QK306 0865 - av. PRO SCIENT/a% RO_SCIENT/, DA gz m4 — LIBRARY |) Lo _— —S Gray Herbarium Purchase August 1970 2 \\ Lf —__—_ ee >~ Povo lish DOTANY:; OR, COLOURED FIGURES CF BRITISH PLANTS. Ghirds Gditiow, ENLARGED, RE-ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL ORDERS AND ENTIRELY REVISED. WITH DESCRIPTIONS BY JOHN T. BOSWELL, UL.D., F.L.S., Ere., AND N. E. BROWN, Of the Royal Herbarium, Kew, Tue Figures py W. H. FITCH, N. E. BROWN, AND JOHN EDWARD SOWERBY, Illustrator of the “ Wild Flowers Worth Notice,” &e. ke. VOLUME XII. CRYPTOGAMIA. MARSILIACEZ TO CHARACEA.—GENERAL INDEX. | LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1886. LONDON: [ti BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, < ; ; baal : STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. PUBLISHERS’ NOTE. —+o—_ Tue following Volume, containing the descriptions of British Crypto- . gamous Plants, completes the 3rd Hdition of ‘English Botany’ within the limits proposed by its Editor, Mr. Boswell (Syme), with the exception of such supplementary and additional matter as the progress of time since its publication has rendered necessary. Unfortunately, the failure of Mr. Boswell’s health prevented him from finishing his work, and its completion is due to Mr. N. E. Brown, of the Royal Herbarium, Kew, who had previously undertaken the drawings of some of the plants, and has ably supplemented the incomplete descriptions. He has also undertaken the arduous work of revising the Latin Indices of the several Volumes which now, incorporated with the English indices, and with a new one of French and German names, furnish for the first time a complete Index to the whole work. : ’ Oo 5 re) rn S =x ENGLISH BOTANY. CONTENTS OF THE VOLUMES. Vouume I. Ranunculacex, Berbcridacee, Nympheacer, Papaveracee, and Crucifere. Vouume II. Resedacex, Cistaceze, Violaceze, Droseracee, Polygalacerw, Frankeniacez, Caro- phyllaceze, Portulacaceze, Tamariscacese, Hlatinacese, Hypericacer, Malvaceae, Tiliacex, Linacez, Geraniacer, Ilicinese, Cclastraceze, Rhamnaceze, Sapindacee. Vo.ume IIT. Leguminifere and Rosacee. Votume IV. Lythracez, Onagraceee, Cucurbitacez, Grossulariacere, Crassulacere, Saxifragacce, Umbellifere, Araliacese, Cornacese, Loranthacez, Caprifoliacese, Rubiaces, Vale- rianacez, and Dipsacce. VouumE V. All the Plants ranked under the order Composite. VoLumE VI. Campanulacez, Ericacee, Jasminacex, Apocynacee, Gentianacee, Polemoniacee, Convolvulacez, Solanacee, Scrophulariaceze, Orobanchacee, and Verbenacee. Votoms VII. Labiate, Boraginacee, Lentibulariacee, Primulacee, Plumbaginacee, Plantagi- nace, Paronychiacce, and Amarantacez. Votume VIII. Chenopodiacez, Polygonacer, Eleganacee, Thymelacer, Santalacee, Aristo- lochiaceex, Empetracese, Euphorbiacee, Callitrichacese, Ceratophyllaceze, Urticacez, Amentifere, and Conifere. Vouume IX. Typhacex, Aracee, Lemnacex, Naiadacee, Alismaceex, Hydrocharidacex, Orchi- dacex, Iridacese, Amaryllidacexw, Diascoreaceze, and Liliacez. VoutumE X. Juncacez and Cyperacez. Vouume XI. Graminacez. Vouvume XII. Marsiliacce, Isoetacce, Selaginellacew, Lycopodiacee, Ophioglossacex, Filices, Equisetacez, and Characew, General Index. 189 191 186 186-187 189 200 215 217 PLATE 1826* 1827 1871 1897 [ERRATA OF VOLUME XII. —+—_———_ (i For p. 622, read p. 602. 35 For Puates 1871, 1872; read Prats 1870, 1871. 25 After ATHYRIUM FLEXILE, add Syme ; and beneath this line insert, Puate 1871. 25 After CETERACH OFFICINARUM, add Desr. 20 For Hurd Fern, read Hard Fern. 21 For Arthur Bennett, read A. W. Bennett. 18 \ After the word Brunn, strike out the comma. 13 Strike out the words Var. a. genuina. Strike out N. glomerata, var. 8 Smithii, with the remarks re- ferring to it, and add the synonymy to that of N. glomerata. Messrs. Groves having intimated in the Journal of Botany, 1885, p. 350, that they had found nucules on Mr. Borrer’s Lancing specimen, induced me to re-examine it, and in a fertile head taken from another part of the specimen, I find some ex- tremely young nucules in their first stages of development; the two heads previously examined by me were probably too young, as I could find nothing of the kind upon them, although care- fully searched for under a power of 450 diameters. The var. Smithii must therefore be considered to be founded upon an immature state of N. glomerata. 36-40 Strike out these lines beginning at the words ‘ The plant,’ &c., as there is a specimen of N. prolifera from the Glasnevin Canal in the Herbarium of the late Dr. D. Moore, at Dublin. 18 For the word but, read and. 2 After var.? 8. connivens, add N. EH. Brown. ol After the words ‘beneath the nucule’ add—? (Messrs. Groves in the Journal of Botany, 1885, p. 350, state that this is not the case in their specimen, but do not say how they are situated. As this is the normal position of the globules in the group to which this species belongs, a further discovery of moncecious ‘ specimens may possibly prove Messrs. Groves’ example to be abnormal. ) For Isoetes eu-lacustris, var. Morei, read Isoetis lacustris, var. Morei. For Poetes echinospora, read Isoetes echinospora. For Athyrium alpestre, var. flexile, read Athyrium flexile. Strike out the words var. Wilsoni. N. E. Brown. | ENGLISH BOTANY. SUBKINGDOM II. CRYPTOGAMITIA, or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Piants destitute of Howers furnished with special organs of repro- duction (stamens and pistils), but producing spores, which differ from seeds in containing no embryo previous to germination. The plants have, however, at some period of their growth, bodies which represent the male and female organs of flowering plants, which are so various that they must be described under each separate Class or Order. CLASS I-—VASCULARES. Herbs, usually perennial, very rarely annual, rarely trees, which have a stem composed of cellular tissue in which are imbedded closed fibro-vascular bundles, the whole covered by an epidermis, producing adventitious roots and leaves, or representatives of leaves with various venation. Spores produced without fertilisation, included in spore cases which are either enclosed in sporocarps (modified leaves), or naked in the axils of the leaves or on the back of the leaves, or on the under side of peltate hexagonal plates collected into a terminal cone. Male and female organs produced on a prothallium, which is the result of the germination of the spore. The prothallium is sometimes simply a growth of cellular tissue which protrudes from the spores after the latter have burst, but in other cases it grows out into a scale resembling a Liverwort, and has an independent existence sometimes lasting for months. In either case, the female organs (archegonia) are formed in the prothallium, their essential part consisting of a cell (oosphere), enclosed in the tissue of the prothallium, and having an VOL. XII. B 2 ENGLISH BOTANY. open protruding neck: the male organs consist of spiral ciliated threads (antherozoids), produced from cells (antheridia), either formed upon or in the prothallium or contained in separate spores from those — which produce the prothallium which developes the archegonia. ORDER LXXXIX.-_-MARSILIACESA. Aquatic or marsh plants with creeping rooting branched root- stocks. Leaves alternate, erect, filiform, without any lamina, or with a lamina composed of 4 equal, obovate, entire or retuse leaflets; in either case with circinate vernation. Sporangia contained in cap- sules or sporocarps, subsessile in the axils of the leaves or more or less longly stalked and springing from the lower part of the leaf, globular or ovoid, often hairy at least when young, 2- to 4-celled vertically, 2- to 4-valved. Spores of two kinds, the larger (macrospores) solitary in each macrosporangium, the smaller (microspores) numerous in each microsporangium. Macrosporangia and microsporangia included in the same sporocarp. Prothallium developed from a papilla at the apex of the macrospore; its oosphere, after being fertilised by the -antherozoids discharged from the microspores, developes and forms © the new plant. GENUS L—PILULARIA. Linn. Sporocarps subglobular subsessile and erect, or shortly stalked and bent down, 2- or 4-celled, 2- or 4-valved at the apex. Aquatic herbs, with slender branched creeping stems and setaceous leaves without any lamina. Name derived from pilula, a pill, which the sporocarps resemble. SPECIES I—PILULARIA GLOBULIFERA., Lin. Puate 1825. Rabenhorst, Cryptogame Vasculares Europe Exsiccatee, No. 27. Sporocarps subglobose, 4-celled, 4-valved, 3 or 4 times longer than their peduncle, erect. Macrospores numerous, ovoid, constricted in the middle. Microspores without a gelatinous covering. On the margins of lakes and ponds, usually in shallow water, but left growing in the damp mud in summer. The Rev. W. W. Spicer says, that in September he found it in a pond near Guildford, Surrey, in water 40 inches deep. (Phyt. 1851, p. 350.) MARSILIACEA 3 Rather sparingly but generally distributed from Cornwall and Sussex, northwards to Skye and Sutherland. Rare in Ireland, where it has been noticed in the west, and more plentifully in the north-east. England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. Rootstock long, creeping, filiform, sparingly branched, glabrous except at the growing apex, which is clothed with hairs, producing 1 or more adventitious roots at each point from which leaves are given off. Leaves 1 to 4 inches long, 2 to 4 together at intervals along the rootstock, erect, deep green, smooth, with a few very minute hairs or papille, the young ones coiled up at the apex like the fronds of a Fern. Sporocarps solitary in the axils of the leaves, very shortly stalked, globose, slightly pointed, resembling small peppercorns, at first hairy, at length glabrous, divided parallel to the axis into 4 cells, with a parietal placenta running down each; to this placenta the sporangia are attached, forming a sorus, Lower sporangia in each sorus a dozen or more, each containing a single macrospore; upper- most sporangia of the sorus containing numerous microspores: in either case the sporangia are small thin hyaline walled sacs which eventually burst and discharge their spores, which escape enveloped in the jelly which fills the sporangia, and by its expansion causes their rupture. Ripe microspores enveloped in a gelatinous coat, furnished with a small projection at the apex, formed by the protrusion of the inner layer of the spore, which is torn into shreds. Underneath all this there is a collection of protoplasm, from which is developed the prothallium; for the details of this, see Hoffmeister on the Higher Cryptogamia, translated by Currie, pp. 318 to 324. Pillwort, or Pepper-grass. ORDER XC.—ISOETACE A. Aquatic or terrestrial plants consisting of a fleshy depressed 2- to 4- lobed corm, producing simple or forked root-fibres, and giving rise to rush-like leaves with dilated bases, which are sometimes per- sistent. Leaves subulate or linear, containing 4 air-tubes, with transverse partitions, furnished with stomata in some _ species. Sporangia solitary, immersed in the inner face of the dilated base of the leaves to which they are connected by their backs, crossed internally by threads affixed to their upper and under sides; the sporangia of the outer leaves containing numerous macrospores, those of the inner leaves containing very numerous microspores. Some species have p/yillodes, or barren leaves, on the corm between the B 2 4 ENGLISH BOTANY. leaves bearing macrosporangia and those bearing microsporangia. Macrospores large, with a whitish crustaceous integument, sub- globular, trigonous towards the apex, the division between the hemi- spherical and the trigonous portion, and those between the three faces of the trigonous part marked by elevated lines, the trigonous portion ultimately opening into three valves. Microspores very numerous and very minute, grey, oblong-trigonous, marked by a single line. Macrospore developing a prothallium at its apex, which has its oosphere fertilised by the antherozoids developed in the microspores, as in the Marsiliacez. GENUS L—-ISOETES. Jinn. The only genus. Characters the same as those of the Order. Name from Zoos (isos), equal, and éros (etos), year, from the plant having the same appearance all the year round. SPECIES I—ISOETES LACUSTRIS. Linn. Puates 1826 and 1827: Plant aquatic, submerged. Roots glabrous. Corm 2-lobed, not clothed with the persistent and hardened bases of former leaves. Leaves subcylindrical or tetragonous, subulate, with broad sheathing bases having membranous edges and smooth backs, straight or recurved, erect or ascending, more or less translucent, without marginal bast- fibres, and without stomata or with very few. Phyllodes absent. Velum incomplete. Sporangia oblong-ovoid oval-ovoid or subglobose, unspotted. Macrospores with a white crustaceous integument, tuber- culate, with the tubercles not coalescing into ridges. Microspores smooth. Suzssrecies I.—Isoetes eu-lacustris. Puate 1826. Rabenh. Crypt. Vasc. Europ. Nos. 5 and 77. , I. lacustris, Duriew et Auct. plur. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vii. p. 456. Milde, Filices Europ. p. 276. Plant aquatic, submerged. Root-fibres glabrous. Corm 2-lobed, with 3 to 7 longitudinal furrows, not clothed with the persistent and hardened bases of former leaves. “Leaves slightly translucent, dark green, sub- cylindrical-terete or subulate, with broad sheathing bases having ISOETACEA, D membranous margins and smooth backs, erect or ascending, straight or recurved, without marginal bast-fibres, and without stomata or with very few. Phyllodes absent. Velum incomplete. Sporangia oblong- ovoid or subglobose, unspotted. Macrospores with a white crustaceous integument, tuberculate with prominent blunt or truncated tubercles, which are not higher than broad. Var. a. genuina. Prats 1826. Leaves rarely exceeding 6 or 7 inches in length, stout, more or less recurved when the plants are not crowded; the membranous margins usually rather narrower than the firm portion of the leaf-base. Var. B. Moret. PratEe 1826*. I. Morei, D. Moore in Journal of Botany (1878), p. 353. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long or more; more slender and more tapering than in var. a, erect, or with the apices floating; the membranous margins usually as broad as the firm portion of the leaf-base. Macrospores in more saccate cavities, and fewer in number, and microspores smaller than in var. a. Var. a occurs in lakes, growing submerged in the water, almost confined to hilly districts. In Wales it is frequent in Carnarvonshire, and occurs also in Merioneth and Denbigh. Frequent in the Lake district. In Scotland it occurs in most of the counties from the Forth and Clyde north to Caithness and Sutherland. Dr. A. R. Duguid found it in Loch of Carness, Orkney. In Ireland it occurs from north to south, chiefly in mountainous districts, and most plentiful in the west and north. Var. B is found wholly submerged, or with the leaves floating on the water, in the Upper Lough of Bray, Co. Wicklow. England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. Corm from the size of a cherry-stone to that of a hazel-nut, dark brown exteriorly, white when cut through. Root-fibres developed from the furrow which traverses the bottom of the corm, simple or once or twice forked towards the apex, brown. Leaves 2 inches to 1 foot long, deep green, rather rigid, tapering, usually recurved and diverging or erect; their bases dilated, with membranous pale yellow edges, withering and ultimately rotting off from the corm without 6 ENGLISH BOTANY. becoming hard ; bases of the lowest leaves containing macrosporangia, and the upper ones microsporangia. Sporangia ovoid, about the size of wheat or barley grains, immersed in the substance of the leaf to which they are attached by the back, and more or less covered by a membranous outgrowth from the margin of the fovea or depression in the leaf termed the velum. Immediately above the fovea which contains the sporangium, there is a transverse pit in the leaf termed the foveola. The margin of this foveola nearest the sporangium is elevated, and forms the labium, and from the bottom of the pit there rises a membranous scale (lingule), attached by a broad base and acuminated upwards. Macrospores 1; inch in diameter, furnished with prominent tubercles whose height does not exceed the breadth of their base. The prothallium is formed at the apex of the macro- spore, and eventually ruptures it, the macrospore opening by 3 sutures corresponding with the converging lines at the apex. Var. 8 is a very remarkable form, and may be a distinct subspecies, as which Dr. D. Moore has described it; and in this view of it he is _ supported by the authority of Prof. Caruel of Pisa, Prof. Duval-Jeune and Martius of Montpellier, and Dr. Ascherson of Berlin, who all consider it distinct from any described species. It is with great reluctance that I express an opinion different from that of such great authorities, especially as I have not had an oppor- tunity of seeing the plant in a recent state; but the most careful comparison of the specimens of I. Morei (which the late Dr. Moore has kindly sent me) with those of genuine I. eu-lacustris leads me to the conclusion that it is impossible to separate it even as a subspecies. From the time of Dillenius it has been known that there are two forms of Isoetes eu-lacustris, found growing in the same places, viz. a solitary form in which the leaves are thicker, shorter spreading, and more or less recurved, and another form, var. 8, Smith (Calamaria folio longiore et graciliore, Dill.), a gregarious form, in which the leaves are flaccid, longer, more slender, and more brittle. Modern British authors regard these as states, and not varieties of the plant. Smith advanced the untenable hypothesis that the tall and slender variety might perhaps “be caused by those sudden risings of the waters so frequent in mountainous countries.” But as the stout recurved-leaved plants grow in the same lake as the others, this is evidently a fallacious idea. Mr. HE. Newman no doubt has pointed out the true cause of the variation of the plant, viz. that many of the spores _ “yemain in the capsule and there germinate, throwing up dense tufts of slender leaves of a delicate green colour. I am indebted to Miss. Beever for specimens which beautifully exhibit this germination of the seeds in situ, the parent plant and its offspring having been dried while in the most favourable state for displaying this peculiarity, to which Miss Beever particularly called my attention. These young plants rapidly increase in size, send their roots downwards into the earth, and their leaves upwards into the water; and from the TSOETACEA. 7 crowding incident on this condition of the seedling plants the elongate and slender leaves would naturally result.’ (Hist. Brit. Ferns, ed, 11. p. 392.) * Every one who has gathered I. eu-lacustris must be familiar with this form, and to my eyes I. Morei seems to be merely a greatly developed state of this crowded form of I. eu-lacustris. No doubt, as Dr. Moore says, in habit it resembles I. setacea Delille, and I. velata A. Braun, but in the structure of the corm, of the leaves, and of the velum it differs from these plants, and agrees perfectly with I. eu- lacustris; for both I. setacea and I. velata have the leaves furnished _ with 6 peripherical bast-fibres. Dr. Moore says it differs from I. eu-lacustris ‘‘in the veil which covers the macrosporangia being one-half longer, leaving only one- third of the spores naked ;” but according to my experience the velum _ in I. eu-lacustris does usually leave only one-third of the spores naked. ‘The macrospores seem quite similar in vars. a and £. Attention was called to this remarkable form by Mr. A. G. More in 1871, but it was not until November 1876 that Dr. Moore obtained living specimens, These and some of the ordinary state he found retained their respective character in cultivation. Lake Quillwort. Susspecies II.—Isoetes echinospora. Durieu. Pruate 1827. Rabenh. Crypt. Vasc. Europ. Ex. No. 76. Bab. Journ. Bot. 1863, p. 1. Milde, Filices Europ. p. 279. Plant aquatic, submerged. Root-fibres glabrous. Corm 2-lobed without longitudinal furrows, not clothed with the persistent and hardened bases of former leaves. Leaves pellucid, pale green, sub- cylindrical-terete or -subulate, with broad sheathing bases having membranous margins and smooth backs, ascending, straight, without marginal bast-fibres, and without stomata (in the European plant). Phyllodes absent. Velum incomplete. Sporangia subglobose oval- ovoid. Macrosporangia with a white crustaceous integument, muri- cate with very prominent acute spine-like tubercles, which are higher than broad. In lakes in mountainous districts “where there is peat at the bottom of the water.” In a pool near Llyn-y-cwm near Llanberis (Mr. W. Wilson); and in the river that runs out of the lakes of * Since the above was written I have seen Mr. Baker’s monograph of the genus in the ‘Journal of Botany,’ 1880, pp. 65 et seg. He considers I. Morei a form of I, lacustris. 8 ENGLISH BOTANY. Llanberis, Carnarvon (Professor Babington). _ In a pool near the top of Ben-Voirlich, Dumbarton (Professor Babington, 1845). Loch of Drum, Aberdeenshire (where I gathered it in 1850). Loch Callater, Braemar (Mr. J. Sadler in 1878). Lake near the Gap of Dunloe, Killarney, and in the upper lake of Killarney, near Glenagh (Dr. Moore). Lough Gowla-na-gower and Lough na-Grooaun, Inish Boffan, Galway (Mr. A. G. More). England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. Very similar to I. eu-lacustris, but according to Professor Babington the plants may be distinguished when growing by the ‘spreading leaves and pale green colour,” in contr ast “ with the dark tint and usually erect leaves of I. eu-lacustris.” The only place where I have collected this plant is in the Loch of Drum in 1850 and 1851. ‘There the fronds are 2 to 6 inches long, spreading, flaccid, fragile, pellucid, pale green, with a large portion of the base paler : but the North American form, var. Braunii, is described by Dr. Engel- mann as having the “leaves dark, and often olive-green, straight or commonly recurved,” while another American variety Boothii has bright green stiffly-erect leaves. Both these American forms have stomata on the leaves, which, so far as I know, have not been observed in any Huropean specimens, except some from ‘ Iceland’ (Milde). The threads in the interior of the sporangia are more thickened, but the only conspicuous difference between the subspecies is that the tubercles on the macrospores of I. echinospora are very much longer and more acute than in I. eu-lacustris. Probably the plant will be found in other stations, having been passed over as I. eu-lacustris. Prickly-spored Lake Quillwort. SPECIES II1L—-ISOETES HYSTRIX. Durieu. Puate 1828. Rabenh. Crypt. Vasc. Europ. Nos. 101, 102, and 103. I. Durizi, Hook. Brit. Ferns, tab. 26 (non Bory). Plant terrestrial. Roots pubescent. Corm 3-lobed, with 8 radiat- ing furrows beneath, its lower part clothed with the persistent and indurated bases of former leaves. Leaves trigonous, filiform, with broad sheathing bases having membranous edges and a tuberculated band on the back, recurved and spreading in a circle, opaque, with numerous stomata. Phyllopodia or indurated bases of the leaves crustaceous, pitchy black, 3-toothed at the apex with the central tooth often minute. Phyllodes usually present. Velum complete, wholly ISOETACE. ) covering the sporangia. Macrospores with a crustaceous white integument, tuberculate, with the blunt tubercles coalescing into ridges. Microspores tuberculate. On damp spots in sandy pastures near the sea, L’Ancresse, common in the north of Guernsey. Discovered by Mr. George Wolsey, in June, 1860. Channel Islands. Perennial. Summer. Corm in the Guernsey specimens I have seen about the size of a pea, enclosed in a kind of husk formed by the greatly hardened persistent bases of the former leaves, until it attains a bulk about that of a hazel-nut. The leaf scales or phyllopodia are 4 inch long, concave, pitchy black, the uppermost ones terminated by 3 teeth not above 3!,th inch long, and often shorter. The lower scales are in a decaying state, and have the teeth broken off; and sometimes the whole of the scales begin to decay as soon as they are matured by the deposition in them of dark coloured tissue. Leaves 14 to 23 inches long, deep dull green, something like those of Scilla autumnalis, strongly recurved, flattish above, and acutely convex beneath, so as to have a trigonous section, pellucid towards the base, which is greatly dilated over the sporangia, which are about the size of grains of pearl barley, and concealed by the velum. On the back of the pale enlarged leaf-base there is a band covered with small tubercles extending as far as the sporangium does. Macrospores much smaller than those of I. lacustris, and with much less prominent tubercles than even in I. eu-lacustris, and forming beaded lines, from their bases coalescing. The above description is not that of the typical I. Hystrix. _(I. Hystrix forma loricata, Rabenh. 1. c. No. 101), which has per- sistent scales terminated by lateral spines 4 or even $ inch long, with a short intermediate tooth, and a bulb from the size of a hazel-nut to that of a walnut. The Jersey plant agrees well with I. Hystrix forma desquamata subinermis of A. Braun, Rabenh. 1. c. Nos. 102 and 103 0. Spiny Quillwort. ORDER XCI-SELAGINELLACES. Moss-like herbs or small shrubs with dichotomous or branched stems and minute entire or serrulate or denticulate leaves, either equal and regularly disposed round the stem, or bifarious‘and unequal, two being larger than the others and diverging right and left from the stem, while the smaller leaves are adpressed to it. Sporangia of two kinds, macro- sporangia and microsporangia, which are produced in the axils of VOL, XII. Cc 10 ENGLISH BOTANY. modified leaves or bracts arranged in terminal spikes. Macrosporangia often solitary in the axils of the lowest bracts of the spike, but some- times intermingled with the microsporangia, 3- or 4-lobed, and 3- or 4-valved, containing 3 or 4 (rarely 1 to 6), comparatively large roundish angulated macrospores. Microsporangia numerous, ovoid or subglobular, containing very numerous microspores. Prothallium developed on the apex of the macrospores, and fertilised by the antherozvids escaping from the cells of the microspores as in Isoetacee. GENUS L-SELAGINELLA. Spring. The only genus; characters the same as those of the Order. Name a diminutive of Selago, i.e. of Lycopodium Selago. SPECIES I-SEHELAGINELLA SEHELAGINOIDES. Gray. Pruate 1829. Rabenh. Crypt. Vase. Europ. No. 63. Hook. Stud. Flor. p. 471. §. spinulosa, A. Braun in Déll. Rhein Flor. p. 38. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vii. p. 458. Milde, Filic. Europ. p. 260. Koch, Syn. Fi. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 971. Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 83. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. III. p. 656. Wilkomm & Lange, Prod. Fl. Hisp. Vol. I. p. 14. Lycopodium selaginoides, Linn. Spec. Plant. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 1565. Smith, Eng. Bot, ed. i. No. 1148, and Eng. Flor. Vol. IV. p. 332. Newman, Brit. Ferns, ed. ii. p- 371. Stem slender, shortly creeping, sparingly branched, with the branches decumbent, ascending at the apex. Leaves all similar, pointing in all directions, spreading or ascending, strap-shaped lanceolate, very acute, remotely spinous- ciliate on the margins. Spikes erect, cylindrical or clavate, solitary at the extremities of erect branches thicker than the barren ones. Bracts spreading all round, triangular-ianceolate, much larger than the leaves on the barren shoots, and drawn out into a more acute point so as to be cuspidate, strongly spinous-ciliate, passing without any break into the leaves of the fertile branch. Macrosporangia 3- or 4-lobed, and 3- or 4-valved. Macrospores with a few scattered papille. In boggy ground, especially by the sides of small streams and ditches and on wet rocks; frequent in mountainous districts, also, in the north, on sandy ground near the sea. From Carnarvon, Flint, SELAGINELLACE. ft Chester, Derby and York, north to Orkney and Shetland. Rare in the south, but frequent in the west, middle and north of Ireland. England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. Stem | to 2 inches long, rarely more. Leaves bright green, shining 71, to 7, inch long, with a faint midrib, and commonly with _ lor 2 projecting spine-like serratures or teeth, which however are more conspicuous in the leaves towards the apex of the branches than on those towards the base, where as well as on the stem leaves they are sometimes absent. Spike-bearing branches 1 to 4 inches high, erect from a decumbent base. The spike is from 4 to 13 inch long. Bracts 5/5 to 4 inch long’, broad at the base, and much more strongly spinous-ciliate and more acuminated than the leaves, at first adpressed, afterwards spreading. Macrosporangia about s!; inch in diameter, 3-sided. Microsporangia placed in the axils of the upper branches, and smaller than the macrosporangia. Lesser Alpine Clubmoss, EXCLUDED SPECIES. SELAGINELLA HELVETICA. Link. A specimen of this is included in Sherard’s ‘Herbarium,’ but without any record of locality; with it, according to the Rev. W. W. Spicer, there is a label in the form of a paragraph from Ray’s ‘Synopsis,’ ed. ii. From this it would seem Lobel (1570) supposed it to have been gathered on the Mendip Hills, Somerset ; and Merrett (1667) by the Thames side at the Neathouses and Kingsbridge, Middlesex. The last certainly an error; the former probably so. See Phyt. 1851, p. 384. ORDER XCIIl—L YCOPODIACES. Herbs or small shrubs, often with creeping woody branched or forked stems, having adventitious roots, or rarely with subterranean branches apparently performing the office of roots, in one genus with tuberous roots. Leaves small, often resembling those of Juniper, in one genus all radical and subulate. Sporangia all similar, placed in the axils of modified leaves or bracts, arranged in terminal spikes, which often resemble small cones, more rarely scattered over the c 2 | ENGLISH BOTANY. upper part of the stem in the axils of the leaves, roundish or 3+ or 4-lobed, 1- to 3-celled, 1- to 3-vaived. Spores uniform, all extremely minute. In the only case in which germinating spores have been observed (those of Lycopodium annotinum), they had produced an irregularly lobed subterranean prothallium, destitute of chlorophyll, sparingly furnished with small root-hairs; the upper surface has numerous grooves and protuberances, in which antheridia and archegonia were found con- taining antherozoids. The archegonium was not observed, but the position it would occupy is indicated by the germinating plants. See Sachs’ ‘Text Book of Botany, translated by Bennett and Dyer, p. 400. This agrees quite with the reproduction of Ophioglossiacee, with which Berkeley has pointed out their connection previous to the discovery of the prothallium mentioned above. See ‘ Introduction to Crypt. Botany,’ p. 549. GENUS I-LYCOPODIUM. Linn. Sporangia roundish-reniform, 1-celled, 2-valved; spores marked with 3 striz. Herbs or small shrubs, often with creeping stems or rootstocks, and small leaves like those of Juniper or Savin. Sporangia usually in terminal spikes. Name from Avxos (lucos), wolf, and zovs (pous), foot, to which the extremity of the stem has been compared. SPECIES I-LYCOPODIUM SELAGO. Lina. PuatE 1830. Rabenh. Crypt. Vasc. Europ. No. 95. Stem short, not creeping, decumbent at the base, repeatedly dicho- tomous ; branches erect or ascending, approximate. Leaves all similar, inserted all round the stem, crowded, 8-farious, adpressed or spreading, lanceolate strap-shaped, acuminated and acute, pungent or sub-pungent, entire, rarely spinous-serrate. Sporangia in the axils of ordinary leaves, not collected into terminal spikes, but distributed over the © ereater part of the branches. Var. a. vulgatum. Pirate 18380. Leaves imbricated, adpressed, at least on the ultimate divisions of the branches. LYCOPODIACE2. 13 Var. B. recurvum. Leaves spreading or reflexed, usually longer and more decidedly strap-shaped than in var. a. On heaths, rocks, and barren places, chiefly on mountainous dis- tricts, although it is found over the whole of Britain from Cornwall, Devon, and Sussex north to Orkney and Shetland ; but it is a scarce plant in the low-lying counties of England. Frequent and widely distributed throughout Ireland. England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. Stem short, or at least the rooting part of it, leafy to the base, often reddish, forking 2 to 5 times into branches from 2 to 7 inches long, very rarely a foot long; these branches rise from the procumbent part of the stem with a rather sudden curve, and when growing on rocks or beside hollows they frequently dip downwards before they ascend. Leaves +1, to 33, inch long, those on the lower part of the stem generally spreading or reflexed, and those in the upper part of the branches adpressed, but every intermediate form occurs between the extremes of the Jeaves being all adpressed, or all spreading ; they are convex, beneath bright green or olive, and have no evident midrib. Generally the branches are quite continuous, but sometimes they are slightly annotinous, with slight indications of the annual growth. There is no marked division between the spikes and the branches, the leaves in the axils of which there are sporangia, being quite similar to the others. The sporangia are sometimes confined to the apex of the branches, but more usually are spread over the greater part of their erect portion. On the upper part of the stem small buds or bulbils, developed from the upper leaves, are to be found. These bulbils are formed in an irregular 6-cleft calyx-like body, developed out of the upper leaves; the bulbils consist of 5 lobes, of which 2 remain small, while the others develope into oval leaf-like bodies, ultimately at least as long as and much broader than the leaves of the plant. The bulbils appear to germinate whether they remain on the plant or fall to the ground. A detailed account of them will be found in Newman’s ‘British Ferns,’ ed. 11. p. 378-380, and ‘Phytologist’ for 1844, pp. 84-86. I have never seen British specimens of L. Selago with the leaves spinous-serrate. Milde includes under L. Selago, L. suberectum, Lowe, in which they are very conspicuously spinous-serrate ; but this plant, from Madeira and the Azores, seems too different from L. Selago not to be separated from it at least as a subspecies, to which it has as good a claim as the North American L. lucidulum, Michauz. Fir Clubmoss. 14 ENGLISH BOTANY. SPECIES 1.—LYCOPODIUM INUNDATUM. Linn. Prate 1831. Rabenh. Crypt. Vasc. Europ. No. 65. Stem short, creeping, prostrate, applied to, and on the under side actually imbedded in the ground, simple or very sparingly branched ; branches at first ascending, afterwards prostrate. Leaves inserted all round the stem, approximate, all turned upwards and slightly falcated so as to be secund, or a few of them.on the under side of the stem adpressed to it, strap-shaped linear, tapering gradually to a very acute point, not pungent nor bristle-pointed, entire. Fertile branches 1 on each stem, rarely 2 at intervals, very rarely 2 close together, erect, densely leafy. Leaves on fertile branches similar to those of the stem, but ascending or adpressed, not secund. Spike occupying from half to one-third of the upper part of the fertile branch, oblong- fusiform or clavate-cylindrical, with its bracts resembling the leaves but larger, and broader towards the base, which has usually 1 tooth or sometimes 2 teeth on each side. On damp heaths, growing generally on peat or sand. Rather frequent and generally distributed in England, with the exception of Wales. Rare and local in Scotland, where it occurs on Tent’s Muir, Fife; Inverarnon, Dumbarton; and in the counties of Perth, Forfar, Elgin, Inverness, Ross, and perhaps Kincardine. In Ireland it appears to be very scarce, but has been found in counties Cork, Kerry, and in the Connemara district of Galway. England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. Stem 1 to 4 inches long, attached to the soil at intervals by wiry roots. Fertile branches 1 to 4inches high. Leaves } to 1 inch long, rather dull green, especially the older ones, not shining, with a slender midrib and a narrow hyaline margin. Spike always thicker than the fertile branch that supports it, $ to 2 inches long. Bracts } to 33, inch long, at first adpressed, afterwards spreading, and ultimately yellowish-olive. Sporangia transversely oval, opening near the base. This is the only British Lycopodium in which the barren stems are annual, the basal portion dying off each year. The American plant, called L. inundatum, is larger and stouter, with much longer and more subulate leaves, often with a few denticu- lations. The spike is much more conspicuous than in the European plant, and begins abruptly, and the leaves on its stalk have a tendency to be verticillate, and are more distant. Probably it ought to be LYCOPODIACEZ. 15 considered as a distinct subspecies, and bear the name Bigelovii, which is given to the larger form of it. L. alopecuroides, Linn., another North American form, seems no more than a subspecies, with the leaves conspicuously ciliate, especially towards the base: the whole plant is much larger than L. inundatum. Marsh Club-moss. SPECIES II—L YCOPODIUM ANNOTINUM. Lino. Pruate 1832. Rabenh. Crypt. Vasc. Europ. No. 67. L. juniperifolium, DC. Fl. Fr. Vol. IV. p. 572. Stem very long, creeping, prostrate, much branched; branches ascending or erect, unbranched or irregularly once or twice dichoto- mous. Leaves inserted all round the stem, rather distant, most of them turned upwards and slightly falcate so as to be subsecund ; those the under side of the stem mostly adpressed to it, lanceolate strap- shaped, acute, not piliferous, entire or faintly denticulate ; leaves on the branches 5-farious, crowded, ascending or spreading or slightly reflexed, decurrent, linear strap-shaped or narrowly elliptical-strap- shaped, acuminated and acute, pungent, remotely serrated, with callous points; those at the termination of each year’s growth smaller and adpressed, which gives the branches the appearance of being con- stricted at intervals. Spikes oblong-cylindrical, subobtuse, terminating some of the branches. Bracts yellow, deltoid-ovate or roundish, abruptly acuminated so as to be cuspidate with the cusp frequently drawn out into a long point, cordate at the base, finely denticulate on the margins. On heaths in mountainous districts. Rather local. On Glyder Fawr above Flyn-y-cwm, Carnarvonshire; Charnwood Forest, Leices- tershire ; Lake district. In the Scotch highlands it is more common, occurring on the Breadalbane, Clova, Braemar, and Inverness moun- tains, It is reported from Goatfell in Arran, and I have collected it in the south of Mull at an elevation which from recollection I should estimate at about 50 yards. In Orkney it occurs in Berridale, Hoy, and I believe in Ronsay. England, Scotland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. Stem 1 or more yards long, tough, wiry, flexuous, rooting at distant intervals, sending up simple or once or twice forked branches 3 to 9 inches high. Leaves coriaceous, almost rigid, green inclining 16 ENGLISH BOTANY. more or less to olive, slightly shining, with a midrib ending ina sharp, almost spinous, point. Stem leaves } to + inch long; branch leaves 1 to 1 inch long, more serrated, and much closer together than those of the stem. Spikes } to 14 inch long, } to } inch in diameter, often with a few of the leaves on the apex of the branch on which it is placed adpressed and smaller than the lower ones, which gives the spike the appearance of being shortly stalked. Bracts of the spike variable in shape, from narrowly ovate to roundish reniform, subcordate at the base, sometimes gradually acuminated into a trian- cular point, at other times with a linear subsetaceous cusp. The North American plant appears to be identical with the Huropean. Interrupted Club-moss. SPECIES IV—LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM., Linn. Puate 1833. Rabenh. Crypt. Vase. Europ. No. 66. Stem very long, creeping, much branched; branches at first ascending, afterwards prostrate, unbranched or irregularly dichotomous or pinnate. Leaves inserted all round the stem, approximate, most of them turned upwards and slightly falcate, so as to be subsecund ; those on the under side of the stem adpressed to it, linear strap- shaped, acute, piliferous, finely and rather remotely spinous-dentate ; leaves on the branches crowded, more closely placed than on the main stem, adpressed or ascending, incurved, similar to those on the stem, but less denticulate and the upper ones often quite entire. Peduncles from the termination of short branches, elongate, furnished with irregular whorls of small subulate leaves with membranous den- ticulate margins and terminal hairs, which are usually somewhat shorter than those of the stem-leaves. Spikes in pairs, more rarely solitary or three together, shortly pedicellate, linear-cylindrical or oblong-cylindrical, subobtuse. Bracts yellow, deltoid-ovate, gradually acuminated into a long cusp, which, at least in the lower bracts, often terminates in a hair, rounded at the base, finely denticulate on the margins. On heaths and stony places. Rather frequent and generally dis- tributed, though more common in mountainous districts. England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. Stem attaining the length of 1 or 2 yards, or even more; tough, wiry, rooting at distant intervals, much branched, but the branches LYCOPODIACEA. 17 seldom remain erect or ascending after they are 1 or 2 inches high. Leaves } to + inch long, exclusive of the white hair-lke point, rather thin, bright green, with an evident midrib. Peduncles | to 4 inches long, rather slender; spikes 13 to 23 inches long. Bracts at first adpressed and greenish, ultimately spreading or reflexed at the point, and straw-yellow. Sporangia reniform. When L. clavatum is in fruit it cannot be mistaken for any other British species, this being the only one which has the spikes supported on a long slender peduncle. But sometimes when the hair-like point of the leaves is short, the barren stem bears some resemblance to that of L. annotinum; the leaves, however, of L. cla- vatum are thinner in texture, brighter green, less decurrent, and without the rigid almost prickly point which is found in L. anno- tinum; they are also less spreading, and almost always some of them at least have a white wool-like point, which indeed is some- times as long as the leaf, and in the young plant generally forms a little tuft at the end of the growing branches. The North American L. clavatum is quite similar to the European. Common Club-moss. SPECIES V-LYCOPODIUM ALPINUM. Lim. Puate 1834. Rabenh. Crypt. Vasc. Europ. No. 96. Stem rather long, creeping, prostrate, much branched. Branches ascending or erect, recularly two or three times dichotomous, so as to appear fasciculate; the ultimate branches of each fascicle of nearly equal length, approximate. Leaves inserted in four rows: those on the main stem remote and scale-like, strap-shaped, obtuse or sub- acute, entire; those on the branches approximate; the lateral ones opposite, placed edgeways to the stem, triangular subulate, falcate, broadest at the base, very acute, entire; those of the upper row imbricated, smaller than the lateral ones, narrowly elliptical-subulate, affixed by a narrow base, acute, entire; those of the lower row not imbricated, similar to those of the upper row, but smaller. Fertile branchlets repeatedly dichotomous, approximate, equal in length, usually conspicuously longer than the accompanying barren branch- lets, with the leaves regularly imbricated in four rows round the stem, all similar, adpressed, lanceolate-subulate. Spikes solitary and sessile at the extremities of the ultimate divisions of the fertile branchlets, cylindrical; bracts ovate acuminated into a triangular cusp, subcordate, erose or denticulate. On bare and stony places, common on mountains, but rare in low VOL. XII. D 18 ENGLISH BOTANY. districts. With the exception of a station at Dunkerry beacon, south Somerset, it does not occur in the south of England, but from Car- digan, Brecon, Montgomery, Denbigh, Chester, Derby, and York, it is found northwards, as far as Orkney and Shetland. It occurs from north to south of Ireland. England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. Stem very tough, wiry, often partially buried, 9 inches to 2 feet long, round, whitish, with minute scale-like leaves. Branches 2 to 5 inches high, produced at intervals ; but each branch is so repeatedly divided that it looks like a little shrub. The barren branches, from the mode in which the leaves are inserted, appear flattened, convex above and concave beneath, with a ridge formed by the line of lower leaves. The leaves have some resemblance to those of the Savin, and are coriaceous, 7, to + inch long, rather pale dull green above, still paler and glaucous beneath. Ultimate branchlets 3 to 2 inches long. Fertile branchlets 1 to 8 inches high, repeatedly dichotomous like the sterile ones, so that the spikes are produced in level-topped fascicles, containing commonly some multiple of four, such as 8 or 16 spikes. Spikes + to # inch jong, a little thicker than the branches which support them. Scales at first olive and adpressed, afterwards yel- lowish-brown and spreading. Sporangia reniform, opening to the base. Savin-leaved Club-moss. EXCLUDED SPECIES. LYCOPODIUM COMPLANATUM. Linn. Reported from near Bramshot, Hants, and from Worcestershire, but requires confirmation. Under L. complanatum are included two plants—L. anceps, Wallroth, to which many authors confine the name of complanatum; the other L. Chamecyparissus, A. Braun. Both these grow in Belgium and Scandinavia, and L. Chameecyparissus in France. It is by no means unlikely to occur in Britain, especially as L. alpinum is not recorded from either of the supposed stations for L. complanatum. The barren branches of the two are so similar, that they can scarcely be distinguished; but in L. complanatum the spikes, 2 to 6 in number, are borne on a long peduncle, as in L. clavatum. Dr. Milde thinks it not improbable that L. alpinum may be merely a form of L. complanatum. Cg) ORDER XCII—OPHIOGLOSSACESM. Perennial herbs, frequently with a tuberous root producing 1 or more fronds with straight (not circinate) vernation. Frond com- monly with 2 branches, the lower sterile, the upper fertile; very rarely the fertile frond is separate from the barren one, though some species produce accessory sterile fronds, or sterile fronds only on young and weak plants. Sporangia in simple or compound spikes, naked, coriaceous, without any thickened ring, 2-valved, opening by a transverse slit, rarely by a vertical slit. Spores all similar, very minute. Prothallium subterranean, destitute of chlorophyll, tuberiform. The sporangia in Ophioglossaces: are produced by a metamor- phosis of the leaf itself, not from,a single epidermal cell, as in Filices, from which these plants differ also in their straight vernation and subterranean prothallium destitute of chlorophyll. GENUS I—OPHIOGLOSSUM. Linn. Herbs with a short fleshy tuberiform caudex, premorse below. New frond produced exterior to the base of the stalk of that of the preceding year. Barren branch of the frond entire, more rarely forked or palmate; fertile branch stalked, undivided. Sporangia connate, disposed in a stalked 2-ranked simple linear flattened spike. Name from d¢us (ophis), serpent, and yécca (glossa), tongue. SPECIES I-OPHIOGLOSSUM VULGATUM. Lin. PuatEe 1835. Rabenh. Crypt. Vasc. Europ. Exsice. No. 7. Caudex oblong-cylindrical, very slightly swollen. Fronds usually solitary. Barren segment or frond ovate or oval or elliptical, rarely oblanceolate-elliptical, not greatly attenuated at the base, entire, rather thick, fleshy ; veins conspicuous in the dried plant when held against the light, anastomosing and forming rather elongate areole at the base and centre of the frond, and short roundish-polygonal ones at the margin; primary areole containing secondary ones; cells of the epidermis flexuose-sided. Spike stalked, strapshaped-linear, com- pressed, apiculate; stalk cylindrical. Spores tubercled. D2 20 ENGLISH BOTANY. Var. a. genuina. Pruate 1835. Frond solitary, very rarely with a second frond or a barren frond from the same caudex. Barren segment or barren frond generally widest below the middle, more or less rounded at the base, or at least not greatly attenuated, even in fronds which have no fertile spike. Plant 4 to 15 inches high; spike 2 to 1? inches long. Var. B. polyphyllum.