Aras ddr haet » OhAtG 0s bP in heteee & ote yede Oh te Oha_aed eds 
Silesia Oteh oes rorianend Cuinarel Teer ese e orernee es 
‘ale SP eee inatee shine 
Abit webs haa ge 
eh bhbst seeped saad t+ bene onl heya 
. mn preaes ab nonon tie begdaevr ag wr 
ae asthe Bs eviyom oor: 


hiwal ne dos sitet th Boacneeeieies 
oily 4 ery ore F 
: f rt ae asain nee See Setestntry saaieereis 
eee Mek sateleaaatieg Hota 


yee Sy eT es 
meeticten ni tat Myedeasia nest 
guneg Betsey seshecse ne hti Serwetate 


1 para ta ae eit sews mo owner it ty 
rosie eaitaed 04 eer Svs 2 fant ee reranagen os scers pees 2 sandy rea 
| soins ably nt Write tone oy 
bhreyeeaneet ey) norte ath iSarbynae Dattewanisopry pew st seseaperte F 
Sop ceed 2 hetea ee ree a : Spteches? merscenieerabee et yb Adee Roast npicbee it ce bevet 
‘ Oey Sy Sawaes sia! aad oe . Sri potessvehrts A deniers ye Siresrasnah eerreticd donna 
Weleceta su rentiiea sree 
Sian) Sanh ts ssbearteael weehahed 


i 
Parte svar tet rcopt 

ota a ee nom 

gsegaiataenig te (ores Seduwre: dear picael tbr degct ad St otigeae ss telseert bog 

inet a ie pnb Poestesel sweats eatueterth ns omenee nets ett eee 
; Say seslshonttes tole reer: 

ais pans bee erpeeta St es agape arstenes 

er errant) + e * Ms > ne ng 4 biked bebo bebe andy Hy 

ence x) > 


oS BREN ata 


* pan mceree aie 
beareme dg ot 


eyes V\iakrpnenies inele yh 


pecar 
reads heer br dhe nteecerrene ig hgt 
arenes tivar tet eeteeeenan oe 
ra eitinagetdsa assed eo ete 
satan taisieces tine ate rtaeett map 
Tate 
isin Se : 
ates fh peyote sts: pee ett 
os 4 bee oe Oban eardy Tom nt nt th y4 (bee ao , Taiece ttt bebe geen 
* Pubs 4 " Soreplninesiee-ot hy 
sistant eels aren 
vib) 
+ 
eye etd de psteat ee ate! 
Here tietey dente tet pet bea 4 a sib ar 
Sieh dabiertndhees eth 
Teuauetei ama amuates 
Hpecnere tasers a ir Uibniiges Batis ‘* ze : probly wee 
mth eet ty apa Hi bay ( 7 iy viet re yeit key 
Be ee a ; Tad Masts fey ier 


$ oh Ba hent se 


“ wastedil asta snk She ena ; irre a Sindh gee a 
Alias } Me eee litg etd oeew tal nits Sr tae ee) 
Ra Titre Rite see iti (5 Ral eee ate f 
Ta erecdeeeat arts aii 
wa tier oan fete 
Hetdaan sities 
x 


Sent 
it Pbet Adee ed Ober, 
Tait petites sages Verity 
bb, SEMA R Se ets eat e ge ae eal Sete ebsrSrea nes danaed Seng) cees et 
aT Nome cy ene tee epee HIE awed Can tres toed ik SnOri ettaeateal BAL 
ISPD TERE PL Tints histo bcs ae Mes 
SDdbbaps it bsbtthie least Fie ts 
poate Seat 
puchsoeiaisn Hy 
soerpersesneesit iti 
icavaatay tent 
mentee pda ima ee 


a Ee 
rtrd es efi mek ed Gre) Ladin ions pl tes eal 


pies aor ec orreaap ee iyi bis, ape 
uae aye HIP) Hein 

Nd teri} 
etapa bah wade pene 


tre ee 
tay 


stuiianatt ou \ ni 


es Sieben si st 


+] 
pb: “ teh ut itnahe i" odo Fi 


Hee itt er fan 


ireaet tie hoceb as y i a + wid hdl 
ae Cat ae ale oS co 


bey Telemtort 
LPahicgresstal tenth na ded mecareninretatatit ; 


it rth 
telnraligent ue a asstura 


pit) 
a] +45 aoe 


‘ ; aide site bod tel ood 
4 , f t si pe er 
1s Foe Leet Ps og sae AF ears 9 
trl) teeth +\there + ¢ Hee ha be 
yeaa aa) et teleadrattty PE tite inh 4 rd a sey) att 
a sPitacleelteitee 
: ‘ Abst rena si : yeti x tad 
Tite tia tae teg ath reenonhb aaa 
a facerae ial ests 
tata Aiden 
WoO U erat te yin 
' Both 2 "i ust a fi 
nih vital uth Lae 1 eres aati 
Vitals teeytel) of sa ati mais itce Hiatt 
2) whey 114 a eeraea greta Fy tat) Sytacwra saat ant ste Gi bata 36 
sal vente cee Ai3 eae Ni ast Literate peyeee boy Bhi feat batt ita etet ae rian at 
1 aay: 


rt oe rt 
gai aati ie 
iy i! Ages prea 
; ' innit 
W isla endedverentieegties Tetobh * 

‘ Heat 
eH bola ste Weta eae 

(Hit pense re teagewneny 


toe ie rngeg ad a 


ty 
a 


aot Sg Asa bead eel eae ee Acad tan Wiarpre dels me ater 
rMieadteal4 dD tits bebe: pyoseeaneed rite iil Whew sh tp bart 
Aa Ra ne Wty xe beri Bee ay 
! PHT EAT En 
nah att i Stel 
4 rar ede Repth Pe aS 
n yi} 
Hye deena rae tata Fredy ATI), tUSta Tbe Athy ee awe OF hls nt ate 
i fast aha a tas i SN apt oe pee intihts 
CN te lgeecs igi 


uit er 
rPe Nc 

Meise 

Heeketevatang ty ep 
MT Sete, ee ps 
fie 


ry 
dist 
eat Hans A ~ rele. Tess ey Bente Setuchehe 
"on Cita tit APP aacateh cots Morsay 
: NEL HATERS ent eMied | oT Ae ary tates 
} { Mee eeien auneatisy 
tes intel at ast ii Teall itera cai 
Pattee TAHe rate 
Teen ate eedtta era Urey been Bites 
+ ihre i ties ‘ 


SS Bata 


tt pays 
ali tsegussetytatat + { oa 
at tril lots Sir ; 4 es 7 seat tt 
ite ; Sates} ie: 

‘ si Stiswdlet ties dia mit Shetty} ities sbi 
04, 1 Gan4i Ty thea swale Ea rs atu etars as vie ena al Seared eee 
DB pene IO Kiger tty Msithee” Meo ea 
an ayes Pane tetyel ys ttatsreirersetr art ettsten 

teehee 
a3 


Sry earths 
Sica eka stents tl hit 


foie} i 4 
Tu 
ete) 


encarta pba Bente cf reset 


Solibetred 
; fs : shes 
Mitteasta: : if 
eatateegttiy eeter fred a ai f reir seas Sey 
I. ei shy dyeyy atte SLsteee y re? 
Dia sy efi scare ler. epee 
‘ sit ebeh toes ay 
AS bn) rs ee i hiseis eae 
te bigeye iit tos e-seeverd!s ; « 
Dydd br hy his lanai ite Ade 3s) Where 
Dal basderh aa tad Pasa baie ; nes 
airauge 
echaearneat 
eT 
Bis pt bt 
Tatts afte Ce ate 


Sante 
sari ep 


peat obair a4 
ns 


2 tee at 
satiate att ataneratatan tear) 
Siiiteest esc aaes ate 

“ eae tees 
Aree ya eeped tks Fed: 


i 
moe ta hs Sis) 
Teaarmie reese nat, Dae PSST mete 
Bes) weane Qa yeisins wal O09 
Gy Ce ln d\seubse ere ce 4 . ~ 
sam ttealemear ished pte aedvecs : Aba CUA 
SR Rte meirtaneyel Petarrass Tatsies. 


Soo 
ie eee pee 


on 


ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2010 with funding from 
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign - 


http://www.archive.org/details/englishbotanyorcO3sow 


ENGLISH BOTANY: 


OR, 


COLOURED FIGURES 


OF 


tate sei ee bexeN TS: 


EDITED BY JOHN T. BOSWELL (FORMERLY SYMB), F.L.S. ere. 


LECTURER ON BOTANY AT WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL. 


THE POPULAR PORTION BY MRS. LANKESTER, 


AUTHOR OF “WILD FLOWERS WORTH NOTICE,” “THE BRITISH FERNS,” ETC. 


THE FIGURES BY 


J. SOWERBY, FLS, J. De C. SOWERBY, FLS. J. W. SALTER, ALS, F.GS. 


AND 


JOHN EDWARD SOWERBY, 


ILLUSTRATOR OF THE “FERNS OF GREAT BRITAIN,” “GRASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN,” 
‘¢ WILD FLOWERS WORTH NOTICE,” ETC. ETC. 


Third Edition. 


ENLARGED, RE-ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL ORDERS, 
AND ENTIRELY REVISED. 
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES BY THE EDITOR. 


VOLUME III. 
LEGUMINIFER& TO ROSACER. 


LONDON: 
GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN; 
HARDWICKE AND BOGUEH, 192, PICCADILLY. 

Ss t_G. 


LONDON : 


PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, 
STAMFOED STREET AND CHARING CROSS. - 


ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Sus-Curass III. 
POLYPETALA CALYCIFLORA. 


Calyx free or more or less adhering to the ovary. Sepals gene- 
rally more or less united. Petals in 1 or 2 whorls, unlike the 
sepals, or in 2 or more whorls, passing gradually into sepals, 
inserted on the calyx (perigynous) or on the torus (hypogynous), 
separate, rarely united, sometimes absent. Stamens definite or 
indefinite, inserted on the calyx (perigynous), or, when the ovary is 
inferior, appearing to spring from the superior margin of the latter 

(epigynous). Ovary superior, half inferior, or wholly inferior. 


ORDER XXV.—LEGUMINIFERA. 


Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate compound or decom- 
pound ieaves, of which, however, the leaflets are sometimes reduced 
to 1. Stipules usually conspicuous, free, or more or less united at the 
base to the petiole or to each other. Flowers irregular or regular, 
variously coloured, sometimes solitary but more commonly in 
racemes, spikes, heads, or panicles, the inflorescence being some- 
times axillary and sometimes terminal. Sepals 5, united together 
into a 5-cleft or 5-toothed calyx, with the segments often unequal 
in size or degree of cohesion to each other, the odd one inferior or 
turned away from the axis of the inflorescence. Petals 5, some- 
times fewer or entirely absent by abortion, most commonly unequal, 
but sometimes equal, distinct or variously cohering together, the 
odd petal superior. Stamens definite (often 10, more rarely 5) or 

VOL. III. B 


3 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
: 


indefinite, monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct, rarely triadel- 
phous. Ovary simple, solitary, 1-celled, free from the calyx. Ovules 
several or solitary, amphitropous or rarely anatropous. Style form- 
ing a prolongation of the upper or ventral suture. Stigma simple. 
Fruit a legume, very rarely a drupe; 1-celled or more or less imper- 
fectl 2-celled by the inflexion of one or both sutures, or divided 
transversely by spurious dissepiments, generally opening at both 
the upper and lower sutures, but sometimes only at one of them, 
or indehiscent. Seeds several or solitary. Albumen none. Embryo 
with the radicle bent along the edge of the cotyledons. Cotyledons 
thick and fleshy or thin and foliaceous. 


Sus-Orper I.—PAPILIONACEZ. 


Herbs (which are sometimes twining or climbing), undershrubs, 
shrubs, or more rarely trees, with simply pinnate or trifoliate, more 
rarely digitate or unifoliate leaves. Leaflets most commonly entire 
on the margins, but sometimes finely toothed. Flowers irregular, 
perfect. Calyx commonly persistent, with the sepals united at the 
base into a tube which is 5-toothed or 5-cleft: sometimes 2-lipped, 
in which ease the upper lip consists of 2 and the lower of 3 sepals ; 
segments more or less distinctly imbricated in estivation. Corolla 
papilionaceous, frequently persistent and withering, consisting of 
5 petals (of which, however, some or all are occasionally abortive), 
with imbricated estivation. Uppermost petal, named the standard 
or vexillum, exterior to the others, folded and enclosing them in 
the bud, usually the largest, frequently reflexed when the flowers 
are expanded; lateral pair of petals, called the wings or ale, 
within the standard but exterior to the lowest pair, generally flat 
or concave, erect or slightly spreading ; lowest pair of petals interior 
to all the others, connivent and generally cohering at their anterior 
edges, and together forming the keel or carina, sometimes adhering 
at the base to the wings. Stamens inserted along with the petals 
at the base of the calyx-tube, 10 (very rarely only 5) in number. 
Filaments united into a long tube, which is sometimes entire, 
sometimes longitudinally cleft (monadelphous), or the tube may 
be formed of 9 stamens, the tenth, which is the uppermost one, 
separate (diadelphous) ; very rarely the filaments are entirely free. 
Authers 2-lobed. Ovary not adhering to the tube of the calyx 


LEGUMINIFERA, 3 


consisting of a single carpel, with the placentze turned towards the 
standard. Ovules usually several. Fruit a legume or pod (which, 
however, assumes very various forms), sessile or stalked within the 
calyx, generally dry and opening by both sutures, but sometimes 
l-seeded or breaking transversely into 1-seeded joints, and inde- 
hiscent. Seeds with the funiculus commonly dilated at the point 
where it is attached to the hilum. Cotyledons after germination 
sometimes becoming foliaceous: sometimes, although still appear- 
ing above ground, remaining thick: or sometimes never emerging 
from the seed-coat. adicle close to the hilum, general'y curved, 
lying along the edges of the cotyledons. 

To this sub-order belong the whole of the British species of 
Legumenifere. 


Tre L—LOTE A. 


Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod continuous, not 
articulated, 1-celled or more rarely more or less perfectly longi- 
tudinally 2-celled (by the inflexion of the sutures), dehiscent or 
indehiscent. Cotyledons changing into green leaves during 
germination. Stem not climbing or twining. Leaflets usually 
without stipels. 


Suzs-Trrpe I.—GENISTE. 


Stamens monadelphous. Pod 1-celled. Stem often shrubby. 
Leaves trifoliate, unifoliate, or digitately pluri-foliate, more rarely 
without any laminze. 


GENUS I—ULEX. Linn. 


Calyx coloured, divided to the base into 2 lips; the upper lip 
with 2 small teeth at the apex, the lower one with 3. Corolla not 
much longer than the calyx, with the petals of nearly equal lengths. 
Standard oblong, emarginate, slightly spreading. Wings spreading. 
Stamens all united together, with the tube entire. Style filiform, 
curved upwards at the summit. Stigma capitate. Pod oval-oblong, 
swollen, about as long as the calyx. Seeds few, with the depressed 
hilum covered by the dilated funiculus. 

Small shrubs, with abortive branches converted into spines. 
First leaves of young seedlings trifoliate, but all the subsequent 
ones unifoliate; on mature plants all linear and terminating in a 
spine (doubtless a petiole without a lamina). Stipules completely 


4 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


incorporated with the leaves so as to be undistinguishable. Flowers 
axillary, yellow. 


The generic name is said to be derived from ac, a point, in Celtic, in reference to 
the prickly branches. 


SPECIES 1—ULEX EUROPAUS. Linn. 
Prats CCCXXIII. 


Stem sub-erect. Branches spreading or ascending, sparingly 
hairy. Primary spines straight, ascending, very deeply furrowed. 
Bracts deltoid-ovate, one-sixth the length of the calyx, and in width 
twice the breadth of the pedicel. Calyx densely shaggy. Wings 
longer than the keel, curved over it at the apex. Pod longer 
than the calyx, matured in the same year which has produced its 


flower. 
Var. a, vulgaris. 


Branches mostly spreading. Primary spines strong, with many 
ridges. 
Var. 6, strictus. 


Ulex strictus, Mac. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot, ed. iii. p. 69. 
Branches erect. Primary spines slender, 4-edged. 


On heaths, commons, and banks, and in dry fields or outskirts 
of woods. Very common, and generally distributed ; except in the 
extreme North of Scotland. Var. & only in Lord Londonderry’s 
Park, county Down. 

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Winter and Spring. 


Stem woody, 3 to 6 feet high, with very numerous stiff 
branches. Primary spines (abortive branches) 1 to 3 inches long, 
very deeply furrowed, with prominent ridges between the furrows, 
except at the spinous subulate tip; secondary spines simple, + to 
4 inch long, decreasing in size as they approach the apex of the 
primary spine. ‘'Trifoliate leaves only present on the plant imme- 
diately after germination on petioles } to} inch long, with 3 oblan- 
ceolate acute hairy leaflets; all the subsequent leaves, which appear 
to consist entirely of petiole, about + inch long, channelled above 
_ nearly to the apex, which terminates in a subulate spine. Flowers 
bright yellow, # inch long, on short shaggy pedicels, solitary and 
in pairs chiefly on the primary spines, or near the base of the 
secondary spines irregularly racemose or paniculate. Bracts loosely 
applied to the calyx. Calyx yellowish-olive with blackish hairs, 
divided on each side to the base, faintly nerved, the upper segment 
with 2 very indistinct teeth at the apex, the lower one with 3 


LEGUMINIFER. 5 


more evident ones. Wings straight nearly to the apex, where they 
are folded over ; petals of the keel cohering very slightly, and readily 
separable, with a shaggy strip along their lower margin. Pod 
8inch long, dark brown, nearly black, coarsely punctate, thickly 
covered with long, shaggy, bristly, fulvous-brown hairs. Seeds 
olive-brown, ovoid-compressed, with a roundish-oval depression at 
the hilum. Spines and leaves dark dull green, stem and primary 
spines rather thinly hairy. 

The variety 6, which is known by the name of the “Irish 
Furze,” is now acknowledged by Professor Babington to be merely 
a variety of the common Furze, as it does not always retain its 
characters when raised from seed. 


Common Furze, Gorse, Whin. 
French, Ajone Europe. German, Luoropdischer Gaspeldorn, Heckensame. 


We are told, on good authority, that the Furze is sometimes spelt Furres, and 
isa name of obscure origin, possibly coming from fir, these bushes being, like the 
coniferous trees, used for firewood or fuel. Our own notion would rather be that the 
bright yellow flowers, seeming almost flame-like in their brilltancy, suggested the name 
“fire” or “furze” bush. 

The beauty of this attractive but treacherous bush invites unwary travellers to 
pull its branches, and to regale themselves with the delicious perfume of its blossoms ; 
but they soon find that its prickly stems are an ample protection against those who 
covet its beauty. A poet observes :— 


“ And what more noble than the vernal Furze 
With golden baskets hung? Approach it not, 
For every blossom has a troop of swords 
Drawn to defend it.” 


The Furze is not a very hardy plant, although we constantly see it on open com- 
mons and wastes. Severe frosts are very liable to injure it, and during some of our 
sharp winters, such as that of 1861, whole fields of Furze perished. Linnzus is 
said to have lamented that he could not keep it alive in Sweden even in a green- 
house. It was one of his favourite plants, and it is related that, when he first 
visited England and saw it in flower on Hounslow Heath, he fell on his knees 
and thanked God for having created a plant so beautiful. The same story is also 
told of Dillenius ; so that we may perhaps doubt its authenticity. The Furze is 
thought to be the Scorpius of Theophrastus, and the Ulex of Pliny. By botanists 
before the days of Linnzus it was known as a Broom, and called Genista spinosa. 
Linneus restored to it the name of Ulex, by which it has ever since been recognized. 
In France, the Gorse or Whin is generally used for burning, for which purpose it is 
cut down every few years in places where it grows naturally. In Surrey and other 
counties it is used largely as fuel, especially by bakers in their ovens, and is cultivated 
for that purpose, and cut down every three years. When burned it yields a quantity 
of ashes rich in alkali, which are sometimes used for washing, either in the form of 
a solution or lye, or mixed with clay, and made into balls as a substitute for soap 
The ashes form an excellent manure, and it is not uncommon, where the ground is 
covered with Furze bushes, to burn them down to improve the land, and to secure a 


6 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


_ 
crop of young shoots, which are readily eaten by cattle. In some parts of England 


it is usual to put the Furze bushes into a mill to crush the thorns, and then to feed 
horses and cows with the branches. When finely cut or crushed, sheep will readily eat 
it. Asa picturesque hedge, the Furze is very appropriate, and is extremely beautiful 
when in blossom. In plantations it is frequently sown as a shelter to very young trees on 
their first planting, also as a cover for game. In calm and sunny weather the crackling 
of Furze bushes caused by the explosion of their elastic pods is distinctly audible. 


“The path with laughing Furze o’errun, 
When bursting seed-bells crackle in the sun.” 


English poets have not failed to sing the praises of this common plant, whose 
scent, resembling somewhat that of the heliotrope, perfumes the air for a distance, and 
whose golden blossoms, often contrasting with the purple blossoms of the heath growing 
near it, must attract the admiration of every wayfarer. Cowper says :— 


“The common, overgrown with fern, and rough 
With prickly gorse, that, shapeless and deformed, 
And dangerous to the touch, has yet its bloom, 
And decks itself with ornaments of gold, 

Yields no unpleasing ramble.” 


SPECIES IL—ULEX NANUS. Forst. 
Prates CCCXXIV. CCCXXV. 


Stem decumbent. Branches spreading or drooping, shaggy. 
Primary spines recurved-spreading, faintly furrowed or striate. 
Bracts roundish-ovate, ;,th as long as the calyx, and in width 
not exceeding the breadth of the pedicel. Calyx pubescent. 
Wings about equal to the keel, or very slightly exceeding it. Pod 
about as long as or shorter than the calyx, matured in the season 
succeeding that in which its flower was produced. 


Susp-Srecres .—Ulex Gallii. Planch. 
Pirate CCCXXIV. 
Planch. Ann. Bot. ser. iii. Vol. XI. p. 213. 
U. nanus, 8 Gallii, Auct. Plur. 
U. provincialis, Zegall, Fl. de Morbihan (non Zois.). 

Branches ascending, nearly straight, or slightly drooping. 
Primary spines strong, slightly furrowed. Wings rather longer 
than the keel, curved. 

On heaths and downs, local, and chiefly confined to the West 
of the Island, where it occurs from Somersetshire to Wigtownshire. 
On the East it is only known to occur in the county of North- 


umberland. 
England, Scotland. Shrub. Autumn. 


LEGUMINIFERS. 7 


Stem woody, 2 to 3 feet high, with the branches more fasciculate 
and the spines shorter than in U. europzeus, the primary spines 
being from 3 to 1} inch long and with secondary spines only at 
the base, which gives the branches more of the appearance of a 
bottle-brush with the naked part of the primary spines projecting. 
The flowers have a more regularly spicate or capitate arrangement, 
they are also smaller than those of U. europzeus, about } inch long, 
with the yellow inclining to orange, the calyx less pubescent, the 
wings shorter; the pod is also shorter, and the season of flowering 
is different ; but the most tangible character lies in the very small 
adpressed bracts. Branches and edges of the leaves and base of 
the spines with shaggy brown hairs. 


Planchon’s Furze. 
French, Ajone de Legall. 


Sus-Species I.—Ulex eu-nanus. 
Pirate CCCXXV. 

U. nanus, Planch. 1. c. Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. Vol. II. p. 140. Brebisson, 

Fi. de la Normandie, ed. iii. p. 72. 
U. nanus, var. a, Auct. Plur. 

Branches procumbent, drooping. Primary spines weak, short, 
slightly furrowed. Wings shorter than the keel, straight. 

On heaths, downs, and commons.  Plentiful in the South of 
_ England; but as the preceding sub-species has only recently been 
separated, it is dificult to give the exact distribution. I have 
seen it growing in Kent, Surrey, Essex, and Hants. The so-called 
U. nanus from the South-west of Scotland is probably U. Gallii. 


England, Scotland?, Ireland?. Shrub. Autumn. 


Very like U. Gallii, but smaller and more procumbent, with the 
spines much shorter, } to 4 inch long, but, as in that plant, branched 
only at the base, and the branches have still more of the bottle- 
brush appearance. The flowers are smaller, end paler yellow. 


Dwarf Furze. 


French, Ajone Nain. 


GENUS I—GENISTA. Linn. 


Calyx herbaceous or sub-herbaceous, bell-shaped, divided half- 
way down or more into 2 lips, the upper lip bipartite, the lower 
3-toothed or 3-cleft. Corolla much longer than the calyx ; standard 
oblong-oval, erect (not spreading), shorter than or equal to the 


8 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
> 


wings and keel; keel obtuse, with a saccate impression above the 
claw, at last reflexed. Stamens monadelphous. Style subulate, 
curved at the summit. Stigma lateral at the apex of the style on 
the inside. Pod oblong or linear-oblong, compressed or swollen, 
exserted. Seeds generally numerous, with the funiculus generally 
scarcely dilated at the hilum. 

Small shrubs, with or without spines. Leaves commonly uni- 
foliate, or more rarely trifoliate, with small or inconspicuous 
stipules. Flowers yellow, terminal and axillary; solitary, or 
more commonly in spike-like racemes. 

The derivation of the name of this genus is variously given. One writer says it 


comes from genu, the knee, in allusion to the angular or jointed appearance of its 
twigs ; another, that it is derived from the Celtic word gen, a small bush. 


SPECIES I—GENISTA ANGLICA. Linn 
Pratt CCCXXVI. 


Stems shrubby, branched; branches erect or ascending, wiry, 
glabrous, spinous. Leaves glabrous, unifoliate : those of the young 
shoots oval or elliptical, those upon the spines elliptical-linear. 
Stipules obsolete. Flowers axillary, arranged so as to form lax 
racemes. Calyx glabrous, with broadly triangular teeth, entirely 
persistent. Corolla glabrous. Pod ovoid, turgid, glabrous. 

On heaths and commons. Rather frequent and generally dis- 
tributed, but not extending so far North as Orkney. 

England, Scotland. Shrub. Spring and early Summer. 


Rootstock woody. Stems € inches to 2 feet high, rather 
slender, spinous and leafless below in old plants, the branches 
densely leafy, the younger and flowering ones without spines, the 
older portions with slender spines from $ to 1 inch long. Leaves 
shortly stalked, somewhat leathery, } to } inch long, elliptical ; 
but those on the spines or abortive lateral branches much nar- 
rower. Pedicels scarcely so long as the calyx. Flowers about 
3 inch long, yellow. Calyx glabrous, the upper lip with two oblong- 
triangular teeth, the lower with three triangular equal teeth. 
Standard glabrous, keel longer than the standard and wings. Pod 
reddish-brown tinged with green, falling out of the calyx readily 
when ripe, ? inch long, swollen so as to be nearly cylindrical, not 
bossulated, much curved towards the base on the upper side, 
truncate obliquely upwards at the apex, which terminates in a 
beak. Seeds 6 to 10, ovoid, black, shining. Foliage delicate pea- 
green, Plant glabrous. 

Needle Furze, Petty Whin. 


French, Genét Anglais. German, Hnglischer Ginst, 


LEGUMINIFERZ. 9 


SPECIES IL—GENISTA PILOSA. Jinn 
Pirate CCCXXVII. 


Stems shrubby, much branched. Branches procumbent, striate, 
glabrous or with adpressed pubescence, without spines. Leaves 
silky-hairy beneath, unifoliate, oblanceolate or obovate, with tooth- 
like stipules. Flowers axillary, arranged in dense racemes. Calyx 
densely pubescent, with broadly lanceolate teeth, entirely persis- 
tent. Corolla with the outside of the standard and keel hairy. 
Pod linear-oblong, much compressed laterally, hairy. 

On sandy and gravelly heaths. Very local in Cornwall, Sussex, 
Pembroke, Suffolk, and Worcestershire. 


England. Shrub. Spring. 


Stems much branched, “rooting” (Gr. and Godr.), leafless below. 
Leaves very shortly stalked, about 4+ inch long, folded longitu- 
dinally. Peduncles produced from the centre of a fascicle of 
leaves, longer than the calyx, without bracteoles. Flowers about 
2 inch long, yellow. Calyx silky, with the upper lip having 2 
lanceolate lobes, the lower with 3 small triangular teeth. Pod 
blackish, falling out of the calyx readily when ripe, ? inch long, 
laterally compressed so as to be nearly flat, bossulated by the seeds 
causing the portion over them to bulge outwards. Seeds 3 to 7, 
globular compressed, olive-coloured. Of this species I have never 
seen living examples. 
Hairy Green Weed. 


French, Genét Velu. German, Behaarter Ginst. 


SPECIES I1L—GENISTA TINCTORIA. Lin. 
Prats CCCXXVIII. 


Stems shrubby, much branched. Branches erect or ascending, 
rarely decumbent, striate, glabrous or slightly pubescent, without 
spines. Leaves glabrous, ciliated (or pubescent only on the ribs and 
margins), unifoliate, elliptical, with small adnate stipules which have 
a triangular point. Flowers axillary, arranged in dense racemes. 
Calyx glabrous or slightly pubescent, with subulate teeth, at length 
splitting in a circumcissile manner a little above the base, the teeth 
and upper portion of the tube falling off when the fruit is matured. 
Corolla glabrous. Pod linear-oblong, much compressed laterally, 
glabrous, or hairy only on the margin. 


Var. a, glabra. 


Branches erect or ascending. Plant glabrous. 
VOL. III. c 


10 ENGLISH BOTANY® 


Var. 6, humifusa. 


Branches decumbent, hairy. Margins and midribs of the 
leaves, peduncles, bracts, calyces, and back of the valves of the pod 
hairy. 

In meadows, pastures, and heaths, and on the borders of fields. 
Not uncommon in England, but rare in Scotland, where the neigh- 
bourhood of Kirkcudbright on the West, and the Pentland Hills 
on the East, are the most northern localities on record. Var. 6 at 
Kynance Cove, Lizard, Cornwall. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Late Summer, Autumn. 


Rootstock creeping. Stems much branched, especially below, 
rather stiff, 1 to 2 feet high, with adpressed leaves. Leaves 4 to 1 
inch long, very shortly stalked, with long hairs on the margins. 
Flowers 4+ to 2 inch long, bright yellow, on pedicels shorter than 
the calyx. Bracteoles subulate, applied to the calyx. Calyx-teeth 
longer and more slender than in the preceding species. Pod 1 to 
11 inch long, brown when ripe, surrounded at the base by a 
prominent rim, which is all that remains of the calyx, the upper 
part being deciduous. Seeds olive, 5 to 10, orbicular-compressed, 
dim. Plant bright green. 

Var. 6 differs by its smaller size, more procumbent branches, 
and by having these, as well as the midrib of the leaves, pedicels, 
calyces, and back of the valves of the pod, hairy. 


Dyers’ Green Weed, Wood Waxen. 
French, Genét des Teinturiers. German, Farber Ginst. 


All parts of this plant yield a yellow dye, and have long been used by dyers for 
producing this colour, especially for wool that is to be dyed green with woad.. In 
some parts of England the plant is collected in large quantities by the poor and sold to 
the dyers. The ashes form an alkaline salt, which has been used as a remedy in dropsy 
and other diseases. 


GENUS IZ—-SAROTHAMNUS. Wimmer. 


Calyx herbaceous, shortly campanulate, 2-lipped, the upper lip 
emarginate or 2-toothed, the lower a little longer and 3-toothed, 
both lips at length scarious at the apex. Corolla with the standard 
spreading, suborbicular, cordate at the base, longer than the wings 
and keel. Keel obtuse, at last reflexed. Stamens monadelphous, 
with the tube cleft. Style very long, much curved, or rolled into 


aring. Stigma terminal, capitate. Pod oblong, compressed and 


LEGUMINIFER,. 11 


much exserted. Seeds numerous, with the depressed hilum covered 
by the dilated extremity of the funiculus. 

Shrubs with erect angulated green branches, not spinous. 
Leaves stalked, trifoliate : the upper ones subsessile and unifoliate. 
Stipules none. Flowers large, golden yellow, axillary, solitary 
and in pairs, stalked, drooping. 


The name is derived from capoc (saos), a broom, and Aapvoc (thammnos), a bush. 


SPECIES LI-SAROTHAMNUS SCOPARIUS. Kock. 
Puate CCCXXIX. 


S. vulgaris, “Wimmer.” Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 348. 
S. communis, “Wimm.” Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 48. 
Spartium scoparium, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1339. 

Genista scoparia, Zam. Dic. Vol. II. p. 623. 

Cytisus scoparius, Link. Enum. Vol. II. p. 241. 


Leaves trifoliate, stalked, those from which the flowers are pro- 
duced sessile and frequently unifoliate. Style coiled, enlarged and 
furrowed at the apex. Pods much compressed, glabrous except on 
the margins. 

On low hills, heaths, commons, waysides, and in woods. Very 
common, and generally distributed as far North as Sutherland. 


_ England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Spring and early Summer. 


A much-branched shrub 1 to 5 feet high, with green, deeply 
furrowed, straight branches. Leaves with the leaflets elliptical- 
obovate, + to 4 inch long; the petioles about as long as the leaflets, 
except those from which the flowers are produced. Flowers on 
long pedicels, bright yellow, 1 inch long, arranged in racemes 
which are often combined so as to form panicles. Calyx widely 
bell-shaped, laterally compressed, divided by a shallow notch into 
an upper and lower lip, the two sepals of the upper and the three 
of the lower lip being only indicated by extremly short teeth ; both 
the divaricate lips becoming scarious at the margins. Pod 14 to 
22 inches long, linear-oblong, much compressed, bossulated over 
the seeds, black when ripe, hairy on the upper and lower sutures, 
the valves opening with elasticity and twisting upon their own axis 
when ripe. Seeds olive, roundish ovoid, compressed, shining, with 
an oval depression at the hilum, where the funiculus spreads out 
into a 2-lobed expansion. Plant deep green, hairy. 


Common Broom. 


French, Spartain & Balais. German, Besenartige Pfrienen. 


Of all our leguminous shrubs, the Broom is perhaps the favourite, and has, besides 
its own attractious, the interest of historic and poetic associations. It was not 


12 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


unknown to the ancients, and is mentioned by Pliny, though it is probable that they 
were best acquainted with the Spanish broom, Spartium junceum. Our English poets 
have delighted to sing of the golden blossoms and bright green branchlets of this 
beautiful plant. Chaucer says :— 


“ Amid the Broom he basked him in the sun.” 


Cowper tells us of 
“The Broom, 


Yellow and bright as bullion unalloyed.” 


Wordsworth says :— 
“The Broom, 


Full-flowered, and visible on every steep, 
Along the copses runs in veins ot gold.” 


While the northern ballad, so characteristic of the strong love of “ Home, be it ever so 
homely,” of the Scotch declares, 


“More pleasant far to me the Broom 
That blows sae fair on Cowden Knowes, 
For sure so sweet, so soft a bloom, 
Elsewhere there never grows.” 


Its almost perennial blossom is well described by a Welsh poet :— 


“‘Tts branches are arrayed in gold, 
Jts boughs the sight in winter greet, 
With hues as bright, with leaves as green, 
As summer scatters o’er the scene.” 


But we might go on adding to the list of poets who have loved to deseribe the 
beauties of this favourite shrub. The Scotch claim the Broom, and delight to tell of 
the favoured spot 

“ Down among the Broom, the Broom, 
Down among the Broom, my dearie, 
The lassie lost her silken snood, 

That gaed her greet till she was wearie.” 


And Burns, in a burst of patriotism, celebrates his native haunts of love and poesy. 


“ Their groves of sweet myrtle let foreign lands reckon, 
Where bright beaming summers exalt the perfume ; 
Far dearer to me yon lone glen of green breckan, 

Wi the burn stealing under the lang yellow Broom, 
Far dearer to me are yon humble Broom bowers, 
Where the bluebell and gowan lurk lowly unseen ; 
For there lightly tripping amang the wild flowers, 
A-listening the linnet oft wanders my Jean.” 


Nor is the “bonnie broom” less conspicuous in the annals of heraldry than in 
song. Ordinary school history tells us that King Henry II. of England, wearing the 
Broom, Planta genista, in his cap, assumed and transmitted the royal surname of 
Plantagenet ; but there is strong evidence to prove that Fulke, Earl of Anjou, the 
grandfather ot Henry, assumed the Planta genista as an emblem of humility on leaving 


LEGUMINIFER2. 13 


for the Holy Land; but the plant has been from a remote period the badge of 
Bretagne. May not it have been assumed by Henry on account of his claim to the 
sovereignty of that country, which he afterwards obtained. 

The Broom frequently occurs as an ornament in the wardrobe rolls both of 
England and France. We read that the queen of Richard IT. had a dress of rosemary 
and broom in gold and silk on a white ground. A Broom plant, his own heraldic 
device, with its open pods despoiled of its seeds, ornaments the tomb of this same 
lady’s husband in Westminster Abbey. Antiquarians have spent not a little learning 
and research on the origin of this simple emblem. We are inclined to agree with the 
charming authoress of ‘“‘ Weeds and Wild Flowers,” who says, “They have overlooked 
the simple beauty of this design—they have not felt with the designer the truthful 
force of the silent record. The ripened seed had fallen from its husk ; the germ of 
immortality was parted from its shell; the body was laid in the dust and the soul 
was called into a life eternal ere the marble tomb was raised.” Rarely, indeed, does 
the sculptured shield or stately tomb convey its lessons to us with so much truth and 
dignity as in that empty broom-pod. Those who are learned in old historic lore tell 
us that from very early times the Broom was a favourite emblem in France. In the 
year 1234, St. Louis, as he is called, celebrated the coronation of his queen by 
establishing a new order of knighthood—the Soldiers of the Broon—ilites genestelle, 
the collar of which was composed of broom-flowers interwoven with the white lily, signi- 
fying humility and purity, and bearing a golden cross with the motto “Hwaltat humiles.” 
In 1368 we read of Charles V. of France bestowing the insignia of the “ Broom-pod” 
on his favourite chamberlain. In 1389, Charles VI. gave the same decoration to his 
kinsmen, creating them knights of “the Star of the Broom-pods.” The Highland 
clan Forbes are true Plantagenets so far as their device goes, for the Broom is still their 
distinctive badge. 

The Broom is known to be a very exhaustive crop to the land, so that a hedge 
of it will impoverish the ground for some distance on each side of it. It is said that 
sheep which eat the pods become subject to a sort of intoxication, and yet it is 
supposed by farmers to be beneficial to them in some conditions, and the intoxicating 
effects soon pass off, The inebriating properties of these pods do not act only on 
the brute creation. Allan Ramsay, when speaking of the ale brewed by a certain 
landlady, says :— 
“Some say it was with pith (pips ?) of broom, 
Which she stowed in her masking loom, 
Which in our heads raised sic a soom.” 


Before the introduction of hops, broom-tops were often used to communicate a 
bitter flavour to beer. The young flower-buds are occasionally pickled and used as a 
substitute for capers. The stems yield an excellent fibre, which was formerly woven 
into cloth in this country, and is now used for this purpose in the south of France, 
while the refuse supplies the manufacture with firing. Paper is also made from this 
fibre. As an article of domestic cleanliness, the Broom may have originally obtained 
its common name. 

“The vagrant artist oft at eve reclines, 
And Broom’s green shoots in besoms neat combines.” 


Dr. Prior tells us that the name “comes from Brom or Brame, a word of the same 
origin as bramble, but at present applied exclusively to a shrub of which besoms are 
made, and called from it brooms.” The branches have been used for tanning leather, 


14 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


showing the existence of tannic acid. The seeds, when roasted, form no bad sub- 
stitute for coffee. The wood when it is suffered to attain a sufficient age is much 
prized by cabinet-makers, who employ it in veneering. The twigs are used for 
thatching cottages and ricks, and the whole plant, when burned, yields an ash which 
contains 29 per cent. of carbonate of potash. The salt of broom, or Sal Genistz, was 
formerly used in medicine ; so that we may really say that there is not a portion of this 
plant without its use. 

Medicinally the Broom has long been administered as a diuretic, and we find 
that broom-tops are still retained in the New Pharmacopeia of the United Kingdom, 
published 1864. They are given as “the tops fresh and dried from indigenous plants.” 
Dodoen recommended a decoction of the tops in dropsy, and for “stoppages of the 
liver.” The powdered seeds have likewise been administered, and sometimes a tinc- 
ture is employed. Dr. Cullen recommended a decoction of the plant very strongly, 
and his testimony is supported by Pereira and others, It is said that Broom acts 
beneficially in dropsy when all other remedies have failed. Dr. Mead mentions a 
case of this kind; and it is recorded that some soldiers of the Swedish army, who 
suffered from dropsy after an epidemic fever in 1759, were cured by taking a lixivium 
of the ashes of the Broom. Gerarde abounds in recommendations of this plant, but 
does not confine its virtues to the only disease for which it is supposed to be effectual, 
but tells us of all sorts of fleshly ills for which it is an effectual cure. He records 
“that the worthy prince of famous memory, Henry VIII., king of England, was 
wont to drinke the distilled water of broom-flowers, against surfets and diseases 
thereof arising.” 


GENUS IV—ONONIS. Jinn. 


Calyx herbaceous, campanulate, 5-cleft, with long narrowly 
triangular teeth. Standard broadly oval, keeled on the back, with 
the lamina spreading; keel produced at the apex into a sharp- 
pointed beak directed towards the standard. Stamens mona- 
delphous, rarely diadelphous. Style very long, geniculate-ascending. 
Stigma terminal, subcapitate. Pod short, inflated, exserted or 
included in the calyx. Seeds few, with the funiculus not dilated 
at the hilum. 

Perennial herbs or undershrubs, often with long woody root- 
stocks, with or without spines. Leaves stalked, pinnately trifoliate, 
or the upper ones unifoliate. Stipules more or less adhering to 
the petioles. Flowers rose-colour, purple, or yellow, axillary and 
terminal, sessile, or more often pedunculate. Peduncles 1- or more- 
flowered. 

The derivation of the name of this genus is from ovoc (onos), an ass. One author 
considers that it refers to the hindrance which it gives to these or other animals when 


employed at the plough ; and another writer says that it was given because some of the 
species are said to be grateful to asses. 


LEGUMINIFERA. 15 


Section I.—BUGRANA. D.C. 


Peduncles very short, 1-flowered, without an articulation 
beneath the flower. 


SPECIES L—ONONIS CAMPESTRIS. Koch. 
Puate CCCXXX. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 74. 
Koch & Ziz. Cat. Pal. 22 (non Sted.) Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 373. Fries, 
Sum. Veg. Scand. pp. 48, 162. 
O. arvensis, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 682. 
O. arvensis, var. 3, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 97. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. 

p. 160. 

O. spinosa, Zinn. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. Liss 

Rootstock short, not creeping, without subterranean stolons. 
Stem erect or ascending, firm, much branched, generally (but not 
always) with a number of spreading spines which are frequently 
in pairs, slightly glandular-hairy, with a woolly strip on one side, 
which changes sides at each node. Lower leaves trifoliate, the 
upper ones generally unifoliate ; leaflets linear-oblong, denticulate. 
Flowers solitary and axillary, chiefly on the bases of the spines, in 
an elongated panicle or raceme towards the upper part of the 
branches. Peduncles shorter than the calyx. Calyx with its 
segments nearly equal, shorter than the mature pod. Corolla 
much longer than the calyx. Pod erect, lenticular-ovoid, laterally 
compressed. Seeds 1 to 3. 

On commons, barren pastures, and road-sides. Plentiful in 
England, but apparently more rare in Scotland, where it has not 
been recorded northward of Haddingtonshire and Dumbartonshire ; 
possibly it occurs in Forfarshire; but there it may be the spinous 
variety of the following species. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 


Rootstock short, woody. Stems stiff, purplish, with ascending or 
erect branches, 1 to 2 feet high. Spines } to 1 inch or more long, 
spreading, leafy at the base, as it is only the apex of these stunted 
branches which become barren. Leaves shortly stalked, with 
large conspicuous oblong adnate stipules, which have a free ovate- 
acuminate apex; leaflets stalked, oblong or strap-shaped, } to 
+ inch long, with very prominent lateral veins, each of which is 
excurrent into one of the teeth. Calyx with 5 strap-shaped lan- 
ceolate equal teeth longer than the tube. Flowers } inch long, 
pale rose-colour, with deeper-coloured lines, darker on the apex of 


16 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


the keel, occasionally entirely white. Pod olive fawn-colour, 2 inch 
long, with a short beak bent downwards. Seeds dark reddish- 
brown, roundish, compressed, granulated with small prominent 
points, and having a deep circular depression at the hilum. Plant 
deep-green, more or less glandular-pubescent. An undershrub, 
the greater part of the stem dying in winter, the branches at first 
unarmed, but I have never seen it without spines late in the 
season. 
Upright Rest-Harrow. 


French, Bugrane Epineuse. German, Dornige Hauhechel. 


By old writers this plant is also called Cammock-Furze or Petty Whin. Gerarde 
says “it is sooner found than desired of husbandemen, because the tough and woodie 
rootes are cumbersome unto them, by reason they do staie the plough and make the 
oxen stande ; whereupon it was called Rest Plough or Rest Harrow.” It seems 
difficult to destroy it by fallowing; and is called by old herbalists Arresta bovis 
and Remora aratri. Gerarde says: “ Pliny reporteth ‘that being boyled in Oxymel 
(or the syrup made with hony and vineger) till the one half be wasted, it is given 
to those that have the falling sicknesse. The tender sprigs or crops of this shrub, 
before the thornes come forth, are preserved in pickle, and be very pleasant sauce to 
be eaten with meat as a sallad, as Dioscorides teacheth.’ ” 


SPECIES IL—ONONIS ARVENSIS. Fries. 
Puate CCCXXXI. 
O. arvensis, “Zinn.” Benth. in Eng. Bot. Sup. No. 2659. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. 

p. 74. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. pp. 48 and 162 (Linn. Syst. Veg., nec. Herb.). 
O. arvensis, “ Linn.” var. a, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 97. Benth. Handbook 

Brit. Fl. p. 159. 

O. procurrens, Wallroth, Sched. Crit. p. 381. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 374.. 
O. repens, “Zinn.” Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 173. 

Rootstock very long, emitting subterranean stolons. Stem 
procumbent and rooting at the base, then ascending or prostrate ; 
rather weak, much branched, most commonly (but not always) 
without spines, glandular-hairy all round. Lower leaves trifoliate, 
the upper ones unifoliate; leaflets oblong, or oblong-obovate, 
denticulate at the margin. Flowers solitary and axillary in an elon- 
gated raceme towards the upper part of the branches. Peduncles 
shorter than the calyx. Calyx with the segments nearly equal, 
longer than the mature pod. Corolla much longer than the calyx. 
Pod erect, lenticular-ovoid, laterally compressed. Seeds 1 to 3. 

In pastures, sandy places, and on cliffs by the sea-coast. 
Common, and generally distributed, except in the extreme North of 
Scotland. 

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 


LEGUMINIFER®. aly 


Distinguished from the last, which it closely resembles, by its 
procumbent growth, and the pods being shorter than the sepals, 
The whole plant is less rigid, with larger leaves, and in this 
country at least, is usually destitute of spines. It is much more 
clammy to the touch, and has a stronger odour. The flowers are 
more distinctly racemose. 

As a satisfactory proof of the specific distinction between 
this and the last species, although so much alike, I may men- 
tion that the larve of the moths Heliothis marginata and peltigera, 
which feed upon the present plant, refuse to eat O. campestris 
— showing there is some difference in their chemical compo- 
sition. 

Linnzeus appears to have had a very indistinct idea of the two 
preceding species of Ononis, if one may judge from the altera- 
tions in their nomenclature made by him from time to time. In 
the first edition of the “Species Plantarum,” p. 716, there are 
two names to represent these two, and doubtless a third species 
not found in Britain,—the O. hircina of Jacquin. These are O. 
spinosa, with a var. @ mitis, and O. repens. In the second editio , 
at p. 1006, there is an addition of O. antiquorum to the above, 
and in O. spinosa he has var. « mitis and var. 6 spinosa. In the 
twelfth edition of the “Systema Nature,” vol. ii. p. 478, O. 
spinosa is entirely expunged, and he gives O. antiquorum, O. 
arvensis, and O. repens. On turning to his Herbarium, there is a 
specimen of the O. campestris of Koch, a narrow-leaved form, named 
O. “antiquorum.”* There is a second specimen of O. campestris 
(Koch), the broad-leaved form, with two names (both in Linnzeus’s 
handwriting) upon it,—O. “spinosa” and O. “arvensis ;” the latter 
probably written at a later date. Besides this, on another sheet, 
there is O. hircina of Jacquin bearing the name of O. “arvensis” 
in Linnzeus’s own handwriting. A small stunted specimen of O. 
procurrens (Wallr.) is also in the Herbarium, bearing the name of 
O. “repens.” 

In this inextricable confusion I have retained the names 
campestris” and “arvensis,” because they are in general use in 
this country, though I have great misgivings respecting the 
expediency of this course ; as when the botanists of each country 
seek only to preserve unity of nomenclature within restricted geo- 
graphical areas, it is fatal to all general agreement on the subject. 
Besides, the name O. arvensis has been used to include both our 
species, and it is always better to discard such a name, unless a 
majority of botanists have agreed to use it in a restricted sense, 
or there be sufficient evidence to show that the originator of the 


* This is not the antiquorum of Gr. & Godr., “ Flore de France,” as it has large 
flowers and an apiculate standard. 
VOL. III. D 


18 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


name intended it to apply to only one of the forms which subse- 
quent writers have placed under it. 


Procumbent Rest-Harrow, Wild Liquorice. 
French, Bugrane des Champs. German, Feld Haucchel. 


Section II.—NATRIX. Wench. 


Peduncle often elongated, 1- or several- flowered, with the 
pedicels articulated to it. When there is only a single flower, 
there is thus an articulation beneath it. 


SPECIES III—ONONIS RECLINATA. Lina. 
Prats CCCXXXII. 


Rootstock none. Stem ascending or decumbent, with numerous 
weak spreading branches, without spines, glandular-hairy all 
round. Leaves all trifoliate; leaflets oblong-obovate or obovate, 
denticulate only at the apex. Flowers solitary, axillary, in a short 
compact raceme at the termination of the branches. Pedicels 
longer than the calyx, at length hooked so that the calyx droops 
after flowering. Calyx with the lower segment much shorter than 
the others. Corolla about as long as the calyx. Pod drooping, 
oblong-cylindrical. Seeds numerous. 

In sandy places. Very rare. Among the débris at the foot of 
a cliff overhanging the rocky shore three miles north-west of the 
Mull of Galloway, Wigtownshire: and between the Hermit Rock 
and Corbelet’s Bay, and on the hills of Mauney, near La Trieve, 
Alderney. There can be but little doubt, however, that the 
Scotch locality found by Professor Graham is one where the plant 
is not indigenous. 


[Scotland.] Channel Islands. Annual. Summer. 


A small plant, the British examples which I have seen not 
being above 2 inches long; but on the Continent it sometimes 
attains the size of 6 inches. Leaflets $ to } inch long, tapering 
towards the base, acutely toothed at the rounded or subtruncate 
apex; middle leaflet stalked. Stipules large, half-ovate, adhering 
for the greater portion of their length to the leafstalk. Peduncles 
slender, ascending, with the articulation marking the commence- 
ment of the pedicel near the apex; pedicel first straight and 
asvending, but after flowering curved sharply round. Calyx very 
deeply divided, the 4 upper lobes elliptical-lanceolate, the lower 
one which is much shorter, linear-lanceolate. Flowers 2 inch 


LEGUMINIFERS. 19 


long, rose-colour, with the wings and keel paler. Pod in the British 
specimens not longer than the calyx, brown and glandular-hairy. 
Plant dull-green, entirely viscous and pubescent. 


Small Spreading Rest-Harrow. 


Sus-Trise I1.—VULNERARIE#. 


Stamens monadelphous. Pod 1-celled. Leaves pinnate, with 
an odd terminal leaflet, the lower ones occasionally unifoliate, from 
the abortion of the lateral leaflets. 


GENUS V.—ANTHYLLIS. Ii. 


Calyx more or less coloured, tubular-inflated, indistinctly 
2-lipped, upper lip 2-toothed, lower 38-toothed. Standard oval, 
spreading, as long as the wings and keel; wings adhering to the 
keel above the claws; keel obtuse or very slightly beaked, with a 
depression on each side above the claw. Stamens monadelphous. 
Style subulate, curved, ascending towards the apex. Stigma ter- 
minal, capitate. Pod stipitate, suborbicular, compressed, 1- or 
2-seeded, completely inclosed in the tube of the calyx, which in 
fruit becomes much swollen, membranaceous, bladdery, and with 
the teeth connivent at the apex. 

Herbs or undershrubs, with the flowers yellow, purple, or rose- 
colour, in lateral and terminal heads. 

The word anthyllis is an ancient name given to a number of plants, coming from 


avOo¢ (anthos), a flower. One etymologist adds to the derivation the word covdog (ioulos), 
down, in reference to the flowers being usually downy. 


SPECIES LI-ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA. Lim. 
Pirate CCCXXXIII. 


Stems herbaceous. Leaves pinnate, the lower ones with the 
terminal leaflet much larger than the others, which in the radical 
leaves are frequently absent. Heads of flowers generally in pairs. 
Calyx-tube with the mouth oblique, inflated in fruit when it be- 
comes white and chaff-like; upper teeth longest, ovate-triangular, 
united together nearly to the apex, the 3 lower lanceolate-subulate, 
the lowest shortest of all. Pod extremely small, quite concealed 
in the calyx-tube. 

Var. a, vulgaris. 
A. vulneraria, Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 146. 
Flowers yellow. Involucre generally shorter than the flowers. 


20 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Var. 8, Dillenii. 
A. Dillenii, Schultz. Boreau, \. c. 
Flowers red. Involucre nearly as long as the flowers.. 


On dry banks and pastures. Rather common, and generally 
distributed. Var. 6 on the South-west coast of England and Wales. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 


Rootstock woody, branching into numerous heads, which pro- 
duce straight, stiff, ascending stems, 6 to 18 inches long, or even 
more. Root-leaves on long stalks, with a large elliptical. terminal 
leaflet, and frequently a few much smaller lateral ones. Stem- 
leaves with from 2 to 6 pair of linear-elliptical leaflets, and an odd 
one. Flower-heads 1 to 14 inch across, subsessile, involucrate, 
generally in pairs at the top of the stem, one of them a little more 
distinctly stalked than the other; occasionally there are axillary 
sessile heads, but more generally the axillary heads are at the 
termination of short branches. Flowers 3 inch long, not much 
exceeding the calyx. Petals with very long claws. Limb of the 
standard with an appendage at the base on each side; wings and 
keel adhering together. Pod about } inch long, half-oval, apicu- 
late, glabrous, reticulated. Seeds 1 or 2, ovoid, smooth. 

Var. 3 is smaller than «, and may be a distinct sub-species ; but 
I have only seen dried specimens, and none of them have the ripe 
fruit from which Professor Boreau takes some of his characters ; 
his A. Dillenii having the pod more longly stipitate, and with 
a straight instead of a curved apiculus. 


Common Kidney Vetch, Ladies’ -finger, or Lamb-toe. 
French, Anthyllide Vulnéraire. German, Gemeiner Wundhlee. 


The specific name of this plant indicates its reputation in pharmacy as an 
astringent and vulnerary. It is said that Gesner first raised the report of its proper- 
ties in this respect, which are, however, very doubtful, and possibly consist in nothing 
but its soft downy nature, which may on emergency serve to stanch blood, and give 
time for nature to effect a cure. The belief in its virtues was, however, great at one 
time, and in 1727 it was regularly sold in the Dublin market by the name of Stanch. 
A yellow dye may be obtained from it. It affords excellent pasture for sheep. 
Where the soil was a reddish clay, Linnseus remarked the blossoms to be red; but in 
white clay, white. 

Dr. Withering says: “In Portugal we have always found them red.” In 
England most commonly, as the rustic poet observes,— 


“The yellow Lamb-toe I have often got, 


Sweet creeping o’er the banks in sunny time.” 


All the species of Anthyllis are very beautiful when in flower, and this little 
British species is quite worth cultivation, 


LEGUMINIFERA. 2] 


Sun-Trise ITI.—TRIFOLIES. 


Stamens diadelphous, the upper one being free from the other 9. 
Pod 1-celled, without spurious partitions. Stem generally herba- 
ceous. Leaves trifoliate, generally with denticulate margins and 
numerous excurrent nerves. 


GENUS VI—MEDICAGO. Linn. 


Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed ; teeth elongated, equal or the 
upper ones shorter. Corolla deciduous. Standard scarcely spread- 
ing, longer than the wings and keel. Wings not cohering at the 
apex. Keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous, not adhering to the 
petals. Filaments not dilated towards the apex. Style glabrous, 
with a capitate stigma. Pod exserted, reniform, sabre-shaped, 
or (most commonly) rolled up like a compressed spiral spring,) 
many-seeded, rarely 1-seeded, indehiscent or opening only at the 
external suture. 

Herbs, often annual or biennial, more rarely undershrubs or 
shrubs, with the leaves pinnately-trifoliate, with herbaceous stipules 
adhering by their bases to the petioles. Flowers yellow, more 
rarely purple, usually in stalked axillary heads or short racemes ; 
more rarely the inflorescence is reduced to sub-solitary flowers. 

The name of this genus is said to come from Medike, a name given by Dioscorides 
to a Medean grass. 


Section I.—FALCAGO. Reich. 


Pod many-seeded, dehiscent, sabre-shaped, or twisted into a 
loose helix leaving an aperture in the centre of the coil, without 
spines, and without a concentric extra-marginal nerve. 


SPECIES I—MEDICAGO SATIVA. Linn 


Prate CCCXXXIV. 
Fries, Mant, ITT. p. 91. 

Rootstock woody. Stems hollow, erect, much branched; 
branches ascending. Flowers numerous, in oblong rather loose 
racemes; standard streaked with violet lines. Pods downy, twisted 
into a loose spiral of 2 or 3 turns. 

On pastures, dry banks, and borders of fields. Not uncommon 


22 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


in districts where Lucerne is cultivated, but having no claims to 
be considered indigenous. 


[England, Scotland.] Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 


Stems stout, erect, 1 to 2 feet high, hollow, cylindrical with 
raised lines. Leaves stalked; leaflets elliptical-oblanceolate, 4 to 
1} inch long, denticulate towards the apex, the central one 
inserted on the common petiole above the others. Stipules lanceo- 
late-subulate. Flowers } inch long, bluish-purple, more rarely 
yellowish, in axillary stalked racemose heads, which are from ? to 
13 inch long. Pedicels shorter than the calyx. Calyx with the 
teeth triangular-subulate, nearly equal, longer than the tube. 
Standard longer than the calyx-teeth and exceeding the wings and 
keel. Mature pod rupturing the calyx, olive-brown, forming a 
helix of about } inch in diameter, and generally making about 23 
turns, pubescent with adpressed hairs and faintly reticulated. 
Seeds yellowish-brown, rectangular-oval, smooth, dim, with a deep 
depression at the hilum. Plant bright-green, with scattered ad- 
pressed pubescence. 

The yellowish-flowered variety is considered by Koch and Fries 
to be the M. media of Persoon, while Godron and Boreau refer 
that name to M. sylvestris (Fries). 


Common Lucerne. 
French, Zuserne. German, Luzerne. 


Asa fodder plant the Lucerne has been cultivated for ages in the South of Europe. 
It was brought into notice in England by Harte, in 1757, and since that time has 
been commonly cultivated in light lands. It grows very rapidly, and may be cut in 
favourable seasons twice or three times. On land adapted to it it will yield good crops 
for six or seven years, or longer. At one time Lucerne was a very favourite plant 
with the farmer, and it is said that cattle thrive better on it than on any other kind 
of food. One writer estimates that three horses might be kept on ¢ of an acre. 
Various circumstances, however, have interfered with the regular culture of this crop 
in our own country, and its value as an agricultural plant has been much discussed. 
According to Sir Humphry Davy, its nutritive properties are, when compared with 
red clover and saintfoin, as 23 to 39. Pigs, sheep, and cows eat it greedily ; but it 
must be given only in moderate quantities, or disease is likely to ensue. 


SPECIES I1—MEDICAGO FALCATA. Lin. 
Prares CCCXXXV. CCOCXXXVI. 

Rootstock woody. Stems solid, decumbent at the base, diffusely 
branched. Branches spreading. lowers numerous, in short 
racemes or corymbose-racemose heads. Pods downy, falcate, semi- 
circular, or twisted into a ring. 


LEGUMINIFER®. 23 


Sus-Srecres I—Medicago sylvestris. ries. 
Pirate CCCXXXV. 


M. sylvestris, Fries, Mant. ITT. p. 92. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 75. 

M. falcata, var. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 98. Benth. Handbook Brit. FI. 
. 161. 

M. Caden “ Pers.” (faleato-sativa), Reich. Fl. Germ. Excurs. p. 504. 

M. falcato-sativa, Gir. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 382. 

M. falcata, 6 versicolor, Wadlroth, Sched. Crit. p. 398. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. 

ed. ii. p. 176. 

Flowers in a short raceme, yellow changing to blackish green, 
finally becoming purplish at the tips; standard striped with dark- 
green lines. Pod coiled into a semicircle or into a complete flat 
ring. 

In sandy and gravelly places. Rare. Confined to the counties 
of Cambridge, Norfolk, and Suffolk, where these three are con- 
tiguous, in the neighbourhood of Chippingham, and Thetford, and 


at Cromer. _ 
England. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 


Stems weaker, more branched and diffuse than in M. sativa. 
Leaflets generally smaller and narrower. Flowers in shorter heads, 
and the pods not coiled, never making more than a single turn and 
sometimes less. 

The greater number of botanists consider this plant either as 
a hybrid between M. sativa and M. falcata, or as a variety of 
the latter, to which it appears to be really more nearly related. 
Fries gives as a distinguishing character the pith being inter- 
rupted, not contiguous so as to make the stem perfectly solid as in 
his M. falcata; but this does not appear to be the case in the few 
specimens which have come under my notice. Fries emphatically 
denies the possibility of its being a hybrid, giving, however, no 
reason for his opinion. But as in this country it appears to be 
found in places where M. sativa does not occur, this may be one of 
the grounds on which he has arrived at this conclusion. 

The pod, though generally making one complete turn, is occa- 
sionally very little more curved than in the ordinary form of 
M. eu-falcata of this work; and the disposition of the flowers is 
also variable. 

As I have never seen the plant alive, I do not feel competent 
to give any decided opinion on the distinctness of M. sylvestris as 
a species; so I have adopted the middle course of considering it as 
a sub-species of M. falcata, of which, however, it is possible that 
it is merely a variety; this, however, can only be tested by long- 
continued cultivation from seed. 


Fries’ [nucerne. 


24 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Suz-Srecres Il.—Medicago eu-falcata. 
PuateE CCCXXXVI. 
M. falcata, Fries, Mant. III. p. 93. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 75. Gr. & Godr. 

Fi. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 383. 

Flowers in a short corymbose raceme, yellow; standard streaked 
with dark brown lines. Pod twisted on its axis, not coiled, nearly 
straight or falcate. 

In sandy and gravelly places. Rare. In Cambridgeshire, 
Norfolk, and Suffolk, growing with M. sylvestris. It has been 
also reported from Devon, Dorset, Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Hertford, 
Glamorgan, Yorkshire, and Durham; but the greater number of 
these stations are either mistakes, or the plant has been perhaps 
introduced with ballast or otherwise. 

England. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, diffusely branched. Leaves elliptical 
or strapshaped-elliptical, $ to ¢ inch long, denticulate at the apex. 
Flowers 3 inch long, bright yellow, in small head-like racemes 
about + to # inch long. Pod } to $ inch long, generally very 
slightly curved upwards, and never forming more than a semicircle. 
Seeds closely resembling those of M. sativa, but rather smaller. 
Plant bright-green, slightly pubescent. 

The original figure in English Botany (which is retained in 
the present edition) certainly represents this plant, but the ripe 
pod added below is that of M. sylvestris, and has doubtless been 
drawn from a different specimen, so that a new drawing of the pod 
has been made. 

Yellow Lucerne. 
French, Luserne en Faucille. German, Sichelfirmiger Schneckenklee, 

This plant has been but little cultivated in England, but in Switzerland is grown 
to some extent as a fodder crop, being there considered hardier than Lucerne, Its 
nutritive qualities are probably equally great. 


Section I].—LUPULINA. Gr. & Godr. 


Pod 1-seeded, indehiscent, kidney-shaped, with the empty apex 
coiled into a small helix, without spines and without a concentric 
extra-marginal nerve. 


SPECIES III—MEDICAGO LUPULINA. Zina 
Prate CCCXXXVIL. 


Rootstock none. Stems spreading or procumbent. Leaflets 
roundish, inversely-deltoid at the base. Flowers in axillarv stalked 


LEGUMINIFER®. 25 


globular-ovate densely racemose heads, which become oblong in 
fruit. Pod slightly curved, with the apex alone coiled, the sides 
marked with elevated ridges which anastomose and form a network 
with elongated meshes. 

In pastures, on dry banks, roadsides, and in waste places, &c. 
Extremely common, and generally distributed. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or biennial. Spring 
to Autumn. 


Stems varying in length from a few inches to 2 feet, much 
branched. Leaves on long stalks, the uppermost subsessile, tri- 
foliate, with the middle leaflet separated from the others ; leaflets 
4 to $ inch long, obovate or roundish, with an inversely-deltoid 
base, finely denticulate towards the apex, where it is emarginate, 
with a sharp tooth in the centre of the notch. Stipules half-cordate- 
ovate, cuspidate, finely denticulate, adhering to the petiole at the 
base. Peduncles $ to 1} inch long. Flowers bright yellow, } inch 
long, very numerous, in heads } to 2 inch across. Pedicels shorter 
than the calyx. Calyx-teeth lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the 
tube. Standard longer than the wings and keel. Head of fruit 
z to #inch long. Pod black, glabrous or slightly pubescent, + to + 
inch long to the end of the kidney-shaped portion, after which the 
apex makes a complete turn; but this coil has a much smaller 
diameter than that of the circle of which the kidney-shaped portion 
forms part. Seed solitary, transversely ovoid, yellowish, slightly 
shining, smooth, with a tubercle close to the hilum, which is 
depressed. Plant bright-green, sub-glabrous or hairy: on dry 
chalky banks it is sometimes densely pubescent. 


Black Medick, Nonsuch, Yellow Clover, Shamrock. 
French, Luserne Lupuline. German, Hopfen Schneckenklee. 


This plant is cultivated in Norfolk, and is there called Black Nonsuch and Sham- 
rock. It is considered by some farmers as one of the most valuable of artificial grasses, 
and is excellent fodder for sheep. It is frequently mixed with rye-grass and clover. 


Srction III.—SPIROCARPOS. D.C. 


Pod many-seeded, indehiscent, coiled into a close helix without 
an aperture in the centre of the coil, with a concentric extra-marginal 
nerve on each side of the dorsal suture, and commonly bordered 
with spines or tubercles. 


VOL. III. 10} 


26 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


SPECIES IV—MEDICAGO DENTICULATA. Wild. 
Pirate CCCXXXVIII. 
M. polycarpa, Willd. Gr. & Godr, Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 389. 


No rootstock. Leaflets oblanceolate-obcordate, not blotched. 
Stipules with long slender lacinize on the margins. Flowers few, 
in long-stalked, lax sub-umbellate heads. Pods coiled into a spiral 
making from 2 to 4 turns, orbicular-discoid; coils reticulated, 
becoming very slightly smaller towards the apex, with strong an- 
astomosing veins on the faces; their back narrow, with a single 
dorsal nerve and a broad lateral furrow on each side of it (i.e. 
between the dorsal and extra-marginal nerves). Spines or tuber- 
cles in 2 rows, divaricate, hooked at the end or nearly straight. 
Seeds numerous, reniform, notched at the hilum. Plant glabrous, 
or nearly so. 

Var. a, vulgaris. 
M. denticulata, Willd. 


Spines subulate, equalling half the diameter of the coils. 


Var. 8, apiculata. 


M. apiculata, Willd. Sp. Pl. Vol. III. p. 1414. och, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii 
p. 180. 


Spines very short, straight. 


On sandy banks and dry chalky waste places. Not un- 
common in the South and East of England—in Devon, Dorset, 
Hants, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk. It has occurred 
in several other places, but doubtless introduced either with ballast 
or among continental seed. 


England, [Scotland,| Ireland. Annual or biennial. Spring 
and Summer. 


Stems several from the crown of the root, prostrate, 3 inches to 
2 feet long, with 4 longitudinal furrows. Leaves stalked; leaflets 
3 to 1 inch long, wedge-shaped or inversely deltoid, rounded and 
denticulated in the apical half, notched at the apex, with a slender 
tooth in the centre of the notch. Stipules half-triangular-sagit- 
tate, cut into numerous long slender segments. Peduncles axillary, 
2- to 10-flowered. Flowers bright-yellow, about § inch long, um- 
bellate, on very short pedicels. Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, 
longer than the tube. Pod olive, about 4 inch across, regularly 
coiled, the coils becoming very little smaller towards the apex, 
their sides netted with very prominent elevated veins; back of the 


LEGUMINIFERA, 27 


coils sharp, with a strong marginal nerve and another a little way 
from it on either side. Spines variable in length, in 2 rows, each 
spine connected both with the dorsal nerve and also with the one 
on that side towards which the spine is directed, so that its base 
interrupts the furrow that runs between these nerves. Seeds 
numerous, yellowish-brown, transversely oval, unequal at the base. 
Plant bright-green, glabrous, or occasionally with a few scattered 
hairs. 
Reticulated Medick. 


rench, Luserne Denticulée. German, Gezahntfriichtiger Schneckenklee. 


SPECIES V—MEDICAGO MACULATA. Sith. 
Pirate CCCXXXIX. 


M. polymorpha, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 1616. 


Rootstock none. Leaflets inversely deltoid, obcordate, gene- 
rally with a dark blotch in the centre. Stipules denticulate, 
with triangular acuminated teeth on the margins. Flowers few, in 
long-stalked, lax sub-umbellate heads. Pods coiled into a spiral 
making 4 or 5 turns, globular, scarcely compressed; coils becoming 
gradually smaller towards the apex, not reticulated, but with 
indistinct concentric veins on the faces; their back rather broad, 
with a double nerve and a very narrow lateral furrow on each side 
of it (i.e. between the dorsal and extra-marginal nerves). Spines in 
2 rows, divaricate, curved throughout. Seeds numerous, slightly 
notched at the hilum. Plant with scattered hairs. 

In pastures, waste places, hedge-banks, and by roadsides. 
Frequent in the South of England, especially on sandy or chalky 
soils, but not native North of Yorkshire. 


England, {Scotland,] Ireland. Annual or biennial. Spring 
and Summer. 


Very like M. denticulata, but generally larger, the leaflets 
broader and with a blackish-purple irregular blotch in the centre 
of each. Stipules shorter and broader, and having triangular teeth 
instead of the long slender segments of M. denticulata. When 
in fruit, the two cannot possibly be mistaken for each other, as in 
the present species the pod is coiled into a little ball about the size 
of a large pea, not compressed, and without the elegant reticula- 
tions on the faces present in M. denticulata. The dorsal nerve is 
also double in M. maculata, the extra-marginal nerves are much 
closer to it, and the spines are curved over the faces of the pod. 
The whole plant is of a brighter green, and there are more or less 


28 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


numerous long scattered articulated hairs on the stem, petioles, 
stipules, peduncles, and calyx. 


Spotted Medick. 


French, Luserne Tachée. German, Arabischer Schneckenklee, 


SPECIES VI-MEDICAGO MINIMA. Lam 
Prats CCCXL. 


Rootstock none. Leaflets narrowly wedge-shaped, truncate or 
obcordate. Stipules half-ovate, entire or with a few short teeth 
on the margins. Flowers few, in shortly-stalked, lax sub-umbel- 
late heads. Pods coiled into a spiral of 3 to 5 turns, globular, 
scarcely compressed, the coils becoming gradually smaller towards 
the apex, not reticulated, but with very indistinct veins on the 
faces; their back narrow, with a single nerve and a very broad 
lateral furrow on each side of it (¢.e. between the dorsal and extra- 
marginal nerves). Spines in 2 rows, slightly spreading, straight, 
most of them with a small hook at the summit. Seeds numerous, 
reniform, with a small tubercle at the hilum. Plant thickly 
covered with short stiff hairs. 

In dry sandy places. Rare. Confined to the South-east of 
England, where it certainly occurs in Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk, 
Essex, and Cambridge. It has been reported from other counties, 
but probably erroneously. 


England. Annual or biennial. Spring and Summer. 


A small plant, with numerous rigid prostrate stems, 2 inches 
to 1 foot long. Leaflets rarely above + inch long, very narrow. 
Flowering peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2- to 5-flowered. 
Flowers yellow as in the preceding species, but smaller, about } inch 
long. Pods } to } inch in diameter, resembling small burrs with 
the spines generally longer in proportion than in the preceding 
species; extra-marginal nerve very remote from the dorsal nerve, 
having a broad shallow furrow interrupted by the bases of the 
spines. Plant greyish-green, with the stems stouter in proportion, 
and with shorter internodes than in M. maculata. Pods much 
smaller, about the size of a sweet-pea seed. 


Little Bur Medich. 


French, Zuserne Naine. German, Kleinster Schneckenklee, 


LEGUMINIFER2. 29 


GENUS VII—MELILOTUS. Tournef. 


Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; teeth elongated, sub-equal, or the 
upper one shorter. Corolla deciduous. Standard scarcely spreading, 
equal to or longer than the wings and keel; wings not cohering 
at the apex, adhering to the keel above the claw. Keel obtuse ; 
stamens diadelphous, not adhering to the petals; filaments not 
dilated towards the apex. Style filiform, glabrous; stigma terminal. 
Pod stipitate, exserted, ovoid or oblong, straight, 1- to 4-seeded, 
indehiscent. 

Herbs (generally biennial) with the leaves pinnately trifoliate ; 
the leaflets usually finely and acutely toothed; the stipules adnate 
to the petioles; flowers yellow, more rarely white, in slender 
elongated stalked racemes. 


The name of this genus comes from the words mel, honey, and lotus ; meaning 
honey-lotus. The plants are a favourite resort of bees. 


SPECIES I—MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS. Willd. 
Prate CCCXLI. 

Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 100. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 162. Wallroth, 
Sched. Crit. p. 390. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 48. 

M. macrorrhiza, Pers. Syn. Plant. Vol. II. p. 348. Koch, Syn. FL Germ. et Helv 
ed. ii. p. 182. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 402. 

Trifolium officinale, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1340. 

T’. Melilotus officinalis, var. y, Zinn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii. p. 1078. 

T. macrorrhizum, Waddst. und Kit. Pl. Rar. Hung. Tab. XXVI. 


Root much thickened, and elongate. Stem erect, branched 
throughout. Racemes elongated, dense both in flower and in fruit. 
Corolla more than twice as long as the calyx ; standard, wings, and 
keel, all equal in length. Pod obovate-ovoid, shortly stipitate, 
shortly acuminate and apiculate at the apex, faintly reticulated 
with indistinct raised veins, and with short adpressed hairs on the 
sides. 

In bushy places, borders of fields, and by roadsides. Rather rare, 
but pretty generally distributed in the southern part of the Island, 
especially near the coast; rare in Scotland, and probably introduced 
in most of the localities: it has the appearance, however, of being 
wild in Haddingtonshire. 

England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or perennial. Late 
Summer and Autumn. 


30 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Root tapering, frequently of the thickness of a man’s finger. 
Stem very firm, almost woody at the base, 1 to 4 feet high. 
Leaflets $ to 1 inch long, those of the lower leaves obovate, those 
of the upper elliptical, ‘all. serrate. Stipules triangular-subulate, 
with the base adhering to the leafstalk. Racemes axillary, stalked, 
# to 2 inches long when in flower, 14 to 3 inches long (excluding the 
stalk) when in fruit. Flowers deep. yellow, 4 inch long. Calyx- 
teeth nearly equal, triangular-subulate, as long as the tube, which is 
not ruptured by the mature fruit. Pedicels about as long as the 
calyx-tube when in flower, and incu slightly curved, but hooked 
downwards when in fruit. Pod 4 inch long, black when ripe, 
with an indistinct network of elevated veins, ad numerous short 
adpressed deciduous hairs. Seeds 1 or 2, yellowish, cordate-ovate, 
with the base unequal, compressed. Plant bright-green, glabrous, 
or nearly so. 

Common Welilot. 


French, J/élilot Oficinal. German, Gebrauchlicher Steinklee. 


At one time this plant was cultivated in England for fodder, but it is now seldom 
seen, having, like the Medick, given place to the clover. In Switzerland and the 
neighbouring countries it abounds in the pastures, and is an ingredient in the green 
Swiss cheese called Schabzeiger, which is made in the canton of Glarus, and is by many 
persons highly esteemed. It is stated in many books that this plant enters into the 
composition of the Gruyére cheese, which is altogether erroneous. The Schabzeiger cheese 
is made by the curd being pressed in boxes with holes to let the whey run out ; and 
when a considerable quantity has been collected, and putrefaction begins, it is worked 
into a paste with a large proportion of the dried herb Melilotus reduced to a powder. 
The herb is called in the country dialect “Zieger kraut,” curd herb. The paste thus 
produced is pressed into moulds of the shape of a common flowerpot, and the putrefac- 
tion being stopped by the aromatic herb, it dries into a solid mass, and keeps unchanged 
for any length of time. When used it is rasped or grated, and the powder mixed with 
fresh butter is spread upon bread. It is either much relished or much disliked, like all 
such substances with a singular taste and smell. The whole plant has a peculiar scent, 
which becomes more perceptible when it is dry, and has some resemblance to Anthox- 
anthum, the sweet-smelling vernal grass. The flowers are sweet-scented, and a water 
distilled from them is used for giving flavour to various substances. In medicine this 
herb has had its day. It was at one time esteemed emollient and digestive. It is 
recommended by Gerarde in all manner of disorders—for a poultice, the juice to be 
dropped into the eyes to “clear the sight ;” alone with water to heal wens and ulcers, 
and also mixed with a little wine it “mitigatheth the paine of the eares and taketh 
away the paine of the head.” That the Melilot was at one time a very common 
crop in England we have Gerarde’s testimony, for he says, “for certainty no part of 
the world doth enjoy so great plenty thereof as England, and especially Essex, for I have 
seen between Sudbury in Suffolke and Clare in Essex, and from Clare to Hessingham, 
very many acres of earable pasture overgrowne with the same ; in so much that it doth 
not onely spoil their laud, but the corn also, as Cockle or Darnel, and is a weed that 
geuerally spreadeth over that corner of the shire.” 


LEGUMINIFER®. ol 


SPECIES IL—MELILOTUS ALBA. Lam. 
Prate CCCXLII. 


Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 100. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 163. 

Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 48. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 183. Gr. & Godr. 
Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 402. 

M. vulgaris, “ Willd.” Wallroth, Sched. Crit. p. 393. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vy. 
p. 76. 

M. leucantha, Koch, ap. D.C. Fl. Fr. Vol. V. p. 564. Hook. in Eng. Bot. Sup. 

_ No. 2689. 
Trifolium Melilotus officinalis, var. 3, Zinn. Sp. Plant. ed. ii. p. 1078. 


Root slightly thickened and elongated. Stem erect, branched 
throughout. Racemes much elongated, rather lax, especially in 
fruit. Corolla twice the length of the calyx. Standard longer 
than the wings and keel, which are equal. Pod ovoid, slightly nar- 
rowed at the base, shortly apiculate and acuminate at the apex, 
distinctly reticulated with prominent raised veins on the sides, 
which are quite glabrous. 

In waste places, particularly on railway-banks. Not un- 
common, but apparently not permanently established in any of its 
localities. 


[England, Scotland, Ireland.] Biennial. Late Summer and 
Autumn. 


This plant differs from M. officinalis by its more slender root and 
stem, which, however, attains as great a height; by its more slender 
and lax racemes, smaller flowers, which are about + inch long, 
and white. The pods are also smaller, } inch long, less distinctly 
stipitate, and less enlarged towards the apex, with a much more 
distinct network of veins on the faces, and destitute of the 
adpressed hairs which more or less thickly clothe those of M. 
officinalis. 

The standard exceeding the corolla and wings, which are of 
equal length, will sufficiently distinguish the flower even in a dried 
state. 

As Willdenow describes his M. vulgaris as having the wings 
longer than the keel, though shorter than the standard, it is most 
probable that his plant belongs to a white variety of the following 
species, 

White Melilot. 


French, Mélilot Blanc. German, Weisser Steinklee. 


32 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


SPECIES III—MELILOTUS ARVENSIS. Wallroth. 
Prats CCCXLITI. 


Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 76. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 163. Hook. & Arn. 
Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 100. 

Wallroth, Sched. Crit. p. 591. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 48. 

M. officinalis, “ Zam.” Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Hely. ed. ii. p. 183. Gr. & Godr. 
Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 402. 

M. Petitpierreana, “ Willdenow.” Reich. Fl. Excurs. p. 498. 


Root slightly thickened and elongate. Stem erect, branched, 
especially near the base. Racemes elongated, rather dense in 
flower, but lax in fruit. Corolla twice the length of the calyx. 
Standard longer than the wings, which exceed the keel in length. 
Pod shortly stipitate, shortly oval-ovoid, scarcely acuminated but 
apiculate at the apex, with very conspicuous transverse folds, 
which are at length replaced by seams on the faces, which are quite 
glabrous. 

Jn waste places and roadsides. Rare, and probably native only 
in Essex, Herts, Cambridge, Norfolk, and Suffolk. In Kent and 
South Essex I have seen it growing plentifully in grass fields, 
doubtless introduced with continental seed, and I have specimens 
which grew under similar circumstances, from Yorkshire and 
Lancashire. In Scotland, found only on the ballast hills at St. 
David’s, Fifeshire. 


England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Biennial. Late Summer and 
Autumn. 


Closely resembling the two preceding, but not so tall, being 
from 1 to 3 feet high, most branched towards the base. Flowers 
about the size of M. alba, generally pale yellow, but some- 
times white, when it appears to be the M. Petitpierreana of 
Willdenow. Fruiting racemes more elongated than those: of 
M. officinalis, but less so than those of M. alba. Pod } inch 
long, not black when ripe as in the two preceding, but brownish- 
olive, rounder and less acuminate at the apex than in either; when 
young it is marked with strongly-defined transverse wrinkles or 
folds, but when mature, the folds disappear, and in their places, or 
rather by the side of where they were, seams or furrows are to be 
found. In dried specimens in flower, the keel, standard, and 
wings being each a little longer than the other serves to distinguish 
this from the two preceding species. 


Field Melilot. 
French, Afélilot de Petitpierre. German, Gebrauchlicher Steinklee. 


LEGUMINIFERS. 33 


SPECIES IV.—MELILOTUS PARVIFLORA. Dae 
Prats CCCXLIV. 
Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p, 100. 
Desfontaines, Fl. Atlantica, Vol. IT. p. 192. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii, 
p. 183. Gr. & Godr. Fi. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 401. 
M. indica, All. Fl. Pied. Vol. I. p. 308. Coss, & Germ. Fl. de Par. ed. ii. p. 159. 
Trifolium Melilotus indica, Zinn. (?) Sp. Plant. ed. ii. p. 1077. 


— Root slender, not elongate. Stem erect, flexuous, branched. 
Racemes elongated, rather lax in fruit. Corolla not twice the length 
of the calyx; standard longer than the wings and keel, which 
are equal. Pod sessile, globular-ovoid, rounded and apiculate at 
the apex, reticulated with strongly-marked elevated veins on the 
sides, which are quite glabrous; upper suture not thickened or 
channelled. 

In waste places and by roadsides, and in cultivated fields. A 
plant which has been introduced in this country within the last 
few years, but is now not uncommon about Battersea and Wands- 
worth. It has also occurred near Liverpool, and it is highly 
probable that it will extend its area in course of time, as it appears 
to thrive in the localities where it is at present established. 


[England.] Annual. Summer and Autumn. 


A much smaller plant than any of the preceding, from 6 to 15 
inches high, with the stems slender and flexuous. The flowers 
much smaller, pale yellow, with the calyx-teeth shorter and trian- 
gular, not subulate. The pods are much rounder, olive when ripe, 
about 4 inch long, reticulated like those of M. alba, but with the 
veins more distinct. The seed is always solitary, brownish, 
roughened with small prominent points. The plant also appears 
to be truly annual, which is rarely the case with any of the pre- 
ceding, although they may occasionally be so. 


Small-flowered Melilot. 
French, Mélilot & Petites Flewrs. German, Kleinblumiger Steinklea. 


GENUS VII—TRIGONELLA. Linn. 


Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; teeth elongated, sub-equal, or 
the upper ones longer. Corolla deciduous ; standard equal to or 
longer than the wings and keel; wings not cohering at the apex; 
keel usually extremely short, obtuse, generally shorter than the 
wings. Stamens diadelphous, not adhering to the petals; fila- 

VoL. Lif. F 


34 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


ments not dilated towards the apex. Style filiform, glabrous. 
Stigma obtuse. Pod exserted, linear, usually compressed, slightly 
curved, or nearly straight, many-seeded. 

Herbs, often annual, with the leaves trifoliate, the - leaflets 
often toothed. Stipules adnate, small. Flowers yellow or white, 
axillary and subsolitary or in pairs, or in stalked heads or short 
racemes. 


The generic name comes from the Greek words zpeic, three, and ywra, an angle, 
in allusion to the triangular appearance of the flower. 


SPECIES I—TRIGONELLA ORNITHOPODIOIDES. D.C. 
Pratt CCCXLV. 
Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 101. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 163. 
Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 398. 
Trifolium ornithopodioides, Zinn. Eng. Bot. No. 1047. Bab. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 79. 
Trifolium Melilotus ornithopodioides, Zinn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii. p. 1078. 
Medicago ornithopodioides, Fries, Mant. IIT. p. 93. 
Falcatula Falso-trifolium, Brotero, Phyt. p. 160. 
Aporanthus Trifoliastrum, Llomfield, Fl. Vect. p. 117. 


Stems prostrate. Leaflets wedgeshaped-obovate, strongly toothed. 
Stipules lanceolate - subulate, entire. Flowers few (1 to 5), ina 
shortly-stalked umbellate head. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, longer 
than the tube. Corolla one-third longer than the calyx; standard 
longer than the wings and keel; the latter nearly as long as the 
wings. Pod oblong, obtuse, slightly compressed, nearly straight, 
about twice as long as the calyx, without nerves on the faces. 
Seeds 6 to 8. 

On gravelly or sandy banks and commons. Rare, but widely 
distributed, though chiefly near the coast. I have seen specimens 
only from Somerset, Hants, Kent, Essex, Ayr, and Edinburgh. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or biennial. Spring 
and Summer. 


Stems spreading in all directions, lying flat on the ground, 1 to 
5 inches long. Leaves on long stalks, with 3 digitately trifoliate 
leaflets } to inch long, with very prominent veins terminating 
in sharp teeth. Stipules large, acuminated, membranous, with 
a few parallel herbaceous ribs. Peduncles axillary, shorter than 
the petioles, generally 2- or 3-flowered. ,Calyx-teeth triangular- 
subulate. Flowers very slender, 3 inch long, white tinged with 
flesh-colour. Standard tapering gradually to the base; wings and 
keel suddenly narrowed into long slender claws. Pod } to } 


LEGUMINIFER®. 35 


inch long, brown when ripe, straight on the upper suture, gently 
curved on the lower, truncate-rounded at the apex, with an apiculus 
at the extremity of the upper suture, dehiscing for the greater part 
of its length. Seeds smooth, ovoid-compressed, reddish-brown, or 
pale olive with dark elongated blotches. Plant greyish-green, 
glabrous, with sometimes a few hairs on the calyces. 

This plant bears no resemblance to any British species, except 
Trifolium subterraneum, but it may be readily distinguished from 
that plant by being smaller, glabrous, with the petals free, inclining 
to flesh-colour instead of straw-colour; by the absence of barren 
calyces when in fruit, and by the long, exserted, many-seeded pod. 

T. ornithopodioides accords ill with the other species of the genus 
Trigonella, which have the keel so minute that the flowers appear, 
on a cursory examination, to have only 3 petals; but it agrees still 
worse with the genus Trifolium, from which it is separated by its 
free petals, caducous corolla, and much exserted dehiscent many- 
seeded pod. From Medicago, in which Fries places it, by its less 
compressed and nearly straight pod, and the less compressed seeds 
not unequal at the hilum. Probably it ought to be placed ina 
genus by itself, as proposed by the late Dr. Bromfield. 


Birds’ Foot, Fenugreek. 
French, Z’rigonelle Pied @ Oiseau. 


This species is placed in the same genus as the Vrigonella Faenum grecum, the 
Common Fenugreek, which was formerly cultivated by the Romans, and is still employed 
in the agriculture of the South of Europe. The seeds have a medical reputation not as 
given internally, but as poultices, fomentations, and emollient applications. ‘An old 
remedy in the Pharmacopeia oleum e mucilaginibus contained these seeds, but they are 
now no longer used except by grooms and farriers in veterinary medicine. 


GENUS IX—TRIFOLIUM. inn. 


Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed; teeth elongate, gene- 
rally unequal. Corolla persistent and withering, sometimes 
retaining its form but becoming scarious after flowering; more 
rarely deciduous; petals usually united; standard scarcely spread- 
ing, equalling or exceeding the wings and keel; wings free at 
the apex, often diverging; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous, 
more or less adhering to the petals; filaments slightly thickened 
towards the apex. Style filiform, glabrous. Stigma terminal, 
capitate. Pod short, sessile and included in the tube of the calyx, 
or stipitate and slightly exserted, ovoid, not compressed, 1- to 4- 
seeded, often indehiscent. 

Herbs with the leaves digitately-trifoliate (rarely pinnately- 
trifoliate), the leaflets often toothed, and the stipules adnate. 


36 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Flowers whitish, rose-colour, purple, or yellow, in heads or compact 
spikes, which are axillary or terminal and generally many-flowered. 

The name of this genus at once expresses its peculiarity, coming from tres, the 
Latin word for three, and foliwm, a leaf; all the species having trifoliate or three- 
parted leaves. The Greeks call it rpipvdXov ; the French, tréfle ; and the English, trefoil 
or clover. 


Section I.—TRICOCEPHALUM. Koch. 


Heads axillary, with few fertile flowers, burying themselves 
in the earth after flowering. Corolla caducous. Calyx without a 
callous or hairy ring at the mouth of the throat; fructiferous 
calyces dilated by the pods, covered by the sterile calyces, which 
are produced after flowering, and reflexed over the fertile ones 
so as to look almost like an involucre situated at the apex of the 
head instead of at its base. Pod sessile, enclosed in the tube of the 
calyx, 1-seeded. 


SPECIES I—TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRANEUM. Linn. 
Piuate CCCXLVI. 


Annual, pubescent. Leaflets obcordate, nearly entire except 
at the apex. Stipules adnate for half their length, ovate-acute. 
Flower-heads stalked. Fertile flowers 2 to 5. Calyx-teeth setaceous, 
as long as the tube. Corolla longer than the calyx. Upper flowers 
numerous, barren, produced after the fertile ones, reduced to abor- 
tive calyces, with the tube filiform, rigid, terminated by 5 points or 
teeth, reflexed over the fertile calyces around which they form a 
coma. Fructiferous calyx ovoid, ruptured by the pod, marcescent. 

Among short herbage on pastures in sandy and gravelly places, 
not unfrequent in the South of England, extending as far North as 
Lancashire, Nottinghamshire, and Norfolk. 


England. Annual. Early Summer. 


Stems numerous, simple or slightly branched, prostrate, 2 to 18 
inches long. Leaves on long petioles, digitately trifoliate; leaflets 
4 to ? inch long, inversely deltoid, obcordate, finely denticulated 
at the apical margin. Stipules very large, half-ovate, acute, ad- 
nate to the petiole for half their length. Peduncles varying in 
length from 1 to 3 or 4 inches, hooked at the apex in fruit. 
Fertile flowers generally 2 or 3, subsessile, + inch long, white 
tinged with cream-colour, at first erect, afterwards spreading. 
Flowering calyx with a cylindrical tube and 5 subulate-filiform 


LEGUMINIFERZ. 37 


teeth: fruiting calyces reflexed, with a membranous ovoid tube 
and curved teeth; barren calyces produced above the fertile flowers, 
after the corolla has fallen, at first appearing like a tuft of white 
fleshy tapering fibres, which press back the fertile calyces against 
the peduncle—afterwards, 5 points or teeth shoot out from the apex 
of the fleshy fibres, representing the calyx-teeth. Petals very long 
and narrow, cohering so as to form a tube; standard very slightly 
spreading, streaked with purple lines; wings shorter than the 
standard, but longer than the keel. Pods globular, compressed, 
with a single dark brown shining seed. Plant pale bright-green, 
very hairy. 

This plant is remarkable for the pods being generally matured 
beneath the ground. At first both the peduncles and flowers are 
erect, i.e. parallel to the prostrate stems; but after flowering, the 
peduncle bends at the extremity, so that its apex is directed ver- 
tically downwards. At this time the growth of the barren calyces 
presses back the spreading fertile ones, until these are so much 
reflexed as to be parallel to the peduncle in a direction contrary to 
their original one, with their mouths directed away from its apex, 
and consequently towards the sky: preserving this direction, they 
bury themselves in the earth, and become rooted beneath the surface 
by the filaments issuing from the apex of the head, while the reflexed 
barren calyces protect the pods in their passage downwards. 


Subterranean Trefoil. 
French, Jréfle Souterrain. 


Section I1.—LAGOPUS. Koch. 


Heads of flowers sub-globose, oblong, or cylindrical. Flowers 
numerous, sessile or sub-sessile. Pedicels without bracts at the 
base. Calyx not becoming vesicular in fruit, with a more or less 
conspicuous callous ring in the throat, or a circle of hairs; calyx- 
teeth generally ciliated, equal, or the lower one largest. Corolla 
purple, rose, white, or ochreous, persistent, marcescent, usually 
shrivelling. Pod sessile within the calyx, 1-seeded. 


SPECIES IL—TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE. Zin. 
Pirate CCCXLVII. 


Rootstock branched, producing tufts of leaves, and straight, 
erect or somewhat decumbent, slightly branched or simple stems. 
Leaves distant, with oval or elliptical leaflets, only those of the lower 
leaves notched at the apex, finely denticulate on the margins, or 
nearly entire. Stipules membranous, with numerous nerves which 
anastomose near the margin, adnate for two-thirds their length, with 


38 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


the free portion short, triangular, acuminated into an elongated 
setaceous point applied to the petiole ; uppermost leaves opposite, 
close to the head of flowers, with greatly dilated stipules. Flower- 
heads sessile, terminating the stem and branches, at first sub- 
globular, at length ovoid. Calyx-tube 10-nerved, hairy exteriorly, 
and hairy and with a slight callous ring at the throat; teeth very 
slender, subulate-setaceous, with a slender central nerve, the 4 
upper ones about equal to the calyx-tube, the lower one exceeding 
it by one-half, undergoing very little alteration in fruit. Corolla 
generally longer than the calyx. Plant pubescent or sub-glabrous. 


Var. a, sativwn. 
T. sativum, Will. eich. Fl. Excurs. p. 494. 


Stem erect and robust, furrowed, hollow. Leaflets ovate-oval, 
nearly entire. Stipules very large. Calyx-teeth a little shorter 
than the tube, erect when in fruit. 


Var. 2, sylvestre. 
T. pratense, Reich. Fl. Excurs. p. 494. Boreaw, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. p. 156. 


Stem ascending, rather slender, striated, usually solid. 
Leaflets oval or elliptical-oval, usually denticulate. Stipules much 
smaller than in var. a. Calyx-teeth about equal to the tube, and 
spreading when in fruit. Corolla longer than the calyx-teeth. 


Var. y, parviflorum. 
Stem arched, ascending. Leaflets elliptical or oval-elliptical, 
finely denticulate. Calyx-teeth as long as the tube, and equalling 
or exceeding the corolla. 


Var. «, by the borders of fields; escaped from cultivation. Var. 
6, in pastures, roadsides, and waste places; very common, and 
generally distributed. Var. y, in dry places; I have seen speci- 
mens only from Forfarshire. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial or biennial. Spring 
to Autumn. 


Var. « (which is the cultivated red clover) has the stems 1 to 
2 feet high. Lower leaves on long footstalks; leaflets flaccid, 
1 to 2 inches long, those of the lower leaves frequently notched 
at the apex. Stipules of the lower leaves, 1 to 1} inch long, the 
upper ones much shorter and broader, whitish and sub-mem- 
branous, with numerous strongly-marked veins, which anasto- 
mose at the margins, adnate for the greater portion of their length, 


LEGUMINIFER. 39 


the free part very short, triangular, acuminated into a slender 
awn-like point, and marked with anastomosing veins. Flower- 
heads 1 to 1} inch in diameter, sometimes in pairs, sessile or very 
shortly stalked beyond the uppermost pair of leaves, which are of 
unequal size, with the stipules dilated so as to be as broad as long, 
and embracing the head of flowers. Calyx-tube with 10 distinct 
elevated nerves, sometimes glabrous ; teeth very slender, from a 
triangular base, not very unequal in length. Corolla 2 inch long, 
dull purplish-pink, or more rarely ochreous- white, turning brown 

as it fades; petals united into a tube at the base. Pod small, 
opening by an operculum. Seed ovoid, smooth. Plant more or 
less hairy. Leaflets frequently with a curved transverse white 
mark in the middle. 

Var. 8, which is the common wild state of the plant, is smaller 
in all its parts, the stems being rarely above a foot long, and less 
erect, sometimes indeed procumbent, and always more or less 
curved towards the base; the stipules, especially, are much smaller, 
being from } to ? inch long. The plant is generally more hairy, 
especially on the calyx ; and as the calyx- teeth spread more in 
fruit, the fruiting heads ook rougher. The flowers generally are 
of a deeper purple. 

Var. y has the flowers very much smaller than either in « or 8, 
and the projecting calyx-teeth give a bristly aspect to the heads, 
which does not belong to either of the others, 


Marl Grass, Honeysuckle Trefoil, Red Clover, Honeystatks. 
French, Tréfle des Prés. German, Roth Klee. 


The red Clover is perhaps the best known and commonest of our field crops, and 
is most important to the farmer as a fodder plant in this country. In its wild state it 
is perennial, but when grown artificially, it seldom lasts many years. It is usually 
sown, with corn, in the spring, and allowed to grow up after the crop is reaped ; pas- 
tured by sheep and cattle, and either cut for hay the following year or mowed several 
times like lucerne, and employed for soiling or feeding in the farmyard. Rye-grass is 
commonly sown with Clover, being considered to correct the heating properties of hay 
made from Clover alone. Clover succeeds best on a deep sandy, but rich soil, which is 
favourable to its long roots ; but it will grow on any soil, provided it be dry. Marl, 
lime, or chalk, is very congenial to Clover — containing much alkaline matter and 
lime ; it will not flourish on land that has been exhausted of these substances, and 
which, consequently, becomes, in agricultural phrase, “clover-sick.” Hence, it ought 
not to be grown without allowing some years to elapse between each crop. On good 
soils fitted for its production, Red Clover will yield upwards of three tons of hay per 
acre. Like most plants of the kind, it is very succulent, and requires careful drying 
before it is stacked. In some parts of Russia it is allowed to ferment in heaps before 
drying, and cattle are said to relish it in this condition, To obtain clover-hay in its 
most nutritive state, it is desirable to cut it before it is in full flower,—a rule which 
applies to all similar crops. The nutritive qualities of Red Clover, according to Sir 
Humphry Davy, are as follows :—In 1,000 parts he found 39 of soluble or nutritive 
matter, 31 of starch or mucilage, 3 of sugar, 2 of gluten, and 3 of insoluble matter 


40 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


or refuse. As a fodder plant, the Clover is very much esteemed by all farmers, and, 
according to Loudon, one acre is equal to three of ordinary pasture for feeding horses 
or black cattle, and the hay is reckoned more valuable by from 15 to 20 per cent. 
than the same weight yielded by the best meadow-land. 

In feeding cattle with green Clover, great care must be observed to prevent the 
swelling or hoving, which is very apt to take place when they are first put upon this 
tood, especially if it be wet with rain or dew ; and the more luxuriant the Clover the 
greater is this danger. After being accustomed to this rich food for a few days, during 
which it should be given sparingly, the danger is less; but it is never safe to allow 
milch-cows to eat large quantities of wet clover. The Red Clover appears to have 
been introduced into English agriculture first in the year 1645, by Sir Richard 
Weston, who had observed its large and successful cultivation in Belgium. It appears 
to have been grown on the Continent long before this time, the absence of the fine 
natural pastures which we possess having led the French and German agriculturists 
to encourage the growth of those plants which would form their best substitute. 
Owing to the moisture of our climate, it is somewhat difficult to obtain a supply of 
clover-seed, and much that we use is imported from Belgium and Holland. The seeds 
and dry flowers of the Red Clover, like those of the white species, have been occasionally 
used as a substitute for flour in bread-making, and those of all the native species might 
possibly be so employed. 


SPECIES I11.—TRIFOLIUM MEDIUM. Jina. 
Pirate CCCXLVIII. 


Rootstock with slender elongated branches. Stems ascending 
or decumbent, flexuous, mostly branched. Leaves distant; leaf- 
lets oblong-elliptical, generally apiculate and not emarginate at 
the apex, entire on the margins. Stipules herbaceous, with a few 
nerves which do not anastomose, adnate for half their length, 
the free portion elongated, linear-triangular, not applied to the 
petiole. Uppermost leaves generally opposite, a little way below 
the flower-head, with slightly dilated stipules. Flower-heads shortly 
stalked, sub-globular. Calyx-tube 10-nerved, nearly glabrous 
exteriorly, without a callous ring, but with a ring of hairs in the 
throat; teeth very slender, subulate-setaceous, with a slender 
central nerve, the 4 upper ones a little shorter than the calyx- 
tube, the lower one exceeding it by about one-third; becoming 
spreading, but undergoing very little alteration in size in fruit. 
Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Plant sub-glabrous, with the 
margins of the leaflets ciliated. 

In bushy places, by roadsides, rocks, and meadows. Common 
in the North of England and Lowlands of Scotland, but less so 
towards the two extremities of the island. — 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer 
and Autumn. 


- 


LEGUMINIFERA. 41 


Stem rather slender, zigzag, 9 inches to 3 feet high. Lower 
leaves on long stalks, petioles becoming shorter as they are placed 
higher on the stem; leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, rather rigid, with 
prominent veins, and an edging of soft hairs. Stipules # to 14 inch 
long, with the free portion one-half of their length or more, herba- 
ceous except along the line of junction with the petiole. Flower- 
heads terminal, more rarely axillary, in the latter case without a 
pair of leaves beneath ; solitary or in pairs, 1 to 14 inch in diameter, 
becoming a little elongated in fruit. Flowers ? inch long, purplish- 
rose. Pod splitting longitudinally, with an ovoid smooth seed. 
Plant bright-green, slightly glaucous, sparingly hairy. The leaflets 
glabrous when fully grown. 

A taller and more straggling plant than T. pratense, with larger 
Pe firmer leaflets, very different stipules, and deeper-coloured 
owers. 


Zigzag Trefoil, Cow Clover, Meadow Clover, Marl Grass. 
French, Tréfle intermédiaire. German, Mittlerer Klee. 


This species is sometimes cultivated in England as a fodder plant, but it is not 
generally a favourite, being less productive than the Red Clover and more difficult to 
extirpate when once grown. Its chief recommendations seem to be that it will resist 
drought and thrive on cold tenacious soils. Some writers, such as Sinclair, recommend 
it as preferable to any other species for permanent pasture on light dry soils. 


SPECIES IV.—TRIFOLIUM OCHROLEUCUM. Linn. 
Pirate CCCXLIX. 


Rootstock branched, producing tufts of leaves, and nearly 
straight ascending simple or very slightly branched stems. Leaves 
distant ; leaflets obovate, oval, or elliptical, those of the lower 
leaves notched at the apex; all finely denticulate on the margins, or 
almost entire. Stipules sub-herbaceous, with few veins which do 
not anastomose, adnate for about one-half their length, with 
the free portion lanceolate-acuminate. Uppermost leaves oppo- 
site, a little way below the flower-heads, with dilated stipules. 
Flower-heads shortly stalked, terminal, globose, at length ovoid. 
Calyx-tube 10-ribbed, with the throat nearly closed by 2 opposite 
callosities resembling lips; teeth rather slender, lanceolate-sub- 
ulate, with a thick central nerve; upper 4 shorter than the 
calyx-tube, the lower one three times as long as thé upper ones, 
becoming rigid and spreading, but scarcely enlarged in fruit. 
Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Plant pubescent. 

In pastures, fields, and thickets, on dry clayey or gravelly soils. 

VOL. Il. G 


42 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Very local ; probably confined to the counties of Essex, Cambridge, 
Herts, Suffolk, and Norfolk. 


England. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. — 


Rootstock many-headed, producing tufts of long-stalked leaves 
and flowering stems, which are 9 to 18 inches high, erect, with a 
slight curvature at the base. Leaflets } to 1 inch long, those of 
lower leaves obovate, obcordate, becoming more oval or elliptical 
and entire on the apex, as they are placed higher on the stem. 
Stipules with long slender triangular points. The uppermost of 
the alternate leaves remote from the pair of opposite ones: these 
latter are generally considerably smaller in size, very shortly 
stalked, and with the stipules broader. Flower-heads } to 13 inch 
above the involucre, ? to 14 inch in diameter. Flowers 3 inch 
long, ochreous. The calyx-teeth erect when in flower, but spreading - 
when in fruit, especially the lower one, which becomes reflexed. 
Pod longitudinally striate, opening by an operculum. Seed ovoid, 
smooth. Stem and petioles thickly clothed with spreading tawny 
hairs, the leaves with adpressed hairs. 

This plant has much the habit of T. pratense, but the stipules 
are more like those of T. medium. The pale-yellow flowers form a 
conspicuous distinction from the common states of- both these 
plants, but one on which implicit confidence cannot be placed, as T. 
pratense sometimes has flowers of that colour. The calyx-teeth 
are decidedly broader at the base, and tapering gradually in a 
triangular shape, and much more strongly nerved than in either 
of the two preceding species. 


Sulphur-coloured Trefoil. 
French, 7réfle Jaundtre. German, Blassgelber Klee. 
This species has been recommended to the experimental agriculturist as a sub- 


stitute for others in certain soils and situations ; but it has met with no favour, and is 
not often grown at all. 


SPECIES V—TRIFOLIUM MARITIMUM. JAuds. 
Pirate CCCL. 


Rootstock none. Stems several, ascending, branched. Leaflets _ 
oblanceolate, entire. Stipules herbaceous, with few nerves which 
do not anastomose, adnate for less than half their length, with 
the free portion elongated, linear-triangular. Uppermost leaves 
opposite, shortly stalked, a little below the flower-heads, with 
slightly dilated stipules. Flower-heads stalked, terminating 
the stem and branches, globose-ovoid, becoming ovate-ovoid in 
fruit. Calyx-tube 10-ribbed, sub-glabrous, the throat with lateral 
callosities nearly closmg its mouth; teeth rather shorter than 


LEGUMINIFERZ. 43 


the tube, triangular-subulate, the 4 upper nearly equal, shorter 
than the calyx-tube, the lower one longer than the tube; all 
increasing in size and becoming rigid, spreading and somewhat 
leaflike in fruit, 3-nerved, with the central nerve very thick. 
Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Plant pubescent. 

In grassy places by the sea and near brackish water, and in 
salt marshes. Rare, and confined to the South of England. I 
have seen it myself only in Kent and Essex, but have specimens 
from Gloucestershire. It is also reported, on good authority, from 
Somerset, Dorset, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Monmouth. 


England. Annual. Summer. 


Stems rather rigid, nearly straight, obliquely ascending, or in 
tall specimens decumbent, 6 to 18 inches long, repeatedly branched. 
Leaflets 3 to $ inch long, widening towards the apex. Stipules 4 
to ? inch long, the free portion being about half this length, not 
applied to the petiole. Heads 3 inch long, in fruit? inch. Flowers 
pale flesh-colour, 2 to 3 inch long. Calyx-tube becoming bell- 
shaped, cylindrical and coriaceous in fruit, with 10 strongly-marked 
ribs; teeth then becoming spreading, herbaceous, with rigid nerves 
which run out into almost spiny points. Pod 2-valved. Seeds 
ovoid, smooth. Plant dull-green, pubescent, with distant short 
hairs, or more rarely sub-glabrous. 


Teasel-headed Trefoil. 


French, Tréfle Maritime. 


SPECIES VI.—TRIFOLIUM STELLATUM. Lin. 
PuateE CCCLI. 


Rootstock none. Stems few, erect or ascending, simple. Leaflets 
wedge-shaped or inversely-deltoid-obovate, obcordate, denticulate 
at the apical margin. Stipules sub-membranous, with numerous 
herbaceous branching nerves which do not anastomose, adnate 
for half their length, with the free portion large, broadly-ovate, 
shortly-acuminate, often denticulate on the margins. Leaves all 
alternate. Flower-heads long-stalked, terminal, lax, sub-globose. 
Calyx-tube obconical, 10-ribbed, with long hairs, the throat having 
an elevated ring bearing long woolly hairs, which completely close 
its mouth; teeth much longer than the calyx, all nearly equal, 
subulate-filiform, erect in flower, triangular-subulate and spreading 
in fruit, 3-nerved, reticulated with long stiff hairs on the back. 
Corolla about as long as the calyx. Plant pubescent. 


4A, ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Perfectly naturalized on the ballast-heaps along Shoreham 
Harbour, where it has maintained its position since 1804. 


England. Annual. Spring and Summer. 


Stems 3 inches to 1 foot high, very slightly branched, and that 
only in the largest specimens. Leaves very distant, the upper ones 
on short stalks. Leaflets + to 4 inch long. Stipules 4 to 3 inch 
long. Heads ? inch across in flower, increasing to 14 inch in fruit. 
Flowers sub-sessile, 3 inch long, white, tinged with flesh-colour, but 
inconspicuous from the long silky-haired calyx-teeth, which equal 
them in length; the teeth themselves scarcely lengthen in fruit, but 
become much broader at the base, so as to assume an elongate- 
triangular form, and spread horizontally like the rays of a star; 
the mouth of the tube becomes completely closed with the white 
hairs growing at the throat. Pod small, 2-valved. Seed ovoid, 
compressed, smooth, shining. 

This has very little resemblance to any of the preceding species. 


Starry-headed Trefoil. 
French, 7réfle Htoilé. 


SPECIES VIL—TRIFOLIUM INCARNATUM. Lin. 
Puates CCCLII. CCCLIII. 


Rootstock none. Stems several (rarely solitary), erect or 
ascending, nearly simple. Leaflets inversely-deltoid-orbicular 
truncate or very faintly notched at the apex, finely denti- 
culate on the apical margin. Stipules sub-membranous, with 
numerous branching veins which do not anastomose, adnate for 
three-quarters their length, with the free portion rather short, 
oval, obtuse. Leaves all alternate. Flower-heads stalked, terminal, 
dense, ovoid or ovoid-cylindrical, slightly elongating in fruit. Calyx- 
tube oblong, 10-ribbed, hairy, the throat having an elevated ring 
bearing short hairs, which do not completely close its mouth; 
teeth subulate-aristate, longer than the tube, the four upper 
ones nearly equal, the lowest a little exceeding them, erect in 
flower, becoming broader at the base and spreading in fruit, with a 
very thick central nerve and long stiff hairs. Corolla about as long 
as the calyx. Plant pubescent. 


Sus-Srecies L—Trifolium eu-incarnatum,. 
Pirate CCCLIL. 


T. incarnatum, Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. p. 182 
T. incarnatum, var. a, duct. Plur. 


LEGUMINIFER2®. 4 


Hairs of the stem slightly spreading. Head of fruit elongated, 
oblong-cylindrical. Calyx-teeth subulate-aristate, hairy to the 
point of the awns. Corolla crimson-red. 

On the borders of fields and by roadsides where it has escaped 
from cultivation. Perfectly naturalized in Jersey, but scarcely 
so in Britain, although it frequently occurs both in England and 
Scotland. 

[England, Scotland.] Annual. Early Summer. 


Stems 6 to 18 inches high. Leaflets 3 to 1} inch long, nearly 
as broad as long. Stipules $ to # inch long, generally with the 
terminal portion herbaceous ; below this there is a purplish band, 
which, however, is terminal in the upper stipules, as these have no 
herbaceous point. Flower-heads spicate, 1 to 2 inches long, very 
dense. Flowers 3 inch long. Calyx-teeth rigid, and spreading 
like a star in fruit. Whole plant densely pubescent. 

The spicate heads of this clover distinguish it from all the other 
species included in the British Flora. 


Crimson Clover. 
French, Tréfle Incarnat. German, Inkarnat Klee. 


Of late years this species of Clover has been much grown in England, and has 
long been cultivated in southern Europe as a fodder plant. It can be sown in the 
early autumn as soon as the corn is off the land; the latter being simply harrowed so 
as to loosen the surface. It grows with great rapidity, and yields a good crop early in 
the spring, when other green fodder is scarce, and it may be removed in time to sow 
corn. Sometimes it is sown in February and March, and can then be fed off and 
ploughed in time for sowing the turnip-seed. This rapid growth renders it very 
valuable to the farmer under certain circumstances, when he requires to raise a good 
supply of fodder between the regular rotation crops. 

All cattle are fond of it when young and green ; but when in flower its stems 
become hard, and it is not well adapted for hay. Like other similar plants, it is often 
sown with Italian rye-grass. It ripens seed readily, but, when left for this purpose, 
exhausts the ground considerably. 


Sus-Srrecres? IL—Trifolium Molinerii. ald. 
Prate CCCLIIL. 
Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. p. 182. 
T. incarnatum, var. 3, Molinerii, Auct. Plur. 

Hairs of the stem adpressed. Head of fruit rather short, oblong. 
Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, aristate, the points of the awns 
generally glabrous. Corolla whitish, turning to pale rose. 

* Among short grass near the Lizard Point, Cornwall. First 
observed near Landewednack in 1838 by the Rev. W. 8. Hore and 
the Rev. C. A. Johns, and afterwards by the latter gentleman along 


4.6 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


the cliffs from Kynance to Cadgwith, a distance of six miles.”— 
(Borrer, in Eng. Bot. Sup.) 
England. Annual. Spring and early Summer. 

Extremely like T. eu-incarnatum, of which it may possibly be 
merely the wild form, though constantly differing in its pale flowers. 
Stem shorter, and stouter in proportion to its length, with the 
hairs more adpressed. Calyx-teeth rather broader, and their 
points mostly glabrous. Both forms remain constant in cultiva- 
tion, unlike the cultivated variety of 'T. pratense, which reverts in 
time to the ordinary wild state. 


Balbi’s Trefoil. 
French, Zréfle de Balbi. 


SPECIES VIIIL—TRIFOLIUM ARVENSE. Zinn. 
Pratt CCCLIV. 


Rootstock none. Stems several, ascending, branched. TLeaf- 
lets elliptical- or oblanceolate - strapshaped apiculate, entire or 
toothed in the upper portion. Stipules adnate for less than half 
their length, with the free part elongated, setaceous. Leaves 
all opposite. Flower-heads terminal and axillary, stalked, ovoid, 
ovoid-cylindrical, or sub-globose. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, faintly 
10-nerved, softly hairy, the throat having a slightly-elevated ring 
with long distant hairs which do not close its mouth; teeth 
setaceous, longer than the tube, nearly equal, plumose, erect, not 
altered in fruit. Corolla shorter than the calyx-teeth. Plant more 
or less hairy. 

On dry pastures, downs, and sandy places. Not uncommon, 
and generally distributed, except in the extreme North of Scotland. 

Stems numerous, 3 inches to 1 foot high, branched in the larger 
examples. Leaves numerous, very shortly stalked, the leaflets } to 
inch long. Stipules + to } inch long, the greater part free and 
very slender, with a few parallel veins. Flower-heads 4 to 1 inch 
long, very dense, shortly stalked, terminating all the branches. and 
a few of them on peduncles from the axils of the leaves, the ter- 
minal ones sometimes appearing to be in pairs, from the uppermost 
of the axillary ones being situated very near it. Flowers } inch 
long, white, turning to flesh-colour. Calyx-teeth very slender, 
erect, and with long soft hairs. Seeds sub-globose, smooth. Plant 
greyish-green, often tinged with red or purple. 

This species is easily distinguished by its soft plumose heads; 
the leaves also are sub-fasciculate, those from the axils of which a 
branch is not produced having 1 or more smaller leaves in its place. 


LEGUMINIFERA. 47 


It varies much in the quantity of pubescence, the number and direc- 
tion of the stems, the degree of denticulation in the leaflets, and the 
length of the hairs in the calyx, and has consequently been divided 
by Mons. Jordan into a number of species, several of which to 
me appear scarcely even deserving of the name of varieties; but 

. ) . . x = =) . . 
his T. gracile, T. rubellum, and possibly T. arenivagum, of which 
I have seen no British specimens, may be distinct as sub-species. 


Hare’s-foot Trefoil. 


French, 7refle des Champs. German, Acker Klee, 


SPECIES IX.—TRIFOLIUM BOCCONI. Swi. 
Pirate CCCLYV. 


Rootstock none. Stems several or solitary, erect or ascend- 
ing, generally simple. Leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, strongly 
denticulate in the upper half, and having the veins very promi- 
nent; the lateral veins straight. Stipules adnate for about half 
their length, with the free portion triangular-subulate ; the upper 
ones, which embrace the flower-heads, only slightly dilated. Flower- 
heads terminal and axillary, sessile, the terminal ones mostly in 
pairs, ovoid or sub-globose, at length cylindrical-ovoid. Calyx-tube 
oblong, strongly 10-nerved, slightly swollen in fruit, with an indis- 
tinct callous ring. Teeth triangular, spinescent, with a strong 
nerve; the four upper ones nearly equal, three-fourths the length 
of the tube; the lower one equalling it. Plant more or less hairy. 

On the tops of (turf?) walls and in dry places. Very rare. At 
Cadgwith and Landewednack near the Lizard, Cornwall. 


England. Annual. Summer. 


Stems in the British specimens which have passed through my 
hands only 1 inch high, but in Continental specimens sometimes 
6 or 8 inches long. Leaves shortly stalked, the leaflets + to } inch 
long, with the nerves very prominent beneath. Heads } to } inch 
long, densely flowered. Flowers + inch long, white tinged with 
pink. Corolla very slightly exceeding the calyx. Pod small, en- 
closed in the nearly unaltered calyx. Seed sub-globular, yellow, 
smooth. Plant rather rigid, dull-green, often with a reddish tinge. 

Of this species I have seen very few British specimens, and no 
living examples. It cannot be confounded with any of our species 
except the following. 

Boccone’s Trefoil. 


French, 7réjle de Boccone. 


48 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


SPECIES X—TRIFOLIUM STRIATUM. Linn 
Pirate CCCLVI. 


Rootstock none. Stems numerous, nearly straight, ascending 
or procumbent, simple or slightly branched. Leaflets obovate 
or oblanceolate, faintly denticulate at the apical margin, the 
lateral veins straight, not prominent. Stipules adnate for about 
half their length, with the free portion short, triangular, acumi- 
nated into a long cuspidate point; the upper ones, which embrace 
the flower-heads, much dilated. Heads terminal and axillary, 
sessile, the terminal ones frequently in pairs, ovate-ovoid, at length 
ovoid-oblong, widest at the base. Calyx-tube oblong, strongly 
10-ribbed, becoming swollen and ovoid in fruit, with an indistinct 
callous ring in the throat; teeth triangular-subulate, spinescent, 
with a strong nerve, the four upper ones nearly equal, about half 
the length of the calyx-tube, the lower one a little exceeding the 
others; all rigid and spreading in fruit. Flant more or less softly 
hairy. 

On dry pastures and in waste places. Rather common in Eng- 
land. In Scotland it is confined to the East coast, where it is found 
as far North as Kincardineshire. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer. 


Stems 3 to 18 inches long, generally numerous and spreading 
in a circle, often quite prostrate, but sometimes ascending or even 
sub-erect. Leaflets + to #inch long, rounded or truncate at the apex, 
with none of the veins prominent except the midrib. Flower-heads 
dense, } to 4 inch long, increasing to $ inch when in fruit, mostly 
terminating the stem and short lateral branches (but there are also 
some sessile in the axils of the leaves), those of the main stems 
mostly in pairs, the others solitary. Flowers } inch long, pale rose- 
colour. Calyx bulging, and becoming very strongly ribbed in fruit, 
densely clothed with soft hairs, the callous ring very indistinct, 
hairy, the hairs not closing the tube. Corolla a little longer than 
the calyx-teeth. Pod included. Seed ovoid, yellowish - brown. 
Stem, petioles, and leaflets with ascending or adpressed hairs. Plant 
dull-green. 

A larger and less rigid plant than the last, with the leaflets much 
less rigid and without prominent veins. The upper stipules are 
much dilated, membranous, with purplish veins; the calyx-tube 
much swollen in fruit, more strongly ribbed, and the teeth shorter 
and narrower. 

Soft-knotted Trefoil. 


French, Tréfle Strié. German, Gestreifter Klee. 


LEGUMINIFERS. 49 


SPECIES XI—TRIFOLIUM SCABRUM. Lin. 
Pirate CCCLVII. 


Rootstock none. Stems numerous, flexuous, prostrate or 
ascending, simple or slightly branched. Leaflets obovate or 
oblanceolate, finely-denticulate ; the veins very prominent, the 
lateral ones hooked downwards. Stipules adnate for rather less 
than half the length, with the free portion lanceolate-triangular, 
contracted into a short point; the upper ones, which embrace the 
flower-heads, only slightly dilated. Heads of flowers terminal and 
axillary, sessile, solitary, ovoid, widest near the middle. Calyx- 
tube oblong, scarcely swollen in fruit, 10-ribbed, with a conspicuous 
callous ring in the throat; teeth triangular, spinescent, with a very 
thick nerve; the two upper ones rather shorter than the tube, 
the lateral ones equalling it, the lower one exceeding it ; all erect 
in flower, curved outwards and lengthening until they all exceed 
the tube in fruit. Plant more or less pubescent. 

In dry gravelly and stony pastures and waste places. Not 
uncommon in England. In Scotland confined to the East side, 
reaching as far North as Kincardineshire. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer. 


Stems rather wiry, 3 to 9 inches long. Leaflets + to 3 inch 
long, very rigid from the thick veins which are curiously bent back 
close to the margin of the leaf. Stipules often tinged with purple. 
Heads rather few-flowered, } to 3 inch long, narrowed towards the 
base. Calyx with the tube purplish and the teeth green, the latter 
enlarging after flowering, spreading in fruit, and assuming the form 
of a bow with the convexity inwards ; the tube swelling very slightly 
but becoming strongly ribbed in fruit. Flowers about as long as 
the calyx-teeth, whitish. Pod very minute, enclosed in the leathery 
calyx-tube. Seed ovoid, yellowish-brown. Plant more or less thickly 
clothed with adpressed rather stiff hairs. 

A smaller and more wiry-stemmed plant than the preceding 
species, from which it may always be distinguished by the strong 
curved lateral veins of the leaflets. In fruit the two are very dis- 
similar, the calyx of the T. scabrum is much less swollen than that 
of T. striatum, with fewer and stiffer hairs and with much larger 
falcate green teeth, which have a very thick central nerve. 


Rough Rigid Trefoil. 
French, 7réfle Scabre, 


VOL, III. H 


50 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Section III.—TRIFOLIASTRUM. D.C. 


Flower-heads axillary and terminal, or all axillary, stalked or 
sessile, sub-globose or oblong. Flowers numerous, more or less 
distinctly stalked. Pedicels with bracts at the base. Calyx not 
becoming vesicular in fruit, without a callous or hairy ring in the 
throat ; teeth equal, or the upper ones longer. Corolla persistent, 
rarely deciduous, purple, rose, or white; standard often folded over 
the fruit, and retaining its form, but becoming scarious and striated. 
Pod sessile or slightly stipitate within the calyx, often exserted, 2- to 
*6-seeded. 


SPECIES XII—TRIFOLIUM GLOMERATUM. Lin. 
Puate CCCLVIII. 


Rootstock none. Stems numerous, slightly flexuous, prostrate 
or ascending, nearly simple or slightly branched, the central one 
elongate. Leaves rather shortly stalked; leaflets obovate, denti- 
culated, rounded at the apex ; veins very prominent, the lateral ones 
straight. Stipules adnate for less than half their length, with the 
free portion ovate, contracted into a long point; those which 
enclose the flower-heads dilated. Flower-heads axillary and ter- 
minal, sessile, solitary (or the terminal ones sometimes in pairs), 
not approximate, globular. Flowers sub-sessile. Calyx-tube oblong, 
10-ribbed, glabrous, open at the throat; teeth ovate-acuminate, sub- 
spinescent, auricled at the base and reticulated, with a moderately 
thick central nerve, all nearly equal, shorter than the calyx-tube, 
at length spreading-recurved. Corolla longer than the calyx-teeth. 
Pod 2-seeded, shorter than the calyx-tube. Plant glabrous. 

On dry, gravelly, and sandy commons, pastures, and waste 
ground. Rather rare. It has been reported from the counties of 
Devon, Dorset, Hants, Kent, Surrey, Middlesex, Suffolk, Norfolk, 
Leicester, Somerset, Denbigh, Carmarthen, and Glamorgan; but - 
the records of its occurrence in the West of England require to be 


confirmed. 
England. Annual. Early Summer. 


Stems slender, spreading in a circle, 2 to 12 inches long. Leaf- 
lets 3 to } inch long, shaped like a boy’s. kite, sharply toothed at 
the margins from the apex nearly to the base. Flower-heads rather 
distant, about 4 inch across, rather dense. Flowers sub-sessile, about 
1inch long, pale bluish-purple ; standard becoming scarious, stri- 


LEGUMINIFER. 51 


ated, and not shrivelling after flowering. Pod about as long as 
the calyx-tube. Seeds 2, often reduced to 1 by abortion. 

The smoothness of the plant, the globular heads, the shorter 
calyx-teeth enlarged immediately above the base, and the purplish 
flowers readily distinguish this plant from T. scabrum. 


Smooth Round-headed Trefoil. 
French, Tréjle Aggloméré. 


SPECIES XIII—TRIFOLIUM SUFFOCATUM. Lin. 
; Puate CCCLIX. 


Rootstock none. Stems numerous, prostrate, simple or slightly 
branched, the central one extremely short. Leaves on very long 
stalks ; leaflets wedgeshaped-obovate, truncate or emarginate 
at the apex, denticulated in the apical half; veins rather promi- 
nent, the lateral ones straight. Stipules adnate for about two- 
thirds of their length, ovate, abruptly acuminated; those which 
enclose the flower-heads enlarged. Flower-heads terminal and 
axillary, sessile, solitary, approximate, sometimes confluent, ovoid. 
Flowers sub-sessile. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, faintly 10-nerved, 
sub-glabrous, open at the throat; teeth lanceolate-acuminate, not 
spinescent, not auricled at the base, with a slender central nerve, 
all nearly equal, at length spreading-recurved as long as the calyx- 
tube. Corolla shorter than the calyx-teeth. Pod 2-seeded. Plant 
glabrous. 

On sandy and gravelly pastures and waste places. Rare. In 
the counties of Cornwall, Devon, Hants, Sussex, Kent, Suffolk, 
Norfolk; also in Wales. 


England. Annual. Early Summer. 


Stems prostrate, spreading in a circle, 1 to 7 inches long, often 
half-buried in the sand, the central one reduced to a sessile head of 
flowers. Leaves on stalks 1} to 2 inches long; leaflets } to 3 inch 
long. Stipules thin and membranous. Heads about { inch across, 
generally so crowded as to conceal the stem, which they clothe 
from the base to the summit. Flowers lax, sub-sessile, + inch 
long, whitish; standard becoming scarious and slightly striate, 
but retaining its form much less distinctly than in T. glomeratum. 
Calyx-tube and teeth much less rigid than in the four preceding 
species. Pod enclosed in the calyx, containing 2 seeds. 

This plant is easily distinguishable from all the British Trefoils 
by its dense masses of flower-heads, which sometimes appear to 
be in spikes, from the separate heads actually touching each 
other, although each one lies in the axil of a separate leaf. These 


U. QF iLL. LIB. 


52 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


leaves have extremely long petioles in proportion to the size of the 
leaflets. 
Dense-flowered Trefoil. 


French, Tréfle Etouffé. 


We have found this curious plant on the sandy sea-coast on our eastern shores, 
buried in sand so completely that even its seeds are perfected subterraneously and 
without light. On putting down a knife or a stick, the whole plant may be raised, and 
then its flowers and fruit come into view. 


SPECIES XIV—TRIFOLIUM STRICTUM. Waldst. & Kit. 
Prate CCCLX. 
T. levigatum, Desf. Fl. Atl. Vol. II. p. 195. Gr. & Godr. FI. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 416. 


Rootstock none. Stems few, erect or ascending, simple and 
straight, or slightly branched and flexuous. Lower leaves on 
rather long stalks, with obovate leaflets. rounded at the apex ; 
upper leaves shortly stalked, with elliptical-strapshaped sub-acute 
leaflets; all with the margins denticulate; veins prominent, the 
lateral ones straight. Stipules adnate for about half or two-thirds 
of their length, ovate, acute, with denticulate margins. Flower- 
heads terminal and axillary, on stalks exceeding their own length 
and about as long as the leaves from which they spring, solitary, 
ovoid-globular. Flowers sub-sessile, not reflexed in fruit. Calyx- 
tube bell-shaped, 10-ribbed, glabrous, open at the throat, swollen in 
fruit; teeth triangular, acuminate, sub-spinescent, the four upper 
about equal to the tube, the lower one exceeding it. At length 
spreading-recurved. Corolla a little longer than the calyx, shri- 
velling or deciduous. Pod 2-seeded, a little longer than the calyx- 
tube. Plant glabrous. 

On dry banks. Veryrare. It has only occurred at Llandewed- 
nach, on old Lizard Head, Cornwall. It has also been reported 
from Anglesea, by Dr. Dickenson, who found it “on a wild, un- 
cultivated heath, about three miles north of Aberffraw, Anglesea, 
nearly in the centre of the island, in abundance, covering a space 
of 50 yards square, and to all appearance undoubtedly indigenous.” 
—(Bot. Gazette, Vol. I. p. 28.) It also occurs in the Channel 


Islands. 
England. Annual. Early Summer. 


Stems 1 to 6 inches high in the Cornwall and Channel Islands 
specimens, but sometimes 1 foot high or even more in Continental 
ones. Leaflets of the upper leaves } to 1 inch long, much narrower 


LEGUMINIFER. 53 


than in the preceding species. Heads } to } inch long, on stalks 
from # to 1 inch in length, with a small white membranous frill- 
like involucre immediately below the flowers, not much. exceeding 
the width of the pedicel. Flowers } inch long, pale purplish rose- 
colour. Calyx very strongly ribbed, with slender almost subulate 
teeth; standard withering, not retaining its shape. Pod ovoid, 
swollen, protruding from the calyx-tube. Plant lively green, 
glabrous. 

The more or less upright stems and stalked heads of purplish 
flowers, with the pods protruding from the swollen ovoid calyces 
when ripe, at once distinguish this rare species. 

Upright Round-headed Trefoil. 


French, 7réfle Raide. 


SPECIES XV.—TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM. Linn. 
Pirate CCCLXI. 


Rootstock many-headed. Stems erect, or decumbent only at the 
base, not rooting at the nodes, branched. Lower leaves on long 
upper ones on short stalks; leaflets oval or obovate, rounded 
at the apex, finely denticulate at the margins. Stipules oblong, 
adnate for less than half their length, with the free portion nar- 
rowly triangular. Flower-heads all axillary, on stalks much ex- 
ceeding their own length and longer than the leaves from which 
they spring, solitary, depressed-globular. Flowers on pedicels as 
long as or longer than the calyx, reflexed after flowering. Calyx- 
tube bell-shaped, bulging at the base on the upper side, faintly 
nerved; teeth nearly equal, subulate, about as long as the tube, 
unaltered in fruit. Corolla more than twice as long as the calyx, 
becoming scarious and striate when covering the pod. Pod 2- to 
4-seeded, longer than the calyx-teeth. Plant sub-glabrous. 


Var. a, genuina. 
T. hybridum, Hoch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 192. Gr. & Godr. Fi. de Fr. 
Vol. I. p. 420. 
Stems stout, hollow. Stipules few-nerved. Heads of flowers 
large. 
Var. 6, elegans. 
T. elegans, Savi. Koch (2), Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii p. 193. Gr. & Godr. Fl. 
de Fr. Vol. I. p. 420. 
Stem weak, decumbent at the base, solid. Stipules several- 
nerved. Leaves more sharply denticulate, and heads of flowers 
smaller than in var. «. 


54 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


In fields and by roadsides. Var. « perfectly naturalized near 
Saffron Walden, Essex; var. 6 in clover-fields about Moulsey, 
Chessington, and Claygate, in Surrey, but not permanent in these 
localities. Both are occasionally found throughout the country, 
either introduced with clover-seed, or the remains of a crop sown 
for fodder. 

[England.] Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 


Stem 9 inches to 2 feet high, branched, flexuous. Leaves of 
the radical tufts and base of the stem on petioles often 3 or 4 inches 
long. Leaflets $ to 1} inch long, with the lateral veins excurrent, 
forming more or less projecting teeth. Stipules herbaceous towards 
the apex, but white with green veins towards the base. Peduncles 
from the axils of the upper leaves, commonly 2 to 4 inches long. 
Flower-heads 3 to 1 inch across, becoming much flattened on the 
upper side by the bending down of the flowers after flowering, when 
the elongate arched pedicels become visible at the apex of the head. 
Flowers about 2 inch long, whitish, tinged with pale rose. Calyx 
somewhat membranous, whitish, with the teeth green, the upper 
teeth a little longer than the others. Corolla with the standard 
folded down over the fruit, retaining its shape but turning brown 
and membranous, striated. Pods ovoid, obtuse at the apex, com- 
pressed, not bossulated. Seeds flattened, and notched at the hilum. 
Plant bright-green, with the leaflets having often a white mark in 
the centre. Stems and peduncles with a few adpressed hairs, but 
otherwise the plant is glabrous. 

I fully concur in Mr. Baker’s remark in his “ Flora of North 
Yorkshire,” that T. hybridum and T. elegans cannot be specifically 
distinguished ; neither the British nor the German and Scandina- 
vian specimens which I have received under these names show any 
greater difference than that between the cultivated and wild forms 
of the Red Clover, yet Continental authors are so generally agreed 
as to the existence of two species, that I suspect there must be a 
“T. elegans,” of which no examples have come under my notice. 


Alsike Clover. 
French, 7ré/le Tybride. German, Bastard Klee. 


Sometimes cultivated in this country, but much less generally than the Red Clover. 


SPECIES XVL—TRIFOLIUM REPENS. Lin. 
Prate CCCLXII. 
Rootstock branched. Stems prostrate, rooting at the nodes, the 
extremities sometimes ascending. Leaves on long stalks; leaflets 
oval or obovate, rounded or slightly notched at the apex, sharply 


LEGUMINIFER2. 55 


denticulate at the margins, with rather prominent veins. Stipules 
adnate for about half their length, oblong, with the free portion 
lanceolate, abruptly acuminated into a short point. Flower-heads 
all axillary, on stalks much exceeding their own length and longer 
than the leaves from which they spring, solitary, depressed-globular, 
lax. External bracts forming an imperfect involucre shorter than 
the calyx. Flowers on pedicels which are equal to or rather 
shorter than the calyx, reflexed after flowering. Calyx-tube bell- 
shaped, bulging at the base on the upper side, rather faintly nerved ; 
teeth triangular-subulate, the upper ones equal to the calyx-tube, 
the others a little shorter, unaltered in fruit. Corolla more than 
twice as long as the calyx, becoming scarious and striate when 
covering the pod. Pod 3- to 6-seeded, longer than the calyx-teeth. 
Plant sub-glabrous. 

In meadows, pastures, and waste places. Very common and 
generally distributed. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring to Autumn. 


Rootstock passing gradually into the creeping stems, which 
vary from a few inches to 1 foot or more in length. Leaflets vary- 
ing much in size in different localities, being from 4 to 1 inch long. 
Peduncles rising more or less. vertically upwards, from 1} to 8 
inches long. Flower-heads = to 14 inch across, resembling those 
of T. hybridum. Flowers 3 to } inch long, white tinged with rose, 
but frequently without any rosy tinge. The standard after flowering 
becomes brown, and retains its shape as in the last species. The 
pod is rather narrower and bossulated or marked by the seeds. 
Seeds globular, compressed, notched at the hilum, generally 4 in 
number. Plant bright-green, glabrous. Leaflets commonly with a 
white mark. 

In a striking variety found by Mr. Townsend in the island of 
Tresco, Scilly, figured in the “Journal of Botany,” Vol. II. p. 1, 
the flowers are suffused with bright lilac-purple. 


White Clover, Dutch Clover. 


French, Tréfle Rampant. German, Weiss Klee. 


This pretty little plant is so familiar to us all, that it appears almost like a spon- 
taneous product of the soil, and so rapidly and constantly does it spring up, that 
Withering says, “On the soil of our moors in the North of England being turned up 
for the first time, and lime applied, White Clover appears in abundance, a circumstance 
in no way satisfactorily accounted for, but which is known to take place both in Britain 
and North America.” In such situations, doubtless, the seed may have lain dormant 
for a length of time, until stimulated into vegetation by the admission of moisture and 
heat. The plant is perennial, and bears its dense clusters of white blossoms all the 


56 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


summer. In rich soils it grows a foot or two in height, but varies greatly in luxuriance 
according to the situation, and is only an inch or less above the surface of the ground, 
becoming almost woven in with the thick short grass that forms the natural carpet of 
our downs and commons. Its chief value in cultivation is as a pasture plant ; and so 
quickly does it grow that Mr. Curtis affirms that a single seedling covered more than a 
square yard of ground in a single summer. It does not seem to be ascertained when 
White Clover or Trefoil first became cultivated in this country, but it appears to have 
been of late date, for it is not mentioned by Gerarde, Parkinson, or Ray as an agricul- 
tural plant in this country, nor by any of the writers of the 17th century. Gerarde, 
however, says that “there isa Trefoil of this kind which is sowne in fields of the low 
countries in Italy, and divers other places beyond the seas, that comes up ranker and 
higher than that which groweth in medows, and is an excellent food for cattell, both to 
fatten them and cause them to give good store of milk.” Sheep thrive well upon this 
little plant, and there are seldom any moors or meadows where it is not to be found. 
Even in the midst of London fogs and dark December weather we have discovered this 
little plant of the way-side, nestling under the shadow of a wall in a city garden, 
waiting for the warm days of spring to beam forth, invigorating its tiny leaves, and 
bringing forth its little white blossoms, which are then in unseen preparation. 

The common plants of a country are almost universally associated with its songs 
and legends. The Irish names for Z’rifolium repens are Shamrock, Shamrog, or Sea 
Muroge ; and some botanists claim for it priority as the national emblem of Ireland. 
Some contend for the Oxalis acetosella (wood sorrel) ; while others maintain that the 
white clover was the favoured plant of St. Patrick, who when he was preaching the 
Gospel in the earliest times to the benighted inhabitants of the Emerald Isle, chose to 
illustrate the great doctrine of the Trinity by the simple instance of a triune nature 
in this well-known and beautiful leaf. We incline, as we have expresed before when 
writing of the Oxalis, to believe that it was this plant, and not the White Clover, which 
was the original Trefoil of Ireland ; for our little plant does not arrive at perfection 
until considerably after St. Patrick’s Day. The national emblem and the spirit of the 
institution is, however, equally preserved in either plant, and we may take the term 
Shamrock as applicable to all trefoils or threeparted-leaved plants. The “ Irish 
Hudibras ” says— 

“Within a wood near to this place 
There grows a bunch of three-leaved grass, 
Called by the boglanders sham rogues, 
A present for the queen of shoges ” (spirits). 


Tn all ages a sort of mystic reverence has surrounded the notion of a Trinity, and 
this idea seems embodied by the imaginative and poetical Irish in the triple leaflet. 
Whenever this sacred leaf is found to depart from its usual form and to produce four 
leaflets, its mystic power is said to be greatly enhanced, and all sorts of spells are sup- 
posed to be worked with its enchantments. The old song— 


“T'll seek a four-leaved shamrock in all the fairy dells,” 


tells of the wonders to be accomplished by it when found. 

The White Clover forms a very interesting study in itself as the type of the family 
to which it belongs. No class of plants affords such evident and interesting examples 
of the law of morphology as do the Leguminose. In the White Clover we frequently 
meet with cases in which parts of the flower exhibit a tendency to return to their leafy 
origin ; the pod frequently changes into a small leaf, whilst the stamens, petals, and 


LEGUMINIFERA. 57 


sepals all exhibit the same tendency, the pedicels of the flowers at the same time 
elongating. We have seen many specimens where the whole head of flowers on a stalk 
of Clover has undergone this transformation, presenting the most singular appearance 
possible, with the green leaves looking as if quite out of their accustomed place, and 
consequently very odd and uncomfortable. In passing through a field of Clover, it is worth 
while to look for such monstrosities ; and they are by no means uncommon. We may 
mention some interesting observations and drawings made by Mrs. Godwin Austen on 
this subject, first exhibited at the meeting of the British Association in 1849, and 
afterwards published in Henfrey’s “ Botanical Gazette” for March, 1850. It wasa 
happy idea of the great German poet-botanist Goethe to reduce the previously received 
and complicated theory of plant-structure to the simple formula of leaf-formation. In 
this way everything presented itself to him under a different aspect ; what had been 
considered essential became accidental, and vice versd. In all the higher plants, foliage, 
flowers, and fruit were formerly regarded as essentially different parts. It was Goethe 
who first recognized in the flower and fruit the recurrence of the foliage, so that there 
is no essential difference between these three parts of a plant. In studying this subject 
somewhat carefully, it becomes evident that it is the Jeaf which in its Protean capability 
of transformation gradually assumes the form of fruit or flower. These are truly leaves— 
whorls of leaves differing in character and position from other leaves, although not in their 
essential nature. This great doctrine of unity of plan in creation was first demonstrated 
and successfully taught in relation to the vegetable kingdom, and has since been clearly 
worked out and adopted by the ablest comparative anatomists of this and other coun- 
tries as applied to higher organisms, and even to man himself. The susceptibility of 
the little Trifolium to the withdrawal of light, and its habit of closing its leaves 
somewhat on the approach of night, remind us of its family relationship to the group 
of sensitive plants. The observation of the older botanists led them to record this 
curious fact ; and Gerarde tells us that “ Pliny writeth and setteth it down for certaine 
that the leaves hereof do tremble and stand right up against the coming of a storme or 
tempest.” : 

While examining the tissue of the stems of this plant under the microscope, the 
abundance of spiral fibre suggested the thought that this very elastic and delicate 
material might possibly have something to do with the hitherto unexplained cause of 
the curious movements of the sensitive plants. 

Microscopic research in skilful hands will do much to clear up these unsolved 
questions. 


Section 1V.—FRAGIFERA. Koch. 


Heads of flowers all axillary, stalked or sessile, sub-globose. 
Flowers numerous, sub-sessile ; pedicels with bracts at the base. 
Calyx more or less distinctly 2-lipped, the upper portion enlarging 
and becoming vesicular or inflated, membranous and reticulated 
in fruit, without a callous or hairy ring at the throat; teeth equal, 
the uppermost pair at length exceeding the others. Corolla mar- 
cescent, purple, rose, or white ; standard shrivelling, not striated, 
sometimes deciduous. Pod sessile within the calyx, included, 1- or 
2-seeded. 


VOL. III. I 


58 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


SPECIES XVIL—TRIFOLIUM FRAGIFERUM. Lina 
Prate CCCLXIII. 


Rootstock branched. Stems prostrate, rooting at the nodes, the 
extremities sometimes ascending. Leaves on rather long stalks. 
Leaflets oval or obovate, rounded or slightly notched at the points, 
denticulated at the margins, with prominent veins. Stipules adnate 
for less than half their length, oblong, with the free portion tri- 
angular, gradually acuminated into a long subulate point. Flower- 
heads all axillary, on stalks much exceeding their own length, and 
longer than the leaves from which they spring, solitary, globular- 
depressed, at length spherical and very dense. External bracts 
lanceolate, acute, forming a distinct involucre about as long as the 
calyces. Flowers scarcely stalked, slightly refiexed after flowering. 
Calyx-tube in flower oblong, striate, downy above, with the teeth 
subulate-setaceous, nearly equal, and about as long as the tube; in 
fruit having the upper portion very much swollen and becoming 
convex, with the convexity greatest near the apex, reticulated, mem- 
branous, and carrying forward the two projecting upper teeth so 
that they much exceed the lower. Corolla not turned upside down, 
not twice as long as the calyx, shrivelling. Plant sub-glabrous. 

In moist meadows and by the sides of ditches, and on commons. 
Frequent and generally distributed in England; rare in Scotland, 
where it has only been observed in Haddingtonshire and Fifeshire. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer 
and Autumn. 


When in flower, this species is extremely like small specimens 
of T. repens, these two being the only British species which have 
rooting stems. In the present species the flower-heads are smaller, 
seldom 3} inch across, and have the bracts at the base forming a 
distinct involucre, by which the species may be easily recognized 
in this state. The flowers are also smaller, about 3 inch long, pale 
purplish-rose, with the calyx much longer in proportion, with longer 
teeth, and downy on the back. In fruit this plant cannot be mis- 
taken for any other; the fruiting-heads are $ inch across, with 
the calyces enormously enlarged in the portion which represents 
the 2 upper sepals, while that which corresponds with the 3 lower 
ones remains nearly unaltered; the upper part becomes 2 inch long, 
half pear-shaped, enlarging gradually from the base to near the 
apex, where it again rapidly contracts to the base of the upper 
teeth, which are thus carried out far beyond the lower ones: this 
upper portion is also strongly net-veined, and having usually a 


LEGUMINIFERZ. 59 


reddish tinge, has been supposed to bear some resemblance to a 
strawberry. The pod is small, completely enclosed in the calyx, 
ovoid, compressed, usually containing only one or two brownish 
seeds, which are ovate-ovoid, compressed, truncate or slightly 
notched at the hilum. Plant pale-green, glabrous, or with a few 
scattered hairs, but with the upper portion of the calyx always 
downy. 
Strawberry-headed Trefoil. 


French, 7réfle Fraisier. German, Lrdbeek Klee. 


SPECIES XVIII—TRIFOLIUM RESUPINATUM. Linn. 
Pirate CCCLXIV. 


Rootstock none. Stems procumbent or ascending, not rooting 
at the nodes. Leaves on short stalks; leaflets oblanceolate or 
obovate, rounded or truncate at the apex, sharply denticulate on 
the margins, with rather prominent veins. Stipules adnate for less 
than half their length, half-ovate, with the free portion lanceolate, 
gradually acuminated. Flower-heads all axillary, on stalks 
exceeding their own length, and at length exceeding the leaves 
from which they spring, solitary, globular-depressed, at length 
spherical and rather dense. External bracts truncate, forming a 
very small involucre, about one-tenth the length of the calyces. 
Flowers indistinctly stalked. Calyx-tube in flower oblong, striate, 
downy at the base of the upper teeth ; the 2 upper teeth setaceous, 
longer than the calyx-tube, the 3 lower ones subulate, about equal 
to it; in fruit having the upper portion very much enlarged, be- 
coming convex with a conical apex, reticulated, membranous, and 
carrying forward the 2 divaricate projecting teeth so that they 
much exceed the lower. Corolla more than twice as long as the 
calyx, twisted round within it, so that the standard becomes the 
lowest petal, shrivelling. Plant glabrous., 

By roadsides and in waste places. Appearing occasionally, 
but not native or permanent in its stations. It has been found 
abundantly in Lancashire, near Liverpool. I have myself seen it 
plentifully at Gipsy Hill, Norwood. 


[England.] Annual. Summer. 


Stems numerous, 6 inches to 2 feet long. Peduncles variable 
in length. Flower-heads 4 to 4 inch in diameter, becoming } to ¢ 
inch in fruit, when they have a general resemblance to those of 'T. 
fragiferum; but the inflated calyces are widest about or a little 
below the middle, so that the conical ends are separate from each 


60 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


other, and the heads look much less compact than those of the 
Strawberry Trefoil. The flowers are about + inch long, pale bluish- 
purple. Pod extremely short, globular, 2-seeded. 

The curious twist of the corolla, which brings the standard below 
the keel, at once distinguishes this plant when in flower from all the 
other British species, while by the reticulated and inflated calyces 
with their apices all separate from each other, it may be equally 
well known in fruit. 


Reversed-flowered Trefoil. 


French, 7réfle Renversé. 


Section V.—CHRONOSEMIUM. D.@. 


Flower-heads axillary and terminal or all axillary, sub-globose, 
becoming ovoid. Flowers sessile or shortly stalked. Pedicels with 
bracts at the base. Calyx not becoming vesicular in fruit, without 
a callous or hairy ring in the throat; the teeth equal, or the 2 
upper ones shorter, remaining unchanged in fruit. Corolla yellow; 
standard becoming enlarged and scarious, folded (at least at the 
base), and bent down at the tip over the fruit. Pod stalked within 
the calyx, exserted, 1-seeded, more rarely 2-seeded. Leaves fre- 
quently pinnately trifoliate. 


SPECIES XIX.—TRIFOLIUM PROCUMBENS. Linn. 
Puate CCCLXYV. 

Bab. Man, Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 80. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 194. Fries 
Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 48. Zowe, Man. Fl. Mad. p. 150. 

T. agrarium, Huds. Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 169. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. 
ed. viii. p. 105. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 423 (non Linn. Herb. !). 
Rootstock none. Stems several, slender, wiry, erect or ascend- 

ing, or procumbent, branched. Leaves shortly stalked, pinnately 

trifoliate; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, usually truncate or 
emarginate at the apex, finely denticulate in the upper portion. 

Stipules adnate for about half their length, half-ovate, rounded at 

the base ; the free portion deltoid, triangular-acute, entire. Flower- 

heads axillary, on stalks exceeding their own length, and usually 

(but not always) longer than the leaves from which they spring, 

globular, at length ovoid or oblong, very dense, many-fiowered. 

Flowers on pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube, at length reflexed. 

Calyx-tube bell-shaped; upper teeth triangular, shorter than the 

tube, the 3 lower ones lanceolate and exceeding it, unaltered in 

fruit. Corolla longer than the calyx; standard broadly obovate, 


LEGUMINIFER. 6] 


much enlarged and deeply ribbed in fruit, considerably longer than 
the wings and keel, not folded longitudinally except at the base, 
not keeled on the back, arched or bent down at the apex over the 
pod. Pod much narrower and much shorter than the standard. 
Style not half the length of the pod. 

In fields, pastures, roadsides, and waste places. Very common, 
and generally distributed. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring to 
Autumn. 


Stems numerous, rarely solitary, the central one erect, the 
lateral ones and the branches more or less decumbent or even pro- 
cumbent, 3 to 15 inches long. Leaves on short stalks; leaflets 
4, to 3 inch long, the central one inserted higher up on the common 
petiole than the lateral ones, an arrangement which rarely occurs 
in this genus. Peduncles } to 1} inch long. Heads 2 inch across 
in flower, but sometimes nearly 4 inch when in fruit. Flowers 20 
to 40 in each head, } inch long, lemon-yellow, reflexed and 
yellowish-brown after flowering, the lowest ones almost: sessile, 
the upper ones shortly pedicellate ; standard becoming about 
+ inch long, not folded together as in most of its allies, spoon- 
shaped, very much broader than the pod. Pod elliptical-ovoid, the 
style about one-quarter the length of the pod, hooked. Seed oval- 
ovoid, yellowish, shining. Brotero, as quoted by the Rev. Mr. 
Lowe, says the seeds are mostly 2, but I have not found more than 
1 in the British specimens I have examined. Plant rather dull- 
green, the leaves somewhat firm, glabrous or sub-glabrous. Stems, 
stipules, and peduncles generally more or less thickly clothed with 
adpressed curled hairs. 

This species is named T. procumbens in the Linnzean Herbarium. 
The plant there named T. agrarium is the plant so called in Koch’s 
Synopsis.* 

Hop Trefoil. 


French, 7réfle Couché. German, Neiderliegender Klee. 


This is a common plant in dry fields and by the wayside, and is sometimes sown 
for fodder, either by itself or more usually with white clover. It varies much in luxu- 
riance of growth, being rarely more than a few inches high in the wild state ; but when 
cultivated it often equals the Dutch clover in size. All cattle seem fond of it, and 
with the white clover it may be advantageously grown, but seldom yields a good crop 
by itself ; it will, however, flourish on very poor soils. 


* MM. Soyer-Willemet and Godron, in their “Revue des Tréfles de la Section 
Chronosemium,” contend that this is the T. agrarium of Linneus. It may be so of 
the “Species Plantarum,” but is certainly not of the Linnean Herbarium. It is the 
fashion with many botanists (especially those who have not the opportunity of con- 


62 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


SPECIES XX—TRIFOLIUM MINUS. Relhaz. 
PuateE CCCLXVI. 


Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 80. Zowe, Man. Fl. Mad. p. 152. 

T. procumbens, Huds. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 170. Hook. & Arn. Brit. 
Fl. ed. viii. p. 106. Gr. & Godr. Ti. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 423 (non Linn. 
Herb. !). 

T. filiforme, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 195. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. 
p. 48 (non Linn. Herb. !). 


Rootstock none. Stems several, slender, wiry, ascending or 
procumbent, branched. Leaves shortly stalked, generally pin- 
nately trifoliate ; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, generally truncate 
or notched at the apex, finely denticulate in the upper portion. 
Stipules adnate for less than half their length, half-ovate, rounded 
at the base, the free portion ovate-triangular, abruptly acuminated. 
Flower-heads axillary, on stalks which exceed their own length, 
and are usually longer than the leaves from which they spring, 
sub-globular, somewhat lax, many- or few-flowered. Flowers on 
pedicels which are nearly as long as the calyx-tube, at length 
reflexed. Calyx-tube bell-shaped; upper teeth triangular, shorter 
than the tube; lower teeth subulate, exceeding it ; all unaltered in 
fruit. Corolla longer than the calyx ; standard broadly oblanceolate, 
slightly enlarged and faintly ribbed in fruit, a little exceeding the 
wings and keel, folded together longitudinally over the pod, keeled 
on the back. Pod as broad as and not much shorter than the 
standard. Style not a quarter the length of the pod. 

In fields, pastures, waste places, and by roadsides. Very 


sulting the Herbarium) to undervalue it as the standard by which nomenclature is to 
be settled ; but when we consider that the species can be determined by observation 
from the Herbarium, and only by inference from imperfect data from the writings of 
an author, there surely ought to be no hesitation in preferring the sure to the uncer- 
tain. It must be kept in view that when an author has confounded species manifestly 
distinct, it is of no consequence what form retains the name he has given to the com- 
posite species, provided that uniformity of nomenclature be attained ; and this is much 
more likely to be arrived at by referring to a specimen than to a meagre and imperfect 
description, or references (possibly erroneously quoted) to other descriptions as meagre 
and imperfect, or to ill-executed plates. M. Soyer-Willemet goes the length of saying 
that he considers there is confusion in the Linnzan Herbarium ; by which I suppose he 
wishes it to be understood that the labels may have been crossed ; but if this be his 
meaning, he cannot be aware that the species are pasted to sheets of paper, and the 
name written on the sheet itself by Linnzeus’ own hand, 


LEGUMINIFER®. 63 


common, and generally distributed. Like the last species, it 
becomes rarer in the North of Scotland. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring to 
Autumn. 

This plant is not unlike T. procumbens, but generally smaller 
in all its parts; the leaves of a blue-green, and sometimes not so 
distinctly pinnately trifoliate; the flower-heads are also smaller, 
not having more than 20, and sometimes only 4 flowers. Flowers 
smaller, deeper yellow, changing to dark brown, not so closely 
packed, and appearing still less so from the sides of the standard 
being folded together. The pod shows slightly when full grown, 
and the style is ‘shorter. 

T. minus in the Linnzean Herbarium has no name on the sheet, 
but is pinned to the named sheet of T. procumbens, though 
whether by Linnzeus himself or not must of course be uncertain. 


Lesser Yellow Trefoil. 


SPECIES XXI—TRIFOLIUM FILIFORME. Zina. 
Prats CCCLXVII. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 80. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl.’ p. 170. Hook. & Arn. 


Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 106. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 422 
T. micranthum, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 195. 


Rootstock none. Stems several, procumbent or prostrate, 
branched. Leaves very shortly stalked, palmately trifoliate ; leaf- 
lets wedge-shaped, obovate or oblanceolate, truncate and denticulate 
at the apex. Stipules adnate for less than half their length, the 
free portion ovate, abruptly acuminated. Flower-heads axillary, 
on stalks which exceed their own length, and are usually longer 
than the leaves from which they spring, very lax, few-flowered. 
Flowers on pedicels which are longer than the calyx-tube, at length 
spreading or slightly reflexed. Calyx-tube bell-shaped; upper 
teeth triangular-subulate, shorter than the calyx-tube; lower teeth 
more slender, about equal to it; unalteredin fruit. Corolla longer 
than the calyx; standard narrowly oblanceolate, slightly enlarged, 
and very indistinctly ribbed in fruit, a little exceeding the wings 
and keel, folded together longitudinally over the pod, keeled on 
the back. Pod considerably broader than and about as long as the 
standard. Style one-sixth the length of the pod. 

On commons, dry pastures, and waste places. Rare, or generally 
overlooked. Specimens have been sent me from the counties of 
Cornwall, Hants, Kent, Surrey, Oxford, and Cardigan, also from 


64 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Dublin. I have never seen this species in Scotland, though I 
have often looked carefully for it. 


England, Scotland? Ireland. Annual. Spring to 
Autumn. 

Extremely like small slender forms of the last species, but with 
the leaves more shortly stalked, and the central leaflet not inserted 
higher on the common petiole than the lateral ones. The flower- 
heads are much more lax, 2- to 7-flowered; the flowers smaller, 
much more distinctly stalked, and more evidently racemose, less 


reflexed after flowering ; the standard much narrower, with its sides 


not reaching down to the middle of the pod, which is more obovate 
and with a shorter style. 
This is T. filiforme of the Linnzean Herbarium. 


Least Yellow Trefoil. 
French, Tréfle Filiforme. German, Fadenférmiger Klee. 


This little species of Trefoil abounds in dry pastures, especially on sandy or cal- 
careous soils, and often forms a considerable portion of the turf in those places. It is 
extremely nutritive, and must therefore be considered as a useful pasture plant, though 
too small to be worth cultivating separately. Like the hop trefoil, it is an annual. 
Cattle and sheep are so fond of it, that a specimen can scarcely be had in any pasture 
to which they have access. 


Suz-Trisz 1V.—EU-LOTEA. 


Stamens diadelphous, the upper one being free from the other 
nine. Pod with incomplete spurious transverse partitions between 
the seeds. Leaves trifoliate, with entire margins and no excurrent 
nerves. 


GENUS X—LOTUS. Linn. 


Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed; teeth narrow, elongate, nearly 
equal. Corolla deciduous; standard obovate-roundish, spreading, 
longer than the wings and keel; wings connivent and contiguous 
at the upper edges; keel with an acuminate beak directed towards 
the standard. Stamens diadelphous; filaments unequal, the alter- 
nate ones longer and dilated at the apex. Style attenuated 
towards the summit, simple, glabrous. Pod more or less exserted, 
cylindrical, with imperfect cellular partitions between the nume- 
rous seeds, opening by two valves, which afterwards generally twist 
spirally on their own axis. 

Herbs or under-shrubs, with trifoliate leaves ; leaflets with entire 


LEGUMINIFER. 65 


margins. Stipules free, resembling the leaflets ; peduncles axillary, 
with umbellate heads of few or numerous flowers, which are gene- 
rally yellow. The pods show an evident relation to the Coronillex. 
The name of this genus is variously derived. Some authors say it is of Egyptian 
origin, others that it is the Awroc of Theophrastus and Dioscorides ; the true Lotus 
is, however, the Zizyphus Lotos. In mythology, Lotos was a nymph turned into a tree 


to avoid the pursuit of Priapus, and it is most probable that the name was originally 
given to a tree of large size. 


SPECIES I—LOTUS CORNICULATUS. Linz. 
Prates CCCLXVIII. CCCLXIX. 


Rootstock short, czspitosely branched, emitting few or no 
stolons. Stems decumbent, simple or branched. Peduncles three 
to five times as long as the leaves. Heads 3- to 10-flowered. 
Calyx-teeth nearly equal, erect in the bud; the 2 uppermost trian- 
gular, converging, separated by a blunt sinus, the 3 lower trian- 
gular contracted into subulate, rather shorter than the tube. 
Corolla twice as long as the calyx or more; standard with the 
claw dilated and vaulted near the middle, rather abruptly widening 
into the lamina. Pod cylindrical, slightly depressed and not 
beaded when ripe. 


Sus-Sprrecres L—Lotus eu-corniculatus. 
Pirate CCCLXVIIL. 


L. corniculatus, och, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 197. ries, Sum. Veg. Scand. 

p. 47. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 432. 

L. corniculatus, vars. 6 and c, Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 171. 
L. corniculatus, vars. a and 3, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 106. 
L. corniculatus, vars. a, 3, and y, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. pp. 80, 81. 

Stems short, rather stout, nearly simple. Leaflets oblanceolate 
or obovate, rather obtuse. Stipules ovate or lanceolate. Wings 
oblong-obovate, nearly straight on the upper margin, curved on the 
lower margin of the lamina from the middle to the apex. 


Var. a, vulgaris. 
Nearly glabrous. Leaflets thin. 
Var. 2, crassifolius. 
Sub-glabrous. Leaflets thick and fleshy. 
Var. y, villosus. 


Stem, leaves, and calyces with numerous long spreading hairs, 
VOL. IIL. K 


66 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


In pastures, heaths, and waste places. Var. « very common, 
and generally distributed; var. @ near the sea; var. y reported 
from the Isle of Wight, Higham and Sandgate, Kent, and Bud- 
leigh Salterton, Devon, but of this I have seen no. British 
specimens. 

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 


Taproot very long. Rootstock producing a few subterranean 
stolons and dividing into numerous branches, nearly all of which 
spring from the same point. Stems very numerous, spreading in 
a circle so as to form roundish tufts, ascending from a curved 
prostrate base, 8 to 12 inches long. Leaves shortly stalked, pin- 
nately trifoliate ; leaflets + to } inch long, wedge-shaped at the base, 
rounded at the apex, entire. Stipules ovate, often acute, as large 
as the leaflets, sub-sessile. Peduncles axillary, 2 to 4 inches long. 
Flower-heads with a 3-foliate bract at the base. Flowers $ to 3 inch 
long, bright yellow, streaked and often tinged with crimson, especially 
when in bud, turning greenish in drying, on short pedicels, spreading 
in a lax umbellate head. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, 10-nerved at 
the base, but only those which form the midribs of the teeth extend- 
ing to the apex ; 2 upper teeth triangular, the rest subulate from 
a triangular base. Standard with an orbicular spreading-reflexed 
lamina; claw dilated and arched a little below its junction with 
the lamina; keel with a long acuminate beak directed towards the 
standard. Pods spreading horizontally, $ to 1} inch long, brown 
when ripe, faintly channelled along the upper suture, keeled beneath. 
Seeds numerous, blackish-brown, nearly smooth, sub-orbicular, with 
a small circular hilum. Valves of the pod twisting on their own axis 
and remaining attached at the base. Plant bright-green, slightly 
glaucous, varying from glabrous to hairy. 


Common Birds-foot Trefoil. 
French, Lotier Corniculé. German, Gemeiner Hornklee. 


We must all be able to recall this pretty little plant with its bright yellow flowers, 
as forming part of the soft carpeting of almost every down and meadow-land we have 
trodden. So small does it become in its dwarf state on commons and heaths, that it 
appears almost as if the flowers spring out of the ground without a stalk ; but in more 
favourable positions it attains a considerable amount of dignity, and waves in the wind 
on a stem of its own of some length. It is not to be despised in pasturage for sheep, 
and in hay it is an improvement ; but it has been strongly recommended by Anderson 
both for fodder and hay in his agricultural essays, under the erroneous name of Milk 
Vetch. 

The common vulgar names of this little plant are'numerous. Amongst them we 
find it called Butter-jags, Shoes-and-Stockings, Ladies Slipper, Cross-toes, Crow-toes, 
and in Yorkshire Cheesecake-grass. 


LEGUMINIFERA. 67 


Sus-Srecies II.—Lotus tenuis. Kit. 
Pirave CCCLXIX. 


Hook. & Borr. in Eng. Bot. Sup. No. 2615. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 432. 

L. tenuifolius, Reich. Fl. Excurs. p. 506. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 197 
Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 47. 

L. corniculatus, var. tenuis, Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 171. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. 
ed. v. p. 81. 

L. corniculatus, var. tenuifolius, Zook, & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 106. 

L. decumbens, Forst. Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. IIL. p. 314. 


Stems elongated, slender, wiry, much branched. Leaflets 
acute, those of the lower leaves oblanceolate-elliptical, of the upper 
oblanceolate-linear. Lower stipules strapshaped-lanceolate, upper 
ones linear-lanceolate. Wings oblong-oblanceolate, curved on the 
lower margin of the lamina only at the apex. 

In meadows and waste places, especially on damp or clayey 
soils. Rather rare, but pretty generally distributed in England ; 
rare in Scotland, where it has been found in Linlithgowshire, For- 
farshire, and Kincardineshire. It is not marked in Dr. Moore’s 
Trish list. 

England, Scotland. Perennial. Summer. 


This plant certainly comes very near to L. eu-corniculatus, but 
all the botanists who have cultivated it have found its peculiarities 
constant. The stems are more wiry and slender, much longer (some- 
times between 2 and 3 feet long), and much more branched ; the 
stolons are more constantly present, the leaves and stipules 
narrower; the peduncles longer and more slender. The flowers 
are smaller, 2 to 3 inch long, and usually fewer in number than in 
L. eu-corniculatus, and the curvature on the under margin of their 
wings is much more abrupt; the keel is less deep; the calyx has 
always fine hairs, and the teeth rather shorter in proportion to its 
length. The pods are rather paler coloured, and the seeds a little 
smaller. 

Slender Birds-foot Trefoil. 


SPECIES IL—LOTUS MAJOR. Scop 
Puate CCCLXX. 


Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 81. Hook, & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 107. Sm. Eng. 
Bot. No. 2091. 

L. uliginosus, Schkuhr. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 47. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. 
p. 432. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 197. Reich. Fl. Excurs. p. 506. 

L. corniculatus, var. a major, Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 171. 


68 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Rootstock elongated, branched throughout its length, emitting 
numerous stolons. Stems decumbent or ascending, branched. 
Peduncles three to seven times as long as the leaves. Heads 3- to 
12-flowered. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, spreading in bud, the 
2 uppermost triangular diverging, separated by an acute sinus; 3 
lower triangular contracted into subulate, rather shorter than the 
tube. Flowers twice as long as the calyx or more. Standard with 
the claw not dilated, gradually widening into the lamina. Pod 
cylindrical and not beaded when ripe. 


Var. a, sub-glaber. 
Sub-glabrous, with the leaflets ciliated at the margins. 


Var. 8, hirsutus. 
Leaves, stem, peduncles, and calyces with long spreading hairs. 


In meadows, marshes, and by the sides of ditches. Common, 
and generally distributed, but less so than the preceding species. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Late Summer. 


This species resembles the last, but the mode of growth is differ- 
ent, as the branches are given off at intervals along the rootstock 
and not all from near the same point, so that the plant does not 
form dense tufts. The stems are stouter, and generally taller, 1 to 
3 feet high. Leaflets obovate, } to 1 inch long, rounded or some- 
what acute. Stipules ovate, generally shorter than the leaflets, 
more perfectly sessile than in L. eu-corniculatus. Flowers gene- 
rally more numerous, with the pedicels rather longer, and the 
calyx-teeth spreading like a star instead of being connivent in bud. 
Standard with the claw not dilated and bulged into a hump; wings 
with the curvature commencing near the apex of the lower margin ; 
keel with the beak forming an obtuse and not a right angle with 
the lower margin of the lamina. Pod less depressed when ripe than 
that of the last species. Plant deep dull-green, slightly glaucous, 
varying much in hairiness; but in this country, according to my 
experience, the sub-glabrous forms occur more frequently than the 
extremely hairy ones. 


Marsh Birds-foot Trefoil. 


SPECIES I1—LOTUS ANGUSTISSIMUS. Lim. 
Prates CCCLXXI. CCCLXXII. 
Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 171. Hook. & Arn. Brit: Fl. ed. viii. p. 107. 


Rootstock none. Stems several, slightly branched. Peduncles 
one to three times as long as the leaves. Calyx-teeth nearly 


LEGUMINIFPR&. 69 


equal, longer than the tube, all subulate. Heads 1- to 4-flowered. 
Flowers one-quarter longer than the calyx. Pods cylindrical, 
faintly beaded when ripe. 


Sus-Srecies I1—Lotus diffusus. Sm 


Prate CCCLXXI. 
Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 925. 
L, angustissimus, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 81. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. 
ed. ii. p. 108. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 430. 
L. angustissimus, var. a, Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 171. 
L. angustissimus, var. a, minor, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 107. 
L. gracilis, Waldst. & Kit. Reich, Fl. Excurs. p. 505. 


Stems slender. Flowers usually solitary, and seldom more than 
2 together. Wings gradually widening to near the apex. Beak 
of the keel forming nearly a right angle with the basal portion. 
Pod slender, four to six times as long as the calyx. 

On dry banks and in pastures and waste places. Very rare. On 
the castle rock at Hastings, Sussex; Stokes Bay, Hants; Maker 
Heights, &c., Devonshire ; more plentiful in the Channel Islands. 


England, Ireland (?). Annual. Summer. 


Root producing from the crown numerous stems, which are 
ascending or decumbent, 3 to 18 inches long, with short lateral 
branches. Leaflets + to ? inch long, elliptical-oblanceolate, blunt 
or acute. Stipules ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, subsessile. Peduncles 
usually a little longer than the leaves, but varying from as long to 
twice as long when mature. Flower-heads with a trifoliate bract 
at the base, very frequently reduced to a single flower. Pedicels about 
as long as the calyx-tube. Flowers + inch to 3 inch long, yellow. 
Calyx-teeth very slender, with long hairs. Pod ? to 1} inch long, 
15- to 30-seeded. Plant greyish-green, more or less thickly pubes- 
cent with slender spreading hairs. 

The annual root and sub-solitary small flowers with the calyx- 
teeth longer than the tube will prevent this plant from being 
confounded with small hairy states of the two preceding species. 


Long-podded Small Birds-foot Trefoil. 
French, Lotier Diffus. 


Sus-Srecies II.?—Lotus hispidus. Desf 
Puate CCCLXXII. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 81. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 431. Reich. FL 
Excurs, p. 505. 


L. angustissimus, var. hispidus. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 171. 
L. angustissimus, 6 major. Hook, & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 107. 


70 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Stems moderately stout. Flowers usually in pairs, or three 
together. Wings tapering to the apex in the last quarter of their 
length. Beak of the keel forming a little more than a right angle 
with the basal portion. Pod two to three times as long as the 
calyx. “ 

On dry banks and in pastures and waste places. Very rare. 
Near Penzance, the Land’s End, and the Lizard Lights, Cornwall ; 
Maker Heights and Dartmouth, Devon; plentiful in the Channel 
Islands. 

England. Annual. Summer. 


Extremely like the preceding, of which I suspect it to be no more 
than a variety. It is usually, however, a stouter and larger plant 
(I have seen it in Guernsey with the stems as much as 3 feet 
long), with the flowers usually in pairs or threes, instead of 
solitary, and the pod is shorter and thicker, being from 3 to $ inch 
long. The beak at the apex of the pod is equally bent down in 
both, and the standard occasionally turns green in both, but most 
frequently retains its yellow colour when dried, so that these two 
characters which have been enumerated as specific differences are 
evidently valueless for separating the two, and I should certainly 
expect to find that continued cultivation would prove their identity. 


Short-podded Small Birds-foot Trefoil. 
French, Lotier Hispide. 


Sus-Trie V.—ASTRAGALEA. 


Stamens diadelphous, the upper one being free from the other 
nine. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, from the presence of a longitu- 
dinal partition proceeding from one or both of the sutures. Stems 
herbaceous or suffruticose, sometimes extremely short. Leaves 
pinnate with an odd terminal leaflet, or, more rarely, with the 
petiole terminating in a spine ; leaflets entire. 


GENUS XI—OXYTROPIS. D.C. 


Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, with 5 teeth, the 2 upper 
somewhat separated from the 3 lower. Corolla with the 
standard scarcely spreading, as long as or longer than the wings 
and keel; keel with an apiculus or short appendage at the apex. 
Stamens diadelphous. Style ascending. Stigma obtuse or sub- 
capitate. Pod ovoid or subclavate, turgid, more or less completely 
divided into 2 eells by a longitudinal partition, produced by the 


LEGUMINIFER®. 71 


inflexion of the upper or ventral suture (that to which the seeds 
are attached). Seeds numerous. 

Herbs, often acaulescent, with the leaves always pinnate, with 
an odd terminal leaflet. Flowers purple, blue, yellow, white, 
ochreous, or yellow, in stalked axillary compact racemose heads. 


This genus derives its name from the two Greek words ofvc (owus), sharp, and 
zpomtc (tropis), a keel, in reference to the keel of the flower ending in an exserted 
mucrone on the back of the apex. 


SPECIES I—OXYTROPIS HALLERI. Bunge. 
Puate CCCLXXIII. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 81. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 200. 
Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 449. 
O. uralensis, D.C. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p.174. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. 


p- 108. 
Astragalus uralensis, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 466. 


Rootstock branched, many-headed. Leaves all radical, with 
numerous pairs of elliptical acute leaflets, densely covered with 
silky hairs. Scapes erect, longer than the leaves, clothed with 
spreading hairs. Flowers in a compact oval head, elongating in 
fruit into a short raceme. Bracts narrowly elliptical-lanceolate, 
as long as the calyx-tube. Pods erect, inflated, ovoid-cylindrical, 
tapering and recurved at the apex; upper suture much inflexed, 
forming an imperfect dissepiment reaching to the central axis of 
the pod; lower or dorsal suture winged internally, and so forming 
an imperfect partition, which nearly meets that proceeding from 
the upper suture. 

In hilly pastures. Very local. I have only seen it at Queens- 
ferry, in Fifeshire, where the plant is now probably extinct, as in 
1848 I saw only one patch, about a foot from the edge of the cliff, 
where quarrying operations were in active progress. A specimen 
has also been sent me from Glen Turret, Perthshire. It is also 
reported as occurring in the counties of Wigton, Forfar, Argyle, 
Ross, and Sutherland. 


Scotland. Perennial. Summer. 


Rootstock almost woody, many-headed, each head producing a 
tuft of leaves 2 to 5 inches long, with 9 to15 pairs of leaflets and an 
odd terminal one; leaflets 4 to } inch long, varying from strapshaped- 
elliptical to oval-elliptical, usually broadest rather below the middle, 
so as to approach to lanceolate or ovate, very thickly clothed with 
short silky hairs, which are most abundant on the under side. 


72 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Stipules lanceolate, scarious, with a strong central nerve. Scapes 
2 to 4 inches high in flower, attaining to 6 inches in fruit, clothed 
with rather long spreading hairs, bearing 6 to 14 flowers in a com- 
pact terminal head. Flowers ? inch long, purplish-blue, more rarely 
white. Calyx-tube cylindrical-oblong, splitting as the pod enlarges ; 
teeth linear-lanceolate, about one-fourth the length of the tube; 
both teeth and tube clothed with rather bristly hairs intermingled 
with black glandular points. Corolla nearly twice as long as the 
calyx ; keel with a dark purple blotch at the apex. Pods 2 to 
% inch long, sessile, swollen, bending down at the apex, which is 
acuminated into a point, opening along the upper suture, clothed 
with short curled hairs. Seeds roundish-kidneyshaped, much com- 
pressed, deeply notched at the circular hilum, olive, dim. Plant 
greyish-green, the young leaves almost white from the abundance of 
their silky hairs. 

I have not seen the Russian plant O. uralensis, from which Koch 
says this species differs. Dr. Walker-Arnott considers them the 
same. Most probably they are merely sub-species; in which case 
the name O. uralensis might be retained for the aggregate species, 
and O. Halleri for the Western form. 


Blue Oxytropis. 


SPECIES IL—OXYTROPIS CAMPESTRIS. D3. 
Prats CCCLXXIV. 
Astragalus campestris, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 2522. 


Rootstock branched, many-headed. Leaves all radical, with 
numerous pairs of elliptical leaflets covered with silky hairs. 
Scapes ascending, scarcely exceeding the leaves, with spreading 
hairs. Flowers in a compact globose or oval head, which elongates 
very slightly in fruit. Bracts narrowly elliptical-lanceolate, longer 
than the calyx-tube. Pods ascending, inflated, oblong-ovoid, taper- 
ing and recurved at the apex; upper suture much inflexed, forming 
an imperfect dissepiment reaching to the central axis of the pod; 
lower or dorsal suture not winged, but having merely a ridge pro- 
jecting into the inside. 

On rocks facing the south a little to the north of Bradoonie, 
Clova, Forfarshire. 

Scotland. Perennial. Summer. 

Extremely similar to O. Halleri, but usually a larger and 
stouter plant, the leaflets being from } to 1 inch long, usually broader 
in proportion and less acute, with the silky hairs more distant, espe- 


cially on the upper surface. Scapes 4 to 8 inches high, usually 
curved towards the base. Flower-heads rather shorter than those 


LEGUMINIFER®. 73 


of the last species, with from 6 to 10 flowers, which are rather 
larger, cream-colour tinged with very pale pinkish-lilac, with a 
purple blotch at the apex of the keel on the upper margin, leaving 
the apiculus which characterizes the genus ochreous. Pods ? to 1 
inch long, more inflated than those of the preceding species, without 
the imperfect dissepiment proceeding from the lower suture. Seeds 
maroon-coloured, but in other respects very similar. 

On the Continent this plant occurs with entirely ochreous 
flowers, and also another variety, ewrulea, in which the flowers are 
almost entirely bluish-purple. The British form belongs to the 
variety sordida. 

Pale-yellow Oxytropis. 


French, Oxytrope des Alpes. German, Behaarte Fahnwicke. 


GENUS XTITI—ASTRAGALUS. Linn. 


Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, with 5 teeth; the 2 upper some- 
what separated from the 3 lower. Corolla with the standard 
scarcely spreading, as long as or longer than the wings and 
keel; keel obtuse, without an apiculus. Stamens diadelphous. 
Style ascending. Stigma obtuse or sub-capitate. Pod varying 
in shape, tumid, more or less completely divided into 2 cells by a 
longitudinal partition proceeding from the lower or dorsal suture. 
_ Seeds few or numerous. 

Herbs or undershrubs of various habit, but with the leaves 
pinnate, with numerous pairs of pinne and generally an odd ter- 
minal leaflet, more rarely with the petiole excurrent and leafless 
but never terminating in a tendril. Flowers in terminal and axil- 
lary racemes spikes or heads, more rarely solitary or in pairs, purple, 
blue, white, ochreous, or yellow. 

The name of this genus of plants is derived from the Greek word acrpayaXoc, the 
vertebra, applied by Dioscorides to some leguminiferous plant, the knotted rootstock of 


which resembled a backbone. Some writers say the derivation is from acrnp (aster), 
a star, and yada (gala), milk. 


SPECIESI—ASTRAGALUS ALPINUS. Linn. 
Pirate CCCLXXV. 


Phaca astragalina, D.C. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 200. @r. & Godr. 
Fi. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 452. 


Rootstock slender, creeping, much branched. Stems short, 
slender, decumbent. Leaves with 7 to 10 pairs of ovate-elliptical 
VOL. III. L 


74 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


leaflets, which are sub-glabrous on the upper surface. Stipules 
sheathing. Peduncles shorter than or equal to the leaves when in 
flower. Flowers in a lax depressed-globular head, spreading when 
expanded. Bracts about as long as the pedicels. Calyx-tube cam- 
panulate, thickly clothed with black adpressed hairs; teeth trian- 
gular, more than half the length of the tube. Corolla three times 
as long as the calyx. Pods reflexed, stipitate on a carpophore 
about as long as the calyx-tube, fusiform-ovoid, attenuated at each 
end, deeply channelled on the lower suture which is inflexed and 
projects inwards in the form of an imperfect partition, clothed with 
short black bristly hairs. 

On a grassy knoll at Little Cragindal, near the Castleton of 
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; and at the head of Glen Dole, Clova, 
Forfarshire. 

Scotland. Perennial. Summer. 


Rootstock very slender, much branched ; branches terminating 
in short leafy stems. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long; leaflets $ to 
+ inch long, entire or slightly notched at the apex, with short white 
adpressed hairs on the underside and margins. Stipules rhomboid- 
ovate, apiculate, united at the base so as to form a kind of sheath. 
Peduncles axillary. Flowers ¢ inch long, in a very short capitate 
raceme, whitish tinged with lilac at the apex; the keel purple at 
the point. Pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube. Bracts mem- 
branous, scarcely exceeding the pedicels. Calyx-tube with the 
mouth oblique, the lower portion projecting beyond the upper, not 
ruptured by the fruit. Keel much curved upwards. Pods pen- 
dulous, straight, + to 3 inch long, inflated, olive, thickly clothed 
with short black bristly hairs, on a stalk as long as the calyx-tube, 
and with a slender beak at the apex about as long as the stalk. 
Seeds reniform, brown. Plant pale pea-green, slightly glaucous, 
rather sparingly clothed with white adpressed hairs except on the 
uppet portion of the peduncles, calyces, and pods, where they are 

lack 
Alpine Milk-Vetch. 


SPECIES I1—ASTRAGALUS HYPOGLOTTIS. Zinn. 
Puate CCCLXXVI. 


Rootstock slender, creeping, much branched. Stems short, 
slender, decumbent. Leaves with 7 to 15 pair of elliptical leaflets, 
which are hairy on the upper surface. Stipules sheathing. Pe- 
duncles longer than the leaves. Flowers in dense ovoid-globular 
heads, erect when expanded. Bracts longer than the pedicels. 


LEGUMINIFER®. 75 


Calyx-tube cylindrical-oblong, thickly clothed with black hairs; 
teeth linear-lanceolate, one-third the length of the tube. Corolla 
searcely twice as long as the calyx. Pods erect, stipitate on a 
carpophore much shorter than the calyx-tube, broadly oval-ovoid, 
abrupt or subcordate at the base, apiculate, faintly channelled at 
the lower suture, which is inflexed and projects inwards in the 
form of an imperfect partition, clothed with white woolly hairs. 

On dry gravelly and chalky pastures. Not very common. 
Principally found in the eastern counties, from Essex and Herts 
to Aberdeen, Moray, and Ross. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer. 


Rootstock extensively creeping, very slender, much branched. 
Stems 2 to 8 inches long. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long; leaflets 4 to 
2 inch long, rounded or notched at the apex, with scattered hairs even 
on the upper surface. Stipules lanceolate, united half-way up 
opposite the leaf so as to form a sheath. Flowers 6 to 20, = inch 
long, bluish-purple, nearly sessile, in a dense racemose head not 
elongating in fruit; the bracts half as long as the calyx-tube. Pod 
4 to # inch long, rupturing the calyx-tube. Seeds roundish-reni- 
form, brownish-black. Plant greyish-green, sparingly clothed with 
white adpressed hairs, the upper part of the peduncles and calyces 
with black ones. 

Purple Milk-Vetch, Tongue-under- Tongue. 


French, Astragale Hypoglotte. German, Wiesen Bérenschote. 


SPECIES II.—ASTRAGALUS GLYCYPHYLLUS. Linz. 
Pirate CCCLXXVII. 


Rootstock thick, woody, slightly branched. Stems elongated, 
stout, ascending or decumbent. Leaves with 4 to 7 pairs of oval 
leaflets, which are glabrous on the upper surface. Stipules not 
sheathing. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Flowers in short 
compact ovoid racemes or elongated heads, spreading when 
expanded. Bracts rather longer than the pedicels. Calyx-tube 
bell-shaped, glabrous except at the mouth; teeth triangular- 
subulate, half the length of the tube. Corolla more than twice 
the length of the calyx. Pods erect, stipitate on a carpophore 
as long as the calyx-tube, cylindrical, tapering, curved upwards, 
gradually acuminated into a slender beak, deeply channelled at the 
lower suture, which is inflexed and projects inwards in the form 
of an imperfect partition, appearing glabrous to the naked eye. 

In bushy places, woods, thickets, on the borders of fields, and 


76 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


by roadsides. Not very common, and principally confined to the 
South and East of the island; extending from Cornwall and Devon 
along the South coast to Kent, and thence northward to Aberdeen, 
Moray, and Ross. On the West coast it occurs wild in North 
Wales, the basin of the Mersey, and Kirkeudbrightshire. 


England, Scotland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 


Stems few, nearly simple, flexuous, 1 to 3 feet long, generally 
trailing. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long; leaflets $ to 13 inch long, 
obtuse or slightly acute at the apex, glabrous above, apparently so 
beneath, but when examined under a lens they will be found to 
be clothed with distant extremely short white hairs. Lower stipules 
ovate, auriculate ; upper ones lanceolate, not united to each other. 
Flowers very numerous, + inch long, cream-coloured. Pods 1 to 
14 inch long, crescent-shaped, pale-olive when ripe, with the surface 
finely reticulated and clothed with short distant hairs invisible to 
the naked eye. Plant pea-green. Leaflets very thin and glaucous 
beneath ; the leaves, as remarked by Dr. Bromfield, resembling 
those of Robinia Pseud-acacia, the tree commonly cultivated in 
gardens under the name of Acacia or Locust-tree. 


Sweet Milk-Vetch, Liquorice Vetch. 
French, Astragale Réglisse. German, Sussholzblittrige Bdrenschote. 


This plant is sometimes called Ladies’-fingers or Crow-toes, from its fancied resem- 
blance to the fingers of an open hand. The English name of Milk-Vetch is derived 
from its supposed quality of increasing the quantity of milk in cows fed on it. We 
tind Gerarde, after enumerating the virtues of the plant in healing diseases, says: “ It 
likewise procureth great store of milke in cattell that do eat thereof, whence it took 
his name.” He adds ;: “ It stoppeth bleeding, but is with much ado beaten, by reason of 
his hardnesse.” 

It grows on the poorest soils, even on obdurate clays, where scarcely any other 
plant will vegetate. It will grow as tall as clover, and makes very good hay, though 
scarcely attaining perfection for the first few years. When fully established, it pro- 
duces a large supply of fodder, and is very desirable for poor lands ; but after being once 
cut advances very slowly ; hence its inferiority to clover as a fodder-plant. 


Triss I1.—HEDYSARE A. 


Stamens diadelphous, the uppermost free from the other 9. 
Pod divided by transverse partitions into 1-seeded portions, which 
most frequently separate from each other; more rarely reduced 
to one of these portions. Cotyledons changing into green leaves 
during germination. Stem not climbing or twining. Leaves 
pinnate or pinnately-trifoliate, with a terminal leaflet. Leaflets 
sometimes with stipels. 


LEGUMINIFER®. 7 bf | 


Sus-Trise I.—CORONILLE®. 


Pod cylindrical or slightly compressed, not much constricted 
between the joints, which are numerous, rugose with elevated 
lines, but not spiny, and very seldom muricate. Flowers in 
umbellate heads. Leaves pinnate, with an odd terminal leaflet: 
rarely simple. 


GENUS XTTI—ORNITHOPUS. Linn. 


Calyx cylindrical-bellshaped, with 5 nearly equal teeth, of which 
the 2 upper ones are united at the base. Standard oval, slightly 
spreading, longer than the wings; keel very small, obtuse and not 
beaked at the apex. Stamens diadelphous, the alternate filaments 
dilated at the apex. Pod slender, cylindrical or slightly compressed 
laterally, more or less curved upwards, articulated, breaking into 
numerous 1-seeded indehiscent joints; joints not notched on the 
upper side, reticulated with elevated lines on the sides. 

Small annuals, with leaves having numerous pairs of pinne, 
and very small stipules adnate to the petiole or cohering at the 
base by the margins farthest from it. Flowers in axillary umbellate 
few-flowered heads, yellow, white, or rose-colour. 


The name of this genus is derived from the two Greek words oprc, opyBoc (ornis, 
ornithos), a bird, and rove (pous), a foot, the legumes exactly resembling a bird’s foot. 


Sus-Grenus I.—EU-ORNITHOPUS. 


Pod compressed, constricted between the joints, which are 
widest in the middle and taper gradually to each end. 


SPECIES I—ORNITHOPUS PERPUSILLUS. Lin. 
Pruate CCCLXXVIII. 


Lower leaves stalked, upper ones sessile; leaflets 7 to 12 pairs, 
hairy. Flower-heads 3- to 7-flowered, with a leaflike pinnate bract at 
the base. Calyx-tube hairy, nearly three times as long as the teeth. 
Pod hairy or sub-glabrous, compressed, constricted between the 
joints, abruptly acuminated into a conical-subulate seedless beak 
nearly as long as the last joint, reticulated with prominent longitu- 
dinal anastomosing veins. 


78 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


On dry commons, by roadsides, and in waste places. Not un- 
common in England; rare in Scotland, where it extends northward 
to the counties of Moray and Dumbarton. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring and Summer. 


Root producing from its crown numerous stems, which are 
decumbent or procumbent, very slender, nearly simple. Leaves 1 
to 2 inches long, only the lower ones stalked; leaflets elliptical or 
oval, + to } inch long; those of the lower leaves sometimes obtuse 
or emarginate, those of the upper acute. Stipules very small, tri- 
angular. Peduncles filiform, about as long as the leaves. Flowers 
4 inch long. Calyx-tube cylindrical-funnel-shaped; teeth short, 
triangular. Standard and wings white with red lines; keel orange. 
Pods not diverging, $ to # inch long, curved upwards into a bow, 
breaking into 5 to 9 indehiscent 1-seeded oval joints. Plant grey- 
ish-green, with the upper part of the stem, leaves, calyces, and pods 
clothed with short hairs. 


Least Bird’ s- Foot. 


French, Ornithope Délicat. German, Kleine Klauenschote. 


Sus-Genus I1.—ARTHROLOBIUM. JDesv. 


Pod scarcely compressed, very slightly constricted between the 
joints, which are sub-cylindrical. 


SPECIES IL-ORNITHOPUS EBRACTEATUS. Brotero. 
Puate CCCLXXIX, 
Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 498. 
Arthrolobium ebracteatum, D.C. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 87. Benth. Handbook 

Brit. Fl. p. 174. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 110. 

Leaves almost all stalked; leaflets 3 to 8 pairs, sub-glabrous. 
Flower-heads 2- to 5-flowered, without a bract at the base. Calyx- 
tube glabrous, five or six times as long as the teeth. Pod glabrous, 
cylindrical, not constricted between the joints, gradually attenuated 
into asubulate seminiferous beak longer than the last joint, without — 
a raised line or prominent veins, rough with minute tubercles. 

In sandy places. Very rare, and only known to occur in the 
Scilly Islands. It is also found in Alderney and Guernsey. 

England. Annual. Spring to-Autumn. 


Root producing from its crown numerous slender ascending or 
decumbent nearly simple stems, 4 to 20 inches long. Leaves 1 to 


LEGUMINIFERS. 719 


2 inches long; leaflets oval or elliptical, } to } inch long, rather 
distant. Stipules extremely small, deltoid, often scarcely discernible 
in the lower leaves. Peduncles filiform, about as long as the leaves. 
Flowers } inch long, bright-yellow with red streaks. Calyx very 
long and slender, cylindrical-funnel-shaped. Pods not diverging, 
8 to 1 inch long, curved upwards into a bow, breaking into 10 or 
14 indehiscent 1-seeded joints, the last one attenuated into a beak, 
but generally bearing a seed at the base. Plant dull glaucous-green, 
sub-glabrous, with a few adpressed hairs on the leaves (especially 
on their midribs) and the upper part of the stem. 


Sand Bird’ s-Foot. 


French, Ornithope sans Bractées. 


GENUS XIV—HIPPOCREPIS. Linn. 


Calyx campanulate, with 5 teeth; teeth sub-equal, with the 2 
upper ones united to their middle. Standard with the lamina spread- 
ing, orbicular, attennated into a slender claw distant from those 
of the other petals; keel large, terminating in an acuminate beak 
directed towards the standard. Stamens diadelphous, with the alter- 
nate filaments dilated towards the apex. Pod much compressed, 
straight or curved, articulated, breaking into numerous indehiscent 
l-seeded joints, which are more or less deeply notched on the 
upper side, with a raised band surrounding the notch in the form 
of a horse-shoe, smooth except on the raised portion, which is often 
clothed with minute raised points. 

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves with numerous pairs of pinne, 
and stipules slightly adnate to the petioles. Flowers yellow, gene- 
rally in umbellate stalked axillary heads, more rarely solitary or 
in pairs. 

The derivation of the name of this genus is from irzoc (hippos), a horse, and kpnic 


(krepis), a shoe, in reference to the shape of the recesses of the pods, which are curved 
in such a manner as to resemble a chain of horse-shoes. 


SPECIES I—HIPPOCREPIS COMOSA. Linn. 
Pirate CCCLXXX. 


Rootstock much branched. Stems very numerous, decumbent, 
much branched, and somewhat woody at the base. Peduncles 
longer than the leaves. Pod curved downwards, undulated on the 
lower margin, deeply notched on the upper opposite each seed, and 
having on the sides over each seed a crescent-shaped raised pro- 
tuberance covered with minute rough points.’ 


80 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


In pastures, banks, borders of fields, and on rocky slopes; most 
partial to chalky soils. Rather common in the South of England, 
but becoming rare towards the North, and doubtfully native in 
Scotland, from which country it has only been reported from Ayr- 
shire and Kincardineshire. 

England, Scotland? Perennial. Summer. 


Stems very numerous, much branched, decumbent, 6 to 18 
inches long. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, with 4 to 7 pairs of ellip- 
tical sub-glabrous leaflets, often truncate at the apex. Peduncles 
axillary, usually about twice as long as the leaves. Flower-heads 
depressed-globular, 5- to 12-flowered, with an extremely short 
involucre of scarious bracts. Flowers 3 to 4 inch long, pale- 
yellow, spreading when expanded at length reflexed. Pedicels 
shorter than the calyx-tube. Calyx very short, bell-shaped, 
with deltoid triangular teeth, the 2 upper ones united for the 
greater portion of their length and separate from the 3 lower. 
Petals more than three times as long as the calyx, contracted 
into slender claws as long as the lamin, that of the standard 
remote from the others so as to leave a space between them. Pod 
1 to 1} inch long, generally curved downwards into a semicircle or a 
ring, with a series of almost continuous crescent- or kidney-shaped 
excrescences over the seeds, occupying its entire breadth over 
the middle of each and narrowing off towards each end, where they 
curve towards the superior margin. Seeds 2 to 6, brown, similar 
in shape to the excrescences which are over them. Plant pale- 
green, slightly glaucous, glabrous except occasionally a few hairs 
on the midribs of the leaves, peduncles, pedicels, and upper part 
of the stem. 

Horse-shoe Vetch. 


French, Hippocrépide en Ombelle. German, Schopffirmiger Hufeisenklee. 


Susp-Trise II.—EU-HEDYSARE. 


Pod much compressed, and generally much constricted between 
the joints, which are few (occasionally reduced to 1), often rugose, 
muricated or spiny. Flowers in terminal racemes. Leaves pin- 
nate, with an odd terminal leaflet, or pinnately-trifoliate, rarely 
unifoliate. 


GENUS XV.—ONOBRYCHIS. Tournef. 


Calyx bell-shaped, with 5 long subulate nearly equal teeth. 
Standard oval or obovate, spreading; wings shorter than the keel ; 
keel obliquely truncate at the apex, somewhat beaked. Stamens 


LEGUMINIFER®. 81 


diadelphous, the filaments not dilated. Style geniculate at the 
middle, with a capitate stigma. Pod sub-sessile, roundish or ovoid, 
much compressed laterally, reticulated, often muricated or spiny, 
1-seeded, indehiscent. 

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves with numerous pairs of pinnae, 
Stipules cohering at the base by the sides furthest from the petiole. 
Flowers red or white, axillary or terminal, in long stalked spike- 
like racemes. 


The generic name comes from ovoc (onos), an ass, and Bovyw (brucho), I gnaw, the 
plants being a favourite food of asses. 


SPECIESI—ONOBRYCHIS SATIVA. Lam. 
Pirate CCCLXXXI. 
Hedysarum Onobrychis, Zinn. Sm, Eng. Bot. No. 96. 


Rootstock somewhat woody. Calyx-tube campanulate, very 
short; teeth subulate, about twice as long as the tube, the lowest 
one a little shorter than the others. Wings little more than one- 
third the length of the standard and keel. Pods reticulated on the 
sides, with very prominent raised nerves, the lower margin with 
acute tubercles or short spines towards the apex. 

On chalky banks, cliffs, and borders of fields. Not uncommon 
in the South-east of England; but it is impossible to say in what 
stations it is native, and in what it is the remains of Saintfoin cul- 
tivation. 

England. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 


Rootstock dividing at the apex into numerous branches, and 
terminating in stout tough stems, which are curved at the base, 
then erect, somewhat flexuous, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 3 to 7 
inches long; leaflets + to $ inch long, varying from oval to strap- 
shaped, generally truncate and apiculate at the apex, and slightly 
narrowed towards the base. Stipules broadly lanceolate-acuminate, 
scarious, especially at the margins. Peduncles terminal, longer 
than the leaves, terminating in compact spikelike racemes, 2 to 4 
inches long. Pedicels scarcely so long as the calyx-tube, in the 
axils of scarious lanceolate bracts, which exceed them in length. 
Calyx more or less thickly clothed with woolly hairs. Flowers $ 
inch long, rose-colour streaked with crimson, and suffused with that 
colour at the apex of the keel; wings so short that on a cursory 
examination the flower might seem to consist only of the standard 
and keel. Pods pubescent, } to ? inch long, olive-colour, much 
compressed, the upper margin nearly straight, the lower one curved 
into more than a semicircle, somewhat truncate at the apex, 


VOL. Ill. M 


82 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


marked on the sides with a few meshes formed by very thick ana- 
stomosing veins, the lower margin more or less tubercular-spinous, 
and frequently there are smaller tubercles of the same kind upon 
the exterior anastomosing veins which run parallel with it. Seed 
solitary, kidney- shaped, compressed, dark reddish-brown, dim. 
Plant greyish-green, more or less pubescent. Leaflets glabrous on 
the upper surface. 


Saintfoin. 
French, Sainfoin [7 Esparcet. German, Gebaute Esparsette. 


Besides the names already given, this plant is commonly known as Cock’s-head, 
Medick Vetchling, &c. The etymology of the name Sainfoin, sometimes spelt Saintfoin, 
is carefully given by Dr. Prior in his “ Popular Names of British Plants.” He says 
the word appears to be formed from the French sain, wholesome, and foin, hay, in 
Latin sanwm fenum, representing its older name Medica, which properly meant “ of 
Media,” but was mistaken as meaning curative. According to Plukenet and Hill, the 
name Saintfoin was first given to the lucerne (J/edicago sativa), and that of lucerne to 
an Onobrychis, our present Saintfoin. There does not appear to be avy saint named 
Foin, nor any reason for ascribing divine properties to this plant. According to 
Bornare, quoted by Duchesne, “Le Sainfoin, ainsi appelé parce que c'est le fourage le plus 
appétissant, le plus nourrissant, et le plus sain qu’on puisse donner aux chevaux et aux 
bestiaux.” This plant, though a native of England, is never found in its wild state but 
on dry, warm, chalky soils, where it is of great duration. It has long been cultivated 
in France and other parts of the Continent, and as an agricultural plant was introduced 
from France into England about the middle of the seventeenth century. It has since 
been a good deal cultivated in chalky districts, and its peculiar value is that it may be 
grown on soils unfit for being constantly under tillage, and which would yield little 
under grass. This is owing to the long and descending roots of the Saintfoin, which 
will penetrate and thrive in fissures of rocky and chalky substrata. Arthur Young 
particularly advocated its use, saying that upon land fitted for its growth no farmer 
could sow too much, and in the Code of Agriculture it is said to be “one of the most 
valuable herbage plants we owe to the bounty of Providence.” The strong advocacy 
of Arthur Young and other writers of the same period caused its culture on many soils 
where it is now almost entirely given up. On chalky lands, and particularly on the 
hard chalk of the Surrey and Sussex downs, no fodder-plant yields so abundant a return. 
On gravel it often succeeds well, but on rich alluvial soil lucerne is far more productive, 
while on wet land Saintfoin will not grow. The most economical method of using this 
plant is by cutting it off for green food, or making it into hay ; as the root rises a little 
above the surface of the ground, it is apt to be injured if mown too closely, or if fed off 
by sheep. If cut before it comes into flower, two good crops may be often obtained 
during each season. On some of the light poor lands of Norfolk it has been grown with 
great advantage, for the long roots and fibres bind the particles of soil, and at the same 
time manure it by their gradual decay : many tracts of land have been rendered fertile 
by the judicious use of Saintfoin. The usual duration of Saintfoin in a profitable state 
is from eight to ten years. It usually attains its perfect growth in about three years, 
and begins to decline about the eighth or tenth year on calcareous soils, and about the 
seventh or eighth on gravels. There are instances, however, of fields of Saintfoin which 
have been neglected and left to run into pasture, in which plants have been found 


LEGUMINIFERA, 82 


upwards of fifty years from the time of sowing. In general, the great enemy to the 
endurance of Saintfoin is the grass, which accumulates and forms a close tuft on the 
surface, and thus chokes up the plant. The Saintfoin seems to have been known to the 
Romans. Pliny recommends the root of a plant supposed to be identical with it as an 
astringent medicine, and Gerarde quotes Dioscorides as an authority for the virtues of 
the Onobrychis. 


Trp I1I.—VICIE A. 


Stamens diadelphous or sub-monadelphous, the uppermost one 
free from the other 9. Pod continuous (not articulated), 1-celled, 
dehiscent. Cotyledons remaining enclosed in the seed-coat during 
germination. Stem herbaceous, generally climbing by means ot 
tendrils. Leaves pinnate, almost always without an odd terminal 
leaflet ; the apex of the common petiole and a few of the apical 
lateral pinnze often converted into tendrils, more rarely all reduced 
to tendrils, or the leaf represented only by a foliaceous petiole ; 
leaflets entire, without stipels. Flowers axillary, in racemes or 
sub-solitary, wings and keel usually united by the auricles at the 
base of their laminee. 


GENUS XVI—VICIA. Linn. 


Calyx tubular-bellshaped, with 5 teeth, which are nearly equal, 
or the 2 upper ones shorter. Standard oval or obovate, spreading. 
Stamens diadelphous, with the tube obliquely truncate. Style fili- 
form, ascending, without a conspicuous dilatation towards the apex, 
near which it is hairy all round or on the outer side. Pod stalked 
or sessile, exserted, elongated and many-seeded, or short and few- 
seeded, dehiscent. 

Herbs, generally climbing. Leaves mostly with numerous pairs 
of rather small pinne and terminating in a tendril. Stipules gene- 
rally half-arrowshaped. Flowers of various colours, on axillary 
peduncles, which are 1-, 2-, or racemosely many-flowered. 


The name is said to come from vincio, I bind together, because the species have 
tendrils by which they bind other plants. 


Section I.—ERVUM. Tournef. 


Leaves with 8 or many pairs of leaflets. Peduncles elongated, 
1- to 8-flowered. Flowers racemose, small. Style pubescent all 
round towards the apex, or nearly glabrous. Pods stipitate or sub- 
sessile, short, 2- to 8-seeded. 


84 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


SPECIES I—V1CIA HIRSUTA. Koch. 
Prate CCCLXXXIT. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 82. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 114. Benth. 

Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 177. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 46. 

Ervum hirsutum, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 970. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. 

ed. ii. p. 218. 

Cracea minor, “ Riv.” Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 475. 

Annual. Leaves with 6 to 10 pairs of strap-shaped or 
oblong-linear leaflets, truncate-emarginate, and apiculate at the 
apex; common petiole terminating in a branched tendril. 
Lower stipules laciniate, the upper ones simple. Peduncles equal 
to or shorter than the leaves, 2- to 6-flowered. Calyx-tube not 
gibbous on the upper side; teeth nearly equal, subulate, a little 
longer than the tube. Corolla not twice as long as the calyx. 
Pods reflexed, sessile within the calyx; oblong, compressed, 
obliquely truncate at the apex, abruptly acuminated into a short 
beak terminating the upper suture, generally hairy. Seeds 2, 
compressed, globular, with the hilum linear, one-third the cireum- 
ference of the seed. 

A weed in cultivated ground, and in hedges and waste places. 
Very common and generally distributed. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring to Autumn. 


Stem weak, branched or simple, climbing, 1 to 2 feet long or more. 
Leaflets £ to ? inch long, narrowly-oblong or strap-shaped, a little 
narrowed towards the base. Stipules slender, cut into 2 to 4 long 
subulate segments, the innermost segment broader than the others, 
those of the upper leaves usually entire. Peduncles axillary, 2 to 2 
inches long, shortly awned at the apex. Pedicels scarcely as long 
as the calyx, ascending, forming an angle with the spreading flowers. 
Flowers 4 inch long, whitish tinged with pale blue, in a lax raceme 
at the upper part of the peduncle; standard scarcely spreading, 
a little longer than the other petals. Style glabrous. Pod } to # 
inch long, black or dark brown when ripe, convex on the margin at 
the base above, then straight to the apex; nearly straight below to 
near the apex, where the margin becomes convex, not much more 
than twice as long as deep, bossulated by the seeds, with short 
white woolly hairs in all the British specimens I have seen. Seeds 
about the size of a rape-seed, smooth, black, or pale olive-yellow 
marbled with blackish-purple. Plant greyish-green, more or less 
thickly clothed with distant short hairs. 


Hairy Tare. 


French, Zrs Hérissé. German, Zitterlinse. 


LEGUMINIFER2. 85 


SPECIES I1—VICIA TETRASPERMA. Ménc. 
Prate CCCLXXXITI. 

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 83. . 

VY. tetrasperma, var. a, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 113. Benth. Handbook Brit. 
Fi. p. 177. 

Ervum tetraspermum, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1223. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. 
ed. ii. p. 218. Gr. & Godr, Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 474. Lowe, Man. Fl. Mad. 
p. 198. 


Annual. Leaves with 8 to 5 pairs of elliptical-strapshaped or 
linear leaflets, rounded or rounded-truncate and apiculate at the 
apex; common petiole terminating in a simple or once- or twice- 
forked tendril. Lower stipules cleft into 2 lanceolate-acute lobes, 
those of the upper leaves generally entire. Peduncles equal to or 
shorter than the leaves, 1- to 2- or rarely 3-flowered. Calyx-tube not 
gibbous on the upper side; teeth unequal, triangular, rather shorter 
than the tube. Flowers more than twice as long as the calyx. Pods 
spreading, stipitate, cylindrical, very slightly compressed, rounded 
at the apex where they are apiculate but not acuminated, usually 
glabrous. Seeds generally 4, but from 3 to 5, globular, with the 
hilum linear-oblong, between one-fourth and one-fifth the cireum- 
ference of the seed. 

In cornfields, waste places, hedges, and thickets. Not uncom- 
mon in England, but rare in Scotland, where it has occurred in the 
counties of Kirkcudbright, Lanark, Fife, and Forfar, though pro- 
bably introduced at least in the two latter. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring to Autumn. 


Stems weak, branched or simple, climbing, 1 to 3 feet high. 
Leaflets } to 14 inch long, narrower in proportion than those of 
V. hirsuta, and tapering more towards the apex, which is rounded. 
Stipules with a single large subulate tooth, projecting on the inner 
side, so that the form is half-hastate. Peduncles axillary, } to 1} 
inch long, usually shortly awned at the apex. Pedicels rather 
longer than the calyx, curved-spreading, not forming an angle with 
the flowers. Flowers } inch long, whitish tinged with pale-blue, 
in a raceme with usually 2 and often only 1 flower at the apex of 
the peduncle. Calyx with the upper teeth shorter and broader 
than the others. Standard scarcely spreading, not longer than the 
wings, streaked with blue; keel tipped with blue. Style hairy all 
round at the apex. Pod 3 to $ inch long, the depth about one- 
fourth of the length, olive or olive-brown when ripe, slightly bos- 
sulated by the seeds, on a gynophore about as long as the calyx, 


86 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


which is in a continuous line with the pedicel and forms an obtuse 
angle upwards with that of the pod; upper and lower margins 
of the pod nearly parallel, rounded both at the base and the apex, 
the latter mucronate from the remains of the style: but this mucro 
is in the middle—not at the apex of the upper suture as in the last 
species, the surface glabrous in British specimens. Seeds dull- 
brown, or yellowish-olive marbled with black, the hilum about three 
times as long as broad. Plant pale greyish-green, sub-glabrous. 


Four-seeded Slender Tare. 


French, Vesce @ quatre Graines. German, Viersamige Erve. 


SPECIES IIL—VICIA GRACILIS. Lois. 
Pirate CCCLXXXIV. 
Bromfield, in Eng. Bot. Sup. No. 2904. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 83. 
Vicia tetrasperma, var. 3 gracilis, Hook & Arn, Brit. Fl. ed. viii p. 114. Benth. 
Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 177. : 
Ervum gracile, D.C. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 219. Gr. & Godr. FI. 
de Fr. Vol. I. p. 475. Lowe, Man. Fl. Mad. p. 195. 


Annual. Leaves with 2 to 4 pairs of linear-strapshaped leaf- 
lets, abruptly acuminated and mucronate at the apex ; common 
petiole terminating in a simple or once-forked tendril. Lower 
stipules cleft into 2 lanceolate acute lobes, those of the upper leaves 
usually similar, more rarely entire. Peduncles longer than the leaves, 
1- to 7-flowered. Calyx-tube not gibbous on the upper side; teeth 
unequal, triangular, shorter than the calyx-tube. Flowers three 
times as long as the calyx. Pods spreading-reflexed, stipitate, 
cylindrical, scarcely compressed, rounded at the apex, where they 
are apiculate but not acuminated, usually glabrous. Seeds gene- 
rally 6, but varying from 4 to 7, globular, with the hilum roundish- 
oval, about one-twelfth the circumference of the seed. 

In cornfields and waste places. Rather rare, and apparently 
confined to the South of England. I have gathered it only in 
Essex, but specimens have been sent me from the counties of 
Dorset, Hants, and Cambridge, and it is reported on good authority 
from Kent, the neighbourhood of Bath, and county Kerry. 


England, Ireland. Annual. Spring to Autumn. 


Extremely like V. tetrasperma, on which account, no doubt, it 
is frequently overlooked, so that it appears to be scarcer than it really 
is. 1t is, however, a stouter plant, with fewer pairs of leaflets ; 
the leaflets longer, narrower, and decidedly acute; the peduncles 
much longer, the upper ones much exceeding the leaves from which 


LEGUMINIFERA. 87 


they spring, frequently 3 or 4 inches long. The flowers are more 
numerous, larger, 3 inch long, more deeply tinged with lilac-blue 
at the apex. The pods more shortly stipitate, longer, } to 2 inch 
long. ‘The seeds dark brown or very dark olive mottled with black, 


with the hilum very minute, about once and a half as long as broad. 
The foliage of this species is also rather more glaucous than that 
of the last. 

The differently shaped hilum of the seeds is an important cha- 
racter which invariably accompanies the longer peduncles and pods 
with more numerous seeds. The length of the hilum appears a con- 
stant character in all the Vetches. 

Many-seeded Slender Tare. 


French, Vesce Gréle. German, Schlanke Erve. 


Section IJ.—CRACCA. Riv. 


Leaves with many pairs of leaflets. Peduncles elongated, many- 
flowered. Flowers racemose, rather large. Style pubescent all round 
towards the apex. Pods stipitate, rather short, many-seeded. 


SPECIES IV—VICIA CRACCA. Linn. 
Puate CCCLXXXV. 
Cracca major, “ Franken.” Gr. & Godr. FE. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 468. 


Rootstock creeping. Stem climbing or trailing. Leaves with 
8 to 12 pairs of oblong-elliptical or oblong-linear leaflets, rounded or 
abruptly acuminated and mucronate at the apex; common petiole 
terminating in a branched tendril. Stipules half-hastate. Pedun- 
cles equalling or exceeding the leaves, with 10 to 30 flowers in a 
compact unilateral raceme. Pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube. 
Calyx slightly pubescent, the tube more convex on the upper than 
on the lower side ; teeth very unequal, the lowest subulate and as 
long as the tube, the 2 upper ones broader than long; standard 
three times as long as the calyx, contracted above the middle. 
Pods spreading, stipitate on a gynophore shorter than the calyx- 
tube, oblong, slightly compressed, acuminated at the apex into 
a short blunt beak, smooth. Seeds globular, with the hilum linear, 
one-third the circumference of the seed. 

In hedges, thickets, borders of fields, and waste places. Very 
common, and generally distributed. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 


Rootstock creeping. Stem weak, simple or branched, with 
prominent ridges, climbing or trailing, 18 inches to 6 feet long. 


88 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Leaflets + to 1 inch long, varying in breadth. Stipules narrowly 
lanceolate, usually with a single long triangular tooth at the base 
on the side next the stalk. Peduncles 13 to 6 inches long, naked 
at the base, terminating in a dense raceme of unilateral spread- 
ing-reflexed flowers. Calyx-tube scarcely longer than broad, very 
convex on the upper side; upper teeth scarcely one-sixth the length 
of the tube and very broad, the lateral ones triangular, about two- 
thirds the length of the tube, the lowest of all subulate and equal 
to the tube. Flowers } inch long, bright-blue; standard dilated 
above the base on each side below the middle, and again contracted 
at rather more than one-third from the apex, where it is emarginate ; 
wings nearly as long as the standard; keel shorter. Style with 
rather long woolly hairs just below the apex. Pods ? to 1 inch 
long, fawn-coloured when ripe, faintly reticulated, forming an 
obtuse angle upwards with its gynophore, the upper and lower 
margins nearly parallel, obliquely truncate in an ogee curve at the 
apex, where the upper suture is a little deflexed, so that the beak is 
slightly bent down; beak tipped by the style, which is sharply 
bent upwards. Seeds globular, § inch in diameter, dim, black, or 
olive marbled with black. Plant greyish-green, slightly pubescent, 
the leaves sometimes with silky hairs, especially on the under side, 
most apparent when young. 


Tufted Vetch. 


French, Vesce Cracca. German, Gemeine Vogelwicke. : 


This beautiful plant grows several feet high, often covering the hedges with its 
slender stems and leaves and long dense clusters of purplish-blue flowers, forming one 
of the greatest ornaments of our country lanes in the middle and latter part of summer. 
Dr. Plot, in his “ Natural History of Staffordshire,” says that this and the Wood Vetch 
advance starved or weak cattle above any other provender. The Vetches yield abundance 
of food ; but the great difficulty in the way of their cultivation as fodder is that, away 
from their native situations, where they hang and support themselves by their spiral 
tendrils on hedges or trees that may be near them, they would doubtless be very trou- 
blesome, and probably choke themselves for want of support. 


SPECIES V—VICIA OROBUS. D.C. 
Purate CCCLXXXVI. 

Orobus sylvaticus, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 518. 
Vicia cassubica, var. Orobus, Seringe, in D. C. Prod. Vol. IL. p. 356. f 

Rootstock short, not stoloniferous. Stem stout, erect not climb- 
ing. Leaves with 6 to 14 pairs of oval or oblong-elliptical leaflets, 
rounded or abruptly acuminated and mucronate at the apex; common 
petiole terminating in a short straight subulate point. Stipules 
half-sagittate or half-hastate-sagittate, frequently toothed on the 
outer margin. Peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves, with 


LEGUMINIFERZ. 89 


5 to 20 flowers in a short compact unilateral raceme. Pedicels 
nearly as long as the calyx-tube. Calyx slightly pubescent; the 
tube more convex on the upper than on the lower side; teeth 
unequal, triangular, the lowest one narrowest and longest, but 
shorter than the tube, the 2 upper ones nearly as long as broad. 
Standard three times as long as the calyx, not contracted above 
the middie. Pods spreading, stipitate on a gynophore longer than 
the calyx-tube, elliptical-oblong, compressed, acuminated at the 
apex into a sharp beak, smooth. Seeds “ ovoid, compressed, hilum 
equalling half the circumference of the seed.” —(Gr. & Godr.) 

_ In rocky woods, thickets, and pastures in hilly districts. Rare. 
In Somerset, Shropshire, Wales, Durham, the Lake district, the 
South of Scotland, Lanarkshire, and the Western Islands. I have 
seen it growing only on Braid Hills, near Edinburgh. 


» England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 


Rootstock branched, many-headed, but without long creeping 
stolons as in the allied Continental species Vicia cassubica. Stem 
stout, curved near the base, then erect, 8 inches to 2 feet high, with 
the lowest leaves abortive, reduced to 2 or 38 acute leaflets, combined 
together with large somewhat scarious stipules. Leaves rather 
a together, with the leaflets $ to 14 inch long, variable in 

readth, strongly veined beneath. Peduncles 2 to 4 inches long, 
bare of flowers for half to three-fourths of their length. Flowers 
much crowded, 3 inch long, whitish tinged with bluish-purple at 
thetip. Calyx-tube much bulged on the upper side ; the uppermost 
pair of teeth deltoid, one-third the length of the tube, the inter- 
mediate ones deltoid-triangular, about half the length of the tube, 
the lowest triangular and about two-thirds the length of the tube. 
Standard not excised beyond the middle, emarginate at the apex, 
where it is marked with purple veins, a little longer than the 
wings, which have remote purple veins, these again exceeding the 
keel, which is blotched with bluish-purple at the apex. Style 
with short hairs beneath the stigma all round. The ripe pods or 
seeds I have not seen; the immature pods are about 1 inch long, 
tapering slightly both towards the base and the apex, the latter 
terminates in a triangular acute beak, and is tipped by the remains 
of the style, which rises upwards at an obtuse angle. Plant pale 
bright-green, sparingly pubescent. 


Wood Bitter Vetch. 
French, Vesce Orobe. German, Schlingenlose Erve, 


VOL, IIT. N 


190 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


SPECIES VI—VICIA SYLVATICA. Linn. 
Pirate CCCLXXXVII. 


Rootstock creeping. Stem weak, climbing or trailing. Leaves 
with 6 to 10 pairs of oval or broadly elliptical leaflets, rounded or 
truncate and mucronate at the apex ; common petiole terminating 
in a simple or branched tendril. Stipules half-lunate, laciniate, 
the upper ones half-sagittate, toothed only at the base. Peduncles 
equalling or exceeding the leaves, with 5 to 18 flowers in a lax uni- 
lateralraceme. Pedicels as long as the calyx-tube. Calyx glabrous, 
the tube more convex on the upper than on the lower side; teeth 
slightly unequal, triangular-subulate, the lowest one longest but 
shorter than the tube, the 2 upper ones similar to the others but 
a little shorter. Standard three times as long as the calyx, not con- 
tracted above the middle. Pods reflexed, stipitate on a gynophore 
longer than the calyx-tube, narrowly oblong or elliptical-oblong, 
compressed, acuminated at the apex into a rather long sharp beak, 
glabrous. Seeds globular, brownish, with the hilum linear, two- 
thirds the circumference of the seed. 

In woods and thickets, and on rocky banks, particularly in 
hilly districts. Rather rare, but widely distributed, extending 
from Somerset and the Isle of Wight to Aberdeenshire and Argyle- 


shire. 
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 


Stems 2 to 4 feet long, more often trailing than climbing. The 
leaves on the short lateral branches frequently have the tendrils 
reduced to subulate points not much longer than those of V. Orobus. 
Leaflets thin in texture, } to ? inch long, broader than those of the 
preceding species. Stipules very broad, palmately laciniate or 
deeply toothed, spreading or reflexed, the principal segments fre- 
quently tipped with purple. Peduncles 2 to 7 inches long, bare of 
flowers for about half their length. Flowers ? inch long, white 
tinged with lilac. Standard gradually widened out towards the 
apex, which is veined with purple and scarcely notched; wings 
with a few purple veins; keel with a purplish blotch at the apex, 
the bend in the lower margin nearly a right angle, and the apex 
very broad, which makes the flowers considerably broader towards 
the apex than in the two preceding species, in which the angle is 
more obtuse. Style with short hairs all.round underneath the 
stigma. Pods black or dark olive when ripe, 1 to 1} inch long, 
minutely shagreened all over, in a nearly continuous line with the 
gynophore, slightly curved upwards at the beak, which terminates 


LEGUMINIFERA. 91 


in the remains of the style bent upwards. Seeds ;y inch across, 
dim, brownish-black. Plant bright pea-green, glabrous. 


Wood Vetch. 
French, Vesce des Bois. German, Wald Erve. 


This beautiful plant is well known to all lovers of wild flowers asa favourite object. 
Tn foliage, flowers, and grace, it is not exceeded by any of our climbing plants. Scott, 
was alive to its charms when he wrote,— 


“ And where profuse the Wood Vetch clings 
Round ash and elm in verdant rings ; 
Its pale and azure pencill’d flower 
Should canopy Titania’s bower.” 


Section IIJ.—EU-VICIA. Coss. 


Leaves with many pairs of leaflets. Peduncles very short, 
scarcely exceeding the pedicels, axillary, 2- to 6-flowered or scarcely 
observable when the flowers are solitary or in pairs. Flowers race- 
mose or sub-solitary. Style bearded with a tuft of long hairs 
below the stigma on the outer side. Pods stipitate and rather 
short, or sessile and elongated. 


SPECIES VII—VICIA SEPIUM. Lina. 
Prate CCCLXXXVIII. 


Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem weak, climbing or 
trailing. Leaves with 5 to 8 pair of oval or ovate leaflets, truncate 
or sub-truncate and mucronate at the apex; common petiole ter- 
minating in a branched tendril. Stipules half-lunate, strongly 
toothed, the upper ones half-sagittate and nearly entire, the upper- 
most oblong-lanceolate, entire. Peduncles much shorter than the 
leaves, with 2 to 5 (usually 4) spreading-reflexed flowers in a very 
short compact unilateral raceme. Pedicels shorter than the calyx- 
tube. Calyx hairy, with the teeth unequal, shorter than the tube, 
which is more convex on the upper than lower side, the 3 lower 
ones deltoid, suddenly acuminated near the base into subulate, the 
2 upper ones shorter, broader at the base, and curved upwards. 
Standard glabrous, twice as long as the calyx. Pods ascending 
or spreading, stipitate on a gynophore shorter than the calyx- 
tube, oblong, slightly compressed, acuminated at the apex into a 
rather long sharp beak slightly curved downwards, glabrous. 
Seeds sub-globular, with the hilum two-thirds the circumference of 
the seed. 


: 
92 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


In woods, thickets, hedges, and borders of fields. Very common, 
and generally distributed. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer 
and Autumn. 

Stems 13 to 3 feet high. Leaflets of the barren shoots gene- 
rally smaller and more roundish-ovate than those of the flowering 
stems, which have the basal leaflet of each leaf 13 to 1 inch long, 
becoming gradually smaller as they approach the apex of the com- 
mon petiole; their shape is usually oval-ovate, but sometimes more 
nearly approaching lanceolate, and the degree of truncation at the 
apex is very variable, the narrower forms of leaflets being sometimes 
almost acute. Peduncles } to 4 inch long, the flowers commencing 
close to its base, and generally 4in number, though frequently only 
2. Flowers 3 to 2 inch long, pale livid-purple, with the wings more 
inclining to blue, and the keel whitish. Pods 1 to 14 inch long, 
black when ripe, with a very sharp somewhat falcate beak. Seeds 
+ inch across, smooth, dim, dull reddish-brown or olive marbled 
with black. Plant dull-green, with short scattered hairs; the 
edges of the leaves ciliated, and the pedicels and calyces with longer 
woolly hairs. 


Bush Vetch. 


French, Vesce des Haies. German, Zaun Wicke. 


This species shoots earlier in the spring than any other plant eaten by cattle, 
vegetates late in the autumn, and continues green all the winter ; but it is difficult to 
collect the seeds, as the pods burst and scatter them about ; and, moreover, hardly a 
third part of them will vegetate, being made the nidus of an insect. 


SPECIES VIIIL—VICIA LUTEA. Lina 
Puate CCCLXXXIX. 


Rootstock none, or short and much branched. Stems weak, 
climbing or procumbent. Leaves with 5 to 7 pairs of elliptical or 
linear-elliptical leaflets, rounded or acute and mucronate at the 
apex; common petiole terminating in a simple or branched tendril 
or occasionally in a subulate point. Stipules half-hastate, small, 
the upper ones ovate-acuminate. Flowers axillary, solitary, rarely 
in pairs, erect or ascending. Pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube. 
Calyx membranous, glabrous; tube gibbous at the base on the 
upper side; teeth unequal, the upper ones deltoid, suddenly con- 
tracted to subulate, about half the length of the tube or little more, 
the lateral pair triangular-subulate, nearly equal to the tube, the 
lowest one similar but slightly exceeding the tube. Standard 
elabrous, three or four times as long as the calyx-tube, with an 


LEGUMINIFERZ. 93 


oblong-oval lamina. Pods spreading or spreading-reflexed, stipitate 
on a gynophore shorter than the calyx-tube, oblong, scarcely com- 
pressed, acuminated at the apex into a rather long sharp beak, 
curved downwards, clothed with rather long hairs with papillee or 
tubercles at their bases, rarely glabrous. Seeds globular-compressed, 
smooth with shallow distant punctures ; hilum oblong, three times 
as long as broad and one-fifth of the circumference of the seed. 


Sus-Srrcres 1.—Vicia eu-lutea. 
Pirate CCCLXXXIX, 


V. lutea, Sm. Eng. Bot. No.481. Bab, Man. Brit, Bot. ed. v. p. 85. Benth. Handbook 

Brit. Fl. p. 179. 

Plant sparingly clothed with short hairs. Upper stipules 
usually blotched with purple. Calyx-teeth very unequal, the upper- 
most about half as long as the tube. Pod hairy, hairs with papille 
or tubercles at their bases. 

On stony banks and shingly sea-beaches. Very local. I have 
only seen it from Shoreham, Sussex; Weymouth, Dorset ; Dunure, 
Ayr; North Queensferry, Fife; and St. Cyrus, Kincardineshire ; 
but it is reported also from Cornwall, Somerset, Devon, and 
Suffolk. 

England, Scotland. Annual. Summer and Autumn. 


Plant growing in tufts, with the stems 3 to 18 inches long, pro- 
cumbent or prostrate, at least in the stations where I have seen it, 
though doubtless it would climb by its tendrils if there were sup- 
port within reach, which is not the case on a pebbly sea-beach. 
Leaflets to 3 inch long, those of the lowest leaves frequently oval, 
but the upper ones much narrower. Flowers very long and narrow, 
# to 1 inch long, straw-coloured, often tinged with purplish lead- 
colour or entirely of the latter colour; standard scarcely spreading, 
longer than the wings and much longer than the keel. Pods 1 to 
1} inch long, nearly black when ripe, with a faleate beak. Seeds 
x to 3 inch in diameter, globular, slightly compressed, rather dim, 
very finely punctured, blackish-brown or paler marbled with black. 
Plant greyish-green, with rather long distant hairs, especially on 
the petioles and margins of the leaves. 

‘The Fifeshire and Ayrshire plants are smaller and more cespi- 
tose, with the tendrils simple or even rudimentary, the flowers 
smaller, more inclining to lead-colour than straw-colour, the pods 
smaller, and the seeds shorter; while the specimens from St. Cyrus 
and Shoreham are larger and stouter, with the tendrils branched, 
the flowers longer, straw-colour with or without a lead-coloured 
tinge on the standard towards the base, and the pods and seeds 


7 
94 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


larger. The plant from Weymouth, in Smith’s Herbarium, has 
the pods more nearly glabrous, and evidently approaches the next 
sub-species. 

Rough-podded Yellow Vetch. 


French, Vesce Jaune. German, Gelbe Wicke. 


Sus-Species? Il.—Vicia levigata. Sm. 
Prats CCCXC. 
V. sativa, var. Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 179. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. 

p. 1114. 

Plant entirely glabrous. Stipules all green. Calyx-teeth un- 
equal, but rather less so than in the preceding sub-species. Pods 
without hairs, quite smooth or faintly papillose-tuberculated. 

On the pebbly beach at Weymouth, Dorset, but now extinct. 


[England.] ‘“ Perennial,” (Sm.) Summer and Autumn. 


Extremely like V. eu-lutea but smaller, and glabrous, with the 
stems less striated, the leaflets rather blunter at the apex, firmer 
in texture, and deeper green. Seeds larger and more mottled. 
** Flowers pale blue or whitish, seldom yellowish.” (Smith.) This 
writer also says that the calyx-teeth are generally more equal in 
length; but on examining the specimens in his Herbarium I can 
see but little difference in this respect between the two plants. 

I have seen no specimens besides those in the Smithian Her- 
barium, which contains both the wild plant from Weymouth and 
larger cultivated examples from Dr. Goodenough’s garden. The 
Weymouth specimens of V. lutea in Smith’s Herbarium approach 
V. laevigata, and it is very desirable that this resemblance should 
be further investigated by botanists in that neighbourhood. 

Mr. Bentham places V. leevigata under V. sativa, to which it 
bears no resemblance, so that I conclude he has not examined 
Smith’s specimens. 

Smooth-podded Sea Vetch. 


SPECIES IX—VICIA HYBRIDA. Lina 
Puate CCCXCLI. 


Rootstock none. Stems weak, climbing or trailing. Leaves with 
5 to 7 pair of oblong-obovate or oblong-oblanceolate leaflets, more 
or less deeply notched at the apex, with a small point in the centre 
of the notch; common petiole terminating in a branched tendril. 
Stipules half-hastate. Flowers axillary, solitary, erect or ascending. 
Pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube. Calyx membranous, slightly 
hairy ; tube gibbous at the base on the upper side; teeth unequal, 


LEGUMINIFERA, 95 


all subulate, the upper pair rather shorter than the calyx-tube, the 
3 lower ones a little exceeding it. Standard hairy on the outside, 
three or four times as long as the calyx-tube, with an oblong-oval 
lamina. Pods spreading or spreading-reflexed, substipitate, on a 
gynophore much shorter than the calyx-tube, oblong, scarcely 
compressed, acuminated at the apex into a rather long sharp beak 
curved downwards, clothed with long hairs but without papille, 
at length glabrous. Seeds globular, smooth, with shallow punc- 
tures; hilum oval, twice as long as broad, one-sixth the circumfer- 
ence of the seed. 

Formerly found at Glastonbury Tor Hill, Somerset, where it 
grew with V. lutea; but it appears to be now lost. 


[England.] Annual. Summer and Autumn. 


Resembles V. lutea, but is stouter, with the leaflets broader 
towards the apex, where they are retuse or notched. Calyx with 
the teeth more slender, longer, and less unequal. Flowers 1 inch 
long, yellow, frequently veined with purple; the standard always 
hairy. The seeds, for which I am indebted to Mr. H. C. Watson, 
are larger than those of the last species. I only possess cultivated 
specimens raised from seed sent by Mr. T. B. Flower, said to be 
derived from the descendants of the Glastonbury Tor plant. 


Hairy Flowered Vetch. 


SPECIES X—VICIA SATIVA. Lina. 
Puates CCCXCII. CCCXCIIT. CCCXCIV. 


Rootstock none. Stems rather weak, climbing, trailing or 
ascending. Leaves with 4 to 7 pairs of obovate, elliptical, or linear 
leaflets, notched, truncate or abruptly acuminated and mucronate 
at the apex; common petiole terminating in a branched tendril. 
Stipules half-hastate or lanceolate, denticulated or entire. Flowers 
axillary, solitary or in pairs, ascending or spreading-ascending. 
Pedicels much shorter than the calyx-tube. Calyx herbaceous, 
slightly hairy; tube gibbous at the base on the upper side ; teeth 
equal, subulate, about as long as the tube; standard glabrous, 
thrice as long as the calyx-tube, with the lamina roundish. Pods 
ascending or spreading, sessile, sub-cylindrical, compressed, acumi- 
nated at the apex into a rather long sharp beak, slightly curved 
downwards, clothed with very short hairs but without papilli. 
Seeds sub-globular, compressed, smooth, dim; hilum linear, one- 
fifth the circumference of the seed. 


> 
96 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Sup-Srecrrs I.—Vicia eu-sativa. 
Pirate CCCXCII. 


'V. sativa, Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 47. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii p. 217 
Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 458. 

V. sativa, var. a, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 85. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 179. 
Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 111. 


Stems stout. Leaflets of all the leaves obovate or oblong 
oblanceolate, notched at the apex. Stipules frequently with a 
purplish blotch. Flowers nearly 1 inch long, with the standard 
lilac and the wings deep purple. Pods 2 to 3 inches long, gene- 
rally erect or ascending, pale reddish-brown when ripe, with 
imperfect fibrous cellular partitions between the seeds, which pro- 
duce strongly - marked bosses on the exterior of the pod. Seeds 
nearly + inch in diameter. 

On the margins of fields and amongst corn; not unfrequent, but 
only in places where the vetch is cultivated, and having no claims 
to be considered indigenous. 


[ England, Scotland, Ireland.] Annual. | Spring to Autumn. 


Stem climbing or decumbent, 18 inches to 3 feet long, slightly 
branched towards the base. Leaflets } to 1 inch long, variable in 
breadth. Standard with the lamina broader, more reflexed, and 
more suddenly contracted into the claw than in any of the pre- 
ceding species, longer than the wings, and much longer than the 
keel. Keel with a purple blotch at the apex. Pod rupturing the 
calyx, sparingly clothed with short weak hairs, which remain even 
until maturity. Seeds brown, sometimes spotted with black, rarely 
white. Plant bright-green, slightly hairy. 


Common Cultivated Vetch. 
French, Vesce Cultivée. German, Saat Wicke. 


From very ancient times the Vetch has been grown in Southern and Central 
Europe as a fodder-plant, and in England has been commonly cultivated certainly as 
far back as the time of Ray. Gerarde does not attribute any good qualities to it, but 
quotes Galen, who says: “I have known some who in time of famine have fed hereof, 
especially in the spring, it being but greene ; yet it is hard of digestion, and it is mani- 
fest that the nourishment that commeth thereof hath in it no good juice at all, but 
ingendereth a thick blood, and apt to become melancholy.” This species is known as 
the Tare as commonly as the Vetch ; in fact, it appears as though it was indifferently 
called one or the other by the farmers. Ray informs us that in 1686 it was then sown 
all over Europe, and that it was chiefly used in England, mixed with peas and oats, 
to feed horses, but that it was sometimes sown separately for soiling cattle, and was 
reputed to cause milch-cows to yield much milk, The Tare, Brown observes, is of 


LEGUMINIFERA. 97 


hardy growth, and when sown upon rich Jand will return a large supply of green fodder 
for the consumption of horses or for fattening cattle. In the county of Sussex, Young 
observes, “ Tare crops are of such use and importance that not one-tenth of the stock 
could be maintained without them ; horses, cows, sheep, hogs, all feed upon them ; hogs 
are soiled upon them without any other food.” Upon one acre of Tares, Danes main- 
tained four horses in much better condition than upon five acres of grass ; upon eight 
acres he has kept twelve horses and five cows for three months without any other food 
whatever. No artificial food is equal to this excellent plant. A writer who auotes 
this opinion observes that “this statement must be coupled with the usual produce of 
turnips in Sussex, ten or fifteen tons per acre; hence the superiority of Tares to every 
other green crop.” ‘Tares cut green, Professor Thaer observes, draw no nourishment 
from the soil whatever, while, made into hay, they afford a fodder preferred by cattle to 
peas-straw, and more nutritive than hay or any other herbage. The seeds of the Tare 
are much used as food for pigeons and poultry. The plant is sometimes cultivated with 
this object, being generally sown with beans, and the two threshed out together when 
ripe. The seeds, like those of most European legumes, have been used as human food 
but are neither very palatable or digestible, though extremely nutritious. 


Sus-Spreciers I1.—Vicia angustifolia. oth. 
Pirates CCCXCIII. CCCXCIV. 


Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 47. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 217. 
Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 459. 
V. sativa, 3 angustifolia, Hook, & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 111. 


Stems rather stout, or slender. Leaflets of the lower leaves 
obovate or oblong-oblanceolate, emarginate or truncate at the 
apex; those of the upper leaves oblong-oblanceolate or linear, 
truncate or abruptly acuminated and mucronate at the apex. 
Stipules generally green. Flowers 4 to ? inch long, with the 
standard reddish-purple or crimson. Pods 1 to 1? inch long, gene- 
rally spreading, black or deep olive-brown when ripe, without 
imperfect cellular partitions between the seeds, which produce 
only indistinct bosses on the exterior of the pod. Seeds § inch 
in diameter or less. 


Var. a, segetalis. Koch. 
Puate CCCXCIII. 


V. sativa, var. 3, Seringe, in D. C. Prod. Vol. II. p. 361. 

V. sativa, 3, angustifolia, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 85. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl 
p. 179. Sm. Eng. FI. Vol. III. p. 281. 

V. angustifolia, Forster, in E. B. S. No. 2614. 


Stems rather stout. Upper leaves oblong. Flowers mostly in 
pairs. Pods 1} to 2 inches long, splitting the calyx. 
VOL. IIL. ce) 


_ 
98 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Var. 6, Bobartii. Koch. 
Puate CCCXCIV. 
V. sativa, var. y, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 85. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 179. 
V. Bobartii, Yorster, in E. B. 8. No. 2708. 
V. angustifolia, Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 282. 
Stems slender. Upper leaves strap-shaped or linear. Flowers 
often solitary. Pods 1 to 1} inch long, not splitting the calyx. 


Var. « on the borders of fields, amongst corn, by roadsides, 
and in recently disturbed ground or in light rich soil. Var. 6 in 
dry pastures, hedge-banks, and by roadsides. Both forms are 
common and generally distributed in England; more rare in Scot- 
land, where they do not extend North of Moray. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring and Summer. 


Very like V. eu-sativa, but smaller. Stems from 6 inches to 
2 feet high. The upper leaves very narrow in var. 8, while those 
of var. « approach those of V. eu-sativa in shape and size, though 
generally narrower, and less deeply notched at the apex. The 
flowers are smaller, and have the standard not much paler than 
the wings, and usually of a bright crimson. The pods are more 
spreading, smaller, more cylindrical, black and usually glabrous 
when ripe, and they have the imperfect partitions of cellular tissue 
between the seeds only rudimentary. The seeds are much smaller, 
and rather less compressed. The two varieties pass insensibly into 
each other, and intermediates often occur. 


Common Wild Vetch. 
French, Vesce & Feuilles Etroites. German, Schmalblittrige Wicke. 


SPECIES XI.—VICIA LATHYROIDES. Linn. 
Pirate CCCXCV. 


Rootstock none. Stems decumbent, spreading. Leaves with 
2 to 4 pairs of wedgeshaped-obovate, oblanceolate, or oblong leaflets, 
notched or truncate and apiculate at the apex; common petiole 
terminating in a subulate point or short simple tendril. Stipules 
half-sagittate. Flowers axillary, solitary, ascending. Pedicels 
much shorter than the calyx-tube. Calyx herbaceous, slightly 
hairy; tube filiform, not gibbous at the base of the upper side; 
teeth equal, subulate, nearly as long as the tube. Standard gla- 
brous, rather more than twice the length of the calyx-tube, with 
the lamina roundish-oval. Pods ascending or spreading, sessile, 


LEGUMINIFERZ. 99 


cylindrical, compressed, acuminated at the apex into a rather long 
sharp beak slightly curved downwards, glabrous. Seeds roundish- 
eubical, compressed, granulated with small prominent points ; 
hilum oval, one-twelfth the circumference of the seed. 

On sandy and gravelly pastures and waste places. Rather 
searee, but generally distributed, except in the extreme North of 
Scotland. : 

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring and Summer. 

Very like small specimens of V. angustifolia, but more branched, 
with the stems prostrate, 2 to 8 inches long, and thickly clothed with 
spreading hairs. Leaflets generally about } inch long, more hairy 
than in the last, and with the apiculus or mucro at the apex shorter. 
Flowers smaller, } to 3 inch long, pale-purple, with the calyx gra- 
dually attenuated to the base, and not swollen on the upper side. 
Pods } to 1 inch long, glabrous even when young, becoming olive- 
black when ripe, not bossulated by the seeds. The most striking 
difference between this plant and V. angustifolia is in the seeds, 
which are greyish-brown, with minute raised tubercles and a very 
short hilum. Plant greyish-green, more or less hairy. 


Spring Vetch. 


French, Vesce Fausse Gesse. German, Platterbsenartige Wicke. 


Section IV.—ARACHUS. Wedie. 


Leaves with 1 or 2 pairs (rarely 3 pairs) of leaflets. Peduncles 
axillary, elongated, or short, 1- to 3-flowered. Flowers in short 
racemes or solitary. Style bearded with a tuft of long hairs below 
the stigma on the outer side. Pods shortly stipitate, rather short. 


SPECIES XIL—VICIA BITHYNICA. Lin. 
Puate CCCXCVI. 
Lathyrus Bithynicus, Zam. Dic. Vol II p. 706. 


Rootstock none. Stems weak, trailing or climbing. Lower leaves 
with 1, the others with 2 pairs or 3 pairs of elliptical, or linear- 
strapshaped leaflets, rather obtuse or acute and mucronate at the 
apex; common petiole terminating in a branched tendril.. Stipules 
large, half-sagittate ; inciso-dentate on both margins. Peduncles 
axillary, shorter than the leaves, or more rarely equalling them, 1- 
or in the latter case 2- or 3-flowered. Pedicels rather longer than 
the calyx. Calyx herbaceous, hairy, the tube more swollen on 
the upper than on the lower side; teeth unequal, triangular-subu- 


100 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


late, the uppermost pair the shortest, about equal to the tube, the 
lower ones exceeding it. Standard glabrous, thrice as long as the 
calyx-tube, with the lamina oblong-oval. Pods spreading, stipitate, 
with the gynophore much shorter than the calyx-tube ; compressed, 
acuminated at the apex into a rather long sharp beak, hooked 
downwards, sparingly clothed with short woolly hairs, with papillee 
or tubercles at their basis. Seeds sub-globular, compressed, indis- 
tinctly pitted ; hilum oval, one-sixth the circumference of the seed. 


Var. a, latifolius. 


Leaves oval or elliptical. All the stipules deeply toothed. 
Var. 2, angustifolius. 


Leaves strapshaped-elliptical or linear, very acute ; upper stipules 
sparingly toothed. 


On grassy banks, especially near the sea and on cliffs and bushy 
places. Very local. Reported from the counties of Devon, Somer- 
set, Dorset, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Gloucester, Worcester, Glamorgan, 
and Denbigh; but I have met with it myself only near Leigh, 
Essex, and between Folkestone and Sandgate, Kent; the broad- 
leaved plant I possess from several places near Bristol, Somerset, 
and from Budleigh Salterton, Devon. 


England. Annual. Spring to Autumn. 


Stems growing in tufts from the crown of the root, branched 
only at the base; 6 inches to 2 feet long. Leafiets 1 to 2 inches 
long, in var. « often 3 inch broad, but in var. 6 sometimes not 
more than 4 inch. Peduncles } to 2 inches long, generally 1-flow- 
ered, but having sometimes a pair. Flowers # inch long. Standard 
pale dull-purple ; wings white, with a blue blotch near the base. 
Pods 14 to 1? inch long, reddish-brown, varying to brownish- 
black when ripe; reticulated, faintly bossulated by the seeds. 
Seeds ~ inch in diameter, dull-brownish, sometimes marbled with 
black. Plant dull-green, slightly glaucous, glabrous or slightly 
pubescent. 

This plant has sometimes quite the habit of a Lathyrus, and 
has repeatedly been mistaken for Lathyrus hirsutus, but the wing- 
less stem, and the leaflets of the upper leaves more than one pair, 
as well as the shorter peduncles and longer and narrower flowers, 
furnish obvious distinctions, in addition to the diflerence of generic 
character. 

Bithynian Vetch. 


LEGUMINIFER®. 101 


GENUS XVIT—LATHYRUS. Linn. 


Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth shorter. 
Standard sub-orbicular, spreading, at right angles to the rest of 
the flower. Stamens diadelphous, or sub-monadelphous, with the 
tube transversely truncate. Style bent upwards at right angles to 
the ovary, or curved towards the standard; channelled at the base, 
dilated and compressed toward the apex, hairy on the upper or 
inner side (sometimes apparently on the lower from the style twist- 
ing on its own axis). Pod elongated compressed, many-seeded. 

Herbs, generally climbing, and scarcely distinguishable from the 
genus Vicia by their habit, though generally the leaflets are much 
larger, and only in one or two pairs; sometimes there are none. 
Flowers on elongated axillary peduncles, solitary, subsolitary, or 
racemose, generally large, with a very broad spreading lamina to 
the standard. 

The origin of the name of this genus of plants is somewhat obscure. One author 
says it comes from \afupoc of Theophrastus, which is said to be from )a (Ja), augmen- 
tative, and Govpoc (thouros), anything exciting, in reference to the qualities of the seeds. 
Another writer suggests that it comes from \ofw, “to lie hidden ;” but that does not 
obviously apply to the habit of the plant. 


Section I.—APHACA. Tournef. 


Petioles reduced to tendrils. Leaflets only present on the first 
leaves of seedlings, and not always even there. Calyx-tube equal 
and attenuated at the base; teeth longer than the tube. 


SPECIES I—LATHYRUS APHACA. Linn. 
Puate CCCXCVII. 


Root annual. Stem climbing or trailing, angular, not winged. 
Leaflets none. Tendrils branched or simple. Stipules very large, 
ovate, truncate and slightly hastate or hastate-sagittate at the base 
with short auricles, obtuse at the apex. Peduncles axillary, 1- 
flowered. Flowers erect. Calyx-teeth strapshaped - lanceolate, 
nearly equal, much longer than the tube. Corolla not much 
longer than the calyx. Pods linear-oblong, compressed, falcate. 

In cultivated ground, and waste places which have been recently 
disturbed ; rare. In Devonshire, Dorset, Sussex, and Kent, north- 
ward to Worcestershire, Warwickshire, and Lincolnshire. 


England. Annual. Early Summer to Autumn. 


. 
102 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Stems weak, 8 inches to 3 feet long, sparingly branched, and 
that chiefly at the base. Leaflets very small, oval-elliptical, and 
only to be found on very young plants, all the later leaves being 
reduced to slightly-branched or simple tendrils. Stipules } to 14 
inch long, resembling pairs of opposite leaves. Peduncles longer 
than the tendrils, 14 to 2 inches long. Flowers about } inch long, 
pale-yellow, with the keel whitish. Calyx equal at the base, with 
a short tube and very long segments, the lowest one a little exceed- 
ing the others. Standard only slightly spreading. Pods 1to11 inch 
long, dark-brown or nearly black when ripe, ascending, slightly 
curved upwards, abruptly acuminated into a short sharp beak at 
the apex; the sides reticulated. Seeds few, roundish-cubical, com- 
pressed, smooth, slightly shining, black, or yellow mottled with black; 
hilum about one-tenth the circumference of the seed. Plant pale- 
green, rather glaucous, glabrous. 


Yellow Vetchling. 
French, Gresse sans Feuilles. German, Nebenblittrige Platterbse. 


The species of this genus claim kindred with the well-known Sweet Pea of our 
gardens, which is a native of Sicily, and whose showy flowers and sweet scent render it 
such a favourite everywhere. The British representatives of the family, though less 
attractive in appearance, are not without their charms. Our present species is often 
found in fields in the eastern counties, and may be considered in some measure as a 
useful plant, the seeds and pods having been eaten when green, made into bread, or put 
in broth. When ripe they are not wholesome, however, often occasioning sickness and 
headache, 


Section II.—NISSOLIA. Tournef. 


Petioles all reduced to grasslike phyllodia, without leaflets or 
tendrils. 


SPECIES IL—LATHYRUS NISSOLIA. Linn. 
Prate CCCXCVIIL. 


Root annual. Stems erect or ascending, not climbing, angular, 
not winged. Petioles linear, without leaves or tendrils. Stipules 
very small, subulate. Peduncles axillary, 1- (rarely 2-) flowered. 
Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, unequal, rather shorter than the 
tube. Corolla three times as long as the calyx. Pods narrowly 
cylindrical, scarcely compressed, straight, glabrous. 

In grassy places and amongst low bushes. [Rather rare, and 
confined to the South of England, apparently not wild to the North 
of Norfolk, Derbyshire, and Herefordshire, although it has occurred 
as far North as Dundee, but doubtless introduced. 


England, [Scotland]. Annual. Spring and Summer. 


LEGUMINIFER®. 103 


Stems several from the crown of the root, slightly curved at the 
base, then erect, rather stiff, 1 to 8 feet high, simple or slightly 
branched. Petioles 3 to 7 inches long, resembling blades of grass. 
Peduncles slender, 1 to 4 inches long, bearing rarely more than 1 
spreading flower. Flowers } to % inch long, bright-crimson with 
the keel paler. Calyx gibbous at the base above, the 3 lower teeth 
longer than the upper 2; standard with the lamina orbicular, 
spreading with the sides slightly reflexed, longer than the wings 
and keel. Pod slightly drooping, 1} to 23 inches long, about the 
thickness of a crow-quill, the sides with longitudinal anastomosing 
veins. Seeds maroon or reddish-black, roundish, compressed, 
slightly shining, covered with small tubercles; hilum oblong, one- 
ninth the circumference of the seed. Plant green, the leaves 
glaucous above. 

Before this plant comes into flower it is scarcely possible to 
detect it, from its close resemblance to the grasses among which it 
grows ; the petioles, however, do not sheathe the stem as the leaves 
of grasses do. 

Grass-leaved Vetch. 


French, Gesse sans Vrilles. German, Blattlose Platterbse. 


The specific name of this plant was given to it in honour of M. G. Nissole, a 
French botanist, whose zeal induced him to adopt the ingenious expedient of searching 
the siftings of grain imported from foreign ‘parts, by growing which he obtained many 
curious exotics. The leaves of the plant are so like grass, that unless it be in blossom 
it may readily be overlooked and mistaken for it. 


Section II].—EU-LATHYRUS. Seringe, in D. C. Prod. 


Petioles all bearing leaflets and terminating in tendrils. Calyx- 
tube gibbous at the base above. 


SPECIES TI—LATHYRUS HIRSUTUS. Zinn. 
Puate CCCXCIX. 


Root annual. Stems weak, climbing or trailing, winged. 
Leaves with 2 or 4 pairs of elliptical or linear-elliptical leaflets, 
mucronate at the apex; common petiole terminating in a short 
branched tendril. Stipules rather small, half-sagittate. Peduncles 
longer than the leaves, generally 2- (but sometimes 1- or 3-) 
flowered. Calyx-teeth ovate-acuminate, as long as the tube. 
Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Pods oblong, compressed, 
straight, hairy; the hairs with tubercles at the base. 

In bushy places and borders of fields. Very rare, and appa- 
rently confined to the southern part of the county of Essex, where 
it occurs in several places. I have only seen it at Hadleigh Castle, 


_ 
104 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


near Southend. A specimen has been sent me labelled “ Vicia 
Bithynica, Budleigh Salterton, Devon,’ in the handwriting of 
Miss Carpenter ; but probably there has been some transposition 
of labels. 

England. Annual. Summer and Autumn. 


Stems 1 to 4 feet high, angular, and furnished with 2 rather 
narrow herbaceous strips or wings. Petioles very short. Leaflets 
1 to 2 inches long, varying much in breadth, frequently there is 
only a single pair, but if there be a second, the leaflets are smaller 
than those of the lower pair; tendrils bent downwards. Stipules 
rather small, slender, with long acute auricles parallel to the stem. 


Peduncles 2 to 5 inches long, generally 2-flowered, with one flower 


a little above the other. Pedicels about as long as the calyx. 
Flowers spreading, 3 inch long, bright-crimson, with the keel and 
wings paler; standard with the lamina roundish, spreading at right 
angles to the claw, and having the sides folded back. Style much 
dilated towards the stigma. Pods shortly stipitate, 1 to 13 inch long, 
much compressed. Seeds few, roundish, compressed, brown, gran- 
ulated with elongate papille ; hilum oval, one-twelfth the cireum- 
ference of the seed. Plant greyish-green, slightly hairy, the pods 
clothed with rather long hairs with papillee at the base. 
Hairy Vetchling. 


French, Gesse Velue. German, Behaarte Platterbse. 


SPECIES IV—LATHYRUS PRATENSIS. Lin. 
Puate CCCC. 

Rootstock extensively creeping. Stems climbing or trailing, 
slightly winged. Leaves with 1 pair of elliptical or strapshaped- 
elliptical acute leaflets; common petiole terminating in a simple 
or branched tendril. Stipules large, lanceolate-ovate or lanceolate, 
acuminate, sagittate at the base with slender acute auricles. 
Peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves, 3- to 12-flowered. 
Flowers spreading, in a compact raceme. Calyx-teeth triangular, 
subulate towards the apex, slightly unequal, about as long as the 
tube. Corolla more than twice as long as the calyx. Pods linear- 
oblong, compressed, nearly straight, when mature glabrous, or 
clothed with short curled hairs without papillz at their base. 

In meadows, pastures, hedges, and borders of woods. Very 
common, and generally distributed. 


England, Scotland, Treland. Perennial. Summer. 


Stems angular, with wings narrower than its diameter, much 


LEGUMINIFER®. 105 


branched, 1 to 3 feet long. Leaflets on young plants oval, 4 to 
# inch long; on mature specimens narrower, and $ to 13 inch long, 
very acute at the apex. Stipules nearly as long as the petiole 
exclusive of the tendril. Peduncles 1} to 8 inches long, terminating 
in a compact somewhat unilateral raceme, 1 to 2 inches long. 
Flowers bright-yellow, § to ? inch long; standard with the lamina 
sub-orbicular, spreading at right angles to the claw and having 
the sides reflexed, longer than the wings and keel. Style not 
twisted. Pods sessile, I to 1} inch long, sometimes slightly curved 
upwards, reticulated with oblique anastomosing veins on the sides, 
clothed with short curled white hairs when young, turning black 
and frequently becoming glabrous when ripe. Seeds globular, 
smooth, dim, dark-brown, or yellowish-olive marbled with black, 
hilum oblong, one-sixth the circumference of the seed. Plant 
pea-green, slightly g glaucous, sparingly clothed with short adpressed 
hairs. 
Meadow Vetchling. 


French, Gesse des Prés. German, Wiesen Platterbse. 


This species has been recommended as a new plant for experimental agriculturists, 
and premiums have been offered for its cultivation. It does not, however, seem to be 
very palatable to cattle, for they prefer any other fodder that is within their reach. 
Usually the Vetchling is regarded only as a noxious weed; and Parkinson tells us that 
it was called “the Ramping Wild Vetch by the country people, because it is the most 
pernicious herbe that can grow on the earth, killing and strangling corne or any other 
good herbe it shall grow by.” Most farmers on moist lands would probably be of his 
opinion, as it runs very much, and is very difficult to extirpate. 


SPECIES V—LATHYRUS TUBEROSUS. Zina. 
Pirate CCCCI. 


Rootstock extensively creeping, furnished with sessile ovate- 
ovoid tubers. Stem climbing or trailing, not winged. Leaves with 
1 pair of obovate-oval rounded apiculate leaflets ; common petiole 
terminating in a branched tendril. Stipules small, lanceolate-acute, 
half-sagittate at the base with a slender acute auricle. Peduncles 
axillary, longer than the leaves, 2- to 5-flowered. Flowers spread- 
ing, in a lax raceme. Calyx-teeth triangular, unequal, about as 
long as the tube. Corolla more than three times as long as the 
calyx. Pods sub-cylindrical, glabrous. 

In cornfields and round their borders. Very local. Known to 
occur only about Fyfield, near Chipping Ongar, Essex, where it 
was first discovered by Mr. Corder in 1859 ; but the farmers in the 
neighbourhood had noticed it for about sixty years. The Rey. 
W. W. Newbould has found specimens in the Sloane Herbarium in 
the British Museum, gathered by the Rev. J. Sedgwick in the 

VOL. ILI. P 


105 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


neighbourhood of Lincoln, “in the north field of Blankney, near 
the road to Lincoln.” 


England. Perennial. Late Summer and Autumn. 


Stems weak, slender, with raised lines, but without wings, 2 to 
4 feet long. Leaflets 3 to 1} inch long, widest rather beyond the 
middle. Stipules about as long as the petiole exclusive of the 
tendril. Peduncles 2 to 5 inches long. Lowest calyx-tooth longer 
and narrower than the others. Flowers 3 to ? inch long, bright- 
crimson. Standard with the lamina orbicular, slightly emarginate, 
spreading at right angles to the claw and with the sides reflexed, 
a little longer than the wings and keel. Style curved upwards and 
twisted on its own axis. Pods # to 14 inch long, often clavate in 
the Fyfield plant, from the seeds towards the base being abortive ; 
the sides have anastomosing longitudinal oblique veins. The ripe 
seeds I have not seen, as the corn is cut before the pods have time 
to arrive at maturity; but the seeds set, so that Dr. Walker-Arnott 
is mistaken in saying the flowers fall off without bearing fruit.— 
(Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 606.) Plant pea-green, glabrous. 

This plant is remarkable for the subterranean tubers, which are 
1 to 2 inches long, broadest at the sessile base, and tapering to the 
apex. 

Tuberous Vetchling. 


French, Gesse Tubéreuse. German, Lrdnuss, 


This showy pea is cultivated in Holland for its edible roots. Gerarde calls it the 
Peas-earthnut. 


SPECIES VI—-LATHYRUS SYLVESTRIS. Zinn. 
Prate CCCCII. 


Rootstock creeping, without tubers. Stem climbing or trailing, 
with wings as broad as or broader than itself. Leaves with 1 pair 
of elliptical-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate acute mucronate leaflets ; 
common petiole with a wing nearly as broad as itself, terminating in 
a much-branched tendril. Stipules lanceolate, half-sagittate at the 
base with a slender acute auricle. Peduncles axillary, longer than 
the leaves, 3- to 10-flowered. Flowers spreading, in a lax raceme. 
3 lower calyx-teeth triangular, about as long as the tube; the 
upper pair deltoid and much shorter than the tube. Corolla more 
than twice as long as the calyx. Pods cylindrical-oblong, com- 
pressed, glabrous. Seeds transversely globular-ovoid, compressed, 
dim, black, faintly tuberculated with the tubercles separate; hilum 
one-half the cireumference of the seed. 

In bushy places, woods, and hedges, or on rocks. Local. 
Found in most of the English counties, but very rare in Scotland. 


LEGUMINIFERA. 107 


The most northern stations, in which it is certainly wild, are on 
the cliffs of the south shore of the Isle of Mull; and near the Red 
Head, Forfarshire. 
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer 
and Autumn. 

Stems much branched, rather stout, broadly winged, 8 to 6 feet 
long. Leaflets 2 to 6 inches long, variable in breadth, 3- or 5-nerved. 
Stipules rather small, shorter than the petiole. Peduncles 13 to 10 
inches long, terminated by a lax unilateral raceme. Flowers } to 
# inch long; standard with the lamina sub-orbicular, slightly emar- 
ginate, longer than the wings and keel, rose-coloured within, rose 
stained with green on the outside; wings purplish towards the 
apex; keel greenish-white. Style curved upwards, twisted on its 
own axis. Pods sessile, 1} to 3 inches long, with the upper margin 
convex at the base, and the lower one convex at the apex. Seeds 
numerous, § inch in diameter, rough, with irregular tubercular 
ridges projecting little above the surface. Plant deep-green, 
slightly glaucous, glabrous. 

Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea. 


French, Gesse Sauvage, Pois Lternel. German, Wald Platterbse. 


SPECIES VIL—LATHYRUS LATIFOLIUS. Zinn. 
Prate CCCCIII. 


Rootsock shortly creeping, without tubers. Stem climbing or 
trailing, with wings as broad as or narrower than itself. Leaves 
with 1 pair of oval-elliptical or elliptical leaflets; common petiole 
with a wing broader than itself, terminating in a much-branched 
tendril. Stipules lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, half-sagittate at the 
base, with a slender acute auricle. Peduncles longer than the leaves, 
5- to 10-flowered. Flowers spreading, in a rather compact raceme. 
3 lower calyx-teeth triangular, about as long as the tube; the 
upper pair a little broader and shorter. Corolla more than twice 
as long as the calyx. Pods linear-cylindrical, slightly compressed, 
glabrous. Seeds globular, greyish, with the tubercles contiguous ; 
hilum linear, one-fourth the circumference of the seed. 

In woods and on rocky débris. Rare, and no doubt in all its 
stations escaped from cultivation. In many of the localities 
recorded for it, a broad-leaved form of L. sylvestris has probably 
been mistaken for it. I have myself only seen it on Salisbury 
Craigs, Edinburgh. 


[ England, Scotland.] Perennial. Summer. 


> 
108 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Extremely like L. sylvestris; but the leaflets and stipules are 
usually broader in proportion to their length, which is 2 to 4 inches. 
The wings of the stem are not quite so broad, and those of the petiole 
a little broader. The flowers are more numerous, in a more compact 
raceme, and a little larger, being from # to 1 inch long, entirely 
purplish-rose, with the keel paler. The pod is longer, 3 to 4 inches 
in length, more cylindrical, more acuminated at the apex. The 
seeds paler, with the tubercles more elevated, and all run together so 
as to present a brain-like aspect; the hilum is also considerably 
shorter. The plant is also paler green, and more glaucous. 


Broad-leaved Everlasting Pea. 
French, Gesse & larges Feuilles. German, Breitblitterige Platterbse. 


This pretty and favourite climbing plant is often seen covering the doorways of 
cottages, the trellis-work of gardens, or creeping round the windows of some village 
school-house, where its beautiful flowers are with difficulty kept from marauding fingers, 
or its ripening pods from the omnivorous mouths that pass to and fro underneath its 
hanging tendrils. Nothing can be prettier than this well-known plant. Its broad 
leaves and juicy stems yield good fodder, and its cultivation has been recommended for 
this purpose ; but it does not seem to be better adapted for field culture than any other 
of its family. 


SPECIES VIIIL—LATHYRUS PALUSTRIS. Zinn. 
PratE CCCCIY. 


Rootstock extensively creeping. Stems climbing or trailing, 
nearly simple, winged, with the wings nearly as broad as the stem. 
Leaves with 2 to 3 pairs of elliptical or linear-elliptical mucronate 
leaflets ; common petiole terminating in a branched tendril. Stipules 
lanceolate, very acute, half-sagittate at the base, with a triangular 
auricle. Peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves, 2- to 8-flowered. 
Flowers spreading, in a lax raceme. 3 lower calyx-teeth trian- 
gular, nearly as long as the tube; the upper pair deltoid, and much 
shorter than the tube. Corolla nearly three times as long as the 
calyx. Pods linear-oblong, compressed, glabrous. Seeds globular, 
smooth ; hilum + circumference of the seed. 

In fens and boggy places. Very local. I possess it from Burtle 
Moor, Somerset; Belton Fen, Yarmouth; Monks Wood, Hun- 
tingdon; and the Murrow of Wicklow. It is reported, on satis- 
factory authority, also from the counties of Hants, Norfolk, 
Carnarvon, Cambridge, Lincoln, and York. 

England, Scotland?, Ireland. Perennial. Late Summer 
and Autumn. 


Stems slender, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaflets 14 to 2} inches long, 
varying in breadth. Stipules usually extending beyond the point 


LEGUMINIFER. 109 


where the first leaflets are placed. Peduncles 2 to 4 inches long. 
Flowers 3 to ? inch long, purple, fading to blue. Standard with 
the lamina oval-orbicular, spreading nearly at a right angle with 
the claw, a little longer than the wings and keel. Style suddenly 
bent upwards at the extremity of the ovary, not twisted on its own 
axis. Pod shortly stipitate, 14 to 1} inch long, rounded at the 
apex below, reticulated on the sides. The mature pods I have not 
seen, but the seeds have been sent me by the late Mr. Thomas Clark ; 
they are } inch in diameter, olive-yellow prettily marbled with black. 
Plant glaucous-green, glabrous. 


Marsh Vetchling, Duckling Vetch. 
French, Gesse des Marais. German, Swmpf Platterbse, 


SPECIES IX.—LATHYRUS MARITIMUS. Digel. 
Piate CCCCV. 


Pisum maritimum, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1046. 


Rootstock very long, woody, creeping. Stems prostrate, quad- 
rangular, striate but not winged. Leaves with 3 to 5 pairs of 
broadly oval or elliptical leaflets; common petiole terminating in a 
branched or simple short tendril. Stipules broadly ovate, acuminate, 
hastate or hastate-sagittate at the base with the 2 auricles deltoid- 
triangular and of unequal size. Peduncles axillary, shorter than the 
leaves or more rarely equalling them, 4- to 10-flowered. Flowers 
spreading, in a compact raceme. Three lower calyx-teeth trian- 
gular, about as long as the tube; the upper pair deltoid, acuminate, 
much shorter than the tube. Corolla three times as long as the 
calyx. Pods linear-oblong, scarcely compressed. Seeds globular, 
smooth ; hilum one-third the circumference of the seed. 


Var. a, genuinus. 
Leaflets broadly oval, rather blunt. 


Var. 6, acutifolius. Bab. 
Leaflets elliptical, acute. Stems more slender than in var. a. 


On shingly sea-beaches. Rare. Var. « on the coasts of Dorsct, 
Sussex, Kent, Suffolk, and Lincolnshire; and formerly near Pen- 
zance, Cornwall, and in the Isle of Wight. Var. @ in the Island of 
Unst, Shetland, and possibly in Orkney. A form somewhat inter- 
mediate between varieties « and 6 is found at Rosbegh, county 
Kerry. 

in England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer 

and Autumn. 


7 
110 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Rootstock thick, black, extending many feet down through the 
shingle, branching shes the branches mostly starting from the same 
point, slender and creeping. Stems 6 inches to 3 feet long, lying 
flat on the ground. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, mostly alternate, 
and diminishing i in size towards the apex of the petiole, thick and 
somewhat fleshy, directed upwards, particularly in the evening 
common petiole generally curved backwards, terminating in a very 
short tendril. Stipules very large, } to 1 inch long, with auricles 
on both sides of the base. Peduncles 14 to 3 inches long; raceme 
#tolinch long. Flowers 3 to $ inch long, purplish-crimson fading 
to blue. Style straight, ascending at an obtuse angle with the 
stigma, slightly dilated upwards and hairy. Pods reflexed, shortly 
stipitate, 14 to 2 inches long, brown when ripe, nearly straight, 
their width nearly as great as the depth between the 2 sutures. 
Seeds $ inch in diameter, dusky-brown, paler towards the hilum, 
slightly shining. Plant glabrous and glaucous. 


Sea Pea. 
French, Pois Maritime. German, Meerstrands Platterbse. 


This species of Lathyrus grows on shingly beaches, chiefly on the Eastern coast of 
England, but not very abundantly anywhere. The seeds are bitter in taste, and very 
unpalatable ; but, in the year 1555, the people in the neighbourhood of Aldborough and 
Orford, in Suffolk, were kept alive during a time of famine by eating the seeds of this 
plant, which grew abundantly on the sand-hills of the district. Its existence had not 
been noticed by the inhabitants before, and they attributed its sudden appearance to 
an interposition of Providence for their sustenance. Some, less willing to believe in 
miracles, traced the origin of the plant to the wreck of a vessel laden with peas on the 
coast during the previous year ; but, as the Sea Pea is nowhere cultivated, this seems 
unlikely. It is more probable that the plant had grown there for centuries ; but the 
seeds being nauseous in flavour, and botany not being studied in this district at this 
period, no one had recollected the circumstance, until pressed by want to seek food 
among the wild herbs of the neighbouring waste. With the necessity, the estimation 
of the plant that had relieved it ceased, and it is now as little used as many others 
which might be of equal value under similar circumstances. 


Section IV.—OROBUS. Jinn. 


Petioles all bearing leaflets, but terminating in a linear or subu- 
late point, not a tendril. Calyx gibbous at the base on the upper 
side. 

SPECIES X—-LATHYRUS MACRORRHIZUS. Winm. 
Prate CCCCVI. 


L. montanus, Bernh. Gorcke Fl. v. N. & Mit-Deutschl. ed. vi. p. 112. 
Orobus tuberosus, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1153. och, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. 
ed, ii. p. 225. ries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 46. 


Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous, bearing small enlarged tubers 
or knots. Stems erect or ascending, frequently decumbent at the 


LEGUMINIFERA. a ln ig k 


base, narrowly winged. Leaves with 2 to 3 (rarely 4) pairs of ovate- 
elliptical, elliptical, oblong, or linear-oblong mucronate leaflets ; 
common petiole terminating in a setaceous point. Stipules lance- 
olate, half-sagittate at the base, with a triangular-acute auricle. 
Peduncles longer than or equal to the leaves, 2- to 6-flowered. 
Flowers drooping, in a lax raceme. 3 lower calyx-teeth ovate- 
acuminate, shorter than the tube; the upper pair much shorter, 
and directed upwards. Corolla three times as long as the calyx. 
Pods oblong-linear, sub-cylindrical, slightly compressed. Seeds 
globular, smooth ; hilum about one-fourth the circumference of 
the seed. 
Var. a, genuinus. 


Leaflets varying from oval-elliptical to elliptical or oblong. 


Var. 6, tenuifolius. 
Orobus tenuifolius, Roth. Fl. Germ. Vol. I. p. 305. 
Leaflets varying from strap-shaped to linear. 


In woods and thickets, amongst heath and in grassy places. 
Very common, and generally distributed. Var. 6 not so frequent 
as var. a. ‘ 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring and Summer. 


Rootstock black, with enlargements at intervals from the size 
of a pea to that of a small cherry. Stems 8 to 18 inches high. 
Leaflets in var. « 1 to 2 inches long, blunt or suddenly acuminate 
at the apex—in (, sometimes 8 inches long, tapering gradually 
and very acute. Stipules } to inch long. Peduncles 1 to 5 inches 
long. Flowers 3 to $ inch long, pale dull-crimson fading to blue, 
and at length tinged with green. Pods sessile, spreading or slightly 
reflexed, 14 to 2 inches long, black when ripe, nearly as wide as the 
depth between the sutures. Seeds } inch in diameter, reddish- 
brown, slightly shining. Plant deep-green, slightly glaucous, espe- 
cially on the under side of the leaves, glabrous, or with a few short 
scattered hairs on the stipules. 

This plant usually (but not always) turns black in drying. 


Tuberous Bitter Vetch. 
French, Orobe tubereux. German, Berg Platterbse. 


SPECIES XI—-LATHYRUS NIGER. Wimm. 
Pirate CCCCVII. 


Orobus niger, Zinn. Hook. in Eng. Bot. Sup. No. 2788. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et 
Helv. ed. ii. p. 226. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 46. 


7 
112 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Rootstock short, without tubers or stolons. Stem erect, 
branched, angular, but not winged. Leaves with 4 to 6 pairs of 
broadly elliptical or oblong mucronate leaflets; common petiole 
terminating in a setaceous point. Stipules small, linear-lanceolate, 
half-sagittate or hastate-sagittate at the base, with a small acute 
auricle. Peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves, 3- to 8-flow- 
ered. Flowers drooping, in a rather lax raceme. 3 lower calyx- 
teeth deltoid-triangular, not half the length of the tube; the upper 
pair much shorter. Corolla three times as long as the calyx. 
Pods linear, sub-cylindrical, slightly compressed. Seeds quadrate, 
compressed, smooth ; hilum about one-fourth the circumference of 
the seed. 

In rocky copses in mountainous districts. Very rare. -In the 
Den of Airly, twelve miles west of Forfar; and in the Pass of 
Killicrankie, Perthshire; also said to occur on Craiganain, a rock 
within two miles of Moy House, Inverness-shire. 


Scotland. Perennial. Summer. 


Stem slender, almost wiry, erect, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaflets 
2 to 14 inch long, usually lanceolate-elliptical, but variable in 
breadth, though not nearly to the same extent as in the last species. 
Stipules of the lower leaves } inch long; those of the upper very 
minute. Peduncles 2 to 4 inches long. Flowers } inch long, with 
the claw of the petals longer than the lamina, dull purplish-crimson 
fading to livid blue. Pods drooping, 2 inches long, black when 
ripe. Seeds $ inch across, reddish-black. Plant deep-green, gla- 
brous, always turning brownish-black when drying. 


Black Bitter Vetch. 


French, Orobe noircissant. German, Schwarze Platterbse, 


EXCLUDED SPECIES. 


MEDICAGO MURICATA. Willd. 
Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. IIT. p. 320. 

Said to have been found by Ray on the coast at Orford, 
Suffolk ; but the Rev. W. W. Newbould informs me that Ray’s 
plant was M. denticulata, on the faith of the specimens in the old 
Herbaria. 

TRIFOLIUM PARVIFLORUM. Zirh.’ 

Mr. A. G. More finds that Dr. Mackay’s specimens of the plant 

called by him “ Trifolium maritimum,” from near Kilbarrack 


ROSACE®. 113 


church, co. Dublin, belong to this species ; as, however, it is likely 
to be a casual introduction, it is considered best for the present to 
exclude it until its present existence in Ireland be ascertained. 


CORONILLA VARIA. Linn 


Reported to have been found at Berry Head and Linton, 
Devonshire, and also in the Lake district ; but these statements 
require confirmation before so conspicuous a plant can be admitted 
into the British list. 


ORDER XXVI.—ROSACES. 


Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate simple or compound 
leaves. Stipules usually conspicuous, free or more or less 
adhering at the base to the petiole. Flowers regular, often yellow 
or white, solitary, or in simple or compound corymbose cymes 
or panicles, more rarely in racemes, spikes, heads, or umbels. In- 
florescence generally terminal. Sepals 5, more rarely 4 or 3 (or 
double these numbers by the addition of an epicalyx exterior to 
the calyx), more or less united at the base, valvate or imbricated 
in eestivation, the odd one superior or turned towards the axis of 
the inflorescence. Petals 5, more rarely 4, perigynous, caducous, 
sometimes absent. Stamens indefinite, rarely definite, distinct, 
perigynous, inserted immediately within the petals. Ovary free 
from the calyx, consisting of 1 carpel, or of few or numerous 
distinct ones; or of 2 to 5 united to each other and adhering 
to the calyx-tube. Ovules 1, 2, or several, anatropous. Styles 
lateral or terminal, free, rarely united. Fruit consisting of achenes 
or follicles, sometimes a drupe or a pome. Seeds 1 or more; 
albumen none; embryo nearly straight. 


Sus-Orprer I.—AMYGDALEA. 


Trees or shrubs, with simple undivided leaves, having stipules 
not adhering to the petiole and persistent only on the barren shoots, 
deciduous on the flowering ones. Calyx inferior (free from the 
ovary), splitting in a circumcissile manner, and the greater portion 
deciduous. Petals white or pink. Stamens indefinite. Carpels 
solitary, containing 2 ovules. Style terminal. Fruit a drupe, with 

VOL. ILL. Q 


_ 
114 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


the exterior portion of the pericarp fleshy or dry, separating when 
mature from the inner layer, which is woody and forms the 
so-called stone of the fruit which incloses the seed or kernel. Seed 
mostly solitary. 


GENUS IT—PRUNUS. Linn. 


Calyx with the tube urceolate-hemispherical, 5-toothed, the 
segments imbricated in estivation, the upper part deciduous. 
Petals 5, spreading, inserted in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 
15 to 30, inserted close within the petals. Drupe fleshy, with 
the stone smooth or furrowed, containing a single seed. 

Trees or shrubs, with leaves varying from obovate to oblong or 
elliptical, serrate or crenate at the margins, generally furnished 
with glands on the petiole close to the base of the lamina. Stipules 
small. Flowers produced early, solitary, in pairs, or in umbels or 
racemes. 

The name of this genus of plants is said to be of Asiatic origin, the wild plant, 


according to Galen, being called zpovjvoc (prowmnos) in Asia. The Greek name for 
the plum is zpouyn (prowné) : it occurs in Theophrastus. 


Suz-Genus I.—EU-PRUNUS. 


Young leaves convolute. Flowers lateral, solitary or in pairs, 
produced from flower-buds distinct from the leaf-buds, expanding 
before the leaves or at the same time with them. Drupe covered 
externally with a whitish bloom; stone compressed, somewhat 
sulcated at the margins, slightly rugose on the faces. 


SPECIESIL—PRUNUS COMMUNIS. JZuds. — 
Prates CCCCVIIIL CCCCIX. CCCCX. 


Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, elliptical, oblong-obovate, or obovate, 
coarsely and bluntly serrated, appearing after the flowers or along 
with them. Peduncles solitary or in pairs (rarely 3 or 4 together). 
Fruit ovoid or globose. 


Sus-Species —Prunus spinosa. Linn. 
Pirate CCCCVIITI. 


P. communis, a spinosa, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 91. Benth. Handbook Brit. 
Fl. p. 185. Hook, & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 118. 


ROSACEA. 115 


A small bushy shrub with twisted branches, most of the old 
ones terminating in spines, the younger ones usually pubescent. 
Leaves elliptical or elliptical-oblanceolate, at length glabrous 
beneath. Peduncles mostly solitary, glabrous. Flowers usually 
expanding before the leaves begin to appear. Petals obovate. 
Fruit small, sub-globular, erect. 


Var. a, genuina. 


Flowers expanding before the leaves appear. 


Var. 6, coétanea. 
Flowers appearing with the leaves. 


In thickets, woods, and on commons; common, and generally 
distributed, but not reaching Orkney. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Spring. 


A rigid bush, commonly from 3 to 4 feet high, but sometimes 
8 or 10, with irregular divaricate branches, most of them termi- 
nating in spines; bark smooth, dark-grey, or nearly black. 
Suckers numerous. Leaves shortly-stalked, 1 to 2 inches long, 
rather finely serrated. Flowers usually produced before the leaves, 
from buds situated on the short lateral branches or spurs. 
Peduncles rather long, mostly solitary, but sometimes in pairs 
from each bud, 3 to 2 inch in diameter, white. Calyx-segments 
broadly triangular, obtuse, often slightly serrated on the margins, 
Petals obovate, much longer than the calyx-segments. Filaments 
long, white; anthers reddish. Drupe usually a little longer than 
broad, about 4 inch in diameter, bluish-black, with a glaucous 
bloom ; pulp very austere, adhering to the stone, which is roundish, 
slightly compressed, with a marginal furrow and a rugose surface. 
Young leaves slightly downy below, at length glabrous, dark-green 
with the veins depressed above. 


Blackthorn Sloe. 


French, Prunier Epineux. German, Schlehen Pflaume. 


The appearance of this tree is almost too well known to need description ; and as 
we write in the budding spring-time, we see the pretty white blossoms of this early- 
flowering tree decking its black thorny polished boughs, as yet leafless, but destined to 
be covered with green in a few weeks more. Perhaps we ought not to speak of the 
Blackthorn as a tree, for only under very favourable circumstances does it attain such 
dimensions : usually it is only a bush or shrub. Loudon tells us that in Eastwell Park, 
in Kent, he has seen it growing thirty feet in height. In August the fruit, known as 
the Sloe, is ripe ; it is covered with a bluish bloom, and looks as it hangs on the trees 
very tempting ; but its taste is peculiarly harsh and acid, and it is only appetites sharp- 


> 
116 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


ened by hunger or the omnivorous capacities of a schoolboy, that would choose to take 
a second berry. The old poet calls them— 


“ Sloes austere, 
Hard fare, but such as boyish appetite disdains not.” 


When tempered with sugar, they are not so uneatable, and in some districts in the 
North of Europe a very tolerable conserve is made from them. The juice of the Sloe 
expressed is said to enter largely into the manufacture of British port wine. In France 
a beverage is made by fermenting the fruit with a certain quantity of water; it is acid 
and astringent, more especially if the fruit has been gathered before it is quite ripe. 
The habitual use of this drink is said to be injurious to health. The inspissated juice 
of the Sloe forms a nearly indelible ink used for marking linen in Germany. The 
leaves of this shrub dried have been made into a substitute for Chinese tea, and some 
years ago an extensive manufactory of this Sloe-leaf tea was carried on in this country, 
upwards of four millions of pounds of this substance having found its way into the market. 
It was discovered, however, that the chief use of this tea was for purposes of adultera- 
tion, and its manufacture was consequently speedily suppressed by the excise autho- 
rities. Im France the unripe fruit is pickled in salt and vinegar as a substitute for 
olives, and in Germany and Russia the fruit is crushed, mixed with water, and a spirit 
distilled from it. Medicinally, the bark is considered to be a febrifuge, and the leaves 
an agreeable and useful astringent. The flowers, like all those of the native plums, are 
mildly aperient, and are recommended in infusion by some people as a safe and useful 
medicine. The wood is very hard, and in colour resembles that of the peach, though 
without its beauty. On account of its hard, tough nature, it is sometimes used for the 
teeth of rakes and such-like purposes, but it never attains size sufficient to be applied 
to many other uses. 

The Blackthorn or Sloe has formed a subject for many of our British song-writers, 
and we must always associate it with the lines of the Suffolk poet Bloomfield, in which 
he so touchingly describes the disappointment of the poor bird-boy over his feast of 
roasted sloes :— 


“ Keen blows the blast, or ceaseless rains descend, 
The half-stript hedge a sorry shelter lends, 
Oh for a hovel, e’er so small or low, 
Whose roof, repelling winds and early snow, 
Might bring home comforts fresh before his eyes ! 
On whitethorns towering and the leafless rose 
A frost-nipped feast in bright vermilion glows 
Where clustering Sloes in glossy order rise. 
He crops the loaded branch, a cumbrous prize, 
And o’er the flame the sputtering fruit he rests, 
Placing green sods to seat his coming guests ; 
His guests by promise, playmates young and gay ; 
But ah! fresh pastimes lure their steps away. 
He sweeps his hearth, and homeward looks in vain, 
Till, feeling disappointment’s cruel pain, 
His fairy revels are exchanged for rage ; 
His banquet marred, grown dull his hermitage. 
The fields become his prison till on high 
Benighted birds to shadiest coverts fly, 


ROSACEA. 117 


Look then from trivial up to greater woes, 

From the poor bird-boy with his roasted Sloes, 

To where the dungeoned mourner heaves the sigh, 
Where not one cheering sunbeam meets his eye. 
Though ineffectual pity thine may be, 

No wealth, no power to set the captive free, 

Thy slights can make the wretched more forlorn, 
And deeper drive affection’s barbéd thorn. 

Say not, ‘I'll come and cheer thy gloomy cell 
With news of dearest friends, how good, how well ; 
I'll be a joyful herald to thine heart, 

Then fail, and play the worthless trifler’s part.” 


Sus-Srecres I.—Prunus insititia. Linn. 
Piate CCCCIX. 


P. communis, 7 insititia, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 91. Benth. Handbook Brit. 
FL p. 185. Hook, & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 118. 


A large shrub with nearly straight branches, only a few of the 
old ones terminating in spines, the younger ones downy. Leaves 
oblong-obovate or obovate, pubescent beneath. Peduncles mostly 
in pairs, downy. Flowers expanding as the leaves begin to appear. 
Petals roundish. Fruit large, globular, drooping. 

In thickets, woods, and hedges; not uncommon in England, 
more rare in Scotland, and probably not wild north of the Forth 


and Clyde. 
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Spring. 


Very like the common sloe, which appears to pass into it by 
insensible gradations. The present sub-species, however, is gene- 
rally of larger growth, with the leaves and flowers considerably 
larger; the former broader with the broadest part generally beyond 
the middle, and the underside remaining pubescent; the latter 
inch in diameter. The peduncles are not so often solitary, but in 
both forms they vary from 1 to 3 or 4. The petals are broader, the 
fruit much larger—? inch or more, and drooping from its weight, 
bluish-black, rarely yellow ; it has not the austere taste of the sloe. 


Bullace. 
French, Prunier Sauvage. German, Haferschlehe. 


When in blossom, this tree can hardly be distinguished from the Blackthorn, and 
the fruit is very similar, having the same acid qualities, but not so rough, and when 
boiled with sugar it is by no means unpleasant. A variety yields white fruit, so that 
we have the white and the black Bullace. The fruit of this plum is known in Dau- 
phiné under the name of alfatores, and in Provence they are called sibarelles, because 
it is impossible to whistle after having eaten them, from their sourness. The wood, 
the branches, and the entire plant are used throughout France for the same purposes 
as that of the Sloe. 


. 
118 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Sus-Sercies I11.—Prunus domestica. Linn. 
Pirate CCCCX. 


P. communis, y domestica, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 91. Benth. Handbook Brit. 
Fl. p. 185. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 119. 


A small tree with rather straight branches without spines, the 
young ones glabrous. Leaves obovate, at length glabrous beneath 
except on the midrib. Peduncles mostly in pairs, glabrous. 
Flowers usually expanding as the leaves begin to appear. Petals 
roundish. Fruit large, ovoid, or sub-globular, drooping. 

In hedge-rows, not uncommon, but having very little claim to 
be considered as truly native. 


{England, Scotland, Ireland.| Tree. Spring. 


This form bears nearly the same relation to P. insititia as the 
latter does to P. spinosa. The leaves are broader than those of 
P. insititia, and 3 inches long. The flowers 1 inch in diameter 
and the fruit nearly as much across. 


Wild Plum. 


French, Prunier Domestique. German, Gemeine Pflaume. 


This tree, so common in its cultivated state in all our gardens, is found apparently 
wild in woods and hedges in England ; but the circumstance that it was not known to 
the early inhabitants of our island leads to the supposition that it is not truly of native 
growth. The variety called the Orleans Plum appears to have been brought from 
France shortly after our conquest of that country under the Plantagenets, and was 
probably for some time the only kind grown, though in 1573 Tusser enumerates ten 
varieties as being cultivated : Gerarde, some twenty years later, had sixty sorts growing 
in his garden in Holborn. Most of our older varieties of Plums have been introduced 
from France ; that known as “ Greengage,” from the name of its first cultivator, was 
brought by him from the garden of the Chartreuse in Paris, having been originally 
introduced by Claude, the queen of Francis I.; and hence it is still known in France 
as “ Reine Claude.” The number and variety of the Plums which are cultivated in 
gardens, and which appear on our tables, are too great even to mention. Besides being 
eaten fresh, and forming a delicious dessert, Plums are extensively grown on the Conti- 
nent for the purpose of drying, and are then known by the name of Prunes, or French 
Plums. The best Prunes are made near Tours, of the St. Catherine Plum and the 
Prune d’Agen, and the best French Plums are made in Provence of the Perdrigon Plum 
and the Bignole. Prunes are prepared by being gathered from the trees when just 
ripe enough to fall when the tree is shaken. They are then laid on frames and exposed 
to the sun until they become as soft as ripe medlars, after which they are put in a cool 
oven, shut quite close, and left for twenty-four hours (this process is repeated three 
times) ; they are then left to get cold, and rounded by the hand. The common sorts of 
Prunes are made from windfalls and the fruit which falls from the trees after shaking ; 
but the best French Plums are gathered in the morning before the sun rises, care being 


ROSACEA. 119 


taker. that only the stalk is touched, and the fruit gently laid on vine-leaves in a 
basket. When the baskets are filled so that the Plums touch each other, they are 
removed into the fruit-room and treated in the way described before, but so carefully 
that the bloom is retained on the fruit even after it is dry. Prunes have a medicinal 
reputation, and are retained in the British Pharmacopeeia in the preparation known as 
Lenitive Electuary. They are also frequently used in domestic medicine as gentle and 
pleasant aperients with senna and such-like combinations. In some parts of Germany 
a spivit is distilled from Plums, known by the names of Zwetschen Wasser and Raki. 
Both these liquors resemble Kirsch Wasser. Raki is made by fermenting apples, 
ground or crushed, with bruised Plums. The spirit produced it said to be very agree- 
able to the taste, and, though not so strong, to be more wholesome than brandy. In 
the south of France an excellent spirit is obtained from the bruised pulp and kernels 
of Plums fermented with honey and flour by distillation in the usual manner. The 
wood of the Plum is very compact and hard, and is used for many purposes, especially 
in the manufacture of musical instruments ; but it does not often attain a large size. The 
bark yields a yellow dye which is readily taken by woollen fabrics. 


Sus-Genus II.—CERASUS. Tournef. 


Young leaves simply folded. Flowers lateral or pseudo-terminal, 
in pairs, umbels, or racemes, expanding at the same time as the 
young leaves or after them. Drupe glabrous externally ; stone sub- 
globular, smooth. 


Szcrion I.—EU-CERASUS. Torrey & Gray. 


Flowers from lateral leafless buds appearing before or with the 
leaves. Pedicels umbellate, fascicled. 


SPECIES II—PRUNUS AVIUM. Linn. 


Prate CCCCXI. 
Bromfield, F\. Vect. p. 142. 


P. Cerasus, var. Avium, Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 185. 

A tree producing a few suckers. Leaves flaccid, drooping, oval 
or obovate-oval, abruptly acuminate-cuspidate at the apex, irregu- 
larly crenate-serrate on the margins, hairy on the veins beneath. 
Umbels sessile, lax, mostly aggregated round the leaf-buds, sur- 
rounded by scales, of which the inner ones are not truly leaf-like. 
Calyx-tube turbinate, contracted at the top. Segments oblong, 
entire, sub-acute. Petals flaccid, spreading in the form of a cup. 

In woods and hedges, not uncommon, and generally distributed, 
except in the extreme North of Scotland. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Tree. Spring. 


> 
120 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


A tree not unfrequently 20 to 30 feet high, and sometimes 
considerably more, with a single trunk covered with smooth 
greyish bark. Branches spreading, arranged so as to form a 
rounded head. Leaf-stalk shorter than the lamina, with a gland at 
the base of each side of the latter, which is 2 to 6 inches long, 
widest usually a little beyond the middle; coarsely serrate, wel 
the serratures rounded and tipped by a gland. Stipules linear- 
triangular, ciliated, with stalked glands, deciduous. Flowers 
expanding very. shortly after the young leaves appear; white, 
¢ inch across. Peduncles 8 to 5 together, 1} to 2 inches long, 
drooping. Calyx-segments reflexed. Petals more or less deeply 
notched, very fugacious. Fruit 3 inch long, red or black, sub- 
globular, indented at the apex, bitter; stone sub-globose, slightly com- 
pressed, smooth, adhering to the pulp. Leaves bright-green, flaccid. 


Wild Cherry. Gean. 


French, Cerisier Mérisier. German, Vogelkirsche. 


This tree is the parent of many of our garden Cherries, and is found commonly in 
woods and thickets in many parts of Great Britain. The cultivated Cherry was intro- 
duced into our island by the Romans at an early period of their occupation ; for Pliny 
says : “The Cherry did not exist in Italy until the victory of Lucullus over Mithridates, 
in the year of the city 680. He was the first to introduce this tree from Pontus, and now, 
in the course of 120 years, it has travelled beyond the ocean, and arrived even in Bri- 
tannia.” It is probable that the wild Cherry is indigenous to both Europe and Asia, bat 
it is unquestionable that the improved and cultivated variety came from the East. It is 
said that the Cherries originally brought into Italy by Lucullus came from Cerasus or 
Cherasond, in Pontus ; but it is doubtful whether the Latin name Cerasus was derived 
from that place, or whether the town did not owe its own appellation to the abundance 
of Cherries in its neighbourhood, for the Persian word for the fruit is keras. It is very 
likely that many of our wild Cherries in the southern counties have grown from kernels 
scattered by birds, which are very fond of the fruit, the blackbird especially being a 
well-known depredator of the Cherry orchard. In the time of Evelyn the tree was as 
common in the woods as it is now: he speaks of it as “frequent in the hedges, and 
growing wild in Hertfordshire and many places.” Tradition says that the first Cherry 
orchards were planted in Kent, a county still celebrated for its beautiful’ Cherries 
Lydgate, who wrote in 1415, speaks of Cherries being exposed for sale in the London 
market. Gerarde, in his “ Herbal,” published in 1597, says there were numerous vari- 
eties of Cherries in his time. Among others he mentions the black wild Cherry, the 
fruit of which he says had a “harsh, unpleasant taste,” and the Flanders or Kentish 
Cherry, of which he says, when they are thoroughly ripe, “they have a better juice, 
but watery, cold, and moist.” In the survey and valuation made in 1649 of the manor and 
mansion belonging to Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I., at Wimbledon, in Surrey, 
previous to its sale during the Commonwealth, it appears that there were upwards of 
two hundred Cherry-trees in the garden. The number of varieties now cultivated in 
our gardens and sold in the great fruit markets of England must be very great. Some 
years ago forty different sorts were enumerated, and no doubt their number has now 
increased. In Don’s “ Gardener’s Dictionary,” indeed, we find fifty sorts mentioned 
under the names of Bigareaus Hearts, 


ROSACEA. 121 


In France the Cherry is highly prized, not only as a fruit pleasant and delicious to 
the taste, but as affording food to the poor, and a law was passed so long ago as 1669 
commanding the preservation of all Cherry-trees in the royal forests. This edict caused 
such a superabundance of Cherry-trees as to allow no room for the growth of under- 
wood, when, going to the other extreme, all the fruit-trees were cut down excepting 
some young saplings ; and Bose tells us that this great calamity for the poor caused 
considerable distress to many who had subsisted for several months of the year directly 
or indirectly on the produce of the mérisier. Soup made of the fruit with a little bread 
and a little butter was the common food of the woodcutters and charcoal-burners of the 
forest during the winter. Cherries enter much more largely into the diet of our continental 
neighbours than into our own. We constantly hear of Cherry cakes and Cherry wine, 
and the common spirit of the Continent, Kirschwasser, is distilled from them after 
fermentation. For the manufacture of this spirit, which is made chiefly in Alsace in 
France, in Urtemberg in Germany, and in Berne and Basle in Switzerland, the wild 
black-gean is preferred. Maraschino is also made from the Cherry, much in the same 
way as Kirschwasser. The kind of Cherry preferred for this purpose is a small acid 
fruit called marasca, which abounds in the north of Italy, at Trieste, and in Dalmatia. 
The chief difference in the manufacture of Maraschino from Kirschwasser is the mix- 
ture of honey with the distilled juice in the former. Loudon tells us that genuine 
Maraschino is as difficult to meet with as genuine Tokay, and that a large quantity of 
such as is sold is nothing more than Kirschwasser mixed with honey and water. 
Noyau and Ratafia are flavoured with the kernels of the Cherries, and we believe that 
the leaves are often admitted into the preparation, and add to the flavour and perfume. 
In this country we use Cherries as pleasant additions to the luxuries of our table, 
not only freshly gathered from the trees, but in the shape of Cherry brandy, preserved 
Cherries, and “Cherry pie,” so celebrated in nursery song, as the promised treat to Jenny 
Wren, when Cock Robin says,— 

“Tf you will but be mine, 
You shall dine on Cherry pie, and drink nice currant wine.” 


In nursery mythology the Cherry-tree is a favourite tree, and for some unknown reason 
is associated with the cuckoo. It is still the custom in some districts for children to 
dance round a Cherry-tree singing :— 


“ Cuckoo Cherry-tree, 
Come down and tell to me 
How many years I have to live.” 


Each child then shakes the tree, and the number of Cherries that fall is supposed to be 
the answer to the question. One of our earliest English games was called Cherry-pit, 
and consisted of pitching cherry-stones into a little hole, much as marbles are some- 
times played. Shakespeare alludes to it in “Twelfth Night.” Sir Toby Belch says: 
“Tis not for gravity to play at cherry-pit with Satan.” 

The gum of the Cherry-tree has the same properties as gum-arabic, but differs from 
it in not dissolving in cold water. It is known to chemists as cerasin. Hasselquist 
relates that a hundred men were kept alive during a siege of two months by the gum 
of the Cherry alone: this is highly incredible, however, as it contains little or no 
nitrogenous matter. 

The wood of the wild Cherry is fine, close-grained, strong, and of a reddish colour. 
It is easily worked, and takes a fine polish. It is much sought after by cabinet-makers 
and turners, particularly in France, where mahogany is not so common as in Britain. 


VOL. IIl. R 


7 
122 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


As a tree the wild Cherry is valuable not only for its timber, but for the fuod 
which it supplies to birds, by the increase of which little creatures the insects which 
attack trees and grain of every kind are destroyed. The folly which would exterminate 
these feathered friends, grudging them a share of the abundance of an orchard, is well 
repaid by a plague of insects of every kind which devastate whole acres of cultivated 
land, and destroy far more than an army of little birds would require to refresh and 
gladden us with their sweet songs, as well as to rid us of the swarms of insects which 
without their aid are so sure to multiply and infest our gardens and orchards. On the 
Continent Cherry-trees are much used as roadside trees, particularly in the north of 
Germany, where the apple and the pear will not thrive. In some countries the road 
passes for miles through an avenue of Cherry-trees ; and Loudon tells us that he tra- 
velled for several days through an avenue of Cherry-trees from Strasburg by a cireuitous 
route to Munich. These avenues in Germany are planted by desire of the respective 
governments, not only to shade the traveller, but to afford him refreshment on his 
journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the Cherries, on condition of their not 
injuring the trees ; and when it is desired by the proprietor of the land on which they 
grow to retain the fruit of any particular tree, the fact is notified by tying a wisp of 
straw on one of the conspicuous branches ; and this indication is almost universally 
respected. 

The Cherry-tree has always been a favourite with poets and lovers of song. The 
whiteness and profusion of the blossoms, the rich bright colour of the fruit, and the 
vigorous nature of its growth, are all sources of attraction. The old English song of 
“Cherry ripe” is familiar to us all, and had its origin in one by Herrick. In Cam- 
bridgeshire, at Ely, when the Cherries are ripe, numbers of people repair, on what they 
call Cherry Sunday, to the Cherry-orchards in the neighbourhood, where, on the pay- 
ment of sixpence each, every one is allowed to eat as many Cherries as they choose. A 
similar féte is held at Montmorency. A like festival is also annually held at Ham- 
burg, called the Feast of Cherries, during which troops of children parade the street 
with green boughs ornamented with Cherries. The origin of the féte seems to have been 
thus :—In 1432, when the city of Hamburg was besieged by the Hussites, one of the 
citizens, named Wolf, proposed that all the children in the city between seven and 
fourteen years of age should be clad in mourning and sent as suppliants to the enemy. 
Procopius Nasus, chief of the Hussites, was so moved by this spectacle, that he not only 
promised to spare the city, but regaled the young suppliants with Cherries and other 
fruits, and the children returned crowned with leaves, shouting “ Victory,” and holding 
boughs laden with Cherries in their hands. 


SPECIES IL—PRUNUS CERASUS. Linz. 


Pirate CCCCXIT. 
Bromfield, Fl. Vect. p. 144. 

A bushy shrub, producing very numerous suckers. Leaves 
firm, erect, oval or obovate-oblong, rather gradually acuminate or 
acuminate-cuspidate at the apex, very irregularly crenate-serrate 
on the margins, at length nearly glabrous. Umbels mostly scat- 
tered, fastigiate, surrounded by scales, of which the inner ones 
become leaf-like. Calyx-tube bellshaped-obconical, not contracted 


ROSACEA, 123 


at the top. Segments oblong-ovate, serrated, very blunt. Petals 
firm, spreading very widely. 

In hedges, thickets, and on bushy slopes. Local and rare, 
except in the South of England. It occurs in the counties of 
Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Hants, Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Bucks, 
Essex, Cambridge, Salop, oe ee Denbigh, Leicester, Cheshire, 
and Cumberland. 

England, Ireland. Shrub. Spring. 


This shrub bears much general resemblance to P. Avium, but the 
mode of growth is quite different, being a bush with numerous much- 
branched stems; the bark is redder, the leaves stiffer, more shortly 
stalked, shorter, generally not above 3 or 4 inches long, less abruptly 
pointed, more finely and more unequally serrated, every second or 
third tooth being twice or thrice as deep as the others; the veins 
are also less downy beneath. Peduncles stiffer, and consequently 
not drooping. Flowers rather larger and more open. Calyx-tube 
more open at the mouth; segments broader, blunter, and serrated. 
Petals less notched. The fruit I have not seen, but it is said to be 
** subdepresso-globose, scarcely cordate, red, juicy, and acid.’””— 
(Bromfield, Fl. Vect. p. 146.) 


Dwarf Cherry. 
French, Prunier Cerise. German, Sauerhirsche. 


This appears to be the origin of the Morello Cherry of the gardens. In its wild 
state the fruit is very small and acid in flavour. It is a mere shrub, seldom more than 
eight or ten feet high. The large white flowers appear with the leaves early in May. 


Section II.—PADUS. Torrey & Gray. 


Flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, appearing after 
the evolution of the leaves. Leaves deciduous. 


SPECIES IV.—PRUNUS PADUS. Lina. 
Pirate CCCCXITI. 


A large shrub or small tree. Leaves ovate or obovate-ovate, 
notched at the base, abruptly acuminate, cuspidate at the apex, 
finely and sharply serrated on the margins. Flowers numerous, 
in racemes which are at first erect, afterwards pendulous, and again 
erect in fruit. 

In woods and thickets. Sparingly but generally distributed 
throughout the kingdom, though possibly introduced in many of 
its stations. It does not eitend to Orkney. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Tree. Early Summer. 


124 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


A tree or shrub generally 10 to 20 feet high, with smooth pur- 
plish-brown bark. Leaves shortly stalked, 2 to 4 inches long, 
unequal and generally subcordate at the base, much more finely 
and sharply serrated than in any of the preceding, glabrous except 
in the axils of the lateral veins beneath. Stipules linear, fringed, 
deciduous. Racemes 3 to 5 inches long, with a few leaves at the 
base. Flowers white, 3 inch across, very numerous, on short erect 
pedicels, } to 2 inch long. Calyx very open at the mouth, with 
reflexed deltoid fringed segments. Petals roundish-ovate, erose. 
Fruit 3 inch long, black, bitter; stone sub-globose, uneven. 


Bird Cherry. 
French, Prunier & Grappes. German, Ahilkirsche. 


The Bird Cherry is a small tree with long pendulous racemes of white flowers, 
opening in May. It grows well in woods, groves, and fields, on a dry soil, but it is 
more abundant in the northern than in the southern counties. The fruit is small, 
black, and austere ; but, though bitter and unpleasant when eaten, it is used in Scot- 
land to give flavour to gin, whiskey, and other spirits. Birds relish the fruit greatly ; 
hence its common name; and caterpillars are said to attack the leaves of this tree more 
than those of any other of the genus. In Belgium, where the tree is particularly 
abundant in the woods, and where caterpillars are collected at certain seasons, in con- 
formity with the provincial laws established for the preservation of forests, this tree is 
always found to have suffered most from their depredations. Hence, a writer ina 
Belgian agricultural journal recommends planting in orchards one Bird Cherry in every 
square of 100 or 200 yards, to which tree, he says, all the moths and butterflies will be 
attracted, and on which they will lay their eggs. The appearance of the Bird Cherry, 
he says, will soon become hideous, but the fruit-trees will be safe. 

A decoction of Bird Cherries is astringent, and has been used successfully in 
medicine. The leaves yield a quantity of Prussic acid by distillation. When the tree 
attains a sufficient size, the wood is valuable, being beautifully veined, and is much 
sought after in France by cabinet-makers and turners, who increase the beauty of its 
markings by sawing the trunk diagonally instead of parallel with its length. 


Sus-Orper II.—ROSE#®. 


Herbs or shrubs, with simple or compound leaves. Stipules 
adhering to the petiole, persistent. Calyx inferior (free from the 
ovary), persistent or more rarely the segments deciduous. Petals 
yellow, white, pink, or red. Stamens indefinite or definite. Carpels 
free, distinct, usually numerous, rarely reduced to 2 or 1, each 
carpel containing 1, 2, or more ovules. Styles often lateral. Fruit 
composed of distinct achenes, which are usually dry, often numerous, 
and arranged upon a conical, hemispherical, or rarely an excavated 
receptacle, more rarely of a number of small drupes cohering toge- 
ther, or of several dehiscent follicles. 


ROSACE®. 125 


Trinr 1L—SPIRAMIDA. 


Shrubs or herbs, with simple or interruptedly pinnate leaves. 
Calyx widely bell-shaped. Petals white. Stamens indefinite. Carpels 
in a single whorl, generally 5, but sometimes reduced to 1 or 2. 
Fruit consisting of follicles, dehiscent on the inner suture, or 
splitting into 2 valves. Styles terminal. Seeds 2 to 6 (more rarely 
1 to 10) in each carpel. 


GENUS IT—SPIRAA. Linn. 


Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous. Calyx-tube concave 
or bell-shaped, 5-cleft, persistent, the segments separate in estiva- 
tion, without an epicalyx. Petals 5, obovate or roundish, with 
short claws inserted in the throat of the calyx, spreading. Stamens 
10 to 20, more rarely 30 to 60, exserted. Carpels 5, more rarely 
3 to 12, free, sessile or shortly stipitate. Fruit of as many follicles 
as there are carpels. 

Shrubs with simple, entire, serrate, or lobed leaves, with or 
without stipules; or herbs with interruptedly-pinnate or palmate 
leaves with stipules; or herbs with tripinnate leaves and no 
stipules. 

The derivation of the generic name of these plants is said to be from speira, a cord, 
in reference to the flexibility of the branches of some of the species, or from the Greek 


arewpaw (speirao), I become spiral, or wreath, in allusion to the fitness of the plants to 
be twisted into garlands. 


Section I.—EU-SPIRMA. Torrey & Gray. 


Shrubs with entire or serrate shortly stalked exstipulate leaves. 
Flowers perfect, in corymbs or panicles. Ovaries free at the base, 
containing numerous ovules. Ovules pendulous. Disk combined 
with the tube of the calyx, free at the margin, mostly crenate, 
with glandular teeth or lobes. Follicles not inflated. Seeds gene- 
rally with a loose membranous testa, attenuate at each end. 


SPECIES I—SPIRHA SALICIFOLIA. Lim. 
Pirate CCCCXIV. 

A bushy shrub, producing numerous suckers. Leaves shortly- 
stalked, elliptical or lanceolate-elliptical, sharply serrate at the 
margins, glabrous beneath, without stipules. Flowers in dense 
terminal panicles, which have the branches short and with the 


126 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


flowers arranged on them in very short dense racemes. Calyx- 
segments deltoid, reflexed. Carpels 5, glabrous. 

In moist woods and thickets, and by the sides of streams. 
Rare, and probably not native, though occurring in many of 
the northern counties of England, and still more frequently in 


Scotland. 
[England, Scotland.| Shrub. Late Summer 
and Autumn. 


A bushy shrub with slender branches, clothed with smooth 
reddish-brown bark. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, on petioles about 


1 inch long; margins sometimes simply serrated, sometimes un- 


equally or doubly so, with the teeth generally acute, tipped by a 
callous point. Panicles terminating the branches, 2 to 5 inches 
long. Flowers ~ inch across, pink or nearly white (in the white 
variety the lateral branches of the panicle are usually more elon- 
gated, and the leaves doubly serrated]. Calyx-segments about as 
long as the cup-like tube, deltoid-ovate, ciliated, with short curled 
hairs. Leaves bright-green, nearly glabrous, those at the base of 
the branches of the panicle, bracts, axis of the inflorescence, and 
peduncles more or less woolly. 


Willow-leaved Spirea. 
French, Spirée & Feuilles de Saule. German, Heidenblattriger Spierstaude. 


This species has long been cultivated in gardens and shrubberies under the name 
of Spircea frutes. 


Section II.—ULMARIA. J6nch. 


Herbs with interruptedly - pinnate stipulate leaves. Flowers 
perfect, in paniculate or corymbose cymes. Ovaries free at the 
base, containing about 2 pendulous ovules. Disk obsolete. Fol- 
licles not inflated, straight or contorted. 


SPECIES I1—SPIRHA ULMARIA. Zinn. 
Pirate CCCCXYV. 


Herbaceous. Root-fibres not enlarged. Leaves pinnate, with 
5 to 9 pairs of unequal leaflets ; larger leaflets ovate, acute, doubly 
serrate, or slightly lobed and serrate, the alternate ones very small, 
roundish, inciso-dentate, the terminal one larger than all the others, 
3-cleft, all pubescent, and usually hoary tomentose beneath. Sti- 
pules of the radical leaves with an elongated acute free apex, those 
of the stem-leaves half-ovate, cordate, sharply dentate. Flowers in 
a compound corymbose cyme, with the lower. branches erect, much 


ROSACEX. 127 


longer than the upper, and overtopping them. Petals with the 
lamina orbicular. Follicles 5 to 9, glabrous, contorted. 
In wet meadows and by the side of water. Common, and 


generally distributed. 
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 


Rootstock shortly creeping. Stem erect, furrowed, purplish, 
2 to 4 feet high, simple or slightly branched. Radical leaves often 
very long, with the leaflets distant ; larger leaflets 14 to 3 inches 
long, the smaller ones } to } inch, the terminal one resembling 3 
of the larger leaflets united together. Stem-leaves much shorter 
than the radical ones, with the leaflets closer together and smaller. 
Cyme 4 to 8 inches long, with the exterior branches long and 
naked at the base, ascending so as to appear a continuation of the 
stem, so that the inflorescence at first sight appears to be a panicle. 
Flowers + to 2 inch across, cream-white. Calyx-segments ovate, 
reflexed. Stamens longer than the petals. Carpels falcate, con- 
torted, olive-green. Stem glabrous, branches of the panicle pubes- 
cent. Leaves deep-green, sub-glabrous above, usually white with 
a dense covering of felted hairs beneath; but the radical leaves 
are sometimes destitute of this hoary covering, and are merely 
pubescent especially on the veins. 


Meadow-sweet, Queen-of-the-Meadow. 
French, Spirée Reine des Prés. German, Achtes Médesiiss. 


We find in Dr. Prior’s work on the “ Popular Names of British Plants,” that the 
name “ Meadow-sweet ” is ungrammatical and ridiculous, a corruption of Meadwort—the 
mead or honey-wine herb. Hill tells us, in his “ Herbal,” that “the flowers mixed with 
mead give it the flavour of the Greek wines ;” and this is unquestionably the source of 
the word. Nemnich also says that it gives beer and various wines and other drinks an 
agreeable flavour. The Latin Regina prati, meadow’s queen, seems to have misled our 
herbalists to form a strangely compounded name now in use. Mead and the old German 
medo is an intoxicating drink, and a word that indicates the Asiatic origin of “the 
beverage of the North.” This may be very proper criticism, but we are inclined to 
think that-there is no difficulty in accounting for the common name of this plant to 
any one who has inhaled its sweet perfume in the meadows where it grows. Surely its 
little flowers do render the “ meadows sweet ;” and if we read old Gerarde’s opinion, 
we easily trace the very early origin of this suggestive name, and we can sympathize 
with our ancestors, who prized such fragrant herbs as perfumed their chambers, before 
the more costly custom of carpets was introduced. He says: “ The leaves and flowers 
far excel all other strowing herbs for to decke up houses, to strowe in chambers, hals, 
and banketting houses in the summer time, for the smell thereof maketh the hart 
merrie, delighteth the senses; neither doth it cause headache, or loathsomnesse to 
meate, as some other sweete-smelling herbes do.” 


‘’Mid sweets as varied as the scene, 
Distinct is thine, fair Meadow’s Queen, 
With buds of pearly dye. 


. . 
128 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Graceful thy foliage and thy hue, 
In softest shades of green and blue, 
Attracting still a closer view, 

They fix the admiring eye.” 


The green parts of the herb partake of the aromatic character of the flowers, when 
rubbed or chewed. The flowers infused in boiling water give it a very fine flavour, 
which rises in distillation. Gerarde tells us: “It is reported that the floures boiled 
in wine and drunke, do take away the fits of a quartaine ague, and make the heart 
merrie. The distilled water of the floures dropped into the eies, taketh away the burning 
and itching thereof, and cleareth the sight.” 


SPECIES III—SPIRMA FILIPENDULA. Zinn. 
Puate CCCCXVI. 


Herbaceous. Root-fibres with ovoid tubercular enlargements. 
Leaves pinnate, with very numerous pairs of unequal leaflets ; 
larger leaflets oblong or strap-shaped, pinnatifid, with the segments 
frequently toothed, the smaller ones merely toothed (sometimes the 
large ones are opposite each other, and alternate with the small 
ones ; more frequently each small one is placed opposite a large one, 
and the arrangement of each kind is alternate); all glabrous beneath. 
Stipules of the radical leaves wholly adnate, oblanceolate, those of 
the stem-leaves half-oblong, cordate, dentate. Flowers in a com- 
pound corymbose cyme, with the lower branches ascending, not 
much overtopping the interior ones. [Petals with the lamina 
obovate. Follicles 6 to 12, downy, straight. 

In dry pastures and among bushes, especially in calcareous and 
trap districts. Not uncommon in England, becoming rarer towards 
the North-west. Scarce in Scotland, where it is confined to the 
East coast, though extending as far North as Forfarshire. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 


Rootstock emitting numerous fibres with clavate or bead-like 
enlargements. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, deeply striated, green 
or purplish. Radical leaves numerous, with rey anay pinne ; 
larger leaflets } inch long, the alternate small ones } to } inch, the 
terminal one trifid but not equalling 3 of the larger “leaflets as 
its lateral divisions are smaller than the central. Cyme more 
evidently corymbose than in 8. Ulmaria, the lower branches 13 to 
5 inches long. Flowers 4 to 3 inch across, cream-white, frequently 
tinged with reddish on the outside. Calyx-segments ovate, blunt, 
reflexed in flower. Stamens shorter than the petals, which are 
attenuated into short but conspicuous claws. Follicles not con- 


ROSACEA. 129 


torted, clothed with short bristly hairs. Calyx-segments slightly 
hairy inside. Plant otherwise glabrous, deep-green. 
Dropwort. 
French, Spirée Filipendule. German, Knollentragendes Midesiiss. 

Dr. Withering says that the common name of this plant is suggested by the 
tuberous pea-like roots hanging by slender threads, which, when dried and reduced to 
powder, make a kind of bread, which in times of scarcity is not to be despised. Hogs 
are very fond of these roots. In cultivation this plant is a pretty addition to the 
flower-garden, and will grow in any kind of soil, preferring, however, a moist situation. 


Trise II—SANGUISORBESA. 


Herbs, rarely undershrubs or shrubs, with simple, digitate, or 
more commonly pinnate leaves. Calyx bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 
contracted at the throat; segments persistent. Petals none, or 
rarely present and then yellow. Stamens definite, 1, 2, or 4 in 
number, or indefinite. Carpels 1 to 4, enclosed in the tube of the 
calyx, but not adhering to it. Style lateral or terminal. Fruit of 
1 to 4 dry achenes, enclosed in the indurated tube of the calyx. 


GENUS TTT—AGRIMONIA. Tourief. 


Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube turbinate, with an annular con- 
traction at the throat extending on the outside into a ring bearing 
numerous rows of slender hooked spines, 10-furrowed and indurated 
at maturity; segments 5, connivent after flowering, in a single 
row. Petals 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 12 
to 20, inserted immediately within the petals. Ovaries 2, rarely 3. 
Styles terminal, exserted. Achenes 1 or 2, rarely 3, enclosed in the 
hardened tube of the calyx. 

Perennial herbs, with alternate interruptedly-pinnate leaves, 
and foliaceous stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers yellow, in 
terminal spike-like racemes. 

The derivation of the name of this genus is variously given by different writers. 
Perhaps the most reliable statement is that it comes from the word aypvoc, wild, from 
its abundance in fields and hedges. It is said also to be a corruption of argemone, a 


name given by the Greeks to a plant which was supposed to cure cataract of the eye, 
from apyoc (argos), white, the cataract of the eye being a white film. 


SPECIES L—AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA. Zinn. 
Puate CCCCXVII. 
Stem erect, simple or slightly branched. Leaves pinnate, with 
the alternate pairs of leaflets much smaller than the others ; leaflets 
VOL. III. s 


: 
130 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


oblong-oval or elliptical, inciso-crenate-serrate, downy above and 
more densely so beneath, where they are pilose on the veins but 
without glands. Stipules half-lunate, inciso-serrate. Fruit-calyx 
eylindrical-obconic, with 10 deep furrows extending nearly to the 
base, surmounted by a ring bearing several rows of hooked spines, 
containing usually only a single achene; segments connivent, sub- 
acute. | 

In dry thickets, hedge-banks, sides of fields, and waste places. 
Not uncommon, and generally distributed, except in the extreme 
North of Scotland. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and 
Autumn. 


Rootstock flexuous, not creeping. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, an- 
gular, branched in large specimens. Leaves numerous, situated 
principally towards the base of the stem; leaflets increasing in size 
towards the apex of the leaf, where they are 1 to 1} inch long, with 
5 to 9 deep incisions on each side between the teeth, which are sub- 
acute, but with rounded sides. Stipules large, very slightly adnate. 
Racemes terminal, short while in flower, but lengthening much in 
fruit, till the principal one occupies half the height of ‘the plant. 
Pedicels extremely short, at first erect, but recurved after flowering, 
springing from the axils of small trifid bracts, and having 3 or 4 
bracteoles at the apex, which embrace the base of the calyx-tube. 
Flowers} inch across, brightyellow. Petals oblong-obovate. Stamens 
shorter than the petals. Fruiting-calyx woody, about $ inch long 
and nearly as wide at the mouth, with the sides nearly straight and 
deeply furrowed, surmounted by an enlarged ring armed with spines, 
of which the exterior ones are shorter and spreading, the interior 
ones longer and erect. Achene pale. Plant deep-green, hairy. 


Common Agrimony. 
French, Aigremoine Lupatoire. German, Gemeiner Odermennig. 


This plant was one of the favourite remedies of the old herbalists, and the multi- 
tude of diseases for which it is said to be a remedy would almost fill a medical diction- 
ary. Gerarde tells us that a “decoction of the leaves is good for them that have 
naughty livers.” Dioscorides adds, that “it is a remedy for them that have bad livers, 
and for such as are bitten with serpents.” For the stoppage of haemorrhages a somewhat 
appalling prescription is given :—“ Agrimony, pounded frogs, and human blood ;” the 
latter ingredient savouring of homeopathic ingenuity. As a cooling “diet drink,” as it 
is called, infused in water, Agrimony is still esteemed in rural districts, also as an appli- 
cation to ulcers. In North America it is said to be used in fevers with great success. 
Withering, on the authority of Dr. Hill, recommends “ an infusion of six ounces of the 
crown of the root in a quart of boiling water sweetened with honey, and half a pint of it 
drank three times a day,” as an effectual remedy for the jaundice. It was sometimes given 
as a vermifuge. The dried leaves are used in rural districts as a sort of tea. The plant 


ROSACEA. 18% 


was at one time called “ Philanthropos ;” according to some old writers, on account of 


its beneficent and valuable properties ; others say that the name arose from the cir- 
camstance of the seeds clinging to the garments of passers by, as if desirous of accom- 
panying them. Gerarde inclines to this interpretation of the name, The whole plant 
yields a yellow dye ; when gathered in September, it produces a nankeen-colour ; later 
in the year the dye is of a darker hue. 


SPECIES? I1—AGRIMONIA ODORATA., Mill. 
Prare CCCCXVIIL 
A. Enpatoria, var. odorata, Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 198. 


Stem erect, usually branched. Leaves pinnate, with the alternate 
pairs of pinnee much smaller than the others; leafiets oblong-oval 
or elliptical, inciso-crenate-serrate, downy above and more densely 
so beneath, where they are pilose on the veins and sprinkled with 
small yellowish sessile glands. Stipules half-cordate-ovate, acu- 
minated, incised. Fruit-calyx bellshaped-hemispherical, with 10 
obsolete furrows not extending below the middle of the tube, 
surmounted by a ring bearing several rows of hooked spines, con- 
taining usually 2 achenes; segments connivent, acuminated. 

In thickets and waste places. Rare. I have only seen it from 
the Isle of Wight, Hants; the neighbourhood of Tunbridge Wells, 
Kent; Staunton Harold, Leicestershire; Welchpool, Montgomery- 
shire; and county Kerry; but it occurs as far North as the Lake 
district, and is probably often passed over, from its similarity to the 
common species. 


England, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 


This plant has quite the aspect of large specimens of A. Eupa- 
toria, of which it ought probably to be considered merely a sub- 
species. The stems are frequently 3 or 4 feet high, and the 
leaflets 2 or 3 inches long. The racemes are more dense, the 
flowers larger, the fruiting calyces considerably larger and much 
more widened out towards the mouth of the tube, with the furrows 
rudimentary or even quite undistinguishable. When there is only 
a single achene, it is nearly globular; but when there are 2, they 
are compressed. ‘The glands on the underside of the leaves exhale 
a resinous odour. 

Fragrant Agrimony. 


French, Aigremoine Odorante. German, Wohlriechender Odermennig. 


GENUS IV.—SANGUISORBA. Jinn. 


Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous. Calyx-tube turbinate, 
with an annular contraction at the throat, 4-winged and indurated 


7 
132 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


at maturity; segments coloured, deciduous, 4, in a single row. 
Petals none. Stamens 4, inserted in the throat of the calyx, 
much exserted. Ovary solitary, or rarely 2, with a terminal 
style. Stigma dilated, papillose or fimbriate. Achene solitary, 
enclosed in the calyx-tube. 

Perennial herbs, very rarely annuals, with interruptedly-pinnate 
leaves and leaf-like stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers pur- 
plish, olive, or white, in dense terminal spikes. 


The generic name of these plants comes from the two words sanguis, blood, and 
sorbere, to absorb, from the supposed vulnerary properties of the species. 


SPECIES L—SANGUISORBA OFFICINALIS. Linn. 
Prats COCCXXI. ; 


Stem erect, slightly branched, leaves pinnate; leaflets stalked, 
ovate or oblong-oval, sub-cordate at the base, inciso-serrate. 
Flower-heads erect, dark purple, ovoid. Stamens as long as the 
calyx. Plant glabrous. 

In damp meadows. Rare except in the midland and northern 
counties of England, not extending North of the counties of Berwick 
and Kirkcudbright. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 


Rootstock somewhat woody, rather thick, slightly branched, 
1} to 4 feet high, producing tufts of radical leaves and solitary 
flowering-stems. Leaves with an odd terminal leaflet, 4 to 6 pair 
of pinnee, which increase a little in size towards the apex of the 
leaf, where they are from $ to 2 inches long. Lower stipules wholly 
adnate, scarious; those of the upper leaves with a semi-lunate 
denticulated free harbaceous portion: in luxuriant specimens the 
separate leaflets have frequently small rhomboidal denticulated 
stipels. Flower-heads varying from nearly globose to cylindrical- 
ovoid, $ to 13 inch long. Calyx-tube with 4 winged angles; 
segments spreading, ovate, dark-purple, petaloid. Achene pointed 
at both ends, brownish, smooth and slightly shining, closely 
invested by the hardened tube of the calyx. Leaves deep-green, 
paler and glaucous beneath. 


Great Burnet. 
French, Sanguisorbe Oficinale. German, Gemeiner Wiesenknopf. 


This plant is cultivated to a considerable extent in Germany for fodder, and has 
been grown here with that view ; but it is not a favourite with English farmers. It was 
formerly in much repute as a vulnerary, and we read that “ Burnet is a singular good 
herb for wounds ; it stancheth bleeding, and therefore was named sangwisorba, as well 


ROSACEA. 133 


taken inwardly, as outwardly applied ;” also, “the leaves of Burnet steeped in wine 
and drunken comfort the neart and make it merrie, and are good against the trembling 
and shaking thereof.” We are incredulous enough to believe that without the pre- 
scribed medication, wine will still, as of old, “ gladden the heart of man,” and sometimes 
cause him to forget that all good gifts may be abused. 


GENUS V.—POTERIUM. Linn. 


Flowers always polygamous or monecious. Calyx-tube turbi- 
nate, with an annular contraction at the throat, indurated and 
tetragonal or 4-winged at maturity; segments deciduous, 4, in a 
single row. Stamens absent in the upper flowers of the spike, 
20 to 30 in the lower ones, inserted in the throat of the calyx, 
much exserted. Ovaries 2, rarely 3. Styles terminal, exserted 
Stigma penicilliform. Achenes 1 to 3, enclosed in the calyx-tube. 

Herbs or under-shrubs, more rarely shrubs, with alternate 
interruptedly-pinnate leaves and adnate foliaceous stipules. 
Flowers purplish-brown or olive, in dense terminal spikes. 


The name of this genus of plants is derived from the use to which one of the 
species is applied, poteriwm meaning a drinking-cup, into the contents of which, in 
ancient times, this plant often entered ; or, according to some writers, the form of the 
flowers may have suggested the analogy, and the word zornptoy (poterion), a cup, may be 
the origin of the name, 


SPECIES L—POTERIUM SANGUISORBA. Linn. 
Prate CCCCXIX. 
P. dictyocarpum, Spach, in Ann, Sc. Nat. Ser. III. Vol. V. p. 34. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de 

Fr, Vol. I. p. 562. 

Stems herbaceous, erect or ascending, often curved at the 
base. Leaflets oval or oval-oblong, inciso-serrate. Flower-heads 
terminal, sub-globular or shortly ovoid, with the male or perfect 
flowers at the base, and the female towards the apex of the head. 
Fructiferous calyx with 4 longitudinal entire slightly-elevated thin 
wings, the intermediate spaces with a network of slightly prominent 
veins. 

On dry pastures, borders of fields, and in open places in woods, 
especially on a chalky soil. Not uncommon in England, scarce 
and possibly not wild in Scotland, although it has been recorded 
as far North as the neighbourhood of Glasgow and the county of 
Forfar. In the latter country I have only seen it near Perth. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer 
and Autumn. 


: 
184 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Rootstock thick, somewhat fleshy with a woody centre, pro- 
ducing numerous radical leaves and stems 6 inches to 2 feet high, 
sometimes quite erect, sometimes almost decumbent. Leaves 
with 4 to 12 pair of leaflets, which slightly increase in size towards 
the apex, where they are } to ? inch long. Stem-leaves with 
narrower divisions; their stipules with a semi-lunate deeply 
incised, herbaceous, free portion. Flower-heads 3 to % inch long. 
Calyx-segments oval, spreading, somewhat scarious, dull-purplish, 
margined with olive. Fructiferous calyx about 4 inch long, ovate- 
ovoid, with 4 rather thin wings and numerous anastomosing 
veins, pale olive-brown. Achenes blackish, closely invested by the 
indurated calyx, indistinctly striate. Plant glabrous, except some- 
times towards the base. Leaves deep-green, often tinged with 
reddish, paler and frequently glaucous beneath. 


Common Salad Burnet. 
French, Pimprenelle Sanguisorbe. German, Wiesenknopf. 


The Salad Burnet forms much of the turf on some of the dry chalky downs in our 
southern counties, It was originally brought into notice by Rocque, a gardener at 
Waltham Green, near London, who found means to recommend it to the Dublin and 
other agricultural societies, and succeeded in getting it largely used. It does not appear 
that the attempt to introduce it into agriculture has permanently succeeded. Its 
produce is seldom very great, it lasts but a short time, and cattle do not appear to relish 
it very much, especially when fully grown. It was at one time largely used as a salad 
plant, and was an ordinary ingredient in “cool tankards.” The leaves, when bruised, 
taste and smell like cucumber, and are very refreshing. The whole herb is slightly 
astringent, and possesses many of those qualities which are so valuable in vegetable 
food when eaten in an uncooked state. We may here remark on the desirability of 
giving encouragement to the consumption of fresh salad-herbs of all sorts, the greater 
the variety the better ; and although those who live in London have little or no 
opportunity of extending their vegetable dietary beyond the routine supply introduced 
into Covent Garden market, those who are in the country may without expense provide 
a constant variety of health-giving salad plants for the table. It will appear reasonable 
to all who care to think on the subject, that green fresh plants contain in their tissues 
certain salts and other constituents intended by nature to enter into the human system, 
and adapted for it. By boiling or otherwise cooking these plants, all these valuable 
substances are lost, unless, indeed, the water in which they are dissolved be drunk with 
the vegetable, a proceeding which we cannot recommend as palatable. Gerarde says: 
“The lesser Burnet is pleasant to be eaten in sallads, in which it is thought to make 
the heart merry and glad, as also being put into wine, to which it yeeldeth a certaine 
grace in the drinking.” 


SPECIES IL—POTERIUM MURICATUM. Spach, 
Puate CCCCXX. 


P. Sanguisorba, var. muricatum, Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 198. 
P. polygamum, Waldst. und Kit. Koch? Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 258. ' 


Stem herbaceous, erect. Leaflets oval or oblong, deeply inciso- 


ROSACEA. 135 


serrate. Flower-heads terminal, roundish or ovate-ovoid, with the 
male or perfect flowers at the base, and the female flowers towards 
the apex of the head. Fructiferous calyx with 4 longitudinal 
entire or toothed elevated rather thick wings, the intermediate 
spaces with a network of strongly-elevated and generally denticu- 
lated ridges. 
Var. a, platylophium. 
P. platylophium, Jord. Frag. VII. p. 22. 


Fruit ovate-fusiform, $ inch long, with the wings very broad, 
with blunt denticulated edges; the faces muricated with very pro- 
minent sharply denticulated anastomosing ridges. 


Var. 8, stenolophium. 
P. stenolophium, Jord. Frag. VII. p. 22. 


Fruit broadly ovate-ovoid, about + inch long, with the wings 
very prominent, with sharp, entire edges; the faces with elevated 
rather bluntly denticulated anastomosing ridges. 

On the chalky borders of fields and in cultivated sainfoin and 
grass-fields, in which it is no doubt generally, if not always, in- 
troduced with seed from the Continent. Rather rare. The variety 
a I have from Combe Down, Bath, Somerset; Bembridge, Isle of 
Wight ; Kenilworth, Warwickshire ; variety 6 from Newmarket, 
Cambridge, and St. Margaret’s, Kent. The species has also been 
found in the counties of Kent, Hants, Surrey, Essex, Suffolk, Cam- 
bridge, Berks, and Hereford; but, as the two varieties have not, 
so far as I know, been distinguished in this country, I am unable 
to give the separate localities for each, except when specimens 
have come under my own observation. 


England. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 


Usually a considerably larger more branched and less rigid plant 
than P. Sanguisorba, frequently 2 or 3 feet high, with the leaflets 
larger, those of the stem longer; the flower-heads larger and more 
elongate; the fruit considerably larger, with the wings much more 
conspicuous, and what are merely veins on the faces in P. San- 
guisorba are elevated into more or less denticulated ridges in the 
P. muricatum. 

I judge of M. Jordan’s names from the specimens in Billot’s 
collection. There is so much difference between the fruits of the 
two forms, that very probably they ought to be separated as sub- 
species. Var. a somewhat resembles P. Magnolii, Spach; but 
that has the facial ridges produced into acute tubercles projecting 


136 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


as far out as the wings, while in both the forms which I have here 
placed under P. muricatum they are less prominent than the 
wings. I strongly suspect that neither of the varieties can claim 
to be ranked as truly indigenous. 


Muricated Salad Burnet. 


GENUS VI—ALCHEMILLA. Tournef. 


Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube urceolate, with an annular disk in 
the throat, 8-ribbed and scarcely indurated at maturity; segments 
persistent, 8, in 2 rows (outer row an epicalyx of bracts), the outer 
4 smallerthantheinner. Petalsnone. Stamens 4, sometimes 2 or 
1, inserted in the throat of the calyx; anthers 1-celled, opening by a 
transverse slit. Ovaries 1to 4. Style from nearly the base of the 
ovary. Stigmacapitate. Achenes 1 to 4, enclosed in the calyx-tube. 

Small perennials, rarely annuals, with alternate roundish or 
reniform, mostly palmately-lobed or digitate leaves, with adnate 
foliaceous stipules, which are generally united so as to form a 
sheath or ochrea surrounding the stem. Flowers greenish, in 
small axillary or terminal corymbose cymes frequently disposed into 
lax panicles or corymbs. 


The name of this genus of plants comes from the word alkemelyeh, the Arabic 
name for one of the species ; another author says it is so named on account of its virtues 
being in repute with alchemists. 


Srction I.—APHANES. Jinn. 


Annuals, with the flowers sessile, Th axillary glomerules. 
Calyx with the outer row of teeth very small or abortive. Fertile 
stamens generally only 1 or 2. 


SPECIES L-ALCHEMILLA ARVENSIS. Scop. 
Prats CCCCXXII. 
Aphanes arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. p. 179. 

Radical leaves none. Leaves wedgeshaped-semicircular or fan- 
shaped in outline, very deeply 3-cleft, with the segments again 
divided half-way down into linear-oblong blunt lobes. Stipules 
of all the leaves except the lowest with the free portion palmately 
cut. Flowers in small sessile clusters opposite the leaves. 

In cultivated fields and waste places, and on hedge-banks. 
Very common, and generally distributed. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring to Autumn. 


ROSACER. 137 


Stems numerous, nearly simple, slender, procumbent, spreading 
2 to 8 inches long. Leaves shortly-stalked, } to 4 inch long, 
with the lamina eradually narrowed into the petiole, which thus 
becomes winged. Stipules foliaceous, embracing the stem and 
adnate to the petiole, the free portion divided into segments like 
those of the leaves, those of the lower leaves frequently without 
the palmate portion. Flowers about the size of grains of sago, 
inclosed in the tube formed by the union of the stipules, sessile. 
Calyx-tube campanulate, the inner row of segments 4, rarely 5, in 
number, the outer ones rudimentary. Fruiting-calyx swollen, 
ovoid. Plant greyish-green, with long scattered hairs. Lower 
leaves soon decaying. 


Parsley Piert, Field Lady’s-Mantle. 
French, Alchémille des Champs, Perce-Pied. German, eld Sinau. 


The common name of all the species of this genus is suggested by a fancied resem- 
blance to such an article of clothing in the shape and vandyked edge of the leaf. It is 
also called in some parts of the country Breakstone. The leaves are somewhat astrin- 
gent, and when dried and powdered have been given in agues. It is mentioned by 
Gerarde under the name of Wild Tansie, and is highly recommended for its “many 
good vertues.” In addition to its medical properties, he says: “The distilled water 
takes away freckles, spots, pimples in the face, and sunburning ; but the herb laid to 
infuse or steep in white wine is far better ; but the best of all is to steepe it in strong 
white wine vinegar, the face being often bathed or washed therewith.” 


Section II.—EU-ALCHEMILLA. Coss. & Germ. 


Perennials, with the flowers stalked, in terminal corymbose 
eymes, which are often arranged in panicles. Calyx with the outer 
row of teeth conspicuous. Fertile stamens generally 4. 


SPECIES 1—ALCHEMILLA VULGARIS. Linn 
Puate CCCCXXITI. 


Rootstock thick, somewhat woody, producing numerous ascend- 
ing or decumbent stems slightly branched above. Radical leaves 
on long stalks, reniform-orbicular, plicate, green beneath, 7- to 
9-lobed ; lobes extending about one-third way down, semicircular 
or ovate, serrated throughout their whole length ; stem-leaves 
shortly-stalked, usually 5- or 7-lobed. Lower stipules tubular, with 
a very short denticulate free portion; upper stipules resembling a 
pair of connate leaves, narrowly lobed and cut. Flowers stalked, in 
small irregular cymes with shortly racemose branches ; cymes com- 
bined so as to form a lax panicle. 

VOL. III. T 


138 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Var. «, genuina. 


Petioles and underside of leaves sub-glabrous. 


Var. 8, montana. Willd. 


A. montana, Willd. Enum. 170. 
A. vulgaris, 3 subsericea, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 256. Bab. Man. Brit. 
Bot. ed. v. p. 93. 


Petioles and underside of leaves pilose. 

In pastures and by the sides of streams. Common in the 
North of England and Scotland, but rare in the South of the 
former country, and apparently absent from all the South-eastern 
counties except Surrey and Essex. For var. 6 I am indebted to 
the Rev. W. W. Newbould, who has found it at Bent’s Green, 
Sheffield. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring to 
Autumn. 


Rootstock blackish, shortly creeping. Stems numerous, decum- 
bent at the base and then ascending, 3 to 18 inches long. Petioles 
of the root-leaves 2 inches to 1 foot long; lamina plicate, 13 to 
5 inches in diameter, with the lobes approximate, wholly serrated, 
with ovate-acute teeth ; stem-leaves much smaller, rarely more than 
1 to 2 inches across. Inflorescence at first compact, but very lax in 
fruit. Flowers $ inch across, greenish-yellow. Pedicels about as 
long as the calyx-tube, which in fruit becomes ovoid-campanulate ; 
segments about as long as the tube, the 4 outer ones a little shorter 
and half as broad as the inner ones. Achene ovate-ovoid, pale- 
yellowish, very finely striated and roughened with reddish glandular 
points. Whole plant greyish-green, with the stems and veins of 
the leaves beneath hairy, or, in var. 6, the whole of the underside 
of the latter. 

Common Lady’ s-Mantle. 


French, Alchémille Vulgaire. German, Léwenfuss. 


This plant is astringent in its properties. It is given in Sweden medicinally in 
the form of a tincture in spasmodic complaints. In dry pastures it abounds, and is 
eaten by cattle readily ; but it would scarcely answer as a fodder plant. It was called 
Alkemelych by the Arabian physicians ; and Hoffman and others affirm that it has the 
power of restoring feminine beauty, however faded, to its earliest freshness. 

Lightfoot tells us that the inhabitants of the Hebrides have subsisted for months 
together on this plant in times of scarcity, and that they frequently tear up the roots 
for food. They are simply boiled or roasted, and are said to taste like parsnips. ‘The 
roots are eaten greedily by pigs. 


ROSACEA. 139 


SPECIES IIL—ALCHEMILLA CONJUNCTA. Bab. 
Prate CCCCXXIV. 
A. alpina, var. 8, Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 196. Hook. & Arn, Brit. Fl. p. 132. 


Rootstock rather slender, scarcely woody, producing several 
ascending or decumbent stems slightly branched above. Radical 
leaves on long stalks, orbicular, shining-silvery and silky-white 
beneath, 5- to 9-partite ; lobes extending two-thirds or three-quarters 
way down, broadly oblong-elliptical, serrated for one-third or half- 
way down from the apex; the exterior ones contiguous. Lower 
stipules tubular-funnelshaped, acutely lobed at the apex; upper- 
most ones widely funnel-shaped, with a palmately-cleft free portion. 
Flowers stalked, in small irregular cymes arranged in interrupted 
spikes, which form the branches of a lax irregular panicle. Achene 
ovate-ovoid, gradually acuminated, smooth without glandular dots. 

On Alpine rocks. Very rare, if really occurring wild in 
Britain; said to have been found at Borrowdale, Cumberland, 
by Mr. Bowman, but he himself stated that the plant was A. 
alpina; Glen Sannox, Arran (Dr. Tyacke), but I have not seen 
the specimens; Clova Mountains (Don), but the specimens are 
apparently cultivated ones; also in the latter station by Mr. A. O. 
Black, from whom I have examples. One of these, which is in 
flower, is certainly A. alpina; besides this there are a few tufts of 
root-leaves, which I believe to be A. conjuncta, though the leaves 
are less silvery beneath, the lobes rather narrower and serrated 
only towards the apex; in all which points they approach A. alpina. 
The true plant was found by Sir Walter Trevelyan, in the Feroe 
Islands ; and, according to Mr. H. C. Watson, in Switzerland by 
Mr. T. Twining; so that there is no improbability of the plant 
occurring in this country. 


Scotland (?). Perennial. Summer. 


The following description is drawn up from cultivated speci- 
mens :— 

Rootstock branched. Stems several, decumbent at the base, 
then ascending, 6 to 15 inches long, silky. Root-leaves on petioles 
2 to 6 inches long; lamina 2 to 3 inches in diameter; lobes blunt 
and rounded at the apex, sharply serrated nearly half-way down, 
plicate when young, flat when mature, deep-green above, with an 
edging of silky hairs, brilliant silky beneath; the basal lobes 
scarcely more separated than the other, so that the leaf appears 
peltate ; stem-leaves reniform. Stipules of the lower stem-leaves 


. 
140 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


sub-membranous, silky, with a few large triangular teeth at the 
apex ; those of the uppermost leaves with the free portion entirely 
herbaceous, and longer than the tubular part. Flowers § inch 
across, greenish-yellow, with the segments ovate, spreading in the 
form of across. Calyx and pedicels silky. Achene ,, inch long, 
broadest a little above the base, then narrowing gradually to the 
oint. 

B This plant grows freely in gardens about London, in the open 
ground and ripens its seeds; while A. alpina can scarcely exist 
except under the treatment necessary for Alpine plants. 


Silvery Lady’ s-Mantle. 


SPECIES IV.—ALCHEMILLA ALPINA. Zinn. 
Pirate CCCCXXV. 


Rootstock rather slender, elongated, somewhat woody, produc- 
ing several ascending or decumbent stems slightly branched above. 
Radical leaves on long stalks, reniform, silvery and silky-white 
beneath, divided into 5 to 7 lobes; lobes distinct to the base, 
oblong, serrated only close to the apex ; the exterior ones sepa- 
rated by an angle greater than a right angle. Lower stipules 
tubular-funnelshaped, acutely lobed at the apex; uppermost ones 
widely funnel-shaped, with a palmate-cleft free portion. Flowers 
stalked, in small irregular cymes arranged in interrupted spikes, 
which form the branches of a lax irregular panicle. Achene oblong- 
ovoid, suddenly acuminate, roughened with minute glandular points. 

On Alpine rocks. Common, and often brought down from the 
mountains by rivers to the low grounds. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer 
and Autumn. 


Rootstock branched. Stems several, decumbent at the base, 
then ascending, 2 to 8 inches long; pilose. Radical leaves on 
petioles, 1 to 4 inches long ; lamina % to 1? inch across, with the 
lobes blunt, but scarcely rounded at the apex; sharply serrated for 
a very short way down; plicate when young, flat when mature ; 
deep-green above, with an edging of silky hairs, slightly shining, 
silky beneath. Stipules of the lower stem-leaves sub-membranous, 
pilose, with afew large acute teeth at the apex; those of the upper- 
most leaves with the free portion entirely herbaceous and longer 
than the tubular part. Flowers {inch in diameter, greenish-yellow, 
with the segments ovate, spreading in the form of a cross. Calyx 
and pedicels pilose. Achene about ,', inch long, nearly the same 
width for about two-thirds from the base, after which it is sud- 


ROSACE®. 141 


denly acuminated to the apex, sprinkled with very minute reddish 
oints. 
; A. alpina is distinguished from A. conjuncta by having the 
rootstocks longer and more woody ; the stems and petioles slender 
and more wiry; the lobes of the leaves separate to the base, con- 
siderably narrower and more attenuated towards the apex, less 
brilliantly silvery beneath, having fewer serratures, and these con- 
fined to the immediate vicinity of the apex; the exterior lobes 
even of the root-leaves not contiguous ; the stems, pedicels, calyces, 
and stipules rather pilose than silky; the outer and inner calyx- 
segments more unequal in size; the achene larger, narrower in 
proportion at the base, and less perfectly smooth ; but the cha- 
racters taken from the calyx and achene, require to be examined 
in wild specimens before they can be relied on to distinguish these 
two plants. 
Alpine Lady’ s-Mantle. 


French, Alchémille des Alpes. German, Gebergs Sinan, 


Tre I11.—DRYADEA. 


Herbs or shrubs, with digitate, pinnate, or more rarely simple 
leaves. Calyx-tube very short, saucer-shaped, not contracted at 
the throat ; segments persistent. Petals generally present, yellow, 
white, rose-colour, or red. Stamens indefinite, rarely definite. 
Carpels indefinite, in many whorls on a conical or hemispherical 
receptacle, very rarely definite. Style lateral, more rarely terminal. 
Fruit consisting of a number of dry achenes, or of small fleshy 
drupes cohering together. 


Suzs-Tripe I.—FRAGARIEA. 


Calyx flattish. Segments valvate in estivation. Ovules at- 
tached near the base of the style. Styles lateral, short, deciduous 
or withering. Achenes dry, numerous (rarely only 5), inserted on 
a dry or succulent receptacle. Seed solitary. 


GENUS VIT—POTENTILLA. Linn. 


Calyx flattish or slightly concave, 10- or 8-partite ; segments 10, 
more rarely 8, in two rows (the outer row an epicalyx of bracts), 
those in the outer row smaller than those in the inner. Petals 5, 
more rarely 4, sometimes absent. Stamens numerous, rarely 5 to 
10. Carpels numerous, rarely 5 to 12. Receptacle convex, or 


> 
142 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


nearly flat, dry, rarely conical and spongy, not separating from the 
calyx. Achenes dry, with the styles deciduous. 

Herbs, mostly perennial, rarely shrubs, with ternate, digitate, or 
pinnate leaves. Stipules of the lower leaves adnate to the petioles. 
Flowers yellow, white, or more rarely red or purple, solitary or 
in terminal cymes. 


The name of this genus comes from the word potens, powerful, from the supposed 
medical qualities of some of the species. 


Suz-Genus I.—SIBBALDIA. Linn. 


Petals strap-shaped and entire, or none. Stamens definite, 5 
to 10. Receptacle concave, dry. Carpels 5 to 10. 


SPECIES I—POTENTILLA SIBBALDIA. 
Puate CCCCXXVI. 
Sibbaldia procumbens, Zinn. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 94. Benth. Handbook 

Brit. Fl. p. 195. Hook, & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 132. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 897. 
Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv, ed. ii. p. 244. ries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 45. Gr. & 

Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 521. 

Rootstock branched, each division terminating in a barren leafy 
tuft. Flowering-stems lateral. Radical leaves ternate; leaflets 
obovate or oblong, truncate and 3-toothed at the apex, entire on 
the margins. Flowers few, in terminal compact corymbose cymes, 
frequently with 1 or more small cymes beneath, so as to form a 
very short panicle. Petals linear, sometimes absent. Stamens 
commonly 5 to 7. 

On rocky débris and on the rounded summits of mountains ; 
common in the Scotch Highlands, extending from Peeblesshire and 
Stirlingshire to Shetland. 


Scotland. Perennial. Summer. 


Rootstock woody, tortuous, branched, clothed with brown scales, 
the remains of the stipules of the leaves of preceding years. Leaves 
in a tuft terminating the rootstock, on petioles 1 to 3 inches long. 
Leaflets } inch to 1 inch long, the central one shortly stalked; 
apex nearly as broad as the broadest part of the leaflet, truncate, with 
3, rarely 4 or 5, large nearly equal teeth. Flowering-stems from 
the axils of the leaves of the preceding year (and consequently 
from below the tuft of barren leaves), leafless, or with one or more 
ternate leaves like those of the barren tuft, or with the leaflets 


ROSACEA. 143 


oblanceolate acute and not toothed. Stipules with the free 
portion ovate-lanceolate-acuminate. Flowers { inch across, 3 to 9 
in the terminal corymb. Calyx-tube hemispherical-cupshaped ; 
segments lanceolate, acute, outer ones linear - strapshaped. 
Petals when present linear-oblanceolate, pale yellow. Receptacle 
hairy. Achenes ovoid, pale yellow, shining. Plant dull glaucous- 
reen, more or less thickly clothed with long rather stiff hairs. 

Mr. W. Wilson is surely right in referring this plant to the 
genus Potentilla. It was natural for Linneus and the botanists 
who followed his system, to separate it, on account of the fewer 
stamens and pistils; but as the number of these is not constant, 
there can be no doubt it is merely a Potentilla with the number 
of these organs diminished. 


Procunbent Sibbaldia. 


French, Sibbaldie couchée. 


Sus-Genus II.—EU-POTENTILLA. 


Petals obovate or orbicular, notched or rounded at the apex. 
Stamens more than 10, generally very numerous. Receptacle 
more or less convex, dry. Carpels very numerous. 


Section I.—LATERALES. Déoil. 


Flowering-stems annual, lateral, produced below a barren shoot 
or tuft of leaves, which terminates each division of the rootstock. 


SPECIES IL—POTENTILLA FRAGARIASTRUM. E£ivrh. 
Prate CCCCXXVII. 

P. sterilis, Garcke, Fl. v. N. & Mit. Deutschl. ed. vi. p. 132. 

Fragaria sterilis, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1785. 

Flowering-stems elongated, procumbent. Leaves ternate ; 
leaflets rhomboidal-oval, crenate-serrate or serrate. Flowers few, 
solitary, opposite the leaves and terminal, on long peduncles. 
Outer calyx-segments shorter than the inner. Petals slightly 
longer than the calyx, obovate, notched. Receptacle with long 
hairs. Achenes faintly reticulated, downy at the base. 

In open woods and on hedge-banks, and in gravelly waste places. 
Common in England, more scarce in Scotland, where it has not 
been recorded North of Ross-shire. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Spring. 


144 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Rootstock woody, branched; branches terminating in a barren 
shoot having a few leaves on stalks 1 to 8 inches long. Leaflets 
1 to 2 inches long, resembling those of a strawberry, but without 
the lateral veins being distinctly depressed above as in that plant. 
Flowering-stems produced below the barren tuft, from the axils of 
the leaves of the previous season, at first short, but afterwards 
lengthening until they are sometimes 6 inches to 1 foot long, fur- 
nished with shortly stalked ternate leaves or the upper ones with 
the lateral lamina suppressed and the remaining one oval. Stipules 
of the lower stem-leaves with the free portion roundish-ovate, blunt, 
those of the upper lanceolate-acute. Cyme so lax that the flowers 
appear solitary.. Flowers $ inch across, white. Inner calyx-seg- 
ments triangular, outer ones strap-shaped and shorter. Recep- 
tacle with the hairs longer than the other British species, except 
P. fruticosa. Plant greyish-green, more or less pilose; the young 
leaves silky beneath. 

Barren Strawberry. 


French, Potentille Fraisier. German, Erdbeerblattriger Ganserich: , 


SPECIES II—POTENTILLA VERNA. Zinn. 
Pirate CCCCXXVIII. 


Flowering-stems short, procumbent. Radical leaves digitate, with 
5 (more rarely 7) wedgeshaped-obovate leaflets; leaflets truncate 
and 3-toothed at the apex, serrated on the margins towards the apex. 
Stipules of the radical leaves with the free portion linear-subulate, 
those of the stem-leaves with it ovate-lanceolate. Flowers few, 
on rather long erect peduncles, in lax terminal cymes. Outer seg- 
ments of the calyx elliptical, shorter than the inner. Petals longer 
than the calyx, obovate, notched. Receptacle hairy. Achenes 
smooth, glabrous. 

On dry banks and rocks. Rather rare. Sparingly distributed 
from Devonshire as far North as Forfarshire. 


England, Scotland. Perennial. Early Summer. 


Rootstock woody, much branched, the divisions terminating in 
a barren shoot. Flowering-stems 1 to 6 inches long. Radical 
leaves on stalks 3 to 2 inches long, with the central segment the 
largest, + to 2 inch long, truncate at the apex, from the central 
tooth being smaller than the others; stem-leaves small, lower 
ones with 3 leaflets, upper with 1 3-cleft leaflet. Flowers usually 
8 together, but sometimes solitary, 3 inch across, bright yellow. 
Inner calyx-segments ovate, outer ones oblong-elliptical. Petals 
longer than broad. Receptacle with hairs shorter than the achenes. 
Achenesreniform. Plant dull greyish-green, the stems, peduncles, 


ROSACEX. 115 


calyees, and margins of the leaves pilose : the surface of the leaves 
and the calyx-segments with scattered hairs. 


Spring Cinquefoil. 


French, Potentille du Printemps. 


SPECIES IV.—POTENTILLA ALPESTRIS. Zall. fis. 
Prate CCCCXXIX. 
P. aurea, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 561 (non Linn.). 
P. verna, var. Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 194. 
P. salisburgensis, Henke, in Jacq. Collect. Vol. II. p. 68. Garcke, Fl. v. N. & Mit. 

Deutschl. ed. vi. p. 132. 

Flowering-stems elongated, ascending. Radical leaves digitate, 
with 5 wedge-shaped leaflets ; leaflets rounded at the apex, serrated 
on the margins towards the apex. Stipules of the radical leaves with 
the free portion lanceolate, those of the stem-leaves with it ovate- 
elliptical. Flowers rather few, on very long peduncles, in very 
lax terminal cymes. Outer segments of the calyx strap-shaped, 
shorter than the inner. Petals much longer than the calyx, broadly 
deltoid-obovate, notched. Receptacle hairy. Achenes smooth and 
glabrous. 

On ledges of rock and grassy slopes on mountains. Rather 
rare. It is said to occur in Wales, and is certainly to be found in 
Yorkshire, and probably in Westmoreland, and it is not uncommon 
in the Breadalbane and Braemar mountains in Scotland. 


England, Scotland. Perennial. Summer. 


Very like P. verna, but of a brighter green colour, not at all 
opaque, as is usually the case in that species. The flowering-stems 
are erect or ascending from a decumbent base, 3 to 10 inches 
high; the petioles of the root-leaves sometimes 4 or 5 inches long, 
and the leaflets themselves 1 inch long, more coarsely toothed; the 
apex of the leaflet is much less truncate, from the central tooth 
being little smaller than those on each side of it. The lower stipules 
are broader and the upper ones rather narrower than those of P. 
verna, the flowers more numcvous, on longer peduncles, larger, 
being 1 inch across, more showy from the petals being broader at 
the apex, and the calyx-segments are more unequal in size. 


Yellow Alpine Cinquefoil. 


French, Potentille Alpestre. German, Salzburgischer Gcnserich. 


VOL. ILL. U 


- 
146 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


SPECIES V—POTENTILLA TORMENTILLA. Schenk. 
Prates CCCCXXX. CCCCXXXI. 


Rootstock thickened. Flowering-stems elongated, ascending, 
decumbent or procumbent, sometimes rooting at the nodes, branched 
towards the top. Radical leaves generally decayed at the time of 
flowering, ternate or digitate-quinate ; leaflets wedge-shaped or 
oblanceolate, pointed or somewhat obtuse at the apex, coarsely and 
acutely serrated in the apical half; stem-leaves mostly ternate, the 
uppermost ones sub-sessile. Stipules obovate, cleft, or the upper 
ones elliptical and nearly entire. Flowers on long peduncles in 
the forks of the stem or opposite the upper leaves, arranged in 
a very lax cyme, mostly tetramerous. The 4 outer calyx-segments 
nearly as long as the inner ones but narrower. Petals much longer 
than the calyx, deltoid-obovate, notched. Receptacle hairy. 
Achenes glabrous, reticulated or finely tuberculate. 


Sus-Srecies I.—Potentilla sylvestris. Neck. 
Pirate CCCCXXxX.* 


Garcke, Fl. v. N. & Mit. Deutschl. ed. vi. p. 131. 

P. Tormentilla, Sibth. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 239. Fries, Sum. Veg. 
Seand. p. 45. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 530. : 

P. Tormentilla, var. a, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 95. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. 
p- 181. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 193. 

Tormentilla officinalis, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 863. 

T. erecta, Zinn. Sp. Pl. p. 716. 


Stems erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes. Stem- 
leaves ternate, all sessile. Flowers in a terminal corymbose cyme. 
Achenes reticulated when dry. 

On heaths and in open woods and gravelly pastures. Very 
common throughout the kingdom. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 


Rootstock much thickened, terminating in a barren shoot, 
which, however, is merely in the state of a bud when the flowers 
appear. Stems numerous, lateral, decumbent at the base, fre- 
quently ascending or sub-erect at the apex, flexuous, repeatedly 
forked, especially towards the top. Radical leaves stalked, with 3 
broadly wedge-shaped divisions, of which the lateral ones are again 
cleft, and sometimes so deeply that the leaf becomes quinate; leaf- 


* Named “ P. eu-Tormentilla” on the plate. 


ROSACEA. 147 


lets 4 to 1 inch long, with a few large equal teeth; stem-leaves 
sessile or very shortly stalked, with the leaflets narrower than those 
of the radical leaves. Stipules palmately cut at the apex, those of 
the upper leaves with a single incision or entire. Flowers 4 to 3 
inch across, bright yellow. Inner calyx-segments lanceolate-trian- 
gular, outer ones strapshaped-elliptical. Achenes kidney-shaped, 
keeled and reticulated when dry, but these markings are not dis- 
cernible in a fresh state. . Plant bright green, slightly shining, 
sparingly clothed with adpressed hairs on the leaves, and short 
curled hairs on the stem; peduncles and calyces more hairy. 
I have never seen this form with more than 4 petals. 


Common Tormentil. 
French, Zormentille. German, Tormentillwurz. 


The root of the Tormentil is a very old article of the Materia Medica, but it is 
difficult to assent to the doctrine of Sprengel, that it was the root of the revragvdXov of 
the Greeks, the description of which by Dioscorides does not correspond with the 
modern Potentilla Tormentilla. It is a very common plant on dry hilly pastures in 
this and other European countries. It has a tuberous root, about the thickness and 
length of the upper joint of the fore finger, tough, woody, and provided with numerous 
radicles, It is deep brownish-red externally, and flesh-red within. Its taste is strongly 
astringent, and it contains more tannin than the best oak bark; indeed, it is said that 
seven pounds of the latter are equal only to one pound of Tormentil roots—they are 
superior to everything but galls and catechu in this respect. The roots are still used 
in some countries for tanning, and, according to Lightfoot, it was largely used in the 
Hebrides, in his time, for this purpose. According to the latest analysis, Tormentil 
roots contain 17 per cent. of tannic acid, a colouring and gummy matter, and a trace 
of volatile oil ; it is not, however, included in the present British Pharmacopeia. It 
is, nevertheless, in constant use in veterinary practice. It is said that sheep are never 
attacked with the rot where the Tormentil grows, and it may possibly have a beneficial 
effect on them. It has been recommended to plant the Tormentil in damp pastures 
where the disease is prevalent among flocks. The gummy matter becomes developed by 
long boiling, and in consequence the roots have sometimes been eaten in times of scarcity. 

In the islands of Tiree and Col the people tore up the pastures so in seeking 
for the roots, that the landowners were compelled to forbid the search for them. In 
Lapland they are used for dyeing skins of a red colour, Mr. Young informs us that 
pigs are fed on them at Killarney. 


Sun-Srecies I.—Potentilla procumbens. Sith. 
Puate CCCCXXXI. 
Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 239. ries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p.45. Gr. & Godr, 
Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 531. 
P. Tormentilla, var. 6, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 95. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. 
p- 193. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 131. 
Tormentilla reptans, Zinn. Sp. Pl. p. 716. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 864. 
Stems procumbent, generally rooting at the nodes in the latter 
part of the season, Stem-leaves ternate or quinate, most of them 


148 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


stalked. Cyme so lax that the flowers often appear solitary and 
opposite the leaves. Achenes finely tuberculate when dry. 

In hedge-banks, borders of fields, and woods. Not uncommon, 
but much less frequent than P. eu-Tormentilla. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 


Generally a much larger plant than the last, with a more 
slender rootstock, and stems often 1 to 2 feet long. Leaflets 
sometimes 1 or 14 inch long, broader than those of P. sylvestris, 
and with a greater number of serratures. Stipules more often 
elliptical and entire. Flowers considerably larger, 2 inch across, 
in a less evident cyme, from the peduncles being further apart, 
sometimes pentamerous. 

P. mixta, Nolte (Koch, J.¢. p. 289) is a puzzling plant, which is 
sometimes confounded with the above. Professor Babington con- 
siders it as a hybrid between P. Tormentilla and P. reptans, both of 
which it resembles; approaching the former in its rather small 
tetramerous flowers, while it comes near the latter in the leaves 
being stalked, with 5 oblanceolate rather finely serrated leaflets. 
The stipules are entire, as in P. reptans, but much narrower 
elliptical instead of ovate, resembling those of the upper leaves of 
P. sylvestris, and those of most of the stem-leaves of P. nemoralis, 
but it is more hairy than either of these forms. 


Creeping Tormentil. 


French, Potentille couchée. German, Gestreckler Géanserich. 


SPECIES VL—POTENTILLA REPTANS. Lina. 
Pirate CCCCX XXII. 


Rootstock slender. Lateral stems or runners elongated, pro- 
cumbent, rooting at the nodes, simple. Leaves all similar, stalked, 
digitate, with 5 oblanceolate leaflets ; leaflets rounded at the apex, 
rather finely serrated or crenate. Stipules ovate, or ovate-elliptical, 
entire. Flowers on long peduncles opposite the leaves, pentamerous. 
The 5 outer calyx-segments resembling in shape and size the 5 
inner. Petals much longer than the calyx, roundish - obovate, 
notched. Receptacle hairy. Achenes glabrous, rough with small 
points. 

In meadows, pastures, and by road-sides. Common in England 
and the South of Scotland, but scarce beyond the Forth and Clyde, 
though found as far North as Aberdeenshire and Argyleshire. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and 
Autumn. 


ROSACEA. 149 


Flowering-stems at length many feet long, rooting at the joints, 
and forming separate plants by the decay of the intermediate por- 
tions. Leaves on stalks 2 to 4 inches long, in small tufts at each 
node, as well as from the crown of the rootstock; leaflets 1 to 3 
inches long, varying from oblanceolate to obovate, serrated often 
nearly to the base. Peduncles usually longer than the leaves. 
Flowers + to 1 inch across, bright yellow. 

This plant closely resembles some of the forms of P. procumbens, 
and still more strikingly large examples of P. mixta, but the stems 
are more constantly rooting, not at all branched, the leaves with 
longer stalks, leaflets with a more rounded outline, with finer and 
less acute serratures, the flowers larger, the calyx-segments more 
nearly equal, the stipules broader than the entire ones of the above- 
mentioned forms, and the achenes more distinctly tuberculated. 

Creeping Cinquefoil. 
French, Quintefeuille. German, Kriechender Ganserich. 

This plant is as abundant as the Tormentil, and possesses the same qualities. It 
has been applied to similar purposes. It appears to have been the officinal plant of 
the ancients, and is the zevrapu\\ov of Theophrastus (ix. 19), and of Dioscorides (iv. 
42). Pliny mentions it as Quinquefolium (25, 9, 27,10). On account of its astrin- 
gency, it was frequently administered in agues. Turner says, “ Dioscorides sayeth, but 
methynk that it smelleth of superstition, that in a quartayn the lives of four stalks 
ought to be taken, in a tertian the lives of three, and in a quotidian the lives of one 
stalk.” We suppose our author must mean the leaves, which are undoubtedly astringent. 


SPECIES VIL—POTENTILLA ANSERINA. Linn. 
Pirate CCCCXXXIIL 


Rootstock slender. Lateral stems or runners elongated, pro- 
cumbent, rooting at the nodes, simple. Leaves all similar, pinnate, 
with 6 to 10 pair of lateral leafiets; leaflets oblong-elliptical or 
oblong-lanceolate, deeply inciso-serrate or pinnatifid, silky and 
silvery-white on both sides or only beneath. Stipules membranous, 
with the free portion small, ovate, in those of the runners herba- 
ceous, incised. Flowers solitary, on long peduncles from the nodes 
of the stem, pentamerous. The 5 outer calyx-segments narrower 
than the inner, but nearly as long. Petals much longer than the 
calyx, roundish-obovate, slightly notched. Receptacle hairy. 
Carpels oval, glabrous, and smooth. 

In damp meadows, pastures, and ditch-banks, also by road- 
sides, and waste places overflowed in winter. Very common, and 
generally distributed. 

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring and 
Summer. 


> 
150 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Rootstock terminating in a tuft of leaves, from the axils of 
which stems are given off which lie on the ground and soon take 
root at each joint, where smaller tufts of leaves are produced. 
Leaflets increasing in size towards the apex of the leaf, so that 
the outline of the whole leaf is oblanceolate; terminal leaflet 4 
to 23 inches long, the teeth very deep and sharp, commonly green 
on the upper side, but sometimes white and silvery there as well 
as on the underside. Flowers really terminal, the runner being 
evidently continued from an axillary bud on the stem. Peduncles 
2 to 6 inches long. Outer sepals elliptical, often cut, inner ones 
roundish ovate-acuminate. Carpels large in comparison with those 
of the other species of this genus, but often abortive. Whole 
plant more or less silky hairy. 

Silver-weed. 
French, Ansérine, Argentine. German, Gemeiner Génserich. 

The common name of this plant is caused by the silvery hairs with which the 
under-side of the leaves are clothed, giving the whole plant a bright shining appearance. 
In some of the Hebrides the inhabitants have often been supported by the roots for 
months together ; they frequently tear them up by the plough for use. They are 
simply prepared by roasting or boiling, and are said to taste like parsnips. In some 
places they answer in a measure the purposes of bread, and it is said that when once 
partaken of they become a favourite article of food. The leaves are somewhat astrin- 
gent, and when dried and powdered have been given in agues. Withering recommends 
a spoonful to be taken every three hours between the fits, 


Section II.—TERMINALES. Doll. 


Flowering-stems annual, terminating the divisions of the root- 
stock. 
SPECIES VIII—POTENTILLA RUPESTRIS. Lina. 
Puate CCCCOXXXIV. 


Stems erect, slightly branched in the upper part. Radical 
leaves on long stalks, pinnate, with 2 to 3 pairs of lateral leaflets 
and a larger terminal one; leaflets oval-obovate or roundish, irre- 
gularly crenate-serrate or incised, with the divisions crenate- 
serrate; stem-leaves ternate, shortly stalked or sub-sessile. Stipules 
with the free portion very large, ovate or lanceolate, often incised. 
Flowers in a lax irregular terminal cyme. Outer calyx-segments 
about half the length of the inner and much narrower. Petals 
white, orbicular, entire. Receptacle hairy. Carpels glabrous, 
smooth. 

On limestone rocks, very rare. On Craig Breidden, Montgo- 


meryshire. 
England. Perennial. Early Summer. 


ROSACE. 151 


Rootstock woody, branched, some of the divisions terminating 
in tufts of leaves, others in flowering-stems 1 to 2 feet high from 
the centre of one of these tufts. Radical leaves commonly with 2 
pair of leaflets besides the terminal one, which is approximate to 
the upper pair, both pairs unequal at the base, with the outermost 
side the largest ; terminal leaflet $ to 2} inches long. Stipules of 
the radical leaves with the free portion entire, very small, those of 
the stem-leaves with a large cut herbaceous portion. Flowers 
rather few, white, ? to 1 inch across. Plant sparingly hairy below, 
more so above, densely so on the pedicels and calyces. 

This species is very unlike any of the other European forms of 
Potentilla. 

Strawberry-flowered Cinquefoil. 


French, Potentille des Rochers. German, Felsen Géinserich. 


SPECIES IX—POTENTILLA ARGENTEA. Linn. 
Pirate CCCCXXXV. 


Stem ascending, tomentose. Radical leaves (as well as the lower 
and middle stem-leaves) stalked, digitate, with 5 narrowly wedge- 
shaped leaflets ; leaflets entire at the base, coarsely serrated or pin- 
natifid in the apical half, with the extreme margins reflexed, hoary- 
white beneath ; uppermost stem-leaves sessile, ternate, with linear- 
elliptical leaflets. Stipules with the free portion long, narrowly 
triangular, entire. Flowers in dichotomous cymes. Outer calyx- 
segments nearly as long as the inner, but narrower. Petals yellow, 
- not much longer than the calyx, obovate, nearly entire. Recep- 
tacle hairy. Carpels glabrous, smooth. 

On dry gravelly pastures and by roadsides. Rather rare. 
Pretty generally distributed in England, but in Scotland confined 
to the East coast, in which it is found in scattered localities as far 
North as Moray. Not included in Professor Dickie’s Flora of 
Ulster, but marked in Dr. Moore’s list of Irish plants. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and 
Autumn. 


Rootstock woody, producing few or numerous stiff stems, 6 to 
18 inches long, simple below, corymbosely branched at the apex. 
Leaflets $ to 1} inch long, very narrow, but widening out towards 
the apex, with the sides nearly straight to the point where the 
lobing commences. Flowers 4 inch across, numerous, in a com- 
pact or lax slightly irregular dichotomous cyme, with opposite 
ternate leaves or bracts at the forks. Calyx-segments oblong- 


> 
152 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


lanceolate. Stem purplish, clothed with a hoary tomentum, under- 
side of the leaves, pedicels, and calyces hoary-white. 
Hoary Cinquefoil. 


French, Potentille argentée. German, Silberweiser Gnserich. 


Section IIJ.—FRUTICOS#. Dédil. 


Stems woody, perennial. 


SPECIES X—POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA. Zinn, 
Pirate CCCCXXXVI. 


Stems woody, branched. Leaves stalked, pinnate, with 2, rarely 
3 pairs of lateral leaflets; leaflets elliptical, entire, mucronate, 
with the margins revolute, all approximate, the uppermost pair 
confluent with the terminal one. Stipules with the free portion 
long, elliptical, entire. Flowers terminal, in a corymbo-paniculate 
cyme, or sub-solitary. Outer calyx-segments as long as the inner, 
but narrower. Petals obovate, rounded at the apex. Receptacle 
with long hairs. Carpels hirsute. 

In stony and bushy places in mountainous districts. Very 
local. Abundant in Upper Teesdale, on both the Yorkshire and 
Durham sides of the river Tees; at Wastdale Screes, Cumber- 
land; and by the Don, west of Doncaster; in counties Galway 
and Clare, Ireland; also reported from the falls of the Clyde, in 
Scotland, but no doubt planted in that locality. 


England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Shrub. Summer and Autumn. 


A shrub 1 to 4 feet high, much branched, with the bark sepa- 
rating in long flaky strips from the older branches. Leaves 
numerous, rather shortly stalked. Leaflets nearly equal in size 
(often so closely placed that the leaf appears to be digitate), 3 to 1 
inch long. Flowers large, yellow, 1 to 1} inch across. Sepals 
long, the inner ones broadly lanceolate-triangular, the exterior ones 
linear-elliptical, more rarely with sub-foliaceous tips. Carpels, as 
well as the receptacle, completely covered with very close long 
bristly hairs. Whole plant dull-green, with rather long hairs, 
which are remote, except on the pedicels and base of the calyx, 
where they are placed close together. 


Shrubby Cinquefoil. 
French, Potentille Ligneuse. German, Kleinbliithiger Gdnserich. 


The leaves of this species, as well as those of P. rupestris, are used in Siberia for 
making tea. 


ROSACEA. 153 


Suz-Genus III.—COMARUM. Linn. 


Petals oblanceolate, acuminate. Stamens very numerous. Fruit- 
receptacle conical, spongy. Carpels very numerous. 


SPECIES XI—POTENTILLA COMARUM, MNesii. 
Puate CCCCXXXVILI. 

Benth. Wandbook Brit. Bot. p. 195. 

Comarum palustre, Zinn. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 96. Hook, & Arn. Brit. Fl. 
ed. viii. p. 128. 

Koch, Syn. F 1. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 235. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 44. Gr. & Godr. 
Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 535. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 172. 

Potentilla palustris, Scop. D.C. Prod. Vol. IL. p. 583. 


Rootstock extensively creeping. Lower leaves stalked, pinnate 
with 2 to 3 pairs of lateral leaflets; leaflets approximate, elliptical 
or oblong-elliptical, obtuse or acute, coarsely and evenly serrate, 
glaucous beneath ; upper leaves subsessile, often ternate. Stipules 
with the free portion large, ovate-cuspidate, frequently incised. 
Outer calyx-segments strap-shaped, inner ones broadly ovate, 
abruptly acuminated. Petals oblanceolate, acuminate. Recep- 
tacle finely downy, at length elongate-conical, spongy. Carpels 
glabrous. 

In marshes and spongy peat-bogs. Common in mountainous 
_ districts, but generally distributed throughout Britain, though rare 
in the South of England. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 


Rootstock blackish, creeping amongst the mud, branched, the 
divisions terminating in elongated flowering-stems or in barren 
shoots. Stems decumbent at the base, then erect or ascending, 
1 to 2 feet high. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, generally all approxi- 
mate, so that the leaf appears to be digitate, with large acute serra- 
tures rounded on their outer margin. Flowers dark-purple, 1 to 
1} inch across, in a terminal cyme. Inner calyx-segments very 
large, much longer than the petals, dull-purple within. Petals 
narrow, dark-purple. Stamens and styles purple. Disk woolly, 
as well as the spongy receptacle, which becomes longer than 
broad. Carpels minute, very numerous, brownish, smooth, with 
the styles persistent. Whole plant sparingly hairy. Leaves 
glaucous underneath. 

Marsh Cinquefoil. 


French, Comaret des Marais. German, Sumpf Blutauge. 
VOL. III. x 


: 
154 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


The whole of this herb is powerfully astringent. The roots have been used in 
tanning, but other materials have superseded them. They yield a reddish or dull-yellow 
dye, and the Irish are said to stain their milkpails with it, in order to give a richer 
appearance to the milk. 


GENUS VIII—FRAGARIA. Linn. 


Calyx flattish, or slightly concave, 10-partite. Segments 10, 
in 2 rows, those of the outer row (or epicalyx of bracts) smaller 
than those of the inner. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpels 
numerous. Receptacle convex or conical, fleshy or pulpy, at length 
separable from the calyx. Achenes dry. 

Herbs with ternate leaves and runners. Stipules adnate to the 
peduncle. Flowers white, frequently imperfectly dicecious in ter- 
minal cymes. Receptacle reddish or white, edible. 


The name of this genus of plants comes from the word fragrans, fragrant, in 
allusion to the pleasant perfume of the fruit. Lord Bacon gives the leaves credit for 
possessing this quality also, and gives the whole genus a high place in his catalogue of 
“those flowers and plants that do best perfume the air.” 


SPECIES I-FRAGARIA VESCA. Linn. 
Prate CCCCXXXVIITI. 


Leaves ternate; lateral leaflets generally sessile. Scapes hairy, 
with the hairs spreading. Pedicels with the hairs ascending or 
adpressed. Flowers perfect. Calyx spreading or reflexed after 
flowering. Fruit-receptacle globular or ovoid-conical, broad at 
the base, bearing carpels throughout. 

In woods and shady hedge-banks. Common, and generally dis- 
tributed, extending as far North as Orkney. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer. 


Rootstock terminating in a barren tuft, sending out long slender 
veddish runners, which take root at the nodes, where small leafy 
tufts are produced. Leaves radical, stalked. Leaflets oval-rhom- 
boidal, 1 to 3 inches long, unequal at the base, with the lower side 
most developed; all somewhat plicate, coarsely and deeply serrate, 
the serratures with curved sides. Stipules scarious, with a lanceolate 
free portion. Scapes lateral, generally leafless, 3 inches to 1 foot 
high, terminating in a corymbose cyme of white flowers. Lowest 
bract sometimes resembling the leaves, but most frequently reduced 
to a single leaflet, with a pair of stipules; upper bracts tripartite 
from the leaflet, being as small as the stipules. Flowers erect, 
white, $ to $ inch across. Outer calyx-segments nearly as long as 


ROSACEA. 155 


the inner, but narrower. Petals obovate-roundish, entire, white, 
with the claw indistinct. Fruiting-receptacle } to ? inch long, 
fleshy, red or white, closely studded with small yellowish-brown 
glabrous carpels. Plant deep-green, clothed with rather long soft 
hairs. 

Wild Strawberry. 


French, Fraisier Commun. German, Gemeine Erdbeere. 


To inquire into the origin of the name of this familiar and delicious fruit seems 
almost unnecessary ; but it is curious to analyze the meaning of even our household 
words, and to revert to their original use. In old English, we read of the “Streow- 
berie ;” and Dr. Pryor tells us that this name was suggested either by its straw-like 
halms—the little seeds situated on the delicious red juicy receptacle we like so much— 
or from the fruit lying strewn on the ground, or from the custom of laying straw 
between the rows to prevent the fruit being soiled. Some have supposed that the 
name is derived from the custom in some parts of England to sell the wild ones 
threaded on grass straws. But the name dates from a much earlier time than any at 
which Wild Strawberries are likely to have been marketable. We learn from several 
old writers that Strawberries were cultivated in England from a very early period. 
They were much grown in London, a fact mentioned by Hollingshead ; and Shakes- 
peare alludes to them as growing in the garden of the Bishop of Ely in Holborn. 
Gloucester says, in the play of “Richard the Third,”— 


“ My Lord of Ely, when I was last in Holborn, 
I saw good strawberries in your garden there ; 
I do beseech you send for some of them. 
Ely. Marry, and will, my lord, with all my heart. 
Where is my lord Protector? I have sent for these strawberries, 
Hast. His grace looks cheerfully and smooth this morning.” 


Strange as it may now seem to us who connect the names of Holborn and Ely Place 
with all that is dusty and noisy, dingy and unattractive, given up to busy trade or 
duller law, not longer ago than the time of Shakespeare “ good strawberries” grew there, 
and rural scenes and pastimes flourished ; and so, as time goes on, and men increase 
and spread in this great metropolis of ours, will it be with many a wild district or 
blooming garden when we have passed away. The Wild Wood Strawberry is the 
parent of all our cultivated varieties of Alpine Strawberries, as distinguished from the 
Hautboys, or latter sort of Strawberry, which seems originally to have come from 
the high woods of Bohemia. In their native uncultivated state, the Wild Strawberries 
are without much flavour, very small, but extremely charming objects: amidst their 
dark rich green leaves, the pretty bright berries cannot fail to attract the admiration 
of even those whose palates are too highly cultivated to appreciate such rustic delicacies. 
With cream and sugar, however, we can affirm that they are not despicable, only their 
minute size reduces the feast to very moderate dimensions. The Strawberry is perhaps 
the most wholesome of fruit, and may be eaten by most people when quite ripe with 
impunity. They are said to promote perspiration, and are undoubtedly very cooling. 
Hoffman thought them beneficial to consumptive people; and Gerarde tells us that 
“the berries quench thirst, and do allay the inflammation or heate of the stomach.” 


> 
156 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


SPECIES IL—FRAGARIA ELATIOR. Eh. 


Prate CCCCXXXIX. 


F. moschata, “ Duchesne.” Lindley, Syn. Brit. Fl. p. 96. 
F, magna, Thuill. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 536. Garcke Fl. V. N. & M. 
Deutschl. ed. vi. p. 128. 


Leaves ternate; lateral leaflets often stalked. Scapes densely 
hairy, with the hairs reflexed-spreading. Pedicels with the hairs 
spreading, reflexed. Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Calyx spreading 
or reflexed after flowering. ‘“ Fruit-receptacle ovoid, contracted 
and deprived of carpels at the base.” —(Gr. & Godr. /. ¢.) 

In woods and hedgerows, but only where it has escaped from 
cultivation. 


[ England, Scotland, Ireland.] Perennial. Early Summer. 


Very like F. vesca, but a stouter and more hairy plant, often 
destitute of runners. The leaflets more truly oval, and the lateral 
ones ovate, less deeply and less sharply serrated, with the teeth 
more rounded on the margins. Corymb more compact, and with 
more numerous and larger flowers, which are imperfectly poly- 
gamous through abortion, the stamens being imperfect in some 
plants. The petals are larger, broader, more contracted at the 
claw, which is yellow. But the best mark of distinction between 
the two plants is the dense clothing of spreading hairs on the pedi- 
cels, and the more hairy calyces. The fruit of the subspontaneous 
plant I have never seen. 


Hautbois Strawberry. 
French, Fraisier élevé. German, Hohe Erdbeere. 


The mysteries of horticulture, and the varieties of fruits of all sorts which are 
produced by the skill of the gardener, increase so rapidly that our native fruits, in 
which they originate, can scarcely be recognized as related to the beauties which 
adorn our tables. We see and admire the superb Myatt’s seedlings and British Queens, 
and can hardly trace in their luscious richness the likeness of their humble parents. 

Strawberry plants multiply spontaneously every year, as well by suckers from the 
parent stem as by numerous runners, all of which, rooting and forming a plant at every 
joint, require only to be removed to a bed where there is room for them to flourish. 
Each of these will bear a few fruit the following season ; but it is in the second year 
that we may expect a crop. Neill says, with regard to the situation of a Strawberry-bed, 
“Strawberries are generally placed in a quarter of the garden by themselves, and it should 
be one which is freely exposed to sun and air. They are sometimes, however, planted 
in single rows as edgings to borders, and in this way they often produce large crops. 
In either case, care must be had to replace them every fourth or fifth year at the 
farthest.” Mr. Keen, of Isleworth, who is one of the most successful growers of this 
fruit, tells us that a bed of Strawberries should be formed from runners which have 
been planted out for this purpose the preceding year: it is a bad plan to form a new 


ROSACEA. 157 


bed with old plants. After the beds are planted, they should be kept as free from 
weeds as possible, and the runners cut about three times a season. In the autumn, 
he says that he has the space between the rows dug up, and, where practicable, 
some fresh manure laid in. He tells us, also, that different kinds of Strawberries 
require different sorts of soil. The Pine Strawberry, which is the most difficult one 
from which to secure a good crop, requires a light loamy soil, while the Hautbois, or 
“ Hautboy,” as it is commonly called, thrives best in a light soil well manured. The 
Wood Strawberry is best raised from seed; the Alpine variety also must always be 
raised from seed, which should be sown in a bed of rich earth early in the spring. 
This sort of Strawberry exceeds all others in quickness of bearing, for it yields a good 
crop at the end of one year. 

Mr. Atkinson describes a method of making Strawberry-beds which he saw at 
Chatham, and which he thought excellent. The beds were upon flat ground, each 
about three feet wide, and between them were trenches nine inches wide, and four- 
inch walls of brick on each side of the trenches to keep the earth up: these trenches 
were about the depth of two or three layers of bricks, and were for the purpose of 
holding water, which was supplied from a pump whenever the ground was dry while 
the plants were in fruit. By this means a much larger crop of fruit was obtained, 
and the plants continued bearing much longer than in beds where there were no 
trenches for water. 

According to this plan, a very large extent of Strawberry-ground is watered with 
very little labour, and it has the advantage of letting the water to the) roots of the 
plants, so as to keep the ground moist without hardening the surface, as is the case 
when the tops of beds are watered with watering-pots. 

Tn all treatises on horticulture, we have extensive directions as to the methods 
of forcing Strawberries in hothouses and pits: some kinds will afford a crop of fruit 
in a hothouse early in the spring, and if carefully removed and placed in the open 
ground, will yield another crop in September. 


Suz-Trise II.—DALIBARDEA. 


Calyx slightly concave or flattish ; segments usually valvate in 
stivation. Ovules 2, attached near the style. Styles nearly ter- 
minal, deciduous or withering. Fruit of numerous small drupes 
cohering together, inserted on a dry receptacle. Seed solitary. 


GENUS IX¥.—RUBUS. Linn. 


Calyx concave or flattish, 5-partite; segments all in one row, 
without an epicalyx of bracts. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. 
Carpels numerous, with 2 collateral suspended ovules (one of which 
is abortive) in each. Styles nearly terminal, deciduous. Recep- 
tacle conical or cylindrical, spongy. Achenes pulpy and drupa- 
ceous, persistent or sometimes deciduous. 

Shrubs or undershrubs, with procumbent arched or erect stems, 
which are usually prickly and biennial. Leaves digitate or pinnate, 


- 
158 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


with 5 or 3 leaflets, or simple and more or less deeply palmately 
lobed. Flowers whité, pink, red, or purple, in corymbose cymes, 
which are often combined so as to form a panicle. Fruit pulpy, 
edible. 


The name of this genus speaks for itself even to English ears : ruber, red, indicating 
the colour of the fruit. 


SPECIES I—RUBUS CHAMAMORUS. Zinn. 
Pirate CCCCXL. 


Rootstock extensively creeping. Stems herbaceous, simple, 
leafless at the base, the upper part with 1 to 4 leaves. Leaves 
simple, roundish, 5- to 7-lobed, deeply cordate at the base, with 
the basal lobes contiguous. Flowers solitary, terminal, dicecious. 
Petals oblong-oval, spreading. Fruit not separating from the recep- 
tacle, consisting of rather few large very juicy drupes with a very 
tender skin, pale orange when ripe. 

On peaty moors in mountainous districts. In North Wales, 
Derbyshire, Teesdale, the Lake district, and all the mountainous 
tracts in Scotland. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 


Rootstock somewhat woody, creeping at some depth below the 
surface, much branched. Stems 3 to 8 inches high, erect. Stipules 
oval, those of the lowest nodes without leaves. Leaves stalked, 124 
to 3 inches across, plicate, rugose, lobed from a quarter to half-way 
down, the lobes themselves again very slightly lobed, and serrate 
or crenate-serrate. Sepals oval, acuminated, unequal in breadth, 
generally tinged with red. Flowers ? to 14 inch across, pure white. 
Fruit $ to 1 inch long, with the fruiting-calyx adpressed to its base ; 
drupes rather numerous, containing faintly reticulated stones. Plant 
dull-green, with the leaves paler below. Stems generally tinged with 
red, and, as well as the petioles, peduncles, and calyces, thickly 
clothed with small curled hairs ; leaves sub-glabrous above, sparingly 
hairy beneath. 

Cloudberry, Roebuck-berry. 


French, Ronce. German, Zwergmaulbeer, Brombeere, 


Knowtberry of the Scotch ; Knot or Knotberry, old English. 

The fruit of this plant is sometimes called the Mountain Raspberry. It grows on 
alpine turfy bogs in elevated situations: hence its common name Cloudberry. The 
plant flowers in June, soon after the snow has melted, and the pleasant-looking fruit 
scarcely ripens in August before it is again overwhelmed with its winter covering. Its 
very hardihood makes it extremely difficult to cultivate, and its wild mountainous 
habits are as difficult to reconcile to civilization as those of the animal creation by 
which it is surrounded in its native districts. The snow preserves the fruit, and is 


ROSACER. 159 


used by the Laplanders as well as by the Scottish Highlanders for that purpose. By 
Northern nations the Cloudberry is esteemed as a most grateful and useful fruit. 
Its taste is pleasant, superior to that of wild strawberries, and very delicious when 
boiled with sugar into a preserve. The Laplanders bury the fruit under the snow, and 
thus preserve it fresh for a long period. They bruise the berries, and eat them with 
the milk of the reindeer, and sometimes make a jelly of them boiled with fish. In 
Norway and Sweden the Cloudberry is exceedingly abundant, growing even near the 
North Cape. In the autumn the berries are collected and sent to Stockholm, where 
they are in great esteem, not only as an article of diet, but as a medicinal remedy. In 
Sweden, vinegar is made by fermenting the berries. Dr. Clarke, the celebrated traveller, 
mentions the Cloudberry several times in his “ Northern Wanderings.” In Lapland, 
he says, “ Whenever we walked near the river, we found whole acres covered with these 
blushing berries (at first crimson, afterwards becoming yellow), hanging so thick that 
we could not avoid treading on them.” He also says: “The same plant is found upon 
some of the highest mountains and in some of the great bogs of the North of England, 
on which account, perhaps, it is called Cloudberry in our own island.” He ascribes his 
own recovery from a dangerous fever to the beneficial effects of this fruit, and says : 
“Mr. Grape’s children came into the room, bringing with them two or three gallons of 
the fruit of the Cloudberry, or Rubus Chamemorus. ‘This plant grows so abundantly 
near the river, that it is easy to gather bushels of the fruit. As the large berry ripens 
—which is as big as the top of a man’s thumb—its colour, at first scarlet, becomes yellow, 
When eaten with sugar and cream, it is cooling and delicious, and tastes like the large 
American hautboy strawberry. Little did the author dream of the blessed effects he 
was to experience by tasting of the offering brought by these little children, who, proud 
of haying their gifts accepted, would gladly run and gather daily a fresh supply, which 
was as often blended with cream and sugar by the hands of his mother, until, at last, 
he perceived that his fever rapidly abated, his spirits and his appetite returned, and, 
when sinking under a disorder so obstinate that it seemed incurable, the blessings of 
health were restored to him when he had reason to believe he should have found his grave. 
The symptoms of amendment were almost instantaneous after eating of these berries.” 
Tt has been suggested that the gardener might find means to render this plan 
a valuable and useful addition to the kitchen garden by crossing the flowers with those 
of the bramble and the raspberry, and thus overcoming the tendency to flourish only 
away from cultivation. 
A sprig of the Cloudberry is the badge of the Highland clan McFarlane. 


SPECIES I1I—RUBUS SAXATILIS. Lin. 
Pirate CCCCXLI. 


Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stems herbaceous, simple, 
the flowering ones erect, the barren shoots (often absent) procum- 
bent, unarmed or prickly; prickles none, or very small. Leaves 
stalked, ternate; leaflets thin, green below, rhomboid-oval, the 
lateral ones ovate, coarsely and irregularly serrate ; the serratures 
with rounded margins. Stipules free, strapshaped - lanceolate. 
Flowers few, in a terminal corymbose cyme. Petals strapshaped- 
oblanceolate, narrower than the sepals, erect. Fruit not separating 


: 
160 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


from the receptacle, consisting of a few large juicy drupes with a 
very tender skin, shining red when ripe. 

Among rocky débris in woods, and by the sides of streams in 
hilly countries. Local, but occurring where the conditions for its 
growth are found, from Devonshire, Gloucestershire, and Derbyshire, 
to Orkney and Shetland. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 


Rootstock woody, shortly creeping, much branched. Flowering- 
stems angular, produced from the rootstock, 6 to 18 inches long, 
the barren shoots (when present) from the base of the flowering- 
stems; the former erect or decumbent, sometimes 2 or 3 feet, and 
quite prostrate. Leaves few; leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, plicate, 
variable in shape and in the dentition of the margins; the central 
leaflet stalked. Stipules very slightly adnate. Flowers erect, 2 inch 
across, white, In a very compact corymb, more rarely with a few 
branches beneath it so as to resemble a panicle. Calyx-segments 
triangular-lanceolate. Fruit claret-colour, about } inch long, 
consisting of seldom more than 3 or 4 drupes, containing large 
pitted reticulated stones. Sepals reflexed in fruit. Plant pale- 
green, underside of the leaves a little paler. Stems, petioles, 
pedicels, and veins of the leaves clothed with short scattered 
woolly hairs. Prickles straight, patent or slightly declining, from 
a small compressed base. 


Stone Bramble, Roebuck-berry. 
French, Ronce des Rochers. German, Felsen Brombeers. 


This plant resembles the strawberry more than the raspberry. The fruit is very 
small, but has a pleasant flavour when mixed with sugar to subdue its acidity. In 
Russia the berries are fermented with honey, and made into a strong spirit. 


The Stone Bramble is the badge of the Highland McNabs. 


SPECIES IIL—RUBUS IDAUS. Linn 
Pirate CCCCXLII. 


Rootstock stoloniferous. Stem biennial, erect, round, pruinose, 
prickly ; prickles very small and weak, those of the flowering-shoot 
deflexed from a compressed and elongated base. Leaves pinnate, 

with 2 pairs of leaflets, or ternate ; leaflets ovate or oval, acuminate, 
irregularly and sharply serrated, hoary-white beneath. Stipules 
adnate. Flowers terminating the lateral branches and the main 
stem, in small corymbose cymes. Sepals roundish-ovate, acuminate, 
and cuspidate. Petals strapshaped-oblanceolate, erect. Fruit sepa- 
rable from the receptacle when ripe, consisting of numerous small 


ROSACEA. 161 


juicy drupes with a very tender skin, dim-red or ochreous when 
ripe. 

In woods, thickets, and on heaths. Common, and pretty gene- 
rally distributed. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer. 


Stem 2 to 3 feet high, the first year producing nothing but 
leaves, the second flowering-shoots, after which it decays. Leaflets 
variable in size, shape, and degree of dentition, the terminal one 
the largest, 3 to 4 inches long. Stipules adnate for more than half 
their length, the free portion strapshaped-subulate. Flowers droop- 
ing, white, 3 inch across. Sepals deltoid-ovate, cuspidate. Fruit 
in the wild plant } to 2 inch long; stones pitted, denticulated ; 
fruiting-calyx reflexed. 

Raspberry. 


French, Ronce Framboisier. German, Himbeere. 


The general appearance and taste of the fruit of this plant, which is in all respects 
a bramble, are too well known to need description, though it may not be known that 
cultivation does not appear to have improved its flavour, though greatly increasing its 
size. We read in old writers that this shrub grew on Mount Ida, of classical celebrity : 
hence its specific name. The pleasant taste of the fruit is well known, and as a preserve, 
boiled with sugar, it is especially delicious. Other preparations of the fruit, such as 
syrup and raspberry vinegar, are well known to housewives. There are two great 
varieties of Raspberries in cultivation,—the red and the white or yellow kinds. Of the 
red Raspberries there are some twenty sub-varieties, and of the pale-coloured sorts 
some three or four. Raspberry-bushes prosper most and bear the finest fruit in a 
light rich loamy soil. They are in their prime about the third or fourth year, and if well 
" mauaged, continue in perfection five or six years; after which they are apt to decline 
in growth, and the fruit to become small. The fruit of the different varieties comes in 
from the end of June or July till October or later. As it ripens, it should be quickly 
gathered for immediate use, because when fully ripe it will not keep above two or three 
days before it moulds or becomes maggoty, and unfit to be used. 

The Raspberry and the Strawberry form each interesting examples of the nature 
of fruits botanically considered ;—the Strawberry which we eat being the fleshy recep- 
tacle on which are placed the little yellow fruits, and the Raspberry consisting of such 
fruits, soft and juicy, surrounding the hard woody receptacle, which is thrown aside. 
These examples can be understood and appreciated by the youngest observer. 


SPECIES ()}IV—RUBUS LEESII. Bad. 
Puate CCCCXLITI. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 97. Lees, in Phyt. Ser. I. Vol. IV. p. 930. 


Rootstock stoloniferous. Stem biennial, sub-erect or arching, 
round, minutely tomentose, prickly; prickles numerous, slender, 
straight, from a compressed bulbous base. Leaves ternate ; 

VOL. III. 4 


- 
162 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


leaflets subsessile, roundish-ovate, the basal ones overlapping the 
terminal ones, irregularly serrate, hoary-white beneath, those at 
the base of the panicle often roundish-cordate and simple. Sti- 
pules adnate for two-thirds of their length. Flowers terminating 
the lateral branches and the main stem, in small corymbose cymes. 
Sepals triangular-lanceolate, cuspidate. Petals strapshaped-oblan- 
ceolate, erect. Fruit (?) “ small, bright-crimson when ripe.” — 
(Lees, /. c.) 

In stony sub-alpine woods. Rare. Ilford Bridges, near Bren- 
don, Devon, where it was found by Mr. Lees; Dunster, Somerset, 
by the Rev. W. H. Colman and Professor Babington. 


England. Perennial. Summer. 


A very remarkable plant, which I have only seen growing in 
the Cambridge Botanical Gardens, and there in habit it is exactly 
intermediate between the Raspberry and the Brambles. The habit 
in dried specimens is much nearer the Raspberry, with which it also 
agrees better in its technical characters; but the prickles have a 
less dilated base, the leaflets are much rounder and with the central 
leaflet rarely stalked, as is commonly the case with R. Ideeus. The 
floral leaves resemble the ordinary leaves of R. Chamzemorus, while 
the barren stem is exceedingly similar to that of the fruticose Rubi. 
It may be a hybrid form, but I cannot think it probable that the 
species is a variety of R. Ideeus. Mr. Lees states that he has only 
once found the fruit, and that the petals are often multiplied to 12 
or 16. Professor Babington informs me that he has seen on garden 
plants of R. Leesi fine drupes, but without seeds in them. 


Lees’ Raspberry. 


SPECIES V—RUBUS FRUTICOSUS.* Linn. 
Pirates CCCCXLIV. to CCCCLVI. 


Rootstock slightly or scarcely stoloniferous. Stems shrubby, 
biennial, usually arching during the first year, when they are 
barren, frequently rooting at the extremity late in the season, 
and flowering the second summer; prickles comparatively large 
and strong. Leaves stalked, digitate with 5 or 7 leaflets, or ternate, 


* [have placed the fruticose Brambles under a single super-species, because, although 
the extreme forms are widely different, they are so completely connected by intermediate 
ones, that I find it utterly impossible to separate them into any groups answering to 
the usual idea of a species. Professor Babington’s long and attentive study of this 
genus entitles him to be considered as the leading authority in Britain upon this sub- 


ROSACE. 163 


rarely and only accidentally pinnate with 2 to 3 pairs of leaflets 
and an odd one; leaflets firm, green or white below, variable in 
shape, serrated. Basal portion of the stipules adnate. Flowers 
numerous, in small cymes combined into panicles. Petals oval- 
oblong, as broad as or broader than the sepals, spreading. Fruit 
not separating from the receptacle, consisting of usually numerous 
juicy cohering drupes with a rather firm skin, shining black when 
ripe, more rarely dull lurid-red, or of a few drupes with a thinner 
skin and a glaucous bloom on the surface. 


Common Bramble, Blackberry. 


French, Ronce Commune. German, Verschiedenfaubige Brombeere. 


In Worcestershire the Brambles are known by the name of “ dawyers ;” why we 
can scarcely say ; but we can imagine that those who have been unfortunate enough 
to come within the grasp of the law may mentally experience some of the pricking and 
tearing consequent on an incautious approach to a Bramble-bush. Who, however, has 
not, in his day, been a Blackberry-gatherer, and braved the perils of scratched hands 


ject. Ihave therefore followed his division of the Brambles, only calling his species 
sub-species, although I must confess that it appears to me in some cases arbitrary to stop 
where he does, for his species contain, in several cases, various groups of forms as distinct 
from each other as his species themselves. The limits of the different groups can never 
be satisfactorily settled until they have been extensively raised from seed, in order to 
observe if any of the forms actually produce some of the others within a limited period 
of time. I understand that the experiment is being tried in the Cambridge Botanical 
Garden under the auspices of Professor Babington, and the results will no doubt appear 
in his anxiously-expected “ Monograph of the British Rubi.” 

Considering the close resemblance of the sub-species, and the impossibility of 
representing their distinctive characters in plates ot the size of those in “ English 
Botany,” it has been thought that it would add needlessly to the expense of the work 
to figure each of the forms mentioned in the text. The plates of the original work and 
supplement are retained in the present edition, and two others added, which were 
required in order that each of the sections into which they are divided by Professor 
Babington might be represented. 

My warmest thanks are due to the Rev. A. Bloxam (whose knowledge of this 
difficult genus is second only to Professor Babington’s) for the assistance he has kindly 
rendered me, without which I could not have relied on the nomenclature of my speci- 
mens. Mr. Bloxam has not only named my very numerous specimens of Brambles, 
and sent me examples of most of those which were absent from my herbarium, but has 
also supplied me with numerous notes upon the more obscure forms, 

For Professor Babington’s latest views on the genus I have trusted to the large 
collection of Rubi of the late Mr. Borrer, in the Kew Herbarium, which have been 
named by Professor Babington. When these appear to differ from the species of the 
“Manual” (ed. v.), I have, however, still followed the latter as the latest published 
authority. 


> 
164 ENGLISH BOTANY. = 


and torn dresses to secure the ripe black fruit so much prized by youthful appetites ? 
We can well remember with what joy we have set forth on a bright September day, 
crooked stick in hand, and an empty basket slung over the arm, to return in the evening 
with hands and face dyed with the purple juice, and enough fruit to furnish the larder 
with tarts and pies for many a day. We can speak with certainty of the advantage of 
a few slices of apple mixed with the Blackberries in tarts, and we have eaten a delicious 
jam or “rob” made in Scotland of Blackberries, not inferior to any other fruit. This 
species of Bramble is more common than any other, and also attains a greater size. 
The fruits are called in some parts of England “ bumblekites,” and in others “scald- 
berries,” from the notion that they give children the “scald head ;” but, as they have 
been eaten abundantly by young folks since the time of Pliny, we doubt the 
imputation. In some parts of France they are called mires sawvages (wild mul- 
berries), and are used for colouring wine : and the red muscat of Toulon is so coloured. 
In French Guiana, the fruit is gathered and given to pigs. The leaves are sometimes 
used for feeding silkworms, as a substitute for mulberry-leaves. In the hot summer of 
1858, a number of cocoons of the silkworm were found upon some Brambles in Kent, the 
caterpillars having probably been hatched from some eggs accidentally scattered there. 
The silk produced was of good quality. The caterpillars seemed to have fed on various 
wild plants in the vicinity, as well as on the Bramble-leaves. Whether silkworms 
could be successfully reared here in that manner in ordinary seasons is very doubtful ; 
but it would be worth a trial. The strong stiff stems of the Bramble make the best 
standards for kites, according to country boys, and the pliable ones are used for binding 
down thatch, being pegged down to prevent the straw being blown away by the wind, 
and also for the same purpose in beehives. In country churchyards we find them used 
for binding down graves, in the manner of osier-twigs. The green branches yield a 
black dye, which has been used to dye woollen and silk. According to Gerarde, a 
decoction of the leaves with honey makes a good and astringent gargle. The other 
species of Rubus yield edible fruits. 


Group I—SUBERECTI. Bad. 


Barren stems usually sub-erect, not rooting at the end, 
glabrous or with distant hairs, destitute of gland-tipped sete ; 
prickles nearly uniform. Sepals with a narrow white-felted border 
externally. 


Sus-Srrecres I.—Rubus suberectus. Anders. 
Pirate CCCCXLIV. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 97. 


Barren stem erect or sub-erect, not rooting at the apex, 
angular with the angles obtuse at the top, smooth; prickles 
mostly confined to the angles of the stem, few, small, straight, 
from a narrow compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem 
quinate, ternate, or accidentally pinnate (from the central leaflet 
being divided into 3); leaflets thin, flat, rather finely serrate ; 
terminal leaflet ovate, cordate at the base, acuminate at the apex; 


ROSACEA. 165 


basal leaflets sub-sessile; lateral leaflets of the flowering-shoot 
narrowed towards the base. Flowers in a nearly simple raceme, 
or a panicle with corymbose branches; rachis and pedicels 
sparingly pilose. Fruit dark red, with the sepals reflexed. 

In boggy woods. Reported as common in Scotland and the 
West of England; more rare in the South, and not recorded from 
the eastern counties. This appears to be the only fruticose 
bramble that reaches as far North as Orkney; but as R. sub- 
erectus and R. fissus are not generally distinguished, much doubt 
rests on the distribution inferred from the localities given for 
R. suberectus. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


Stems 2 to 8 feet high, at first erect, but trailing when weak, 
in which case, when it flowers the second year it produces numerous 
short fastigiate branches from the axils of the old leaves, as 
remarked by Mr. Lees in “ Phytologist’ for 1853, p. 929. Leaves 
rather flexible, green, rarely ternate except in the flowering-shoots. 
Fruit small, lurid red in all the fresh examples I have seen, but, 
according to Mr. Lees, becoming at length ‘* raven-black.” 


Sub-erect Bramble. 


Sus-Species I1.—Rubus fissus. Lindley. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 97. 


Barren stem erect or sub-erect, not rooting at the apex, 
angular with the angles obtuse, smooth; prickles not confined to 
the angles of the stem, numerous, small, straight, from a large 
oblong compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem quinate, or 
accidentally pinnate (from the central leaflet being divided into 3), 
“‘with coriaceous plicate leaflets” (Bab.), rather finely serrate ; 
terminal leaflet ovate, cordate at the base, acuminate at the apex ; 
basal leaflet sessile; lateral leaflets of the flowering-shoot narrowed 
towards the base, ‘ often gibbous at the base”? (Bab.). Flowers in 
a simple raceme, or a panicle with corymbose branches; rachis 
and peduncles sparingly pilose. Fruit dark red, with the sepals 
** erect-patent”’ (Bab.). 

On boggy heaths. Apparently not uncommon ; for although 
in the “Manual” Professor Babington apparently restricts the 
name R. fissus to the plants found at Almond Park and West 
Felton, Salop, and Londonderry, Ireland, yet in the Kew Herbarium 
he applies that name to others from Argyleshire, Cumberland, 


. 
166 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Westmoreland, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Sussex. In a recent 
letter he adds various localities, from Forfar to the East High- 
lands. 

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


This plant ought probably to be combined with R. suberectus, 
as is done by Mr. Lees. Mr. Bloxam makes this note on my 
specimens of R. fissus:—‘ I cannot see much difference between 
JX. suberectus and fissus.”’ Indeed, the larger and more numerous 
prickles and usually thicker leaflets appear to be the only differences 
between them. 

From the specimens named R. fissus by Professor Babington, 
in the Herbarium of the late Mr. Borrer at Kew, it is evident that 
he has relinquished, as distinctive, the characters taken from the 
consistence of the leaves and the direction of the fruit-calyx, as the 
plant from North-east Yorkshire, collected by Mr. Mudd, and sent 
by Mr. Baker, which agrees in these points with the normal state 
of R. suberectus, he there names R. fissus. 


Lesser sub-erect Bramble. 


Sus-Srecies II1.—Rubus plicatus. Weihe & Nees. 
Puate CCCCXLYV. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 97. 

Barren stem sub-erect, angular with the angles very obtuse, 
smooth; prickles confined to the angles of the stem, strong, hooked 
or nearly straight from a large oblong base. Leaves of the barren 
stem quinate ; leaflets rather thin, plicate, sparingly pilose beneath, 
finely and sharply irregularly dentate-serrate ; ‘‘ terminal leaflet 
cordate acuminate, basal leaflets usually sub-sessile; lateral leaflets of 
the flowering shoot rhomboidal-ovate, dilated at the base” (Bab.). 
Flowers in a raceme or panicle with rather short sub-corymbose 
branches; rachis and peduncles sparingly pilose. Fruit black when 
ripe, with the sepals reflexed. 

In heathy places and in woods. Not very common, but widely 
distributed from Hants, Sussex, and Devon to Aberdeen, according 
to Professor Babington in *‘ Cybele Britannica,” Vol. III. p. 339, 
though the last locality may belong to R. fissus. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


Prickles considerably larger, more hooked, and less uniform in 
size than in R. suberectus and fissus. Fruit larger and becoming 
quite black. 

Professor Babington in the Kew Herbarium has confined the 
name K. plicatus to plants which have the terminal leaflet ovate, 


ROSACEX. 167 


rounded or narrowed at the base, and rather long-stalked, the 
lateral leaflets shortly stalked: the plants formerly named R. 
plicatus, which have cordate leaflets, he appears now to refer to 
R. fissus. 

Plaited-leaved Bramble. 


Sun-Srecies I1V.—Rubus affinis. Weihe & Nees. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 98. 


Barren stem sub-erect, or arching but not rooting at the apex, 
angular with the angles somewhat rounded, smooth; prickles 
confined to the angles of the stem, very strong, hooked or declining 
from a large compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem quinate 
with the leaflets sub-coriaceous, “ wavy towards the end”’ (Bab.), 
opaque above, pale green and softly and densely pubescent beneath, 
finely, acutely, and irregularly dentate-serrate ; terminal leaflet oval, 
acuminate, rounded at the base; basal leaflets stalked; lateral 
leaflets of the flowering-shoot often narrowed towards the base. 
Flowers in a compound panicle, with the lateral branches as- 
cending, often elongated, corymbose; rachis and peduncles pilose. 
Fruit black when ripe, with the sepals spreading or reflexed. 

On heaths and in open woods. Not uncommon and pretty 
generally distributed, being found, according to Professor Babington 
in “Cybele Britannica,” Vol. III., from Sussex to Perth and 
Argyle. 

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


This species forms the connecting link between the Suberecti 
and the Rhamnifolii, between which it is intermediate in habit. 
It is a larger and stronger plant than R. plicatus, and with the 
leaves much more softly pubescent beneath. The fruit is con- 
siderably larger, with the sepals at first reflexed, but afterwards 
rising until they are spreading, or spreading-ascending. 

Professor Babington considers R. lentiginosus of Lees (Phyt. 
1853, p. 927), which has narrower more glabrous sharply cut 
leaflets and smaller petals, as a form of the above. 


Intermediate Bramble. 


Grove I1L.—RHAMNIFOLII. Bad. 


Barren stems arching and rooting at the end, slightly pilose 
with rather distant hairs, not felted nor glaucous, and destitute 
of gland-tipped sete; prickles nearly uniform. Sepals felted, con- 
colorous. 


> 
168 . ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Sus-Srectes V.—Rubus Lindleianus. Lees. 
Bab. Man, Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 98. 
R. nitidus, Bell Salt. Bab. olim, non W. & NV. 

Barren stem arching or sub-erect, rooting at the apex, angular, 
furrowed, hairy at the base, sub-glabrous towards the apex ; prickles 
confined to the angles of the stem, strong, declining or hooked, 
from a large much-compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem 
quinate; leaflets sub-coriaceous, shining above, greyish-green, 
opaque and pubescent, and often whitish-felted beneath, finely and 
unequally dentate-serrate ; terminal leaflet rhomboidal-oval or 
rhomboidal-elliptical acuminate, wedge-shaped at the base; basal 
leaflets stalked, not overlapping the intermediate ones. Flowers 
in an elongate compact compound panicle, with rather short 
spreading corymbose branches; rachis and peduncles densely 
pubescent, very prickly. 

In hedges and thickets. Not uncommon, occurring from Hants 
to Renfrew.—(Bab. in Cyb. Brit.) 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


This plant has somewhat the habit of R. plicatus, but besides 
having the barren stem more arching, the panicle has more 
numerous, more spreading and shorter lateral branches, and the 
leaflets are paler, often felted beneath. The flowers are smaller 
than those of R. plicatus, the fruit about the same size, but smaller 
than that of R. affinis. 


Lindley’s Bramble. 


Sus-Srecies VI.—Rubus rhamnifolius. Weihe & Nees. 
Prare CCCCXLVI. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 98. 
R. cordifolius, W. & WV. 

Barren stem arching, angular, furrowed, smooth; prickles 
confined to the angles of the stem, strong, declining or spreading, 
from a large compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem quinate ; 
leaflets coriaceous, flat, shining above, opaque, greyish-green and 
pubescent or often whitish-felted beneath, very finely acutely and 
irregularly dentate-serrate; terminal leaflet roundish or oval 
rhomboidal, cordate or rounded at the base, shortly cuspidate ; 
basal leaflets stalked, not overlapping the intermediate ones. 
Flowers in an elongate compound panicle compact at the apex, 
with rather short spreading-ascending corymbose upper branches, 


ROSACER. 169 


lower branches frequently elongate and distant; rachis slightly 
pubescent, branches and pedicels densely so, sparingly prickly. 

In woods and hedges. Common from Hants to Arran; but as 
in the 5th edition of the Manual Professor Babington considers it 
restricted to England, it is probable he thinks the Scotch localities, 
given previously by him in “Cyb. Brit.,” do not belong to this 
form. 

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


R. rhamnifolius bears considerable resemblance to R. Lind- 
leianus, but has the stem smoother, generally reddish, with the 
prickles shorter, more distant and not so suddenly contracted 
above the base; the leaflets are generally broader though very 
variable in shape, more finely and evenly serrate; the branches 
of the panicle are less spreading, the lower ones usually remote 
and elongated on large examples. ‘The flowers and fruit are 
larger. 

Buckthorn-leaved Bramble. 


German, Straussartige Brombeere. 


Sus-Srecies VIL.—Rubus incurvatus. Bab. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 98. 


Barren stem arching-prostrate, angular, scarcely furrowed, 
hairy; prickles confined to the angles of the stem, rather strong, 
spreading or declining, from a rather small base. Leaves of the 
- barren stem quinate; leaflets coriaceous, with “incurved wavy 
edges,” shining above, with a few scattered hairs, opaque, and whitish- 
green-felted beneath, very irregularly dentate-serrate ; terminal 
leaflet broadly ovate or roundish, cordate, cuspidate or acumi- 
nate; basal leaflets stalked, slightly overlapping the intermediate 
ones. Flowers in a rather short slender panicle, with very short 
ascending corymbose branches ; rachis and pedicels densely pu- 
bescent, sparingly prickly. 

On heaths and in open woods. Rare,—in Sussex, Pembroke, 
Carnarvon, and Westmoreland, and to these localities, in the fifth 
edition of the Manual, Professor Babington adds Scotland ; a spe- 
cimen from Dunoon, Argyleshire, being apparently referable to 
R. incurvatus. 

England, Scotland. Shrub. Summer. 


I am acquainted with this bramble only from dried specimens, 
which I owe to the kindness of the Rev. W. W. Newbould. These 
have the underside of the leaves more densely and velvety pubescent 

VOL. III. Zz 


170 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


than in any of the preceding. The panicle is narrower and more 
crowded; the leaflets irregularly toothed and as broad as in the 
broadest forms of R. rhamnifolius, from which it further differs, 
according to descriptions, by having the edges of the leaves in- 
curved. 

Incurved-leaved Bramble. 


Sup-Srecires VIII.—Rubus imbricatus. ort. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 89. 


Barren stem arching-prostrate, angular; prickles confined to 
the angles of the stem, small, declining, from a long compressed base. 
Leaves of the barren stem quinate; leaflets coriaceous, “ convex,” 
opaque and nearly glabrous above, paler and with scattered hairs 
beneath; terminal leaflet broadly ovate or roundish, cordate, 
cuspidate; basal leaflets overlapping the intermediate, and the 
intermediate the terminal one. Flowers in a slender lax panicle 
with elongate racemose branches; rachis and pedicels slightly 
pubescent and sparingly prickly. 

In open places in woods by the banks of the Wye below Mon- 
mouth, in the counties of Gloucester and Monmouth. 


England. Shrub. Summer. 
T have seen this plant only in a dried state in Mr. Borrer’s 


herbarium at Kew. 
Imbricated-leaved Bramble. 


Sus-Srecies IX.—Rubus latifolius. Bad. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 99. 


* Barren stem arcuate-prostrate angular, furrowed; prickles 
small, slender, compressed, slightly declining from a very long 
compressed base. Leaves quinate, leaflets thin, pilose on both 
sides, coarsely and doubly dentate, not felted beneath ; terminal 
leaflet cordate-acuminate ; basal leaflets sessile, imbricate; panicle 
short, leafy, hairy, with ascending few-flowered corymbose branches, 
its top and pedicels felted and hairy, its prickles slender, declining.” 
—(Bab. Man., /.c.) 

Open woods and hedges. Cramond Bridge and Collinton near 
Edinburgh, Falls of Acharn, Perthshire, and Monmouth. 


England, Scotland. Shrub. Summer. 
Of this I have seen no specimens. 


Broad-leaved Bramble. 


ROSACEA. Wi 


Group ITI.—VILLICAULES. Bad. 


Barren stems arching and rooting at the end, generally pilose, 
often felted, and having sub-sessile glands rarely with a few gland- 
tipped sete ; prickles confined to the angles of the stem, nearly 
uniform, or with a few smaller ones between the rows. 


Sus-Grourp I.—DISCOLORES. Bab. 


Stem with short copious pubescence ; prickles strong, uniform. 
Leaves when mature white beneath with felted pubescence. 


Sus-Srecres X.—Rubus discolor. Weihe & Nees. 
Prate CCCCXLVIL. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 99. 
R. fruticosus, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 715. 

Stem arching, angular, furrowed, more or less thickly clothed 
with short white scattered stellate pubescence; prickles strong, 
declining, from a large slightly compressed base. Leaves of the 
barren stem quinate; leaflets coriaceous, often deflexed at the 
margins, glabrous and slightly shining above, white beneath, with 
very compact short close felt, irregularly or doubly serrate; ter- 
minal leaflet oblong-obovate, cuspidate ; basal leaflets stalked, not 
overlapping, sometimes joined to the intermediate ones. Flowers 
- in a long narrow panicle with the lateral branches short, spreading 
corymbose, the lower ones often elongate, ascending, and racemose ; 
rachis and pedicels densely white-felted, and with strong hooked 
prickles. Calyx entirely white-felted. Petals pink. 

In hedges and thickets. Very common, and generally distributed 
in England; apparently rare in Scotland, except in the southern 
counties. 

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A well-marked and handsome form readily distinguishable by 
the leaflets being pure white underneath, and with the edges 
generally deflexed, and by its large pink flowers. 

This is one of the commonest, if not the commonest, bramble in 
England, but I do not remember seeing it in Scotland except in 
Dumfriesshire and Kirkeudbright. 


7 
172 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Sus-Sprcies XI.—Rubus thyrsoideus. Wimm. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 100. 


Barren stem arching-erect, angular, furrowed, sub-glabrous ; 
prickles rather strong, spreading or declining, from a large slightly 
compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem quinate; leaflets sub- 
coriaceous, flat, glabrous above, grey-felted beneath, with longer 
scattered hairs amongst the felt; sharply irregularly or doubly 
serrate; terminal leaflet rhomboidal-oval, acuminated. Flowers 
in a long narrow panicle, with the lateral branches spreading 
corymbose, the lower ones but slightly elongated, ascending, and 
corymbose; rachis and peduncles felted, with numerous longer 
hairs amongst the felt, and with strong hooked prickles. Sepals 
felted with longer hairs amongst the felt. Petals white. 

In hedges and thickets, sparingly but widely distributed 


throughout England. 
England. 


This form resembles the last, but has the leaflets attenuated at 
the apex, not pure white beneath, and with all the felted parts 
interspersed with longer hairs. The flowers also are white instead 
of pink. 

Professor Babington considers R. macroanthus (Bloxam) as a 
large-flowered form of R. thyrsoideus. 


Thyrsus-flowered Bramble. 


Sus-Group II.—SYLVATICI. Bad. 


Barren stem with spreading woolly hairs, often dense, and fre- 
quently deciduous. Prickles moderately strong, mostly uniform. 
Leaves generally green, more rarely white-felted beneath. 


Sup-Specres XII.—Rubus leucostachys. Sm. 


Prate CCCCXLVIII. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 100. 


Barren stem prostrate-arching, angular, densely clothed with 
woolly hairs; prickles numerous, spreading or slightly deflexed, 
from a slightly dilated much-compressed base. Leaves of the 
barren stem quinate; leaflets subcoriaceous, flat, glabrous and 
slightly shining above, and greyish-felted beneath, with longer hairs 
interspersed, stiffly-hairy on the veins, finely and irregularly den- 


ROSACES. 173 


tate-serrate ; terminal leaflet roundish or broadly obovate-cuspidate. 
Flowers in an elongate panicle with very short few-flowered 
spreading lateral branches; rachis and pedicels felted and densely 
stiffly-hairy, having long slender spreading or slightly declining 
prickles and a few aciculi and gland-tipped sete. Sepals felted 
and stiffly-hairy. 
a. 

Prickles uniform, confined to the angles of the stem. Terminal 

leaflet rounded or slightly narrowed towards the base. 


6, R. vestitus. Weihe. 
Prickles unequal, scattered; leaflets roundish, cordate. 


Tn hedges and thickets. Not uncommon, and generally distri- 
buted in England. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A well-marked form, easily known from the two preceding by 
its densely hairy stem and much broader leaflets, and by having 
the felt intermixed with numerous stiff hairs, which are especially 
abundant on the veins of the leaves beneath and on the branches 
of the panicle. 

Long-clustered Bramble. 


Sus-Srectes XIII.—Rubus Grabowskil. Weihe. 
Pirate CCCCXLIX. 


Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 100. 
R. carpinifolius, Borrer in E. B. 8. No. 2664. 


Barren stem arching, angular, sub-glabrous ; prickles numerous, 
rather strong, deflexed, from a large slightly compressed base. 
Leaves of the barren stem quinate; leaflets sub-coriaceous, plicate, 
glabrous and opaque above, grey-felted beneath, with longer 
hairs interspersed, pilose on the veins, finely and irregularly denti- 
culate; terminal leaflet roundish or transversely ovate, cordate at 
the base, abruptly cuspidate. Flowers in an elongate leafy 
panicle, with short ascending branches, the upper ones corymbose, 
the lower sub-racemose; rachis with scattered hairs, pedicels 
densely felted and pilose, having very numerous long, slender, 
slightly-declining prickles. Sepals felted and pilose. 

In hedges and thickets. Rare. At Cadeby, Leicestershire. The 


> 
174 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


plant figured in English Botany is stated by Mr. Borrer to be from 
Henfield, Sussex. 
England. Shrub. Summer. 


Remarkable from its very broad, shortly cuspidate, plicate 
leaflets sparingly felted below, and from the very numerous prickles 
on the rachis, petioles, partial petioles and midribs of the leaves. 
Of this plant I have only seen dried specimens. 


Grabowski’s Bramble. 


Sun-Sprcies XIV.—Rubus Colemanni. Blox. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 101. 


R. fusco-ater /3 Colemanni, Lab. olim. 

Barren stem arching, angular, sub-glabrous ; prickles numerous, 
rather strong, slightly deflexed, from a large much-compressed 
base. Leaves of the barren stem quinate; leaflets rather thin, 
convex, sub-glabrous and opaque above, green beneath, with 
scattered hairs most abundant on the veins; finely and irregularly 
dentate; terminal leaflet roundish, cordate at the base, shortly 
acuminate. Flowers in an elongate leafy panicle with short 
ascending branches, the upper ones corymbose, the lower ones 
sometimes sub-racemose; rachis and peduncles with short hairs, 
gland-tipped sete, and numerous very unequal slender straight 
slightly-deflexed prickles. 

Hedges near Coventry, Warwickshire; and Packington, Leices- 
tershire. 

England. Shrub. Summer. 


Of this plant I have seen only dried specimens. Its position 
appears to be doubtful, but Professor Babington considers it to be 
most allied to R. Grabowskii. 


Coleman's Bramble. 


Sus-Srecrers XV.—Rubus Salteri. Zab. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 101. 


Barren stem arching-prostrate, slightly angular, sub-glabrous ; 
prickles numerous, slender, spreading, or slightly deflexed, from a 
comparatively small compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem 
quinate; leaflets thin, glabrous and green on both sides, with a 
few scattered hairs on the veins and margins both above and 
beneath, acutely doubly dentate-serrate ;, terminal leaflet oval, 


ROSACEA. 175 


sub-cordate at the base, abruptly acuminate or cuspidate. Flowers 
in a long lax panicle, leafy below, with rather short spreading 
corymbose branches, or the lower ones longer, ascending and sub- 
racemose; rachis and pedicels pilose, sometimes with a few short 
egland-tipped sete, with numerous strong, straight, and hooked 
prickles. Calyx felted and pilose. 


a, R. Salteri. Bab. olim. 


Teaflets lobed or doubly serrate. Rachis of cylindrical panicle 
nearly straight ; branches corymbose, patent, a few sunken setze on 
the panicle and calyx. Sepals erect-patent. Petals white. 


6, R. calvatus. Blox. (in Fl. Leicester, p. 42). 


Leaflets coarsely and doubly dentate-serrate. Panicle lax, with 
the rachis flexuous, upper branches corymbose, spreading, lower 
ones ascending and sub-racemose; numerous short gland-tipped 
sete on the rachis and branches. Sepals slightly reflexed. Petals 
pink “ or deep rose-colour ” (Bab.). 

Open woods, hedges, and on heaths. Rare. @ in Apse-Castle 
Wood, near Shanklin, Isle of Wight; 6 in Shropshire, Leicestershire, 
and Surrey. 

England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


The form « I have never seen, but Professor Babington considers 
- it and R. calvatus as the extremes of one species, while the Rev. 
A. Bloxam says: “ R. calvatus is very distinct from R. Salteri 
as a species.” However this discrepancy may be explained, as 
Mr. Bloxam has kindly sent me a specimen, on the ticket of which 
is written: ‘Sent to me as R. Salteri, and much resembling a 
specimen so named by Dr. Bell Salter.” I should have had no 
hesitation in referring this specimen to R. Balfourianus, and 
Dr. Bell Salter confounded the two. — (Bot. Gazette, Vol. II. 
pp- 119, 120.) 
Saltei’s Bramble. 


Suz-Srecies XVI.—Rubus carpinifolius. Weihe & Nees. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 101. 
Barren stem erect-arching angular, sub-glabrous; prickles 
numerous, slender, declining, from a long compressed base. Leaves 


of the barren stem quinate; leaflets thin, sparingly pilose above, 
paler and densely pilose on the veins beneath, finely and evenly 


176 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


acutely serrate ; terminal leaflet obovate-oval or oval, rounded or 
sub-cordate towards the base, shortly acuminate at the apex. 
Flowers in a narrow panicle, with short erect-spreading corymbose 
branches throughout; rachis and pedicels densely pilose, with 
straight declining unequal prickles, and a few setze about as long 
as the hairs. Calyx felted and pilose, loosely reflexed in fruit. 

In open places in hilly districts. Apparently rare. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A doubtful plant, about which Professor Babington and the 
Rey. A. Bloxam do not agree: I have described specimens named 
by the former. 

Hornbeam-leaved Bramble. 


Sus-Sprecres XVII.—Rubus villicaulis. Weihe & Nees, 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 101. 


R. villicaulis & pampinosus, Bad. olim. 

Barren stem arching, angular, sparingly pilose with spreading 
hairs; prickles numerous, strong, short, nearly spreading, from a 
slightly dilated much compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem 
quinate; leaflets thin, sub-glabrous above, pale green, softly 
pubescent, and densely setose-hairy on the veins beneath, doubly 
serrate ; terminal leaflet obovate or roundish-oboyate, rounded or 
sub-cordate at the base, abruptly acuminated. Flowers in a long 
lax panicle with spreading ascending corymbose branches; rachis 
and peduncles felted and stiffly-hairy, with numerous slender de- 
clining prickles. Sepals felted, stiffly-hairy, loosely reflexed in 
front. 

In woods and hedges. Apparently widely distributed through- 
out England, and also given as Scotch and Irish by Professor 
Babington. 

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


IT am but imperfectly acquainted with this species, knowing it 
only from dried specimens, having probably confounded it when in 
the fields with some of the forms of R. macrophyllus. Professor 
Babington considers R. vulgaris (Lindley) a form of this with more 
aciculi and strong deciduous-headed setz on the stem. 


Pilose-stemmed Bramble. 


ROSACE. L77 


Sus-Srecres XVIII.—Rubus macrophyllus. Weihe. 
Pirate CCCCL. 
Bab, Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 102. 


Barren stem arching-prostrate, angular, sparingly pilose with 
spreading hairs, prickles numerous, slender, short, deflexed, from a 
dilated slightly compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem qui- 
nate or ternate ; leaflets thin, sub-glabrous or pilose above, green, 
felted beneath or densely hairy only on the veins; terminal leaflet 
oval, obovate, sub-rhomboidal or roundish, rounded, sub-cordate or 
narrowed at the base, shortly acuminate or cuspidate at the apex, 
doubly or irregularly and often bluntly serrate. Flowers in a 
slender panicle, with the upper branches short, spreading or corym- 
bose, the lower ones sometimes longer and sub-racemose; rachis 
and peduncles more or less densely pilose, with a few gland- 
tipped sete and numerous slender, straight, declining prickles. 
Sepals felted, stiffly-hairy, loosely reflexed. 


‘a, R. umbrosus. Arrhenius. 


* Prickles slender from a large base. Leaves quinate ; leaflets 
doubly and patently dentate, velvety or slightly felted beneath ; 
terminal leaflet broadly obovate cuspidate; panicle with slender 
prickles. Tip of sepals linear. Corolla rose-coloured. R. car- 
_ pinifolius (Blox.). Terminal leaflet sometimes divided into three. 


*° 8, R. macrophyllus. Weihe & Nees. 


* Prickles small, short, from a very large base. Leaves quinate 
or ternate ; leaflets irregularly dentate-serrate, hairy only on the 
veins, and rarely felted beneath; terminal leaflet elliptical or 
broadly obovate ; panicle with slender prickles. Sepals leaf-pointed. 
Corolla white. (R. G.12.) Leaflets often very large. Stem often 
with a few aciculi and sete. A very variable plant. 


“ y, R. Schlechtendalii. Weihe & Nees. 


* Prickles short, small, froma very large base. Leaves usually 
quinate ; leaflets doubly and patently dentate, usually hairy only 
on the veins, not felted beneath ; terminal leaflet long, obovate, 
acuminate, wedge-shaped or sub-cordate at the base; panicle with 
strong prickles. Sepals with a linear point. Corolla white. 
(R. G.11.) Hardly distinguishable from var. (6. 

VOL. III, 2A 


> 
178 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


“0, R. amplificatus. Lees. 


**Prickles short, froma very large base. Leaves usually quinate ; 
leaflets somewhat doubly patently dentate, hairy only on the veins 
beneath, not felted; terminal leaflet broadly obovate, acuminate. 
Panicle very large, its prickles strong, compressed from a very 
large base. Sepals usually leaf-pointed. Corolla white or pinkish. 
Remarkable for the very strong prickles with exceedingly long 
compressed bases on the panicle. 


“e, glabratus. Bab. 


** Prickles short from a very large base. Leaves quinate ; leaflets 
irregularly or rather doubly dentate, slightly hairy on the veins 
beneath, terminal leaflet roundly cordate or broadly obovate, sub- 
cordate ; panicle with slender prickles. Sepals (apparently) leaf- 
pointed. Leaves nearly glabrous beneath; terminal leaflets very 
round.”—(Bab. Man. /. ¢.) 


Woods and copses. Common, and generally distributed. 
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A very variable plant, but yet I cannot think that all the 
forms referred to it by Professor Babington are mere varieties. 

I judge of these from the specimens named by him in the Kew 
Herbarium, many of which I am unable to refer to any of the 
varieties given in the Manual, especially one with the leaflets 
white beneath, which I suppose he would include under var. «. 
Between vars. & and y I see little if any difference, judging from 
the specimens so named. 4 appears to be one of the commonest 
forms; ¢ I have never seen at all. 


Large-leaved Bramble. 


Sus-Grovue ITI.—SPECTABILES. Bad. 


Barren stem with the pubescence usually dense and often 
deciduous; also generally with a few gland-tipped setee and aciculi; 
prickles rather unequal. Leaves green beneath, not felted. 


Suzs-Srecies XIX.—Rubus mucronulatus. Boreaw 
Prats CCCCLI. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 103. 
R. mucronatus, Blow. in F). Leicester, p. 43; and Bad. olim (non Seringe). 


Barren stem arching, bluntly angular or nearly round, with 


ROSACEA. 179 


spreading pubescence. Prickles very few, weak, straight, declining, 
from a small oblong base. Leaves of the barren stem quinate, or 
more rarely ternate; leaflets rather thick, green on both sides, 
with a few scattered hairs above, rather densely hairy on the veins 
beneath, finely irregularly and sharply serrate; terminal leaflet 
roundish or roundish-obovate cordate at the base, and abruptly cus- 
pidate. Panicle small, narrow, with ascending branches, the upper 
ones often simple and 1-flowered, the lower ones corymbosely 2- or 
rarely 3-flowered; rachis felted and setose, with numerous long 
gland-tipped sete and a few small declining straight slender 
prickles. 

In woods, thickets, and hedges. Apparently rather rare. It is 
known to occur in Shropshire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, York- 
shire, and Argyleshire. 


England, Scotland. Shrub. Summer. 


A well-defined form, recognizable by its abruptly cuspidate 
leaflets, and nearly simple panicle with numerous gland-tipped 
sete. Petals pale pink. Fruit-calyx reflexed. 


Cuspidate-leaved Bramble. 


Sup-Sprecies XX.—Rubus Sprengelii. Weihe. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 103. 


Barren stem prostrate, rounded, with remote spreading pubes- 
-cence ; prickles numerous, unequal, rather small, straight or slightly 
hooked, froma rather large much compressed base. Leaves quinate 
or ternate; leaflets thin, green on both sides, sub-glabrous above, 
sparingly hairy on the veins beneath, rather finely unequally or 
doubly serrate; terminal leaflet oval or obovate-oval, acuminate, 
rounded or sub-cordate at the base, scarcely cuspidate. Flowers 
in a lax panicle with short spreading-ascending corymbose branches ; 
rachis and peduncles densely hairy, with a few short gland-tipped 
setze and slender slightly hooked compressed spines. 


a, R. Borreri. Bell Salt. 


Barren stem arching-prostrate, rather stout, with a few 
scattered sete and aciculi. Leaves mostly quinate. Panicle many- 
flowered. 

6, R. Sprengelii. Weihe. 

Barren stem prostrate, slender with scarcely any setz or aciculi. 

Leaves usually ternate. Panicle few-flowered, lax. 


150 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


y, R. rubicolor. Blox. MS. 


Barren stem arching, very stout, prickles numerous, nearly 
destitute of gland-tipped setae and aciculi. Leaves quinate; ter- 
minal leaflet oblong obovate-cuspidate. Panicle lax, many- 
flowered ; rachis more densely setose, with numerous strong prickles 
and a few aciculi and gland-tipped sete. 

On heaths and in woods. Not uncommon in the West of Eng- 
land, from the Isle of Wight to Westmoreland. y near Man- 
setter, Warwickshire (Rev. A. Bloxam), from which place he has 
kindly furnished me with an example. 


England. Shrub. Summer. 


A well-marked plant. (6 rather a weak state than a variety. 
y, which Mr. Bloxam considers distinct, a much larger, redder, and 
more hairy plant than « and #, with the panicle longer and more 
slender and interrupted, and the rachis more densely hairy, with 
more numerous spines and gland-tipped hairs; sepals narrower 
and more decidedly reflexed. 


Sprengel’s Bramble. 


Sus-Grourp IV.—RADULA. 


Stem pubescent, with deciduous gland-tipped sete and aciculi, 
which are situated on small points; the latter remain and render 
the stem rough after the setsze have disappeared; prickles nearly 
equal. 


Sus-Srecies XXIL—Rubus Bloxamii. ees. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 103. 


Barren stem arching-prostrate, bluntly angular, with scattered 
woolly hairs; prickles small, straight, somewhat spreading, from a 
slightly dilated base ; aciculi and gland-tipped setze short, numerous. 
Leaves of the barren stem quinate or ternate; leaflets thin, sparingly 
hairy above, densely so on the veins beneath, coarsely doubly 
dentate-serrate; terminal leaflet roundish-obovate, sub-cordate at 
the base, abruptly cuspidate. Flowers in a long leafy panicle, 
corymbose at the top; branches elongated, erect, or patent, panicu- 
late; rachis shortly and densely hairy, and with numerous slender 
declining or hooked prickles and aciculi, and very numerous gland- 
tipped setze. 


ROSACEA. 181 


In woods. Rather rare; principally in the south and west mid- 


land counties. 
England. Shrub. Summer. 


A large coarse plant with a very compound panicle, sometimes 
2 or 3 feet long, and leafy nearly to the summit. Stem with very 
numerous stout rather short prickles. 


Bloxams Branble. 


Sus-Srecres XXII.—Rubus Hystrix. Weihe. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot, ed. v. p. 103. 

Stem arching-prostrate, bluntly angular, stiffly-hairy; prickles 
very numerous, unequal, small, straight, somewhat spreading, from 
a rather small much compressed base; aciculi and gland-tipped 
setee numerous. Leaves quinate or ternate ; leaflets sub-coriaceous, 
green on both sides, sparingly hairy above, densely so beneath, 
especially on the veins, sharply and irregularly or doubly serrate 
or dentate-serrate ; terminal leaflet broadly oval or obovate-oval, 
rounded at the base, acuminate-cuspidate. Flowers in a long leafy 
panicle with the branches short, spreading or the lower ones ascend- 
ing, corymbose ; rachis densely pubescent and stiffly-hairy, with very 
numerous unequal gland-tipped setze and aciculi, and numerous 
unequal slender subulate somewhat spreading or declining prickles. 
Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, ‘loosely adpressed to the fruit.”— 
- (Bab.) 

In hedges and thickets. Not uncommon in England. 
England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


Hedgehog Bramble. 


Sus-Sprcirs XXIIJ.—Rubus rosaceus. Weihe. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 104. 


Barren stem arching-prostrate, angular, hairy; prickles very 
unequal, rather small, straight, slightly declining, from a rather long 
compressed base ; aciculi and gland-tipped sete numerous. Leaves 
quinate or ternate ; leaflets rather thin, green on both sides, spar- 
ingly pilose above, densely so on the veins beneath, unequally and 
sharply serrate; terminal leaflet oval or oval-obovate, sub-cordate 
at the base, acuminate-cuspidate. Flowers in a leafy sub-pyramidal 
truncate panicle, with the upper branches spreading, simple or 
corymbose, the lower ascending and sometimes racemose ; rachis 


182 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


and pedicels stiffly-hairy with very numerous gland-tipped sete, 

aciculi, and numerous slender subulate declining or spreading 

prickles. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, loosely applied to the fruit. 
In woods and hedges. Apparently rare. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A doubtful plant. Professor Babington thinks it is perhaps 
not distinct from R. Hystrix, differing chiefly in its abrupt pyra- 
midal panicle, and more unequal prickles, the smaller ones scarcely 
exceeding the aciculi in length. The Rey. A. Bloxam also con- 
siders it as very closely allied to R. Hystrix. 


Rose-flowered Bramble. 


Sun-Sprcrrs XXIV.—Rubus pygmeus. Weihe. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 104. 
R. hirtus 6 Menkii, Bad. olim. 

Barren stems arching-prostrate, roundish, hairy; prickles very 
numerous, slender, declining, from a slightly dilated base; aciculi 
and gland-tipped setee very numerous and unequal. Leaves of the 
barren stem quinate; leaflets green on both sides, paler below, 
sparingly hairy below, more densely so on the veins beneath, 
coarsely and unequally doubly serrate; terminal leaflet oval, 
rounded or sub-cordate at the base, acuminate. Flowers ina long 
narrow leafy panicle, with short spreading corymbose branches ; 
rachis and pedicels with very numerous hairs, gland-tipped 
sete, aciculi and slender declining prickles. Sepals ovate-acu- 
minate, with aciculi and long rather-stiff hairs, loosely reflexed 
from the fruit. 

In hedges and borders of woods. Rare. At Eridge, near Tun- 
bridge Wells, and near Pinner, Middlesex. : 


England. Shrub. Summer. 


Of this plant I have only seen the specimens from Tunbridge 
Wells, in the coliection of the late Mr. Borrer, at Kew. 


Dwarf Bramble. 


Sun-Srrcres XXV.—Rubus scaber. Weihe. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 104. 
R. Babingtonii, Bell Salt. 
Barren stem arching-prostrate, bluntly angular, furrowed, spar- 
ingly hairy; prickles numerous, nearly equal, short, strong, hooked, 


ROSACEA. 183 


from a long compressed base; setz and aciculi few and short. 
Leaves of the barren stem ternate or quinate; leaflets thin, green 
on both sides, sparingly pilose above and on the veins beneath, 
doubly dentate-serrate ; terminal leaflet oval, sub-cordate, acu- 
minate. Flowers in a large pyramidal blunt-topped panicle with 
corymbose branches, the upper spreading, the lower ascending ; 
rachis and pedicels densely stiffly-hairy, with very numerous gland- 
tipped sete, aciculi, and a few unequal subulate declining prickles 
from long bases. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, reflexed from the fruit. 

In open woods. Apparently rare, but occurring from Hants 
and Somerset to Carnarvon and Leicester. 


England. Shrub. Summer. 


A large state of this plant is the R. Babingtonii, Dell Salter. 
Rough Bramble. 


Sup-Srecres XXVL—Rubus rudis. Weihe. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 105. 


Barren stem arching, angular, sparingly pilose; prickles nume- 
rous, nearly equal, strong, straight or slightly hooked, somewhat 
spreading or slightly declining from a rather small compressed 
base; aciculi and setz rather few and short. Leaves of the barren 
stem quinate ; leaflets sub-coriaceous, green and roughened with 
small points above, greenish-white-felted beneath with longer 
hairs amongst the felt on the veins, doubly and irregularly den- 
tate-serrate or slightly lobed-serrate ; terminal leaflet roundish-oval, 
oval, or rhomboidal-oval, rounded or sub-cordate at the base, longly 
acuminate or acuminate-cuspidate. Flowers in a long leafy panicle, 
with the upper branches spreading and corymbose, the lower ones 
ascending and sub-racemose; rachis and pedicels felted, stiflly- 
hairy, with rather numerous unequal gland-tipped sete, and 
unequal declining or deflexed prickles from long bases. Sepals 
ovate-cuspidate. 

In hedges and thickets. Common, and generally distributed. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A variable form, with the leaflets often much cut, the felt 
beneath varying from green to nearly white. The Rev. A. Bloxam 
finds a curious small-leaved variety, microphyllus, with the terminal 
leaflet rhomboid-ovate, cuspidate, finely and acutely doubly serrate. 


Coarse Bramble. 


184 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Sus-Seecies XXVII.—Rubus Radula. Weihe 
Puate CCCCLII. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 105. 

Barren stem arching-angular, sparingly hairy; prickles unequal, 
rather slender, declining, from a rather short compressed base ; 
aciculi and gland-tipped setze rather numerous, short, unequal. 
Leaves of the barren stem quinate; leaflets rather thin, green 
above, sparingly pilose greenish-white-felted beneath, with a few 
longer hairs on the veins, finely and doubly dentate; terminal 
leaflet oval, obovate-oval, or oblong-obovate, rounded or sub-cor- 
date at the base, abruptly acuminate or cuspidate. Flowers in a 
long narrow leafy panicle with short spreading corymbose branches; 
rachis and pedicels felted, stiffly-hairy, with numerous short unequal 
gland-tipped setee, aciculi, and spreading or declining subulate 
prickles from long bases. Sepals ovate cuspidate, loosely reflexed 


from the fruit. 
a, R. Radula. Weihe. 


Prickles on the barren stem unequal, terminal leaflet oval or 
obovate, doubly dentate-serrate, acuminate. 


PB, Leightonii. Lees. 


Prickles on the barren stem nearly equal. Terminal leaflet 
oval or obovate, cuspidate, sharply and doubly dentate-serrate. 


y; denticulatus. R. apiculatus. Weihe ? 


Prickles on the barren stem unequal, with a few aciculi and 
eland-tipped setze, and occasionally a few scattered hairs. Terminal 
leaflet broadly oval-oblong, cordate, abruptly cuspidate, finely and 
irregularly denticulate ; rachis and pedicels densely felted, sparingly 
bristly-hairy, with numerous gland-tipped sete and aciculi passing 
gradually into prickles. 

In hedges and woods. a and # common. y rare; near Sheffield, 
whence I am favoured with specimens by the Rev. W. W. New- 
bould, and where it has also been found by Mr. Bloxam. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A large coarse plant varying in the colour of the felt on the 
underside of the leaves from white to green, according to the 
degree of exposure to the sun. The plant placed as y, denticulatus, 
Mr. Bloxam considers the R. apiculatus of continental botanists. 


ROSACEA. 185 


The vestiture of the stem and panicle is so different from that of 
ordinary R. Radula, that it cannot well be retained in its present 
position, irrespective of the peculiar shape of the leaflets, which 
have also shorter felt beneath intermixed with scarcely any longer 
hairs. Professor Babington, who has seen only an imperfect spe- 
cimen, thinks that it seems to belong to the Kéhlerianz close to 
R. diversifolius ; adding that R. Radula approaches the Kéhlerianz, 
and that probably this form is the connecting link. 


File-stemmed Bramble. 


Groupe IV.—GLANDULOSI. Bad. 


Barren stem arching-prostrate or prostrate, rooting at the end, 
hairy ; prickles numerous, usually not confined to the angles of the 
stem, very unequal, passing gradually into aciculi and gland-tipped 
setze, which are very numerous. 


Suzs-Grourp IL—K@HLERIANI. Bad. 


Leaves mostly quinate ; prickles very numerous, scattered, 


Sus-Srecres XXVIII.—Rubus Kohleri. Weihe. 
Pirate CCCCLIILI. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 105. 


Barren stem arching-prostrate, roundish or bluntly angular, 
pilose ; prickles very unequal, strong, spreading or slightly deflexed, 
from an elongate compressed base; aciculi and gland-tipped setze 
numerous and very unequal. Leaves of the barren stem quinate ; 
leaflets rather thin, smooth above, paler and hairy only on the veins 
or more rarely felted beneath, finely acutely and irregularly dentate- 
serrate ; terminal leaflet oval, sub-cordate or rounded at the base, 
acuminate; basal leaflets stalked, not imbricated. Flowers in a 
long narrow leafy often interrupted panicle with very short ascend- 
ing-spreading corymbose branches; rachis and pedicels sparingly 
stifly-hairy with numerous gland-tipped setze, aciculi, and very un- 
equal subulate slightly deflexed prickles. Sepals ovate-acuminate, 


reflexed in fruit. 
a, R. Kohleri. Weihe. 


Barren stem with very numerous prickles, aciculi, and gland- 
tipped sete. Leaflets rough, hairy only on the veins beneath; 
panicle lax, truncate, with the terminal peduncles shorter than the 
lateral ones. 

vou. II. 28 


186 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


B, infestus. Bab. 


Barren stem with very numerous prickles, aciculi, and gland- 
tipped setee. Leaflets soft, hairy only on the veins beneath ; panicle 
broad, compact, the terminal peduncles shorter than the lateral 


ones. 
y, R. pallidus. Weihe. 


Barren stem with rather few prickles, aciculi, and gland- 
tipped sete. Leaflets soft, greyish, felted beneath, as well as hairy 
on the veins; panicle narrow, rounded at the top, with the ter- 
minal peduncles frequently as long as or longer than the lateral 
ones. 


In hedges and thickets. Common, and generally distributed. 
The form R. pallidus apparently the most abundant. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A very prickly plant. Var. y has a different aspect, from the 
fewer prickles and leaflets felted beneath. - 


Kchler’s Branble. 


Sus-Sprecies XXIX.—Rubus fusco-ater. Weihe. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 106. 


Barren stem arching-prostrate, angular, hairy; prickles unequal, 
slightly deflexed, from a very large compressed base; aciculi and 
gland-tipped setae numerous, unequal. Leaflets irregularly or 
doubly dentate-serrate, even above, green and hairy beneath ; 
terminal leaflet roundish ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate or acumi- 
nate-cuspidate ; basal leaflets stalked, imbricated so as to overlap 
the intermediate ones. Flowers in a long leafy sub-pyramidal 
panicle, with short ascending-spreading corymbose branches, or 
with the lower ones longer and sub-racemose ; rachis and pedicels 
bristly-hairy, with numerous unequal gland-tipped sete, aciculi, 
and slightly declining prickles. Sepals ovate-acuminate, spreading 
or adpressed to the fruit. 

On heaths. Rare. 


England. Shrub. Summer. 


The only specimens I have seen are from Kidderminster, in 
Mr. Borrer’s herbarium at Kew. 


Brownish-black Bramble. 


ROSACEA. 187 


Sus-Srecress XXX.—Rubus diversifolius. Lindley 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 106. 
R. fusco-ater, Bab. olim. 

Barren stems arching-prostrate, angular, very sparingly hairy ; 
prickles numerous, unequal, spreading or slightly deflexed, from an 
elongate much compressed base; aciculi and gland-tipped sete 
numerous and unequal. Leaves of the barren stem quinate; 
leaflets sub-coriaceous, rugose above, paler and frequently felted 
beneath with short setose hairs on the veins, unequally or doubly 
dentate-serrate ; terminal leaflet broadly oval or oval-obovate, 
subeordate, acuminate; basal leaflets sub-sessile, imbricated, over- 
lapping the intermediate ones. 

In hedges. Not uncommon, and pretty generally distributed 
in England. 

England. Shrub. Summer. 


Judging from the two specimens in Mr. Borrer’s herbarium, 
which Professor Babington now considers as R. fusco-ater, there 
appears to me little difference between this and the preceding, but 
I have no other acquaintance with the plant. 


Various-leaved Bramble. 


Sun-Srecres XXXI.—Rubus Lejeunii. Weihe & Nees. 
“Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 106. 


Barren stem arching - prostrate, bluntly angular, rather 
sparingly hairy; prickles few, unequal, mostly small, declining, 
from an elongate compressed base; aciculi very short, gland-tipped 
setze rather few, unequal. Leaves pedate-quinate ; leaflets thin, 
opaque and sparingly pilose above, paler and abundantly hairy on 
the veins beneath, unequally or doubly dentate-serrate; terminal 
leaflet oval, subcordate-acuminate or acuminate-cuspidate; basal 
leaflets stalked, not imbricated. Flowers in a broad lax leafy 
panicle, with the upper branches rather short, corymbose, spreading 
at right angles to the rachis, the lower ones ascending-spreading ; 
rachis and pedicels felted with numerous short gland-tipped sete 
a few aciculi and small slightly declining prickles. Sepals ovate 
lanceolate, reflexed. 

In hedges. Rare. Occurring from Sussex to York. 


England. Shrub. Summer. 


188 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


This appears to have little affinity with the other Kéhleriani, 
though the armature of the stem agrees best with them. 


Lejewne’s Bramble. 


Suzs-Grour II.—BELLARDIANI. Bad. 


Leaves mostly ternate, prickles chiefly confined to the angles of 
the stem, which has very numerous aciculi and gland-tipped sete. 


Sup-Speciess XXXII.—Rubus pyramidalis. Bad. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 107. 


Barren stem almost prostrate, roundish, sparingly hairy ; 
prickles numerous, short, strong, deflexed, from a rather elongate 
compressed base; aciculi and gland-tipped setze rather numerous, 
short, and nearly equal. Leaves of the barren stem mostly ternate 
or more rarely pedate-quinate ; “leaflets convex” (Bab.), coria- 
ceous, opaque, sub-glabrous above, sparingly pilose on the veins 
beneath, finely and irregularly denticulate-serrate ; terminal leaflet 
oval-obovate, truncate or sub-cordate at the base, cuspidate. 
Flowers in a pyramidal panicle, leafless and racemose above, with 
the branches short, spreading-ascending and simple, the lower 
ones elongate racemose ; rachis straight, rigid, and as well as the 
pedicels densely felted and _ stiffly-hairy, with very numerous 
unequal gland-tipped setee and aciculi, and a few slender declining 
unequal prickles. Sepals broadly lanceolate, cuspidate, loosely 
adpressed to the fruit. 

On the borders of woods. Rare. In the counties of Somerset, 
Worcester, Monmouth, and Carnarvon. 


England. Shrub. Summer. 


The only specimens of this form which I have seen are those 
sent me by the Rev. W. W. Newbould from Llanberis. They 
appear to be quite unlike any others of the section, from the stiff 
rachis of the pyramidal panicle. 


Pyramidal-flowered Bramble. 


Sus-Srecies XXXIII.—Rubus Guntheri. Weihe. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 107. 
Barren stem arching-prostrate, round, sparingly hairy; prickles 
rather few, very unequal, slender, hooked or declining, from a 
rather long, scarcely compressed base; aciculi and gland-tipped 


ROSACEA. 189 


setee rather numerous, unequal. Leaves mostly ternate, more 
rarely quinate-pedate; leaflets sub-coriaceous, flat, opaque, and 
sparingly pilose above, paler and more hairy or slightly felted 
beneath, finely and irregularly dentate-serrate ; terminal leaflet 
oval-obovate or subrhomboidal-obovate, truncate or sub-cordate at 
the base, acuminate-cuspidate. Flowers in a long narrow sub- 
racemose panicle, with the branches short spreading-ascending, 
simple or sub-corymbose; rachis flexuous and with the pedicels 
finely felted, with the felt intermixed with longer hairs, and with 
short unequal gland-tipped sete, a few aciculi and slender declining 
prickles. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, reflexed in fruit. 

In shady woods. Rare. Reported from Cornwall, Herts, 
Worcester, Warwick, Monmouth, and Essex. 


England. Shrub. Summer. 


A form well marked by the few prickles, the flexuous rachis of 
its narrow panicle and the narrow petals. 


Giinther’s Bramble. 


Sup-Srecres XXXIV.—Rubus humifusus. Weihe. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 107. 
R. hirtus, var. a, Bab. olim. 

Barren stem arching-prostrate, round, stiffly-hairy ; prickles 
numerous, very unequal, slender, spreading or slightly deflexed, 
from a rather long much compressed base; aciculi and gland-tipped 
setze numerous and unequal. Leaves ternate or quinate-pedate ; 
leaflets thin, green on both sides, pilose above, paler and 
densely pubescent or felted beneath, where they are also stiffly- 
hairy on the veins, very sharply and irregularly denticulate-serrate ; 
terminal leaflet oval, rounded or sub-cordate at the base, abruptly 
acuminate. Flowers in a leafy panicle, often sub-racemose, with 
the branches spreading-ascending, the lower ones mostly corym- 
bose; rachis and pedicels felted and densely stiffly-hairy, with 
very numerous unequal gland-tipped sete, aciculi, and very slender 
declining prickles. Sepals lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, with gland- 
tipped setze, loosely reflexed in fruit. 

In woods and thickets. Rare. Reported from the counties of 
Herts, Kent, Worcester, Warwick, Salop, and Dumfries. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


Stem with more numerous hairs, gland-tipped sete, aciculi, 


- 
190 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


and slender prickles, than in the allied species; panicle rather 
small, frequently simple ; petals broad. 


Trailing Bramble. 


Sup-Species XXXV.—Rubus foliosus. Weihe 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 108. 
R. hirtus, var. y, Bad. olim. 

Barren stem arching-prostrate, slightly angular, sparingly 
hairy; prickles rather numerous and slender, slightly hooked or 
deflexed, from a rather long much compressed base; aciculi and 
gland-tipped sets few, unequal. Leaves pedate-quinate; leaflets 
sub-coriaceous, green on both sides, opaque and sparingly pilose 
above, paler and densely pubescent or felted beneath, where 
they are stiflly-hairy on the veins, finely irregularly denticulate- 
serrate ; terminal leaflet roundish-ovate, cordate, cuspidate-acumi- 
nate. Flowers in a long very leafy narrow compact panicle, with 
short spreading-ascending branches; the upper ones simple or 
corymbose, the lower sub-racemose ; rachis thick, slightly flexuous 
and as well as the pedicels very densely stiffly-hairy, the hairs inter- 
mixed with rather numerous aciculi, gland-tipped sete, and slender 
spreading or declining prickles. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, stiffly-hairy, with gland-tipped sete and aciculi, loosely 
reflexed from the fruit. 

On heaths and in woods. Rare, and apparently confined to 
Warwickshire. 

England. Shrub. Summer. 


Of this form, the only specimens I have seen are some kindly 
given me by the Rev. A. Bloxam, from Annesley coalfield Heath, 
near Atherstone. The panicle leafy up to the top and the very 
thick rachis give the plant a very peculiar aspect. Professor 
Babington considers it closely allied to R. humifusus, but the stem 
is much less thickly clothed with hairs, gland-tipped setze, aciculi, 
and prickles. 

Leafy-flowered Bramble. 


Sus-Srecirs XXXVI.—Rubus glandulosus. Bellard. 
Piate CCCCLIV. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 108. 
Barren stem arching-prostrate, nearly round, very hairy; 
prickles unequal, small, weak, slightly hooked or declining, from 
a small compressed base; gland-tipped sete and aciculi numerous, 


ROSACE. 191 


short, nearly equal. Leaves ternate, rarely quinate; leaflets rather 
thin, green on both sides, sub-glabrous above, hairy on the veins 
beneath, finely and unequally serrate; terminal leaflet oblong- 
oval, oval, or obovate-oval, sub-cordate at the base, cuspidate- 
acuminate. Flowers in a short rather compact leafy panicle, sub- 
racemose towards the apex; upper branches short, spreading, 
mostly simple, lower ones sub-racemose ; rachis flexuous, felted, with 
longer rather-stiff hairs, very numerous gland-tipped setze, aciculi, 
and a few slender declining prickles. Sepals ovate-triangular, with 
gland-tipped setze and aciculi, spreading or loosely applied to the 
fruit. 
a, R. Bellardi. Weihe. 

Leaves mostly ternate, with the leaflets nearly equal, the lateral 
ones divaricate, finely and bluntly serrate, almost crenate-serrate 
with an apiculus to each crenature; panicle short, rachis very 
flexuous, and the lower branches of the panicle distant. R. den- 
tatus, Blox., is a form of this, with the stem more angular, the 
leaflets greyish beneath, acuminate-cuspidate, sub-cordate at the 
base. Hairs on the whole plant shorter and less numerous than 
in p. 

6, R. hirtus. Waldst. & Kit. R. fuscus. Lees (not Weihe). 


Leaves mostly quinate, coarsely and unequally dentate-serrate ; 
_ hairs longer and more numerous than in a. Panicle often elongated, 
with the rachis only slightly flexuous. R. rotundifolius, Blox., 
has the stem slightly angular, the leaves often ternate, the leaflets 
much broader, less sharply serrate and sub-cuspidate. 


In woods and hedges. Not common, the form R. hirtus being 
apparently the most abundant. 


England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


The typical forms Bellardi and hirtus or fuscus, are so different 
that they could scarcely be combined, were it not for the inter- 
mediates which link them together. 


Glandular-stemmed Bramble. 


Group V.—CASII. Bab. 


Barren stem arching- prostrate or prostrate, roundish or 
obtusely angled, generally with a glaucous bloom; prickles unequal 
aciculi and gland-tipped setee few or none. 


192 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Sup-Srrcres XXXVII.—Rubus Balfourianus. Blox. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 108. 


Barren stem arching-prostrate, round, sparingly hairy; prickles 
few, unequal, slender, straight, spreading, from a rather short 
slightly compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem mostly 
quinate ; leaflets thin, green on both sides, rugose and sparingly 
pilose above, pubescent but not felted beneath, finely and irregu- 
larly dentate-serrate; terminal leaflet rhomboidal-ovate, rounded 
or sub-cordate at the base, shortly acuminate or cuspidate-acu mi- 
nate; lateral leaflets sub-sessile, imbricated. Flowers in a lax 
leafy sub-corymbose panicle, the upper branches short and nearly 
simple, the lower longer and corymbose or racemo-corymbose ; 
rachis and pedicels felted, with long woolly hairs intermixed, 
and numerous short unequal gland-tipped sete, a few aciculi, 
and small slender slightly declining prickles. Sepals ovate- 
acuminate, with gland-tipped setz, erect-spreading. Styles pale 
flesh-coloured. 

In hedges. Probably not uncommon, as it occurs from Hants 


to York. 
England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A very variable form, approaching in some of its states to 
R. corylifolius, in others to R. czesius, but generally a very luxuriant 
plant, with large leaves, paler beneath. Petals pale pink; fruit of 
rather numerous drupes. 


Balfour's Bramble. 


Sus-Specres XXXVIIL—Rubus corylifolius. Sm. 
Prate CCCCLV. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 109. 


Barren stem arching-prostrate, round or bluntly angular, nearly 
glabrous, slightly glaucous ; prickles rather few, short, straight, 
spreading or slightly declining, from a rather short slightly-com- 
pressed base. Leaves of the barren stem mostly quinate, if ternate, 
with the lateral leaflets 2-partite or -cleft; leaflets thin, green on both 
sides, rugose and sparingly pilose above, paler and dense.y pubes- 
cent or felted beneath, acutely and irregularly or doubly dentate- 
serrate; terminal leaflet roundish-ovate, sub-cordate at the base, 
abruptly acuminate ; lateral leaflets sub-sessile, imbricated. Flowers 
in a lax rather short panicle, sub-corymbose at the apex, where the 


ROSACEA. 193 


branches are somewhat spreading ; lower branches frequently 
remote, elongated, and corymbose; rachis and pedicels finely 
felted or pubescent, with short hairs and a few gland-tipped scte, 
usually confined to the uppermost branches; prickles few, unequal, 
slender, subulate. Sepals ovate, abruptly acuminate, mostly 
without gland-tipped sete, reflexed from the fruit, which is black. 


a, R. sublustris. Lees. 


Barren stem nearly round, green, tinged with red; prickles 
slender, mostly spreading, from a short base ; leaflets felted, greyish- 
green beneath. Rachis nearly straight, with few prickles. 


B, conjungens. Bab. R. Wahlbergii. Bell Salt. 


Stem round at the base, angular above, green tinged with red ; 
prickles strong, slender, somewhat spreading, from a rather long 
base. Leaflets densely pubescent or ashy-felted beneath. Rachis 
nearly straight, with few prickles. 


y, purpureus. Bab. R. Wahlbergii. Arrh. 


Stem angular, purple, often slightly hairy; prickles strong, 
spreading or slightly deflexed, from a rather long base. Leaflets 
pubescent or white-felted beneath. Rachis slightly flexuous, with 
numerous rather strong prickles. 


In hedges and thickets. Very common, and generally dis- 
tributed. 
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A large plant, varying considerably, but having a peculiar look, 
which, though difficult to describe, when once known is easily 


recognized. This sub-species flowers earlier than most of the 
Rubi, except R. czesius. The flowers are large, white or pink. 


Hazel-leaved Bramble. 


Sun-Species XXXIX.—Rubus altheifolius. Hos: 
Bob. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 109, & Fl. Camb. p. 305. 
R. Wahlbergii 8 glabratus, Bell Salt., in Bot. Gaz. Vol. IT. p. 129. 

Barren stem prostrate, roundish, with scattered hairs; prickles 
numerous, unequal, slender, straight or slightly hooked, from a 
rather short. compressed base; gland-tipped setze few. Leaves 
of the barren stem ternate, with the lateral leaflets of the lower 
leaves retrorsely 2-partite, rarely quinate; leaflets thin, green on 

VOL, III. 2c 


194 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


both sides, uneven, and with a few scattered hairs above, and 
more numerous ones or greyish-green felt beneath, doubly ser- 
rate; terminal leaflet rhomboidal-oval or obovate-oval, rounded 
at the base, acute or slightly acuminate; basal leaflets of the 
quinate leaves not overlapping the intermediate pair, nor the 
lateral pair the terminal one. Flowers in a small lax leafy 
panicle, with the upper branches short corymbose, the lower ones 
longer; rachis and pedicels felted with very short hairs, with a 
very few short setze and slender spreading or declining prickles. 
Sepals ovate-acuminate, with a few short gland-tipped setz, loosely 
applied to the fruit, which is black and composed of few drupes. 

In hedges. Apparently rare, being only reported from Hants, 
Middlesex, Cambridge, and York. 


England. Shrub. Summer. 


Of this plant I have only seen two or three imperfect dried 
specimens. 
Mallow-leaved Bramble. 


Sup-Srecies XL.—Rubus tuberculatus. Zab. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 110, & Fl. Camb. p. 306. 
R. nemorosus 6 ferox, “ Leighton,” Bab. olim. 
R. dumetorum “ Blow,” Bab. 

Barren stem arching-prostrate, with rounded angles, sparingly 
hairy ; prickles very numerous, unequal, short, slender, spreading, 
from a short slightly-compressed base; aciculi and set rather 
numerous, unequal. Leaves of the barren stem quinate, or ternate 
with the lateral leaflets 2-partite; leaflets sub-coriaceous, green on 
both sides, uneven, with a few short scattered hairs above, and 
more numerous ones beneath, irregularly dentate-serrate; ter- 
minal leaflet roundish or roundish-ovate, sub-cordate, cuspidate 
or acuminate-cuspidate; basal leaflets of the quinate leaves not 
overlapping the intermediate ones. Flowers in an elongate 
narrow leafy panicle, the upper branches very short, corymbose, 
the lower longer and sub-racemose. Rachis felted with short hairs, 
with very numeous unequal gland-tipped sete, aciculi, and very 
numerous slender  slightly-declining prickles. Sepals ovate- 
acuminate, with aciculi and gland-tipped setae, loosely adpressed to 
the fruit, which is black and composed of few drupes. 

In hedges. Probably not uncommon. 


England, Treland. 


ROSACEA. 195 


A very prickly plant, with more numerous gland-tipped setze 
than the other Rubi czsii. Professor Babington states that the 
prickles of R. tuberculatus are from an oblong tuberculiform or 
oval cushion-shaped base; while in R. althzifolius they are from 
an oblong compressed base; and he also states that the foliage of 
the latter has a pale glaucous tint not found in the latter. In both 
forms the larger prickles have proportionately longer bases than 
the smaller ones. Both occur with ternate leaves and have the 
leaflets on the barren stem generally hairy only on the veins, 
while the ternate leaves of the flowering-shoot seem to be always 
felted beneath. Professor Babington has not stated in the fifth 
edition of the Manual what he now considers a, 6, y of his 
former RK. nemorosus. 


Tubercular Bramble. 


Sus-Sprecires XLI.—Rubus cesius. Lina 


Pirate CCCCLVL 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. 


Barren stem prostrate, glaucous, sub-glabrous or sparingly 
hairy; prickles numerous, very small, unequal, weak, deflexed, 
rather long, from a compressed base; aciculi and setze few. Leaves 
ternate, with the lateral leaflets entire, or more rarely 2-cleft, or 
rarely pinnate, from the terminal leaflet being divided into 3; 
leaflets thin, green on both sides, uneven above, paler and more 
or less hairy or even slightly felted beneath, often lobed, doubly 
or unequally serrate; terminal leaflet ovate or rhomboidal-ovate, 
sometimes 3-lobed; lateral leaflets not overlapping the terminal 
one. Flowers in a nearly simple often small and sub-corymbose 
panicle, with the pedicels usually rather long. Rachis and 
peduncles thinly felted with short hairs, anil more or less numerous 
aciculi, setee, and slender declining prickles. Sepals ovate-lan- 
ceolate, with aciculi and gland-tipped set, applied to the fruit, 
which is covered with a glaucous bloom, and is composed of a few 
large drupes. 

“a, agrestis. 


Ti. ceesius, a aquaticus and ( agrestis, W. & V. Rubi Germ. PI. xtvr. a 


** Stem very slender; prickles few, small. Leaflets flat, lobate- 
serrate, rather pilose on both sides; terminal leaflet rhomboidal- 
ovate, acuminate, rounded below. Panicle often nearly simple, 
or its branches rarely more than once divided, but often very 
Jong. 


196 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


“6, R. tenuis. Bell Salt. 


** Stem very slender; prickles many, strong, but small, nearly 
equal, deflexed. Leaflets flat? doubly serrate, pilose on both sides, 
or villose beneath; terminal leaflet obovate or cordate-obovate, 
acuminate. Fruit black, ‘not glaucous.’ 


“+, ulmifolius. Bab. 


R. cesius, var. 8 pseudo-cesius, W. & NV. Rubi Germ. PI. xiv. B. 


«Stem slender, purplish; prickles many, small, deflexed, or 
declining; aciculi, sete, and hairs few, short. Leaflets rather 
rugose, lobate-serrate, pilose only on the veins, or hairy, or slightly 
ashy-felted beneath ; terminal leaflet round or cordate, acuminate, 
often 3-lobed or rarely divided into 3 sessile leaflets, of which the 
terminal one is narrowed below. Often much larger than Var. a 
or 6. Stem thicker; leaves very broad. 


‘<3, intermedius. Bab. 


* Stem thicker, greenish-purple; prickles many, slender, very 
unequal, sub-patent; aciculi and sete few, strong, very short. 
Leaflets lobate-serrate, pilose on the veins beneath; terminal 
leaflet triangular cordate, acuminate, 3-lobed or 3-partite, or 
divided into 3 sessile leaflets, of which the terminal is narrowed 
to the base. 

* «, R. pseudo-Ideus. Lejeune. 


** Stem thick, green, slightly glaucous; prickles slender, violet- 
coloured, sub-patent; aciculi and setz few, very short. Leaves 
ternate or quinate-pinnate ; leaflets doubly serrate, ashy-felted 
beneath; lateral leaflets all sessile; terminal leaflets stalked, 
roundly-cordate. I have only seen one specimen of this variety, 
found at Hunsdon, Herts. 


“ ¢, hispidus. Bab. 


“Stem slender, green ; prickles short, many, subulate, unequal ; 
sete many, short, rigid. Leaves ternate; leaflets lobate-serrate, 
pilose on the veins beneath; lateral leaflets with a large backward 
lobe ; terminal leaflets obovate-acuminate, sub-cordate below; pedi- 
cels and sepals very setose, felted, scarcely hairy.”—(Bab. Man. ed.v.) 

Hedges, roadsides, waste places, and thickets. Very common, 
and generally distributed. 

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Early Summer. 


ROSACEA. 197 


The smallest and earliest flowering of the fruticose brambles. 
Very variable. I am, however, unable to distribute the specimens 
I have seen into the varieties given by Professor Babington, so I 
have been obliged to copy his descriptions of them. 


Dewberry. 
French, Ronce Bleudtre. German, Kratzbeere. 
The fruit of the Dewberry is very superior to that of any other species, It is 
larger and finer, and of a bluish colour; and we may believe that in Shakespeare’s time 


it was esteemed as a rural delicacy fit for the favourite of the queen of fairies to feed 
upon. ‘Titania, in her fit of infatuation for Bottom, says :— 


“ Be kind and courteous to this gentleman ; 
Hop in his walks, and gambol in his eyes ; 
Feed him with apricocks and dewberries, 
With purple grapes, green figs, and mulberries.” 


Sus-Trirse IIT.—EU-DRYADEM. 


Calyx flattish, campanulate, or turbinate. Segments valvate 
in estivation. Ovules attached by the point which is furthest 
from the base of the style. Styles terminal, elongated, generally 
persistent and plumose after flowering. Achenes dry, numerous, 
inserted on a dry receptacle. Seed solitary. 


GENUS X—GEUM. Linn. 


Calyx flattish, or slightly concave at the base, with 10, rarely 5 
segments; segments in 2 rows, the 5 outer ones smaller than the 
5 inner. Petals 5, obovate, emarginate or obtuse. Stamens 
numerous. Receptacle conical or cylindrical, dry. Achenes dry, 
terminated by the elongated, more or less hairy styles, which are 
frequently jointed and bent above the middle, with the terminal 
portion deciduous. 

Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves, the terminal segment 
usually the largest. Flowers in irregular terminal cymes, yellow- 
brownish, white, or red. 


The origin of the name of this genus of plants appears to be in the word yevw (geuo), 
I give a relish, in allusion to the roots of G. urbanum, 


SPECIES I—GEUM URBANUM. Zina. 
Puate CCCCLVIL 


Radical leaves stalked, irregularly lyrate-pinnate, with 2 to 4 pairs 
of leaflets, and a large terminal one, which, as well as those of the 


> 
198 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


uppermost pair, is much larger than the others; stem-leaves ternate 
or 3-lobed, with very large foliaceous stipules which are broader than 
the lateral leaflets. Flowers erect. Calyx-segments reflexed after 
flowering. Petals spreading, oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex. 
Fruit-receptacle sessile. Achenes with the lower part of the tail 
falcate-spreading, glabrous; the part above the articulation about 
one-fourth the length of the lower, and glabrous, sometimes with 
a few hairs near the base, deciduous. 

In hedgebanks, borders of woods. Common, and generally 
distributed, though more scarce in the North of Scotland. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. 


Rootstock short, terminating in a tuft of leaves 4 inches to 1 foot 
long. The radical leaf may perhaps be best described as a ternate 
leaf, with oval or roundish slightly-lobed and bluntly-toothed 
leaflets, with a few very much smaller leaflets placed on the petiole 
beneath it. Stems erect or ascending, 8 inches to 3 feet high, with 
shortly-stalked ternate leaves, with rhomboidal-obovate slightly- 
lobed and bluntly-serrated leaflets. Stipules reniform-roundish, 
with acute triangular lobes and teeth. Flowers few, in long 
rather rigid peduncles, yellow, } to 2 inch in diameter. Calyx 
with the inner segments triangular acuminate, the outer ones half 
as long and strapshaped-lanceolate. Petals about as long as the 
sepals. Receptacle hispid. Achenes ovoid, compressed, sparingly 
hispid, contracted into a falcate beak about 4 inch long, sharply 
hooked round, about one-fifth from the apex, where the appendage 
commences; the latter is also hooked at the base, but with its hook 
enclosed in that of the lower portion, and soon deciduous. Plant 
green, with short scattered hairs. Leaves thin and flaccid, 


Wood Avens. 
French, Benoite Commune. German, Gemeine Nelkenwurz. 


The common Avens or Herb Bennett is abundant in most woods, thickets, and 
shady hedge-banks. The latter name is derived from Herba benedicta, “ blessed herb.” 
Platearius tells us “that where the root is in a house the devil can do nothing, and 
flies from it ; wherefore it is blessed above all other herbs.” He adds, that if a man 
earries this root about him, no venomous beast can harm him. The author of the 
“ Ortus” says further, that where it is growing in the garden no venomous beast will 
approach within scent of it. It is slightly astringent and aromatic. The roots dug up in the 
spring are used in some parts of England to put into beer to give it an aromatic flavour, 
and prevent it from turning sour. Stee,yed in wine, the same part of the plant has 
been considered useful in dysentery. The active properties of the plant differ according 
to the situation in which it grows : when procured from a damp shady place, it is often 
found to be quite inert, Haller tells us that the root infused in water has occasioned 
delirium in some cases of fever. Gerarde extols the virtues of this plant, and says : 
“The decoction of Avens made in wine is commended against eruditie or rawnesse of 


ROSACE®. 199 


’ 


the stomacke, paine of the collicke, and the biting of venomous beasts.” From the 


aromatic nature of the roots, resembling in some measure cloves, the plant is called by 
some writers Caryophyllata. 


SPECIES (!) 1—-GEUM INT ERMEDIUM. Firh. 
Prare CCCCLVIII. 
G. urbano-rivale, “ @, Meyer.” Garcke, Fl. v. N. & M. Deutschl. ed. vi. p. 117. 


Radical leaves stalked, irregularly lyrate-pinnate, with 2 to 4 
pairs of leaflets, and a terminal one, which, as well as those of 
uppermost pair, ismuch larger than the others; stem-leaves ternate 
or 3-lobed, with large foliaceous stipules which scarcely exceed the 
breadth of the lateral leaflets. Flowers drooping. Calyx-segments 
adpressed to the receptacle after flowering. Petals sub-erect, 
roundish-obovate, retuse at the apex, narrowed into a wedge- 
shaped claw.  Fruit-receptacle sessile or sub-sessile. Achenes 
with the basal part of tail ascending-spreading, glabrous; the 
part above the articulation about one-third the length of the 
lower, plumose from the base to the middle, glabrous at the apex, 
deciduous. 

In moist woods. Not uncommon in the North of England and 
Scotland; more rare in the South, where, however, it has occurred 
in the counties of Essex, Cambridge, Hants, and South Wales. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer. 


This plant is readily distinguished from G. urbanum by the 
drooping flowers, and the calyx-segments not reflexed after flower- 
ing, generally tinged with red; the petals deeper yellow, broader 
at the apex, and more suddenly contracted into the claw. The tails 
of the achenes are more slender, more erect, with the apical joint 
distinctly plumose at the base, and longer in proportion. The 
pedicels are also longer, less rigid and more erect, except at the 
apex. The rootstock islonger. The stipules of the stem-leaves are 
considerably smaller in proportion, but deeply toothed as in G, 
urbanum. It is indeed quite intermediate in appearance between 
that and the following species, between which it may be a hybrid. 
The late Dr. Bell Salter obtained a hybrid Geum by fertilizing 
the stigmas of G. rivale by the pollen of G. urbanum, and obtained 
an intermediate form, which he states as quite identical with the 
wild G. intermedium. The seeds of this hybrid he found to be 
fertile. — (Phyt. Ser. 1, Vol. IV. p. 737.) I have often found G. 
intermedium growing with G. rivale, but seldom with G. urbanum, 


Intermediate Avens. 


French, Benoite Intermédiaire. German, Mittleres Nelkenwurz. 


200 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


SPECIES I1I—GEUM RIVALE. Zina 
Prats CCCCLIX. 


Radical leaves stalked, irregularly lyrate-pinnate, with 2 to 4 
pairs of leaflets, and a terminal one which is often 3-lobed, and 
which, as well as those of the uppermost pair or two pairs, is much 
larger than the others ; stem-leaves ternate or 3-lobed, more rarely 
with a small pair of pinnze besides, with small foliaceous stipules, 
which are generally much less than the lateral leaflets. Flowers 
drooping. Calyx-segments adpressed to the receptacle after flower- 
ing. Petals sub-erect, obovate, with a transverse retuse limb, 
abruptly contracted into a long narrowly wedge-shaped claw. 
Fruit-receptacle on a stalk about as long as the calyx-segments. 
Achenes with the basal part of the tail spreading, glabrous, the 
part above the articulation nearly half the length of the lower, 
plumose from the base to within one quarter of the distance to the 
apex, deciduous. 

In moist woods, and by the sides of streams and ditches. 
Common, and generally distributed in the North, but more sparingly 
so in the South of England, where it appears to be absent from 
Cornwall, Kent, Surrey, and a few other counties. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer. 


This plant resembles the two last, but is generally stouter, with 
thicker leaves, and with the pinnez less unequal in size. The 
flowers larger, dull brownish-orange, streaked and tinged with pale 
lurid-purple, with the lamina much broader than in either, the 
calyx-segments more erect, dull-purple, the stipules much smaller ; 
but the most remarkable difference results from the presence of a 
stalk which raises the receptacle until, by the time the fruit is ripe, 
it is completely clear of the calyx; this stalk, as well as the carpels 
and receptacle, is hispid. Leaves deep-green. Plant sparingly 
hairy, densely so on the pedicels and calyx-segments. 


Water Avens. 
French, Benoite des Ruisseaux. German, Bach Nelkenwurz. 


This is an elegant and beautiful plant, and possesses the same properties as the 
Herb Bennett. In North America it is esteemed as a febrifuge and tonic. It was 
often used in olden times to flavour ale and other liquors. The root is the most 
active part of the plant. 


ROSACE.E 201 


GENUS XI—DRYAS. Linn. 


Calyx flattish or slightly concave at the base, 8- to 10-partite. 
Segments nearly equal and in a single row. Petals 8 or 9, more 
rarely fewer, oval or oblong, entire. Stamens numerous. Recep- 
tacle flattish or concave, dry. Achenes dry, terminated by the 
elongated very plumose styles, which are neither jointed nor bent. 

Undershrubs with decumbent branches, and simple ovate-oblong 
or elliptical crenate or entire leaves, white beneath. Flowers 
large, solitary, white or yellow. Styles with white hairs. 


The name of this genus of plants was given to it by Linneus, from the dryads or 
nymphs of the oak, in consequence of the leaves bearing some resemblance to those of 
the oak. 


SPECIES I—DRYAS OCTOPETALA. Lin. 
Puate CCCCLX. 


Leaves oblong-ovate, truncate at the base, crenate-lobed, 
hoary white beneath, with the mid-rid prominent and not white. 
Sepals strapshaped or oblong. Petals white. 


Var. a, genuind. 


Sepals strapshaped, sub-acute. 


Var. 6, depressa. 
D. depressa, Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 1, Vol. X. p. 183. 
Sepals oblong, blunt and rounded at the apex. 


On rocks and stony debris on mountains, particularly partial to 
limestone. Var. a in Wales, the North of England, and Scotland, 
extending to Hoy Hill, in Orkney; and in Clare, Galway, and 
the North of Ireland. Var. 6 on Ben Bulben, county Sligo. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A small prostrate much-branched shrub, with dark-brown bark 
peeling off from the old branches. Leaves stalked; lamina } tol 
inch long, abrupt and occasionally sub-cordate at the base, blunt at 
the apex, with 5 to 8 large blunt teeth or small lobes on each side, 
extreme margins reflexed; midrib more or less pilose, and fre- 
quently clothed with small fringed scales. Stipules scarious, 
adnate for two-thirds of their length, the free portion lanceolate, 
ciliated with woolly hairs. Peduncles terminal, 1 to 3 inches high 
in flower, in fruit lengthening to 2 to 5 inches. Flowers 1 to 1} 
inch in diameter, white. Calyx-segments generally 8, reddish, 

VOL, III. 2D 


202 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


clothed with dark purple or black gland-tipped hairs intermixed 
with white woolly ones, which are most abundant on the margins. 
Petals usually 8 in number, longer than the calyx, oblong-elliptical 
or oval. Achenes oblong, convex on the outer side, pointed, hispid, 
terminating in a long tail from 1 to 2 inches long, which is plumose 
with long white spreading hairs. Leaves rugose, deep-green, 
shining above, pure white beneath (except on the veins) from a 
dense felt of white hairs. Petioles and under side of the veins with 
woolly hairs. Peduncles with white woolly hairs and stouter 
reddish purple gland-tipped ones, similar to those on the sepals, 
but less numerous. 

Var. & I have not seen. The calyx in the common plant is 
quite as often flat and truncate as not, so that character is of no 
importance: Professor Babington now considers it a variety of D. 
octopitala. 

Mountain Avens. 


French, Dryade & huit Pétals. German, Achtblittrige Dryade. 


Trisse IV.—ROSID &. 


Prickly shrubs with regularly pinnate leaves, with a few pairs of 
pinnee, very rarely none. Calyx-tube urceolate-ovoid or subglobose ; 
segments sometimes deciduous in fruit. Petals large, generally 
pink, red, or white, more rarely yellow. Stamens indefinite. Carpels 
numerous, in several whorls, arranged on the concave disk which 
lines the tube of the calyx. Styles lateral. Fruit consisting of 
dry achenes enclosed in the tube of the calyx,* which becomes 
fleshy at maturity and gives it the appearance of an inferior fruit. 


GENUS XIT—ROSA. Tournef. 


Calyx with an urceolate or subglobose tube (the excavated 
apex of the peduncle ?) contracted at the mouth by a fleshy ring; 
segments 5, rarely 4, herbaceous, frequently pinnatifid, persistent 
or deciduous. Petals as many as the calyx-segments, inserted into 
the throat of the calyx. Stamens numerous, inserted with the 
petals. Ovaries included in the calyx-tube; ovules solitary, pen- 
dulous ; styles lateral, coming through an aperture in the centre 
of the disk which closes the mouth of the calyx-tube. Achenes 


* Although the fleshy sac which encloses the carpels is usually called the tube of 
the calyx, it is quite probable that it really consists of the excavated apex of the 
peduncle or thalamus. 


ROSACE. 203 


numerous, enclosed in the fleshy or cartilaginous calyx-tube, bony, 
hairy at the side opposite the style. 

Shrubs, often prickly. Leaves pinnate, with few pairs of pinnz; 
stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers large, terminal, solitary or 
several in a simple corymbose or umbellate cyme.* 


The name of this well-known genus of plants is one which is adopted into most 
modern languages of Europe. It evidently comes from the Greek word pocoy (rodon), 
red ; and the rose of the ancients was undoubtedly one of a deep crimson colour, 
which probably suggested the fable of its springing from the blood of Adonis. 


Section I.—SPINOSISSIM @. 


Rather low bushes, plentifully stoloniferous, with erect or slightly 
arching stems, with the branches mostly short; shoots with the 
prickles very numerous, crowded, unequal, passing gradually into 
aciculi, and having a greater or less nuinber of gland-tipped sete. 
Leaves glabrous or slightly hairy, with few or no glands. Styles 
not united. Fruit mostly subglobose, with truly persistent sepals. 


SPECIES I—ROSA SPINOSISSIMA. Linn. 


; Pirate CCCCLXI. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 15. 


Prickles much crowded, slender, nearly straight, spreading, very 
unequal, passing gradually into aciculi and gland-tipped sete. 
Leaflets + roundish or oval, obtuse, simply and equally serrated, 
glabrous and without glands on both sides. Pedicels solitary and 
without bracts, mostly glabrous. Fruit erect, subglobose, rarely 
ovoid, glabrous or rarely prickly at base, purplish-black when mature, 


* Tn this difficult genus I have followed Mr. J. G. Baker in his valuable papers 
on the Roses of the North of England, publishing in the “ Naturalist,” of which, how- 
ever, the whole series is not yet in print ; but Mr. Baker has kindly furnished me 
with his manuscripts on the subject. I have followed his arrangement, not having 
paid that special attention to the genus which he has bestowed upon it; though, had 
I felt justified in following my own bias, I incline towards Mr. Bentham’s views of the 
genus. It seems to me that we have not more than five or six species or super-species 
of British Roses ; but combination of sub-species into super-species can be safely ven- 
tured upon only by those intimately acquainted with all the minute differences which 
distinguish the forms which are to be combined. 

For reasons similar to those given in the note on the genus Rubus, it has been 
considered advisable to give plates of the more conspicuous forms only. 

+ The shape of the leaflets is described from the terminal one throughout the 
whole of the genus Rosa. 


204 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


rarely red. Sepals persistent, not leaf-pointed, entire, naked on the 
back. 

On sandy sea-shores, heaths, and hills of chalk or trap rock. 
Rather common, and generally distributed throughout the kingdom. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Early Summer. 


A well-marked species, with much-branched very prickly stems, 
lto 4 feet high. Leaflets rather rigid, ¢ to 3 inch long, deep 
green, paler beneath ; ; Serratures deep, most of them simple, occa- 
sionally one or two of them with an accessory tooth. Flowers large 
for the size of the plant, 1} to 2 inches across, white, rarely pink. 
Calyx-tube subglobose, glabrous, purple on one side ; segments 
shorter than the petals, entire, mostly erect in fruit. 

A form with ovate fruit has been gathered by Mr. Robertson in 
Castle Eden Dean, Durham, and one “with the peduncle and lower 
part of the fruit with prickles and gland-tipped sete, at Brighton, 
by Mr. Borrer. 

Common Burnet Rose. 


French, Rosier trés-épineux. German, Steinpeterleinblattrige Rose. 


This species is also known as the Pimpernel Rose, or Scotch Rose, and is frequently 
cultivated in gardens. A great many varieties have been raised from it. The first 
double variety was found in a wild state in the neighbourhood of Perth, and from this 
one were produced above fifty others. All nursery-men have a large selection of this 
particular rose. The ripe fruit of the wild kind is a favourite with children, and is not 
injurious. The juice diluted with water dyes silk and muslin of a peach-colour, and 
mixed with alum produces a deep violet hue. The plaut is much liked by French 
horticulturists, and they have no less than 123 distinct varieties. This was the only 

tose found by Sir W. Hooker in Iceland. 


SPECIES I1—ROSA RUBELLA. Sm. 


Puate CCCCLXII. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 17. 

Prickles few, scattered, slender, nearly straight, spreading, 
nearly equal; gland-tipped setze very numerous. Leaflets roundish 
or oval, simply and equally serrated, glabrous and without glands 
on both sides. Pedicels solitary and without bracts, with numerous 
aciculi and gland-tipped sete. Fruit drooping, urceolate-ovoid, 
with gland-tipped sete near the base, red. Sepals persistent, 
slightly leaf-pointed, entire, glandular on the back. 

On the sea-shore. Very rare, and probably now extinct. Found 
on the Durham coast by Mr. Winch. 


England? Shrub. Early Summer. 


ROSACEA. 205 


Of this plant I have seen no specimens, but Mr. Baker has 
examined those in Mr. Winch’s collection at Newcastle, and con- 
siders them quite distinct from R. spinosissima, receding from it in 
the direction of R. alpina. Similar plants are found on the Swiss 
Alps, which are considered by M. Reuter as hybrids between these 
two species: possibly there may have been some mistake about the 
locality of Mr. Winch’s specimens; as all the other British speci- 
mens supposed to belong to R. rubella belong to R. spinosissima. 


Red-fruited Burnet Rose. 


SPECIES I11—ROSA HIBERNICA. Sm. 


Pirate CCCCLXIII. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 22. 

Prickles scattered, rather few and slender, straight or curved, 
unequal, passing gradually into aciculi and few gland-tipped setee. 
Leaflets oval, acutely and nearly equally serrate, glabrous on both 
sides, or with the principal veins hairy beneath, serratures ceca- 
sionally gland-tipped. Pedicels solitary or several together, with 
bracts when more than one, glabrous. Fruit erect, urceolate sub- 
globose, glabrous, red. Sepals persistent, leaf-pointed, frequently 
slightly pinnatifid, without gland-tipped setze on the back. 

Mr. Baker distinguishes the following forms :— 


1. Rosa eu-hibernica. Baker, 1. c. p. 24. 


Peduncles naked. Petioles hairy. Leaves hairy beneath. 
Vale of Lorton, Cumberland; near Belfast, and County Down? 


2. Rosa glabra. Baker, 1. c. p. 24. 


Peduncles naked. Petioles and leaves hairless. 
Yorkshire, Cheshire, and Surrey. 


3. Rosa cordifolia. Baker, 1. c. p. 24. 


Peduncles with aciculi and gland-tipped sete. Leaflets broader, 
more bluntly serrate, hairy beneath, those of the barren shoots 
subcordate at the base. Peduncles hairy. 

Dale of the Coquet, Northumberland, found by Professor 
Oliver. 

England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A doubtful plant, intermediate between R. spinosissima and 
R. Sabini, resembling the former in the shape and serration of the 
leaflets, the latter in general habit, the prickles, the flowers not 


206 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


truly solitary and being pale pink, also in the shape of the fruit, 
and the pinnate sepals. If the form cordifolia really belong to this 
species, I do not see how it can be kept distinct from R. Sabini; 
but I have only seen one specimen kindly sent by Mr. Baker, and 
this, but for Mr. Baker’s opinion, I should have had no hesitation 
in referring to Wilsoni or Sabini rather than hibernica. 
Irish Burnet Rose. 

This Rose was discovered by Mr. John Templeton, in the county of Down, growing 

abundantly about Belfast harbour ; he consequently became entitled to the reward of 


£50 offered by the patrons of botany at Dublin for the discovery of a new Irish 
plant. 


SPECIES IV.—ROSA WILSONTL. Borrer. 
Puate CCCCLXIV. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 21. 

Prickles usually crowded, stout, straight or slightly curved, 
unequal, passing gradually into aciculi and sete, which are nu- 
merous. Leaflets oval or ovate, frequently sub-cordate at the base, 
rather unequally but scarcely doubly serrate, hairy on the veins 
and with scattered glands beneath, serratures occasionally gland- 
tipped. Pedicels solitary, or 2 or 3 together, with bracts when more 
than 1, thickly clothed with gland-tipped setze. Fruit erect, globular 
contracted into a neck at the apex, with a few gland-tipped aciculi, 
red. Sepals persistent, leaf-pointed, entire, with gland-tipped setze 
on the back. 

On the banks of the Menai Straits, near Bangor. 


England. Shrub. Summer. 


Of this plant I have only seen dried specimens, and, judging 
from them, I should have called the plant a slight variety of R. 
Sabini, of which Mr. Baker is inclined to think it is a sub-species ; 
the only difference between the two being that the leaves are less 
distinctly doubly serrate. 


Wilson's Rose. 


SPECIES V—ROSA SABINI. (Woods), Baker, 
Puate CCCCLXY. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 18. 

Prickles somewhat crowded, stout, straight or slightly curved, 
gradually passing into numerous aciculi and sete. Leaflets oval 
or ovate, sub-cordate at the base, doubly serrate, sparingly hairy 
above, densely so, and with scattered glands beneath, secondary ser- 
ratures generally gland-tipped. Pedicels solitary or 2 or 3 together, 


ROSACE. 207 


often with ovate bracts, usually with gland-tipped aciculi. Fruit 
erect, subglobose, generally with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi, 
red. Sepals persistent, leaf-pointed, entire or slightly pinnatifid, 
with gland-tipped sete on the back. 

Mr. Baker distinguishes three forms :— 


1. Rosa coronata (Crepin), including R. Sabini (Woods 
E. B.S. 2594), Doniana (Woods, EH. B. S. 2601), and 
gracilis (Woods, #. B. 583,—excl. fruit). 


Pedicels and calyx-tubes with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. 
Leaves with conspicuously compound teeth, hairy on both sides and 
more or less glandular beneath. 

Frequent, and extending from Sussex and the Isle of Wight to 
Clova, in Forfarshire, and Braemar, in Aberdeen. 


2. Rosa involuta. Sm. (#. B. 2068). 


Pedicels and calyx-tube with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. 
Leaves imperfectly doubly serrate, nearly glabrous above, hairy on 
the veins, and nearly destitute of glands beneath. 

In the Hebrides and West Highlands of Scotland. 


3. Rosa Robertsoni. Pazer. 


Pedicels with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Calyx-tube 
nearly smooth. Leaves imperfectly doubly serrate, sub-glabrous 
above, hairy on the veins, and sparingly glandular beneath. 

In Northumberland and Yorkshire. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A variable plant, 2 to 6 or even 8 feet high, with the leaves 
more downy than in the preceding, the flowers usually larger, vary- 
ing from pink to white. It has a somewhat resinous scent, from 
the presence of glands. 

Mr. Baker is doubtless correct in considering that R. Sabini, 
R. Doniana, and R. gracilis of English authors are undistinguish- 
able; they seem to be mere states induced by circumstances of 
growth. Mr. Bentham is inclined to refer R. involuta to R. 
spinosissima; but, judging from descriptions (not having seen 
eerie Mr. Baker appears to be right in placing it under RK. 
Sabini. 


Sabine’s Rose. 


208 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Section II.—VILLOS@. 


Large bushes with sub-erect or somewhat arching stems; shoots 
with the prickles scattered, uniform; gland-tipped setee often few. 
Teaves more or less hairy above, conspicuously so, and usually with 
reddish resinous glands beneath. Peduncles in a corymbose cyme, 
commonly with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Styles not united. 
fruit mostly globose, with truly persistent or sub-persistent 
sepals. 


SPECIES VI—ROSA MOLLISSIMA. Fries. 


Prate CCCCLXVL 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 33. 
R. villosa, Auct. Angl. 
R. mollis, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 2459. 

Prickles uniform, nearly straight, spreading or declining. 
Leaflets broadly ovate, doubly serrate, rugose, greyish-green and 
with a thick coating of soft white hairs above, paler more hairy 
and with a few glands beneath. Pedicels very short, with oval 
bracts, and with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Fruit often 
nodding, sub-globose, rarely ovoid, glabrous or with gland-tipped 
aciculi, scarlet when ripe, which is in the end of summer or 
early autumn. Sepals truly persistent, leaf-pointed, entire or 
slightly pinnatifid, with gland-tipped aciculi on the outside. 

In hedges, bushy places, and woods. Common, especially in 
the North, though extending in range from the Isle of Wight 
to Orkney. 

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A shrub 3 to 8 feet high, with rather large prickles, and soft 
greyish very downy leaflets, the secondary serratures gland- 
tipped. Flowers 1} to 2 inches across, varying from deep rose- 
colour to white. Fruit 3 to ? inch in diameter, ripening nearly a 
month earlier than that of the other British species. 


Soft-leaved Rose. 


French, Rosier velu. German, Weichblatterige Rose. 


SPECIES VIL—ROSA TOMENTOSA. Smith. 


Pirate CCCCLXVII. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 36. 


Prickles uniform, straight or curved, spreading or declining. 
Leaflets ovate or elliptical, doubly serrate, slightly rugose, greyish- 


ROSACEX. 209 


green and more or less thickly coated with hairs above, paler more 
hairy and frequently glandular beneath. Pedicels rather short, 
with oval bracts, and with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Fruit 
ovoid, urceolate-ovoid or more rarely subglobose, glabrous or with 
gland-tipped aciculi, scarlet when ripe, which is in the middle or 
towards the end of autumn. Sepals sub-persistent, 7.e. deciduous 
before the fruit is ripe, leaf-pointed, pinnatifid, with gland-tipped 
aciculi on the outside. 

In hedges, bushy places, and woods. Common, but not known 
to extend further North in Scotland than Aberdeenshire. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


I cannot bring myself to think that this is more than a sub- 
species of the preceding; the fruit ripening later and the sepals 
falling before winter being the only tangible points of difference 
between them; indeed R. mollissima (Fries), R. pomifera (Herm.), 
and R. tomentosa (Sm.), seem to be all sub-species of the Linnzean 
R. villosa. Generally speaking, R. tomentosa may be distinguished 
by its narrower and more pointed leaves, less rugose and less softly 
hairy than in R. mollissima, and also by the more elongate pedicels, 
longer calyx-tube and fruit, and more evidently pinnate segments. 
The flower varies in colour, as in the preceding species, from deep 
rose to white, and the fruit from smooth to slightly bristly. Mr. 
Baker does not consider that R. scabriuscula (Sm. Eng. Bot. 
No. 1896) and R. subglobosa (Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 384) can 
be distinguished even as varieties. 


Downy-leaved Rose. 


French, Rosier cotonneux. German, Filzige Rose, 


Section II1I.—RUBIGINOS &. 


Small or moderately large bushes, with sub-erect or arching 
stems. Shoots with the prickles scattered or somewhat crowded, 
uniform or slightly unequal, often intermixed with aciculi and a 
few gland-tipped sete, but not passing gradually into these. 
Leaves glabrous, or slightly hairy above, hairy and with numerous 
viscous often fragrant glands beneath. Pedicels in a corymbose 
cyme, commonly with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Styles 
not united. Fruit ovoid or roundish-pyriform, with sub-persistent 
or deciduous petals. 


VOL. Il. 25 


210 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


SPECIES VIIL—ROSA RUBIGINOSA. Linn 


Puate CCCCLXVIIL. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 60. 

Prickles numerous, large, curved, rather unequal, intermingled 
with aciculi, and occasionally a few gland-tipped sete. Leaflets 
oval or roundish, doubly serrate, bright green, glabrous or sub- 
glabrous above, pale green hairy on the veins and thickly covered 
with sticky fragrant glands beneath. Pedicels short, with oval 
bracts, usually with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Styles 
sparingly hairy. Fruit obovate-globose, rarely ovoid, scarlet 
when ripe. Sepals sub-persistent, leaf-pointed, usually pinnatifid, 
with numerous aciculi and gland-tipped setz on the back. 

In hedges, bushy places, and sandy sea-shores. Rather 
sparingly distributed from Cornwall, Devon, Hants, and Kent, to 
Aberdeen and Moray, though very probably not native in many 
of its stations. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


An erect bush, from 2 to 4 feet high, with rather short compact 
branches. Leaflets small, somewhat shining above, very fragrant. 
Larger prickles sometimes } inch long, and much curved, smaller 
ones slender and nearly straight. Flowers about 14 inch in diameter, 
rose-colour. Fruit } to $ inch in diameter, not ripening till 
October, by which time the sepals have generally fallen. 

A plant found by Mr. Baker at Swaledale, Yorkshire, has the 
calyx-tube ovoid-urceolate, and the glands on the under side of the 
leaves less numerous, thus showing an approach to R. micrantha. 


Common Sweetbriar, Eglantine. 
French, Rosier & Feuilles odorantes. German, Weinrose. 


Who does not know the Sweetbriar of our hedges, with its pretty pink roses and 
bright red fruits? It is prized alike in wild bouquets, in village gardens, and in the 
parterres of the wealthy. Poets have sung its praises, and in spite of its thorny stems, 
it is gathered for its sweet-smelling leaves. It bears clipping well, and makes a good 
hedge ; but Sir Walter Scott deprecates this practice, and says :— 


“Cherish the tulip, prune the vine, 
But freely let the woodbine grow, 
And leave untrimm’d the eglantine.” 


Burns, the poet of nature, sings of the Sweetbriar in strains which, while writing of 
it, we cannot but quote :— 


“O bonnie was yon rosy brier, 
That blooms sae far frae haunt o’ men, 


ROSACEA. 211 


And bonnie she, and ah how dear ! 
It shaded frae the e’enin’ sun. 


“Yon rose buds in the morning dew, 
How pure amang the leaves sae green 3 
But purer was the lover’s vow 
They witness’d in their shade yestreen. 


“ Allin its rude and prickly bower, 
That crimson rose how sweet and fair ! 
But love is far a sweeter flower, 
Amid life’s thorny path o’ care.” 


Pliny mentions the briar-rose root as a cure for bydrophobia, and affirms that men 
derived their knowledge of it from a dream, of which he tells the story. 

The Eglantine has been so long and so frequently eulogized by poets, that we could 
not here give half the instances that occur to us. The picture of rural beauty sug- 
gested by Sir Walter Scott seems, however, very appropriate :— 


“ Boon nature scatter’d free and wild 
Each plant and flower, the mountain’s child, 
Here eglantine embalm’d the air, 
Hawthorn and hazel mingled there ; 
The primrose pale and violet flower, 
Found in each cliff a narrow bower ; 
Foxglove and nightshade side by side, 
Emblems of punishment and pride, 
Group’d their dark hues with every stain, 
The weather-beaten crags retain.” 


SPECIES IX—ROSA MICRANTHA. Sm 


Prate CCCCLXIX. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 62. 

Prickles few, moderate, curved, uniform, not intermixed with 
aciculi and gland-tipped setz. Leaflets oval, doubly serrate, bright 
green and sub-glabrous above, hairy on the veins and with scattered 
sticky slightly fragrant glands beneath. Pedicels short, with oval 
bracts and numerous gland-tipped aciculi. Styles glabrous. 
Fruit urceolate-ovoid, scarlet when ripe. Sepals deciduous, 
falling by the time the fruit is ripe, leaf-pointed, entire or slightly 
pinnatifid, with numerous gland-tipped setze on the outside. 

In hedges, bushy places. Not uncommon in the South, but 
apparently not reaching Scotland. 


England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A large straggling plant, often 6 or 8 feet high, with arching 
stems having fewer and smaller prickles than R. rubiginosa ; leaflets 


212 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


thinner in texture with fewer glands beneath and a much fainter 
scent ; flowers smaller, about 1 inch across, pale rose-colour, calyx- 
tube oblong-ovoid. Fruit regularly ovoid, contracted into a short 
neck at the top. 

This plant appears to be truly distinct from R. rubiginosa, 
receding in the direction of R. canina, which it resembles in its 
mode of growth. 

Small-flowered Sweetbriar. 


SPECIES X—ROSA SEPIUM. “Thwil.” Lindley. 
Prats CCCCLXX. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 67. 

Prickles numerous, large, curved, rather unequal, intermingled 
with aciculi and occasionally a few gland-tipped sete. Leaflets 
oval or elliptical, doubly serrate, dark green and slightly hairy 
above, paler hairy and with numerous slightly fragrant glands 
beneath. Pedicels short, with oval bracts and a few gland-tipped 
aciculi. Styles hairy. Fruit narrowly urceolate-ovoid, scarlet 
when ripe. ‘Sepals persistent” (Borrer), leaf-pointed, entire or 
sub-pinnatifid, “hairy on the outside, and fringed with gland- 
tipped teeth” (Borrer). 

At Bridport, Warwickshire, and possibly Heyford, Oxfordshire. 


England. Shrub. Summer. 


Of this plant I have only seen the specimens in Mr. Borrer’s 
herbarium at Kew, which are very imperfect. Mr. Baker has not 
seen any specimens of the British plant. It appears more nearly 
allied to R. rubiginosa in size, mode of growth, and armature of stem 
than to any of the other British species: but the dried specimens in 
Mr. Borrer’s herbarium are very similar to those of R. micrantha in 
habit, so that it might be very readily passed over as that species. 


Small-leaved Sweetbriar. 


French, Rose des Haies German, Zaun Rose. 


SPECIES XI—ROSA CRYPTOPODA. Baker. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 66. 


* Prickles somewhat unequal, the larger ones uncinate and 
moderately robust below. Leaves 3 to 33 inches from the base to 
the terminal leaflet, which is oval or elliptical, either rounded or 
somewhat narrowed toward the base, and measures rather more than 
linch long by $ inch wide. Leaflets greyish or glaucous-green, 


ROSACEA. 213 


glabrous on the upper surface, still greyer beneath, hairy only on the 
midrib and principal veins, but thinly scattered all over with green 
viscous glands, the serratures open but not deep, each furnished 
with several fine gland-tipped teeth, the petioles pubescent and 
setose and furnished with 2 or3 falcate aciculi. Stipules glandular 
on the back or even a little pubescent, the upper ones and the 
bracts very large, when the plant is in flower quite hiding the 
short peduncles, the bracts also glandular on the back but not hairy, 
all finely setoso-ciliated. Peduncles very short and quite naked. 
Calyx-tube broadly ovate or subglobose, quite naked, glaucous, 
and tinged with purple. Sepals 3 to ? inch long, naked on the 
back but somewhat hairy towards the edges, the more luxuriant 
ones furnished with 3 or 4 erecto-patent toothed pinnz on each 
side, all copiously setoso-ciliated. Petals deep red, the flowers 
measuring about 1 inch across. Styles villose. Fruit subglobose, 
not at all narrowed at the neck, measuring about 3 inch each way, 
ripening in September, by which time the erecto-patent sepals 
have all fallen. 

“Found by Mr. 8. King in the neighbourhood of Luddenden 
near Halifax, in West Yorkshire.” 


England. Shrub. Summer. 


Of this plant I have seen no specimen, so I have extracted Mr. 
Baker’s description from the “ Naturalist,” not venturing to write a 
description contrasting it with the other species without having 
specimens or drawings of the plant before me. 

Mr. Baker considers it as coming near R. sepium, but differing 
in the size, shape, and colour of the leaves, with hairy ribs and peti- 
oles ; also in its peculiar bracts, stipules, and peduncles, subglobose 
fruit, slightly hairy sepals, and villose styles. 


Short-pedicelled Rose. 


SPECIES XI1—ROSA JUNDZILLIANA. Besser. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 65. 


Prickles rather numerous, large, slightly curved, nearly equal, 
not intermingled with aciculi and gland-tipped sete. Leaflets 
oval, very acutely doubly-serrate, dull greyish-green and sparingly 
pubescent but becoming glabrous when mature above, pale hairy 
on the veins and with numerous viscous glands beneath. Pedicels 
rather long, with oval bracts, thickly clothed with gland-tipped 
aciculi. Styles sparingly hairy. Fruit subglobose or broadly 


214 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


urceolate-ovoid, thickly clothed with gland-tipped aciculi, “ or 
nearly naked.’ —(Baker.) Sepals deciduous, falling before the 
fruit is ripe, leaf-pointed, generally sparingly pinnate, clothed with 
gland-tipped sete. 

Gathered by Mr. F. M. Webb and Mr. H. 8. Fisher, in a hedge 
near Morton, Cheshire; only one bush actually known. From this 
some doubts may be entertained of its being native. 


England? Shrub. Summer. 


I am indebted to Mr. Baker for a specimen of this plant. It 
agrees in general appearance with R. tomentosa, but the prickles 
resemble those of R. Borreri, and the leaves are more glandular 
and less thickly pubescent than those of the Villose group. Mr. 
Baker describes it as a vigorous bush with arching stems, about 
6 feet in height, the flower pink and about the size of R. tomen- 
tosa. The fruit ? to % inch long by ? broad, with the sepals 
falling before it changes colour. He says’ that the Cheshire plant 
agrees well with the French plant sent him by M. Déséglise, 
except that the prickles are more robust. 


Jundzil’s Rose. 
French, Rose de Jundzil. 


SPECIES XIIIL—ROSA BORRERI. Moods. 
Pirate CCCCLXXI. 


Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 63. Woods, Trans. of Linn. Soc. Vol. II. p. 210. 
R. dumetorum, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 2579. 
R. inodora, “ Fries.” Borrer, in E. B. 8S. No. 2610, note. 


Prickles numerous, large, curved, uniform, not intermixed with 
aciculi and gland-tipped sete. Leaflets oval or elliptical, sharply 
serrate, with the serratures again very faintly serrated, deep green 
above where they are sparingly hairy when young but glabrous 
when mature, paler more hairy and with a few sticky almost scent- 
less glands beneath. Pedicels short, with large oval bracts, and 
clothed with a few aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Styles hairy. 
Fruit urceolate-ovoid, scarlet when ripe. Sepals deciduous, falling 
by the time the fruit is ripe, leaf-pointed, entire, or slightly pin- 
natifid, “varying from almost naked to a good deal glandular 
on the outside.’”’—(Baker.) 

In hedges and thickets. Apparently not common. Only known 


ROSACE. 215 


certainly to occur in Sussex, Kent, Worcestershire, and Yorkshire, 
and possibly Northumberland. 


England, Scotland? Shrub. Summer. 


This plant forms one of the connecting links between R. 
micrantha and R. canina, differing from the former in its larger 
size, much fewer glands on the leaflets, larger stipules, fewer 
aciculi and gland-tipped sete on the pedicels, and more hairy 
styles. The sepals are also more broadly triangular and with a 
shorter leaf-point. 

I suspect that this should stand as a sub-species of R. canina if 
the Caninze Sub-rubginosz of Mr. Baker be rightly referred to that 
species. 

. The Northumbrian plant gathered in a hedge at Spring Gardens, 
near Newcastle, by Mr. Robertson, “ differs from Borreri in having 
a few setaceous aciculi and a few sete intermixed with its prickles, 
leaves more glandular beneath and the glands faintly odorous, the 
terminal leaflet being nearly as broad as long and much rounded at 
the base, by its deeper coloured flowers, more elongated calyx-tube 
and fruit, and more persistent sepals.’””—(Baker, /. c. p. 64.) Mr. 
Baker thinks this may be the true R. inodora of Fries, of which he 
has not seen an authenticated specimen. 


Borre7’s Rose. 


Section IV.—CANIN &. 


Large bushes with arching or sub-erect main stems and rather 
slender branches. Shoots with the prickles scattered, uniform, not 
intermingled with aciculi or gland-tipped sete. ‘Leaves glabrous 
or hairy, without glands or with a few on the under side. 
Pedicels on a corymbose cyme, usually naked. Styles not united. 
Fruit ovoid, with deciduous or sub-persistent sepals. 


SPECIES XIV.—ROSA CANINA. Linn. 


Pirates CCCCLXXII. CCCCLXXIIL CCCCLXXIII.* CCCCLXXIV. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 93. 


Prickles scattered, large, curved or hooked, uniform, not 
intermingled with aciculi and gland-tipped sete. Leaflets ellip- 
tical or oval, doubly or simply serrate, varying from glabrous to 
sparingly hairy, sometimes with a few sticky not fragrant glands 
beneath. Pedicels short with oval bracts, usually naked. Styles 
glabrous or hairy. Fruit ovoid or subglobose, scarlet when ripe. 
Sepals deciduous or sub-persistent, leaf-pointed and usually more 


216 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


or less pinnatifid, generally glabrous, but sometimes with gland- 
tipped setz on the outside.* 

Mr. Baker distinguishes the following forms, which he arranges 
under four groups. 


Grove I.—SUBRUBIGINOS &. 


Leaves sparingly glandular beneath, either all over or only on 
the principal veins. Pedicels naked or with aciculi. Fruit various. 

The plants of this group are placed by M. Déséglise in the 
section Rubiginose. They appear to me to be best placed with 
R. inodora and Borreri, except R. vinacea, which appears to be a 
true Dog-rose. 


1. Rosa Blondxana. Ripart. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 103. 


Stem with divaricate branches ; prickles moderate, slightly 
curved. Leaflets elliptical or obovate-elliptical, glaucous above, 
glabrous and glaucous with scattered glands (which are most 
abundant on the midrib beneath), sharply doubly serrate, with the 
secondary serratures gland-tipped. Petioles glandular, destitute of 
hairs. Stipules and bracts glabrous, ciliated with gland-tipped 
setee. Pedicels with a few aciculi and gland-tipped sete. Styles 
thickly hairy. Fruit naked, obovate or subglobose, turning 
scarlet in September. Sepals leaf-pointed, pinnate, with gland- 
tipped setze on the outside, some of them falling by the time the 
fruit changes colour. 

In hedges. Kilvington, North-east Yorkshire; and Mr. Baker 
has gathered a very similar plant in the counties of Perth and 
Aberdeen. 


* T am indebted to Mr. Baker for specimens of the greater number of the forms 
of the Dog-roses which he has so carefully worked out and compared with Continental 
specimens named by M. Déséglise. I however feel myself quite unable to come to any 
satisfactory conclusion as to how many of the forms ought to be regarded as sub-species ; 
indeed this, as in the case of the Rubi, can only be ascertained by continued cultivation 
from seed, so as to ascertain what forms are really permanent, as it is impossible to 
determine @ priori what characters invariably descend unchanged from the parent to 
the offspring, 


ROSACEA. 217 


2. Rosa Bakeri. Déséglise. 
Prate CCCCLXXIIL 
Déséglise, in Journ. of Bot. 1864, p. 267. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 102. 

Main stem scarcely arching, with short spreading branches ; 
prickles moderately strong, slightly curved. Leaflets oval or 
elliptical-oval, firm, softly and thinly hairy above, thickly hairy 
and with numerous small green scattered glands beneath, doubly 
serrated, the secondary serratures tipped with gland-tipped hairs, 
and ciliated with short woolly hairs ; petioles with woolly hairs and 
numerous gland-tipped sete and a few prickles. Stipules and 
bracts densely pubescent and thickly glandular, ciliated with short 
gland-tipped sete. Pedicels short, naked or with a few aciculi 
and gland-tipped sete. Styles woolly. Fruit glabrous, ovoid, 
ripening early in September. Sepals leaf-pointed and pinnate, 
ciliated with gland-tipped sete, and with a few scattered on the 
outside, remaining until the fruit changes colour. 

In hedges at Sowerby, North-east Yorkshire. 


Baker’s Rose. 


3. Rosa tomentella. Zeman. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 102. 


Branches short, flexuous; prickles strong, much curved. 
Leaflets roundish-ovate, or ovate, rather firm, very thinly hairy 
above, paler and rather densely so, especially on the veins, and with 
a few scattered glands beneath, doubly serrate, with the serratures 
gland-tipped, and ciliated with woolly hairs; petioles with numerous 
woolly hairs, and a few short gland-tipped sete and prickles. 
Stipules and bracts pubescent beneath, ciliated with short gland- 
tipped setze. Pedicles very short, naked. Styles woolly. Fruit 
subglobose, glabrous, turning scarlet in October. Sepals leaf- 
pointed, pinnate, nearly naked on the back, with a few gland-tipped 
setze on the margins, falling before the fruit changes colour. 

In hedges in North Yorkshire and in Warwickshire. 


4. Rosa arvatica. Puget. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 101. 
Stems arched, with rather slender branches; prickles stout, 


hooked. Leaflets elliptical or oval-elliptical, glabrous above, paler 
VOL. III. 2F 


218 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


hairy and glandular on the veins beneath, acutely doubly serrate, 
with the secondary serratures gland-tipped, without hairs; petioles 
hairy, with rather numerous gland-tipped sete, and a few prickles. 
Stipules and bracts sub-glabrous, with a few scattered glands, 
closely ciliated with gland-tipped setz. Pedicels naked. Styles 
sub-glabrous. Fruit subglobose-ovoid, turning scarlet in October. 
Sepals leaf-pointed and copiously pinnate, slightly glandular on the 
outside, ciliated with gland-tipped set, falling before the fruit 
changes colour. 

In hedges at Sowerby and Kilvington, North Yorkshire, and 
near Newcastle. 


5. Rosa vinacea. Baker. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 101. 


Stems arched, with rather slender branches; prickles stout, 
hooked. Leaflets elliptical, glaucous-green, firm, glabrous above, 
paler, glabrous and glandular on the principal veins beneath, very 
acutely doubly serrate, with the secondary serratures gland-tipped ; 
petioles glabrous, with gland-tipped sete, and a few small prickles. 
Stipules and bracts glabrous, closely ciliated with gland-tipped 
sete. Pedicels very short, naked. Styleshairy. Fruitsubglobose, 
glabrous, turning scarlet in October. Sepals slightly leaf-pointed, 
entire, or sparingly pinnate, with a few gland-tipped seta, most 
numerous on the margins, falling before the fruit changes colour. 

In hedges at Thirsk, North Yorkshire. 

This seems to be a glandular form closely allied to R. dumalis, 
as far as I can judge from seeing only a single dried specimen. 


Group IIl.—HISPID®. Baker. 


Leaves without glands beneath; pedicels more or less densely 
clothed with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Calyx-tube occa- 
sionally with gland-tipped aciculi. 


6. Rosa cesia. Sm. 


Prate CCCCLXXIII.* 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 100. ; 

Leaflets oval, firm, glaucous-green and glabrous above, more 
glaucous and hairy (especially on the veins) beneath, sharply and 
nearly simply but somewhat irregularly serrate; petioles woolly, 
with numerous gland-tipped sete: and a few prickles. Stipules and 


ROSACEX. 219 


bracts slightly hairy beneath, closely ciliated with gland-tipped 
sete. Peduncles with numerous aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. 
Calyx-tube naked. Sepals leaf-pointed, sparingly pinnate, glandu- 
lar on the outside. 

In Highland valleys in Perthshire and Inverness-shire. Mr. 
Baker considers a plant found by the Rev. W. M. Hind, near 
Stapenhill, Derbyshire, to be closely allied to R. cesia, differing 
only in the leaves being slightly hairy above and the calyx-tube 
and sepals aciculate. 


7. Rosa verticillacantha. erat? 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 100. 


Leaflets elliptical, firm, bright green and glabrous above, paler 
and glabrous beneath, sharply doubly serrate, with the secondary 
serratures gland-tipped ; petioles glabrous, with gland-tipped 
aciculi and a few small prickles. Stipules and bracts glabrous, 
ciliated, with gland-tipped seta. Pedicels with numerous aciculi 
and gland-tipped aciculi. Styles sparingly hairy. Fruit elliptical- 
ovoid, not ripening till October. Sepals “somewhat glandular on 
the back, and densely setoso-ciliated, deciduous by the time the 
fruit changes colour.’””—(Baker, 1. c.) 

In hedges at Myton, Warwickshire, and Twycross, near 
. Atherstone, Warwickshire: and a similar plant with a densely 
prickly calyx-tube was found by the late Mr. T. Clark in Somer- 
setshire. 

8. Rosa andegavensis. Bastard. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 100. 
R. canina y, Woods. 

Leaflets broadly oval, firm, glabrous on both sides, sharply and 
nearly simply but somewhat irregularly serrate ; petioles glabrous, 
with a few gland-tipped setz and prickles. Stipules and bracts 
glabrous, sparingly ciliated with gland-tipped sete. Pedicels and 
base of calyx with numerous aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Styles 
woolly. Sepals leaf-pointed, pinnate, glandular and prickly on the 
outside, but scarcely ciliated. 

Pass of Lanrick (Mr. Borrer) and Braemar (Mr. H. CO. 
Watson). . 


Group III.—SUBCRISTATA. Baker. 


Leaves without glands beneath. Pedicels naked, or only acci- 
dentally with a few aciculi or gland-tipped aciculi. Fruit pliable 


220 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


when green, ripening early in September. Sepals erect-spreading 
after the petals fall, and usually adhering till after the fruit 
changes colour. 


9. Rosa celerata. Baker. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 99. 


Stems arching; prickles stout, hooked. Leaflets broadly ovate, 
thin, firm, green and glabrous above, paler and hairy on the 
principal veins beneath, shallowly doubly serrate, the secondary 
serratures gland-tipped; petioles shortly pubescent, with numerous 
short gland-tipped sets. Stipules and bracts glabrous, ciliated 
with gland-tipped sete. Pedicels naked, as long as the bracts. 
Styles hairy. Fruit subglobose, smooth, turning scarlet early in 
September. Sepals leaf-pointed and copiously pinnate, glabrous in 
the middle on the outside, and ciliated with gland-tipped sete, 
remaining until after the fruit changes colour. 

Thickets in Holywell Dean, Northumberland. 


10. Rosa coriifolia. fries. 


Puate CCCCLXXIL* 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 98. 
R. bractescens, Woods, et Auct. Angl. 

Stems arching; prickles rather slender, very slightly curved. 
Leaflets roundish-ovate, thick, greyish green and hairy above, 
paler and softly pubescent beneath, shallowly serrated, without 
gland-tipped setz; petioles woolly, nearly destitute of gland-tipped 
setz, and with few prickles. Stipules and bracts densely pubescent 
beneath, with scarcely any gland-tipped setz on the margin. 
Pedicels naked, extremely sheet much shorter than the bracts, 
Styles woolly. Sepals leaf-pointed, and copiously pinnate, naked 
on the outside but usually tomentose towards the edges, nearly 
destitute of gland-tipped setz at the edges. 

Ulverstone, Lancashire (Mr. Woods), and Castleton of Braemar 
(Mr. H. C. Watson), and a less hairy form is plentiful in hedges at 
Thirsk, North Yorkshire. 

A specimen collected by Winch, near Newcastle-on-Tyne, has, 
according to Mr. Baker, the large bracts and short peduncles of 


* The plate is taken from a drawing made by Mrs. Baker from Mr. Watson's 
specimens, which unfortunately perished in the disastrous fire which took place on 
Mr. Baker’s premises on 9th May, 1864. 


ROSACES. 221 


R. coriifolia, but the shape, vestiture, and serration of the leayes 
bear a greater resemblance to those of R. Watsoni. 


Leathery -leaved Briar. 
German, Ledderblattrige Rose. 


11. Rosa Watsoni. Baker. 


Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 98. 
R. bractescens 3, Woods. 

** Leaves glabrous on the upper surface, the teeth sharper and 
closer than in R. coriifolia, not always simple, the accessory serra- 
tions gland-tipped, somewhat hairy beneath; the terminal leaflet 
ovate; the petioles villose, but hardly at all setose. Stipules and 
bracts nearly glabrous on the back, slightly setoso-ciliated, not 
peculiarly large, nor hiding the peduncle as in R. coriifolia. 
Peduncle naked. Calyx-tube ovate-urceolate. Sepals erecto-patent 
after the petals fall, leaf-pointed and fully pinnate, glandular all over 
the back.” —(Baker, /. c.) 

Ambleside, Westmoreland (Woods), and between Dalwhinnie 
and Etrisk, Inverness-shire (Mr. H. C. Watson). 


12. Rosa subcristata. Baker. 
_ Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 97. 
R. tomentosa y, Woods. 

Stem arching ; prickles stout, curved. Leaflets oval or elliptical, 
leathery, glaucous-green and glabrous above, more glaucous and 
glabrous beneath, sharply and irregularly or imperfectly doubly 
serrate, some of the smaller serratures gland-tipped; petioles with 
scattered hairs, gland-tipped set, and a few prickles. Stipules and 
bracts glabrous, ciliated with gland-tipped sete. Pedicels naked, 
very short, shorter than the bracts. Styles woolly. Fruit turning 
scarlet early in September. Sepals glabrous or glandular on the 
outside, leaf-pointed, sparingly pinnate, more or less ciliated with 
gland-tipped setze, mostly adhering until the fruit is fully ripe. 

In hedges and thickets. Yorkshire, Cheshire, Northumber- 
land, Perthshire. 

Mr. Baker finds at Keld, in Swaledale, Yorkshire, a rose with 
deep red flowers, pedicels with a few gland-tipped aciculi, and 
sepals glandular on the outside, which in other respects agrees with 
his R. subcristata. 


222 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


13. Rosa Crepiniana. Déséglise. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 97. 


Stems arching; prickles stout, hooked. Leaflets oval or ellip- 
tical, glaucous-green and glabrous above, more glaucous and 
glabrous beneath, sharply and simply or imperfectly doubly ser- 
rate, scarcely any of the serratures gland-tipped; petioles nearly 
destitute of hairs or gland-tipped setze, but with a few prickles. 
Stipules and bracts glabrous, sparingly ciliated with small gland- 
tipped teeth. Pedicels glabrous, short, rather shorter than the 
bracts. Styles densely woolly. Fruit turning scarlet early in Sep- 
tember. Sepals leaf-pointed and copiously pinnate, naked or with 
a few gland-tipped setze on the outside, tomentose on the margins, 
scarcely or not at all ciliated with gland-tipped setze, mostly adhering 
until the fruit is fully ripe. 

Hedges in North-east Yorkshire. 

Mr. Baker finds plants similar to the above, but with a few 
gland-tipped aciculi on the pedicels, at Wood-end, Thirsk, and 
Chesterholme, Northumberland. 


Groupe 1V.—EU-CANINA. Baker. 


Leaves without glands beneath. Pedicels naked, or only acci- 
dentally with a few aciculi or gland-tipped sete. Fruit stone-hard 
when green, ripening in the end of September or October. Sepals 
reflexed after the petals fall, and deciduous before the fruit changes 
colour. 


14. Rosa canescens. Baker. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 97. 


Stems arching; prickles stout, hooked. Leaflets oval-elliptical, 
firm, sparingly hairy when young but sub-glabrous and greyish- 
green when mature above, paler and closely pubescent beneath, 
sharply and shallowly doubly serrate, with the secondary serratures 
gland-tipped ; petioles thinly woolly, with a few gland-tipped setee. 
Stipules and bracts pubescent beneath, ciliated with gland-tipped 
sete. Pedicels naked, longer than the bracts. Styles hairy. 
Fruit roundish-ovoid, ripening in October. Sepals leaf-pointed 
and copiously pinnate, pubescent on the outside, ciliated with 
eland-tipped sete, falling before the fruit is ripe. 

Near Thirsk, Yorkshire. 


ROSACEA. 223 


Mr. Baker remarks that this plant has a resinous scent, and 
that the leaves resemble those of R. tomentosa, while the fruit is 
that of normal R. canina. 


15. Rosa pruinosa. Baker. 


Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 96. 
R. cesia, Borrer, in Hook. Brit. Fl. (in part, not E. B.). 


Stem slightly arching; prickles rather slender, slightly curved. 
Leaflets broadly ovate, rather thin, sparingly hairy when young but 
sub-glabrous and glaucous-green when mature above, glaucous and 
thinly-hairy beneath; petioles with woolly hairs and a few gland- 
tipped setze. Stipules and bracts sub-glabrous, “hairy on the 
back” (Baker), sparingly ciliated with gland-tipped sete. Pedicels 
naked, as long as or shorter than the bracts. Styles sparingly 
hairy. Fruit subglobose, ripening in the end of September. 
Sepals leaf-pointed and pinnate, glabrous on the outside, with 
tomentose edges, sparingly ciliated with gland-tipped setze, falling 
before the fruit is ripe. 

Marrick Moor, and by the Swale near Keld, Yorkshire, also by 
the bridge between Swallwell and Axwell Park, Durham. 

The form from thickets by the side of the Swale has the sepals 

glandular all over the outside. 


16. Rosa dumetorum. “ Thuill.” Woods. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 96. 


Stem arching; prickles stout, hooked. Leaflets elliptical or 
oval, more or less acuminate, moderately thick, thinly-hairy when 
young but sub-glabrous and greyish-green when mature above, grey 
and thinly-hairy (especially on the veins) beneath, simply but irre- 
gularly and shallowly serrate, the serratures not gland-tipped but 
ciliated with woolly hairs; petioles woolly, with very few gland- 
tipped setze. Stipules and bracts sub-glabrous (pubescent in one 
of the specimens sent me by Mr. Baker, authenticated by 
M. Crepin), sparingly ciliated with very short gland-tipped sete 
and woolly hairs. Pedicels naked, as long as or shorter than the 
bracts. Styles thinly-hairy. Fruit usually large, ovoid-urceolate, 
‘sometimes subglobose” (Baker, /. c.), ripening in the end of Sep- 
tember. Sepals leaf-pointed and copiously pinnate, glabrous on the 
outside, tomentose on the edges, scarcely ciliated with gland-tipped 
setee, falling before the fruit ripens. 


294, ENGLISH BOTANY. 


In hedges. Common near Thirsk, Yorkshire, and probably 
generally distributed. 


17. Rosa uncinella. Zess. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 95. 


Habit of growth and prickles of the normal R.canina. Leaves 
flat, grey-green, slightly-hairy on the upper surface when young, but 
glabrous when mature, greyer still and hairy all over beneath, so 
that the edge is ciliated, firm in texture, the serrations simple, 
spreading and open, as broad as they are deep, callous at the tips, 
the terminal leaflet broadly oval or obovate, much rounded at the 
base; the petioles villous, but hardly at all glandular, furnished 
usually with 2 or 3 hooked prickles. Stipules and bracts slightly 
hairy on the back, dentate but hardly at all gland-ciliated. 
Peduncles naked. Calyx-tube and fruit large, broadly elliptical or 
subglobose, the green fruit rather more pliable than in R. platy- 
phylla. The sepals reflexed after the petals fall, leaf-pointed and 
fully pinnate, tomentose, and slightly glandular on the back, hardly 
at all setoso-ciliated. Styles villous.”—(Baker, /. c.) 

Banks of the Yore, at Aysgarth Force, North-west Yorkshire. 


18. Rosa platyphylla. Rau 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 95. 


Stem arching; prickles stout, hooked. Leaflets broadly oval or 
obovate-oval, rather firm, flat, greyish-green and glabrous above, 
glaucous and thinly-hairy beneath, sharply deeply and irregu- 
larly serrate, the serratures not gland-tipped; petioles thinly 
woolly, with gland-tipped sete and prickles. Stipules and bracts 
thinly-hairy on the back, with a few gland-tipped setz on the 
margins, but not regularly ciliated. Pedicels naked, as long as or 
shorter than the bracts. Styles villose. Sepals leaf-pointed, pin- 
nate, nearly destitute of gland-tipped setze on the edges. The 
mature fruit has not been seen either by Mr. Baker or myself, but 
is described by M. Déséglise as ovoid, with the sepals falling before 
maturity. 

At Giggleswick and Settle, West Yorkshire. 

Of this plant I have only seen imperfect specimens, 


ROSACEA, 225 


19. Rosa urbica. Zeman. 


Puate CCCCLXXIV, 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 94. 


R. Forsteri, Sm. Borrer, in E. B. 8. No. 2611. 
R. collina 8, Woods, in Trans. of Linn. Soc. Vol. XII. p, 219. 

Stems arching; prickles stout, hooked. Leaflets ovate-oval, 
rather firm, not flat, green or slightly glaucous and glabrous above, 
paler and downy on the veins beneath, deeply, sharply, and irregu- 
larly but simply serrate, the serratures destitute of gland-tipped 
setee, but ciliated with woolly hairs; petioles woolly, with a very 
few gland-tipped sete and prickles. Stipules and bracts sub- 
glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath, ciliated with gland-tipped 
setze and woolly hairs. Pedicels naked, as long as or shorter than 
the bracts. Styles hairy. Fruit urceolate-ovoid, or subglobose, 
ripening in October. Sepals leaf-pointed and copiously pinnate, 
with a very few gland-tipped setee on the edges, falling before the 
fruit is ripe. 

In hedges and thickets. Wery common, and generally distri- 
buted. 


* A closely-allied plant from Hawnby bank and hedges at 
Sowerby, near Thirsk, with slightly double serrations, peduncles 
a little aciculate, sepals not fully reflexed and a little glandular on 
_ the back, is referred doubtfully by M. Déséglise to R. platyphyl- 
loides, Ripart.’”—Baker, J. ¢. 


20. Rosa dumalis. Bechst. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 94. 
R. sarmentacea, Woods. Borrer, in E. B. 8. No. 2595. 

Stem arching ; prickles stout, curved. Leaflets ovate or ellip- 
tical, more or less acuminate, rather firm, not flat, green or glau- 
cous-green and glabrous both above and beneath, deeply and 
acutely doubly serrate, the secondary serratures gland-tipped ; 
petioles sub-glabrous, with a few gland-tipped sete and small 
prickles. Stipules and bracts closely ciliated with gland-tipped 
sete. Pedicels short, naked. Styles hairy. Fruit varying from 
ovoid-urceolate to sub-globose, ripening in October. Sepals leaf- 
pointed and copiously pinnate, glabrous on the back, more or less 
densely ciliated with gland-tipped sete, falling before the fruit is 
ripe. 

In hedges and thickets. Very common, and generally distri- 
buted. 

VOL. III. 26 


226 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


This is distinguished from all the preceding Dog-roses by the 
leaflets being quite glabrous both above and beneath. 


21. Rosa lutetiana. Leman. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 94. 
R. canina, Déséglise, Essai Monogr. de Rosiers de la France, p. 61. 
Woods, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 992. 

Stem arching; prickles stout, hooked. Leaflets oval or elliptical, 
rather firm, not flat, green or glaucous-green and glabrous on both 
sides, closely deeply sharply and irregularly but simply serrate, 
the serratures without gland-tipped sete; petioles glabrous, nearly 
destitute of gland-tipped setae, but with a few small hooked prickles. 
Stipules and bracts glabrous, usually not ciliated with gland- 
tipped setee. Pedicels short, naked. Styles slightly hairy. Fruit 
urceolate-ovoid or subglobose, ripening in October. Sepals leaf- 
pointed, copiously pinnate, sub-glabrous on the outside, more or less 
ciliated with gland-tipped setze, falling before the fruit ripens. 

In hedges and thickets. Very common throughout the kingdom. 

This is distinguishable from the last by the leaves having the 
serratures closer and simple, i.e. without small gland-tipped teeth 
upon them. From all the other Dog-roses the leaves glabrous on 
both sides is sufficient to separate it. 


It is utterly impossible to give any accurate distribution of 
these forms of the Dog-rose ; many of them will, no doubt, be found 
to be much more widely spread than has been indicated. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


The greater number of the plants included under R. canina have 
arching stems 6 to 10 or 12 feet high, with very large uniform 
mostly curved prickles. Leaves and leaflets about the size of those 
of R. tomentosa; the flowers generally 2 or 3 together, 13 to 2 
inches across, most commonly pale pink. 


Common Dog-rose. 
French, Rosier Hglantier. German, Hunds Rose. 


The Wild Rose of our hedges is of the same family as many of our most attractive 
garden favourites ; and although these have a more rich and striking beauty, there are 
those who prefer the simple charms of the common Dog-rose. All the numerous 
varieties of double Rose cultivated in our gardens possess the same properties 
as this plant. The fruit of the Dog-rose, or “hips” as they are called, has long 


ROSACEA. 227 


been used to make a conserve with sugar, and is an article included in the Phar- 
macopeia. The so-called fruit is truly the enlarged persistent calyx enclosing the 
real fruits, which are numerous small achenia, clothed, as well as the inside of the 
calyx, with silky hairs. In preparing them for oflicinal use, the hairs and achenia 
are to be carefully removed, and the fleshy calyx beaten to a pulp, to which, 
gradually, thrice their own weight of white sugar is to be added. The employ- 
ment of heat in the preparation of this conserve is directed in the Pharmacopeeia ; 
but it is better omitted. The pulp consists chiefly of malic and citric acids, in 
combination mostly with some salts, tannin, resins, a small quantity of volatile and 
fixed oils, woody fibre, and a large quantity of sugar. The action on the stomach is 
slightly refrigerant and aperient, its sweetness recommending it to children, and as 
a vehicle for other medicines. It is apt to candy or concrete by keeping. The fresh 
hips, freed from the fruit and hairs, bruised, and having a little sugar added, yield, 
by having hot water poured on them, a cooling mildly-astringent drink, which would 
be grateful to the poor suffering from autumnal fevers. In former times, when garden 
fruit was scarce, these hips were esteemed for dessert. Gerarde assures us that the 
hips of the rose “maketh the most pleasante meats and banqueting dishes, and tarts 
and such-like, the making whereof” he commits to the “cunning cooke and teethe to 
eate them in the riche man’s mouth.” The Germans still use them as an ordinary 
preserve ; and this, as well as a preserve of the blossom, is employed in our own village 
confectionary. The flowers still form an article of luxury among the Chinese ; and Sir 
John Davis, in describing a feast given to him at Shanghae, mentions a ragoét of the 
flowers of the common China Rose dressed whole, which celestial and ambrosial dish 
he, however, declares to have been a mixture of salt, sour and other indescribable 
flavours, such as forbade a repetition ; being therein of a different opinion from Master 
Gerarde, who affirms that they are greatly to be desired as a culinary vegetable, “as 
well for their virtues and goodness in taste, as also for their beautiful colour.” Gerarde 
hints at “divers other pretty things made of roses and sugar, which are impertinent 
unto our historie.” 

Pliny, Galen, and others have dwelt much on the virtues of the tufty spongioles 
which we often find growing on the branches of wild Roses, and which children call 
“ Robin’s pincushions.” All sorts of medicinal qualities have been attributed to them, 
and they were supposed to be parts of the Rose itself ; but we know now that they are 
excrescences produced by the insect powers of the Cynips Rosw, a little insect which 
deposits its eggs in the miniature bud, and thus arrests its development. 

Of the Roses we have many varieties which are favourites in the garden. R. Indica, 
the China Rose, is perhaps the most beautiful, and is found wild about Canton, in China. 
Tt blossoms six or eight times a year, and its colour varies from a delicate blush to a 
deep crimson. There is a hybrid variety between this species and the R. odorata, which 
is well known in gardens as the tea-scented China Rose. The varieties of this pretty 
Rose grow abundantly in France in the open air ; they do not well bear the climate of 
England. The Austrian Rose—Rosa lutea—is known by its foliage existing only at 
the extremity of its branches; prickles under the stipules, and leaflets hollow. The 
most brilliant yellow roses are produced from this species: they require a moist and 
dry pure air, and do well without pruning. The Rose, as among Eastern nations, has 
ever been a favourite in France. Some of the French deeds or “acts” of the Middle 
Ages contain clauses stipulating for certain “rentes” of Roses. Such rents, too, have 
been paid in our own country. Lord Brougham still holds the castle of High Head i 
capite of the Queen “ by the service of a red Rose rendered annually at Carlisle.” In 


228 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


the East the Rose has ever been a favourite flower, and in the imaginative language of 
the poet its praises have been set forth. It is the Musk Rose, R. moschata, which we 
are told in Eastern story is the chosen flower of the nightingale, among the branches 
of which he is supposed to sit and sing his love-tale, and the delicate petals of which 
constitute his only food :— 


“ For there the Rose, o’er crag and vale 
Sultana to the nightingale, 
Blooms blushing to her lover’s tale, 
His queen, his garden queen, his Rose.” 


Moore alludes to this legend with his usual fervour :— 


“©! sooner shall the Rose of May 
Mistake her own sweet nightingale, 
And to some meaner minstrel’s lay 
Open her bosom’s glowing veil, 
Than Jove shall ever doubt a tone, 
A breath of the belovéd one.” 


But it is not only when in all its blushing beauty that the Rose possesses its 
fragrant charms: even when about to wither and fall away, the scent remains ; and 
large quantities of Roses are cultivated for the sole purpose of making extracts of 
different sorts. In hot countries a large quantity of volatile oil is elaborated by the 
flowers of the species of Roses which grow in those climates, — such as R. moschata, 
R. Damascena, and others. The valuable and delicious perfume known as “attar” or 
“ottor of Roses,” is said to be procured in the following simple manner :—A large 
vessel is filled with the picked petals of Roses ; they are covered with spring-water, 
exposed to the sun daily for a week ; oily particles gradually rise to the top and come 
together: these are carefully removed by a piece of cotton, and tightly corked in 
small bottles. A perfumer in Paris, who made this costly preparation for Louis XVL., 
declares that four thousand pounds weight of rose-leaves yielded only seventeen ounces 
of the oil. We can estimate in this way the costliness of the scent and the great 
temptation there is to adulterate it with other oils. Rose-water is made by distillation, 
and was at one time in extensive use among the great and rich, andon state occasions 
was always presented in silver-gilt ewers :— 


“ Attend him with a silver basin 
Full of rose-water.” 


This custom is now almost entirely confined to our City feasts, and goes in company 
with the loving-cup, and some other remnants of an age when the pleasures of the table 
were regarded in quantity rather than quality. 

The old-fashioned compound called pot powrri preserves much of the original 
freshness of the scent of the flower ; but for this purpose the Wild Rose and the new 
varieties which fill our gardens are alike useless ; no kind should be used but the old 
sweet-scented damask, cabbage, or moss Roses. The Rose petals should be strewn on 
sheets of paper and carefully dried in the sun. and should then be put in a large China 
jar with bay-salt between the layers. Lavender-flowers and other ingredients may be 
added at discretion. The flowers generally used are clove-pinks, violets, orange-flowers, 
Jessamine, and rosemary ; but only a small quantity of each, so as not to overpower the 


ROSACEA. 229 


Roses. An old recipe, in which our grandmothers delighted, and which, when con- 
cocted by their busy hands, served to perfume the state chambers for many a day, is as 
follows :-— 

A few laurel and bay-leaves, knotted marjoram and dried balm of Gilead : besides 
these, to every two pecks of rose-leaves there should be orris-root sliced, gum benjamin 
end storax, 2 oz. of each ; } oz. of musk, } lb. of angelica-root sliced, and three Seville 

— stuck as full of cloves as possible, dried in a cool oven, and either pounded or 
~ thrown in whole. 
¥ Englishmen exalt the Rose as their national flower, for ever happily blended with 
the shamrock and thistle ; but we must not forget that at one period of our history 
it was the symbol for internal war and bloodshed, when the Red and the White Roses, 
and those that wore them, as nearly related to each other as the flowers themselves, 
waged a deadly fight with each other,—when, according to Skakespeare, Warwick says 
to Plantagenet :— 
“This brawl to-day, 
Grown to this faction in the Temple Garden, 
Shall send between the Red Rose and the White 
A thousand souls to death and deadly night.” 


A prophecy which was but too fatally fulfilled. 

The Union or York-and-Lancaster Rose, a very elegant variety, with mixed red 
and white petals, has been generally referred to the marriage of Henry VII. with 
Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., by which the animosity of the contending houses 
was happily and finally extinguished. An old author penned the following lines, 
worthy of Anacreon, on presenting a white Rose to a Lancastrian lady :— 


“Tf this fair Rose offend thy sight, 
It in thy bosom wear ; 
*T will blush to find itself less white, 
And turn Lancastrian there.” 


The old saying, to speak “under the rose,” is somewhat difficult to explain ; but 
mythological writers afford a solution to it by telling us that “Cupid, the god of love, 
made Harpocrates, the god of silence, a present of the first Rose, to bribe him not to 
divulge the secrets of his mother Venus.” Hence the Rose became the symbol of 
silence, and was usually placed above the heads of the guests in banqueting-rooms, in 
order to banish restraint, and intimate that nothing would be divulged that was said 
sub rosa. 

According to old legends, the Rose was created without thorns, which grew on 
the plant in consequence of the wickedness of men. It was said to be the chosen flower 
of Mahomed, the Eastern prophet ; and travellers in Syria and Egypt give us wonderful 
accounts of the rose-gardens there, and the delight which the inhabitants take in the 
perfume of the flower. Among the Persians the Feast of Roses is a time of rejoicing, 
and lasts through the whole time of their flowering. 

Asa sacred emblem in the Roman Catholic Church, the Rose has long been regarded. 
It is supposed to be an emblem of the Virgin, and was recognized as such by St. Dominic 
when he introduced the devotion of the Rosary, with direct reference to the life of 
St. Mary. The prayers are said to have been symbolized as Roses. 

The Wild Rose is sometimes called the Canker in various parts of the country ; 
but, as it is a term of reproach, we do not desire to perpetuate it. Shakespeare alludes 


230 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


to it when Hotspur makes his reproachful speech to the earls of Northumberland and 
Worcester, accusing them of trying 


“To put down Richard, that sweet, lovely Rose, 
And plant this thorn, this Canker Bolingbroke !” 


Therein meaning a usurper, which is certainly an unfair use of the term when applied 
to our own native wild hedge-side Rose, blowing in our quiet country lanes, or clothing 
dry sand-banks with a spring robe of beauty, and perfuming the air with its sweetness. 


Group V.—SYSTYL. 


Bushes with sub-erect or trailing stems; shoots with the prickles 
scattered, uniform, not intermingled with aciculi or gland-tipped 
sete. Leaves glabrous above and glabrous or slightly hairy 
beneath. Pedicels numerous, in a sub-umbellate cyme, furnished 
with sessile glands or gland-tipped aciculi or naked. Styles united 
intoacolumn. Fruit ovoid or subglobose, with deciduous sepals. 


SPECIES XV.—ROSA SYSTYLA. Woods. 


Prate CCCCLXXY. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 148. 


R. collina, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1895. 


Stem erect or arching; prickles scattered, large, curved, uni- 
form, not intermingled with aciculi or gland-tipped setze. Leaflets 
elliptical acuminate, sharply and unequally serrate, but not regularly 
doubly serrate, glabrous above, sparingly pubescent on the veins 
beneath, nearly or entirely destitute of glands. Pedicels rather 
elongate, with elliptical acuminate bracts, furnished with a 
few short gland-tipped aciculi and sete, very rarely naked. Petals 
pink. Styles glabrous, united, forming a column of variable length, 
surrounded by a convex disk destitute of glands. Stigmas in an 
ovoid head. Fruit ovoid, rarely globular, scarlet. Sepals deci- 
duous, moderately long, leaf-pointed, and pinnate. 

In hedges and thickets. are, and apparently confined to the 
southern counties of England, where it has occurred in Somerset, 
Sussex, Kent, Essex, Middlesex, Gloucester, Worcester, Cambridge, 
and in South Wales. 


England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


A tall plant, often 8 or 10 feet high, with the habit of R. canina, 
but with the leaves usually more sharply serrated and the corymb 
consisting of more numerous flowers. Flowers of the size and 
colour of those of R. canina. 


ROSACEA. 231 


Mr. Baker thinks the British plant is probably the R. systyla 
of Bastard, which has been doubted both by Mr. Borrer and Mr. 
Woods. I am strongly inclined to agree with Mr. Bentham in 
considering this a form of R. canina, to which opinion Mr. H. C. 
Watson likewise inclines. It appears to have no connection with 
R. arvensis, except in the purely artificial character of the united 
styles. 

Columnar-styled Dog-rose. 


French, Rosier & Cotonne en massue, 


The specific name of this Rose comes from the words ouy (syn), together, and orvdoc¢ 
(stylos), a column, in reference to the styles being connected. All the Roses, known 
in our gardens as Banksian Roses, belong to the same division. They are named after 
Lady Banks, and are natives of China, Generally they grow well in the open air 
aguinst a sheltered wall, and succeed better in a dry situation than in a moist one. 
The seeds are not perfected in this country, but are in Spain and Italy. The common 
British species differs very little to the ordinary observer from the ordinary Wild 
Rose. 


SPECIES XVI—ROSA ARVENSIS. duds. 


Puate CCCCLXXVI. 
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 141. 

Stem with long trailing shoots; prickles scattered, small, 
uniform, not intermingled with aciculi or gland-tipped sete. 
Leaflets oval or oblong-oval; finely and rather remotely and 
unequally serrate, glabrous on both sides, glaucous or whitish- 
green beneath. Pedicels elongate, with lanceolate bracts and a 
few very short gland-tipped setze, sometimes almost naked. Petals 
white. Styles glabrous, united into a long slender column sur- 
rounded by a flatly conical disk without glands; stigmas in a 
roundish-ovoid head. Fruit ovoid or sub-globose, scarlet when 
ripe. Sepals deciduous, short, leaf-pointed, entire or slightly pin- 
natifid. 

1. Rosa repens. Scop. 
Pirate CCCCLXXVI. 


Leaves dull-green above. Pedicels erect. Sepals slightly 
pinnate, shorter than the petals. 

In hedges and woods. Very common, and generally distributed 
in England, rare in Scotland, and probably not native north of the 
Forth and Clyde. 


2. Rosa bibracteata. Bastard. 


R. arvensis y, Borrer, in Hooker's Brit. Fl. ed. ii. 


232 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Leaves shining-green above. Pedicels spreading-erect. Sepals 
longer and more pinnate than in R. repens. 
Rare. About Henfield and other places in Sussex. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer. 


R. arvensis cannot be confounded with any of the other British 
species; the trailing shoots, the leaves with shallow broad-based 
teeth, glaucous but not pubescent beneath, and the pure white 
flowers, distinguish it at a glance from all the other Roses. 

No. 2 I have not seen, but Mr. Borrer in this country and 
M. Déséglise in France agree in remarking that it resembles the 
South European species R. sempervirens. Mr. Baker says that the 
stems are stronger than in the common form of R. arvensis. 


White-flowered trailing Rose. 
French, Rosier des Champs. German, Feld Rose. 


This pretty Rose is found in open situations, and is a trailing plant, sometimes root- 
ing at the joints; but in hedges and among bushes it is a climber by elongation, reaching 
to their tops and covering them with tufts of foliage and flowers ; the leaves remaining 
on late in the season, and the fruit continuing often to the winter. Several varieties 
of this climbing Rose are cultivated by nurserymen, who call them Double-hip Roses, 
and use them to cover naked walls or unsightly buildings. The growth and cultivation 
of Roses is a subject of special interest to the gardener, and every year we find, from 
the different floral exhibitions, that great improvements are being made in the art of 
growing perfect Roses. They will by no means grow everywhere, and as a rule require 
a clear atmosphere and a light soil. Masses of Roses planted together, in beds 
edged with wire so as to imitate a basket, have a very pretty effect, and the delicious 
scent they emit is very grateful. Standard Roses are best on lawns or flower-beds 
placed singly. The Monthly Rose being protected by glass in autumn, or aided by 
artificial heat, may be continued in bloom till Christmas. A very common mode of 
obtaining late Roses, and one of the greatest antiquity, is by cutting all the flower-shoots 
off when the buds begin to appear, or by rubbing off all the rudiments of shoots of 
every kind early in the spring. A second crop is in consequence produced, which will 
not be in astate to blossom before the autumn. A great number of insects seem to 
delight in the flowers of Roses, from the earwig to the golden-green Rose-chafer. There 
seems to be no remedy for insects on plants in the open air so simple and effectual as 
gathering them by hand, or removing the leaf or part of the shoot affected by them. 
Under cover, tobacco smoke will often destroy the little aphides or “green-fly,” but is 
perfectly harmless to many other insects. The pretty ladybird is one of the gardener’s 
best friends, as in its larva state it greedily devours the aphides, which may be seen 
(especiaily in dry seasons) smothering the young shoots and buds of Roses, sucking their 
juices, and so preventing the flowers from attaining their full development: the lace-wing 
fly is another useful auxiliary. The beauty of the Rose is often impaired by the froth of 
Cicada spumaria (cuckoo-spit, as it is commonly called) ; but the singular transformations 
of this little insect are an interesting entomological study. The leaf-cutter bee carrie 


ROSACEA. 233 


on her operations on the leaves of the Rose-tree, and may be watched by those who 
care to observe her curious ingenuity. 

An old proverb says, “ Years of store of haws and hips do commonly portend 
cold winters ;’ but we fail to trace any connection between the two, 


Sus-Orper III.—-POMIFER. 


Trees or shrubs, with simple or more rarely pinnate leaves. 
Stipules free, persistent only on the barren shoots, deciduous on the 
flowering ones. Calyx superior (adhering to the ovary), persistent, 
the segments shrivelling. Petals white, pink, or red. Stamens 
indefinite. Carpels adhering to the walls of the calyx-tube and 
usually cohering with each other, 5 in number or fewer by abortion. 
Ovules 2, rarely more, in each carpel. Styles terminal. Fruit a 
pome, consisting of a fleshy exterior portion, containing a parchment- 
like or woody core, divided into as many cells as there are carpels, 
each cell commonly containing 2 seeds. 


GENUS XTTI—COTONEASTER. “ Medikus,” Lindley. 


Calyx-tube turbinate, adhering to the ovary; limb superior, 
5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx, ovate, 
erect. Stamens numerous, inserted in the throat of the calyx, and 
equalling its limb. Carpels 2 to 5, adhering to the tube of the 
calyx, but cohering together, each carpel with 2 erect collateral 
ovules. Styles 2 to 5. Fruit fleshy, containing 2 to 5 bony stones 
or pyrenes adhering to the tube of the calyx, but projecting above 
the pulp and separate for about one-third of their length from the 
apex downwards. 

Shrubs with alternate simple entire leaves, woolly below. 
Flowers small, white or pink, in spreading lateral corymbose cymes. 
Bracts subulate, deciduous. Petals small, persistent. 


This genus of plants is named from the similarity of its foliage to the Cotonewm 
(quince-tree). 


SPECIES I-COTONEASTER VULGARIS. Lindley. 
Pirate CCCCLXXVII, 
Mespilus Cotoneaster, Linn. Sp. Plant. p. 686. 

Leaves roundish ovate, apiculate, with a whitish felt beneath 
and on the footstalks. Pedicels slightly downy. Calyx glabrous, 
with the edges of the teeth woolly. Fruit pendulous, red. 

VOL. Il. 2H 


234 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


On the cliffs at the Great Ormes Head, Carnarvonshire. 
England. Perennial. Shrub. 


A small much-branched shrub, without spines; young branche 
woolly. Leaves shortly stalked, ® to 2 inches long, though rarely 
exceeding 1 inch in the British specimens I have seen, rounded at 
the apex, except on the young shoots, where they are sub-acute. 
Stipules lanceolate, scarious, red, woolly at the edges. Flowers 
solitary or in pairs, in the axils of the leaves from the wood of the 
preceding year. Peduncles a little longer than the calyx, at first 
erect, then curved. Bracts minute, reddish, woolly at the margins. 
Flowers 4 inch across, pink. Calyx turbinate, with short rounded 
teeth, which have a woolly fringe. Petals suborbicular-ovate, not 
much exceeding the calyx-teeth. Styles usually 3. Fruit { inch 
across, blood-red, sub-globular, shining. Leaves somewhat leathery, 
deep-green above, whitish beneath. 


Common Cotoneaster. 


French, Cotonnier Commun. German, Gemeine Zwergmispel. 


This shrub has been called the dwarf quince-leaved Medlar. The roots run very 
deep into the earth, and it was recommended by Linneus for making low hedges in 
dry broken ground ; but Hooker states that it is liable to be browsed by sheep. 


GENUS XIV—MESPILUS. Lindley. 


Calyx-tube bell-shaped, adhering to the ovary; limb superior, 
with 5 lanceolate somewhat foliaceous segments. Petals 5, inserted 
in the throat of the calyx, sub-orbicular, spreading. Stamens 
numerous, inserted in the throat of the calyx, and shorter than its 
segments. Ovary inferior, 5-celled, each cell containing 2 erect 
collateral ovules. Styles 5, distinct and glabrous. Fruit roundish- 
turbinate, crowned by the calyx-segments which retain their form, 
open at the apex, where there is a depressed shallow cavity as wide 
as any part of the fruit and marked with 5 radiating depressed 
lines indicating the partitions between the carpels, fleshy, containing 
5 bony stones or pyrenes immersed in the pulp and each containing 
a single seed. 

Small trees, generally spinous when wild, but becoming un- 
armed by cultivation, with simple lanceolate serrulate leaves, and 
large sub-solitary and sub-sessile white flowers, remarkable from 
the very long foliaceous calyx-segments, which exceed the petals. 
Bracts persistent. 


ROSACEA. 235 


There are two derivations given for the name of this genus. One author says it 
comes from pecoc (mesos), a half, and zAo¢ (pilos), a bullet, from the fruit resembling 
half a bullet. Another gives as the origin the words peooc, middle, and rev, I 
bind together, referring to the astringent qualities of the species, 


SPECIES I—MESPILUS GERMANICA. Linn 
Pirate CCCCLXXVIII. 


Branches spinous in the wild plant. Leaves shortly stalked, 
oblong-oblanceolate, abruptly acuminated, entire or finely serrated, 
slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers shortly stalked, solitary. 

In hedges and thickets. Rare, and doubtfully native. The 
counties to which it has most claim are those of Sussex, Kent, 
Surrey, and Worcester ; it is found also in Devonshire, but is 
acknowledged to be planted. I have only met with it near 
Reigate, Surrey, where it appears to me not to have the slightest 
claim to be considered native. 


England? ‘Tree. Early Summer. 


A large shrub, more rarely a tree, with spreading tortuous 
branches, many of them armed with spines. Leaves unequal in 
size, the largest close to the flowers, where they are from 2 to 4 
inches long. Flowers 1} inch in diameter. Pedicels very short, 
_felted-pubescent. Calyx-segments deltoid, attenuated into a long 
linear foliaceous point, exceeding the petals. Petals obovate, 
roundish. Styles 5. Fruit depressed, turbinate, 2 inch across or 
more, rarely produced in the wild plant, slightly downy, reddish 
brown, containing 5 compressed rugose stones, embedded in rather 
dry pulp. 

Wild Mediar. 


French, Véjlier Commun. German, Deutsche Mispel. 


The Medlar-tree was known to the Greeks, and has been in cultivation in British 
gardens for an indefinite period ; not only the species but several varieties being men- 
tioned by Turner, Gerarde, Parkinson, and other early British writers on botany and 
gardening. The fruit is never eaten until it is in an incipient state of decay : when firm 
and sound, they are singularly harsh and austere, but acquire a flavour agreeable to 
many by being kept. The fruit should be gathered towards the end of October or 
November, when some should be laid in moist bran to hasten their decay, others on 
straw ; those in the bran will be ready for eating in about a fortnight, and those 
laid on straw will gradually come forward in succession. In the North of England 
the fruit seldom ripens, though it blossoms freely. Loudon tells us that in some of the 
old gardens about Twickenham there are Medlar-trees growing from 25 to 30 feet in 
height, with heads from 30 to 40 feet in diameter, In Bagshot Park, in Surrey, one 
planted twenty years ago is 18 feet high. 


236 ENGLISIL BOTANY. 


GENUS XV—CRAT AGUS. (Linn.), Lindley. 


Calyx-tube urceolate, adhering to the ovary; lamina superior, 
divided into 5 short lobes or teeth. Petals 5, inserted in the throat 
of the calyx, orbicular, spreading. Stamens numerous, inserted 
with the petals. Ovary inferior, 1- to 5-celled, each cell containing 
2 erect ovules. Styles 1 to 5, distinct. Fruit ovoid, with the calyx- 
segments deciduous or persistent and withering, open at the apex, 
where there is a concavity narrower than the widest part of the 
fruit; fleshy, containing 1 to 5 bony stones or pyrenes immersed in 
the pulp, and each containing a single seed. 

Small spiny trees or shrubs, with simple leaves which are often 
cut or lobed, and white or pink flowers in corymbose cymes, rarely 
solitary. Bracts deciduous. 


This genus is named from the hardness and toughness of its wood —xparoc (cratos) 
strength. ; 


SPECIES I—CRATAHGUS OXYACANTHA. Zinn. 
Puiates CCCCLXXIX. CCCCLXXX. 


Branches with short spines. Leaves stalked, wedge-shaped at 
the base, more or less deeply lobed, glabrous. Flowers numerous, 
in a corymbose cyme. Calyx-segments not glandular. Styles 
1to 3. Fruit small, ovoid or sub-globular, dark red. 


Sup-Srecres I—Crategus oxyacanthoides. Thuill. 
Pirate CCCCLXXIX. 


C. Oxyacantha, var. a, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 116. 
C. Oxyacantha, Linn. (Jacg.). Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 258. Fries, 

Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 42. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 567. 

Mespilus Oxyacantha, Willd. Waillr. Sched. Crit. p. 219. 

Leaves obovate or rhomboid-obovate, with 3 to 5 lobes, margins 
slightly convex from the base to the apex of the first lobe, usually 
serrated ; lobes scarcely longer than broad, generally rounded. 
Peduncles commonly glabrous. Calyx-tube glabrous; segments 
glabrous, ovate-deltoid, acuminate, spreading-reflexed, with recurved 
points. Styles usually 2or 3. Fruit with 2 or 3 stones. 

In hedges and woods. Not very common ; plentiful in the forests 
to the north of London; as Enfield Chase, Epping, Hainault, and 
Whittlebury Forests. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub or Tree. Early Summer. 


ROSACEA. 237 


Generally a large straggling bush, 6 to 10 feet high, with tufted 
branches. Leaves “shortly ‘stalked, lamina 1 to 2 inches long, nar- 
rowed from beyond the middle to the base, the basal angle 
usually less than a right angle, with slightly convex sides, the 
lobes generally short and blunt, more rarely abruptly acuminated 
into a short point; midrib. very prominent beneath, the other 
veins much less so. Stipules on the barren shoots half arrow- 
shaped, denticulate. Corymbs lax, few-flowered. Peduncles long 
and slender. Flowers white, $ inch across, with the petals scarcely 
contiguous. Fruit ovoid or roundish-ovoid, generally with 2 stones 
embedded in rather soft pulp. Leaves deep green, somewhat 
leathery, very glossy. 


Glabrous White-thorn, or Hawthorn, May. 


French, Alisier aubépine. German, Gemenier Weissdorn. 


Sus-Srecres I.—Crategus monogyna. Jacq. 
Prate CCCCLXXX. 
C. Oxyacantha, var. 3, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 117. 
Mespilus monogyna, Willd. Wallr. Sched. Crit. p. 221. 

Leaves rhomboidal or rhomboidal-ovate, with 3 to 5 lobes, 
margins straight or concave from the base to the apex of the first 
lobe, usually entire, except at the tips of the lobes; lobes longer 
than broad, and acute at the apex. Peduncles generally downy. 

Calyx-tube more or less downy; segments slightly downy, ovate- 
triangular, acuminate, suddenly reflexed. Style 1. Fruit with 1 
stone. 

In hedges, woods, thickets, and on heaths. Very common, and 
generally distributed, though probably introduced in many of its 
localities, being the form that is generally used for quickset hedges, 
and planted in pleasure-grounds. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub or Tree. Early Summer. 


A much-branched bush, with stiff very prickly branches, in 
favourable localities becoming a tree 15 or 20 feet high. Leaves 
much more deeply cleft and less glossy than in C. oxyacanthoides, 
sometimes even pinnatipartite, with acute segments. Peduncles 
and calyx generally clothed with whitish pubescence. Flowers in 
more compact corymbs, more numerous, rather smaller, } inch 
across, white, rarely pink. Fruit smaller. Leaves with the midrib 
and the veins which run into the main lobes prominent beneath. 

It appears to me that this shrub is entitled to be considered 
distinct from the preceding, though intermediate states occur, which 
render it difficult to agree with the great majority of foreign 


238 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


authors, who consider it a distinct species. It blooms about a 
fortnight later than the last when they grow in the same locality, 
and is recognisable at some distance by its less glossy leaves. I 
have never seen C. oxyacanthoides coming up amongst the seedlings 
of whitethorn in nursery-grounds; so that, at all events, that form 
does not seem to be produced from the seeds of C. monogyna: 
whether the converse be the case I am unable to say. 


Common White-thorn, or Hawthorn, May. 
French, Aubépine & style. German, Engriffeleger Weissdorn. 


The Hawthorn is known to every one, even to the London resident, as a hedge- 
tree in the suburban lanes, and as the greatest ornament of the parks in the spring 
season of the year. Were it not for the beautiful flowering-trees which are the glory 
of our country, and which surprise and delight all strangers, the London citizen would 
scarcely know when spring begins, or be able in any measure to enjoy that most 
delicious of all seasons of the year. The sweet-scented flowers in May, and the bright 
red fruit in autumn, are a compensation for the absence of many rural pleasures which 
can only be had in the country. The Hawthorn seldom attains any great size ; its chief 
use is as a hedge-plant ; but Loudon mentions several from 20 to 30 feet in height, and 9 or 
10 feet in circumference, and we know that in the London parks there are even now 
trees of considerable size. Perhaps one of the most striking features of an English land- 
scape is its thick well-grown hawthorn hedges, clipped so close, however, that it is seldom 
that the white flowers are allowed to blossom luxuriantly in a well-kept hedge. Hedges 
of this kind are called quickset hedges, and are often spoiled through inattention and 
want of care. Wherever thorn hedges are planted and intended to thrive, the ground 
ought to be trenched at least two feet in depth, manured, if poor, and the plants inserted 
on a flat surface, so as to receive all the moisture that falls in the shape of rain. The 
margin of the ditch ought always to be two or three feet from the plants, and the earth 
excavated instead of being raised into a ridge over the roots of the plants, where it can be 
of little or no use to them, should be spread over the general surface so as to increase the 
depth of nutritive soil. This mode of making hedges may somewhat increase the first 
expense, but will be found the best in the end, as more speedily producing a permanent 
fence and a substantial one. When grown to the required size, the hedge should be 
cut every year, or at least every alternate one. So kept, hedges of this plant will last 
for very many years without requiring renewal ; but when allowed to grow ragged aud 
high, and then cut down in the usual manner, they are more or less injured and become 
thin and poor, and form no suflicient protection. It sometimes happens that the 
Hawthorn suffers severely from the attacks of insects, and the hedges and trees present 
a very unsightly appearance, the leaves being entirely consumed, and withered bits 
mixed with the cocoons of the caterpillar, which is the marauder, hanging from the 
bare branches, when they ought to be in luxuriant foliage. Such has been the case 
this present year 1864 with nearly all the May-trees in the London parks: they 
flowered beautifully, but immediately after were attacked by the little larve of a 
moth, and present at this time (July) a miserable spectacle. Whether the buds 
of the next year have been injured remains to be seen. Crategus Oxyacantha was 
known to the Greeks under the name of Pyracantha, although there is some dispute 
as to whether it was our identical species. Homer tells us that when Ulysses returned 
to his father Laertes, the good old man had sent his servants into the woods to get 


ROSACEX. 239 


young thorns for hedges, and he employed himself the while in preparing the ground 
to receive them. 

In England thorn hedges seem to have been in use since the time of the Romans. 
In all old works on husbandry, directions are given for forming “ quickset hedges,” 
and in 1611 an old author gives very particular instructions as to enclosing young 
plantations with a “good ditch and quickset of white thorne.” The wood of the 
Hawthorn is very hard, and difficult to work ; its colour is white with a yellow tinge, 
and it takes a beautiful polish. The branches are useful for many purposes ; they are 
good for fires, as they burn readily ; they are also used for forming dead hedges, and the 
strong knotted branches make good and firm walking-sticks. The fruit of the Hawthorn 
is seldom eaten in England, excepting by children, though it is said to be nutritious. 
In Kamtchatka it is much liked, and a sort of wine is made from it by fermentation 
with water. The bark contains tannin, and was used in former days in the Highlands 
with sulphate of iron to forma black dye for wool. The Hawthorn attains a great age 
when not cut or otherwise injured ; and we quite agree with its warmest admirers in 
thinking that in a picturesque point of view the Hawthorn gives place to no other tree. 
Whether we see it in the spring time, covered with its snowy blossoms, or in the autumn 
with its glowing berries, we must regard it not only as an interesting object in itself, 
but as contrasting and grouping with other trees in a remarkably beautiful manner. 
Phillips remarks that the garland of Flora does not possess a more charming blossom 
than this British hedge beauty, nor do the most luxuriant species of Asia yield a more 
grateful perfume than this flowering shrub. Hawthorn blossoms have been associated 
with the floral games of May from time immemorial. They were regarded as the 
emblems of Hope, and were carried by girls in wedding processions of the ancient 
Greeks, and laid on the altar of Hymen, which was lighted with torches made of this 
wood. The Troglodytes tied branches of Hawthorn to their dead when they were 
buried. In some parts of France the Hawthorn is called [épine noble, because it is 
supposed to have been the thorn used for crowning the Saviour, and the country people 
believe it always utters groans and sighs on a Good Friday. Others put a bunch of 
Hawthorn in their hats to preserve them against lightning in a thunder-storm. The 
most remarkable legend connected with the Hawthorn is that of the Glastonbury thorn. 
It is said to have sprung from the staff of Joseph of Arimathea, who, it is believed, 
founded the first Christian church in these islands, and that this miracle was wrought 
in order to convince the natives of his divine mission. The legend adds that it was on 
Christmas-day that this vegetation of the staff occurred, and that the thorn stil 
continues to blossom annually on the same day. The French have a legend that or 
the day after the massacre of St. Bartholomew, on August 25th, an old thorn in the 
churchyard of St. Innocent, in Paris, came into blossom a second time. 

The poets who have sung the praises of the Hawthorn are almost as numerous as 
those who have written of the rose. 

Chaucer, in his “Court of Love,” makes all his court go forth on May-day to gather 
in the flowers, and— 


“ Marke the faire blooming of the Hawthorne-tree, 
Who finely cloathed in a robe of white, 
Fills full the wanton eye with May’s delight.” 


And we read in Shakespeare’s “ Henry the Sixth ?’— 


“ Gives not the Hawthorn-bush a sweeter shade 
To shepherds looking on their silly sheep, 


24.0 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Than doth a rich embroider’d canopy 
To kings who fear their subjects’ treachery ?” 


But perhaps no poet ever drew a fairer picture of the Hawthorn than Goldsmith, in his 
“ Deserted Village :”— 


“ The Hawthorn-bush with seats beneath the shade, 
For talking age and whispering lovers made.” 


The custom of going a Maying is of very great antiquity. The Greeks and Romans 
gathered May in honour of Flora, whose festival began with the month of May. In 
Britain we read of King Henry VIII., with his queen Katherine, and the lords and 
ladies of their court, going out a-Maying from Greenwich to Shooter's Hill. In a 
curious old M§,, entitled “The State of Eton School,” 1560, it is stated, “On the day 
of St. Philip and St. James, May 1st, if it be fair weather, and the master grants leave, 
those boys who choose it may rise at four o’clock to gather May branches, if they can 
do it without wetting their feet.” We do not hear of any such innocent custom being 
continued in the revelations of the recent Public School Commission. We have to go 
back several generations to find the observances of May-day in their fullest develop- 
ment. They are evidently remnants of a heathen festival connected with the ancient 
fioral games, which began about the 28th of April, and were connected with the early 
spring flowers, of which the Hawthorn is perhaps the most attractive. Not only did 
royal personages and the Eton boys go into the fields to gather the snowy boughs, but 
people of all ranks and conditions joined in the festival, and the prettiest maiden in the 
village was crowned “ Queen of the May ;” the lads and lasses met together, danced and 
sang and made merry in honour of the day, bringing home garlands and boughs where- 
with to decorate their houses and churches. In almost every village a pole was fixed 
as high as the mast of a vessel of a hundred tons, on which each May morning were 
suspended wreaths of flowers, and round which the Mayers danced in rings nearly all 
the day. The Puritans discountenanced the vanity of these proceedings, but after the 
Restoration they revived. Maypoles were again erected, and the appropriate rites 
recommenced. Now, alas! in the course of the change of manners, the Maypole has 
again vanished : they must be old people who remember seeing one. In London there 
are and have long been a few forms of May-day festivity in a great measure peculiar. 
The day is still marked by a celebration well known to every resident in the metropolis, 
in which the dancing sweeps play the sole part. Why this black profession should have 
been the last sustainers of the old rites of May-day in the metropolis we cannot say. At 
no very remote period there used to be a similar demonstration from the milk-maids, 
who would lead a milch cow, all garlanded with flowers, and dance round the animal to 
the sound of fife and drum. 

The most renowned of Maypoles is the one erected in the Strand immediately 
after the Restoration, and alluded to by many writers of the period as afterwards by 
Pope, who says :— 

“ Where the tall Maypole once o’erlook’d the Strand.” 


We nowadays find it hard to associate rural festivities with the busy thoroughfare 
where this gathering-point for floral wreaths and joyous dances once stood. Very 
interesting accounts exist in old chronicles of the doings and sayings of our forefathers 
on these May-day fétes ; and we can but remember many of their innocent, pleasant 
old customs when we see the Hawthorn-trees that delighted their eyes, year after year 
still bringing forth their fragrant white blossoms, dear to the present generation, though 
less buisterously welcomed. 


ROSACEA. 241 


The Hawthorn among the Highlanders is the badge of the Ogilvies. 
In the well-known lines of Milton— 


“ And every shepherd tells his tale 
Under the Hawthorn in the dale,” 


great have been the disputes as to what the shepherd is supposed to tell ; whether 
it be the ¢ails of his sheep or his tale of love, is still a matter undecided. 

There are several varieties of Hawthorn, some having fine bright scarlet berries, 
others fruit of golden yellow. 


GENUS XVI—PYRUS. (Zinn.), Lindley. 


Calyx-tube urceolate, adhering to the ovary, lamina free, 
divided into 5 short lobes or teeth. Petals 5, inserted in the throat 
of the calyx, sub-orbicular. Stamens numerous, inserted with the 
petals. Ovary inferior, 5-celled, rarely 2- or 3-celled, each cell 
containing 2 collateral ascending ovules. Styles 5, distinct or 
cohering at the base, sometimes only 2 or 3. Fruit ovoid, roundish, 
or turbinate, crowned by the withering calyx-segments, closed at 
the apex, where there is a very small concavity, fleshy, containing 
5, more rarely 1 to 4, cartilaginous or parchment-like cells, cohering 
together and forming a core, each cell containing 2 seeds or (by 
abortion) only 1. 

Trees or shrubs, with simple or pinnate leaves, and white or 
vose-coloured flowers in spreading, terminal, simple or compound 
- ecorymbose cymes. Bracts subulate, deciduous. 


The name of this genus is derived from the Celtic word peren, a pear. 


Sus-Grenus I.—SORBUS. Linn. 


Fruit small or rather small, sub-globular or turbinate-sub- 
globular, containing 2 to 5 cells; cells formed of thin brittle 
membrane, 1-seeded by abortion. Flowers mostly in compound 
corymbose cymes, cream-white. Petals spreading. Styles 2 to 5, 
distinct or united below. 


SPECIES L—PYRUS TORMINALIS. Zhvh. 
Prate CCCCLXXXI. 

Sorbus torminalis, Crantz. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 263. ries, 

Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 42. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 574. 
Cratzgus torminalis, Zinn. ‘Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 298. 

Leaves broadly ovate, downy when young, glabrous on both 
sides when mature, truncate rounded or sub-cordate at the base, 

VOL. III. 21 


242 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


acuminate at the apex, with 3 or more triangular serrated lobes 
on each side; lobes usually acuminate and very acute at the apex, 
the basal ones spreading, incisions between the lobes deepest 
towards the base; veins 3 to 6 on each side. Flowers in com- 
pound corymbs, with the pedicels and calyx-tube densely pubes- 
cent. Styles 2 to 5, glabrous. Fruit roundish-ovoid, brown, 
speckled with whitish pots when ripe. 

In woods, copses, and hedges. Rather rare; confined to the 
southern half of England, where it is probably wild as far north as 
Norfolk and South Wales. In Scotland it only occurs in orna- 
mental plantations. 


England, [Scotland]. Tree. Early Summer. 


A tree sometimes 30 or 40 feet high, but often much less. 
Bark purplish-brown, the young shoots downy. Leaves 2 to 4 
inches long when full grown, and often nearly as broad when mea- 
sured from tip to tip of the basal lobes, which are separated for 
from half to three-quarters of their length from the adjacent ones ; 
margins of the lobes irregularly serrated. Corymbs 10- to 50- 
flowered, from the termination of the shoots of the same year, 
rather lax. Flowers } inch across, white. Calyx-segments deltoid, 
sub-glabrous. Petals orbicular, suddenly contracted into a short 
claw. Styles generally 2. Fruit + to ¢ inch long, olive-brown with 
pale rough dots. Cells of the fruit generally 2, each containing a 
single seed. Leaves firm when old, and then glabrous except on 
the veins beneath. 

Very distinct from the other British species, as Sorbus latifolia, 
Persoon, the connecting link between P. torminalis and P. Aria, 
does not occur in Britain. 


Wild Service-tree. 
French, Alisier Torminal. German, Elsbeere, Ruhrbirne. 


This tree grows to a height of forty or fifty feet in woods and hedgerows. It 
generally grows in clayey soils. Miller, writing in 1752, says that it was formerly 
very abundant in Cane Wood, near Hampstead. One of the finest specimens in 
England in Loudon’s time was at Arley Hall, near Bewdley. The fruit is sometimes 
brought to market both in England and France, and when in a partial state of decay, 
eats somewhat like a medlar. As an ornamental tree, its large green buds recommend 
it in the winter time, as its fine large-lobed leaves do in the summer, and its clusters of 
brown fruit in the autumn. The wood is hard and tough, like that of all the genus, 
but is seldom of sufficient size to be of use. 


SPECIES I.—PYRUS ARIA. Zook. 
Prates CCCCLXXXII. CCCCLXXXITI. CCCCLXXXIV. CCCCLXXXV, 
Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 141. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 203. 


ROSACE.Z. 243 


Leaves roundish, oval, oblong-oblanceolate or oblong, white- 
felted or grey flocculent-felted beneath even when old, rounded or 
wedge-shaped at the base, rather obtuse at the apex, more or less 
deeply lobed and serrated at the margins; lobes blunt or sub-acute 
at the apex; veins 6 to 12 on each side. Flowers in compound 
corymbs,.with the pedicels and calyx-tube felted. Styles generally 
2, woolly at the base. Fruit sub-globular or ovoid, scarlet when 
ripe. 

Sus-Srecres .—Pyrus eu-Aria. 
Prate CCOCCLX XXII. 
P. Aria, Zirh. (in part). Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 117; et Auct. Plur. 
Sorbus Aria, Crantz. ries, Sum. Veg. Scand. pp. 42, 176. 
Crategus Aria, Zinn. Sp. Plant. p. 681 (in part). 

Leaves roundish- or broadly-oval, ovate, or elliptical, flocculent 
above until after the flowers expand, pure white-felted beneath, 
rounded or abrupt at the base, with numerous small lobes from 
below the middle to the apex, incisions between the lobes deepest 
about one-fourth from the apex ; lobes broader than long, pointing 
towards the apex of the leaf, blunt or sub-acute, unequally ser- 
rated; veins 10 to 12 on each side, very prominent beneath.* 
Calyx-segments reflexed in flower, erect in fruit. 

In woods, copses, on chalky banks and limestone rocks. 
- Common in the southern halfof England. I have it from Somerset, 
Hants, Wilts, Gloucester, Kent, Surrey, Berks, and Monmouthshire, 
and it probably occurs in the neighbouring counties. One speci- 
men has been sent from Ronald Kirk, Teesdale, by Mr. J. G. 
Baker, but marked as a possible alien. In Scotland it is only to 
be seen in ornamental plantations. 


England, [Scotland], Ireland? Tree. Early Summer. 


A small tree, 10 to 20 feet high, or more rarely merely a large 
bush, with dark brownish bark. Leaves fascicled on the spurs or 
flowering branches, remote on the woolly barren shoots, those of 
the spurs 3 to 6 inches long, flocculent above when young, but at 
length glabrous; beneath pure white, from the abundance of felted 
woolly hairs; leaves on the barren shoots generally narrower than 
the others, more acute and more deeply lobed. Flowers 3 inch 
across, in a much-branched lax corymb, with the pedicels and 
calyces densely woolly. Petals roundish, concave, white. Fruit $ 


* The leaves of the young shoots are exceedingly variable in form ; the descriptions 
are therefore taken from those on the spurs, or short flowering-branches. 


QA A ENGLISH BOTANY. 


inch long, sub-globular, crowned by the connivent persistent but 
withering calyx- segments, woolly at the base and apex, sprinkled 
with a few impressed dots. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. 


Common White-beam. 
French, Alisier Alouchier. German, Mehlbeere. 


This tree rises to a height of thirty or forty feet in favourable situations. The 
roots descend very deep and spread very wide, and the head of the tree is less affected 
by cutting winds than many others. It grows in the most exposed situations on bleak 
chalk hills, but is always stiff and erect. It has been known to writers on plants 
since the days of Theophrastus, and the fact that it has a distinct name in all the 
European languages shows that it has long been familiar to country people. Dr. Prior 
informs us that the word beam means simply a tree. It is called White-beam from the 
white down on the young shoots and under-surface, of the leaves ; but “ beam-tree,” as 
it is often given, without the “ white,” is a vague and silly term. 

As an ornamental tree the White-beam has very valuable properties. It is of 
moderate size and definite shape, and in summer, when clothed with leaves, it forms a 
compact green mass till it is ruffled by the wind, when it assumes a mealy whiteness. 
In the winter season the tree is attractive from its smooth branches and its large green 
buds, which, from their size and colour, seem already prepared for the spring, and 
remind us of the approach of that delightful season. When the tree is covered with 
fruit, it is exceedingly ornamental. The wood is very hard, of a fine close grain, 
yellowish-white, and susceptible of a high polish. It may be stained of any colour, and 
is much used in the manufacture of small articles,—such as handles to knives and forks, 
wooden spoons, &c. Combs, it is said, made from it equal those of boxwood. The 
great use, however, to which this wood is applied is for cogs to the wheels of machinery. 
It was always employed for this purpose, both abroad and at home, until cast iron super- 
seded it. The fruit, when dried and reduced to powder, has been formed into a kind 
of bread, which has been eaten both in France and Sweden in times of scarcity. Fer- 
mented, the fruit affords a beer; distilled, a powerful spirit. It is greedily eaten 
by small birds ; on which account the trees are preserved by our neighbours the 
French, in order to increase the number of these little creatures which we deatroy, so 
that they may keep down the insects which attack the crops. 


Sup-Specres I.—Pyrus rupicola 
Pirate CCCCLX XXIII. 


P. Aria, Ehrh. (in part). Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 117; et Auct. Plu. 
Crategus Aria (in part), Zinn. Sp. Plant. p. 681. 

Sorbus oblongifolia, Reich, Fl. Germ. exsice. No. 2252 (!). 

Sorbus Aria, var. salicifolia, “ Myrin.” ries, Sum. Veg. Scand. pp. 42, 176. 


Leaves oblanceolate-obovate or oblong-obovate, pure white- 
felted beneath, glabrous above by the time the flowers expand, 
narrowed towards the base, generally with numerous small lobes 
from the middle to the apex, incisions deepest at the apex; lobes 
broader than long, blunt or sub-acute, directed towards the apex, 


ROSACE.®. 245 


coarsely serrated; veins 5 to 8 on each side, prominent beneath. 
Calyx-segments spreading in flower, erect in fruit. 

On exposed rocks, particularly those of limestone or trap. 
Sparingly but generally distributed. I have specimens from the 
counties of Devon, Derby (Matlock Bath), Carnarvon (Ormes Head), 
Durham (Holy Island), Yorkshire (Teesdale), Edinburgh (Queen’s 
Park), Sutherland, and from Sligo (Ben Bulben), Antrim (Glenarm). 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub or Tree. Early Summer. 


Usually a bush 3 to 10 feet high, closely resembling P. eu- 
Aria, but with the leaves wedge-shaped towards the base and 
broadest beyond the middle, less deeeply lobed, and with a 
greater portion at the base entire than in the P. eu-Aria; the 
upper surface becomes glabrous much sooner; the veins being 
more distant give the leaf a less ribbed appearance, as both in this 
and the preceding plant the veins are depressed on the upper and 
prominent on the lower surface. The partial corymbs which com- 
pose the general corymb are denser, the flowers a little larger, the 
calyx-segments not reflexed and rather narrower than in P. eu-Aria. 
The mature fruit I have never seen. 

I have had much hesitation in separating this from P. eu-Aria, 
but there appeared to me no possible medium between adopting this 
course or making P. Aria, P. scandica, and P. fennica mere varieties. 
All the four forms pass insensibly into each other, and yet the 
extreme forms of each are too far apart to suppose it possible that 
the one could be derived in a limited time from the other. I am 
indebted for fresh specimens of the Derbyshire plant, from which 
the accompanying plate has been made, to Mr. Joseph Whittaker, 
for the Irish to Professor Dickie, for the Edinburgh to Mr. John 
Sadler. The Teesdale specimen is from Mr. Baker, who kindly 
sent me leaves from the different forms of P. Aria, of which he 
possessed specimens. 

I regret that I cannot retain either Reichenbach’s or Fries’ 
specific name, in consequence of not separating the genera Pyrus 
and Sorbus: there is already a Pyrus oblongifolia of Spach and a 
Pyrus salicifolia of Linnzeus. 


Rock White-beam. 


Sus-Srecres II].—Pyrus scandica. Bab. 
Pirate CCCCLX XXIV. 


Bab. in Bot. Gaz. Vol. III. p. 35; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 118. 
Sorbus scandica, Fries. Nov. Fl. Suec. p. 138 ; Sum. Veg. Scand. pp. 42, 175. 
Crateegus Aria, var. a, scandica, Zinn. Ameen. Ac. Vol. IT. p. 190. 

C. Aria, 3 Suecica, Zinn. Sp. Plant. p. 681. 

Pyrus intermedia, “ Hhrh.” Lindley, Syn. Brit. Fl. p. 105, 

P. aria, var. y, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 141. 


246 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Leaves oval or sub-rhomboidal, glabrous above by the time the 
flowers expand, flocculent-felted and grey beneath, rounded or 
wedge-shaped with an angle generally greater than a right angle 
at the base; margins lobed from near the base to the apex, in- 
cisions deepest towards the middle of the sides; lobes longer than 
broad, blunt or sub-acute, directed towards the apex of the leaf, 
coarsely and acutely serrate; veins 5 to 8 on each side, slightly 
prominent beneath. Calyx-segments spreading in flower, erect in 
fruit. 

In hilly woods. Rare. I have seen specimens in Mr. Watson’s 
herbarium from North Devon, and Nightingale Valley, near Bristol, 
those from the latter locality, however, Mr. Watson thinks may be 
possibly a form of P. eu-Aria. In the herbarium of the late Mr. 
Borrer, at Kew, there are specimens from Carisbrook Castle, Isle of 
Wight, and Castle Dinas Bran, Denbighshire. I possess an ex- 
ample from near Plymouth, collected by Mr. Archer Briggs : this, 
however, is a barren shoot only, so that the leaves cannot be relied 
on for determining the plant with certainty. Miss Gifford has sent 
me fresh specimens from Minehead, Somerset, from which our plate 
is taken. Professor Babington mentions it from Culbone, Somerset ; 
Silchester, Hampshire; and Pangbourne, Berkshire. I have care- 
fully searched the Berkshire locality, but could find nothing but 
P. eu-Aria. That gentleman also mentions that it has been 
*oathered at High Force, Teesdale, by Mr. Hort,” and this is no 
doubt the Rev. F. J. A. Hort; and if so, his determination in 1851 
(the date of the notice) cannot be relied on for this species, as in 
1852 he sent to the Botanical Society of London normal speci- 
mens of P. eu-Aria from Monmouthshire, labelled as Pyrus scandica, 
Bab. 

England. Tree. Early Summer. 


This differs from the two preceding forms of P. Ariain the lobes 
of the leaves being much more deeply separated from each other, 
and rather more acutely serrated, and the felt beneath being 
floceulent, much less dense and not pure white but yellowish, and 
as the green of the leaf appears through it, the underside of the 
latter has not the snowy appearance of P. eu-Aria and P. rupicola. 
The branches of the corymb are longer, so that it is more lax; 
the flowers are as large as those of P. rupicola and rather larger 
than in P. eu-Aria. 

Smith’s P. “ Aria,” E. B., 1858, seems to be a bad figure of P. 
scandica. 

The British plant seems to be intermediate between the Scan- 


ROSACEA. 24:7 


dinavian Sorbus fennica and the French and Swiss specimens called 
Sorbus Mougeotii by Godron and Soyer-Wiilmet. 


Lobed-leaved White-beam. 


Sus-Srrcies [V.—Pyrus fennica. Zab. 

Prare CCCCLXXXV. 
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 117. 
Sorbus fennica, “ Kalm.” Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 42. 
S. hybrida, Fries, Nov. FI. Suec. p. 139 ; and Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 175. 
Crategus Aria, var. y, Linn. Fl. Suec. p. 433. 
Pyrus pinnatifida, “ Zirh.” Lindley, Syn. Brit. Fl. p. 105. Smith, FE. B. 2331 (in 

part ?). 

P. Aria, var. 3, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 141. 

Leaves oblong, oblong-rhomboidal, or ovate-oblong, glabrous 
above by the time the flowers expand, flocculent-felted and grey 
beneath, abrupt or wedge-shaped with an angle generally much 
greater than a right angle at the base; margins pinnatifid from 
near the apex to the base, incisions deepest at the base, fre- 
quently so much so as completely to separate from 1 to 4 pairs of 
lobes next the base, so that they become the separate leaflets of a 
pinnate leaf; lobes much longer than broad, directed towards the 
apex of the leaf, or the free basal ones spreading, rather finely 
serrate; veins 8 to 10 on each side. Calyx-segments applied to the 
- petals in flowering, erect and inflexed in fruit. 

In rocky places. Very rare, and wild only in the northern part 
of the Isle of Arran. It occurs, however, in plantations in other 
parts of Scotland and in England, but I cannot help suspecting 
that at least in some of the localities given for it the plant 
supposed to be P. fennica is a hybrid betweeu P. eu-Aria and 
P. Aucuparia. 

[England], Scotland. Shrub. Summer. 


P. fennica is very closely allied to P. scandica, and indecd the 
leaves of some of the Arran plants resemble those of P. scandica 
more than they do the typical state of P. fennica. They have the 
same thin flocculent covering on the underside, but the incisions are 
deepest towards the base and not in the middle of the leaf. The 
flowers are considerably smaller, scarcely } inch across, and the 
calyx-segments do not spread widely when in flower, and in fruit 
the apices bend inwards. 

Smith’s P. pinnatifida (E. B. 231) appears to be, at least in part 
drawn from the continental semipinnata of Roth. 


Bastard Mountain-ash. 


248 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


SPECIES IIL—PYRUS AUCUPARIA. Giirtn 
Pirate CCCCLXXXVI. 
Sorbus aucuparia, Zinn. Sp. Plant. p. 683, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 337. 


Leaves pinnate, with 6 to 8 pairs of elliptical oblong serrate leaf- 
lets and an odd terminal one, downy beneath when young, gene- 
rally glabrous when old. Flowers in a corymbose cyme. Calyx- 
segments applied to the petals when in flower, inflexed when in 
fruit. Styles generally 3, woolly at the base. Fruit small, ovoid- 
spherical, scarlet, generally 3-celled, more rarely 2- or 4-celled. 

In woods and in hilly districts on rocks. Common, and generally 
distributed ; most abundant in the North of England and Scotland, 
reaching as far North as Orkney and Shetland. 


England, Scotland, Ireland. Tree. Early Summer. 


A tree 10 to 30 feet high, with smooth brownish-grey bark, 
reddish on the regularly spreading branches Leaflets 1 to 2 inches 
long, sub- sessile, with acuminated serratures which are rounded on 
the outer margin, pale beneath, but generally downy only on the 
veins when mature. Corymb compact, many-flowered. Flowers 
inch across, cream-white. Petals orbicular-coneave. Fruit 
1 inch long, brigit scarlet, with the flesh yellowish; the cells 
containing the seeds tougher than in the preceding species. 


| oes 


Mountain-ash, Rowan-tree. 
German, Gaertn, Eberesche. 


This elegant tree is known to most persons in this country as an ornament of the 
shrubbery and plantation. Its beautiful pinnated leaves and bright scarlet berries make 
it an attractive object wherever it is seen. The tree grows rapidly for the first three or 
four years, attaining in five years the height of eight or nine feet, after which it begins 
to form a head, and in ten years will attain the height of twenty feet. This head will 
continue to increase slowly, though seldom growing higher, for the greater part of a 
century, after which the extremities of the branches begin to decay. The tree will not 
bear lopping, but grass and other plants grow well under its shade. It is a tree well 
adapted for small or suburban gardens, and is always a beautiful object : it never 
requires pruning, and never grows out of shape. Singing-birds rejoice in its berries, 
and the owner of such a tree has the double pleasure of listening to the songs of the 
thrush and the blackbird, and of beholding the brilliant branches of coral berries which 
tempt them there. In various parts of the North of Europe these berries are dried 
and ground into flour and used in times of scarcity. In Wales and the Highlands they 
are sometimes eaten, and the juice is fermented into a liquid resembling cider. Evelyn 
says: “ Ale and beer brewed with these berries, being ripe, is an incomparable drink, 
familiar in Wales.” He adds: “ Besides the use of this tree for the husbandman’s 
tools, goods, &c., the wheelwright commends it for being all heart ; our fletchers 
(archers) commend it for bows next to yew, which we ought not to pass over for the 


ROSACEA. 249 


glory of our once English ancestors. In a statute of Henry VIII. von have it men* 
tioned ; and there is no churchyard in Wales without a Mountain Ash tree planted in 
it, as the yew-trees are in the churchyards in England. So, ina certain day in the year, 
everybody in Wales religiously wears a cross made of the wood, and the tree is by 
some authors called Fraxinus Cambro- Britannica.” 

Tn Germany fowlers bait springes or nooses of hair with the berries of this tree, 
which they hang in the woods to entice fieldfares and redwings: hence the specific 
name Aucuparia. Infused in water, the berries make an acid driuk somewhat resem- 
bling perry. In the ancient days of superstition, the Mountain-ash was invested with 
peculiar charms, and we find many of them growing in the neighbourhood of Druidical 
remains. Gerarde writes: “The leaves of this tree are of so great vertue against 
serpents, that they dare not so much as touch the morning and evening shadows of the 
tree, but shun them afar off, as Pliny reports (Let. 16, cap. 13). He also affirmeth, that 
the serpent being penned in with boughs laid round about, will sooner run into the fire, 
if any be there, than come neere the boughs of the Ash ; and that the Ash floureth 
before the serpents appeare, and doth not cast his leaves before they be gon againe. 
We write, saith he, upon experience, that if the serpent be set within a circle of fire and 
the branches, the serpent will sooner run into the fire than into the boughes. It isa 
wonderfull courtesie in nature that the Ash should floure before the serpents appeare, 
and not cast his leaves before they be gon againe.” Gerarde adds: “The wood is 
protitable for many things, being highly exalted by Homer and by Achilles’ speare, as 
Pliny writeth.” Poets tell us that the Amazons of old formed their spears from the 
wood of the Mountain-ash. In more modern times the Rowan has been considered the 
antidote to witchcraft, and of greater efficacy even than the St. John’s wort. It was 
planted before Highland houses to protect the inmates from the evil eye. Lightfoot 
writes : “ They considered that any part of this tree carried about with them will prove 
a sovereign charm against all the dire effects of enchantment or witchcraft. Their cattle 

also, as well as themselves, are supposed to be preserved by it from evil ; for the dairy- 
maid will not forget to drive them to the shealings or summer pastures with a rod of the 
Rowan-tree, which she carefully lays up over the door of the sheal, buothy, or summer- 
house, and drives them home again with the same.” 

In Strathspey they make on the Ist of May a hoop with the wood of this tree, and 
in the evening and morning cause the sheep and lambs to pass through it. The pro- 
gress of education has in a great measure put an end to these superstitions ; but in the 
wildest part of the Grampians the old Mountain-ash is still regarded with reverential feel- 
ings by the mountaineers. Some stanzas of a very old song speak of the supposed power 
of this venerated tree against witchcraft :— 


“Their spells were vain ; the boys return’d 
To the queen in sorrowful mood, 
Crying that ‘witches have no power 
Where there is roan-tree wood.’” 


The last line of this stanza is thought to throw some light on a line in Shakespeare’s 
tragedy of “ Macbeth,” where the witch is relating her adventure with the sailor’s 
wife :— 
“A sailor's wife had chesnuts in her lap, 
And mounched, and mounched, and mounched. 
Give me, quoth I. 
Aroint thee, witch, the rump-fed ronyon cries.” 


VOL. III. 2K 


250 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


It is thought that the true reading should be “A rown tree witch,” the accepted version 
being a corruption. Bishop Heber mentions in his Journal that in India he found a 
tree very similar in form and shape to the Mountain-ash, regarded with the same super- 
stitious reverence, and used as a preservative against magic. 

The Mountain-ash is the tree for exposed and open situations ; it loves free air 
and plenty of water ; and few trees suffer so much from drought and heat, and but few 
do so well in plantations intended to resist a sharp wind or the sea breeze. 


SPECIES IV.—PYRUS DOMESTICA. Sm. 
Prats CCCCLXXXVII. 
Sorbus domestica, Zinn. Sp. Plant. p. 684. 


Leaves pinnate, with 7 to 9 pairs of oblong acutely-serrated 
leaflets, and an odd terminal one, thinly flocculent-felted and grey 
beneath when young, sub-glabrous when old. Flowers in a 
corymbo-paniculate cyme. Calyx-segments applied to the petals 
in flower, inflexed when in fruit. Styles 5, entirely woolly. Fruit 
large, turbinate, dull red, speckled, 5-celled. 

In woods. The only instance of its occurrence in this country 
is that of a single tree in Wire Forest, on the borders of Wor- 
cestershire, no doubt not truly native. It has also been reported 
from Cornwall, but on old and unconfirmed authority. 


[England.] Tree. Early Summer. 


Very like the mountain-ash, but with the young leaves more 
floccose-felted below, the serratures of the leaflets with the outer 
edge straighter, the lateral branches of the inflorescence shorter, so 
that it is rather a panicle than a corymb, the fruit resembling a 
small pear, 1 inch long and always with 5 cells. 


Common Service-tree. 


French, Sorbier Domestique. German, Speierling, Spierapfel. 


The common name of this tree comes, according to Dr. Prior, from the word cerevisia, 
its fruit having in aucient times been used for making a fermented liquor—a kind ot 
beer,—and he quotes Virgil as his authority. Evelyn tells us, in his “Sylva,” that 
“ale and beer brewed with these berries, being ripe, is an incomparable drink.” The 
cerevisia of the ancients was made from malt, and took its name, we are told by Isidore of 
Seville, from Ceres, Cereris. It is a tree of very slow growth, and, according to Kroker, 
does not come into bearing before it is sixty years old. The fruit is extremely austere 
when at all unripe, but when mellowed by frost and keeping, it becomes soft, brown, 
and eatable, somewhat like a medlar, though to most people less agreeable. The wood 
is very hard, and was held in repute for making mathematical rulers and excisemen’s 
gauge-sticks until foreign woods of other kinds superseded it. 


ROSACEA. 251 


Sus-Genvs II.—EU-PYRUS. (Pyrvs, Linn.) 


Fruit rather large, sub-globose or turbinate, 5-celled ; cells 
formed of tough parchment-like membrane, 2-seeded, or 1-seeded 
by abortion. Flowers in simple corymbose or umbellate cymes. 
Petals spreading. Styles 5, free or combined at the base. 


Section I.—PYROPHYLLUM. D.C. 


Styles free. Fruit turbinate or sub-globose, not umbilicate at 
the base. 


SPECIES V.—PYRUS COMMUNIS. Linn 
Piate CCCCLXXXVIII. 


Leaves on rather long petioles, oval or roundish, acuminate, 
cuspidate, or obtuse and apiculate at the apex, finely serrate 
or crenate-serrate on the margins. Flowers in simple corymbose 
cymes. Styles distinct to the base. Fruit elongate- or roundish- 
turbinate, not umbilicate at the base. 


Sus-Species —Pyrus Pyraster. Boreaw 
Pirate CCCCLXXXVIII. (principal figure). 


‘Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IT. p. 239, 
P. communis Pyraster, Zinn. Sp. Plant. p. 686. 


Branches more or less spiny. Leaves oval or oblong-ovate, 
shortly acuminate or sub-cuspidate, pubescent beneath when young, 
glabrous when mature. Styles as long as the stamens. Fruit 
elongate-pyriform, inversely conical towards the base. 

In woods, thickets, and hedges. Rare, and in many of its 
localities probably the produce of seeds of the garden pear 
accidentally dropped; most frequent in South of England, but 
extending as far North as Yorkshire and the Lake district. It has 
been said to occur at Clova, Forfarshire; but there is little doubt 
that it must have been introduced there, if not erroneously 
reported. 

England, [Scotland], Ireland. Tree. Late Spring. 

This form, if allowed to grow freely, is a tree 20 to 40 feet high, 
but when found in hedges is more frequently a shrub, not exceeding 
6 or 8 feet, in both cases with some of the branches armed with 
spines. Leaves fasciculate on the spurs, but distant on the shoots 
of the year, 1} to 24 inches long when full-grown, at first pu- 


252 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


bescent beneath on the veins and margins, but at length glabrous 
and shining, very finely serrate, with the serratures commonly 
blunt. Flowers rather few, entirely white, 1 to 1} inch across. 
Upper part of pedicels, calyx-tube, and segments woolly. Fruit 
tapering towards the base, 1 to 2 inches long. 


Sus-Srecires I1.—Pyrus Achras, “ Géirt.’(!), Boreau. 
Puate CCCCLXXXVIII. (separate flower and fruit). 
Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. I. p. 235. 


Branches more or less spiny. Leaves oval or roundish-oval, 
acute or abruptly acuminated, greyish flocculent when young, on 
both sides, and remaining slightly pubescent beneath when mature. 
Styles about as long as the stamens. Fruit globular-pyriform, 
rounded at the base. 

In woods, thickets, and hedges. Apparently much more rare 
than P. Pyraster. The unpublished figure among the drawings 
for English botany in the British Museum is from an Essex 
specimen, but it is not unlikely to have been overlooked in other 
places. P. Pyraster also occurs in Essex, from whence it has been 
sent me by Mr. Varenne. 


England. Tree. Late Spring. 


This has the leaves more downy than P. Pyraster and never 
becoming completely glabrous beneath. The pedicels and calyx- 
tube are more woolly, and the fruit sub-globular, about 1 inch long. 

Wallroth reverses the names Pyraster and Achras, as applied fo 
the two forms of wild pears by Professor Boreau. 


Wild Pear. 
French, Poirier Commun. German, Gemeiner Birnbaum. 


The fruit of the Pear in a wild state is scarcely eatable, being very harsh and acrid, 
and very small. The trees attain a very great age. M. Bose says that he has seen 
trees that were considered to be four hundred years old ; and Mr. Knight observes : 
“The period at which the Teinton squash pear first sprang from seed cannot now be 
at all ascertained, but I suspect that it existed as early as the sixteenth ceutury, and 
the identical trees which supplied the inhabitants of Herefordshire in the seventeenth 
century with liquor are likely to do the same good to those of the nineteenth. The Pear 
is mentioned by the earliest writers as common in Syria, Egypt, and Greece, from which 
country it appears to have been brought into Italy. Theophrastus speaks of the pro- 
ductiveness of some old Pear-trees, and Virgil mentions some Pears he received from 
Cato. The earliest notice of the Pear-tree extant is probably that of Homer, who, in 
the description he gives of the meeting between Laertes and Ulysses, mentions it as 
oue of the trees growing in the garden of the old king. The Romans cultivated thirty- 
six sorts. Possibly they introduced it into our island, and our Pear-trees may only be 


ROSACEA. 253 


descendants of the fruit-trees planted around the Roman villas ; but it is more likely 
that the monks were its first cultivators here ; and we still find gigantic Pear-trees 
standing on the sites of old monastic gardens and around the ruins of abbeys and 
monasteries. The Pear is mentioned by Chaucer, and in the time of Henry VIII. it 
appears that the “Warden Pear” (so called from its property of keeping) was in cultiva- 
tion. Gerarde enumerates seven sorts of what he calls “ tame pears,” and says, “ those 
most rare and good are growing in the garden of Master Richard Pointer, a most cun- 
ning and curious graffer and planter of all manner of rare fruits, dwelling in a small 
village neere London called Twickenham ; and also in the ground of an excellent gratfer 
and painfull planter, Mr. Henry Banbury, of Touthill Street, neere Westminster ; and 
likewise in the ground of a diligent and most affectionate lover of plants, Mr. Warner, 
neere Horseydowne, by London ; and in divers other grounds about London.” To this 
is added, in 1596 : “ Most of the best peares are at this day to be had with Mr. John 
Miller, in Old Street, in whose nursery are to be found the choicest fruits this kingdome 
yields.” With regard to the great variety of Pears now in cultivation, we can but quote 
Gerarde’s words, who in his day found it impossible to describe all that were then in 
use ; what would he now have said to see any of our horticultural lists? He observes : 
“ To describe each apart were to send an owl to Athens, or to number those things that 
are without number.” Turner, in 1573, in his list of fruits, mentions “ peeres of all 
sorts.” Parkinson enumerates sixty-four sorts ; Mortimer, in 1708, has many sorts ; 
aud Miller has selected eighty sorts. The catalogue published by the Horticultural 
Society in 1835 contained 677 kinds, and it is from this list that most of our writers 
on horticulture quote ; still, we know that there are constantly additions made to the 
number of Pears in cultivation, and great improvements in their treatment. 

The choice of Pears depends greatly on the purposes for which they are to be used, 
and gardeners select them accordingly. Worcestershire, Herefordshire, and Devonshire ° 
are the chief counties in England where Pears are grown. In the armorial bearings of 
Worcestershire we find three pears introduced, and we believe the perry made in that 
county excels any other save that produced in France and the Channel Islands. We 
. find in Don’s “ Gardener’s Dictionary” the following directions as to the choice of 
Pears :—“ Dessert Pears are characterized by a sugary aromatic juice, with the pulp soft 
and subliquid or melting, as in the Beurres or Butter Pears. Kitchen Pears should 
be of large size, with the flesh firm, neither breaking nor melting, and rather austere 
than sweet, as the Wardens. Perry Pears may be either large or small, but the more 
austere the taste the better will be the liquor. Excellent perry was made from the 
Wild Pear.” 

The great use of the Pear-tree is for its fruit ; but it is by no means an unpicturesque 
tree in a landscape ; and in the spring, when covered with its white blossoms, we can 
seldom see a prettier sight. It would be well to remember that with the very same 
trouble and expense that is often employed to produce inferior kinds of Pears, might 
be grown the very best sorts, and that the quality of the timber and the effect in a 
landscape is as good in a tree yielding a fine-flavoured juicy fruit as in one that pro- 
duces fruit which is dry, hard, and gritty. Not only are Pears used in their natural 
state as a dessert fruit, but they are equally good when stewed or preserved. In France 
aud Belgium the fruit is very generally dried in ovens, in which state it forms an article 
of commerce, and will keep good for a year. In France they are prepared in two ways, 
—either simply dried in an oven, or preserved as we see them in boxes in the grocers? 
shops. This latter mode of preparation consists in gathering them before they are 
quite ripe, care being taken to preserve the stalk. They are then parboiled in very 


254, ENGLISH BOTANY. 


little water, peeled and placed on dishes with the stalks uppermost. In this state a 
kind of syrup runs from them, which must be carefully poured out and set on one 
side ; they are then placed on frames in an oven, and left there for twelve hours, from 
which they are removed and steeped in the syrup sweetened with sugar and brandy : 
this process is repeated four times, and they are then left to dry, and if properly done will 
be of a clear pale-brown colour, with fine half-transparent flesh. They are then arranged 
in boxes, garnished with white paper, and offered for sale. They will remain good for 
three years, but are considered best the first year. 

The mode of making perry is precisely the same as for making cider, which is 
described under the Apple. The Pears should be gathered before they begin to fall, and 
they should be ground as soon as possible, to prevent the slight taste of decomposition 
which is often observable in perry unless very carefully made. Every Pear-tree, when 
fully grown and in good soil, will produce about twenty gallons of perry a year, and 
some in Herefordshire have yielded a hogshead in one season. Pears were considered 
by the Romans to be an antidote to poisonous mushrooms, and we believe that nothing 
is better than a draught of perry after an imprudent feast of that vegetable. Both 
pears and apples contain an acid known to the chemist as malic acid ; it is also present 
in large quantities in the berries of the mountain-ash. This acid is used largely in calico- 
printing operations, especially where a white figure is required on a black ground: it 
is employed to discharge the black colour, which it does without injuring the cloth. 
Recently it has been found that apples and pears contain so much of this malic acid as 
to make them valuable chemical agents, and it is feared by the lovers of cider and perry 
that the price given for them for this purpose may diminish the quantity of these 
favourite beverages. 

With regard to the practical cultivation of the Pear-tree, we are told that a dry 
deep loam is the best soil for it. Gravel is a good subsoil where the incumbent mould 
is suitable. For wall trees the soil should be made good to the depth of two or three 
feet ; for orchard trees eighteen inches may do. Pear-trees on their own stocks will thrive 
on soil where apples will not even live, supposing the plants to be hardy varieties, little 
removed from wild pears, and to have room to grow freely as standards. Mr. Knight's 
mode of training a Pear-tree is as follows :— 

“A young pear stock, which had two lateral branches upon each side, and was 
about six feet high, was planted against a wall early in the spring of 1810, and it was 
grafted in each of its lateral branches, two of which sprang out of the stem about four 
feet from the ground, and others at the summit in the following year. The shoots 
these grafts produced were about a foot long, were trained downwards, the undermost 
nearly perpendicular, and the uppermost just below the horizontal line, placing them 
at such distances that the leaves of one shoot did not at all shade those of another, 
In the next year the same mode of training was continued, and the year following I 
obtained an abundant crop of fruit.” 

The wood of the Pear-tree is heavy, strong, compact, and of a fine grain slightly 
tinged with red. It is readily stained black, and then so closely resembles ebony as 
scarcely to be distinguishable from it. It is a good wood for many purposes in the ars,t 
and is an excellent fuel. 

The oldest Pear-trees in the neighbourhood of London are at Twickenham, where 
they may be seen from fifty to sixty feet high, and with trunks from eighteen inches to 
three feet in diameter, and in all probability came from the nursery of Master Richard 
Pointer, Gerarde’s “ curious and cunning graffer.” In Herefordshire there stood in the 
year 1805 a tree which more than once filled fifteen hogsheads of perry in the same 


ROSACE.. 255 


year. It covered an acre of ground, and would have extended much further had Nature 
been left to herself. It is said to have been in its greatest perfection about 1776, and 
in 1836 was still standing. 


Section II1.—MALUS. Tournef. 
Styles combined at the base, fruit sub-globose, umbilicate at the 
base. 
SPECIES VL—PYRUS MALUS. Linn, 
Puates CCCCLXXXIX. CCCCXC. 


Leaves on short or moderately long petioles, oval or roundish- 
oval, generally acuminate or cuspidate, rather finely and unequally 
serrate or crenate-serrate. Flowers in simple umbels. Styles 
united at the base. Fruit sub-globose, umbilicate at the base. 


Sus-Srecies I—Pyrus acerba. D. C. 
Pirate CCCCLXXXIX. 
Gr. & Godr. F 1. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 572. 
Malus acerba, “ erat.” Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. p. 236. 
P. Malus, var. a, acerba, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 117. 
P. Malus, var. a, sylvestris, Leighton, Fl. Shrop. p. 527. 
P. Malus, var. a, glabra, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 261. 
P. Malus, var. a, acida, Wallr. Sched. Crit. p. 215. 


Young branches glabrous or finely pubescent. Leaves pubescent 
on the veins when young, glabrous when old. Pedicels elongated, 
slightly pubescent towards the summit. Calyx-tube sub- elabrousl 

Fruit drooping, about as long as, or shorter than, its pedicel. 
In woods, thickets, and hedges. Not unfrequent, and generally 
distributed, in the South and midland counties of England. I have 
never seen it in Scotland. 


England, Scotland? Ireland? Tree. Early Summer. 


A small tree, or more frequently a large shrub. Leaves 1 to 2 
inches long when mature, oval or roundish- oval, abruptly acuminate 
or very shortly cuspidate at the apex, only slightly downy when 
young and becoming quite glabrous even beneath. Flowers rather 
few, 13 inch across, w white w ithin, red on the outside. Calyx-segments 
w oolly only on the inside. Fruit 2 to Linch in diameter, yellowish 
when ripe, with a depression at the base into which the peduncle i is 
inserted. 


Common Crab-apple. 
French, Poirier Acerbe. 


As a picturesque tree, this is perhaps one of the most beautiful, and whether in 
flower or fruit is equally pleasing to the eye. ‘The pretty red fruit is so exceedingly 


256 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


acid and harsh, that it cannot be eaten in an uncooked state, but makes a very pleasant 
preserve when boiled with sugar. The French commonly call the apples Cider Apples, 
and the juice known as “ verjuice ” has given rise to a proverb from its acidity, and is a 
favourite remedy in rural districts for sprains and bruises. In Ireland, the juice is often 
added to cider to give it roughness. 


Sus-Specres Il.—Pyrus mitis. 

Piatt CCCCXC. 
P. Malus, var. 3, mitis, Wal/r. Sched. Crit. p. 215. 
P. Malus, D.C. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 571. 
Malus communis, “ Poir.” Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. p. 236. 
P. Malus, var. 3, tomentosa, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 117. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 

et Helv. ed. ii. p. 261. 

P. Malus, var. (3, sativa, Leighton, Fl. Shrop. p. 527. 


Young branches, underside of leaves, pedicels, and calyx-tube, 
woolly, pubescent. Fruit sub-erect, longer than the peduncle. 

In hedges and thickets. Not uncommon in England and the 
South of Scotland, but most probably generally, if not always, 
derived from the seeds of the cultivated apple. 


England, [Scotland], Ireland? Tree. Summer. 


This plant is, no doubt, the original stock of all the cultivated 
apples which have shortly-stalked fruit. The leaves are generally 
larger, more oval, and with rather shorter petioles and less distinctly 
cuspidate than those of the crab-apple; the red and white in the 
flower is more in stripes, and the whole plant more woolly. It 
begins to flower a little earlier than P. acerba, and appears to 
perfect its fruit less readily, as I have frequently seen the crab 
fruiting freely beside P. mitis on which no fruit was set. 

The name tomentosa cannot be applied to this plant, as there is 
already a P. tomentosa of De Candolle. 


Wild Apple. 
French, Pyrus Pommier. German, Gemenier Apfelbaum. 


The source from whence we derived our first cultivated Apples is somewhat 
obscure ; but it is certain that no fruit is brought to so great a state of perfection at 
the present time in Great Britain, and with so little trouble, the climate and soil seeming 
to be specially adapted to it. The Apple is mentioned by the most ancient Greek 
writers, and in Pliny’s time it was cultivated in abundance in the villages around 
Rome, and many of the sorts took their names from the first grafters. In all proba- 
bility, the cultivated Apple was first introduced into our island by the Romans,— 
possibly by some of the monks who established themselves here, and founded religious 
houses, the gardens of which were well supplied with fruit-trees. The Apple known 
as the pippin, from being orignally raised from pips or seeds instead of by grafting, 
was brought by Leonard Maschal, in the sixteenth year of the reign of Henry VIIL, 
from France ; and numerous other varieties were imported shortly after. In Shake- 
speare’s time Apples of this sort seem to have been much esteemed, if we may judge 


ROSACEX. 257 


from Justice Shallow’s invitation to Falstaff :—* You shall see mine orchard, where in 
an arbour we will eat a last year’s pippin of my own grafting.” The practice of 
grafting, or grafling as it is called, is of very ancient origin, and is now constantly used 
as a method of perpetuating the varieties originally obtained from seed. A notion was 
formerly entertained that the grafts would only last as long as the parent tree ; but 
there seems no reason to doubt that if the operation of grafting be properly performed, 
the graft may be as durable as a tree raised from seed, and the kind perpetuated indefi- 
nitely. The best Apples in Gerarde’s time were the queening-pearmains, the para- 
dise, and some other sorts. He tells us that “Kent doth abound with Apples of 
most sorts,” and adds: “But I have seen in the pastures and hedgerows about the 
grounds of a worshipfull gentleman dwelling two miles from Hereford, called Master 
Roger Bodnome, so many trees of all sorts, that the servants drinke for the most part 
no other drinke but that which is made of Apples. The quantity is such, that by the 
report of the gentleman himselfe, the parson hath for tithe many hogsheads of syder. 
The hogs are fed with the fallings of them, which are so many, that they make choice 
of those apples they do eate, who will not taste of any but of the best; an example, 
doubtless, to be followed of gentlemen that have land and living: but envie saith, the 
poore will breake down our hedges, and we shall have the least part of the fruit ; but 
forward in the name of God,—graffe, set, plant, and nourish up trees in every corner 
of your ground ; the labour is small, the cost is nothing, the commodity your selves 
shall have plenty, the poore shall have somewhat, in time of want, to relieve their 
necessitie, and God shall reward your good minds and diligence.” 

Herefordshire and Worcestershire are the counties in England where the most 
Apples are grown, and in the early spring the white blossoms of the trees form a dis- 
tinctive feature in the landscape, as the ripe and ruddy fruit amidst the green leaves 
does in the autumn. Some of the oldest Apple-trees in existence are to be found in 
Herefordshire, and the number of varieties there cultivated are numerous ; but in the 

‘catalogue of Apples published by the Horticultural Society of London we find 1,400 
different sorts enumerated and described ; and this list is increased every year. 

The wood of the Apple is hard and tough, and well fitted for the use of the 
turner : that of the Wild Apple is superior to the cultivated variety. The uses of the 
Apple as an eatable fruit are very numerous. Apples are equally good cooked and 
in a raw state, and may be easily preserved in the form of jelly, and also by a process 
which is carried on chiefly in Norfolk, of drying them slowly in bakers’ ovens and then 
pressing them flat till they are perfectly soft and of a rich brown colour. Apples so 
prepared will keep for many months, and are sold under the name of “ biffins,” really 
beau fins. The chief commercial value of Apples is in the manufacture of cider, which 
is carried on extensively in Herefordshire, Worcestershire, and Devonshire. In the 
two former counties large orchards of Apple-trees cover many acres of ground, especi- 
ally with a view to this beverage. The fruit is allowed to remain on the trees until 
perfectly ripe. It is then gathered and placed ina crushing-mill, and the juice expressed 
by a very heavy roller. This is allowed to ferment ; and it is in the careful attention to 
this process that the excellence of the cider consists.) The usual produce of an Apple- 
tree is from one to two hogsheads of fruit, which will, under the most favourable circum- 
stances, yield one hogshead of cider; but more commonly it requires three trees to 
produce two hogsheads. Upon an average, about twenty-six to thirty bushels of Apples 
yield a hogshead of cider, and a single acre of good orchard-land will sometimes furnish 
from five to six hundred bushels of fruit ; but the produce varies greatly, as the blossom 
of the Apple, like that of most of our fruit-trees, is likely to be injured by the late 


VOL. III. alee 


258 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


spring frosts and dry winds. The Devonshire cider differs from that of Worcestershire 
and Herefordshire in being sweeter, weaker, and not so likely to keep good. 

The Apple-tree sometimes attains a considerable age ; several now exist in this 
country which must be above two centuries old ; and one is still standing at Horton, 
in Buckinghamshire, which is said to have been a large tree in the time of Milton, who, 
in his boyhood, sat under its shade. Gerarde tells us that the use of Apples in an 
ointment made of “swine’s grease and rose-water, for the purpose of beautifying the 
face and take away roughnesse of the skin, gave rise to the name pomatwum, because or 
the apples whereof it is made.” 

The Apple-tree flourishes best on hill-sides with a southern aspect, and prefers a 
rich deep soil ; but it will grow in almost any situation but in bog or loose sand. Stag- 
nant water is very injurious to it, and an orchard should always be well drained. Since 
the latter end of the last century the Apple-trees have been injured by the attacks of 
an aphis, which often covers the branches with a cotton-like exudation, and occasions 
a diseased growth, which is often destructive to the tree. In order to get rid of these 
troublesome creatures, there is no way but cleaning them off with a brush and water or 
lime-water, and even to amputate the branches when they have been some time at work. 
Other remedies are suggested and employed by gardeners, but they require care and 
skill in the application, lest the structure of the tree be injured. We find a mixture of 
sulphuric acid and water recommended with which to wash the tree, also a mixture of 
vegetable tar and corrosive sublimate to be smeared on the trees, and train-oil is by some 
thought to be a good application. Much of the success, however, attendant on the use 
of any composition depends on its being carefully and thoroughly applied. We rather 
think frequent and careful applications of a stiff brush and simple water is as effectual 
as any other remedy. In order to store Apples well in a fruit-room, it must be remem- 
bered that there must be plenty of ventilation, and, if possible, a fireplace ; and the 
fruit should be laid apart on shelves one above the other, made of open or lattice-work, 
if the fruit is desired to keep well and for some time. 

The Apple-tree seems to be associated with our very earliest notions of a garden 
and the fall of man, and is not only thus interwoven with our earliest religious im- 
pressions, but it is also the tree which is distinguished by legends in the mythology 
of the Greeks, Scandinavians, and Druids. The golden fruit of the Hesperides was an 
apple; and it was the apple of discord which caused so much calamity to the fair 
goddesses amongst whom it was thrown. The Druids paid particular reverence to the 
Apple-tree, because the mistletoe was supposed to grow only on it and the oak. Hercules 
was worshipped by the Thebans under the name of Melius, and apples were offered at 
his altars. Even in recent times, the custom of christening or saluting Apple-trees 
exists in some parts of the country on Christmas-eve. The farmer and his men proceed 
to the orchard, bearing a bowl of cider with a toast in it ; they pour the cider about the 
roots of the trees, and place the toast on its branches. Having offered their oblation, 
they sing somewhat in the following words :— 


“ Here’s to thee, old Apple-tree 
Wheuce thou mayst bud and whence thou mayst blow ; 
And whence thou mayst bear apples enow. 
Tlats full! caps full! 
Bushel, bushel, sacks full ! 
And my pockets full too! 


” 


Huzza ! 


ROSACEA. 259 


This is sometimes done on Twelfth Night as well as on Christmas-eve. The ceremon, 
differs somewhat in different districts, occasionally having the addition of numerous 
little fires being lighted on the orchard-ground during the performance. The Waszail- 
bowl of our ancestors, which formed a part of all their festivals, was composed of ale, 
sugar, nutmeg, and roasted apples, which every person partook of, each one taking an 
apple out of the bowl and drinking the liquor. Sometimes the roasted apples were 
bruised and mixed with milk or white wine instead of ale. The custom of putting 
roasted apples into ale is recognized by Shakespeare, where Puck is describing his 


feats :— 
“ Sometimes I lurk in a gossip’s bowl, 


In very likeness of a roasted crab ; 
And when she drinks, against her lips I bob, 
And on her wither’d dewlap pour the ale.” 


The custom of bobbing for apples on All-Hallow E’en and on All Saints’ Day was once 
common in England, and is now practised in some parts of Ireland, and exists in modi- 
fied forms in Scotland and in various counties in England. Poets have sung the praises 
of the Apple-tree, and we cannot help quoting a few lines from Philips and from 
Thomson, the lover of nature in her various garbs :— 


“The pippin burnish’d o’er with gold ; the moyle 
Of sweetest honied taste ; the fair pearmain, 
Temper’d, like comeliest nymph, with white and red.” 


Of Apple-gathering Thomson says :— 


“The fragrant stores, the wide projected heaps 
Of Apples, which the lusty-handed year 
Innumerous o’er the blushing orchard shakes, 
A yarious spirit, fresh, delicious, keen, 

Dwells in their gelid pores ; and active points 
The piercing cider for the thirsty tongue.” 


Philips, in 1706, published a poemin praise of the “ Herefordian plant,” as he 
calls it, and speaks of 


“ John Apple, whose withered rind intrencht 
With many a furrow, aptly represents decrepid age.” 


A description which accounts for Falstaff’s anger at the sight of the fruit: “Thou 
know’st Sir John cannot endure an Apple John. The Prince once set a dish of Apple 
Johns before him, and told him there were five more Sir Johns, and putting off his hat 
said, I will now take my leave of these six dry, round, old withered knights. It angered 
him to the heart.” 

The acid produced by the Apple is the same as that of the Pear, and is of the 
same chemical value. Lately, the quantity of cider made in some districts has dimi- 
nished, owing to the fact of whole orchards of Apples being purchased for manufacturing 
and dyeing purposes. 

The Wild Apple-tree is the badge of the Highland clan Lamont, 


260 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


EXCLUDED SPECIES. 


SANGUISORBA MEDIA. Linn. 


Said to have been found by Mr. George Don in the West of 
Scotland; but doubtless erroneously, as it is an American plant 
not occurring at all in Europe. 


AREMONIA AGRIMONOIDES. D.C. 


A plant of South-eastern Europe, found by Mr. John Sim in 
woods at Scone, and in several parts of Perthshire; an escape 
from gardens, and, not having been noticed before 1856, no doubt 
avery recent one; so that it can scarcely yet claim a place amongst 
naturalized plants. 


POTENTILLA ALBA. Zinn. 
E. B. No. 1384. _ 


Said to have been found in Wales; but this has not been verified 
by recent observation. Probably P. Fragariastrum was mistaken 
for it. 

POTENTILLA INTERMEDIA. WSest. 
P. opaca, Sm. E. B. No, 2449. 


Said to have been found by Mr. G. Don on the hills of Clova 
and braes of Balquidder, and seashore opposite Dundee, but not 
found by any other botanist, and his authority alone is not sufficient 
to establish its occurrence. 


POTENTILLA TRIDENTATA. Sn - 
E. B. No. 2389. 


Said to have been found by Mr. G. Don on Werron Hill and 
East Rocks Loch, Brandy Clova; but no doubt Sibbaldia procum- 
bens has been mistaken for this American plant. 


RUBUS ARTICUS. Zina. 
E. B. No. 1585. 


Said to have been found on Ben-More, in the Isle of Mull, and 
on Ben-y-Gloe, Perthshire ; but recent search has failed to discover 
it. Mr. Watson had a specimen sent him which was said to have 
been gathered on a moor in Yorkshire, but he had reason to believe 
that the specimen was of garden origin. It appeared in the garden 


ROSACE®. 261 


of the late Mr. J. Irvine Boswell, Kingcausie, near Aberdeen, on 
a bank of peat mould brought from the neighbourhood in prepara- 
tion for a rhododendron bed; but careful search failed to detect it 
growing on the spot whence the mould was brought, and after a 
few years the plant died out in the garden. It is not an unlikely 
plant to occur; the most probable place for it is the district near the 
Sow of Atholl, where the Menziesia czerulea is found. 


RUBUS TOMENTOSUS. Borkhaus. 


A plant found at Horseton Hill, near Harrow, Middlesex, has 
been supposed to be a variety of this plant; Professor Babington, 
however, considers it is not that plant, but probably R. leu- 
costachys. 


ROSA CINNAMOMIA. 
E. B. No. 2388. 
Said to have been found in the wood at Aketon, near Pontefract 
Castle, and at Birk Hill, Galston, Ayrshire; no doubt escaped from 


cultivation. 
ROSA DICKSONTIL. Lindley. 


E. B. 8. No. 2707. 


Said to have been found in Ireland by Mr. J ames Drummond, 
but probably not native. 


ROSA LUCIDA. Z£nhrh. 


Mr. Borrer found this American plant near Keswick, where it 
had been mistaken for R. cinnamomia. 


ROSA POMIFERA. Hern 


Found at Coates Heath, Staffordshire, by the Rev. R. C. 
Douglas; but probably escaped from a garden, as it is not unfre- 
quently cultivated. 


PYRUS SEMIPINNATA. Roth. 
Pyrus pinnatifida, Zirh. ? Smith, E. B. No. 2331. 


The figure in English Botany appears to represent a plant 
which is commonly cultivated in gardens and ornamental planta- 
tions. I have received it from M. Huguenin, of Chambery, under 
the name of Sorbus hybrida. It seems to be quite distinct from 
the Scandinavian and Arran plant named Sorbus fennica by Fries, 
but has no claims to be considered as indigenous in Britain. 


262 ENGLISH BOTANY. 


Tam unable to discover whether the P. pinnatifida of Ehrhart 
belongs to this or to P. fennica, though it is probably to the former, 
as I have seen none but Scandinavian specimens of the latter. 


INDEX TO LATIN NAMES. 


[Species in CAPITALS, Sub-species in small letters, and Synonyms in italics.) 


PLATE 
AGRIMO'NIA 

—— EUPATO'RIA, Linn..... 
Eupato'ria, var. Benth. .. 
— odora'ta, Mill. .... 


ALCHEMIL'LA 


— ALPI'NA, Jinn..... 
— ARVEN'SIS, Scop......... 
— alpina, var. 8, Hook. & Arn. 


ececxxiv. 
eccexxiv. 


— CONJUNCTA, Bab....... 
— monta'na, Willd. ........eeeeeeeeee 
— VULGARIS, Linn. .... 
— vulga'ris 8, subseri’cea, Koch.......- 


ANTHYL'LIS 


— 6Dillen'tt, Schultz.......ccecsceeses 
— VULNERA‘RIA, Linn. 
— Vulnera'ria, Bor.......... 


APH'ANES 
— arven’sis, Linn... 


APORAN'THUS 


— Trifolias'trwm, Blomf. ........cccxlv. 


AREMO'NIA 
—— agrimonioi'des, D. C. (excluded) .... 


ARTHROLO' BIUM 
—— ebractedtum, D.C.. 


ASTRAG'ALUS 


— ALPINUS, Linn. 
— campestris, Linn....... 
— GLYCYPHYL'LUS.. 

— HYPOGLOTTIS, Linn. 
uralen'sis, Linn. ....... 


COM ARUM 
— palustre, Linn... 


.. ceeexvii. 
«. cCCCXVill. 
cceexVili. 


oe ++ CCCCXKV. 
eccexxii. 


«. CCCCXXiii. 


+. CCCXXKiii, 
+ CCCXXxiii, 


oe cece cece CCCCEXI. 


« ce cece ce COXXIX. 


secs aces CCCIXXV, 
+. cccelxxiv, 
«. ceclxxvii. 
+» ceclxxvi. 
+». ceclxxiii. 


+ CCCCXXXVii. 


Se 
PAGE PLATE 
CORONIL'LA 
129 | —— varia, Linn. (excluded) ....eeeeeeee 
131 
131 | COTONEAS'TER 
— VULGA‘RIS, Lindl. ....cccelxxvii. 
140 | CRAC'CA 
136 
—— major, Frank. ...+..e0 eee CCCIXXXV. 
ic) Minor, Riv. ...e00eeeeee 00 CCCiXXxii. 
139 
133 | CRATAGUS 
on ee A'ria, Linn. (in part) ....cceclxxxii. 
138 | __ A’ria, Linn. (in part) .... ececlxxxiii. 
— A’ria, var. a, scan‘dica, Linn. 
eccclxxxiv. 
20 | —— Aria, var. B, Sue'cica, Linn. 
19 cecclxxxiv. 
19 | —— A’ria, var. y, Linn. ......cccolxxxv. 
—— monog’yna, Jacq......----. ccoclxxx. 
— OXYACAN'THA, Linn. 
cecclxxix. & ececlxxx. 
186 | —— Qxyacan'tha, Jacq.........cceclxxix. 
— Osxyacan'tha, var. B, monog'yna, Bab. 
eccclxxx. 
cyt || = oxyacanthoi'des, Thuill... .. cccclxxix. 
— tormina'lis, Linn........--- cccclxxi. 
CY'TISUS 
260 ‘ 
—— scopa'rius, Link. ..+..+«-++CCCXXIX. 
DRY’'AS 
78 
—— depres'‘sa, Bab.. aeeicewaien saicarers 
—— OCTUPE'TALA, Tim Seiciemd CCCCLE: 
733 | ERVUM 
72 
. gracile, D. C.s.seeeeeeees ecelxxxiv. 
ya | — hirsu'tum, Linn, .... +++ ecelxxxii. 
71 | —— ttrasper’mum, Lion. ...... ccclxxxiii. 
FALCAT'ULA 
153 | —— Falso-trifo'lium, Brot. ...... ecexly. 


PAGE 


113 


233 


87 
84 


243 
244 


245 


245 
247 
237 


236 
236 
257 
237 
236 
241 


il 


201 
201 


86 
84 
85 


34 


264 ENGLISH 
PLATE PAGE | 
FRAGA’RIA 
— ELATIOR, Fhrh. ...... eceexxxix. 156 
magna, Thuill. .......... cecexxxix. 156 
—— moscha'ta, Duch, ........cccexxxix. 156 
— ster'ilis, Linn.............cccexxvii. 143 
— VESCA, Linn. ........cccexxxviii. 154 
GENIS'TA 
— ANG'LICA, Linn. ........ ccexxvi. 8 
— PILO'SA, Linn. .......... ecexxvii. 9 
scoparia, Lam. ............ecexxix, 11 
—— TINCTORIA, Linn. .... ecexxviii. 9 
GE'UM 
— INTERME'DIUM, Firh. ..cccclviii. 199 
— RIVA'LE, Linn. ..........cccclix. 200 
—— urba'no-riva'le, Meyer .. +++. cccclviii, 199 
— URBA'NUM, Linn.........cccclvii. 197 
HEDYS'ARUM 
— Onobry'chis, Linn, ........ccclxxxi. 81 
HIPPOCRE'PIS 
—— COMO'SA, Linn. ......+...ecclxxx. 79 
LATH'YRUS 
— APH’ACA, Linn. ........ecexevii. 101 
—— bithyr'icus, Lam. ..........ecexevi. 99 
— HIRSU'TUS, Linn.........ccexcix, 103 
—— LATIFO'LIUS, Linn. ......cccciii. 107 
— MACRORRHIUZOS, Wimm...cccevi. 110 
—— MARITIMUS, Big. ........eceev. 109 
monta'nus, Bernh. ..........eccevi. 110 
—— NIGER, Wimm. ..........ccecvii. 11h 
— NISSO'LIA, Zinn......... ecexeviii. 102 
— PALUSTRIS, Zinn. ........cccciv. 108 
— PRATEN'SIS, Zinn........... cece. 104 
— SYLVESTRIS, Zinn. ......ccccii. 106 
— TUBERO'SUS, Linn. ........cceci. 105 
LO'TUS 
—— ANGUSTIS'SIMUS, Linn. 
cecelxxi. & ecclxxii, 68 
angustis'simus, Koch ........ ecelxxi, 69 
angustis' simus, var. a, Benth... ceclxxi. 69 
angustis'simus, var. his'pidus, Benth. 
ecelxxii. 69 
—— angustis'simus, var. ma'jor, 
Hook. & Arn... ccclxxii. 69 
—— angustis'simus, var. mi'nor, 
Hook. & Arn,..ccelxxi. 69 
— CORNICULA'TUS, Linn. 
ecelxviii. & ecclxix. 65 
— cornicula'tus, Koch ........ ceelxvill, 65 
— cornicula'tus, vars. a and 3, 
Hook. & Arn... ceelxviii. 65 


BOTANY 


PLATE PAGE 


LO'TUS 


—— cornicula'tus, vars. a, 3, and y, Bab. 
ccelxviil. 
—— cornicula'tus, vars. b and c, Benth. 
ecclxviii. 
— cornicula'tus, var. ma'jor, Benth. 
ecclxx, 
— cornicuia'tus, var. tenuifo'lius, 
Hook. & Arn... ceclxix. 
—— cornicuia'tus, var. ten'wis, Benth. 
ecclxix, 
—— diffu'sw, Sm .........0006. CCClxxi. 
eu-corricula‘tus .......... ccclxviii. 
— gracilis, Waldst. & Kit. .... ecclxxi. 
—— his'pidus, Desf. ............ccclxxii, 
— MA'JOR, Scop. ......2...-.ccclxx. 
—— tenuifilius, Reich... ........ ecclxix, 
— ten'uis, Kit........0scecese- Ccclxix. 
—— uligino'sus, Schkiihr. ........ccclxx. 


MA'LUS 


—— acer'ba, Merat ....00....cccclxxxix. 
—— communis, Poir ..seeeeeee +s CCCCXC, 


MEDICA'GO" 


aptcula'ta, Willd. ....0cscccecteoe 
—— DENTICULATA, Benth..cccxxxviii. 
denticula'ta, Willd. ...... CcCCXXXxviil. 
en-talontanmies cae neces oes. COCXXXVi, 
—— FALCA'TA, Linn. 
ecexxxv. & eccexxxvi. 
Salca'ta, Fries ............ cecxxxvi. 
—— falca'ta, var. B, Hook. & Arn. 
CCCXXXV. 
— falca'ta, B versicolor, Wallr.. . eeexxxv. 
—— falca'to-sativa, Gr. & Godr... ecexxxv. 
—— LUPULI'NA, Linn. .... ccexxxvii. 
—— MACULATA, Sibth. ....cccxxxix. 
média, Reich. .......... + CCCXXXV, 
— MIN'IMA, Zam. ............ ccexl. 
—— murica'ta, Willd. (excluded) ....... 2 
—— ornithopodioi'des, Fries ...... ccexly. 
polycar'pa, Willd. ........ ccexxxviii. 
—— polymorpha, Sm. E. B. .. .. ecexxxix. 
— SATIVA, Linn... ........ ecexxxiv. 
—— sylves'tris, Fries .......... CCCXXXY. 


MELILO'TUS 


—— AL'BA, Lam. ......0ece00e. ccxlii. 
— ARVEN'SIS, Wallr. ...... ccexliii. 
— indica, All... ........00.-0. eccxliv. 
—— leucan'tha, Koch ............ccexlii. 
macrorrhi'za, Pers. ..... «eee. CCCKIi. 
OFFICINA'LIS, Willd. ....ccexli. 
officina'lis, Lam. .... 2.26.00 ecexiiii. 


—— PARVIFLO'RA, Desf. ....cccxliv. 


255 
256 


26 
26 


22 


INDEX TO LATIN NAMES, 


PLATE 


MELILO'TUS 


—— Petitpierrea'na, Willd, ..e+seeeeees 
— viulga'ris, Wallr. ....-+++++ .. ccexlii. 


MES'PILUS 


Cotoneaster, Linn. ......cccclxxvil. 
—— GERMAN'ICA, Linn. .. cccelxxviii. 
—— monog'yna, Willd. .....+++- eccelxxx. 
— Oxyacan'tha, Willd, ......cccclxxix. 


ONOBRY’'CHIS 
—— SATI'VA, Lam. .......... ccclxxxi. 


ONO'NIS 


—— ARVEN'’SIS, Fries ........ ccexxxi, 
—— arven'sis, Sm. E. B. .......- CCCXXX. 
— arven'sis, var. a, Hook. & Arn. 
CCCXXxi. 
arven'sis, var. B, Hook. & Arn. 
cCCXxx. 
CAMPESTRIS, Koch ......cccxxx. 
spino'sa, Koch.... w+» CCCXXX, 


| 


meal 


procur'rens, Wallr........+++ eccexxxi. 

reclina'ta, Linn, ..........CCCxxxii. 

re'pens, Koch .....eeeeeeees cccxxxi. 
ORNITH'OPUS 


— EBRACTEA'TUS, Brot. ..ccclxxix. 
—— PERPUSIL'LUS, Linn... ccclxxviii. 


OROBUS 


—— miger, Linn, ...-.0e.0s---- CCOCVII- 
— sylvaticus, Linn. ........ceclxxxvi. 
—— tenuifo'lius, Roth. .........0-.+00 
‘—— tubero'sus, Linn. .........+.. CCccvi. 


OXYT’ROPIS 


— CAMPESTRIS, D. @. ....ccclxxiv. 
—— HAL'LERI, Bunge ......ccelxxiii. 
—— wralen'sis, D.C. .....2.... ceclxxiii. 


PHA'COA . 
—— astragalina, D. C........... ceclxxv. 


PI'SUM 


—— marit’imum, Linn... .. ++ ++ «+++ CCCCY. 


POTENTiL'LA 


al’ba, Linn. (excluded) .......-..-+ 
ALPESTRIS, Halt. fils. .. eccexxix. 
ANSERI'NA, Zinn. .. .. cocexxxiii. 
awrea, Smith ...... oe ee es COCCEXIX, 
ARGEN’TEA, Linn... .... cccexxxv. 
COMA’RUM, Nestl. .... cecexxxvii. 
eut-Tormentil la ....00 0000 ++ CCCCXXX, 


VOL, III. 


PAGE 


32 
31 


233 
235 
236 
237 


81 


109 


PLATE 


POTENTILULA 
—— FRAGARIASTRUM, Zhrh. 


eccexXxvil, 
FRUTICO'SA, Linn. ....cceexxxvi. 
interme'dia, Nesl. (excluded)......-- 
mix'ta, Notte... 0. se eeeeeeeeeees 
opa'ca, Sm. (excluded) «+..++++++++ 
palustris, Scop. we ees CCCCXXXVIi. 
procum’bens, Sibth. .... ++ +. CCCCXxxl, 
REPTANS, Linn. ......cccexxxii. 
RUPESTRIS, Linn. .... ccccxxxiv. 
salisburgen'sis, Hinke......ccccxxix. 
SIBBAL’DIA......++.... cccexxvi. 
ster'ilis, Garcke.......+++ cccecxxvii. 
sylves'tris, Neck. .......- ++ CCCCXXX. 
—— TORMENTIU'LA, Schenk. 
eccexxx. & ccccexxxi. 
Tormentil'la, Sibth. .......- CCCCXXX. 
Tormentilla, var. a, Hook. & Arn. 
eccexxx. 
Tormentil'la, var. 8, Hook. & Arn. 
ccccxxXxi. 
tridenta’ta, Sm. (excluded).......-- . 
VER'NA, Linn. ......-. cccecxxviil, 
ver'na, var. Benth. ........ ccccxxix. 


POTERIUM 


—— dictyocar'pum, Spach. ......ccccxix. 
—— MURICA'TUM, Spach. .... ecccxx. 
—— platylo'phium, Jord. .......+ CCCexx. 
polyg'amum? W. & K.....-- eceexx. 
—— SANGUISORBA, Linn... .. ceccxix. 
—— Sanguisor'ba, var. murica'twm, Benth. 

ceccexXx. 
—— stenolo'phium, Jord. ....+. ++ CCCCXX. 


PRU'NUS 


—— A'VIUM, Linn. ........0--- ccccxi. 
—— CER’ASUS, Zinn. ....00.2+s cecexil. 
—— Cer'asus, var. A'vium, Benth... ccccxi. 
— COMMU'NIS, Huds. 
eceeviil. eeccix. & cecex. 
— commu'nis, var. domes'tica, Bab. 
eccex. 
commu'nis, var. insitit‘ia, Bab... ecccix. 
commu'nis, var. spino'sa, Bab., ecceviii. 
domes'tica, Linn. ...++eeeeee eceex. 
—— insititfia, Linn... oe eeceeee. e+ CCCCIX. 
—— PA'DUS, Linn.........+--. ccccxiii. 
spino’sa, Linn. ....se++++++ ccceviil. 


PY’RUS 


acer'ba, D. C. .. eccclxxxix. 
—— A’chras, Boreau......+ +. cecclxxxviii. 
— A/RIA, Hook. 

eccelxxxii, to cecclxxxv. 


2M 


Bee UR bea 


Pas 


ee ee nee 


PAOE 


266 


PLATE 


PY’RUS 


—— A’ria, Ehrh. (in part) ....cccelxxxii. 
—— A’ria, Ebrh. (in part) .... ececlxxxiii. 
A'ria, var. B, Hook. & Arn.,ccccelxxxv, 
A'ria, var. y, Hook. & Arn., eccclxxxiv. 
AUCUPA‘RIA, Giértn. .. cccclxxxvi. 
COMMU'NIS, Zinn... .. eceelxxxviii. 


DOMES'TICA, Sm. .... cecelxxxvii. 


QUSAUHIanh . re clctelaseic/sivisters iets eccc]xxxii. 

— fen'nica, Bab...........+- eccclxxxv. 
— intermedia, “ Ebrh.” Lindl. 

eccelxxxiv. 


MA’LUS, Linn., ececlxxxix. & eceexe. 
WED aT C5755 not aialateicielste e's CECOXCs 
Malus, var. acer‘ba, Bab., cecclxxxix. 
Ma'lus, var. a'cida, Wallr., cecelxxxix. 
— Malus, var. glu'bra, Koch, ecce]xxxix. 
— Malus, var. mi'tis, Wallr. .. .. ccecxe. 
— Malus, var. sativa, Leight. ..ccecexe. 
Ma'lus, var. sylvestris, Leight. 
eccc]xxxix. 
— Malus, var. tormento'sa, Koch, eecexe. 
—EMIGIB) a(n se7e ateraleseicysle) sore loiafe es COCORCS 
— pinnatif'ida, ‘‘ Ebrh.” Lindl. 
eccelxxxv. 
pinnatif'ida, “ Ehrh.” Smith, in part 
(excluded) 
Pyras'ter, Boreaw ......cccclxxxviil. 
rupic’ola sie eeinenejisie~ COCOLXYKII, 
scan'dica, Bab. .......... cccclxxxiv. 
semipinna'ta, Roth. (excluded) 
TORMINA'LIS, Zirh... .. cecclxxxi. 


RO'SA 


Andegaven’sis, Bast. ..cssceesseees 
BUVAICA, PPRIZEL te eleloloinieielen ateteljatiels 
ARVEN'SIS, Huds.......ceeclxxvi. 
GHUEN StS y, OTTO) «\s/cisieiele/elelalieieterais 
Bakeri, Déséglise ........cccc)xxiii. 
bibractea‘ta, Bast. <. cc ceasis sels <a 
Blondsealna, Rips. «icc vciceiieceiie we 
BOR’RERI, Woods........ eccclxxi. 
bractes'cens, Woods ........ cccclxxii. 
bractes'cens B, Woods ............+ 
CHIBI aS Miatelsieleleieieisicisie.s -«. cecelxxiii.* 
ce'sia, Borrer (in part) 
canes'cens, Baker 
CANINA, Linn. 
ceccelxxii. to cccc]xxiv. 
cantina, Woods: ..........0 
cinnamo’mia, Zinn. (excluded) ...... 
Celera'ta, Baker ccc. cccusecencie cies 
collt'na, Sm. ......see0e 
collina B, Woods ........cccclxxiv. 
COLGIONIN, ee KEM cielsisluivve'ele'e/siele eleleie’s 
coriifo'lia, Fries ....ee0+-. cccclxxii, 
corona'ta, Crepin ...+......cccclxy. 


ea 


ee ae ein 


-. cecelxxv. 


Ae 


ENGLISH 


PAGE 


BOTANY. 

PLATE 
RO'SA 
—— Crepinia‘na, Déséglise......... eense 


— CRYPTOPODA, Baker ....cecee- 
—— Dick'soni, Lindl. (excluded) ........ 
— Donia'na, Woods ..........cccelxv. 
dua lis, Bechst.\.\<:» sins7as sieiaelereatee 
—— dumeto’rum, ‘‘ Thuill.” Woods ...... 
— dumeto'rum, Sm. ..........eccelxxi. 
eu-hiber’nica, Baker........cccclxiii. 
Fors'teri, Sm. ...........+. ececlxxiv. 
glabra, Baker'.....- «s/s anememaatae 
gracilis, Woods sisain 
HIBER'NICA, Sm. ...... eccelxiii. 
tmodo'va, Borrer ........-. cecclxxi, 
involu’'ta, Sm. ...... Schavestierade 
JUNDZILLIA’NA, Besser... .....- 
lu’cida, Ehrh. (excluded) .......... 
lutetia'na, Dem. ...scescoceucwemane 
MICRAN’THA, Sm. ...... ececclxix. 
mollis, Sm... ..++0-e00-- CCCCIXVI. 
MOLLIS'SIMA, Fries .... eccclxvi. 
platyphyl'la, Raw. ........ccccesee 
platyphylloi'des, Rip. ......sseeeeee 
pruino’sa, Baker .... eeccceee 
pomif’era, Bork, (excluded) ........ 
re'pens, Scop. ............ cccclxxvi. 
Robertso'ni, Baker... «c csiesaaeeue 
RUBEL'LA, Sm........... cccclxii. 
RUBIGINO'SA, Linn... .. eccelxviii. 
SAB'INI (Woods) Baker .. .. cccclxv. 
Sabiunt, W0d8.'««/c<ine\ssjsesitanienions 
sarmenta'cea, Woods ...ceceecesess 
scabrius'cula, Woods ....seseseeees 
SE'PIUM, Thuill, (Lindley), eccelxx. 
SPINOSIS'SIMA, Linn. .... cecelxi, 
suberista‘ts, Baker... sw- aces 
SYS'TYLA, Woods........ccccelxxv. 
tomentel’la, Zem..s:.<weisc esicemmeeiee 
TOMENTOSA, Sm. ......cecclxvii. 
uncinel'la, Bess. .. 


Pec al Sis eA ee) lela Mca Mhe Ve! 


— urbica, Zeman........ «... cecclxxiv. 
—— verticellacan'tha, Mer.?..........05 
—— vinacea, Baker......ccccecscccucs = 


villo'sa, Auct. Angl. .. ....ecceclxxiv, 
— WIL'SONI, Borrer ........ cecelxiv. 
— Wat'soni, Baker ........ 


RU'BUS 


aihinis, W.. & NV. .. vc ance eoneeaien 
— althwifo'lius, Host. ....... 
amplifica'tus, Lees .... 
—— _ apicula'tus, W.? 0... cc cececccecece 
ar'ticus, Zinn. (excluded) .......e..- 
—— Babingto'nii, Bell Salt. .... 
— Balfouria’nus, Blow. 

— Bellar'di, N. ...... 
— Blox’ami, Lees..... 


pielenialateleleiatdatete 
eee eee. CCCCliV, 


See ee ee ew eee oo 


INDEX TO LATIN NAMES. 


PLATE 


RU'BUS 


ce'sius, Linn. cecelvi. 
ce’sius, var. agres'tis, W.& N. ....- ‘ 
ce’sius, var. aqua'ticus, W. & N. .... 
ca'sius, var. his'pidus, Bab...... +++ 
ce’sius, var. interme dius, Bab. .. 
ce’sius, var. ulmifo'lius, Bab... .....+ 
RONTEURS  ISIOX i /cic’aia: sig cic clvie.c clelselas 


carpinifo'lius, W. & N......-.4+ seis 
carpinifo'lius, Borrer ...... ececxlix. 
CHAM-EMO'RUS, Linn..... cccexl. 


ROBIN 218. Onn ccc vel’ ce ate oe0 eee 
cordayo linus, W. & Nic. cecescseces 
corylifo'lius, Sm. .......+.....cceclv. 
corylifolius, var. conjun'gens, Bab.... 
corylifo'lius, var. pur, gs eus, Bab... .. 
denticula tus, Bab. . 
dis‘color, W. &N... =ASsogna 
diversifo'lius, Lind... 
dumeto'rum, Blox.. 
fis'sus, Zind..... 
PONG SUS) We cies ss ceicee ASEISOHOCOD 
— FRUTICO'SUS, Linn. 

eccexliy. to eccclvi. 
— frutico'sus, Sm... .......... ecccxlvii. 
RUIN EEE TEND ois (cjelcjaik'sinicie eic\s/eie'e eis © 
— fusco-a'ter, Bab. (olim) ..........4. 
— fusco-a'ter, B Coleman'ni, Bab. ...... 
— fus'cus, Lees....... 
glandulo’sus, Bellard.. 
— Grabow'skii, W. ....seee. 
GURGHEIT his. i cicalcticw esas dene 
—— hir'tus, W. & K..... 2... cence cecees 
— hir'tus, var. a, Bab. (olim).......... 
hir'tus B Menkii, Bab. (olim).. 
— hir'tus, var y, Bab. (olim) .......... 
EARLE AUB Wine ic (cic sicls'e/cie(w civiere oeeree 
Ree NENVR ELIE, Wire wcae ce cscecenececue 


TEETER 


eccexlvii. 


eee ew ee een eee 


ae eee teens 


«ee eee CCCCliV, 
. eccexlix, 


— IDA'NUS, Linn............. eccexlii. 
— imbrica'tus, Hort...........0.0 0005 
—— incurva'tus, Bab... .......0..05 “G00 
——  tnfedtus, Bab. ......cccccccccsccce 
— Kohl'eri, W....... eievelate ler eve ecccliii, 


Tm Ue 0S ORDO Cn OBE OOOEOIIEEC 
— LEESTI, Babd.............ccccxliii, 
— Leighto'nii, Lees .. 
— Lejeun'ii, W. & N. .... 2... 2. ee eee 
— lentigino'sus, Lees ...... 


ee 


leucosta’chys, Sm. ........ ccccxlviii, 
Lindleia’nus, Lees ........... 
— macroan thus, Blox....... SOCUOMERIOL 
macrophyl'lus, W.......... -.. cecel, 
— macrophyl'lus, var. glabra'tus, Bab.... 
—— mucronatus, Blox............. ceccli. 
—— mucronula'tus, Boreau........ ceccli. 
—— nemoro'sis 3 fe'rox, Leight,.......... 


— 


PAGE 


179 
195 
195 
195 
196 
196 
196 
175 
175 
173 
158 
174 
158 
193 
193 
193 
184 
171 
187 
194 
165 
190 


162 
171 
186 
187 
174 
191 
190 
173 
188 
191 
189 
182 
190 
189 
181 
160 
170 
169 
186 
185 
170 
161 
184 
187 
167 
17z 
168 
172 
177 
178 
178 
178 
194 


PLATE 


RU'BUS 


pallidus, W..sccccccccccesscveces 
—— pampino'sus, Bab... 
—— plica'tus, W. & N........+.ccccxly, 
—— pseudo-Ide'us, Lej. 
pygme'us, W ..... SSA OnOCOUARar 
pyramida'lis, Bab. .... 
Radalas) Wee ccsicisciccweeeas COCCI, 
rhamnifo'lius, W. & N. ......02000- 
rosa‘ceus, W...... 
rubicolor, Blox. 
ru‘dis, W..... 
Sal'teri, Bab. ...... 


eee ee eee ene 


ee eee ee eee eee 


Se ewe ee ee ee ee teens 


er 


— Salter, Bab, (olim).......0c.eseoes 
— SAXATILIS, Zinn. ........ccccxl. 
—— scaber, W. . Saleluicisicisteleistecetute © 


Schlechtendal’i it, Ww. & N. slatale'eisiarete'e 
Sprenge'lii, W.. 
suberec’tus, aie. A 
sublus'tris, Lees .. 
ten'uis, Bell Salt.. 
thyrsoi'deus ......seeeeeeeee 20 oe me 
tomento’sus, Bork. (excluded)...... ++ 
tubercula'tus, Bab. .. 
wmbro'sus, Arrh. 
vesti'tus, W. & N.. 
villicau'lis, W. & N. 
steal Unithe Gepoce 
Vahlberg vi, Arrh. 


oe oe oe CCCCXliV. 


ere es 


eee e eee ee 
se eee we ee ween ee 
ee ee ewe ne eene 


we eee ee eeee 


a ahlberg'it, Bell Salt, aaleiclatalajeratainiate ee 
Wahlberg'it B glabra'tus, Bell Salt.... 


SANGUISOR'BA 


—— media, Linn. (excluded)........ +++ 
—— OFFICINA'LIS, Linn...... cecexxi. 


SAROTHAM'NUS 


—— commu'nis, ‘‘ Wimm.” Fries. . cecxxix. 
—— SCOPA’RIUS, Koch ......cccxxix. 
vulga'ris, “ Wimm,” Godr. ..cccxxix. 


SIBBAL'DIA 


—— procumbens, Linn,....... +. CCCcxxvi. 


SOR BUS 


—— A’ria, Crantz........2.0. cccclxxxii. 
—— A’ria, var. salicifollia, Myr. 
eccelxxxiii. 
—— Aucupd'ria, Linn, ...... cecclxxxvi. 
—— domestica, Linn. ........ cecclxxxvii. 


—— fen'nica, Fries ....... o.. cccclxxxv. 
+++» cccclxxxv. 


— hyrida, Linn. fil..... 
—— hyb'rida, Willd. (?) (excluded) ...... 
—— oblongifo'lia, Reich. .... .. cccclxxxiii. 
— scan'dica, Fries..........cceclxxxiv. 
— tormina'lis, Crantz ........ cccclxxxi. 


267 


186 
176 
166 
196 
182 
188 
184 
168 
181 
180 
183 
174 
175 
159 
182 
1i7 
179 
164 
193 
196 
172 
261 
194 
177 
173 
176 
176 
193 
193 
194 


260 
132 


ll 
ll 
11 


142 


243 


244 
248 
250 
247 
247 
261 
244 
245 
241 


268 ENGLISH 
PLATE PAGE 
SPAR'TIUM 
scopa'riwm, Linn, ......«...cccxxix. 11 
SPIRAVA 
—— FILIPEN'DULA, Zinn... ..cceexvi. 128 
— SALICIFOLIA, Linn...... cecexiv. 125 
— ULMA/RIA, Zinn. ........cccexv. 126 
TORMENTIL'LA 
-— erecta, Linn, ..............ccccxxx. 146 
— officina'lis, Sm. ............cccexxx, 146 
vep'tans, Linn, ............ccccxxxi, 147 
TRIFO'LIUM 
agra'vium, Huds......+......ecclxv. 60 
— ARVEN’'SE, Linn. .......... eccliv, 46 
— Bocconi, Savi...... aiokalelerefetalarsi COCLU a mma, 
——— CL EGANS) SAVItac siecle seule cicciee ere OS 
—— eu-incarna‘tum ..............ccclii, 44 
— FILIFORME, Linn. ......ccclxvii. 63 
— filifor’me, Koch ............ccclxvi. 62 
— FRAGIF’ERUM, Linn. ....ccclxiii. 58 
— GLOMERA'TUM, Linn.....ccelviii. 50 
— HYP’RIDUM, ZLinn.........ccclxi. 53 
—— hypb'ridum, Koch.............ccclxi. 58 
—— INCARNA'TUM, Linn. 
ecclii. & eecliii. 44 
tncarna'tum, Bor. ............ceclii, 44 
— mearna'tum, var. a, Auct. Plur. 
eccliii. 44 
—— incarndtum, var. B, Auct. Plur. 
eccliii. 45 
— leviga'tum, Desf......... Souaaebs i] 
—— macrorrhizum, W. & K.......ccexli. 29 
— MARIT'IMUM, Auds.........cccl. 42 
— ME'DIUM, Zinn. ........ccexlviii. 40 
—— micran'thum, Koch, ........ccclxvii. 63 
— MI'NUS, Relhan ..........ccclxvi. 62 
— Moline’rii, Bald. ............ ecclili, 45 
— OCHROLEU'CUM, Linn. .ccexlix. 41 
—— officina'le, Sm. ........0- +e. cecxli, 29 
— ornithopodioides, Sm. E.B.....ccexlv. 84 
——"parviflo'rum, Ehrh. (excluded) ...... 112 
— PRATEN'SE, Linn.........cecxlvii. 87 
—— praten'se, Reich............. ecexlvii. 37 
— PROCUM'BENS, Linn......ccclxv. 60 
—— procum'bens, Huds,..........ccclxvi. 62 
—— RE'PENS, Zinn.............ccclxii. = 54 
— RESUPINA'TUM, Linn.....ccclxiv. 59 
— sali’vum, Mill. .......ccecceceseccs 37 
-— SCA’BRUM, Linn...........ccclvii. 49 
— STELLA’TUM, Zinn. ........ eceli. 48 
— STRIA’TUM, Linn..........ccclvi. 48 
— STRIC’TUM, Waldst. & Kit. 
ceclz, 62 
~— SUBTERRA'NEUM, Limn., ceexlvi. 86 
— SUFFOCA'TUM, Zinn.......ceclix, 


57 | 


BOTANY. 


PLATE PAGE 


TRIFO'LIUM (MELILOTUS) 

— iidica, Linn.? ............ eccxliv. 
ornithopodioi'des, Linn, ......ecexlv. 
—— offcina'lis, var. B, Linn. ...... ecexlii. 
officinalis, var. y, Linn. ...... ccexli. 


TRIGONEL'LA 

—— ORNITHOPODIOI'DES, D.¢. 
eccxly. 

U'LEX 


CU-NA'DUS 2. oes cece ee ce ee es CCCXKY. 
— EUROPANUS, Linn. ...... ecexxiii. 
Gal'lii, Planch. ............ CCXXxiv. 
—— NA'NUS, FPorst..... ccexxiv. ecexxy. 
na'nus, Planch............«+CCCXXV. 
na'nus, var.a, Auct. Pl. ....ccexxv. 
—— nanus, B Gallii, Auct. Pl. .. ecexxiv. 
—— provincia'llis, Legall ........ ccexxiv, 
—— strictus, Mack,..... sa.cceceeseseeie 


VICTA 


—— angustifo'lia, Roth., ccexciii. & ecexciv. 
—— angustifolia, Sm. .......... cceexciv. 
—— angustifolia, Forst. +. CCCXCiii. 


BITHYN'ICA, Zinn. ...... ecexevi. 
Bobart'ti, Forst. ...........3 ecexciv, 
cassw'bica, var. Or'obus, D. C. 


ecclxxxvi. 
CRACA, Linn. ........ ccclxxxy. 
Go bY eaemaoceas oe ve ¢  OCOLE Kis 


——  eu-Rati’va .. 6... eee we ee oe COCXCIIL 
— GRACILIS, Lois ........ ecelxxxiv. 
— HIRSUTA, Koch ........ cecclxxxii. 
—— HYBRIDA, Linn........... cecxci. 
—— leviga'ta, Sm. ............ +. CCCXC, 
—— LATHYROIDES, Linn. .... ecexev. 
— LU'TEA, Linz., ccclxxxix. & ecexe. 
—— lv'tea, Sm. .............. ccclxxxix, 
—— OR'OBUS, D.C. ........ ccclxxxvi. 
—— SATI'VA, Linn. 
ecexcii. ecexciii. & ecexciv. 
—— sativa, Roth. ............0. ecexcil. 
—— sati'va, var. a, Hook. & Arn., ccexcii. 
—— sativa, var. B, D.C......... ccexciii. 
— sati'va, var. angustifo'lia, Hook, & Arn. 
ecexciii. & ecexciv. 
—— sativa, var. angustifolia, Bab. 
ecexciil. 
—— sati’va, var. y, Bobart'ii, Bab., ecexciv. 
— sativa, var. leviya'ta, Benth., ccexe. 
— SE'PIUM, Linn......... ecclxxxviil. 
— SYLVATICA, Linn. .... ccclxxxvii. 
— TETRASPERMA, Monch, ceelxxxiii. 
—— tetrasper'ma, var. a, Hook. & Arn. 
: ecclxxXxiii. 
— lttrasper'ma, B gracilis, Hook. & Arn. 
ecelxxxiv. 


33 
24 
81 
29 


w 
~ 


RARWIAARA 


INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 


PLATE 
Agrimony, Common ..........-. CCCCXVii. 


Fragrant............cccexvili. 


Alpine Cinquefoil, Yellow ...... Cveexxix. 
— Lady’s Mantle .......... cecexxv. 
Milk Vetch...... wecssees ceclxxv. 


PAISIRGICHDWEN vcfcre ciareeie cm eievjee cass CCCIXI. 
Apple Grab occ. sees ae 
Vil Loaiés Gbocboornee 
BN MOUNERIT \cic's oissieisicisiec as eecelxxxvi. 
Mountain, Bastard........ccceclxxxv. 
Avens, Intermediate ............cccelvili. 
Mountain ............ 
WEG Senacpugo sia tela eins ececlix. 
WWiGGGs gie,cc'c .. eccclvii. 


.. +. CCCCINXXIX. 
+... eceexe, 


ae cecelx, 


Baker’s Briar .... 2.000000... CCCCISXiii. 
PBaNBra Erroll, cicisic oe ce se'ciec os ee CCClill. 
Balfour’s Bramble... 
Barren Strawberry ..........-- cecexxvii. 
Bastard Mountain Ash ........cccclxxxv. 


ee ee wee rete tweens 


Beam, White, Common ........ eece]xxxii. 
—_— Lobed-leaved .... cccclxxxiv. 

LOM Ra tatetareiaielnci' eccelxxxiil. 
Bird Cherry..... Saoces ScADoanE cecexiii, 
PB IRC OO bi ec/s clea cic aleitic\a/s:s.¢,0/e\¢ 018 COCXIV, 


HOGMELT relay «ietsielniatsrs .. ceclxxviii. 
SAG ec) cious ec acai ea COCLXRLES 
Trefoil, Common .... ccc) xviii. 
Long-podded Small 


ecelxxi. 

NEAYSTieictalalee cle ecclxx. 

———__————_ Slender ...... ecelxix. 
Bithynian Vetch ...... Sean iseiPCCKCV I. 
Bitter Vetch, Black..... sacodinos cecevii. 
Tuberous ..........ccccvi. 

WiGOd rs fae se shine ecclxxxvi. 


Blackberry............cecexliv. to cccelv. 
Black Bitter Vetch .............. CCCCVii. 
Medick Sieiawiae.s \COCKEKVIE, 
Blackthorn ........00-20+2+00++ CCCCViii. 
BTOKAMI A YAM OB crcreeteate stoliwsle/cre cles esiz'e 
Blue Oxytropis ................ ccclxxiii, 
Boccone’s Trefoil..................ccelv, 
Borrer’s Rose ........eeeeeee. CCCCIXXi. 
Bramble, Balfour's” <0 ce. cceawcs cose oe 
BlOxam!B Us cawaeiee wereceie sc 6 
Broad-leaved...........- 
Brownish-black...........+.- 


os 
PAGE PLATE 
130 | Bramble, Buckthorn-leaved ...... eccexivi. 
131 MERRIE N casfecutalans/0'eie (RW er a(Sib angina 
145 GOIEMBIIS sarcicinis,e'slaietarelovcrvete ce 
141 Common........e +... ccccxl vii. 
74 Cuspidate-leaved ........ ccccli. 
54 | ———— Dwarf ..... FRO COLO OOCEOD TC os 
255 | ————— File-stemmed .......... eccelii. 
256 Glandular-stemmed ...... cceciv. 
248 Grabowski’s ...... oe +. CCOCEIEX, 
247 GMA ae eaictaetcisiclele cis letaieseieinic 
199 Hazel-leaved............cccclv. 
201 | ———— Hedgehog.............seesess 
200 Hornbeam-leaved..........e008 
198 Imbricated-leaved .........04. 
Incurved-leaved .........20.0- 
217 Intermediate... ....scesssecseee 
46 | —— Kohler’s ...... sis[eeie'erne CCOCIIIG 
192 Large-leaved ............ccccl. 
144 | ———— Leafy-flowered..........00-000 
247 | — Lejeune’s ...... ce eccccsenees 
244 Lesser sub-crect .....-e0see0. 
247 | — PING LG p18 ielcyacereici« aisle inversions 
245 | t——— Long-clustered........ cecexlviii. 
124 | — Mallow-leaved:.\. sccsasesiewscce 
85 | ———— Pilose-stemmed ............4. 
78 Plaited-leaved ..........ccccxlv. 
79 | ———— Pyramidal-flowered............ 
66 | — Rose-flowered ......scecceeeee 
TROURTI civ otel satalelalviciejersisnteciesie's 
69 MALLEN A: hciciccoeieciae nee eeceeies 
68 SSPFEDLEL Se 5: si0) cic w'sic's cieieisiacclarelals 
67 PON Giteaseeleeiesieiciaie/eevels COCORII. 
100 Sub-erect..............ccccxliv. 
112 Thyrsus-flowered ..........+-0 
TTY | Brailing... oc esesecesescciccsens 
89 Mahorcular’ (e:ccfetecieleclaie's orsieicie 
163 Various-leaved .........ee0000. 
112 | Briar, Baker's ................ cccclxxiii. 
24 Leathery-leaved.......... eccelxxii. 
115 SSOBISEIQHE Se claret eaicisisi oie eres « ecec] xxi. 
181 | Broad-leaved Bramble ...........+0ee008 
72 Everlasting Pea ...... cecciii. 
47 | Broom, Common.............+ ++ CCOXXiX. 
215 | Brownish-black Biamble.............05: 
192 | Buckthorn-leaved Bramble ......cccexlyvi. 
TOD Bullacasneee loceee eisteveata SCOGSDS ccecix, 
170 | Bur Medick, Little................cccxl. 
Burnet, Common Salad.......... << Ceccix, 


186 


270 ENGLISH 
PLATE PAGE 

Burnet, Great .cce..cccccnevcss.CCCCXXl 132 
Muricated Salad ..........cceexx. 136 

Rose, Common........-++- cecelxi. 204 
———— lish ............cccclxiii. 206 
Red-fruited........cccclxii. 205 

Bush Vetch............ eoee ee CCclxxxvill. 92 
Cherry, Bird........sceeseee.---cccexill, 124 
ID WATT tale slclersielele'sie'eisiejsipie A CCCCX1I. | LEO 

Write oosoascgao selnletaleiae CCCCXI. NL 20 
Cinquefoil, Alpine Yellow ...... ececxxix. 145 
Creeping .......... eccexxxil, 149 

— Hoary ..-........-ccccexxxv. 152 
—_— Marebc.cjcein cic csies eceexxxvil. 153 
————_ Shrubby .......... eecexxxvi. 152 
— Spring...........-.cccexxvili, 145 
Strawberry-flowered, cecexxxiv. 151 

Cloudberry ......... sha lsvelejeie Gnb608 ecceexl. 158 
Clover, Allsikets esa. cecenesciee acco, 04 
COW, Wale) sinlvlale'sla's clefeieiele ele) CCOXLV IIT hI: 
Crimson) wo. scene ne onoaoe ells, 255 

IDMAN, 59 Sans 2onO00 den000 ecelxii, 55 
Meadow .....seceeeeee CCCklVili, 41 
Intel ag oocooncodganooAoOS ecexlvii. 39 

— White ..................ceclxii. 55 
SViGLIOW. << /ci/cie/e|nicfociee s(CCCKEXVII,) | 120 

(Coarse FB ravIb] en rretelo(orersisielelelaie/alefarstalerelelas 183 
Colemantsebram ble «rae sietsioierere sleisteleraeter 174 
Columnar-styled Dog-rose ...... cecclxxv, 231 
Common Hawthorn ............cccclxxx, 237 
Cotoneaster, Common..........cccclxxvii. 284 
(Cow (Cloveriei-is ss e/s/vciseisccocte s/s CCCXLViting | Ail 
Crab-apple .......sc0ceeeees. cccclxxxix. 255 
Creeping Cinquefoil............ccccxxxii. 149 
Tormentil ............cccexxxi. 148 

Crimson Clover.........sseseeeee---ccclii, 45 
Cultivated Vetch, Common........ccexcii. 96 
Cuspidate-leaved Bramble..........ceecli. 179 
Dense flowered Trefoil ............ccclix. 52 
IDEw Denny, meisalsielsieici= sieisie oe ceeesecccclyi. 197 
Dog-rose, Columnar-styled ......cecclxxv. 231 
— Common ............cccclxxiv. 226 
Downy-leaved Rose ...........-cccclxvii, 209 
Dropwort cc cciceeeccecvccviecicneeCCCCXVi,, 129 
Duckling Vetch...........0.+2.+- ccecciv. 109 
Dutch Clover...........0..002---ccclxii. 55 
DiwarhpP ramble setesteciccisiviciinets els aiesicctcle 182 
——— Cherry .....eeeeeeeeee-s-ccexil, 123 
NUT ZO Wie inlelnicinle\=ialvieisieimieis wn CCCKKY. 7 
Dyers’ Green Weed .........--.cccxxviii, 10 
Eglantine .......eeeeeeeee ee cccclxvili, 210 
Everlasting Pea, Broad-leaved ....cc.ciii. 108 
Narrow-leaved ....ccccii. 107 
Benugreek.....scccescsuccsevesssC0Cxly, | 85 
Field Lady’s-Mantle ............cccexxii, 137 


BOTANY. 


PLATE PAGE 


Field Melilot..........000+00e000s Cccxliii. 
File-stemmed Bramble............ cccclii. 
Four-seeded Slender Tare .. .... ecclxxxiii. 
Fragrant Agrimony ............ ¢cccxviii. 
Fries’ Lucerne... .. 2.00 se ewes es ++ CCCEXXY. 
Furze, Common ............++++ CCCXXiii. 


Dwark fees cecs ccc selves COORD 
Needle...... evcccece se we COCKEM 
(Planchonsa' ‘ejejee's'e cya sree ecexxiv. 

Geean’ Jake syetctacte nierstelata taste e eae ceccexi. 
Glabrous White-thorn.......... ececlxxix. 
Glandular-stemmed Bramble ...... ceecliv. 
Gorset: accrareaectcienete ccoces CCCEXIN. 
Grabowski’s Bramble............ eccexlix. 
Grass-leaved Vetch ............ CCCXCViii. 
Graca' Marl vosiserslcleicocice «center ecexlvii. 
Great Burnet ..........00e000 0+ CCCCXXi, 
Green Weed, Dyers’..... civic slew ecexXviii. 
— TELAT Y, sis, ssaicle ine e/eim COCKER VALS 
Giinther’s Bramble ........ BOBO DOO SSC 
Hairy-flowered Vetch ............ ecexci. 
Green Weed .......... .. CCCXXVil. 
sRareyencwetete see oa cele noo COCM MRIS 
WVietchlingy ‘-incjas/etejaeeia ceexcix. 


Hare’s-foot Trefoil ................ cccliv. 
Hautbois Strawberry .......... Ccccxxxix. 
Hawthorn ........eee0eeee ee « cocclxxix, 

Common .......-..+. cccelxxx. 
Hazel-leaved Bramble ............ccccly. 
Hedgehop Bramble’ <. ciniee\ccieisis slelsioeieiers 
Hoary Cinquefoil.............. CCCCXXXY. 
Honeystalks...... ee cece cecece «= CCCXIVII, 
Honeysuckle Trefuil ............cccxlvii. 
Hop Trefoil.. .. 5. ose. 
Hornbeam-leaved Bramble .........+-++- 
Horse-shoe Vetch .......+00++~. CCCIXXX. 


ee eeee 


Imbricated-leaved Bramble ........s-ee0 
TIncurved-leaved Bramble............ 
Intermediate Avens ............ cccclviii, 

Brambl6s.\o ciecsieicclelcieteeine 
Trish Burnet Rose ...........+.. cccelxiii. 


sees 


Jundzil’s Rose 


Kidney Vetch, Common ........ cccxxxiii. 
Kohler’s Bramble................ ceceliii. 


Ladies’-finger.. 2.0... .0.00000+ CCCXXXiil. 


Lady’s-Mantle, Alpine .......... cceexxv. 
——————— Common .. .. .. .. eccexxiii. 
——_——_—_—— Field .......... 2 eccexxii. 
— Silvery .......... ccccxxiv. 
Lamb-toe...... ee cccvececvces #CCOXXXiiil. 


Large-leaved Bramble.........++0+..ccccl. 


«es COclxv, 


INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 


PLATE PAGE 


Leafy-flowered Bramble ...ses.+++++++++ 
Least Bird’s-foot ......0...e0. ccclxxviii. 
—— Yellow Trefoil ............ceclxvii. 
Leathery-leaved Briar .......... ccoclxxii. 
Lees’ Raspberry .....+2+++e0e+. cccexliii. 
Lejeune’s Bramble... ....eesseeeeee cece es 
Lesser sub-erect Bramble.......+.-0+ 000s 
Yellow Trefoil............ ceclxvi. 
Lindley’s Bramble... .. 2.00 .eee sees sence 
Liquorice Vetch .............. coclxxvil. 
Wild ecntnceecser ces O0CKexI. 
Little Bur Medick ................cccxl, 
Lobed-leaved White-beam...... ceeclxxxiv. 
Long-clustered Bramble ........ ecccxlviii. 
Long-podded Small Bird’s-foot Trefoil 
ecelxxi. 
Lucerne, Common....«..+ «+++ ++ CCCXXXiV. 
Fries’ .. 2. cece ee ee oe e+ CCCXXXV. 
Yellow ....0.ceee00 0+ CCCXXXVi. 


Mallow-leaved Bramble .......+++-++++ 
Many-seeded Slender Tare... .. ccclxxxiv. 


Warl Grass <-.c0. 6 s<c0sses<-.- OCCSlVil. 
Marsh Bird’s-foot Trefoil .......... ccclxx. 
Marsh Cinquefoil....... cae sis,s  OOOCEEKVIL 
Marsh Vetchling ........++-++++-cccciv. 
May ...-cccccesscccccecces 2 eccclxxix. 
ED ceccceseeseesss PCocolxxx. 
Meadow Clover ............-+-- cecxlvili. 
Vetchling ......s.-2-+-++- cece. 


Meadow-sweet ......seceee sees es CCCCKY. 
Medick, Black ........++++++++ CCCXXXVil. 
Thittle Bur ....cccee-<+=--. C0exL 
Reticulated .......... CCCXXXviil. 
Spotted ....0eceee- ++ CCCKXXIX. 
Medlar, Wild .. . cece] xxviii. 
Melilot, Common ......++.++++- +. cccxli. 
Bld. suv co aeres ceca QCCKLII 
——— Small-flowered.........-.. cccxliv. 
WIE, nc. < cc cccnecec css COOKIN 
Milk Vetch, Alpine.............. ccclxxv. 
Purple ......-.-.-- ccclxxvi. 
Sweet ........ees- ecclxxvii. 
Mountain-Ash ...........---cceclxxxvi. 
Bastard ........cccclxxxv. 
Mountain Avens .. cecelx. 
Muricated Salad Burnet .......... CCCCXX. 


sete ewww eee 


Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea .... ccccii. 
Needle Furze .........-.. 00 0+++ CCCXXVi. 
Nonsuch ...cccceceeccecece ss CCCEXXVIi. 


Oxytropis, Blue.....+.+.++++++- ccclxxiii. 
Pale-yellow ........-. ccclxxiv. 


Pale-yellow Oxytropis ..........ccclxxiv. 


Parsley Piert .......-.+++e++++- Coecxxii. 
Pea, Broad-leaved Everlasting .. .. cccciii. 


190 
78 
64 

221 

162 

188 

166 
63 

168 
76 
18 
28 

247 

173 


PLATE 
Pea, Narrow-leaved Everlasting .. .. ccccii. 


ae eee CCCCY, 


Pear, Wild ......e000e00+ ++ COCCIXxxviii. 
Petty Whin ...........eeeeees ccexxvi. 
Piert, Parsley ......++0s+0+-+ CCCCXXii. 
Pilose-stemmed Bramble ..... aataereeivieie.e 


Plaited-leaved Bramble .......- 
Planchon’s Furze .. 
Plum, Wild .........- 


..ceccxly, 
ecexxiv. 


er 


oe ee es CCCCK. 


Procumbent Rest-Harrow ...... ++ CCCXXXi. 
Sibbaldia .......... ececxxvi. 
Purple Milk Vetch ......-..+++ ecclxxvi. 


Pyramidal-flowered Bramble ......-+++++ 


Queen-of-the-Meadow . ececxv. 


seen eeeeee 


Raspberry.......++ 
Lees 


Red:Clover .. ..0. 5. e0++000005+.cccxlvil. 
Red-fruited Burnet Hae aie ajeleieielaiCOCCIEI, 
Rest-Harrow, Procumbent.......- 

Small Spreading .. eccxxxii. 
—__—__—___— Upright ....... «+. CCCXXX. 
Reticulated Medick ...... oe» «- CCCXXXVIli. 
Reversed-flowered Trefoil ........ccclxiv. 
Rigid Trefoil, Rough.........++++. ccclvii. 


Rock White-beam........-... eccclx xxiii. 
Roebuck-berry ........seeeeee0++ cocexl. 
Nee ire vances eso «calaltaCROUXiLe 
Rose, Borrer’s ......++++eeee+- cccclxxi. 


odescees ce CCCClXi 
oe cece oe COCCIXVii. 
. eccel xiii. 


Common Burnet 
Downy-leaved.... 
Trish Burnet...... 


ae eens 


——. Jundzil’s .....0.- cecceccensnccess 
—— Red-fruited Burnet ....-....cccclxii. 
=n EMINENT = cr eicieine oss aiw ime eee Cocelxy, 
—— Short-pedicelled.........-++++-++- 
—— Soft-leaved ........ aaleletoie eccclxvi. 
—— White-flowered Trailing ..cccclxxvi. 
Se WTISGINR (apie nie «cs aulen «+... ccceclxiv. 
Rose-flowered Bramble.......+-+ee+-0+5 
Rough Bramble ....-+-++++e0-++ x 
Rough-podded Yellow Vetch.. ee 


Round-headed Trefoil, Smooth .. .. ccelviii. 
Upright... .. .. ceclx. 
Sabine’s Rose .......++++ teeiece  OCGCEEV. 
Saintfoin . Eee au cd aco vee CCOLKKEI. 
Salad Binet Rica” atecee « +. CCCcix. 
Muricated........-- eeccxx. 

Salter’s Bramble ......--e0++e++ 
Sand Bird’s-foot.........-+ Sern eeoleeie 
Sea Pea. . - . ccecv. 
—_- Vetch, eccctle poded « Sorasise/sts ecexe. 
Service-tree .........+-++++- CCCCIXxxvil. 
—— Wild 5 .. cece] xxxi. 
Shamrock ...... eee eeeeeseees ecexxxVii. 


eccexxxi, 


272 ENGLISH 
PLATE PAGE 
Short-pedicelled Rose ..... eisisioisieinisioniets - 218 
-podded Small Bird’s-foot Trefoil 
eeclxxii. 70 
Shrubby Cinquefoil ..........ccccxxxvi. 152 
Sibbaldia, Procumbent .......... cecexxvi. 143 
Silvery Lady’s-Mantle ..........ccecxxiv. 140 
MSUVEreWEEM farce le'clainlo' aie’ sola \vimie ecceexxxiiil. 150 
Slender Bird’s-foot Trefoil ........ ceelxix. 67 
Tare, Four-seeded...... eeclxxxili, 86 
Many-seeded ....ccclxxxiv. 87 
Sloe, Blackthorn . -cecevill, 115 
Small Bird’s-foot Trefoil, Tienes pedded 
ecelxxi, 69 
a Short-podded, 
ecclxxii. 70 
Small-flowered Melilot ........-- ecexliv. 33 
Sweetbriar ......cccclxix, 212 
Small-leaved Sweetbriar..........cececlxx, 212 
Smooth-podded Sea Vetch........-+ ecexe, 94 
Smooth Round-headed Trefoil ....ceclviii. 51 
Soft-knotted Trefoil ............4. eeclvi, 48 
Soft-leaved Rose................cccclxvi, 208 
Spirza, Willow-leaved............ cecexiv. 126 
Spotted Medick.. -cecxxxix, 28 
Spreading Rest- Hamow: tard - cecxxxiil. 19 
Sprengel’s Bramble .........2.-eeeeeeee 180 
Spring Cinquefoil ............ccccxxviii, 145 
SVIGLOM en alainiaislotelelclviaisicielslelsis CCCZOVe oo) 
Starry-headed Trefoil ...... ee cecees eccli, 44 
Stone Bramble ..............0+..ccccxli, 160 
Strawberry, Barren............cecexxvil. 144 
Hautbois ........cccexxxix. 156 
= \ivieboooadancsas eecexxxvili, 155 
Strawberry-flowered Cinquefoil 
eccexxxiy. 151 
Strawberry-headed Trefoil ........ccclxiili. 59 
Sub-erect Bramble........ eeeee-cecexliv. 165 
Subterranean Trefoil .........-.. ecexlvi, 37 
Sulphur-coloured Trefoil..........cccxlix, 42 
Sweetbriar, Common .......... eceelxviiil. 210 
—Small-flowered ...... eceelxix, 212 
——— Small-leaved ........ cecelxx, 212 
Sweet Milk Vetch ............ ccclxxvil. 76 
Tare, Four-seeded Slender......ccclxxxiii. 86 
Hairy ...... -.ccelxxxil, 84 
Many-seeded Stoviecs: -ccclxxxiv. 87 
Teasel-headed Trefoil -.eccl, 43 
Thyrsus-flowered Bramble ...........+-+ 172 
Tongue-under-Tongue ..........ceclxxvi. 75 
Tormentil, Common ..........+. eccexxx. 147 
Creeping ........2... cecexxxi, 148 
Trailing Bramble ...5..00-.-.00+-s----- 190 
Trefoil, Balbi’s ne sinteniaiaiaie ss << ea COCLI. | 40 
Boccone’s. . qdoceSopacpooet v4 
Common Bird’ 's foot Anieooe ecelxviiil. 66 
Dense-flowered........++.-ceclix. 52 


Rough Rigid ............ccelvii. 
Short: podded Small Bird’s-foot 


BOTANY. 

PLATE 
Trefoil, Hare’s-foot ......+..0e .. eccliv. 
Honeysuckle .......... ccexlvii. 
Hop . s/alsiels\s!s\alaisis CCU 
Least Yellow atatevelsVaratels «. ccelxvil. 
Lesser Yellow ........0. ecelxvi. 

— Long-podded Small Bird’s-foot 
ecelxxi. 
— Marsh Bird’s-foot eine  OCCLEXS 
— Reversed-flowered ........ ccclxiv. 


ecel xxii. 

Slender Bird’s-foot ...... .. ecclxix, 
Smooth Round-headed .. .. ceclviii. 
Soft-knotted ...... ae asjen -- ccclvi. 
Starry-headed ..............cccli. 
Strawberry-headed........ ecelxiii, 

— Subterranean ............ccexlvi. 
— Sulphur-coloured ..... . .. ecexlix, 
—— Teasel-headed ..............cccl. 
— Upright Round-headed...... ecclx. 
Zigzag ....000- oe ee cee. COCXlViil. 
Tubercular Brambl6’\. 2,06 cci=nisislsaiaiieeeete 
Tuberous Bitter Vetch............ceecvi 


Wetchling: <<. cercccces=mancoouls 
Tufted Vetch... . 60.0000 0se000 ss OOUIXEXVS 


Upright Rest-Harrow ........++0+ 
Round-headed Trefoil .... 


eccxxx. 
“~ccclx, 


Various-leaved Bramble ..........se+ee0e 
Vetch, Alpine Milk ............ccclxxv. 
Bithynian. <<. 0. /.c os ce/eeCCCKOWIs 


Bitter Wood......... « -. CCCIXXXxVi. 
Black Bitter..........- ... cecevii. 
IBUSD .ae.0 200 0.00 0 0.0 oe COCLERRMILE 
Common Cultivated ...... eeexcii. 
Kidney ........ cecxxxiii. 
Wild .......... CCCKkcils 


Duckling ...........000.. CCCCIY. 
-. ecexeviii, 
——— Hairy-flowered.......... +. CCCXxCi. 
Horse-shoe ......esseeeee ecclxxx. 
Liquorice ...... 


Purple Milk ............ccclxxvi. 
— Ronugh-podded Yellow .. ecclxxxix. 


Smooth-podded Sea ........ ecexe. 

Spring secccecese cece ce o= CCOXCV. 

— Sweet Milk ........ » «. ceclxxvii. 
Tuberous Bitter .......... ecccvi. 

MINGEGEUL cin faa u's talc'v'oraialalomae ecc]xxxv. 

Wood) .. .6...00 00 00 0050 CCOMXEXVIL 
Woetchlings Galryc. cc oc cece melseins ccexcix. 
——— Marsh .... 2... 200000 0s CCCCIV, 
Meadow, «<rinieciewicciontenten ecce 

Tuberous! Vee nies no's « oe OCC] 


Veellow ...0 0000 ses er OCCRGVII, 


PAGE 
47 
39 
61 
64 
63 


69 
68 
60 
49 


70 
67 
51 
48 
44 
59 
37 
42 
43 
53 
41 
195 
111 
106 
&8 


16 
53 


187 
74 
100 
89 
112 
92 
96 
20 
938 
109 
103 
95 
80 
76 
75 
94 
94 
99 
76 
1li 
83 
91 
104 
109 
105 
106 
102 


INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 273 


PLATE PAGE PLATE FPAOE 
Water Avens..............+++++-cccclix. 200 | Willow-leaved Spirwa............ccccexiv. 126 
Waxen, Wood.............-..%ceccxxviii. 10 | Wilson’s Rose..................cccclxiv. 206 
SR apaleisia'd/ps ab cwice neces f CCOXXII, 5 | Wood Avens .........esee00-4-cccclvii, 198 
—$—— Patty .. 0.2... ceeccece oe # COCEKVI. 8 | ——— Bitter Vetch............ccclxxxvi, 89 
White-beam, Common ........cccclxxxii. 244 Vetch .....--.cccec..- cockxxxvil. 9] 


Lobed-leaved ....cccclxxxiv. 247 | ——- Waxen ................ccexxviil, 10 

——- Rock............cccclxxxiii, 245 
White Clover....................ccclxii. 55 | Yellow Alpine Cinquefoil ...... eccexxix. 145 
PORIDU e cela vialee so cree velen COUR MIoe OE Clover ........0c000---CCCXXXVii. 25 


Thorn, Common ........cceclxxx. 240 Lucerne ....cccecee+..CCCXXXVi. 24 
Glabrous ........cccclxxix. 237 | ——— Trefoil, Least............ccclxvii. 64 
White-flowered Trailing Rose....cceclxxvi. 232 | ———-———— Lesser............ccclxvi. 63 
Wild Pear.................scccclxxxviii. 252 Vetch, Rough-podded ..ccclxxxix. 94 
— Medlar ................cceclxxviii, 285 Vetchling ..............ccexcviil. 102 
— Service-tree..............cccclxxxi. 242 
—— Strawberry ............cceexxxviii. 155 | Zigzag Trefoil.......+eseeseee..cccxlviii, 41 
— Vetch, Common............ccexciii. 98 


VOL. TITY. 2N 


i; 


LONDON : , 
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, 
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS- 


ENGLISH BOTANY. 


PL US basal VO Ris: 


YHATOR Henin 


. 


ry. ty ar ep 77 ‘ a 
On YD Kat TD ee ea 


OCCXXIII. 


: ) 
XJ {die é FL. w ' 


— 


EF. B. 742. 


Ulex Europeeus Common Furze. 


CCCXXIV. 


E.R. S, 2987. 


Ulex Galhii. Planchon’s Furze. 


) a 


CCCXXYV. 


. 743 


Tilex eu-nanus Dwarf Furze. 


Genista Anglica. 


Needle Furze. 


CCCXXVI. 


CCCXXVII. 


E. B. 208. 


Genista pilosa. Hairy Green- Weed. 


CCCXXVIII. 


Genista tinctoria. Dyer’s Green-Weed. 


— 


& 
fy 


CCCXXIX. 


E.B.1239 


Sarotharnus scoparius. Common Broom. 


\ { ( ( 
oN \ Ay 
SN, \ : Vay, 
= te as 
—— ~~ if 
m3 | 
o\ \ \ 


E. B. 682. 


Ononis campestris. 


Upnight Rest-larrow. 


CCCXXX. 


CCCXXAXT. 


&. B.S. 2659. 


Ononis arvensis. Procumbent Rest-harrow. 


CCCOXXXII. 


£. B.S. 2838. 


Ononis reclinata. Small Spreading Rest-harrow. 


| £. B. 104. 


Anthyllis Vulneraria. 


Common Kidney Vetch. 


COCXXXII1 


CCOCXXXIV 


Medicago sativa. Common Lucerne. 


CCCXXXYV. 


Medicago sylvestris. Fries’ Lucerne. 


CCCXXXVI. 


£.B. 1016. 


Medicago eu-faleata. Yellow Lucerne. 


‘SOIpeypl YO ~surpndny odvorpeyy 


116 ‘ZT 


TAXXX000 


£.B. 1616 


Medicago maculata. 


Spotted Medick. 


COCOXXXIX. 


CCCXL. 


Medicago minima. 


Little Bur Medick. 


CCCXLI. 


aN 
a, 
3) 
Zz 
a! 
=I 


Ai 
s 


\, 


y B 1340. 


Melilotus officinalis. Common Melilot. 


7 i CoCXLIT. 


Se 


| . 
q yp 


E. B.S. 2689. 


Melilotus alba. White Melilot. 


E. B.S. 2960. 


Melilotus arvensis. 


Field Melilot. 


CCCXLITI 


CCCXLIV. 


Small-flowered Melilot. 


Melilotus parviflora. 


1047. 


Trigonella ornithopodioides. 


Bird's foot Penugreck. 


CCCXLV 


CCOXLVI. 


E. B. 164% 


Trifolium subterreneum. Subterranean Trefou. 


CCCXLVI. 


ca 


S 
S 
> 
ms 
a-~ 


Red Clover. 


Trifolium pratense. 


CCCXLVIIL. 


£. B. 190. 


Trifolium medium. Zigzag Trefoil. 


q CCOCXRLIES 


EB. B. 1224. 


Trifolium ochroleucum. Sulphur-coloured Trefoil. 


CCCL 


Trifolium maritimum. Teasel-headed Trefoil. 


CCCLL 


#.B. 1545. 


Trifolium stellatum. Starry-headed Trefoil. 


CCCLII. 


Crimson Clover. 


Trifolium eu-incarnatum. 


CCCLITL. 


E. B.S. 2950. 


Trifolium Molinerii. Balbi’s Trefoil. 


ee tae oe ree bas 


CCCLIV. 


E.B. 944. 


Hare’s-foot Trefoil. 


Triolium arvense. 


CCCLYV. 


E. B.S. 2868. 


Boccone’s Trefoil. 


Trifolium Bocconi. 


CCCLVI. 


E. B. 1843. 


Trifolium striatum. Soft Knotted Trefoi!. 


THOTT, PEIRY WAnoy —taAquos wnyoyLTy, 


‘€06 ‘@ 7 


 Ta1000 


CCCLVIII. 


E.B. 1063. 


Trifolium glomeratum. Smooth Round-headed Trefoil. 


“4 Y & 
= \\ SS 
Z es 
ES 


E.B. 1049, 


Trifolium suffocatum. Dense-flowered Trefoil. 


CCCLIX. 


CCCLX. 


EB. B.S. 2949. 


Trifohhum strictum. Upright Round-headed Trefoil. 


CCCLXI. 


Trifolium hybridum. Alsike Clover. 


‘ 
—_—s | i 
G ' 
, 
. ' A iH a, 
sy’ ry 4 
.¢ x 
» AA ae 
. 
e a - i 
> bs : 
i Doe a) 
wes , 
‘ 2 
; ; 
. . 
. 
x 


WY ews 


CCCLXII. 


E, B. 1769. 


Trifolium repens. White Clover. 


Trifolium fragiferum. 


Strawberry-headed Trefoil. 


CCCLXIIL. 


CCCLXIV 


_E.B.S. 2789. 


Trifolium resupinatum. Reversed-flowered Trefoil. 


Gt6 AA 


‘yrogoay, oxy ‘stag mnooid uMToRIy, 


“AXTNDD 


‘PlOJoLL, MOT[aX 19880] “SNUIM WINT[OFLL, 


‘G4ol TH 


TAXTN00 


POjad, MOLI A ySea"T “AULLOFYTY VINTPOFA, 
LSGL ‘d 7 


TAXIN00 


ar 


CCCLXVIII. 


E.B. 2090. 


Lotus eu-corniculatus. Common Bird’s-foot Trefoil. 


£. B.S. 2615. 


Lotus tenuis. 


Slender Bird’s-foot Trefoil. 


CCCLKXIX. 


' 


ee ee ee ae eS 


CCCLXX. 


E. B. 2091. 


Lotus major. Marsh Bird’s-foot Trefoit. 


CCCLXXTI. 


Lotus diffusus. 


Long-podded Small Bird’s-foot Trefoil. 


UCCLXXITI 


£. B.S. 2823. 


Lotus hispidus. Short-podded Small Bird’s-foot Trefoil. 


GOCCLX XIIL. 


E.B. 466. 


Oxytropis Halleri Blue Oxytropis. 


j CCCLXXIV. 


pest S 


=_ ae = a ‘ ‘ 


Oxytropis campestris. Pale-yellow Oxytropis. 


COCOCLXXV. 


E. B.S. 2717. 


Astragalus alpinus. Alpine Milk-Vetch. 


CCCLXXVI. 


LB. 274. 


Astragalus hypoglottis. Purple Milk-V etch. 


—— Sen ae ee ee a eee ee 


CCCLXXVIL 


E. B. 203. 


Astragalus glycyphyllus. Sweet Milk-Vetch. 


‘ CCCLXXVIILI. 


b 
an. , 
SS iy VW 
Sirs L, 
al | ~<a 
AG ae S801 OS 
\ & NWS 5 — i" 
SND } f aan 
Ne 
a4 WZ 
\ ( { fv © : 
r\ Z 
\a f \ Yo, 
(my (i v Q / 2 
St Sy) = ) —> 
= \ oe ea 7 


£. B. 369. 


Ornithopus perpusillus. Least Bird’s-Foot. 


‘007-8 palgy pueg ‘snyvojoviqe sudoyyt4¢ 


‘PhBS SI 7 


\ 


‘“XIXX1000 


CCOLXXX. 
: 
| 
wy 
/ \ 
fy) / hy 7 
saad / ni) f 
aa f } 1) 
ll y | 
L.B. 3! 
Hippocrepis comosa. Horse-shoe Vetch. 


CCCLXXXI. 


. B. 96. 


Onobrychis sativa. Saintfoin. 


CCCLXXXII. 


Hairy Tare. 


Vicia hirsuta. 


COCLXAXITLT. 


~~. —— 
B. 1223. = 


Vicia tetrasperma. Four-seeded Slender Tare. 


CCCLXXXIV. 


S. 2904. 


Vicia gracilis. Many-seeded Slender Tare. 


i 


#, B. 1168. 


Vicia Cracca. 


Tufted Vetch. 


(~ 


~ 


‘ Gr 


oY 


SS ~ 


CCCLXXXV. 


CCCLXXXVI. 


B. 518. 


Vicia Orobus. Wood Bitter Vetch. 


COCLEXXVII. 


4 
Vicia sylvatica. Wood Vetch. 


CCCLX XXVIII. 


E.B, 1515. 


Vicia sepium. Bush Vetch. 


CCCLXXXIX. 


£. B. 481. 


Vicia eu-lutea. Rough-podded Yellow Vetch. 


CCCXC. 


(Qo 
SS. 
QW = — 
y - = a — E ae 
L Soe 


E. B. 483. 


Vicia levigata. Smooth-podded Sea Vetch. 


OCC XCL. 


& aS = 
i gi 


LE. B. 482. 
Vicia hybrida. Hairy-flowered Vetch. 


CCCXCII. 


Vicia eu-sativa. Common Cultivated Vetch. 


CCCXCIII. 


E. B. 2614. 


Vicia angustifolia, var. a segetalis. Common Wild Vetch, var. a. 


CCCX CIV. 


E. B. 2708. 


Vicia angustifolia, var. 6 Bobartii. Common Wild Vetch, var. 6. 


£. B. 30. 


Vioia lathyroides. 


Spring Vetch. 


CCCXCV. 


CCCXCVI. 


E. B. 1842. 


Vicia Bithynica. Bithynian Vetch. 


CCCXCVII. 


Yellow Vetchling. 


Lathyrus Aphaca. 


CCCXCVIITI. 


#.B. 112. 


Lathyrus Nissolia. Grass-leaved Vetchling. 


CCCXCIX. 


£. B. 1255. 


Lathyrus hirsutus. Hairy Vetchling. 


CCCC. 


Lathyrus pratensis. 


Meaillow Vetchling. 


CCCCTI. 


Lathyrus tuberosus. Tuberous Vetchling. 


_— 
- CCCCIL. 


. B. 805 


Lathyrus sylvestris. Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea. 


CCCCIIL. 
SWAr Ds 


g Sie} \ 
aN x 1 S ] 
‘ 4 SS 
; \\\ 4 
\\ \te gb y / | 
NW -/ (; @ 
inl {/ s 7% 
G 
~ Va : \\ Vr \/ ——— a 
7 Ey > ‘ \ 
—4 
B. 1108, 
Lathyrus latifolius Broad-leaved Everlasting Pea. 


UCCCIV. 


se ©) © } 
W\ / Ji 6 4 “ati 
oe 
—— 


E. B. 169. 


Lathyrus palustris. Marsh Vetchling. 


CCCCV. 


E. B. 1046. 


Lathyrus maritimus. Sea Pea. 


Wi 


CCCCVI. 


Lathyrus macrorrhizus. Tuberous Bitter Vetch. 


. CCCcCVII. 


” 


( X 
a 


Lathyrus niger: Black Bitter Vetch. 


E£. B. 2788. 


CCCCVITI. 


Prunus spinosa. Black-thorn. 


CCCCIX. 


E.B. 84. 


Pruaus insititia Bullace 


CCCCX. 


E. B. 1783. 


Prunus domestica, Wild Plum. 


CCCCXI. 


EF. B. 706. 


Prunus Avium. Wild Cherry 


CCCCXII. 


SQ RANI ae pare 


A 


Dwarf Cherry. 


Prunus Cerasus 


EBS. 2863. 


a a. eee ee 


CCCCXIIL 


S 


&. B. 1383. 


Prunus Padus. Bird Cherry. 
« 


E. B. 1468. 


Spirea salicifolia. 


Willow-leaved Spirea. 


CCCCXIV. 


CCCCXY. 


E.B. 960. 


Spirea Ulmaria. Meadow-sweet. 


CCCCX VI. 


—~s 
ss 
a 


hy € Y 
EB. 284. 


Spirea Filipendu!a. Dropwort. 


CCCCX VII. 


Q ( % ) 


Agrimonia Eupatoria. Common Agrimony. 


cu 


- 


ae 


SCCCX VIII. 


E. B.S. 2982. 


Ayrimonia odorata. Fragrant Agrimony. 


CCCCXIX. 


E. B. 860. 


- Poterium Sanguisorba. Common Salad Burnet. 


COCCXX. 


E. B.S. 


Poterium muricatum. Muricated Salad Burnet. 


CCCCOXXL 


£. B. 1312. 


Sanguisorba officinalis. Great Burnet 


CCCOCOXXII. 


6 OU: 


E. B. 1011. 


Alchemilla arvensis. Parsley-Piert. 


CCOCCXXTII 


E. B. 597. 


Alchemilla vulgaris. Common Lady’s-Mantle. 


i 


er eT ee ae. DAie a 


CCCCXXTV. 


EB. B.S. 2983. 


Alchemilla conjuncta. Silvery Lady s-Mantle. 


CCCCXXY. 


Alchemilla alpina. Alpine Lady’s- Mantle. 


CCCCXXVI. 


E. B. 897. 


Potentilla Sibbaldia. Procumbent Sibbaldia. 


=) =. ee 


CCCCXXVIL . 


E. B. 1785. 


Potentilla Fragariastrum. Barren Strawberry 


CCCCXXVITI. 


E.B. 37 


Potentilla verna. Spring Cinquefoil 


CCCCXXIX. 


e @ 


Potentilla alpestris. Yellow Alpine Cinquefoil. 


CCCCXXX. 


E. B. 863. 


Potentilla cu-Tormentilla. Common Tormeutil. 


‘Thueut0g, Surdeesp ‘suaquinooad Bp 09}0q 


TXXX00909 


CCCCXXXII. 


E. B. 862. 


Potentilla reptans. Creeping Cinquefoil. 


EB. 861. 


Potentilla auserina. Silver-weed 


CCCCX XXIII. 


CCCCOXXXIV. 


, adh, \) 


E.B. 2088. 


Potentilla rupestris. Strawberry-flowered Cinquefoil. 


COCCXXXV. 


E. B. 89. 


Potentilla argentea. Hoary Cinquefoil. 


CCCCXXXVI. 


Shrubby Cinquefoil. 


Potentilla fruticosa. 


CCCCXXX VII. 


E. B. 172. 


Potentilla Comarum. Marsh Cinquefoil. 


CCCCXXXVIITI. 


E. B. 1524. 


Fragaria vesca. Wild Strawberry. 


CCCCXXXIX. 


E.R, 2197. 


Fragaria elatior. Hautbois Strawberry. 


. 


y= a a re a 


E. 


B. 


716 


Rubus Chaman« 


rua, 


Cloudberry. 


CCCCXL 


COCCX LE 


E. B, 2235. 


Rubus saxatilis. Stone Bramble. 


CCCCXLIL . 


E. B. 2442. 


Rubus Ideus. Raspberry. 


: 
> 
_) a 


CCcCcCcXLITI. 


E. B.S. 2981. 


Rubus Leesii. Lees’ Raspberry. 


CCCCXLIV. 


E. B. 2572. 


Rubus suberectus. Suberect Bramble. 


CCCCXLYV. 


EB. B.S. 2714. 


Rubus plicatus. Plaited-leaved Bramble. 


CCCCXLVI. 


E. B.S. 2604. 


Rubus rhamnifolius. Buckthorn-leaved Bramble. 


CCCCXLVII. 


E. B. 7109. 


Rubus discolor. Common Bramble. 


CCCOXLVITT. 


EZ. B.S. 2631. 


Rubus leucostachys. Loug-clustered Bramble. 


CCOCXLIX. 


E.B.S, 2664. 


Rubus Grabowskii. Grabowski’s Bramble. 


CCCCL 


E. B.S. 2625. 


Large-leaved Bramble. 


Rubus macrophyllus. 


CCCCLI. 


Rubus mucronulatus. Cuspidate-leaved Bramble. 


CCCCLII 


Rubus Radula. File-stemmed Bramble, 


“ 


CCCLITIL 


© 


. 2605. 


S 


E.B. 


Kohler’s Bramble. 


Rubus Kéhleri. 


7 


CCCCLIY. 


£.B.S. 2883. © Rubus glandulosus. Glandular-stemmed Bramble. 


CCCCLYV. 


£. B, 827. 


Rubus cory!ifoiius. Hazel-leaved Bramble. 


CCCCLY1, 


E. B. 826. 


Rubus ceesius. Dewberry. 


Geum urbanum. 


Wood Avens. 


CCCCLVIL. 


CCCCLVIIL 


Geum intermedium. Intermediate Avens. 


CCCCLIX. 


E. B. 106. 


Geum rivale. Water Aveus. 


JLX. 


CCCC 


B. B. 451. 


Mountam Avens. 


Dryas octopetala. 


CCCCLXTI. 


E. B. 187. 
Rosa spinosissima. Common Burnet-Rose. 


CCCCLXII. 


E. B. 2521. 


Rosa rubella. Red fruited Burnet-Rose. 


CCCCLXIIL. 


E. B. 2196. 


Rosa hibernica. Trish Burnet-Rose. 


CCCCLXIV. 


E. B.S, 2723. 


Rosa Wilsoni. Wilson’s Rose. 


CCCCLXYV. 


a60) 


Rosa Sahini. Sabine’s Rose. 


CCCCLX VI. 


E. B. 2459. 


Rose mollissima. Soft-leaved Rose. 


E 


B 


990. 


Rosa tomentosa. 


Downy-leaved Rose. 


CCCccLX VIL. 


CCCCLX VIII. 


E. B. 991. 


Rosa rubiginosa. Common Sweet-briar. 


OCCCLXIX. 


E. B. 2490. 


Rosa micrantha. Small-flowered Sweet-briar. 


CCCCLXX. 


E. B.S. 2653 


Resa septum, Small leaved Sweet-briar. 


CCCCLXXI, 


E. B. 2579. 


Rosa Borreri. Scentless Briar 


CCCCLXXI1 


Rosa coriifolia. Leathery-leaved Briar. 


CCCCLXXIII. 


Rosa Bakeri. Baker’s Briar. 


CCCCLX X IIT. bis. 


E. B. 2367. 


Rosa Cresia. Glaucons-leaved Dog-Rose. 


a5 


Rosa canina. 


Common Dog-Rose. 


CCCCLX XIV. 


COCCLXXV 


a. 


Kk B. 189 


Columnar-styled Dog-Rose. 


yla. 


Rosa syst 


CCCCLXXVI. 


EF. B. 188. 


Rosa arvensis. Whiteflowered trailing Rose. 


CCCCLXX VII. 


E. B.S. 2713. 


Cotoneaster vuigze Common Cotoneaster. 


OCCCLXXVIIL. 


£. B. 1623 


Mespilus germanica. Wild Medlar. 


CCCCLX XIX. 


Crategus oxyacanthoides. Glabrous White-thorn. 


CCCCLXXX. 


E. B. 2504. 


Crateegus monogyna. Common White-thorn. 


CGOCL XX 


. B. 298. 


Pyrus torminalis. Wild Service-tree. 


E. B. 


CCCCLX XXII. 


1858. 


Pyrus eu-Aria. 


Common White-beam. 


SS eee a 


CCOCCLXXXIIL. 


Pyrus rupicola. Rock White-beam. 


CCCCLX XXIV. 


Pyrus scandica. Lobed-leaved White-beam. 


CCCCLXXXV. 


E. B. 2331. 


Pyrus fennica. Bastard Mountain-ash. 


7 


CCCCLXXXVI. 


RY. 4 


pp aera 
E Sees 


& 


ne —) i Q i 


E. B. 337 


Pyrus aucuparia. Mountain-ash 


CCCCLKXXXVII. 


7. B. 350, 


Pyrus domestica. Service-tree, 


1s 


MA 


1. Pyrus Pyraster 


Pyrus communis. 


Wild Pear. 


JCOCLXXXVITT. 


2. Pyrus Achras, 


CCCCLXXXIX. 


EB. 179. 


Crab-apple. 


Pyrus acerba. 


CCAC 


CO 


Wild Apple. 


Pyrus mitis 


. August, 1881. 


GEORGE BELL & SONS’ 


LIST OF WORKS 


ON 


BOTANY & NATURAL HISTORY. 


THE LIBRARY OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


HIS uniform series of Works on the various branches of Natural History 
has attained a high reputation, both for the low prices at which 

they are published and the general excellence with which they are produced. 
They form collectively a Standard Set of Works on the different subjects which 
they illustrate, and deserve the attention of all who study this branch of science 
for their faithful illustrations and accuracy of description; the plates being 
carefully executed by accomplished artists, and the authorship entrusted to writers 
of acknowledged merit. Indeed no higher testimony can be borne to their 
value than the fact that the late Prince Consort (himself an able student of 
Natural History) so highly esteemed those which were published during his life- 
time that he purchased copies of them for presentation to public institutions. 


New Edition, with Additions. 
Depicatep By Permission To Her Most Gracious Masgsty THE QUEEN. 


A HISTORY OF BRITISH BIRDS. 
By the Rry. F. O. Morris, B.A., Member of the Ashmolean Society. Ilus- 
trated with 365 coloured Engravings. Six Volumes, super-royal 8vo., 
£6 6s. 


In this work the author has amassed information from every reliable source, and 
in addition to necessary scientific details, he has interspersed throughout his pages 
a vast fund of anecdotes, illustrative of the marvellous instincts and peculiar habits 
of the feathered inhabitants of our land, and has thus made his work at once 
entertaining and instructive, and in the widest sense a ‘ History of British Birds.’ 


New Edition, Enlarged. 


A NATURAL HISTORY OF THE NESTS AND EGGS OF 
BRITISH BIRDS. By the Rey. F. O. Morris, B.A. Illustrated with 
233 coloured Plates. In Three Volumes, super-royal 8vo., £3 3s. 


Designed as a supplement to the ‘History of British Birds,’ this work gives the 
fullest information respecting the localities and construction of their nests, the 
number and peculiarities of their eggs, and all the instruction requisite for deter- 
mining to what species they belong. Each egg is figured and minutely described, 
and a number of nests are accurately drawn from specimens. 


C25) 
A New and Revised Edition now ready. 


A HISTORY OF THE BIRDS OF EUROPE, 


NOT OBSERVED IN THE BRITISH ISLES. By C. R. Brez, M.D., 
F.Z8. Illustrated with 238 coloured Plates of Birds and Eggs. In 
Fiye Volumes, super-royal 8yo., £5 5s. 


This work forms an appropriate supplement to Morris, Yarrell, or any other work on 
British Birds, and with any of them forms a comprehensive account of the Ornithology 
of Europe. In addition to the personal ability of the Author for his task, he has had 
the assistance of many eminent Continental naturalists, among whom are Professors 
Blasius of Brunswick, Schlegel of Leyden, M. de Selys-Longchamps, and M. Moquin- 
Tandon. 


‘Dr. Bree is favourably known to ornithologists by numerous contributions to our zoological 
periodicals, in all of which there is found the same genial spirit, and the same tone of good 
feeling, kindliness, and reverence, which pervade the present work... . The figures are, for 
the most part, highly satisfactory, and leave us in wonder how they could be produced, in 
combination with the full and copious text, for so small a price.’—Atheneum, 


New Edition, Enlarged. 


A HISTORY OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 


By the Rey. F. O. Morrrs, B.A. Illustrated with 72 beautifully-coloured 
Plates. In One Volume, super-royal 8yvo., price £1 1s. : 


With coloured illustrations of all the species, and separate figures of the male 
and female, where there is any obvious difference between them, and also of the 
under side, together with the Caterpillar and Chrysalis; and a full description of 
each, with copious accounts of their several habits, localities, and times of appear- 
ance, together with details as to their preservation, ete., with new and yaluable 
information—the result of the author’s experience for many years. 


A NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH MOTHS. 


Aceurately delineating every known species, with the English as well as 
the scientific names, accompanied by full descriptions, date of appearance, 
lists of the localities they haunt, their food in the caterpillar state, and 
other features of their habits and modes of existence, &c. By the Rey. 
F. 0. Morris, B.A. The Plates contain nearly 2,000 exquisitely coloured 
Specimens. In Four Volumes, royal 8vo., price £6 6s. 


‘Speaking of entomology, we should place Mr. Morris’ ‘History of British Moths” at the head. 
It gives a coloured figure of every known British moth, together with dates of appearance, 
localities, description, and food of caterpillar. It forms a handsome work for a library, and will, 
we should hope, lead many to commence the fascinating study of entomology.’—The Record. 


‘We can easily imagine that the announcement of the publication of a “Natural History of 
British Moths” will awaken a strong desire in many of our readers to become possessed of 50 
desirable a treatise. There are probably some thousands, especially among the younger portion 
of our population, who pay a little attention to entomology, and of these by far the greater 
number devote their energies to the study of the butterflies and moths, the two great groups of 
insects forming the order Lepidoptera of entomologists. To these, if we may judge from the 
recollections of our own early feelings, no present could be more welcome than a good “Natural 
History of British Moths.” The illustrations are exceedingly numerous, occupying no fewer 
than 132 plates, and including a figure of every species, and in some cases of the principal 
varieties. The figures are generally exceedingly well executed and life-like; they are all coloured, 


= will doubtless afford great assistance to many a collector in naming his captures.’—The 
Spectator, . 


Ci) i 
BEAUTIFUL-LEAVED PLANTS. 


Describing the most beautiful-leaved Plants in cultivation in this country. 
By E. J. Lown, Esa., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., assisted by W. Howanrp, F.H.S. 
Illustrated with 60 coloured Illustrations. Im One Volume, super-royal 
8vo., price £1 1s. 
‘In this volume we have a description of a large number of stove, conservatory, and garden 
pants cultivated in this country, of which the leaves rather than the flowers are objects of interest. 
e exquisite and delicate forms of many ornamental plants common to the hothouses and green- 
houses of the wealthy are here depicted, with wonderful fidelity, in a series of beautiful 
illustrations in the natural colour of the plants.'-—T/e Bookseller. 


NEW AND RARE BEAUTIFUL-LEAVED PLANTS. 


By Surecey Hreserp, F.R.H.S. Illustrated with 54 coloured Engravings. 
In One Volume, super-royal 8vo., price £1 ds. 

‘A bit of information as to the pictures may be acceptable. First, observe the tinting of the 
leaves, and the groundwork of such a subject as Solanum marginatum as a sample of the whole. 
Then accept the information that these pictures are not chromo-lithographs, not coloured by hand; 
they are all, from first to last, wood engravings, and we imagine, but cannot of course express any 
opinion on the subject, that as works of art, representative of the present state of an important 
industry, they are not simply interesting, but remarkable.’—Gardeners’ Chronicle. 


OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR VARIETIES. 


By E. J. Lowe, Ese., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., &e. Illustrated with 79 coloured 
Plates and 909 Wood Engravings. In Two Volumes, royal 8vo., price £2 2s. 


The importance and value of this work may be inferred from the fact that it 
contains descriptions of 1294 varieties of British Ferns, with seventy-nine coloured 
plates of species and varieties, and 909 wood engravings. ‘The descriptions are 
written in a popular manner, containing much interesting information. The localities 
are essa. each synonym given, and a description of the proper method of 
cultivation. To show the extent and value of the illustrations it may be mentioned, 
that of Scolopendrium vulgare alone there are one hundred and eighty-four varieties 


figured. 


NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH AND EXOTIC FERNS 


By E. J. Lown, Ese., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., &e. Illustrated with 479 finely- 
coloured Plates. In Eight Volumes, super-royal 8vo., price £6 6s. 


‘A book which should contain ample means of studying and identifying the Exotic species 
accessible to persons of moderate means, has hitherto been a desideratum. This want the 
present work promises most hopefully to fill. It is admirably “got up;” the plates are care- 
fully and prettily executed; there is a neat illustrative woodcut at the head of each description, 
and the letterpress is full and practical, without being deficient in scientific accuracy. It is 
really the cheapest work for its excellence we have ever seen, and should be “‘in the hands 
of every gardener and every private person who cultivates these charming objects.” ’—Atheneum, 


A NATURAL HISTORY OF NEW AND RARE FERNS. 


Containing Species and Varieties not included in ‘Ferns, British and 
Exotic.’ By E. J. Lower, Esa, F.R.S., F.R.A.S., &c. Ilustrated with 
72 coloured Plates and numerous Woodcuts. In One Volume, super-royal 
8yo., price £1 ls. 


‘Although the ‘‘Natural History of British and Exotic Ferns” contains coloured illustration: 
of between five and six hundred species of Ferns cultivated in this country, still so many new 
ones have been introduced, that it has been deemed necessary to publish a separate volume. 
This work will be found to contain coloured plates or woodcut illustrations of one hundred 
and fifty-one new species, or new varieties of species that have been already figured in the 
preceding volumes.’— Preface, 


Ca) 


A NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH GRASSES. 


By E. J. Lows, Ese., F.B.S., F.R.A.S., &e. Illustrated with 74 finely- 
coloured Plates. In One Volume, super-royal 8vo., price £1 1s. 


This is a work not only valuable to the botanical student for its pictorial 
accuracy, but of use also to the landed proprietor and the farmer, pointing out 
to them those grasses which are useful and lucrative in husbandry, and teaching 
them the varied soils and positions upon which they thrive, and explaining their 
qualities and the several uses to which they are applied in many branches of 
manufacture and industry. There is much interesting matter also in this volume 
appertaining to the ancient customs and superstitions connected with the subject, 
which the author brings before his reader in a forcible rather than in a prolix 
style. 


‘Tt is very faithful, and marvellously cheap, considering the beautiful manner in which it is 
produced.’—Literary Record. 


MAUND’S BOTANIC GARDEN. 


Consisting of highly-finished Figures of Hardy Ornamental Flowering 
Plants Cultivated in Great Britain, with their Names, Orders, History, 
Qualities, Culture, and Physiological Observations. By B. Maunn, F.L.S. 
New Edition, edited by James C. Niven, Curator of the Botanic Gardens, 
Hull. With 250 Coloured Plates, giving 1247 figures. In Six Volumes, 
super-royal 8yo., £12 12s. 


BRITISH SEA-WEEDS. 


Drawn from Professor Harvey’s ‘Phycologia Britannica.’ With Descriptions, 
an Amateur’s Synopsis, Rules for Laying on Sea-weeds, an Order for 
Arranging them in the Herbarium, and an Appendix of New Species. By 
Mrs. Atrrep Garry. Illustrated with 80 coloured Plates, containing 384 
figures. In Two Volumes, super-royal 8vo., price £2 10s. 


‘Those who are acquainted with Mrs. Gatty’s “Parables from Nature,” and especially with 
her delightful Parable about ‘“‘Red Snow,’ need not be told that the literary part has been 
ably executed by a competent and loving observer. In her present work she has endeavoured, 
and we think most successfully, to translate the terms and phrases of science into the language 
of amateurs. Mrs. Gatty’s familiarity with the plants themselves has enabled her to do this 
office without falling into the errors to which a mere compiler in separating from the beaten’ 
track would be liable.’—Gardeners’ Chronicle. 


ALPINE PLANTS. 


Descriptions and 103 accurately-coloured Figures (drawn and engraved ex- 
pressly for this Work) of some of the most striking and beautiful of the 
Alpine Flowers. Edited by Davi Wooster, joint editor of the latest 
editions of Loudon’s ‘Encyclopedias of Gardening and Plants,’ ‘Hortus 
Britannicus,’ &e. In One Volume, super-royal 8yvo., price £1 ds. 


‘The manner in which “Alpine Plants” is produced is creditable alike to author and artist. 
The literary portion is not the mere dry botanical descriptions often found in such works, but 
a popular description of the plant, instructions as to its culture and treatment, with any in- 
teresting information in connexion with it that can be obtained. . . . We heartily commend 
this work to all lovers of flowers.’—Journal of Horticulture. 


‘Not least among the illustrated Christmas books should be reckoned this interesting work 
with its beautifully coloured specimens.’—Saturday Review. 


‘The letterpress is full, no doubt, of the most accurate botanical learning, but what we have to 
speak of more particularly are the illustrations, and these strike us as among the best specimens of 
wood-block printing. There is about them none of that plastered gaudiness, that thick and sticky 
style in which too often the wood-engraver endeavours to paint the lily. A crocus seems just to 
have thrust itself through the brown soil which the thaw has.softened,’— Times. 


€ 5) 
ALPINE PLANTS. 


Srconp Serres. Containing Fifty-four Coloured Plates, with one or two 
Figures on each Plate. Descriptions and accurately-coloured Figures 
(drawn and engraved expressly for this Work) of the most striking and 
beautiful of the Alpine Plants. Edited by Davin Wooster. Price £1 5s. 


BRITISH MOSSES. 


Their Homes, Aspects, Structure, and Uses. Containing a Coloured Figure 
of each species, etched from Nature. By F. E. Trier. Illustrated with 39 
beautifully-coloured Plates. In Two Volumes, super-royal 8vo., £2 10s. 

‘It is a book to read, to ponder, to mark, learn, and inwardly digest. . . . Let those who want to 


know the “moral” of mosses enquire within the covers of the volume. He will there find that 
these humble plants have their uses, their virtues, and their mission.’—Morning Advertiser. 


HISTORY OF THE FISHES OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. 


By Jonarnan Covucn, F.L.S.. Illustrated with 256 carefully coloured 
Plates. New Edition, in Four Volumes, super-royal 8vo., price £4 4s. 


‘The author, who is well known as one of the first practical authorities on British fishes, 
has for fifty years been observing, noting, and drawing, with his own pencil, the various fish 
which live in British waters—a vast labour, in which he has been assisted by scientific friends 
living in various portions of the United Kingdom. The drawings are beautifully coloured to 
life, and some of the portraits (especially of the dog-fish) are really marvellous, rendering 
the recognition of a fish a work of the greatest ease.’—The Field. 


SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY: 


Containing a Description and Life-size coloured Drawing of every British 
Plant. Edited and brought up to the Present Standard of Scientific 
Knowledge by T. Boswett, (formerly Syme,) LL.D. F.L.S. &. With 
Popular Descriptions of the Uses, History, and Traditions of each Plant, by 
Mrs. Lanxester, Author of ‘Wild Flowers Worth Notice,’ ‘The British 
Ferns, &. The Figures by J. E. Sowerby, James Sowersy, F.LS., 
J. Dre C. Sowersy, F.L.S., and J. W. Satrer, A.L.S. In Eleven Volumes, 
with 1824 full-page coloured plates, super-royal 8vo. (Jor prices see p. 7.) 


‘Under the editorship of T. Boswell Syme, F.LS., assisted by Mrs. Lankester, ‘‘Sowerby’s 
English Botany,” when finished, will be exhaustive of the subject, and worthy of the branch 
of science it illustrates. . . . In turning over the charmingly executed hand-coloured plates 
of British plants which encumber these volumes with riches, the reader cannot help being 
struck with the beauty of many of the humblest flowering weeds we tread on with careless 
step. We cannot dwell upon many of the individuals grouped in the splendid bouquet of 
flowers presented in these pages, and it will be sufficient to state that the work is pledged to 
contain a figure of every wild flower indigenous to these isles.’—Zhe Times. 


‘The most complete Flora of Great Britain ever brought out. This great work will find 
a place wherever botanical science is cultivated, and the study of our native plants, with all 
their fascinating associations, held dear,’—Atheneum. 


‘Nothing can exceed the beauty and accuracy of the coloured figures. They are drawn 
life-size—an advantage which every young amateur will recognise who has vainly puzzled over 
riage in which a celandine is as big as a poppy—they are enriched with delicate delinea- 
tions of fruit, petal, anther, and any organ which happens to be remarkable in its form—and 
not a few plates are altogether new. . . . A clear, bold distinctive type enables the reader 


( 6) 


to take in at a glance the arrangement and divisions of every page. And Mrs. Lankester 
has added to the technical description by the editor an extremely interesting popular sketch, 
which follows in smaller type. The English, French, and German popular names are given, 
and, wherever that delicate and difficult step is at all practicable, their derivation also, 
Medical properties, superstitions, and fancies, and poetic tributes and illusions, follow. In 
short, there is nothing more left to be “esired.’—Guardian. 


‘Without question, this is the standard work on Botany, and indispensable to every 
botanist. . . . The plates are most accurate and beautiful, and the entire work cannot be 
too strongly recommended to all who are interested in Botany.’—ZJilustrated News, 


SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. I. contains—- 


All the Plants ranked under the orders Ranunculacer, Berberidacee, 
Nymphzacee, Papaveracee, and Crucifere. d 


SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. II. contains—_ 
All the plants ranked under the orders Resedacew, Cistacew, Violacem, 
Droseraceez, Polygalacew, Frankeniacew, Carophyllaceez, Portulacacee, 
Tamariscacer, Elatinacew, Hypericacer, Malvaceew, Tiliacer, Linacex, 
Geraniace, Ilicinee, Celastraceer, Rhamnacew, Sapindacee. 


SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. III. contains— 


All the Plants ranked under the orders Leguminifere and Rosacee. 


SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. IV. contains— 
All the Plants ranked under the orders Lythracee, Onagracew, Cucur- 
bitaceze, Grossulariacew, Crassulacew, Saxifragacew, Umbillifere, Araliacer, 
Cornacee, Loranthacer, Caprifoliacee, Rubiacer, Valerianacer, and Dip- 
sacew. 


SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. V. contains— 


All the Plants ranked under the order Composite. 


SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. VI. contains— 


All the Plants ranked under the orders Campanulacee, Ericacese, Jas- 
minacee, Apocynaces, Gentianacee, Polemoniaces, Convolvulacer, Sola- 
nace, Scrophulariaceez, Orobanchacew, and Verbenacee. 


SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. VII. contains— 


All the Plants ranked under the orders Labiate, Boraginacee, Lentibu- 
lariacee, Primulaceew, Plumbaginacee, Plantaginacee, Paronychiaceew, and 
Amarantacez. 


SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. VIII. contains— 


All the Plants ranked under the orders Chenopodiacee, Polygonaces, 
Eleganacee, Thymelacee, Santalacee, Aristolochiacee, Empetracer, Eu- 
phorbiacew, Callitrichacese, Ceratophyllacee, Urticacee, Amentiferse, and 
Conifere. . 


C3) 
SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. IX. contains— 


All the Plants ranked under the orders Typhacew, Aracew, Lemnacer, 
Naiadacew, Alismacere, Hydrocharidacew, Orchidacew, Iridecew, Amarylli- 
dacew, Diascoreacee, and Liliacete. 


SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. X. contains— 


All the Plants ranked under the orders Juncacee and Cyperacee. 


SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. XI. contains— 


All the Plants ranked under the order Graminacee. 


THE PRICES OF THE VOLUMES ARE— 


Bound cloth. Half morocco. Morocco elegant. 


oles c. orpane tle dy (sy 1d: 
Vol. 1. (Seven Parts) 118 0 2 aor O 2 8 6 
Vol. 2. ditto Pals 0 7s ea O) 2 8 6 
Vol. 3. (Hight Parts) 74 8 i) a O 213 6 
Vol. 4. (Nine Parts) 28 0 212 0 218 6 
Vol. 5. (Eight Parts) 2 3 0 2 tO 213 6 
Vol. 6. (Seven Parts) 118 0 2.20 2/18 6 
Mole. 7, ditto 118 0 2 24 10 2° 18.16 
Vol. 8. (Ten Parts) 213 0 217, O 3.3 6 
Vol. 9. (Seven Parts) 11s 0 2° 2 0 2.8 6 
Vol. 10. ditto 118 O Pe OG) 2S J6 
Vol. 11. (Six Parts) 0 Uy, 2.80.6 


Or, the Eleven Volumes, £22 Ss. in cloth; £24 12s. in halt morocco; and 
£28 3s. 6d. whole morocco. Also in 83 Parts, 5s. each. 
A Supplementary Volume, containing Ferns and other Cryptogami, in pre- 
paration by Proressor Boswett (formerly SyMe.) 


THE COTTAGE-GARDENER’S DICTIONARY. 


Describing the Plants, Fruits, and Vegetables desirable for the Garden, 
and explaining the Terms and Operations employed in their cultivation. 
With a Supplement containing all the new Plants and Varieties to the 
year 1869. Edited by Groraze W. Jounson, Editor of the ‘Journal of 
Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.’ Post Svo., cloth, 6s. 6d. The Sup- 
plement separately, sewed, 1s. 6d. 


‘This is perhaps the most perfect work of its kind that has yet been published, and is 
invaluable to professed gardeners and amateurs. It is scientific, and yet every purely scientific 
or Latin term is explained, so that the less highly educated in botany may obtain an 
intelligent knowledge of names and varieties. It is practical and full of directions as to the 
growth of plants, fruits, and vegetables; and contains descriptions and illustrations of preda- 
tory insects, which will be found interesting as well as useful. The editor has had the advantage 
of having been able to engage the services of a number of practical and scientific gardeners 
in different parts of England, so that his dictionary has a value which no mere compiler or 
theorist could pretend to give.’—Tablet 


‘If eerenee be a lexicographical merit, then must this dictionary be said to rank high. It 
is literally cramful of information. . . . Its miscellaneous essays are numerous and the work 
of skilful hands, Of its price we are ignorant, but we may believe the editor when he states 
it to be the cheapest work of the kind ever issued from the press.’—Leader. 


(8) 


RAMBLES IN SEARCH OF WILD FLOWERS, and How to 
Distinguish Them. 
By Marcarer Prves, Author of ‘Rambles in Search of Flowerless Plants, 
‘British Grasses,’ &c. With 96 coloured figures and numerous cuts. Third 
Edition, large post 8vo., 7s. 6d. 


‘This little book has already, we are pleased to note, attained its third edition, We sincerely 
wish it that continuance of public favour which it so well deserves.’—Saturday Review. 


MRS. LOUDON’S FIRST BOOK OF BOTANY. 


Being a Plain and Brief Introduction to that Science for Schools and 
Young People. New Edition, revised and enlarged, by David Wooster, 
joint editor of Loudon’s ‘Encyclopedia of Plants,’ Loudon’s ‘Hortus 
Britannicus,’ &c., with numerous Engravings. Feap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 


Conrents:—Chap. I. On the Elementary Organs of Plants.—Chap. II. 
The Parts into which Plants are Divided by Botanists—Chap. III. The 
Natural Divisions of Plants.—Chap. IV. Botanical Classifications——Index and 
Glossary. 


THE BOTANIST’S POCKET-BOOK. 


By W. R. Haywarp. Containing, arranged in a tabulated form, the chier 
characteristics of British Plants. Feap. 8vo. flexible binding for the 
pocket, Second Edition Revised, 4s. 6d. 

This Volume is intended as a handy Pocket Companion for the Botanist in the 
field, and will enable him to identify on the spot the plants he may meet with 
in his researches. Besides the characteristics of species and varieties, it contains 
the Botanical name, Common name, Soil or Situation, Colour, Growth, and time 
of Flowering of every plant, arranged under its own order. 


‘A book of modest pretensions and not without its value. . . . Occupying not much over 
two hundred pages of paper in limp cloth binding, it will be no great burden to the pocket 
or knapsack, and may frequently be usefully resorted to by a young botanist on the tramp, 
leaving more careful study till he gets home.’—Nature. 

‘The diagnoses seem framed with considerable care and judgment, the characteristics having 
been well selected and contrasted.’—Journal of Botany. 


MY GARDEN: ITS PLAN AND CULTURE. 


Together with a General Description of its Geology, Botany, and Natural 
History. By the late Atrrep Smeg, F.R.S. Illustrated with more than 
1500 Engravings on Wood. Second Edition, revised, imperial 8vo. 21s. 


‘Mr. Smee seems to be a gardener of the true school. His tastes lead him to cultivate almost 
every kind of hardy plants, and there are so many pretty figures of these in his pages as to 
make the book worth having for their sakes alone......... As a sort of recital of the pure 
pleasure and interest which even an otherwise busily occupied gentleman may derive from his 
garden, the book is of much value.’—Field. 

‘As for the illustrations they are simply perfect......... Lovers of gardens and lovers of art 
will join in prizing this book and in gratitude to Mr. Smee and to those who have so ably 
and faithfully seconded his aim.’—Graphic, 

‘This book.........has the merit of careful observation and a love for the common objects of 
nature which are too often disregarded because they are common.’—Pall Mall Gazette. 

‘Decidedly an interesting and useful work. It abounds in information on a variety of points 


which the lover of a good garden finds it necessary to know, but for which he does not know 
where to turn.’—Lancet. 


LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 


te a a ei Oeeee ee eet CRP : 
oh eee. Pee \ : ‘ ; 
a A a » Oi eat f 


‘ ed ’ nd ? 
: ie =i. = ik COA ae 
« , Las ‘5 


— 
477% 
j 


n,.4 

na! 

i) 

‘ 
- y 

5 nied 
4 . i. h 

i ’ a ¥ . 
wise vy 


. 
F 
A, 
P 
‘. 
* 
, ’ 
6 
i 
Pa 6 
& 
Le 
rs ( 
i 
th 
P 7 
f 


att . 
eet 
Wee 

y 


UGG 
eantutres 


Wins 

; 

Ant 
ie 
Hint 

Apel tay 
Cre 
( 

ret 

105!