U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SF BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY—Bulletin No. 74. 99 AS . at ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY ; AND MAIZE MEAL. D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER, IN COOPERATION WiTtH THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BY "HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY, Ph. D., LL. D., and J, AUGUST FRIES, B.S. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. se ees 1905. U. S. DEPARTMENT OPVAGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY—Bulletin No. 74. D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER, IN COOPERATION WITH THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BY HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY, Ph. D., LL. D., and J. AUGUST FRIES, B. S. } i Ip ENTATS SATIN OF SS We WASHINGTON: ‘ GOVERNMENT PRINTING, OFFICE.» 1905. : 0 ey iste int “ LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. 8S. DeparTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BurEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, Washington, D. C., June 17, 1905. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of an article dealing with ‘‘ Energy values of red clover hay and maize meal.” This work comprises the results of further careful and dif- ficult experiments carried on, in cooperation with this Bureau, by Dr. H. P. Armsby and J. August Fries at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. JI recommend that this manuscript be published as Bulletin No. 74 of the series of this Bureau. Respectfully, on D. E. Satmon, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. State CoLircr, Pa., April 1, 1905. Str: I have the bonor to submit herewith a report upon the second series of cooperative experiments with the respiration calorimeter at the Pennsylvania Experiment Station. The first series, reported in Bulletin No. 51 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, included deter- minations of the energy values of timothy hay. In the present series. the same general methods have been applied to clover hay, and also to maize meal as a representative of the concentrated feeding stuffs. While results upon a single animal must be accepted with some reserve, nevertheless the data obtained indicate certain characteristic differences in the energy values of different classes of feeding stuffs, and appear to show clearly that the more or less current method of comparing feeding stuffs on the basis of their so-called ‘* fuel values” in the body is fundamentally erroneous. As in the previous experiments, the details of the calorimetric work have been in charge of Mr. Fries, assisted by Messrs. T. M. Carpenter, J. B. Robb, Firman Thompson, and H. L. Wilson. The chemical division of the station, under the general direction of Dr. William Frear, has conducted the necessary chemical work, Mr. M. 8. McDowell having had immediate charge of the reception and care of samples. The determinations of carbon and hydrogen were executed by Mr. Thompson and the determinations of heats of combustion by Mr. Carpenter. The weighing and sampling of feeds and excreta and the records of the digestion work were cared for by Mr. A. K. Risser. “$6 Very respectfully, Henry Prentiss ARMSBY, Expert in Animal Nutrition. D. E. Satmon, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau.of Animal Industry. 4 CONTENTS: Page. LLANES LUKE OTA So cs es AS te es Se aes ae Aa RS ee a a Description of the experiments.......---..------------- eae OE Ine a eee 8 PATTEVLV GL CASTILE DINO USE sn sre meres ne trtre ymin sen nema ryea a seis aciermieeyeineie sales 8 INOS HECONS cobs SSESOS Gee BEETS ae eee SPN ree rar ih ee eee 8 [BINT 5 Sl5 3a So ee cheese oS Oe es es Ar eec oe ease nr ena OS 8 IN DSTHAZASY. VY SET es 2 See a a een aE Ste Ee el a g) LEIVOU SREALMLOL ALL ON Seams emmy eine mmr Miers Bel See Uae i a tel ss We Re 9 TLINTSs WSSU Siege ae EG Ele EN en ee ge ny ee ae 10 Weterminationstor dueéstiillittyie sees aoe ee sae ee oe oe ee ee 10 Weise and samplineson feeds qss 8s. 0oss 520s... cee e 10 LSTA ey eset eo ea OS eee ee ee 10 Mianizeiinn Callie edertnet tet Aci te emeneane Uk Semen ee Ea Me 11 reatmentOlSamnplespaery ees se eee gee Sa Meee ete aa oe IL LOUIS uO Leslee Cit eo taeees rien een Nea eee liye tea eG Oe Shee hln g 11 Collection andysamiplinelofiexcretal US <2 se5 5.52002. le see ace e ce 11 Diceshibilityroteratlonss: season Aas See eee ae ace oom oe ees 12 JEXSTAIGYG] Sic ee oe A a ai ed tn oe ne Pe eee ye ke BETO Ciel elena es ein a Shey aE SR aie te AU EE em ees 2 aS 12 NETL CO Clee MAG es Sec compres eevee eae OTe eS yt Pe te ee RN RNS eee 13 HFC raL Cla Maree ce cee tar ergs nce hain Aa a Teeth ER ie She ate Raya 14 Maenmimanry excretion 04-5... ..- 22.25. BASS Eye Noein cepa abs PRAIA s 15 ROM eOme pICehMNal CSSUC et Sse se ses ste ce eee Se 15 Determinations of respiratory products_.....-..-.--..------------------- 16 CINSGGIS WEST) aan Seen Se ess cries RRM Epiiae: Setan e heinee ee Aine eee ee re 17 BE Sisxets ere eD NUN ae Spee ge eave ae oe ees ee ed A a ai ty bee cen) a 17 PU COMOMCINECKRLCStS weer a ees eee epee wie tne ane eee cA 17 IRESUUESh DOOM Ne ENaAuOR A Gea eee Se ee BME nr heen mene 17 Helpy CO CAN WOMESASCS Hae vet see aiga se en Oe area ee elena 18 Wetenminationstobineatiie 8: hee Pea wc e s eae eee 20 Rate of heat emission.-:...---..--------------- Bote aia Seer raee oe ne 21 Heat emission and heat production ---.-...------- pdt eae eee he eae 25 pihreshalamecrormathervaas arya4 00 ee Sere Soe Cass ee eR aN 28 ite mnopenvand carbon Dalances! soe 2. she a,c wae A a ye 28 Caincomlossrolsprotetmeand wate sess) oo OR eet ee ee ee ee 29 view lnctl ACE yOMeMeELO ype Seteeetae seen stee Sa. eer lee ah ae eray ee elec eee 30 DiscsstoOnaOmnesulliiGme sae nese a wath soe aaa tee ae sees Ce i 32 TOSSA AN OUT Gye hee iy cere ee ne ea le ep 32 AN pease sees see BES SES BOaUAISSS COGS Oa OE ere Same ee are eres 32 SVU San al eee oe cee arpa eee lee ee rte Pyar ed Se atid Mie Sie 32 Metabolizalbleremercyc: 65 aah ae aie es eet aia | Mot eb eel 33 VATA is eae es rat ee eee ne a me ea or gine a een eae pee oe 34 Micuiz esi alle ees arate eer ess cpa eas oe ete Se atlas ue ee MeL Nh eae 30 COMmPARISOMsOlMnes Ml tee pee ene e Sa ene ens ear Seem ier a5 37 NMetanvallainlereneroyeeeer ie = sea eon r i a e kts fo Ae er wea 38 VA ADIETEMETS VOM MAW os oe eae eels OL Se Ne See soo S eee 39 Availapleenersyxotmaize meal. 22843: h eee ek os Ee ee 40 xe placemmenib vallitespayts cn cate eke eee ee i Ae tk 41 ReRCeMmare MiMIZAL OM, ObeMeCrOy © ase eecn. aoe: wee ee ese ose ease ese. 42 Wrest Mt LOnO ACME LONAE OE saat pe een RC intn ioe ew Sores PEI 44 LUDROGCNEE - LES FE SSG SCENE ae IES ae Sec er 48 ILLUSTRATIONS Dracram I. Live Weights). 222. se aes ee cyte ara ils Rate ‘ot heat emission222 22 e-eee eee a= ==asee Ill. Availability and utilization of energy ......-.---.-- 6 : ate 5) ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. By Henry Prentiss Armssy, Pu. D., LL. D., and J. Aucusr Friss, B. S. INTRODUCTORY. The experiments here reported are a continuation of the investiga- tions described in Bulletin No. 51 of this Bureau, ‘‘ The available energy of timothy hay.” In the experiments there described the metabolism of matter and energy bya steer fed four different amounts of timothy hay together with a small quantity of linseed meal was determined, and the metabolizable, available, and utilizable energy of the hay computed from a comparison of these results. The present experiments, carried out with the same steer in the winter of 1902-3, aimed to determine by similar methods the corresponding energy values for red clover hay and for maize meal. The general plan of the experiment was as follows: In the first period the animal was given an amount of clover hay estimated to be somewhat less than sufficient for maintenance. In the second period the amount of hay was considerably reduced. A comparison between the first and second periods affords the means of determining the net availability of the energy of the hay. In the third period there was added to the minimum hay ration of the second period an amount of maize meal estimated to be sufficient to make the total ration some- — what less than a maintenance ration. A comparison between Periods II and III affords data for computing the availability of the energy of the maize meal. In the fourth period the maize meal was increased sufficiently to produce a moderate gain, thus affording the means of determining the percentage utilization of the energy of maize meal in the production of gain. It was the intention to add a fifth period, in which the maize meal was to be still further increased, but circum- stances prevented. ‘The rations for the several periods were as follows: Periods and rations. Clover Maize Eeriod: ay. meal. Grams. | Grams. eat oe Se oe cele aieche 5, 200 0 eet Geet as once 3, 700 0 NOD aS ean acne pearecc 3, 700 850 EN ieee Scene nies hi 3, 700 4, 000 8 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The animal used was the same grade Shorthorn steer which served in the experiments of 1901-2. At the time of these experiments he was approximately four years old. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTS. ANALYTICAL METHODS. The methods employed for the analysis of the feed and excreta were substantially those recommended by the Association of Official Agri- cultural Chemists. The nitrogen of the feces was determined in the fresh material by K6énig’s method and the nitrogen of the urine by direct oxidation by the Kjeldahl method. In the computation of proteids from proteid nitrogen, the factor 6.0 was used for the maize meal and the conventional factor 6.25 for the clover hay. The non- proteids were computed from the nonproteid nitrogen by multiplica- tion by 4.7, the factor for asparagin. Carbon and hydrogen were determined by combustion with cupric oxide in a current of air, fol- lowed by oxygen. The heats of combustion of the food and excreta were determined by means of the Atwater-Hempel bomb calorimeter. THE FEEDS. FTay.—The hay used was second-growth red clover hay grown on the station farm in the summer of 1902. It was cut on August 16 and hauled to the barn August 20 to 22. It was secured without rain and retained most of the leaves on the stems. On December 4 about a ton of this hay was run through a Ross feed cutter and cut to lengths of about 7 to 10 centimeters. From the mass of cut hay two separate samples were taken by the same method as in the previous experi- ment.“ During the progress of the experiments a sample of hay was also taken at time of weighing out for each period, as described in subsequent pages, or four samples in all. The following table shows the composition of the dry matter of the several samples, the generally close agreement of the results indicating that the method was suffi- ciently accurate: Composition of clover hay (dry matter). General samples. Samples taken during experiments. Constituents and energy. “ é E A. B. Average.| Perioal.| Period | Perio Period ; Il. Ye ASH Ut ponte cectnaseete per cent... 6. 26 6.53 6.40 6. 40 §. 46 6. 64 6. 64 Proteids (N. x6.25)...--- Goze a: |anel2s83 12. 96 12. 90 iil Ze 12. 06 13.11 12. 82 Nonproteids ........--.-. do.... 1.52 1.69 1.61 1.81 1.60 1.87 1.14 Crude vfilberen-a--sseece do.=--| ~ 31-48 31.74 31. 61 33. 87 33. 67 31. 48 32. 63 Nitrogen-free extract ...do.... 45. 25 44.40 44.81 43. 25 43.51 44.05 43.90 Etheriexdractee--peeeees do.... 2.66 |~ 2.68 2.67 2.90 2.70 2.85 2.87 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 aCompare Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin No. 51, p. 10. OO ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 9 Composition of clover hay (dry matter) —Continued. General samples. Samples taken during experiments. Constituents and energy. sys a tkes : Be: 5 > sae ell Dane Period Period Period A. RB. Average. | Period I. II. TI TA Total nitrogen ...... per cent... 2.376 2.439 2. 408 2, 265 2.271 2,494 2,292 Albuminoid nitrogen ...do.... 2.053 2.079 2. 066 1. 882 1. 980 2. 098 2. 050 @anbOn eee asses cessive sais do....| 45.60 45. 31 45. 44 45, 25 45. 93 45. 40 45. 60 Uy Grose ects cc mnece do.... 6.45 6.19 6. 34 6.11 6.27 5. 90 6.01 Energy....Calorics per gram../4,469.0 (4,445.8 |4,457.4 /4,449.4 {4,426.5 /4, 421.0 4,449. 4 Maize meal.—The maize meal used was purchased from a firm of feed dealers in Bellefonte, Pa., and was stated to be from old yellow corn. It was of excellent quality. Two separate samples were taken of this meal on very nearly the same plan as in the case of the hay. The meal was then stored in a galvanized-iron tank with a wooden cover. At the time of weighing out for the third and fourth periods, samples were also taken for analysis. The following table shows the composition of the dry matter of these several samples: Composition of maize meal (dry matter’. Samples taken dur- General Samples. ing experiments. Constituents and energy. Period Perio A. B. Average. Ill. IV. PAS lees asic So hone a siisink Bo ere een per cent.. 1.41 1.33 1.37 1. 48 1.45 POLI SiCNESOI00) emcciteccicms sabes soccer nee do.... 10. 35 9.53 9.94 9. 46 10. 20 NIG MY ROWS (ANE S:4 MEK eee oooe ad =dbes— 2d aces Sencs essence sessesee sos 58cescnccodr do.... 89.8 INDWGROEOM oe socdossosoessossesqs coco easossbase sensoscesscoossscosseasosorsoses do.... 58. 2 GPM OOM coscponcscag sce soos secon cosscooasneesereccsesssescssagcasccasoscCon¢ do....| 1,109.4 EMC ey coast acco cee oe sees eis see Sec ace eee eee Seer ae ee oh eLyaene Calories. .| 10, 854. 4 a Assumed to be entirely digestible. Period IV (March 28 to April 7, 1903). Tabulated as before, the results for this period are: Feed and excreta. Digesti- bility. Per cent. 64. 91 42.91 66. 26 57.05 (100. 00) 44.79 77.75 74.71 63.68 62. 66 63.16 3 ; Fresh é Feed and excreta. weight. Dry matter. Hay: Grams. | Per cent. Grams. TotalinwOldaysteasseceseeeeee eae Cee eee Reo ee eee ceee ere _ 37,000. 0 86.12 31, 864.0 IBM IA SIE CENT SsceacaccossaSssoseoscoss BESS Sac scan Esneapaateen Bh (NIE besocsocs= 3, 186.4 Maize meal: Totalein WO ays! eeeseseeeeee eae e epee eeee eee eeeeeeeee eee 40, 000. 0 86. 27 34, 508. 0 IDE HIENA SIP OEY Scoccecpoobdsnoncnconsocseadepsosssogesoacusseseces SE MUOUE) |lonecossece 3, 450. 8 Feces: Rotalicollectedtsass-eee ee eeeee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eer eer eee 86, 763. 0 18.09 15, 695. 4 Stall correction. s.2062-- seSeeaneeen Soe tee see ee eeee ene eee ee 383. 6 20.37 78.1 Total:excretion= eos ceecsscise cee lose eee ee eee ose ecte oe Sis 14656) eee eee 15, 773.5 Daily excretions. 22265026 cae, -Sc eee ee ee eee ee ee eee Solas ||teacaeemee iL avirac! Digestibility of ration. 1 F s Total Digesti- Constituents and energy. digested.| bility. Per cent. IDPAVasEM AIO ooanenoobacs snsosocasoo cos sao ocanc sos ans SosocSRescosaqesesesss grams..| 5,059.8 76. 23 ANISH 2S 22 5 See Se Nae oie aierstersioles Se oe Se area eer erat terse ae do... 107.5 41.09 OWEMMNO TANT se ca snsotmsosbcoodasoasosococcoss eco ccnebsosseccosoeococeeoaas do....| 4,952.3 77. 68 Proteids yes isetss costco ces wsiane sSoesis acl eR eee See EERE eee esse sees do... 441.2 58. 01 INO MIP TO GEC S Cee eee ee eae eee do.... 46.3 | (100.00) Crude fiber so.Sqsacte sees cos ses oe ae ee ee een Ree een saeeeieies do. 547.1 49. 05 INTHAROYRSTAVES CWO) Sea oonoascosca Seosbosssoscassocosussesossesoscaneosoes do. 3, 718. 7 88. 20 Ether extract: ssise2 bicsenectciosacis se eeenscia- seca ee ee eee aeeetermriareene do. 198.8 83. 89 Nitrogen jess sis osea at ete: Gs tale nee aise See MOS REET ee cnt ermine aes do... 81.9 61.58 Carbon. scc.28s- Sess Sse eek ace oe ce neice See eee Cee eee ere CREE Gozsa-| soso 7iest 74. 92 EM @rey’ cis osc R See Se ese eee tied oaacibe se see Oe eS Se ae eee eee Calories. .| 21, 912.6 74.93 a Assumed to be entirely digestible. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 15 THE URINARY EXCRETION. Table IV of the Appendix, based upon the weights recorded in Table I, shows the total amouuts of nitrogen, carbon, and potential energy in the urine. In those cases in which some was spilled, the material was taken up as completely as possible with the aid of dis- tilled water and the weight and nitrogen content of the washings determined. It has been assumed that their content of carbon and of energy was proportional to the nitrogen. The following table gives a summary of the average daily excretion: Average daily excretion in urine. Energy 2 ; per gram Period. Nitrogen.| Carbon. | Energy. uct bon. Grams. Grams. | Calories. | Calories. SIPS ota ene was omisis ch Siete ee tice va mesee Set eslet eee 74. 97 150.46 | 1,249.8 8.31 I ns oo ce cO SRO RBG SSO ROG SOE Se SEE SER Sere er oat Shea re ela ett oar 58. 50 103. 43 933. 5 9.05 INT RLSPR reaeys Rs rhe CR aide lave mieeicslstatcieccia mates ' 59.01 125. 31 920.9 7.35 LIN cco 66 CRE ROSS OR OTIS Se Se CnSEe SERIE ID Re Tes erin actiegeaea eran See 70. 23 141.87 | 1,194.3 8.42 It will be observed from the above table that the energy per gram of carbon was considerably less than that found by Kellner in similar experiments and likewise lower than the results found by ourselves in the previous year’s experiments. We believe this discrepancy is due to the fact that the urine samples were dried at too high a tempera- ture. The loss of nitrogen in drying was determined and a correction made for it on the assumption that this loss represented urea decom- posed during the drying. Determinations of the loss of carbon, however, gave much higher figures than corresponded to the loss of nitrogen on the above assumption, making it evident that some mate- rial other than urea was being decomposed. Under these circum- stances it has been thought best to discard the above results for energy and to compute the energy contained in the urine on the basis of Kell- ner’s average figures. GROWTH OF EPIDERMAL TISSUE. The steer was thoroughly brushed immediately before entering the calorimeter and after leaving it, and the hair, dandruff, etc., in the latter case collected. To this was added the small amount brushed up from the floor of the calorimeter. In these samples determinations of nitrogen, carbon, and energy were made with the following results: 16 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Weights and composition of brushings. Constituents and energy. Period I. |Period II.|Period III.|Period TV. \VGHEINE J oancoccseoesoacboasboooosceocssosuosoesecee grams..| 23.0 24.3 47.5 57.4 Dry, Matlerie ss. hse NaS 26 tua eer eee eee percent..) 94.45 93. 29 90.15 90. 01 WCHL Or Clie TIMENHTE oo ac cos casndaanssacdsnousaue grams..| 21.72 22.67 42. 82 51. 67 In dry matter: Nitrogen— Percentage: 22-5285 550 nas se ee ee cee eeene 6.59 7.41 8. 69 7.91 Weight:.< ict oacic seecceeen ionetee heme eee grams.. 1.43 1.68 3.72 4. 09 Carbon— Percentages. cous sc sectece ses faerie Oeeee meee eee 42.73 39. 97 43. 88 42.78 Weight. a. oacncce saat tee Sem seseeree een grams. - 9. 28 9. 06 18. 79 22.10 Energy— Per sram 2b cee ass nose e eee ene Calories. . 4.529 4.442 4.815 4.660 Total.2cse: See aoa ieee eee cases do....| 98.36 100. 67 206. 2 240.8 On the average of the four periods the amounts of nitrogen, carbon, and energy contained in the brushings were as follows: Average composition of brushings. Constituents and energy. Total. | Per day. Nitrogen -2kei2e Maes cide sireciceee acces eines mene cee cee seen grams... 3.73 1.87 Carbone! si ca5 fc edee sheik Ses oer e eee ae ee Ss ee aes eee ee ne eee ane do.... 14. 81 7.40 IENOI BY: cso oh cis smite Caelsee meee ener ee cae Sates Bebe coe ee eeeenernee Calories..| 161.5 80.8 _ In the computations on the following pages it has been assumed that these figures represent the normal rate of production of hair, epider- mis, etc., by the animal during the experiment. They do not, of course, include the matter and energy contained in the growth of hoofs and horns. DETERMINATIONS OF RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS. Upon the first two days of the digestion period proper in each period the respiratory products were determined during forty-eight hours continuously, the time being divided into four subperiods of twelve hours each. The apparatus used was the respiration calorimeter briefly described in Bulletin No. 51, Bureau of Animal Industry, and more fully in a subsequent publication. It is impracticable to reproduce here all the details of these determi- ” nations. For the general methods employed the reader is referred to the previous bulletin. | «Experiment Station Record, Vol. XV, p. 1037. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE. MEAL, iL 7 CHECK TESTS. External air.—As noted in Bulletin No. 51, check tests are depended upon as a means of computing the amount of combustible gases con- tained in the air as it enters the respiration chamber. The check tests were made at intervals’ during the experiments here described with the following results: Combustible gases in air. Vol Wat Carbon GSU cane : Date. of aes Sreighed. dioxide : weighed. | ydrogen.| Carbon. Liters. Gram. Gram. Millijram. | Milligram. Jini ehay Ea ee ceeennereseseeccooocoduore 1, 200 0. 01752 0. 00683 0.178 0.170 Me Dru an ye Ol 903 seen ac cen ts cicero = etic mere 1, 250 . 02991 . 00831 . 301 . 082 Milemela @, TG8) sa sao osoonsossede ssessepeusuc 1, 200 . 02259 . 00863 . 229 215 VSO MEQ Stal GOB eis aerciciviere Sieie minis = sresieiseleie wiscles 1, 100 . 02269 . 00544 . 255 .178 /\jonll SU) OU igeeee seep onecceesecesSeodseses 1, 250 . 02479 . 00803 247 . 196 ANWEHIIES a ddancs gadecnenoboacdoaaccoggallbopeodopee|l4qqubodquecd |Seaccouocoor . 242 . 168 As in the previous year the results are somewhat variable, but in no case are the corrections large as compared with the total amounts determined in the experiments upon the animal. Alcohol check tests.—The accuracy of the apparatus was tested as in the previous year by burning in it known amounts of ethyl alcohol and determining the amounts of carbon dioxide, water, and heat evolved. The results of these alcohol check tests as regards carbon dioxide and heat are given below. The results upon water have not yet proven satisfactory. . Results of alcohol check tests. Weight of alcohol. Carbon dioxide. Heat. No. of Date. hours. | Hydra- | Anhy- Com- Ob- ee Com- Ob- Soa ted. drous. puted. | served. Sanwa. puted. served. SaneGl, Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. Calories. | Calories. Jan. 20, 1903... 6 527. 67 475. 62 908. 91 891.58 98.1 | 3,417.09 | 3,427.16 100.3 Mar. 26, 1908 . 6 526. 63 474. 60 906. 96 891.24 98.3 | 3,409.76 | 3,407.01 99.9 Apr. 28, 1903. . 6 503. 16 453. 53 "866. 69 855. 73 98.7 | 3,258.38 | 3,190.31 97.9 RESULTS UPON THE ANIMAL. Tables V, VI, VII, VIII, LX, and X of the Appendix contain the results of the respiratory determinations for the several periods and subperiods. These are summarized in the table following. 1231—No. 74—05——3 18 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Carbon and hydrogen excretion. In CO, and H,0. In hydrocarbons. Period i Hydro- Hydro- Carbon. gen. Carbon. gen. Period I: Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Siero eal os Sa eee see eee cone earn ean 590. 8 262.9 39. 38 12. 52 Subperiod Qisisesih ce see aie ea ee eee eee cae amas 592. 6 262.9 39. 25 12. 36 Wirstid diy sich 2 Soe ae ee eee ee 1,183. 4 525.8 78.63 24. 88 Subpeniod Gir os ew hae We alr eee ine meee MeN 603.4| 244.0] 38.84 12. 40 Supe riodes as sb eee aie aa eid ny Te es ate | 586. 0 253.5 36. 90 11. 64 SOO cs haiy se! Tee Me hee acetylene ante inane Ny 1,189.4 497.5 75.74 24.04 ANVGLAG eC Sih. sShec wee stat ein. cite nae eos cera oos carers tenee Pika Deer ig ay 24. 46 Period II: aa maa. . Subpériod ic 2 cess Peas hasnt eae et aoe sceeee eee 499.7 218.9 28. 34 8. 66 Subperigd 2 eerie ce ee oases yeaa ee ae ae 508. 4 253.8 27, 22 8.47 Pins Cay eae e ese ea Age Re gene oes een ee era ae 1, 008.1 472.7 55. 56 17.13 Sib peri oc (s x occa cers peter eines ee ea eye 506.4 | 251.3) 29.29 8.69 SUDPeriod Aerie uenl ys pein ahd Eat lee aurea rut ne eeu 493.3 255. 4 29.50 8.88 Secon did ays waren eae a eS ere ed are Rtv ser natana 999.7 506.7 58.79 17.52 AVITAL R Car Ue ecyatare ic a epee nic niet erste re orale emia eee rele teks micron tere natetors 1, 003. 9 489.7 57.18 17.33 Period III: Subperiod |): een setl eee acta enee aaa enue 539. 8 248, 9 38.47 12.51 Sin perl Oded a fee ae es ee oye ees ea a pao ea 543.5 282.4 38. 09 12.16 Wirst:day.. Poaceae ce OR SS potosk Sk eee oe a eee 1, 083.3 531.3 76. 56 24. 67 SUBpPeriOd Beeman et oman eee a aera ne eee eee sae eam ier 267.6 40. 06 12.72 RSTO) orev Loy Ie men ot me Ma UE Ae I ee en a ae 546.7 271.9 38. 66 "12. 28 Second day hisses chee Tee Nera a Ee AER aaa aioe 1, 124.4 539.5 78.72 24.95 Avetsipe <2 sheet RU Gh oAT ME as ee ele Re ae 1,103.9] 535.4| 77.64] 24.81 Period LY: | ; Subperiod Ps 2siisce) Sos eS asta se seen sche cease 830.5 415.5 64. 32 20. 92 FSJay ay ossalors Monsen terse Mee Nee es Oe el one 852.4 447.5 71.36 23.16 inst days 82 cee ha nec BEA ire ah a pe ae 1, 682.9 863.0 | 135.68 44, 08 SUD perigd’S 5 ses ase aes ee ee ee eet eS 821.3 442.6 67. 43 21.80 SU period ak ee oe eee ye eee ae mes gue Oe rennae a 843.6 461.3 70. 70 23. 00 Second. day 2.53 .U esc span ae ae eeae eee mae 1, 664.9 903. 9 138.13 44. 80° PR ret Neonat en nite mma et dr he leet 2 the 3 1,673.9 883.5 | 136.91 44,44 Hydrocarbon gases.—In the experiment with timothy hay in 1901-02 it was shown that the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the combustible gases given off by the animal was almost identical with that for methane. The corresponding results for the present experiment were as follows: - Period I: Ratio of hydrogen to carbon im combustible Sta Perro Se a eee re ee peat mar ee Subperiod 2 First day gases. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. Period I—Continued. SU OETA teh RE AIO SEES NI ers eS ale a 1:3.1382 SITE RLO Cletamrate Seater note acre Sie waite sete eicleieie caw. sigu lees 1:3.170 ECONO De ae erates era ome Se oe tna anh ale «cua ciara ats Oks Sl oe 1:3.155 Average, Period I Period IT: SUID CIELO Ulcer speach rece sent Fenn Me rte ay Seley nk cpsiedp aches aes ee eed 1:3.273 SU peTOdt sy suse She oe see sana s shot lenis mecis siecle seeds s eo ees 1:3.214 JENURSU OLENA ees ae reg cht ne eR ee ea enone eR Pa ee 1:3.244 SUI eTUCy St seecetete es cement Mi aa one eeee ie cS W337 SU WGI O ka: ueicres ee peamenre pen ecrautenh nis ame SE PEE SS ees Uw a 1:3.341 SecOmiidayzeres sees eee et tee Meese cee ate SE ees 1:3.356 Average, Period II Period III: ‘SALI SY DST AOE TE Sa ia SA Rea ee ae ae en 1:3.075 SVU THOC a 2 eyeeneta eis etme ets Manel ely heres sae ee ae 1:3.133 ENS ECLA eee meee eset ee yay ie) eas eee Sar cee eee 1:3.103 ‘SST DOCTOR) ee eS a ee ey he ieee ea me ae 1:3.150 SSID TC TL O Clic Ape petere i es eee Ice eigen cree, Meneses Se reg 1:3.163 Second day...----.------ PSOE Ea Seyler eon en eee 1:3.155 Average, Period III Period IV: Sto emiO Umea sh Aer. UCase Ra eae se ee he 1:3.074 Silly oe lode aaeee see woes entice SU ony NR UE ONE ego ak 1:3.081 " URTRSHE, CIES Re Bs ena ea een ge ete eat 1:3.078 (SAU) Or OST CNCOIG YN geal A eA ae ae De Gn aed Se ae cea re 1:3.093 Sun Wen OW temper arden: ee Ge WUE ea eae ae was 1:3.074 SETAC GLEN hes nO BSE a CN aI eek ge ay ar 1:3.083 PAW CTA C wei CEI OC pL eas ieee hw ee Sl a ca Medes Ie Da aes a Ss oe CP oyna ae Oli HOT © Pele ee ete ee ase ESA IS cis ier ae Oe Sis enue Bee 19 1:3.156 1:3.299 1:3.129 1:3.078 1:2.976 According to the above figures, the ratio of hydrogen to carbon is somewhat less than that required for methane. The computed per- centage composition of the combustible gases compared with that com- puted for CH, was as follows: Percentage composition of combustible gases. Observed; Observed;_ A Computed Cash average. oes for CH. CAD OMe ase a Nee aia siti eee sista oie oe inte rious aie nels midisiciers fares 76. 00 75. 74 74. 85 Ty CUO Me Mee erates msi isis nase cese a oe Neen erincts a aeraierain Ws a dare SE 24.00 24. 26 25.15 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 20 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The agreement with the composition of methane is less satisfactory than in the previous series of experiments, yet it seems difficult to account for a deficiency of hydrogen. If we assume that the combustible gases consist of methane and compute its amount from the amounts of carbon found, we have the following as the excretion of methane in the several periods: Period I: Grams. | Period III: . Grams. Sulbperiocdige eae =e ae cee 52. 62 Subpentocedle 25a 51. 40 Subperiod) 202) essere 52, 44 Subperiod: 2622520 3s seas 50. 89 Subpeniod oor s 2) eceeeee ss 51. 89 Subpenlodis asses see 53. 52 Subperiod 4-252 eee5- asses 49. 30 SulperOd 4 a= = eee see 51. 65 UNYEEINS WER CEN~ssoseccee4 103. 13 Average per day..------.- 103. 73 Period II: Period IV: : Subperiod:la-ssee eee 37. 86 Subperigd wit 2s eee sae 85. 93 Subperiod 2). i. Sse es ceee 36. 37 Subperiod/2 2 c2s6e.5- 5 ame 95. 34 Subperiods3 see .eees eases 39.13 Subpertods3 see sea eee 90. 08 Subpeniod:4:s2es2 2 ss ece oe 39. 41 Subpertod 425: 205 aoe 94. 46 Average per day=22)=-22-- 76. 39. Average per day .:2.2-22s- 182. 91 DETERMINATIONS OF HEAT. It is impracticable to reproduce here the very voluminous records required for the determination of the heat produced, and it must suffice to indicate the general method and to summarize the main results. As explained in Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin No. 51, the heat given off by the animal as sensible heat is removed from the apparatus by a water current, the amount thus removed being meas- ured by the product of the amount of water passing through the _ absorbers and the rise in temperature during its passage through the apparatus. As noted, the temperature of the water was taken every four minutes, while the efflux of each 100 liters was noted on the records. In any portion of the experiment during which the rate of flow of water is uniform we may, without sensible error, compute the averages of the ingoing and of the outcoming temperatures and multi- ply the total weight of water by the difference between the two. Certain corrections are necessary, however. first. The pipe composing our absorber being of small diameter, there is a not inconsiderable pressure upon the bulbs of the dome. eters, and this pressure varies with the rate at which the water flows. Since the pressure is greater upon the ingoing than upon the outcom- ing thermometer, the effect is to render the observed difference in temperature too small. A correction for this effect was worked out experimentally for the range of pressure used, and is applied in the table. ; Second. The friction of the water in the absorbers is itself a source of a small amount of heat, which has been computed from the differ- ENERGY VALUES OF RED.CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. yal ence in pressure at entrance and exit and the weight of the water passing through the absorbers. Third. As Atwater and Rosa have shown, it is essential to take account of the variation in the specific heat of water at different tem- peratures. We have followed their practice, and assuming the specitic heat of water at 20° C. as unity, have expressed all our results in Calories at 20°, using for this purpose the table of the specific heat of water given by those observers. Fourth. Corrections have to be made for the heat introduced into the apparatus or withdrawn from it in case the feed, drink, excreta, and vessels containing them were introduced or removed ata tempera- ture different from that of the calorimeter. The net amount of these corrections, as appears from the table, is ordinarily small, but the single factors are sometimes not inconsiderable. - This is especially the case with the feces, where considerable difficulty was experienced in determining the true average temperature of the mass. The results of these several computations are contained in Table XI of the Appendix. To the heat thus measured is to be added the latent heat of water vapor produced in and carried out of the chamber. This is computed from the results for water, assuming the latent heat of vaporization to be 0.592 Calorie per gram. The following table contains a summary of the amounts of heat measured in the calorimeter in the several periods and subperiods: Heat measured in calorimeter. Heat measured. Subperiod. 7 : Period I. | Period II. | Period III.| Period IV. First day: Calories. Calories. Calories. Calories. Subperiodslesssccscee: seascee cauw oo sacnetonaemene 5, 805. 27 5, 444, 53 5, 318. 83 7, 306.18 Sub pPeriodiens mem sceck ec ssatee cm eee esineeee 5, 878. 48 4, 813. 02 4, 971.58 7,424.14 AO beneath eal Neh cral ovsialsnerstaroe,saiaveie es Micteielsee ais 11, 683.75 | 10,257.55 | 10, 290. 36 14, 730. 32 Second day: e : Subperiodsle seh ccc esc. tecaeiorces ceouecemeece 6, 010. 82 4,971.32 5, 716. 51 7, 085. 07 SW peRlOd: 2) = hem enraer cis Sete wiasscsetseee ce 5, 616. 18 4, 944.16 5, 0538. 88 7, 418. 97 INOW. cccacasoccengossasnacedcocedannmanadesesee5 11, 627. 00 9,915.48 | 10,770.39 14, 504. 04 PAW ET AR EsDOTy GA Viasat iis ee eemiclelce swe ele pee ae 11, 655.88 | 10,086.52 | 10,530.38 14, 617.18 RATE OF HEAT EMISSION. As in the previous experiment, the rate at which heat was given off by the animal varied remarkably according as the animal was standing or lying. The readings of the thermometers, which were taken every four minutes, furnish an approximately continuous meas- urement of the rate at which heat was given off by the animal by 4U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations Bull. No. 63, p. 56. 29 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. radiation and conduction. The individual readings are probably sub- ject to some accidental fluctuations. To eliminate these, each three successive readings have been averaged and multiplied by the amount of water passing through the absorbers: during the same twelve min- utes. The results, expressed in Calories per minute, are represented graphically on Diagram II, in which the arrows indicate the times at which the animal stood up or lay down, the possible effects of slight variations in the temperature of the calorimeter itself being disre- garded. ° The following table shows the total heat emitted during the periods of standing and lying, respectively. The figures of this table relate only to the amount of heat given off by radiation and conduction and removed from the calorimeter in the water current and do not include the heat carried off as latent heat of water vapor. Heat emission. Period and subperiod. Time. Position. _| Total heat. oe Period I: Subperiod 1— Minutes. Calories. Calories. COTO, 1, 10) ZYABo4 MN sos scoeonaseessoeuesee 106 | Standing ..... 736. 05 6. 9439 UD ]Oy 10, WO UOS) 10, Wo sscsenssocosacecode G45 Pe lvineeeeeeseer 857. 20 5, 2268 NOB 5 1006 10) ALO Gl, we Soe ees ercosecsasnce= 152 | Standing ..... 1,122.61 7.3856 WW oi, Wale KO) POR, 10 stot ascoctcosondaseo= Gla elovan eye seeee a 275.43 4, 5152 POR} fle was 10) CL) G1, TON 5 Sos ecodesceonessses 137 | Standing -....-. 976.18 7.1254 COD Ehea0s (0) OKO SIS 10 pas scodoscecasesescus LOO elvan syeees eee 442.62 4, 4262 Subperiod 2— 6!00a-sm tom 6:30/e)-eie esse eeeee eee aaa eee Bil) oacae Ol sa 188. 31 4, 6103 PIN Ay 05 WO) CLO s Wao Goscasosaaassecosee 158 | Standing ..... 1, 158. 72 7.3337 CHOseis srl, (0) IDO Ap SO) boc sooo oseucous Seda. IBES) Maybe s55ccoes 606. 08 4.5230 AAPA Ysa 00 AKO) GH? th] Seat Bao din Baca Seooaoeaaseac 266 , Standing ....- 1, 864. 81 7.1006 CHS IOS MON KO) LGV YO)s TM = soe nasecceuscceoscooc LOGs | Muyime yee seee es 460. 09- 4.3405 5345p sme tOenO LOO panne ee see ee eee 26 | Standing -..-..- 206. 97 7. 9604 Subperiod 3— 6:00) pam Ons! Ospssmeees see eeeerse eee 18{9) |lesoac GOe ne sene 981. 05 7. 5462 SHIl(8) 0}5 300, TRO) MOLL) [05 100, Sooo cen seoonsscsoae WIG |) Wyabayes ssasscos 588. 37 5. 0722 LOLOGspymMantOm 428 iae meee eee eee eee eae 382 | Standing -....- 2,735. 70 7.1615 CROLEY hs doe WO) (HNO Hy se Sao gdscnbeoadcoscoosos OPP || LEN Abos Socoqace 4038. 63 4.3873 Subperiod 4— ; GOA, 1 WO) HGH), WM anosssoscedessccomeses Gf} |Sdacs (okoveceers ia 171.78 4.5205 6:38 ian sCOR Os Siam ea eee eee ee 220 | Standing -...- 1, 482. 86 6. 7403 UOBESR, 1as [KO APY) GOs 1 ee cscSsncqcsoneonscce 152 | Lying .....-.-- 650. 75 4, 2813 WOH) Os 115 1O- BLO fh WN bo seco sepSoseconessos 140 | Standing ....- 999. 08 7.1363 By arg Koy HRN O50 Sack aconoseseadesccocs IPL) | Stayer? |e o655c 583. 37 4. 4448 HEN Fay wa, WO) OKO) Jo, 10, Ss Sososceocscoeceses 50 | Standing -.-... 388.18 7. 7636 Period II: Subperiod 1— GOO Ds TY WO UOMO jo, WH. ncaccasesasseesscose 5D leone GO =scsscoe 1, 461. 47 5. 8459 LOS O peanetowl2?20 laa eee 130 | Lying -...-... 512. 35 3. 9412 TOA) e306 HO OO Oy oa see ose ceoscoccunsess 340 | Standing ..-.-. 2, 305. 81 6. 7818 Subperiod 2— FOO) Bhs 0G HO) WO M,N esdoocosecceoeoseasace 2625 eee GOkeeeeeee 1, 390. 84 4, 9321 UD SOX Easily UO) PAD jos WIV oGg5 soon oooooeeaasos 158 | Lying ......-- 595. 17 3. 7669 e TOAD TOY Tang WO) HD WG conooacausuceSsuocees 280 | Standing ..... 1, 462. 70 5, 2239 CALOAIES PEPP MFINUTE . |\CALOAIES PEP? MINUTE) CALORIES PEP MINUTE | ‘CALOAIES PER? MINUTE - “A onrRwoMntoan —' nob tan — oe ee ee ee eee eee it SOY CELL YFILEM t| SIY STE S/ASFLUM = OFA7ZF O9OoOnrOoON TON — TO nets OE “O- 6 OF £ ON = "C0 om om OM) FO Ae ® SLINIA YIoS SH1AO7TKD SLIMY 47S SHYOTVO|" FLNNIN SIS SAMO7FD = BLN WN GIS ST/1AOTFD ION) (2 lemizn aes) 6 6pma7 8 9 10 18 9 1231—No. 74—05. se i he a la ei i | | | | | | | | | | CMLOLIES PLR J/NUTE CAHLOAYES PEP MINUTE| CALORIES PEF? MINUTE DOR oO WM Sa ‘| CALOAIES PER MINUTE | oe DSO ly St ea oaNoNOtTON-— | SGHanrnoHDtON — |: o } To) T am iH : ‘3 it a { oO t ft t } Nn teers (ies tf = HH H Ht = i a : : a EHH seiinaitisiit HH = tH H Q . : ff coy ce52 SFLU i ai oO |f fa SIV SZES/ASFLYM| aa HS CFZZ a eee : Hi : : © ia | a FF S957 S6L97 SALMA) Hs es f Hl Soy wepezvmM = 721 A Ht t GFZS i rH TTS. (EEE © tH Et i i w iss 5 4 ret H i H Ett are + 4 teat HH ie : : AS If, t i : rH ee = : Ee | of eae Se : fon s H Eee HEH sii ite Fett a = tH EHH a + = a ' t i i i hs rH i T x ie ; pi) = i Beer site = E © t i ae ct 3 rt a) Q ra) QEsn 1 t t ee CEES O (EEA O : OFFS Oo 1 OFZ O © ; FEE ee rH Hao : HH — H eds sey OF tO eee W ld steesrae eee Lal Fes : Soe LH + 2 10. 210. Ee a. ae Oe = x : H ime q Ty rT tt 4 1 & aa taSEe s Ht is f amt ft ia + rH ee t EH 4 {= | amt H = { fi E i Et zt ate He cocoa He 2 HH H i Re peee He t H Lf na t + rH f a EEE — EH FEEEEEEHE at ‘SOY LO6-0f YZLVM -_ aenrenee a meceeer HH Goy G18 B/ aT tH SoH SS66/ ae Zi) S f an i + CEEZATS =f H os Z. z EA (to) t ett Hl w at { CoH | H + i = i : Z - Ht N : 2 FH o H s HH ° nee H EH ie oO aa t nN : = EH { tai sO OnRnON TON — 2 SLAM He SH/AO7TFD Row t+ ON = onowunvwtonn — DLA Fo SHYIOTFO"| ALIN GIS SF/IOTFOD i} o or “O hey SP Ge) QS DLO AFIS STA OHO t DiacRaM II,.—Rate of heat emission. (To face page 22.) 1231—No, 74—05, i me sanee Eo ent eo an BR Linens Eee A Whe ee eb a Se aia Sac 1 AE GARI i ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MUBAL. Feat emission—Continued. Period and subperiod. 23 Time. Position. Total heat. Heat per minute. Period II—Continued. Subperiod 3— Minutes. Calories. Calories. GOO Maan tom O00 ips ee ec ceeeeeee ie eceiee 180 | Standing ..... 1, 031.79 5. 7322 OOO RS Ne CORLL OS DM wee ecciareete rel cie eleterete cle ele 7k} | MU Abees ee oeade 683. 85 ¢- 8419 LARD S MO Uae OM lisp ae eie Taw rale a watcha alelaicleraisiesielelele 116 | Standing ..... 748. 60 6. 4534 HeDAgak IM. tO moO Aa ie oo ccece secs reas 116 | Lying ........ 482. 81 4, 1622 coo eda. tO 4 aSias Mise o.oo cence icmcecre 58 | Standing ..... 0412.31 7. 1088 A ASyamtOr O.O0PE. wl soe cic ese neice cei (2) | yAN eee eee 274, 82 3. 8169 Subperiod 4— G:00'a-simssto) e8!4 Siac sees. Sc qe am ciestaicniere 1683) Sceee Gos s-a=e" 721. 40 4, 2940 S48 aor COMET 2) ere se = ie cles oo acme 144 | Standing ..... 879. 28 6.1061 TIM Gip wag Key BW ONS GaodaoosedeccseseeooD 244 | Lying ........ 978. 50 4.0102 SIG TOW Wels UO) OWI 200 = sees aeoseosocesspoase 164 | Standing ..... 975. 46 5. 9479 Period III: Subperiod 1— G00; pam ton 7:40) paml ees eee oe ses 15) losaos (Choscnadae 607. 27 5. 7885 eAOM I TUN.) LO} Le DD, aM ome sees oe iejetts (cle slteiety=lal= 210 | Lying ......--. 946. 64 4.5078 LelH yp sm: Om dsOdran meee secs cic eeictcee see 109 | Standing ..... 803. 49 7.3715 NLOAasan a tOmaslOaemM eee -sceeseee oeeaaeaee 135 | Lying .......- 605. 89 4. 4881 BHIG) Gs Ws tO OU En CoseanousoocudoodGoee 161 | Standing ..... 1, 048. 14 6.5049 Subperiod 2— EON a, 10s WO) HD Glo WN Soascgocosaasososoda5S 10) locos ClO ssecsese 647. 80 5. 8891 HenOras mm; COMMA Tae MY Ee 5 yeyeeelcioce cece 237 | Lying ......-- 789. 48 3.3311 INT Bin NS 1K) ZY oil) Seo eedesooconcasecoos 57 | Standing ..-... 402.71 7.0651 WAZEL IO) Tk, Woy BEL ea aeonsopecosuoodese 180 | Lying .....-... 787. 62 4.3757 BLU Ds WH, WO) GUD IOS Min SSesoccccoooscecosudes 136 | Standing ..... 858. 28 6.3109 Subperiod 3— GVO Is 1A, 1X0) (G45P4 fos 0 Goo ocesooqoodsoscoocds G4 lascoe dO sc-ss-e2 334. 89 6. 4402 Gi Dy lesle Wo) Tee¥! Toy Wl So oaedodaadoosaecuadae 42 | Lying ....-...- 179. 81 4, 2812 TBH Os Tn, 10) OBO), 1 So coocesosuoeeucosacas 109 | Standing ..... 800. 92 7.3479 O93} 70, ios Wo) GBI lo, 3G. coeomoSocecdoaaaaaos (s) |} JUyabeles ea cocace 19.19 2.3988 @.Sil fos san, WO) IDLH yoy, sens Seeoooseecoccouseoeo- 100 | Standing ..... 722. 82 7, 2282 THLIDL To sone rod Pastel Sasa oreagooesonasoas 60 | Lying .......-. 244. 36 4.0727 HO Obis ails 10) ABB Gls 00h Cane Gra oo OB SEOdOGRS 142 | Standing ....- 997. 05 7.0215 2BB Gp WINGO) Gh key iy 0ll cocnaroSanooRaoSHooode 45 | Lying ...---.- 179. 47 3. 9882 Sal Samy tOm 6: OOS Maen cement eect ses 162 | Standing ..... 988. 65 6. 1028 Subperiod 4— G00laeems tol 8/40 as mee ese ace seceniecise GO} |Eeeee (loeanaeeae 813. 84 5. 0865 S'40 yams COMMA Parpiiese oem eerie cine 157s | play ine Seen 550. 95 3. 5092 IDL Teel atti) AWA see eeeaceecocecocdssod 177 | Standing ....- 1, 058. 35 5. 9794 QLAT DEI LOM OLS) Pann seems cece 184 | Lying ........ 731. 27 3. 9743 BLIKS} [9s OS Wo) GCLUO Is we oo seen osososdscaooode 42 | Standing ....- 256. 49 6. 1069 Period LY: Subperiod 1— LTO) 79, Ws Wo) SLAG EI, Wa ooo os seseado sooo s ses 566 |..--- GIO) -S56cn05 5, 043. 55 8.9109 BPO, wie WO) COG tN sasqoobocdoocoaucuoues ay SS Byatt eee 789.13 5. 1242 Subperiod 2— GHD, 1s 1K) GBP Bh, 1 Sa ocescoudcessnaescooe GP lISooed Goma aaee. 158. 28 4, 9463 Ger. TNs 10) Stes) 10 100) pes GoaucoosasaseEoCcus 536 | Standing ..... 3, 920. 78 7.3149 iA} Dy USO) Seavljos WM saaeconancousesoeaser 3 | Lying ..-....-- 15. 29 5. 4000 SL84l yo), wk, 10) “GHO0)o5 300 Ge Seeanadseosocudsenoe 149 | Standing ..... 1, 065. 11 7.1484 Subperiod 3— GD 105 weiss Caos wily ooecosdoocoseaesousas 228 | eee QOssess2255 1, 676. 98 7.9103 E374 }0s 1001 10) IO) I5f5} jo D1. Soa Se easacoeocsbosesc 86) Lying: 322... -- 426. 64 4. 9609 UD {5}3} 195 101s Woy BGs sila eee poreobesodadcsses 204 | Standing ..... 1, 646. 90 8.0730 eee LON OLO0}Aa Mc senile seiecmccse cine cal 218 | Lying .......- 971. 14 4, 4548 24 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Heat emission—Continued. A A - wis Heat per Period and subperiod. Time. Position. Total heat. mite Period 1V—Continued. Subperiod 4— Minutes. Calories. | Calories. BOA, wis to) GON, Wi -.ssnosnscocaseosecons 4 | oying: eases 22. 82 5. 7050 6204%as mec Mle24Vanumnieye seen eee eee eee 320 | Standing ..... 2,516. 92 7. 8654 OOM are araly (10) -PAPHL 0), Tm) ones besoousaosoudcaas 180s Pb yineieeeeesee 893. 35 4.9631 2:24 psem6O 1600p weeeerae eee eee eee 216 | Standing ..... 1, 672.97 7. 7452 From the foregoing table have been computed the following results for the total heat produced during the several periods in the lying and the standing positions, respectively, together with the average heat emission per minute. In making these computations the artificial division into subperiods has been disregarded: | Total heat and average heat emission per minute. Period. Lying. Standing. Period I: Minutes i. ce.2 eccaite see aacers oe cons cei eec een caes sce seas semeees number..| 1,113 1, 767 Total Meat aS sss ee Seek eine see es oe ee eee See Calories..} 5,127, 63 12, 652. 21 Heat per minutes: 22.0% care sche slate ose see chee aie eeceeeeene dozee- 4.607 7. 160 RUbIO osisiageiss/osjabre a sre ealate Dae deers e mie wyateisjsielssichare bie beisss vere sisinicio sie at rersnae icone siete 1 1, 554 Period II: Minutesee sho scc aces kiss saeine oes en tleeian Gee sea sections siento tars number..} 1,066 1, 814 Total Meat a af Se ee seer Tons tee te a ra Calories..} 4,248. 90 10, 668. 25 Heat per minute. 2 sitsee eee sn 55 ja aiomeate cas necine ease cimeee eens do.... 3. 986 5. 881 Ratios :c seen nad Vaan ce Bales 8 ace oer RU ON rer ene ose ce ae 1 1.476 Period II: ; ; ‘ MAnUtes: 5.52 cab Sheen coc c tee Seine Soren ate Doce eerannlacie cece e wens number..}| 1,258 1, 622 Total heat: so2-8 ss Soa as Ae eae erica Some hee ee toe Calories..! 5,034. 68 10, 340. 01 Heat: Perk MIMNUbe sco sas Be wesc se ece se ne cee eee cates eee Erae Goseee 4, 002 6.375 Rates sate cise Sieieimats, os ae wage aie eis to ae sae aTm eta wate aie Seale ais Oe aie ibe eetoreitereiet eases 1 1,593 Period IV: Min bese cso hts ascii eis Seem acai cis eoteine isa meet erinte rates enero number.. 677 2,203 Total heats eSBs pas eee A aja sees ons Sere ee ee eae Calories..| 3,277.56 17, 648. 21 Heat per minutescis-aaoe ok seas seaews ae alec cece emacs ceeewareeceereee do...- 4. 841 7. 963 Ra tlows. gos wae cosas cee ware nee saa e seco U0! lloeesoacods 1,453.00 |...---.... Meniz esr Caeser as esate cicisen cartes Sietars = cine he ciara ates Selmar Se ae (0) G0) ossoseaces SBS 10) || Sooeccuce.s TREC aS SATIS he BE See SS eget eee ene can aneeaes Ble 108 eeesen oe 760. 60 RWI epee eterenct teers Sema cis aera cunictateiS sinning naar wince Sela gee ei s|igee see welts 10223) | eeseecisene 141. 87 Brushings....--.-..-- P Aiport as es pa ees mae See cP | eae ere iptv Baccooseen 7.40 AVG tian rie eteette ets seetes eras Ste cya Li orc (acto slafatay ee stave staal icra lene elllaneibis, Neioicte S| sieices ars 136. 91 CarHOnvarOxad Oy) cos oe ae alseais om des wise more comin aeisinsiaeis sen || aise eee alasene ceciscilsumeaetinwe 1, 673. 90 ES ULUTIC Cesare atic aetar alone Sisk ais iol rm siereyaee Muncie a ere ate a ice eee we NOE O|saceassase 311. 02 133. 90 133.90 | 3,031.70 | 3,031.70 GAIN OR LOSS OF PROTEIN AND FAT. Excluding the amount of epidermal tissue produced, the gain or loss of protein and fat has been computed in the usual manner, using Kohler’s® figures for the composition of the nitrogenous tissue of cattle, namely, nitrogen 16.67 per cent and carbon 52.54 per cent. In other words, body protein is equivalent to nitrogen multiplied by 6. In the computation of fat from carbon the usual factor (1.3) has been employed. Gain or loss of protein and fat per day and head. Equiva- Gain of carbon. at Period Gain of | lent ee : nitrogen.| protein AS pro- ; NoX6. Total. ‘asi. As fat. of fat. Grams. | Grams. Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. 1 Sb ote esc GES OSH GEER BO BOSE AES CSE esata ates —19.04 | —114.24 | —283.35 | — 60.02 | —223.33 —290. 33 eset eee eet R me ae wake sal —17.37 | —104.22 | —345.01 | — 54.76 | —290.25 | —377.33 Deep rye aos one niet aiicteieat sine semis eee — 2.68 | — 16.08 | —204.85 | — 8.45 | —196.40 | —255.32 NV Bes eaee ee mesic oes mccise the ekae ewes +10.70 | + 64.20 | +3811.02 | + 33.73 | +277.29 | +360.48 a Zeit. physiol. Chem., yv. 31, p. 479. 30 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. THE BALANCE OF ENERGY. In these experiments we have direct determinations of all the fac- tors of income and outgo of energy, except the potential energy of the methane excreted and that of the tissue gained by the animal. The energy of the methane, however, may be safely computed from its amount, its. heat of combustion at constant pressure being 13.344 Calories per gram. The energy of the gain of tissue by the animal may be estimated in the usual way from the computed amounts of protein and fat given above, using the factors 5.7 Calories and 9.5 Calories per gram, respectively. Having done this we are in position to compare the income with the outgo of energy, and thus to check to a considerable extent the accuracy of our experiments. The following table contains such a comparison for each period. The difference between income and outgo, which has been entered in the table under the heading ‘‘ Error,” shows, of course, the extent to which our results appear to deviate from those required by the law of the conservation of energy. As noted on page 15, the figures for the urine are com- puted from its carbon content. Balance of energy per day and per head. Income.} Outgo. Period I: Calories. | Calories. 18 Ih Sone Se ne oe or Ee eae ey erie Sem RE See eae hone a I 195840) | Paeeee eee MO COS sai oes J Ta Ike ape SOROS 5S i ae fat ec crac oti peau hn he a 8, 652 Ure (COMPUTE) we vswe seme eos ole SA Gaensler ene eae Tete tets sree eee ores ere ee 1, 505 IBPUSHIN Ss oe eas eke aia ei eyte Secte et eA oe 1a I Serevent Pere ete oa ee 81 Methane): ef k Mes esc acinar ae Ge apa renee ema ne Sp mtr eee re re || 1,376 Heatcc ashe sano sue saetibe oc Soci be Se Sse e Be ceiRie Sn eee oo SORE Sen Cet ven Ge pe eee eee 11, 529 Loss by body— Proteins 2a 5. Sacer divs Soe esas See eae Soe Ee DE SAREE See cee eres GDI eeekeeeeee Pt SARs ois SORIA Dae RG Roe Byes EB eC ee ps yaa ES ote re ane PEW isi lace oe oat EPPOD 355 seeioee side os Sarto nis Gino Saar eee he Siac sae Seale soe eins ce igen aes Se OSes ee 106 Period IT: Tae aor Yee Sica peiche isin Sateen ate eh pass te moat Sst ntals Srorele releyaynt eteresane ye oes ae aeaor Sas een eee TS" Oeil FOCOS 2 ho ee oS Se YT Se Sie ee ge ET ape STE e ee SS DNS a otc eal fei tera le et te | Seer 5, 838 Urine: (computed )\ sat ss sees See salen Shs laie in ne inners acl eins Sere e eee e eeaere OAS ees 1, 034 Brushin gS ies2j%s nS Pe Sek Sess oe eee eee ee STR te ee eRe oe aseneds|lesesneeeee 81 Meth ame: sone SE 22 Besa aa ee ee EN ae Se OSE re ava Sibi s ha crt een eens | cubase 1,020 Heat: 2c2 Fad os See se ee oe es oe See ele Clad Be Se Seca eee ene Dose ee eel ee eee 10, 128 Loss by body— Protein ..5.Sasdeee sees eens os ese cere ee Rene oles Soeletiee Eerie ety as ele mS OE pc WE sa dise ccs cis baer Sak cine San Seisleme See seems minds Netsiet cae esas cele oa eee emer Byte) |lbosascicne PRB. 5 side Heese SoG ae lee SOE ee Se race eer ea ea Tea ene ea = een 13; 983) |boseeeeeee Maizemeal ize 0-8 SSG ses SO a lips ree are Br mee gh at PN RE TSR BHPAIB esccacheac EXC 6. 3): See een rere ee ate Pe et Mel SE Re OO OSArasc ocean Sotuacdalliencncooac 6, 3381 ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 31 Balance of energy per day and per head—Continued. | Income. | Outgo. Period IJI—Continued. Calories. | Calories. PES UIST ES eee ease here staticaid cid ais cA etCRee ease clate Aon Soh iere create SA SPER yee ad alm te ee 81 INCU eT Cea Set Pe a cies 5 arcrare anc Auata ert See mids erienete dinle & Semel aawra nine ast ae clel erases ait 1, 384 MET Ce perereveteyey rer etets erat chetalet een cicicva ayer a sie anciabae el cneiclate ois es Abia eeabe clases scales emt cae acte 10, 540 Loss by body— PLO LSM eters Paeae cic eso cise cies camisetas soa eines eae Lio cemeeaeecNee weer SHE ae eo FED EL Ue Ree NN SST eters crac oral nt eg tet Stet ee Oak eal ene Neat Eg UL Sa DR AIG emcees JSTAROP SS SEG ESE Nis ROOS COCR ES AE ERS ERS 2s SUITS ETC RNC tr pm Haat Rea gS fen em 115 19, 704 19, 704 Period IV: LEAN SABC E RSC OE SORES ORCS RG CC EE OE oS eset tae ae OTIS ages ea a a eh ep pe 0 tole Set ee ers INIA TIDE AS a Se cao BE SSC A Crea RS ie SECIS Sea ee CTS SECS lic ans cree ance 50665 | eeseeeeee JRAGSS8G bas deb ka cn dese Seco bR Rear ee S Ab re Osc Oss SHCA ee CHAD at Aan eae ORB SHIe sane Ir oer ye ats 7, 331 ViMiAe ((Gohanjnil ol) GRae saccades Soeddee coo e CaaS SOR MOET Css SAaaeS ace ARSAn Ge aAS alaemeceace 1, 419 BESIUTS ITM TENS ria sere ctcis seers wie we intercts ric ic ereisleetene eit cidic ort nists mr init awn omen ataid seed alas Peng ae 81 IMG Tie tegen lomicetecnerineist atest eacte ete ae habia ciate oe Leet alata ay aig APOE NEES SII eve 8 2,441 TEIGI GASee GARG ee eS OD CESS AE Rn roe US Ce a Te I Pe ah pyaar coal LA A 14, 652 Gain by body— EROLOLING so ecke see eic cites wate wate emo stoncinin Se eeouee sais maaeE ans Macadey eee ed ae seme 366 TM Boo oe So Ea SOG ATES ENTE ae ose I oe eared AON NO 3, 425 IDIROLPo ade goa seb daboo pose no acon Ose dose SearO ORC AU Ba eoobacadoncadanenoSssasoapeead ANTAL fe ire ete oate 29,715 29,715 With the exception of Period IV, the agreement between the results computed from the balance of matter and those obtained by the direct determination of the heat evolved by the animal is very satisfactory. In Period IV the discrepancy is larger than it should be. The follow- ing table contains a comparison of the observed heat production with that computed by subtracting the energy of excreta plus gain from the energy of the food. It will be seen that the percentage error is relatively small in each period except in Period IV. Heat production per day. Computed Period. Computed.| Observed. + observed. Calories. Calories. Per cent. RI PRPTR eds SENET AE Naas arn Sct) a Me uoE Sere ua te nea ieee mee 11, 635 11, 529 100.9 Ted SS a CORA RSE EE LE SERS oes SI se Ee ee tg 10, 123 10, 123 100.0 JOT od SSE SSS Ses cimeee He: pies pra ime One a a ery are pee ogee UR EE or SLA oe 10, 655 10, 540 101.1 OPIN Meat ps ape rps Lh ode Layer favo ata a) st Bei le ae Sele S Oairalee s Seer 14,181 14, 652 96.8 32 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. DIGESTIBILITY. | Hay.—The results tabulated in Table III of the Appendix and summarized also under the several periods are brought together in the following table: Percentage digestibility of hay. Constituents and energy. Period I. | Period IT. Per cent. | Per cent. IDIAY WAGYNE peace s-Ssccqasesse sSeeee ssa se oss seo ssaac sconces socees cose speeeesenesoes 59.18 59. 70 Organicimatler-ss acess eee Ce Bee eee eck atta e ree ne mee eee nee eee 60. 00 60. 61 Total protein (Ns <6:25)) 2s See Tess 8 cess seereieee sreterciote vie = oe rare ere bereeeee [aie ieee 57, 23 60. 23 Proteids o22 55. Sss chee eweterasacsotie ee saan ee ey sae Sele ee a rasis ener eh eiseaeomaee 48. 58 53. 19 Crude fiber223. 62. jo s3 eee eae eee eae ate Senne CRE aaa eee e eee eee erat: 48.77 50. 27 INGUH ROTORS Cd-4 NEKO MS ow hod ae secmecocose se secre qnseu ne san ugouas achodaesuacceane 69. 90 68. 94 ID) DOVER Gd: DEO e oben Soo ccods ose ake osen soc bosucdose toons syecsenose soothe eeclowc aise 65. 36 65. 02 TCT RVac cei msjeee ee eee 5 a er aS Remind aie Re RRO SIE RIS ee io ae ed oan eee ia 56. 39 58. 05 It appears from the above figures that the digestibility of the hay was slightly greater in Period II, in which the smaller amount was fed, than in Period I. The results recorded in Bulletin 51, Bureau of Animal Industry, appear to show a marked increase of digestibility as the amount of hay consumed was diminished. Such difference as there is in the present instance is in the same direction, but it is so small as to be practically within the limits of error. Maize meal.—The digestibility of the maize meal is computed in Table [II of the Appendix upon the assumption that the hay fed in Periods III and IV was digested to the same extent as was the case in Period II, in which the same amount was fed. The results of the computation are as follows: Computed percentage digestibility of maize meal. Constituents and energy. Period III. | Period IV. Per cent. Per cent. Dry Matter: sss ek sue sea ee cies reece ee oem eceie Saeco eee semerieree 87.34 91.50 D \-} 0 pee Se Ea ec ea Paes ret eae ae eo ee = PE ry rere FOE Beso os oono 18. 40 OTPaANie Matters Ss Gases ae BOS eee Se ee eee Eee eee O ORE Ee ees 89.16 92.60 Totalproteii( Nc Gs2b) hs Ne Sas ees toca wre te sie is ereinatcrecatatets weet eee eee eee 85. 23 62. 30 Proteids: 22 g2cceciid ters dee bias ses ee ae Se EE aE EEO aE Ee EE eee 80. 14 66. 43 Crude Tero 552 Ses SRG S Saree oe Se RIE ee EO SIES Sek oi oinle Sle oS ain Osorsiets | Sees 32.40 Nitropen-fre eé: ex trac tr. a sae Bess a tare Sm is Shea ee re 98.11 97.75 Hther- extracts 228 ee ae ee seeeeee Sees lets Si See eae aa eee 103. 72 95. 74 NCTE Vacs nee cee eee PER ESC CSS CaaS ee OSE San GU Re ae eS COS Se CEB EnSAG 85. 46 90. 81 a ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 33 There is a very marked discrepancy in the results in the two periods, the maize meal appearing to have been more digestible in Period IV than in Period III, with the exception of protein, the difference falling largely upon the crude fiber. We are unable to explain the discrep- ancy. Since, however, the proportion of maize meal fed was much greater in Period IV than in Period III, any variation in the digesti- bility of the hay, or any other errors of experiment, will affect the final figures to a less degree, and we are inclined, therefore, to consider these figures as more nearly correct than those of Period III. The results obtained upon total protein and proteids seem to indicate a decrease in the apparent digestibility of these constituents under the influence of the large supply of carbohydrates in the maize meal. METABOLIZABLE ENERGY. The term metabolizable energy has been used by the writers to designate that portion of the total energy of the food which is capable of conversion into the kinetic form in the body. In this sense it is equivalent to energy of food minus energy of excreta, or to what is often called ‘*‘ fuel value.” The data of the foregoing pages enable us to compute the metabo- lizable energy of the rations in the several periods. Before doing so, however, a certain correction is necessary in the energy of the urine. For example, in Period I the animal lost 19.04 grams of body nitrogen, corresponding to a loss of 115.24 grams of protein. According to Rubner’s results, the potential energy of the urine is: increased by about 7.45 Calories for each gram of urinary nitrogen coming from the oxidation of body protein. In this case, then, the urine contained approximately 19.04 x 7.45 = 142 Calories of energy not derived from the potential energy of the food but from that of body tissue. It is plain, then, that the potential energy, of the urine must be diminished by this amount before it is subtracted from the eross energy of the food in order to get the true metabolizable energy of the latter. The corresponding corrections for the several periods, computed in this way, are as follows: Corrected energy of urine. Period. Gain of [Banivalent | energy of Grams. Calories. Calories. gerne ss crayon eeO IE Ley aw kDa le a a rh oe aie Oe ease —19. 04 —142 1, 363 HOU Cope etcrespe re eRe reel oye cic sp eae ysis Siete Seis ad Siaieincis Ua Seis eee sees ier —17.37 —129 905 Ob e552 SUBS eee I ES RO ea IE et ei Ora alan tz ts a — 2.68 — 20 1, 233 WY cane ceagadaase tise BRS DSBS BST SOR ee See Seen ese ier siecle +10. 70 + 80 1, 499 34 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Hay.—The data of Periods I and II enable us to compute the meta- bolizable energy of the clover hay fed, as shown in the following table: . Metabolizable energy of clover hay. Period I. Period II. Feed and excreta. Feed. | Excreta.| Feed. | Excreta. Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. 33 oh aren et re pan ele ta nl nae BA AS SOR CSAS 19, 840 |.-.....-.-. 135.917) ||t=seeeeeee INSOSS ssocananassaescdnencococas adasoSSoaD Son canUSRIoSSacueDses||so0ccds005 SH OHPAlsteaagaco> 5, 838 WisiNe(COMUACUG))) scdaadsaccadsacmooasnoousepsooacoccubadosoucalls Aectrceees S863 ieee as cess 905 MISWNEING oo 5coocsscosssoac sane seo E sec HSSocosonsDS SacasSCogsdd|>oercsasce iff 876) |esee eee 1, 020 Mietaboluzalles a aseca see eeree cise ee aeerereenee ete ciecince reel teeeaeeret Ce aa eoasce 6, 154 B01 aes a SHOES Gece Bre SA CARAS SEA ono aes aS GecuABey 19, 840 19, 840 13, 917 13, 917 The relation of the metabolizable energy to the amount of matter in the food may be expressed in terms of Calories per gram of the total - or of the digested organic matter. Computed in this way the results are as shown in the table following : : or. Metabolizable energy per gram of organic matter of clover hay. Org BAN rer of Metabolizable energy. Period. Per gram| Per gram P of total | 4. of Total. |Digested.| Total. ~ | digested organic | oreani matter. eepauke matter. Grams. | Grams. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. Teste G0 hasta a a ae Gi ae EE ERE ye 4,174 2,505 | 8, 449 2.024 3.373 Gig tel cit 2 SRE SD Ee eee an aE 2,941 1,783 6, 154 2, 092 3. 452 The metabolizable energy of a feeding stuff may also be expressed as a percentage of the total or gross energy. Such a percentage is analogous to a digestion coefficient, so that if an average value for it were established for any particular kind of feeding stuff, the amount of metabolizable energy in a given aniount of it could be computed from its total energy by multiplication by this coefficient just as the digestible dry matter or organic matter can be computed from the total amount present by the use of a digestion coefficient. The first half of the following table shows the percentage of the total energy which escaped in the several excreta or which was metabolized in the animal’s body, while the second half of the table shows the same rela- tions based upon the energy of the digested matter: ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MBAL. oo Distribution of energy of clover hay. Total energy. Pnergy of digested matter. Energy— Period I.|Period II.) Average.| Period I.| Period IT.) Average. Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. \ Per cent. | Per cent. INTE G CS erscmranetenciciainisilcctis cieieicinieicasineisicats 43. 61 41.95 AD AGH esbrciaaree nis eee is em eel oer rae NOQEEIIIND Cave ctiaeac(iaiciacy Selnciie wie os ela seonjueiee 6. 87 6.50 6. 69 12.18 11. 20 11. 69 MINEO EME ccicrsisee cicisic arose t sie ee weeenient 6, 94 7.33 7.13 12. 30 12. 62 12. 46 MEL AIDOLUZADIES si cas nic mieten cease. ejeinniciete 42.58 44, 22 43. 40 75. 52 76.18 75. 85 MOL esses seas cise Nek cccas sce 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Maize meal.—In Periods III and IV, in which maize meal was fed, the total metabolizable energy of the ration was as shown in the fol- lowing table: Metabolizable energy of total ration. Period III. Period IV. Feed and excreta. Feed. | Exereta.| Feed. | Excreta. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. TEEN occu cog SORE RA ene Soe TI Pate a HEA CR A | 13'983 i. ioe eel Td, 7B Ms snececene Wifi Serine allie cee sae ers) ee Seles ctaiSiein gases sles are sae wie aeerne Or 203) erence ee 15, 066 |....--.- cn PREGOS oo csiSd ne esSO NOES ace GEE AHA Re oer on tists eee Papi este SFr 6 B8ls ere eas 7, 331 UIT eR (CORRE CTCG) 2 a2 2 exces aaterenie nls ose nash a mecemens wance| seein ce 15233); eae ares 1, 499 IMGUIOMNG Jo c4bbe sesso ocosSL espe eee AD UES SE EB OEE SEE NGOSA eA see sac aea eer sone DSSS) Reece stan 2,441 NICD OOD) OG Bee eaesee eet Mame e COE ASe ee ea ert Sse ears aera ea pastor | peerenoeene 17, 973 TDRNICIIN 5S Se pS eS ee ne ea es UR ec | 17,186 | 17,186 | 29,244 29, 244 A part of the metabolizable energy shown in the above table, how- ever, was derived from the hay and only part from the maize meal. Knowing, however, the amount of gross energy contained in the hay consumed, we can apply to this the percentages computed in the pre- vious table and compute how much of the energy of the hay was lost in the excreta and how much was metabolizable. For this purpose the results upon Period II have been used, this being the period in which the same amount of hay was fed as in Periods II] and IV. The com- putation is precisely similar in principle to the computation of the digestibility of grain in a mixed ration. The results are contained in the following table: Computed metabolizable energy of maize meal. Organic matter. Energy of excreta. Metabo- Total : : A . Urine lizable Total. D peat energy. | Weces. (cor- |Methane.| energy. P rected). ‘ Period III: Grams. | Grams. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. Total ration .............-. 3,676.6 | 2,435.1 | 17,186 6, 331 1, 233 1,384 | ~ 8,238 Clovermhay f.2522 ha. 2 55-55: 2,952.8 | 1,789.7 13, 983 5, 866 909 1, 025 6, 183 Maize meal................ 723.8 | 645. 4 3, 203 465 324 399 2,055 Period IV. SSBF atta Nal DANeR Rig ate ube Peete eu Seale MovalenatlOMesn= cee see ces 6, 375. 6 4,952.3 29, 244 1,301 1, 499 2, 441 17, 973 Clover hay ....-.....--..-- 2,974.8 | 1,803.0 14,178 5, 948 922 1, 039 6, 269 Maize meal.........-...... 3, 400. 8 3, 149.3 15, 066 1, 383 577 1, 402 11, 704 36 BUREAU. OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Computing these results per gram of total or digested organic mat- ter, and computing also the percentage distribution of the total energy as in the case of hay, we have the following: Metabolizable energy per gram of organic matter in maize meal. Organic matter of Metabolizable energy of maize meal. maize meal. Period. Per gram Fer eta = of total coe Total. | Digested.) Total. P gested i OTB AUC organic matter. matter. Grams. | Grams. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. Tas Soe Sa eS are pens Oe rere ire ene snooaacase 724 645 2,055 2.838 3.186 TT eae ee Ree a ase OA A ae a a 3, 401 3, 149 11, 704 3. 441 3. 716 Distribution of energy of maize meal. Energy of digested Total energy. matter Period III.| Period IY. | Period III.| Period IV. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Ti feCesia fee £ Sees Ses eee ae ayers ee ne ae 14.52 Qi 18) S. siga eer | eeeeeeees MOST ES 2 se See ein noes oe Te area ee ie See Se eae 10.12 3, 83 11. 83 4,22 Dn me thames a2 sete Se Pea aie eee 11.20 9.31 13.11 10. 25 Metabolizabless. 2228 ctccoseescteceeeceieeee tes eee ooete 64.16 77. 68 75. 06 85. 53 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 60 The results in these two periods show a very considerable diver- gence. The low percentage digestibility of the maize meal in Period III is equivalent, of course, to a greater apparent loss of energy in the feces and therefore to a lower percentage of metabolizable energy. Even when this is eliminated, however, by making the computation upon the energy of the digested matter we still find a marked differ- ence, Period II] showing a greater loss in the methane, and particu- larly in the urine. While the outcome is unsatisfactory, it would seem that the results in Period IV are likely to be nearer the truth than those of Period ILI. . The above results represent what has been called the ‘‘ apparent” metabolizable energy. It is not at all unlikely that the addition of maize meal affected to a greater or less degree the digestibility of the hay to which it was added. In particular, as was pointed out on page 33, it seems possible that it diminished the digestibility of the protein of the total ration. If such was the case the results obtained above are too small to represent the actual metabolizable energy of maize meal, just as the corresponding results upon the digestibility of the protein are too small. In the one case as in the other our figures represent the net effect upon the amount of metabolizable energy or of protein which the animal derived from its ration. Any effect of ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 37 one ingredient of the ration upon the digestibility of the other is ascribed, by the method of computation employed, entirely to the maize meal. The results, therefore, as stated, represent the apparert digestibility or the apparent metabolizable energy. COMPARISON OF RESULTS. On account of the apparent variation in digestibility the results upon metabolizable energy are not very satisfactory, and the same was the case with the experiment of the previous year. Nevertheless, it may be of some interest to compare the data obtained for the various materials experimented with. In making this comparison the results for timothy hay obtained by comparing Periods A and C have been employed.“ For clover hay the average of Periods I and II is used, and for maize meal the results of Period IV. Kellner’s? average figures for German meadow hay have also been included. Percentage metabolizable. ; : gi energy Of total | of digest- Feeds. energy. | ed mat- ter. Per cent. | Per cent. PSTTTUO Unga Bay mererscrers crests Sci inves rata iam ai nla ofarsicis chaisiatarare) bein Wei aicie Sin ditto ws Sie eisaee ceieats s 44,25 a 86. 58 ROMO CTA geratortee lene aoe se oie so see w scisinn seine Gawinis cee cbbeisenbesaadcaessoeneneeges 43. 40 75. 85 IVIGS Cl O Wa Ara rit te S Se ice aitcinie sielcisin ciara soe sicic sciels @ oats colehicie em seis oer cote simian cc crece 46. 56 78.77 MICU Ae RINT Gel lievetarmr ei serersniverns alas cle ia nave ieisiic whale a wcrsreee = avess en Ao oee siecoeiecieneaieisee cece 77.68 85. 53 a Erroneously given in Bureau of Animal Industry, Bul. 51 as 85.58 per cent. Computed on the basis of total energy the maize meal naturally gives much higher figures because of its greater digestibility. Of the three coarse fodders the German meadow hay gives the highest results and the clover hay the lowest. The figures for the distribution of energy contained in the next following table show that the larger losses of energy in the case of clover hay as compared with meadow hay are partly due to inferior digestibility, and in part to larger losses in the urine and methane. In the case of timothy hay, while the digestibility is lower than that of either of the other two, the relatively small losses in urine and methane bring the percentage of metabolizable energy above that for the clover hay. When the computation is made upon the energy of the digested matter these relatively small losses in urine and methane result in a relatively high figure for metabolizable energy, the digested matter of the timothy hay not only being superior to that of the clover hay and meadow hay in this respect but even showing a slightly higher value than the digestible matter of maize meal. ; @ Bureau of Animal Industry, Bul. 51, p. 52. b Landw. Vers. Stat., v. 53, p. 447. 38 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Percentage distribution of energy. Total energy. Energy of digested matter. Timothy| Clover |Meadow]| Maize |Timothy| Clover | Meadow] Maize hay. hay. hay. meal. hay. hay. hay. meal. Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. Im fe CeStacsensceeer 48. 90 42.78 40. 96 Qf 18)! [Sescise ls tas) Soee ae eiellnem an wanes Eee eee Imsuinimeye eres aae ee 3. 06 6. 69 5.71 3. 83 6.00 11. 69 9. 66 4.22 imine thane ser eee 3.79 7.13 6.77 9.31 7.42 12. 46 11.57 10. 25 Metabolizable .-.--- 44,25 43. 40 46. 56 77. 68 86.58 75. 85 78.77 85. 53 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 1 ! NET AVAILABLE ENERGY. Both our own observations and those of others, notably those of Zuntz and his associates, have shown that a considerable portion of the metabolizable energy of the food may be consumed in those mechanical and chemical processes incident to the digestion of the food and its conversion into forms fitted to nourish the body, or may otherwise be converted into the form of heat, and so not be directly available to make good the losses of potential energy from the body caused by the vital processes. The portion of the metabolizable energy remaining after subtracting the portion thus expended repre- sents the net contribution which the food has made to the maintenance of the stock of potential energy inthe body. This portion of the energy of the food is designated as net available energy.“ The availability of the energy of a food may be determined by adding the substance in question to a known basal ration and determining the extent to which the added food diminishes the previous loss of tissue. Such a com- parison may be based either upon the total energy of the food or upon its metabolizable energy, but the latter seems the more appropriate of the two. As the balance of energy on pages 28 and 29 shows, however, the gain or loss as computed from the nitrogen and carbon balance does not exactly agree with that computed from the difference between income and outgo of energy. For the present purpose it seems most satisfactory to use the average of these results, or, in other words, to substitute in the balance of energy the average of the computed and the observed heat production as given on page 31. For example, in Period I we obtain the following as the average loss of energy in the form of protein and fat: @ Kellner (Ernaihrung landw. Nutzthiere, p. 104) designates these two portions into which the metabolizable energy of the food may be divided as ‘‘Thermic energy’’ and ‘‘ Dynamic energy,’’ respectively. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 39 Average loss of energy. Feed, excreta, ete. Income. | Outgo. Calories. | Calories. 1 Pocemnd asus bp Bas BRBE SEBS BA BSES SEA Ee Be reece aCe REE mer ae aaa One Sarge Ee HG) $V) |[onnecee nee ESS bene Sere eet Stacoln saison cies cto iate, clea cin te re catete wise abe micteinigtejejeittoge ie Stmiimicfetotefeveteiereierseiaterel [ei siarsyesataiarare 8, 652 (AMIE MCOLREG UCU raacrar i sam seicin incisal Screens sna eta eee meee eee ede eee eigen sain felnieewisio ciate 1, 505 PESTSUTS DUTY OS pte ons creat are wie iatersve s SIS esas act ate Seicaar eis ota SinSleie sie whole alee es aeletersie ce wt svatete reese ieisiail Mee sotarelens.S 81 IVA NSTC Bree erase amc pe lathe eine ee OMS ee COU ae SEIS Eines mnie dee ous cee eam Et emellesakantnes 1,376 PAMELA SC HNC BUND LOCUCULOM terete semaine ices sistas es eleia cis sie eiejelsiel-scieteit iso arr ei seinitoicier«/cisierstetsial[ elaieleisie «ie 11, 582 Computed loss of protein and fat ........2- 2.2... i ee eee eee cee ee ce eee eee ee ees Bowel laceemocrae WTEC) GENIE ets ett sists cos esis ao ate Rete eS Teste Si eee eS ES ISIaS njclevaje midis cieic Salona aS Bene 23, 196 23, 196 In making the comparison with the metabolizable energy, however, the loss of tissue as thus computed must be corrected by subtracting 7.45 Calories for each gram of nitrogen in the urine, since the amount of metabolizable energy was corrected in the same way. ‘The average figures for the growth of epithelial tissue must also be counted as part of the gain. Making these corrections, we have the following results for the several periods, those for Period IV being computed both on the basis of the observed and of the computed heat production as well as upon the average, as in other cases: _ Average gain or loss. Average | Growth gain or wy Period. loss of of cone ae tissue. Correc- Total tion for | gain or nitrogen.| loss. Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. Hepes etre arctntetla ea cee iercecrei ste sedis sleiseecieguceine eelsetepee sia —8, 356 81 +142 3, 188 TOE soso SOARS ONC ASAs SEN EE NO SG ERE et Re Oa A) en —4,179 +81 +129] —83,969 INTIME paver pera tarcra eee dle oes ie SiSls ela oe ote ee ueecietec alee —2, 461 +81 + 20 —2, 360 IY (based on observed heat production) ...........-......-.- +3, 320 +81 — 80 +3, 321 IV (based on computed heat production) .....--.-....-.-.... +3, 791 +81 — 80 +3, 792 IBV Aa (A ETALE!) yess siatsisisreos si gaat ageless Seco deine es eisle See ation eae +3, 555 +81 — 80 +3, 556 The results in the above table are also shown graphically in Dia- gram III, in which the abscisse represent the total amounts of metab- olizable energy supplied to the animal, and the ordinates the resulting gain or loss of energy. AVAILABLE ENERGY OF HAY. A comparison of Periods I and II, in which different amounts of hay were fed, affords the means of determining the availability of the metabolizable energy of the latter, the results for Period II being subtracted from those for Period I, as in the table following. 40 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Availability of energy. anic matter. es Metabo- Period. lizable Gain. Total. | Digested. Olena Availa- bility. Grams. | Grams. | Calories. | Calories. | Per cent. | Re apa se ee rad ca SSN DedGaa> SunaaodscsoenooadoosL 4,174 2,505 8,449 | —3,188 |...-...--. AC OE GENE ee eS Saaene ne aacmen HbcE con eie obosadsensaS 2, 941 1, 783 6,154 | —3,969 |_....----- Difference ss-2e eas ee eee Eero re eee eee eee 1, 233 722 2, 295 836 36. 42 From the above table it appears that the 2,295 additional Calories of metabolizable energy supplied in Period I diminished the loss of energy from the body by 836 Calories. The latter figure represents the portion of the added metabolizable energy which was available in the sense in which that term is here used, and is 36.42 per cent of the ,295 Calories of added energy. The availability is indicated in Dia- gram III by the line AB. The above figures show a comparatively low availability for clover hay, particularly as compared with timothy hay, for which a percentage of 62.92 was found, and, pending further experiments, must be accepted with considerable reserve. AVAILABLE ENERGY OF MAIZE MEAL. The availability of the energy of the maize meal may be computed by a comparison of Periods II and III upon precisely the same princi- ple as that just made between Periods I and Il. Owing, however, to slight variations in the percentage of moisture contained in the hay, the animal actually ate 18.9 grams more dry matter of hay in Period JI] than in Period II, an amount which is equivalent to 66.2 Calories of total energy. On the average of Periods I and II, 43.4 per cent of this total energy was metabolizable, or 29 Calories; and 36.42 per cent of the latter amount, equivalent to 10 Calories, was, according to the figures just given, available. In other words, if only as much hay had been consumed in Period III as in Period IJ, the metabolizable energy would have been less by 29 Calories and the gain less by 10 Calories. Making this correction, we have the results shown in the following table: Percentage availability of maize meal. Metabo- Percent- lizable Gain. |age avail- energy. ability. Calories. | Calories. | Per cent. Total. Period SEL 285, was sey aes eae ee es rar Ree CR ee a 85238 | —2)360)|\e2eeceose= Correction for Maye sae eee es pate eee ee Ne ea ann —29 Oia eae 8,209" 25 haz 0) eee Sates Rumen aries, ei a yy eet OSES 6,154 | =33° 960 ea eeneees aGise Le so aL eee Toe GR cee eae nes eee eee 2,055 | 1,599 77.81 ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 41 These results are indicated in Diagram III by the line AC.4 While this result is subject to the errors involved in the determina- tion of the metabolizable energy of the maize meal, it is nevertheless evident that the energy of the latter is far more available than is that of either clover or timothy hay. Expressed in another way, this is equivalent to saying that the expenditure of energy in digestion and assimilation is relatively less in the case of maize meal, a result which was to have been anticipated from the nature of the material. Even if we compute the metabolizable energy of the maize meal with the aid of the data obtained in Period IV, we still find an availability of 76.2 per cent. REPLACEMENT VALUES. The earlier investigations of Rubner upon the replacement values of the nutrients, and his theory of isodynamic replacement founded upon them, have led many writers to regard the so-called ‘‘ fuel value” of nutrients and feeding stuffs as a measure of their value in nutrition, ~ at least for purposes of maintenance. By the term ‘‘fuel value,” equivalent to what we have here called metabolizable energy, is meant the amount of heat which the material is capable of liberating in the body when oxidized to the final excretory products, and the tacit assumption is that, since on a maintenance ration all the energy of the food finally leaves the body in the form of heat, the fuel value of a feeding stuff is equivalent to its nutritive value. Our results upon timothy hay,’ however, showed that about 37 per cent of the metabolizable energy of this feeding stuff served simply to increase the heat production of the animal, while only the remain- ing 63 per cent were available to replace that lost by the katabolism of body tissue. In other words, the digestible organic matter of the hay was not isodynamic with body tissue. It was there pointed out that in all probability the availability of the metabolizable energy of differ- ent feeding stuffs would be found to differ, particularly in the case of grain as compared with coarse fodder, and that therefore the relative values of different feeding stuffs for maintenance would not be propor- tional to their metabolizable energy, or ‘‘ fuel value.” The results of the present series of experiments fully confirm this anticipation. From the data on the foregoing pages we find the metabolizable energy of one kilogram of total organic matter to be as follows: Metabolizable energy per kilogram of total organic matter. ; Calories. Clover hay (average of Periods I and II).-..--.----..---------- 2, 058 into thy shay) (Beriods!C=A\ie steer hohe eee ose e a eee 2, 118 IMaizemmeali (Reriod IV) 22s bo eee Se ease ee sd SS 8, 441 @ The slight correction for hay is not shown on the diagram. >Bureau of Animal Industry, Bulletin No. 51, pp. 61-63. 42 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The extent to which one kilogram of total organic matter diminished the loss of body tissue—i. e., its actual value for maintenance—is measured by its available energy, and was as folllows: Available energy per kilogram of total organic matter. Calories. Clover haye. ose esse ce SS Ee ee ame eae ee eas 750 Timothy: hay s2 2 Uscnst/2 eee as yee eee eae ey ere ees 1, 330 Maize imeal fc. eee Se Ss a eee ree ees ene ne 2, 678 Taking clover hay as unity, the relative maintenance values of one kilogram of total organic matter as computed from its metabolizable energy (fuel valué) and as actually measured by its available energy were as follows: Relative values of total organic matter for maintenance. Computed | Computed Feeds from met- | from ayail- : abolizable| able en- energy. ergy. Clover shay iss S32 Sot ae Boos ae eee nae ae Eee ene ee EEE eas ee eee 1.000 1.000 Timothy Hay a2 2ss2252 55st hee Nee Ss oe ae od ee eae aoe See oe ee meee eae eer 1, 027 1.773 Miaizé:meall) us scat coo oeek ccna 2 cee ee kee ele serio Date alee eee en ee EEO eee 1.672 3.571 A similar comparison per kilogram of digestible organic matter gives the following result: Energy per kilogram, digestible organic matter. Metaboliz- Feeds. Ales Available. Calories. Calories. Clover hay. 5224-23 2e se ce se sacs cers dae & Bae Sate teres Sete SORE eee aaeas 3, 413 1, 243 Timoth yehays sick sessed seesaw scisises se Bek Oe eee na Se nc eee Oe ener ie eee 3, 794 2, 387 Maize meal -.j.c.282 ose ei eosin: Seg cicros Os Ss Se ine Ss Se eae cles aelecie EE ee Bele eee 3, 716 2, 892 Relative values of digestible organic matter for maintenance. Computed | Computed Heed from met- | from ayail- : abolizable| able en- energy. ergy. CON ET Hay encores Hane at a eke ne oe tere Sep PEE 8 1.000 1.000 Timothy Mayo sac ese cise. ce 2 hae a ese eee Oe ere oS soe eee SRS eee eee 1.112 1. 920 Midiize meal). v5 Sear astoygck ewe Se Re eee pais cree Tee ie SRS eee Se Soe near: 1.089 2.325 It is evident that the maintenance values based on the fuel values are not only much too high, but are not even approximately correct relatively. PERCENTAGE UTILIZATION OF ENERGY. In Period IV enough maize meal was added to the ration to cause a material gain by the animal. The percentage of metabolizable energy actually stored as gain may be designated as the percentage utiliza- tion in distinction from the percentage availability, which is measured ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 43 by the diminution of the loss below the maintenance requirement. As we have seen, a certain percentage of the metabolizable energy of the food is expended in its digestion and assimilation. When, however, this assimilated food is to be converted into tissue, we may assume as altogether probable that additional chemical work must be done upon it, involving a further expenditure of energy. If this is the case, we shall expect to find the percentage utilization correspondingly less than the percentage availability. In Period IV slightly more hay was consumed than in Period ILI. After correcting for this, as in the previous case, the subtraction of Period III from Period IV shows that in the latter 9,639 Calories more of metabolizable energy were consumed, resulting in a gain of 3,525 +4000, n ia - Di D EEEEEH : D2 -1000 =200 SESE EEE EEE a Ht H H 6000, 70 g000 9000 10000 11000 ~—«12000_—«« 1300014000 15000 ~—«*(16000 +~—«17000 ~=«8000 ; METABOLIZABLE ENERGY : CALORIES. ; DIAGRAM III.—Availability and utilization of energy. Calories instead of a loss of 2,360 Calories. The effect of the added 9,639 Calories, therefore, is a mixed one, namely, preventing a loss of 2,360 Calories, and causing an actual gain of 33525 Calories. From these figures it is not possible to compute directly the percentage availability or the percentage utilization. If, however, we assume that the availability of the energy is independent of the amount fed, we can easily compute how much maize meal it would have been nec- _essary to add to the ration of Period III to exactly reach the mainte- nance requirement. Obviously 2,360 Calories of available energy would be required for this purpose. We have already computed the availability to be 77.81 per cent. The required amount of metaboliz- able energy, therefore, is 2,360 + 0.7781 = 3,033 Calories. Geomet- rically, this operation is represented in Diagram III by the production 44 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. of the line AC to E. Subtracting this amount from the total differ- ence between the two periods we find, as shown in the table, that there remained 6,604 Calories of metabolizable energy which produced an _ average gain of 3,525 Calories, corresponding to a percentage utiliza- tion of 53.30 per cent, which is represented by the line ED in Dia- gram III. In the last two columns of the table are included also the results based respectively upon the maximum and minimum figures for the gain as given on page 39, the corresponding lines in the dia- gram being the broken lines ED, and ED,. Percentage utilization. Metaboliz- Gain. able energy. Average. | Maximum.| Minimum. Calories. Calories. Calories. Calories. Period WliWescte eines ot ce eee paces estes See eee eee eeieicer 17, 973 3, 556 3, 792 3, 321 Correction amOrshayenecs sees soccer eee ceo ec —86 —31 —31 —3l PeTiOdELVAIGOrrected at-ee emia Aone ane eee 17, 887 | 8, 525 3, 761 3, 290 Period LUT esses eS ae ee as re eee eres eie tee 8, 238 | —2, 360 —2, 360 —2, 360 Difleren Ceres sss sss ee Oe Soe ae tee cee anes mS ee 9, 649 5, 885 6,121 5, 650 Maize meal required to reach maintenance .......... 3, 033 2,360 2, 360 2, 360 6, 616 | 3,525 3, 761 3, 290 | Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Percentage wtih zatioMmaeeeseeeee sees eo eee eee eee eee peeeeee eee 53. 28 56. 85 49.73 Clearly the percentage utilization is much less than the percentage availability, even if we take the lower corrected figures for the latter. Of the net available energy supplied 31.52 per cent appears to have been expended in the work of tissue building, while 64.48 per cent was stored as gain. This result is quite in accordance with the indi- cations obtained in Period D of the previous year’s experiments on timothy hay (idem, pp. 58 and 64.) DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY. The foregoing results, and those of Bulletin No. 51, Bureau of Animal Industry, afford data for at least an approximate comparison of the percentage distribution of the energy of timothy hay, clover hay, and maize meal between the several excretory products, the expenditure in digestion and assimilation, the expenditure in tissue formation, and the resulting gain of tissue. The results are contained in the tables following, which are an extension of that given on page 38. The distribution is calculated both upon the total energy and upon the energy of the digested matter. Kellner’s average results for German meadow hay are also included in the table for the sake of comparison. ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 45 Percentage distribution of total energy. Timothy | Clover | Meadow] Maize hay. hay. hay. meal. Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. MBLC GCOS meme eenistee cinaratuls cles piers /ee ciniaicice clei als vicle diersicie'icisa/sie(eiats 48. 90 42.78 40. 96 9.18 PIM LMU Geta steele teleieiteincccis ec telet aie (mien eicicinlaini= ciciste cisinisiels\Wielsiciiisiace’s 3. 06 6.69 5. 71 3. 83 REITING ULSI Crevarta (amie eta g wisiciare Sia amie reine (cinte v cicieicie sis icieynalsiciawicisieidioisje sls 3.79 7.18 6.77 9.31 Expended in digestion and assimilation................-...-- 16, 41 27.60 |\ 27 ef 17. 28 Expended in tissue formation ..........-----.---- 2... ee eee eee 13.10 J \ 19. 06 : 15.80 19,28 PIECIN ES CaS See FLD etatare eietoteloteicts cieie cle inie(e Wie's cinicinlsicciale'civivtc.sisicidie aja ictees 14.74 , 41.39 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 _ 100.00 “esgi] der JATIN ER We AGS ROS iat aD See | Mc iarsn) 60. 45 Percentage distribution of energy of digested matter. Timothy} Clover | Meadow! Maize hay. hay. hay. meal. ; Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. Im UTNE ------- 2-222 eee eee eee eee 6. 00 11. 69 9. 66 4,22 inna G HNIC er sctars etm twice ce wie ci eisissc lew ccinic soiiticlenieacisieus oslere sve 7.42 12.46 |. 11.57 10. 25 In digestion and assimilation ...............--.-.------------ 32.10 48. 24 46.08 18.97 MMELISSUEMONMATIOM s\..)52scc ce ces ee oc ac occu cscem Seniece mosses 25. 64 Saal ; 20.93 SEO LO CSAS AMI ce cle iaelatate ins a vorer aisiccie A 5 fo | O28 | 3s | at 20° q r= o S) : » e = Ha | Ss . ei] 2 )/& | 5 |2.8/23| a | #8 | se) 28 SMO ree] ee EOS eT WS ee Oh estes ee is } a iS Os a a Aas la PERIOD I. Subpentod, 1. og | og | c@ | o¢, | 0@ | Liters. Gm. | Cal. 6 p. m. to 7.46 p. m (..4}84) 6, 2352) 8.3270] 2.0918)+-0. 004 | 2. 0958) 349.82) 1.0043) 2.25) 0.25 736. 05 7.46 p.m. to 8.14 p. m--.| 34) 5.9443) 7.6986} 1.7543 .004 | 1.7583 95.18) 1.0045) 2.25) .07 168.03 8.14 p. m. to 8.34 p.m..| 33) 5.8540) 7.7400} 1.8860 .002 | 1.8880 55.00) 1.0045) 1.25} .02 104. 29 8.34 p. m. to 8.50 p. m..| 32) 5.8350) 7.9950) 2.1600 . 002 | 2.1620 42.00) 1.0045) 1.00). .01 91.21 8.50 p. m. to 9.380 p.m.-| 31) 5.8310) 8.2940) 2. 4630 . 002 | 2.4650 86.00) 1. 0044 80} .02 212.90 9.30 p.m. to 10.14 p. m-} 30) 5.8491) 8.6164) 2.7673 .001 | 2.7683) 77.00) 1.0044 . 75) .02 214. 08 10.14 p.m. to 10.30 p.m-| 29) 5.9400) 9.2600! 3.3200 .UG1 | 3.3210) 20.00) 1.0042 .70) . O01 66. 69 10.30 p.m. t0 1.02.a.m_-_} 33) 5.5195) 8.0984) 2.5789) .002 | 2.5809) 433.00) 1.0047) 1.25) .17 | 1,122.61 1.02 a.m. to 2.03 a. m..} 29) 5.4640) 9.3260) 3.8620) .001 | 3.8630) 71.00) 1.0043) .70) .02 275. 43 2.03 a. m. to 4.20 a.m.-| 33) 5.1429) 7.6779] 2.5350 . 002 | 2.5370) 383.00) 1.0048) 1.25) .15 976.18 4.20 a.m. to 4.42 a.m..| 29) 5.1566) 8.9033) 3.7467 .001 | 3.7477 26. 00) 1.0044 .70| .01 97.86 442a.m.to6a.m ....| 28) 5.4163/10.0710] 4.6547| .001 | 4.6557) 73.75) 1.0041) .50) .01 344. 76 4, 410. 09 Latent heat of water NENT) OL epee ste |roy-aste| (Seyret al ayevere cates ellceveiesic etel|iacasiot si araicl li vemictet oul si cote aie sclle emisre biel wlsrseilelaenre 1, 400. 29 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and VICSS Gliese peeisatetacs cla lleetera) staves Sia | ere Se etalle evaicreie | sie sontewieia) lols arse al eto amene Selleck aleealnns |e jee —).11 Total heat....... PEs ein Piveral nee 2s Sh ae ee ee ee as 5, 805. 27 Subperiod 2. A aan Reese Rte olan bes | oe 6 a.m. to 6.30 a.m .-..} 28) 5. 4980/10. 3740) 4.8760 .001 | 4.8770 28. 25) 1.0040 .5 . 004 1388. 31 6.30 a. m. to 9.08 a. m-.| 33) 5.0255) 7.5598) 2.5343} .002 | 2.53863) 454.75) 1.0049) 1.25) .180} 1,158. 72 9.08 a. m. to11.22 a. m-| 28) 5.8512/11. 1473) 5.2961} .001 | 5.2971) 114.00) 1.0037) .5 {| .018|} 606.08 11.22 a. m. to 3.48 p.m.| 33) 5.2212) 7.7381] 2.5169) .002 | 2.5189} 737.00) 1.0048) 1.25) .290) 1, 864.81 3.48 p. m. to 5.34 p. m..| 28) 5.7746)10. 3573} 4.5827; .001 | 4.5837} 100.00) 1.00389) .5 | .016) 460.09 5.34p.m.to6p.m....! 33) 5.3450) 8.1850} 2.8400) .002 | 2.8420! 72.50) 1.0046! 1.25) .029! 206.97 4, 434. 98 Latent heat of water WADOPs cob cdscadceoesslleedslbasesco boseeed Soceeee Eaaeddec Senoene Peaeerens accesso taas5s| semned 1, 394. 92 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and SESS Clee ee en [ep eee rallies Waevei|e vos alc cyan eee Ibe as lea era a aes +48. 58 Total heat..-...-- BO GHl eee Mie nee eee eee oh ees eer IR [eerie focceseelecetne|essees 5, 878. 48 Subperiod 3. fi Re : 6 p.m. to 8.10 p.m ....| 33) 5.1255] 7.7624) 2. 6369 . 0024) 2.6393) 370.00) 1.0048} 1.50) .18 981. 05 8.10 p. m. to 10.06 p. m-|} 29) 5.2041] 9.0069} 3. 8028 0008) 3.8036) 154.00) 1.0045 -40) .02 588. 37 10.06 p. m. to 4.28a.m.| 38) 4.6245) 6.9997} 2.3752) .0024) 2.3776]1, 145.00; 1.0051) 1.50) .54 | 2,735.70 4.28 a.m. to4.56a.m..) 29) 4.7686] $.5957| 3.8271 0008] 3.8279) 34.00) 1.0047) .40)...... 130. 76 4.56a.m.to6a.m....| 28) 5.2547/10, 5573) 5.3026} .0006) 5.3032} 51.25) 1.0040) .30) .01 272.87 3 4, 708. 75 Latent heat of water WRYDORs socosceagsouebolloaue|oosacodlloececes|bo5e505| so sodcsallsece=cullanscgo55||G0d0050|lonadcn|lso5cam 1,306. 31 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and VESSEL ss caters oa fisterets'|s es |bAPS sop [ye ce [toc re Ves RR eae seared el ee int Td eel Mar —4,24 TOU) IOVS Hs Abs Galles eal Meee ane Boeeeeal CHSEeme mmcertar| lacmertre err e set al eset se | lees eters 6, 010. 82 60 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. TABLE XI.— Heat measurements—Continued. Ss & Heat pro- 5 Average peep eratune of water a duced in 3 : © | absorbers. a 2 ; . oa esrees Total Period. 5 z 3 9 a 2 5 3 £ 2 |of | a ees Lice 5 £ Se 3 o? |gas|2 alories bed bo & a }eo is) ES me | of | ss | at 20°. 3 BSI 5 F 13,8] o3 ss 2§ [eo | Fo e | ® | 2 | € |es3|) ee | € | se lee) ss ey eI is) a 1S Oe = < AS |s PERIOD I—Cont’d. SUID EIDE! fe c¢@, | 9c | 9G. | 9G | c@ | Liters. Cm. | Cal. 6 a.m. to 6.388 a.m ..../28 | 5. 3400/10. 7710) 5.4310) 0.0006) 5.4316] 31. 50)1.0040 | 0.30)....-- 171.78 6.38 a. m. to 10.18 a. m.|33 | 4.4636) 7.2065) 2.7429) .0024| 2.7453) 537.50)1.0051 | 1.50) 0.26) 1,482. 86 10.18 a.m. to 12.50 p. m-/28 | 5.33845/11.0705| 5.7360] .0006] 5.7366) 113. 00)1.0039 .30} .01} 650.75 12.50 p. m. to 3.10 p. m./33 | 4.4911) 7.3181) 2.8220) .0024] 2.8244} 352.00/1.0051 |; 1.50} .18] 999.08 3.10 p..m. to 5.10 p. m..|28 | 5. 3383/11. 4453) 6.1070 . 0006) 6.1076) 87. 00)1. 0038 . 30 - 01 583. 37 5.10 p. m. to 6 p.m ....|383 4.5508) 7.6083) 3.0575 . 0024} 3.0599} 126. 25/1. 0050 1.50 . 06 388. 18 i Me, f 4, 226. 02 Latent heat of water MDOP: 5 se, sje oy stevsye ese sreea|| ois Sear sal Sets ace ra ore | ere SLU eee ks ay eR | ae | 1, 342. 38 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and Vessel oi.2x = Seve sho ctesll iece sl Gey mie | Seersrs ef eaeleane dese eStart | see Pee | +47. 78 Total heat....... Siaheesi| coetsl crea all lesa el Soh Seana | rena Se SR cee a Poe cveroa | ee ee 5, 616.18 PERIOD II. Fe eel eae eR onl = ol a Subperiod 1. 6.00 p. m. to 10.10 p. m./34. 0) 6.0349] 8.3444] 2.3089} . 0032) 2.3121) 629.50/1.0044 | 2.00) 40} 1,461.47 10.10 p. m. to 11.18 p. m.|28. 0) 6. 3859/12. 7188} 6.3829} . 0006) 6.3835] 33. 50/1.00325) .30).....- 214. 54 11.18 p. m. to 11.40 p. m./28. 5} 5. 9533/13.3800| 7.3767] .0007) 7.3774) 12.00/1.00325) .35]...._. 88. 82 11.40 p. m. to 12.20 a. m.}29. 0} 5.0010}11. 4090] 6.3080] .0008] 6.3088] 33. 00)1. 0039 -40} .01} 208.99 12.20 2. m. to 4.13 a. m.|82. 0} 5.0204] 9.3650] 4.3446] .0024) 4.3470} 392.00/1.0044 | 1.00} 12] 1,711.40 4.i3 a. m. to 4.34 a. m..|31.5] 4.2200} 7.7180) 3.6980] .0013) 3.6998] 33. 00/1. 0051 .88} .01] 122.69 4.34 a.m. to 6.00 a. m..|30.0) 4.4600} 9.4152) 4.9552] 0010) 4.9562) 94. 75/1.00455| .50)/ .02| 471.72 ; 2 4,279, 63 Latent heat of water VAPOR. 2 sel See e532 Geel Soe cale |S oe ezaio eee ene | nse ers |e ae | Seen | eee | eee 1, 166.31 Correction -for feed, water, excreta, and Big ci1c1 =) Uae parapet wa Panera Ad) (Ro vod We Pensa Le Pon peel Oa oe Sil ee a eS ll eecocloocoos —1.41 Total heat as. 3|lo | Sen ees eee San eee crete eae ae 5, 444.58 Subperiod 2. Sel Sark er | ee enc | 6.00 a. m. to 7.31 a. m../30.0] 4. 4548] 9.5017] 5.0469} .0010) 5.0479} 100. 00/1. 0046 .50) .02) 507.09 7.31 a.m. to 10.42 a. m.|29. 0] 5. 0240/11. 3106] 6.2866, .0008) 6.2874) 140. 00/1. 0040 -40} .02) 883.75 10.42 a. m. to 11.02 a. m./28. 0) 6. 1640/13. 0360} 6.8720} . 0006) 6.8726 5. 00)1. 0033 Ba icoesce 34. 48 11.02 a. m. to 11.14 a. m./30. 0} 5. 0933/11. 4133] 6.3200 . 0010) 6.3210} 12. 00)1. 0039 .00|e-cee5 76.15 11.14 a. m. to 12.14 p. m_/28. 0) 5. 9053/12. 7833] 6.8780] .0006; 6.8786} 31. 00/1. 0034 480} hese 213. 96 12.14 p. m. to 12.26 p. m.|29. 0} 5. 4000/11. 5200) 6. 1200 . 0008) 6.1208 12. 00)1. 0038 140) 2 252k 73.73 12.26 p.m. to 1.20 p. m.|28. 0} 6. 1800/13. 1864) 7.0064] .0006| 7.0070) 28. 00/1. 0034 .30} .01; 196.85 1.20 p. m. to 1.32 p.m. .|28. 0} 5.5100/12. 7267] 7.2167) . 0006) 7.2173 6. 00)1. 0035 OO) saseee 43. 46 1.382 p. m. to 2.52 p..m_../30. 0] 4.8245] 9.6805] 4.8560] .0010) 4.8570} 96. 00/1. 0044 .50} . .02| 468.30 2.52 p. m. to 3.34 p. m..|29. 0] 4.7700] 9.1250) 4.3550] .0008) 4.3558] 52. 00/1. 0046 .40) .01) = 227.53 3.34 p.m. to 6.00 p. m..|28. 0] 5. 4103/11. 5522) 6.4197] .0006| 6.4203] 112. 25/1. 0038 - 30 -01) 723. 41 "| 3, 448. 71 Latent heat of water VD OR eas yee ate nial | as Neopets | ea Er | i cl | 1, 352. 04 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and VieSSCLE Se eee se seae Be eee areas eens Saerian gana Sanceeed acaocallscacedosoce: +12. 27 ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. Period. PrErRiop II—Cont’d. Subperiod 3. 6.00 p. m. to 7.36 p. m.. 7.36 p. m. to 9.00 p. m.. 9.00 p. m. to 9.47 p. m.. 9.47 p. m. to 11.58 p.m. 11.58 p. m. to 1.54 a. m. 1.54 a.m. to 3.50 a. m.. _ 3.50 a. m. to 4.48 a. m.. 4.48 a.m. to 6.00 a. m.. Latent heat of water Correction for feed, water, excreta, and WESSC MB saccict ceccceec = Subperiod 4. 6.00 a. m. to 8.48 a. m.. 8.48 a. m. to 9.06 a. m.. 9.06 a.m. to 11.12 a.m.. 11.12a. m. to 3.16 p. m. 3.16 p. m. to 3.20 p.m.. 3.20 p. m. to 6.00 p. m-. Latent heat of water Correction for feed, water, excreta, and VIESSCL Se ne cfaisic ccc ene s PERIOD III. Subperiod 1. 6.00 p. m. to 6.06 p. m 6.06 p. m. to 7.45 p. m 7.45 p.m. to 8.04 p. m.. 8.04 p. m. to 8.17 p. m 8.17 p. m. to 8.33 p. m 8.33 p.m. to 11.15 p. m. 11.15 p. m. to 1.04 a. m. 1.04 a. m. to 2.12 a. m.. 2.12 a. m. to 3.19 a. m.. 3.19 a. m. to 6.00 a. m.. Latent heat of water Correction for feed, water, excreta, and BVESSC) seen m5. Me | o2 | ae | at z0° = A is) 2 Sy ) ® & ee aa HO | > s a «la ie) op o HR HD 3 =a) Oi ree ® oo = eS | sea] 68 6 Pt oN a Re a fe) iS) tS She = 4 AS |aA PERIOD III—Cont’d. Subperiod 4—Cont’d. o¢. | ec | og | 2G | °C. | Liters. Cm. | Cal. 5.33 p.m. to 5.47 p.m..| 39} 8.9100)10. 2800} 1.3700} 0.0086) 1.3786) 40.00 1.0032} 4.75} 0.06 55. 26 5.47 p.m. to 6.00 p.m..| 41) 8. 8267/10. 1467) 1.3200 . 0110; 1.3310) 88.00 1.0032} 6.30 17 110. 66 5 3, 410. 90 Latent heat of water Vn] DOS = soon eoosceancellec collbsaet cal encers| anccecd cede aecc Sore ass Goeceeos Jeescone|leceesa|losoosc 1, 608. 77 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and VESSC LSE os