not. — A rofe .j 11 winter has an cjfence ; in fummer it has exiftence alfo. Watts’s Logic. One thinks the foul is air ; another, fire ; Another, blood diffus’d about the heart ; Another faith, the elements confpire, And to her ejfcnce each doth give a part. Davies. Formal exiftence ; that which makes any thing to be what it is. — The vifible church of Jefus is one in out¬ ward profeffion of thofe things, which fupernaturally ap. pertain to the very cjfence of Chriftianity, and are necef- farily required in every particular Chriftian man. Hooker. ■ — The ejjence of a circle is, that its femi-diameters be all equal. The ejfence of a fquare, that it have four right- angles, and as many equal right-lined Tides. Bailey. — Fx- iftence; the quality of being. — In fucli cogitations have I (food, with fucli a darknefs and heavinefs of mind, that I might have been perfuaded to have refigned my very ejfence. Sidney. — Being ; exiftent perfon : As fur as gods and heavenly ejfences Canperifh. Milton. Species of exiftent being. — Here be four of you, as dif¬ fering as the four elements ; and yet you are friends : as for Kupoli, becaufe he is temperate, and without paffion, he may be the fifth cjfence. Bacon. — Conftituent fubftance: For fpirits when they pleafe, Can either fex a Hume, or both ; fo foft And uncompounded is their ejfence pure ; Nor ty’d or manacled with joint or limb. Milton. The caufe of exiftence. This Jenfe is not proper ; She is my ejfcnce : and 1 leave to be, If I be not by her fair influence Foller’d, illumin’d, cherifh’d, kept alive. Shakefpeare. [In medicine.] The chief properties or virtues of any Ample, or compofition collected in a narrow compufs. Perfume ; odour ; feent : Our humble province is to tend the fair ; To fave the powder from too rude a gale, Nor let th’ imprifon’d ejfences exhale. Pope. To ES'SENCE, v.a. [from ejfcnce. ] To perfume ; to feent. — The hu'fband rails, from morning to night, at ejfenced fops and tawdry courtiers. AddiJ'on. ESSEN'DI QUIETUM DE TOLONIO,/ in law, a writ to be quit of toll ; it lies for citizens and burgeffes of any city or town that by charter or prefeription ought to be exempted from toll, where the fame is exulted of tiiem. ESSE'NES, or Essenians, in Jewifh antiquity, one of the three ancient fedfs among that people. They al¬ lowed a future ftate, but denied a refurredf ion from the dead. Their way of life was very Angular : they did not marry ; but adopted the children of others, whom they G bred 22 ESS bred up in the inftitutions of their fe6b : they defpifed riches, and had all things in common, and never changed their clothes till they were entirely worn out. When initiated, they were ftriitly bound not to communicate the myfteries of their fedt to others ; and if any of their members were found guilty of enormous crimes, they were expelled. Pliny fays, that they dwelt on the weft fide'of the lake Afphaltites ; and that they were a foli- tary kind, of men, living without women or money, and feeding upon the fruit of the palm-tree. ESSENEU'X, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Limburg, fituated on the Ourt : nine miles fouth-eaft of Liege. ESSE'NIUS (Andrew), a learned Dutch divine in the feventeenth century, born at Bommel, in 1618. His claflical education he received at Utrecht. Having gone through the regular courfes of philolophy, mathe¬ matics, and theology, he was, in 1641, appointed to the church of Nederlangbroeck, in the vicinity of Utrecht. He was afterwards cliofen pallor of the principal church at Utrecht in 1651, and profelforof theology at that uni- verfity, in connexion with Walter de Bruyn. He died in 1677. He was the author of numerous productions, chiefly written in the Latin language ; .among which are, 1. The Triumph of the Crofs, or a Defente of the Catholic Faith aguinft the Socinians, and in particular agaiufl: Crel- lius, 1649. 2. A Syftent of Divinity, 1659, in two vo¬ lumes. 3. A View of Theological Controverfies, i66r, frequently reprinted. 4. An Abridgment of Dogmatic Theology, 1669. 5. An Apology for the Englilh Non- conformift Minifters, &c. ESSEN'TIAL, adj. \_ejjentialis, Lat.] Neceffary to the conftitution. or exiftence of any thing. — From that ori¬ ginal of doing good, that is ' cjfential to the infinite being of our Creator, we have an excellent copy tranfcribed. Spratt. And if each fyflem in gradation roll. Alike ejjlntial to th’ amazing whole, The lead confufion but in one, not all That ■ fyflem only, b.ut the whole nmft fall. Pope. Important in the highefl degree ; principal. — Judgment’s more ejfential to a general than courage. Denham. — Pure ;• highly rectified ; fubtilely elaborated ; extracted fo as to' contain all the virtue's of its elemental parts con¬ tracted into a narrow compafs. — The juice of the feed is an cffehtiat oil or balm, designed by nature to preferve the feed from corruption. Arbtithnot. ESSEN'TIAL, f. Exiftence^ being: His utmoft ire to the height enrag’d, Will either quite confume us-, or reduce To nothing this ejjential. Milton. Nature ; find or conftittient principles.. — The plague of tin has even altered hi S nature, and eaten into his very ejj'entials. South. — The chief point ; that- which is in any refpedt of great importance. ESSEN'Tl ALLY, a&v [ cjfcntialiter , Lat.] By the conftitution of nature ; really ; according to the true ftate of tilings. — Body and fpirit are effentially divided, though not locally diftant. Glanville. — All fin ejfcntiai'y is, and muft be, mortal. Sozith, — Knowledge is that which, next to virtue, truly and ejjenlialiy raifes one man above ano¬ ther. Addijon. ESSEN'TIAL CHARACTER,/, in botany, a Angle or peculiar natural mark, diftinguilhing one^genus from all others in the fame natural order. Innumerable in- ftances occur in Linnseus’s Syftema Vegetabilium. ESSEQJJI'BO, a flourilhing fettlement of the Dutch in South. America, and country of Guiana, on -the river Eflequibo. Its productions are fugar, coffee, and cotton. It was taken by the Englilh in the time of the American war, and-reftored at the peace * It was again taken by the Eng¬ lilh in April, 1796, and reflored at the peace of Amiens; but it was again taken by the Englilh in September 1803. KSSEQLI'BO, a river of South . America, in the ESS country of Guiana, which runs into the Atlantic, three leagues wide at its mouth. Lat. 6. 45. N. Ion. 45. e. W. Ferro. ES'SERA, a river of Spain, which runs into the Cin- ca, in Aragon. ES'SERA, f. [from mu’ forah, Arab, a humour.] The medical term for the nettle-rath. ES'SERUM, a town of Denmark, in the ifland of Zealand : fix miles weft of Helfingoer. ES'SEX, a maritime county of England, bounded on the north by Cambridgefliire and Suffolk ; on the eaft by the fea ; on the fouth by the county of Kent, from which it is feparated by the river Thames ; - and on the weft by Hertfordfhire and Middlefex. It is fituated on the eaftern fide of the ifland ; and gives the title of earl to the Ca- pel family. During the heptarchy, it was comprifed in the kingdom of the Eaft Saxons; it now belongs to the province of Canterbury, and diocefe of London, and is included in the home circuit. Its figure is irregularly quadrangular; its maritime fide in particular being va- rioufly indented and uneven. From eaft to weft it is for¬ ty-fix miles long, and from north to fouth forty-two miles broad, and 200 in circuit; containing 1390 fquare miles, or SS9,6oo fquare acres ; divided into nineteen hundreds, including 415 parifties, 175 vicarages, near 1 100 villages, and twenty-feven market towns, viz. Colchefter, which fends two members to parliament ; Harwich, which gives the title of baron to the family of Hill, and fends two mem¬ bers to parliament : Malden, which fends two members to parliament, and gives the title of vifeount to the Ca- pel family ; Rochford, which gives the title of earl to the family of Nalfau de Zuleftein ; Walden, which gives- the title of baton to the family of Griffin ; alfo Chelmf- ford, where the county bufinefs is tranfaffted, Manning- tree, Witham, Epping, Barking, Rnmford, Billericay, Harlow, Dunmow, Waltham Abbey, Bradfield, Brain¬ tree, Brentwood, Rayleigh, Ongar, Coggelhall, Dedham, Greys, Halftead, Hatfield, Horndon, and Thaxfted. It fends eight members to parliament, fix as above men¬ tioned, and two for the county. Eftex is the mod fouthern of the three counties on the eaftern coaft, which together form a continued tradt of vaft extent, undiftinguifhed by any confiderable emi¬ nence or ridge, but in general fufficiently elevated to be dry and arable, and rich in the various products of agri¬ culture. The road from London to Norwich by New¬ market, which palfes along tire wefiern fides of Eftex and Suffolk to the middle of Norfolk, a diftance of 108 miles, is more level and unvaried in its furface than any tract of ground of equal length in the kingdom. Eftex .poffeffes, however, a variety of foil and face of country. Its fouth- weftern part is chiefly occupied by Epping-foreft and its feveral branches. A rivulet, the Roddon, running pa¬ rallel to the Lea, greatly fertilizes this part of the coun¬ ty. Northwards' the country becotv.es more open and un¬ even. Saffron Walden, in this part, by its name, fliows the product for which it is famous. Saffron, which was formerly cultivated in various parts of the kingdom, is now grown almoft folely between this place and Cam¬ bridge, in a circuit of about ten miles. A rich light toil and dry country is peculiarly adapted to this plant. The Englilh faffron has always been in high eftimation. The centre of Eftex is in general a fine corn country, varied with gentle inequalities of furface, and- fprinkled with woods. Towards the fea-coaft it gradually declines into rnarlhy grounds,' broken by arms of the fea into illands, and frequently inundated. The fine pufturage_ which thefe tradts (commonly called the Hundreds of Eljfex) afford, fear cel y cempenfates for-' their unwhole- fomenefs, which i.s in a manner proverbial. The banks of the Thames, from the entrance of the Lea to the fea, are a fimilnr trait of marfhes. The farms in thefe parts are very large, and the farmers rich, and induftrious to improve their grounds by manuring with chalk, brought by fea from Kent. Numbers of calves are brought from ESS ESS all thefe parts of EtTex to the London markets. The northern part of the coaft, between the Stour and Coin, which projedts further than the reft, is a more elevated and healthy country. The principal rivers properly belonging to this county are, the Coin, riling near Clare in Suffolk j and, after palling Colchefter, emptying into a creek of the lea be¬ tween Merfey illandand the main. In the falt-water in¬ lets and pools at the mouth of this river are bred the fa¬ mous Colchefter oyfters, fo well known as an article of commerce and luxury. The Blackwater takes its rife near Saffron Walden, and, flowing by Coggelhall and Witham, difcharges itfelf at Maldon into an arm of the fea called Blackwater. The Chelmer, fpringing near the fame place, winds through the middle of the county, and, pafting by Chelmsford, terminates at Maldon in the fame mouth with the former. The Crouch, after a fhort courfe on the fouth-eaftern fide, mixes with the fea among the marlhes of Burnham and Foulnefs ifle. The Walfleet and Burnham oyfters are the produdl of its creeks and pits. The Roddon, which enters the Thames near Barking, has been already mentioned. The principal harbour on the Effex coaft is that of Harwich, fituated on a tongue of land oppofite to the united mouths of the Stour and Orwell. It affords an eccafional fhelter to the coafting fleets continually palling along thefe ftiores, but has not much trade of its own. The principal bufinefs of Harwich has arifen from its be¬ ing the ftation of the Holland packets, which, in times of peace, fail between it and Helvoetfluys. South of Har¬ wich is the Naz-e, a hooked promontory, enclofing a few low iflands. From hence the land declines welhvard, forming the funnel, which terminates in the mouth of the Thames. Befides the creeks already noticed, there is one within the mouth of the Thames, running up by the town and fmall port of Leigh, and forming Canvey ifle. The country round Chelmsford is very fertile, and hops are cultivated near it. Various actions with the Danes happened in this coun¬ ty, as well as in many others on the eaftern coaft. One of the meft memorable was fought at Aflingdon, or Afh- down, near Rochford, in which king Edmund Ironfide was .defeated by Canute. Tilbury-fort, oppofite Gravel- end, is the principal protection of the Thames. In its neighbourhood queen Elizabeth reviewed the army (lie had affembled to oppofe the Spanifh armada in 1 5 S S - ES'SEX, a county of the American ftates, in Mafla- chufetts, bounded nOrth by the ftate of New Hampfliire ; eaft and Couth by the ocean, and the town of Chelfea in Suffolk county; weft by Middlefex county; in length about thirty-eight miles, in breadth twenty-five ; ftiaped triangularly, Chelfea being the acute point. The chief iflands on its coaft, belonging to it, are Cape Anne and Piumb iflands. It is fubdivided into twenty-two town- Chips, which, by the cenfus of 1796, contain 7644houfes and 57,91 3 inhabitants : being the mod populous, of its fize, of any in the ftate, having about 135 fouls to a fquare mile. The firft fettlement in Malfacluifetts Proper -was made ir. Salem, the capital of the county, in 1628, by John Endicot, efq. one of the original pa¬ tentees, and many years governor of the colony. It was made a fit ire in 1643, being one of the three into which the colony was firft divided. Efiex-county pays about one-feventh part of the ftate tax, elefts fix fena- tors and counfellors for the government of the common¬ wealth, and one re'p re Tentative ir. the legiflature'of the United States. The fade of the country is pleafingly va¬ riegated with hills, vales-, woods, and plains. The land is generally fruitful ; but is more favourable to barley than mb ft other parts of the ftate. Quarries of marble and limeftone are found in this county ; and the fea coaft is indented with a number of good harbours. Merrimack- rivpr interjects the north part of Elfex county : between it and the New Ham.pfhire line are the towns of Me¬ thuen, 'Jiaverill, Arneibury, and Salifbury. ES'SEX, a county of the American States, in Virgi¬ nia, bounded eaft and north-eaft of Rappahannock-river, which divides if from Richmond. Itis about fifty-five miles long and twelve broad, and contains, by the cen- fus, 9122 inhabitants. ES'SEX, a county of the American States, in New Jerfey, in the eaftern part of the ftate, and divided from Staten Ifland by Newark-bay. It is about twenty-five miles in length and fixteen in breadth, and has three townfhips, viz. Newark, Elizabethtown and Acquack- anack, which contain, by the cenfus, 1 7,785 inhabitants. The foil is fertile, and its fruits and other productions meet with a quick fale in New York city. Effex county has within it feven Prefbyterian churches, three for Epif- copalians, one for Anabaptifts, and two for Dutch Cal¬ vin ifts. ES'SEX, a county of the American States, in Ver¬ mont, and the north-eafternmoft in the ftate. ES'SEX, atownfhipof the American States, in Chit¬ tenden county, Vermont. It lies between Jericho on the fouth-eaft, and Colchefter on the north-weft. ES'SEX VAI.LEY MOUNTAINS, mountains of the ifland of Jamaica : ten miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Lacovia. ES'SEY, a town of France, in the department of Orne, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt of Alengon, three leagues north-eaft of Alenin. ESSOI'GN, or Essoin, f. [ ejfonium , Lat. e //bine, Fr.] In law, an excufe for him that is lummor.ed to appear and anfwer to an aftion, or to perforin fuit to a court ba¬ ron, & c. by reafon of ficknefs and infirmity, or other juft caufe of abfence. It is a kind of imparlance, or craving of a longer time, that lies in real, perfonal, and mixed, actions : and the plaintiff as well as the defendant fhall be elfoigned to fave his default. Co. Litt. 131. The caufes that ferve to effoin, and the effoins, are under thefe heads. 1. Ejjoin de ultra mare, whereby the defend¬ ant fhall have forty days. 2. De terra fanEla, where de¬ fendant fhall have a year and a day. 3. De ma!p veniendi , which is likewife called the common effoin. 4. Demalo leEli, wherein the defendant may by writ be viewed by four knights. 5. De Jlrvitio regis : Fleta. lib. 6. And be¬ fides the common ejjbign de malo veniendi, i. e. by falling fick in coming to the court, and other efloigns above- mentioned, there were feveral other excufes, to fave a default in real adlions ; as.conftraint of enemies, the fall¬ ing among thieves, floods of water, and breaking down of bridges, See. 2 Co. Inji. 125. After ifl’ue joined in dower, quare Ampedit, Sec. one ef¬ foin only fhall be allowed. 52 H. III. c. 13. And in writs of aflife, attaints, & c. after the tenant hath appeared, he fhall not be efl’oined ; but the inqueft fhall be taken by default. 3 Ed. I. c. 42. Fjjbin ultra mare will not be al¬ lowed, if the tenant be within the four feas ; but it fhall be turned to a default, c. 44. There is no effoin permit¬ ted for an appellant, it, Ed. l. c. 28. Nor doth efloin lie where any judgment is given ; or rite party is dillrain- ed by his lands; the fheriff is commanded to make him appear; after the party is feen in court, &c. 12 Ed. II. flat. 2. An effoin de fervitio regis lies not when the party is a woman; in a writ of dower ; where the party hath an attorney in his fuit, & c. The effoign day in court is regularly the firft day of the term ; but the fourth day after is allowed of favour, i InJl. 135. Essoign Day of the Term. The firft return in every term, is, properly fpeaking, the firft day in that term. And thereon the court fits to take effoins, or ex¬ cufes for fuch as do not appear according to the fumrnons of the writ ; wherefore this is ufualiy called the effoin day of the term. But the perfon fummened hath three days grace beyond the return of the writ in which to make his appearance, and if he appears on the fourth day inciufive, th e quarto die p oft, it is fufficient* 3 Comm. 277. Essoign de Malo Vill^e. Is when the defendant is in court the firft day ; but'goi.e without pleading, and being 24 E S T being afterwards furprifed by ficknefs, &c. cannot at¬ tend, but fends two elfoiners, who openly proteft in court that lie is detained by ficknefs in'fuch a village that he cannot come, pro lucrari & pro perdere ; and this will be admitted, for it lies on the plaintiff to prove whether the effoin is true or not. ESSOM'iVlES, a town of France, in the department of the Aifne, on the Marne : one league fouth-weft of Chateau Thierry. ESSO'NE, a town of France, in the department of the Seine and Oi(e : five leagues fouth of Paris. ESSO'NE, a river of France, formed by the union of the Juine and Eftampes, which runs into the Seine, near Corbeil. ESSOY'ES, a town of France, in the department of the Aube, and chief place of a canton in the diftrictof Bar. fur-Seine : eight miles eaft of Bar-fur-Seine. To ESTA'BLISII, v.a. [ ctablir , Fr.] To fettle firmly; to fix unalterably. — I will efablifh my covenant with him for an everlafting covenant. Gen. xvii. 19. — The Nor¬ mans never obtained this kingdom by fuch a right of con- quefl, as did or might alter the efabli/hed \.vws of the king¬ dom. Hale. — To fettle in any privilege or pofTeflion ; to confirm. — Soon after the rebellion broke out, the Prefby- terian feift was cfabljhed in all its forms by an ordinance of the lords and commons. Swift. — To make firm ; to ra¬ tify. — Every vow, and every binding oath to afflidl the foul, her hufband may efablifi it, or her hufband may make it void. Numbers. — To fix or fettle in an opinion. — So were the churches efablified in the faith. A Els xvi. 5. To form or model. — He appointed in what manner his family fhould be cjlablijhed. Clarendon — To found ; to build firmly ; to fix immoveably. A fenfe not in ufe. — For he hath founded it upon the leas, and ejiablifhed it upon the floods. Pf. xxiv. 2. — To make a fettlement of any in¬ heritance. Not in ufe : We will ejlablijh our eflate upon Our eldeft Malcolm, whom we name hereafter, The prince of Cumberland. Shahefpeare. ESTAB'LISHER, f. [from ejlablijh .] He who efta- blifhes. — I reverence the holy fathers as divine ejlabljkers of faith. /.. Digby. ESTAB'LISHMENT, f [from ejlablijh ; etablijfement. Fr.] Settlement ; fixed ftate : All happy peace, and goodly government, Is fettled there in fttre ejlabljkment . Sp;nfer. Confirmation of fomething already done ; ratification. — He had not the add penned by way of recognition of right ; as, on the other fide, he avoided to have it by new law ; but chofe rather a kind of middle way, by way of ejla- blijhmcnt. Bacon. — Settled regulation ; form ; model of a government or family. — Now come into that general re¬ formation, and bring in that ejlabti/hment by which all men fhould be contained in duty. Spenfer. — Foundation; fun¬ damental principle ; fettled law. — The facred order to which you belong, and even the ejlablijhment on which it fubfifts, have often been ftruck at ; but in vain. Attcr- bury. — Allowance; income; falary. — His excellency, who had the foie difpofal of the emperor’s revenue, might gradually lelfen your ejlablijhment. Swift. — Settled or final red. — •Whilft we fet up our hopes and flablifimcnt here, we do not ferioufly confider that God has provided ano¬ ther and better place for us. Wake. EST AFFLl'CHEN, a town of Poland, in the palati¬ nate of Kalifh : fourteen miles north-eaft of Kalilh . EST AFO'RT, a town of France, in the department of the Lot and Garonne, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriit of Agen : three leagues fouth of Agen. PISTAGE'L, a town of France, in the department of the Eaftern Pyrennees : three leagues and a half north- well of Peripignan. EST A' IN, a town of France, and principal place of a diftricl, in the department of the Meufe : three leagues EST and a half eafl-north-eafl of Verdun, and eight fouth-eafl of Stenay. ESTA'ING, a town of France, in the department of the Aveiron, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriil of St. Genies-de-Rivedolt : four leagues and a half north of Rhodez. ESTATRES, a town of France, in the department of North, on the Lis : four leagues weft of Lille. ESTAM'BOLTC, or Istambel Antir, a town of Arabia, in the theriffat of Mecca, near the coaft of the Red Sea : 180 miles north-north-weft of Medina. ESTAM'PES, or Etampes, a town of France, and principal place of a diftriit, in the department of the Seine and Oife, on the river Juine, containing, before the revolution, five churches, fix convents, and an hofpital : fix pofts and a half fouth of Paris. Lat. 48. 26. n! Ion. 19. 50. E. Ferro. ESTAM'PES, or Loet, a river of France, which united with the Juine, forms the Elfone. ESTANFO'RDE, a town of Flanders : twelve miles fouth-weft of Ypres. ESTA'PA, or Estape, a town belonging to the pro¬ vince of Tabafco, and audience of Mexico, in New-Spain, North America. It is mentioned by Dumpier, as fituated on Tabafco river, four leagues beyond Villa de Mofe. It is faid to be a place of conliderable trade ; and fo ftrong, that it repulfed captain Hewet, when he attacked it with 200 defperate buccaneers. ESTA'PO, a ftrong town in New-Spain, inhabited by Spaniards and native Americans; fituated at the mouth of the river Tlaluc. Lat. 17. 30. N. Ion. 103. 5. W. ESTARRE'J A, a town of Portugal, in the province of Beira : eighteen miles fouth of Oporto. ESTA'TE, f. \_ejlat, Fr.] The general intereft ; the bufinefs of the government ; the public. In this fenfe it is now commonly written Jlate. — Many times the things adduced to judgment may be meum & tuum, when the rea- fon and confequences thereof may reach to point of ejlate ; I call matters of ejlate not only the parts of fovereignty, but whatioever introduceth any great alteration, or dan¬ gerous precedent, or concerneth manifeftlyany great por¬ tion of people. Bacon. — Condition of life, with regard to profperity or adverlity : Thanks to giddy chance, She caft us headlong from our high ejlate. Dryden. Condition; circumftances in general. — Truth and cer¬ tainty are not at all fecured by innate principles ; but men are in the fame uncertain floating ejlate with as without them. Locke. — Fortune ; pofleflion : Go, mifer ! go ; for lucre fell thy foul ; Truck wares for w'ares, and trudge from pole, That men may fay, when thou art dead and gone. See what a valt ejlate he left his fon ! Dryden. Rank ; quality. — Who hath not heard of the greatnefs of your ejlate ? Who feeth not that your ejlate is much ex¬ celled with that fweet uniting of all beauties. Sidney. — A perfon of high rank. This fenfe is dfuj'cd. — She is a duchefs, a great efate. Latimer. — Herod, on his birth-day, made a fupper to his lords, high captains, and chief efates of Galilee. Mark vi. 21. To ESTA'TE, v. a. To fettle as a fortune : A contrail of true love to celebrate. And fome donation freely to efate On the bleft lovers. Shahefpeare. ESTA'TE,/. in law, is that which a man poffeffes in lands, tenements, Sec. An eftate in lands, tenements, and hereditaments, (fays Blackftone,)lignifies fuch intereft as the tenant hath therein ; to that it a man grants all his eftate in Dale to A. and his heirs, every thing that he can poflibly grant fhall pafs thereby. Co.Litt. 345. It fignifies the ftate, condition, or circumftance, in which the owner (lands, with regard to his property. And, to afeertam E S T afcertain this with precifion and accuracy, eflates may be confidered in a threefold view: firfl, with regard to the quantity of filtered which the tenant has in the tenement ; fecondly, with regard to the time at which that quantity of interefl is to be enjoyed ; and thirdly, with regard to the number and connections of the tenants. Firft with regard to the quantity of interefl which the tenant has in the tenement, this is meafured by its duration and extent. Thus, either his right of pofTeflion is to fubfifl for an un¬ certain period, during his own life, or the life of another man ; to determine at his own deceafe, or to remain to his defcendants after him ; or it is circumfcribed within a cer¬ tain number of years, months, or days ; or, laflly, it is infinite and unlimited, being veiled in him and his repre¬ sentatives for ever. And this occafions the primary divi¬ sion of eflates, into fuch as are freehold, and fuch as are ief's than freehold. An eftate of freehold, liberum tenementum, or frank-tene- ment, is defined by Britton c. 32, to be “ the pofTeflion of the foil by a freeman.” And St. Germyn tells us, “ that the pofTeflion of the land is called in the law of England the frank-tenement, or freehold.” Such eftate, therefore, as requires aftual pofTeflion of the land, is legally Speak¬ ing freehold : which aCtual pofTeflion can, by the courfe of the common-law, be only given by the ceremony called livery of feitin, which is the fame as the feodal invefti- ture. And from thefe principles we may extraft this de¬ scription of a freehold : that it is fuch an eftate in lands as is conveyed by livery of feifin ; or, in tenements of an incorporeal nature, by what is equivalent thereto. Mr. Chriflian, in his notes on the learned commentator Blackfione, fays ; A freehold eftate feerns to beany eftate of inheritance, or for life, in either a corporeal or incor¬ poreal hereditament, exifling in or arifing from real pro¬ perty of free tenure ,; that is, now, of all which is not copyhold. Blackfione himfelf has informed us, that “ tithes and Spiritual dues are freehold eflates, whether the land out of which they iffue are bond or free ; being a Separate and diftincl inheritance from the lands them- felves.” And, in this view, they mud be diftinguifhed and excepted from other incorporeal hereditaments, if- fuing out of lands, as rents, & c. which in general will follow the nature of their principal, and cannot be free¬ hold, unlefs the flock from which they Spring be freehold alfo. 1 Blackjl. Trails, 116 filiates of freehold, may then be confidered, either as eflates of inheritance, or eflates not of inheritance. The former are again divided into inheritances abfolute, otherwise called fee-timple, and in¬ heritances ’limited ; one Species of which is' ufually called fee-tail. See the articles Fee and Fee-simple. Limited fees, or fuch eflates of inheritance as are clog¬ ged and confined with conditions or qualifications of any fort may be divided into two kinds. 1. Qualified or bale fees. 2. Fees conditional, fo called at the common-law ; and afterwards fees-tail in confeqnence of the ftatute de donis. See the articles Tail and Fee-tail. A bafe or qualified fee is fuch a one as ha.-. 1 qualification Subjoined thereto, and w*hich mu ft be determined whenever the qualification annexed to it is at an end. As in the cafe of a grant to A. and his heirs tenafits of the manor of Dale ; in this inftance whenever the heirs of A. ceafe to be te¬ nants of that manor, the grant is entirely defeated. This eftate is a fee, becaufe by poftibility it may endure for ever in a man and his heirs ; yet as that donation depends upon the concurrence of collateral circumftances which qualify and debafe the purity of the donation, it is there¬ fore a qualified or bafe fee. See i hjl. 27. Of eflates of freehold, not of inheritance, but for life only, fome may be called conventional, as being exprefsly created by the aft of the parties ; others are merely legal, or created by con'ftruftion and operation of law. As to eflates for life exprefsly created by deeu or grant, fee Life Estate. For eftate of tenant in tail after poftibility of iffue extinct, lee Tail and Fee-tail. For tenant by the Curtesy, and tenant in Dower, fee thole articles. Of Vol. VII. No, 405. ATE. 25 eflates lefs than freehold there are three forts. 1. Eflates for years. 2. Eflates at will for both which fee title Lease. 3. Eflates by fufferance:- for which fee title Sufferance. Befides thefe feveral divifions of eflates, in point of 'interefl, another fpecies may be mentioned, viz. eflates upon condition ; as to which fee the article. Condition; and alfo Mortgage; Statute Mer¬ chant; Statute Staple ; Elegit. According to the above divifion, eflates are confidered folely with regard to their duration, or the quantity of interefl which the owners have therein. With regard to the time of their enjoyment, when the aftual receipt of the rents and profits begins, eflates may be confidered ass either in polfeftion, orexpeftancy. Of expectancies, there are two forts ; one created by the aft of the parties, called a remainder; the other by aft of law, called a reverftort. Of eflates in pofTeflion, little or nothing is to be pecu¬ liarly obferved ; all the eftatqs already fpoken of under the titles referred to, are of this kind. But the doCtrine of eflates in expeftancy, contains fome of the nicefl and mod abftrufe learning in the Englifh law. For what re¬ lates to Remainders and Reversions, fee under thole titles, and alfo the articles Executory Devise; and Limitation. Eflates, with regard to the certainty and the time of the enjoyment of them, are diftinguifhed by Fearne in the in¬ troduction to his EfTay on Contingent Remainders and Executory Devifes, into — 1. Eflates vetted in pofTeflion. 2. Eflates 'vefted in filtered ; as reverfions ; vetted remain¬ ders ; fuch executory devifes, future ufes, conditional limitations, and other future interefts, as are not referred to, or made to depend on, a period or event that is uncer¬ tain. 3. Eflates contingent; as contingent remainders; and fuch executory devifes, future ufes, conditional li¬ mitations and other future interefts as are referred to, or made to depend on, an event that is uncertain. An eftate is vefted, when there is an immediate fixed right of pre- fent or future enjoyment. An eftate is vefted in pofTeflion, when there exifts a right df prefent enjoyment. An eftate is vefted in interefl, when there is a prefent fixed right of future enj'byment. An eftate is contingent when it right of enjoyment is to accrue, on an event which is dubious and uncertain. With refpeCt to the number and conneftions of their owners, the tenants who occupy and hold them, eflates of any quantity or length of duration, whether in aftual pofTeflion or expeftancy, may be held in four different ways ; in feveralty ; in joint-tenancy ; in coparcenary ; in common. Fie that holds lands in feveralty, or is foie tenant thereof, is he that holds them in his own right only, without any other being joined or connected with him in point of interefl during his eftate therein. This is the mod common and ufual way of bolding an eftate ; and all eflates are luppofed to be of this fort, unlefs where they are exprefsly declared to be othervvife. ; and in laying down general rules and doftrines, they are ufually applied to fuch. eflates as are held in feveralty. As to eflates in joint-tenancy, in coparcenary, and in common, fee titles Joint-Tenants, and Parceners. As to the title to eflates, fee the article Tithe ; and as to the different nature of eflates according to their feveral tenures, fee Tenure. Eflates are acquired divers ways, viz. by defeent from a father to the fqn, &c. Conveyance, or grant from one man to another ; by gift or purchafe ; deedorwili. And a fee-fimple is the largeft eftate that can be in law. 1 Lil. 541. Eflates are real, of lands, &c. or perfonal, of goods or chattels ; otherwise diftinguifhed into freeholds, that defeend to the heir, and chattels which go to the execu¬ tors. Some eflates are made by the words of deeds, ant} others made by law ; as an eftate in frank-marriage given to a coufin, makes a gift in tail. Alfo there is an eftate that is implied, where tenant in tail bargains and fells bis lands to a man and his heirs ; by this he hath an eftate defcendible, and determinable upon the death of the te¬ ll Rant •26 E S T nant in tail. \oRep. 97. If I 'give lands in Dale to a cer¬ tain perfon for life, and after to his heirs or right heirs, lie hath the fee-limple ; and if it be to his heirs males, he will have an eftate-tail. 1 Rep. 66. A man grants to one- and his heirs and affigns for his life, and a year over ; this is an eftate for life only. Lit. 4 6. If a leafe be made, and not exprefled for what number of years, it is an eftate at will. 1 Sleep . Abr. Sr. The word eftate generally in deeds, grants, and convey¬ ances, comprehends the whole in which the party hath an intereft or property, and will pafs the fame. 3 Mod. 46. A perfon in pofteflion of an eftate mortgaged in fee, by will gave it to his two daughters, and their heirs ; one of them married, and then died : and it being a quef- tion, whether her {hare {hould be held real or perfonal eftate, and go to the heir, or her hufband adminiftrator ? It was adjudged for the heir; for here the mortgaged lands fttall defeend as other lands of inheritance, and be fubjeft to the fame rules. Preced. Cane. 2 66. In fuch cafe, if the mortgage in fee be paid off, the money (hall be conlidered as land, and belong to his heirs, as the eftate in Che land would have done. See the article Mortgage. Perfonal eftate was devifed by a man to his wife for life, and what file left at her death to be divided between his kindred: He died, and the widow married again; this devife over was held good in equity, on a bill brought to liave an inventory taken of the eftate, and fecurity given not to imbezzle it. But if the fame were of fmall value, that the widow could not live thereupon without fpend- ing the (lock, it would be otherwife. See Executory Devise. ESTAVAYE'R, a town and bailiwic of Swiflerland, in the canton of Friburg, on the borders of the lake of Neufchatel. In the 15th century it belonged to the duke of Savoy, who taking part againft the Swifs, they befieged and facked the town, in 1475 : thirteen miles weft of Friburg. ESTE, in Maritime Atiftria, is a very ancient town, fur- rounded with walls, and has a mo ft pleafant pofition. From This place the family of the dukes or margraves of Efte, ivho formerly reigned at Modena, took their name. The town is furrounded by the charming environs which, co¬ vered, as it werej with gardens, palaces, churches, and convents, and watered by clear filver-bright rivulets and lakes, form a profpedt truly romantic : there are alfo, be- ftdes other fine churches, a remarkable collegiate church, and well-built palaces ; it Contains likewife a pawn-bank, and the fair that is held here yearly is much frequented. The number of its inhabitants amount to 6000, who, in addition to the ufual town trade, carry on other important branches of commerce. It is eleven miles fouth-fouth- weft of Padua. To ESTEE'M, v. a. [ejlimer, Fr. ajlrno, Lat.] To fet a value whether high or low upon any thing. — I preferred her before feeptresand thrones, and ejleemed riches nothing in comparifon of her. V/iJd. vii. 8 — To compare ; to efti- matc by proportion :■ Befides, thofe fingle forms (lie doth ejleem, And in her balance doth their values try. Davies, To prize; to rate high ; to regard with reverence. — Who would not be loved more, though he were cjleentd lefs ? Dryden. — To hold in opinion ; to think ; to imagine. — One man ejieemetk one day above another; another ejleem- eth every day 3like. Rom. xiv. .5. ToESTEE'M, v. n. To conftder as to value : with of. —Many would little ejleem of their own lives, yet for re- morfe of their wives and children, would be withheld from that heinous crime. Hooker. ESTEE'M, f. High value ; reverential regard. — lam not uneafy that many, whom I never had any ejleem for, are likely to enjoy this world after me, Pope, Who can fee, Without ejleem for virtuous poverty, E S T Severe Fabritius, or can ceafe t’ admire, The ploughman conful in his coarfe attire ? Dryden. ESTEEM'ER, f. One that highly values ; one that fets an high rate upon any thing. — This might inftrudt the proudeft ejleemer of his own parts, how ufeful it is to talk and confult with others. Locke. ESTEL'LA, a town of Spain, in Navarre, on the Egar defended by a caftle, and containing fix parifh churches, fix convents, an hofpital, and an univerfity : feventeen miles fouth-weft of Pamplona, and 155 north-north-eaft of Madrid. Lat. 42. 40. N. Ion. 14. 40. E. Peak of Teneriffe. ESTELMU'R, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the pro¬ vince of Caramania : 1 20 miles fouth of Cogni. ES'TENIDE. See Eksenide. ESTE'PA, a town of Spain, in the province of Seville ; or, according to fome maps, in Grenada, celebrated for its olives and oil : fifteen miles fouth of Ecija. ESTEPO'NA, a town of Spain, in the province of Grenada, near the coaft ; the inhabitants are chiefly em¬ ployed in fiftiing : twenty miles weft-fouth-weft of Mar- bella. ESTERABAT'. See Asterabat. ES'THER, a canonical book of the Old Teftament ; containing the hiftory of a Jewels of the tribe of Benjamin, who was raifed to the throne of Ahafuerus king of Perfia. Her Jewifti name was Hadaffah, and fhe was a defeendant from one of the families which had been carried into cap¬ tivity by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and afterwards fettled in the city of Shufnan. Being early left an orphan, file was brought up and adopted by her uncle Mordecai, who appears to have held fome inferior poft about the king’s palace. King Ahafuerus, having repudiated his queen Vafliti, iffued a decree that beautiful young virgins (hould be collected from all the provinces of his empire, and fent to his palace, that lie might fix upon one who fhould pleafe him, to become Vafliti’s fucceffor. On this occafion Mordecai had fuflicient intereft to procure his niece, who poffeffed extraordinary perfonal charms, to be admitted a candidate for the royal favour. When brought to the king, fhe was fo fortunate as to triumph over her numerous rivals, and with circumftances of great pomp and magnificence was railed to the throne. Soon after her advancement, (lie had an opportunity to fave her country¬ men, whole deftrutftion was plotted by Haman, as record¬ ed in the Scriptures. The learned world is much divided in opinion refpedling the Perfian fovereign who is meant by the Ahafuerus of the Scriptures. Archbifhop Ufiier and many other critics contend that the circumftances of the hiftory are applicable only to Darius Hyftafpis. Sca- liger is of opinion that Xerxes was the Ahafuerus, and his queen Hameftris the Efther, of Scripture. Cappel maintains that Ochus was the prince intended. The au¬ thors of the Univerfal Hiftory, in common with Jofephus, Sul pitius Severus, and many other ancient and modern writers, conceive that Artaxerxes Longimanus muft have been the Ahafuerus who.married Efther. Our limitswill not permit 11s to detail the arguments to which they re- Lpedti vely have recourfe in fupport of their hypothefes. On a queftion involved in fuch difficulties, probability only is attainable ; and we think that the teftimonies in favour of fuch probability give mod weight to the laft of the opinions above-mentioned. There is likewife confiderable diverfity of fentiment refpeefing the author of the Book of Efther. Epiphanius, Auguftin, and I fi - dore, aferibe it to Ezra ; Enfebius is of opinion that it is to be referred to a later date ; fome attribute it to Joachim, the fon of Joftiua the high-prieft ; others to Mqrdecai ; and the Talmudifts to the men of the great fynagogue. It is a point, however, which is never likely to be afeertained to general fatisfadlion. EST'HER, [from nroN, Ileb. fecret, or hidden.] A proper name of women. ES'THER, a town of the American States, in Lancafter county, - E S T county, Pennfyl vania, fituated ontheeaft bank of Sufque- liannah river, a little north of Harrifbttrg. ESTHIO'MENOS, f. [from co-6 Gr. to eat.] An inflammation in the (kin, attended with a (harp humour ; properly the herpes exedens : but the term is applied to any inveterate ulcer. ESTIA'IA,/. Solemn facrifices to Vefta, of which it was unlawful to carry away any thing or communicate it to any body. ES'TIMABLE, adj. [Fr.] Valuable; worth a large price : A pound of man’s flefli, taken from a man, Is not fo ejlimable or profitable As flefli of muttons, beefs, or goats. Skakefpeare. Worthy of efteem ; worthy of fome degree of honour and refpeft. — You lofl one who gave hopes of being, in time, every thing that was ejlimable and good. Temple. ES'TIM ABLENESS, f. The quality of deferving regard. To ES'TIMATE, v. a. [ ajlimo , Lat.] To rate; to ad- Juft. the value of ; to judge of any thing by its proportion to fomething elfe. — When a man (hall fa notify his houfe to the Lord, then the pried: (hall ejlimate it whether it be good or bad : as the pried fliall ejlimate it, fo thall it Hand. Lev. xxvii. 14. — To calculate ; to compute. ES'TIMATE, f. Computation; calculation. — Upon a moderate ejlimate and calculation of the quantity of wa¬ ter now a (dually contained in the abyfs, I found that this alone was full enough to cover the whole globe to the height afligned by Mofes. Woodward. — Value: I’d love My country’s good, with a refpeft more tender. More holy and profound, than mine own life, My dear wife’s ejlimate , her womb’s increafe, The treafure of my loins. S/iakeJpearc. Valuation ; afligament of proportional value ; compara¬ tive judgment. — The only way to come to a true ejlimate upon the odds betwixt a public and a private life, is to try bSth. VEJlrange. ESTIMA'TION,yi The aft of adjuding proportional value. — If a man (hould fanftify unto the Lord fome part of a field, the ejlimation (hall be according to the feed. Leviticus. —Calculation; computation. Opinion; judgment. — In our own ejlimation we account fuch particulars more wor¬ thy than thofe that are already tried and known. Bacon. • — Efleern ; regard ; honour. — I (hall have ejlimation among the multitude, and honour with the elders. WiJd.vxW. 10. I know the gentleman To be of worth and worthy ejlimation, And not without defert fo well reputed. Shakefpeare. ES'TIMATIVE, adj. Having the power of comparing and adjuding the preference. — The error is not in the eye, but iruthe ejlimative faculty, which midakingly con¬ cludes that colour to belong to the wall, which indeed belongs to the objeft. Boyle. ESTIMA'TOR, f. A fettler of rates ; a computid. ESTISSAC', a town of France, in the department of the Gironne : five leagues north-ead of Bourdeatix. ES'TIVAL, adj. \_ajlivus, Lat.] Pertaining to the dim¬ mer. Continuing for the dimmer. ES'TIVAL, a town of France, in the department of the Vofges, and chief place of a canton, in the didrift of St. Diey : two leagues north of St. Diey. ESTIVAREIL'LES, a town of France, in the depart¬ ment of the Allier, and chief place of a canton, in the diflrift of Montluyon : five miles north of Montluyon. ESTIV A'TION, J. [ eejlivalio , Lat.] The aft of palling the dimmer. — A grotto is a place of fliade, or ejlivation. Bacon. ES'TIUS (William), a learned Dutch catholic divine, born at Gorcum in Holland, about the year 1542. After finilhing his education at Utrecht, he entered upon the E S T 27 ftudy of philofophy and theology at Louvain, and taught thofe fciences at that univerfity for the (pace of ten years. The fame of his learning and talents occafioned his being invited to undertake the offices of profeflbrof theology in the univerfity of Douay, and fuperior of the feminary in that city ; which promotion was followed bv his election to the chancellordiip of the univerfity of Douay. Fie was a man' who difeharged the duties of his different ap¬ pointments with the utmofc fidelity ; and was alfo efti- mable on account of his piety, his modefty, and his aftive virtues. He died at Douay in 1613, when feventy-one years of age. While he was at Louvain, he aflifted in editing a new edition of the works of St. Auguftin ; but his principal works are: 1. Commentarii in Omnes S. Pauli £3 VII. Catholicas Apoflolorum Epijlolas, 1614, in 2 vols. folio. 2. Commentarii in IV. Libros Sententiarum Petri Lombardi , 1615, in 2 vols. folio. 3. Annotationcs in pracipua ac Dijji - ciliora S. Scripture Loca, 1620, in folio. On thefe works D11 Pin pafles very high commendations, on account of the learning, judgment, and perfpicuity, which they difplay. ESTOIL'LE (Peter de 1’), known by his hiftorical writings, was of the profeflion of the law, and became grand audiencer of the chancellery of Paris. He died in 1611. From his manuferipts were publifhed A Journal of Henry III. feveral times printed, and iaff by the abbe du Frefnoi, in 1744, 5 vols. 8vo. alfo, A Journal of the Reign of Henry IV. 4 vols. 8vo. Editions of both thefe journals were publiflied by M. Godefroi, at Cologne, in 1719 and 1732, in 6 vols. 8vo. which, as containing feve¬ ral things omitted in Du Frefnoi’s edition, are moltly fought by the curious. ESTOIL'LE (Claude de 1’), fon of the preceding, a poet, and member of the French academy, into which he was received in 1632. He was one of the dramatic writers employed by cardinal Richelieu ; but he had not the happinefs to pleafe the public in that capacity. His odes and ftanzas were more efteemed ; and he is allowed to have had a talent for verfification, and alfo a good know¬ ledge of the rules of the ftage. His private charafter was honourable and independent. He died in 1652. ESTO'NI A. See Revel. ESTOP'PEL, J. [from ejlouper, Fr. i. e. oppilare, objli- pare.~\ In law, an impediment or bar to a right of aftion arifing from a man’s own aft : or where he is forbidden by law, to fpeak againft his own deed ; for by his aft or acceptance he may be eftopped to allege or fpeak the truth. Co. Lit. 352. If a perfon is bound in an obligation by the name of A. B. -and is afterwards (tied by that name on the obligation; now he fliall not be received to fay in abatement, that he is mifnamed, but (hall anfwer ac¬ cording to the obligation, though it be wrong ; and foraf- much as he is the fame perfon that was bound, he is effopped and forbidden in law to fay contrary to his own deed, otherwife he might take advantage of his own wrong, which the law will not fuffer. If a man enters into a bond, with condition to give to another all the goods which are devifed to him by the father; in this cafe the obligor is eftopped to plead that the father made no will, but he may plead that he had not any goods devifed to him by his father. 1 Nelf. Abr. 751. In a deed, all the parties are eftopped to fay any thing againft what is contained in it: it eftops a lelfee to fay that the leffbr had nothing in the land, &c. And parties and privies are bound by eftoppel. Co. Lit. 352. None but privies and parties fliall regularly have advantage by eftoppels : but if a man makes-a leafe of part of a term whereby he is eftopped, and after ailign away the term, the aflignee will be eftopped alfo. Hen. VI. 2. In eftoppels, both parties muft be eftopped ; and therefore, where an infant or feme covert makes a leafe, they are not eftopped to fay that it is not their deed, becaufe they are not bound by it ; and as to them it is void. And though eftoppels conclude parties to deeds to fay the truth, yet jurors are not concluded, who are fworn ad veritatem E S T M r 'eritatem de £? fupcr pr&miJJis dicendam: for they may find any thing that is out of the record, and are not efiopped to find truth in a fpec'ial verdidt. Lat. 570. An efioppel fn all bind only the heir, who claims the right of him to whom the efioppel was. 8 Rep. 53. Acceptance of rent front a diffeifor by the difieifee, may be an efioppel : and a widow accepting lefs than lier thirds for dower, is an efioppel, &c. 2 Danv. Abr. 130. Our books mention three kinds of efioppel, viz. by tnatter of record, by matter in writing, and by matter in pais. If a feoffment be made to two, and their heirs, and the feoffor afterwards levies a fine to them, and the heirs of one of them ; this will be an efioppel to the other to demand fee-fimple according to the deed ; for the fine fiiall enure as a releafe. 6 Rep. 7, 44. Tenant in tail (of¬ fers a recovery, that his ifiue may avoid; he himfelf (hall be efiopped and concluded by it, and may not demand the land againfi his own recovery. T,Rep. 3. The taking of a leafe by indenture of a man’s own land, whereof he is leifed in fee, is an efioppel to claim the fee during the term. Moor , Ca. 323. A leafe is made to one man for eighty years, and then to another by deed indented for the fame term, this fecond leafe may be good by way of efioppel : and if the firft determine by furrender, for¬ feiture, &c. the fecond leffee (hail have the land. Co. Rep. 155. If a lelfor at the time of making the leafe hath nothing in the land, but after he gets it by purchafe or defeent, it is a good leafe by efioppel. Co. Lit. 47. A re¬ cital in a deed (hall not eftop a perfon, unlefs it be of a particular fadt, or where it is material ; when it may be an efioppel. Cro.Eliz. 362. The lord, by deed indented, reciting that his tenant holds of him by fuch fervices, whereas he doth not, con¬ firms to the tenant, faving the fervices; if is no efioppel to the tenant. Plowd. 130. If one make a deed by durefs of imprifonment, and when he is at large makes a defea- fance to it; he is efiopped to fay it was per durefs. Bro. Defeaf. 17. Where the condition of a bond is in the par¬ ticularity, as to infeoff J. S. of the manor of D, or to pay fuch a fum of money as he ftands bound to pay to W. S. or to (land to the fentence of J. S. in a matter of tithes in queftion between them ; here the party is efiopped to deny any of thefe things, which in the condition he did grant : but if a condition be in the generality, to en¬ feoff one of all his lands in D. or to be nonfuit in all actions, See. it is no efioppel. Dyer, 196. \%Edw. IV. 54. ESTOTOW'E, a town of United America, in the fiate of Georgia : four miles north of Tttgeloo. ES'TOVERS,y. A term in law for any kind of fuf- tenance. Bratton ufes it for that fuftenance or allowance which a man committed for felony is to have, out of his lands or goods, for himfelf and his family, during his im¬ prifonment. And the ftatute 6 Edw. I. c. 3. applies it to an allowance in meat, ciothes, &c. In which fenfe it has been ufed for a wife’s alimony. ES'TOVERIIS HABENDIS,y. A writ at common law, for a woman divorced from her hufband, a men/a & thoro, to recover her alimony, fo me times called her efio- vers. See Baron and Feme, vol. ii. p. 743. ESTOURMEL'LES, a town of France, in the depart¬ ment of the North, and chief place of a canton, in the difirict of Cambray : one league and a half eaft of Cambray. ESTOU'TEVILLE, a town of France, in the depart¬ ment of th.e Lower Seine : twelve miles north of Rouen. ESTO'WE, a town of United America, in the date of South Carolina: ten miles north-eafi of Keowe. ESTRA'DE,y. [ Fr. fratum, Lat. ] An even or level fpace, ESTRA'DES (Godfrey count of), marfhal of France, ■was brought up to arms, and ferved under prince Mau¬ rice in Holland, with whom lie acted as agent of the French court. In 1661 he was fent to England as ambaf- fudor extraordinary, and maintained with great fpirit the precedence of his crown before that of Spain. In 1662, E. S T he went fo Holland in the fame character, and concluded the peace of Breda. He was entrufted with the important negociation for a general peace at Nimeguen in 1675, and acquitted himfelf with' much reputation. He was made governor of Dunkirk, Mardyke, and the province of Limburg, and viceroy of America. In 1685, he was no¬ minated governor to the duke of Chartres ; but foon af¬ ter died, in 1686, at the age of feventy-nine. Fie left very copious manuferipts of his different negociations, amounting to twenty-two voiumes folio, from which an abridged colledlion, intitled Letters, Memoirs, and Ne¬ gociations, of the Count d’Eftrades, was publifhed in 1709. An improved edition of this work was publifhed at the Hague, in 9 vols. i2tno. 1743. To ESI R AN'GE, v. a. \_ef ranger, Fr,] To keep «t a diftance ; to withdraw : See, flie weeps ; Thinks me unkind, or falfe, and knows not why I thus efrange my perfon from her bed. Dryden . To alienate; to divert from its original ufe or pofiefTor. — They have efianged this place, and have burnt incenfe in it to •other gods. Jer. xix. 4. — To alienate from affec¬ tion ; to turn from kindnefs trofelyted to the Mahometan faith. On this occafion the Ethiopians loft their territories in Arabia, and were forced to Peek refuge on the fide of Africa, where they eftabliftied feveral kingdoms, inch as Adel, Mara, Ha- dea, Aufla, Wypo, Tarfhifh, and other ftates, which ac¬ quired permanent power and importance. From this pe¬ riod Abyftinia became the principal province of Ethiopia; and its kings, w’ho kept their court at Gondar, began to itfume an arbitrary authority over all the other ftates, which plunged them into favage and ceafelefs warfare. See Abyssinia. ETIIIO'PIAN, acl] , belonging to Ethiopia, produced in Ethiopia, born in Ethiopia. ETHIOPIAN SOUR GOURD. See Adansonia. ETHIO'PIAN, f. One born in Ethiopia. ETHIOP'IC, adj. belonging to Ethiopia, belonging to the language of the Ethiopians. ETHMOIDA'LIS,/; in anatomy one of the futures of the feull. ETHMOI'DES,/. [from eG p.o;, a fieve, and eisor, Gr. a likenefs.J Perforated like a (trainer. A bone fttuuted at the root of the nofe. See Anatomy, E T H ETI-FNARCHY, f. [cSvoe, a nation, and Gr. fo- vereignty.] Principality or rule. ETHNAR'CHES,y. [Lat. Siia.py.rii;, Gr. J A ruler of a nation or people. ETH'NIC, adj. [ cthnicus , Lat. sSn *0?, of e-SEo?, Gr. a nation.] Heathen; Pagan; not Jewifti ; not Chriftian. — Such contumely as the ethnic world durft not offer him, is the peculiar infolence of degenerated Chriftians. Gov. of the Tongue. — I fliall begin with the agreement of profane, whether Jewifti or ethnic, with the facred writings. Grew, ETH'NICS,yi Heathens ; not Jews; not Chriftians. — This firft Jupiter of the ethnics was then the fame Cain, the foil of Adam. Raleigh. ETHNOPHRO'NES,y. [from eSko?, heathen, and Cp^v, Gr. thought, fentiment.] A fed of heretics of the feventh century, who profelfed chriftianity, but joined thereto all the fuperftitions and folies of paganifm, as judiciary aftrology, fortileges, auguries, and other divinations. ETHOLO'GIC AL, adj. [from i;So?, and Aoyo?, Gr. trea- tife ] Pertaining to treatifes of ethics or morality. ETHO'LOGIST, f. one that fliews the manners of others, one that imitates the cuftoms and manners of others. ETH'OLOGY, f. [from eGoc, manners, and A070;, Gr. a difeourfe.] A reprefentation of the manners and cuf¬ toms of a people. ETHOPOE'I A,f [vjSoTroEKz, Gr.] A figure in rheto¬ ric, in which there is a reprefentation of the manners and paflions of men, either to their praife or difpraife. ETHU'LIA,y. in botany, a genus of the clafs fyn- genefia, order polygamia aequalis, natural order of com. pofitae difeoideae, (corymbiferae, jfujf.) The generic cha¬ racters are — Calyx : common, many-leaved, rounded: fimple ; leaflets linear, nearly equal, fpreading. Corolla, compound, tubular; corollets hermaphrodite, uniform, diftant by a fpace : proper funnel-form ; border five-cleft; upright. Stamina: filaments five, very fnort, capillary ; antherae, cylindric, tubular. Piftillum : germ prifmatic : ftyle filiform, length of the Ibir.ens ; ftigmastvvo, recurv¬ ed. Pericarpiuin : none; calyx unchanged. Seeds: foli- tary, truncated, turbinate, five-cornered, five-furrowed ; down none, but a little projecting margin. Receptacu- lum : naked, convex, excavated w ith points. — Ejfential CharaEler. Receptacuium naked ; dow n none. Species. 1. Ethulia conyzoides, or panicled ethulia : flowers panicled. Root annual ; item herbaceous, the thicknefs of a finger, four feet in height, upright, round, but angular at top, pubefeent, hollow. It is a large plant, agreeing in ftature with Baccharis or Conyza. The fructification correfponds in molt circumftances with eupa- torium and ageratum ; but it differs materially from all thefe four genera, in having no down or feather to the feeds. It is alfo remarkable in having the florets diftant ; and in putting forth roots from the bale of the Item, which is feldom the cafe in annual plants. The leaves fmell very fweet. Native of the Eaft-Indies. It was fent to the Upfal garden by profeflbr David van Royen about the year 1760 or 1761, under the name of Eupatorium. It was introduced here in 1776, by Monf. Thouin : and flowers in July and Auguft. 2. Ethulia fparga-nophora, or Vaillant’s ethulia : flow¬ ers feflile, lateral. It is a very (inall plant, from the Eaft-Indies. Linnaeus doubts whether Vaillant’s fpar- ganophorus be the fame. Gaertner feparates this from Ethulia, with which lie fays it has nothing in common except the calyx. 3. Ethulia divaricata, or divaricate ethulia : leaves linear, toothed, decurrent ; peduncles oppoftte to the leaves, one-flowered ; ftem divaricate. An annual plant, a hand in height. Seeds to the female flowers only, fub- turbinate, ftriated, minute, pale, bald, or without any crown. Gsertner feparates thofe which have a crown, under Vaillant’s name of Sparganophorus. Obferved by Konig in the fields of Malabar. 4. Ethulia tomentofa, or tomentofe ethulia : under- flirubby ; E T N 35 E T N fhrubby ; leaves linear, quite entire, tomentofe. Native of China. 5. Ethuliabidentis, or two-toothed ethulia : racemules direbted one way ; calyxes, containing about five flowers ; leaves lanceolate, oppofite. Native of the Eaft-Indies. 6. Ethulia ftruchium, or Jamaica ethulia : flowers axillary, fertile, all trifid. This rifes generally to the height of two feet and a half, or more. Native of Jamaica. Propagation and Culture. Mod of thefe plants being an¬ nual, mud be propagated by feeds ; and coming from the Ead-Indies mud be kept in the dove. The firit only has hitherto been cultivated in Europe. ETIEN'NE, the French name of a family of celebrated printers, for a biographical account of whom, fee the ar¬ ticle Stephens. ETIOLO'GY,yi in medicine, a difcourfe of the caufe of a difeafe ; or it is that part of pathology, which is em¬ ployed in exploring the caufes of difeafes. The word is compounded of atria, caufe, and 7\oy<&, difcourfe. In this fenfe, we fay, the etiology of the fmall-pox, of the hydrophobia, of the gout, the dropfy, &c. Etiology is alfo ufed for a figure in rhetoric, whereby, in relating an event, we afiign alfo the caufe of it. In which fenfe, etiology differs from colour, as the former afligns the true caufe, the latter only a feigned or fpecious one. The fceptics were p'roferted opponents of all etiology, or argumentation from caufes. ETI QUET'TE,y. [Fr.] Forms and ceremonies which regulate the conduit and decorum of perfons of various ranks and dations towards each other. ET'MASER, a town of Arabia, in the province of Yemen : thirty-fix miles north of Chamir. ETMAUNDAR', f [Indian.] In Hindoodan, a fu- perintendant over a fmall divifion of a province, called an etmaum. ET'MULLER (Michael,) an eminent phyfician, born at Leipfic in 1644. After dudying at the univerfity of his native place and at Wittenberg, he travelled through the principal countries of Europe, and returning, took his doctor's degree at Leipfic. He-was there created profef- for of botany, chemidry, and anatomy. After attaining the rank of one of the mod celebrated phyficians of his time, he died in the flower of his age in 16O3, in confe- quence, it is find, of an accident in a chemical procefs. Etmuller was a copious writer, though the greater part of his works did not appear till after his death. They embrace a wide field in medicine, comprifing the chemical principles of phyfic, pharmacy, the practice ot medicine, and medical furgery. Various editions were publifhed of them, but the mod genuine is that of his foil, Michael- Erneft, in three volumes folio., Francof. 170S. ET'NA, the highert mountain in Sicily, and the larged volcano in the world. The word has been derived from aiSsn/, to burn. Bochart deduces the name from Kin.v, Aituna, fornax, as being a refervoir of molten matter. The hill and the city were by the ancient natives called TnelTus ; which is a compound of Ain-Es, like Hanes in Egypt ; and fignifies a fountain of fire. It is called Ennefia by Diodorus ; who fays, that this name was afterwards changed to Etna. Strabo exprertes the name Innefit, and informs us that the upper part of the mountain was firrt fo called. The prefent inhabitants of the ifland call it Monte Gibello, or by contraction Mongibello, i. e. Mount of Mounts. It is fituated in the eaftern part of Sicily, called Val di Demoni, or Demona, from a notion that the numerous caverns of'Etna are inhabited by daemons, and other wicked and miferable beings. Lat. 37.40. N. Ion. x 5. The fire, w hich is continually burning in the bowels of this mountain, led the poets to place here the forges of the Cyclops, under the direction of Vulcan, and the pri- fon of the giants who rebelled againft Jupiter. Upon tliis fuppofition they erebted a temple to Vulcan upon the hill, in which was kept, as we are informed by CElian, a perpetual fire, as in the temple of Vefta~; this element being a fymbol of that deity. In the time of the Sicani, who, after the Aborigines, were matters of all Sicily, the continual and deftrubtive eruptions of the mountain obliged the inhabitants to retire from the eaft fide of the ifland, as ttioft expofed to its malignant effects, to the weft fide ; where the Siculi, or Sicilians, who fucceeded in the do¬ mination of the ifland to the Sicani, have ever (ince con¬ tinued to brave the fubterranean thunders, the native lightnings, and deftrubtive torrents of liquid fire, which have from time to time been poured forth from the bowels of this frightful volcano. Vefuvius, placed by the fide of Etna, would feem a fmall ejebted hill, the w hole circuit of its bafe not exceeding 30 miles, while Etna covers a fpace of 180, and its height above the fea is computed, by Spallanzani, at about ix, 000 feet. This enormous mafs is furrounded by fmaller mountains, fome of which equal Vefuvius in fize, fo that Etna may be regarded, not as a Angle volcano, but as an aflemblage of volcanos, many of which are extinguiflied, or burn with a gentle fire, and of which fome few are ftill abting imperceptibly or vifi- bly, with violence. M. Houel, one of the lateft and mod accurate infpec- tors of this mountain, obferves, that Etna is entirely compofed of fubftances that have been difeharged from the volcano in its various eruptions. From the quantities of marine bodies that are depofited over its lower part, he infers, as others have done, that it muft have been once covered by the fea, to at leaft one half of its prelent height : and he" fuppofes that, in this ftate, the currents of the ocean would gradually accumulate upon it large fnafles, not only of its own productions, Inch as (hells and bones of fifties, but of feveral other fubftances intermixed with the matters difeharged from the focus of the burning- mountain. See the article Earth, vol.vi. p. 177. Thefe mafles, lie conceives, would, in prccefs of time, lo increafe as to form thofe various mountains which now lurround the volcano. The currents of the ocean would likewife convey fome part of the difeharged m uter of the volcano to a greater diftance ; and thus form thofe mountains that are feparated from it, and that are found farther removed. The bafe of this mountain, according to this ingenious author, confifts of alternate layers of lava and marine fub¬ ftances, fucceflively depofited upon one another, and reaching to a confiderable, but unknown depth. Thefe muft defeend to the level of the ftratum of lava, which was difeharged by the volcano at its firft origin. The laft layer, depofited by the fea, is a range of calcareous- eminences of confiderable height, placed on a balis of lava. Beneath this, there is another ftratum of fea peb¬ bles, rounded by their mutual attrition in the conflict of the waves. This, again, lies upon a yellow illi rock, confifting of a fpec'ies of indurated fand. The river Simeto flows over this rock ; and the bafe of the river is much higher than that of Etna, which is on a level with the fea : but the primary bafe of the volcano is unknown. From the mountains of calcareous matter that are (bat¬ tered over the lower part of Etna, tire inhabitants pro¬ vide themfelves with limeftcne, and they apply fragments of lava, inftead of (tones, of which they have none, to the purpofes of building. The mountains that furround- Etna, and that are obferved to great advantage born its fummit, evidently indicate, by their conical figure and the cavity at their top, their being the productions of’ fire. They bear unequivocal marks of the effects of this deftrubtive agent in an accumulation of lava, fcorias, and- volcanic fand. Whether the origin of thefe mountains is to be traced to the expaniive effort of the ignited mat¬ ter contained within the great abyfs of Etna, and which, incapable of afeending to the upper crater, btirfts forth at the fides ; or whether they are to be aferibed to parti¬ cular conflagrations and eruptions, which have no com¬ munication with 1 1 1 e immenfe furnace within tiie crater, has been a fubjebt of enquiry and difeuflion. The former alternative has been generally allowed ; and it muft be. acknowledged that this is frequently the fabt. Inftances,.. however, $6 IS T however, may be cited, whicTi afford ftrong reafons for believing that the production of the lateral mountains is owing to partial eruptions, which have no communica¬ tion with the principal crater. Sir William Hamilton reckons forty-four mountains. of this kind on the fide of Catania, with their diftiiuft craters, molt of which are now in a ftate of fertility. Some have fuppofed, that vulcanic mountains always increafe in height by the produfts of fucceffive eruptions, till they are e-xtinguifhed. However, it is generally con¬ ceived that the height and bulk of Etna are much the fame now as they were in former times. The dilapida¬ tions, occafioned by the falling in, and abforption of the fummit, have produced, for time immemorial, no fenlible diminution; as the Ioffes refulting from fome eruptions are repaired by others which fucceed. In proof of this, it is alleged, that if any confiderable decreafe of the mountain had taken place, ice and fnow would not have continued, in a climate fo mild, to envelope the top of the mountain, as they now do, even during the greateft heats of funimer. On the contrary, it is a very old opinion, and adopted by M. Houel, that Etna is in a ftate of decay and diminution, fo that it cannot be cbferved at fo great a diftance as formerly. It is full of excavations; and he coufiders the torrents of lava, which overfpread its fides from time to time, as infufficient for repairing the vvafte occafioned by rains, rivulets, and torrents flowing down from the fummit. Hence he concludes that, unlefs the eruptions become more frequent than they have been for fome time pad, the height of the mountain will be gra¬ dually reduced to that of the furrounding beds of lava. Over the fides of Etna there are fcattered no fewer than feventy-feven cities, towns, and villages; and allowing 1200 or 1500 perfons to each of thefe, the whole num¬ ber of the inhabitants of mount Etna will be 92,400 or 115,500. The afeent of mount Etna is difficult and perilous ; and few have had refolution to undertake it. From Catania, where the journey ufually commences, to the fummit, the diftance is about thirty miles: and the traveller, in 'the progrefs of his journey, pall'es through three diftindl climates, ufually denominated, on account of the variety of their temperature, the torrid, the temperate, and the frigid, zones. Accordingly the wholejjmountain is divided into three diftindt regions, called La Regione Culta, or Piedmontefe, the fertile region ; II Regione Sylvofa , or Nemo- r.oj'a , the woody region ; and II Regione DeJ'crta , or Scoperta , the barren region. Count Borch has added a fourth, which he calls the region of fnow ; and he has fubdivided thefe four regions into feveral diftridts. The firft or loweft region extends through an interval of afeent from twelve to eighteen miles, according to the ftatements of different writers. Its whole circumference is eftimated by Recu- pero at 183 miles, and its furface is fuppofed by Buffon to exceed 220 fquare leagues. It is bounded by the fea to the fouth and fouth-eaft, and on all its other fides by the rivers Semetus and Alcantara, which almoft run round it. The city of Catania, and feveral villages, are fituated in this firft zone ; and it abounds in paftures, orchards, and various kinds of fruit-trees. The fertility of this re¬ gion' has been recorded by Strabo, Fazello, Peter Bembo, and moll, of the travellers who have vifited Etna; and it is juftly aferibed to the decompofition of the lava, and of thofe vegetables which have been introduced by the arts of agriculture, and the exertions of human induftry. The firft ftatiorj in the afeent of the mountain is Nicololi, which, according to Brydone’s ftatement, is twelve miles up the mountain, and by Houel’s account 2496 feet above the level of the fea. The road from Catania to this ftation lies over old lavas and the mouths of exringuilhed volcanos, which are now converted into corn-fields, vine¬ yard , and orchards. The figs of this region, and the fruit in general, are reckoned the fineft in Sicily. Not far front Nicololi is Monte Roll'd, which was formerly a plain ; but in 1669 a new vortex was opened in it, and 1 N A. difeharged a dreadful torrent of lava, which flowed as far as the fea, and formed a kind of promontory. It is furrounded to the extent of two miles with a black fand, which was thrown out in that eruption, and which then covered a fpace of fifteen miles, to-fuch a depth as to bury the. vines and flirubs that were fcattered over the foil. By Borelli’s account, its circumference at the bafe does not exceed two, miles, and its perpendicular height is not more than 150 paces ; whereas, fir William Hamil¬ ton eftimates its height at a mile, and its circuit at three miles. Spallanzani prefers the former eftimate. Amonglt one hundred or more mountains, which rear their heads on the fides of mount Etna, this is the only one with the hiftory of the formation of which we are acquainted. The bafe of the lava of this mountain is horn-blende, of a grey colour, rough to the touch, and of a moderately fine grain. It gives fparks with fieel, and founds when it is ftruck. It ferves as a matrix to a great number of lelt-fpathofe or llioerlaceous cryftallizations. The fcoriae, ot which the mountain is principally compofed, have the fame kind of bafe, containing Ihoerls and felt-fpars ; but they are more light and friable than the lava, and have a kind of vitreous appearance. Thefe and other dif¬ ferences are produced by the mutual coilifion and pul¬ verization of thofe fcoriae. The number of detached Ihoerls that are found on and near Monte Roffo is very great. Dolomieu thought, that they firft entered into the body of the lava, and that they were feparated from it by means of the fulphur, which had fcorified the lava, but had not produced the fame effedt on the Ihoerls, be- caufe of the fmall quantity of iron w hich they contain ; and confequently they remained free and detached. Spal¬ lanzani rejects this hypothefis ; as upon experiments with the magnetic needle he found that the martial principle was more abundant in the Ihoerls than in their bafe ; and he therefore accounts for their reparation from the lava in another way. The volcanic fire, which melted the lava, was incapable of melting thefe Ihoerls, which are not only refradiory to the fire, but of a different fpecific gravity from the lava. When this was melted, elevated to a great height, and feparated into fmall particles in the progrefs of the eruption, a number of Ihoerls were detached from it, and fell, ifolated, partly within the crater, and partly around it. Accordingly he found, that the Ihoerls detached from the lava are infufible in the furnace ; but thofe which are incorporated with the lava fuftain a peifedl fufion. The mountain derives its name Monte Rojfo, or red mountain, from the ferruginous hue which fome parts of it exhibit ; though other parts are white, and others yellow, blue, and green, with dif¬ ferent (hades and mixtures. M. Houel went down into one of the openings of this mountain with torches, but could not reach the bottom, and was obliged foon to return on account of the extreme cold. This mountain is one of the mouths of Etna, through which it dif- charges, from time to time, great quantities of lava, fand, allies, See. The fides of the craters are not all of the fame height; thofe- to the eaft and weft are confiderably higher than the inter mediate fummits, becaufe the cur¬ rents of the allies puffed alternately front eaft to weft, and and fell upon thefe fides in greater quantities than upon the 0 fliers ; which circumftance has given to this volcano the appearance of two fummits. St. Niceolo dell’ Arena, in the neighbourhood of this mountain, is an agreeable refting-place for travellers w ho vifit Etna. This is an ancient edifice, founded on the lava, and was formerly the habitation of a number of Benedidtine monks, who, about two hundred years ago, were obliged, on account of the devaftations occafioned by the lava, to abandon it, and retire to Catania. Here are many inferiptions, which record tire ruinous earth¬ quakes, torrents of lava, and ftiowers of fand and allies, by which it has been damaged and even deftroyed, toge¬ ther with the dates of their different repairs. At a Iniall diftance there is another mountain, called Mcntpelieri, or Monpilcri. 37 £ T Monpileri. This is of a fpherical form, and its perpendi¬ cular height does not exceed 300 feet, and its circuit is about a mile. It is perfectly regular on every fide, and richly overfpread with fruits and flowers. Its crater is large in proportion to the mountain itfelf, and is as ex- adtly hollowed out as the beft made bowl. This moun¬ tain was formed by the firft eruption that deftroyed the ancient Hybla, which was celebrated for its fertility, and particularly for its honey, and thence called Mel Pajfi ; but in confequence of being reduced by feveral eruptions to a ftate of wretched fteriiity, it obtained the contemp¬ tuous appellation of Mai PaJJi. The lava, however, in its courfe over this beautiful country, has left feveral little iflands or hillocks, which exhibit a Angular appearance, with all the blcom of the mod luxuriant vegetation, en- ccmpaffed and rendered almofl; inacceflible by large fields of black and rugged lava. About three miles above San Niccolo dell’ Arena, the lower region of Etna terminates, and the middle region begins. This is called the Rcgione Sylvoja , the woody re¬ gion, or the temperate zone ; and extends from eight to ten miles in a direct line towards the top of the mountain. Its circumference is eftimated by Recupero at feventy or eighty miles; and it comprehends a furface of about forty or forty-five fquare leagues. It forms a zone of the blighted: green all round the mountain, which exhibits a pleafing contraft to the white and hoary head of this venerable mountain ; and it is called the wroody region, becaufe it abounds with oaks, chefnuts, beeches, firs, and pines. The foil is a vegetable earth, generated by the decompofition of the lava, and fimilarto that in the lower region. “ As foon as we entered thefe delightful forefts (fays Mr. Brydone), we feemed to have got into another world. The air, which was before l'ultry and hot, was now cool and refrefhing ; and every breeze was loaded with a thoufand perfurffes ; the whole ground being co¬ vered over with the richeft aromatic plants.” The appear¬ ance of the woods in general is exceedingly pifiturefque, not only on account of the number and variety of the trees, but from the inequality of the ground, which ex¬ hibits them like the ranges of an amphitheatre, one above another. The eaft fide of the woody region abounds with chefnut-trees of an extraordinary fize. But the molt remarkable of thefe trees is the cajlagno di cento cavalli, or the chefnut-tree of an hundred horfe ; fo called, be¬ caufe it is fuppofed to be capable of flieltering an hun¬ dred horfes under the canopy of its boughs. Fabulous report deduces its name from the following circumflance : Jean of Arragon, during her flay in Sicily, whilft (he was travelling from Spain to Naples, vifited mount Etna, and was attended by her principal nobility ; but being over¬ taken by a fiorm, all of them' found fhelter under this tree. It Hands upon a rifing ground, and is furrounded by an open pafture, which is bounded by woods and vine¬ yards. Some have fuppofed that it was merely a buffi or clump of feveral trees united ; but Swinburne informs us, that all the Hems are united in one body, at a very fmall depth under ground. This is confirmed by Denon, who, in his Travels in Sicily, publifhed in 1789, fays, “ the centum cavalli , which is alfo called the /even brothers , is a chefnut-tree coeval with the world: the heart of the tree is open, nothing remaining but the fap divided into feven mangled flocks, which ftill bear enormous branches. 1 feveral times made the complete circuit of the trunk, and always found it took feventy-fix paces to arrive at the place from whence I had fet out, five and-twenty for one of its greatefl diameters, and fixteen for the fmalleft. The canon Recupero informed me, that notwithftanding the vaft antiquity of this tree, its fize w'as continually increafing, fuch is the fecundity of the foil; that he had formerly cleared away the earth two feet deep around the trunk, and meafured the circumference, and that in his laft obfervations he found the dimenfions increafed. I myfelf obferved in it, what I never law in any other trees, tender branches proceeding from the very heart of Vol. VII, No. 406. N A. the old flump, in the part oppofite to the fap, in the centre of that pait which was the hardeft and leafl capa¬ ble of (hooting forth a bud, or of admitting the circula¬ tion of the juice. This tree taken altogether is fo mon- flrous, that it has rather the appearance of a grove, than the produce of one and the fame growth. On examining it with attention, you fee plainly that feven diftant flocks of fuch a fize never could have been produced fo near each other; befides that the rents are fo exactly conform¬ able, and fo evidently tending to the- fame centre, that a fliadow of doubt cannot remain of its being one fingle tree. Calculating the time it muff have taken this tree to attain fuch a thicknefs, and adding to it the lime ne- ceflary for its decay, with the period fiiice which it has been known in its prefent fiate, this vegetable production will reckon a great many centuries ; and if it adds nothing to the archives of mount Etna, will occafion no fmall de¬ rangement, at leafl, in thofe of the known duration of the life of chefnut-trees,” In the middle cavity, or the part that is denominated the hollow of the tree, a hut is built for the habitation and ufe of thofe who collect and preferve its fruit, and who dry the nuts in an oven, and prepare conferves of them for tale. Mr. Swinburne fays, that his .whole caravan, men and animals, were accom¬ modated at their eafe in this extraordinary inclofure: and that after three accurate meafurements, he found the outer circumference, at one inch above the ground, to be 196 Englifli feet. The forefl of pines is almofl inaccef- fible, on account of rocks and precipices. It is chiefly worthy of notice, as it leads the traveller to the fnow grotto. This cavity has been lately formed by the action of the waters under the beds of lava, and removing the flratum of pozzolana below them. It is fituated on a mount named Finocchio. This grotto has been repaired at the expence of the knights of Malta, who have hired this and other caverns in the mountain for magazines of fnow, which is more wanted in their illand than in Sicilyr, and which forms a very confiderable article of commerce. The fnow is thrown in at two openings above; and they have accefs to thefe as well as to the internal parts by flights of fteps. At the feafon of exportation, it is prefled clofe in large bags, and lumps of it are wrapped up in leaves, and conveyed to the fliore on mules. Pieces of fnow, preferred in this manner, have appeared like the mod tranfparent cryflal. Mod of the travellers in this region have fought fhelter on the night preceding their farther afeent, in the cave called La Spelonca del Capriole , or La Grotta della Caprc, or the grotto of the goats, be¬ caufe thefe animals take refuge here in bad weather. This grotto is fituated about 5054 feet above the level of the fea, according to the calculations of M. de Sauflure. It is furrounded by flately and majeftic oaks, the dry leaves of which fupply the travellers who fhelter in it with beds, as the wood does with fuel. In the neighbourhood of this cave there are two beautiful mountains, the cra¬ ters of which are larger than that of Vefuvius.- They are now filled with oaks, and covered to a great depth with the richeft foil. The upper region of Etna, called its frigid zone, or the Regione Deferta , is marked out by a circle of fnow and ice, extending, as fome ftate, to the diftance of about eight miles; but, according to Fazello, nearly twelve, and having the great crater in its centre. The furface of this zone is for the raofl part flat and even ; and the ap¬ proach to it is indicated by the decline of vegetation, by uncovered rocks of lava and heaps of fand, by near views of an expanfe of fnow and ice, and of the torrents ot fmoke ifluing from the crater of the mountain, and by the difficulty and danger of advancing amidft flreams of melted fnow, flieets of ice, and gufts of chilling .wind. The curious traveller, however, thinks himfelf amply recompenfed, upon gaining the fummit, for the perils with which he has encountered. Kis fatigue is alleviated by the reflexion that the emperor Adrian, and the phi- lofopher Platen underwent the famej, for the purpofe of 1 -exploring S8 E T exploring the fummit of the mountain, and of gratifying themfelves with a view of the riling fun from this emi¬ nence. Mod of the travellers who have vifited Etna, have been anxious to reach its fummit at the dawn of the morning, before the vapours that are raifed by the fun obfeure furrounding objects ; and they all agree in de- feribing the extent and beauty of the profpeft. When Mr. Brydone and his companions afeended this eminence, elevated above the common region of vapour, in the pight, they obferved that the number of the liars feemed to be much increafed, and that their light appeared brighter than ufual. The 1 u fire of the milky way was like a pure flame, that fhot acrofs the heavens ; and with the naked eye they could obferve clufters of liars which were totally invifible in the lower regions. At the rifing of the fun, fays M. Houel, the horizon was ferene, without a Angle cloud. The coall of Cala¬ bria could not be diftinguilhed from the adjoining fea ; but a fiery radiance foon began to appear behind the Ita¬ lian hills, which bounded the profpefl to the eaft. The fleecy clouds, which ufually appear in the morning, were tinged with purple; the atmolphere became ftrongly il¬ luminated ; and, reflecting the rays of the rifing fun, glowed with a bright effulgence of flame. The immenfe elevation of the fummit of Etna caught the firft rays of light, and yielded a dazzling but animating fplendour. The fea Hill retained its dark hue, nor did the fields and forefis yet refleft the folar rays. As the fun gradually advanced above the horizon, his light was diffufed over the hills which lie below the peak of Etna. This huge mountain Hood like an ifland in the midft of the ocean, prefenting to view a multitude of luminous points, the number and luftre of which rapidly increafed. The icene, fays this author, was as if the univerfe had been obferved fuddenly fpringing from the night of non-ex ill - ence. The tall forefts, the lofty hills, and extenfive plains of Etna, now prefented themfelves to view. The b ile, the vail tradls of adjacent level ground, the cities of Sicily, its parched Ihores, with the dalhing waves and wide expanfe of the ocean, gradually appeared, whilft fome fleeting vapours, driven by the wind, occafionally inter¬ rupted part of this grand and magnificent profpeft. In a little while the difplay was fo diftinCl, that places before known were eafily recognized. On the l'outh w'ere feen the hills of Camerata and Traponi ; on the north, the mounts Pelegrino and Thermini, with the celebrated Enna, once crowned with the temples of Ceres and Pro- ferpine. Among thefe mountains appeared many livers, like lines of glittering filver, winding their courfe through rich and fertile fields, and walking the walls of twenty cities, while their banks were crowded with villages, ham¬ lets, &c. that rofe among the ruins of the molt illuftrious republics of antiquity. On the fouth and north were ob¬ ferved the rivers whofe courfe bounds the immenfe bafe of Etna ; and at a much greater dillance were feen the ifles of Lipari, Alicudi, Felicocide, Parinacia, and Stromboli. The fame feene is deferibed in fimilar language by Spal¬ lanzani. No elevated region in the whole globe, fays this author, offers at one view fo ample an extent of land and fea, as the fummit of Etna. The firft of the fublime objeCls which it prefents is the immenfe mafs of its own cololfal body. The firft part, and that which is neareft the obferver, is the upper region, commonly covered with fnow and ice, and occafionally exhibiting rough and crag¬ gy cliffs, either piled on each other or feparate, and rifing perpendicularly, towards the middle of this zone ; an af- femblage of fugitive clouds, irradiated by the fun, and all in motion, increafe the wild variety of the feene. Lower downappeared the middle region, with itsnumerous woods and multitude of mountains, originating from fiery erup¬ tions ; and beyond this the eye difeerns, with admiration, the lower region, the moll fpacious of the three, adorned with elegant villas and caftles, verdant hills and flowery fields, and terminated by the extenfive coaft, where, to the fouth, Hands the beautiful city of Catania, to which the N A; neighbouring fea ferves as a mirror. The obferver, at this elevation, difeovers not only the entire maffy body of Etna itfelf, but the whole of the ifland of Sicily, with all its noble cities, lofty hills, extenfive plains, and mean¬ dering rivers. Malta is alfo perceived at an indiftindt dillance ; the eye commands the environs of Medina, and the greater part of Calabria ; while Lipari and the ^Eolian ifles appear fo near as to be under the feet of the obferver, and as if by Hooping down he might touch them, with his finger. The far ftretching furface of the adjacent and furrounding fea prefented an objedt no lefs majeftic, and led the eye to an immenfe dillance, bounded only by the heavens. “ Seated,” fays Spallanzani, “ in the midft of this theatre of the wonders of nature, I felt an indeferiba- ble pleafure from the multiplicity and beauty of the ob- jedls I furveyed ; and a kind of internal fatisfadlion and exultation of heart. The fun was advancing to the me¬ ridian, unobfcured by the fmalleft cloud, and Reaumur’s thermometer flood at the tenth degree above the freezing point ; I was therefore in that temperature which is moll friendly to man, and the refined air [ breathed, as if it had been entirely vital, communicated a vigour and agility to my limbs, and an activity and life to my ideas, which ap¬ peared to be of a celeffial nature.” The accefs to the principal crater of Etna is rendered extremely perilous, by a variety of circiimftances which different travellers have deferibed. When Spallanzani approached the crater, his difficulties increafed as he paf- fed the cone of Etna, which, in a right line, is about a mile in length. Having arrived, after much labour and fatigue, within 150 paces from the vertex of the cone, he found himfelf enveloped by the vapours of the feveral dreams of fmoke that ilfued from the top and fides of the mountain ; and his progrefs was rendered extremely ha¬ zardous by the effect which thefe noxious vapours pro¬ duced on his refpiration. He foon, however, recovered his llrength and refolution, and arrived at the utmoft fum¬ mit of the mountain, where be began to difeover the edges of the crater. Here be viewed with affoniffiment the configuration of the borders, the internal fides, the form of the immenfe cavern, its bottom, and an aperture which appeared in it, the melted matter boiling within, and the fmoke which afeended from it ; and be has mi¬ nutely deferibed the feveral appearances from bis own attentive and accurate obfervation. The upper edges of the crater, which are broken and indented in feveral places, are, as be judged by the eye, about a mile and a half in circuit, and form an oval, the longed diameter of which extends from eaft to well. Its internal fides, which are inclined at different angles in its feveral parts, form a kind of funnel of a conical figure, and abound with con¬ cretions, which he found to be the muriate of ammoniac. The bottom was nearly an horizontal plane, about two- thirds of a mile in circumference ; in which plane was vi- fible a circular aperture, about five poles in diameter, from' which proceeded the largeft of the two columns of fmoke, obferved before he arrived at the fummit of Etna. This column appeared at its origin to be about 20 feet in diameter, and whilft it remained within the crater, afeended in a perpendicular direftion ; but when it arofe above the edges, it was made to incline towards the weft by a light wind ; and afterwards it dilated into an extended and rare volume. The fmoke was of a white colour. Within the crater Spallanzani obferved a liquid and ignited matter, which continually undulated and boil¬ ed, alternately riling and falling, without fpreading over the bottom. This, he fays, was the melted lava, Which had arifen to that aperture from the bottom of the Etnean gulf. Several large Hones were thrown into the crater, fome of which ftruck the liquid lava and produced a found fimilar to that which would have been occafioned by their falling into a thick tenacious pafte : but the Hones which fell on the bottom rebounded, and their found was different from that of the others. Hence our author in¬ fers, that the bottom muft be thick and folid, which, if ETNA. 39 this were not the cafe, would have been broken by heavy {tones falling from fo great a height. Spallanzani informs us, that befide the eminence on which he flood, there is another to the north, a quarter of a mile higher, whic'h renders the fummit of Etna pro¬ perly bifurcated. The crater on this fecond pre-eminence, and from which the leirer column of fmoke afcends, is about one-half fmaller than the other, and is feparated from it by a partition of fcoriae and accumulated lava, which lies in a direction from eaft to weft. I he abbe has compared his own obfervations with thofe of others who have defended the crater of Etna in the courfe of twenty years, or from the time when it was vifited by Baron Riedefel in 1767, to that of his own journey in 1788. At the time of the baron’s obfervation, the crater was enlarged towards the eaft with an aperture which does not now ex id ; and as the ftones which were then thrown in did not return the fmallefl found, the bottom of the crater could not be formed with the hard and flat furface which the abbe has deferibed. Within the gulfitfelf was heard a noife fimilar to that of the waves of the lea, when agitated by a tempell ; and this muft probably have pro¬ ceeded from the lava within the bounds of the mountain, in a liquified and perturbed (late. Sir William Hamilton arrived at the fummit of Etna on the 26th of October, 1769; but was prevented from didiinftly viewing the lower parts of the crater by the fmoke that iffued from jt. From W’hat he was able to obferve he concludes, that its figure refembled that of a funnel, diminifhing till it ended in a point, and that this funnel was crufted over with fait and fulphur. The crater was then two miles and a half in circumference ; and muft have undergone great changes in the interval that elapfed between thefe obfervations and thofe of Riedefel, in whofe time there muft have been an abyfs as well as a funnel ; nor does the point in which the funnel terminated admit of the flat bottom deferibed by Spallanzani. The dimenfions of the crater, dated by fir William Hamilton, the abbe accounts for by fuppofing, that the partition w’hich now feparates the great crater into two parts has been produced fince the time of his obfervation ; for the fnm of the two cir¬ cumferences which the abbe has noticed w ould not much differ from the other meafure. Mr. Brydone, who ob- ferved the crater on the 29th of May, 1770, fays, that it was then a circle of about three miles and a half in cir¬ cumference, that it fhelved down on each fide, and that it formed a regular hollow, like a vafl amphitheatre, and that a great mouth opened near the centre. Count Borch arrived at the mountain on the 16th of October 1776, and merely obferves, that the crater is formed like a fun¬ nel, and that the fummit is bifurcated; a circumdance unnoticed by fir W. Hamilton, who affirms, on the con¬ trary, that the fummit is (ingle ; and the abbe therefore concludes, that one of thefe fummits has been produced fince the journey of Brydone in 1770. Etna produces a great variety of plants and flowers, as well as trees of a larger fize, the cork tree, &c. Mr. Brydone enumerates the cinnamon, farfaparilla, fallafras, rhubarb, and palma Chridi j and he adds, that it was cele¬ brated by the ancients for its odoriferous produftions. Plutarch and Aridotle intimate that the fmell of the plants was fo drong on many parts of the mountain, that it was impoffible to hunt. There was formerly a great variety of wild beads in the woody region of Etna; but the number of them is now much reduced. There are dill wild boars, roebucks and wild goats; but the race of dags is thought to be extinct. The horfes and cattle of mount Etna were once edeemed the bed in Sicily. The cattle are dill of a large fize, but the horfes have de¬ generated. Spallanzani informs us, that partridges were ihot at the upper extremity of the middle region, and in this region he met with feveral birds of the titmoufe fpe- cies, and feveral ravens and crows. But in the middle of the higher region he faw no other animals, except fome lion.ants, which made their pitfalls in the dud of the lavas, Dolomieu has publiffied a minute catalogue of all the mineral products of Etna ; the lavas being modly with a bafis of hornblende, while many others are of petrodlex, or the keralite of the French : the ejected dones are gra¬ nitic, or calcareous. Dolomieu afferts that Etna may be faid to be furrounded with columns of bafalt, which he calls prifmatic lava; but Spallanzani obferves that he has carefully examined the fhore, which is volcanic for near twenty. three miles, “ one third of it beginning at Catania, and proceeding to Cadello di Jaci, condds of prifms more or lefs characterized, and fuch as they have been deferibed by M. Dolomieu ; but the other two thirds, though equally compofed of lavas with the for¬ mer, and for the mod part falling perpendicularly into the fea, have no fuch figure ; and only prefent here and there irregular fifi’ures, and angular pieces, fuch as are generally obfervable in all lavas, which feparate more or lefs on their congelation. The many awful and dedruCtive eruptions of Mount Etna, form an intereding conclufion to this article. The drd eruption of which we have any pofitive hidorical re¬ cord is that mentioned by Diodorus Siculus; though he does not fpecify the precife period when it happened. This was the event, however, which compelled the Sicani to abandon the eadern parts of Sicily, and to fettle in the fouthern parts. The fecond eruption is the fird of three that are recited by Thucydides, without mentioning the exaft date of any one of them. He fays, that from the arrival of the firft Greek colonies that fettled in Sicily, viz. in the third year of the nth olympiad, correfpond- ing to the year 733 before t he Chriitian tera, to the third year of the 8 S t h olympiad, Ant. Chrid. 423, Etna, at three different times, difeharged torrents of dre. This fecond eruption happened, according to Eufebius, Ant. Chrid. 565. The third eruption, or the fecond mention¬ ed by Thucydides, happened, as he fays, in the 50th year before the lad ; or as it is dated Ant. Chrid. 475, Olym¬ piad 76A, when Phaedo was archon at Athens. But the Oxford marble refers it to the id year of the 75th olym¬ piad, Ant. Chrid. 477, when Xantippus was archon at Athens. In the fecond year of this olympiad, it is faid the Athenians gained their boaded victory over Xerxes’s general, Mardonius, near Platasa. Both the eruption of the volcano and the victory of the Athenians are commemo¬ rated in an ancient infeription on the marble table above mentioned. It was at this eruption, as we are told, that two rich brothers, named Amphinomus and Anapis, dif- regarding their effects, rufhed into the dames and carried off their aged parents on their backs. It is faid that the fire fpared thefe youths, whild others who took the fame road were confirmed. The citizens of Catania recom- penfed this act of filial piety with a temple and divine honours. The fourth eruption, or the third mentioned by Thucydides, occurred in the 88th olympiad, Ant. Chrid. 423. and laid wade the territory of Catania. The fifth is dated by Orolius, in the confulfbip of Sergius Fulvius Flaccus, and Qujntus Calpurnius Pifo, about 133 years before Cirri ft . mentions an eruption in the con- fulate of C. Radius and Q^Serviilus, Ant. Chrid. 140. Thedxth happened in the 123th year before the Clnidiau asra, and Orofius fays, that a number of dffies were de- droyed by it, and that the inhabitants of Lipari fud'ered exceedingly by eating them. The feventh eruption, which occurred in the i2id year before Chrid, is recorded by Livy, defolated Catania to fuch a degree, that the in¬ habitants were excufed by the Romans from paying taxes for ten years, in order to enable them to repair the damage which t hey had fudained. An eighth eruption happened in the 43d year before Chrid, not long before the death of Caefar, and was afterwards regarded as an omen of this event. The ninth eruption is mentioned by Suetonius, in his lifeof Caligula, tom. i. p. 608. It happened A.D. 4c, and terrified the emperor fo as to make him fiy precipi¬ tately from Medina. This is reckoned the 1 3th eruption, by Cluverius. Carrera mentions two eruptions, one in 3 the 40 ETNA. the year 253, and another in 420, The eruption which happened in the reign of Charlemagne, A. D. 812, is re¬ corded by Geoffroy ofViterbo in his chronicle. In 1 169, Sicily was ditiurbed by a violent earthquake, which ex¬ tended to Reggio, on the Oppofite fide of the ftrait. Ca¬ tania was deftroyed by it, and 15,000 perfons perifhed. On this occafion old rivers difappeared, and new ones burft out ; and the ridge of Etna fell on the fide near Taormina. The fpring of Arethufa became muddy and brackiflt ; and the fountain of Ajo ceafed to flow for two hours-, and then gullied forth more abundantly than be¬ fore. The fea at Medina- retired far within its ufual li¬ mits, and then overflowed its ordinary banks, and fwal- lowed up a number of perfons, who had fled to the fiiore for fafety. Corn and trees of a'l forts were deftroyed, and the fields were covered with (tones fo as to become unfit for cultivation. From the year nfio, or as fome fay 1157, to 1169, Sicily repeatedly fuffered from earthquakes and eruptions. This was followed by another eruption in 1 1 8 r or 1184, when dreams of fire ran down the declivity of the moun¬ tain : and in 1329 the inhabitants of the mountain and of the whole ifland were alarmed by the commotions and noifes of Etna, and by the flames and flones, and other attendants of an eruption, which fucceeded them. On this occafion a new crater was opened, and the flaming matter that was difgorged from it overfpread the adjacent fields, deftroyed their buildings, and occafioned the death of birds and quadrupeds, and of the fifties of the rivers and contiguous parts of the fea. The aflies were carried as far as Malta, and many perfons are faid to have died of terror. In 1333, Etna made another terrible explofion, which was fucceeded by that of 1381, which extended its ravages to the confines of Catania, and burnt up the olive- yards in the neighbourhood of the city, and again by ano¬ ther in 1444, when the mountain ftiook and difeharged a quantity of lava, and large rocks were broken off from its fummit, and precipitated into the fea. Slight erup¬ tions occurred in 1446 and 1447 ; but the eruption of 1536, after a ceffation of near a hundred years, was very dreadful in its appearance and effects,- and lafted for a confiderable time. A thick cloud, tinged with red, ho¬ vered over the fummit of the mountain, which was at¬ tended by a ftrong weft wind, and fucceeded by the dif- charge of a large quantity of burning materials, that rufhed with the noife and rapidity of a torrent down the eaftern fide of the mountain, and deftroyed buildings and animals that lay in its way. A fimilar ftream of liquid fire held its courfe towards the- weft, and did great da¬ mage. Several chafms were opened on the fides of the mountain, from which ftreams of ignited matter were thrown up to a great height into the air; and a learned phyfician, wliofe curiofity and defire of information led him to examine the eruption, was burnt to aflies by a volley of burning (tones. This continued with little in- termifiion for a whole year, and terminated by caufing the river Simetus fuddenly to overflow its banks, and carry off thofe who lived near it with their catttle and other pro¬ perty. The country near Paterno fuffered much ; and the neighbouring cattles, and more than five hundred houfes, were deftroyed by the ravages of the river. Etna was convulfedand rent infeveral places, and poured forth torrents of lava, which deftroyed the vineyards and gar¬ dens at the monaftery of St. Nicholas d’Arena, and pro¬ ceeded onwards fro Nicolofi, burnt Monpellieri and Fal- lica, and did great injury wherever it fpread. The commotions of Etna were fo great, that the fummit fell in with a tremendous noife, and the iliocks of the earth¬ quake that attended them were felt through the -whole ifland. The inhabitants were fo much diftreffed, that they appeared in mourning for a confiderable part of the year. In 1567 and 1579, the ravages of Etna were re¬ newed ; and from 1603 to 1636, its eruptions were occa- fjonally repeated, and torrents of lava flowed from it, which deftroyed the woods and vineyards in thofe parts to which they reached. In 1650, as Oldenburg informs us, the mountain burnt on the north fide, and produced creat devaftation. Carrera was witnefsof a dreadful conflagration in 166s, which lafted till the end of May, 1678. But the eruption of 1669 was the moil formidable, and the mod deftruiStive. Borelli, who was an eye witnefs of this cataftrophe, and fome Englifh merchants who were alfo upon the f’pot and who examined its effects, of wliofe report we have a de¬ tailed account, in the Phil. Tranf. have minutely de- ferib^d the accefs, and progrefs,and ruinous confequences, of this eruption. It was preceded, for eighteen days, with a corrnfcuous fky, thunder and lightning, and fre¬ quent concuflions of the earth, which deftroyed many houfes in the village of Nicolofi, and difperfed its inha¬ bitants. T. he old crater on the fummit of Etna raged for two or three months before this event, in an unuftul manner ; and this was alfo the cafe with Volcano and Stromboli, two burning iftands to the weft of it. In the evening of the 1 ith of March, at the diftance of about twenty miles from the old mouth, and ten miles from Ca¬ tania, a clialin burft open in the eaft fide of the mountain ; which is faid to have been feveral miles (Borelli fays twelve) in length, and five orfix feet wide. This was not far from the place where Monte Roffo afterwards arofe, and extended in the direftion of trie grand crater of Etna. On the night following, in the place where this mountain now ftands, another large cleft opened, and feveral other chafms were formed in different parts of the mountain ; and there ifftied from all of them immenfe volumes of fmoke, accompanied with the ufual phenomena of thun¬ der and earthquake. From the principal chafm there if- fued the fame night a ftream of lava, which directed its courfe to a lake, called la Hurdia, about fix miles from Monpellieri, and in its w'ay deftroyed many dwelling- houfes and other buildings in the adjacent villages. The next day it moved towards a trad! of country, called Mai Palfo, inhabited by about 800 people, which, in the fpace of twenty hours was entirely depopulated and laid wafte ; the lava then changed its direction and deftroyed fome other villages. Monpellieri, and its inhabitants, were alfo deftroyed. On the 23d of March the ftream of lava was in fome places two miles broad, and extended itfeif to the village of Mazzalucia. On this day a new' gulf was opened, from which were difeharged fluid and aflies, which formed a hill with two fummits, two miles in circumference, and 150 paces high ; thefe confifted of ftones of different colours. The new mountain of Nico¬ lofi continued to difcliarge aflies for three months, in fuch. quantity as to cover the adjoining trad! of country for fif¬ teen miles. Some of thefe aflies were conveyed by the winds as far as Medina and Calabria ; and others fpread over the fouthern country, about Agofta, Lentini, and remoter parts. On the 25th of March the whole moun¬ tain, even to its higheft fummit, was agitated by a very violent earthquake. The higheft crater, or its loftieft eminence, then funk into the volcanic focus, and the fpot which it had occupied became a deep gulf, more titan a mile in extent, from which were thrown up enormous niaffes of fmoke, afhes, and ftones. At this time, it is faid, the famous block of lava on mount Frumento was difeharged from the volcanic focus. The torrent of lava, which ftill continued to flow, directed its courfe towards Catania ; it fir ft palled under its walls for a confiderable diftance into the fea, but afterwards accumulated and palled over them in feveral places. The gardens and grounds belonging to the convent of the Benedidtines were overwhelmed by it ; and by its taking this direction many buildings in the town efcaped. From hence it di¬ vided into feparate channels or ftreams, and flowed chiefly into the fea. The Englifli merchants fay, that it had overwhelmed in the upland country, fourteen towns and villages, fome of which contained three or four thoufand inhabitants, and flood in a fruitful country, where the fire had not before this time made any devaftation ; and they 41 E T add, (< there is rjot now fo much ns any ugn where thefe towns flood, except die church and fteepleof one of them, which was fituated on an eminence.” The earl of Win- .'Chelfea, who at this time happened to be there on ids way home from an embaffy to Conftantinople, in h;s account of this tremendous cataflrophe, informs its, that the inun¬ dation of f.re, cinders, and burning hones, advanced into the fea fix hundred yards, and a mile in breadth : that it deflroyed in forty days the habitations of 27,000 perfons ; and of 20,000 perfons, who inhabited Catania, 3000 only remained. He adds, that the fiery deluge, in its progrefs, met with a lake four mile's in cotripafs, and not only filled it up, though it was four fathoms deep, but railed it into a mountain. He oliferves, according to an extraCi, cited by hr William Hamilton, that he could fee at ten miles diflance the fire begin to run from the mountain in a direct line, and the flame to af'cend in bulk and height equal tothofe of the loftieft flee pies in this kingdom, and to throw up large (tones into the air- He difeerned alfo the river of fire defeending the mountain, exhibiting a terrible flame colour, and bearing (tones, which fwath '■upon it, as big as an ordinary table. This fire was ob¬ served to move in feveral other places, emitting flames •and fmoke refembling thofe of a furnace of melted iron, and occafioning a loud noife, efpecially by means of the great pieces that fell into the fea. He adds, upon the infor¬ mation of a cavalier of Malta, that the river was as liquid, ■when it iffued from the mountain, as water, and came out like a torrent with great violence ; and that it was five or fix fathoms both in depth and breadth, and that no (tones could fink in it. Borelii obferves, that when they threw ftones into the chafm of the mountain, they could not hear them ftrike the bottom. Burning rocks, he fays, fixty palms in length, were thrown to the diflance of a mile, and (tones of a leffer (ize were carried upwards of three miles, and the thunder and lightning from the fmoke were not lefs terrible than the noife of the moun¬ tain. After the moft violent druggies, and (baking of the whole illand, when the lava got vent it fprang up into the air to the height of fixty palms ; the fun, for many weekSj did not appear, and the day feemed to be changed into night ; and it was not till four months from the time when it began to difeharge its contents, that thefe dread¬ ful fymptoms abated. This deluge of fire, after deftroy- ing the fined country in Sicily, and fweepirtgaway churches, villages, and convents, before it, burft over the lofty walls of Catania, and covered five of itsbaftions, with the inter¬ vening curtains; and from thence pouring down on the city, it laid vafte every objeCt it met with, overwhelm¬ ing and burying all in one promifeuous ruin. Borelii has calculated, that the matter difeharged at this erup¬ tion was fufficient to fill a fpaceof 93,838,750 cubic paces. The next eruption was that of 1682, which produced a burning gulf on the top of the mountain, and its lava was diffufed over the hill of Mazarra. In 1686 a quantity of this ignited matter was thrown off from the fummit of the mountain, and after confuming Woods, vineyards, and crops of grain through the extent of four leagues, its courfe was flopped in a valley near the caflle of Mafcali. Several people, whofe curiolity led them to watch the progrefs of the lava on a hill between the wood of Cata¬ nia andjthe confines of Cirrita, were buried underthe hill, which iuddenly funk inwards. After a long interval of refi, the eruptions of Etna were again renewed in 1755, when a prodigious torrent of boiling water iffued from the great crater. The dif¬ eharge was preceded by fmoke and flames, fubterraneous noife and concuflions of the earth, the ufual figns of an approaching eruption ; at length the torrent burft forth, and formed tremendous cataraCts in defeending from one chain of rocks to another, till it readied the cultivated plains, which it overfpread for many miles; and after feparating into feveral deep and rapid rivers, it difeharged itf'elf into the fea. The ravages of this inundation, on account of both the quantity and the heat of the water, Vol. VII. No. 406. N A. were very extenfively injurious ; and though the moun¬ tain continued to throw up water only for half an hour, it produced not only alarm but very corfiderable damage wherever it flowed. When the difeharge of water" ceaffed, the noife, fmoke, and commotions, were continued ; and there appeared two new' chafms, from which two torrents of lava ift'ued, and purfued their courfe through the fnow, 'which covered the fummit of the mountain, TJie difeharge of water was followed in five days by an explofion of fmall ftones and fand, fome of which were carried as far as the hills of Mafcali ; and the black fand was driven to Medina, and even over the (trait to Reggio in Calabria. Some of the fand was con¬ veyed by the' (Lifting of the wind, to the plains of Agofta. Iti two days the mountain opened again, and difeharged a torrent of lava, which moved towards the plainj at the rate of mile a-day, and continued for fix days. Recu- pero ) examined the courfe of this torrent of Water. He found that it proceeded from the bowels of the mountain, and purfuing a channel which it formed from the fum¬ mit to the lea, it gained acceffibn from" the melted fnow ; and in its progrefs deflroyed a large foreft of trees, which were tprn up by the violence of the current. The main torrent divided into four principal dreams, and ihefe again feparated into fmaller currents; hut afterwards re¬ uniting, they formed islands and larger rivers, about 900 feet wide, and of a depth which could not be cafily af- certained. The channel of the waters in their farther defeent, was alternately contracted and dilated ; and in fome places it was'not lefs than 1500 feet. Fragments of lava and huge rocks were removed by the current, and valleys were filled up by the fand which the water depo- fited. When Recupero vifited the mountain, after an in¬ terval of ten years from the eruption, the whole fide of the hill bore the mark's of the deluge. In 1763 there was an eruption of Etna, which conti¬ nued with intermiffipns for three months. From the cra¬ ter, opened on this occafion, a pyramid of fire iffued ; which afeended to a great height in the air, and exhi¬ bited an artificial fire-work, attended with the explofion of a formidable battery, which (hook the earth under thofe who were fpeftators of the feene. The lava that flowed from the crater yielded a very brilliant light, re¬ tained its heat, and exhaled its fmoke, for two years ; nor did any fnow appear on the fummit of Etna for "five years. In 1764 a new’ crater was opened at a conliderable diflance, and in 1766 another was opened at the grotto of Paterno, which formed a mountain that after an interval of four years difeharged great quantities of fmoke, with loud ex- plofions. In this interval the lava was not cooled, nor was the fire extinguifhed. Its fury was fpent on a beau¬ tiful foreft, which it laid wafte, to the extent of many miles. In 1780, the convulfions of the mountain were often renewed, and feveral new craters were formed : and from thefe flowed flreams of lava, which ikoved with different velocities, and in various directions. The moft eonfiderable of thefe flowed from a crater on Mount Fru- mento on the fummit of Etna ; and, flowing in a ftrearrt about 200 paces in breadth, at the rate of qbout a -mile in a day, fpread through the valley of Landunza. From another crater red-hot ftones vrere projected, and a cur¬ rent of lava was difeharged, which flowed over a traCt of country two miles in extent. The next eruption of Etna happened in July, 1787, and has been accurately deferibed by Gioeni, in an ac„. count of it printed at Catania in the fame year ; of which we have a French tranilation, by M. Dolomieu. It was preceded by the ufual figns of an approaching eruption for feveral days, i. e. from the 1 ft to the 17th of July, when the lava flowed from the hinder part of one of the two mountains that form the double head of Etna. On the next day, after renewed (hocks and the appearance of a thick fmoke, a (bower of fine black brilliant fand defeended : on the eaft fide there' was a fall of ftones ; and at the foot of the mountain a deluge of ii allies of M ‘ fire,. 4*2 E T N fire, fcorise, and lava. In the evening conical flames ap¬ peared alternately to rife and fall from the volcano ; at three the next morning the mountain feemed to be cleft, and the fummit was a burning mafs. Two of the coni¬ cal flames, viz. one on the north and another on the lo utli, were of an immenfe extent ; where thefe fepa- rated, another cone of flame, compofed of many fmaller ones, appeared to afcend above the mountain over a bale of about a mile and a half in diameter to a height fup- pofed to be about two miles. This cone was covered with a thick fmoke, in which were feen very brilliant flafhes of lightning; a phenomenon which had not been obferved in other eruptions. Sounds refembling the ex- plofions of a large cannon were alfo occaiionally heard. From the cone, as from a fountain, there was perceived a jet of many flaming volcanic matters, which were thrown to the diflance of fix or feven miles ; and from the bafe of the cone there iffued a thick fmoke, which darkened parts of the flame, at the time when the rivers of lava were difcharged. This awful yet beautiful ap¬ pearance continued for three quarters of an hour. It began the next night with greater force, but laded only for half an hour. In the intervals Etna continued to throw out flames, fmoke, ignited ftones, and (bowers of fand. From the 20th to the 22d, the appearances gra¬ dually ceal'ed. The dream of lava flowed towards Bronte and the plain of Lago. After the eruption, the weflern fide of the top of the mountain was covered with har¬ dened lava, fcoriae, and fiones. The lava on the weflern head of the mountain had been evidently in a (late of fu- fion ; and from one of the fpiracula, the odour was that of liver of fulphur. The thermometer in defcending was at 400. of Fahrenheit’s fcale ; but near the lava, on the plain of Lago, it was 1400. The lava extended two miles ; its breadth was from 13! to 21 feet, and its depth J3| feet. There was another eruption in October, 17S7 ; the etfeCts of which are defcribed by the Abbe Spallan¬ zani. The flream of lava that ifliied on this occafion, from the great crater, was three miles in length ; its breadth was in fome places about aquarterof a mile, and in others one third, and in other parts ftill greater: its greateft depth was about eighteen feet, and the lead: fix. Its courfe was along the weft fide of the mountain; and the effervefcence that it produced was, like that of July, extremely violent. The fcoriae were, like that of the torrent in J uly, of a black colour ; but differed from them in their adhefion to the lava, in their external vitreous appearance, their greater weight, and their hardnefs, which was fitch as to yield (parks with fteel, almoft as plentifully as flints. Thefe differences are afcribed to ac¬ cidental combinations of the fame fubftance ; the condi¬ ment principles of both thefe fcoriae being the fame. Both contained the fame feltfpar lamellae. The lad ac¬ counts we have of thefe terrific fymptoms, happened on the lot h of Auguft, 1S04, when Mount Etna ceafed, for twenty-four hours, even to emit fmoke, but this calm was fucceeded, on the 12th, early in the morning, with a terrible explodon, and a noife as if millions of cannons had been fired at once. A fliower of fire extended for three leagues round Etna, from the burning materials thrown up by this mountain ; and the lava fkirted the borders of Bronte, the eflate granted by the king of Na¬ ples, with the title, to lord Nelfon. No earthquake had been experienced ; but a fubterraneous found, like thun¬ der, was heard all over Sicily, particularly at and near Medina. For the original formation of burning- moun¬ tains, fee the article Earth, vol. vi. p. 1S2, &c. And for the caufe of volcanoes, fee the article Earthquake, p. 216, of the fame volume. ET'NA, a name anciently given to a city of Sicily, founded by Hiero of Syracufe, in the id year of the 76th olympiad, on the ruins of Catana ; which was difpoflefied of its primitive inhabitants. After the death of Hiero, the Catanians returned, expelled the new occupiers, and deftroyed the fepulchre of the Syracufan monarch. The 2 E T O E means retired to lnnefa, or Ennejia , which was the name given to mount Etna, and which was diflant about eighty fladia from Catana. ETO'II.E, a town of France, in the department of Drome, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriCt of Valence : three leagues north-wed of Cred. ETO'LIA, a province of ancient Greece, which for¬ merly comprehended the country now called the Defpotat, or Little Greece, ft was parted on the eafl by the river Evenus, now the Fidari, from the Locrenfes Ozolae, and on the wed from Acarnania by the Achelous; on the north it bordered upon the country of the Dorians and part of Epirus, and on the fouth extended to the bay of Corinth. Its utmofl extent from north to fouth was about forty-eight miles ; and from ead to wed fomewhat above twenty miles. According to Strabo it was cuftom- ary to divide Etolia into two didridts, the one called the ancient Etolia, which lay between the rivers Achelous and Calydon on the Evenus ; and the other denominated swixhilo?, or the acquired, which was contiguous to the Lo- crians, towards Naupadtus and Eupalius, and extended northwards towards the mountain Oeta. He alfo informs us that it derived its name from Etolus, the fon of Endy- mion, who being compelled to leave Elis, removed to this country, and founded feveral cities in it ; of which the principal were Thermus, Calydon, and Pleuron. Their only fea-port was Oenias on the Corinthian bay. Of their kings, who fucceeded Etolus, little more is known than their names. It does not appear by whom it was inhabited before Etolus took pofleflion of it ; and its fubfequent hiflory for feveral ages is very obfcure and doubtful. Ancient writers reprefent the Etolians as the greated robbers in Greece, and as continuing fuch for many centuries, after Hercules, Thefeus, and other he¬ roes, had extirpated thofe banditti every where elfe ; to them Strabo afcribcs the invention of the fling. Livy defcribes them as arrogant and ungrateful people, but as good warriors ; and they are faid to have fought with one dioe, whence the epithet has been applied to them. The conditution of the Etolian republic was formed in imitation of that of the Achasans, and with a view of counteracting their growing power. It was governed by a general aflembly, a praetor, and other magidrates of inferior rank and authority. The general aflembly ufiu ally met once a year, and on extraordinary occafions it was fummoned by the praetor more frequently ; and this national council po defied the whole power of enaCting laws, declaring war, making peace, and concluding alli¬ ances with other ftates. Each city of the Etolian alliance deputed members, compofing a council which was called the Anocleti, and which confided of the mod eminent men of t lie nation, wh.ofe office refembled that of the de- muirgi among the Achaeans. Their^hief magidrates, in fubordination to the praetor, where the general of the horfe, the public fecretary, and the ephori. The repub¬ lic of Etolia, thus formed and governed, didinguidicd itfelf above all the other nations of Greece, in oppofing the ambitious defigns of the Macedonian princes. Hav¬ ing kindled the Cleomenic war, and that of the aide's, called the Social war, in the heart of Peloponnefus, with a view of humbling their antagonifls the Achaeans, they refided for three years, with the abidance of the Eleans and Lacedaemonians, the united forces of Achaia and Macedon ; but they were at lad obliged to purehafe a peace by furrendering to Philip the whole of Acarnania. But as they gave it up with reluctance, they were anxi¬ ous to feize the firfl favourable opportunity that occurred for regaining it. With this view they concluded an alli¬ ance with the Romans. Hodilities immediately com¬ menced, as foon as the treaty was concluded. Whilfl the forces of Philip were employed in Macedon, the Etolians entered Acarnania; where they found a very determined and vigorous oppofition.. Notwithdanding the abidance which they were likely to derive from Lsevinus, the Ro¬ man 43 E T O man general, they were intimidated by the refolution of the Acarnanians, and returned without attempting to pro¬ voke a people who had declared their purpofe either to conquer or die. Diverted from profecutiiig their firft de- fign, they turned their arms againft: Anticyra, a city of the Locri, and compelled it to furrender. This fuccefs en¬ couraged them to march into Achaia, and to oppofe the forces of Philip. The hoftile armies met near Lamia, a city of Phthiotis, where the Etolians were twice defeated. After this victory Philip was prevailed upon by an em- balfy from Ptolemy Philopater, king of Egypt, and by deputies from the iflands of Chios and Rhodes, and the city of Athens, to grant the Etolians a truce of thirty days, and to enter into a negociation for peace. The ne¬ gotiation proving unfuccefsful, the war was renewed, and during the abfenceof Philip, the Etolians poffeffed them- fel ves of feveral cities : they then entered ThefTaly, where they were met by Philip, and, after a confiderable (laugh¬ ter, totally routed. Next year they rallied again, and re¬ entered ThefTaly, plundering and deftroying wherever they came. The Etolians maintained their attachment to the Romans during the courfe of the war, and were fa¬ voured by the Roman commanders above the other nations of Greece ; but after the battle of Cynocephalae, in which Philip was entirely defeated, their mutual affection abated. The Etolians arrogated to themfelves the glory of this victory ; and Flaminius, the Roman general, mor¬ tified their vanity and excited their refentment, by grant¬ ing a truce to the deputies of Philip without confulting them. When a negociation for peace between Philip and the Romans commenced, the Etolians obftrudled it ; and it was concluded without their concurrence. Diffa- tisfied with the conduct of the Romans on this occafion, they meditated revenge, and exerted themfelves in railing new enemies againft their former allies. They made their firft attempt in the affembly of the Amphydtions, but failing here they had recourfe to Antiochus king of Syria, Nabis tyrant of Lacedaemon, and even to Philip king of Macedon, their former enemy. They were immediately joined by Nabis; and having concerted a plan for feizing on three cities, which were reckoned the bulwarks of Greece, viz. Chalcis in Euboea, Demetrias in ThefTaly, and Lacedaemon in the centre of Peloponnefus, they pro¬ ceeded to the execution of it. Having fucceeded by ftra- tagem in gaining poffefiion of Demetrias, Antiochus, who had declared in their favour, determined to land in this place; and in the year before Chrift 192, he arrived in Greece; and ina diet held at Lamia, was honoured with the title of generaiiflimo,' or commander in chief of all the Greek armies againft Rome. The king of Syria having sained poffefiion of Chalcis, was joined by feveral of the Greek ftates, who renounced their alliance with Rome: but Chalcis in the event proved no lefs fatal to Antiochus than Capua had been to Hannibal. During his refidence in this city lie formed a connection with the daughter of Cleoptolemus, one of the chief citizens, and married her. Such was the ardour of his attachment to the new queen, that he feemed to forget Rome, Greece, and Syria. The king fpent the winter in feaftings and rejoicings; his ex¬ ample infeCted the officers of his army ; the (oldiers aban¬ doned themfelves to idlenefs and debauchery; and mu¬ tiny and difordertoo foon prevailed. The Romans avail¬ ed themfelves of thefe circnmftances, difpatched a pow¬ erful army into Greece. The Etolians could afford him little affiftance ; nor was he able to flay the progrefs of the Roman army, till they compelled him to take refuge firft in Chalcis, and afterwards to fet fail for Afia and re¬ tire to Ephefus. The Etolians were ftrongly fortified at Pleraclea ; although their number amounted but to 2000, they held out fojrty days againft the incelfant attacks of the whole confular army under the victorious Acilius. The tow'n was at length taken by ftratagern, and deliver¬ ed up to be pillaged by the foldiers. Lamia, alfo furren- dered to the Romans. After the lofs of thefe two cities, the Etolians fued fora peace ; but they could merely ob- L I A. tain a truce of ten days. When this truce was near ex¬ piring, the Etolian ambaffadors at Rome were admitted tp an audience of the fenate ; and were told, that they muft either fubmit to the will of the fenate, or pay the republic a thoufand talents, and make neither war nor peace with any other power, without the confent and ap¬ probation of Rome. The ambaffadors hefitating, were ordered to leave Rome that day, and Italy in a fortnight. The Etolians upon a fecond application obtained a truce of fix months ; and the confular army was withdrawn from Greece. But during the interval of negociation they invaded the territories of Philip, and reduced feveral provinces, which they folicited the permiftion of the Ro¬ mans to retain. Their ambaffadors enforced their appli¬ cation by a falfe report, that the two Scipios had been made prifoners by Antiochus, and that the Roman army was entirely defeated. The fenate, incenfed by this arti¬ fice, difmiffed the ambaffadors, and forbad their return without the exprefs confent of the generals whom the re¬ public were about to fend for carrying on the war in their country. In the year before Chrift 189, the Romans be¬ gan their hoftile operations with the fiege of Ambracia, which was feafonably fuccoured by the Etolians, and vi- goroufly defended. The contending armies, having formed two mines near the wall of the city, fought for fome time under ground, firft with pickaxes and fpades, and then with fwords and fpears ; and each party fecured itfelf by making a kind of rampart with the loofe earth. The Etolians on this occafion invented a lingular kind of machine, in order to drive the enemy out of the mine ; this was a hollow veffel, with an iron bottom, bored with holes and armed with l'pikes for preventing the approach of the enemy. They filled this veffel with feathers, and having brought it to the place where the two mines met, they fet the feathers on fire ; and' by driving with bellows the fmeke on the befiegers, obliged them to quit the mine ; and by this ftratagem they gained time for repairing the foundations of the walls. The fiege, however, was conti¬ nued, and Ambracia was under a neceffity of capitulating'. After this event, the Etolians fent ambaffadors to Rome, and peace was concluded on very hard terms. Five hun¬ dred and fifty of the chief perfons of the nation were bar- baroully affaffi hated by the partifans of Rome; and though the Etolians appeared in mourning habits before Pa ulus 135 niil ins, and complained of this inhuman treat¬ ment, they obtained no redrefs. From this time none were advanced to Rations of honour or office in Etolia, but thofe who were known to prefer the intereft of Rome to that of their own country. In this ftate of humiliating fubje&ion did the Etolians continue till the deftrudlion. of Corinth, and the diffolution of the Achaean league, when Etolia, with the other free ftates of Greece, was re¬ duced to a Roman province, commonly called the province of Achaia. Etolia now continued under the emperors, fill the reign of Conftantine the Great, who, in his new parti¬ tion of the provinces of the empire, divided the weftern parts of Greece from the reft, calling them new Epirus, and fubjedting the whole country to the pra-feEius pratorii' of Illyri'cum. Under the fuccefforsof Conftantine, Greece was divided into feveral principalities, efpecially after the taking of Conftantinople by the weftern princes. At that time, Theodorus Angelus, a noble Grecian, of the impe¬ rial family, feized on Etolia and Epirus. The former he left to Michael his for., who maintained it againft Michael- Palaeologus, the firft emperor of the Greeks, after the ex- pulfion of the Latins. Charles, the laft prince of this fa¬ mily, dying in 1430, without lawful iffue, bequeathed Etolia to his brother’s fon, named alfo Charles, and Acar- nania to his natural fons, Memnon, Turnus, and Hercules, But great difputesarifing about this divifion, Amurath II. alter the reduction of Tlieffalonica, feized fo favourable an opportunity, and expelled them all in 1432. The Mahometans were afterwards difpoffeffed of this country by the famous prince of Epirus, George Caftriot, com¬ monly 44 E T Y monly called Scanaerbeg, who, with a fmall army, op- pofed the whole power of the Ottoman empire, having 'efeated thofe barbarians in twenty-two pitched battles, v his hero, at his death, left great part of Etolia to the Venetians ; but they not being able to oppofe fitch a formidable power, the whole country was loon reduced by Mahommed II. emperor of the Turks, whole fuc- celTTrs hill pollefs it. E'TON, a fmall but celebrated town in the county of Bucks, leparated from Windfor by the river Thames, over which is a bridge of communication. Eton has been long famous for its royal college and fchool, founded by Henry VI. in 1440, for the fupport of a provok and feven fellows, and fertile education of feventy king’s fcholars, as thofe are called who are on the foundation. Thefe, when properly qualified, are eleXed, on the fir It Tuefday in Auguft, to king’s college Cambridge; but they are not removed till there are vacancies in the college, when they are called according to feniority : and after they have been three years at Cambridge, they claim a fellow, lhip. Befides thofe on the foundation, there are feldom lefs than three hundred fcholars, and often many more, who board at the makers houfes, or within the bounds of the college. The fchool is divided into upper and lower, and each of thefe into three claffes. To each fchool there is a maker and four aflikants or ukiers. The revenue of the college is about 5000I. a-year. Eton fchool was rebuilt in 1569. It has conftantly been the nurfery and place of education of great numbers of the nobility, and youths of the firk families in the kingdom, whence this royal foundation has always been conlidered the mok dikinguifhed preparatory fchool for clallical learning and polite literature. On Whit-Tuefday, tri- ennially, the fchool holds a grand fekival, called the»:«z- tem, ufually attended by the king and royal family. ETRIGNY', a town of France, in the department of the Saone and Loire, and chief place of a canton, in the dikriX of Chalons fur Saone : three leagues and a half fouth of Chalons. E'TRIS, a town of Egypt: eighteen miles north-weft of Cairo. E'TROEUNG, a town of France, in the department of the north, and chief place of a canton, in the dikriX of Avefnes : one league and a quarter fouth of Avefnes. ETRU'RI A. See Hetruria. ETRUS'CAN, adj. Of or belonging to Etruria. ET'SA, a town of Egypt: eighteen miles fouth of Abu Girge. ET'SED, a town of Hungary : twenty miles north-weft of Zatmar, and thirty-four eaft of Tokay. ET'SED, KLEIN, a town of Hungary : two miles north of Etfed . ET'TENHEIM, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and bifr.opric of Stralburg : nineteen miles louth-fouth-eaft of Stralburg, and fifteen north of Freyburg. ET'TLINGEN, or Oetllingen, or Ettingen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Swabia, and margra- viate of Baden, on the Albe : fix miles fouth-fouth-weft of Durlach, and twenty-eight fouth-fouth-weft of Hei- ~d el berg. ET'TLSTORFF, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of Aukria : nine miles fouth- we ft of Sonnenberg. ET'TRICIv, a river of Scotland, which runs into the Yarrow, two miles fouth-fouth-wek from Selkirk. ETUI', f [Fr.] A cafe for tweezers and fuch inkru- ments : The gold etui With all its bright inhabitants. Shenjlone. ETYMOLO'GIC AL, adj. Relating to etymology; relating to the derivation of words. — Excufe this con¬ ceit, this etymological obfervation. Locke. ETYMO'LOGIST, f One who fearches out the ori¬ ginal of words ; one- wiio Ihows the derivation of words from their original. £ T Y ETYMO'LOGY, f. \__etymologia, Lat. tTvuoi and Xoy®^f Gr.] The defeent or derivation of a word from its ori¬ ginal ; the deduction of formations from the radical word ; the analyfi.s of compound words into primitives. — Con- fumption is generally taken for any univerfal diminution and colliquation of the body which acceptation its etymo¬ logy implies'. Harvey. — If the meaning of a word could be learned by its derivation or etymology , yet the original de¬ rivation of words is oftentimes very dark. Watts' s Logic. — • The part of -grammar which delivers the inflexions of nouns and verbs. Dr. Bryant has given the following rules and obferva- tions in refp.eX to etymological inquiries ; and for the better underkandingthemythology of Greece : 1. “ We nmk never deduce the etymology of an Egyptian or oriental term from the Greek language. 2. We fhould recur to the Doric mode of expreftion, as being neareft to the original. 3. All terms of relation between the hea¬ then deities are to be difregarded. 4. We mud have re- courfe to the oblique c-afes, efpecially in nouns imparafyl- labic, when we have an ancient term tranfmitted to us either from the Greeks or Romans. The nominative in both languages, is often abridged: fo that from the ge¬ nitive, or from the poftetlive, the original term is to be deduced. This will be found to obtain even in common names, e.g. Mentis, and not Mens, was the true nominative of mentis, menti , mentem : Ikic ek de foie fumptus ignis, ifque mentis ek. Ap . Enniifragm. “ Obferve that people of old were filled the chil¬ dren of the god whom they worklipped ; hence they were at lak thought to have been his real offspring : and that the pricks were reprefented as foker-fathers to the deity, before whom they minifrered; and priekeffes were kiled r:Sr,v«i, or nurfes. Colonies always went out under the patronage and title of fome deity ; and this conduct¬ ing god was in afrertimes fuppofed to have been the real leader. Hence the whole merit of a tranfaXion was im¬ puted to this deity folely ; who was reprefented under the charaXer, e. g. of Perfeus, Dionufus, or Hercules ; but if, inkeadof one perfon, we put a people, the hikory will be found confonant to truth. “ As the Grecians made themfelves principals in many great occurrences, which were of another country, we muk look abroad for the original, both of their rites and mythology ; and apply to the nations, from whence they were derived. Their original was foreign ; and ingrafted upon the hikory of the country where they fettled. This is of great confequence, and repeatedly to be conlidered. One great mikake alfo too frequently prevails among people, who deal in thefe refearches, i\hitlimuk be care¬ fully avoided. We fliould never make life of a language, which is modern, or comparatively modern, to deduce the etymology of ancient and primitive terms. It has been the cukoni of thofe writers, who have been verfed in the oriental languages, to deduce their etymologies from roots ; which are-often fome portion of a verb. But the names of places and of perfons are generally an alfem- blage of qualities, an& titles. The terms were obvious, and in common life ; taken from fome well-known cha- raXerikics. Thofe, who impofed fuch. names, never thought of a root : and probably did not know the pur¬ port of the term. Eukathius upon Dionyfius has laid down a rule, which fliould be carefully remembered : Ei SocpQapov ro osey-cs, ov yyo tjSluv EX/V/jnx'/iv elvtAOAoyiav ajlov. This is a plain and golden rule, pokerior indeed to Arif- totle, Plato, and other Greek writers ; which, however, common fenfe might have led them to have anticipated, and to have followed.” Sir John Fortefcue Aland, fpeaking of Englifli etymo¬ logies, fays, “ Saxon is the mother of the Engiifh tongue. A man cannot tell twenty, nor name the days of the week in Engliki, but he muk fpeak Saxon. Etymologies, there¬ fore, from a Saxon original, will often prefent you with the definition of the thing in the reafon of the name. For the Saxons often in their names exprefs the nature of the thing ; as in the word parijh j in the Saxon it is a word .EVA word which fignifies the precinft of which the priefthad the care. Throne , in Saxon, is exprelfed by a compound word, which fignifies the feat of majefiy. Death is ex- prefled by a compound word, fignifying the reparation of the foul from the body, one of which fignifies foul or fpirit, and the other reparation.” Befides the Saxon ori¬ gin, the etymologies of our Englifh words are in great part derived from the Welfh, Walloon, Danifit, French, La¬ tin, Greek, &c. E'TYMON,/ [Gr.] Origin: primitive word. — Blue hath its etymon from the High Dutch blaw ; from whence they call himmel-blue, that which we call iky-colour or heaven’s blue. Peacham. EU, a fea-port town of France, in the department of the Lower Seine, and chief place of a canton, in the djf- tridL of Dieppe ; fituated on the Breile, near the coaft of the Englifh channel : five leagues north of Dieppe, and twelve north-north-eaff of Rouen. Lat. 50. 2. N. Ion. 19.4. E. Ferro. To EVA'CATE, v. a. \_vaco, Lat.] To empty out; to throw out.' — Dry air opens the furface of the earth to difincarcerate venene bodies, or to evacate them. Harvey on the Plague. To EVA'CUATE, v.a. \_evacuo, Lat.] To make emp¬ ty ; to clear. — There is no good way of prevention but by evacuating clean, and emptying the church. Hooker. — To throw out as noxious, or offenfive. To void by any of the excretory paffages. — Boerhaave gives an inftance of a patient, who by a long ufe of whey and water, and gar¬ den fruits, evacuated a great quantity of black matter, and recovered his fenfes. Arbuthnot. — To make void ; to nul¬ lify ; to annul. — The defect, though it would not eva¬ cuate a marriage, after cohabitation and actual confum- mation, yet it was enough to make void a contract. Ba¬ con. — To quit; to withdraw from out of a place. — As this neutrality was never obferved by the emperor, fo he never effectually evacuated Catalonia. Swift. EVA'CUANTS, f. \_evaciians>'LM.~\ Medicines proper to expel or carry off any peccant or redundant humours in the animal body by the proper way of the emunftories. EVACUA'TION,/! Suchemiffionsas leave a vacancy; difeharge. — Confider the vaft evacuations of men that Eng. land hath had by affiftances lent to foreign kingdoms. Hale. — Abolition ; nullification. — Popery hath not been able to re-eftablifh itfelf in any place, after provifion made againft it, by utter evacuation of all Romith ceremonies. Hooker. — The practice of emptying the body by phyfic. — The ufual practice of phyfic among 11s, turns in a man¬ ner wholly upon evacuation, either by bleeding, vomit, or fome purgation. Temple. — Difcharges of the body by any vent natural or artificial. To EVA'DE, v.a. [evado, Lat. ] To elude ; to efcape by artifice or ftratagem. — He might evade the accomplilh- ment of thefe afflictions he now gradually endureth. Brown. — To avoid ; to decline by fubterfuge : Our queftion thou evad’Jl ; how didft thou dare To break hell bounds ? Dryden. To efcape or elude by fophifiry. — My argument evidently overthrows all that he brings to evade the teftimonies of the fathers. Stilling jleet . — To efcape as imperceptible or unconquerable, as too great or too fubtle to be feized or fubdued. — We have feen how a contingent even baffles man’s knowledge, and evades his power. South. To EVA'DE, v. n. To efcape; to flip away. It is not now ufed with from. — His wildorn, by often evading from perils, was turned rather into a dexterity to deliver him¬ felf from dangers, than into a providence to prevent it. Bacon. — To praCtife fophifiry or evafions. — The minifters of God are not to evade or take refuge in any of thefe two fore-mentioned ways. South. EV AD'NE, in fabulous hiftory, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos, who flighted the addrelfes of Apollo, and married Capaneus one of the feven chiefs who went againfl; Thebes. When her hulband had been ftruck with thunder by J upiter for his blafphemies and impiety, and his allies had been feparated from thofe of the reft of Vol.VII. No. 406. EVA 45 the Argives, flie threw herfelf on his burning pile, and perifhed in the flames. Virgil. EV AG A'TION, f. [ eva'gor , Lat.] The aft of wan¬ dering ; excurfion ; ramble ; deviation. — Thefe long chains of lofty mountains, which run through whole continents eaft and well, ferve to Hop the, evagation of the vapours to the north and fouth in hot countries. Piny. EVAGINA'TION, f. [from the Lat. e from, and va¬ gina, a (heath.] The aft of unflieathing. Scott. EV A'GORAS, a king of Cyprus, who retook Salamis, which had been taken from his father by the Perfians. He made war againft Artaxerxes, the king of Perfia, with the aftiftance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and Tyrians, and obtained fome advantage over the fleet of his enemy. The Perfians, however, foon repaired their lofles, and Evagoras faw himfelf defeated by fea and land, and ob¬ liged to be tributary to the power of Artaxerxes, and, to be dripped of all his dominions except the town of Sala- mis. He was aflafiinated fcon after this fatal change of fortune, by an eunuch, 374 years before Chrift. He left two Ions, Nicocles, who fucceeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived his nephew Evagoras of his polfeffions. Evagoras deferves to be commended for his fobriety, mo¬ deration, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty of any political error in the management of his kingdom, it may be faid, that his love of equity was a full compenfation. His grandfon bore the fame name, and fuCceeded his fa¬ ther Nicocles. He fnowed himfelf oppreflive, and his uncle Protagoras took advantage of his unpopularity to deprive him of his power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes Ocluis, who gave him a government more extenfive than that of Cyprus, but his oppreflion rendered him odious, and he was accufed before his benefaftor, and by his or¬ ders put death. C. Nepos. v EVA'GRIUS, furnamed Ponticus, and by St. Jerome Hypcrborita , from the fituation of his native place, v\ Inch was not far from the Euxine fea, flourilhed towards the end of the fourth century. He was appointed by St. Bafil leftor ot the church at Cefarea, and afterwards or¬ dained a deacon of Conftantinople by St. Gregory Nazian- zen. By that bifliop he was inftrufted in biblical learn¬ ing, and was promoted to the office of his archdeacon. Travelling to Jerufalem, he determined to embrace the monadic life ; and for that purpofe went to Egypt, where he palfed fifteen .years in a monaftery amidft thedefertsof Nitria, and was a difciple of both the Maccarii in the af- cetic difeipline. While he was in this fituation he refilled the epifcopal dignity, with which Theophilus bifliop of Alexandria was v.ery defirous that he fflould be inverted. Afterwards he proved a zealous defender of the opinions of Origen, and, according to Jerome, Epiphanius, Theo¬ philus of Alexandria, and other orthodox writers, laid the foundation of thofe notions which_within a few years were propagated by Pelagius and his followers. He ap¬ pears to have died at an advanced age, but in what year is uncertain. He was a man, according to the teftimony of Sozomen, eminent for learning, judgment, and elo¬ quence ; of irreproachable manners, abftemious, humble, and ardently devout. Palladius alfo, who was his difei- ple for three years, in his Monadic Hiftory, fpeaks in very high terms of his character. His writings were, P,ationesr five prcces centum ; Sexcenta prognofica Problemata ; Epiflola ad Melaniam de hnpajfibilitate , c 3c. in Anachorctarum UJum 3 Elementarium Lib . III. alter ad monac. ad virgincs Deo fac. alter ; Monachus, five de vita Affiua ; Gnoficus , feu de ii’s qui Cognitionis munere donati funt ; Anthirreticus, contra D-cmonass Tentatores, &c. Some of thefe treatifes are dill to be found entire, in the Bibliotheca Patrum, and in Cote/erius’s Monument. Ecclef. Grac. but of the greater part a few frag¬ ments only remain, difperfea in the writings of Socrates, and other authors, to which the reader may find references in Cave and Du Pin, EVA'GRIUS, furnamed Scholajlicus, a famous hifto- rian, born at Epiphania, about the year 536. He prac¬ ticed the profeflion of an advocate, from which he was called Scholajlicus , which name was then given to the pleaders at the bar. He was alfa tribune and keeper of N the 46 EVA EVA the prefeft’s difpatches. 'He wrote an ecclefiaftical hif¬ tory, which begins where Socrates and Theodoret ended t heirs ; and other works, for which he was rewarded by the emperors Tiberius and Mauricius. M. de Valois pub- lifhed at Paris a good edition of Evagrius’s Eccle(ia(tical Hiftory, in folio ; and it was republiftied at Cambridge in 1620, in folio, by William Reading, with additional notes ot various authors. E'VAN, [_evonr Welfti.] A man’s name. It has affi¬ nity with the Ruffian Ivan , or John. E'VAN, a furnameof Bacchus, which he received from the wild ejaculation of Evan! Evan! by his priefteffes. Ovid. EVAN'DER, a fon of the prophetefs Carmente and the king of Arcadia. An accidental murder obliged him to leave his country, and he came to Italy, where he drove the Aborigines' from their ancient poffeffions, and reigned in that part of the country where Rome was afterwards founded. He kindly received Hercules when he returned from the eonqueft of Geryon ; and he was the firft who raifed him altars. He gave /Eneas affiftance againft the Rutuli, and diftinguiftied himfelf by his hofpitality. It is faid that he firft brought the Greek alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the worftiip of the Greek deities. He was honoured as a god after death, and his fubjefts railed him an altar on mount Aventine. Paufanias. EVANES'CENT, adj. [ evanefcens , Lat.] Vanifhing ; imperceptible ; leffening beyond the perception of the fenfes. — The difference between right and wrong, on fome petty cafes, isalmoft evanefcent. IVollaJlon. The downy orchard and tire melting pulp Of mellow fruit, the namelefs nations feed Of evanefcent infefts. Thomfon’s Spring. EVANGE'LICAL, adj. [ evangelique , Fr. evangelicus, Lat.] Agreeable to gofpel ; confonant to the Chriftian law revealed in the holy gofpel. — This diftinclion be¬ tween moral goodnefs and evangelical perfection, ought to have been obferved. Arbuthnot. — Contained in the gof. pel. — Thofe evangelical hymns they allow not to (land in our liturgy. EVAN'GELISM, f. The promulgation of the bleffed gofpel. — Thus was this land faved from infidelity, through the apoftolical and miraculous evangelifm. Bacon. EVAN'GELIST,/; [from evangelifla, Lat. cuayyi Airvj?, Gr. a meffenger, or bringer of good tidings.] A writer of the hiftory of our Lord jefus. — Each of thefe early wri¬ ters afcribe to the four evangelifls by name their refpeftive hiftories. Addfon. — A promulgator of the Chriftian laws. . — Thofe to whom he firft entrufted the promulgating of the gofpel, had inftruftions : and it were fit our new evan. gelijls ftiould fnow their authority . Decay of Piety. EVANGELIS'TORY, f. A pulpit; the office of an evangelift. Cole. To EVAN'GELIZE, v. a. [ evangelizo , Lat. evayy^fu, Gr.] To inftruft in the gofpel, or law of Jefus : The fpirit Pour’d firft on his apoftles, whom he fends T’ evangelize the nations ; then on all Baptiz’d, (hall them with wond’rous gifts endue. Milton. EVAN'GELY,/. [wa.yyi\icv, Gr. that is, good tid¬ ings.] Good tidings ; the meffage of pardon and falva- tion ; the holy gofpel ; the gofpel of Jefus ; Good Lucius, That firft received Chriftianity, The facred pledge of Chrift’s evangely. Spenfer. EVANGORTDES, a man of Elis, who wrote an ac¬ count of all thofe who had obtained a prize at Olympia, where he himfelf had been vidtorious. Paufanias. EVA'NID, adj. [evanidus, Lat.] Faint; weak; evane¬ fcent. — I put as great difference between our new lights and ancient truth, as between the fun and an evanid me¬ teor. Glanville. To EVA'NISH, v. a. [ evanefco , Lat.] To vanifti ; to efcape from notice or perception. E'VANSIIAM, a town of the American Slates, in Wythe county, Virginia, fituated on the eaft fide of Reedy creek, which falls into the Great Kanhaway, or New River. It contains a court -houfe and gaol : 40 miles weft by fouth of Chriftianbu’rg, 242 in a like direftion from Richmond, and 51S fouth-weft by weft of Phila¬ delphia. EVAN'TES,/. in antiquity, the priefteffes of Bacchus, thus called, becaufe in celebrating the orgia they ran about as if diftrafted, crying, Evan, evan, ohe evan! EUA'PHIU.M, f. [from tv, well, and atyn, Gr. the touch.] A medicine for the piles ; fo called becaufe its touch gives eafe. EVA'PORABLE, adj. Eafily diffipated in fumes or vapours. — Such cordial powders as are aromatic, their virtue lies in parts that are of themfelves volatile, and eafily evaporable. Grew. To EVA'PORATE, v. n. \_evaporo, Lat.] To fly away in vapours or fumes ; to wafte infenlibly as a volatile fpirit. — Poefy is of fo fubtle a fpirit, that in the pouring out of one language into another it will all evaporate. Denham. — Our works unhappily evaporate into words ; we ftiould talk lefs and do more. Decay of Piety. To EVA'PORATE, v. a. To drive away in fumes ; to difperfe in vapours; — We perceive clearly that fire will warm or burn us, and will evaporate water. Watts. — To give vent to ; to let out in ebullition or fallies. — My lord of Effex evaporated his thoughts in a fonnet to be fung before the queen. Wotton. EVAPORA'TION,/! Theaft of flying away in fumes or vapours ; vent ; dilcharge. — They are but the fruits ofadufted clioler, and the evaporations of a vindictive fpirit. Howel. — The aft of attenuating matter, fo as to make it fume away. — Thofe waters, by rarefaftion and evaporation, afeended. Raleigh. Evaporation is produced by heat, and by the aftion of air: thus, common fait is formed by evaporating all the humidity in the brine or fait water; which evaporation is either performed by the heat of the fun, as in the falt- works on the fea-coaft ; or by means of fire, as at the falt- fprings, See. : and it is well known how ufeful a brifk wind is in drying wet clothes, or the furfaceof the ground ; while in a calm (till atmofphere, they dry extremely (low¬ ly. Thefe operations of nature are imitated in chemiftry for the purpofes of evaporation ; which differs both from exhalation and diftillation. See Chemistry, p. 190 and 253. The phenomena of evaporation is accounted for on the principle of folution ; fo that from a variety of expe¬ riments, what we call evaporation, appears to be a gradual folution of water in air, produced and fupported by the fame means, viz. attraction, heat, and motion, by which other folutions are effefted. The abbe Nollet firft (tarted this opinion, in his Lefons de P/nfque Experimentale. He offers it as a conjefture, that the air of the atmofphere ferves as a folverit or fponge, with regard to the bodies that encompafs it, and receives into its pores the vapours and exhalations that are detached from the maffes to which they belong in a fluid ftate ; and he accounts for their afcent on the fame principles with the afeent of liquors in capillary tubes. On his hypothefis, the condenfation of the air contributes, like the fqueezing of a fponge, to their defeent. Dr. Franklin, in a paper of Philofophical and Meteorological Obfervations, fuggefted a (imilar hy¬ pothefis : obferving, that air and water mutually attract each other; and hence he concludes, that water will dif. folve in air, as fait in water ; every particle of air affirm¬ ing one or more particles of water ; and when too much is added, it precipitates in rain. But as there is not the fame contiguity between the particles of air as of water, the folution of water in air is not carried on without a mo¬ tion of the air, fo as to caufe a frelh acceffion of dry par¬ ticles. A fmall degree of heat fo weakens the cohefion of the particles of water, that thofe on the furface eafily quit it, and adhere to the particles of air : a greater de¬ gree of heat is neceffury to break the cohefion between water and air ; for its particles being by heat repelled to a greater diftance from each other, thereby more eafily keep the particles of water that are annexed to them from running EVA running into cohefions that would obftrucl, lefraT, or rc - fledt, the heat.: and hence it happens that when we breathe in warm air, though the fame quantity of moifture may be taken up from the lungs as when we breathe in cold air, yet that moifture is not fo vifible. On thefe princi¬ ples he accounts for the production and different appear¬ ances of fogs, miffs, and clouds. Dr. Hamilton, profeffbr of philofophy in the univerfify of Dublin, tranl'mitted to the Royal Society in 1765, a long differtation on the nature of evaporation, in which he propofes and effablillies this theory of folntion ; and though other writers had been prior in their conjectures, and even in their reafoning on this fubjeCt, Dr. Hamilton affures us, that he has not reprefented any thing as new which he was confcious had ever been propofed by any one before him, even as a conjecture. Dr. Hamilton, liavinf evinced the agreement between folntion and eva¬ poration, concludes, that evaporation is nothing more than a gradual folntion of water in air, produced and promoted by attraction, heat, and motion, juft as other folutionsare effeCted. M. de.Luc, in the Philofophical Tranladfions for 1792, thews, from various well-conduCted experiments, that the produCt of evaporation is always of the tame na¬ ture, namely, an expanfible fuid, which, either alone, or mixed with air, affeCts the manometer by prejfure, and the hygrometer by moifure, without any difference arifing front the prefence or abfence of air ; at leaft without any fuch having been hitherto perceived. The author’s theory is confonant to the general laws both of hygrology and hygrometry, and appears to be given with great care and precifion. Dr. Brownrigg, in his art of making common fait, fixes the evaporation of fome parts of England at 73-8 inches during the months of May, June, July, and Auguft ; and the evaporation of the whole year at more than 140 inches. But the evaporation of the four fummer months at Liverpool, on a medium of four years, was found to be only 18-88 inches. Alfo Dr. Hales calculates the greateft annual evaporation from the furface of the earth in Eng¬ land at 6-66 inches ; and therefore the annual evaporation from a furface of water, is to the annual evaporation from the furface of the earth at Liverpool, nearly as fix to one. Philof. Tranf. vol. 67. In the TranfaCtions of the Ame¬ rican Philofophical Society, vol. 3, there is an ingenious paper on evaporation, by Dr. Wiftar. It is there (hewn, that evaporation ariles when the moift body is warmer than the medium it is inclofed in. And, on t lie contrary, it acquires moifture from the air, when the body is the colder. This carrying off, and acquiring of moifture, it is (hewn, is by the pailageof heat out of the body, or into it. It (hould feem, however, that no pofition, or experi¬ ment, hitherto fuggefted, militates againft M. de Luc's theory, which fuppofes evaporation to be the action or habitude of an expanfible fluid. EVAPORA'TOR,/ Any veffel deftined to the purpofe of evaporation. Mr. Browne, of Derby, received the cold medal from the fociety of arts and manufactures, for his invention of an evaporator for drying various kinds of halts and other fubftances. Very ingenious machinery for the different procefles of evaporation, have alfo been in¬ vented by Mr. Frearfon, of Liverpool, who obtained let¬ ters patent for the fame in 1792. EVAR'CHUS, a river of Alia Minor, flowing into the Euxine on the confines of Cappadocia. Flaccus. E'VARGY, f [from £vefyo$, Gr. eafy.] Facility. — In plainer evargy, what are they ? MiJ'eries of Inforced Marriage. EVA'SION,/. [evafutn, Lat.] Excufe ; fubterfuge ; fophiftry ; artifice; artful means of eluding or efcaping : In vain thou ftriveft to cover fhame with fttame ; Thou by evafons thy crime uncover’ft more. Milton. EVA'SIVE, adj. Praftifing evafion ; elufive: Thus he, though confcious of th’ ethereal gueft, Anfwer’d evajwe of the fly requeft. Pope. Containing an evafion ; fophiftical ; diflioneftly artful. E U C 47 EVA'SIVELY, adv. By evafion; elufively ; fophif- tically. EVA'TES,y. A branch or divifion of the druids, or ancient Celtic priefts. Strabo divides the Britifh and Gaulifti philofophers into three fedts : bards, evates, and druids. He adds, that the bards were the poets and mu. ficians ; the evates, the priefts and naturalifts; and the druids were moralifts as well as naturalifts: but Mar- cellus- and Hornius reduce them all to two feels, the bards and druids. EVAU'X, a town of France, and principal place of a diftridt, in the department of the Creufe; near it is a mineral fpring and baths : eight leagues and a half eaft of Gueret, and fix north-north-eaft of Aubuffon. EU'BELSTADT, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, and bifhopric of Wurzburg, on the Maine: three miles fouth of Wurzburg. EUBCE'A, the largeft ifland in the FEgean fea after Crete, now called Ncgropont. It is feparated from the continent of Boeotia by the narrow ftraits of the Euripus, anciently known by the different names of Maoris, Oche , ELlopia, Chalcis, Abantis, Afopis. It is 150 miles long, and 37 broad in its mod extenfive parts, and 365 in circum¬ ference. The principal town was Chalcis; and it was reported, that in the neighbourhood of Chalcis the ifland had been formerly joined to the continent. Euboea was fubjedted to the power of the Greeks ; Fome of its cities, however, remained for fome time independent. Pliny. EUBU'LE, an Athenian virgin facrificed with her Af¬ ters for the fafety of her country, which laboured under a famine. ALlian. EUBU'LIDES, a Grecian philofopher of the Megaric fedt, born at Miletus. He became a difciple of Euclid, the founder of the Megaric fchool, and his fucceffor in it ; and was noted for his enmity to Ariftotle, whofe opinions he cenfured, and whofe charadter he ungene- roufly calumniated. Like his matter, he was warmly at¬ tached to the art of deputation, and was the inventor of feveral fophiftical modes of reafoning, of which the molt ingenious ferved only to produce perplexity and con- fufion, and fome were even trifling and contemptible. Ariftotle calls them Eri/iic, or deputations fyllogifms. EU'BULUS, [Gr.] A man’s name. EUCALYP'TUS, f. \_tv v.a.Xv% !o?, Gr. well covered; fo named from the perianthium being covered with a remarkable veil or lid.] In botany, a genus of the clafs icofandria, order monogynia. The generic characters are — Calyx : perianthium fuperior, permanent, truncate, covered with a hemifpheric.il deciduous lid before flow¬ ering time. Stamina: filaments very numerous, inferted into the calyx. Piftillum : germ inferior, turbinate; ftyle fingle. Pericarpium : capfule four-celled, gaping only at the tip. Seeds: very many, angular. — EJj'ential CharaBer. Calyx fuperior, permanent, truncate, before flowering time covered with a hemifpherical deciduous lid ; corolla, none ; capfule four-celled, opening at the top, inclofing many feeds. Species. 1. Eucalyptus obliqua, or oblique-leaved eu¬ calyptus. This is a very tall tree, growing to the height of more than an hundred feet, and above thirty in cir¬ cumference; the bark is fmooth, like that of the poplar; the younger branches are long and flender, angulated near the top, but as they grow older the angles difap- pear. The leaves are alternate, lanceolate, pointed, very entire, fmooth on both fides, and remarkably unequal or oblique at their bale ; the veins are alternate, and not very confpieuous ; the whole furface of both fides of the leaves is marked with numerous minute refinous fpots, in which an elfential oil refides : thefootftalks are about half an inch in length, round on the under fide, angular above, quite fmooth. The flowers have not been fully examined, but the capfulesare fuppofed to grow in cluf- ters from fix to eight in each, fefiile and conglomerated ; each is about the lize of a hawthorn berry, globular, but as it were cut off at the top, and of a dark brown colour; 48 E U C the feeds numerous, fmall, and angular. N. B. It is not clear that the above is really the fame fpecies with the E. obliqua of L’Heritier. The defcription is taken from Mr. White's Voyages, where it is named E. piperita. 2. Eucalyptus refinifera, or red gum-tree. This is a large. and lofty tree, much exceeding the Englifh oak in fize : the wood is brittle, and contains a large quantity of refinous gum; the flowers grow in little clutters, or rather umbels, about ten in each, and every flow’er has its proper partial footftalk, about a quarter of an inch in length, befides the general one : the general footflalk is remarkably comprefled, and the partial ones in forr.e de¬ gree ; the flowers are yellowifh, and of a Angular ftruc- ture ; the calyx is hemifpherical, perfectly entire dn the margin, and afterwards becomes the capfule : on the top of the calyx, rather within the margin, (lands a conical pointed calyptra, which is of the fame colour with the calyx, and about as long as that and the calyx taken to¬ gether : this calyptra, which is the efiential mark of the genus, and differs from that of the E. obliqua of L’Heri¬ tier only in being conical and acute inftead of hemi¬ fpherical, is perfectly entire, and never fplits or divides, though it is analogous to the corolla of other plants; when it is removed, we perceive a great number of red ftamina (landing in a conical mafs; the antherae are fmall and red, and in the center is a Angle ftyle, terminated by a blunt ftigma : the ftamens are very refinous and aro¬ matic; the germ appears, when cut acrofs, to be divided into three cells; each containing the rudiments of one or more feeds. On making inciflons into the trunk of this tree, large quantities of red refinous juice are ob¬ tained, fometimes more than Axty gallons from a Angle tree; when dried this juice becomes a powerfully aftrin- gent gum-refin, much refembling that known in the (hops by the name of kino, and for all medical purpofes full as efficacious. Mr. White, the chief furgeon to our fettle- ment at Botany-bay, adminiftered it to a great number of patients in the dyfentery, and found it eminently fervice- able, fo as not to fail in a Angle inftance. This gum- refin diffoJves almofl entirely in fpirit of wine, to which it gives a blood-red tindlure ; water diflolves about a fixtli part only, and the watery folution is of a bright red : both thefe folutions are powerfully aftringent. -EU'CHARIST, J. When our Lord inftituted the cele¬ bration of what we commonly call “ The Lord’s Supper,” St. Luke fays, sitts (xxii. 17.) and St. Paul, ExAasre {1 Cor. xi. 24.) i. e. When He had given thanks. And from thefe paflages is derived the word “ Eucharift,” which in its firft fenfe means, “A fo- lemn thankfgiving.” Our Lord row “gave thanks” to God the Father, becaufe He was the author of all blefiings, temporal and fpiritual. We “give thanks” at the Lord’s Supper, not only for the w’orks of creation and providence, but more efpecially becaufe God hath vouchfafed to give 11s the fpiritual benefits of Chriftianity procured for us by the death and paflion of His Son, in commemoration of which we take the elements bread and wine, as fymbolical reprefentations of his body and blood. From the aEl of thankfgiving at the facrament of the Lord’s Supper, the word “Eucharift,” by mif- application, pafled to (ignify The elements oj bread and wine themfelves. Hence we read in Bingham’s Antiquities, “ St. Jerom fays, Prefbyters were the only perfons whofe prayers confecrated bread and wine.” Speaking of one Hilary, a deacon, he fays, “ He could not confecrate the Eucharif, becaufe he was only a deacon.” B. ii. $ 8. An¬ tiquities of the Chriftian Church. After the fame man¬ ner Irenseus: “We offer unto him his own gifts, thereby declaring the communication and truth both of flefli and fpirit. For as the bread, which is of the earth, after the invocation of God upon it, is no longer common bread, but Eucharif , confiding of two parts, the one earthly, the other heavenly : fo all our bodies, receiving the Eucharif, are no longer corruptible, whilft they live in hopes of a refurreCtion.” B. xv. 9. In thefe paflages E U C cited from St. Jerom and Irenaeus, it is clear that the elements thenrfelves were incorrectly ftyled Eucharif. But in ftrictnefs and propriety of fpeech Eucharif means Thankfgiving ; and Juftin Martyr, in his Second Apology, fpeaks of fuch ETTi to ttoAv “ Thankfgiving” at conftderable length ; the whole form of which is to be found in the “ Apoftolical Conductions and fome few words are retained by our church in that very fublime part of the Communion Service, beginning with “ There¬ fore with angels and archangels,” & c. where the 77?- fagion, i. e. threefold repetition of “ Holy, holy, holy,” is introduced. EUCHARIS'TICAL, adj. Containing a£ts of thankf¬ giving. — The latter part was eucharif ical, which began at the breaking and blefting of the bread. Brown. — Relating to the facrament of the fupper of the Lord. EUCH'ENDORF, a town of Germany, in Lower Ba¬ varia, on the Vils : fourteen miles w'eft of Vilzhofen. EUCHE'RIUS, a faint in the Romifti calendar, and bifhop of Lyons in the ftfth century. He acquired conft¬ derable wealth, and lived to fee his two fons advanced to the epifcopal dignity. Becoming difgufted with the world, he diftributed a part of his property among the poor, and the reft among his daughters, and retired with his two fons, Salonius and Veranius, into the ifland of Lero, now called St. Marguerite, where they embraced the monadic (late. That folitude he was with much dif¬ ficulty prevailed upon to quit, and to accept of the fee of Lyons, in 434. He aflifted at the firft council of Or¬ leans, in 441, and diftinguiftied himfelf in it by his learn¬ ing and fagacity. Claudian Mamertius informs 11s, that he held frequent conferences at Lyons, in which his abi¬ lities and addrefs were advantageoufiy difplayed. He died about the year 454. Among his writings which have reached our times, are, 1. Epifola de Laude Eremi, feu de Vita Solitaria, dedicated to St. Hilary, and written with uncommon purity and beauty of language for the age in which it was produced. 2. Epifola Paranetica de Contemptu Mundi & facularis Philofophia , ad Valerianum Cog~ vatum fuum, which Erafmus publiftied with notes, at Bafil, in 1520, and pronounced to be one of the mod: elegant pieces of antiquity. 3. De formulis ffiritualis InteU ligentice Liber, ad Veranum F ilium-, and, 4. InfruElionum ad Salor.ium Filium, Libri II. His writings were publiftied at Bafil, in 1531 ; at Rome, in 1564; and are to be found in the fixth volume of the Bibliotheca Patrum. — There was alfo another Eucherius, who was bilhop of Lyons in the fixth century, and aflifted at the fecond council of Orleans, in 529, who has been frequently confounded wdth the above author, and had many circumftances attributed to him which are only applicable to the fubjeCt of the pre¬ ceding article. EUCH'ITES, orEucHiT.iE, a feCt of ancient heretics, who were firft formed into a religious body towards the end of the fourth century. They were thus called be¬ caufe they prayed without ceafing, imagining that prayer alone was fufficient to falvation. Their great foundation were thofe words of St. Paul, (Theffalonians v. 17.) Pray without ceafing. The word is formed of the Greek, evyyi, prayer, whence the fame with the Latin, precatores , prayers. They were alfo called Enthufiafts and Mefla- Jians ; a term of Hebrew origin, denoting the fame as Euchites. EUCI-IO'LOGY,y. [of iv-gy and Aoy©^, from A iyu, Gr. to difeourfe.] A formulary of prayers; commonly ap¬ plied to the ritual of the Greek Chriftians. EUCLE'A, J. [from suxAsia, Gr. glory or cele¬ brity.] In botany, a genus of the clafs dioecia, order dodecandria or polygamia. The generic characters are — I. Male. Calyx: perianthium one-leafed, many times (horter than the corolla, fubangular, fmooth, five-toothed : teeth very (hort, upright. Corolla: one-petalled, five-parted ; fegments ovate, obtufe, concave, patulous. Stamina : filaments thirteen (about fifteen, L’Herit.) very (hort; eight in the circumference, five in the center, (inferted into E U C the receptacle, V Merit.) antherse four.cornered-fubulate, grooved, ereft, perforated at the tip on both Tides, (fub- villofe, fliorter than the corolla, L'Herit.) — Female. Ca¬ lyx : perianthium one-leafed, four-toothed, (more- feldotn five-toothed,) permanent: fegments erect, three times Ihorterthan thecorolla. Corolla": onepetalled, four cleft : fegments ovate, obtule, concave, ereCl. Piflillutn : germ ovate, fubvillofe, fuperior ; ftyles two, thickifh, the length of the corolla ; ftigmas emarginate-bifid, obtufe. Pericar- pium : berry globular, umbilicate with a dot. fmooth, flefliy. (A berried capfule, three-horned, three-celled, three-valved, L'Herit. — two-celled, Linn.) Seed: An¬ gle, globular, fmooth ; (roundifh, arilled, one or two abortive, L'Herit.) There are hermaphrodite and male hermaphrodite flowers ; hence it feems to belong to the clafs polygamia. L'Herit. — EJfential CharaElcr. Male. Ca¬ lyx, four or five-toothed ; corolla, four or five-parted ; {lamina twelve to fifteen. Female. Calyx and corolla as in the male ; germ fuperior; ftyles two ; berry two- celled. Euclea racemofa, or round-leaved euclea : the only fpecies known is a branching-tree. Leaves alternate, lub- petioled, obovate, quite entire, obtufe, fmooth, peren¬ nial. Monf. L’Heritier remarks that fpecimens of this and Celaftrus corniculatus, when in fruit, are as much alike as one egg is to another, and that from this circum- ftance, before he was acquainted with the flower, he took this for that. See Celastrus corniculatus. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. Introduced here in 1722, by Mr. Thomas Knowlton. It flowers in November and December. EU'CLID, a Grecian philofopher, founder of the Me- garic fed, flouriftied about the 95th olympiad, four hun¬ dred years before Chrift. He was a native of Megara, and early contracted an attachment to the ftudy of philo- fophy. He removed from Megara to Athens, for the fake of attending the inftruftions of Socrates. Of that philofopher he was long a conftant hearer, and fo defirous of profiting by his lelfons of wifdovn, that he incurred great perfonal rilk in order to receive them. For after the Athenians had palled a law prohibiting any of the Megareans from entering Athens on pain of death, he fre¬ quently came thither by night, from a diilance of more than twenty miles, difguifed in a female drefs, that he might attend his mailer. He afterwards fet up a fchool at Megara, in which his chief employment was, not to teach the fcience of ethics, but the art of deputation, and how to refine the fubtil ties of logic. With fuch impe- tuofity and ardour were debates conducted by his difei- ples, that his fed obtained the name of Erijlic, or difpu- tatious, as well as Megaric, from the place in which its founder was born. It was alfo called the dialectic fed; not becaufe it gave rife to dialectics, ' or logical debates, but becaufe the difeourfes and writings of this clafs of philofophers generally appeared in the form of queftion and anfwer. But though Euclid was ardent and conten¬ tious in his philofophical debates, yet that he knew how to command his temper appears from Plutarch’s anecdote of his reply to his brother, who in a quarrel with him faid, “ Let me perifli if I be not revenged on you:” “ And let me perifh (anfwered Euclid), it 1 do not fub- due your refentment by my forbearance, and make you love me more than ever.” And it redounds greatly to his honour, that after the cruel and unjuft fentence paifed upon Socrates, he received at Megara, and entertained in the kindeft manner, Plato, and feveral others of his inti¬ mate difciples, whom a regard to their own fafety had obliged to withdraw from Athens. EU'CLl D, a celebrated mathematician, native of Alex¬ andria in Egypt, where he flouriftied, and taught the ma¬ thematics with great applaufe under the reign of Ptolemy Lagus, about three hundred years before Chrift. He was tiie firft who fet up a mathematical fchool in that city, where, till the conqueft of Alexandria by the Saracens, ; *3110 ft of the eminent mathematicians were either born, or **** Vol, VII. No. 407. E U C 45 ftudied ; and it is to him and his fcholars that the world has been indebted for Eratofthenes, Archimedes, Apol¬ lonius, Ptolemy, Theon, &c. There is no doubt but that, before his time, many of the fundamental principles of the pure mathematics had be-en difeovered, and deli¬ vered down by Thales, Pythagoras, Hippocrates of Chios, Eudoxus, Leon, and others who are enumerated by Pro- clus. But Euclid was the firft who reduced them into regular order, and added many others of his own difeover- ing; on which account arithmetic and geometry may be faid to owe their fcientific form to his labours. He like- wife applied himfelf to the ftudy of mixed mathematics, particularly to aftronomy and optics. He was the author, according to Pappus and Proclus, of 1. Elements. 2. Data. 3. An Introduction to Harmony. 4 Phenomena. 5. Optics. 6. Catoptrics. 7. A treatife of the Divi- fion of Superficies. 8. Porifms. 9. Loci ad Superficiem. 10. Fallacies; and four books of Conics, The moft va¬ luable of all thefe, is his Elements of Geometry, confift- ing, as commonly publifhed, of fifteen books; of which the two laft are by fome fufpeCted not to have been Eu¬ clid’s, but a comment of Hypficles of Alexandria, who lived two hundred years after this time Others alfo are of opinion that fome additions have been made to Euclid’s treatife bv Theon, and other ancient mathematicians. Be this as it may, the name of Euclid has been rendered immortal by that precious legacy bequeathed by him to pofterity, the excellences of which are too univerfally known to require any illuftration or eulogium from us. Valerius Maximus and others among the ancients, and alfo fome modern writers, have confounded the mathe¬ matician with the fubject of the preceding article. Eu¬ clid died, but at what age is uncertain, in the 123d olym¬ piad, and the year 2S3 before Chrift. He is reprefented to have been a perfon of agreeable and pleafing manners, and admitted to habits of friend fh i p and familiarity with king Ptolemy. It is faid, that when that prince alked him if he could not diredl him to fome fliorter and eafier way of acquiring a knowledge of geometrical fcience than that which he had laid down in his Elements ; he anfwer¬ ed, “ there was no royal road to geometry , Of his Elements there have been numberlefs editions in all languages; and of all his works now extant, a fine folio edition was publifhed at Oxford, in 1703, in Greek and Latin, by David Gregory, the Savilian profelfor of aftronomy in that univerfity. EU,'COMIS, f. [s vzopo;, Gr. having beautiful hair, j In botany a genus of the clafs hexandria, order monogynia, natural order of coronariae, (aiphodeli, JuJf.) The gene¬ ric characters' are — Corolla: inferior, . fix-parted, perma¬ nent, fpreading. Stamina: filaments Tubulate, dilated at the bafe, and united there into a concave nettary faften- ed to the bottom of the corolla. Piftillum : germ fupe¬ rior, ftigma Ample. Pericarpium : capfule three-celled. Seeds : many. EJfential CharaEier. — Corolla : inferior, fix-parted, permanent, fpreading.; filaments united at the bafe into a nettary growing to the corolla. . Species. 1. Eucomis liana, or dwarf Eucomis : fcape club-fliaped, leaves broad-lanceolate, acute. The leaf¬ ing is that of Maflonia ; leaves ovate, acuminate, marked with lines underneath, the veins confluent at the tip. Native of the Cape of Good Hope; flowers in May. 2. Eucomis regia, tongue leaved eucomis or fritil laria : fcape cylindric, leaves tongue-lhaped obtufe clofe to the ground. Root tuberous, from which arife in' the autumn fix or eight obtufe leaves, near five inches long, and two broad towards the top, growing narrower at their bafe, crenated on their borders, lying flat on the ground, a’tjd continuing all the winter. In the fpring ari.fes the flower, ftalk in the center of the leaves, about fix inches high, naked, at the bottom; but the. upper part is furrourided by bell-lhaped flowers, of a.greenilh colour, appearing in April. The leaves decay in June. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. Cultivated in the Eltliam garden, to which was lent by Mr. BUthwaite of Dirham in Glou- O cclterftme. 50 E U D cefterftiire. And before that, in 1709, by the D beliefs of Beaufort, at Badminton; from whole garden probably Mr. Blathwaite had it. (3. Eucomis autumnalis, the variety, has leaves more than a foot long, broad at their bafe, but narrowed to the top, where they end in acute points. The flower-ftalk rifes higher than that of the preceding; the flowers are of the fame fhape and colour, but feldom appear till Auguft. It was railed by Mr. Miller from feeds fent him from the Cape of Good Hope. 3. Eucomis undulata, waved-leaved eucomis or fritil- laria : fcape cylindric, leavesovate-oblong, waved, fpread- ing, the leaves of the coma almofl: as long as the raceme. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. It flowers from March to May. 4. Eucomis pun&ata, or fpotted eucomis : fcape cvlin- dric, leaves oblong-lanceolate, channelled, fpreading- leaves of the coma fhort, racemes very long. Native of the Cape of Good Hope ; and flowers in July : this is the larged fpecies ; the fecond is of a middle fize, and the firft is fmall. Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants are to be manag¬ ed in the fame way with other Cape bulbs. EU'CRASY, f. [Lat. from ev, well, and Gr. temperament.] That agreeable well-propertioncd mix¬ ture of qualities, whereby a body is faid to be in a good ftate of health. Quincy. EUD/E'MON, f [ev?, good, and $a.iv,w, Gr. a fpirit.] A good genius; the fourth houfe in aftrology, fo called on account of its fuppofed good fxgnification. EUDTs'MON (John Andrew, or John the Happy), a learned Jefuit, a native of the ifle of Candia, who for the fake of purfuing his ftudies went early to Rome. The learning and abilities which he difcovered recom¬ mended him to the notice o'f his fuperiors. Pope Urban VIII. honoured him with his efteem, and fixed upon him to accompany his nephew, cardinal Barberini, as his chap¬ lain, when he was fent as legate into France. He had fcarcely returned from this appointment to Rome, when he died in that city, in 1625. He was the author of vari¬ ous works ; among which are, 1. Cajligatio Lamberti Daneei. a. De Antichrijlo Lib. III. 3. Confutatio Anticotoni. 4. Re- citatio Exercitationum Cafauboni , (3c. And he was fuppofed to be the author of a work which appeared at Paris in 1625, under the title of Admonitio ad Rcgem Ludovicum XIII. which attacked the authority of the kings of France in matters of an ecclefiaftical nature, and gave rife to a fe- vere (form againft the order of Jefuits. EUD^E'MONY, f. Happinefs; profperity. Scott. EU'DES, [hub, Sax. a keeper.] A man’s name. EU'DES (John), a French prieft, founder of the con¬ gregation of the Eudifts, born at Rye in Lower Normandy, in 1601. He was the brother of the celebrated hiftorian Mezerai* and received his education under the Jefuits at Caen. In 1625, cardinal Berulle received him as a mem¬ ber into his congregation of the Oratory, where he conti¬ nued for eighteen yea*s. He afterwards obtained per- miflion to eftablilh a new inftitution at Caen, under the title of the Congregation of Jefus and Mary, of which he was the firft fuperior as well as founder. He appears to have been a well-meaning man, but myftical and enthuliaftic. As he was a favourite preacher in his day, and frequently appeared in the pulpit, his popularity foon filled the houfe of his congregation with fcholars and devotees, and branches from it were fpeedily fpread over different parts of Normandy. Eudes died at Caen, in 1 680, when feventy-nine years of age, leaving behind him feveral works, which afford evidence of an ill-regulated devo¬ tion and fuperftitious credulity. Thofe which have en¬ gaged moft notice are, a treatife On the Devotion and on the Office of the Heart of the Virgin, 121110. 1650; Man’s Contraft with God, 12010. ; and particulars concerning a fanatical female in Normandy, whom he had the weak- ncfs to conlider as an infpired perfon, entitled 1 he Life •of Mary of the Valleys, in three volumes, 410. which he E U D would not commit to the prefs, but fuffered copies of it to be taken jjnd to be difperfed among his acquaintance. EU D I O' MET E R , f. aninftrument for ascertaining the purity of the atmofpherical air. Many inftruments have been invented under this denomination ; but the moft cor- re£t, and that now in general ufe, is the eudiometer of M. Guyton ; for a particular defcription and an engrav¬ ing of which, fee the article Chemistry, vol. iv. p. 381, and the Chemiftry Plate VIII. EUJDIO'METRY, J'. in chemiftry, the art of analy. fing or afcertaining the component parts of atmofpheric air, with its qualities, and relative ftate of purity or im¬ purity. The dependance of the health and exiftence of animals upon a peculiar ftate of the atmofphere, and the relations of this ftate to precedes connefted with the moft: eflential wants of life, have given intereff and importance to this department of chemical fcience. This elaftic fluid has been long known to confift chiefly of oxygen and nitrogen mingled together, or in a ftate of loofe com¬ bination, and holding in folution water. A variety of proceffes have been inftituted with the view of determin¬ ing the relative proportions of the two gafes, but moft o*f them have involved fources of inaccuracy ; and lately all, except two (the llow combuftion of phofphorus, and the action of liquid fulphurets), have been generally abandoned. Both phofphorus and folution of fulphuret of potafh abforb the whole of the oxygen of atmofphe¬ ric air at common temperatures, and they do not mate¬ rially alter the volume or the properties of the refidual nitrogen ; but their operation is extremely flow, and in many cafes it is difficult toafcertain the period at which the experiment is completed. Mr. Davy, of the royal inftitution of London, has lately employed as an eudio- metrical fubftance the folution of green muriate, or ful- phate of iron, impregnated with nitrous gas; and he found that it is in feme refpedls fuperior to many of the bodies heretofore ufed, as it rapidly condenfes oxygen without acting upon nitrogen, and requires for its appli¬ cation only a very fimpleand a very portable apparatus. “This fluid (fays he) is made by tranfmitting nitrous gas through green muriate, or fulphate of iron, diflblved to faturation in water. As the gas is abforbed, the folu¬ tion becomes of a deep olive-brown, and when the im¬ pregnation is completed it appears opaque and almofl black. The procefs is apparently owing to a fimple elective attraction ; in no cafe is the gas decompofed ; and under the exhaufted receiver it allumes its elaftic form, leaving the fluid, with which it was combined, unaltered in its properties. The inftruments neceflary for afeertaining the compofition of the atmofphere, by means of impregnated folutions, confift fimply of a fmall gra¬ duated tube, having its capacity divided into one hun¬ dred parts, and greateft at the open end ; and of a veffel for containing the fluid. The tube, after being filled with the air to be examined, is introduced into the folu¬ tion ; and, that the aflion may be more rapid, gently moved from a perpendicular towards a horizontal pofi- tion. Under thefe circumftances the air is rapidly dimi- nifhed ; and, in confequer.ee of the dark colour of th-e fluid, it is eafy to difeover the quantity of abforptiom In a few minutes the experiment is completed, and the whole of the oxygen condenfed by the nitrous gas in the folution in the form of nitrous acid. In all eudiometrical proceffes with impregnated folutions, the period at which the diminution is at a ftand muft be accurately obferved ; for, Ihortly after this period, the volume of the refidual gas begins to be a little increafed, and, after fome hours4 it will often fill a fpace greater by feveral of the hundred parts on thefcaleof the tube, than that which it occupied at the maximum of abforption. This circumftance de¬ pends upon the flow decompofition of t he nitrous acid (formed during the experiment.) by the green oxide of iron, and the confequent produflion of a fmall quantity of aeriform fluid (chiefly nitrous gas) ; which, having no affinity for the red muriate or fulphate of iron pro¬ duced. 51 E U D duced, is gradually evolved, and mingled with the refi- dnal nitrogen. The impregnated foliation with green muriate is more rapid in its operation than the folution with green fulphate. In cafes when thefe falts cannot be obtained in a ftate of abfolute purity, the common or mixed fulphate of iron may be employed. One cubic inch of moderately ftrong impregnated folution is capable of abforbing five or fix cubic inches of oxygen, in com¬ mon proceffes ; but the fame quantity muff: never be em¬ ployed for more than one experiment. “ A number of comparative experiments, made on the confutation of the atmofphere at the Hotwells, Biiftol, in July, Auguft, and September, 1800, with phofphorus, fulphurets of alkalies, and impregnated folution, dcmonftrated the accuracy of the proceffes in which the laft fubftance was properly employed. The diminutions given by the fulphurets were indeed always greater, by a minute quantity, than thofe produced by phofphorus and impregnated folutions : but the reafon of this will be obvious to thofe who have ftudied the fub- je6l of eudiometry. In no inftance was it found that 100 parts in volume of air contained more than 31 of oxy¬ gen : and the variations connected with different winds, and different ftates of temperature, moilhire, &c. were too finall , and too often related to accidental circum- itances, to be accurately noticed. In analyfing the at¬ mofphere in different places, by means of impregnated folutions, I have never been able to afcertain any notable difference in the proportions of its conflituent parts. Air, collected on the fea at the mouth of the Severn, on 06to- her the 3d, 1800, which muff have paffed over much of the Atlantic, as the wind was blowing ftrong from the weft, was found to contain 21 per cent, of oxygen in volume; and this was nearly the proportion in air fent from the coaft of Guinea, to Dr. Beddoes, by two fur- geons of Liverpool. If we compare thefe refults with the refults gained more than twenty years ago, by Mr. Cavendifh, from experiments on the nompofition of at- mofpherical air made at London and Kenfington; confi- dering, at the fame time, the refearches of Berthollet in Egypt and at Paris, and thofe of Marti in Spain, we Dial 1 find ftrong reafons for concluding that the afmof- phere, in all places expofed to the influence of the winds, contains very nearly the fame proportions of oxygen and nitrogen : a circumftance of great importance ; for, by teaching 11s that the different degrees of falubrity of air do not depend upon differences in the quantities of its principal conftituent parts, it ought to induce 11s to infti- tute refearches concerning the different fubftances capable of being diffolved or fufpended in the air, which are noxious to the human conftitution ; particularly as an accurate knowledge of their nature and properties would probably enable 11s, in a great meafure, to guard againft, or deftroy, their baneful effects.” — See the article Atmosphere, vol.ii. p. 473— 4S0. EUDO'CIA, a Roman emprefs, wife of Theodofius the younger. Her original name was Athenais , and fhe was daughter of Leontius, an Athenian philofopher. She was educated in the fciences, as well as in the reli¬ gion, of ancient Greece. She early received the protec¬ tion of Pulcheria, filter of Theodofius, who was ftruck with the figure and the eloquence of Athenais, and thence deftined her to the bed of her brother. The mar¬ riage took place in 421, and Athenais, renouncing the errors of paganifm, received the baptifmal name of Eudocia. She long continued upon the throne to culti¬ vate letters, and employed her talent of verification in the fervice of the religion to which ftie was a convert. She put into Greek verfe'the eight firft books of the Old Teftament. She is faid to have compofed a poem on a victory obtained by her imperial fpoufe over the Perfians. She alfo wrote poetical paraphrafes on fome of the Jewifti prophets^ and ftie has had the credit of a Homeric cento on the life of Chrift, ftill extant, though her title to this performance is difputed by the critics. She lived for a E V E confiderable time in harmony with herconfort ; and after the marriage of her daughter to tire emperor Valenti- nian III. fhe was permitted to pay her vows in a fplendid pilgrimage to Jerufalem. In this progrefs ftie pro¬ nounced, from a throne of gold, an oration to the fenate of Antioch. After this period, the rivalry broke out be¬ tween Eudocia and Pulcheria ; and the latter had the art to excite fufpicions of the emprefs’s fidelity in the bread of her hnfband. The object was Paulinus, a handfome and accompliftied man, who had been raifed to the poll of reader of the offices. He was put to death ; and after a ftruggle, in which the revengeful paffions on both fides were productive of bloodfned, Eudocia was dripped of her honours, and reduced to a private condition. After pafting feveral years in devout retirement, die died in Pa- leftine in 460, at the age of fixty-feven. Before her death, fhe afferted, in the molt folenm manner, her inno¬ cence of the criminal intercourfe of which lire had been charged. EUDO'RA, f. [ivg, good, and Gr. a gift.] A good gift ; the name of a woman. Cole. EUDOX'IA,yi [euc, good, and S'o^icc, Gr. fame.] A good name ; a good report ; a woman’s name. EUDOX'IANS, f. heretics, fo called of Eudoxus, their leader, who held the Son was differently affected in his will from the Father, and made of nothing. EUDO'XIUS, patriarch of Conftantinople in the fourth century, born at Arabiffus, in Armenia Minor. He was connected with the Arian party, and was made bilhop of Germanicia, a city of Cappadocia, [n the year 359, he was eleCted patriarch of Conftantinople, which he preferved until his death, in 370, under the reign of the emperor Valens. Of the writings of Eu- aoxius there are no remains extant, excepting fome frag¬ ments of a treatife De Incarnatione Dei Verbi, indifferent MSS. and collections to which there are many references in Cave. EUDOX'US, a peripatetic philofopher, geometrician, aftronomer, and phyfician, born at Cnidus, a city of Carai, in Alia Minor, about 392 years before Chrilt. He ftudied -geometry and philofophy under Architas, and medicine under Philifton the Sicilian. Attracted by the fame of the Socrutic fchool, he went to Athens, where, by means of the affiftance which his narrow finances received from the generofity of Theomedon, a phyfician, he was enabled to maintain himfelf while he attended the fchools of the philofophers, particularly that of Plato. By the liberality of his friends he was afterwards fupported during a journey which he took for farther improvement to Egypt, whither he carried recommendatory letters to king NeCtanebis II. who in¬ troduced him to the priefts of that country. After he had received their inftruCtions, he went to Cyzicus, on the Propontis, where he taught aftronomy and philofo¬ phy, and obtained a multitude of difeipfes. With many of thefe, after he had paid a vifit to Maufolus, he re¬ moved to Athens, and opened a fchool in that city, in which he acquired fuch honour and reputation, that he was confulted on fubjeCIs of policy as well as fcience', from all parts of Greece. His fkill in thefe fubjefts, and more particularly in geometry and aftronomy, is highly celebrated by the ancients ; and he is dated to have left behind him many excellent writings, none of which are now extant. Aratus, who has deferibed the celeftial phenomena in verfe, is faid to have followed Eudoxus. He died in the fifty-third year of his age. EVE, the firft woman, and mother of the human race, formed of a rib taken from Adam’s fide whenlie was in a deep deep, and brought to him by the Creator to become his wife, and “ help meet for him.” She was the firft who was feduced to that breach of the divine command, Which expofed her and her hufband to the difpleafure of God, and was followed by the penalty of mortality, and by an expulfion from Paradife. Eve afterwards proved the mother of * numerous offspring, of 52 EVE of whom the flames of Cain, Abel, and Seth , only are trarifmitted to us in the Hebrew Scriptures, and no infor mation is afforded us of the time of her death. See the article Adam, vol. i. p. 105. EVE, or E ven, f. (aepen, Sax. avend, or avond, Dut.] The clofe of the day ; the latter part of the day; the interval between bright light and darknefs : Th’ unerring fun by certain figns declares What the late ev’n or early morn prepares. Dryden, Winter, oft at eve, refumes the breeze. Chills the pale morn. Thomfon. The vigil or faft to be obferved before an holiday. In rhis fenfe only eve is ufed, not even. — Let the immediate preceding day be kept as the eve to this great feaft. Duppa. EVE'A,/ in botany. See Callicocca. EVEC'TION,y. [ Latin. ] A lifting up; a carrying forth; alfo a praifing and extolling. This term is ufed by af- tronomers for the libratio'n of the moon. It is alfo ufed to denote that equation of the moon’s motion which is proportional to the fine of double the diftance of the moon from the fun, diminifhed by the moon’s anomaly: this equation is not yet accurately determined ; fome date it at i° 30', others at i° 16', &c. It is the greateft of all the moon’s equations, except the equation of the center. See the article Astronomy, vol. ii. p. 375, &c. EVEIL'LON (James), a learned French ecclefiaftic, born at Angers in 1542. Fie fo diftinguifhed himfelf in his academical ftudies, that when he was. very young he was appointed regent of the rhetorical fchool at Nantes. In 1620, William Fouquet, bifhop of Angers, knowing his worth, and defirous of fixing him in his diocefe, made him a canon of his cathedral, and his grand-vicar. His pen was frequently employed on matters relating to church difcipline, the reformation of breviaries, rituals,, and monadic inditutions. On one occafion it was reforted to for the defence of the monkifh legends againft the able and fpirited attacks of the celebrated John Launois. The title of Eveillon’s work Was Apologia Capitidi Ecclefite Andcgaveiifis pro JanElo Renato, EpiJ'copofuo, adverj'us dijpu- tationem duplicem Joannis Launoii , 1650, 8vo. He alfo pub- liflied a learned and curious work, De ProceJJivnibus Eccle- Jiajlias, in quo earum Injlitutio, Significatio, Ordo, et Ritus ex- plicantue, 1641, Svo.; a work, Be rcEla PJallendi Ratione, 3646, qto. ; and a voluminous Treatile concerning Moni¬ tions and Excommunications, 1631, 4to. which has been highly prized in the catholic communion. Eveillon was a man, who, from his extenfive charities, merited the title of father of the poor, to vvhofe relief he devoted the whole of a liberal income, excepting what was ne- ceffary for the frugal funport, and very limited conve¬ niences, to which he redrifted himfelf. He died in 1621, at the age of feventy-nine years. E'VELYN (John), foil of Richard Evelyn, of Wot- ton in Surrey, born in 1620. He had his early education at the free-fchool of Lewes in Suffex, whence he was re¬ moved to Baliol college, Oxford. When the civil wars commenced, he obtained leave from the king to travel abroad, and fpent fome years in Italy and France, im¬ proving his mind in curious and ufeful knowledge. In .1647, he married at Paris the only daughter of fir Richard Browne, the king’s minifter the-re, in w hole right he be¬ came polfelfed of the manficn of Sayes-court near Dept¬ ford. He returned to England about 1631, and em¬ ployed himfelf in literary occupations, of which the fird fruits were fome tranflations from the French. Fie alfo, in 1 $36, made an eddy of his talent for verfifying, by a trandationof the fird book of Lucretius ; but though his attempt was highly complimented by the mule of Waller, ^t has not given him a place among Englifh poets. He was gracioully received by king Charles on his return, and came more into public life, though he dill continued his literary occupations. One of his principal works ap¬ peared in 1662, entitled Sculpttira, or the Flidory and Art of Chalcography or Engraving on Copper, 3vo, This is 1 EVE a curious and learned piece ; and though not free from pedantry, contains much valuable information with refpeft to the fubjedt. It was thought worthy ofreprint*- ing in 1735, with additions and correlations, and an etching of the author by Worlidge. On the inditution of the Royal Society in 1662, he was nominated among the fird fellows and members of the council, and he continued a zealous and active alfociate of that learned body. At its meetings was fird read that difeourfe on fored trees, which afterwards was the bafts of bis mod celebrated pub¬ lication. This was Sylva, or a Difeourfe of Fored T. rees„ and the Propagation of Timber in his Majedy’s Dominions: to which is annexed Pomona, or an Appendix concerning Fruit Trees in relation to Cider, &c. 1664, folio. This work has been feveral times reprinted, the lad time in 1776 by Dr. Andrew Hunter, of York, who added afetof excellent plates of all the trees, in which their parts of fructification are accurately difplayed according to theLin- naean fydemi As a fequel to this work he afterwards pub- lillied Terra; a Philolophical Difeourfe of Earth, relating to the Culture and Improvement of it for Vegetation and the Propagation of Plants ; 1675, folio and Svo. This was likewife" reprinted, with notes, by Dr. Hunter, in 1778. The king’s regard for Mr. Evelyn was diewn by his appointment to be a commiffioner for rebuilding St. Paul’s. For this office lie proved his fitnefs by pub- liftiing a work entitled A Parallel of the ancient Archi¬ tecture with the modern, tranflated from the French of Roland Freart, fieur de Chambray ; with additions from Alberti* and other writers. At. this period he refided at his houfe of Sayes-court, where he cultivated a garden and plantations, which were greatly admired ; and he ranks among thole who took the lead in the improvement of horticulture, and the introduction of exotics in this country. When Charles II. formed a board of trade, he was nominated one of the members ; and on this occafion he drew up a treatife on the origin and progrefs of navi¬ gation and commerce, with an affertion of the king’s ti¬ tle to the dominion of the fea. Among the papers which he communicated to the Royal Society is a curious letter defcribmg the mifehiefs done to his garden at Sayes-court by the uncommonly fevere winter of 1683-4. It is valu¬ able, both as affording information of the perennials at that time chiefly cultivated in Englifli gardens, and as Hating the effeCts of rigorous froft upon them. He has lamented in another place the greater injury his garden received from the rough ufage it underwent during the time he lent his houfe to the czar Peter for his relidence while lludying the art of (hip-building at Deptford. That great but rude fovereign, it feems, took a delight in the paftime of being wheeled backwards and forwards in a barrow through Mr. Evelyn’s “ mod: glorious and im¬ penetrable holly hedge,” which he mentions as the pride of his garden. He continued to amufe his declining years with the ftudies w hich had occupied his early life ; andbefides various tranflations, he publiftied a work en¬ titled Numifmata ; a Difeourfe of Medals ancient and modern’: to which is added, a Digreffion concerning Phyliognomy, 3697, folio. His laft work is entitled Acetaria ; a Difeourfe of Sallets, 1699, Svo. in which he treats of the nature and properties of all plants which have been employed as fallad herbs. Flis faculties, pro¬ longed by the temperance and ferenity of his life, ferved him ftill to prepare anew edition of his Sylva, which talk he fulfilled a (hort time before his death, in February, 1706, in his eighty-fixth year. EUEM'BOL.US,/.[ev, well, and ep£'a.M.u, Gr. to put in.] One expert at fetting bones and reducing luxations. EVEM'ERUS, an ancient hiftorian of Meffenia, inti¬ mate with Callander. Fie travelled over Greece and Arabia, and wrote an hiftory of the gods, in which he proved that they all had been upon earth as mortal men. Ennius tranflated it into F.atin. It is now loft. E'VEN, adj. [epen, Sax. even, Dut. aquus, Lat.] Le¬ vel ; not rugged j not unequal y fmooth as oppofed to rough. 53 E U £ rough. — The prefent face of Rome is much more even and level than it was formerly. Addifon on Italy. To fee a beggar’s brat iii riches flow. Adds not a wrinkle to my even brow. Dryden. Uniform ; equal to itfelf : Lay the rough paths of peevifh nature ev'n, And open in each heart a little heaven. Prior. Level with ; parallel to. — That the net may be even to the midd of the altar. Exodus. — And {hall lay thee even with the ground. Luke, xix. 44. — Not having inclination any way ; nor leaning to any fide : A noble fervant to them ; but he could not Carry his honours even. Skakcfpearc. Not having any part higher or lower than the other. Equal on both fides; fair ; not favouring either : Upheld by me,, yet once more he fhall dand On even ground againd his mortal foe. Milton. Without any thing owed, either good or ill ; out of debt. • — In taking revenge, a man is but even with his enemy, but in paffing it over, he is fuperior. Bacon. — Even reck¬ oning makes lading friends ; and the way to make reck¬ onings even is to make them often. South. — Calm; not fubjedt to elevation or deprellion ; not uncertain ; Defires compos’d, affedfions ever ev'n. Tears that delight, and fighs that waft to heaven. Pope. Capable to be divided into equal parts; not odd. — Let him tell me whether the number of the dars be even or odd. Taylor. To E'VEN, v. a. To make even. To make out of debt ; to put in a date in which either good or ill is fully repaid : Nothing can, or (hall content ray foul, ’Till I am evened with him wife for wife. Skakefpearc. To level; to make level. — Beat, roll, and mow, carpet- walks and camomile : for now the ground is- fupple, and it will even all inequalities. Evelyn. To E'VEN, v.n. To be equal to. Now difufed. — A like drange obfervation taketh place hereas at Stonehenge, that a redoubled numbering never evencth with the fird. Carczo. E'VEN, ,adv. [often contradted to ev'n.'} A word of drong adertion ; verily. — Even fo did thofe Gauls poflefs the coads. Spenfer. Dang’rous rocks, Which, touching but my gentle veflel’s fide, Would fcatter all the fpices on the dream, And, in a word, yea even now worth this, And now worth nothing. Shakefpeare. Notvvithdanding ; though it was fo that. — All lean fay for thofe pafTages is, that I knew they were bad enough to pleafe even when I wrote them. Dryden. — Likewife; not only fo, but alfo : Here all their rage, and ev'n their murmurs ceafe, And facred filence reigns, and univerfal peace. Pope. So much as. — Books give the fame turn to our thoughts that company does to our converfation, without loading our memories, or making us evert fenfible of the change. Swift. — A word of exaggeration in which a fecret com- parifon is implied ; as, even the great, that is, the great like the mean : Nor death itfelf can wholly wafh your dains, But long contracted filth ev'n in the foul remains. Dryd. A term of conceflion. — Since you refined the notion, dnd .corrected the malignity, I fhall ev'n let it pafs. Collier. E'VENCLADS, a river of England, in the county of Oxford, which runs into the Ids, about five miles wed of Oxford. EUE'NES, a town of Norway ; 180 rriiles north of Drontheim. Vol. VII. No. 407. EVE' E'VEN-HAND, f. Equality. — Whofo is out of hope to attain to another’s virtue, will feck to come at even-hand by depreding another’s fortune. Bacon. E'VEN-IIAND'KD, adj. Impartial; equitable: Even-handed judice Returns the ingredients of our poifon’d chalice To our own lips. Shakefpeare. E'VENING, f. [tepen, Sax. avend, Dut', ] The clefc of the day; the beginning of night. — It was the facred rule among the Pythagoreans, that they fhould every evening thrice run over the addons and affairs of the day. Waits on the Mind. Mean time the fun defeended from the (kies, And the bright evening dar began to rife. Dryden. Evening was reprefented by the ancients, in fculpture and painting, by the goddefs Diana holding in one hand her bow unbent, and in the other a dring, at which a couple of hounds were tied, lying on the ground as if weary. “ Evening red and morning grey, Are the figns of a fair day.” — How true this proverbial obfervation may be, is uncertain ; but we are not the only nation who make ufe of it. The French fay, Le rouge fair & blanc matin font rejouir le pelenn • “A red evening and white morning rejoice the pilgrim.” And fo the Italians, Sera reojfa , e bianco (though fome fay negro , black) matino , fanne allegro il pelegrino. “The Evening crowns the day.” — Latin, A folis oc- cafu non ab ortu, deferibe diem. This proverb is calculated to teach that we are not to judge of things or adlions till they are brought to their full maturity in the evening or conclufion of each refpeftive event. E'VENING-STAR,/. [inadronomy.] Hefperus : And now of love they treat, till th’ evening-Jlar , Love’s harbinger, appeared. Milton. E'VENLY, adj. Equally; uniformly ; in an equipoife. — In an indnite chaos, nothing could be formed ; no par¬ ticles could convene by mutual attraction ; for every one there mud have infinite matter around it, and therefore mud red for ever, being evenly balanced between indnite attractions. Bentley. — Levelly ; without afperities. — A palidi clearnefs, evenly and fmoothly fpread ; not overthin and wafliy, but of a pretty f o lid confidence. Wotton. — ■ Without inclination to either fide ; in a podure parallel to the horizon ; horizontally. — The upper face of the fea is known to be level by nature, and evenly didant from the center, and waxes deeper and deeper the farther one faileth from the fliore. Brerewood.- — Impartially ; without favour or enmity. — You ferve a great and gracious maf- ter, and there is a mod hopeful young prince ; it behoves you to carry yourfelf wifely and evenly between them both. Bacon. E'VENNESS,yi State of being even. Uniformity; regularity. — The ether mod readily yieldeth to the revo¬ lutions of the celedial bodies, and the making them with that evennefs and celerity is requidte in them all. Grew. — • Equality of furface ; levelnefs. Freedom from inclina¬ tion to either fide. — A crooked dick is not draitened, tin- lefs it be bent as far on the clear contrary fide, that fo it may fettle itfelf at length in a middle date of evennefs be¬ tween them both. Hooker. — Impartiality; equal relpeCt. Calmnefs; freedom from perturbation.— Though he ap¬ peared to relifh thefe bleffings as much as any man, yet he bore the lofs of them, when it happened, with great compofure and evennefs of mind. Atterbury. E'VENSONG, f. The form of wordiip ufed in the evening. Thee, ,’chantrefs oft the woods among, I woo to hear thy evevfong. - Milton-. ' The evening ; the dole of the day, — He tun’d his notes both evenfong and morn, Dryden . ■ P E'VEN- 54 EVE E'VENTIDE,yi The time of evening.— Ifaac went out to meditate at the eventide. Gen. xxiv. 6j. EVE'NT , f. \_eventus, Lat.] An incident; any thing that happens, good or bad. — There is one event to the righteous and to the wicked. Eccl. — Oh heavy times, be¬ getting fuch events! Shakefpeare . — The confequence of an action; the conclufion ; theupfhot: Two fpears from Meleager’s hand were fent, With equal Force, but various in th’ event ; The firft was fix’d on earth, the fecond ftood On the boar’s briftled back, and deeply drank his blood. Dry den. To EVE'NT, v. n. [ evenio , Lat.] To come forth : O that thou faw’ft my heart, or didft behold The place, from whence that fcalding figh evented. B. Jonfon's Cafe is altered. To EVEN'TER ATE, v. a. [ eventero , Lat.] To rip up ; to open by ripping the belly. — In a bear, which the hunters eventerated, or opened, I beheld the young ones, with all their parts diftindt. Brown. EVENT'FUL, adj. Full of incidents; full of changes of fortune : Laft feene of all, That ends this firange eventful hiftory, Is fecond childifhnefs. Shakefpeare. To EVEN'TILATE, v.n. [ eventilo, TuiX .] To winnow; to fift out. To examine ; to difeufs. EVEN'TUAL, adj. Happening in confequence of any thing; confequential. EVEN'TUALLY, adv. In the event ; in the laft re- fult ; in the confequence. — Hermione has but intention¬ ally, not eventually , difobliged you ; and hath made your flame a better return, by reftoring you your own heart. Boyle. EVE'NUS, an elegiac poet of Paros. — A river of Sta¬ dia flowing into the Ionian fea. It receives its name from Evenus, fon of Mars and Sterope, who being un¬ able to overcome Idas, who had promifed him his daugh¬ ter Marpefia in marriage, if he furpafled him in running, grew fo defperate that he threw himfelf into the river, which afterwards bore his name. Ovid. EVEPHE'NUS, a Pythagorean philofopher, whom Dionyfius condemned to death becaufe he had alienated the people of Metapontum from his power. The philo¬ fopher begged leave of the tyrant to go and marry his lifter, and promifed to return in fix months. Dionyfius confented by receiving Eucritus, who pledged himfelf to die if Evephenus did not return in time. Evephenus returned at the appointed moment, to the aftonilhment of Dionyfius, and delivered his friend Eucritus from the death which threatened him. The tyrant was fo pleafed with thefe two friends, that he pardoned Evephenus, and begged to ftiare their friendfhip and confidence. Polyanus. E'VER, adv. [oeppe, Sax.] At any time. — The mod fenfual man that ever was in the world, never felt fo deli¬ cious a pleafure as a clear confcience. Tillotfcn. — At all times; always; without end. — God hath had ever, and ever fhall have, fome church vifible upon the earth. Hooker. Riches endlefs is as poor as winter, To him that ever fears he fhall be poor. Shakefpeare. For ever. Eternally ; to perpetuity. — Men are like a company of poor infects, whereof fome are bees, delighted with flowers and their fweetnefs ; others beetles, de¬ lighted with other kinds of viands j which, having en¬ joyed for a feafon, they ceafe to be, and exift no more for ever. Locke. — It is fometimes reduplicated. — For ever and for ever, farewell, Caffius. Skakfpeare. The meeting points the fatal lock diftever From the fair head for ever and for ever. Pope. At one time, as ever and anon ; that is, at one time and another ; now and then s EVE So long as Guyort with her communed, Unto the ground ftie caft her modeft eye; And ever and anon, with rofy red. The bafhful blood her fnowy cheeks did dye. Spenfer .- In any degree.— Let no man fear that harmful creature ever the lefs, becaufe he fees the apoftle fafe from that poifon. Hall. There mull be fomewhere fuch a rank as man ; And all the queftion, wrangle e'er fo long. Is only this ; If God has plac’d him wrong f Pope. A word of enforcement, or aggravation. As foon as ever he had done it ; that is, immediately after he had done it. In this fenfe it is fcarcely ufed but in familiar language. — They brake all their bones in pieces, or ever they came at the bottom of the den. Dan. iv. 24. — That purfe in your hand has a twin brother, is as like him as ever he can look. Drydcn. Ever a. Any: [as every; that is, evejt ichor ever each is each one, all.] This word is ftill retained in the Scot- tifh dialedt. — I love thee better than I love e'er a feurvy young boy of them all. Shakefpeare. — It is much ufed in compofition in the fenfe of always ; as, evergreen, green throughout the year ; everduring, enduring without end. It is added almoft arbitrarily to neutral participles and adje£tives, and will be fufliciently explained by the fol¬ lowing inftances : EV'ERARD, [Gopoji, a boar, and pajrb, Sax. a keep¬ er; or, of ever, Eng. and ape, Sax. honour; q.d» one always much honoured.] A proper name for men. E'VERBODE, a town of Brabant : five miles north of Died. EVERBUB'BLING, adj. Boiling up with perpetual murmurs : Panting murmurs, ftill’d out of her breaft. That everbubbling fpring. Crafiaze. EVERBURN'ING, adj. Unextinguifhed : Torture without end Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed With everburning fulphur unconfum’d? Milton. EVERDIN'GEN, a town of the United Dutch States,, in Guelderland : three miles weft of Citlemburg. EVERDU'RING, adj. Eternal ; enduring without end. — Our fouls, piercing through the impurity of flefh, behold the higheft heavens, and thence bring knowledge to contemplate the everduring gl.ory and termlefs joy. Ra¬ leigh. Heav’n open’d wide Her everduring gates, harmonious found ! On golden hinges moving. Milton . EVERGE'TES, a furname fignifying benefactor , given to king Philip of Macedon, to Antigonus Dofon, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was alfo commonly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus. E'VERGREEN, adj. Verdant throughout the year. — The juice, when in greater plenty than can be exhaled by the fun, renders the plant evergreen. Arbutknot. There will I build him A monument, and plant it round with ftiade Of laurel, evergreen , and branching palm. Milton. E'VERGREEN, f. A plant that retains its verdure through all the feafons.— I find you are againft filling an Englifli garden with evergreens. Addifon. E'VER GREEN-THORN, f. in botany. See Mes- PILUS PYRACANTHA. EVERHO'NOURED, adj. Always held in honour or efteem : Mentes, an everkonour' d name, of old High in Ulyfles’ focial lift enroll’d. Pope. EVERLAST'ING, adj. Lafting or enduring without end; perpetual; immortal; eternal; And 55 EVE And what a trifle is a moment’s breath. Laid in the fcale with everlafing death ! Denham. EVERLAST'ING,/ Eternity; eternal duration whe¬ ther paft or future. — From everlafing to evcrlajling thou art God. Pfal. xc. 2.-^Eternal Being: Or that the Everlajling had not fixed His cannon ’gainft felf-flaughter. Shakefpeare . EVERLAST'ING, /. in botany. See Gnaphahum. EVERLAST'ING PEA,/ in botany. SeeLATHYitus. EVERLAST'INGLY, adv. Eternally : without end : I’ll hate him e verlafingly, That bids me be of comfort any more. Shakcfpeare. EVERLAST'INGNESS, / Eternity; perpetuity; an indefinite duration ; Nothing could make me fooner to confefs. That this world had an tverlafingnefs. Than to confiderthat a year is run Since both this lower world’s and the fun’s fun, Did fet. Donne. EVERLIV'ING, adj. Living without end ; immortal ; eternal ; inceffant. — The inftinCt of brutes and infeCts can be the effeCt of nothing elfe than the wifdom and Ikill of a powerful evtrliving agent. Newton. Is not from hence the way, that leadeth right To that moft glorious houfe, thatglift’reth bright With burning ftars and overliving fires t Spenfer. EVERMO'RE, adv. Always; eternally. More fee ms an expletive accidentally added, unlefs it fignified origi¬ nally from this time: as, evermore, always , henceforward ; but this fenfe has not been ftriCtly preferved : Sparks by nature evermore afpire, Which makes them now to fuch a highnefs flee. Davies. EV'ERNESS, / Everlaftingnefs. Bailey. EVERO'PEN, adj. Never clofed ; nor at any time Unit. —God is the great eye of the world, always watch¬ ing over our actions, and has an everopen ear to all our words. Taylor. EVERPLEA'SING, adj. Delighting at all times; ne¬ ver ceafing to give pleafure : Forfaking Sheria’s everpleafng ftiore. The winds to Marathon the virgin bore. Pope. EVERRI'CULUM,/ [ everro , Lat. to fweep away. 3 A furgical inftrument ufed to clear the bladder from gravel. E'VERSBERG, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and duchy of Weftphalia ; feven miles weft of Brilon. To EVER'SE, v. a. [ everfus , Lat.] To overthrow; to fubvert ; to deftroy. Not ufed. — The foundation of this principle is totally overfed by the ingenious commentator upon immaterial beings. Glanville. EV'ERSHOT, a fmall town in Dorfetfhire, 128 miles from London, thirteen from Dorchefter, and eight from Yeovil. It ftands on the borders of Somerfetfliire, and has a fair annually for horned cattle on the 12th of May ; and a weekly market was formerly held for corn, &c. but has been difufed for upwards of fifty years. Here is a free grammar- fchool, and a charity-fchool. The chapel is a large ancient ftrudtuse, with a high tower. Near it the river Frome rifes, which runs to Purbeck bay. One mile eaft of Everftiot is Mel bury, the feat of the ancient and refpeCted family of the Strartgeways. The houfe bears the marks of remote antiquity ; the weft part, being of the gothic form, and rifing into a lofty tower embattled, befpeaks the age of Henry VII. when, moft probably, it was built ; the other parts have Grecian orders engrafted on the other ftile, which altogether gives it an uncommon and piCturefque appearance. Among other fuperb and coftly devices, is a quantity of beautiful carving in wood, by Gibbons, the famous ftatuary in Charles the Second’s reign, which has been noticed by l EVE Mr. Horace Walpole in his Anecdotes of Painting. The houfe ftands in a beautiful park, abounding in fine old timber; near it is the remains of a gothic church, which fervesas a chapel to the family, and in which are a num¬ ber of very Curious monuments. fo EVER'T, r. a. \_evcrto, Lat.] To deftroy ; to over¬ throw.— A procefs is valid, if the jurifdiCtion of the judge is not yet everted and overthrown. Ay life. To EVER'TUATE, v.a. [ e , from, and virtus, Lat. virtue.] To deprive of virtue ; to deprive of power. EVERWATCHTUL, adj. Always vigilant ; Plac’d at the helm he fat, and mark’d the ikies, Nor clos’d in fleep his everwatchful eyes. Pope. E'VERY,a and the tenant cannot prove the payment, but produces an ac¬ quittance for rent due at a fubfequent time, in full of all demands, this is a violent prefumption of his havingpaid the former rent, and is equivalent to full proof ; for though the aftual payment is not proved, yet the acquit¬ tance in full of all demands is proved, which could not be without fuch payment ; and it therefore induces fo forcible a prefumption, that no proof fliall be admitted to the contrary. Gilo. Evid. 161. Probable prefumption ari ling from fuch circumftances as ufually attend the faft, hath alio its due weight : as if, in a fuit for rent due in 1754, the tenant proves the payment of the rent due in 1 755, this will prevail to exonerate the tenant (Co. Litt. 373); unlefs it be clearly Ihewn that the rent of 1754 was retained for fome fpecial reafon, or that there was fome fraud or miftake; for otherwife it will be prefumed to have been paid before that in 1755, as it is molt ufual to receive firft the rents of longed Handing. Light or rafh prefumptions have no weight or validity at all. The oath adminiltered to the witnefs, is not only that what he depofes fliall be true, but that he fhall alfo de- pofe the whole truth ; fo that he is not to conceal any part of what he- know's, whether interrogated particu¬ larly to that point or not. And all this evidence is to be given in open court, in the prelence of the parties, their attorney, the counfel, and all by-fLmders, and before the judge and jury ; each party having liberty to except to its competency, which exceptions are publicly dated, and by the judge are openly and publicly allowed or dif- allowed, in the face of the country. And if either in his directions or decilions he mis-ftates the law by ignorance, inadvertence, or delign, the counfel on either fide may require him publicly to feal a bill of exceptions, dating the point wherein he is fuppofed to err. Or if the legal effeft of a record or other evidence is doubted, this may be tried on a demurrer to evidence. 3 Comm. 367. The doctrine of evidence in criminal cafes is, in mod refpefts, the fame as that upon civil aftions. There are however a few leading points, wherein by feveral fta- tutes and refolutions a difference is made between civil and criminal evidence. In all cafes of high-treafon, pe- tit-treafon, and mifprilion of treafon,.by 1 Edw.VI. c. 12, and 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. n, two lawful witnedes are required to convift a prifoner ; unlefs he fliall wil¬ lingly and without violence confefs the fame. By 1 & 2 Phil, and Mary, c. to, a farther exception is made as to treafons in counterfeiting the king’s feals or fignatures, and treafons concerning coin current within this realm ; and more particularly the offences of importing counter¬ feit foreign' money current in this kingdom, and impair¬ ing, counterfeiting, or forging any current coin. The da titles S & 9 Will, 1 1 1 . c . 25 ; 15 & 1 6 Geo. 1 1 . c. 28, in their fubfequent extenfions of this fpecies of treafon do alfo provide, that the offenders may be indicted, ar¬ raigned, tried, convidted, and attainted, by the like evi¬ dence, and in fuch manner and form as may be had and ufed againd offenders for counterfeiting the king’s money. But by 7 Will. III. c. 3, in profecutions for thefe trea¬ fons to which that adt extends, the fame rule (of requir¬ ing two witnedes) is again enforced ; w ith this addition, that the confelfion of the prifoner, which fliall counter¬ vail the neceffity of fuch proof, mud be in open court. In the condrudtion of which adt it hath been holden, that a confefiion of the prifoner, taken out of court, before a magidrate or perfon having competent authority to take it, and proved by two witnedes, is fufticient to convidt him of treafon. Forfter 240, 4. But hudy tingarded con fefiions, made to perfons having no fuch authority, ought not to be admitted as evidence under this ftatute. And indeed, even in cafes of felony at the common-law, they are the weak eft and mod fufpicious of all tedimony ; ever liable to be obtained by artifice, falfe hopes, promiles, of 1 59 favour, or menaces ; feldom remembered accurately, or reported with due precifion ; and incapable in their na¬ ture of being difproved by other negative evidence. By the fame datute, it is declared that both witnedes mud be to the fame overt-aft of treafon ; or one to one overt- aft, and the other to another overt-aft of the fame fpe¬ cies of treafon, and not of dillinft heads or kinds ; and no evidence fliall be admitted to prove any overt-aft not ex- prefsly laid in the indiftment. And, therefore, in fir John Fenwick’s cafe, in king William’s time, where there was but one witnefs, an aft of parliament, (8 Will. III. c. 4,) was made on purpofe to attaint him of trea¬ fon, and he was executed. 5 State Trials 40. But in al- mofl every other accufation, one politive witnefs is fuffi- cient ; except in cafes of indiftments for perjury, w'here one witnefs is not fufficient, becaufe then there is only one oath againft another. 10 Mod. 194. By 21 Jaci I. c. 27, a mother of a baflard child, con¬ cealing its death, mud prove by one witnefs that the child was born dead ; otherwife fuch concealment fliall be evidence of her having murdered it. All prefumptive evidence of felony Ihould be admitted cautioufly; for the law holds, that it is better that tea guilty perfons fhould efcape, than that one innocent fuffer. And fir Matthew Hale in particular lays down two rules mod prudent and necedary to be obferved. 1. Never to convift a man for dealing the goods of 11 perfon unknown, merely becaufe he will give no account how he came by them, unlefs an aftual felony be proved of fuch goods; and, 2. Never to convift any perfon of murder or man- fiaughter, till at lead the body be found dead ; on ac¬ count of two indances lie mentions, where perfons were executed for the murder of others, who were then alive, but milling. 2 Hal. P. C. 200. By 14 Geo. II. c. 20, where any perfon has purchafed or fliall purchafe for a valuable conlideration, any eflate, whereof a 'recovery was necelfarv to complete the title, fuch perfon, and all claiming under him, having been in poifelfion from the time of fuch purchafe, fliall and may after the end of twenty years from the time of fuch pur- chafe, produce in evidence the deed, making a tenant to tire pr recipe, and declaring the ufes; and the deed fo pro¬ duced (the execution thereof being duly proved) fliall be deemed fufficient evidence, that fuch recovery was duly fuffered, in cafe no record can be found of fuch recove¬ ry, or the fame fhould appear not regularly entered. Pro¬ vided the perfon making fuch deed had a fufficient eflate and power to make a tenant to the pracipe, and to fufler fuch common recovery. A deed may be made good evidence, though tire feal is broken off; and where a deed is burnt, or loll, the judges may allow it to be proved by witneffes, that there was fuch a deed, and this be given in evidence. 1 Lev. 25. -But the court will not allow the jury, on a trial at bar, to carry deeds, writings, or books, with them out of court, as evidence to confider of, but fuch as have been proved ; though by the alfent of parties, or by af- fent of the court without the parties, they may be deli¬ vered to tire jurors. Cro. Eliz. 421. All deeds or writ¬ ings under feal, and given in evidence, they may have; and nothing which was not given in evidence ; for the court gives their direction to the jury wholly upon the evidence given in court. 1 Li/. 313. It hath been held, that the counterpart of a deed, without other circumftances, is not fufficient evidence; unlefs in cafe of a fine, when a counterpart is good evidence of itfelf. 1 Salk- 287. The probate of a will, when it concerns perfonal eflate only, may be given in evidence ; but where title of lands is claimed under a will, the original will mud be fliewn, not the probate ; though if the will be proved in the chancery, copies of the proceedings there will be evi¬ dence. r Salk. 2$ 6; and Raym. 335. In certain cafes the ledger-book of the ecclefiadical court in which the will is entered, is fufficient evidence, being a roll or record, of the court. Bull. N. P. 243, 6. 00 EVIDENCE. If depofitiotrs are taken out of the realm, lie who makes them is fuppofed there (fill, and they fhall be read as evi¬ dence ; but if it be proved he is in England, they cannot be read, but he muff come in perfon. i Lil. 555. Things done beyond fea may be given in evidence to a jury ; and the teffimony of a public notary of things done in a fo¬ reign country will be good evidence. 6 Rep. 47. By 1 & 2 Phil, and Mary, c. 13 ; 2 & 3 Phil, and Ma¬ ry, c. 10, juflices of peace fhall examine perfons brought before them for felony, and thofe who brought them, and certify fuch examination to the next gaol delivery ; but the examination of the prifoner fit al 1 be without oath, and the others upon oath ; and thefe e...tminations fhall be read againft an offender upon an indictment, if the witneffies be dead. Bull. N. P. 242. In a court of common-law, a decree in chancery is no •evidence. Letters may be produced as evidence againft a man in treafon, & c. Although a witnefs l'wear to the hand and contents of a letter, if he never faw the party write, he fit al l not be allowed as evidence. Skin . 673. In general cafes the witnefs fliould hfive gained his knowledge from feeing the party write ; but under forne circumftances, that is not neceffiary ; as where the hand¬ writing to be proved is of a perfon refiding abroad, one who has frequently received letters from him in a courfe of correfpondence, would be admitted to prove it though he had never feen him write. So where the antiquity of the writing makes it impoflible for any living witnefs to fwear he ever faw the party write. On an indictment for writing a treafonable libel, proof of the hand-writing is fufficient, Without proof of the actual writing. Bull. N. P. 236. The king cannot be a witnefs under his fign manual, &c. though it lias been allowed he may in relation to a promife made in behalf of another. Hob. 213. A peer produced as an evidence ought to be fworn. 3 Keb. 631. It is no exception to an evidence, that he is a judge or a juror, to try the perfon ; for a judge may give evidence going off from the bench. 2 Hawk. P . C. c. 46. And a juror may bean evidence as to his particular knowledge ; but then it mult be on examination in open court, not before his brother jurors. 1 Bill. 552. Members of cor¬ porations fhall be admitted or refufed to give evidence in aftions brought by corporations, as their interelt is fmall or great ; whereby it may be judged whether they will be partial or not. 2 Lev. 121. But they will not generally be admitted; though inhabitants not' free of the corporation may be good witnelfes for the corporation, as their intereft is not concerned. In aCtions againft church-wardens and overfeers of the poor for recovery of money mif-fpent on the parilh ac¬ count, the evidence of the pariftiioners, not receiving alms, ftiall be allowed. 3 & 4 Will, and Mary, c. 11. In informations or indictments for not repairing highways and bridges, the evidence of the inhabitants of the town, corporation, See. where fuch highways, lie, (hall be ad¬ mitted. 1 Anne, c. 18. Kinfmen, though never fo near, tenants, fervants, matters, attornies for their clients, and all others that are not infamous, and which want not underftanding, or are not parties in intereft, may give evidence in a caufe, though the credit of fervants is left to the jury. 2 Rol. Abr, 685. A counfellor, attorney, or lolicitor, is- not It; be examined as an evidence againft their clients, be- caufe they are obliged to keep their fecrets ; but they may be examined as to any tiling of their own knowledge before retained, not as counfel or attorney. 1 Vent. 97. The bail cannot be an evidence for his principal. If the plaintiff makes one a defendant in the fait, on pur- pofe to impeach his teftimony, under a pretence of his being a party in intereft, he may neverthelefs be exa¬ mined de bene ejje ; and if the plaintiff prove no caufe of action againft him, his evidence (hall be allowed in the caufe. 2 Li/l. Abr. 701. But in civil fuits, and indict¬ ments for trefpaftes, See, the plaintiff or profecutor ufually goes through his evidence, and thofe defendants who are not affeCted are fometimes, by direction of the judge, acquitted, and then give evidence for the other defendant or defendants; and fometimes they have been examined without the form of an acquittal. One that hath a legacy given him by \\ ill, is not a good witnefs to prove the will ; but if he releafe his legacy, he may be a good evidence. Skin. 704. It is the fame of a deed ; he that claims any benefit by it, may not be an evidence to prove that deed, in regard of his intereft; and a perfon any ways concerned in the fame title of land in queftion, will not be admitted as evidence. But it lias been held, that an heir apparent may be a witnefs concerning a title of land ; and yet a remainder-man, who hatha prefent intereft, cannot. 1 Salk. 385. To ob¬ viate all difficulties, it is enaCted, by 25 Geo. II. c. 6, that any devife to a perfon being witnefs to any will or codicil ftiall be void ; and fuch perfon (hall be admitted as a witnefs ; and that any creditor attefting a will or co¬ dicil, by which his debt is charged upon land, fhall be admitted as a witnefs to the execution, notwitliftanding fuch charge ; the credit of every fuch witnefs being left to the confideration of the court and jury. In criminal cafes, as robbery on the highway, in ac¬ tion againft the hundred; in rapes of women, orwhere a woman is married by force, &c. a manor a woman may be an evidence in their own caufe. 1 Vent. 243. And in private enormous cheats, a perfon may give evidence in his own caufe, where nobody elfe can be a witnefs of the circumftances of the fa£l, but he that fufFers. 1 Salk. 286. Upon an information on the ftatute againft ufury, he that borrows the money, after he hath paid it, may be an evidence, but not before. Raym. 191. An alien infidel may not be an evidence ; but a Jew may, and be fworn on the Old Teftament. 1 Injl. 6. A Quaker (hall not be permitted to give evidence in any criminal caufe, (unlefs he will take an oath ;) though on other occafions, his folemn affirmation ftiall be accepted inftead of an oath. 7 & 8 Will. III. c. 34. See the ar¬ ticle Quaker. — The oath of a Gentoo, fworn according to the circumftances of his religion, has been admitted in a civil matter. 1 Aik. 21. And by Willis C. J. an in¬ fidel, in general, is an admiftible witnefs, for the term does not imply that he is an atheift ; but wherever it ap¬ pears that a witnefs has no idea of a God or religion, he (hall not be permitted to give his teftimony. 1 Atk. 40, 45. Perfons excommunicated cannot be witneffies, be- caufe, being excluded out of the church, they are fup- pofed not to be under the influence of any religion. But perfons outlawed may be witnelfes, becaafe they are' pu- nifhed in their properties, and not in the lofs of their re¬ putation, and the outlawry has no manner of influence on their credibility. Bull. N. P. 292, 3. An informer may be a witnefs, though he is to have part of the forfeiture, where no other witneffies can be had. Wood’s Injl.it. 598. Members of either houfe of par¬ liament may be witneffies on impeachments. State Trials, vol. ii. 632. Ideots, madmen, and children, are ex¬ cluded from giving evidence, for want of (kill and dif- cernment. A witnefs fhall not be examined where his evidence tends to clear or accufe himfelf of a crime. State Trials, vol. i. 557. Nor is lie bound to give any anfvver by which heconfelfes or accufes himfelf of any crime. And a witnefs (ball not be crofs-examined till he hath gone through the evidence on the fide whereon produced. The court in criminal cafes is to examine the witneffies, and not the prifoner or profecutors. Though in eafe of the court, counfel are admitted to examine the evidence. An evidence (hall not be permitted to read his evidence, but he may look on his notes to refrelli his memory. The onus probardi, or burthen of proving, lies on the plaintiff; and the prefuniption (hall (land, until the con¬ trary appear; though that which plainly appeareth need not be given in evidence. Co. Lit, 233. The defendant’s Counfel 5 E V I E V I Si counfel is to conclude by way of anfwer to the evi¬ dence given to the jury by the plaintiff’s; but he who .doth begin to maintain the iffue to be tried, ought to con¬ clude and fum up the evidence given, which is no more than to put the jury in mind how he hath proved his caufe. i IJll. 55 1. When a witnefs hath been fully ex¬ amined by the party producing him, and crofs-examined by counfel for the adverfe party, the court will fome- timesafk a quedipnof the witnefs, when the jury may put any que (lions they think proper to the judge, for him to put to the witnefs, after which counfel on either tide cannot afk a fingle queflion of the witnefs, without leave of the court : for here the evidence clofes in every legal point of view. To E'VIDENCE, v. a. To prove; to evince. If they be principles evident of themfelves, they need nothing to evidence them. Tillotfon. — To (hew ; to make difeovery of. — Although the fame truths be elicited and explicated by the contemplation of animals, yet they are more clearly evidenced in the contemplation of man. Hale. EVIDENT, adj. [French.] Plain; apparent; noto¬ rious. — It \s evident, in the general frame of nature, that things mod manifeft unto fenfe have proved obfeure unto the underdanding. Brown. E'VIDENTLY, adv. Apparently; certainly; undeni¬ ably : Laying their eggs, they evidently prove The genial pow’r and full effects of love. Prior. To EVI'GILATE, v'. a. [e, from, and vigilo, Lat. to watch.] To watch diligently, to dudy hard. Scott. E'VIL , adj. [ypel, Sax. euvel, Dut.] Having bad qua¬ lities of any kind; not good. — An evil difeafe cleaveth fad unto him ; and now that he lieth, he (hall rife up no more. Pfalms. — The good figs very good, and the evil very evil, that cannot be eaten they are fo evil. Jeremiah. — Wicked; bad; corrupt. — Is thine eye evil, becaufe I am good ? Matth. — The imagination of man’s heart is evil from his youth. Gen. — Unhappy; miferable; calamitous. - — All the days of the afflidted are evil. Prov. — Mifchiev- ous ; definitive; ravenous. — It Is my fon’s coat ; an evil bead hath devoured him. Gen. E'VIL, f. [generally contracted fo ill. ] Wickednefs; a crime; injury; mifehief. — Whofo rewardeth evil for good, evil (hall not depart from his houfe. Prov. — Let thine enemies, and they that feek evil to my lord, be as Nabal. Samuel.— Malignity ; corruption.- — The heart of the fons of men is full of evil. Ecclef. — Misfortune; cala¬ mity. — -Shall we receive good at the hand of God, and fliall we not receive evil? Job. — A prudent manforefeeth the evil, and hideth himfelf. Proverbs. — If we will dand bungling at imaginary evils, let us never blame a horfe for darting at a (hadovv. VEJlrange. — Malady; difeafe: as, the king's evil. See Medicine. E'VIL, adv. [commonly contracted to ill. 2 Not well in whatever refpedt : All, froward Clarence, evil it befeems thee, To flatter Henry, and forfake thy brother! Shakefpeare. Not well; not virtuoufly ; not innocently. — If I have fpoken evil, bear witnefs of the evil ; but if well, why fmited thou me ? John xviii. 22. — Not well ; not happily ; not fortunately. — It went evil with his houfe. Dent. vii. 23. — Injurioufly ; not kindly.- — The Egyptians evil en¬ treated us, and afflidted us. Dent.. — It is often ufed in compofition to give a bad meaning to a word ; but in this, as in all other cafes, it is in the modern dialed!: ge¬ nerally contracted to ill. EVIL-AFFEC'TED, adj. Not kind; not difpofed to kindnefs. — The unbelieving Jews dirred up the Gentiles, and made their minds evil-njJcEled againd the brethren. Ails. EVIL-DO'ER,yi Malefactor; one that commits crimes. . — Whereas they (peak evil againft you as evil-doers , they may by your good works glorify God. Peter. E'VIL-EYED, adj. Looking with an evil eye : Thou (halt not find me, daughter, After the (lander of mod dep-mothers, Evil-cy'd unto you. Shakefpeare . Vol. VII. No. 408, . EVIL-E A'VOURED, adj. Ill countenanced, having no good afpedt. — Machiavel well noteth, though in an evil-favoured indance, there is no trufiing to the force of nature, except it be corroborated by cudom. Bacon , EVIL-FA'VOUREDNESS,/ Deformity.— Thou (halt not facrifice unto the Lord any bullock, or (beep, wherein is blemifh, or any evil-favourednefs . Deut. E'VILLY, adv. Not well : This adt, fo evilly born, (hall cool the hearts Of all his people, and freeze up their zeal. Shakefpeare. E'VTL-MEROD ACM, [Hebrew, dignifying the fool of Merodach.] A man’s name. E'VIL-MERODACH, the fon and fucceflor of Nebu¬ chadnezzar the Great, king of Babylon, fucceeded to the crown in the year of the world 34.43; but governed the kingdom during the indifpofition of his father, who, after feven years, having recovered his underdanding, once more afeended the throne ; and, as fome believe, impri- foned his fon Evil-Merodach . In this confinement it is fuppofed that Evil-Merodach maintained a friend Hi i p with Jehoiachim king of Judah, who had been carried to Ba- bylon by Nebuchadnezzar. For foon after his fuccedion to the throne, he delivered the king of Judah out of pri- fon, after a confinement of thirty-feven years, heaped many favours on him, and placed him above all the other kings who were at the court of Babylon. 2 Kings xxv. 27, Jer. lii. 31 . EVIL-MIN'DED, adj. Malicious; mifehievotts ; ma¬ lignant ; wicked; infidious: But mod (he fear’d, that travelling fo late, Some evil-minded beads might lie in wait, And, without witnefs, wreak their hidden hate. Dryden. E'VILNESS, f. Contrariety to goodnefs ; badnefs of whatever kind. — The moral goodnefs and congruity, or evilnefs, unfitnefs, and itnfeafonablenefs, of moral or na¬ tural adtions, falls not within the verge of a brutal fa¬ culty. Hale. EVIL-SPE AK'ING,y. Slander ; defamation ; calumny; cenforioufnefs. — Wherefore laying afide al! malice and all guile, and hypocrifies and envies, and all evil-fpeakings. Peter. EVIL-WISH'ING, adj. Wifhing evil to; having no good will. — They heard of this fudden going out, in a country full of evil-wijhing minds towards him. Sidney. EVIL-WORK'ER, J. One who does wickednefs.— Beware of dogs, beware of evil-workers. Phil. TaEVIN'CE, v. a. [ evinco , Lat.] To prove; to (hew ; to manifed ; to make evident. — The greater abfurdities are, the more drongly they evince the falfity of that fup- pofition from w lienee they flow. Atterbury. EVIN'CIBLE, adj. Capable of proof; demonftrable. — Implanted indindts in brutes are in themfelves highly reafonabie and ufeful to their ends, and evincible by true reafon to be fuel). Hale. EVIN'CIBLY, adv. In fuch a manner as to force con¬ viction. To E'VIRATE, v. a. \_eviratus, Lat.] To deprive of manhood; to emafculate. EVIR A'TION, f. A deprivation of manhood; emaf- culation. Scott. • To EVIS'CERATE, v. a. \e.vifcero, Lat.] To embowel; to draw ; to deprive of the entrails ; to fearch within the entrails. E'VITABLE, adj. [_evitabilis, I. at.] Avoidable; that may be efcaped or (Ii’unned.. — Of divers tilings evil, all being not evitable, we take one ; which one, facing only in cafe of fo great urgency, were not otherwife to be taken. Hooker. To E'VITATE, v.a. \_cvito , Lat.] To avoid; to fhun ; to efcape : Therein (lie doth evitate and flnin A thoufand irreligious curled hours. Which forced marriage would have brought upon her. Shakefpeare. EVITA'TION, f. The adt of avoiding,— In all bodies R there E U L Gg there is an appetite of union and evitation, of folution and continuity. Bacon. Tc EVI'TE, v. a. \_evito, Lat. ] To avoid : ’Gainft open fit a me no text can well be cited, The blow once given cannot be evitcd. Drayton. EVITER'NAL, adj. [aviternus, Lat.] Eternal in a limited fenfe ; of duration not infinitely but indefinitely long. EVITER'NITY, f. [, aviternitas , low Lat.] Duration not infinitely but indefinitely long. EUK'SINEH, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the pro¬ vince of Natolia : ten miles north-eaft of Eregri. EU'LE,/ [from tvXafy, Gr. to putrefy.] A worm bred in foul and putrid ulcers. EU'LE, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Kaurzim: tyvelve miles fouth of Prague. EU'LENBERG, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olnuitz : fourteen miles north of Olmutz. EU'LENBURG, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and territory of Leipfic, on the Mulda; containing three churches: beer confiiiutes the principal and almoft only article of commerce. EU'LE R (Leonard), a profound mathematical genius, born at Bafil, in 1707. The firft years of his life were fpent at the village of Richen, of which his father was protefiant minifter, whence at a proper age he was fent to the univerfity of Bafil. In that univerfity he regularly attended the different profeffors, and performed his aca¬ demical talks with uncommon rapidity. The mathematics became his favourite purfuit, in which he was encouraged by profeffor John Bernouilli, who was then one of the chief mathematicians in Europe, and whofe diftinguilhed attention and efteem he obtained by his early proficiency and unwearied application. In 1723, M. Euler was ad¬ mitted to the degree of matter of arts ; on which occalion he obtained very great applaufe by delivering a Latin difcourfe, in which he drew a comparifon between the philofophy of Newton and the Cartefian fyftem. After¬ wards, to comply with his father’s defire, who defigned him for the church, he applied himfelf to the thidy of theology, and of oriental literature, in which he made no inconfiderable progrefs ; but his predominant bias (till engaging him to devote his principal attention to the ma¬ thematics, his father very prudently fuffered him to fol¬ low the bent of his inclination. In the courfe of his Itudies under the inftruthions of Bernouilli, lie contracted an intimate friendthip with his two fons, Nicholas and Daniel, which afterwards proved the means of his intro¬ duction to the feene where his abilities (hone with diltin- guifhed lultre. Thofe two celebrated geometricians hav¬ ing been invited to Peterfburgh in 1 725, when Catharine I. was carrying into execution the order of Peter the Great for the eftabliffiment of an academy of fciences, they promifed Euler that they would endeavour to procure for him a fituation in that city. In the mean time he compofed a differtation On the Nature and Propagation ot Sound ; and alfo an anfwer to a prize queftion Concerning the Mailing of Ships, to which the academy of fciences at Paris adjudged the accejjit., or fecor.d rank, in the year 1727. He then fet out for Peterfburgh, and obtained the appointment of joint profeffor with his countrymen Her¬ mann and Daniel Bernouilli. To the academical col¬ lections of that univerfity, he contributed a great variety of memoirs, which excited a noble fpirit of emulation between him and the Bernouillis, unalloyed by the lead mixture of feffifh jealoufy, and fuch as produced no al¬ teration in their friendlhip. The integral calculus he carried to new degrees of perfection ; invented the calcu¬ lation of fines; Amplified analytical operations; and thus threw a new light on all the branches of mathematical fcience. In 1730, M. Euler was appointed profeffor of natural philofophy; and, in 1733, upon the removal Of his friend Daniel Bernouilli to Bafil, he fucceeded him E U L in the mathematical chair. In 1733, the academy pro-- pofed an intricate and important problem for folution, irp as fliort a time as polfible. Some eminent mathematicians demanded a fpace of fome months for that purpofe : M. Euler, however, completed it in three days, to the afio- nifhment of the academy. But his exertion on this occa- fion was fo violent, that it produced a fever, which en¬ dangered his life, and deprived him of the ufe of one of his eyes. In 173S, the academy of fciences at Paris ad¬ judged the prize to his memoir On the Nature and Pro¬ perties of Fire. In 1740, they propofed for folution the important fubjeCt of The Flux and Reflux of the Sea, which required the mod; arduous and extenfive calcula¬ tions, and comprehended the theory of the folar fyftem. To this fubjeCt M. Euler applied the force of bis genius, and produced a memoir which was allowed to be a maf- ter-piece of analyfis and geometry. But he had illuftrious competitors for the prize ; and it was not a little honour¬ able for him, that though not permitted to gain it alone, be was allowed to fliare it with Colin Maclaurin and Daniel Bernouilli. Such a brilliant competition rarely, if ever, adorned the annals of the academy ; and few fub- jeCts propofed before that body were ever treated with fuch accuracy of in veftigation, and force of genius, as the powers of this extraordinary triumvirate difplayed on the prelent occalion. In 1741, M. Euler was invited by Frederic II. king of Pruftia, to Berlin, toaftiftin forming and giving a luftre to the academy that was about to be eftablifhed under the aufpices of that prince. Such was the ftate of things at that time in Ruffia, under the pre¬ carious government of a regency which does not appear to have been favourable to the interefts of fcience, that he judged it prudent to accept of his majefty’s invitation, and accordingly repaired to Berlin, where he enriched the laft volume of the Melanges de Berlin with five e flays, which are, perhaps, the belt memoirs in that collection. In this new feene M. Euler’s genius and induftry appeared to eminent advantage, and produced an aftonifhing num¬ ber of interefting and important refearches, which are fcattered through the Memoirs of the Pruflian Academy, of which a volume has been regularly publilhed every yearfince its eftablifhment in 1744. At the fame time he continued his contributions to the academy of Peterf¬ burgh, which W33 now encouraged by the patronage and munificence of the emprefs Elizabeth, who granted M. Euler a penfion in 1742. The memoirs of that academy afford ftriking evidence of the wonderful fecundity of his genius. In 1760, a ftrong proof was exhibited of the refpeCi in which his character and talents were held among the Ruffians ; for when, during an irruption of their troops into the Pruflian territories, a fmall farm of his in the neighbourhood of Charlottenburg had been plundered in common with the furrounding country, general Tct- telben amply recompenfed him for his Ioffes, and the em¬ prefs Elizabeth alfo fent him a confiderable pecuniary donation. After M. Euler had remained twenty-five years at Berlin, lie was defirous of returning to Peterf¬ burgh to fpend 1 fie remainder of his days in that city. It was with much difficulty that in 1766 he obtained the king’s permiffion to follow his inclination, when the mu¬ nificence of Catharine II. liberally rewarded him fer the preference which he (hewed towards his Ruffian connec¬ tions. Soon after his return he had the misfortune 'en¬ tirely to lofe his fight, in confequence of a cataract that formed in his only u fef.nl eye, Which had been before in¬ jured by a too clofe application to his Itudies. But even in thefe circumftances he continued to excite the ap¬ plaufe and altonifhment of the world by his wonderful productions. In this fituation lie dictated to his fervant, a tailor’s apprentice, who was entirely unacquainted with, mathematical knowledge, his Elements of Algebra : a work which, by the fttlnefs of information, and profound- nefs of refearch that diftinguilh it, is equally recommend¬ ed to the moft experienced adepts, as it is to the Jftudent E U L by the wonderful fimplicity and clearnefs of the author’s manner. It contains the diophantine problems reduced to a fyftem, and all the proceffes of calculation which are neceffary for the folution of them, fully explained. About this time M. Euler was honoured by the academy of fciences at Paris with the place of one of the foreign members of that learned body; and, after this, received from them the academical prize for three of his memoirs Concerning the Inequalities of the Motions of the Planets. The next honours which he received from that body were two prizes, for queftions propofed in 1770 and 1772, re¬ lative to a more perfect Theory of the Moon, in iolving which he was affifted by his eldeft fon. In his lad me¬ moir on this fubjedt, he referved for farther confideration feveral inequalities in the moon’s motion, which he could not determine in his firfl theory, on account of the com¬ plicated calculations in which the method he then em¬ ployed had engaged him. Afterwards he had the cou¬ rage to review his whole theory, with the affiftance of his fon and Meffrs. Krafft and Lexell, and to purfue his refearches until he 'had conftrudted the new tables, which appeared in 1772. This work alone would be fufficient to render his name immortal ; and when it is confidered that it was completed after he was totally blind, and at a time in which he was embarralfed in his domeflic cir- eumftances, by a dreadful fire that had confumed great part of his fubftance, and forced him to quit his ruined houfe, it is impoffible not to be (truck with admiration and affoniffiment at the powers of his genius and memory, and the perfeverance, fortitude, and tranquillity of mind, which he uniformly difplayed. It would be difingenuous to omit obferving, that his felf-pofleflion and calmnefs he derived not only from the love of fcience, but from the influence of religion, which powerfully co-operated with philofophy, in infpiring him with true magnanimity and unwearied patience. Some time after this, the fa¬ mous oculift Wentzell, by couching the cataraft, reflored M. Euler’s fight ; but fome inftances of negligence on the part of his furgeons, and his own imprudence in making ufe of the organ before it was completely cured, deprived him of his fight a fecond time, and the relapfe was attended with much tormenting pain. Still, how¬ ever, he continued his labours, with the afliftance of his fon and Medrs. Krafft and Lexell. Neither the infirmi¬ ties of increafing age, nor the renewal of his calamity, under additional trying circumftances, could damp the ardour of his mind. He had engaged to furnifl) the aca¬ demy of Peterfburgh with as many memoirs as would be fufficient to complete its adds for twenty years after his death. In the fpace of Even years he had tranfmjtted to the academy above fe verity memoirs, and about two hundred more were found among his pofthumous writings. The mod ancient of thefe memoirs were feparated from the red, and form a collection that was published in 1783, under the title of Opufcula Analytica . His Introduction to the Analyfis of Infinitefimals, was translated Ironi the Latin by Medrs. Pezzy and Kramp, and ublifhed in 1786. M. Euler’s knowledge was not confined to his favourite dudies of the mathematics and adronoiny, in the profecution of which he has fecured to himfelf an imperidiable fame. He had made a very conikkrable progrefs in medical, botanical, and chemical, fcience. He alfo poffeffed, in a very high degree, what is generally called erudition. He had read, with attention and fade, the mod eminent Latin claffics ; and he was familiarly acquainted with the civil and literary hidory of all ancient and modern nations. His uncommon memory feerned to retain every idea that was conveyed to it, either from reading or from meditation. The Aineid of Virgil he could repeat from the beginning to the end, and point out to his hearers the firfl and lad line of every page in the edition which he ufed. He enjoyed an uncommonly vigorous condi tut ion, and a furpriling fiiare of health, conlidering the intensity and ardour of his application. E U M 63 His afpedt was grave and forbidding; yet his manners were unaftedted and pleafing, his temper lively and cheer¬ ful, and his converfation both inftrudtive and entertain¬ ing. The evening of his days was calm and ferene, fweetened by the fame that follows genius, the univerfal edeem and refpect that were due to his exemplary vir¬ tues, and the fatisfadtions which he received from the kind offices of friendfhip, and the endearments of domeftiS’ felicity. In the beginning of September, 1783, he was feized with feveral attacks of a vertigo, which did not prevent his calculating the motion of the aerodatical globes, which then began to engage the attention of the philosophical world. On the 7th of that month, while lie was amufing himfelf at tea with one of his grand-children, he was druck with an apoplexy, which terminated his illudrious career; but not till he had attained the gge of feventy-fix. Befides being foreign member of the royal academy of fciences at Paris, M. Euler was alfo member of the imperial academy of Peterfburgh, ancient diredlor of t he royal academy of Berlin, and fellow of the royal fociety of London. The cat ilogue of his works has been printed in fifty pages, four teen of which contain the ma- nufcript works. The printed works confid of fuch trea- tifes as have been publiflied feparately, and mentioned above ; together with fuch pieces as are to be found in the memoirs of feveral academies, viz. in thirty-eight volumes of the Peterfburgh Adts ; in feveral volumes of the Paris Adts; in twenty-fix volumes of the Berlin Adts ; in the Adta Eruditorum, in two volumes; in the Mifcel- lanea Taurinenfia ; in volume nine of the Society Ulyf- fingue; in the Ephemerides of Berlin; and in the Me- moires de la Societe CEconomique for 1766. His fon, John Albert Euler, was alfo much celebrated as an adrononrer and mathematician. He died at Peterfburgh, on the 6th of September, 1800, aged fixty-fix. Several memoirs on adronomy, written by him, may be found among the prize quedions of the Academy of Sciences, and in the Tranfadtions of the Academy of Peterfburgh. EULO'GIUS, patriarch of Alexandria in the beginning of the feventh century, didinguifhed himfelf by his zeal for the Chridian religion in a letter which he wrote to Eutychrus patriarch of Condantinople, containing an ex- pofition of the orthodox faith. He was raifed to the fee of Alexandria in 381 ; and with Gregory the Great, whofe fentiments and difpofition were congenial to his own, he lived in habits of correfpondence and intimacy. He died in 608. Of his various works little more than fragments are now remaining, which are to be found in father Com- befi’s ABuarium Pat. Grac. his edition S. Martini Oper. and Photius’s Codex, in different places, which are pointed out by Cave. EULO'GIUS, archbifhop of Toledo in the ninth cen¬ tury, a martyr under the Saracenic perfecutions in Spain, born at Cordova in the year 800. Having been acetified of converting a young Mahometan female to the Chridian faith, he was condemned to be beheaded, and differed that punifhment in S59. He was the author of, 1. Memo- riale SanBorum, five Libri III. de Marty ris Cordubenfihus. 2. Apologeticus pro Martyribus, &c. 3. Ex/iortalio ad Martyrium ; fome moral epidles, &c. They were colledted and printed, with notes, by Ambrofius Moralis, in 1554., of which a more corredt edition was publilhed by Poncius Leo, in 1574; and they are alfo inferted in the fourth volume of Hifpania Illujiruta, and the fifteenth volume of the Biblio - thica Pat rum. EU'LOGY , [ [ey and Gr. ] Praife; encomium, panegyric. — Many brave young minds have oftentimes, through hearing the praifes and famous eulogies of wor¬ thy men, been ft irred up to affedt the like commendations. Spenfer. — If Tome men’s appetites find more melody in dilcord, than in the harmony of the angelic quires; yer even thefe feldom mifs to be affedted with eulogies given themfelves. Decay of Piety. EUMA'RIDES, f. [evpa.^, Gr. eafy.] Among the ancients.. E U M 64 ancients, a kind of (hoes common to men and women. The eumaridcs were ufed for pomp and delicacy, being neaf, and painted with various colours. EU'ME, a river or Spain, which runs into the Bay of Corunna. EUME'LUS, a Ten of Adrnetus, king of Pherm inThef. faly. He went to the Trojan- war, -and had the fleeted horfes in the Grecian army. He diftingiti fhed himfelf in the games made in honour of Patrochis. Homer. — One of the Bacchiadae, who wrote, among other things, a poetical hiftory of Corinth, B. C. 750. Paufanias. EUME'NF.S, a man’s name. 1 Macc. EU'MENES, a celebrated general in the army of Alexander, the fon of a charioteer. Reconquered Paph- lagonia, and Cappadocia, of which he obtained tire go¬ vernment, till the powerand jealoufy of Antigonus obliged him to retire. He joined his forces to thofe of Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neoptolemus. Neoptolenrus peri fired by the hands of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed during the war, his remains received an ho¬ nourable funeral from the hands of the conqueror ; and Eumenes, after weeping over the alhes of a man who once was his deareft friend, fent his remains to his rela¬ tions in Macedonia. Eumenes- fought againft Antipater and conquered him ; and after the death of Perdiccas his ally, his arms were directed againft Antigonus, by whom he was conquered A. U. C. 433, chiefly by the treacher¬ ous conduft of his officers. This fatal battle obliged him to aifband the greateft part of his army to fecure himfelf a retreat ; and he fled only with 700 faithful attendants, to a fortified place on the confines of Cappadocia, called Nora, where he was finally befieged by the conqueror. He Supported the fiege for a year with courage and refolu- tion, but tome difadvantageous (kirmiflies fo reduced him, that his foldiers, grown defperate, and bribed by the offers of the enemy, had the bafenefs to betray him into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, from fliame or remorfe, had not the courage to vi fit Eumenes ; but when he wasafked by his officers, in what manner he wifhed hint to be kept, he anfvvered, “ keep him as carefully as you would keep a lion.” This fevere command was obeyed ; but the afperity of Antigonus vanifhed in a few days, and Eumenes, delivered from the weight of chains, was per¬ mitted to enjoy the company of his friends. Even Anti¬ gonus hefitated whether he fhould not reftore to his liberty a man with whom lie had lived in the greateft intimacy while both were fubfervient to tiie commands of Alexan¬ der ; and thefe fecret emotions of pity and humanity were not a little increafed by the petitions of his fon Demetrius for the releafe of Eumenes. But fear and ambition pre¬ vailed ; for when Antigonus recollected what an adtive enemy he had in his power, fie ordered Eumenes to be put to death in the prifon. Such was the end of a man who raifed himfelf to power by merit alone. His fkill in public exercifes firft recommended him to the notice of king Philip ; and under Alexander, his attachment and fidelity to the royal perfon, and particularly his military accompliftiments, promoted him to the rank of a general. Even his enemies revered him ; and Antigonus, by wliofe orders lie periftied, honoured his remains with a fplendid funeral, and conveyed his alhes to his wife and family in Cappadocia. EU'MENES I. and II. kings of Pergamus. See the article Pergamus. EU'MENES, a celebrated orator, born at Autun in Gaul. He was long a profeffbr of rhetoric in that city, where he acquired a great reputation. He is faid alfo to have been fecretary to the emperors Maxirnian and Con- ftantius, and he was much efteemed by Conftantine the Great. He pronounced a panegyric before the latter prince at Treves in 309, and again harangued him in the name of the inhabitants of Autun, in 31 1. He pronounced an oration before the prefect of Lyonnefe Gaul in favour of the reftoration of the public fchools in that province, towards which he generoufly offered to contribute his 1 E U M falary, which he eftimates at a fum amounting (if the reading* be accurate) to three thoufand pounds fteriing per annum. This muft probably have included his fa, lary of fecretary as well as that of profeffbr. He died about the middle or the fourth century. The remains of bis orations are printed in the P ane.gy rici Feteres. EUME'NIA, a city of Phrygia, built by Attalus in honour of his brother Eumenes. EUMEN IDES, a name given to the Furies by the ancients. They are fabled to have fp.ru ng from the drops ot blood which flowed from the wound which Coelus re¬ ceived from his fon Saturn. According to others they were daughters of the Earth, and conceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make them daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Pro fer pine. According to the melt received opinions, they were three in number, Tifiphone, Megara, and Alefto, to which fome add, Nemefis. Pin- ' tarch mentions only one called Adraffa, daughter of Ju¬ piter and Neceffity. They were fuppofed to be the miniffers of the vengeance of the gods, and therefore ap¬ peared ftern and inexorable ; always employed in punch¬ ing the guilty upon earth, as well as in the infernal regions. 1 hey infiifted their vengeance upon earth by wars, peftilence, and diflenfions, and by the lecret flings of confluence ; and in hell they punifhed the guilty by continual flagellation and torments. They were alfo called Furiae and Erinnyes. Their worfhip was alnioft univerfal, and people prefumed not to mention their names or fix their eyes upon their temples. They were honoured with facrifices and libations, and in Achaia they had a temple, which when entered by any one guilty of crime, fuddenly rendered him furious, and deprived him of the ufe of his reafon. In their facrifices, the votaries ufed branches of cedar, and of alder, hawthorn, fafFron, and juniper ; and the vifcdims were generally turtle doves and fheep, with libations of wine and honey. They were generally reprefented with a grim and frightful afpeft, with a black and bloody garment, and ferpents wreathing round their head inftead of hair. They held a burning torch in one hand, and a whip of fcorpions in the other, and were always attended by terror, rage, palenefs, and death. EUMENI'DIA, f. Feftivals in honour of the Eume- nides, called by the Athenians Seou, venerable god- deffes. They were celebrated once every year with facri¬ fices of pregnant ewes, with offerings of cakes made by the mod eminent youths, and libations of honey and wine. At Athens none but free-born citizens were admitted, fuch as had led a life the moft virtuous and unfullied. Such only were accepted by the goddefs, who punifhed all forts of wickednefs in a fevere manner. EUME'TOS,yi In natural hiftory, a done which if laid under the head was fuppofed to aillurb the fancy and occafion ftrange dreams. Phillips. EUMOL'PIDAi, the priefts of Ceres at tiie celebration of her feftivals of Eleufis. All caufes relating- to impiety or profanation were referred to their judgment, and their decifions, though occafionally fevere, were confidered as generally impartial. The Eumolpidae were defeended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was made prieft of Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. He became fo powerful after his appointment to the priefthood, that he. maintained a war againft Erechtheus. This war proved fatal to both ; Erechtheus and Eumolpus were both kil¬ led, and peace was re-eftablifhed among their defendants, on condition that the priefthood fhould ever remain in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal power in the houfe of Erechtheus. The priefthood continued in the family of Eumolpus for 1200 years; and this is ftill more remarka¬ ble, becaufe he who was once appointed to the holy office, was obliged to remain in perpetual celibacy. Paufanias. EUMOL'PUS, a king of Thrace, fon of Neptune and Chione. He was thrown into the fea by his mother, who wifhed to conceal her fliame from her father. Neptune faved his life, and carried him into Ethiopia, where he was E U N * was brought up by a woman, one of Whofe daughters he married. An aft of violence to his fider-in-law obliged him to leave Ethiopia, and he fled to Thrace with his fon IfmariiSj where he married the daughter of Tegyrius the king of the country. This conneftion to the royal family rendered him ambitious ; he confpired againfl his father- in-law, and fled, when the confpiracy was difcovered, to Attica, when? he was initiated in the myfleries of Ceres of Eleufis, and made Hierophantes or high pried. He was afterwards reconciled to Tegyrius, and inherited his king¬ dom. He made war againfl Erechtheus king of Athens, who had appointed him to the office of high pried, and perifiied in battle. His defcendants were alfo invefled with the priedhood, which remained for about 1200 years in that family. Apollodorus . EUNA'PIUS, a Greek fophid, hidorian, and phydcian, native of Sardis in Lydia, flourifned in the fourth Century, under the emperors Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian. He was a kinfman of the celebrated fophid Chryfanthius, at whole requed he wrote his Lives of the Sophids, or Philofophers, of his Time. This work is extant. It is written in a concife, and not inelegarit, dyle ; but for its matter, it is faid by Brucker, to be “ a mafs of extravagant tales, difcovering a feeble underdanding, and an imagination prone to fuperflition.” He alfo compofed a hidory of the Caefars from Claudius II. to Arcadius and Honorius. It is loft ; but it is fuppofed that Zoflmus copied clofely from it. A fragment of it, De Legadonibus, is remaining. His Vitce Philofophoruvi was publiffied, to¬ gether with a Latin tranflatiun by Junius, in 1596, by Commelin. EUNI'CE, [pronounced in three fyllables.] The name of a woman. * EU'NIT AK, a place of Ead Greenland. Lat. 61.4. N. ion. 46. W. Greenwich. EUNO'MIANS,y. In church hidory, a very confidera- blebody of Chridians in the fourth century, who oppofed the fuperditions that were introduced about that period. EUNO'MIUS, bilhop of Cyzicum, founder of the feft of Eunomians, in the fourth century. He was a native of Dacora, in Cappadocia, whence he went to Condantino- ple, where he gained a livelihood for fome time as a fchool- mader. From Condantinople he removed to Alexandria, and became the fecretary and difciple, of Aetius, whofe •opinions he embraced. Eunomius, having been ordained a deacon by Euxodius bifhop of Antioch, was entrufled with a commiffion to the court of the emperor Condantius, to defend Euxodius againfl the accufations of Bafil bilhop of Ancyra; but on his journey thither he was feized by the partizans of Bafil, and baniflied to Myda, a "city in Phrygia. During the reign of the emperors Julian and Jovian, he appears to have refided partly at a houfe which he had at Chalcedon, and partly at Condantinople, where he had the opportunity of alfociating again with his maf- ter Aetius, to whofe remains he paid the lad tribute of refpeft. He was not differed, however, to remain long in peace in that city after the death of Aetius, but was obliged to retire to Chalcedon. To that place alfo the enmity of his adverfaries purfued him, and, being accufed by them before the emperor of Valens of having afforded lanftuary to his rival Procopius, he was baniflied by his order into Mauritania. Wearied, at length, by a cruel repetition of haraffing perfecutions, he obtained leave from the court to retire to the place of his nativity, where he died at an advanced age, about the year 394. He was the author of various works, now chiefly lod, which provoked anfwers from numerous writers, among whom were Athanafius, Bafil, the two Gregorys of Nazianzen and Nylfen, Chryfoffom, Sophronius, &c. His treatifes ftill extant are, Eunomius’s Creed, prefented to the em¬ peror Theodofius in 383, fird publilhed from a MS. in the Florentine library by Valefius ; and his Apologeticus, or Defence of his Doftrinc, in which, according to Cave, the fly arch-heretic reafons flirewdly. The beginning and the conclufion of the latter piece are inferted in Vol. VII, No. 408. £ U N 6s Cave, as takdn front a MS. in archbifhop Tenifon’s li¬ brary ; and it is to be found entire in Fabriciiis, and alfo in an Englifli verlion at the end of the fil’d volume of Whiflon’s Primitive Chridiafiity revived. EU'NOMY, /. [from eve, good, and ko/zo?, Gr. alaw.J A conditution of good laws. EU'NUCILyi [eunuckus, Lat. from tun?, abed, txu> Gr.. to keep ; fo called, from their being employed about the beds or chambers of great men in the eafl.j An emafeu- lated orcadrated perfon. — When or where this infamous praftice had its origin, weare no where informed ; though it has been attributed to the people of Upper Egypt, from whence eunuchs are purehafed at this day for the ufe of the grand feignor. Browne, in his African Travels, afferts that many families in Upper Egypt claim the here¬ ditary privilege of eunuch-making. Thefe wretched beings are chiefly employed to watch over and attend upon the harems kept by the princes and opulent men in the eaderm countries, where a plurality of women is al¬ lowed. Several methodsof performing the operation are deferibed by different authors ; which fee under the ar¬ ticle Castration. The mod common mode is that of merely eradicating the tedicles ; but where eunuchs are to be truded with the perfons of favourite women, they are obliged to undergo total emafculatio-n, by having all the parts entirely cut away. In cafes where the tedes only are removed, it is not uncommon for fuch eunuchs to efteft a contaft with women ; though perhaps with little gratification to either fex, and with an utter impoffibility of inducing conception. Niebuhr, in his Arabian Travels, fays, “ Eunuchs born in a climafe which has a tendency to inflame the blood, are not void of paffion for the fair fex. On the fea, between Suez and Jedda, I met with a rich eunuch who travelled with his harem ; and at Bafira there lived another, who kept a number of females for his private amufement.” In China, according to fir George Staunton, eunuchs are much more numerous than in the dominions of the grand feignor. He dates that “ near fix thoufanff eunuchs were difmiffed in the minority of Caung-fliee, grandfather of Chen-lurig, the late emperor ; but they have been in- creafing ever fince that period, and hold at prefent mod of the inferior offices in the palaces of Pekin and Yuen- min-yuen.” The operation for thefe inferior offices, con- fids only in having the tedicles eradicated, as is done in Italy for ameliorating the voice, where boys from two to three or four years of age are often devoted to this fa- crifice of manhood, for the purpofe of fupplying the opera-houfes and theatres with fingers. But “ to be en- trufled with the care of the ladies of the court, it is deem¬ ed neceifary that all traces of fex fliould completely be erafed. It may appear furprifing to an Englifli reader^ that the operations for this purpofe, however, delicate in themfelves, are performed upon the Chinefe of an adult age, with little accident or peril in refpeft to life. This operation is indeed performed in China upon l’ubjefts of every age, from childhood to that of forty years ; and the fame praftice dill obtains in Perda. It is fuppofed that ligatures anointed with a caudic liquid are tiled for this purpofe in preference to the knife. The patient has been known to walk abroad in the courfe of not many days, apparently as if nothing had happened to him. Yet when emafculation takes place upon an adult fubjeft, he foon becomes withered, his beard falls off, and his face becomes furrowed like the wrinkled hag." See the ar¬ ticle China, vol.iv. p. 483. To corroborate this faft, dr George Staunton deferibes the eunuch who fuperin- tended the ladies in the palace of Y uen-min-yuen : “ lie was at lead fix feet high, and though under thirty years of age, he was fo wrinkled that he never appeared in pub¬ lic without his face being entirely painted : a girl’s voice could fcarcely be more flirill or feeble 1” See Staunton’s Embaffy, 4to. vol.ii. p. 316. According to Brqwqe, female eunuchs are not uncom¬ mon in fome parts of Africa, though its origin is not traced S f© GG ■E U N fo high as that of emafculating the males in Upper Egypt. This unfufpected but mod abominable practice is termed in the Arabic, chafadh and lire perfon who performs it ll confifts in cutting off the clitoris, a little before the period of puberty. Oui Africa aut Afta pla'gis Peragratis, primi hunc exfecandi morem Occidcntalibus narravere aubiores, ab ore incolarum re accepts!, et novitate ejus perculfi , de modi) excifionis toto cedo errare J'olent , ■nymphas exfecari perhi.bentes : prorfus inepte quidon,J'ed fepta pudicitid vitam agentibus , nunquam illis nudam ve/e longinquo vidijje , multo minus muliebria attrettavijfe, uti manifejhtm, con - tigerdt'. — Strabo is apparently the fir ft who mentions this cufiom, which is neverthelel's undoubtedly very ancient. Lib. xvii. - - nai to. nciihx TTifirep-mv, v.a i 7a Svfau evUep-niv, &c. “ Thirteen or fourteenyoung females (fays Mr. Browne) underwent ijxsbA. in an houfe where I was. It was per- formed by a woman, and fome of them complained much of the pain, both at and after it. They were prevented from locomotion, but permitted to eat meat. The parts v. ere walhed every twelve hours with warm water, which profufe fuppuration rendered neceffary. At the end of eight days the greater part were in a condition to walk, and were liberated from their confinement. The opera¬ tion produces an artificial impediment to the vagina, with a view to prevent coition. This cruel practice occurs mod frequently in the cafe of Oaves, whofe value would be diminilhed by impregnation, or even by the common refult of. coition, though unaccompanied by conception. It is alfo often adopted towards girls who are free, in cafes where the impulfe to venery is too ftrong to be counteract - ed by any lefs impediment. This operation is performed from eight to fixteen years of age, but commonly from eleven to twelve; nor are they who undergo it always virgins. In fome the parts are more eafily formed to cohere than in others. There are cafes in which the barrier becomes fo firm, that the embrace cannot after-, wards be received but by the previous application of a iharp inftrument. Ouoties aut.em combulatio forticr meatus etiam urinarii oditum claudere 7n1n.cJ.ur , pluma vcl offed quadam tubuld adhibitd, illam in ore urethra infer unt, ibidemque tenent, vfque dum c'analis majoris aditui ampliusinvigilare non fit opus." See Browne’s Travels in Africa, qto. p. 3+7 — 349. This appears to be a different operation from that oi^f paying or eradicating the ovarium, which there is evidence to fhew has been alfo praCtifed upon women — a wicked but mod effectual mode of counteracting the primary command of the Deity, increafe and multiply , and replcnifh the earth. Genefis. The ingenious Dr. Burney has taken much pains fo prove, that emafculation injures not the menjal or manly endowments, fo far as relate to the arts of invention, in¬ genuity, and courage. But however this may be in fome particular cafes, general experience, and obfervation on the brute fpecies certainly prove tire contrary. And with refpeCt to the licenfe fuppofffd to be given to this praftice from various readings in the facred Scriptures, it be fufficiept to obferve, that the term eunuch is there ap¬ plied to the (late of fervitude, or to the hr/lding of places of confidence and truft, as the etymology of the word evinces ; and not to the unnatural difmerpberment of the nobleft organ of human frame — that whereby the propa¬ gation of the fpecies can alone be carried on. Origen,. from a religious motive, was induced to caftrate himfelf, by thus milapplying the following words' of our. Saviour : “ and:eunuclis who made themfelves eunuchs for the. kingdom of heaven which clearly implies no more than perfons who devoted themfelves. to the fervices of the Chriftian religion. Though human reafort cannot but confider this practice in the molt. deteftable point, of view, yet it is carried on without fhame or remorfe, not enly in almoft all the countries where the Mohammedan religion prevails, but even in a Chriftian country, Italy, E V O once fo famousfof its manly virtues. It is to the honour of England, that even its earlieft laws wifely provided againft this unnatural excifion. See the article Castra¬ tion, vol . iii. p. 891 . To EU'NUCHATE, v. a. To make an eunuch,— It were an impoffible aCt to eunuchate or caftrate themfelves. Brown. EU'NUS, a Syrian (lave who inflamed the minds of the fervile multitude by pretended infpiration and en- thufiafm. He filled a nut with fulphur in his mouth, and by artfully conveying fire to it, he breathed out flames to the aftonifhment of the people, who believed him to be a god, or fomething more than human. Op- preffion and mifery compelled two thoufand Haves to join liis caufe, and he foon faw himfelf at the head of fifty thoufand men. With fuch a force he defeated the Ro¬ man armies, till Perpenna obliged him to furrender by famine, and expofed on a crofs the greateft part of his followers; before Chrift 132. Plutarch. EVOCA'TI, /I foldiers among the ancient Romans, who having ferved their full time in t he army, went after¬ wards as volunteers at the requeft of fome favourite ge¬ neral ; on which account they were called by the honour¬ able epithets of Emeriti and Bencfciarii. EVOCA'TION, f. \_evocatio, Lat.] The aCt of calling out. — Would truth diipenfe, we could be content with Plato, that knowledge were but remembrance, that in¬ tellectual acquifition were but reminilcential evocation .. Brown. EUO'DI A, f. in botany. See Agathophy llum and Fag ara. EUO'DIAS, the name of a woman. EVOI.A'TIC, adj. [e, from, and volo, Lat. to fly.] Flying abroad ; apt to fly off. EVOLA'TION,/. [from evolo, Lat.] TheaCt of flying away. E'VOLI, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, and province of Principato Citra : fifteen miles eaft-fouth- eaft of Salerno. TeEVOL'VE, v.a. \_evolvo, Lat. ] To unfold ; to dif- entangle. — The animal foul fooner expands and evolves itfelf to its full orb and extent than the human foul. Hale. ToEVOL'VE, v.a. To open itfelf ; to difclofe itfelf : Ambrofial odours Do round the air evolving fcents diffufe ; The holy ground is wet with heav’nly dews. Prior. EVOL'VENT, f. in the higher geometry, a term ufed by fome writers for the involute or curve refulting from the evolution of a curve, in contradiftinCtion to that evo- lute, or curve fuppofed to be opened or evolved. E'VOLUTE, f. in the higher geometry, a curve firft: propofed by Huyghens, and lince much ftudied by mathe¬ maticians, It is any curve fuppofed to be evolved or opened, by having a thread wrapped clofe upon it, faft- ened at one end, and beginning to evolve or unwind the thread from the other end, keeping the part evolved or wound off tight ftretched ; then this end of tire thread will deferibe another curve, called the involute. Or the fame involute is defertbed the contrary way, by wrapping the thread upon the evolute keeping it always ftretched. lmperfcEl Evolute, is a name given by M. Reaumur to a new kind of evolute. The mathematicians had hither¬ to only conlidered the perpendiculars let fall from the in¬ volute on the convex fide of the evolute: but if other lines not perpendicular be drawn upon the fame points, provided they be all drawn under the fame angle, the effeil will (till be the fame ; that is, the oblique lines .will all interleCt in the curve, and by their interfeCtions form the infinitely, fmall lides of a new curve, to which they would be lo many tangents. Such a curve is a kind of evolute,- and has its radii; but-it is an imperfeCt one, fince. the radii are not perpendicular to the firft Curve or involute. _ • ' •* EVOLU'TI©N, f. [evolutus, Lat.] The aCt of un¬ rolling or unfolding. — .The fpontaneous coagulation of E V O the little faline bodies was preceded by a! molt innumer¬ able evolutions, which were fo various, that the little bo¬ dies came to obvert to each other thofe parts by which they might be bed fattened- together. Boyle. — The feries of things unrolled or unfolded. — The whole evolution of ages, from everlafting to everlatting, is fo collectively and prefentifically reprefented to God at once, as it all things which ever were, are, or Hull be, were at this very inftant really prefent. More’s Divine Dialogues. — [In geometry.] The equable evolution of the periphery ot a circle, or any other curve, is fuch a gradual approach of the circumference to rectitude, as that all its parts do meet together, and equally evolve or unbend ; to that the fame line becomes lucceflively a lefs arch of a reci¬ procally greater circle, till at laft they turn into a ftraight line. [In taftics.] The motion made by a body of men in changing their potture, or form of drawing up. And thefe evolutions are doubling of ranks or files, counter¬ marches, wheelings, &c. Evolution of Pouters. [In algebra.] Ex< rafting of roots from any given power, being the reverfe of involution. EVOL'VULUS, f. [from cvolvo, Lat. to roll out.] In botany, a genus of the clafs pentandria, order tetra- gynia, natural order of campanaceae, (convolvuli, JnJf.) The generic charafters are — Calyx : perianthium five¬ leaved ; leaflets lanceolate, (harp, permanent. Corolla : one-petalled, rotate, five-cleft. Stamina : filaments five, capillarv, fpreading, almott the length of the corolla; antherae a little oblong. Piftillum : germ fomewhat globofe; ftyles four, capillary, diverging, length of the ftamens ; ftigmas fimple. Peiicarpium: capfule fome¬ what globofe, four-celled, four-valved. Seeds: folitary, roundilh, cornered on one tide. — EJfential CharaEler . Calyx five-leaved ; corolla five-cleft, rotate ; capfule three- celled ; feeds folitary. Species, i. Evolvulus nummularius, or nummularia evolvulus : leaves roundilh, ftem creeping, flowers fub- feflile. From a fmall, ttringy, fibrous, annual, root, fpring long trailing (talks, taking root here and there where they touch the ground, and putting forth alter¬ nately at fmall unequal difiances leaves almoft round, like thofe of lyfimachia tenella, three quarters of an inch long, and an inch broad, having a fmall notch at the end, and on petioles a quarter of an inch in length, and of a brown colour. Flowers axillary, on fliort peduncles, of a light bine colour; (Swartz fays white.) Legume brown, containing two or three brown feeds. Browne obferves, that the flowers are deeply crenated. Juflieu affirms, that the ftyles are two, and bifid ; and that the plant is not milky. According to Swartz, the ftyles are three or four ; and the capfule three or four-celled, and three or four-valved. Native of Jamaica and Barbadoes. Com¬ mon alfo in the dry plains of other ifiands in the Weft Indies. This genus is allied to convolvulus. 2. Evolvulus Gangeticus, or evolvulus of the Ganges : leaves cordate, obtufe, mucronate, villofe, petioled ; ftem diffufe. ; peduncles one-flowered. Native of the Eaft Indies. 3. Evolvulus alfmoides, or chickweed-leaved evolvu¬ lus: ’eaves-obcordate, obtufe, hairy, petioled ; ftem dif¬ fufe; peduncles three-flowered. This is a little annual plant, with a creeping root. The Items, leaves, petioles, and peduncles, are covered with rufous hairs. Leaves alternate, roundilh, on a (hort petiole. Flowers axillary, folitary, on long peduncles. Corolla blue, large in pro¬ portion to the plant. In Ceylon it has the name of WiJ'nu- garahdi, from the Malabar deity Wifnu , and garandi, which fignifies t lie dyfentery. It is reputed to be a fovereign remedy in that diforder. Native of the Eaft Indies; flowers in June and July. 4. Evolvulus emarginatus, or bordered evolvulus : leaves kidney-form, repand. Annual. Stems filiform, creeping. Leaves' petioled, fmooth, waved about the edge-;- petioles muricate underneath. Flowers axillary, E U O 67 folitary, fmall. Peduncles the length of the petioles. Native of the Eaft Indies. 5. Evolvulus linifol ius, or flax-leaved evolvulus: leaves lanceolate, villofe, feflile ; ftem upright ; peduncles three- flowered, long. This fpecies afforded the generic cha- rafter. The whole plant has the appearance of a very fine fort of flax. It feldom riles above ten or fourteen inches. The ftalk is generally fimple, or but very little divided, (lender, and upright. The leaves are narrow, and few ; they each throw out a long and delicate pe¬ duncle from their axils, furnifhed with a very fmall ex¬ terior two-leaved cup about the middle. The ftyles are two, and bifid. Th capfules are divided into two or four cells, and contain many feeds. In the low lands of Ja¬ maica it is an annual, flowering in Auguft and September. 6. Evolvulus tridentatus, or three-toothed evolvulus: leaves linear-wedge-form, three-cufped, dilated at the bale, and toothed; peduncles one-flowered. The ftem of this is twining, Native of the Eaft Indies. 7. Evolvulus fericeus, or filky evolvulus : leaves lance¬ olate, feflile, iilky underneath ; peduncles fliort, one-flow¬ ered. According to Browne, this is fo extremely like the linifol ius, that they are hardly to be' diftinguirtied with¬ out great attention. The flower-ftalks are very fliort this, the cups Angle, and every flower furniflied with four ftyles. Native of Jamaica, in the low lands. Propagation and Culture. Thefe are all ftove-plants, to be cultivated and treated as the tender lorts of convol¬ vulus from the fame countries. EVOMI'TION,/! [evomo, Lat.] The aft of vomitingout. EUO'NYMO AFPf'N IS, J'. in botany. See Croton and Kiggelaria. EUO'NYMO S'lMILIS,/. in botany. See Coffea. EUON YMOI'DES, J. in botany. See Celastrus. EUON'YMUS, /i [from sc?, good, and oro/aa, Gr. a name; but ironically, this fhrub having a bad reputation, asapuifon.] The Spindle.ts.ee ; a genus of the clafs pentandria, order monogy.nia, natural order of dumofae, (rhamni, JvJf.) The generic characters are — Calyx: peri- anthium one-leafed, five-parted, flat ; divifions roundilh, concave. Corolla : petals five, ovate, flat, fpreading longer than the calyx. Stamina: filaments five, fubulate, upright, fliorter than the corolla, placed on the germ as it were on a receptacle; antherae twin, Piftillum,: germ acuminate ; ftyle (hort, fim; le ; ftigma acute. Peiicarpium: capfule fucculent, coloured, five lided, five-cornered, five- celled, five-valved. Seeds: folitary, ovate, involved in a berried aril. — Ffential Characler. Corolla five-petalled capfule five-lided, five-celled, five-valved, coloured ; feeds calyptred, or veiled. Species. 1. Euonymus Europteus, or common fpindle-, tree: flowers moftly four- ftamened ; peduncles com. prefled, many- flowered ; ftigmas awl-(haped; leaves fmooth, bluntly ferrate; angles of the capfules blunt.. The difficulty of giving fignificant and permanent fpeeific or trivial names, is apparent from this genus, .When two fpecies only were known, they might well be diftin- guiftied by the titles Europaus and Americanus ; but now that we know three European and two American fpecies, this diftinftion is infufficient, and very ubfurd. The fame may be faid of Thunberg’s title japdnicus ; and he ought to have done better, becaufe lie knew that there were two, Japanefe fpecies. Acknowledging the difficulty of giving fignificant trivial names to be great, we leave them as we find them, being unwilling to increafe that confufion which neceftarily arifes from the prodigious number of plants which the ir.duftry of liter botanifts has-dilco- vered. The common fpindle-tree, when growing in hedges, is feldom feen of any confiderable fize, but is a fhrub ; if planted Angle, however, and properly trained, it will have a ftrong woody ftem, and rife more than twenty feet high, dividing into many branches. Leaves lanceolate, about three inches long, and an Inch and a quarter broad in the middle, oppoiue, entire, of a deep greea 68 E U O green colour. The flowers come out at the end of May, or the beginning of June, in fmall bunches from the fide of the dalks on (lender peduncles. The petals are whitifli, and fpread in form of 'a crofs. Though mod of the flow¬ ers have four damens, a four-parted calyx, and four pe¬ tals to the corolla ; yet it may be ranged in this clafs, with its congeners, from the primary flower, which has five ftamens, a five-parted calyx, and five petals. The capfule is turbinate, fwelling out like a cufhion, or the old-fafhioned clerical cap, four-grooved ; barked with a foft red membrane, coriaceous, four- celled, and four- valved. Partitions fattened to the middle groove of the valves. Seeds fixed, without any receptacle to the cen¬ tral angle of the cells ; they are folitary, or very rarely in pairs, ovate-globular, fmooth, involved in a flefhy- fpongy aril, which is perforated in the part oppofite to tlie navel, fixed to the dorfal band of the feed, and faf- fron-eoloured ; the feeds are pale flefh or rofe-coloured. The fruit ripens in October, at which time the feed-vef- fels fpread open and expcfe the feeds, which being of a beautiful red colour, tiiefe fhrubs make then a good appearance. From its ufe for fkewers it has the name of prkk wood, and is called by Gerarde prick-timber tree. It is called alfo toufc-bcrry , dogwood, Jkewer-wood, and gatteridge-tree \ by which latter names it is confounded with cornus fan- guinea. In German it is named fpindelbavm ; in Swedifh, aider-, in Danifh, beenved; in Italian, fufaggine-, in French, j'ufain, bonnet de pretre-, in Spanifli, bonctcro, bonete de clerigo ; m Portuguefe, barrete de clerigo-, in Ruffian, merejliletiana, hi/lianka, fzoida, Jtdlini berefdren. The wood is ufed by the mufical-infhrument makers : for fkewers and tooth¬ picks the branches fliould be cut when the flirub is in blofTom, for it is then tough, and not eafily broken -, in that (fate it is alfo ufed by watch-makers for cleaning watches. According to Linnaeus, lcine, goats, and flieep, eat it, but horfes refufe it. No animal, however, feems to browze upon it but the goat. The berries are faid to be fatal to flieep; they vomit and purge violently: pow¬ dered and fprinkled upon the hair, they dedroy lice. 2. Euonymus latifolius, or broad-leaved fpindle-tree : mod of the flowers five-ftamened ; bark fmooth ; pedun¬ cles filiform, cylindric, many-flowered; leaves fharply ferrate ; angles of the capfules fharp. This rifes with a fironger (fern than the firfi, and grows to a larger fize. Native of An Aria, Hungary, and mod of the fouthern parts of Europe. This was feldom feen in England, till Mr. Miller procured it from France; and it is now be¬ come very common in the nurferies. 3. Euonymus vermcofus, or warted fpindle-tree: dow¬ ers four-damened ; bark warted ; peduncles filiform, cy¬ lindric, with about three flowers. This differs from the two former, in having the dem and branches warted, the upper furface of the petals covered with a pile confiding of very fmall teats; the antlieras rounded, and placed upon their pyramidal filaments like the cap of a mtifli- room ; a rajfed tubercle fupporting each filament; the receptacle variegated, with red dots; no dyle, but indead of it a digma like a bladder; tlie capfule more flatted at the top, the furface a little wrinkled, and as broad as long; the feeds half black. Native of Audria and Car- niola ; flowering in May and June. 4. Euonymus atro-purpureus, or purple- flowered fpin¬ dle-tree: flowers four-damened; peduncles compreded, many-flowered ; fligmas four-fided, truncate. This is a native of the northern parts of Ada, and is a dmib about fix feet high, with an afn-coloured bark, fmooth, and free from tubercles. 5. Euonymus Americanus, or evergreen fpindle-tree : alt the flowers five-cleft, leaves fedile. This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the height of eight or ten feet, dividing into many branches, which come out oppofite from the -joints of the dem. Leaves lanceolate, two inches long, and about three quarters of an inch broad in the middle, ending in acute points ; they are oppofite, and continue \ E V O green all the year. The flowers are produced at the ends cf the branches, and alfo from the (ides, in fmall cluders ; and are fucceeded by round capfules, which, are clofely armed'with rough protuberances. Tt flowers in July, but feldom produces ripe fruit in England. This, being are evergreen flirub, merits a place in every curious garden, and particularly in all plantations. There is a variety in the' nurferies with variegated leaves. 6. Euonynjus tobira, or fmall Japan fpindle-tree: flow¬ ers five-cleft ; leaves oblong, retufe, entire. Stem fhrubby, upright, leaflets, branched, fcarcely a fathom in height. Brandies alternate, round, upright, leaflefs. Branch- lets alternate, upright, green, fmooth, leafy. The whole plant is fomewhat milky. Native of Japan, where it flowers in May. 7. Euonymus Japonicus, or Japan fpindle-tree: flowers four-cleft; leaves ovate, obtufe, ferrate. Stem flmibby,- ftrict, afh-coloured, naked, a fathom in height. Branches oppofite, from upright fpreading, green, but little leafy. B'ranchlets decudate, leafy, fhort, green. The flowers appear in June and July, and the fruit ripens in Novem¬ ber and December. Native of Japan. 8. Euonymus Chinenfis, or Chinefe fpindle-tree : dem fcandent ; leaves three-lobed ; peduncles many-flowered. Native of China, beyond the fuburbs of Canton. It does not agree very well with this genus, but may remain here till a better place be found for it. • Propagation and Culture. The four fird forts may be propagated either by feeds or layers ; if by feeds, they diotild be fown in autumn, foon after they are ripe; then the plants will come up the fpring following; but if the feeds are not fown till fpring, the plants will not appear till the following fpring, whereby a whole year is loft. The feeds diould be fown upon a fhady border, where they will fucceed better than when they are more expofed to the fun. When the plants come up, they will require no other care but to keep them clean from weeds till the following autumn, when, as foon as their leaves decay, the plants fliould be taken up and tranfplanted into a nurfery, in rows two feet diftant, and the plants one foot afunder in the rows; in this place they may remain two years, and then they may be removed to the places where they are to remain. When propagated by layers, the young dioots diould be laid down in autumn ; and if the. joint which is laid deeped in the ground is fl it, as is pradtifed for carnations, it will caufe them to put out roots much fooner than they otherwife would do; thefe layers will be fudiciently rooted in one year to bear tranf- planting, when they diould be taken from the old plants, and treated in the fame way as the feedlings. The cut¬ tings of thefe forts, planted in a fhady border, will take root, but they diould be planted in autumn, as foon as their leaves begin to fall ; they diould be the (hoots of the fame year, with a knot of the former year at the bot¬ tom. The fifth fort, which grows naturally in North America, is fo hardy as rarely to fuffer by cold in Eng¬ land, provided it is not planted in places very much ex¬ pofed. This may be propagated by laying down the young branches in the autumn, obferving to tongue them in the fame manner as is pradtifed in laying of carnations : thefe will have made good roots in one year, when they may be cut from the old plants, and planted in a nurfery for two years to get drength ; after which, they diould be planted where they are dedgned to remain. The reft have not yet been introduced into cultivation. See Cea- NOTHUS, CELASTRUS, RHODODENDRON, SPIR^SA, and T RICHTLIA. EVO'RA, or Elvora, a city of Portugal, and capital of the province of Alentejo ; faid to have been founded by the Phoenicians, and walled round by Sertorius, vyho ftipplied the town with water by means of a beautiful aquedudt. The fortifications at prefent are twelve baf- tions, and two half badions. In 1540, it was eredled into an archbidiopric by pope Paul III. and the fird prelate founded an univerfity. It contains five churches, feveral hofpitalS;, E U P E U P hofpitals, twenty-two convents or colleges, and 12,000 inhabitants. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1663, but retaken foon after : fixty-five miles eaft of Lifbon. Lat. 38.30. N. Ion. 10.53. E. Ferro. EVORAMON'TE, a town of Portugal, in the pro¬ vince of Alentejo, (ituated on a rock, and containing about eight hundred inhabitants : eight miles fouth weft of Eftremoz, and fifteen north eaft of Evora. EVO'RIA, a town of European Turkey, in the pro¬ vince of Livadia : twenty-four miles north of Lepanto. EVOU'TS, a final 1 iflandin the Southern PacificOcean, five leagues fouth from Terra del Fuego. Lat. 55. 33. S. Ion. 67. 36. W. Greenwich. EUPARE'A, f. [swaps 10?, having beautiful cheeks ; the petals being of a beautiful flefli colour.] In botany, a genus of the clafs pentandria, order monogynia. The generic characters are — Calyx : perianthium five-leaved ; leaflets lanceolate, acute. Corolla : petals five or twelve, oblong, narrow, Spreading longer than the calyx. Sta¬ mina : filaments five. Piftillum : germ roundifh, fupe- rior ; ftyle b ri (tie- (h aped, long ; ftigma fimple. Pericar- pium : berry juicelefs, globular, crowned with the per¬ manent ftyle, one-celled. Seeds : very many, roundifh, final!, adhering to a globular, fungous, free receptacle in the middle of the berry. — EJftntial CharaEler. Calyx five-leaved ; corolla five or twelve petalled ; berry fupe- rior, one-celled ; feeds very many, adhering to a free receptacle. Euparea amoena, or delicate euparea, a (ingle fpecies. This is a procumbent plant, having the appearance of Nummularia, but only one fourth of the fize ; the flowers have the colour of thofe of Anagallis ph.cenicea, or pim¬ pernel, but are many-petalled ; the fruit, which Gtertner in one place calls a capfule, and in another a juicelefs berry, however it be prelfed, will not open with regular valves ; it is therefore nearly allied to Trientalis : the feeds have a navel in the belly oppofite to the embryo. Native of New Holland, andTerradel Fuego. EUPA'TOR, a man’s name. 1 Mac. EUPATOR'GIA, a town of Ruflia, in the govern¬ ment of Taurida, on the Black Sea : (ixty-eight miles fouth weft of Perekop. Lat. 45. 40. N. Ion. 51. E. Ferro. EUPATO'RI A, a town of Paphlagonia, built by Mith- ridates, and called afterwards Pompeiopohs by Pompey. Pliny.-- Another called Magnopolis, in Pontus, now Tehcnikch. Strabo. EUPATO'RIA, f. in botany. See Agrimonia, Co- NYZA, EUFATORtUM, KuHNIA, SERRATULA, EUPATO'RIO-AFFI'N IS, J. in botany. See B.vc- CHARIS and SeRRATULA. EUPATORIOI'DES, f. in botany. See Gnapha- LIUM. EUPATORIOPI-I ALA'CRON, f. in botany. See Eclipta, Siegesbeckia, Verbesina. EUPATO'R IUM, /'. [of Pliny, svrralopiov, .of Diofco- rides. From Eupator, the furnanre of Mithridates, who is fuppofed firft to have brought a plant of this kind into ufe, as a medicine.] Hemp-Agrimony ; in botany, a genus of the clafs fyngenefia, order polygamia aequalis, natural order compofitae difcoideae, (corymbiferae JiJf.) The generic charadters are — Calyx : common oblong, imbricate; fcales linear-lanceolate, upright, unequal. Corolla: compound uniform, tubular ; coroliets herma¬ phrodite, equal. Proper funnel-form ; border five. cleft, fpreading. Stamina : filaments five, capillary, very ftiort ; anthers cylindric, tubular. Piftillum : germ very fmall ; ftyle filiform, very long, two-cleft almoft to the germs, ftraight; ftigmas (lender. Pericarpium : none; calyx unchanged. Seeds oblong ; down plumofe, long ; (pilofe, only toothletted or ciliate, G .) Receptaculum : naked. It is difficult to diftinguifh tliis genus from chry- focoma but by the calyx. — EJftntial CharaEler. Calyx im¬ bricate, oblong ; ftyle cloven half way, long ; downpltt- mofe ; receptaculum naked, Vol. VII. No. 408. 69 Species. T. Calyxes four-flowered. 1. Eupatorium dalea, or (hrubby hemp-agrimony : leaves lanceolate, veined, obfcurely ferrate, fniooth ; (lent fiirubby. Thefe are moftly tall-growing perennial herbaceous plants ; the greater part of the old forts are natives of North America ; many, however, of South America and the Weft Indies ; whence come moft of the new forts : feveral are found wild in the Eaft Indies, and one only in Europe. The firft riles to the height of nine and ten feet or more : it has a moderately thick woody ilem ; and throws out its branches in a pretty open pofition; frequent in the lower hills of Liguanea, in Jamaica. Dr. Patrick Browne thought it generically diftindt from eupatorium, and there¬ fore gave it the name of dalea. It flowers here in Auguft ; and is remarkable for the very pleafant odour of the whole plant, which continues many years even when dried. 2. Eupatorium parviflorum, or fmall-flowered hemp- agrimony : (hrubby ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ferrate fmooth ; corymbs fpreading ; calyxes three-flowered. This much refembles the preceding, but the leaves are oblong, the flowers fmaller ; the calyxes conftantly three-flowered, and the plant is almoft void of fcent. Native of Jamaica, much more common than the pre¬ ceding in fimilar fituations. 3. Eupatorium hyftopifolium, or hyffop-leaved hemp- agrimony : leaves lanceolate-linear, three-nerved, almoft: .entire. The third fort rifes with-an upright round (bilk to the height of three feet, fending out feveral branches towards the top, which come out regularly by pairs. The leaves are alio in pairs, they are two inches and a half long, and about one third of an inch broad, of a light green colour, and entire. The flowers (land upon long peduncles at the ends of the brandies, fome fu (Lining one, fome two, and others three or four, flowers ; they are white, and appear late in autumn. Native of Caro¬ lina, Virginia, and Maryland ; it has alfo been found in Japan by Tluinberg. 4. Eupatorium fcandens, or climbing hemp-agrimony : ftem twining; leaves cordate-ovate, attenuated, crenate- toothed ; lobes divaricate ; branches fmooth. Stemsan- nuai, twilling about any neighbouring fupport to the height of five or fix feet. At each joint two fmall fide- branches come out, terminated by clufiers of white flowers, fo that the ftalks feern covered with them mod part of their length ; but as tiiefe come out late in the feafon, unlefs the fummer prove warm, this plant does not flower well in England. Native of Virginia and Carolina ; it is alfo fuppofed to be a native of the Eaft- Indies, and to be the fame with that which is figured by Burman, Ind. 17 6. t. 58. f. 2. The Indian plant is fmoother, and the teeth of the leaves more obfeure. 5. Eupatorium volubile, or rolled eupatorium : leaves cordate-ovate, crenate, acute ; lobes parallel ; ftem twin¬ ing ; branches and petioles villofe. Native of the Eaft- Indies. There is another eupatorium from Madagafcarin every refpedt like this, except that it is entirely fmooth. 6. Eupatoriuna denticulatum, or toothed eupatorium : leaves cordate rugged, minutely toothletted ; branches angular. Native of Surinam. 7. Eupatorium amarum, or bitter eupatorium : leaves, cordate-ovate, acuminate, quite entire, fubtomentofe un¬ derneath ; flowers corymbed, ; ftem climbing. Found in the Caribbee iflands by Martfelt, and in Surinam by Rolander. 8. Eupatorium Houftoni, orHoufton’s hemp-agrimony r ftem twining ; leaves ovate, quite entire. Stalks (lender, twining eight or ten feet high, fending out fmall oppofite- branches at moft of the upper joints. Lower leaves heart-ftiaped, ending in acute points ; upper almoft tri- augular, fmooth, and ot a lucid green. The upper part of the ftalks has long branching (talks of white flowers,, which are fmall and ( e Rile. It was fent to Mr, Miller, from Jamaica by Dr. Houftoun. II. Calyxes five-flowered. 9. Eupatorium Zeylani- currij or Ceylon hemp-agrimony : leaves bvate-haftate,, X petiolsd.,. 70 E U P A T petioled, toothed. Leaves alternate, narrower at the bafe, with fmall rounded ears bent in, green and fmooth on the upper furface, tomentofe and veined on the lower like (age. Native of Ceylon. 10. Eupatorium fefiilifolium, or fefiile-leaved hemp- agrimony : leaves feffile ; ftem-clafping, diftiinSt, lanceo¬ late. Stems (lender, round, fmooth ; leaves in pairs, at two inches diftance ; feflile, two inches long, mucro- nate, refembling thofe of mint, (lightly toothed on the edge ; flowers terminating, corymbed, in many little heads, white, (lender. Native of Virginia ; flowers in September and Odlober. 11. Eupatorium album, or white hemp-agrimony: leaves lanceolate ferrate ; leaflets of the calyx lanceolate ; fcariofe at the end ; and coloured. Found in Pennfylva- nia by Bartram ; alfo in Japan by Thunberg, who defcribes the (fern as round, villofe, fpotted with purple, and branched ; the branches nearly oppofite, decollated and patulous : leaves ovate-oblong, (harp, pubefcent, an inch or more in length. 12. Eupatorium Chinenfe, or Chinefe hemp-agrimony : leaves ovate, petioled, ferrate. Stem foniewhat angu¬ lar, flexuofe-eredt, fmooth, but little branched, a foot high or more. Native of China and Japan. 13. Eupatorium Japonicum, or Japanefe hemp-agri¬ mony : leaves undivided and three-lobed, ferrate ; (lent fcabrous. Stem round, (freaked, ereft, branched, two feet and upwards in height. Native of Japan. 14. Eupatorium rotundifolium, or round-leaved hemp- agrimony : leaves feflile, diftinft, roundifh-cordate. This rifes with upright (talks about a foot high : the joints are near each other, and at every joint is a pair of leaves, of a light green colour, and ferrate : the flowers are produced in fmall loofe panicles at the topsof the (talks ; they are white, and have two fmall leaves immediately under them ; the flowers appear at the end of June, but the feeds feldom ripen in England. Native of New-England and Virginia. 15. Eupatorium (tipulaceum, or fti puled eupatorium : leaves haftate, acute at both ends, three-nerved, fti puled ; flowers corymbed; (tern climbing. Native of Brafil. 16. Eupatorium altiflimum, or tall hemp-agrimony : leaves lanceolate, nerved ; the lower ones a little ferrate on the outmoft part ; ftern underflirubby. This rifes with a Angle upright green (talk, about four feet high ; at each joint are four leaves in whorls ; fix inches long, and two inches broad in the middle, Ieflening to both ends, terminating in acute points, rough, ferrate, and on Ihort foot-ftalks ; (tern terminated by a clofe corymb of purple flowers, appearing in July, and continuing till September. Native of North America. 17. Eupatorium haftatum, or haftate-leaved hemp-agri¬ mony : leaves cordate-haftate, fomewhat toothed, naked ; (tern twining ; flowers in fpikes. The flowers fmell like thofe of Cacalia fuaveolens ; the tafle of the whole herb is bitter. This is a climber, and tiretches a great way among the neighbouring bullies ; it is frequent about St. Thomas’s in the Eaft, and Manganeel, in Jamaica. 1 S . Eupatorium Syriacum, or Syrian hemp-agrimony : leaves oppofite, fubfeflile, ternate. Stems liraight, round, four or five feet high ; flavour unpleafant and bitterifh ; it flowers in Odfober. 19. Eupatorium trifidum, or trifid eupatorium : leaves three-parted ; the floral ones undivided ; ftem climbing. Native of the Caribbee ifiands. 20. Eupatorium trifoliatum, cr three. leaved hemp- agrimony : leaves in threes. Stems upright, in a moift foil (even or eight feet high ; leaves oval, rough, lanceo¬ late, a little ferrate, in whorls of four, five, or (even, at each joint, three inches long, and two broad; the (ferns are terminated by a loofe corymb of purple flowers, which appear in Auguft, and continue till Ottober, but are not fucceeded by feeds in England. Gronovius found it in Virginia; Vernon brought it from Maryland ; Mil¬ ler (ays that it grows in Penfylvania ; Krocker relates 2. O ill U M. that it is found in Silefia, and that it is like our common European fort, except in having leaves in threes, and white flowers. Miller’s can hardly be Linnaeus’s plant. 21. Eupatorium cannab'inum, or common hemp-agri¬ mony : leaves digitate. Stems three or four, and even fix, feet high, hairy, reddifli, branched ; the ftem has a pleafant aromatic fmell, when cut ; the flowers have a ftrong fmell. The whole plant has a very bitter tafle ; a handful of it vomits and purges fmartly ; an ounce of the root in deception is a full dofe ; and is fometimes taken in the jaundice, dropfy, &c. but it is a rough me¬ dicine, and ought to be ufed with caution. Boerhaave gave an infufion of this plant to foment ulcers and putrid fores. Tournefort informs us, that the Turks cure the feurvy with it. Of all cattle, goats alone feem to eat it. Found on the banks both of running and ftagnant waters, frequently in mod parts of Europe; flowering in July and Auguft. In johnfon’s edition of Gerarde it is named common Dutch agrimony. /3. The variety, E. cann, folio integri, is the feedling plant, and has oval-lanceolate leaves ; it fometimes flowers in that (fate, but not often ; the fecond year it bears leaves in threes. Profelfor John Martyn found this variety with Ample leaves, but forgot the place. Dillenius met with it afterwards before you come to Lee in the road to El- tham. Mr. Woodward has fince obferved it near Bun¬ gay in Suffolk. III. Calyxes eight-flowered. 22. Eupatorium cori- aceum, or coriaceous hemp-agrimony : leaves elliptic, coriaceous, fmooth, toothed on the outfide. Suppofed to be a native of South America. 23. Eupatorium cinereum, or cinereous hemp-agri¬ mony : calyxes feven-flowered ; leaves oppofite, lanceo¬ late, tomentofe. This very much refembles an Athanafia in its flowers and woody rigid Item. Thunberg found it at the Cape of Good Hope. 24. Eupatorium purpureum, or purple hemp-agri¬ mony : leaves in fours, fcabrous, lanceolate-ovate, un¬ equally ferrate, petioled, wrinkled. Stem cylindric, green, but purplifh at the bafe of the petioles ; it grows to the height of three feet or more. Native of North America and Cochinchina. 25. Eupatorium diffufum, or diffufed hemp-agrimony : leaves ovate, ferrate, three-nerved ; panicle very much branched and diffufed. The whole plant is fmooth. Native of South America. 26. Eupatorium nervofum, or nerved hemp-agrimony : leaves elliptic-lanceolate, attenuated, toothed, triple- nerved, fmooth on both (ides ; calyxes many-flowered. 27. Eupatorium rigidum, or (tiff hemp-agrimony : leaves petioled, ovate, acute, ferrate-toothed, rigid, rugged underneath; ftem fubherbaceous. Natives of Jamaica. 28. Eupatorium maculatum, or fpotted hemp-agri¬ mony : leaves in fives, fomewhat tomentofe, lanceolate, equally ferrate, veined, petioled. Stem annual, about two feet and a half high, purple, with many dark fpots upon it ; leaves rough, placed by threes towards the bot¬ tom of the ftalk, but near the top by pairs at each joint ; flowers purple, terminating in a fort of corymb, appear¬ ing in July and Auguft, and in warm feafons ripening the feeds in autumn ; egret Ample or capillary. Native of North America ; and cultivated here in 1656, by Mr. John Tradefcant, juir. 29. Eupatorium auriculatum, or eared hemp-agrimony: leaves ovate, toothletted, tomentofe underneath, petioles eared ; ftem climbing ; flowers in fpikes. Native of Brafil. 30. Eupatorium nsolle, or foft hemp-agrimony : leaves petioled, cordate, acute, fubferrate, pubefcent ; ftem herbaceous, tomentofe. Native of Guiana, Jamaica, &c. annual . 31. Eupatorium villcfum, or hairy hemp-agrimony: leaves oppofite, decuflated, ovate, fubferrate, beneath villofe-tomentofe ; calyxes eight to fifteen-flowered ; ftem fhrubby. Native of Jamaica and Domingo. 32. Eupatorium 71 E U P'A T 32. Eupatorium cordifolium, or cord-leaved hemp- agrimony : leaves cordate, ferrate, tomentofe-hirfute un¬ derneath ; petioles very fhort ; corymbs fubfeffile ; ca¬ lyxes fquarrofe ; flem flirubby. 33. Eupatorium mon- tanum, or mountain hemp-agrimony : leaves cordate, acute, toothletted, petioled, rugged, hirfute underneath ; corymbs much fpreading ; (tern flirubby. Natives of Jamaica. 34. Eupatorium canefcens, or hoary hemp-agrimony : hoary ; leaves ovate, fublobed and entire, underneath very foft and three-nerved; corymbs ftmple. This is a branching flirub ; the branches having an afh-coloured bark : hranchlets oppolite, brachiate, fpreading, hoary and very foft, as are alfo the tops of the branches. Gb- ferved in the ifland of Santa Cruz by Pflug and Wed. 35. Eupatorium fcabrum, or rough eupatorium : vil- lofe ; leaves oppolite, petioled, ovate, mpdly entire, wrinkled, fcabrous on the upper furface. The dem feems to be underlhrubby ; it is upright, branched, roundifh, dreaked, villofe-fcabrous, leafy, many-flow¬ ered ; branchlets oppofite, angular, bearing flowers at the end. Gathered by Mutis in New Granada. IV. Calyxes with fifteen or more flolcules. 36. Eu¬ patorium perfoliatum, or perfoliate hemp-agrimony : leaves connate-perfoliate, tomentofe. Stems annual, from two to three feet high, hairy ; leaves at each joint rough, from three to four inches long, and about an inch broad at their bafe, gradually leflening to a very acute point, dark green, and covered with diort hairs ; the upper part of the flalk divides into many flender peduncles, each fudaining a clofe cinder of white flowers, coming out in July ; in warm feafons the feeds will fometimes ripen in England. Native of North America. 37. Eupatorium coeledinum, or blue-flowered hemp- agrimony : -leaves cordate-ovate, obtufely ferrate, peti¬ oled ; calyxes many-flowered. This has a creeping root, which fpreads and multiplies very fad ; the dalles rife about two feet high ; the dowers are produced at the top of the- dalks in a fort of corymb, and are of a fine blue colour. Dr. Dale fent the feeds from Carolina to Mr. Miller ; and it wasalfo cultivated in 1732 in the Eltham garden. Petiverand Plukenet received it from Maryland. 3S. Eupatorium aroinaticum, or aromatic hemp-agri¬ mony : leaves ovate, obtufely ferrate, petioled, three- nerved ; calyxes fijnple. Stem round, four feet high, drift, brachiate, having the appearance of Scutellaria ; leaves fomewhat wrinkled ; racemes terminating ; flowers twice the length of the calyx, fnovv-white, containing from eighteen to twenty-eight florets, the flyles fcarcely longer than the floret ; in this circumdanee it differs from the other fpecies, and in having the calyx not imbricate, but the leaflets almofl equal ; thus it approaches to Age- ratum ; but it lias a true down to the feeds. Native of Virginia. 39. Eupatorium macrophyllum, or large-leaved hemp- agrimony : leaves heart-fliaped, three-nerved, ferrate, underneath pubefeent ; dem alfo pubefeent. Stem the thicknefs of a lwan’s quill, ftriated, pubefeent. Native of the Caribbee iflands. 40. Eupatorium ageratoides, or nettle-leaved hemp- agrimony : leaves ovate, ferrate, petioled ; dem (mooth. Stems annual, five or fix feet high, towards the top put¬ ting out fide branches; at the ends of the fiiootsthe flow¬ ers are produced in large tufts, and are of a pure white ; they appear in October. Native of North America. 41. Eupatorium conyzoides, or flea-bane hemp-agri¬ mony : leaves ovate, attenuated, fliarply ferrate, three- nerved, fmooth above ; calyxes clofely imbricate. Sup- pofed to be a native of South America. 42. Eupatorium odoratum, or fweet-feented -hemp- agrimony : leaves deltoid, toothed at bottom, tomentofe underneath ; calyxes many-flowered. Stem a fathom in height, flirubby, branched, even ; leaves oppolite, peti¬ oled, three-nerved, dotted ; flowers terminating, tubco- ry.mb.ed, white ; feeds linear, nightly comprefled, with a O R I u M. capillary egret. This weakly flirubby plant is generally obferved to grow among other bullies, where it frequently cads its long, deader, flexile, oppolite, branches to a moderate didance ; the flowers are fometimes impreg¬ nated with a fmell perfectly like that of the European meadow.fweet ; it is very frequent in the lower hills of Jamaica. Introduced in 1 7So,by William Wright, M. D. It flowers in Augufl and September. 43. Eupatorium triplinerve, or three-nerved hemp-agri¬ mony: leaves lanceolate, triple-nerved, quite entire, fmooth. Stem round, frnooth, very finely ftreaked ; branches fpreading, flower-bearing. Sent from the ifland of Santa Cruz by Pflug. 44. Eupatorium ivaefolium, or ivy-leaved hemp-agri¬ mony : leaves narrow-lanceolate, three-nerved, fubfer- rate; calyxes fquarrofe, many-flowered. Stem fubher- baceous, two feet high, erect ; flowers fmall, blue. Common in Jamaica. 45. Eupatorium urticsefolium, or nettle-leaved hemp- agrimony : hifpid ; leaves petioled, cordate, gafh-ferrate ; panicle terminating ; calyxes many-flowered, awl-Aiaped, fomewhat pungent. 46. Eupatorium floechadifolium, or cotton-weed eupatorium : tomentofe; leaves petioled, li¬ near, crenate, hoary underneath ; panicle terminating. 47. Eupatorium microphyllum, or fmall-leaved hemp- agrimony : leaves triangular-ovate, with nine notches, tomentofe and veined underneath ; panicle conglomerate, terminating, peduncle elongated. Thefe three fpecies were found in New Granada by Mutis. 48. Eupatorium fquarrofum, or fquare hemp-agrimony : leaves fubcordate, ovate-acute, ferrate ; calyxes fquar- rofe. Stems a fathom in height, round, fubtomentofe, with oppofite branches. Native of Mexico. 49. Eupatorium finuaturn, or finuate hempfagrimony : leaves ovate, finuate, hairy, alternate ; calyxes eight- flowered, or thereabouts. Stem fuffruticofe, three feet high, eredt, hifpid ; leaves toothletted ; flowers pur- plifli, in terminating panicles. Native of the ifland of Mozambique on the coad of Africa. This belongs to the third fedtion with eight-flowered calyxes. Befides thefe, Miller has five forts, which were fent him from Vera Cruz by Dr. Houdoun : — 1. Eupatorium fruticofum, No. 6. with oblong-cord3te leaves ; flowers in panicles ; dem flirubby, climbing : it rifes to the height of ten or twelve feet ; the leaves are oppofite, about three inches long, and an inch and half broad, of a lucid green ; the panicles are long and branch¬ ing, and proceed from the fide of the dalks ; the flowers are white. 2. Eupatorium betonicifolium, No. 9, with oblong blunt crenate fmooth leaves, and Ample calyxes : it rifes with an upright dem near two feet high, having towards the bottom leaves of a thick fubdance ; from the upper part, which is baked, the flowers come out in a thick panicle ; their colour is blue, and they come out late in autumn : the root is biennial. 3. Eupatorium morifolium. No; 10. with heart-fliaped ferrate leaves, and an upright tree-like flem : this rifes twelve or fourteen feet high, fending out many channelled brandies, covered with a brown bark ; leaves as large as thofe of the mulberry-tree, of a light green colour, oppo¬ fite, on petioles near two inches long. 4. Eupatorium pundfatum, No. 1 x . with ovate petioled entire leaves ; dem flirubby branching ; calyxes Ample ; flems near five feet high, dividing into many flender branches, the joints of which are three or four inches afunder ; at eacli of thefe is a pair of leaves, about three quarters of an inch long, and half an inch broad, having ieveral black (pots on their furface, and upon long (len¬ der foot-dalks ; the branches are horizontal, terminated by fmall bundles of white flowers. 5. Eupatorium paniculatum, No. 15. with heart- fliaped wrinkled crenate leaves, and a panicled flem : this rifes with an upright branching flem three feet high, fending out two fide branches from every joint, al¬ mofl 72 E U P E U P mod the whole length ; thefe are terminated by loofe fpikes of red flowers, as is alfo the principal (fern ; the leaves are rough, feflile, of a light green, and a little hoary. Eupatorium conyzoides, No. 14. may probably be the fame with Kuhnia conyzoides of Linnaeus. Propagation and Culture. The North American forts, No. 3,4, 10, 11, 14, 16, 20, 24, 28, 36, 37, 3S, 40. being hardy plants, the feeds may be fown in the full ground, Ifut there rnuft be care taken in the fow'ing to keep the forts feparate ; for, as the feeds of thefe plants have a light down adhering to them, they are eafily difplaced by the lead wind ; fo that the bed way will be to fow them in drills, but thefe fhould be but (hallow, for, if the feeds are buried too deep, they will not grow. The bed in which thefe are fown fhould not be too much expofed to the fun, but rather have ah eafi afpeiT, where the morning fun only reaches it ; but where it is more expofed, it fhould be (haded with mats in the heat of the day, and the ground fhould be kept pretty moift; for as thefe plants generally grow in moift fhudv fituations in their native countries, they will (ucceed better when they have a foil and lituation fomewhat like that ; though as we want their heat in fummer, the plants will thrive here when expofed to the (un, provided they have a moift foil, or are fupplied with water in dry weather. When the young' plants come up, they mu ft be kept clean from weeds ; and where they are too clofe, fome of them fhould be drawn out, to give room for the others to grow ; and if thefe are wanted, they may be planted in another bed, where, if they are (haded and watered, they will foon take root ; after which they will require no farther care but to keep them clean from weeds till the following autumn, when they jnay be tranfplanted to the places where they are to remain. As the roots of thefe plants foread out to acon- iiderable diftance, they fh.ould not be allowed lefs than three feet from any other plants, and fome of the largeft growing fhould be allowed four feet. If the foil in which they are planted is a foft gentle loam, they will thrive much better, and flower ftronger, than in light dry ground ; in which, if they are not duly watered in dry fummers, their leaves will (brink, and their ftalks will not grow to half their ufual height. All thefe forts have perennial roots, by which they may be propagated ; and as fome of them do not perfebt their feeds in England, that is the only way of increafing the plants here ; fome of the forts have creeping roots, fending out offsets in great plenty, fo thefe are eafily propagated ; and the others may be taken up, or the heads taken off from them, every other year, in doing of which there fhould be care taken not to cut or injure the old plants too much, which would caufe them to flower weak the following year. The belt tune to remove thefe plants is in autumn, as foon as they have done growing, that they may get freffi roots before the froft comes on ; but if that Ihould happen foon after their removal, if the furface of the ground is covered with tan, or dried leaves, to keep out the froft, it will effebhially fecure them ; and if this is done to the old plants in very fevere winters, it will always preferve them ; however, it may not be amifs to prabtife this on the young feedling plants, which have not fo good roots, norare fo well eftablifhed in the ground ; the future cul¬ ture will be only to dig the ground about them every fpring, and keep them clean. The fourth fort however is fometimes killed in very fevere weather, if not covered ; when the ftalks therefore decay in autumn, the ground fhould be covered with fome old tanner’s bark ; it multi¬ plies very faft by its creeping roots, which may be parted every other year. The European fort, (No. 21,) is fel- dom admitted into gardens, becaufe it is very common by water (ides ; and wherever it is fuffered to feed, the ground wiil be well ftored with the plants to a great dif- tance. Thofe which are natives of the Weft Indies, and 'other hot countries, (No. 1, 2, 5 — 9, 15, 17 — =19, 22, 25, 26, 27, 29 — 35, 39, 41 — 49,) being tender, fhould be planted in pots, and kept conftantly plunged in the tan- bed in the ftove, where they will thrive and flower. Thefe may be propagated by cutting off fome of their young (hoots about the middle of June, when they have ftrength, planting them in pots filled with light earth, and plunging them into a moderate hot-bed, where, if they are (haded from the fun, and gently watered as they may require it, they will put out roets in fix weeks, and may then be tranfplanted into feparate pots, and treated as the old plants. When the feeds of thefe tender forts can be had from their native countries, the plants raifed that way are much preferable to thofe which are obtained by any other method, and will Rower much ftronger; but, as thefe feeds feldom grow the firftyear, few perfons have patience to wait for the plants coming up. When any of thefe feeds are brought over, they fhould be fown as foon as they arrive in pots, that they may be re¬ moved at any time ; the pots fhould be plunged into a moderate hot-bed, and the earth kept tolerably moift j the glaffes fhould alfo be (haded in the heat of the day, to prevent the earth from drying ; in this hot-bed the pots may remain till autumn, when, if the plants are not up, they fhould be plunged between the plants in the bark-ftove, and in the fpring removed to a gentle hot-bed, which will bring up the plants foon after. When thefe are fit to remove they fhould be planted in feparate fmalL pots, and plunged into the hot-bed again, (hading them from the fun till they have taken new root ; then they fhould have a large (hare of free air admitted to them in warm weather, and frequently refrefhed with water. In the winter thefe plants fhould be more fparingly watered, efpecially thofe forts whofe ftalks decay ; and in the fum¬ mer they fhould have a large (hare of free air admitted to them, with which management they will thrive and flower. See Ageratum, Agrimonia, Baccharis, Bidens, Chrysocoma, Conyza, Coreopsis, Kuh¬ nia, Seriphium, Stoebe. EUPAT'RIDJE, in antiquity, a title given to the no¬ bility of Athens, as diftinguifhed from the Geomori and Demiurgi. The Enpatridie, by Thefeiis’s eftablifhment, had the right of choofing magiftrates, difpenfing the laws, and interpretingreligious myfteries. The whole city, in all other matters, was reduced to an equality. The Geomori were inifbandmen, and inferior to the Eupatrida; in point of fortune ; the Demiurgi were artificers, and fell fliort of the Eupatridre in number. EUPSP'SIA, f. from sv, well, and Treirla, Gr. to concobt.] A good and heathful digeftion. EUPEP'TIC, adj. Of eafy digeftion. — Thofe that are eupeptic , and promote concobtion. Evelyn’s Acctaria. ■ EUPET'ALCJS, f in natural hiftory, a precious ftone of four colours : in botany, a kind of laurel. EUPHAN'TUS, a poet and hiftcrian of Olynthus, fori of Eubulides, and preceptor to Antigonus king of Mace¬ donia. EUPHE'ME, in fabulous hiftory, the nurfe to the Mufes, and mother of Crocus by Pan. PauJ'anias. EU'PHEMISM, /. [eu, well, and Gr. to fay.] A good name, a reprefentation of good qu-.ities; a figure in rhetoric in which a harfh word or expreflion is changed for one lefs offenfive. EUPHE'MUS, in fabulous hiftory, a fon of Neptune and Europa, who was among the Argonauts, and the hunters of the Calydonian boar. He was faid to be fo fwift and light, that he could run over the fea without fcarcely wetting his feet. Pindar. EU'PHON, f. a mufical inftrument lately invented by Dr. Chladni of Wittenberg, confiding of forty-two im¬ moveable parallel cylinders of glafs of equal length and thicknefs ; but its conftrubtion, tone, and the method of playing it, are totally different from thofe of the harmo¬ nica, with which indeed it has nothing in common but the glafs. This inftrument has fome refemblance to a writing defk. When opened, the glafs tubes, of the thicknefs of the barrel of a quill, and about fixteen inches E U P inches long, are feen in a horizontal pofition. They are wetted with water, by means of a fponge, and ftruked with the wet fingers in the direction of their length, fo that the increafe of the tone depends merely on the stronger or weaker prelTure, and the flower or quicker movement of the fingers. EUPON'ICAL, ad}. Sounding agreeably. EU'PHONY, f. [ euphonic , Fr. euphoria, Lat. of ev, well, and 0arn , Gr. the voice.] An harmonious found; a fmooth or graceful flow of words. EUPHOR'BI A, f. [from Euphorbus, phyfician to king Juba.] Euphorbium or Spurge ; in botany, a genus of the clafs dodecandria, order trigynia, natural order tri- coccae, (euphorbice, jfujf.) The generic charadters are — Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, inflated, fomewhat co¬ loured, four-toothed at the mouth, (in fonte few five¬ toothed,) permanent. Corolla : petals four, (in fome few five,) turbinate, gibbous, thick, truncate, unequal in fituation, alternate with the teeth of the calyx, with their claws placed on the margin of the calyx, perma¬ nent. Stamina: filaments feveral, (twelve or more,) fili¬ form, jointed, inferted into the receptacle, longer than the corolla, breaking forth at different times ; anthers twin, roundifh. Piftillum : germ roundifli, three-fided, pedicelled ; ftyles three, two-cleft ; ftigmas obtufe. Pe- ricarpium : capfule roundifli, tricoccous, three-celled, ftarting open elaftically. Seeds: folitary, roundifli. — EJfential CkaraBer. Corolla, four or five-petalled, placed on the calyx ; calyx, one-leafed, bellying; capfule, tri¬ coccous. Species. I. Shrubby, prickly. r. Euphorbia anti- quorum, or triangular fpurge : almoft naked, triangular, jointed ; branches fpreading. Stem triangular, com- prefled, fucculent, riling to the height of eight or ten feet, and fending out many irregular fpreading twilling branches, for the molt part three-cornered, but having fome two, and others four angles ; at their extremities are a few Ihort roundifli leaves, which foon fall off, and near thefe come out now and then a few flowers, which have five thick whitifli petals, with a large three-cornered germ in the centre ; they foon drop off without produc¬ ing feeds. It grows naturally in the Eaft Indies, whence the plants were brought to the gardens in Holland, and thence communicated to moll of the curious gardens in Europe. Mr. Miller cultivated it at Chelfea, in 1731. This has generally been taken for the true euphorbium, and as fuch has been direifted for medicinal ufe ; but it is from the fecond fort that the drug now imported under that name in England is taken. Linnaeus fuppofes the feventh to be the fort which Ihould be ufed ; but as they are all nearly of the fame quality, it may be indifferent from which this drug, which is the infpiflated juice of the plant, is taken. The juice of every fpecies of fpurge is fo acrid, that it corrodes and ulcerates the body where- ever it is applied ; fo that it is feldom ufed internally. Externally it is dropped on warts or corns to remove them ; and in the hollow of a decayed tooth, to remove the pain by deffroying the nerve ; or it is rubbed behind the ears to give relief in the tooth-ach, by blillering. 2. Euphorbia Canarienfis, or Canary fpurge : naked, fubquadrangular ; prickles in pairs. In its native coun¬ try, the Canary iflands, this grows to the height of twenty feet or more, but in England it is rar-ely feen more than fix or feven. The Item is very thick, green, and fucculent, and has four or five large angles, clolely armed with black crooked fpines, which come out by pairs at every indenture : it fends out from every fide large fuc¬ culent branches of the fame form, which extend to the diffance of two or three feet, and then turn their ends upwards, fo that when the plants are well grown, they have fome refemblance to a chandelier; they have no leaves, but are clofely armed with black fpines like the fiem : at the ends of the branches come out the flowers, which are Ihaped like thofe of the firft fort. The flowers Vo l. VIL No, 409, E U P 73 appear in March and April. It was cultivated in 169 7 by the duchefs of Beaufort. 3. Euphorbia edulis, or five-angled fpurge : prickly, leafy, five-angled; peduncles many-flowered, terminat¬ ing; flowers apetalous. Stem fix feet high, with prickles in pairs, and afeending branches ; leaves many, fcattered, almoft wedge-ftiaped, rounded at the tip, three inches long, quite entire, flefhy, fmooth. Native of Cochin- china, where the leaves are eaten boiled with other herbs. 4. Euphorbia heptagona, or feven-angled fpurge : naked, feven-angled ; fpines folitary, fubulate, flower- bearing. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. 5. Euphorbia mammillaris, or warty-angled fpurge : naked; angles tubered, with fpines between. This dif¬ fers from the preceding in having the angles doubled and fwelling a little ; and the fpines Angle between the tuber¬ cles, which are placed longitudinally. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. It flowers in July and Auguft. 6. Euphorbia cereiformis, or naked fpurge : naked, many-angled ; fpines folitary, fubulate. This fort has ftalks and branches very like thofe of the next, but much more flender ; the fpines of this are Angle, and thofe of the other double ; and the ends of the branches in this are clofely fet with flowers on every angle. Native of the Cape of Good Hope; flowers in June and July. 7. Euphorbia officinarum, or officinal fpurge : naked, many-angled ; prickles doubled. This puts out many ftalks juft above the furface, which are thick, fucculent, and roundifli, having eight or ten angles whilft they are young, but as they grow old they lofe their angles and become round ; the branches grow diftorted and irregu¬ lar, firft horizontal, but afterwards turning upwards ; the angles are armed with fmall crooked fpines, and on the upper part of the branches, in June and July, come out the flowers ; they are fmall, and of a greenifli white. It grows naturally in Africa. Gerarde calls this the poi- fonous gim-thiftle : he cultivated it in his garden; “his friend Matter William Martin, a right expert chirurgion, having procured him the plants by his fervant that he fent to St. Crux in Barbary, as chirurgion of a fliip : he could not however keep them through the winter.” 8. Euphorbia triaculeata, or three-prickled fpurge : prickly, naked ; Item round, grooved ; prickles in threes. This is a fiirub of a cubit high, fpreading and branchy : branches- about the thicknefs of a finger, fulcated longi¬ tudinally ; in the interjacent channels are inferted three prickles, of which the exterior are very fliort and bent downwards ; the middle one about an inch long, fubu¬ late, fpreading, and curving downward. The flowers fpring by threes from the bofoms of the prickles, and are feffile; the ftamens fix in number, two in each angle of the flower : the p i ft i 1 does not arife from the fide, as in many others. Native of Arabia. 9. Euphorbia neriifolia, or oleander-leaved fpurge: angles obliquely tubercled. Stem upright, flrong, five or (ix feet high, with irregular angles, and protuberances oblique to the angles ; the lower part is naked, and the upper part branching; the branches are armed with crooked fpines ; at every protuberance and at the top are oblong leaves of a lucid green, very fmooth, entire, and rounded at the end ; thefe fall off in fpring, and the plants remain naked for fome months, and then (in June and July) the flowers come out; they fit dole to the branches, and are of a greenifh-white colour ; the leaves come out in the autumn. I.oureiro adds, that the (lent has four or five angles; that the branches are long, cl if- fufed, unjointed ; the ftem-leaves few, at the end fcat¬ tered, thick, fmall ; and the flowers folitary, fcattered; fubterminating. Native of the Eaft Indies and Cochin, china. Much ufed for hedges, on account of its ftrong thorns. Cultivated in 1699, in the royal warden at Hama, ton Court. II. Shrubby, unarmed: ftem neither dichotomous; nor umbelliferous. 10, Euphorbia meloformis, or melon- U fpurge; 74 E IT P II O fpurge: fubglobofe, many-angled. It flowers from May to September. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. n. Euphorbia caput- -medufae, Medufa’s-head (purge ; and its three varieties : a,, major, or great Medufa’s-head fpurge; /3. minor, or final! Medufa’s-head fpurge; y. geminata, or leaft Medufa’s-head fpurge. Specific character, imbricate ; tubercles furni fired with a linear leaf ; flowers fubpeduncled ; petals palmate. This has thick, roundifh, fucculent ftalks, which are fcaly ; they fend out many branches from their fides of the fame form, which are twifted, and run one over another, fo as to ap¬ pear like a parcel of ferpents, whence it has the appella¬ tion of Medufa’s head: at t Ire end of thefe are narrow, thick, fucculent leaves, which drop off; and round the upper part of them the flowers come out: thefe are white, and of t Ire fame form with thofe of the other lorts, but larger; they are frequently fucceeded by fruit. (3. Little Medufa’s-head has a thick fhort (talk, feidom more than eight or ten inches high, from which come out a great number of (lender trailing branches, about a foot in length, intermixing and having the fame appearance with the other, but ('mailer and much fhorter ; the ends are befet with narrow leaves, between which the white flowers come out. This fpecies was cultivated in 1731, by Mr. Miller. It is a native of Africa. 12. Euphorbia clava, or dub fpurge: imbricate; tu¬ bercles jfurnifhed with a lanceolate leaf; flowers pedun- cled ; petals quite entire. Native of the Cape of Good Hope : a perfectly fmooth fpecies, -abounding with a milky juice, which feems fcarcely acrid. It flowers -from January to Atiguft. 13. Euphorbia anacantha, or fcaly fpurge : imbricate; tubercles furnifhed with a roundifh leaflet; flowers ter¬ minating, folitary, feflile ; petals palmate. This is one ot the (mailer (hrubby fpecies. Native of the Cape of Good Hope ; and flowers in September and October. 14. Euphorbia Mauritanica, or Barbary fpurge : half- naked, (hrubby, filiform, flaccid ; leaves alternate. Stems many, taper, fucculent, about four feet high, and requiring fupport ; flowers in fmall clufters at the ends of the branches, of a yellowifli-green colour, and fometimes fucceeded by fmooth round fruit j but the feeds rarely ripen in England. It grows naturally on the African fliore in the Mediterranean. 15. Euphorbia pifeatoria, or fmooth fpear-leaved fpurge: flmibby, Arid ; umbels five-cleft, terminating ; involucels oblong ; leaves linear, even. Native of Ma¬ deira and the Canary iflands. 16. Euphorbia glabrata, or fmooth fpurge: unarmed, fhrubby, branched ; leaves oppofite, ovate, acute, fmooth, quite entire. The whole of this plant is fmooth. Na¬ tive of the Caribbee iflands. 17. Euphorbia linifolia, or flax-leaved fpurge: ftem fuffruticofe ; leaves oppofite and alternate, linear-lanceo¬ late. Stem woody at the bafe, round and fmooth at bot¬ tom, ftriated angular and fubhirfute above ; the two lower branches oppofite, fhorter than the ftem ; the upper ones alternate. Native of the iftand of Dominique; communicated by Monf. Thouin. 18. Euphorbia cuneata, or wedged fpurge 2 fhrubby ; leaves obovate ; peduncles lateral, three-flowered. Na¬ tive of Arabia Felix. 19. Euphorbia balfamifera, or balfam fpurge : fhrubby, ftritl ; head terminating ; leaves lanceolate, even, glau¬ cous. Native of the Canary iflands, whence it was in¬ troduced by MafTon in 1779. 20. Euphorbia tirucalli, or Indian-tree fpurge : half- naked, fhrubby, filiform, eredt ; branches patulous, crowded in an orderly manner. Stem taper, fucculent, eighteen or twenty-feet high, fending out many branches of the fame form, fubdividing into many fmaller ; they are jointed, but at a great diftance, fmooth, and of a deep-green colour, having a few fmall leaves at their ex¬ tremities, which foon fall off. As the plants grow older, R B I A. their (talks become ftronger and lefs fucculent, efpecially towards the bottom, where they turn to a brown colour, and become a little woody. The branches grow di flu fed', and intermix with each other, forming a fort of bufli to¬ wards the top. It does not produce flowers here. Na¬ tive of the Eaft Indies. 21. Euphorbia tithymaloides : flmibby; leaves in a double row, alternate, ovate. This is a wand-like fub- eredt plant, fix feet high, the whole of it abounding in a white bitterilh milky juice. In South America, a ftrong deception of this plant, efpecially of the ft.alks, is given in venereal cafes, and in fuppreflions of the menfes. Na¬ tive of the Caribbee iflands and the neighbouring continent. Mr. Miller makes two fpecies of this, under the names of Tithymalus myrtifolins and lauroceralifolius, (myrtle¬ leaved and laurel-leaved fpurge.) The firft of thefe grows naturally near Carthagena in America, whence Mr. Robert Millar, furgeon, fent the branches, which were planted here, and fucceeded : it rifes with fhrubby fucculent (talks to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, which are too weak to (land without fupport, though they are frequently as large as a man’s little finger ; but their leaves, being fucculent, are fo heavy as to weigh down the branches if they are not fupported. The leaves are oval, and terminate in acute points ; they are two inches and a half long, and one inch and a half broad near their bafe ; they are about the thicknefs of bay leaves, and are ranged alternately on two fides of the branches, to which they fit clofe. The flowers are produced at the end of the branches three or four together ; they are of a fcarlet colour, of one petal in ftiape of a flipper.— The fecond grows naturally in Barbadoes, and mod of the other iflands in the Weft Indies, where the Englifli inhabitants know it by the title of poijon-bujh ; it has thicK, fhrubby, fucculent, ftalks, which will grow to the height of ten or twelve feet ; thefe are larger than thofe of the firft fort, and are garniftied with oblong oval leaves, ending with blunt points ; they are above three inches long, and. an inch and a half broad in the middle, of a very thick confidence, and of a dark green colour, ranged alternately on two fides of the (talk. The flowers grow at the end of the branches; they are (liaped like thofe of the firft fort, and are of a deep red colour. The whole plant abounds with an acrid milky juice, which will draw blifters on the flefli wherever it is applied ; and, if it mixes with the blood, it becomes a deadly poifon : fo that if the points of arrows, or the edges of fwords are rubbed with this juice, it becomes fatal to any animal wounded with thofe weapons. 22. Euphorbia heterophylla, or various-leaved fpurge : leaves ferrate, petioled, difform, ovate, panduriform ; (di¬ chotomous with a bifid umbel.) This is an annual plant, from two to three feet high. It grows naturally at La VeraCruz, whence Dr. Houftoun fent the feeds. Mori- fon fpeaks with admiration of the heterogeneous leaves in this plant, a circtimftance which is (ince found not to be uncommon, particularly in the plants from the South Seas. He fpeaks of this fpecies of fpurge as attaining the height of a man, even in this country, with a trunk an inch in thicknefs and more, fpreading out into ftraighr, long, pliant, branches, having Come leaves three or four inches long, and narrow, refembling thofe of the narrow- leaved willows, others on the fame branch foft, like thole of an atriplex or orach, tending to a fea-g'reen colour, finuated, and from an incli to near two inches in breadth, others again very long and narrow. Varieties are ob- ferved in this plant ; fome having a reddifh and fomewhat wrinkled bark, whilft in others it is green and fmooth, the leaves alfo being fubjedb to vary much, as might be remarked in the royal garden at Hampton Court, where this fpurge was cultivated in 1690. This being fhrubby, and fo large a plant, cannot be the annual fpecies of Miller deferibed above. It belongs, as Retzius has ob- ferved, to the third fedtion. 33. Euphorbia \ 3 2 j 33> 3+) 35> 36, 46.) are natives of the Eaft or Weft Indies ; and being annual, the feeds mud be fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring ; and, when the plants are fit to re¬ move, they fliould be planted feparately in fmall pots fil¬ led with light earth, and plunged into the hot-bed again : they mud afterwards be treated in the fame manner as other tender annual plants from hot countries. The fifty- fourth fort, vulgarly called the capcr-bujh , will become a weed in gardens where it is allowed to fcatter its feeds, and when once introduced, requires no care but to keep the young plants clean from weeds : this is the cafe with mod of the European forts, feveral of which are noto¬ rious weeds in gardens and corn-fields. The annual forts fliould have their feeds fown in the autumn ; they will come up in the fpring, and require no farther culture. The perennial forts may be propagated cither by fowing the feeds, or parting the roots, or by cuttings. No. 57 may be increafed by off-sets from the main root ; thefe may be taken off in autumn, and planted in a fliady fitu¬ ation, where they will thrive better than in the full fun. No. 58, 59, 92, 95, may be propagated by cuttings during any of the fummer months : they all require protection from froft in winter. .No. 78 mud be kept in the hot- houfe, and being fo eminently beautiful, it is to be la¬ mented that it is yet confined to the mofl choice collec¬ tions, which is the more remarkable, as it not only may be increafed by cuttings, but alfo grows readily from feeds ; both fent from Jamaica, and produced in England. The other perennials may be increafed by parting the roots, or fowing the feeds in autumn. They are mod of them hardy enough to endure the greatefl cold of this country, efpecially if they be planted in a dry foil. See Cynanchium and Cactus. EUPHOR'BIUM, / in botany. See Euphorbia and Crassula. EUPHOR'BIUM, f. A gum refin, brought to us in drops or grains, of a bright yellow, between a draw and a gold colour, and a fmooth gloffy furface. It has no great fmell, but its tafte is violently acrid and naufe- ous. It is ufed medicinally in finapifms. See Euphorbia. EUPHOR'BUS, a famous Trojan, fon of Panthous, the firft who wounded Patroclus, whom HeCtor killed. He perifhed by the hand of Menelaus, who hung his fltield in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of the doCtrine of the metempfyehofis or tranf- migration of fouls, affirmed that he had been once Eupborbus, and that his foul recollected many exploits which had been done while it animated that Trojan’s body. As a further proof of his affertion, he fhowed at firft fight the fliield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno. Homer. EUPHO'RIA, f. [Greek.] The well-bearing of the operation of a medicine, or courfe of a diftemper ; the ap¬ titude of fome things to particular operations. EUPHO'RIA,/. in botany. See Scytalia. EUPHO'RION, a Greek poet of Chalcis in Euboea, in the age of Antiochus the Great. Tiberius took him for his model for correCt writing, and was fo fond of him that he hung his picture in all the public libraries. His father’s name was Polymnetus. He died in his 56th year B. C. 220. Cicero. EUPHRA'NOR, a famous painter and fculptor of Corinth. Pliny. This name was common to many Greeks. EUPHRA'SIA, /. [from evOfiuivu ; the fame with £v(pfoo-vr/>, Gr. joy, exhilaration, delight.] Eyebright; in botany, a genus of the clals didynamia, order angiof- permia, natural order of perfonatae, (pediculares. JuJf.) The generic charafters are — Calyx : perianthium one- leafed, cylindric, four-cleft, unequal, permanent. Co¬ rolla : one-petalled, ringent ; tube length of the calyx ; lip fuperior concave, emarginate ; lip inferior expanding, three-ported ; divisions equal, obtufe. Stamina : fila¬ ments four, filiform, inclined under the upper lip ; an- therae E U P thers two-lobed ; of which the inferior are fnnrpened info a little fpine on the lower lobe. Piftillum : germ ovate ; ftvle filiform, of the fit nation and figure of the ftainens ; ftigma obtufe, entire. Pericarpium : capfule ovate-oblong, compreifed, two-celled. Seeds : numerous, very final], roundifii.— E/Jential Char after. Calyx four-cleft, cylindric ; capfule two-cel led, ovate-oblong ; lower anthers have a little thorn at the bale of one of the lobes. Species, i. Euphrafia latifolia, or broad-leafed eye- bright: leaves tooth-palmate ; flowers in a kind of head. Root annual ; ftem a hand’s breadth high, or lefs, fquare, reddift), (lightly hairy, fimple, or dividing at bottom into two fmall branches, not more ; leaves few, thick, hairy, almoft round, in pairs, very deeply notched, the lower ones having only about three, but the upper ones five or fix, notches ; flowers axillary, and in a fpike at the end, coming out in pairs; corolla purple (fometimes white) ; brakes palmate, fubhirfute. Found about Montpel¬ lier ; frequent in the hilly paftures of Italy, fpreading a purple carpet in fome places ; in Montferrat, the county of Nice, and near Turin ; Verona ; Monte Tefiacceo, near Rome ; in Apulia ; in Caftille, particularly near the Efcurial. 2. Euphrafia officinalis, or common eye-bright : leaves ovate, marked with lines; fharply toothed. Root annual ; (lent from two to four inches high, or more, upright, round, hoary, purple, for the mod part branched, in op- pofite pairs ; leaves oppofite, fefiile, obtufe, convex above, concave beneath, finely ciliate about the edge, fli crhtly hirfute on each fide, above fomewhat glolly ; flowers-from the axils of the leaves, on fhort peduncles, oppofite, forming a fpike or raceme at the tops of the branches and ftem. Common on heaths and other dry paftures, efpecially on a chalky foil ; flowering from July to September. It varies much in fize, and in the colour of the corolla, which varies to quite white and yellow ; it is more or lefs branching, and fometimes wholly un¬ branched. It feems to have been unnoticed by the an¬ cients. The Arabians mention it under the name of adhil. Matthaus Sylvaticus, a phyfician of Mantua, who lived about the year 1320, recommended this plant in diforders of the eyes. It is (fill in ufe, particularly as an ingredient in Britiftt herb-tobacco : and Mr. Lightfoot informs 11s, that the highlanders in Scotland make an in- fufion of it in. milk, and anoint the patient’s eyes with a feather dipped in it. It is, however, negle£ted by the faculty; and even, thought by fome to be injurious, at leaft in inflammations of the eyes. It is a weak aftrin- gent : but there feems to be no foundation for the old notion of its being ufeful in diforders of the eyes. 3. Euphrafia tricufpidata, or three-toothed eye-bright : leaves linear, three-toothed. Native of Italy. 4. Euphrafia odontites, or red eye-bright : leaves linear, all ferrate. The whole plant commonly brownifh red ; (lent upright, (tiff, very much branched, from fix inches to a foot or more in height, hifpid, obtufely four- cornered : branches oppofite ; bradfes lanceolate ; flow¬ ers in long leafy fpikes, pointing one way, nodding a little at top, in pairs or (ingle, on (hort peduncles. Common both in corn-fields and paftures ; efpecially where it is moilt : flowering from July to September. According to Linnaeus-, moft cattle will eat it. With us it appears to be untouched in paftures. Whatever may be the cafe while it is young, certainly when it is in full vigour, cattle, fo far from eating it, do not feem fond of the grafs even at the diftance of fome inches from the plant. 5. Euphrafia lutea, or yellow eye-bright : leaves linear, ferrate, the tipper ones quite entire. This refembles the foregoing, but is different in having yellow flowers, the upper lip bearded or villofe within and without, and emarginate ; the lower lip concave, trifid ; with the feg- ments equal. The leaves narrower, fcarceiy linear, hif¬ pid, hanging down, theloweror.es toothletted, the upper ones entire, like thofe of flax 3 Item one, feldom more, Vol. VII. No. 409. E U P a i rough, hard, woody, upright, wand-like, d 11 fix y red ; feeds brown, oblong. According to Gerarde, (Prov. 286. 4,) it differs from the foregoing, in the ftem being lower, lefs divaricate, and branched ; the leaves broader* more fcabrous; the flowers yellow, appearing in fummer. Native of Swiflerland, Savoy, Anftria, Friuli, Silelia, the Palatinate, Piedmont, Tufcany, and the fouth ot France. 6. Euphrafia linifolia, or flax-leaved eye-bright : leaves linear, all quite entire ; calyxes fmooth. Thisisa little ftitf, narrower, finer, but frequently higher, titan the. common fort. The leaves entire ; flowers yellow. Na¬ tive of France and Italy. 7. Euphrafia vifeofa, or clammy eye-bright : leaves linear ; calyxes glutinous-hifpid. This differs from the fifth in having the leaves linear-lajrceolat'e, not (briefly linear; the calyxes villofe and vifeid, not fmooth; the corollas (hut, and not (horter than the ftamens. It isalfo to be diftinguifhed from E. linifolia. The ftem, accord¬ ing to Villars, is more firm and lefs branched ; the leaves are a little wider titan thofe of -the preceding ; the calyx is loaded with yellow, vifeid, odoriferous glands; the flowers are yellow. Gouan obferves, that it is only three inches high and fimple, or a foot high and branched, fmooth or villofe. All the leaves are broader at the bafe, thenee gradually attenuated, and rough with hairs, moft fre¬ quently quite entire, but fometimes toothed ; the lower ones are oppofite, the reft alternate, whence the branches themfel ves are feldom oppofite. Flowers on a very fhort peduncle, alternate, each within a fingle bradle. Native of Provence, Dauphine, Swiflerland, Savoy, Piedmont, and the county of Nice. 8. Euphrafia cuneata, or wedge-leaved eye-bright ; leaves fomewhat wedge-fhaped, galhed. Native of New Zealand. 9. Euphrafia longi flora, or long-flowered eye-bright : pubefcer.t-vifcid, leaves linear, quite entire ; tube of the corolla filiform, three times as long as the calyx. Stem upright, ftiff, round, (lender, a fpan high, fimple, or having two or four oppofite branches at top, (horter than the ftem ; towards the bottom it is leaflefs, and pubefeent- vtfeid, as the whole planit is. It is diftinguifhed by the length of the corolla, with a filiform tube twice or three times as long as the calyx. According to Cavanilles, the ftem is a foot high, of a dark red colour; the branches decuflated and four-cornered ; feeds longitudinally (freak¬ ed. Native of Spain. Found there by Barrelier; by Barnades in 1736; by Bu.ens near Efpexa, by Cavanilles near Rivas, and by Vahl in Arragon. It flowers there in September. Propagation and Culture. Tltefe are all annual plants, to be propagated only from feeds, fowed foon after they are ripe, or in the fpring, in the borders of the garden. The fecond fort will not grow in a garden, unlefs it has grafs or fome other herbs to protect it. This and the fourth are common weeds. The other forts are natives of the fouthern countries of Europe, and are not without difficulty preferved in gardens. The herb-women fupply the markets plentifully with the fecond forts from tiie paftures. See Bartsia, Justitia, Mimulus, Rhi- jj a nth us, Ruellia, Schwalhea, and Torenia. EUPHRA'TES, a river of Alia, which riles in Mount Ararat, in two dreams, a few miles to the north-eaft of Erzerum, which unite to the fouth-weft near that city 3 in its courfe it feparates Aladulia from Armenia, Syria from Diabekir,,and Diabekir from Arabia ; pafles through the Arabian Irak, in which it joins the Tigris, and emp¬ ties itfelf into the Perfian Gulf, about fifty miles fouth- eaft of Baffora. Lat. 29. 30. N. Ion. 66. 55. E. Green¬ wich. “The waters of the Euphrates, (lays Mr. Jack* fon in his journey from India overland in 1797,) were the moft falubrious and pleafant I ever tailed. Though muddy, like the water of the Nile, when firft taken up, it foon becomes clear ; and while I could get this to drink, I had not the leaft defire for wine or (pints.” Y EUPHRA'TES,, 82 E V R EUPHRA'TES, a river of Africa, in the country of Whidah, on the Have coaft. EUPHRA'TES, of Alexandria, a ftoic phildfopher in the fecond century, who was the friend of Dio and Apollonius Tyanaeus, by whom he was introduced to Vefpafian. According to the teftimony of Epicte¬ tus, Pliny the younger, and Eufebius, he was univer- lally efteemed for his talents and virtues. In conformity with the principles of his feft, when he found his (Irength worn out by difeafe and old age, he voluntarily put an end to his lite, after he had obtained permifiion for fo do¬ ing from the emperor Adrian, in the year 1 18. EUPHRA'TES, the reputed founder of a religious feet in the fecond century, who are fometimes called Ophians, or Ophites, and fometimes Serpentinians. The accounts which are given by ancient vvriters'of the opi¬ nions of Euphrates, are very different and contradictory. ‘Epiphanius, Auguftin, and John Damafcenus, reprefent him to have borrowed his notions from the Nicolaitans and Egyptian Gnofiics; to which he added the particu¬ lar tenet, that the ferpent, by which our firft parent was deceived, was either Chrift himfelf, or Sophia, i. e. wif- dom, concealed under the form of that animal, and that lie was the occafion of all the knowledge which men had received upon earth. EU'POLIS, an Athenian writer of comedy, flourifhed 440 years before Chrift. Horace and Qruntilian join the name of Eupolis with thofe of Cratinus and Ariftopha- nes, as the principal writers of this clafs. His comedies appear to have been chiefly of a political cad, and their popularity was more owing to the warmth of their invec¬ tive than to the graces of their ftyle. In his comedy of the “ Baptaj” he fo feverely fatirifed the effeminate li- centionfnefs of his countrymen, that Alcibiades, who was more peculiarly attacked, is faid to have hired affaf- fins to throw him into the fea as he was eroding the Hel- lefpont with the Athenian forces on an expedition againd the Lacedaemonians. It is proved, however, that he wrote feveral comedies after this period, and jElian re¬ lates that he died in yEgina. Paufanius mentions his tomb on the banks of the yEfopus in Sicyonia. Some fragments only are remaining of the works of this writer. EUPHROS'YNE, In heathen mythology, one of the three graces. EUP'NCEA, [ev, well, and ttvew, Gr. to breathe.] With phyfieians, the natural power of refutation, the faculty of breathing with eafe. EV'RAN, a town of France, in the department of the North Coafts, and chief place of a canton, in the didrift of Dinan : one league and a half fouth of Dinan, and fe- ven eaft-fouth-eaft of Lamballe. EURE, a river of France, which rifes near Pontgoin, in the department of the Eure and Loire, palles by Cour- ville, Chartres, Maintenon, Louviers, &c. and joins the Loire, a little below Pont de l’Arche. EURE, a department of France, bounded on the north by the department of the Lower Seine, on the ead by the department of the Oife, on the fouth by the departments of the Eure and Loir, and the Orne, and on the wed by the department of the Calvados ; it takes its name from the river Eure, which erodes it : Evreux is the capital. EURE and LOIR, a department of France, bounded on the north-wed by the department of the Eure, on the ead by the department of the Seine, and Oife and the I.oiret, on the fouth by the departments of the Cher and Loiret, and the wed by the departments of the Orne and the Sarte. It takes its name from the rivers Loir and Eure, which w'ater it : Chartres is the capital. E'VRE, or Yetre, a river of France, which empties itfelf into the Cher by two dreams, one near Vierlon, the other at Bourges. E'VRECY, a town of France, in the department of ihe Calvados, and chief place of a canton, in the didrift of Caen : two leagues and a half fouth-wed of Caen. EVRE'GNIES, a town of Flanders ; nine miles north- tionh-wed of Tournay. EUR EV'REMOND (Charles de St. Denis), born at St. Denis le Guad in Normandy, in 1613. He was educated for the law ; but be preferred the army. A military life however did not hinder him from cultivating polite lite¬ rature ; and he fignalized himfelf by his politenefs and wit as much as by bis bravery. The king made him a marefchal de camp, and gave him a penfion of 3000 li- vres per annum. He ferved under the duke of Candale in the war of Guienne; and in Flanders, till the fufpen- fi on of arms was agreed on between France and Spain ; lie afterwards accompanied cardinal Mazarine when he went to conclude the peace with Don Lewis de Haro, the king of Spain’s firft minifter. He wrote, as he had promifed, a long letter to the marquis de Crequi, of this negocia- tion; in which he ftiowed, that the cardinal had facri- ficed the honour of France to his own private intereft, and rallied him in a very fatirical manner. This letter falling into the hands of the cardinal’s creatures fome time after his death, was reprefented as a ftate crime, and he was obliged to fly to Holland. He had too many friends in England to make any long ftay in Holland ; and therefore pafled over into this country, where he was re¬ ceived with great refpeft, and admitted into friendlhip with feveral perfons of diftinftion. Our Charles II. gave him a penfion of 300I. a-year. He had a great defire to return to his native country; and after the peace of Ni- meguen, wrote a letter in verfe to the king of France for leave, but in vain. Upon the death of Charles, he loft his penfion, notwithftanding king James had fhown him¬ felf extremely kind to him. The revolution proved ad¬ vantageous to him. William III. who had known him in Holland, gave him fubftantial marks of his favour. He died of a ftrangury in 1703, aged 90; and was in¬ terred in Weftminfter-abbey, where a monument is erefted to his memory. There .have been many editions of his works ; but the beft is that of Amfterdam, in 1726, in 5 vols. nmo. to which is prefixed his life by Dr. Des Maizeaux, who has alfo given an accurate Englith tranf- lation of them in 3 vols. 8vo. EURIP'IDES, one of the moll eminent of the Greek tragedians, born before Chrift 480, in ‘the ifleof Salamis, whither his father Mnefarchus, an Athenian, and his mother Clito, had retired for refuge ngainft the invafion of Xerxes. The condition of his family is not well known, but his education appears to have been truly li¬ beral, for he attended the leftures in rhetoric of Prodi- cus, and received inftruftions in morals from Socrates, and in phyfics from Anaxagoras. The pefftcution un¬ dergone by the latter for his opinions is faid to have dif- gufted him with the purfuit of philofophy, and to have turned his attention to the ftage ; yet a ftrong tincture of the maxims of the fchools is oblervable in his dramatic compofitions. He began to write at the age of eighteen, and paffed his life in that occupation ; for the number of his pieces is dated by fome at feventy-five, by others at ninety-two. They do not appear to. have been very (Ink¬ ing on the theatre, fince it is faid that no more than five of them gained the prize at the Olympic games ; yet it is certain that tiiey were highly efteemed, and that many palfages from them were impreffed upon the memory of his countrymen. Of this faft an iiluftrious and af- fefting example was given after the unfortunate termi¬ nation of the Athenian expedition agaift Syracufe. Se¬ veral Athenian captives obtained kind treatment from the Sicilians, and refcued thernfelves from want and mifery, by going about from place to place, repeating the verfes of Euripides. The poet had the fatisfaftion to receive their perlonal acknowledgments upon their return. He was engaged in conftant rivalry with his feliow-citizen Sophocles, who divided with him the palm of tragedy ; and their emulation, as too frequently has happened, dege¬ nerated into declared enmity. Euripides was twice mar¬ ried, but he enjoyed little domeftic felicity with either of his wives. To this circumftance may be attributed thofe frequent ftrokes againd the female (ex in his pieces, which gave him the title of woman-hater. His life was rendered EUR 83 EUR rendered fo uncomfortable at Athens, that in advanced age he accepted the invitation of Archelaus, the fpicn- d id king of Macedon. In his court, Euripides was treated with the diftindtion due to his great reputation; but, ac¬ cording to traditional dories, lie did not there efcape the malice of petty jealoufy. To the confequences of a quar¬ rel from this caufe is imputed his tragical death. As he was walking in a wood, the king’s hounds, let loofe, it is fald, on purpofe, fell upon him, and tore him in pieces. He was then in his feventy-fifth year. Archelaus caufed Jyim to be interred with great magnificence, and a public mourning took place at Athens on the news of the fatal event. The merits of this early tragedian, fingly, and in com¬ panion with thofe of Sophocles, have been difeuffed by many critics, ancient and modern. The general opinion fee ms to be, that will lefs pomp of didtion, lefs force and elevation of charadter, and lefs knowledge of drama¬ tic effedt than Sophocles, he more excels in tendernefs, fuavity, and moral fentiment. The laft quality of fen- tentioufnefs probably gave him his great popularity, and rendered his compolitions fuch favourites among the Greeks ; for no application of poetry is found fo durably to imprefs the mind, as the happy exprefiion of moral maxims, or the genuine feelings of the heart. He is faid to have painted more from nature and reality than his ri¬ val, and to have reprefented mankind as they are, rather than as they ought to be. Hence the Athenians, w7ho were very nice on ethical topics, fometimes found fault with fentiments in his plays as they heard them uttered upon the ftage, without flaying to confider their perfonal propriety, as belonging to peculiar charadters. Ariflo- tle has called him the mofl tragical of all the poets; an equivocal term, by which he is l’uppofed by fome to mean the mofl fkilftil in the drama, by others the moll pathe¬ tic. The latter is probably the true meaning, fince Eu¬ ripides, in general, is not a tragedian of the mofl con¬ trivance, and has been charged with anticipating the event in his prologues fo as to injure the force of the ca- taflrophe. He feems to have entertained an elevated no¬ tion of the preceptive office of the theatre ; for being once defned by the auditors to retrench a paflage in one of his plays, he flept forward on the ftage, and laid, “ I do not w'rite in order to learn from you, but to teach you.” Nineteen only of his pieces are prelerved. Of thefe, both fingly and colledlively, there are many edi¬ tions. The be fl are thofe of Bafil, 1551 ; of Pluntin, 1571 ; of Commelin, 1597; of Paul Stephens, 1604, 16115 of Barnes, Camb. 1694, and of Mufgrave, Oxf. 1778. EVREU'X, a town of France, and capital of the de¬ partment of the Eure : before the revolution, the fee of a bifhop, futfragan of Rouen, and containing eight parifhes. Its commerce con (ids in woollen and linen cloth, lace, grain, wine, and cider: fix pefts fouth of Rouen, and twelve and a half weft of Paris. Lat. 49. 2. N. Ion. 18. 48. E. Ferro. ■ EURIPUS, in ancient geography, a narrow (trait which feparates the illand of ZEuboea from the coaft of Bcectia. Its flux and reflux, which continued regular during eighteen or nineteen days, and was unfettled the reft of the month, was a matter of deep inquiry among the ancients, and it is faid that Ariftotle threw himfelf into it, becaufe he was unable to find out the cables of that phenomenon. Livy. EURI PUS, f. [from Euripus Euboicus , the narrow fea, (juft mentioned) that ebbs and flows feveral times in a day . ] Perpetual fluctuation. — They have ordained, that the provifipn of [his eflablilhment might be as ftable as the earth on which it Hands, and ftiould not fluctuate with the Euripus of funds and adtions. Burke. EUROC'LYDON, f. [Evpo;, eaft wind, and xt.vfrwv, wave.] A fpecies of wind mentioned only in AdL xvii. 1.4, and concerning the nature of which critics have been much divided. Bochart, Grotius, Bentley, and others. fubftitute another reading, fupported by the Alexandrian MS. and the Vulgate, viz. ~Eiyaxv>.uv, or Euro-aqui/o; but Dr. Bryant defends the common reading, and confiders the Eitroclydon, i. e. Evpo; x}.v£uv, as an eaft-wind that caufes a deep and raging fea. — There arofe againft it a tempeftuous wind called euroclydon. //dihxxvii. 14. EVRO'N, a town of France, and principal place of a diftridt, in the department of the Mayenne : five leagues eaft-north-eaft of Laval, and four fouth-fouth-eaft of May¬ enne. EURO'PA, in fabulous hiftory, the daughter of Age- nor, king of Phoenicia and Telephaffa. She was lo beau¬ tiful that Jupiter became enamoured of her; and the better to fecure her, be aflunied the ftiape of a bull, and mingled with the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her female attendants were gathering flowers in the mea¬ dows. Europa carefled the beautiful animal, and' at lad had the courage to fit upon his back. The god took ad¬ vantage of her (ituation ; and with precipitous fteps, re¬ tiring towards the fltore, flew acrofs the fea with Europa on his back, and arrived- fafe in Crete. Here lie aflumed his original ftiape, and declared his love. The nymph confented, though flm had once made vows of perpetual celibacy ; and (he became mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus. After this diflinguiftied amour with Jupiter, (he married Afterius king of Crete. This mo¬ narch, feeing himfelf without ifllie by Europa, carefled the fruit of her amours with Jupiter, and adopted Mi¬ nos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus, as his own children. Writers have attempted to explain this (lory of Europa as follows : that the (hip wherein flie was carried was Tauri-formis, i. e. in the form of a bnli ; others, that the name of the mailer of the (hip was Taurus ; and others, that Taurus, or a bull, was the figure at the head of the fhip; or that file was ftolen away by a company of men, who carried the inlignia of a bull in their flag. EU'ROPE, l Europa, Lat. fuppofed to have received this name from Europa, who, according to the above legend, was brought over to this continent by Jupiter.] One of the four grand divifions of the world ; and the fmallefl in extent, yielding confiderably even to Africa. From Cabo di Rocco, ftyled by our mariner the Rock of I.ifbon, in the weft, to the Uralian mouti tains in the eaft, the length may be about 3300 Britilh miles; and the breadth from Cape Nord, in Danilh Lap- land, to Cape Matapan, the fouthern extremity of Greece, may be about 2330. The contents in fquare miles have been eftimated with fuch diverfity of opinion, fuch efti- mates being, in truth, arbitrary and only comparative, that it is fufficient to take the medial number of about two millions and a half. More than a third . part of Eu¬ rope, towards the north and eaft, has only been known with precision in modern times. On the fouth it is limited by the Mediterranean fea ; on the weft by the Atlantic, which contains the furtheft European ille, that of Ice¬ land, Greenland being now regarded by molt geographers as a part of North America. On the north,- the boundary is the Arctic Ocean, embracing the remote ifles of Spitz- bergen, and Nova Zembla. Toward the eaft, according to Mr. Pinkerton, the boundaries require fome regula¬ tion. The Uralian mountains, a grand natural limit, not extending to the Ardtic Ocean, the river Cara, which flows into the fea of Katfkoye, is admitted as a bounda¬ ry. The Uralian limit extends to about fifty-fix degrees of north latitude ; to the fouth of which the grand con¬ fines of Europe and Afia are fought in the petty diftinc— tions of Ruffian governments. More natural limits might be afeertained by tracing the river Oufa, from its fource to its jundtion with the'Belaia. Thence along the Kama to the Volga, which would conftitute a drifting natural divifion, to the town of Sarepta ; w hence a fliort ideal line, the only one admitted in this delineation, will lead due weft to the river Don, which would complete the unafeertained boundary ; that on the north and welt of the Euxine being clear and precife. The S4 EUROPE. The ancient population of Europe confided of the Celts in the weft and fouth ; the Fins in the north-eaft ; and the Laplanders, a diminutive race like the Samoieds of Afia, in the furtheft north, and who feent to have im¬ proved their original rude language by adopting, in a great meafure, that of their more civilized neighbours the Fins. Thofe ancient inhabitants, who feem to have been thinly fcattered, were driven towards the weft and north by the Scythians or Goths from Afia, whofe de- fcendants occupy the greater part of Europe ; by the Sarmatians, or Sclavonic tribes, alfo from Alia, the an- ceftors of the Ruftians, Poles, &c. and who were accom¬ panied by the Meruli, Lithuania, tiling what is now called the Lettic fpeech, to be found in PrulTia, Samogitia, Cour- 1 and, and Livonia, being, according to Tooke, in his View of Ruliia, akin to the Sclavonic language. From Africa, the colony of Iberi, northern Mauretani, paffed into Spain at a very early period. The later acceftion of Hun¬ garians and Turks, from Afia, may likewife be noticed. But the ancient geographers have greatly erred in their views and knowledge of Europe. Of Scandinavia, the ancients only knew the fouthern part, as far as the lakes ofWeter and Wener. The Roman fliips explored the fouthern fltores of the Baltic as far as the river Rubo, or the weftern Dwina, and difcovered the names of feveral tribes along the fhores; but of tire central parts of Ger¬ many it is evident, from the maps of Ptolemy, t hat they had no juft ideas ; fo that the tribes which he enumerates may with more propriety be aftigned to the northern parts along the Baltic, or to the fouthern on the left of the Danube. The Carpathian or Sarmatian moun¬ tains were well known, but the line of 500 or 520 of north latitude, confines the ancient knowledge in the north-eaft. A Angularity in the ancient defcriptions has alfo often mifted ; for as the mountains, in the favage ftate of Europe, were moftly crowned with forefts, the fame term was ufed in feveral barbarous languages to ex- prefs both ; fo that the ancients often place alpine dif- tridls where the hand of nature had only planted forefts. This remark becomes elfential in the companion of an¬ cient and modern geography. The Riphrean mountains are vainly fuppoled to have been the Uralian chain, which were to the ancients hid in the profopndeft dark- nefs, inftead of a large foreft running from ealt to weft. The Sevo Mons of Pliny, which lie pofitively afligns to the north of Germany, though geographers, in diredt oppofition to his text, transfer it to Norway, a region almoft as unknown to the ancients as America, mult be regarded as a vaft foreft, extending to fome promontory; and the Venedici Montes of Ptolemy are in the like pre¬ dicament, for modern knowledge evinces that no fuch mountains exift. The Chriftian religion prevails throughout Europe, except in Turkey, where however at leaft one half of the inhabitants are attached to the- Greek church. Where- ever the Chriftian faith has penetrated, knowledge, in- duftry, and civilization, have been the happy refult. Among the barbarous tribes in the north, the progrefs was unhappily flow, Scandinavia remaining pagan till the eleventh century ; and fome Sclavonic tribes on the fouth of the Baltic till the thirteenth ; and it is not above a century ago that the Laplanders were converted by mif- lions from Denmark. The two grand diftimStions are catholics and proteftants : the former in the fouth, where the pafiions are more warm, and the imagination more delighted with fplendour ; the latter in the north, where the fatisfadfion of cooler judgment preponderates. This univerfality of the Chriftian religion lias been followed by another fuperlative advantage, that of conftituting all the ftates of Europe, as it were, into one grand fociety for the encouragement of the arts and fciences ; fo that any ufeful difcovery made in one nation, pafles to the relt with celerity. This fair portion of the globe is chiefly fituated in the temperate zone; where freedom from the exceflive heats of Afia and Africa has contri¬ buted to the vigour of the frame, and tire energy of the mind. In a general view of Europe, one of the mod intereft- ing features is the number ana- extent of the inland feas, juftly regarded as chief caufes of the extenlive induftry and civilization, and confequent faperiority to the other grand divifions of the globe. Among thefe inland feas the Mediterranean is juftly pre-eminent, having been the centre of civilization both to ancient and. modern Eu¬ rope. The columns of Hercules marked its weftern boundary, being the mountain or rock of Abyla, now called Ceuta ; and Kalpe in Spain, now tiie celebrated rock of Gibraltar. On its northern fide 'open two im- menfe gulphs, that of Venice and the Archipelago ; the former being the Adriatic, the latter the Egean Sea, of the ancients: From this laft, a ftreight, called tire Hel- lefpont, conduits to the fea of Marmora the claftical Propontis ; and another, now ftyled the ftreight of Con- ftantinople, the ancient Thracian Bofphorus, leads to the Euxine, or Black Sea ; which, to the north, pre- fents the Palus Masotis, or fea of Azof, the utmoft ma¬ ritime limit of Europe in that quarter. This wide cx- panfe of the Mediterranean is beautifully fprinkled with iftands, and environed with opulent coafts, abounding with the raoli fublime and pidlurefque features of na¬ ture : tides are not perceivable, except in the narrowed (heights; but there is a ftrong current along the Italian (hore, from the weft to the eaft, and towards the African in an oppofite direction. In the Adriatic, tire current runs north-weft along Dalmatia, and returns by the op- polite ftiore of Italy. The fecond grand inland fea of Europe is the Baltic, by tire Germans called the Ealtern Sea ; whence the Eafterlings, a people from the Ihores of the Baltic. This extenfive inlet opens from the Ger¬ man Sea, by a gulf pointing north eaft, called the Skager Rack; and afterwards pafles fouth, in what is called the Cattegat, to the fouth-eaftof which is the Sound of El- finore, tributary to Denmark. Tire Baltic afterwards fpreads widely to t he north-eaft, and is divided into two extenfive branches, called the gulfs of Bothnia and Fin¬ land, both covered with ice for four or five months of the northern winter. Ancient hiftorians report that wolves have paffed on the ice from Norway to Jutland. The greateft depth of this fea is faid not to exceed fifty- fathoms. Swedifli phyfiologifts affert, that it lofes about four feet in extent in the courfe of a century; and that tire water does not contain above one-thirtieth part of fait, whereas other fea-water often holds a tenth : this frefimefs they impute to the quantity of ice ; and they farther affert, that when the north wind blows, the wa¬ ters become fufficiently frefli to be employed for domeftic purpofes. Tides are there unknown, and the fifh few. The third inland fea of Europe is called tire White Sea, in the north of Ruftia. In the reign of Alfred it was known to us by the name of the Q_ven Sea; and the Ice¬ landic writers ftyled it the fea of Granviik, on the ftiore of which flood Biarmia. The White Sea contains a num¬ ber of (Ynall iftands ; but the accounts yet given of them have been brief and unfatisfadtory. Among the other maritime divifions may be named the German Sea, fo called becaufe it waters the weftern fhores of ancient Germany, from the Rhine to the extremity of Jutland. It is now (tiled the North Sea, a term probably adopted by us from the Dutch. It may be regarded as a part of the Atlantic Ocean, terminating at the (freights of Dover ; whence the Britifh Channel extends to the weft, The bay of Bifcay is another large inlet of the Atlantic. The Briftol Channel is rather the elluary, or wide frith, of the Severn. Between Great Britain and Ireland are St. George’s Channel on the fouth, and the Irifh Sea in the centre, which leads to the North Channel. That part of the Atlantic which pafles between Scotland and the extreme -range of the weftern illes, from Barra to Louis, has received no diliinCtive appellation, though it might be aptly fliled the Hebudian Channel. To the 1 north EIJEOI’E . ,,\V>>“ ., • r .-?-'" •= s.. *' Bar w kg! jEondcn, .fubjishcd a.r the Act cf/rect.\-.J£ire7ij£!f'n9o4. bv A- WM-cs. E U EUR north of Scotland is the Deucaledonian Sea of lire an¬ cients which, being confidered as extending into and tl'.rougliout the Baltic, was alfo ftiled the Sarmatian. To the north of Europe is the AnStic Ocean, the folitary refervoir of myriads of miles of ice; the very fkirts of which, floating in enormous mountains, crowned with brilliant pinnacles of every hue, delight the eye and appal the heart of the mariner. Yet this enormous watte is, in the hand of Providence,, a fertile field of provitions for the human race. Here the vaft fltoals of herrings feem to feek a refuge from their numerous foes, and to breed their millions in fecurity. To- enumerate the fmaller gulfs, the (heights, and other minute diverfities of the feas, would be fuperflnous, as they are belt fiudied under Geography ; but the large banks or flioal?, Aippofcd to be ridges of fubmarine moun¬ tains, and which are frequently the refort of cod and other fitli, deferve particular attention. The Goodwin bands, off the. coaft of Kent, are indeed rather dangerous to the mariner, than inviting to the fiflier ; but on the coaft of Holland there are many banks which fupply ex¬ cellent fifh, as turbot, foal, plaice, &c. Further to the north is the extenfive Dogger-bank, ftretching fouth-eaft and north-weft ; beginning about twelve leagues from Flam- borougb-hcad, and extending near feventy-two leagues towards the coaft of Jutland. Betw-een the Dogger and the Well Bank, to the fouth, are the Silverpits of the mariners, which fupply London with cod, a fifh which loves the deep water near the banks, while the flat fifh delight in the (hallows. The Ore and the Lemon lie be¬ tween thefe banks and the Britifh (bore's. To the north- eaft of the Dogger-bank is the HornrifF, a narrow ftrip extending to Jutland ; the Jutts-riff is a fand-bank ftretch¬ ing, like a crefcent, from t he mouth of the Baltic into the German fea. The Mar Bank begins oppofite to Ber¬ wick, but is only about fifteen miles in length. Further to the eaft extends the I.ong Fortys, of great extent, from Buchan Nefs to Nevvcaftle ; and from forty to one hun¬ dred miles diflant from the (bore. From the coaft of Buchan a bank alfo reaches acrofs the German fea to¬ wards the Jutts-riff. ' What are called the Montrofe Pits, as being in the latitude of that town, though to the eaft of the Long Fortys, are hollows, from three to four miles in diameter, from feventy to one hundred fathom deep, with a (oft muddy bottom, in a bank of gravel about fifty miles long, under forty fathom of water. In the open Atlantic the lar'geft bank. is that of Newfoundland ; and there is a confider.ible bank to the weft of the Hebudes, abounding with cod and otiier fifh. The chief rivers of F.urope are deferibed under the refpective countries through which they flow. Of the Volga, far- the greater part is included in Europe ; the Danube is the next in extent ; and is followed by the Dnieper, or Nieper ; the Rhine, and the Elbe. The mod: elevated mountains are the Alps, properly f'o called, which are followed by the Pyrenees, and the extenfive ridge which divides Norway from Sweden. The Carpa¬ thian mountains, and the chain of Emineh, or Haemus, are, with the Appennines, of inferior extent and height. For t Ire particular deferiptions of thefe grand and immove¬ able features of nature, which have only attracted atten¬ tion within thefe few years paft, fee under their refpedtive titles in this work. The kingdoms and ftates of Europe may be confidered, 1. As defpotic monarchies, as thofe of Rufiia and Turkey; 2. Abfolute monarchies, as Spain, Denmark, &c. or, 3. Limited monarchies, as the empire of Germany, united kingdom of Great Britain, &c. Since the fall of Venice, and the fubverfion of Swifferland and Holland, f'carcely an example occurs of permanent and fixed ariftocracy, or the hereditary government of nobles. Of democracy, or more ftridly (peaking, elective ariftocracy, a few cities, and fome Swifs cantons, may preferve a fembla.nce ; while France, at the prefent hour, is a military defpotifm, un¬ der the name of the Gaulic Empire, Vol. VII. No. 410. 8,‘i The nations of Europe confift of, 1. The united king- doms of Great Britain and Ireland. 2. France. 3. Kullia. 4. The Andrian dominions. 5. Thofe of Pruflia. 6. Spain. 7. Turkey. 8. Holland, or the United Provinces, now the Batavian Republic. 9. Denmark. 10. Sweden. 11. Portugal. 12. Swifferland. 1 3. The ftates of Ger¬ many; and, 14. 'Thofe of Italy. The kingdoms of Sicily and Sardinia, though fliakcn to the -centre, muff never- thelefs be noticed as important diftridls in Europe. See the hiftory of thefe nations brought up to the prefent ' time, under their refpective heads in this Encyclopaedia. EUROPE' AN, ad). Belonging to Europe. EUROPE'AN, J. A native of Europe; an inhabitant of Eiurope. EUR'OPI AS, f. In natural hiftory, a precious (lone of a black colour. EURO'TAS, a foil of I.elex, father to Sparta, who married Lacedaemon. He was one of the firft kings of Laconia, and gave his name to the river which flows near Sparta. Apollodorus. — A river of Laconia, flowing by Sparta. It was called by way of eminence, Bafi/ipotamos, the king of rivers, and vvorfliipped by the Spartans as a powerful god. Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and olives, grew on its banks in great abundance. Strabo. — A river in Thef- faly, near mount Olympus, called alfo Titas'c/us. It joined the Peneus, but was not fuppofed to incorporate with it. Pliny. EUR'VILLE, a town of France, in the department of the Upper Marne, and chief place of a canton, in the dif- tridl of St. Diz.ier : five miles fouth-eaft of St. Dizier. EU'RUS, /". A wind blowing from the eaftern parts of the world. The Latins fometimes called it Vulturrvs. — Kurus, as all other winds, nuid be drawn with blown cheeks, wings upon his (boulders, and his body the co¬ lour of the tav/ny moon. Pcachum. EURY'A, f. [from evgve, latus, broad.] In botany, a genus of the clafs dodecandria, order monogynia. The generic charafters are — Calyx : pecianthium five-leaved ; leaflets ovate, concave, obtufe, fmooth ; furronnded at the bafe with a two-leaved fimilar calycle, one-third only of the fize of the calyx. Corolla: petals five, roundifh-ovate, concave, the fize of the calyx ; nectary, dots or a purple rim, at the bafe of the filaments. Sta¬ mina : filaments thirteen, very fliort, fo as to be fcarcelv any ; anthene upright, four- 1 tiffed, alrnoft the length of the corolla. Piftillum : germ fuperior, convex, fmooth; fly 1 e fubulate, fliorter than the antherae ; ftigmas three, reflex. Pericarpium : capfule globular, with the fty-le permanent, fliarp, fmooth, fivc-ceiled, five-valved. Seeds: fixnewhat three-cornered, dotted, numerous .—FJ/intial Character. Calyx five-leaved, calycled ; corolla five-pe- talled ; (lamina thirteen ; capfule five-celled. Eurya Japonica, or Japan eurya, a Angle (uecies. All parts of t lie plant are fmooth ; llem fhrubby ; branches and twigs alternate, lax, from upright bent in, afii-co- loured ; leavesam the twigs alternate, frequent, petioled, elliptic or oblong, drawn to a point at both ends, ferrate, a little turned back at the edge, entire at the bafe, very fmooth, thickifh, ever-green, in two rows, upright, with an emarginate point, nerved, the upper furface green, but underneath yellowifh, an inch or more in length. It flowers in September and Oilobcr. Native of Japan. EURY'ALE, in mythology, one of the Gorgons, daughter of Phorcys, and After of Medufa : (he was fabled to be fubjedt neither to old age nor death. EURY'ALUS, one of the Peloponnefian chiefs, who went to the Trojan war with eighty (hips. 'Homer. — A Trojan who came with EEneas into Italy, and. rendered himfelf famous for his immortal friend (hip with Nifus. Virgil. EURYAN'DRA, f. [from eveyc, wide, and uvr,r, male; the filaments or male organ of ’the plant being "dilated, ef’pecially at the tip. ] In botany, a genus of the clafs polyandria, order trigynia, natural order of coadunatas, (tnagnolice, JuJJ '.) The generic charaflers are— Caly-x : Z perianthiuni S6 EUR E U S perianthium five-leaved ; leaflets roundifh, concave, the two outer (mailer. Corolla : petals three, roundifh, con¬ cave, longer than the calyx. Stamina: filaments very many, capillary, very much dilated at the tip; antherae twin, with the cells disjoined. Piftillum : germs three, ovate ; (lyles three, very fiiort ; (tigmas two, (lightly di¬ vided. Pericarpium : follicles three, ovate, divaricate, opening longitudinally on the inner fide. — EJfential C/ia- raBer. Calyx five-leaved ; corollas three-petalled ; fila¬ ments much dilated at the tip, with twin disjoined an- therae ; follicles three. Euryandra fcandens, the only fpecies known, is a climb¬ ing plant ; a ijative of New Caledonia. Forjl. Gen. 82. EURY'BIA, the mother of Lucifer, and all the liars. IJrJiod. — A daughter of Pontits and Terra, mother of Aftraeus, Pallas, and Ferfes, by Crius. Apollodorus. EURY BLADES, a Spartan general of the Grecian fleet at the battles of Artemifium and Salamis againft Xerxes. He has been charged with want of courage and with ambition, He offered to flrike Themiftocles when he wiflied to fpeak about the manner of attacking the Perfians; upon which the Athenian faid, “ Strike me, but hear me.” Herodotus. EURYCLE'A, a beautiful daughter of Ops of Ithaca. Laertes bought her for twenty oxen, and gave her his fon Ulyffes to nurfe, and treated her with much tendernefs and attention. Homer. EU'RYCLES, an orator of Syracufe, who propofed to put Nicias and Demofthenes to death, *and to confine to hard labour all the Athenian foldiers in the quarries. Plutarch. EURY'DAMUS, a Trojan (killed in the interpreta¬ tion of dreams. His twro fons were killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. Homer. — A wreftler of Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth daffied to pieces by his antagonift, which he fwallowed without (flowing any ligns of pain, or difconlinuing the fight. /Elian. EURY'DICE, the wife of Amyntas, king of Macedon. She had by her hufoand, Alexander, Perdiccas, and Phi¬ lip, and one daughter, called Euryone. A criminal par¬ tiality for her daughter’s lnifband, to whom (he offered her hand and the kingdom, made her confpire againd Amyntas, who muff have fallen a victim to her infide¬ lity, had not Euryone difeovered it. Amyntas forgave her. Alexander afeended the throne after his father’s death, and periffied by the ambition of his mother. Per¬ diccas, who fuccecded him, (hared his fate; but Philip, who was the next in lucceflion, fecured himfelf againft all attempts from his mother, and afeended the throne with peace and univerfal fatisfaftion. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates the Athenian general for protection. The manner of her death is unknown. C. Ncpos. — A daughter of Amyntas, who married her uncle Aridteus, the ille- getimate fon of Philip. After the death of Alexander the Great, Aridasus afeended the throne of Macedon ; but he was totally governed by the intrigues of his wife, who called back Callander, and joined her forces w ith his to march againft Polyperchon and Olympias. Eurydice was foriaken by her troops, Aridteus was pierced through with arrows by order of Olympias, who commanded Eu¬ rydice to deftroy herfclf either by poifon, the (word, or the halter. She chofe the latter. — The wife of the poet Orpheus. As (he fled before Ariftteus, who wiflied to offer her violence, (lie was bit by a ferpent in the grafs, and died of the wound. Orpheus was fo difconfolate, that he ventured to the regions below, where, by the me¬ lody of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto the reftoration of Ids wife, provided he would not look behind him before he came upon earih. He violated the conditions, from his eagernefs to fee his wife. He looked behind, and Eu¬ rydice was for ever taken from him. See Orpheus. EIJRY'MKDQN, the father of Periboea, by whom Neptune had Naufitnous. Homer. — A river of Pamphylia, near which the Perfians were defeated by the Athenians Under Ciroon. Liny. EU'RYPON, a king of Sparta, fon of Sous- His reign was fo glorious, that his defeendants were called Eurypontida. Paufanias. EURYS'THENES, a fon of Ariftodemus, who lived in perpetual dilfenfion with his twin brother Procles, while they both fat on the Spartan throne. It was unknown which of the two was bor.n firft ; the mother, who wiflied to fee both her fons railed on the throne, refufed to de¬ clare it, and they were both appointed kings of Sparta by order of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of the two brothers, the Lacedaemonians, who knew not to what family the right of feniority and fucceflion belonged, permitted two kings to fit on the throne, one of each family. The defeendants of Euryfthenes were called Euryjlhenida , and thofe of Procles, Proclida. It was inconfiftent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the fame family to afeend the throne together, yet that law was fometimes violated by oppreflion and tyranny. Eu¬ ryfthenes had a fon called Agis, who fuccecded him. His defeendants were called Agida?. There fat on the throne of Sparta thirty-one kings of the family of Euryfthenes, and only twenty-four of the Proclidas. The former were the more illuftrious. Herodotus. EURYS'THEUS, a king of Argos and Mycena;, fon of Sthenelus and Nicippe the daughter of Pelops. Juno haftened his birth by two months, that he might come into the world before Hercules the fon of Alcmena, as the younger of the twm was doomed by order of Jupiter to be fublervient to the will of the other. This natural right was cruelly exercifed by Euryftheus, who was jea¬ lous of the fame of Hercules, and who, to deftroy fo powerful a relation, impofed upon him the moft danger¬ ous and uncommon enterprifes, well known by the name of the twelve labours of Hercules. The fuccefs of Her¬ cules in atchieving thofe perilous labours alarmed Eu- ryftfleus in a greater degree, and he furniffled himfelf with a brazen veffel, where he might fecure himfelf a fafe retreat in cafe of danger. After the death of Hercules, Euryftheus renewed his cruelties againft his children, and made war againft Ceyx kingof Tracluinia, becaufe he had given them fupport, and treated them with hofpitality. He was killed in the profecution of this war by Hyllus the fon of Hercules. His head was fent to Alcmena the mother of Hercules, who relenting the cruelties which her fon had fuffered, infulted it, and tore out the eyes with the moft inveter'te fury. Apollodorus. EURY'THION, or Eurytion, a Centaur, whofe infolence to Hippodarnia was the caufe of the quarrel between the Lapithae and Centaurs, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. — A man of Heracles, convicted of adul¬ tery. His pwnifflment was the caufe of the abolition of the oligarchical power there. Arijlotle. EU'RYTHMY, f. Gr.J Harmony, regu¬ lar and fymmetrical meafure. — In architecture, paint¬ ing, and fculpture, it denotes that chaftenefs, elegance, and fymmetry, which refults from the beauty of true proportion. EU'RYTUS, a king of CEchalia, father to lole. He offered his daughter to him who (hot a bow better than himfelf. Hercules conquered him, and put him to death becaufe he refufed him his daughter as the prize of his victory. Apollodorus.-*- A perfon killed in hunting the C’a- lydonian boar. EUSCHEMO'SYNE,/ [from ev, 'well, and Gr, form or habit.] That decency and gravity of deportment which, among the minor duties of his office, a phylician ought not to negleCt. Upon this fubjeCt Hippocrates has written an entire book. EUS'DEN (Laurence), an Irifli clergymen, reCtor of Conefby in Lincolnfflire, and poet laureat after the death of Rowe. His firft patron was the eminent lord Halifax ; whofe poem, ori the battle of the Boyne, he tranflated into Latiivand dedicated to his lordfhip. He wasefteem- ed by the duke of Newcaftle, who rewarded an epithala- jnium he wrote on his marriage with the place of poet laureat. 0 E U S laureat. He was the author of many poetical pieces, and died in 17.10. EU'SEBES,/! In heathen mythology, a (lone formed in a chair, in the temple of Bacchus at Tyre, where de¬ mons or evil fpirits were fup.pofed to appear. EUSE'BI A, [ev, well, and crsSa, Gr, to venerate.] ,The name of a woman. EUSE'BIANS, a denomination given to the fedft of Arians, on account of the favour and countenance which Eufebius, biftiop of Caefarea, (liowed and procured for them at their firft rife. EUSE'BIQS, furnamed Paviphilus, bidiop of Caefarea in the fourth century, the father of eccledaftical hidory, born about the year 270. We have no certain accounts of his family, or of his inftrudtors in early life. But that he was a diligent (Indent in all branches of facred and pro- phane literature, particularly in fcriptural knowledge and eccledaftical antiquities, is (Efficiently apparent from his numerous valuable productions. During the perfe- cution under Diocledan, he was unwearied in exhorting the Chriftians at Caefarea to fortitude and conftancy in their fufterings for the faith of Chrift, and was.called to the painful talk of fupporting and animating the mind of his friend Pamphilus, who differed martyrdom in 309. Upon the martyrdom of Pamphilus, out of refpedt to his memory, Eufebius added his name to his own, and then removed to Tyre, where his friend Paulinus was biftiop, and where he law numbers feal their teftimony to the truth of Cliriftianity, with glory and triumph over the cruelties of perfecution. At the meeting of the famous council i f Nice in 325, he was appointed to the office of opening it, and had the firft feat alligned him by the em¬ peror Conftantine, on the right of the throne. Pie was alfo prefent at the council of Antioch, in 330, when the arian party depofed Euftathius, the biftiop of that city ; and he concurred in their judgment. On this occafion, however, lie exhibited a (trong proof of his fuperiority to all felfi(h views. For though be was elected both by the biftiops and people to that fee, which was a much more profitable fituation than that of Caefarea, he abfo- lutely refilled it. In 335 he j< 'ned tho(e biftiops who at the council of Tyre condemned the proceedings of Atha- iiafius biftiop of Alexandria ; and he was afterwards de¬ puted by the fame biftiops in a council which they held at Jerufalem, to attend the emperor Conftantine, in order to juftify the meafur.es which they had taken againft that prelate. Eufebius was certainly one of the molt learned and ftudious men of all antiquity. With the mod eminent perfons of his time for knowledge and literature he was intimately acquainted, and had accefs to lome of the beft libraries then exifting. He died eirlief in 339 or 340. Of Eufebius’s numerous works, the mod important and va¬ luable is his Eccledaftical Hiftory, in ten books, containing the hiftory of the church from the birth of Chrift to his own times. The beft edition of this hiftory is that of the learned Valefius ; and of the various imprefiions of that edition the mod valuable is that printed at Cambridge, in 1720, in three volumes folio, by William Reading. It contains the author’s Life of Conftantine, in four books, and other ecclefiaftical hiftorians, as Socrates, Theodurer, &c. Eufebius’s Chronicle, in two books, containing an univerfal hiftory from the earlirit times to the year 325, is another work of prodigious labour and learning, which deferves to be chrfled among the moft ufefu! remains of antiquity. His Evangelical Preparation, in fifteen books, and his ten books Of Evangelical Demonftration, which are the only ones remaining out of twenty books, of which the work originally connfted, form the mod comprehen- five and the moft learned defence which antiquity af¬ fords us of the truth of the Chriftian religion againft the objections of Pagans and Jews. A beautiful edition of them was publiftied in Greek, by Robert Stephens, in 2544 and 1345, in two volumes folio; which was reprint¬ ed at Paris, in 1628, in two volumes folio, w,th a Latin verfion of the former, together with various readings from E U S 87 different MSS. and notes, by Francis Vigerius, and Dc- natus’s Latin verfion of the latter. Betides the works above-mentioned, Eufebius was the author of A Com¬ mentary upon the 150 Pfalrns, publiftied as far as the 119th, by Montfaucon, in the firft volume of his ColleB. Nov. Grac. Pat. 1706; A Commentary upon the Prophe¬ cies of Ilaiah, publiftied in tire fecorid volume of Mont- faucon’s Collection ; An Expofitionof the Song of Songs, publiftied by Meurfuts, in 1617; A Treatife againft Hierocles, who to expofe the Chriftian religion to ridicule had compared Apollonius Tyanacus with Jefus Chrift; Five Books againft Marcellus biftiop of Ancyra, or, as they are generally divided and entitled, T wo Books againft Marcellus, and Three Books of Ecclefiaftical Theology ; fix books of An Apology forOrigen, compofed jointly by Eufebius and his friend Pamphilus, of which a Latin ver¬ fion of the firft only is now remaining ; Ten Evangelical Canons, or Rules for harmonifing the Evangelifts ; A Book of Topography, containing geographical explana¬ tions of the countries, cities, and places, mentioned in the Old Teftament, publiftied with, notes, by Bonfrerius and Le Clerc, in 1707, in folio ; A Defcription of the Church of the Sepulchre at Jerufalem, ami its Ornaments, and the Prefents Cent thither by the Emperor ; a (liort Treatife of the Lives of the Prophets ; fourteen f’mall trails, publiftied in Latin, by father Sirmond, in 1643, 8vo. ; two Sermons in Greek and Latin, publiftied by fa¬ ther Combefis, in the firft volume of his AuEiuar. Nov. Pat. Grac. ; and feveral other treatifes no longer extant, for the titles.and farther particulars of which we refer to Fa- bricius, Cave, and Du Pin. EUSE'BIUS, biftiop of Berytus in Phoenicia, and af¬ terwards of Nicomedia and Conftantinopie, in the fourth century. After his tranftation from Berytus to Nicome¬ dia, the difputes between Arius and his diocefan at Alex¬ andria had arifen to fuch a height, that the former was profecuted for herefy before a council of African biftiops, pronounced excommunicated from the catholic church, and banilhed from the city of which he was a prelbyter. In thefe circumftances he retired for refuge to Eufebius at Nicomedia, who, conftdering him to be an injured and perfecuted man, warmly efporifed his interefts, and cir¬ culated letters in his defence among the A/iatic and Eu¬ ropean biftiops. He likewife adopted the diftinguifhing tenets of Arius, of which he proved one of the moft able and learned champions ; whence the party who embraced them were called by the name of Eufebians. He was pre¬ fent at the council of Nice in 325, and in a fpirited manner defended tire caufe of Arius; but when the fathers had decreed his condemnation, after fome delay Eufebius figned the creed which they eftabliftied as a teft of ortho¬ doxy. As he was a perfon not only of confiderable learn¬ ing and abilities, but alfo of great addrefs, he afterwards rendered the party of Arius triumphant at the Conftanti- nopolitan court, and employed his influence in perfecuting thofe who had been the perfecutors of Arius. Thus the fpirit of Chriftianity was difgraced, and its benevolent precepts (hamefully violated, in the hardlhips which were now inflicted on catholic believers. Eufebius maintained his influence with Conftantine until the death of that em¬ peror, and afterwards poflefted in an equal degree the con¬ fidence of iris Con Conftantius. In 341 he attended the council at Antioch, in which Athanafius was depofed from his epifcopal functions, to which lie had been re- ftored by an edict of the emperor Conftantius. Soon after the meeting of this council, about the year 342, he terminated his career. There are no genuine remains of the numerous writings of which he is faid to have been the author, excepting A Letter concerning Arius and his Opinions, which is preferved in Theodoret. EUSE'BIUS, bifhop of Emefa in Phoenicia, in the fourth century, a defeendant from, an honourable family, and born at Edefta in Mefopotamia. He was early in- ftr udted in the (acred feriptures, and then placed under the beft. mailers in his native city, where lie became ac- corcrpliihed- 8S T*» u s complifhed in the different branches of feculav literature. Afterwards lie went to Palefline, where he liudied theo¬ logy and facre.d criticifm under Patrophilus of Scytho- polis, and Eitfebius of Csefarea. He likewife went to Antioch, and thence to Alexandria, in which city he chiefly applied himfelf to the (truly of philofophy, and then returned to Antioch. His fetilement at Emefa was at firft violently oppofed by the ignorant populace, who, from the fame which he had acquired by his proficiency in literature and the Iciences, had been led to entertain a fufpicion that he was converfant in magical arts, lie died .at Antioch about the year 360. The chief of his works were, treatifes againft the Jews, again!! the Novatians, and again!! the Manicheans ; ten books upon the Epiftle to the Galatians; and many fhort homilies upon the gofpels. Ilis treatife againft the Jews is ftill extant in a Greek MS. in the library at Vienna. EUSE'BIUS, bifhop of Vercelli, now Verceil in Pied¬ mont, in the fourth century, native of the ifland of Sardi¬ nia. Having removed to Rome, lie was firft appointed reader of that church, and afterwards raifed to the lee of -Vercelli. In the year 354 he was deputed by pope Li¬ berals to wait cn the emperor Conftantius, then in Gaul, to plead the caufe of Athanafius, after his expulfion from Alexandria. But the arian party fucceeded in cauling a decree to be palled which condemned the conduct of Athanafius, and approved the meafures that had been taken againft him. When the emperor commanded that this decree fliould be figned by all the bilhops prefent, .Eufebius refilled to give his fanchion to an act which his principles led him to abhor ; on which account he was baniihed to Scythopolis in Syria, afterwards removed to Cappadocia, and again into the Upper Thebais. On the acceflion of Julian to the empire lie obtained his liberty, and was prefent at the fynod Held by Athana¬ fius at Alexandria in 362. Afterwards he travelled through different parts of the Eaft, endeavouring to re¬ claim many of the arian churches to the Nicene faith, and then returned to Italy, where lie continued indefatigable in purfuing the fame object until his death, which took place about the year 370. He tranflated the Commentary of Eufebius of Crefarea upon the Plaints out of Greek into Latin, of which Jerome makes mention in his Catalogue of Ecclefiaftical Writers; but it is now entirely loft. There are (till extant fotne fragments of letters fuppofed to be his, in different collections, to which Cave and D11 Pin refer; alfo a MS. in the cathedral church at Verceil, containing a Latin verfton of the four Gofpels, inferted in the EvangcliariumQuadruplcx Latina: Verfionis Antigua, Jcu petens Italica, publilhed by Jofeph Blanchini, at Rome, .in 1749. EUSE'BIUS, bifhop of Dorylasum in Phrygia, in the fifth century. Having embraced the ecclefiaftical life, he obtained the fee of Dorylteum, and in 448 preferred an •accufation of lierefy againft Eutyches and his followers. T he fupporters of Eutyches, however, were not flow in taking their revenge; for in a fynod held at Ephefus by Diofcortis, patriarch of Alexandria, in 449, he was con¬ demned to be depofed from his epiicopai functions, and refufed admiflion into it to plead his own caufe. Two years after this a counter-fynod was held at Chalcedon by the orthodox party, in which Eufebius preferred accufa- tions againft Diofcortis. They then condemned the Eu- tychians, as the Eutychians had formerly condemned them : and in the proceedings of both parties, an impro¬ per fpirit of intolerance was much more difcernible, than a difpaflionate love of truth, and a regard to the true genius of the religion of which they made profeflion. A Latin verfion of his Argument again!! Neftorius is to be found in the fec.ond volume of the works of Marius Mer¬ cator ; and his Accufation of Eutyches before the C011- Ihintinopolitan fynod, his Accufation of Diofcortis before .the fynod of Chalcedon, and" a letter from him to the em¬ peror Marcian, are inferted in the fourth volume of the Colldtio Conciliorunu E U S EUSHA'R, a town of Afia tic Turkey, in the province of Natolia : twenty-four miles eaft of Ifliarteh. EUS'KIRCHEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and duchy of Juliers: tiventv miles fouth- eaft of Juliers. EU'STACE, ’[eg well, and ic-T/^xt, Gr. to Hand.] The name of a man. EUSFA'CHE (David), a refpeCl'able French proteftant minifter in the feventeenth century, native of Dauphine, and fettled as paftor with the proteftant church at Mont¬ pellier. He afiifted at the national fynod held at London in 1659, as deputy of the province of I.ower Languedoc, and was nominated by the affembly to prefent to the king the letter which they addreffed to his majefty. On this occafion lie met with much applaufe when he harangued the monarch, who was then at Tonloufe, and alfo the queen-mother, and cardinal Mazarine. He was the au¬ thor of fome fermons, and fome controverfial pieces, by which he acquired confiderable reputation. EUSTA'CHIO, or Eustachius (Bartholomew), an excellent anatomift, native either of St. Severino in the Marche of Ancona, or of St. Severina in Calabria. Little is known of his hiftory, farther than that he was a medical profdfor in the college of Sapienza in Rome, and that he was phyfician to cardinal Julio della Rovere, named the cardinal d’Urbino. He is fuppofed to have died in 1570. Enftachius was a man of penetrating genius, and admira¬ bly fitted for minuteand exact refearches. Haller fays of him, that he embraced a wider field of enquiry than any other anatomift down to the prefent time ; and that he enriched the fcience with more difeoveries and more cor¬ rections than any other perfon whom he knows. One great fcope of this anatomift feemsto have been to defend the accuracy of Galen againft the cenfures of Vefalius ; but His refearches led him much farther titan the know¬ ledge of tiie ancients. In the ftrudture of the kidneys, of the organ of the ear, of the bones, in the nervous and ar¬ terial fyftems, his additions and corrections to former de- feriptions are efpecially important. His name is perpe¬ tuated in the internal tube of the ear, called the Eujlachian, and in the Euftachian valve of the heart. EUSTA'THI ANS, a name given to the Catholics of Antioch in the fourth century, on occafion of their re- fufal to'acknowledge any other bifhop befides St. Euflr- thius, depofed by the Arians. Alfo a feCt of heretics in the fourth century, denominated from their founder E11- ftathius, a monk fo fool i (li 1 y fond of his own profeflion, that he condemned all other conditions of life. He ex¬ cluded married people from falvation ; prohibited his followers from praying in their houfes ; and obliged them to quit all they had, as incompatible with the hopes of heaven. EUSTA'THIUS, bifhop of Antioch in the fourth cen¬ tury, born at Side in Pamphilia. He was a ftrenuous op¬ ponent of the arian doClrine, which he combated both by his eloquence and in numerous writings. At. the council of Nice, in 325, he diftinguiftied himfelf by his exertions in the caufe of orthodoxy, and afterwards by his zeal in defending the decifionsof the council, and carrying them into effect. This conduct of his highly exafperated the arian bifhops of Paleffine, who embraced the firft favour¬ able occafion of making him feel their vengeance. After the return of Eufebius of Nicomedin, and Theognis of Nice, from banilhment, a fynod of the eaftern bifhops was held at Antioch about the year 32S, in which Euftathius was accufed, by Cyrus bifhop of Bertea, of adhering to the doctrine of Sabellius, rather than to that of the council of Nice. Whether he was really a favourer of the Sabel- lian notions, Lardner think's is doubtful. Euftathius was, however, declared to be guilty, and by a decree of the fynod depofed from the paftoral office. Through the influence of his enemies with the emperor, he was alfo banifhed to Trajanopolis in Thrace, where he died, but at what time is uncertain. His fame was fo great among the catholics, that thofe who fupported his intereft were 1 diftinguiflied E. U T diftinguiflted by the name of Evjlathians. Of his numerous writings there are few remains extant of undifputed genu nenef , excepting fragments which have been col¬ lected by Fabricius. Perhaps his only exiiting treatife is, A Differtation concerning the Ventriloquift, or Pythonefs, r Sant, xxviii. written againft Origen and his opinions on that fubjeft, which was publifhed by Alladius in Greek, together with a Latin verfion, in 1629, and is alfo to be found in the twenty-feventh volume of the Bibliotheca Pa- trum, and in the eighth volume of the Critici Sacri. EUST A'TI A, or Eu statius. See Saint Eustatia. EUSTA'TIUS, archbifhop of Theffalonica, a gram¬ marian and critic of note, live i in the twelfth century, under the emperors Manuel, Alexius, and Andronicus Comnenus. He is known by his Commentaries upon Homer, and upon Dionyfius the geographer. Thefe commentaries were printed at Rome in four volumes folio, 1542,1550, and have been reprinted, particularly at Florence, 1730, See. with the notes and tranflations of Politi and Salvini. Many of the annotations are given in the notes on Pope’s Homer. The commentaries on Dio- nyfius were firfl printed in the Greek by Robert Stephens in 1547, and have been feveral times reprinted. A Latin verfion of them was given by Politi in 1742, at Geneva, two volumes, 8vo. EU'STOW, formerly called Helenjlow , a place in Bed- fordfhire, fo called from a convent dedicated to Helen, the mother of Conftantine the Great. EUSTJLA'TIUS, a prefoyter of the church of Con¬ ftantinople under the patriarchate of Eutychius, flouriflted about the year 578. He was the author of A Treatife concerning the Souls of the Dead, intended to prove that the fouls of all men are aCtive after their reparation from the body. It was firft publifhed by Leo Allatius, ac¬ companied with a Latin verfion, at the end of his Trea¬ tife on Purgatory, Rome, 1665, 8vo. and is inferted in the twenty-feventh volume of the Bibliotheca Patrum. He was alfo theauthorof The Lifeof the Patriarch Eutychius. EUSTRA'TIUS, archbifttop of Nice in the twelfth century, fpoken of as a perfon of profound learning and /kill, as well in civil as ecclefiaftieal affairs. He was the author of A Treatife againft Chryfolanus, concerning the Proceflion of the Holy Spirit, which is to be met with in different libraries ; and of fome other pieces mentioned by Allatius, which are ftill probably in cxiftence. The only works of his which have been committed to the prefs are, Commentaries on the latter Analyfis of Ariffotle, publilhed in Greek at Venice, 1534, folio ; and Commen¬ taries on the Ethics of Ariffotle, publifhed in Greek at the fame place, 1536, folio, and in Latin at Paris, 1543, folio. EUS'TYLE,yi in architedlure, the beff manner of plac¬ ing columns, with regard to their diftance ; which, ac¬ cording to Vitruvius, fhould be four modules, or two dia¬ meters and a quarter. EU'TAM, a fmall ifland of the Well Indies, near the eaft coaft of Porto Rico. Lat. 18. 18. N. Ion. 64.41. \V. Greenwich. EUTA'XI A, or Eutaxy,/ [from ev;, good, and 9 Gr. order.] A graceful difpofition of things ; pro¬ per order, EUTER'PE, one of the Mufes, daughter of Jupiterand Mnemofyne. She prefided over mufic, and was looked upon as the inventrefs of the flute. She is reprefented as crowned with flowers, and holding a flute in her hands. Some mythologifts attributed to her the inven¬ tion of tragedy, more commonly fuppofed to be the pro- dudtion of Melpomene. EUTHANA'SIA, or Euthanasv, f. [svSa ])OLa\CLy Gr.] An eafy death. — A recovery, in my cafe, and at my age, is impoflible ; the kindeft with of my friends is ■euthanajia. Arbuthnot. EUTHE'NIA, [from evStivsta, Gr. to profper.] The medical term for a found ftate of health, or good confti- tution of body. Vol. VII. No. 410. E U T 8!* EUTHY'CR ATES, a fculptor of Sicyon, foil of I.y- fippus. He was peculiarly happy in the proportions of his ftatues. Thofe of Hercules and Alexander were in general effeetn, and particularly that of Medea, which was carried on a chariot by four horfes. EUTHY'MIUS, patriarch of Conftantinople in the tenth century, was a native of Ifauria, who was firff of all a fimple monk, but by his talents and virtues fo far re¬ commended himfelf to notice, that he obtained the ap¬ pointment of Synce/le, a confidential office of high rank un¬ der the patriarch, and was chofen confetlor by the em ¬ peror Leo VI. furnamed the Wife, or the Philofophcr. In the year 906, Nicholas the patriarch, furnamed the Myftic, having awakened the indignation of the emperor by excommunicating him for marrying a fourth wife, -con¬ trary to the laws of the Greek church, was depofed from that dignity, and Euthymius was elevated to it in his room. Upon the death of Leo, his fuccelfor Alexander 11. re-eftablifhed Nicholas in the patriarchal chair, in the year 911, and iffued a fentence ofbanifhment againft Eu¬ thymius. On thisoccafion he is reported to have received injurious and brutal treatment from fome ecclefl allies, whofe fimoniacal practices he had detected and punilhed ; but he bore their outrages without a murmur, and fuf- tained the difgrace and inconveniencies of his exile with meeknefs and patience until his death, which took place about the year 920. There was another patriarch of Con¬ ftantinople of the name of Euthymius, who obtained that dignity in the year 1410, and enjoyed it until his death, in 1416. EUTHY'MIUS ZIGABENUS, a Greek monk of the order of St. Bafil, flouriflted at Conftantinople at thebe- ginning of the twelfth century. Reacquired the patron¬ age and efteem of the emperor Alexius Comnenus, at whofe command he drew up his Panoplia, or Defence of the Orthodox Faith againft all Herelies. A Latin verfion of it by Zinus, was printed at Lyons in 1536, and after¬ wards at Paris and Venice, and is to be found in the nine¬ teenth volume of the Bibliotheca Patrum. Euthymius was alfo the author of A Commentary upon the Pfalms and Canticles, ofwhich a Latin verfion was publifhed by Sau. lilts, in 1530, folio. 3. A Commentary on the four Evangelifts, tranflated into Latin by Hentenius, Zinus, and Saulius, the latter of whom publifhed his verfion at Louvain, in 1544, folio. 4. A Treatife againft the He- refies of the Mallalians, Bogomilians, &c. publifhed in Greek, with a Latin verfion, and learned notes, by James Tollius, at Utrecht, in 1696. 5. Commentaries on the Epiftles of St. Paul . 6. A Commentary on the Catholic Epiftles ; and fome other treatifes, ftill in MS. the fub- jedts of which are noticed in Fabricius, as well as the li¬ braries in which they are depofited. EU'THYMY,yi [from ev;, good, and 617*0;, Gr. the mind.] Quietnefs of mind ; eafe of mind. Scott. EUTHY'POROS, f. The aft of walking upright. Phillips. Not much ufal. EU'TIN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and bifhopric of Lubeck, fituated by the fide of a lake ; the uftial refidence of thebifhop : twenty miles north of Lubeck. EUTO'CIUS, amoft intelligent mathematician, native of Afcalon in Paleftine, and a difciple of Ifidorus, flou- riftied towards the beginning of the fixth century. To him the mathematical world is indebted for very elaborate and perfpicuous Commentaries on the books of Archi¬ medes concerning the fphere and cylinder, the dimenfions of the circle, and equiponderants-; and alfo on the firft four books of the Conics of Apollonius Pergaeus. Thefe commentaries have appeared in their moft perfedt and magnificent form in the edition of the works of Archi¬ medes, printed at Oxford in 1 792, folio, which was pre¬ pared for the prefs by the learned Jofeph Torelli, of Ve¬ rona ; and in Dr. Halley’s edition of the eight books of Apollonius, publiflted at Oxford in 1710, folio. EUTOL'MIA, [from ev, well, and t oA.wasv, Gr. to A a ‘ dare.] E U T E W A dare.] That firmneTs of mind which preferves from the 11 ft i a 1 agitations produced by accidents and furprife. EUTRO'PIUS, a Latin hiftorian of the fourth cen¬ tury, fuppofed to have been a native of Aquitain, though Suidas calls him “ an Italian fophift.” He himfelf fays that he bore arms under Julian in his expedition againft the Perfians ; and he is thought to have rifen to the fena- torian rank. He wrote feveral works, of which the only one remaining is an abridgment of the Roman Hiltory, in ten books, from the foundation of the city to the reign of the emperor Valens. It appears to have been in much efteem in the middle ages, and more than one Greek ver- fion was made of it. Numerous editions of it have been publifhed, and it has been received as a fchool book. There is a Delphin edition of 1683, 4to.; an Oxford, with a Greek tranflatjon, 1703, 8vo. ; and a very elegant one by Dellin, with the notesof Le Fevre, Paris, Barbou, 1746. EU'TYCHES, founder of the feet called Eutychians , in the fifth century. He was a Greek prelbyter, and ab¬ bot of a monaftery at Confiantinople ; and in the excefsof his zeal againft the doftrine of Neftorius, adopted an op- polite opinion, but equally at variance with the catholic creed ; for he maintained, that in Chrift there was but one nature, that of the incarnate Word. Hence he was thought to deny the exiftence of the human nature in Chrift ; but probably his meaning was, as Theodoret in¬ forms us in his fecond Dialogue on Heretics, that the hu¬ man nature of Chrift was entirely abforbed in the divine, as 'a drop of honey would be abforbed, but without perifti- ing, by falling into the fea. Eutyches had arrived at an advanced period of life when he avowed this opinion, which was firft condemned in a fynod at Confiantinople in 448 ; then approved by the council of Ephefus in 449 ; and re-examined and fulminated in the council of Chal- cedon in 451. A Confeftion of Faith delivered to the Council of Ephefus, and Two Supplications to the Em¬ peror Theodolius, by Eutyches, are extant in the fourth volume of the Collcblio Conciliorum ; and alfo A Letter to Pope Leo, with the Fragment of a Confelfor, in Father Lupus’s Collection of Letters, &c, relative to the Coun¬ cils of Ephefus and Chalcedon. The dodtrine of Euty¬ ches, notwithftanding the decrees of the council of Chal-' cedon againft it, met with numerous fupporters in the eaftern churches, being almoft univerfally received in the biflioprics of Antioch and Alexandria. Thole who main¬ tained it, indeed, became afterwards divided into a va¬ riety of fefts, different branches of which are (till to be met with in Egypt, Syria, and particularly Armenia. EUTYCHIA'NUS, a Tufcun by birth, fucceeded to the fee of Rome on the death of Felix, in 275. He pre- lided over the church of Rome nearly nine years, and died at the clofe of 283. The Catholics have inferibed his name in the lift of martyrs, and he is honoured as fuch by their church. Two decretal Epiftles, relative to fnbjedts of eccleftaftical difeipline, ft ill extant in Gratian, and other collections, are attributed to this pope. EUTYCHTDE, a woman who was thirty times brought to bed, and carried to the grave by twenty of her children. Pliny. EUTYCH'IUS, patriarch of Alexandria in the tenth century, born in 876, at Foftat, or Old Cairo, in Egypt. He was originally bred a phyfician ; but afterwards em¬ braced the eccleftaftic life, and in 932 \yas eleCted pa¬ triarch of Alexandria, w hich dignity he held until his death. On his a dee (lion to the patriarchate, he changed his Arabic name of Said Ebn Patrick, for F.utychius, which means happy, in Greek, as Said does in Arabic. He was the author of Annals, commencing with the Origin of the World, and reaching to the Year 940, to which he gave the name of Nadhm algiauhir, or A String ot Pearls. In 1642 the learned Selden publifhed an extraCt from thefe annals in Arabic and Latin, under the title of Origines Alexandria, &c. 4to. containing an account of the elec¬ tion and ordination of the firft patriarchs of Alexandria, which Eutychius affertsTiad been conduced till Alex¬ ander’s time by twelve prelbyters of that church, who chofe one among themfelves patriarch, and confirmed their choice by the impofition of their hands. He likewife maintains in it, that there was no bifhop in all Egypt un¬ til the time of Demetrius. The whole of the Annals, with Selden’s preface, and notes, was publifhed by Dr. Pocock, at Oxford, in Arabic and Latin, 1659, 4to. Eu¬ tychius was alfo the author of a work concerning the Af¬ fairs of Sicily, after the reduction of that illand by the Sa¬ racens, which is extant in MS. in the public library at Cambridge, fubjoined to the Annals ; and A Deputation between the Chriftians and the Heterodox, in oppofition to the Jacobites, a branch of the Eutychian feCt, which is alfo ftill preferved in MS. as well as fome fmall medi¬ cal treatifes. EU'TYCHUS, a man’s name. EVULGA'TION,/! [evu/go, Lat.] The aCt of divulg¬ ing ; publication. EVUL'SION, [ [evuljio, Lat.] The aft of plucking out. — From a ItriCt enquiry we cannot maintain the cvul- Jion, or biting off any parts. Brown. EUXI'NUS PON'TUS, or Euxinf Sea, in ancient geo¬ graphy, a fea between Alia and Europe, partly at the north of Alia Minor, and at the weft of Colchis. It was originally called «|e ivoj, inhofpitable, on account of the favage manners of th,e inhabitants on its coafts. Com¬ merce with foreign nations, and the plantation of colonies in their neighbourhood, gradually fattened their rough- nefs, and the fea was no longer called Axenus, but Euxcnus, hofpitable. The Euxine is fuppofed by Herodotus to be 1387 miles long and 420 broad. Strabo calls it 1100 miles long, and in circumference 3125. It abounds in all varieties of filh, and receives the tribute of above forty rivers. It is not of great depth, except in the eaft¬ ern parts, whence fome have imagined that it had a fub- terraneous communication with the Cafpian. It is now called the Black Sea, from the thick dark fogs which cover it ; for an account of which fee vol. iii. p. 80. EU'ZET, a town of France, in the department of the Gard, and chief place of a canton, in the diftriCt of Uzes : nine miles weft-north-weft: of Uzes. EUZO'IUS, b: (hop of Ciefarea in the fourth century, educated under Thefpelius the rhetorician. In 366, on the death of Acacias, he obtained the bifhopric of Cae- farea, after maintaining a fmart conteft with many rival candidates. He was a man of confiderable learning, and very diligent in the difeharge of his epifcopal functions ; but is principally entitled to have his name tranfmitted to pofterity on account of his great exertions to promote the interefts of faience and literature. To him the eaft¬ ern world was indebted for the reftoraticn and improve¬ ment of the library at Ciefarea, which had been origi¬ nally collected by Origen and Pamphilus, and was at that period fallen much into decay. In his religious princi¬ ples he was of the Arian party ; on which account he was depofed from his fee, under the reign ot the emperor Theodolius, about the year 380. He was the author 6f numerous treatifes upon various fubjeCts, which were extant in the time of Jerome, but are now entirely loft, and even their titles unrecorded. EW'ALD (John), a Danifti poet, fon of a clergyman at Copenhagen, born in that city in 1743, and died there on the 17th of March, 1781, in the thirty-eighth year of his age. In ftrength of imagination, fpirit, and origi¬ nality, Ewald certainly excels t he other Danifti poets. His various pieces are almoft all diftinguilhed by bold ideas, and new and Jbappy allufions ; and difplay, in the fulleft manner, the fertility of his poetical genius. A complete edition of his works appeared at Copenhagen, 1781 — 1791, four parts, 8vo. the three laft of which are ornamented with mafterly engravings by Chodowieky. E VV ANTCZOW, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Kaminiec : lixty-four miles north-north- weft ot Kamimec. EWA'NO, E X EWA'NO, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Red Ruftia : thirty-fix miles fouth-eaft of Halicz. EW'BR I C E, f. [from ep, i.e. conjugium, and bpiyce, Sax. fraElio. ] Adultery or marriage-breaking : from this Saxon word ep, marriage, we derive our prefent Englifh woo, to court. EWE,y: [eope, Sax. the fhe-fheep ; the female of the ram. For the natural hiftory of fheep, and of different countries, fee the article Ovis. Sev’n bullocks yet unyok’d for Phoebus chufe ; And for Diana feven unfpotted ewes. Dryden. EWE-HOG, f. A female fheep of a year old. EW'ELL, a fmall pleafant town in the county of Sur¬ rey, fourteen miles from London, and ten from Do; king. Here is a moft valuable fpring, the head of a cryftal ftream, that beautifies and enriches Epfom-cou rt meadows. Here was formerly a moll magnificent palace, built by Henry VIII. but none of its remains are left. Charles II. gave it to his favourite mi (t refs, the duchefs of Cleveland, who pulled it down, and fold the materials. The market is on Thurfdays; fairs, May 12 and Oftober 29. EWEN'NY, a river of Wales, in the county of Gla¬ morgan, which runs into the Ogmore, two miles from the lea. EW’ER, f. [from eau, perhaps anciently ev, water.] A veil'd in which water is brought for wafhingthe hands. - — I dreamt of a filver bafon and ewer to-night. Shakcfpcare. The golden ewer a maid obfequious brings ; Replenifh’d from the cool tranflucent fprings; With copious water the bright vafe fupplies A filver laver, of capacious fize. Pope. EWFT, f. An eft, or water-newt: Onely thefe marifhes and myrie bogs, In which the Larfull ewfts do build their bowres, Yeel’d me an hofir.y ’mi.ngft the croking frogs. Spenfer. EW RY, f. An office in the king’s houffiold, where they take care of the linen for the king’s table, lay the cloth, and ferve up water in filver ewers after dinner. EX, a Latin prepofition often prefixed to compounded words : fometimes meaning out, as exhaujl, to draw out ; fometimes only enforcing the meaning, and fometimes producing little alteration. EX, a river of England, which rifes in the weftern part of the county of Someifet, about fifteen miles north- weft from Dulverton, ; afies by Dulverton, Tiverton, Exe¬ ter, To; fham, dec. and runs into the fea at Exmouth. EX GRAVI QUERELA, a writ that lies for him to whom any lands or tenements in fee are devifed by will, (within any city, town, or borough, wherein lands are devifeable by cuftorri,) and the heir of the devifor enters, and detains them from hint. If a man devifes Inch latfcjjs or tenements unto another in tail, with remainder over in fee, if the tenant in tail enter, and is feifed by force of the int.iil, and afterwards dieth without itTue ; he in re¬ mainder (hall have the writ ex gravi querela to execute that devife. Alfo where tenant in tail dies without iflue of his body, the heir of the donor, or he who hath the reverfion of the land, fliall have this writ in the nature of a formedon in the reverter. If a devifor’s heir be oqlle.d by the dcviiee, by entry on the lands ; he may not after have this wrir, but is to have his remedy by the or¬ dinary courfe of the common law. Co. Lit. hi, If the claimant’s title accrues within twenty years, the moft eli¬ gible method of proceeding is by ejectment. EX MERO MOTU, words ufed in the king’s charters and le.ters patent, to lignify that he grants them of his own will and nv re motion, without petition or fnggeftion of any oth r. And the intent and efreft of thefe words, is to bar all excepth ns that might be taken to the char¬ ters or letters patent, by alleging that the king in grant¬ ing them was abufed by falfe fuggeliions. Kitch. 352. E X A 91. EX OFFI'CIO, the power a perfon lias by virtue of an office, to do certain afts, without being applied to : as a juftice of peace may not only grant furety of the peace, at the complaint or requeft of any perfon, but he may demand and take it ex officio, at diferetion, Sec. Dalt. 270. Ex officio informations are at the fuit of the king, filed by the attorney-general, as by virtue of his office; without applying to the court wherein filed, for leave, or giving the defendant any opportunity of (hewing caufe why it (hould not be filed. EX PARTE, [of one part .] A commifiion in chancery ex parte, is that which is taken out and executed by one fide or party only, on the other party’s neglecting or re- fufing to join: when both plaintiff and defendant pro¬ ceed, it is a joint commifiion. — Ex parte talis, is a writ that lies for a bailitf or--receiver, who, having auditors alfigned to take his account, cannot obtain of them rea- fonable allowance, but is caft into prifon. And the courfe in this cafe is to fue this writ out of the chancery., di- reCied to the fheriff to take four mainpernors to bring his body before the barons of the exchequer at a certain day, and to warn the lord to appear at the fame time. EX POST FAC'TO, a term ufed in the law, figni- fying fomething done after another thing that was com¬ mitted before. And an aft done, or efiate granted, may¬ be made good by matter ex pojl faElo , that was not fo at firft, by eleftion, &c. As fometimes a thing well done at firft, may afterwards become ill. 5 Rep. 22. EXA'CERATED, adj. Winnowed ; cleanfed from chaff. Scott. Not ?nuch ufed. To EXACER'BATE, v. a. [exacerbo, Lat.] To im- bitter; to exafperate; to heighten any malignant quality, EXACERBA'TION,/ 1 ncreafe of malignity; aug¬ mented force or feverity. Height of a difeafe ; puroxyfm, • — The patient may drive, by little and little, to over¬ come the fymptom in exacerbation-, and lo, by time, turn fuffering into nature. Bacon. — Watchfulnefs and delirium} and exacerbation, every other day. Arbuthnot. EXACERVA'TION, f [ acervus , Lat.] The aft of heaping up. , EXACINA'TION, J\ [ex, from, and acinus, Lat. a kernel.] The aft of taking kernels out of fruit. EXACT', adj. [exaElus, Lat.] Nice; not failing; not deviating from rule : All this, exaEl to rule, were brought about, Were but a combat in the lifts left out. Pope. Methodical ; not negligently performed. Careful ; not negligent : of perfons. — Many gentlemen turn out of the feats of their anceftors, to make way for fuch new matters as have been more exaEl in their accounts than themfelves, SpcElator. — Honeft ; drift; punftual. — In my doings I was exaEl. F.cclef 1 i. 19. To EXACT', v. a. [ exigo , exaElus , Lat.] To require authoritatively. — Of a foreigner thou mayeit exact it again ; but that which is thine with thy brother, thine hand (hall releafe. Deut. Thou now exaEVJl the penalty, Which is a pound of this poor merchant’s fl efh . Shahefp. To demand of right. — Where they defign a recompence for benefits received, they are lefs folicitous to make it •when it is exaEled. Small ridge. Years of fervice pad, From grateful fouls exaEl reward at laft. Dryden. To fummon ; to enjoin; to enforce : Let us defeend now therefore from this top Of fpeculation ; for the hour precife Exaids our parting hence. Milton. To EXACT', v. n. To praftife extortion. — The enemy fliall not exaEl upon him. Pf. lxxxix. 22. EXACT'ER, /. Extortioner; one who claims more than his due, or claims his due with outrage and feverity. — The poller and exaEler of fees juftifies the common 1 refemblance £ X A E X A 92 refemblance of the courts of juftice to the buffi, where, unto while the Cheep flies for defence from the weather, lie is fore to lofe part of the fleece. Bacon. — I will alfo make thy officers peace, and thine exaClers righteoufnefs. ifaiali. — He that demands by authority. — Light and lewd perfons, efpecially that the exaCler of the oath did neither ufe exhortation, nor examining of them for taking thereof, were eafily fuborned to make an affidavit for money. Bacon. — One who is I'evere. in his injunctions or his demands. — No men are prone to be greater tyrants, and more rigorous exaClers upon others, than fitch whofe pride was formerly leaf! difpofed to the obedience of law¬ ful confutations. King Charles. EXAC'TION, f. The aCt of making an authoritative demand, or levying by force : If he fliould break his day, what fliould I gain By the exaction of the forfeiture ? Shakefpcare. Extortion ; unjuft demand. — Remove violence and fpoil, and execute judgment and juftice ; take away your ex¬ actions from my people. Ezek. xlv. 9. — A tribute feverely levied. — They have not made bridges over the river for the convenience of their fuhjeCts as well as (trangers, who pay an unreafonable cxaClion at every ferry upon the lead ufing of the waters. Addifon on Italy. EXAC'TION in law, is a wrong done by an officer, or one in pretended authority, by taking a reward or fee for that which the law allows not. The difference between •exaCtion and extortion is this : extortion is where an offi¬ cer extorts more than his due, when fomething is due to him; and exaflion is, when he vvrefts a fee or reward, where none is due ; for which the offender is to be fined and imprifoned, and render to the party twice as much as the money he fo takes. Co. Lit 368. EXACT'LY, adv. Accurately; nicely ; thoroughly. — The religion Chriitians profefs is fuch, that the more txaClly it is fifted by pure unbiafled reafon, the more rca- fonable (fill it will be found. Atterbury. EXACT'NESS, f. Accuracy; nicety; drift confor¬ mity to rule or fymmetry. — The balance mull be held by a third hand, who is to deal power with the utinoft exaCl. nefs into the feveral fcales. Swift. In wit, as nature, what affeCfs our hearts Is not th’ exaClnefs of peculiar parts ; ’Tis not a lip, or eye, we beauty call, But the joint force and full refult of all. Pope. Regularity of conduct; (friCtnefs of manners ; care not to deviate. — I preferred not the outward peace of my king¬ doms with men, before that inward exaClnefs of confidence before God. King Charles. EX'ACUM, f. [derivation unknown.] In botany, a genus of the clafs tetrandria, order monogynia, natural crder of rotaceas, (gentianae, JuJf.) The generic cha¬ racters are — Calyx: penanthium four-leaved; leaflets ovate, obtufe, form ereCt-fpreading, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, permanent ; tube globofe, length of the ca¬ lyx ; border four-parted ; divifions roundifh, fpreading. Stamina: filaments four, filiform, fitting on the tube; length of the border; anthers; roundifh. Piftillum: germ roundifh, filling the tube ; flyle filiform, upright, length of the border; (figma headed. Pericarpium : capfule roundifh, comprelfed, two-furrowed, two-celled, length of the calyx. Seeds: numerous, receptacle filling up the capfule. — EJJential Character. Calyx four-leaved ; co¬ rolla Elver fltaped, with an inflated tube; capfule two- furrowed, two-celled, many-feeded, burfting at the top. Dcjcription. This genus differs from Gentiana, accord¬ ing to the obfervation of Vahl, in little elfe befides the number of ftamens. Dr. Smith, however, rematks, that it differs from Gentiana in not having a cloven Ityle ; from Swertia in the want of honey-bearing pores; front Chlora in not having a four-cleft ftigrna, as well as in the number of the parts being widely different ; from Lifian- tuhs in not having its ftigrna formed of two flat plates ; and from Chironia in its ftraight, not fpirally twifted, antherte. Probably many plants referred by Linnaeus to the laft genus may belong to this. Although thefe plants are removed from the fifth clafs to the fourth, yet fome of the fpecies h ive five parts in the fructification. Species. 1. Exacttm albens, or white exacum : leaves fubdecurrent, ftamens protruded. Root annual ; ftem a hand’s breadth high, dichotomous, herbaceous, four- fided, fmooth, faftigiate. It has the appearance of Gen¬ tiana centaui'ium. Native of the Cape of Good Hope, where it was obferved by Sparrmann. 2. Exacum pedunculatum, or peduncled exacum : flow¬ ers four-cleft, terminating; calycine leaflets ovate ; leaves lanceolate, three-nerved, undotted. Stem upright, a palm in height, four-cornered, with acute angles, branched, very fmooth, as is the whole plant ; branches few, Am¬ ple, oppolite, (horter than the ftem. It has the habit of Chironia trinervia; but differs in lize, in having a four- cleft corolla, and four ftamens. It differs widely from E. albens, with which the younger Linnaeus has joined it, in his Supplement. Native of tire Eaft Indies. 3. Exacum aureum, or golden exacum : leaves feftile, ftamens protruded. Has the appearance of Gentiana cen- taurium. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. 4. Exacum feftile, or feftile exacum : flowers four-cleft, lateral, and terminating; capfules nodding; leaves heart- (haped. Native of the Eaft Indies. 5. Exacum cordatum, or cordate exacum : flowers five- cleft ; calycine leaflets heart-fhaped, ftriated. Plant like Chironia trinervia, but the flower blue. It has alfo the appearance of Gentiana centaurium. Native of the Cape. 6. Exacum Guianenfe, or Cayenne exacum: corollas four-cleft; calyxes membranaceous-keeled, even ; leaves lanceolate. The plant is often fcarcely a finger’s height, with a ftem either quite Ample or very little branched, and quite fmooth, upright, and fharply four-cornered. Native of Cayenne. 7. Exacum fpicatum, or fpiked exacum : flowers fpiked in whorls of threes, leaves lanceolate, ftem (imple, her¬ baceous, two feet high, ereft, quite (imple, except that fometimes there are two flowering branches from the laft axils, obfcurely four-cornered, without decurrent lines, fmooth, as is alfo the whole plant, very fmooth. The flowers have the very fame habit with the other fpecies, nor do they feem to have any character different from this genus, (except in having the ftigrna formed of two flat plates, as in Lifianthus.) The lower part of the ftamens is falfely reprefented as diftinft from the filaments in Aublet’s figure. There is no neftary, except we regard the arch formed by the upper converging margins of the filaments as fuch. Native of Cayenne. 8. Exacum ramofum, or branched exacum : flowers fubfpiked, oppolite; leaves lanceolate; ftem branched. The whole plant is fmooth. Stem erect, flightly four- cornered by four very (lender decurrent lines; branches oppofite, iimple. Native of Guiana. 9. Exacum punftatum, or dotted exacum : leaves on very fliort petioles, oblong, three-nerved, dotted ; ftamens protruded. This is larger than the other fpecies. Leaves as in Hypericum, glandular, dotted ; corolla bluifti ; ftamens yellow. Native of the Eaft Indies ; obferved by Kdnig. 10. Exacum vifeofum, or vifeous exacum : leaves oblong, nerved, embracing; flowers five-cleft; braftes heart-lhaped, perfoliate, longer than the calyx. Root perennial. Found by Mr. Francis Maflon in the Canary iflands, and introduced in 1781. Propagation and Culture , fee Gentiana. EXAL'MA.f. [from t|, ex, and atpa, Janguis ; exanguis.'] A total privation of blood. Hence examos differs from thofe called leiphaimoi. EX^ERE'SIS, J. [from e|, out of, or away, and caqu, Gr. to remove. ] That department of furgery which con- fifts of removing fuperfloities. To EXAG'GERATE, v. a. \_exaggero} Lat.] To heap upon ; E X A E X A upon ; to accumulate. — In the great level near Thorny, feveral oaks and firs ftand in firm earth below the moor, and have lain there hundreds of years, rtill covered by the frefh and fait waters and moorifli earth exaggerated upon them. Hale. — To heighten by reprefentation ; to en¬ large by hyperbolical expreffions. — A friend exaggerates a man’s virtues, an enemy inflames his crimes. Addifon. EXAGGERATION,/! The aft of heaping together; an heap ; an accumulation. — Some towns that were an¬ ciently havens and ports, are now, by exaggeration of fand between thefc towns and the fea, converted into firm land. Hale. — Hyperbolical amplification. — Exaggerations of the prodigious condefcenfions in the prince to pafsgood laws, would -have an odd found at Weftminfter. Swift. To EXA'GITATE, v. a. [ exagito , Lat.] To ftiake ; to put in motion. — The warm air of the bed exagitates the blood. Arbuthnot. — To reproach ; to purfue with invec¬ tives. This fenfe is now difufed, being purely Latin. — This their defeft and imperfeftion I had rather lament in fitch cafe than exagitate. Hooker. EX AGITATION,/! The aft of fltaking or agitating. EXA'GIUM, f. in old writings, a weight amongft the ancients, confiding of four fcruples; a kind of ftandard to prevent frauds. Phillips. EXAG'ONUS, the ambaflador of a nation in Cyprus who came to Rome and talked fo much of the power of herbs, ferpents, See. that the confuls ordered him to be thrown into a veffel full of ferpents. Thefe venomous creatures, far from hurting him, carefied him, and harm- lefsly licked him with their tongues. Pliny. EXAL'MA,/! [from t^aXAo/xat, to leap afide.] The fudden diflocation of one of the vertebras. To EXA'LT, v. a. \_exalter, Fr. altus, Lat. exalto, low Lat.] To raife on high. — And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto heaven, (halt be brought down to hell . Matt. xi. 23. — To elevate to power, wealth, or dignity. — Exalthim that is low, and abafe him that is high. Ezek. — How long (hall mine enemy be exalted over me? Pfal. xiii. 2. — To elevate to joy cr confidence. — The covenan¬ ters, who underfiood their own want of flrength, were very reafonably exalted with this fuccefs. Clarendon. — To praife ; to extol ; to magnify. — O magnify the Lord with me, and let us exalt his name together. Pfal. xxxiv. 3. — To raife up in oppofition ; a fcriptural phrafe. — Againfi whom haft thou exalted thy voice, and lift up thine eyes on high ? 2 Kings, xix. 22. — To intend; to enforce: Now Mars, file faid, let fame exalt her voice ; Nor let thy conquefts only be her choice. Prior. To heighten ; to improve ; to refine by fire, as in che- rniftry. — The wild animals have more exercife, have their juices more elaborated and exalted-, but for the fame rea- fon the fibres are harder. Arbuthnot. With chemic art exalts the min’ral pow’rs, And draws the aromatic fouls of flow’rs. Pope. To elevate in diftion or fentiment : But hear, oh hear, in what exalted drains, Sicilian mufes, through thefe happy plains, Proclaim Saturnian times, our own Apollo reigns. Rofcom. EXALTATION,/. The aft of raiding on high ; ele¬ vation to power, dignity, or excellence. — She put off the garments of widowhood, for the exaltation of thofe that were opprefled. Judith x vi . 8. — Elevated date; date of greatnefs or dignity. — In God all perfeftion, in their liigheft degree and exaltation , meet together. Tillotfon. EXA LT A' LION, f. in aftrology, a dignity which a planet acquires in certain figns of the zodiac ; which dig¬ nity, as fuppofed by aftrologers, gives the planet an extra¬ ordinary virtue, efficacy, and influence. The oppefite fide of the zodiac is called the dejection of the planet. Thus, the 13th degree of Cancer is the exaltation of Ju¬ piter, according to Albumazar, becaufie it was the afeen- dant of that planet at the time of the creation ; that of the Sun is in the 19th degree of Aries; and its dejeftion Vol.VII. No. +10. m in Libra; that of the Moon is in Taurus, &c. Ptolomy gives the reafon of this in his firft book De Quadripartita. EXALTA'TION of the CROSS, a feltival of the church of Rome, celebrated on the 14th of September ; the origin of which was this : in the year 629, the wood of the true crofs having been reftored by Siroes king of Perfia, which had been taken by Chofroes his father four¬ teen years before on the fackingof Jerufalem, the emperor Heraclius performed in perfon a folemn pilgrimage from Conftantinople to Jerufalem, in order to have the facred relic duly verified, and reftored to its former place on Mount Calvary; which auguft ceremony has been ever fince commemorated by the annual feftival called the ex¬ altation of the holy crofs. EX ALT'EDNESS, f. Dignity; conceited dignity _ - The exaltednefs of fome minds may make him infenfible to thefe light things. Gray. EXAL'TER,/! He that exalts : Thou, Lord, art my Afield, my glory, Thee through my ftory Th’ exa/ter of my head I count. Milton. EX AMBLO'MA, f. [from itry.a, Gr. to naif- carry.] An abortion or undue birth of the child. EXA'MEN,/! [Latin.] Examination ; difquifition ; en¬ quiry. — This confidered together with a ftrift account, and critical examcn of reafon, will alfo diftraft the witty determinations of aftrology. Brown. EXA'MINATE, f. [ examinatus , Lat.] The perfon examined. Bacon. EX AMINA'TION, f. \_examinatio, Lat.] The aft of examining by queftions, or experiment ; accurate difqui¬ fition. — I have brought him forth, that, after examination had, I might have fomewhat to write. AEls xxv. 26. — • Different men leaving out or putting in feveral firnple ideas, according to their various examination, (kill, or ob- fervation of the fubjeft, have different effences. Locke. EXAMINA'TOR, f [Latin.] Anexaminer; an en¬ quirer. — An inference, not of power to perfuade a ferious ■examinator. Brown. To EXA'MINE, v. a. \_cxamino, Lat.] To try a perfon accufed or fufpedted by interrogatories. — If we this day be examined of the good-deed done to the impotent man. AEls, iv. 9. — We ought, before it be too late, to examine our fouls, and provide for futurity. Wake.- — To interrogate a witnefs. — Command his accufers to come unto them, by examining of whom thyfelf mayeft take knowledge of all thefe things. Acls. — To try the truth or falfehood of any propofition. To try by experiment, or obfervation ; nar¬ rowly fift ; fcan : To write what may fecurely ftand the teft Of being well read over thrice at lead. Compare each phrafe, examine ev’ry line, Weigh ev’ry word, and ev’ry thought refine. Pope. To make enquiry into ; to fearch into ; to ferutinife.— - When I began to examine the extent and certainty of our knowledge, I found it had a near conneftion with words. Locke. EXA'MINER, f. One who interrogates a criminal or evidence. — A crafty clerk, commiffioner, or examiner, will make a witnefs (peak what he truly never meant. Hale. — One who fearches or tries any thing ; one who ferutinifes. — So much diligence is not altogether neceffary, but it will promote the fuccefs of the experiments, and by a very fcrupulous examiner of things deferves to be applied. Newton . EXA'MINER S in the Chancery, two officers of that court, who examine upon oath, witneffes produced by either (ide, in London, or near it, on fuch interroga¬ tories as the parties to any fuit exhibit for that purpole ; and fometimes the parties themfelves are, by particular order, likewife examined by them. In the country, witneffes are examined by commiflioners, (ufually attor- nies not concerned in thecaufe,) on the parties joining in commiffioo, &c. B te EXAM'- E X A 91 EXAM'PLARY, adj. Serving for example or pattern ; propofed to imitation. — We are not of opinion that na¬ ture, in working, hath before her certain examplary draughts or patterns, which fubfifting in the bofom of the Higheft, and being thence difcovered, the fixeth her eye upon them. Hooker. EXAM'PLE, f. [exemple, Fr. exemplum, Lat.] Copy or pattern ; that which is propofed to be refembled or imitated. — The example and pattern of thofe his creatures he beheld in all eternity. Raleigh. — Precedent; former inftance of the like : So hot a fpeed, with fuch advice difpos’d. Such temp’rate order in fo fierce a courfe, Doth want Shakefpeare. Precedent of good. — Let us fhew an example to our bre¬ thren. Judith v iii. 24. Taught this by his example, whom I now Acknowledge my Redeemer ever bleft. Milton. A perfon fit to be propofed as a pattern. — Be thou an example of the believers. 1 Tim. — One punifhed for the admonition of others. — Sodom and Gomorrah, giving themfelves over to fornication, are fet forth for an exam¬ ple, Differing the vengeance of eternal fire. Jude 7. — In¬ fluence which difpofes to imitation. — When virtue is pre- fent, men take example at it ; and when it is gone, they defire it. Wifd. iv. 2. — Example is a motive of a very pre¬ vailing force on the aftion$ of men. Rogers. — Tnftance ; illuftration of a general pofition by fomp particular fpeci- fication. — Can we, for example, give the praile of valour to a man, who, feeing his gods prophaned, fhould want the courage to defend them ? Dryden. — Inftance in which a rule is illuftrated by an application. — My reafon is fuffi- eiently convinced both of the truth and ufefulnefs of his .precepts ; I have, at leaft in fome places, made examples to his rules. Dryden. 7o EXAM'PLE, v.a. To exemplify; to give an in¬ ftance of. — The proof whereof I law fufficiently exampled in thefe late wars of Munlter. Spenfer. — To fetanexample : Do villainy, do, fince you profefs to do Like workmen: I’ll example you with thievery . Shakejp. EXAMP'LESS, adj. Without example : That durft to ftrike At fo examplefs and unblamed a life. B. Jonfon, EXAJsTASTOMO'SIS, f. [from sPa'jarofjeocj,Gr . to relax or open.*) The opening of the mouths of the veffels to difeharge their contents: the meeting of the extremities of the veins and arteries. EXAN'GUIOUS, adj. [exanguis, Lat.] Having no blood ; formed with animal juices, not fanguineous. — Hereby they confound the generation of perfeft animals with imperfeft, fanguineous with exanguious. Brown. EXA'NIMATE, adj. \_exanimatus , Lat.] Litelefs ; dead ; fpiritlefs ; deprelfed : The grey mofn Lifts her pale luftre on the paler wretch. Exanimate by love. Thomfon. EXANIMA'TION, f. Deprivation of life. EXA'NIMOUS, adj. [ exanimis , Lat.] Lifelefs ; dead; killed. EXANTHE'MATA, f. Gr.] Effloref- cences ; eruptions; breaking out ; puftules. EXANTHE'MATOUS, adj. Puftulous; efflorefeent ; eruptive, EXANTHRO'PI A,/, [from ef, without, and Gr. a man, i. e. having loft the faculties of a man.] A fpecies of melancholy wherein the patient fancies himfelf fome kind of brute. To EXANT'LATE, v. n. \_exantlo, Lat.] To draw out. — To exhauft ; to wafte away. — By time thofe feeds are wearied or exantlatcd} or unable to aft their parts any "longer. Boyle.. E X C EXANTLA'TION, f. The aft of drawing out ; ex- hauftion. EXARA'TION, f. [exaro, Lat.] The manual aft of writing ; the manner of manual writing. EX'ARCH,/ in antiquity, an appellation given, by the emperors of the eaft, to certain officers fent into Italy, in quality of vicars, or prefefts, to govern that part of Italy which was under their obedience. The refidence of the exarch was at Ravenna ; which city, with that of Rome, were all that was left the emperors. The firft exarch was the patrician Boetius, famous for his treatife, Be Con - folatione Philofophia ; appointed in 568 by the younger Juftin. The exarchs fubfifted about 185 years, and ended in Eu tychius; under whofe exarchate the city of Ravenna was taken by the Lombard king Aftulphus, or Aftolphus. The emperor Frederic created Heraclius, archbilhop of Lyons, exarch of Burgundy ; a dignity till that time un¬ known any where but in Italy. EX'ARCHATE, or Exarch Y,y. The office, dignity, and jurifdiftion, of an exarch. On the map of Italy the meafureof the exarchate occupies a very inadequate fpace, but it included an ample proportion of wealth, induftry, and population. See the article Italy. EXARTHRE'MA,yi [from Gr. to put out of joint. ] A diflocation or luxation. EXARTICULA'TION,/. [ex and articulus, Lat.] The dillocation of a bone from tire focket. EXA'RYSIS,/'. [from eijoc^vu, Gr. to draw out.] Ex- hauftion ; decay of ftrength. To EXAS'PERATE, v. a. \_exafpero, Lat.] To pro¬ voke ; to enrage ; to irritate ; to anger; to make furious t To take the widow, Exafperates, makes mad her filter Goneril. Shakefpeare. To heighten a difference ; to aggravate ; to embitter. — » When ambition is unable to attain its end, it is not only wearied, but exajperated attire vanity of itslabours. Parncl. — To exacerbate ; to heighten malignity. — The plafter alone would pen the humour already contained in the part, and fo exafperate it. Bacon. EXASPER A'TER, f. One that exafperates ; or pro¬ vokes ; a provoker. EXASPERA'TION, f. Aggravation; malignant re- prefentation _ My going to demand juftice upon the five members, nry enemies loaded with all the obloquies and exafperations tlrjsy could. King Charles. — Provocation; irri¬ tation ; incitenrent to rage. — Their ill ufage and exafpera¬ tions of him, and his zeal for maintaining his argument, difpofed him to take liberty. Atterbury. To EXAUC'TORATE, v. afexauBoro , Lat.] To dif- mifs from fervice. — To deprive of a benefice. — Arch he- reticks, in the primitive days of Chriftianity, were by the church treated with no other punifnment than excommu¬ nication, and by exauBorating and depriving them of their degree therein. Aylijfe. EXAUCTORA' 1ION, f. Difmiffion from fervice. — Deprivation ; degradation. — Depofition, degradation, or exauBoration, is nothing elfe but the removing of a perfon; from fome dignity or order in the church, and depriving him of his ecclefiaftical preferments. Aylijfe. EX'CA, or Ecsa, a town of Spain, in the kingdom of Aragon : twenty-five miles north-weft of Saragoffa. EXC ALCE A'TION,jfi among the Hebrews, was a par¬ ticular law, whereby a widow, whom her hufband’s bro¬ ther refufed to marry, had a right to fummon him to a court of juftice ; and, upon his refufal, might excalceate him, that is, pull off one of his flioes, and fpit in his face ; both of them aftions of great ignominy. EXCAM'BI ATOR, /. In old records, one employed in exchanging of lands, a kind of broker. EXCAM'BIUM,yi [Latin.] An exchange, a place where merchants meet to tranfaft their bufinefs. EXCANDES'CENCE, or Excandescency, /. [ex- candejco, Lat.] Heat; the ftate of growing hot; anger 5 the ftate of growing angry. EXCAN- E X C E X C EXCANTA'TION, f [excanto, Lat.] Difenchant- nient by a counter-charm. To EXCAR'NATE, v. a. [of and carries , Lat.] To clear from flefh. — The fpleen is mod curioufly excarnated, and the velfels filled with wax, whereby its fibres and veflels are very well feen. Grew. To EXCARNI'FIC ATE, v. a. [ex, from, and carnif.ee , Lat. to produce flefh.] To butcher, to quarter, to cutto pieces. Bailey. Little ufed. EXC ARNIFICA'TION, f. [ excarnifico , Lat.] The aft of taking away the flefh. To EX'CAVATE, v. a. [ excavo , Lat.] To hollow ; to cut into hollows : Though nitrous tempefts, and clandeftine death, Fill’d the deep caves, and num’rcLs vaults beneath, Which form’d with art, and wrought with endlefs toil, Ran through the faithlefs excavated foil, See the unweary’d Briton delves his way, And to the caverns lets in war and day. Blackmore. EXC AV A'TION, f. The aft of cutting into hollows ; the hollow formed ; the cavity. — While our eye mea- fures the eminent and the hollowed parts of pillars, the total objeft appeareth the better ; and fo, as much as thofe excavations do fubftraft, is fupplied by a fallacy of the fight. IVotton. 7oEXCEE'D, v.a. [excedo, Lat.] To go beyond ; to outgo. — Nor did any of the crufts much exceed half an inch in tliicknefs. Woodward. — To excel ; to furpafs. — Solo¬ mon exceeded all the kings of the earth, i Kings. To EXCEE'D, v. n. To go too far ; to pafs the bounds of fitnefs. — In your prayers, and places of religion, ufe reverent poftures and great attention, remembering that we fpeaktoGod, in our reverence to whom we cannot pof- fibly exceed. Taylor. — To go beyond any limits. — Forty ftripes he may give him, and not exceed. Deut.—To bear the greater proportion : Juftice mud punifh the rebellious deed ; Yet punifh fo, as pity fhall exceed. Dryden. EXCEEDING, part. adj. Great in quantity, extent, or duration. — He faith, that cities were built an exceeding fpaceof time before the great flood. Raleigh. EXCEEDING, adv. [This word is not analogical, but has been long admitted and eftablifhed. ] I n a very great de¬ gree ; eminently. — The country is ftippofed to be exceed¬ ing rich. Abbot. — Talk no more fo exceeding proudly ; let not arrogance come out of your mouth, i Sam.u. 3. EXCEEDINGLY, adv. To a greatdegree; greatly ; very much. — They cried out more exceedingly. Crucify him. Mark xv. — Is not this medium exceedingly more rare and fubtile than the air, and exceedingly more elaftick and aftive ? Newton. EXCEED'INGS, f. [from exceed: ftill in ufe at the Middle Temple, and fignifying] An extraordinary difh, in addition to the dated dinner: The flieriff’s bafket, and his broken meat Were your fedival exceedings. Mafmger. Who, finding themfelves unfatisfied with the brevity of the Gazette, defire to have exceedingsok news, befides their ordinary commons. Butler’’ s Char aBers. To EXCE'L, v.a. [ excello , Lat.] To outgo in good qualities ; to furpafs : Venus her myrtle, Phoebus has his bays ; Tea both excels, which you vouchfafe to praife. Waller. To EXCE'L, v. n. To have good qualities in a great degree; to be eminent ; to be great — Reuben, undable as water, thou {halt not excel. Gen. xlix. — Company are to be avoided that are good for nothing ; thofe to be fought and frequented that excel in forne quality or other. Temple . Let thofe teach others, who themfelves excel 3 And cenfure freely, who have written well. Pope. EX'CELLENCE, or Excellency,/, [excellence^ Frv 95 excellentia , Lat.] The date of abounding in any good qua¬ lity ; dignity; high rank in exidence. — Is it not wonder¬ ful, that bafe defires fhould fo extinguifh in men the fenfe of their own excellency, as to make them willing that their fouls fhould be like the fouls of beads, mortal and cor¬ ruptible with their bodies? Hooker. — The date of ex¬ celling in any thing. — I have, amongd men of parts and bufinefs, feldom heard any one commended for having an excellency in mufick. Locke. — That in which one excels. — The criticifms have been made rather to difeover beauties and excellencies, than their faults and imperfections. Add foil. — Purity ; goodnefs : She loves him with that excellence , That angels love good men with. Shakefpeare. A title of honour. It is ufitally applied to generals of an army, ambafladors, and governors of provinces, &c. They humbly fliew unto your excellence, To have a goodly peace concluded of. Shakefpeare. EX'CELLENT, adj. [cxcellens, Lat.] Of great virtue 5 of great worth ; of great dignity. — Arts and fciences are excellent, in order to certain great ends. Taylor. — Eminent in any good quality. — He is excellent in power and in judg¬ ment. Job xxxvii. 23. EX'CELLENTLY, adv. Well; in a high degree. — • That was excellently obferved, fays I, when I read a paffage in an author, where his opinion agrees with mine. Swift. — To an eminent degree. — Comedy is both excellently in- ftruCtive and extremely pleafant ; fatire laflies vice into reformation ; and humour reprefents folly, fo as to render it ridiculous. Dryden. To EXCE'PT, v. a. [ excipio , I. at.] To leave out, and fpecify as left out of a general precept or pofition. — But when he faith, All things are put under him, it is mani- feft, that he is excepted which did put all things under him. Cor. Adam, behold Th’ effects, which thy original crime hath wrought In fome to fpring from thee, who never touch’d Th’ excepted tree. Milton . To EXCE'PT, v. n. To obieCt ; to make objections. — A fucceffion which our author could not except againfL Locke. EXCE'PT, prep. [This word, longtaken asa prepofition or conjunction, is originally the participle pafiive of the verb ; which, like moft others, had for its participle two terminations, except or excepted. All except one, is all, one excepted. Except may likewife be, according to the Teu¬ tonic idiom, the imperative mood : all, except one ; that is, all but one, which you mult except.] Exclufively of ; without inclufion of : Richard except, thofe whom we fight againft, Had rather have us win than him they follow. Shakefp. God and his fon except , Nought valued he nor fear’d. Milton. Unlefs ; if it be not fo that. — It is necefiary to know our duty, becaufe ’ tis necefiary for us to do it ; and it is im~ pofiible to do it, except we know it. Tillotfon. EXCEPTING, prep. See Except. Without inelu~ fion of ; with exception of. An improper word: May I not live without controul and awe, Excepting ftill the letter of the law? Dryden. EXCEP'TION,/. [from excepdo, Lat.] Exclufion from the things comprehended in a precept, or pofition ; ex. clufton of any perfon from a general law. — Let the money be raifed on land, with an exception to fome of the more barren parts, that might be tax-free. Addifon. — It fhould have from before the rule or law to which the exception refers ; but it is fometimes inaccurately ufed with to : Blends in exception to all gen’ral rules, Your tafteof follies, with our fcorn of fools. Pope. Thing? E X C 96 E X C Things excepted or fpecified in exception : Who fir ft taught fouls enflav’d, and realms undone, T h’ enormous faith of many made for one ; T hat proud exception to all nature’s laws, T’ invert the world and counterwork itscaufe ? Pope. Objection ; cavii ; with againf or to. — He may have excep¬ tions peremptory again ft. the jurors, of which he then fhal 1 lliew caule. Spenfer. — I will anfwer what exceptions they can have to our account, and confute all. the reafons and explicationsthey can give of their own. Bentley. — Peevifti diftike ; offence taken ; fometimes with to : I fear’d to lliew my father Julia’s letter, Left he lliould take exceptions to my love. Shakefpcare. Sometimes with at .- He firft took exception at this badge, Pronouncing, that the palenefs of this flow’r Bewray’d the faintnefs of my mafter’s heart. Shakefpcare. Sometimes with againf. — Roderigo, thou haft taken againf me an exception ; but I proteft I have dealt mod direCtly in thy affair. Shakefpcare. — In thisfenfe it is commonly ufed with the 'etch take. — He gave Sir James Tirrel great thanks; but took exception to the place of their burial, being too bafe for them that were king’s children. Bacon. EXCEPTION,/. in law, is a flop or (lay to an action ; and divided into dilatory and peremptory. In law pro¬ ceedings, it is a denial of a matter alleged in bar to the aCtion ; and in chancery it is what is alleged againft the fufficiency of an anfwer, &c. The counfel in a caufe are to take all their exceptions to the record at one time ; and before the court hath delivered any opinion thereon. 1 Lii. Air. 539. And on an indictment for treafon, &c. exception is to be taken for mifnaming, falfe Latin, &c. before any evidence is given in court ; or the indictment fliall be good. 7 Will. III. c. 3. Where, by a general pardon, any particular crime is excepted ; if a perfon be attainted of that offence, he fliall have no benefit of the pardon. 2 Nelf . Abr. 765. And when a pardon is with an exception as to perfons, the party who pleads it ought to fhew, that he is not any of the parties excepted. 1 Lev. 26. A negative expreffion may be taken to enure to the fame intent as an exception ; for an exception in its nature is but a denial of what is taken to be good by the other party, either in point of law or pleading. And exceptio in non cxceptisfirnat regulam. 1 Lill. 559. Exception in Deeds and Writings, keeps the things from paffmg thereby ; being a faving out of the deed, as if the fame had not been granted : but it is to be a particular thing out of a general one, as a room out of an houfe, ground out of a manor, timber out of land, See. A tid it muft not be of a thing exprefsly granted in a deed : alfo it muft be of what is feverable from, and not infeparably incident to, the grant. Co. Lit. 47. Where an exception goetli to the whole thing granted or demifed, the exception is void. A man makes a leafe of a manor, excepting all courts, &c. the exception is void as to the courts ; for having leafed the manor, it cannot be fucli without courts. Hob. 108. A leafe was made of all a man’s lands in L. excepting his manor of H. and he had no lands in L. but the faid manor ; it was adjudged that the manor paffed, and that the exception was void. 2 Nelf. Abr. 764. A leafe of an houfe and (hops, except the (hops ; though this may extend to other ihops, it is void as to the (hops belonging to the houfe demifed, becaufe it is repugnant to the leafe. Dyer, 265. If an exception erodes the grant, or is repugnant to it, the fame is void : and it there be a faving or exception out of an exception, it may make a particular thing as if never excepted ; as if a leafe be made of a rectory, excepting the parfonage- houfe, faving to the lefiee a chamber; this chamber not being excepted out of the leafe, [hall pafs by the leafe of the reCtory. Owen, 20. By exception of trees, the foil is not excepted, but only fufficient nutriment for the trees : for the leflee (hall have the pafture growing under them, though the leffor (hall 2 have all the benefit of the trees, mad, fruit, See. and the trees are parcel of the inheritance. 5 Rep. 11. But it has been adjudged, that, by an exception of woods, under¬ wood and coppices, the foil of the coppices is excepted. Cro. Jac. 487. If a ledee for years affign over his term, excepting the trees, &c. the exception is not good ; be¬ caufe no one can have a fpecial property in the trees, but the owner of the land. 2 Nelf. 764. Though where ledee for life makes a leafe for years excepting the wood, &c. this may be a good exception, although he hath not any intereft in it but as a ledee, in regard he is chargeable in wafte, &c. and hath not granted his whole term. 1 Lill. Abr. 560. Thefe exceptions are commonly in leafes for life and years ; and muft be always of a thing in ejfe. Co. Lit. 47. EXCEPTIONABLE, adj. Liable to objection. — The only piece of pleafantry in Milton is where the evil fpirits rally the angels upon the fuccefs of their artil¬ lery : this paflage I look upon to be the mod exceptionable in the whole poem. Addifon. EXCEP'TIOUS, adj. Peevifti ; froward ; full of ob¬ jections ; quarrelfome. — They are fo fupercilious, (harp, troublefome, fierce, and exceptions , that they are not only fiiort of the true character of friendfliip, but become the very fores of fociety. South. EXCEPTIVE, adj. Including an exception. — Excep¬ tive propofitions will make complex fyllogifms, as, None but phylicians came to the confultation : the nurfe is no phyfician, therefore the nurfe came not to the confulta¬ tion. Watts. EXCEPT'LESS, adj. Omitting or negleCting all ex¬ ception ; general; univerfal. This is not in ufe .- Forgive my gen’ral and exceptlcfs rafhnefs, Perpetual fober gods! I do proclaim One honed man. Shakefpcare. EXCEPTOR, f. ObjeCtor ; one that makes excep¬ tions. — The exceptor makes a reflection upon the impro¬ priety of thofe expredions. Burnet. EXCE'REBRATED, adj. [from ex, out of, and cer- brum, Lat. the brain.] Having the brains dallied out. Scott. EXCEREBRATION, J'. [from ex, out of, and cere¬ brum, Lat. the brain.] The aCt of beating out the brains. Scott. EXCEREBRO'SE, adj. [from excerebrofus, Lat. ] Brain- fick, wanting brains. Scott. To EXCE'RN, v. a. \_cxcerno, Lat.] To (train out ; to feparate or emit by (trainers ; to fend out by excretion. — Exercife firft fendeth nouriftiment into the parts ; and fe- condly, helpeth to excern by fweat, and fo maketli the parts adimilate. Bacon. EXCERPTION, f. [ excerptio , Lat.] The aCt ofglean- ing; feieCting. — The thing gleaned or feleCted. — Times have confumed his works, faving fome few excerptions. Raleigh. EXCE'SS, f. \_excejfus, Lat.] More than enough ; faulty fuperfluity. — Goodnefs anfwers to the theological virtue charity, and admits no txcefs but error: the defire of power in cxcefs caufed the angels to fall ; the defire of knowledge in excefs caufed man to fall ; but in charity there is no excefs, neither can angel of man come in dan¬ ger by it. Bacon. — Exuberance ; date of exceeding ; com¬ parative exuberance : Let the fuperflous and luft-dieted man. That braves your ordinances, feel your power quickly ; So diftribution ftiall undo excefs , And each man have enough. Shakcfpeare. Intemperance; unreafonable indulgence in meat and drink. — There will be need of temperance in diet ; for the body, once heavy with cxcefs and forfeits, hangs plum¬ mets on the nobler parts. Duppa. — Violence of paflion. — Tranfgreffion of due limits. — Hofpitality fometimes dege¬ nerates into profufenefs ; even parfimony itfelf, which fits but ill upon a publick figure, is yet the more pardon¬ able excefs of the two. Atterbury. EXCES'SIVE, E X C EXCES'SIVE, adj. lexceffif, Fr.] Beyond the com¬ mon proportion of quantity or bulk. — If the panicum be laid below and about the bottom of a root, it will caufe the root to grow to an excejfive bignefs. Bacon. — Vehement beyond meafure in kindnefs or diilike. — Be not excejfive toward any. Ecclef — The people’s property it is, by excej¬ five favour, to bring-great men to mifery, and then to be excejfive in pity. Hayward. EXCES'SIVELY, adv. Exceedingly; eminently; in a great degree.' — A man mud be exajjively (lupid, as well as uncharitable, who believes there is no virtue but on his own fide. Addfon. — Voracioufly : Which having fwallow’d up exccffively. He foone in vomit up aguiue doth lay. Spenfcr. To EXCHA'NGE,ti. a. [ exchanger , Fr. excambiare, low Lai.] To give or quit one thing for the fake of gaining another. — They (hall not fell of it, neither exchange nor alienate the firft fruits. Ezek. xlviii. 14. — Take delight in the good things of this v'orld, fo as to remember that we are to part with them, and to exchange them for more excellent and durable enjoyments. Atterbury. — To give or take reciprocally : Exchange forgivenefs with me, noble Hamlet ; Mine and my father’s blood, be not upon thee, Nor thine on me. Shahefpeare. It has 'with before the perfon with wlponi the exchange is made, and for before the thing taken in exchange. — The king called in the old money, and eredted exchanges where the weight of old money was exchanged for new . Camden. — Being acquainted with the laws and fafliions of his own country, he has fomething to exchange with thofe abroad. Locke. EXCH A'NGE, f. The adt of giving and receiving re- ciprocally : And thus they parted, with exchange of harms ; Much blood the monller loft, and they their arms. Waller. Traffic by permutation. — The world is maintained by intercourfe ; and the whole courfe of nature is a great ex¬ change, in which one good turn is, and ought to be, the (fated price of another. South. — The form or adt of trans¬ ferring, properly by bills or notes. See Bit.l of Ex¬ change, vol.iii. p. 29 — 37. The balanceof the money of different nations. The thing given in return for fome¬ thing received. — Spend all I have, only give me fo much time in exchange of it. Shakefpeare. If blood you feek, I will my own refign ; O fpare her life, and in exchange take mine. Dry den. The thing received in return for fomething given. — The refpedl and love. which was paid you by all, who had the happinefs to know you, was a wife exchange for the honours of the court. Dryden. — The place where mer¬ chants meet to negociate their affairs ; as the Royal Ex¬ change of London ; the Mint, for the exchange of plate or bullion for currentcoin; the Stock-Exchange, or any place of barter : No thing, no place is ftrangc, While his fair boforn is the world’s exchange. Denham. EXCHA'NGE, among merchants, is the mode by which thofe of one country pay the debts due by them to thofe of another, without the politive tranfmiffion of fpecie or bullion. The means of doing fo are facilitated by thofe reprefentatives of money called Bills of Ex¬ change, for which fee vol. iii. p. 29 — 37. The comparative value of the refpedtive currencies of different countries is the foundation of Exchange. This value is eftimated by the weight and purity of the gold and filver coin of each country, and is called the par, or equality of exchange. The rate of.exchange, that is, the adlual price for which the money of one country is fold in another, though founded on the par, varies according to the circumftances in _which the two countries may be placed. It is affedted principally and legitimately by the adlual balance of trade between the two countries, and Vol. VII. No. 4x1. E X C 97 the consequent neceffity of remittances to difeharge the debts which may have been contradled between them. But this effedt will not be ferioufly felt if the general ba¬ lance of trade is at the time in favour of the country hav¬ ing occafion to remit. In that cafe, feme other country muff be indebted to it, and from which a transfer of debt may be made with greater advantage. To afeertain or difeover that country, is the objedt of what is called the Arbitration of Exchange. See Arithmetic, vol. ii. p. 180. Thus, if a merchant in London is indebted to another in Paris, and the exchange at London on Paris diredl is 25 livres, 8 fols, per pound fterling; on Hambro, 35s. 6d. per pound fterling ; and that at Paris on Hamburghls at 197 livres per 100 marks banco — he would purchafe a bill on Hamburgh and remit it to Paris to be negociated there at 197, which would produce to him as many livres tournois, as though he had been able to obtain a bill on Paris diredt at the exchange of 26liv. 4s. 6d. per pound fterling : thus availing himfelf of the general ba¬ lance of trade when the particular balance was againft him. The political fituation of any country, and the opinion which may be entertained of the fafety of property there, will alfo for the time aftedt the rate of exchange. An habitual depreciation of the currency, or the fubftitution of paper-money for fpecie, will alfo reduce the exchange of any country, and that redudlion will conform itfelf, from time to time, to the eftimated depreciation, and continue until the depreciation is at an end. Such was the cafe when the light gold was current in this country. No fooner was it called in and recoined, than the exchange refnmed its former ftate. The fame effedl was produced in France, from the depreciated and worn ftate of the coin of that country about the fame period. Thefe cir¬ cumftances (hew the natural tendency of exchange to place itfelf on a level with the abfolute, not the nominal, value of the currencies of the country to w'hich it refers. If any thing were required to render this fuel ftill more clear, we need only refer to the very rapid decline of the ex¬ change betw’een Paris and London, during the period of the forced and cxceffive circulation of ajfignats, Which in a (hort time fuffered a depreciation of 70 or 80 per cent, and when fpecie could no longer be obtained at any rate for this nominal money, all commercial negociation be¬ tween the countries ceafed. Paper-money having now entirely difappeared in that country, the exchange has returned to its former ftate. It might be infilled upon that the prefent currency of England rs a paper one, and that our exchange has not fuffered in coniequence of it. True : but it is not a forced and excefiive currency ; it is one fupported by the unani¬ mous voice and general confidence of the people. Neither gold nor filver can purchafe more of any commodity than the fame nominal fum tendered in Bank of England notes. It is therefore not a depreciated currency : it keeps pace with the fterling value of our coin. It is not, however, to be difguifed, that paper currency cannot refill an attack with the fame power as that of gold and filver. Should our fituation ever become fuch as to excite the alarms of foreigners for the liability of our government, and the con- lequent danger of their property, or even our ability to fuftain the current value of our paper, each caufe will operate in addition to the others, and the depreciation would be fatal. But fo long as our paper currency is upheld by ourfelves, and the political fituation of the country continues to allure to foreigners the fafety of their property in our hands, the courfe of exchange will never be affedled by the preceding caufe. It is otherwife in Ireland ; there a depreciation has been effected. From the determination of the people of the north to receive guineas only for their produce, two courfes of exchange have been made between that country and England, to a difadvantage of 10 per cent, to the fouthern parf^ which receives Irifti bank notes; thus proving a depre¬ ciation of the notes to that extent : and in fadt it is af- ferted, ( 1804,). that, for fome time part, 1 10 guineas in Irifti bank notes have been given- in Dublin for 100 guineas in C c ~ fpecie ! 98 EXCHANGE. fpecie! We fincerely wlfh to fee this enormity in the courfe of exchange within the united kingdom Jpeedily and radically cured. Thefe extraordinary operations ap¬ pear, however, fully to confirm the general principle above laid down; for they are nothing more than the natural exertions of the exchange to proportion itfelf to the aftual value of the currencies. In addition to what has already been faid on the calctt- lutionof Exchanges inour Arithmetic, we have to add, that fince the printing of that. article, thofe of Holland and France have undergone fome alteration. In confe- quence of the invafion of the former country by the French, the conftant prefence of their army, and the fre¬ quent vifits of its generals to the bank of Amfterdam, that bank became depreciated in its credit, and bills be¬ gan to be drawn payable in current , inftead of bank money ; whence a new mode of exchange was adopted. Holland gave to England a fluctuating number of current guilders and divers for the pound fterling. But cajh payments by every perfon having fince been reftridted in Amfierdam to fmall fums, the merchants have again carried their cafli to the bank ; and confidence being thus again reftored, the agio is from three to five per cent, in favour of bank money, and the exchange at Amfterdam is carried on in the ufual courfe. At Rotterdam the cafe is dif¬ ferent ; there being no bank eftablifhed, and the law not having reftridted cafli payments in that city, the mode adopted during the revolutionary war is (till continued, and they now give to London from n to iz| current flo¬ rins for the pound fterling. In France, the new govern¬ ment has introduced new monies and new modes of cal¬ culation. Accounts of every kind are kept in decimal arithmetic. The monies of account are cents and francs: ioo cents — i franc. The monies of exchange are fometimes francs, and fome- times as before, livres, fols, and deniers, tournois : 80 francs = 81 livres tournois. Paris gives London 24 to 26 livres tournois for il. fterling. What muft I give in London for a bill of 1000 francs payable in Paris, exchange being at 24UV. 10s. tournois per pound fterling ? 1000 x 81 80 == 1012. 10 liv. s. £. tournois. £. s. d. As 24 10 : 1 :: 1012 : 10 : 41 6 6t fterling. As it may be ufefnl to fliew the mode by which the exchanges of the principal commercial countries are made with Amfterdam and Hamburgh, we annex the following table of the courfes of thofe places : London about Paris - - Madrid Lifbon - Leghorn - Hamburgh | Vienna - - Amfterdam gives to Hamburgh gives to For 38 fch. flem. c4grotesflem. 88 do. do. 44 do. do. 88 do. do. 35 ftiv. banco 107 flo. currt. 25 ftiv. banco 33 fch. flem. 25 fch. banco 83grotes flem. 42 do. do. 84 do. do. 1 £ . fterling 3 francs 1 ducat of ex. 400 rees 1 dol.ofS rials 2 marks banco 120 do. do. 1 rix dol. cur. To facilitate the redudtionof the monies of Amfterdam and Hamburgh into thofe of Great-Britain the following new and Ample method will be found ufeful. For Amsterdam, Divide the number of guilders by the courfe of ex¬ change : multiplied by -3 the quotient will be the value in pounds fterling and decimal parts. Example. 1200 guilders at 38 fch. 3 pence flem. per pound fterling. 38-3 x '3 = ix’475) 1200 (104-575 or /104 1 13 6 fter. For Hamburgh. Divide the number of marks by the exchange : multi¬ plied by '375 the quotient is pounds fterling. z Example. 1600 marks at 36 fch. 2 pence flem. per pound fterling. 36-2 X '375 = ' 3’5^25) 1600 (117-972 or /11 7 19 5 fter. EXCHANGE of LANDS, in law, is a mutual grant of equal intereft in lands or tenements, the one in coijfide- ration of the other : and is ufed peculiarly in our com¬ mon-law for that compenfation which the warrantor muft make to the warrantee, value for value, if the land war¬ ranted be recovered from the warrantee. Bract, lib. 2. c . 16. Alfo there is a tacit condition of re-entry in this deed, on the lands given in exchange, in cafe of eviction ; and on the warranty to vouch and recover over in value, &c. F .of E X C E X E nf rfefpirntion is continually to difcharge and expel an accrementitions fluid out of the mafs of blood. Woodward.. EXCRES'CENCE, or Excrescenc Y,J.[excrefco,Ttxt.~\ Somewhat growing out of another without life, and con¬ trary to the common order of produdiion ; preternatural production. — All beyond this is mondrotis, ’tis out of nature, ’tis an cxcrefcence, and not a living part of poetry. Dry den. EXCRES'CENT, adj. \_excrefccns, Lat.] That which grows out of another with preternatural fuperfluity : Expunge the whole, or lop th’ excrefcent parts Of all, our vices have created arts : Then fee- how little the remaining fum, Which ferv’d the pad, and muft the times to come. Pope. EXCRE'TION, f. [ excretio , Lat.] Separation of ani¬ mal fubftance ; ejecting fomewhat quite out of the body, as of no further life, which is called excrement. Quincy. — The fymptoms of the excretion of the bile vitiated, area yellowifh fkin, white hard fteces, lofs of appetite and lixivial urine. Arbutlinot. — The thing excerned. The mofs from apple-trees is little better titan an excretion. ■Bacon. EXCRE'TIVE, adj. [ excretus , Lat.] Havingthe power of feparating and ejecting excrements. — A diminution of the body happens by the excretive faculty, excerning and evacuating more than neceflary. Harvey. EXCRE'TORY, adj. Having the quality of feparating and ejecting fuperfltious parts. In anatomy, it is applied to certain little dutts or veffels, deftined for the reception of a fluid, fecreted in certain glandules, and other vifeera, for the excretion of it in the appropriated places. EXCRE'TORY, f. The indrument of excretion. — Excretories of the body are nothing blit flender dips of the arteries, deriving an appropriated juice from the blood. Ckeyne. EXCRU'CI ABLE, adj. Liable to torment. To EXCRU'CIATE, v. a. [ excracio , Lat.] To torture ; to torment. — -Leave them as long as they keep their hard- nefs and impenitent hearts, to thofe gnawing and excru¬ ciating fears, thofe whips of the Divine Nemelis, that fre¬ quently fcourge even atheids themfelves. Bentley. EXCUBA'TION, f. \_excubatio, Latin.] The aCt of watching all night. EXCU'BIzE, /! In antiquity, the watches and guards kept in the day by the Roman foldiers. They are con- tradittinguifhed vigiliee, which were kept in the night. To EXCUL'PATE, v. a. [rxand culpo, Lat.] To clear from the imputation of a fault. — A good child will not leek to exculpate herfelf at the expence of the mod revered characters. Clarijfa. To EXCUR', v.n. To pafs beyond limits. A word not ufed. — His difeafe was an adhma, or ex curving to an or- thopneeia ; the canfe, a tranflation of tartarous humours from his joints to his lungs. Harvey. EXCUR'SION, J. [excvrjion, Fr. excurro, Lat.] The aCt of deviating from the dated or fettled path ; a ramble : The mufe whofe early voice you taught to ling, Prefcrib’d her heights, and prun’d her tender wing; Her guide now lod, no more attempts to rife, But in low numbers fiiort excurfions tries. Pope. An expedition into fome diftant part. — The mind extends its thoughts often beyond the utmod expanfion of matter, and makes excurjions into that incomprehenfible. l.ocke. — ProgrefTion beyond fixed limits.- — The caufes of thofe great excurfions of the feafons into the extremes of cold and heat, are very obfeure. Arbuthnot. — Digredion ; ram¬ ble from a fubjedt. — I am too weary to allow myfelf any ex curjion from the main defign. Atterbury. EXCUR'SIVE, adj. [from excurro, Lat.] Rambling; wandering; deviating: But wliy fo far excurfwe, when at hand. Fair-handed fpring unbofoms every grace ? Thomfon. EXCU'SABLE, adj. Pardonable ; that for which fome excufe or apology may be admitted. — Before the Vol. VII. No. 411. IOj gpfpel, impenitency was much more excufable, becaufe men were ignorant. Tillotfon. EXCU'S AB.LENESS, f. Pardonablenefs ; capability to be excufed. — It may fatisfy others of the excujablenejs of my dillatisfaClion, to perufe the enfuing relation. Boyle. EXCUSA'TI, in church liidory, a term ufed to denote Haves, who flying to any church for fandhiary, were ex¬ cufed and pardoned by their loaders ; but thefe were obliged to take an oath to that purpefe before they could have them again ; and, if they broke the catii, they were punifhed and fined as perfons guilty of perjury. EXCUSA'TJON, f. Excufe ; plea ; apology. — Pre¬ faces, excufations, and other fpceches of reference to the perfon, though they feem to proceed of modedy, tiiey are bravery. Bacon. EXCU'SATORY, adj. Pleadingexcufe , apologetical ; making apology. To EXCU'SE, v. a. [ excufo , Lat.] To extenuate Ly apology : Bad men excufe their faults, good men will leave them ; He atts the third crime that defends the di d. Ben Jonfbn. To difengage from an obligation ; remit attendance. — I have bought a piece of ground, and l mud needs go and fee it : I pray thee have me excuj'ed. Luke. — To remit ; not to exadt ; as, to excufe a forfeiture.— To weaken or mollify obligation to any thing ; to obtain remidion. — Nor could the real danger of leaving their dwellings to go up to the temple, excufe their journey. South. — To pardon by allowing an apology : O thou, whoe’er thou art, excufe the force Thefe men have us’d ; and O befriend our courfe 1 Add. Excufe fome courtly drains ; No whiter page titan Addifon’s remains. Pope. To throw off imputation by a feigned apology. — Think you that we excufe ourfelves unto you? 2 Cor. xii. — To judify ; to vindicate. This Jenfe is rare. — Accuiing or elfe excufing one another. Rom. EXCU'SE,/. [from the verb. This laflfyliable of the verb is founded as if written excuze , that of the noun with the natural found.] Plea offered in extenuation ; apology. — We find out fonte excufe or other for deferring good re- folutions, ’till our intended retreat is cut off by death. Addjbn. — The act of excufing orapologiiing : Heaven put it in thy mind to take it hence, That thou might’d win the more thy father’s love, Pleading fo wifely in excufe of it. Shahefpeare. Caufe for which one is excufed : Let no vain hope your eafy mind feduce ; For rich ill poets are without excufe. Rofcommon. Nothing but love this patience could produce ; And I allow' your rage that kind excufe. Dryden. EXCU'SELESS, adj. That for which no excufe or apo¬ logy can be given. — The voluntary enslaving myfelf is ex cu/elefs. Decay of Piety. EXCU'SER, f. One who pleads for another. — In vain would his excufers endeavour to palliate his enormities, by imputing them to madnefs. Swift. — One who forgives another. To EXCU'SS, v, a. fxcujfus, Latin.] To feize and de¬ tain by law. — The perion of a man ought not, by the civil law, to be taken for a debt, unlefs his goods and edate have been fird ex -cuffed. Aylijfe. EXCUS'SION, f. [ac ufjio, Latin.] Seizure by law.™ If upon an cxcujfion there are not goods to latisfy the judg-1 ment, his body may be attached. Aylijfe. EX'EAT ,f. In church difeipline, a Latin term, ufed for a permidion which a bifhop grants a pried to go out of his diocefe ; or an abbot to a religious to go out of his monaftery. The word is alfo ufed in great fchoois for leave given afcholar or dudent to go out. EXECHEBRON'CHUS,/ [from fiyyyi, to abound in, and fyoyy.ot;, Gr. the throat.] Having a prominent throat. EXECHEGLU'TUS, f. [from tiyyyi, to abound in, and -yAc/icKjGr, the buttocks.] Having prominent buttocks. E e EX'ECRABLE. 106 EXE EX'ECRABLE, adj. [execrabilis, Latin.] Hateful; cetefhible ; accurfed ; abominable.— -Give ientence on this execrable wretch. Shakefpeare. When execrable Troy in allies lay, Through fires, and fwords, and fe as, they forc’d their way. Dryd.cn. EX'ECRABLY, adv. Curfedly ; abominably : ’Tis fufiian all, ’tis execrably bad ; But it they will be fools, mull you be mad ? Drydcn t lo EX'ECRATE, v. a. [ execror , Latin.] To, curie; to imprecate ill upon ; to abominate. — Extinction of lome tyranny, by the indignation of a people^ makes way ior feme lorm contrary to that which they lately execrated and deiefted. Temple. EXE'CRATION, f. Curfe ; imprecation of evil. — T. he Indians, at naming the devil, did i'pit on the ground in token of execration. Stil/ingfect. To EXE'Cf, v.a. [execo, Lat.] To cut out; to cut away. — Were it not for theeffufion of blood which would follow an exedtion, the liver might not only be cxeEled, But its office fupplied by the fpleen and other parts. Harvey. EXECUTION,/. The udt of cutting out. To EX'ECUTE, ». a. [ exequor , Latin.] To perform ; to pradtife. — Againft ail the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment. Exodus — To put in aft; to do what is plan¬ ned or determined. — Men may not devife laws, but are bound for ever to life and execute thofe which God hath delivered. Hooker. — To put to death according to form of jufiice ; to punifli capitally : T I yburn, could’fl thou reafon and difpute, Coula’ll thou but judge as well as execute, How often would’!! thou change the felon’s doom, And trufs fome item chief jufiice in his room. Drydcn. To put to death ; to kill : The treacherous FaftolfFe wounds my peace, Whom with ray bare flits 1 would execute, If i now had him, Shakefpeare. To EX'ECUTE, v. a. To perform the proper office. — The cannon againft St. Stephen’s gate executed fo well, that the portcullis and gate werebroken, and entry opened into the city. Sir J. Hayward. EX'ECUTER,y. He that performs or exectues any thing. — Sophocles, and Euripides, in their moft beauti¬ ful pieces, are impartial executers of poetic jufiice. Dennis. —He that is intrufied to perform the will of a tefiator. See Executor. EXECUTION, f. Performance ; practice. — When things are come to the execution, there is no lecrecy com¬ parable to celerity. Bacon. I 1 ike thy counRl ; and how well I like it, The execution of it (hall make known. Shakefpeare . Deftrudtion ; Daughter. — The execution had been too cruel, and far exceeding the bounds of ordinary hoftiiity. Hayward. Brave Macbeth, with his brandifii’d fieel, Which fmok’d with bloody execution , Carv’d out his paffage. Shakefpeare. If is ufed with the verb do. — When the tongue is the weapon, a man may firike where he cannot reach, and a word fli a 1 1 do execution both further and deeper than the mightielt blow. South. EXECUTION, in law, denotes the laft fiage of a fuit, and gives poffeflion of any thing recovered by law. i Inf. 289. In criminal convidtions, it implies'ihe final tentence of the law inflidted upon the offenders. Sir Edw. Coke, in his reports, makes two forts ot executions; one final, another with a quoufque, tending to an end : an execution final is that which makes money of the defendant’s goods, or extends his lands, and delivers them to the plaintiff, which he accepts in fatisfadtion, and is the end of the fuit, and all that the king’s writ requires to be done ; the other writ with, a quoufque, though it tendeth E X E to an end, is not final : as in cafe of a capias ad fatisfacicn dum, which is not a final execution, but the body of the party is to be taken, to the intent the plaintiff be fatisfied his debt, & c. and the imprifonment of the defendant not being abtolute, but only until he fatisfies the fame. 6 Rep. 87. Execution, in the ufnal legal fenfe of the word, is a judi¬ cial writ grounded on the judgment of the court from whence it iffues : and is fuppofed to be granted by the court at the requeft of the party at whole fuit it is iffued, to give him fatisfadtion on the judgment which lie hath ob¬ tained : and therefore an execution cannot be (lied out in one court, upon a judgment obtained in another. ImpeyK. B . This execution, or putting the law in force, is performed m different manners according to the nature of the adtion upon which it is founded, and of the judgment which is had or recovered. If the plaintiff recovers in an adtion real or mixed, whereby the feifin or pofieflion of land is awarded to him, the writ of execution fliall be an Habere facias feifnain, or writ of feifin of a freehold ; or an Habere facias pojfefjioncm, or writ of polfellion of a chattel intereff. Finch L. 470. Thefe are writs directed to the flieriff of the county, commanding him to give adtual pofieflion to the plaintiff of the land fo recovered : in the execution of which flie llieriff may take with him tli e poje comitatus, or power of the county; and may jufiify breaking open doors, it the pofieflion be not quietly delivered. But if it be peaceably yielded up, the delivery of a twig, a turf, or the name of feifin, is fufficient execution of the writ. 3 Comm. 412. Upon a prefentation to a benefice recovered in a quarre impedit, or affife of darrein prefentment, the execution is by a writ de clerico admittendo ; diredted not to the flieriff, but to the bifliop or archbilliop, and requiring him to admit and inffitnte the clerk of the plaintiff. In other actions, where the judgment is that fomething fpecial be done or rendered by the defendant, then in order to compel him fo to do, and to fee the judgment executed, a fpecial writ of execution iffues to the flieriff’ according to the nature of the cafe. As upon an allife of nuifance or quod permittat profernere, where one part of the judgment is that the nui¬ fance be removed, a writ goes to the flieriff to abate it at the charge of the party ; which likewife iffues in caTe of an indidtment. Comb. 10. Upon a replevin the writ of execution is the writ de rctorno kabendo ; to have a return of the cattle diftrained ; and if the difirefs be eloigned, the defendant fliall have a capias in Withernam-, but on the plaintiff’s tendering the damages and lubmittingto a fine, the procefs fliall be flayed. 2 Leon. 174. In detinue, after judgment the plaintiff (hall have a dif ringas to com¬ pel the defendant to deliver the goods by repeated di£. treffes of his chattels: or elfe afire facias againft any third perfon in whofe hands they may happen to be ; and if the defendant (fill continues obftinate, then (if the judg¬ ment be by default or on demurrer) the flieriff’ fliall fum- mon an inqueft to afeertain the value of the goods and the plaintiff’s damages : which fliall be levied on the perfon or goods of the defendant. So that after all, in replevin and detinue, the only adtions for recovering the fpecific poffeffion of perfonal chattels, if the wrong doer be very perverfe, he cannot be compelled to the reftitutmn of the identical thing taken or detained ; but he has ftill his eiedtion to deliver the goods or their value. Keilw. 64. Executions, in adlions where money only is recovered, as a debt or damages, are of five forts. 1. Againft the body of the defendant. 2. Againft his goods and chat¬ tels. 3. Againft his goods and the profits of his lands. 4. Againft his goods and the poffclfton of his lands. 5. Againft all three, his body, lands, and goods. The firlt of thefe is by writ of capias ad fatisfaciendum, to take and itnprilon the body ot the debtor till fatisfadtion be made for the debt, cofts, and damages. This writ is an execu¬ tion of the higheft nature, iiiafinuch as it deprives a man of his liberty till lie makes the fatisfadtion awarded ; and therefore when a man is once taken in execution upon this •writ. 107 EXECUTION. writ, no other procefs can be fried out againft his lands or goods. Only by ftatute 21 Jac. I. c. 24, if the defen¬ dant dies while charged in execution upon this writ, the plaintiff may after his death file out a new execution againft his lands, goods, or chattels. The fecond fpecies of execution is againft the goods and chattels of the defendant ; and is called a writ of Fieri Facias ; from the words in it where the fherift is com¬ manded that he caufe to be made of the goods and chat¬ tels of the defendant, the fum or debt recovered. This lies as well againft privileged perfons, peers, &c. as other common perfons : and againft executors or adminiftrators with regard to the goods of the deceafed. The fherift may not break open any outer doors to execute either this writ or the writ of capias ad fatis faciendum ; but muff enter peaceably ; and may then break open any inner door be¬ longing to the defendant in order to take the goods. Palm. 54. And the fheriff may fell the goods and chat¬ tels of tlie defendant, even an eftate for years which is a chattel real, (8 Rep. 171,) til! he has raifed enough to latisfy the judgment and colts : fir ft paying the landlord of the premifes upon which the goods are found, the ar¬ rears of rent then due, not exceeding one year’s rent in the whole. S' Anne c. 14. A third fpecies of execution is by writ of Levari facias ; which affedts a man’s goods and the profits of his lands by commanding the fherift' to levy the plaintiff’s debt on the lands and goods of the defendant ; whereby the fheriff may feize all his goods, and receive the rents and profits of his lands, till fatisfadtion be made to the plaintiff. Finch L. 471. Little ufe is now made of this writ; the remedy by e legit which takes poffefiiion of the lands them- felves, being much more effectual. But a fpecies of this levari facias may be confidered a writ of execution proper roeccleflaftics : which is given when the fherift'upon a com¬ mon writ of execution fued, returns that the defendant is a beneficed clerk, having no lay fee. In this cafe a writ gees to the bifliop of the diocefe, in the nature of a levari or fieri facias to levy the debt and damages de bonis eccle- Jiajlicis , which are not to be touched by lay hands: and thereupon the bifliop fends out a fequeftration of the pro¬ fits of the clerk’s benefice, diredted to the churchwardens to colledf the fame, and pay them to the plaintiff till the full ftim be raifed. 2 Injl. 472. Jink. 207. The fourth fpecies of execution is by the w-rit of elegit, which is a judicial writ given by flat. Will. II. 1 3 Edw. I . c. 18, either upon judgment for a debt or damages ; or upon the forfeiture of a recognizance taken in the king’s court. By ,the common law, a man could only have fatisfadtion of goods, chattels, and the prefent profits of lands, by the two writs of execution Lift mentioned, but not the poffeffion of the lands themfelves; which was a natural confequence of the feodal principles prohibiting alienation of lands. But by this writ of elegit, the aefen- " dant’s goods and chattels are not fold, but only appraifed ; and aM of them, except oxen and hearts of the plough, are delivered to the plaintiff, at fuch reafonable appraifement and price, in part of fatisfadtion of his debt. If the goods are not fufficient, then the moiety or one half of his free¬ hold lands, which he had at tire time of the judgment given, whether held in his own name, or any other in trurt for him, are alfo to be delivered to the plaintiff: to hold till out of the rents and profits thereof the debt be levied, or till the defendant’s intereft be expired ; as till the death of tire defendant, if lie be tenant for life, or in tail. 29 Car. II. c. 3. It is upon feodal principles alfo, that copyhold lands are not liable to be taken in exe¬ cution upon a judgment. 1 Ro. Ab. 888. But in cafe of a debt to the king, if appears by Magna Charta, c. 8, that it was allowed by the common law for him to take pof- fefiion of the lands till the debt was paid. This execu¬ tion or feizing of lands by elegit is of fo high a nature, that after it the body of the defendant cannot be taken ; but if execution can only be had of the goods becaufe there are no lands, and fuch goods are not fufficient to pay the debt, a capias ad fatisfacieftdum may then be had after the elegit ; for fuch elegit is in this cafe no more in effedt than a fieri facias. Hob. 58. Thus it appeals that body and goods may be taken in execution ; or land and goods'; but not body and land too, upon any judgment between fuhjedt-and fubjedt, in the courfe of the common law. The fifth fpecies of execution arifes upon forpe profe- cutions given by ftatute; as in the cafe of recognizances or debt's acknowledged on ftatute merchant, or ftatute ftaple ; (purfuant to flat. 13 Edw. I. de mercatoribus-, 27 Edw. III. c. 9. ;) upon forfeiture of thefe the body, lands, and goods, may all be taken at once in execution to com¬ pel the payment of the debt. The procefs hereon is ufually called an extent or extendi facias ; becaufe the fheriff is to caufe the lands, &c. to be appraifed to their full extended value, before he delivers them to the plain¬ tiff, that it may be certainly known how foon the debt will be fatisfied. F. N. B. 131. By flat. 33 Hen. VIII. c. 39, all obligations made to the king fhall have the fame force, and of confequence tlie fame remedy to recover them, as a ftatute ftaple : though indeed before this ftatute, tlie king was entitled to foe out execution againft the body, lands, and goods, of his accountant or debtor. The flat. 25 Geo. III. c. 35, enables tlie court of exchequer on application by the attorney-general, by motion, to order the eftate of any debtor to the king, and of the heirs and alligns of fuch debtor, in any lands extended, to be fold as the court fhall diredt ; the conveyance to be made by tlie remem¬ brancer of tlie court, by bargain and fale, to be inrolled in that court. If a perfon have judgment given againft him for debt or damages, or be bound in a recognizance, and dieth, and his heir be within age, no execution fhall be fued of the lands during the minority ; and againft an heir within age, no execution fhall be lued upon a ftatute merchant or ftaple, & c. 1 Inf. 290. No execution for damages only, recovered in a real adtion, fhall be had by capias ad, fatisfacienduni : but where a man hath judgment to recover lands and damages, he may have execution of both toge¬ ther. 8 Rep. 141. Nothing can be taken in execution that cannot be fold, as deeds, writings, &'C. Bank-notes, &c. cannot be taken in execution ; as they remain, in fome meafure, chofes in adtion. Hardw. 53. If there are chattels fufficient, the fherift' ought not to take the lands ; nor may things fixed to the freehold, goods bought bond fide, goods pawned, &c. to be taken in execution. 8 Rep. 143. The fheriff cannot take tlie goods of a ftran- ger, for he is to take the goods of the party only at his peril. And if a bailiff on a fieri facias againft the goods of A. take tliofe of B. an adtion of trefpafs lies againft tlie fherift'. If on execution againft one of two partners, the partnerfhip effedts be taken and fold, the court will order the fheriff to pay over to the other a (hare of the produce proportioned to his fhare in the partnerfhip effects, to be afeertained by the mailer. Doug. 650. Eddie v DavidJ'on. If the plaintiff cannot find fufficient effedfs to fat isfy his judgment, the court will order tlie fheriff to retain for his ufe money which he has levied in an adtion at the fuit of the defendant. Doug. 231. No perfon is intitled to. or can fue out execution, who is not privy to the judgment, or intitled to the thing re¬ covered, as heir, executor, or admimftraior, to him who has judgment. 1 Rol. Abr. 889. If one have judgment to recover lands, and die before execution, his heir fhall have it; and where tenant in tail recovers and dies before the execution without ilfue, he in remainder may fue out exe¬ cution : an heir is to have execution for lands, and the executor or adminiflrator for damages. Co. Lilt.. 251. Tlie executors of executors may fue out execution of a judgment ; but an adminiflrator getting judgment in be¬ half of the intellate, and then dying, neither his execu¬ tor or adminiflrator fhall take out the execution, but the adminiftrator de bonis non adminiftratis of tlie firft intellate. 17 Car. II. c. 8. But if an adminiflrator, durante minor i state 103 EXECUTION.. estate of an executor, recovers in debt, and before execu¬ tion the executor comes of age, he (hall have a fcire facias on this judgment ; for carrying on the fuit in right of the executor, made the executor privy thereto, i Roi. Abr. £88-9. If a man has judgment for the arrears of rent, and dies, his executor fliall fue out execution, and not the heir ; for by the recovery it becomes a chattel veiled, to which the executor is inti'tled. 1 Rcl. Abr. 8S0. 1 here can be no execution taken out again!! a member of parliament during privilege of parliament : alfo no capias can iffue againft a peer ; for even in the cafe of a private perfon at .common-law, the body was not liable to creditors ; and the ftatute of Edw. III. which fubjefits ■the body, does not extend to peers, becaufe their perfons are ^acrec^ : tlle law alfo fuppofes, that perfons thus dif- tinguilhed by the king, have wherewithal otherwife to fatisfy their creditors. 6 Co. 52. If a perfon lias a bill of fale of any goods, in nature of a fecurity for money, he (hall be preferred for his debt to one who hath obtained a judgment againfl: the debtor before tliofe goods are fold; for till execution lodged in the fheriff’s hands, a man is owner of his goods, and may difpofe of them as he thinks fit, and they are not bound by the judgment. Preced. Chan. 286. B ut where a man generally keeps poffefiion of goods after fale, it will make the fame void againfl others, by the fiatute of fraudulent conveyances. And where on an execution, or bond and judgment, the owner of the goods by agreement was to have the poffefiion of them upon certain terms ; afterwards another got judgment againfl the fame perfon, and took thole goods in execution: it was adjudged they were lia¬ ble, and that the firft execution was by fraud, and void againfl: any fubfequent creditor ; becaufe there was no -Change of the poffefiion, and fo no alteration of property. Where two writs of fieri facias againfl the fame defend¬ ant are delivered to the flieriff on different days, and no fale is afitually made of the defendant’s goods, the firft execution muff have the priority, even though the feizure was firft made under the fubfequent execution. 1 Term Rep. in). But where the flieriff has given a bill of fale to the perfon claiming under the fecond execution, this en¬ titles the latter to fecure his debt, and the flieriff is liable to the plaintiff who delivered the firft writ. The ftatute 8 Anne, c. 14, direfits, that where there is an execution againfl: goods or chattels, of a tenant for life, or years, the plaintiff before removal of the goods by the execution is to pay the landlord the rent of the land, &c. fo as there be not above a year due ; and if more be due, paying a ■year’s rent, the plaintiff may proceed in his execution, and the lheriff fhall levy the rent paid, as well as the exe¬ cution money. But a ground-landlord cannot come in for a year’s rent in the cafe of an execution againfl an un- -dcr-leflee ; for the ftatute only extends to the immediate landlord. Str. 787. And the landlord muff give the fhe- rift notice, or he is not bound. iWilf. 140. The king, by his prerogative, may have execution of the body, lands, or goods, of his debtor, at his elefition. 2 Inf. 19. If the king’s debt be prior on record, it binds the lands of the debtor, into whofe hands foever they come, becaufe it is in the nature of an original charge upon the land itfelf, and therefore muft fubjefit every body that claims under it ; but if the lands were aliened in whole, or in part, as by granting a jointure before the debt contrafited, fuch alienee claims prior to the charge, and in fuch cafe the land is not fubjedt. 2 Roll. Abr. 156-7. Execution for the king’s debt, or prerogative execution, is always preferred before any other executions. And if a defendant is taken by capias ad fatisfaciendum, and before the return thereof a prerogative writ fifties from the ex¬ chequer for the debt of the king, teffed a day before he was taken, here he fliall be held in execution for the king’s debt, and that of the fubjefit. Dyer, 197. An execution may be fet alide for irregularity, by fuptr- fcdtas\ and the party have reftitution, &c, Cartheiu, 460. It hath been refolved, that a writ of .error is a fupeifedeas from the time of the allowance ; though if a writ of exe¬ cution be executed before the writ of error is allowed, it may be returned afterwards. 1 Salk. 321. No writ of exe¬ cution fliall be ftayed by any writ of error or fuperfedcas, after verdidt and judgment, in any afition upon the cafe for payment of money, covenant, detinue, trefpafs, &c. until recognizance be entered into as direfited by 3 Jac. I. c. 8. Judgment was had againfl a perfon at Briftol, and his goods attached there ; and the court of king’s-bench being moved to flay the execution until a writ of error brought fiiould be determined, they granted a habeas corpus, but nothing to flay the execution. 1 Bulf. 268. A defend¬ ant cannot plead to any writ of execution, but if lie hath any matter after judgment to difeharge him of the exe¬ cution, he is to have audita querela. Co. Lit. 290. Or move the court for relief, which is now the uftial method. If hufband and wife are taken in execution for the debt of the wife, the wife fliall be difeharged ; for the hufband being in execution, the wife fliall not be fo alfo, and becaufe the wife hath nothing liable to the execution. 1 Leo. 51 . Execution of Criminals, muft in all cafes, as well capital as otherwife, be performed by the fheriff, or his deputy; whofe warrant for fo doing- was anciently by pre¬ cept under the hand and feal of the judge, as is (till prac- tifed in the court of the lord high fteward upon the exe¬ cution of .a peer. 2 Hale, 409. Though in the court of the peers in parliament it is done by writ from the king ; afterwards it was eltabliflied, that in cafe of life the judges may command execution to be done without any- writ. Finch, 47S. And now the ufage is for the judge to fign the calendar, a lift of all the priftmers’ names, with the feparate judgments in the margin, which is left with the flieriff : the flieriff 011 receipt of this warrant is to do execution within a convenient time, which in the country is left at large : in London, the recorder, after reporting to the king in perfon the cafe of the feveral prifoners, and receiving his royal pleafure that the law muft take its courfe, fifties his warrant to the ftieriffs direfiting them to do execution at the day and place afligned. It is held by Coke (3 Inf. 52), and Hale (2 H.P.C. 272, 412), that even the king cannot change the punifliment of the law by altering hanging into beheading ; though when beheading is part of the fentence, the king may re¬ mit the reft. And notwitliftanding fome examples to the contrary, Coke maintains that judicandum ef legibus, von exemplis. But others have thought, and more juftly, that this prerogative being founded in mercy, and immemo- rially exercifed by the crown, is part of the common-law. 19 Ryvi. Feed. 284. For hitherto, in every inftance all thefe exchanges have been for more merciful kinds of death ; and how far this may alfo fall within the king’s power of granting conditional pardons, (viz. by remitting a feverer kind of death on condition that thfe criminal fubniits to a milder,) is a matter that may bear confideration. There are ancient precedents wherein men condemned to be hanged for felony, have been beheaded by force of a fpecial warrant from the king. BraEt. 104. If a perfon, when attainted, (lands mute to a demand why execution fliall not go again!! him, the ordinary exe¬ cution fliall be awarded. 2 Hawk. P. C. In cafe a man condemned to die, come to life again after he is hanged, as the judgment is not executed till he is dead, he muft be hung again. Finch, 389. 4 Comm. 406. And fo was the law of old ; for if a criminal thus efcaped and fled to fanfituary he was not permitted to abjure the realm. The body of a traitor or felon is forfeited to the king by the execution ; and lie may difpofe of it as he pleafes. By flat. 25 Geo. II. perfons convifited of murder are to be executed the day next but one after the fentence, unlefs that happens to be Sunday ; for which reafon murderers are generally tried on a Friday to afford them a merciful .refpite of one day more to prepare for eternity : their bo¬ dies then to be delivered to furgeons to be anatomifed. The judge may flay ,the fentence, and appoint the body to / E X E to be hung in chains oranatomifed, but not buried. To refcue the body of any fucli malefadtor from the cuftody of the flieriff after execution, is punifhable by tranfporta- tion for feven years. And to refcue fuel) criminal going to, orduringexecution, isfelony without benefit ofclergy. A reprieve is the withdrawing of a fentence for an inter¬ val of time ; whereby the execution is fufpended. This may be ex arbitrio judicis, either before or after judgment ; aswhet'e the judge is not fatisfied with the verdidt, or the evidence is fufpicious, or the indictment is infufficient, or he is doubtful whether the offence be within clergy ; or fometimes if it be a fmall felony, or any favourable cir- cuinftances appear in the criminal’s character in order to give room to apply to the crown for either an abfolute or conditional pardon. Reprieves may alfo be ex ncccjjitate legis. If a woman quick with child be condemned eitliet* for treafon, or felony, fine may allege her being with child in order to get the execution refpited ; and there¬ upon the fheriff or marllial fliall be commanded to take her into a private room, and to impanel a jury of matrons to try and examine whether fhe he quick with child or not ; and if they find her quick with child, the execution fliall be refpited till her delivery. But it is agreed, that a woman cannot demai’id fuch refpite of execution by reafon of her being quick with child more than once ; and that flte can neither fave herfelf by this means from pleading upon her arraignment, nor from having judgment pro¬ nounced againft her upon her conviction. Alfo it is faid, both by Staunford and Coke, that a woman can have no ad¬ vantage from being found with child, unlefs fhe be alfo found quick with child. 2 Hawk. P. C c. 51. Another caufe of regular reprieve is, if the offender be¬ come non compos between the judgment and the award of execution. 1 Hal. P. C. 370. For regularly though a man be compos when he commits a capital crime, yet if he be¬ comes non compos after, lie fliall not be indidted ; if after indictment, he fhall not be convicted ; if after conviction, he fliall not receive judgment ; if after judgment, he fliall not be ordered for execution : for the law knows not but lie might have offered fome reafon, if in h|s fenfes, to have flayed thefe refpeitive proceedings. It is therefore an in¬ variable rule, when any time intervenes between the at¬ tainder and the award of execution, to demand of the pri- foner what he hath to allege why execution fhould not be awarded againft him ; and if he appears to be infane, the judge, in his diferetion, may and ought to reprieve him. The party may alfo plead in bar of execution ; which plea may be either pregnancy as above, or diver- fity of perfon, viz. that he is not the fame that was at¬ tainted. In this cafe a jury fliall be impanelled to try this collateral ilfue, namely, the identity of his perfon ; and not whether guilty or innocent ; for that has been decided before ; and in thefe collateral iffues the trial fliall be injlanter, and no time allowed the prifoner to make his defence or produce his witneffes, unlefs he will make oath that lie is not the fierfon attainted. Fojl. 42. Nei¬ ther fliall any peremptory challenges of the jury be al¬ lowed the prifoner; though formerly fuch challenges were held to be allowable whenever a man’s life was in queftion. Co. Lit. 157. EXECUTIO'NE FACIENDA, a writ commanding execution of a judgment, and diverfly ufed. EXECUTIO'NE FACIENDA IN WITHERNA- MIUM, a writ that lies for taking his cattle, who hath conveyed the cattle of another out of the county, fo that the flieriff cannot replevy them. Reg. Orig. 82. EXECUTIO'NE JUDICII, a writ diredted to the judge of an inferior court to do execution upon a judg¬ ment therein, or to return fome reafonable caufe where¬ fore he delays the execution. If execution be not done • on the firft writ, an alias fliall iffue, and apiaries with this claufe, v.el caitjam nobis Jignifices quaie, (He. And if upon this writ execution is not done, or fome reafonable caufe returned why it is delayed, the party fliall have an attach¬ ment againft him who ought to have done the execution. Vol. VII. No. 412. EXE 107 ' EXECUTIONER,./. He that puts in aft, or exe¬ cutes; in this fenfe executer is no more ufed.— -It is a com¬ fort to the executioners of his office, when they cqnfider. that they cannot be guilty of oppreflion. Bacon. — He that inflidts capital puniftmient ; he that puts fo death accord ing to the fentence of the law. — The deluge was not fent only as an executioner to mankind, but its prime errand was to reform the earth. Woodward. — He that kills; he that murthers: Is not the cattfer of thefe timelefs deaths, As blameful as the executioner ? Shaktfpeare. I would not be thy executioner : I fly thee, for I would not injure thee ; Thou tel 1’ ft me there is murder in mine eyes. Shah.eJ'pcarci The inftrument by which any thing is performed : All along Thy walls, abominable ornaments! Are tools of wrath, anvils of torment hung, Fell executioners of foul intents. Crajhaw. EXE'CUTIVE, adj. Having the quality of executing or performing. — They are the nimbleft, agil, ftrongeft in- ftruments, fitted: to be executive of the commands of the fouls. Hale. — Adtive; not deliberative ; not legiflative ; having the power to put in adt the laws. — Hobbes con¬ founds the executive with the legiflative power, though all weil-inftituted ftates have ever placed them in different hands. Swift. EXE'CUTIVE POWER, that branch of the Englifli conftitution which is veiled in the king. See the article Eng land, vol. vi. p. 79S. EXE'CUTOR,/! [exe'euteur, Fr. of executor, Lat.] One appointed by a man’s laft will and teftament, to perform or execute the contents thereof after the teftator’s deceafe ; and to have the difpofing of all the teflator’s fubftance ac¬ cording to the tenor of the will : he anfwers to the hares defignatus or tejlamentarius in the civil law, as to debts, goods and chattels of his teftator. His authority is wholly grounded on the will ; and may be either exprefs, or im¬ plied ; abfolute, or qualified; exclufive, or in common with others. He may be exprefsly nominated either by a written or by nuncupative will. Fie may be conftrudtively appointed merely by the "teftator’s recommending or com¬ mitting to him the charge of thofe duties which it is the province of an executor to perform, or by conferring on him thofe rights which properly belong to the office, or by any other means from which the teftator’s intention to inveft him with that charadter may be diftindtly inferred. As if a will diredts that A. fliall have the teftator5s per- fonal property after his death, and after paying his debts fliall difpofe of it at his own pleafure ; or declares that A. fliall have the adminiflration of the teftator’s goods ; this alone conftitutes A. an executor, according to the tenour. So, where the teftator, after giving various legacies, ap¬ pointed that his debts and legacies being paid, his wife fhould have the refidue of his goods, on condition that fhe gave fecurity for the performance of his will : this was held to be lufficient to make her executrix. And fo where an infant was nominated executor, and A. and B. overfeers, with this direction, that they lliouid have the controul and difpofition of the teftator’s effects, and fhould pay and receive debts till the infant came of age ; they were held to be executors in the mean time. His appointment may be either abfolute or qualified. It is abfolute when he is conftituted certainly, immediate¬ ly, and without any reftridtion in regard to the teftator’s effedts or limitation in point of time. It may be qualified, as where A. is appointed to be executor at-a given period after the teftator’s death ; or where he is appointed exe¬ cutor on his coming of age, or during the abfence of J . S. ; or where A. and B. are made executors, and B. is re- ftridted from adding during A.’s life; or where A. and B. are named executors, and if they will not accept the office, then C. and D. are fubftituted in their room; or F f where no EXEC where A. is appointed executor on condition that he gives fecurity to pay legacies, or generally to perform the will. So a teftator may make A. an executor in refpeft to his plate and houftiold goods, B. in refpeft to his cattle, C. as to his leafes, and D. in regard to his debts; or appoint A. an executor for his effefts in one county, and B. exe¬ cutor for his effefts in another, or (which feems more rational or expedient) he may fo divide the duty where his property is in various countries. So he may nominate his wife executrix during the minority of his fon, or fo long as (lie continues a widow. The duty and office of executors and adminiftrators in general are very much the fame ; excepting, firft, that the executor is bound to perform a will, which an admi- niffrator is not, unlefs where a teftament is annexed to his adminiftration, and then he differs ftill lefs from an exe¬ cutor : and, fecondly, that an executor may do many adds before he proves the will; but an adminiftrator may do nothing till letters of adminiftration are iffued ; for the former derives his power from the will and not from the probate ; the latter owes his entirely to the appointment of the ordinary. Com. 51. The executor or adminiftrator muft bury the deceafed in a manner fuitable to the eftate which he leaves behind him. Necelfary funeral expences are allowed, previous to all other debts and charges; but if the executor or adminiftrator be extravagant, it is a fpecies of devaftation or wafte of the fubltance of the deceafed ; and (hall only be prejudicial to himfelf, and not to the creditors or lega¬ tees of the deceafed. Salk. 196. Godolph. 2. c. 26. The executor or adminiftrator durante minore atate, or durante cbfentia , or cum tefamento annexo, muft: prove the will of the deceafed : which is done either in common form, which is only upon his own oath before the ordinary, or his fur- rogate ; or per tejlcs, in more folemn form of law, in cafe the validity of the will be difputed. When the will is fo proved, the original muft be depofited in the regiftry of the ordinary ; and a copy thereof in parchment is made out under the feal of the ordinary, and delivered to the executor or adminiftrator, together with a certificate of its having been proved before him ; all which together is ufually (filed the probate. If there are many executors of a will, and one of them only proves the will, and takes upon him the executorfhip, it is fufficient for all of them ; but the reft after may join with him, and intermeddle with the teftator’s eftate : but if they all of them refufe the executorfliip, none of them will ever afterwards be admitted to prove the will ; the ordinary in this cafe grants adminiftration with the will annexed. Perk. 485. The executor or adminiftrator is to make an inventory of all the goods and chattels, whether in poffeftion or action, of the deceafed ; which he is to deliver in to the ordinary upon oath, if thereunto lawfully required. 21 Hen. V 1 1 1 . c.5. But no adminiftrator (hall be cited into court to render an account of the perfonal eftate of his inteftate, otherwile than by an inventory thereof, unlefs at the in- ftance of fome perfon in behalf of a minor, or having a demand out of fuch eftate as a creditor, or next of kin; nor (hall be compellable to account before any ordinary or judge empowered by the aft of 22 and 23 Car. II. c. 10, otherwife than as afoiefaid. <)Rep. 39. Raym. 407. He is to colled! all the goods and chattels fo inventoried ; and to that end he has very large powers and interefts conferred on him by law ; being the reprefentative of the deceafed, and having the fame property in his goods as the principal had when living, and the fame remedies to secover them. And if there be two or more executors, a f.de or releafe by one of them (hall be good againft all the reft : Dyer, 23 ; Cro. Eliz. 347 ; unlefs fuch releafe be ob¬ tained by fraud, Moor , 620 ; but in cafe of adminiftrators it is otherwife. 1 Aik. 460. Whatever is fo recovered, that is of a faleable nature and may be converted into r'ady money, is called affets in the hands of the executor ©r adminiftrator, that is, fufficient or enough (from the Trench ajfcz) to make him chargeable to a creditor or 1«; U T O R. gatee, fo far as fuch goods and chattels extend. What, ever affets fo come to his hands, he may convert into ready money to anfwer the demands that may bemade upon him. Co. Lit. 374. Inactions againft executors, the jury muft find affets to what value, for the plaintiff (hall recover only according to the value of affets found. The chattels real and perfonal of the teftator coming to the executor, are leafes for years, rent due, corn grow¬ ing and cut, grafs cut and fevered, cattle, money, plate, hou(hold goods, See. An executor having a leafe for years of land in right of the deceafed, if he purchafe the fee, whereby the leafe is extinft, yet this leafe (hall continue to be affets, as to the creditors and legatees. Bro. Leafe , 63. Though a plantation be an eftate of inheritance, yet being in a foreign country, it is a chattel in the hands of execu¬ tors to pay debts. 1 Vent. 358. The executor is not only intitled to all perfonal goods and chattels of the teftator, of what nature foever they are, but they are alfo accounted to be in his poflellion, though they are not actually fo ; for he may maintain an aftion againft any one who detains them from him : he is likewife intitled to things in action ; as right of execution on a judgment, bond, iftatute, See. Alfo to money awarded on arbitration. Co- Lit. 209. iDanv. Abr. 549. If goods of the teftator are kept from the exe¬ cutor, he may fue for them in the fpiritual court, or at common law ; and if one feifed of a meffuage in fee, See. hath goods in the houfe, and makes a will and executors, and dies, the executors may enter into the houfe, and carry away the goods. Lit. 60. An executor may, in convenient time after the teftator’s death, enter into a houfe defeended to the heir, for removing and carrying away the goods; fo as the door be open, or the key be in the door. Offic. Exec. 8. He may take the goods and chattels 10 himfelf, or give power to another to feize them for him. If an executor with his own goods redeem the goods of the tef¬ tator, or pays the teftator’s debts, &c. the goods of the teftator (hall, for fo much, be changed into the proper goods of the executor. Jcnk.Cent. 188. Where a man by will devifes that his lands (hall be fold for payment of debts, his executors (hall fell the land, to whom it belongs to pay the debts. And if lands are devifed to executors to be fold for payment of the teftator’s debts, thofe executors that aft in the executor- fhip, or that will fell, may do it without the others. Co. Lit. 113. By 21 Henry VIII. c. 4, bargains and (ales of lands, See. devifed to be fold by executors, (hall be as good, if made by fuch of the executors only as take upon them the execution of the will, as if all the executors had joined in the fale. If lands are thus devifed to pay debts, a furviving executor may fell them ; but if the devife be, ‘ that the executor (hall fell the land,’ and not ‘of the land to them to be fold,’ here being only an authority, and not an intereft, if one dies the other cannot fell. 1 Lev. 203. The executor or adminiftra tor muft pay the debts of the deceafed. In payment of debts he muft obferve the rules of priority; otherwife, on deficiency of affets, if he pay thofe of a lower degree firft, he muft anfwer thofe of a higher out of his own eftate. And firft, he may pay all funeral charges, and the expences of proving the will. Secondly, debts due to the king on record or fpecialty. Thirdly, fuch debts as are by particular ftatutes to be preferred to all others; as the forfeitures for not burying in woollen, and money due upon poor rates. Fourthly, debts of record ; as judgments, ftatutes, and recognizances. Fifthly, debts due on fpecial contrufts; as for rent, or upon bonds, covenants, and fimilar fecurities under leal. Laftly, debts on fimple contrafts, viz. upon notes unfealed and verbal promifes. Among debts of equal degree, the executor or adminiftrator is allowed to pay himfelf firft, by retaining in his hands fo much as his debt amounts to. 10 Mod. 496. If a creditor conftitutes his debtor his exe¬ cutor, this is a releafe or difeharge of the debt, whether the executor afts or not, provided there be affets fufficient to pay the teftator’s debts : for, though this difeharge of the debt (hall take place of all legacies, yet it were unfair 1 to Ill EXECUTOR. to defraud the teftator's creditors of their juft debts by a releafe which is abfolutely voluntary. Salk. 303. 1 Rol. Abr. 921. Bur if a perfon dies inteftate, and the ordinary commits adminiftration to a debtor, the debt is not there¬ by extinguilhed, for he comes in only by the alt of law, not by the alt of the party. 1 Cka. Rep. 292. If no fuit is conjmenced againft him, the executor may pay any one creditor in equal degree his whole debt, though he has nothing left for the reft ; for, without a fuit commenced, the executor has no legal notice of the debt. Dyer, 32. Pending a bill in equity againft an exe¬ cutor, he may pay any other debt of a higher nature, or of as high a nature, where he has legal aftets: but where there is a final decree againft an executor, if he pays a bond, it is a mifpayment ; for a decree is in nature of a judgment. 2 Salk. 507. If there be feveral debts due on feveral bonds from the teftator, his executor may pay which bond debt lie pleafes, except an altion of debt is actually commenced againft him upon one of thofe bonds ; and in fuch cafe, if, pending an allion, another bond-cre¬ ditor brings another allion againft him, before judgment obtained by either of them, he may prefer which he will by confefting a judgment to one and paying him, which judgment he may plead in bar to the other adtion. Vaugh. 89. But this judgment confelfed muft be before plea. The ufual way is, if there is time, and an executor or adminiftrator is delirous of preferring another creditor of equal degree with him who fues, is, inftantly, before plea to confefs a judgment, and then plead it, with a plene ad- mijlravit ultra. On a Jcire facias againft an executor, he cannot plead fully adminiftred, but muft plead fpecially that no goods of the teftator came to his hands, whereby he might dif- charge the debt ; for he may have fully adminiftred, and yet be liable to the debt, where goods of the teftator’s af¬ terwards come to his hands. 1 Lill. 368. Cro. Eliz. 375. In Jcire facias againft executors, upon a judgment againft their teftator, they pleaded plene adminifravit, by paying debts upon bonds ante notitiam : it was adjudged no plea, for at their peril they ought to take notice of debts upon record, and firlt pay them ; and though the recovery be in ano¬ ther county than that where the teftator lived ; but where an adtion is brought againft executors in another county than where they live, and they not knowing thereof, pay debts upon fpecialty, it is good. Cro. Eliz. 793. Where day of payment is part, the penalty of a bond is the fum due at law, but where the day of payment is not come, the fum in the condition is the debt, and the executor cannot cover the alfets any further. Bank of England v. Morrice, widow. Annaly, 224. A bill may be exhibited in the chancery againft an exe¬ cutor, to difeover the teftator’s perfonal eftate ; and there¬ upon he fhall be decreed to pay debts and legacies. If a perfon being executor, and his teftator greatly indebted, be defirous to pay the aftets as far as they will go, and that his payments may not be afterwards queftioned, he may bring a bill in equity againft all the teftator’s credi¬ tors, in order that they may, if they will, conteft each other’s debts, and difpute who ought to be preferred in payment. 2 Vcrn. 37. Where there are only equitable aftets, they muft be equally paid amongft all the credi¬ tors; for a debt by judgment, and limple contrail, is in confcience equal. 2 Peere William, 416. And it is held, that bonds, and other debts, (hall be paid equally by executors, where a perfon has devifed lands to them to be fold for the payment of his debts. 1 P. Wins. 430. A debt devifed by the teftator, is not to be paid by the debtor to the legatee, but to the executor, who alone can give a fufficient difcharge for it, and is anfwerable to the legatee it there be fufficient alfets. If an executor pays out the'aflets in legacies, and afterwards debts appear, of which he had no notice, which he is obliged to pay, the executor by bill in chancery may force the legatees to refund. Chan. Rep. 136. One legatee paid (hall refund againft another, and againft a creditor of the teftator, that can charge the executor only in equity ; but if an execu¬ tor pays a debt upon fimple contrail, there fhall be no re¬ funding to a creditor of a higher nature. 2 Vent. 360. The following extracts from Mr. Cox’s notes to his edition of Peere Williams’s Reports, will ferve as a gene¬ ral fummary of the determinations, relative to the appli¬ cation of the different funds of a teftator’s eftate, in pay¬ ment of his difterent debts. — The perfonal eftate of a tef¬ tator fhall in all cafes be primarily applied in difcharge of his perfonal debt (or general legacy), unlefs he by ex- prefs words, or manifeft intention, exempt it. — Every loan creates a debt from the borrower, whether there be a bond or covenant for payment or not. So the perfonal eftate fhall be liable, although fuch perfonal debt be alfo fecured by mortgage. — So lan Is fubjelt to or devifed for payment of debts, fhall be liable to difcharge fuch mort¬ gaged lands either defeended or devifed, even though the mortgaged lands be devifed exprefsly fubjelt to the in¬ cumbrance. — 'So lands defeended fhall exonerate mort¬ gaged lands devifed. — And unincumbered landsand mort¬ gaged- lands both being fpecifically devifed (but exprefsly “after payment of all debts”) fhall contribute in difcharge of fuch mortgage. But in all thefe cafes the debt being confidered as the perfonal debt of the teftator himfelf, the charge on the real eftate is merely collateral. The rule therefore is otherwife where the charge is on the real eftate principally, although there be a collateral perfonal fecurity, or where the debt, although perfonal in its crea¬ tion, was contracted originally by another. With refpetl to the priority of application of real aftets, when the perfonal eftate is either exempt or exhaufted, it feems that, firft, the real eftate exprefsly devifed for payment of debts fhall be applied ; fecondly, to the ex¬ tent of fpecialty debts, the real eftate defeended ; thirdly, the real eftate fpecifically devifed fubjedl to a general charge of debts. It being the objelt of a court of equity that every claimant upon the aftets of a deceafed perfon fhall be fatisfied, as far as fuch aftets can, by any arrange¬ ment confiftent with the nature of the refpellive claims, be applied in fatisfallion thereof ; it has been long fettled that where one claimant has more than one fund to refort to, and another claimant only one, the firft claimant fhall refort to that fund on which the fecond has no lien. If therefore a fpecialty creditor, whofe debt is a lien on the a real aftets, receive fatisfallion out of the perfonal aftets, a fimple contrail creditor fhall (land in the place of the fpecialty creditor againft the real aftets, fo far as the latter fhall have exhaufted the perfonal aftets in payment of his debt. And legatees fhall have the fame equity as againft aftets defeended. So where lands are fubjelted to pay¬ ment of all debts, a legatee fhall (land in the place of a fimple contrail creditor, who has been fatisfied out of perfonal alfets. And where legacies by will are charged on the real eftate, but not the legacies by codicil, the former (hall refort to the rent aftets upon a deficiency of the perfonal aftets to pay the whole. But from the prin¬ ciples of thefe rules, it is clear that they cannot be ap¬ plied in aid of one claimant, fo as to defeat the claim of another, and therefore a pecuniary legatee (hall not (land in the place of a fpecialty creditor as iagainft land devifed, though he fhall as againft land defeended. But fuch legatee (hall Hand in the place of a mortgagee who lias cx- haufled the perfonal aftets to be fatisfied out of the mort¬ gaged premiies though fpecifically devifed; for the appli¬ cation of the perfonal aftets in cafe of the real eftate mort¬ gaged, does not take place to the defeating of every legacy. It is now fettled that the court of chancery will not marfhal aftets in favour of a charitable bequeft fo as to give it effelt out of the perfonal chattels, it being void fo far as it touches any intereft in land. Attorney-general v. Tyndal, Amb.ti 14. And it is to be obferved, that none of the rules above-mentioned fubjelt any fund to a claim to which it was not before fubjelt; but only take care that the election or one claimant (hall not prejudice the claims of the others. 2 Atk. 438. 1 Vcz. 312. When . m. EXEC When the debts are all difchargecl, the legacies claim the next regard ; which are to be paid by the executor fo far as his affets will extend: but he may not give himfelf the preference herein, as in the cafe of debts. 2 P. IVms. 25. The aflent of an executor to legacies is held neceffary to entitle the legatee; but as this alfent may be compelled, it does not feern neceftary to ftate the effeift of a diffent where there are affets fufficient to anfwer both debts and legacies. Where there are not affets, the aflent of the executor to a legacy would fubjedt him to a devaftavit. Co. Lilt, in. When all the debts and particular legacies are dif- charged, the Turpins or refiduum muff be paid to the reff- flduary legatee, if any be appointed by the will ; and if there be none, it was long a fettled notion that it devolved to the executor’s own ufe, by virtue of his executorfnip. Per/tins, 525. But whatever ground there might have been formerly for it, this opinion feems now to be under- ffood with the following reffridtion; that although where the executor has no legacy at all, the refiduum Thai 1 in general be his own, yet wherever there is fufficient on the face of a will, (by means of a competent legacy or otherwife,) to imply that the teffator intended his exe¬ cutor fhould not have the refidue, the urid'evifed furplus of the eftate (hall go to the next of kin, the executor then ffanding upon exadtly the fame footing as an adminiftra- tor. Prec. Chan. 323. 2 P. IVms. 338. Lawfon v. Latvfon , Dom. Proc. 28 Aprit, 1777. The refult of the many cafes on this fubjedt appears to be this : By Law the appointment of an executor vefts in him, beneficially, all the pcrfonal efiate of the teffator not otherwife difpofed of but wherever courts of equity have feen, on the face of the will, fufficient to convince them that the teffator did not intend the executor to take the furplus, they have turned the executors into truffees for thofe on whom the law would caff the furplus, in cafe of a complete inteftacy, i. e. the next of kin; as where the executors are exprefsly called executors in truft, or where any other expreffions occur, (hewing the office only to be intended them, and not the beneficial intereft. So alfo where there is a refiduary claufe, but the name of the refiduary legatee is not inferted ; or where the refiduary legatee dies in the life-time of the teffator. Bennett v. Bachelor, 3 Bro. C. R. 28. So a pecuniary legacy to a lole executor affords a fufficient argument to exclude him from the refidue ; as it is abfurd to fuppofe a teffator to give exprefsly a part of the fund to the perfon he intended ihould take the whole. And it is fettled that the wife being the executrix, (hall make no difference. So equal pecuniary legacies to two or more executors, (hall exclude them from the furplus: neither will legacies to the next of kin vary the rule. But wherever the legacy is confid¬ ent with the intent that the executor ihould take the wtyole, a court of equity will not difturb his legal right : and therefore where the gift to the executor is only an exception out of another legacy, it filial 1 not exclude him from the refidue, becaufe it is neceffary to make ftich exception exprefsly. The wife of the teffator may acquire a legal property in certain effects of the hufband at his death, which ffiall fur- vive to her over and above her jointure or dower, and be tranfmiffible to her perfonal reprefentatives. Such effects are (filed paraphernalia ; a term which, in law', imports her bed, and neceffary apparel, and alfo fuch ornaments of her perfon as are agreeable to the rank and quality of the huf¬ band. Pearls and jewels, whether ufually worn by the w ife, or worn only on birth-days, or other public occa- (ions, are alfo paraphernalia. To what amount fuch claims (hall prevail, is a point which cannot admit of fpecific re¬ gulations. It muff be left, on the particular circumftances of the cafe, to the difcretion of the court. In the reign of queen Elizabeth, jewels, to the value of five hundred marks, were allowed, in the cale of the wife of a' vifcount. A diamond chain, of the value of three hundred and fe- venty pounds, where the lady was the daughter of an earl, UTOR. and wife of the king’s ferje.int at law, in the reign of Charles the Firft, was confidered as reafonable. Jewels and plate, bought with the wife’s pin-money, to the amount of five hundred pounds, which bore a final! pro¬ portion to the h u (band’ s eftate, were regarded in tiie fame light: and lord-chief-juftice Hardwieke held the widow of a private gentleman to be entitled to jewels worth three thoufand pounds, as her paraphernalia, and that the' value made no difference in the court of chancery. If the hufband deliver cloth to the wife for her appa¬ rel, and die before it be made, (he (hall have the cloth, as of this fpecies of property. If the hufband prefent his wife with jewels, for the exprefs purpofe of wearing them, they ffiall be efteemed merely as paraphernalia ; for, if they were confidered as a gift to her fe pa rate ufe, fin e might difpofe of them abfolutely, and fo defeat his intention. The hufband, if inclined to fo unhandfome an exercife of his power, may fell or give away, in his life¬ time, fuch ornaments and jewels of the wife, but he can¬ not difpofe of them by will. In cafe of a deficiency of affets for payment of debts, the widow ffiall not be en¬ titled to fuch paraphernalia, not even if they were pre- fents made to her by the hufband before marriage ; nor (hall (lie be fo entitled where there are not affets at the time of the hufband’s death, although contingent affets fhould afterwards fall in. But fuch ornaments, though fubjedt to the debts, (hall be preferred to the legacies of the hufband, and the general rules of marfhslling affets are applicable in giving effect to fuch priority. If the hufband pawn his wife’s paraphernalia, and die, leaving a fund fufficient to pay all his debts, and to redeem the pledges, fne is entitled to have them redeemed out of the perfonal eftate. So, viffiere a hufband pledged a diamond necklace of the wife, as a collateral (ecurity for money borrowed on a bond, and authorifed the pawnee to fell it, during his abfence, at a fum fpecified, it was held, that this amounted not to an alienation, if it were not fold in his life-time, and that it w'as redeemable for his widow. If a woman, by marriage articles, agree to claim fuch part only of the effedts of the hufband as he (hall give her by his will, (lie is excluded from her paraphernalia. But her neceffary apparel (hall, in all cafes, be protected, as decency and humanity require, even againft the claims of creditors If the hufband bequeath to the widow her jewels, for her life, and then over, and (he make no elec¬ tion to have them as her paraphernalia, her executor (hall have no title to demand them. Another fpecies of intereft in the perfonal property of the deceafed remains to be confidered. Such as vefts neither in his executor, nor his heir, nor his widow, in thofe refpedtive characters. It is created by a gift, under the following circumftances. When in his laft illnefs, and apprehenfive of the approach of death, he delivers, or caufes to be delivered, to a party, the pofleffion of any of his perfonal effeCts to keep in the event of his deceafe. Such gift is therefore called a donatio canfa mortis. It is accompanied with the implied truft, that, if the donor live, the property ffiall revert to him, fince it is given only in contemplation of death. To fubftantiate the gift, there muff be an adtual tradition or delivery of the thing. The pofleffion of it muff be transferred in point of fact. The purfe, the ring, the jewel, or the watch, muff be given into the hands of the donee, either by the donor himfelf, or by his order. But there are cafes in which the nature of the fubjedt will not admit of a corporeal de¬ livery ; and then if the party goes as far as he can towards transferring the pofleffion, his bounty (hall prevail. Thus, a ffiip has been held to be delivered, by the delivery of a bill of fale defeafible on the donor’s recovery. And In a recent cafe, the lord chancellor feemed to be of opinion, that fuch donation might be effected by deed or writing. The delivery alfo of the key of a warehoufe, in which goods of bulk were depolited, has been determined to be a valid delivery of the goods for fuch a purpofe. So the delivery of the key of a trunk, has been decided to amount w EXECUTOR. Ufi to a delivery of the trunk, and its contents. Nor in thofe inftances were the key and bill of fale- confi.dered in the light. of fymbols, but as modes of attaining the polfeflion and enjoyment of the property. So a bond given in prof- peCt of death, although a chofe in action, is a good dona¬ tion mortis caufd, for a property is conveyed by the deli¬ very. Such, like wife, have-been the decifions in regard to bank notes. In all thefe cafes, the donor delivers as complete a polfeflion as the fubjcCt matter will permit. But bills of exchange, promifTory notes, and checks on bankers, feem incapable of being the objedts of fuch do¬ nation. The delivery of thefe inftruments is diftinguifh- able from that of a bond, which is a fpccialty, and Ltfelf the foundation of the action, the deftruClion of which de- ftroys the demand; whereas the bills and notes are only evidence of the contrail. Nor (hall a delivery merely fymbolical have fuch operation. As, where, on a deed of gift not to take place till after the grantor’s death, a fix pence, was delivered by way of putting the grantee in poflefiion; the ecclefiaftical court held fuch delivery to be infufficient for the purpofe, and pronounced for the inftrument as a will. So it was determined in chancery, that the delivery of receipts for South-Sea annuities was in like manner ineffectual, and that, to make it complete, there ought to have been a transfer of the hock. Leaf! ot all (hall fuch donation be effectuated by parol, as, merely faying, “ I give,” without any ad to transfer the pro¬ perty” Nor fliall a prefent abfolute gift be conlidered as of this denomination. To bring it within the clafs, it muft be made to take etfed only on the death of the donor. Therefore, the gift, of a check on a banker, “ Pay to felf or bearer two hundred pounds,” and alfo of a pro- mifl'ory note, being abfolute and immediate, .was held clearly on that ground to be no donatio mortis caufd. But where the donor gave a bill on his banker, with an indorfe- ment, exprefling that it was for the donee’s mourning, and giving directions refpeding it, the bill was decided to be an appointment in the nature of fuch donation, fince it was for a purpofe neceffarily fuppofing death. Simple contn d debts, and arrears of rent, are incapable of this fpecies of difpofition, becaufe there can be no de¬ livery of them. Whether the delivery of a mortgage deed will amount to fuch gift of the money due on the fecu- riry, is an undecided point. If the donor die, the intereft of the donee is completely vefted ; nor is it neceli'ary that the gift fhould be proved as part of the will ; nor is the executor’s alfent to it requifite, as in the cafe of a legacy. But the gift, however regularly made, fall not prevail againf creditors. Concerning an adminiftrator, there was formerly much debate, whether or no he could be compellable to make any diffribution of the inteftate’s eftate. For though (af¬ ter the adminiflration was taken in effeft from the ordi¬ nary, and transferred to the relations of the deceafed) the fpi ritual court endeavoured to compel a diftribution, and took bonds of the adminifirator for that purpofe, they, were prohibited by the temporal courts, and the bonds declared void at law. 2 P. Wins. 447 . And the right of the hufband not only to admin. Her, but alfo to enjoy ex- clufively, the e if efts of his deceafed wife, depends ftill on this doctrine of the common law: the fcaiuteof frauds declaring only, that the ftatute of diftribution does not extend to this cafe. But now thefe controverfies are quite at an end; for by the ftatute commonly called the- ftatute of diftribution, 22 and 23 Car. 1 1. c. 10, explained by 29 Car! II. c. 30, it is enafted, that the furplufage of intes¬ tates’ eftates, (except of Janes coverts, which are left as at common law, by first. 29 Car. II. c. 3.) ihall, alter the expiration of one full year from the death of the inteftate, be diftributed proportionally among the 'next of kin. — For the duty of. the adminifirator in this cale, lee the ar¬ ticles Administration, and Administrator, vol. i. p. 117-118. The ftatute of diftributions exprefsly excepts and re- ferves the cuftoms of the city of London,- of the province Vol. VII. No. 412. of York, and of all other places having peculiar cuftoms. of diftributmg inteftares’ eft'efts. So that, though in thofe places the reftraipt of deviling is removed, their ancient cuftoms remain in full force, with refpeft to the eftates of inteftates. In the city of London, and - province of York, as well as in the kingdom of Scotland, and proba¬ bly alfo in Wales, the effefts of the inteftate, - after pay¬ ment of his debts, are ingeneral divided according to the 'ancient univerfal doftrine of the pars ration abilis. If the deceafed leaves a widow and children, his fubftance, de¬ ducting for the widow her paraphernalia and furniture of her bed-chamber, (which in London is called the widow’s chamber,) is divided into three parts, one of which be¬ longs to the widow, anotheiatp the children, and the third to the adminiftrator; if only a widow, or only children, they fliall refpeftively, in either cafe, take one moiety, and the adminiftrator the other. 1 P. IVms. 341. Salk. 246. If neither widow' nor child, the adminifirator fliall have the whole. 2 Show. 175. And this portion or dead man’s part, the adminiftrator was wont to apply to his own ufe, till the flat. 1 Jac. II. c. 17, declared that the fame ’fhould be fubjeft to the ftatute of diftribution. So that if a man dies inteftate in London worth 1800!. perfonal eftate, leav¬ ing a widow and two children, this eftate fhnll he divided into eighteen parts; whereof the widow Ihall have eight, fix by the culfom, and two by the ftatute; and each of the children five, three by -the cuftom, and two by the ftatute ; if he leaves a widow and one child, (he fnall have ftill eight parts, as before; and the child fliall have ten, fix by the cuftom, and four by the ftatute; if he leaves a widow and no child, the widow fliall have three- fourths of the whole, two by the cuftom, and one by the ftatute ; and the remaining fourth fliall go by the ftatute to the next of kin. It is alfo td be obferved, that if the wife be provided for by a jointure before marriage in bar of her cuftomary part, it puts her in a ftate of non entity, with regard to the cuftom only; but fire (hall he entitled to her lhare of the dead man’s part under the ftatute of diftribution, unlefs barred by fpecial agreement, i Pern. 15. 2 Chan. Rep. 252. And if any of the children are ad¬ vanced by the father in his life-time with any futn of money, (not amounting to their full proportionable part,) they ihall bring that portion into account with the reft of the brothers and filters, but not with the widow, before they are entitled to any benefit under the cuftom ; but if they are fully advanced, the cuftom entitles them to no farther dividend. 2 P. Wms. 527. Thus far in the main the cuftoms of London and of York agree: but befides certain other lefs material variations there are two prin¬ cipal points in which they confiderably differ. One is that in London the fiiare of the children (or orphanage part) is not fully vefted in them till the age of twenty- one, before which they cannot difpofe of it by teftamenr - and, if they die under that age, whether foie or married’ their fnare (hall furvive to the other children ; but after the age of twenty-one, it is free from any orphanaoe cuf¬ tom, and in cafe of infeftacy, fliall fall under the ‘ftatute of diftributions. Prec. Chanc. 537. The other, that in the province of York, the heir at common-law, who inherits any land either in fee or in tail, is excluded from any filial portion or reafonable part. 2 Barn, 7 54. Againft an adminiftrator, and for him, action will lie as for and again!! an executor, and he fliall be charged’ to the value of the goods, and no further ; unlefs it be'by his own falfe plea, or by wafting the goods of the inteftate. An executor or adminiftrator fliall never be charged ' de bonis propriis, but where lie dotli Come wrong; as by fellin ’- the teilator’s goods, and converting the money to his own ufe, concealing or wafting them, or by ple'ading what is falfe. Dyer, 210. But this plea muft be of a fact, within his own knowledge. If an adminiftrator plead /dene acini, nifravit, and it is found againft him, the judgment Audi be de bonis propriis, becaufe it is a falfe plea, and that upon his own knowledge. Contra where he pleads fuch a plea, and that he hath nQ more than' to fatisfy fuch a juftn-l' G g inentj 114 EXE merit, Sec. the recovery (hall be de bonis tejiatoris, See. a Rcl. Rep. 400. This-muft mean, where fuch plea is true jn faft. Upon plene adminijlravit pleaded by an admini¬ ftrator, the plaintiff mull prove his debt, or he (hall re¬ cover but a penny damages, though there be affets ; be- caufe tire plea only admits the debt, but not the quantum. j Salk. 29 6. Special bail is not required of adminiftrators or executors in any adtion brought againfl them for the debt of tire inteftate, except where they have wafted the goods of the deceafed; nor (hall colts be had againft them, not even on a writ of error where judgment is affirmed. Generally an adminiftrator lhall be charged by others, for any debt or duty due from the deceafed, as lie himfelf might have been charged in his life-time ; fo far as he hath any of the inteftate’s eftate, to difeharge the fame. Co. Lit. 219. Dyer, 14. If a man have judgment for land in a real or mixed a£lion, and for damages, and then dies', his executor or adminiftrator, not the heir, ffiall have execution for the damages, but not for the land. Fitz. Admin. $ 3. If an executor does any wafte, or mifemploys the eftate of the deceafed, or doth any thing by negligence or fraud, it is a devajlavit, and he (hall be charged for fo much out of his own goods. 8 Rep. 133. And a new ex'ecutor may have an adtion againft a former executor, who wafted the goods of the deceafed ; or the old one may remain charge¬ able to creditors, Sec. Hob. 2 66. If an executor takes an obligation in his own name, for a debt due by fimple con¬ trail to the teftator, this (hall charge him as much as if he had received the money ; for the new fecurity hath ex- tinguifhed the old right, and is quafi a payment to him. Yelv. 10. 1 Lev. 189. So if the executor lues a perfon in trover and converfion, in which he has a right to recover ; and afterwards he and the defendant come to an agree¬ ment, that he ftiall pay the executor fuch a fum at a fu¬ ture day, and the party fails, this is a dcvajlavit ; and he fhall anfwer ad, valorem. 2 Lev. 189. It is a dcvajlavit to permit intereft to run in arrear, and then fuffer judgment for it ; and want of affets to pay before the incurring of it by the adminiftrator ftiall not be intended unlefs it be exprefsly pleaded. 2 lew. 40. An executor in cafe of a dcvajlavit, is in the nature of a truftee of an eftate. Chan. Cafes, 304. EXE'CUTORY, adj. Performing official duties. — What perfon is a king to command executory fervice, who has no means whatioever to reward it? Burke. — In law, to take effeil on a future contingency. — Contingent or exe¬ cutory remainders are, where the eftate is limited to take effect, either to a dubious and uncertain perfon, or upon a dubious and uncertain event. Blackfone. EXE'CUTORY DEVISE, is the devife of a future in¬ tereft ; a devife that vefts not at the death of the teftator, but depends on fome contingency which niuft happen be¬ fore it can veft. 1 Eq. Caf. Abr. 1S6. An executory devife differs from a remainder in three material points. 1. That it needs not any particular eftate to fupportit. 2. That by it a .fee-fimple or other lefs eftate, may be limited after a fee-fimple. 3. That by this means a remainder may be li¬ mited of a chattel intereft, after a particular eftate for life created in the fame. 2 Comm. 172-5. The fi r It cafe hap¬ pens when a man devifes a future eftate to arife upon a contingency: and, until that contingency happens, does not difpofe of the fee-fimple, but leaves it to defeend to his heir at law. AS if one deviles land to a feme-fole and ‘ her heirs, upon her day of marriage : here is in effect a contingent remainder without any particular eftate tofup- port it ; a freehold commencing in futuro. This limita¬ tion though it would be void in a deed, yet is good in a will, by way of executory devife. For, fmee by a devife a freehold may pafs without corporal tradition or livery of feifin, (as it nuiftdo if it paffes at all,) therefore it may commence in futuro ; becaufe the principal reafon why it cannot commence in futuro in other cafes, is the necefiity of adftual feifin, which always operates in prajenti. And, hnce it may thus commence in juturo , there is no need of E X E a particular eftate to fupport it, the only ufe of whichds to make the remainder, by its unity with the particular eftate, a prefent intereft. And hence alfo it follows, that fuch executory devife not being a prefent intereft, cannot be barred by a recovery, buffered before it commences, Cro. Jac. 593. 2. By executory devife a fee, or other lefs eftate, may be limited after a fee. And this happens where a devifor devifes his whole eftate in fee, but limits a remainder thereon to commence on a future contingency. As if a man devifes land to A . and his heirs ; but, if he dies be¬ fore the age of twenty-one, then to B. and bis heirs : this remainder alfo, though void in a deed, is good by way of executory devife. 2 Mod- 289. In both thefe fpecies of executory devifes, the contingencies ought to be fuch as may happen within a reafonable time, as within one or more life or lives in being, or within a moderate term of years ; for courts of juftice will not indulge even wills fo as to create a perpetuity ; which the law abhors. 1 Salk. 229. The utmoft length that has been hitherto allowed for the contingency of an executory devife of either kind to happen in, is that of a life or lives in being, and one and twenty years afterwards. As when lands are devifed to fuch unborn fon of a feme-covert as ffiall firft attain the age of twenty-one, and bis heirs ; the utmoft length of time that can happen before the eftate can veft, is the life of the mother and the fubfequent infancy of her fon, and this hath been decreed to be a good executory devife. Forr. 232. This limit was taken from the time in which an eftate may be rendered unalienable by a ftriit fettle- ment. An executory devife to an unborn fon of a man, may be fufpended a few months beyond the life of the fa¬ ther and twenty-one years afterwards ; by a pofthumous birth. 3. By executory devife a term of years may be given to one man for his life, and afterwards limited over in re¬ mainder to another which could not be done by deed : for by law the firft grant of it, to a man for life, was a total difpofition of the whole term ; a life eftate being efteemed of a higher and larger nature than any term for years. 8 Rep. 95. And, at firft, the courts were tender, even in the cafe of a will of reftraining the devifee for life from aliening the term, but only held, that in cafe he died without exerting that ail of ownerftiip, the remainder over fhould then take place ; for the reftraint of the power of alienation, efpecially in very long terms, was introduc¬ ing a fpecies of perpetuity. But, foon afterwards it was held, that the devifee for life hath no power of aliening the term fo as to bar the remainder-man ; yet, in order to prevent the danger of perpetuities, it was fettled, that though fuch remainders may be limited to as many per- fons fucceffively as the devifor thinks proper, yet they mull ail be in efe during the life of the firft devifee ; for then, as it is exprelled, all the candles are lighted and are confuming together, and the ultimate remainder is in re¬ ality only to that remainder-man who happens to furvive the reft. It was alfo fettled that fuch remainder may not be limited to take effeil, unlefs upon fuch contingency as mnft happen (if at all) during the life of thefirft devifee. 3 P. IV ms. 35S. If a particular eftate is limited, and the inheritance paffes cut of the donor, this is a contingent remainder ; hut where the fee by a devife is veiled in any perfon, and to-be veiled in another upon contingency, this is an exe¬ cutory devij'e : and in all cafes of executory deviles, the eftates defeend until the contingencies happen. 1 Lidto. 798. V/here a contingent eftate limited, depends upon a freehold, which is capable of fupporting a remainder, it ftiall never be conftrued an executory devife, but a re¬ mainder. And fo it is, if the eftate be limited by words in prajenti, as w hen a perfon devifes his lands to the heirs of A . B. who is living, Sec. Though if the fame were to the heir of A. after his death, it would be as good as an executory devife. 2 Saund. 380. One by will devifes land to his mother for life, and after her death to his brother in 115 E X E in fee ; provided, that if his wife, being then enfeint, be delivered of a foil, then the land to remain to him in fee ; and dies, and the fon is born ; in this cafe it was held, that the fee of the brother (hall ceafe, and veft in the fon, by way of executory devife, on the happening of the contin¬ gency ; and here fuch fee eftate enures as a new original devife to take elfeft when the firft fails. Cro. Jac. 592. A remainder of a fee may not be limited by the rules of law after a fee fiinple ; for when a man hath parted with his whole eftate, there cannot remain any thing for him to difpofe of : but oflate times a diftinftion hath been made between an abfolute fee-fimple, and a fee-fimple which depends upon a contingency, oris conditionally limited ; efpecially where fuch a contingency may happen in the courfe of a few years, or of one or two lives ; and where fuch a remainder is limited by will, it is called an executory devife, 2 A elf. Abr. 797. An eftate devifed to a fon and his heirs, upon condition that if he did not pay the legacies given by the will with¬ in fuch a time that then the land ftiould remain to the legatees, & c. and their heirs : this limitation of a fee in remainder, after a fee limited to the fon, being upon the contingency of the fon's failing in payment of the lega¬ cies, was adjudged good by way of executory devife. Cro. Eliz. 833. And where the father devifed his lands to his youngeft fon and his heirs, and if he die without iftue, the eldeft fon being alive, then to him and his heirs ; this was held a good remainder in fee to the eldeft brother, af¬ ter the conditional contingent eftate in fee to the youngeft, as depending upon the poftibility that he might be alive when his youngeft brother died without ilfue ; and his dy¬ ing without iftue, was a collateral determination of his eftate, whilft the other was living. 2 Nelf. Abr. 798. There can be no executory devife after an eftate tail generally limited, becaufe that would tend to a perpetu¬ ity ; and a contingency is too remote w here a man muft ex- peft a fee upon another’s dying without ilfue, generally : But dying without ilfue, living another, may happen in a little time, becaufe it depends u; on one life ; and there¬ fore a devife of a fee-fimple to one, but to remain to ano¬ ther upon fuch a contingency, is now held good by exe¬ cutory devife. Cro. Jac. 695. If a devife be “ to A. for ever, that is, if he fhall have a fon or Ions w ho fhall attain ai, but if A. lhall die without fon or fons to inherit, that the fon of B. fhall inherit this is a fee in A. with an executory devife to the fon of B. w ho fhall take if A. die without ilfue, or if the ilfue before 21. 1 Bro. C. R. 147. If a devife be to the fecond fon, then unborn, of A. B . and after his deceafe, or acceflion to his paternal eftate, then to his fecond fon and his heirs-male, with remainders over : fuch fecond fon of A. B. when born, will take an eftate in tail-male by way of executory devife, determinable on the acceffion of the family eftate, and in the mean time the lands defcend to the heir of the teftator. 2 Blac. Rep. 1159. It has now been long fully fettled, that a term for years, or any chattel intereft, may be given by an executory de¬ vife to an unborn child of a perfon in exiftence, when it attains the age of 21 ; and that the limits of executory de- vifesof real and perfonal property are precifely the fame. It is very common to bequeath chattel-interefts to A. and his iftue, and if he dies without iftue to B. It feems now to be determined, that where the words are fuch as would have given A. an eftate tail in real property ; in cafes of perfonal property the fubfequent limitations are void, and A. has the abfolute intereft : but if it appear from any claufe or circumftance in the will, that the teftator in¬ tended to give it over, only in cafe A. had no iftue living at the time of his death, upon that event the fubfequent limitation will be good as an executory devife. See Fearne, and Cox’s P. W. iii. 262. Formerly where a term, of years (which is but a chat¬ tel) was devifed to one ; and that if he died, living ano¬ ther perfon, it fnould remain to the other pepfon, during the refidue of the term ; fuch a remainder w as adjudged void : for a devife of a chattel to one for an hour, was a 1 EXE devife of it for ever. Dyer, 74. But it was afterwards held, that a remainder of a term to one, after it was li¬ mited to another for life, was good : in a cafe where a tef¬ tator having a term, devifed that his wife ftiould have the lands for fo many years of the term as (lie ftiould live ; and that after her death the refidue thereof ftiould go to his fon and his affigns ; and this was the firft cafe wherein an executory remainder of a term for years was adjudged good. Dyer, 253, 358. A perfon po lie fled of a term, de¬ vifed it to his wife for eighteen, years, and after to his eld¬ eft fon for life, after to the foil’s eldeft ilfue male during life ; though he have no fuch iftue, at the time of the devife, and death of the devifor, if he has before his own death, he ftiall have it as an executory devife. 1 Rol. 612. But if one devife a term to his wife for life, the remainder to his firft fon for life, and if he dies without iftue, to his fecond fon, & c. the remainder to the fecond fon is void, and no executory devife ; yet where the dying without ilfue living at a perfon’s death, may be confined to one life, it hinders not a remainder over. 1 Eq. Abr. 194. Leftee for years devifed all his term to his fon, and his will was, that his wife ftiould have the occupation and pro¬ fits of the lands, during the minority of his Ion, &c. and he made her foie executrix, and died ; (he afterwards proved the will, then ftie fold the term, and died ; ad¬ judged that this fale was void againft her fon, becaufe it fhall be intended that the devife to the wife ftiall precede the devife to the fon, though it followed in words, and then ftie will not have the whole term, but only fo much thereof for fo long time as ftie fhould live before her fon came of age ; and that the remainder was to veft in him, upon the contingency of his living till he came of full age. Plow. Com. 53, 519. The hufband being poftefled of 3 term for years, devifed the leafe itfelf to his wife for her life, and after her death to her children unpreferred ; it was infilled for the wife, that (lie had the whole term, the devife being of the leafe itfelf, and the lands are not men¬ tioned throughout the will ; but adjudged that the wife had only an eftate for fo many years of the leafe as ftie fhould live, and that fo much as remained unexpired at her death, w*as to veft in the children upon the contin¬ gency of their living at that time. 3 Leon. 89. Gold. 26. EXECUTORY ESTATE, is where an eftate in fee created by deed or fine is to be afterwards executed by en¬ try, livery, writ, &c. Leafes for years, rents, annuities, conditions, &c. are called inheritances executory. Eftates executed are when they pafs prefently to the perfon to whom conveyed, without any after-aft. See the article Estate, p. 24 of this volume. EXE'CUTRIX, f. A woman intruded to perform the will of the teftator. — He did, after the deatli of the earl, buy of his executrix the remnant of the term. Bacon. EXE'DRA,^ [e|, out of, and Gr. a chair.] The place where the ancient philofophers andrhetoricians held their conferences and difputes’; buildings dependent on 3 church but not immediately joined to the body of it. The ambo ; a kind of pulpit. £XEGE'SIS,y. [s|r,ysj