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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

%eceived MAY 16 1899 ^ igg .

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76^70

Clcus No.

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REESE LIBRARY

ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2008 with funding from

IVIicrosoft Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/englishetymologyOOklugrich

ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.

A SELECT GLOSSARY

SERVING AS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BY

F: KLUGE and F. LUTZ

STRASSBURG

KARL J. TRUBNER

1898.

IG^fc

Printed by G. Otto, Darmstadt.

UNIVERSITY

PREFACE,

Our primer of English Etymology is meant to serve as an introduction to the study of the historical grammar of English. However manifold the advantages which the student may derive from Professor Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, it cannot be denied that it does not commend itself as a book for beginners. Though it is a work of deep research, brilliant sagacity, and admirable completeness, the linguistic laws underlying the various changes of form and meaning are not brought out clearly enough to be easily grasped by the uninitiated. We therefore propose to furnish the student with, a small and concise book enabling him to get an insight into the main linguistic phenomena. We are greatly indebted to Professor Skeat, of whose excellent work we have made ample use, drawing from it a great deal of material, which we hereby thankfully acknowledge. As our aim has of course not been to produce a book in any way comparable to our prede- cessor's work in fulness of detail and general completeness, we have confined ourselves to merely selecting all words the history of which bears on the development of the language at large. We have therefore, in the first place, traced back to the older periods loanwords of Scandinavian, French and Latin origin and such genuine EngHsh words as may afford matter for linguistic investigation. In this way we hope to have pro- vided a basis for every historical grammar of English, e.g. for Sweet's History of English Sounds.

VI Preface.

If we may be allowed to give a hint as to the use of our little book, we should advise the teacher to make it a point to always deal with a whole group of words at a time. Special interest attaches for instance to words of early Christian origin, to the names of festivals and the days of the week; besides these the names of the various parts of the house and of the materials used in building, the words for cattle and the various kinds of meat, for eating and drinking, etc. might be made the subject of a suggestive discussion. On treating ety- mology in this way, the teacher will have the advantage of converting a lesson on the growth of the English language into an inquiry into the history of the Anglo-Saxon race, thus lending to a naturally dry subject a fresh charm and a deeper meaning.

In conclusion, our best thanks are due to Professor W. Franz of Tiibingen University, who has placed many words and etymologies at our disposal and assisted us in various other ways.

Freiburg i. B.

F. KLUGE — F. LUTZ.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

ace. = accusative case

adj. =: adjective

adv. = adverb

BRET. = Breton

CELT. = Celtic

conj. = conjunction

CORN. = Cornish

cp. rr compare

Cymr. = Cymric (Welsh)

Dan. = Danish

dat. = dative case

der(iv). =r derived, derivative

dimin. = diminutive

DU. = Dutch

E. rr modern English

f. (fern.) =: feminine

frequent, rr frequentative

KR. = French

FRIES, r:: Friesic

G. = modern German

Gael. = Gaelic

gen. =r genitive case

GOTH, rr Gothic

GR. = Greek

Icel. = Icelandic

inf. = infinitive mood

infl. = inflected

interj. =r interjection

IR. = Irish

ITAL. = Italian

LAT. = Latin

LG. = Lovv' German

lit. =r literally

LITH, = Lithuanian

m. r= masculine

ME. = Middle English

MHG. -z Middle High German

n. (neutr.) — neuter

nom. =: nominative

obi. ^ oblique case

ODU. = Old Dutch

OFR. = Old French

OHG. == Old High German

OIR. = Old Irish

ON. = Old Norse

ONFR. = Old North French

orig. = original, originally

OSAX. =r Old Saxon

OSLOV. = Old vSlovenian

pi. zz plural

p. p. — past participle

prob. = probably

pron. z= pronoun

prop. — properly

PROV. = Proven(^al

prt. =: preterite, past tense

RUSS. = Russian

sb. =r substantive

SKR. = Sanskrit

SHAN. = Spanish

superl. = superlative

SWED. = Swedish

TEUT. = Teutonic

vb. =r verb

VIII List of Symbols in Teut. Words.

LIST OF SYMBOLS IN TEUT. WORDS.

e (not umlauted) == European and Aryan e. e in OE. ME. long closed e. / in OE. ME. long open e. e in OHG. MHG. OSAX. closed e (umlauted). 9 a reduced Aryan und pre-Teut. vowel. 'p in Oe. Me. long closed o. ■ Q in OE. ME. words long open o. c in OE. words palatalized k. g in ME. words as in NE. age bridge. 5 in Oe. Me. word.s a spirantic palatalized g. f in Teut. words = E. th. d in On. Oe. Osax. words — E. th. h in Goth, is h -f w. V" = root. * before a word »©*• inferred.

^ OF THB ^k"

UNIVERSITY

a\ an indef. article me. a an, OE. dn: ident. with o^ie.

a^ ME. a: ident. with ori (cp. hack, abroad).

abase; cp. base.

abash short for me. abaissfie abalsche (aba'isse) : borrowed from OFR. csbahiss- stem of ofr. esbahir (er. t^bahir) 'astonish'.

abate ^ie. abate: adapt, of ofr. abatrc 'beat down'.

abbess, abbey see abbot.

abbot ^m. abbot', older by-form me. oe. abhod. Source lat. ab- hatevi {abbas), whence it. abbdte, FR. abbs, OHG. abbat G.DU. abt. — Hence abbess aiE. abbesse from FR. abbesse (but OE. abbiidisse ^= LAT . abbatissa) 'ab b e s s' an d abbey :\IE. abbeic from fr. abbaye (ofr. (ibe'ie).

abide cp. bide and abode.

able :\IE. db/e: adapt, of ofr. (h)ablc = SPAN. /?ai^ IT. abi/e; source LAT. habilis. \

abode me. abgd prop', 'delay, abiding'; cp. bide.

abound me. abounde: adapt, of FR. abonder = lat. abundare abound'.

English Etymology.

I about ME. aboute of. dbiltan onbtitan', cp. but for OE. butan.

i above ME. above earlier abufm OE. dbufan', akin to G. obefi ohg. obana 'from above'; cp. over.

abridge me. abrigge abregge: adapt, of OFR. abrigier abregier

' (source 'LXT.abbreviare'^h.oriQVi).

: abroad me. rt; /!^;Y'''^ prop. 'broad- ly, widely'; cp. broad. abuse cp. use.

j accord vb. me. acorde late oe.

i ic..i\/sp)dcordian'. borrowed from

I OFR. acorder fr. accorder (cp.

I IT. a c cor dare).

I accuse me. accuse from fr. ac

\ cuser (lat. accusare).

accrue {accre^v) vb. from fr.

I accrue sb. 'growth, increase' (orig. part, of FR. aci^^^^e : lat. ad-\- cretum)', cp. increase.

\ ace me. as dee', loanword from

j FR. as (= SPAN, as, G. ass, DU.

I aas). Source lat. ^i- (ace. asse??i)

j 'a unit, pound, foot'.

I ache earlier spelling ake me.

I dke', derived from oe. ece me. echc 'pain' under the influence of the vb. OE. acan me. ake 'ache,

I feel pain'.

achieve — aghast

achieve aiE. acheve: adapt, of FR. achever 'accomplish'. Akin to chief.

acorn me. acorn oe. cecern\ ident. with goth. akran 'crop, fruit*, ON. akarn, DU. akei', G. ecker. The meaning 'acorn being a later and special one as compared with GOi:Yi..akrii7t 'fruit', the group may be derived from teut. akra- = acre.

acquaint vb. me. aqueinte a- cointe'. borrowed fr. ofr. acointer 'advise' cp. quaint.

acquire me. aquire aquere: bor- rowed from OFR. aquerre (fr. acquerir = LAT. acquirere^.

acre me. aker oe. cecer 'a field, acre' = synon. goth. akrs^ OSAX. akkar, ohg. acchar G. acker ^ t)U. akkery on. akr : a common Teut. and Aryan word: teut. "^akra-z, pre-TEUT. agro-s = skr. ajra-s, GR. dyQog, LAT. ager (stem agro-) 'acre' : Aryan y/^ ag in lat. agOy GR. «/«, skr. i?/', ON. aka. The orig. meaning of acre (indo- TEUT. agro-s) was 'place where the cattle are driven'; cp. G. trift from treiben.

adage from fr. adage = lat. adagiimi 'proverb'.

add :me. adde from lat. addere add'.

adder yis.. adder older nadder OE. n(h{d)dre = osax. nddra, du. adder, ohg. ndt(a)ra mhg. «^/^;' G. natter (otte?-) , icel. nadra f. — ^^-^r m., GOTH, nadrs: cogn. with ir. ;^(Z- M^//;-, w. neidr. For the loss of initial 7t cp. auger and apron.

adjourn vb. me. ajurtie aj'orne: adapted from Y^.ajourner (deriv. of FR. jour — Journie 'day').

ado me. ado prop, at do: prop, infinit. 'to do' with at, orig. in Northern English.

advance vb. for me. avaunce : loanword from fr. avanccr 'go before' (deriv. of fr. avant =^ ITAL. avante, lat. ab -f ante).

advice sb. for :\ie. avis', adopt, of FR. avis (= IT. avviso, lat. ad- visu7ti). — The vb. advise me. avise is fr. aviser {^ it. avvisar, LAT . '^advisaj e) .

afford ME. aforthe 'provide' oe. "^efordian 'promote': deriv. of forth.

affray 'frighten' me. afraie : from fr. effrayer 'frighten'. — Hence the part, afraid 'frightened' me. afraied.

after me. after oe. after adv. prep. = GOTH, aftra 'back, again', ohg. osax. aftar 'l)ack', DU. achter.

again me. agein oe. ongeyi . onge<in\ ident. with G.gegen ohg. gegin gagan, osax. gegifil, on. gag?t. — against me. ageinest earlier agcines = OE. tpgeyies.

age ME. age: adoption of fr. age (ofr. a-age e-age). Source a LAT. type *aetaticum (= 'lat. aetas) 'time'.

aghast part, of me. agaste vb. 'terrify' oe. gcestan 'terrify';* akin to GOTH, usgaisjan make afraid' and peril, to ghost.

agiet

almond

> OF THB

UNIVERSITY

aglet 'spangle, pin' (Shakcsp.) from FR. aiguillet dimin. of ai- guille needle*.

ago ME. ago agon: orig-. part, 'gone by, past' from go.

agog adapt, of ofr. en gogues

lusty, lively, in a pleasant humor' — FR. gogue 'mirth, glee'.

agree me. agree : adapt, of fr. agr^er (= IT. aggradare] source LAT.^^r^///?/2 'pleasing, agreeable') .

ague ME. agile: source ofr. agu 'sharp, acute' (= fr. aigu). Source lat. acutus.

aid vb. from fr. aider 'help'.

ail vb. ME. aile eile oe. ej^lan 'trouble, afflict' = GOTH, iis- agljan 'trouble*: deriv. of OE. eile 1= GOTH, aglus 'loathsome, troublesome'. For \/^cig cp. awe.

air^ ME. aire older eir: loan- word from fr. air (source lat. aer). — air^ from fr. air 'ex- ternal appearance' is considered ident. with air^.

aisel (Shakesp.); cp. eisel.

ajar me. acher — one her (oe. on derr — on eyrr) 'ajar' cp. char.

akimbo :me. a kemdoiae — a kenbckce (in the phrase »his hand, his armes a kemb^we setten«); for ME. bpwe cp. boitf and elbow. The first element represents an adapted on. kengr 'crook the shape of a horse-shoe' (cp. ON. kengbogimi 'crooked'). Another suggestion proceeds from an OE. "^cyneboga formed as OE. cyne- widdc.

alder me. alder oe. dlor = ohg. elira crila g. erle, ON. elr elre(r), DU. LG. eller (goth. '^diliza is found in span, alisa ^ fr. alizc 'wild sorb, wild service-berr}^'). Akin to OSLOV. jelichay lat. almis (for '^alsnus) 'alder'.

ale :\IE. die oe. ealu ealo (infl. caloif) ^ OSAX. alo y on. s\v. DAN. gl\ akin to osLOV. olil 'cider', LITH. alus beer'.

alight 'alight from a horse' cp. light vb.

all ME. rt-Zf/) - plur. alle OE.al{l) eal(l) — plur. ealle = osax. ohg. DU. LG. al, G. all, ON. allr, goth. alls. A primary form ala- is found in compounds and derivatives; cp. OSAX. ohg. alung mhg. alenc 'entire, complete', goth. atamans 'all men', ohg. ala-wdri 'all true , ala-niuwi 'all new'. Cogn. w. oir. uile (base olio-).

allay me. alaie aleie alegge 'la}' aside, give up'; from lay'^. Perh. mixed with ofr. aleyer (fr. aloyer) ?

allege me. alegge 'give testi- mony': adapted from ofr. alegier alegger ?

alley me. aley: loanword from FR. alUe 'a going, passage'.

allow vb. ME. alone: adapt, of FR. alloucr 'grant' (lat. type ad- locare) .

allure me. aliire: from ofr. alurer, deriv. of lure 'bait'.

almond me. almaunde: from

OFR. ahnande (= fr. gmandc,

whence du. amandet). Source

LAT. amygdala (gr. auvydulr^ 'an

1 *

4

angel

almond', whence a vulgar lat. ajnendla (it. mandola ■= ohg. mandala G. mandet).

alms ME. almes oe. celmcsse (infl. celmessaft) : borrowed from oiR. ahnsan. Akin to the synon. OSAX. alamosna, ODU. aebnoese ael- moesene T>\J. aalmoes^ OHG. alaviuo- san alavidsa?i G. abnosen. Source LAT.-GR. eleetnosyna (cp. it. limo- sind) with a vulgar pronunciation almosna ==- provenz. a/mosna, ofr. almosne fr. aumone.

alone me. alone late oe. eall- dna prop, 'all singly' = synon. G. allein, du. allee??. Cp. (?;'z^.

along ^ie. along oe. endlong andlong', cp. long. The prefix e. rt; for OE. ««rt^ is = to G. ent- in entlang 'along' (ofris. ond- linga^.

aloof adapt, of du. ie loef 'to the windward'; ident. with luff,

already orig. 'quite ready'; cp. ready. — also prop, 'quite so' ME. also OE. ealswd 'quite so' = G. also. Ident. with as. — al- though ME. although altheigh\ in OE. we find theah \ eal (e. g. »|)eah ic eal m3ege« 'although I may); cp. though.

alum ME. alum from ofr. alum = FR. alun\ source lat. ahhnen, whence G. alaun, du. aluin.

alway me. alway alwey oe. eal- new'ey. orig. ace. sing, (some- times contr. to ealnei) prop, 'all the way, all the time' ; the com- moner form is always me. al- 7vaieSy being an adv. gen. sing, 'all the time, always'.

amaze vb. me. amdse oe. d-vid- sian.

amid, amidst; cp. middle. — amiss me. o?i 7msse\ cp. miss.

among me. a7?iong\ prop, on- mang — on "^einang 'in the crowd'; OE. lemang 'crowd' see under 7ni?igle. Ident. with LG. 7na?tg 'among'.

amount me. amounte'. adapt, of FR. amonter 'amount to' (fr. «w<7/2/ 'uphill' = LAT. ad montem)] cp. 7nouni.

ancestor me. auncestrc. loan- word from ^^.ancctre old er anccstre (me. aimcessour from ofr. ances- sour) ; source lat. antecessor{em)

anchor me. ankei' oe. ancor on- cor\ cp. ON. akkeri, du. g. anker late OHG. anchar'. a loanword from LAT. ancor a (it. ancor a, fr. ajicre).

ancient me. auncient older auncien (for the secondary / cp. pageant, parchment): adapt, of YV^.ancien {= IT. anziano] lat. type anted7ius).

and ME. OE. a7id=^ osax. endi^ DU. en, OHG. anti enti inti unti MHG. unde G. und. The cogn. SKR. dtha 'also, further , and' points to KKYK^dnthd 'and, also'.

andiron -me. au7idire : loanword from ofr. a7idier (fr. Ia7zdier^ 'fire-dog\ Source unknown, perh. fr. a LAT. type a77iitdrius (lat. antes)} Cp. med.-lat. andma 'fire-dog'.

angel me. aungel'. borrowed from OFR. angcle (yk. ange). The FR. word supplanted the orig.

anger — ape

OE. ME. engei = G. DU. engel ohg. OSAX. engil, GOTH, aggilus: early church-loanwords from lat. an- gelus ::= GR. dyytlog 'angel'. I anger ME. (7;z^^r 'affliction, sore, *■ trouble': Scand. loanword from ON. angr grief, sorrow' (dan. anger 'penitence', sw. anger 're- gret'); akin to i^AT.angor 'bodily or mental torture'.

angle ^ me, ajtgel oe. angol gngul ■= synon. ohg. angul G. angel J on. gngiill. Akin to lat. uncus 'a hook', gr. oyv.oq 'a hook', ayvAOXQOv 'fish-hook', skr. ankd 'hook', oiR. icad 'hook'.

angle 2 (corner) me. angle from FR. angle = lat. angidiLS 'corner'.

anguish jme anguisse: from ofr. angnisse fr. angoisse. Source lat. angustia 'straitness, poverty, per- plexity'.

ankle me. ankel orig. a7ikle oe. ancleoiv 'ankle' :^ du. anklaatiw, ohg. anchlao, on. gkkla (prop. ^ankuldwf)\ akin to DU. enkel^ OHG. anchal enchil G. enkel 'ankle'. Source and formation of the group are doubtful; perh. akin to SKR. anguli angustha 'thumb, toe', AVEST. angusta 'toe'?

announce me. anounce : adapt, of FR. annoncer (= lat. annun- tiare) ; cp. pronounce.

annoy me. anoye anuy{e) 'weari- ness': from OFR. enoi anui fr. ennui (source lat. in odio 'in hatred').

anoint me. anointe: adapt, of OFR. enoint 'anointed' part, of enoindre 'anoint' ; c^. oifttmejit.

anon 'immediately' me. anon earlier andn oe. on an *in one' (moment); cp. 0 7ie.

another; see other.

answer sb. me. answare oe. andswaru; corresp. to the synon. OSAX. ant-swbr , ofris. ondser, ON. andsvar? — Thereto the deriv. vb. answer me. ansiverc o^. ands7Ciarian. Source theTEUT. y/^swar = S7£>ear; hence answer was orig. a solemn charge made to rebut a charge'; and- means 'against'.

ant ME. am{e)te oe. (E?nete 'em- met': TEUT. base dmaitjon; cp. OHG. a^neiyi mhg. ameiye g. ameise, MDU. efnte eempte, Perh. akin to G. Cfusig ORG. miii^y. cmizzi 'in- dustrious'. See e^njnet.

antler ]ME. auntelere: loanword from OFR. antoillier {andoillier =^ fr. andouilier)\ lat. type afi- tocularis 'tine of a stag's horn in front of the eyes'.

anvil short for me. anvelt an- felt OE. anfilt = ohg. anafalz, DU. aanbeeld odu. anbelt: teut. base atiafalti- and ana-balti-\ cp. the synon. ■ ohg. ana-boz, q,o^\\. w. beat.

any me. any {eny p'ny) oe. cenii = OSAX. Snig^ mag, du. eenig, ohg. einag g. einig 'only, sole' : deriv. of teut. aina = e. 0 7te.

ape me. ape oe. apa = du. aap, ON. apt, ohg. aj^o mhg. g. affe: a common teut. word, whence oruss. slov. opica, obo-

appal (1) — arm^

HEM. opice 'ape' are borrowed. Source of teut. apan- unknown.

appal(l) vb. ME. appalle : adapt- ed from OFR. apallir 'grow pale', akin to pale.

apparel me. aparaile appm-eilc adapted from ofr. aparailler apa- ■ reiller 'dress' = fr. appareiller (it . apparrechiare) .

appeal me. a{p)p^le\ adapt, from FR. appeler (=rLAT. ii.appellare).

appear vb. me. a(p)pere: adapt, from OFR. aperer aparir apareir apa7'oir .(= it. apparire) source LAT. apparere).

appease vb. me. ap^se earlier apaise: loanword from fr. apaiser 'pacify'; akin to pence.

apple me. appel oe. ceppcl = DU. LG. appe/, mhg. g. ap/e/ ohg. apful'. WE ST teut. base applu-, allied to ir. uball, lith. obfilas, OSLOV. ahluko 'apple', russ. ja- ^ bloko.

apply vb. ME. aplie'. adapted iroYn.O¥^.apittr'(¥Vi.appliquer, it. applicare, lat. applicare 'apply'); cp. ply vb.

apprentice ]\ie. aprentice apren- lis: loanword fr. OY^.aprenfis and aprentif fr. apprentl (source lat. apprendere 'learn').

approach vb. me. aprgchc. adapt, from fr. approcher'. lat. type adpropiare 'draw near'.

apricot b Arrowed from fr. ^^;'^^; cc)T4esp. to du. abrikooSy G.^rikose\ akin to span, albari- coqucy it. albercocco (mod. GR. 7igaiyj)y.y.ta) from TuAT. praecocmm

[malum praecoquum'^^ lit. 'pre- cocious'.

April ME. dpril{l)e\ adapt, ot LAT. aprilis'^ the earlier me. by- form averil points to ofr. avrill. Cp. G. DU. April.

apron orig. napron = me. nd- pron ndp7'oun : adapt, of fr. nap- peron 'a large cloth', dimin. of nappe = lat. mappa 'table, napkin'; cp. napkin. For the loss of initial n see adder and auger.

arch ME. arch{e-) oe. arce- [arde-biscopy. borrowed from FR. arch-. Cp. the synon. du. aartSy OHG. erzi- G. erz-y goth. ark [-aggilus). Source the lat. = Gr. prefix archi- [dg/i-). Perh. OFR. arc/i (in archangel) influ- enced the E. word, -archer me. archer', adapt, of FR. archer 'bowman' (lat. type arcariusy deriv. of arcus 'bow').

are (»we, you, they are«) me. are oe. (Northumbr.) aro7i'y plur. to the second person sing, art ME. art oe. eart. An Aryan, ar 'be' is prob. in lith. yrd 'is'.

ark ME. arke oe. earc (infl. earce) = ohg. arahha archa 'chest' MHG. arche 'chest, money-chest' G. arche Noah's ark', DU. ark 'Noah's ark', on. grk chest, co- venant, ark, box', GOTH, arka f. 'money-box, Noah's ark': a Teut. loanword from lat. (also ROM.) area.

arm^ me. arm oe. earm = OSAX. DU. army on. armry goth. artnSy ohg. ar(a)m G. arm. Akin

2

to LAT. arnius 'the topmost part of the upper arm, fore-quarter', OSLOV. ra7ne 'shoulder , arm', PRUSS. irmo 'arm*, skr. irmd-s 'fore-quarter, arm', avest. arema 'arm', armen. armukn 'elbow'.

arm 2 a weapon' me. armes plur. from ofr. armes = lat. arma 'weapons'.

armor me. armour{e) armilre: borrowed from ofr. armure ar- vie-ure (lat. my/iatura) 'armor'.

army me. ar?nie arme'. adop- tion of FR. arm^e (= IT. annata ; base LAT. armare).

arrange borrowed from fr. arranger (deriv. of fr. rang 'rank, file' from ohg. hrinc G. ring 'a rin^ or circle of people'; cp. rank).

arrant ident. with errant.

arras me. arras) orig. »cloth of Arras« : Arras is the name of a town in Artois (France) famous for its manufacture. See cambric and laivn^.

array me. araie : adapt, of ofr. arraier areier 'arrange' (= it. arredare) : of Teut. origin ; cp. GOTH, gar aids under ready.

arrest me. a{r)reste\ adapt, of OFR. ar ester fr. arret er (=: it. ar re stare, lat. ;Y^/r7r<? 'stay back').

arrival me. arivaile prop, 'land- ing'; adapt, of ofr. arrivaille 'landing'. — arrive me. arive prop, 'bring to shore, come to shore' : adapt, of fr. arriver ■= IT. arriz'are] lat. type adripare {ripa 'shore').

arrow me. arwe late oe. arwe : adapt, of ON. or (plur. orvar). The native oe. word was earh ident. with on. or (cp. goth. arhwazna 'dart' and lat. arcus 'bow').

as ME. as{e) als{e) also alswg oe. ealswd r= synon. osax. hg. also, DU. als, mhg. also a Is dlse. The compound means prop, 'en- tirely so'; cp. all and so.

ash^ sb. 'the name of a tree' me. asch oe. oisc = ohg. asc G. esc/ie, DU. esck, on. askr 'ash'.

ash'- sb. ME. asc/te oe. resre (infl. ascan axan); mod. E. is com- monly used in the plur. as/ies (me. asches). Cogn. w. on. aska, DU. aschy OHG. aska g. as'che, goth. azgo 'ashes'.

ask vb. older by-form ax me. aske axe (kent. oxi) oe. dscian dcsian : Teut. base aiskojan = OSAX. hcon, ohg. eiskon (g. hei- scheti). Akin to lith. feskoti, osLOV. iskati, skr. icch 'seek'.

asp^ *a venomous serpent' from LAT. asp is.

asp2 'a tree' me. aspe oe. cespe = synon. on. gsp, ohg. aspa :mhg. aspe g. espe, du. esp: perh. connected with lat. arbor (if from "^azbos by rhotacism) 'tree'.

ass me. asse oe. assa (infl. sing. assail) : loanword from oiR. assan .'ass'; cp. ON. asne from ofr. asne = fr. ane. Source lat. asinus, whence also GOTH, asilx/s, OE. esol, OHG. esil G. esel 'ass', DU. ezel and further osLOV. osilu, RUSS. oselu 'ass'.

8

assail

avenge

assail vb. ]\ce. asailc. adapt, of FR. assaillir', see assault.

assault vb. me. a(s)sau/: adapt- ed from FR. assatit (=:it. assalto, MED. LAT. assaltus).

assay me. assay assai borrowed from OFR. assai assay = FR. essai (it. assagio from lat. exagiu7n 'weighing').

assemble me. a(s)semble a(s)' se7file : adapt, of fr. assembler (it. assemblare deriv. of lat. s'unul 'together'). ' ' ^-^ *

assuage ime. aswdge a{s)sudge: loanword ir.OYK.asoager asuager, LAT. type ad-suaviai'e deriv. of suavis 'sweet'.

assure vb. ivie. a{s)sure borrowed from FR. assurer (=it. assecurare).

astonish transformed after vbs. in -ish from an earlier astony as tone me. astonie as tune as tonne'. borrowed from ofr. estoner = V'K. itonner', i^AH. type ex\tonare 'thunder'. But cp. stun.

at me. at OE. cet = osax. at, OHG. ^5, ON. GOTH, at: akin w. LAT. ad \o\ OIR. ad-.

atone vb. from atone adv. 'at one, agreed* ^=^ me. at g?i 'into one'; cp. one.

attach vh.ME.attacche (law term) 'take prisoner, arrest': adapt, of FR. attacher (= span, atacar, it. attaccare) .

attain vb. me. attaine atteine'.. borrowed from fr. atteindre (= lat. attingere touch upon).

attire vb. me. atlre: adapted fr. OFR. atirer 'adorn'. Source a Teut. sb. tir 'ornament, honor'

= OSAX. OE. tir 'glory, honor (g. zierde).

attorney isie. atourney older aturne atournd 'agent, deputy, commissioner'?: adapt, of fr. atorni part, of atorner 'direct, appoint'.

auburn orig. 'whitish or flaxen- colored , reddish - brown' me. auburne awburne 'citron-colored : from ofr. auborne alborne (^ it. alburtio^ = med. lat. alburnus 'whitish (albus 'white').

auger orig. nauger (like adder for nadder, apron for napron with loss of an initial 11) me. nauger older ndve-ggr OE. nafo-gdr 'an auger' prop, 'borer, piercer of naves' (see nave^ and gore'^)\ cp. the synon. ohg. nabuger MHG. nabeger g. (dial.) ndber, ICEL. nafarr.

aught a whit, anything' me. aught older awight oe. diviht dnwiht 'aught'; OE. an is one and for tinht see whit and not.

August from lat. augustus ; me. aust from OFR. aoust =: fr. aoi'it'^ or from late OE. august changed to ^auwestl

aunt ME. aunt(e) : adapt, of ofr. ante (fr. tante). Source lat. amita 'aunt'.

avail ME. availe'. source fr. vaille from valoir 'be worth'.

avalanche: adoption of the synon. fr. avalanche (fr. aval 'downward' = ofr. a val is lat. ad vallem 'valley ward').

avenge me. avenge', adapt, of OFR. avengier 'avenge' (source

avoid

aye

LAT. vindicare 'vindicate'); cp. vetigeance.

avoid ME. avoide: adapted from FR. avoider 'empty out'; cp. void.

avouch 'declare, confess' from OFR. avoch{i)er\ cp. vouch.

avow ME. avo^ve avoue from fr. avoiier\ cp. vow. 1 await ME. awaite from onfr. 5 await{i)er'y cp. 7a ait.

award me. awarde from onfr. eswarde{i)r 'examine'. For the Teut. source see under guard.

aware i\ie. iware oe. icwara icwcer r= OHG. OSAX. giwar G. gewa/ir , DU. gewaar 'watchful, wary'; cp. wary.

away me. away a^vey oe. onw'c^ 'away' prop, 'on the way'; cp. way and alway.

awe ME. awe older age. adapt, of ON. agi 'awe, terror'. Akin to OE. e^e ME. eie 'fear, terror' = GOTH, agis and gr. rt;^o^ 'anguish'; cp. goth. aglus 'mo- lesting', oiR. agar 'I fear'.

awkward me. awkward aukivard beside late ME. auke 'contrary, wrong'; auk- contr. of avek- ■= ON. gfugr 'turned the wrong way'. Cogn. w. osAX. abuh^ ohg. almh and skr. apak 'turned away'.

awl ME. aul awel oe. awel cawol 'awl': if traceable to a Teut. base awola (for agitwla-), akin to LAT. acus needle' — ac ulcus 'sting'.

awn ME. aune older awcne agenc : Scand. loanword from ON. gg}i which is ident. with oe.

cegnCy OHG. agana mhg. agenc G. ahnCy GOTH. aJmna chaff'; prob. related, to gr. a/vi] a/vgov 'chaff', LiTH. akutas , opruss. ackons 'awn'.

awry me. awry{c) onwry ; cp. wry.

ax(e) me. ax oe. eax = the synon. oe. eax cex, ohg. a/isa MHG. a/isc G. ac/isc, du. as and with formative -/ the synon. on. gxullj whence borrowed me. axel e. axle-{tree). For a pre -teut. aksa cp. skr. dksa^ gr. a^&)i/, LAT. axis^ OSLOV. ost, LITH. aszis 'axle'.

ax(e) ME. ax{c) oe. ax orig. acas "^acces -- synon. osAX. ohg. accus MHG. aches g. ax{t), DU. aaks^ ON. gx^ goth. aqizi 'axe'. YiQ.-TY.\5"!:.agisi agzi {aksi) appears also in gr. n^ivri 'axe'.

axle ME. axel in axel-tre'. bor- rowed from ON. gxultr^', akin to ax.

aye^ 'yes' occurring in the 16^*^ cent, as / and not found earlier; perh. ident. with / = OE. ic\ in OE. we find nic (for ne -\- ic) 'no' (in answering). The orthography of aye was influenced perhaps by aye^ (cp. 71 ay).

aye^ me. ^^^ ^jj^: borrowed from ON. ei ever ; akin to goth. aiw 'ever', ohg. osax. io g. Je] cp. ever. In the Aryan langs. a sb. ai7va- 'age, time' exists in goth. aiii's, LAT. aevu?fi, gr. «iwV.

babe — bait

babe me. babe fuller form bdbdn'. from w. GAEL. IR. CORN, baban 'a babe, child'.

baboon me. bdbwin bdboin : loanword from the synon. fr. babouin. Akin to du. baviaan, G. pavian. Source ofr. babou 'grimace'?

baby me. bdbi\ dimin. of babe.

bachelor me. bachelev. borrow- ed from ofr. bacheler = fr. bachelier. Source med.-lat. bac- caldrius.

back^ cp. basin.

back- 'the hinder part of the body' ME. bak OE. bcec = OSAX. DU. (in comp.), icel. sw. bak 'back'. — back adv. for aback :\rE. abak oe. on bcec 'backward' prop, 'on the back'. — back- board OE. bcecbord = du. lg. bakboord (whence G. Ifackbord, FR. babord), icel. bakbord 'lar- board'.

backgammon prop, 'back- game', because the men when taken are put back. See gammon.

bacon me. bacon bdcoun'. bor- rowed from OFR. bacon 'flitch of bacon'. Source a teut. base bdkon == mdu. mlg. bake^ ohg. bahho MHG. bache 'side of bacon, ham'; akin to back sb.

bad me. bad{de) 'worthless, wicked'; prob. ident. with OE. dbdded ^{orced, compelled': orig.

part, of the vb. d-bckdan 'compel, restrain'.

badge late me. bagge\ of fr. origin, cp. OFR. bage, med.-lat. bagia. 'signum, a ring'.

badger orig. ident. with an obsolete badger 'one who buys corn'; cp. FR. blaireau 'badger' orig. little corn-merchant'. The source is a med.-lat. bladdriuSy OFR. blayer 'corn-merchant' (fr. bU 'corn') : E. badger for b/adger?

bag ME. bagge'. loanword from ON. baggi 'bag, bundle'. — bag- gage ME. baggage according to FR. baggage points to ofr. bague = ON. baggi.

bail 'a hoop' me. bei/: perh. traceable to an OE. '^be^e/ '^by^^el = G. bi'igel, ON. bygill; \^b/ig in bo7eu

bail vb. borrowed from ofr. bai/er 'secure, keep in custody'. Akin to bailiff me. bai/if bai/i: from OFR. bai/i/ (whence also DU. ba//u7c>) later bai/i bai/li = 'MY.Ti.-iuA.i:.bai//iz>us ba//ivus. Source LAT. baju/us 'bur den bearer'.

bairn 'child' (Sc.) me. bn-n OE. beam 'child' = OHG. GOTH. barny on. barn (whence also me. barn): deriv. of the teut. \fber 'produce', prop, partic. with the meaning that which is born'.

bait vb. ME. baite beite 'feed': borrowed from ON. beita 'cause to bite' = MHG. beizen 'bait', OE.

hake — bark'

I I

bcetan: causative of teut. bitati 'bite'; cp. bite.

bake me. bake oe. bacan str. vb. := ON. baka, OHG. bahhan 'bake*. The G. forms partly show teut. kk for TEUT. k\ G. backefij du. bakkeii (oSAX. bakkcri 'baker ) ; the kk is also shown in batch. The teut. \pbak from pre-TEUr. bhog is perh. connected with GR. qcoyfiv 'roast'.

bald ME. balled {o^.'^bealledef)\ source and history unknown.

baldrick me. baudrik bauderik\ akin to on. baldrekr, mhg. bal- derichy fr. baudroy (ofr. baldrei, whence me. baiLdry) , med.-lat. baldringus: related io i.XT. balteus under belt.

bale sb. a large bundle of mer- chandise ready for transporta- tion: loanword from ofr. ba(l)le {= SPAN, bala, IT. bulla) ; of Teut. origin, ident. with ball.

bale vb. 'empty water out of a ship', also spelled bail: bor- rowed from DU. balien 'bale out'; DU. balie {= mlg. ballige balge, LG. balje, IT. baglui) 'tub' fr. fr. bailie represents aLat. type bacula (cogn. w. basin).

bale ME. bale oe. bealu\ cp. oSAX. babCy ohg. balu^ on. bgl

evil, calamity'; goth. '^balws 'evil' in comp. and deriv. as balweins balwjan 'torment'.

balP 'a spherical body' me. ba 11(e) : borrowed from ofr. balle ■= OHG. balla ballo 'a ball, sphere', on. bgllr 'ball'.

ball2 'a dance' (= du. g. ball) : borrowed from fr. bal 'a dance' (=: SPAN, baile, it. ballo) 'a dance', fr. bailer (it. ballare) is traced to GR. ^aXliLfiv 'dance'.

ballast: loanword from sw. DAN. ballast orig. baglast for bar- lass prop, 'bare last' i. e. 'mere load' = DU. LG. G. ballast.

balm ]\ie. baum (J>aiwte bame basnie): adapt, of fr. baume. Source lat. balsa?nu7?i, whence G. balsam, DU. balsem.

bane 'harm' me. batie] 0'E.ba?m means 'murderer'; cp. on. ba7iey OHG. bano 'death'. Akin to gr. (fwvo^ 'murder'.

bank me. banke oe. ba/iea = ON. bakki (orig. "^ba/ike): akin to bench, — bank (for money) adapt, of fr. banque = it. banca: ult. source teut. bank{i) in bench.

bar ME. bar re', adapt, of ofr. barre.

bare aiE. bare oe. b^.r =^ ohg. G. bar y ON. berr'. teut.-goth. base baza- = pre-TEUT. bhaso- in OSLOV. bosu 'bare-foot', lith. basas.

bargain sb. me. bargain : adapt, of OFR. bargaine 'traffic'.

barge me. barge \ adapt, of ofr. barge. Source a med.eat. barica, whence also bark'^.

bark ^ 'the' rind of a tree' me. barke: possibly a loanword from the equiv. on. bprkr; cp. g. lg. borkcy northfris. btiark, goth. *barkus: prob. akin to birch on account of skr. bhiirja m. 'birch'

^ OF THH ' r

T T -KT T A r XT" -D O T T'-V

bark* — basket

— n. 'birchbark'. Bark orig. 'birchbark'? cp. birch.

bark 2 adapt, of fr. barque\ ident. with barge.

bark vb. me. berke oe. beorcan ; cp. OE. borcian 'bark' and on. berkja 'bark' : teut. \f berkj not recorded elsewhere.

barley me. barll older barlich late OE. bcerlic\ how the word is connected with the synon. OE. bere (cp. barn), is uncertain. Source a teut. base baraz (bariz := ON. barr, cp. gOth. barizehu *made of barley'), akin to lat. far 'corn' (aryan base bharos-).

barm yeast' me. berrne oe. beorma = DU. berm, iviLG. bermc : Teut. base bervian- from an Aryan base bhernien- in lat. fermentuvi.

barn me. berne oe. bern short for orig. bere-ern 'barley-house'; cp. barley, oe. -em (for ccrn ^rcenn) 'house' corresponds to GOTH, razfi 'house', on. ran7i.

barnacle ^ 'a fish' me. bernake; transformed by suffix-exchange from oe. byr?ietc 'loUigo'.

barnacle 2 a kind of goose ME. bernake\ an anglohlat. ber- naca of the 1 2 ^^ cent, is the first record of the obscure word.

barnacles 3 'spectacles' orig. 'irons put on the noses of horses to keep them quiet' dimin. to ME. bernac from ofr. bernac 'camus, a barnacle'.

baron me. bdrouw. loanword from FR. baro?i, whence also ODU. baroen, mhg. barun G. DU. baro7i. Source a military word lat. baro

'mercenary', which oftentimes is found in the Teut. Leges Bar- barorum for 'baron'.

barrel me. bdrel prop, baril: borrowed fr. fr. baril.

barren me. bar-rein : a fr. loan- word, cp. OFR. brahain barhain (fr. brihaigiie 'sterile'). Source unknown.

barrow 'a wheel -barrow' me. bdrwe (oe. '^bearwe): derived from the teut. \f^ ber in bear\ as for the ?i'/-suffix cp. also oe. mcox-byr7ve , westphal. bierive 'a bier, stretcher*.

barter Engl, deriv. of ofr. barate 'deceit, fraud' (ofr. ba- rater 'beguile'), whence me. bardt barely ODU. baraet fraud', mhg. bdrdt.

base ^ 'low' from fr. basse f. {pas m.). Source vulg. -lat. bassus ?

base 2 sb. 'foundation' me. base (bas): loanword from fr. base (lat. basis).

bashful see abash.

basin ^ie. basin: loanword from FR. bassin. Source lat. bacciniihi (akin w. lat. bacar and bicdriimi ?) whence du. bekken, ohg. (osax.) bekkin G. becken 'basin'; cp. du. lg. bak 'bowl, tub, trough', fr. /^^^ 'trough, basin' = lat. baccd).

bask vb. ME. baskc. a Scand. loanword, from o^.badask 'bathe oneself. Source see under /^^M.

basket me. basket] commonly considered ident. with britann.- LAT. bas Cauda 'dish-pan' (= ofr. baschoe 'bucket'); an O'E.'^bascod

bay 8

"^baxod was supplanted by "^bascoty -ot being an E. dimin. suffix. A primit.LAT.-GALL.^<^?j'r<7 appears in FR. bachc tilt, vat'.

bass 'a fish' me. base barse oe. beers = DU. baars, G. barsch\ cp. SWED. abborre^ dan. oborre {rr from 7's\

bastard me. bastard (= o. bastardy DU. bastaard) : borrowed from OFR. bastard (fr. bdtard = SPAN. IT. bastardd). Source ofr. ^75^ := SPAN. IT. basto pack- saddle'; cp. OFR. fils de bast *a bastard*, lit. 'a son of a pack- saddle' (not of a bed, cp. G. bankert prop, 'son of a bench).

baste ^ vb. 'beat with a stick, strike': a Scand. loanword from ON. beysta 'beat' = sw. bosta 'thump', DAN. bostc strike'.

baste 2 vb. pour fat over meat'; origin unknown.

baste^ vb. 'sew slightly' me. baste', borrowed from ofr. bastir (fr. bdtir r= span, bastear, it. imba stare) 'baste'. Source a TEUT. bastjan = OUG. bestan 'patch' :\rHG. besten 'bind'.

bat ^ 'a short cudgel' ME. late OE. bat{ti)\ loanword from IR. GAEL. bat 'staff, cudgel' or more prob. fr. fr. batte 'a rammer, wand'.

bat^ a winged mammal'; the Scotch by-form ba{c)k points to -ME. bakke ■= DAN. bakke (only in comp. aftenbakke 'evening-bat'). Perh. connected with back and bacon ^ made prob. by G. (dial.) j;?>^(r/^wrt!//5 'bat' prop. 'flitch-mouse'.

batch ME. bacche oe. "^bcecce) deriv. from the teut. yf bakk (^.bak)', see bake.

bath ME. bath oe. bcsd= osax. bath, DU. G. OHG. bady on. bad. The dental being suffix, the word rests on a teut. y" ba {bt) in OHG. bden = g. bcihen. — bathe vb. ME. bdtlie oe. badian = ohg. badon G. bade?t, on. bada: deriv. from the teut. sb. ba^a- 'bath .

batten vb.'grow fat' me. "^batnc. a Scand. loanword ixovsxoi^.bat?ia 'grow better' (= goth. gabatnan 'profit'). Akin to better and boot^.

batter vb. 'beat'ME. /;r?/r^: from FR. battre. Source lat. battuere. Hence batter *a compound of eggs, flour and milk' me. batilre: from OFR. bate-ure 'a beating'.

battle ME. bdtaile: loanword from FR. bataille, whence odu. bataelghey ]\ihg. bateile 'battle'. Source lat. battuere 'beat'.

bay adj. 'reddish' me. bay. from FR. bai. Source lat. badius 'bay- colored'.

bay^ 'inlet of the sea' me. bate : borrowed from FR. bate {= span. bahia^ it. bajci).

bay''^ sb. 'a kind of laurel-tree, sweet-bay me. bay bale *a berry': borrowed from ofr. bale baye FR. bale 'a berry'. Source lat. bacca bdca 'berry'.

bay vb. 'bark as a dog' me. baye shortened from abaye: loan- word from OFR. abater fr. aboyer.

bay^ 'berry' (in bay-rujii) me. bai bei OE. bdj^ = northfris. bei,

be

beaver

DITMARSCH beiCy DU. bci 'berry': Teut. base baijiz bajjiz\ not ident. with OFR. bale ^ lat. bacca.

be 'exist' me. be oe. beon fr. a Teut. base '^bija?i\ cp. ohg. bi7n = OSAX. biu-7n 'I am', which an- swers to LAT. fio\ Aryan base bhio {bhijo) traceable to bhwio bhuid) cp.y/^bkii in LAT./ui 'I was!. Cp. booth and build.

be- prefix me. oe. be-\ ident. with by.

beacon :me. bcken oe. beacen = OHG. bouhhan^ osAX. bokan (du. baaky G. <^^7/^^ fr. ofris. bdketi)'. teut. base baukna-. See beck.

bead me. /^^-V/^ 'a bead, a prayer' oe. j^<^^^/ 'prayer'. Deriv. from the teut. \fbed', cp. bid.

beadle me. bedel bedel', loan- word from OFR. bedel = fr. bideau (it. bidelld). Source a Teut. bidil = ohg. /^////.

beaker me. biker \ cp. the sy- non. DU. beker, osAX. bikeri^ ohg. b'ehhdri G. becher. Perh. the E. word is borrowed from the sy- non. ON. bikarr. Source lat. biccariiwi (it. bicchiere) with the hy -^oitfi piccarium (see pitcher). Further connections under basin.

beam *a piece of timber' me. b§m OE. bea?n 'a tree' = ohg. MHG. bourn G. bmwi, lg. du. boom, OSAX. bom 'a tree'. The corresp. synon. goth. bagms (on. badmr}) 'tree' seems to point to a TEUT. bagwma- with a by-form bawma- bauma-.

bean me. bene ben oe. (^/a« = synon. ohg. bona g. bohne, du.

(!^^^//, ON. ^<^//« : TEUT. base baunb- 'bean'. The early existence of the word (goth. '^baund) is at- tested by the name of the Fris. island Baunonia (island of beans?).

bear vb. 'carry' ]me. b^re oe. beran --= osAX. ohg. b'eran, on. bera, du. bar en, goth. bairan. Akin to LAT. ferre, gr. (phonv.^ SKR. \fbhar 'bear, carry': Aryan \fbher. Cp. bier and birth.

bear sb. 'ursus' ME.bere oe. /^mi; = OHG. bero :\ihg. ^^r g. bar, du. ^^^r. The TEUT. beron- (on. <^'^r«) is based on an Aryan adj. bhero- 'brown' preserved in lith. beras 'brown'.

beard me. berd oe. beard = DU. baard, ofris. berd, ohg. g. bart'. teut. base bar da- = Aryan bhardha- in lat. barba, osLOV. brada, lith. barzdd, pruss. bor- dus 'beard'.

beast ME. best: loanword from OFR. beste (fr. bete), whence also LG. DU. beest 'beast'. Source lat. bestia (in a vulgar form besta).

beat vb. me. b^te oe. b(atan = OHG. boT^yin mhg. boT^en, icel. bauta 'beat'. Cp. beetle.

beaver^ 'an animal' me. be'ver OE. beofor = ohg. bibar G. bibcr, DU. <^^z'^r, o^.bjorr: teut. bebruz (whence are borrowed it. bevero, FR. bievre)- points to pre-teut. bhebhrus =: \.xt. fiber, coKH.befer, OSLOV. bebrii, lith. bebrus, lett. bebris, RUSS. bobru 'beaver'. In SKR. there is an adj. babhrus 'brown', which is perh. a redupl.

beaver^

begin

15

form pointing to lith. beras 'brown' under bear.

beaver- 'the lower part of a helmet' borrowed from the synon. FR. bavibr, whence also the sy- non. DU. bevei'.

because :me. because bicause by- cause (also separately written be-y bi-, by- cause) : by the prep, -f- cause.

beck^ 'a stream' me. bek: loan- word from ON. bekkr (= sw. bdck)\ cp. OSAX. bekiy du. beck, OHG. bah{hh) G. bach from a teut. baki-.

beck- a nod or sign' me. bek short for ME. beke OE. beacen] see beacon.

bed ME. OE. bed {dd) = goth. badi (stem badja-)y ohg. /^t'// z^/-/// MHG. bftte bete g. /^^//, du. bed. The cogn. cymr. ^^^<r/ 'grave' (celt, base bedo-) points to the ARYAN \fbhedh bhodh (in lat. fodio -I dig', LITH. bedu \ dig'), as is evident in G. beet (blumen- beet) = E. bed (flowerbed).

bedrid me. bedred oe. bedrida'. lit. 'a bed-rider' = mlg. bed^ dercde 'bedridden'. Cp. ride (and the phrase »ride on an- chor«). Akin to ohg. bettiriso, mlg. bedder he 'hedYiddGVi — ban- krhc 'a lazy fellow'.

bee ME. be oe. beo contr. of bie (infl. bian) = ohg. bta, du. bij; with w-suffix g. bie/ie from ohg. bini. Akin to pruss. bitte,

LITH. bitlS, LETT. blttC, IR. bcch

bee'; also lat. fiicus 'drone' (Aryan base bhoiko-1).

beech me. bcche oe. bece (orig. bdecie = lg. /^«fi^^ 'beech'): for- med with vowel mutation from "^boc in OE. boc-treow\ cp. ohg. buohha mhg. buoche G. buche, ON. <^i?/^. The name of this tree (whence book) is a pre-teut. bhagos ^=- \.k:^. fdgus 'beech', gr. (payog (fT^yog. The gr. word signifies perh. originally 'tree with edible fruit, food-tree' {(fa- ytXv 'eat').

beef me. bef older bdef {beof) : borrowed from OFR. boe/ er. boeuf. Source lat. bovejn (bos).

beer me. ber oe. beor =, ohg. OSAX. bior g. du. bier. A common westteut. word (base beura-), perh. derived fr. oe. osax. beo, ON. bygg 'barley ; hence beer prop, 'barley-juice'?

beet me. oe. bete. Source lat. beta (= FR. bette , it. bieta), whence also G. beete.

beetle* ^ie. betel oe. bytel betel ■= the synon. lg. bdielj on. bey- till 'hammer'. The teut. base bautila- belongs to the teut. \l^baut in beat.

beetle^ an insect me. bitel oe. bitola; derived from an adj. oe. bttol 'inclined to bite'.

beg^ vb. ME. begge shortened from OE. bedecian, formed from bid with, intensive k (as in hatk, lurk, walli).

begin me. begifine oe. bcginnah str. vb. = OSAX. OHG. biginnaiiy DU. G. begimien, goth. duginncn 'begin'. The teut. sf gen (the initial g of which may be an

begin

bellows

Aryan k in the compound) is traceable to the Aryan \(^ken in OSLOV. pO'Cinq (infinit. /^-^V// 'begin', koni 'beginning').

beguile vb. me. begile (= mdu. beghijlen) : loanword from ofr. guiler. Cp. wile,

behalf 'interest, benefit' me. on behalve for on halve or he halve OE. on {be) healfe\ oe. healf sb. {= ohg. hallhi) means 'side'.

behave vb. late me. behave OE. behabbaii'. ident. with have. — behavior shows a fr. ending in imitation of haviovy var. of haver for avei' 'possession'.

behead vb." inie. behede bihefden oe. behcafdian ; cp. mhg. behoubeten behead'. Cp. head.

behest me. behest{e) bihest earlier beh(se oe. behds 'command, vow.' OE. hcks (base hdsi- haisi-) points to TEUT. GOTH, haitau -= OE. hdtan] cp. hight and hest.

behind me. behlnde{n) oe. be- hindan 'afterwards, after'. Cp. hindei' and hindmost.

behold vb. me. behglde oe. hehdldan (behealdan) 'hold, see'. Cp. hold.

behoof me. behof oe. behof = synon. DU. behoef, mlg. behof, mhg. behuof g. behnfy icel. hof 'moderation'. — behoove vb.ME. behove OE. behpfian 'be necessary' =- DU. behoeven, mlg. behoven.

belch vb. akin to me. bclke oe. bcelcian bealcian and with suffix bealcettan 'belch'.

belfry me. bcrfray berfrey ber- freid berfreit adapt, of ofr. ber- fi'ciberefreit=^ YV..beffroi. Source MHG. bh'cvrit from berc 'pro- tection' and frid 'a place of security'.

belief me. beleve from the vb. me. belcve = believe. Phonetically not ident. witli me. beleve ile've OE. leleafa == OSAX. gilobo, du. geloof, OHG. giloubo g. glaube. — believe vb. me. bileve orig. ilcve OE. ^elefan ^elyfan 'believe' = OSAX. gildbiariy DU. geloovev, OHG. gilouban G. glauben, goth. galaubjan.

bell ]\IE. OE. belle = du. bel, LG. belle: WEST-TEUT. base bellfm. Akin to bellow?

bellow vb. ME. bel{o)we belwe OE. belgian bylgian 'bellow' : teut. base ^balligon? Prob. an extended form with vowel mutation and intensive formative of oe. b'ellaii =r OHG. bdlan 'bellow', li bell- is traceable to belz bels, the TEUT. \r corresponds to skr. bhas (for bhals) 'bellow' = bhds 'speak' and LiTH. balsas 'voice'.

bellows jnie. belwes (also belies) 'a bellows' : prop. plur. of belowe belli beli 'a bellows, a bag, belly' OE. beeli byli (blcBstbylD 'a bag" = ON. bels^r, G. DU. balg 'skin'. Ident. with belly. A teut. \^belg 'swell' appears in ohg. b'clgan 'be angry', OE. ^ebolgen 'angry', ON. bolgen 'swollen'; cogn. w. oir. bolgaim 'I swell' — bolg bole 'bag, bellows' — ogall. bulga i 'leather-bag'. Cp. bolster.

belly

between

17

belly ME. belie belt 'belly, womb, also a bellows' oe. bel^ byli 'a bag, pouch, purse, bag of any kind'., Ident. with bellows.

below ME. bilowe cp. low.

belt ME. OE. belt = ohg. balz, ox. belli 'a belt, border'. Source LAT. (gall.?) balteus 'belt'.

bench me. bench oe. benc\ with umlaut and palatalization from a TEUT. base banki(z) = OSAX.. DU. G. OHG. b(7nk, OS. bekkr; fr. bane and it. span, baneo are TEUT. loanwords. Cp. bank.

bend sb. 'a band, bond' me. OE. bend (= OSAX. bendi, odu. bende, GOTH.ba/idi'a band, bond') from the \Pb'endm bind ^ whence also bend vb. 'bow, curve' me. bende oe. bendan 'bind, curve, bend'.

beneath me. bencthe oe. beneodan = DU. bcneden ; from oe. neodan, OSAX. nithana, ohg. nidajia mhg. 7iiden(e) 'below', Cp. nether.

benison me. beneisoun : borrowed from OFR. bene'ifon. Source lat. benedictionem (vp. 'MY..maleisoim = OFR. maleicon^ lat. vialedictione7ii).

bent-grass oe. beonot = osax. biniit, OHG. binu-^ mhg. bin{e)'^ G. binse^ DU. bentgras.

bequeath vb. me. bcqucthe oe. beciv'edan 'declare, affirm'. — be- quest ME. biqueste usually biquide byquide bequide. For the OE. vb. cw'edati 'speak' cp. quoth.

bereave vb. me. bire-ve {r(ve) OE. ber^afian {reafian) = osax. birbbon, DU. berooven, ohg. (bip'ou-

English Etymology.

bon G. berauben, GOTH, biraubbn 'rob', ON. raufa 'rob'.

berry me. oe. berie\ cp. synon. OHG. bcri G. be€7'e. The r was orig. z -=^ s\ cp. GOTH, basi in iveinabasi 'wineberry, grape', DU. bes 'berry'.

beseech vb. me. biseche biseke OE. bisecan: ident. with seek.

besom 'a broom' aie. besom besme 'a broom, rod' oe. bes?na 'a rod' = DU. beze?n, ohg. b'esarno G. besen 'a broom', goth. "^bistna. LAT. ferula may accord with the Teut. word in an Aryan \Pbhes.

best ME. beste oe. betsta = goth. batista, ohg. beyjsto mhg. g. /^(?.f/^, osax. betsto. Cp. better and

bestow vb. me. bestpwe; cp. stow.

betide vb. me. /v/zV/e- ; cp. //V/<f.

betray vb. isie. betraie (by-form betraisse)'. adapt, of fr. trahir (source lat. tradere 'deliver'). Cp. traitor and treason.

betroth vb. me. bitreuthie 'be- troth'; deriv. from truth.

better me. better oe. betera = GOTH, batiza , ohg. bcxyro G. besser, osax. ■ betoro , du. beter, ON. betre. Cp. the corresp. superl. best. No primitive adj. exists in the Teut. and Aryan langs.; for the root cp. boot- and best.

between me. bitwene oe. bet7i'('onu?n 'between'; in oe. the orig. construction was be sd^vi tweonufjt =r between the seas',

beverage — hind

OE. '^tweon earlier twihn 'two' answers to goth. tweihns = lat. Mmis {Aryan base dweikno-s). — betwixt :mf.. betivix (by-form betwixe) oy.. hetweox bihvihs (by- form behveoxfi = OSAX. imdartwisk 'between', ohg. tmdar zwiskem 'between G. zwischeru The Teut. base iwiska- 'two' is a deriv. of TEUT. twa in tivo.

beverage me. beverage beverege; loanword from ofr. brorage bciirage breuvaige = fr. breiwage. Source lat. bibere (lat. type bibei'aticutri) .

bevy 'a company' jvie. bevey beve] doubtful if ident. with ofr. beveye fr. bev^e 'drink, drinking'? then the e. word might prop, denote "a drinking-party'.

beyond me. beyonde oe. be-^eon- dan. Gp. yon.

bible ME. bible\ loanword from FR. bible, whence also du. bijbel, G. sw. DAN. bibel. Source lat. biblia.

bid :me. bidde oe. biddafi str. vb. = GOTH, bidjan, osAX. biddian, i)U. bidden, ohg. bittan G. bitten, ON. bidja 'bid'. The teut. >/" bed for bid goes back to an Aryan \^ bhidh in gr. tjeISm 'move by praying' which with iuA.iL.ftdo 'trust' points to connection with bide.

bide ME. bide oe. bidan str. vb. = GOTH, beidan, osAX. bidan, ohg. bitan, ON. bida. The strong verb TEUT. bida7i wait' agrees with \.Kl.fido 'I trust' and gr. TJtidof.iai 1 trust, obey' {nUdw 1 move by

I entreaty') : pre-TEUT. bMd/i. Cp. bid pray" for the identity of bide with TEUT. bidjan.

bier me. bere bere oe. /^^r = OSAX. OHG. ba7-a g. bahre , du. /^rt-^;-; the modern spelling \yith ie (since 1600) is due to fr. biere. Source a teut. herb-, derived fr. bear (teut. y/^ be r).

bile :me. bl/e oe. byte = du. bui/ , OHG. /^^//<rz *bu//ia 'blain' MHG. biii/e G. beule'. teut. base bitljd{n)-.

bilP 'a writing, account' to- gether with its dimin. billet 'a note' me. Mile 'a letter' (dimin. billette a note'): from med.-lat. billa bulla 'a bubble, boss, leaden seal, a bull'. Cp. bull.

bill 2 'sword' me. oe. bill 'sword' = OHG. OSAX. bil(Jl) 'a sword'. If GOTH, ^bilja- goes back to Aryan bhilyo- for bhidlyo-, connection with lat. findere is possible. Hence bill 'the instrument for splitting' and

bill 3 'bird's beak' me. bill{e) bil{e) OE. bile 'beak'; prob. con- nected with bill^.

billow ME. ^bilwe prop. "^ bilge: borrowed from on. bylgja: teut. V" b'elg 'swell' treated under bag and bellows.

bin ]ME. binne oe. binn 'manger : CELT, loanword from gall, benna 'kind of vehicle", whence also FR. benne 'a basket, hamper' (rr. ^^;z//^7 'sleigh, cart'). G. be fine 'basket-wagon' is of fr. origin.

bind ME. binde oe. binda?i str. vb. = OSAX. bindan, on. binda, du.

l)irch — hlame

19

G. binden , ohg. bintan : teut. \fb'end. An Aryan \f bhendh appears in skr. bafidh 'bind'; SKR. bandhu 'relative* points to connection with or. Tiev^fong 'father-in-law', gr. TrsTOaa for *nsv&0!^ia, lat. of-fend-ime7itmn *band, rope'. Cp. band, bend.

birch ME. birche oe. birce =■ OHG. bircha g. birke : teut. base birkjon-. Tlie synon. oe. beorc, DU. berky ON. bjgrk from an orig. base berko- are an Aryan bhergd = skr. bhurja^ OSLO v. breza^ \ATYi. berzas 'birch'. Cp. bark^,

bird :\ie. <^/r^/ mostly brid'a. bird', orig. 'a young bird' oe. brid (plur. briddas) 'the young of any bird': TEUT. base bridja- for bredjo-] akin to breed and brood}

birth :\IE. birlhe older i-birde OE. lebyrd = OSAX. giburd, du. geboortey ohg. giburt g. geburt, ON. /^wrrfV 'birth', GOTH, gabaiirps 'birth': deriv. from a teut. vb. gab'cran 'produce' with suffix di-'. pi (cp. IR. /W/// 'birth', skr. bhrti 'bearing').

bishop :\iE. bishop bis shop oe. bisceop = OSAX. bishop, DU. bis- sehop, OHG. biscof G. bischof, on. biskup. WEST-TEUT. (^/V/^^^ (taken as a compound /;/-t-J/^^) is iden- tical with GOTH, aipiskatipus =■ GR. iTiiay.OTTog, LAT. episcopus. The initial <? is also wanting in it. vescovo, OFR. PROV. vesque (butFR. h'eqiLe from O'EV.. eves que) ■= vulgar LAT. {e)biscopus.

bitch :me. bicche oe. bicce\ teut.

base bikjon- also in on. <^//'/^y^ 'bitch'; cp. OFR. biche 'bitch'.

bite me. bite oe. bitmi str. vb. ^ OSAX. /y-zA?;/, OHG.^/-:;^/^ G.beissen, DU. ^zy/^?;/ 'bite', on. bita. A teut. str. vb. bita7i 'bite' is developed from an Aryan \f bhid 'split' in LXT. Jfjido, SKR. /V/zV/ 'split'. Cp. bitter and /;///-.

bitter adj. me. /^///^^r oe. bitter biter = OSAX. OHG. bittar mhg. g. DU. mlg. lg. dan. sav. bitter, on. bitr 'bitter' : teut. base bitra- (and baitra- in goth. baitrs 'bitter'), prop, biting': deriv. from the TEUT. \fbit in bite.

bittern me. bitor older butor {= DU. biitoor') : borrowed froiji FR. butor (=z IT. bit tore). Source LAT. bos taurus a bird's name?

black :me. blak oe. bicec {blac-) ; akin to lg. black 'ink'.

bladder me. bladdre oe. blddre = DU. blaar , lg. bladere, org. bldttara g. blatter, icel. bladra\ the teut. base '^bledron- (with ^/r^- as suffix) comes from the teut. \r/i/^ in blow"^.

blade me. /Vc?^/^ oe. <^/^^/ (plur. bladu) = synon. OHG. /^/<r?/ G. (^/«f?/'/, DU. OSAX. blad, ON. ^A?//,

GOTH, ^blada-. Their dental seems to be formative; bla- from pre-TEUT. M/<7- is perh. akin to lat. fol-ium, gr. {^vX'kov. Aryan \(^bhol bhlo- in bloom}

blain me. blein oe. <^/^j^« = DU. blein : teut. base blajino- from TEUT. \r/^/(r? in bladder}

blame vb. :\ie. blame (= :mdu. blamen) : loanword from fr. 2*

20

blank

bless

hlamer (= ospan. blasmar, it. bia- simare: source lat. blasphe7iiare).

blank me. blank oe. blanc blgnc = synon. ohg. mhg. bla7tc G. blank) ON. blakkr "gray or white liorse': TEUT. V"M'/7/^ in blink. The TEUT. adj. blanka- was in- troduced into the Roman, langs.; cp. IT. bianco, fr. bla7tc with the deriv. fr. blanchet ^= ofr. blanket, whence me. e. blanket a coarse woolen cover'.

blare vb.' roar me. blare vb. = DU. blaren, g. blar?-en plarre?i.

blast me. blast oe. blcBst = ohg. blast, ON. bldstr 'a gust of wind' : deriv. of the teut. \p bles = du. blazen, ohg. blasan g. blasen, on. bldsa, GOTH, blesan. A shorter s^ble cp. under blow-.

blaze sb. 'a flame' me. blase 'flame, torch' OE. bl^ese (infl. blasan) 'torch' = lg. mhg. bias 'a torch'. Akin to goth. blesan = G. blasen 'blow' (cp. G. 7£'in(l- licht 'torch').

blaze vb. 'proclaim' me. blase 'blow as a trumpet': perh. loan- word from ON. bldsa 'blow' = DU. blazen 'sound a trumpet', OHG. blasan G. blasen 'blow', gotH. blesan (in ufblesa7i 'puflf up'). — blazon^ 'proclamation' from fr. blasonner blazon',, whence DU. blazoen. — blazon'- ]\rE. bid son older bldsoun from fr. Mason 'coat of arms' (whence also DU. blazoe.7i) ?

bleach vb. me. bl{che oe. bldHan = ON. bleikja 'whiten*: teut. h^i^^blaikjanixom the adj. bleak

ME. bleik late oe. bldec. borrow- ed from ON. bleikr = orig. oe. bide ME. blgk, DU. bleek, G. bleich. A TEUT. \fblik appears in oe. blica7i, ON. blika, OSAX. brika7i, DU. blijken, ohg. blihhan 'shine'.

blear-eyed 'having sore eyes' ME. blcr-eyed ble7'-eighed fr. blcre 'blear' -\- eye eij^e 'eye'; cp. dan. plir-gjet, LG. blh'-bged 'blear-eyed' (akin to \.g. flir7'-dge 'a bleared- eye', m fiirr up't bge hebbe7i 'have a bleared eye').

bleat vb. me. blete oe. bld'tan = DU. blate7i bleete7t, lg. b let en, OHG. bldza7i MHG. bld-^en.

bleed vb. me. blede oe. bleda7i = OFRis. bl^da, DU. bloeden, lg. bld'den, OHG. bluotan, on. bld'da 'bleed': deriv. from teut. bloda- in blood.

blemish vb. me. ble77iiss{li)e 'wound, injure, soil': loanword from OFR. blemiss-, stem of some forms of FR. bleniir 'grow pale' (fr. bleme bles77ie 'pale, wan).

blench vb. me. blcnche (also blenke) 'shrink back, give way', OE. bleMcan 'deceive': causative of blink, TEUT. base '^bla7ikjan.

blend' vb. me. blende (pret. blende) oe. blanda7i =■ osAX. GOTH, blandan, ON. blanda, OHG. blantan ]Mhg. blande7i.

blend^ vb. me. blende oe. blen- dan ■== OHG. blenta7i blente72 G. ble7tde7i'. causative of bH7rd vb.

bless vb. ME. blesse older blctsie OE. blitsian older blcedsian 'bless' from a teut. base ^blodison, not found elsewhere in teut. The

blind

blo>

yb. orig. 'sprinkle with blood' is appar. a deriv. of teut. bloda- in blood, blind adj. me. oe. blind =

OS AX. DU. G. SW. DAN. bll/ld (OHG.

MHO. blini)y ON. blindr ^ goth. blinds. Akin to on. blunda vb. 'close one's eyes' and to lith. blandyti 'cast down one's eyes' — • blesti blisti grow dark'. — blind vb. 'make blind' deriv. of blind^ supplanting aiE. blende (pret. blende) oe. blendan = synon. ohg. blentan G. blenden: causative of the teut. base blinda in blind adj. blindfold adj. ME. blindfelle oe. blindfellian 'strike blind, put out the eyes'; the mod. phonology of the second element of the word is due to confusion with fold'^ But ils origin is obscure; it may be akin to OE./ell, G. fell ohg. fel,

GOTH. Jill = LAT. J>ellis.

blink vb. me. blin^e = g. du. blinkeny sw. blinka, dan. blinke.

bliss :\IE. blisse oe. bliss older bMs blids (= osAX. blidsed) : i"-deriv. of blithe.

blister me. blister oe. "^blystre = opu. bluyster. Root unknown.

blithe ME. blithe oe. blide 'joy- ful, glad' (cp. bliss) = osAX. blithi , LG. blide , DU. blij'(de.), OHG. M^//, ON. blidr, sw. dan. M^/, GOTH, bleips. The dental is formative, but the teut. \rM unknown elsewhere.

block me. block 'a block* (of wood). Cp. tha synon. du. blok, :mlg. block, OHG. bloh mhg. ^/^^/;

G. block. Uncertain whether the e. word is a native e. word or adapt, fr. fr. bloc 'block, log'. blond from fr. blond, whence also G. DU. DAN. blo?id. Source a lost teut. blunda- {= it. biondo, SPAN, blondo).

blood ME. OE. blgd = OSAX.

blod, DU. bloed, lg. blood, ohg. MHG. bluot G. blut, ON. bldd, SW. DAN. blod: TEUT. base bloda- (and blopa- in goth. blof) from a pre-TEUT. bhloto- bhldto-, not found elsewhere. Its relation to the sf^ bio 'bloom' is doubtful. See bleed and bless.

bloom ME. blgm{e)'. borrowed from ON. blom blomi = goth. blbma, osAX. blbmo, DU. bloem, OHG. bliioma (bluomo) G. blume 'flower'. For the \^blo cp. lat. ^os and on-i. bldth 'blossom' and blow' .

blossom ME. blosme oe. bldstm{a) blds?na=^iy\j. bloesem (bloem), mlg. blo(s)sem: deriv. of the teut. sfblo in blo7v.^

blow sb. 'a stroke' ME. blowe-^ deriv. from ME. blewe OE. blcowan = OHG. bliuwan mhg. bliuwen G. bliiuen, DU. blouwen, goth. bliggwan 'strike': teut. \f bleu blew.

blow 1 vb. 'bloom' me. blgive oe. blow an 'blossom' = osAX. blbjan, du. bloeijen, ohg. bluojan G. blilhen 'blow, bloom', goth. "^ blbjan. The teut. \r<^/<5 appears also in bloom and blossom.

blow'^ vb. 'puff' me. bhme oe. bldwansix. vb. = ohg. bldian 'blow'

22

blue

bolster

MHG. blcewen blcBJen G. bldhen 'blow, sweir. The teut. \(^ble bid agrees partly with lat. flare (Aryan bhld in blade and bladder).

blue ME. bleiv : not deriv. from OE. blcBwen (deriv. of oe. bhhv), whence me. '^bl{we ought to be derived. :me. blew blm is loan- word from the synon. fr. bleu {= IT. biavd)\ ME- big 'blue' is adapt, of ON. bldr. The source of the whole group is a teut. base bldwa-^ blewa- 'blue' = oe. bldw^ ON. bldr,, du. blaatm>, ohg. bldo G. blau; ident. w. \.KY.flaviis 'yellow'.

^ boar ME. bgr oe. bar = ohg. MHG. ber 'a young boar', OSAX. bcr(swm), lg. ber, du. beer : teut. base baizu- or bairu-.

board 'a plank' me. oe. bJrd 'board, plank, shield, table' =- OSAX. DU. sw. DAN. bord, LG. boord, g. borl, ON. ^^r^, goth. {fotu)- baiird 'foot-stool': teut. base borda- with the by-form breda- in OE. bred = G. brett (du. berd ODU. /^r^r/).

boast vb. ME. bgste\ perh. traceable to an oe. '^"bosettian : deriv. from teut. \p bans bus in G. bose OHG. bosi'i

boat ME. /^j?/ OE. bat = on. /^^/V 'boat'. The E. word is the source of on. bJlr, du. g. bool and FR. bateau.

bodice 'stays for women' for- merly bodies^ being plur. oibody. Cp. pe?ice for pennies.

bodkin me. boidekin 'a small dagger'; of uncertain origin, related to w. bidog , ir. bideog 'a dagger'? The diphthong oi in ]\IE. shows foreign origin of i^m.boidekin\ but the suffix seems to be Anglisized.

body ]\1E. body bodi oe. bodij^ 'body*; akin to ohg. botah mhg. botech 'trunk, corpse'. Relation to ohg. botahha G. bottich 'a large vessel, tub' is uncertain.

boil 'a small tumor' me. bile. OE. byl{e)\ ident. with bile.

boil vb. 'bubble up' me. boilc boyle'. loanword from ofr. boillir FR. bouillir = span, bulliry it. bollire 'boil'. Source lat. bullh e 'bubble'.

boisterous :me. boistrotts 'rough, coarse' : an extended form of ME. boistous 'rough, clumsy'. The ^/-diphthong points to foreign origin; no source yet found.

bold ME. bold OE. bald (bcald older bealp) = GOTH, '^'balpa- (in balpaba adv.), on. ballr (orig. ^^balpr), OSAX. ohg. bald 'bold' (hence G. bald 'soon, quickly').

bole :\iE. bole = mhg. bole g. bohle 'a thick plank*; akin to ON. bolr 'trunk of a tree' and perh. related to gr. rpdXay^ 'stem of a tree'.

boll ME. bolle OE. bolla bowel, a round vessel' = du. bol m. ohg. bolla 'a round vessel', on. bolli. Perh. akin to ball and LAT. follis 'hose'.

bolster me. oe. bolster = du. MHG. bolster ohg. bolstar G.

bolt — booty

2i

polster^ ON. bolstr'. deriv. with sir- suffix from the teut. \f belg 'swell'; hence its orig. meaning 'swelling' (teut. base bolstr a- from *lwlhstra-).

bolt vb. 'sift meal' :me. bnlU : borrowed from ofr. buUer (fr. bliiter^ 'sift'.

bolt 'a stout pin of iron etc., an arrow' me. oe. bolt = synon. OHG. bolz, DU. bout, ON. bolte. Borrowed from LAT. catapulta'i

bone ME. bgn oe. ban = g. bein, osax. ben^ du. been, on. bcin, sw. DAN. ben, goth. '^bain (du. g. on. sw. also leg ). Perh. cogn. with ON. bcimi 'straight'.

bonnet ME. bond', loanword from OFR. bonet orig. fr. chapel de bonet\ MED. -LAT. bonneta a stuff of which caps were made'.

bonny me. bony, an engl. derivative of fr. bon 'good'.

booby not found in me. oe., with ENGL, ending derived from SPAN, bobo 'fool'?

book ME. bgk oe. bgc = G. buck OHG. biwh, OSAX. bok, du. boek, GOTH, boka f. — bok n. 'a letter of the alphabet' shows in the plur. the meaning 'writing, document, book', and the ohg. OSAX. OE. corresponding buoh bok occurs in pluralform with the meaning 'a single book'. There- fore it is evident, that the sing, meant orig. (as in goth.) 'a single letter of the alphabet'. The TEUT. base boka- (cp. beech) was orig. 'beech-bark.

beech-tablet' used to scratch runes on.

boom borrowed from du. boo?n (= LG. boo!fi) 'a tree , beam, pole'. Ident. with beam.

boon ME. bone petition, favor : loanword from on. bon 'a prayer'. There was a native oe. ben me. be tie 'a prayer'.

boor adapt, of du. boer (= G. bauei') 'peasant'. Akin to oe. lebiii'j cp. neighbor.

boot^ ]ME. bgte\ loanword from OFR. bote (boute) = fr. botte (it. bota) ; akin to G. bossen 'shoes'. Source unknown.

boot^ 'advantage me. bote oe. bg't = OSAX. goth. bota, ohg. bao-^a bno2, G. bi/sse, on. bot. For the TEUT. \p bat cp. batten, better and best.

booth :\IE. bgthe : loanword from ODAN. both (dan. bod) = MHG. buode G. bude. The oicel. biid differs from dan. bod in the root-vowels (teut. o'.u). The dental is suffix. For the teut. \fbu (indo-teut. bhii) 'dwell' cp. LiTH. butas 'house', oiR. both (bothdn) 'hut' (base bhii- to). See build and be.

booty in the 15"^ cent, spelled bgtye and butin ; akin to the equiv. fr. butin, du. buit , g. beute, on. byte 'booty"; the fr. word represents an osAX. '^biitin '^biiti, which is cogn. w. OIR. buaid victory' and cymr. budd 'ad- vantage, profit'. Aryan \(^bhud : bhaud.

border — boush

border me. border bord{e)ure: adapt, of FR. bordure. Ultimate source OHG. borto 'edge'.

bore vb. me. bore oe. borian = OHG. boron G. bohren, DU. boren, on. bora. The teut. base bo? on agrees with lat. for are 'bore'; cp.GR.(/oe(j03^'plough',SKR. bhiirij 'scissors': Aryan \^ bher bJwr.

borough and -bury in place- names me. borive (and biry) OE. burh burg (dat. sing, /^j'rg) 'town'. OE. burg = synon. OSAX. bur{u)gy DU. burg^ ohg. bur{u)g G. burg, ON. borgy goth. baiirgs 'town".

borrow vb. me. borwe oe. bor- gian protect, borrow' = ohg. borgeti g. borge?i 'borrow, give a pledge'. Prob. akin to ohg. b'ergan, GOTH, bairgan 'protect, shelter' (oSLOV. bregq 'I take care of).

bosom me. bosum oe. bosm = OSAX. bosm, DU. boezem, ohg. buosam G. busen, goth. ^bbsma-.

botch vb. 'mend a garment' me. bocche 'repair': deriv. from boot 'mending, repair of a thing'? perh. ident. with oe. botettian 'repair' ? Cp. G. dial, buetzen 'mend shoes' = ohg. buozzen 'repair.

botch 'a swelling on the skin, a boil' ME. bocche'. borrowed from OFR. boche 'a sore' (fr. bosse 'swelling' = it. boccia 'ball').

both ME. bgthe = osax. bMi^, OFRis. bet/ie bide, ohg. g. beide^ on. bddir, sw. bdda, dan. baade. The

stem of the numeral in its oldest forms had no dental: goth. bai ^ oe. be'^en bd bit 'both'. The dental ending is short for the article : me. bpthe == oe. bd da, G. beide instead of bei die. In the older periods the article was combined with the numeral; cp. GOTH, ba po scipa 'both ships', OE. bej^cn dd gebrodru 'both brothers'.

bottle^ 'a hollow vessel' me. botel = DU. bottel, lg. buttel bud- del: loanwords from fr. bouteillc (= SPAN, botclla, IT. bottiglia) Source med.-lat. buticula f. di- min. of butis 'a butt'.

bottle^ 'a bundle of hay' me. botel'. loanword from ofr. botel dimin. of fr. botte 'a bundle of hay. Source a teut. baiita- in OHG. boy) 'a bundle of flax'.

bottom :me. botuin oe. botm ^=~ OSAX. bodom, DU. bodem, ohg. bodam G. bode7i. The teut. bases bupina- (= OHG. boda??t) or butna (= ON. botn) or with assimi- lation butma- (= OE. bottti) re- present Aryan bases bhutno- bhudno', c^. akyk^s b hud hue- 'bot- tom' in SKR. budhna', cp. gr. 7Jv9\u7Ji', LAT. fundus (if trace- able to bhudhno-s'i). The pho- netical relations of the group are obscure.

bough ME. bough bow oe. boh bog ^ DU. boeg 'bow of the ship', OHG. buog 'upper joint of the arm or leg, shoulder, hip' G. bug 'shoulders, withers', on. bogr 'shoulder, bow of a ship', goth.

bounce

"^bogus from pre-teut. bhaghu-s 'arm, fore-arm' corresponds to SKR. bahii 'arm', also gr. -naxvg ■niy/vg 'fore-arm, elbow'.

bounce vb. me. bounse 'beat, knock' oe. ^bunsian'. frequent, of a primit. ^biinajil Akin to LG. biinscn bumsen {bansen}^ 'knock'?

bound sb. me. bounde older boiuic. borrowed fr. ofr. bonde bonne 'boundary'. — boundary points to FR. bonnier, whence also i)U. bunder odu. bunre. Source med.-lat. bodina.

bound vb. 'leap, spring' bor- rowed from FR. bondir 'leap, spring' prop, 'resound'. Source LAT. bombitare 'hum' ?

bound adj. 'ready, prepared' me. boun 'leady, prepared to go': loanword from on. bumti 'pre- pared', part, oibiia 'till, prepare'; cp. busk.

bounty me. boun/e: loanword from FR. bo/lit, source lat. boni- tatem. — bounteous me. bountc- vous: derived from ofr. bontivc 'benevolent' by influence of righteous.

bourn 'boundary' adapt, of fr. borne] ident. with bound.

bow vb. 'bend' ME. bowe earlier bihue OE. bugan str. vb. 'bend, flee' (only intr.) = du. buigen, ]MLG. bugen, OHG. biogan G. biegen, GOTH, biugan 'bend'. The teut. \^ bug is an Aryan bhCik on ac- count of OHG. buhil 'hill'. A cogn. \f bhfig appears in lat. fugio, GK. fptvyco. — bow' sb. 'a

bov

weapon, a bend' me. bowe oe. boga = OHG. osAX. bogo , du. boog, G. bogen, on. bogi.

bow- 'the forward part of a ship', var. of bough.

bowel ME. bouil bowel', loan- word from OFR. bouel (fr. boyau)] source lat. botellus 'sausage' (it. budel/o), whence also odu. bode- line ]3U. beuling 'sausage'.

bower sb. :me. bour oe. biir 'a dwelling' (see neighbor = oe. n^h;^ebur) = osAX. mlg. bur 'a house, cage', ohg. mho. Inir 'a chamber' G. bauer 'a cage', on. bur 'a chamber, larder'. For the TEUT. y/^bu 'dweU' cp. build.

bowl ME. bolle OE. bolla = on. bolli, DU. bolf OHG. bolla.

box' *a chest' me. oe. box: bor- rowed from a vulg.-lat. *buxeni for buxidem (nom. buxis), whence also DU. buSf G. bilehse 'box' ohg. buhsa for '^buhsja. vulg.-lat. buxis (from gr. -nvh^g 'box made of the box-tree' cp. box'^-') ap- pears in FR. bossette, it. bossolo 'box'.

box- 'the name of a tree' me. box'trc OE. box', borrowed from

LAT.-ROM. buXUS (= IT. ' boSSO,

SPAN, box, FR. buis), whence also OHG. MHG. buhs{-boum) = G. buchs- baum 'box- tree', du. busboovi.

boy ME. boic oe. *Mrt;; perh. dimin. of a lost OE. ''''bo 'brother' =r FLEM. boe 'brother': childish abbreviation of E. brother, as G. bube OHG. buobo is a reduplication of "^bo 'brother'?

26

boycott — brave

boycott first heard of in Dec. 1880. Captain James Boycott was a farmer at Lough Mask, co. Mayo, Ireland; the Irish league pronounced their edict, in con- sequence of which no one wished to work or have anything to do with him; he was the victim of the system of procedure named after him.

brace sb. me. brace', adapt, of OFR. brace. Source lat. brac- chimn.

brach me. bracchc. adapt, of OFR. brache. Source ohg. bracko 'hunting dog' = du. brak odu. bracke.

brad me. brad usually brod\ loanword from ON. broddr 'spike, shaft' (= oe. brord 'spike', OHG. brort 'edge'). The teut. base brozda- answers to OIR. brot 'sting'.

brag vb. 'boast' me. bra{g)ge\ akin to ofr. braguer 'flaunt, brave, brag'. Source doubtful.

braid vb. 'weave' me. breide OE. breidan 'move to and fro, weave' = osax. br'egdan, lg. breidetiy ohg. brettan mhg. brette?t, ON. bregda 'draw, pull, weave, braid'; orig. 'move quickly' ; but MLG. breiden 'knit'. Cp. bridle.

brain me. brain oe. brceien = DU. breiny lg. bregen 'brain'. The TEUT. base bragena- 'brain', if from an aryan ?nrogh-, is com- pared with gr. (igf^/iLiog 'fore- head' (for *iitQt-/-).

brake 'a thicket' me. brake) perh. cogn. w. LG. brake 'tree- trunk' ?

bramble me. brembel oe. bremcl earlier ^brdmil] cogn. w. G. bj'o??i- beere 'brambleberry' ohg. brafria, DU. braam, perh. ident. \\\ oe. brom under broom.

bran aie. brafi : adapt, from. ir. w. bran. ME. bren adapt, from OFR. bren points to the same source.

branch 'a bough of a tree' ME. braunche: borrowed from fr. branche {= span. it. branca lat. type bi-rafnical deriv. of LAT. ramus 'branch'?).

brand ]\ie. oe. brand brond = ODU. MLG. brand, ohg. :mhg. bra?d 'a burning, a brand', du. g. brand 'a burning, fuel', on. brandr 'a firebrand', sw. dan. brand' ■Si'^xit- brand, fire'. From teut. brinnan z= burn. — brandish vb. me. braundisshe braundisse\ loanword from FR. brandiss- in brandir (= IT. bra7idire) 'brandish'. Source a TEUT. brafid 'sword' = E. brand 'sword' OE. brond, on. brandr, MHG. brant 'blade of a sword'. — brandy short for brandyimne ■= DU. brandewijn, G. branteivein 'brandy', lit. 'burnt wine'.

brass me. bras oe. bro^s. lat. ferrum, if iox/erso- aryan bherso-, is considered akin to the teut. base brasa- in oe. brces.

brat 'a child' perh. ident. with me. oe. bratt 'a coarse cloak' : orig. a Celt, word, cp. Gael. ir. brat 'a cloak, mantle' — w. brat 'a rag, a pinafore'.

brave borrowed from fr. brave, whence also du. braaf, g. brav.

brawn

breeze

21

brawn :me. braun brawn 'muscle, boar's flesh'; orig. '^braoun bra- hun\ borrowed from ofr. braon 'a piece of flesh, muscle'. Source a TEUT. brddo ace. bradun = OHG. brato aihg. brate 'a slice of bread' and also like G. brateri 'roast meat', oe. brckdan 'roast meat', g. braten^ du. braden 'roast'; in LG. dial, an OSAX. brddo 'muscle' is preserved (e.g. west- PHAL. wadbrcie) ; cp. :mlg. brdde.

braze^ vb. 'adorn with brass' me. brdse oe. brasian 'cover with brass': deriv. of OE. brces\ cp. brass.

braze- vb. 'harden': loanword from ON. brasa harden by fire'. . breach mk. breche: adapt, of FR. breche. Source the teut. vb. brekan = break.

bread me. bred late oe. bread = OHG. brbt G. brbdy osAX. brod^ DU. brood J late on. brand. The Teut. base brau-da- is deriv. fr. the \f bru in E. broth and brew. The orig. teut. word for bread \s?iS loaf (== teut. h/aiba-). In OE. we find br^'ad 'piece of bread' and beobr fad' honey -comW.

breadth formed after length strength with secondary th from ME. brede oe. brckdo 'breadth': abstract noun formed from broad with umlaut (goth. brauiei, ohg. breitt). Cp. avestphal. bredde, OSAX. "^'bredtha from bred 'broad'.

break vb. me. breke oe. br'ecan str. vb. = DU. breken, osax. brekan, ohg. br'ehhan G. brechen, GOTH, brikan. With the teut.

sfbrek 'break' (aryan bhre^) cp.J.AT. /rango (j)ret./regi) 'break'.

breakfast me. brcke/aste: prop, 'breaking one's fast, the first meal of the day by which the fast is broken*.

bream me. brcnr. loanword from FR. breme\ source a teut. braxma in ohg. brahsima imhg. braesein g. brass en = osax. bressemo, du. brasevi, osw. braxn, dan. brasen.

breast me. br&st short for me. brest oe. breost = osax." brio sty OFRis. briast, on. brjdst\ akin to GOTH, brusts plur. , du. borst., OFRIS. burst (and briast), G.brnst: teut. bases breust- : briist-.

breath :me. brcth oe. brckd 'breath , odor' ; akin to OHG. brddam :mhg. brdde7n G. brodem brodejt 'steam, vapor, exhalation'.

breech buttocks* me. brech oe. br^L Orig. ident. with breeches (»a pair of breeches«) me. brech breche\ the corresp. oe. bred plur. points to a sing, "^broc = du. broek, ofris. brok (plur. breJi), on. brok (plur. bra^kr), ohg. mhg. bruoch. The teut. base brok- plur. brbkiz) is seemingly connected with gall.-lat. brdca 'clothing for the legs'.

breed vb. me. brede oe. bredan ^ DU. broeden, ohg. bruoten MHG. briieten G. brilten 'brood, hatch', GOTH, ''brodjan: deriv. of TEUT. broda' see brood.

breeze^ 'a strong wind' = synon. G. brise, dan. bris: source

breeze -

brim

FR. brise 'the north wind' = SPAN, brisa.

breeze 2 gadfly' me. brese oe. breosa. Connection with G. bremse and breme (ohg. br'miisa brhnct) is doubtful.

brew vb. me. brewe oe. breowa?i str. vb. = DU. brouwen, OHG. briuwan G. b7'auen. With the teut. \fbru (Aryan bhrti bhreu) 'brew' arc related phryg.-thrac. ^oviov 'beer, cider', which prob. stands for gr. *(povrov, also lat. defrtitiwi 'must boiled down', oir. bruthe 'broth' — bruth 'live coals, heat' — bruith 'cooking'. Cp. bread.

bridal, see bride,

bride me. bride oe. bryd (from "^brydi '^briidi) = OSAX. odu. LG. briid, DU. bruid, ohg. mhg. bn'ii G. braiif, ox. brudr\ goth. briips means 'daughter-in-law' (but briip-faps 'bridegroom') ; osAX. briid is 'the newly married wife' as e. bride. ■ — bridal ME. brid-dle oe. bryd-ealo\ lit. ''bride-ale (me. bride oe. bryd and me. die oe. eald). In gerj^i. dialects, we find kindelbier 'bap- tism'. — bridegroom me. bride- gome oe. brydguma ■=. synon. OSAX. brlidigumo , du. bruidc- gomo, OHG. briitigomo mhg. briute- gome G. briiiitigam , ON. brud- giime (goth. brup-faps). The second element of these com- pounds (oe. goth. gu?na, ohg. go?rio man' is related to lat. homo from indo-teut. ghomoti). The phonetical development of

ME. brideg07ne into e. bridegroom is due to the influence oi groom.

bridge me. brigge oe. brycg == OFRis. brigge y du. brug , ohg. brucka g. brilcke (goth. '^brugja '^briigjo) . The corresp. O'^.bryggja (also LG. brilgge, northfris. bragJi) and germ, (dial.) brilcke signify 'pavement, floor'; and oe. brycgiaii ]\ie. brigge and nfris. braghir?, mlg. brilggen signify to pave'.

bridle me. oe. bridcl older oe. briyiel briyiil = ohg. brillil for '^'brictil'. deriv. from the teut. vb, br'egdaii pull' under braid. Akin to OSLOV. britzda 'bridle' (Aryan \f bhreghdh also in lat. frenum 'bridle'?).

brief adj. 'short' me. bref\ borrowed from FR. bref (span. rr. breve = lat. brevis 'short').

brief sb. 'a commission, do- cument' ME. bref\ cp. du. g. brief OHG. briaf and the cor- responding OFR. bref 'an official document'. Orig. ident. with brief adj.

brier 'a prickly shrub' :me. brere OE. brcer brer 'a bramble'.

bright ME. bright oe. beorht 'bright, white, clear* ^=^ osax. b'erhty ohg. beraht, goth. bairhts 'bright'. Akin to MLG. br'ehen 'shine, glisten'; cp. skr. bhargas 'brightness'.

. brim me. brim ; perh. ident. with OE. brim 'ocean , surf = on. bri?n 'surf; cp. the name of the city of Bremen.

brimstone — brook

29

brimstone i^v^. bi'iinsign earlier brenstpn = on.- hreniiisieinn 'brim- stone': deriv. of me. brenne = b u ;- ;/.

brine me. brine 'salt liquor' = DU. brijn ]mdu. brine.

bring vb. jNIE. bri7tge oe. bringan T=z oHG. OSAX. bringan G. bringen, GOTH. briggan\ cp. DU. brengen, OSAX. brengiany oe. brefigan 'bring' : TEUT. \Pbreng brang.

brink ME. brink 'edge'; cp. on. brekka from *brinkd j lg. brink.

brisk a CELT, loanword ; cp. w. brysg, GAEL. bri{o)sg 'quick, lively'.

bristle :me. brittle older birstle OE. ^byrstei: dimin. of oe. byrst =r OHG. burst G. borstey du. Iwrste bristle'; akin to ohg. bursta G. bilrste 'brush'. The teut. \fbors burs (whence biir in burdocli) is an Aryan \l^ bhrs in skr. bhrsfi point, prong'. Cp. brush.

brittle ME. britel oe. *brytel'. formed with suffix -il (oe. el cp. nimble^ from oe. breotan 'break' = ON. brjota 'break'.

broach vb. me. brgche 'bore, spur, spit, tap' {seiten on broche 'set a-broacl), tap = fr. viettre en broche 'tap a barrel') ; fr. brocher 'broach, pierce' and broche 'a broach, spit'.

broad :me. brod oe. brad = OSAX. mlg. brMy du. breed, g. breity ON. breidr, sw. dan. bred, GOTH, braids 'hxo?idi '. prob. from a pre-teut. mraito-, akin to an Aryan \[^mrit in SKR. mrit 'fall to pieces' (therefore broad \)to^. 'extended'?)."

brock 'a badger' me. brok oe. brocc (z= DAN. brok) ; a celt. loanword; cp. w. corn. bret. broch, GAEL. IR. MANX broc 'a badger (celt, base brokko-f\i&r\\. ident. w. lat. brocciis adj. 'having prominent teeth' and ofr. broc 'spit, point').

broil vb. me. broile\ adapt, of OFR. briiiller 'broil, roast', ofr. bruir 'roast' seems to be ident. with G. bri'ihen ]MHG. briiejen, DU. broeijen 'foment"; cp. brood.

broker me. brocour 'pedlar, pawnbroker' ; loanword from OFR. brocour brokeor 'tapster who retails wine from, the tap'; cp. FR. broche under broach.

brooch 'broach' :me. broche 'a pin, peg, brooch': borrowed from FR. broche 'a spit, point'.

brood :me. oe. brod = du. broed, OHG. i^iuG. bruot g. brut: appar. formed with dental suffix from the teut. \fbrb in G. brilheny du. broeien. Cp. breed.

brook ME. brok oe. broc = du. broek, mlg. brok lg. brook 'marsh, pool', OHG. bruoh{h) mhg. bruoch G. l)ruch 'marsh, bog'; possibly connected with the teut. \fbrek 'break' in break.

brook vb. 'put up with' ]me. bro(o)kc brouke oe. brtican 'use, enjoy' = osAX. brtikan , du. gebruiken, ohg. brtihhan ]\fflG. bruchen G. brauchen 'use, need , GOTH, brukjan 'use'. The pre- teut. form .of the yfbhrug accords with lat. fruor from

30

broom — buckram

'^fruvor for '^frtig%)or and cp. lat. j fruges. I

broom me. oe. h-om 'the plant of the broom' = odu. brocvi 'broom'; perh. cogn. \v. bramble.

broth ME. broth oe. brod = ON. brod, OHG. brod: deriv. from the \pbrit under brew.

brother j\ie. brother oe. brgdor = DU. broeder , OSAX. brothar^ OHG. iSiHG. briioder g. briider, on. brodir ^ goth. bro-par 'brother. The teut. base brbper- (Aryan bhrdter-) corresponds to lat. f rater y skr. bhrdtar- , OSLOV. brairil] cp. gr. ffparpia,

brow ]\IE. browc briiwe oe. brii\ cp. ON. briln 'eyebrow' and skr. bhrii y gr. orp^vc, OSLOV. bruvi 'brow'.

brown me. bro/m oe. brun =

MLG. OHG. MHG. OFRIS. brwi, DU.

brum, ON. bninfi. The teut. name of the color passed into ROM. (fr. brim = span. ir. brimo 'brown') and lith. {brunas 'brown'). The proper stem of Aryan bhr-iitio- appears m lith. beras 'brown' (see bear sb.) and reduplicated in skr. babhru-s 'reddish- brown' (see beaver^,

bruise vb. me. briise'. loanword from OFR. bruser (fr. briser) 'break', whence oe. brysan 'break'.

bruit 'a rumor' me. brut', bor- rowed from FR. bruit 'noise'.

brush sb. me. hrusshe 'a brush', orig. 'brush-wood': borrowed from OFR. broce fr. brosse 'brush- wood, brush'.

brute borrowed from FR. brut adj. (fem. brute)] source lat. brutus.

buck vb. 'wash linen , steep clothes in lye' me. bouke (oe. '^bikia/i) = DAN. byge, sw. byka, NORW. beukja, icel. bauka, mhg. biichcn G. bauchen. The teut. vjj. bukon {bCikjati) is based on OE. btic (cp. bucket). The ROM. FR. buer^ it. bucare 'wash' are borrowed from Teut.

buck sb. ME. bukkc oe. bucca\ cp. the synon. oskk. buck^ fris.

DU. bok, OHG. MHG. boc{ck) G. bock,

ON. bukkr bokkr, sw. bock, dan. buk 'a he-goat, ram, buck(deer)', GOTH, "^bukks ''^bukka: ident. w.

GAEL, boc, OIR. boCC, CYMR. boch

'buck' from a celt, base bukko- (whence fr. bouc ofr. boc) and w. ARMEN. buc 'lamb', avest. buza 'buck' (ARYAN bhilg ?). The indo- TEUT. base bhugo- is perh. con- nected with the root oi fugio, GR. (fivyd) 'flee'; hence buck may have signified orig. 'fugitive'.

bucket 'a kind of pail' me. boket: deriv. from oe. buc 'a pitcher' with the dimin. suffix -et.

buckle ME. boke/: adapt, of fr. boucle, whence also G. buckel. Source med.-lat. buc(c)ula 'a beaver, shield'.

buckler me. bokeler: adapt, of OFR. bocler bucler = fr. bouclicr (whence also du. beukelaar, mhg. buckeler, on. buklart). Cp'. buckle.

buckram me. bokeram hukeram ^= OFR. bouqueran bouc ar an (fr.

buckwheat

burn

31

boiigran^ mhg. buckeraiii). Source and liistory unknown.

buckwheat = du. boekweit^ MLG. bbkivete, G. buchwcizcn, dan. boghvcde'. lit. 'beech-wheat' from the resemblance of its seeds to the mast of the beech-tree. The E. word is of continental origin. Cp. beech.

bud ME. biidde\ perh. akin to FR. boHto/i, DU. bot 'bud'. History and source uncertain.

bugle 'a buffalo, a horn' me. biigle: borrowed from ofr. bugle *a wild ox' (lat. bucuius, dimin. of bos 'an ox'). The meaning 'horn' is short for 'bugle-horn'.

build vb. short forME. bilde (pret. bilde) OE. ^byldan (pret. by/de)] deriv. with vowel mutation from OE. bold 'house' which goes back, as shown by the older OE. boil bodl, by metathesis to a teut. bo-pla- {= ON. bol ^ DU. boedel, OSAX. bodies plur. , ofris. bodel bold. OE. byldan (bytlan) is a teut. bupljan. teut. bopla- = ARYAN bhu-tlo- belongs to the INDO-TEUT. sfbha 'dwell, reside' (cp. be, bo7e>erand bool/i). For the ARYAN //- suffix cp. needle.

bull ME. bule\ OE. only in dimin. bulluc = me. e. bullock] cp, the synon. DU. bul, lg. bulk, ON. boli, DAN. boll 'a castrated bull'; LiTH. bullus is primit. related. Whether the e. bull is orig. a SCAND. loanword, is uncertain.

burden^ 'a load' me. birthen OE. by r den = osAX. burihinnia 'burden'; cp. the equival. ohg.

burdi G. biirde, on. byj'dr, goth. baurpci'. all deriv. of the teut. \f^ ber in bear\ cp. skr. bhrti = oiR. brith 'the carrying' and see birth.

burden- 'the refrain of a song' me. burdouw. loanword from fr. bourdon, orig. 'a drone-bee' (= SPAN, bordon, rr. bordo7ie 'a drone' from LAT. bur do 'a drone') ; cp. ]\ILG. bardiin 'tenor; a musical instrument',

burgess me. burgeis : loanword from OFR. burgeis fr. bourgeois (lat. type burgensis from burgus 'town'). — burgher borrowed from DU. burger =^ AiLCi. borgere, OHG. burgari mhg. burgcere burger G. biirger : deriv. of teut. burg- cp. borough.

burial me. buriel biricl prop. buriels biriels OE. byr^els 'tomb' (= OSAX. burgisU 'tomb') : deriv. from the OE. vb. byrian (osAX. "^burgiaii)', cp. btiry.

burin 'an engraver's tool' : bor- rowed from FR. burin', perh. of Teut. origin; cp. ohg. bora 'a borer' (see under bore).

burly me. burli borli oe. "^bur- lice. Akin to ohg. buro- 'very' in biirolang boralang 'very long' and perh, to skr. bhiiri 'much*?

burn vb. me. heme oe. bcei-nan bernan tr. {byrnan intr.). Cp. synon. mhg. brinnen intr. and its causative brennen', G. brennen intr. and tr., goth. brinnan intr. and brannjan tr. Only one ;^ be- longs to the TEUT. yfbr'en, as shown by bryne 'conflagration'.

^2

burnish — butter

burnish vb. me. bwnisshe bur- nisse'. loanword from ofr. bur- niss-, the stem of certain parts of biirnir briinir = fr. brunir.

burr ME. bu7'7'e 'a bur'; cp. sw. kardborre 'a Inirdock', dan. borre, N.FRis. borj HELGOL. borren 'bur- dock*. OE. ^burre, if for teut. burzon-y may be deriv. from the TEUT. \fbors in G. borste\ cp. bri stle.

burst vb, ME. bei'ste oe. berstan\ cp. synon. osax. br'estan, lg. du. bersten, OHG. brestan MHG. br'esten g. berstejty on. b testa. Cp. an Aryan \^ bhrest in oiR. brissim break' (^^ for ^/).

bury vb. jme. <^?^rz> /w-/.? oe. byriyin byrytn wk. vb.; akin to oe. byrien 'tomb' — byrj^els under burial, teut. burgjan belongs perh. with oe. beorg 'mound, place of burial' to the teut-y^/w'^ in GOTH, bairgart, DU. G. bergen, oe. beorgan 'protect, shelter, secure'.

bury in place-names see bo- rough.

bush ^\Y.Jmsho\(\Q^ bicsk\ ident. with OHG. busk G. buschy du. bosch bos and a rom. bosco (==; FR. boiSy IT. bosco). Uncertain whether of Teut. or of Lat. origin.

bush 'a thicket' me. busch busk := OHG. busc G. buschy DU. bosch] akin to fr. bois, it. bosco. Orig. derived as lat. ^buxicum from LAT. buxus = box}

busk vb. 'get one's self ready' me. buske 'prepare one'self : of Scand. origin; cp. on. buask 'pre- pare'. Cp. hound adj.

busk 'a support for a woman's stays' borrowed from fr. busc busque orig. 'the whole bodice', prob. a corruption of bust.

buss' 'a herring-boat' me. busse OEv biitse (in butsecarlas) = du. buis, OHG. buzo, ON. buza. The Rom. shows similar words: med.- LAT. bussa buscia 'a kind of boat', OFR. busse buse buce. Source unknov^n.

buss'-^ 'kiss' ^ G. dial, busscf? 'kiss'; cp. also span, buz 'a kiss of reverence'; perh. orig. a chil- dish onomatopoeia.

bust from FR. buste {= it. span. busto), whence also G. bi'/ste.

bustle vb. ME. bustele 'wander blindly or stupidly'; perh. akin to G. (dial.) pusseln 'bustle', icel. bust la 'bustle'?

busy ME. bisy oe. bisii = DU. bezigy "LG.bcsig: teut. base "7w/'^(7-.

but ME. bate shortened for btiteii OE. biUafi conj. 'except' — prep, 'besides, without' = DU. buiten 'except'. Contr. from be-iitan\ cp. G. ausser and e. otct.

butcher me. hocher earlier hou- cher\ borrowed from fr. boucher 'one who kills he-goats' (deriv. of fr. bouc = buck).

butler ME. buteler bot{e)ler fr. OFR. bouteiller'. deriv. of bottle.

butt borrowed from ofr. boute^ FR. botte (= SPAN, botay IT. botte) *a butt, cask'. Akin to oe. bytt 'hose, a leather bottle', OHG. buthi G. butte.

butter ME. butere oe. buterc butore = G. buttery DU. boter.

buttock — caitiff

33

LG. hotter', source lat. biityruvi (cp. FR. beurre, it. Imrro) = gr. fjOvxvQQv, — butterfly ^m. butter- file OE. butor-fleoge = DU. boter- vlieg\ cp. G. dial, buttervogel 'a butterfly' and the G. dial, syno- nyms milchdieb and tnolkenstehler ,

buttock ME. buttok with dimin. suffix (cp. hillock) fr. ofr. bot (fr. ^^//j/) an end'; cp. butt-end.

button ME. butoun: borrowed FR. boutoji 'a bud, a button.

buttress 'a support' (in archi- tecture) ME. buteras butres'. bor- rowed from OFR. bouteretSj prop. plur. of bouteret 'a buttress'; cp. FR. boter bouter 'thrust, prop .

buxom :me. buxom older Ibuh-

su?n from OE. bugan = bow\ the old meaning was 'obedient, obliging'. Akin to du. buigzaam, G. biegsam 'submissive'.

buy vb. JVIE. bie earlier bigge OE. by eg an 'purchase' = OSAX. buggian, goth. bugjan 'buy'.

buzzard me. biisard short for bitsard: loanword from fr. busard by-form of fr. buse 'buzzard' {=^ LAT. <5z?/^^ buzzard'), whence also DU. buizerd, g. bushart.

by me. OE. bi (but be- as prefix) = OSAX. ohg. mhg. bi G. bei^ DU. bij\ GOTH, bi means 'round, round about' and thus connec- tion with GR. a/<f/9«, LAT. a7nbi- becomes possible.

cabbage earlier cabbache from FR. dial, caboclie = fr. cabus (du. kabuis), IT. capuccio y G. kappes OHG. kabui^: orig. deriv. of lat. caput 'head'.

cabin ^ie. caban: borrowed from FR. cabane = it. med.-lat. capanna 'a cabin. Source and history unknown.

cable me. cable (= g. du. sw. DAN. kabeT) : adapt, of fr. cable. Source lat. capulum 'a rope' (lat. caper e 'take, hold').

caboose ident. with du. kabuis, G. kabiise, dan. kabys. Earlier E. form comboosc ident. with du.

English Etymology.

ko?fibuiSy FR. cavibuse. Prob. akin to E. cabin.

cackle vb. me. kakle = du. lg. kakeleny G. kakeln^ sw. kackla, DAN. kagle 'cackle'. Onomato- poetic formations.

cage ME. cage: adapt, of fr. cage = IT. gabbia gaggia dial. cabbia] source lat. cdvea, whence also OHG. chevia g. kdpig 'cage'.

cairn borrowed from GAEL. IR. w. cam 'a pile, rock'?

caitiff ME. caitlf a captive':

loanword from oner, caitif 'a

wretch' (whence also du. katijvig

ODU. catijf caitijf) = fr. c/i^ti/

•A

34

cajole — camphor

'mean, vile' (it. cattivo = lat. captivus 'captive').

cajole vb. = fr. cajoler 'coax (oFR. cageoler 'chatter like a bird in a cage, prate', deriv. of fr. cage == E. cage).

cake ME. cake oe. "^caca (in- ferred from the dimin. formation oe. Cecil cicely teut. base kakila-) = ON. sw. kaka, DAN. kage 'cake'. Akin to OSAX. koko, du. koek, sc. cooky (also oe. ccecil :me. kechel from the dimin. goth. '^kdkila-)^ OHG. kuocho G. kuchen. The base kakan- kokan- is genuine teut.

ca(u)ldron me. caudroun: bor- rowed from AFR. "^caudroun = FR. chatidron (= it. calderone 'a large kettle'). Source lat. cal- daria 'a kettle for hot water' {caldus calidus 'hot'). The / of modern spelling is inserted in imitation ofLAT. (Scotch still caii- dron) .

caW :siE. calf oe. cealf= osax. uu. LG. SW. calf, on. kdlfr, ohg. G. kalb ; GOTH, has only a fern. kalhd 'heifer (ohg. chalba g. kalbe f. 'a calf). Outside of TEUT., there is a series of words with the base glbh- in skr. garbha 'the womb, an embryo', GR. dsXcpvg 'womb' and its deriv. adsXcpoQ 'brother' — deXffat, a young pig'.

calf 2 ME. calf] perh. adopt, of ON. kdlf = NORW. kalve f sav. kalf (ben-kalf) 'calf of the leg'.

ca(u)lk vb. ME. catikc 'tread as a cock': borrowed from ofr.

caiiquer 'tread' (source lat. cal- care 'tread down).

call vb. JviE. calk oe. (c. 950) callian (once misspelled <:(frt;///i?;/): a SCAND. loanword cp. on. kalla 'say, call, name' (sw. kalla, dan. kalde 'call'): ident. with DU. kallen, ohg. kalian; cp. skr. \fgir 'call, praise'.

callous from LAT. callosus 'hard- skinned' (lat. callus 'hard skin').

callow adj. me. calowe calu oe. calu {cahv-) = du. kaal, ohg. kalo (infl. kalatvh') G. kahl'. an early lat. loanword = lat. calvus (whence fr. chauve, it. span. calvo), which is of Aryan origin (cp. SKR. kulva, AVEST. kaoM'va 'callow').

calm me. cab?ie (= du. kah?i) from FR. calme (= span. it. calma 'calmness, still weather"). Source med.-lat. caiwia'^h^ heat of the sun' = gr. y>av/Lia 'great heat', / being due to association w. LAT. calor,

cambric borrowed from fr. cambraj, so called from Cambrai (flem. du. Kamerijk), a town of northern France where it was first made (hence G. kamvicr- tucJi). See arras and lawn-.

camp borrowed from fr. cajnp 'field, army' := lat. campus 'field'. — campaign from fr. ca7n- pa(i)gne 'an open field, a mili- tary campaign'.

camphor borrowed from fr. cainphrc = it. canfora, G. kampfcr, DU. kaiufcr.

card

35

can vb. me. oe. can = goth. kantiy OSAX. OHG. kan o. kann. The TEUT. vb. kimnan is akin to keen', the AKs:p^\fgen see under know.

can sb. :me. oe. canrie = du. kan *a pot, mug', OHG. kanna G. kanne, ON. kanna, goth. "^kanno. The TEUT. word passed into fr. (ofr. can7ie fr. dirain. canette 'a jug).

canary ^ span, canario 'bird' = FR. canari\ cp. G. kanarien- vogel 'canary-bird', dan. canarie- fugl, sw. canariefogely du. kanarie- vogel 'canary-bird'; so named after the Canary islands.

candle :me. candle candel oe. candel'. early loanword fr. lat. candela^ whence also it. candela, Cp. chandelier .

cane me. ca7ie\ borrowed from FR. canne == it. canna 'a reed, a cane', lat. canna.

canker me. cancre late oe. cancer fr. onfr. cancre (fr. c/ia?icre) : source lat. cancer y whence also G. du. kanker oho. kafiktir.

canon me. canoun: adapt, of FR. canoti. Source lat. canon (gr. y.avmv) 'a rule, standard of right'.

canvas me. can{e)vas (= du. kanefaSj G. cafinroas kanevaSy sw. kanfasSy dan. kannevas)'. borrow- ed from onfr. canevas (lat. type canabacius y deriv. of cannabis 'hemp').

cap ME. cappe oe. ccEppe 'cloak' (z=: OHG. kappa 'cloak' G. kappe,

DU. kap 'cap'). Source lat. cappa] ident. with cape^ and cope.

cape^ MS., cape', borrowed from onfr. cape (= it. lat. cappa 'a cloak, cape'): ident. with cap.

cape^ 'a headland' borrowed from FR. cap 'cape, headland, head' = G. kapy it. capo. Source LAT. caput 'head'.

caper from fr. capre {= it. capperOy du. kappery G. kape?-): source lat. capparis.

capon ME. cdpoun late oe. (c. looo) capun fr. ONFR. capon (fr. chapori) : source lat. cappo{nem)y whence also G. kapaun and oho. kappo.

captain :me. capita in from fr. capitaine (lat. type capitaneus capitanusy deriv. of lat. caput 'head'). Ident. w. chieftain.

car me. cai're (by-form charre) : borrowed from onfr. carre (fr. char). Source lat.-gall. carrus (bret. ir. w. carr) 'chariot', whence 'also it. carroy du. kar, OHG. charra charro 'cart' G. kai-'re karren.

caraway borrowed from fr. carvi = it. carviy lat. careum 'caraway'; cj). t>\j . kar^vij y G.karbe.

carbuncle me. carbuclc. bor- rowed from ONFR. carbuncle car- boucle (fr. escarboucle'y ident. with IT. carbonchioy du. karbonkely G. karbunkeiy. lat. carbunculus 'a glowing coal, gem, boil', dimin. of carbo.

card 1 iViE. card: borrowed ttom FR. carte 'a card, ticket, bill.

36

card 2 — cashier.

map, chart; ident. with du. kaariy g. karte^ it. carta. Source LAT. c{h)arta *a card, paper'.

card'-^ ME. carde: adapt, from FR. carde] ident. with the synon. DU. kaarde, ohg. charta o. karte^ SPAN, car da ^ it. car do 'a card'. Source lat. carduus 'a thistle'.

care me. cdre oe. cam (cearu) 'sorrow, suffering, grief = OSAX. OHG. kara 'lament' (g. ka7'- in X'^r/r^/V^^ 'Good Friday'; mhg. g. karwoche 'Passion week') =: goth. kara 'sorrow'. A cognate vb. (meaning 'sigh') is preserved in OHG. qu'cran (goth. "^q air an), Cp. chary.

carol ME. Carole 'dance, song' from OFR. Carole 'a kind of dance, also a carol or Christmas song*. Of CELT, origin (bret. koroll 'a dance', manx carval a carol', w. carol *a song', Gael, carull 'melody, harmony').

carp :me. carpe = du. karper, OHG. charpho karfo G. karpfen, ON. ka7-fe, sw. karpy dan. karpe. Ident. with late lat. carpa = fr. carpe, it. span, carpa.

carp vb. me. carpe' carp at, talk, say' : adapt, of on. karpa 'boast, brag'. The present meaning is prob. an outgrowth of the associated idea in lat. carpere 'pluck'.

carpenter :\ie. cajpenter: bor- rowed from ONFR. carpentier (fr. charpentier). Source lat. car- pentum 'carriage'.

carriage me. caridj^e 'burden, baggage': borrowed from onfr.

cariage (fr. charriage), deriv. of carier = e. carry.

carrion me. carion caroiiie = du. karonje) cp. also me. crone, ODU. kronie: adapt, of onfr. caroigne (ofr. charoigfie = fr. charogne)\ lat. type caro7iia 'a carcass' fr. caro 'flesh'.

carry vb. ivie. carie\ adapt, from ONFR. carier (fr. c harrier)', lat. type carricare 'carry' (lat. car r us 'a cart, car'; cp. car).

cart me. cart fr. on. kartr ; ident. w. OE. crcet plur. cratu 'chariot' = DU. krat 'hindpart of a cart': of Celt, origin; cp. oir. cret 'a wain-body.

cartridge with intensive r for cartidge, a corruption oi cartouche =^ FR. cartouche (it. cartoccio 'cartridge', deriv. of lat. charta 'paper').

carve vb. me. kerve oe. ceorfan = DU. kerven, G. kerben 'notch, indent' (goth. '^kairfan, ohg. "^k'erban not found). The \fkerf appears in gr. yodcfco 'scratch, write'.

case^ ME. cds case: borrowed from fr. cas (span. it. caso 'cir- cumstance, chance'). - Source LAT. casus.

case'-^ ME. cdce cdsse: adapt, from OFR. casse fr. caisse] source LAT. capsa 'box, cover'.

cash from fr. casse. Hence cashier sb.

cashier vb. dismiss from ser- vice' (= G. kas siren)', from fr. casser 'discharge'.

cask

caution

37

cask borrowed from fr. casque 'a cask, helmet' (= it. casco 'a helmet').

casket corrupted from fr. cas- sette 'a small casket', dimin. of FR. casse 'a chest, box'.

cassock: adapt.fromFR.^^i-^^z^^ (it. casacca 'an outer coat', span. casaca 'a great-coat, surtout').

cast vb. ME. caste', a Scand. loanword; cp. on. sw.kasta, dan. kaste 'throw'.

caste 'a breed, race' = g. kaste, FR. caste: borrowed from span. casta 'breed, race, caste'. .

castle :me. late oe. casiei (also ME. castc'l = ODU. DU. kasteel) 'a castle, village': borrowed (c. I ooo) fr. ONFR. castel (ofr. chastel = FR. chdteati). Source lat. ca- stellmn.

cat ME. OE. cat {tty. borrowed from oiR. CORN, cat or from ONFR. cat (fr. chat^ and ident. with G. katze, on. kgttr, norw. s w. katta. The word (base cattu-s) is in use in the Teut. Rom. Celt, languages; cp. late lat. catta cattus 'cat'.

catch vb. ME. cacche (with the earlier by-form cccheti)'. borrowed from ONFR. cacher (= fr. chasser, SPAN, cazar, it. cacciare), whence also ODU. caeisen 'to chase' du. kaatsen 'play ball' and mlg. katzen *play ball'. Source a lat. type ^captiare = captare 'catch'. — Hence catchpoll me. cacchepol late OE. ccEcepol prop, 'catcher of poultry' (cp. fr. poule under poult) = ONFR. "^cachepol (ofr.

chacepol) ; cp. G. hi'mervogt title of a tax-gatherer.

cater sb. W£..catour acatour acha- tour 'a buyer of provisions, a caterer' : source onfr.<7^^/= fr. achat 'a'buying, purchase', whence FR. achete?'. Orig. lat. type accaptare.

caterpillar earlier form late me. catefpel corrupted from ofr. chatepeleuse 'a weevil' lit.. 'a hairy she-cat': ofr. chate 'a she-cat' + peleuse (lat. pilosus) 'hairy'. — caterwaul me. caterwawe shows the E. word cat in an extended form like caterpillar] me. waive 'make a noise* is imitative.

catkin dimin. of cat\ cp. g. katzche7t 'catkin'.

cattle me. catel {chatel, whence E. chattel) : borrowed from onfr. catel (ofr. chatel)\ source med.- LAT. capitale 'capital, property'.

caudle me. caudel: borrowed from ONT^R. caudel (chaudel = fr. chaudeaic) 'a warm drink' ; deriv. of FR. chaud 'hot' (lat. caldus calidus 'warm*).

cause ME. cause', adapt, from FR. cause (by-form chose) 'a cause, thing' = it. lat. causa.

causeway causey corruption of causey (due to confusion with way) ME. cause from onfr. cauce (whence also odu. casseie) = FR. chaussh'. LAT. type {vici) "^cal- data 'a paved (way)' fr. calciare 'pave'.

caution M¥..caucioun: borrowed from ¥K. caution (it. cauzio7ie) = LAT. cautio 'caution'.

38

cave — champion

cave ME. cave', adapt, from fr. cave\ cave' (=it. cava)] source LAT. cavus 'hollow'.

cease me. cesse ccse: adapt, of FR. cesser = it. lat. cessare.

ceil ciel me. cele sele vb. lit. 'emboss' from an earlier syle cyll *a canopy': source fr. ciel'd. ca- nopy* (fr. ciely SPAN. IT. cielo 'heaven, canopy, roof ■= lat. ccelum 'heaven').

cerge ::me. cer'ge\ adapt, from FR. cierge (it. cerd) ; source lat. cereus 'a wax taper'.

certain :me. certein certain', bor- rowed from FR. certain (= it. certand) from lat. certanuSy deriv. of certus.

chafe ME. chaufe\s2ixm\ adapt, of FR. chaujfer'^ source a lat. type caleficare (= lat. calefacere) 'make warm'.

chafer me. '^-chafer oe. ceafor'. teut. base kafru-\ cp. the synon. DU. kever^ ohg. ch'evaro g. klifer (goth. '^kifra '^kafrus^. Perh. chaff is cognate.

chaff ME. chaf oe. ceaf (= du. LG. kaf)'y akin to OHG.C/^ifZ^^ 'pod, husk' and perh. to chafer.

chaffer me. chaffere chaffare earlier chap-fare = oe. c6ap 'a bargain' ~\- faru 'a journey' also 'business'; cp. on. kaupfgr 'a journey'.

chaffinch prop, 'the chaff- finch'.

chain ^h.^m, chaine'. borrowed from FR. chaine ofr. chdine (= IT. LAT. catena)', ident. with DU. keten^ ohg. chetinna G. kette.

chair jvie. chaire: adapt, from FR. chaire (ofr. cha-ere); source LAT. cathedra (gr. yia&EdQa) 'a chair, seat'.

chalice me. c(h)a/ice: borrowed from OFR. chalice {calice = fr. calicCy IT. calice)'. source lat. cdlic-, stem oi calix 'a cup'. From the same source also oe. cdlicy OSAX. kelik, DU. kelk, ohg. kelih G. kelch,

chalk me. chalk oe. cealc 'chalk, lime' = DU. G. kalky on. sav. DAN. kalk: early loanword from LAT. calc- stem of calx 'lime- stone, chalk' (whence also fr. chaux, IT. calce, ir. gael. cailCy w. calch lime').

challenge sb. me. chalenge 'claim': adapt, from ofr. chalen- gier'y cp. IT. calogna 'accusation* ^=^^Kii.calu7nnia 'a slander, false accusation'.

chamber me. chaumbrc. bor- rowed irom. YK.chafnbre', cp. it. ca??iera = lat. camera camara 'a vault, a (vaulted) room'; ident. w. du. kamer, ohg. chamara G. hammer "chamber, office'. — chamberlain me. chaiimberlein', borrowed from ofr. chambrelein chambrelenc (span. catfiarlengOy IT. camarlingo ca7nerlengd) ; ident. w. AiED.-LAT. camar- camerlinguSy OHG. chamarlinc G. kdmmerlingy formed with suffix line and lat. ca^nera.

champion ME. chaumpioim: bor- rowed fr. FR. champion (cp. du. kampioe7i). lat. type ca?npio, it. campione 'a combatant' {campus

chance — chapter

39

'a battle, duer). From the same S(jurce OE. ce?npa, ohg. che?nph(i)o iiHG. kempfe, olg. kempio, on. kappi 'warrior, hero'.

chance me. chaunce'. adapt, of FR. chance (whence also mhg. G. sckanze ; but du. kans fr. onfr. cance)\ ofr. che-ance, it. cadenza point to a lat. type cadentia 'a falling, chance' (esp. in dice- playing).

chancel me. chauncel'. borrowed from ofr. chancel'^ :med.-lat.^^7;z- cclli plur. a grating, lattice-work', whence ohg. cancella chanzella g. /v?;zs<f/ pulpit', DU. kansel. — chan- cellor ME. chauticeler chaunseUr: borrowed from Y^.chancelier (lat. type cancellarius 'a chancellor', orig. 'an officer near the screen before the judge's bench', deriv. of LAT. caticelltis grating ) . Ident. w. ohg. chancildri mhg. kanzelcere G. kanzler, du. kanselier^ dan. sw. kansler, ic£l. kanzellari. — chan- cery ME. chatmcerie earlier chaun- cellerie'. adapt, of Y^.chancellerie (ident. w. it. cancelleria, du. kanseiarij, g. kanzlet, dan. can- cclli, sw. kans It).

chandelier from fr. chandelier = SPAN, candelero, YY.candelliere] lat. type candelarius also in DU. kandelaar'y cp. candle. — chandler me. chaundeler\ loan- word fr. FR. chandelier 'a candle- maker, candle-stick' =r it. cande- lajo\ LAT. type candelarius.

change vh.'^i¥..chautige'. adapt, from FR. changer (^span. camMar,

it. cambiare cangiare)\ source LAT. cambiare 'change, exchange'.

channel me. chanelle\ adapt, from OFR. chanel) ident. w. e. canal (= fr. span, canal ^ it. cajiale, jy\].kanaaly G. sw. hanal).

chant vb. me. chaunte'. adapt, from fr. chanter {^ span, cantar, •IT. LAT. cantare 'sing').

chap vb. ME. chappe 'cut, chop' = :mdu. DU. happen^ dan. kappCy sw. kappa.

chapel ME. chapele'. borrowed from fr. chapelle (= it. lat. capella^ ohg. kap'ella g. kapelle, DU. dan. kapel, sw. kapell). lat. capella (dimin. of capa) signified 'a cape'; the chapel itself where the cloak of St. Martin and other relics were preserved first ob- tained the name capella^ then from the 7'^ cent, the use of the word became general. Cp. cape.

chaplain :me. chapelein : borrow- ed from FR. chapelain (= span. capellan^ it. capellano, med.-lat. capellamis, orig. 'the priest guard- ing the cloak of St. Martin). Cp. MHG. kapelldn G. kaplan^ du. kapelaan, dan. sw. kapellan.

chapman me. chapman 'a mer- chant' shortened for oe. ccap- man = du. koopman, ohg. chouf- man G. kaiifmann. For OE. c^ap 'bargain, trade' cp. cheap.

chapter me. chapitre'. adapt, of FR. chapitre = lat. capitu- lum 'a chapter of a book', whence also g. kapitel 'chapter of a book'.

40

cha;

cheek-

char vb. ME. cherre oe. cyrran wk. vb. 'turn: teut. base karrjan or karzjan'^ See ajar.

charge vb. me. charge', adapt. ofFR. charger (it. caricare, med.- I.A.T. car ricare load a car) ; deriv. of LAT. carrus z= car. — charge sb. ME. charge: adapt, from fr. charge (it. car tea) *a load'.

chariot me. chariot: borrowed from FR. chariot, dimin. of char 'a car'.

charity ME. charite (cherite): bor- rowed from FR. chariti (it. carita = LAT. caritateni).

charm me. charme: borrowed from FR. charfne 'an enchant- ment'; source lat. carmen 'a song, enchantment'.

chart ident. w. g. karte, du. kaart] borrowed from fr. charte] source lat. charta. — charter ME. chartre charter: adapt, of FR. chartre 'a charter (lat. char tula 'a little paper').

chary me. chati oe. ceai-ij^ 'full of care , sad' ^=- OSAX. OHG. karag (Heliand modkarag 'sad') 'full of care' G. karg 'slow to give'. Cp. care.

chase vb. me. chdce chase: bor- rowed from FR. chasser (Picard. cachier see under catch); lat. type captiare. — chase me. chdce chase: adapt, from fr. chasse = it. caccia 'chase'.

chaste me. chaste: borrowed from FR. chaste (it. casto = lat. castus chaste'). — chaste vb. 'chastise' me. chastie also chasty: adapt, of OFR. chastier = fr.

chdtier {= span, castigar , it. LAT. castigare) ; ident. w. G. kasteien, ODU. castien. — chastise vb. me. chastise for the shorter chastie 'chasten'; see chaste vb.

chattel me. chatel chetel, ident. w. cattle: source ofr. chatel.

chatter vb. me. chat{e)re (chitere) 'chatter', an imitative word.

chaudron 'entrails' : borrowed from OFR. chaudun cauldun', ident. w. G. kaldatmen- The synon. it. caldmne , Sicilian quadiwii. Cat. escaldiims point to vulgar LAT. *caldtiffien.

cheap ME. ch(p 'trade, barter, price' OE. ccap 'price' = osax.

hop , DU. koOp , OHG. kouf G.

kauf \r3.de, traffic'; source lat. caupo 'huckster'.

cheat vb. me. chete short for eschcte 'escheat'. The meaning 'defraud' was ushered in in the 1 6*^ cent, on account of the unscrupulousness of the eschea- ters. Cp. escheat.

checker sb. me. cheker chekkcr{e) 'a chess-board' short for eschekcr 'the exchequer : loanword from OFR. eschequier eschakier 'a chess- board, exchequer' = fr. ichiquier (= IT. scacchiere , med.-lat. sca(c)cariu7n).

cheek me. cheke oe. ceoce: teut. base keiikoji also in ofris. tziakc 'jaw-bone' {vnod^xxs. soke) \ akin to GOTH, kukjan = eastfris. kilkken 'kiss'. But me. cheke ch^ke oe. ceace 'jaw-bone' may also point to Y)^5.kaak ODU. cake 'cheek': teut. base kakofi- kekofi- ; cp. mlg.

cheer — chimney

kake (fr. '^kako) and keke (fr. "^keohi) 'gums, jaw-bone'.

cheer sb. me. chere: adapt, of FR. c/ib'e (whence it, cerd),

chee^se me. chese oe. cese (cys:) = DU. kaas, osAX. ohg. kdsi G. kdse : early loanword from lat. cdseus (whence also it. cascio^ span. queso and oiR. caise),

cherish vb. me. cherisshe: adapt. o^YK.ck^riss-y stem of some parts of ^///r/r 'hold dear'; source fr. cher = LAT. cants 'dear'.

cherry me. chery in comp. cherc' chiri- (plur. chery s cheries chines), a new sing, developed from the supposed plur. *cheris ^chiris oe. ciris cyrs = ohg. kirsa g. kirsche. Source LAr. ccrasus y whence the corresp. Rom. group it. ciriegay fr. cerise from a vulgar LAT. type cercsia.

chess me. ches{s)e\ borrowed from OFR. eschecs chess' prop, the plur. of eschcc 'check' (it. scacco, G. schachy i)U. schaali). Source pers. shah 'king'.

chest ME. cheste (chiste) oe. cest (diste) = du. his/, ohg. chista G. kiste , ON. sw. his fa , dan. hisfe. Source lat. cisfa (gr. Y.idTij) 'a box.

chestnut me. chestein chastein 'chestnut': loanword from ofr. chastaigne = fr. chdtaigne and ident. with OHG. kesiinna G. hastanie , du. kastanje. Source LAT. castaitea.

chew vb. :\iE. chewe oe. ceowan = DU. kauwen, mlg. keuwen, OHG. kiuwan G. kauen. A pre-

TEUT. gtw cp. in OSLOV. zivq zivati 'chew'.

chich 'a dwarf pea' me. <r/^/V/z^: borrowed from fr. chiche 'chick- pea' (:= IT. cece, SPAN, chicharo, OHG. hie hurra G. kicher). Source LAT. cicer.

chicken short for me. chike oe. cyceji plur. cycnu = du. keuken hie ken y g. dial, kilchen kilchlein. TEUT. base kiukina- is perh. traceable to oe. cocc = cock.

chicory ident. w. du. chikorei, G. cichoricy dan. cikorie\ adapt, of FR. chicorie = it. ricorea, LAT. cichorium ?

chide vb. me. chide oe. cida?i 'chide, brawl' : teut. base kidja?i.

chief ME. chef: borrowed from FR. chef = SPAN, caboy it. capo] source LAT. caput 'head'. — chieftain me. chevctain cheve- tein: borrowed from ofr. cheve- taine = med.-lat. capiidnus ; ident. w. captain.

child ME. child (plur. childre) OE. cild (i)lur. cildru) : teut. base kilpiz- kelpaz-, not found elsewhere; but perh. akin tt) GOTH, inkilpo 'pregnant'.

chill ME. chile oe. dyle cele fr. a TEUT. h'A'i^ kali-\ for the \^ /&<-?/ cp. cool and cold.

chime me. chimb e orig. 'cymbal', short for orig. ciinble oe. dim- bal(a) : from LAT. cymbalum *a cymbal'.

chimney me. chimnee earlier che- mene : loanword from FR. chemince = IT. camminata, OKG.chemindta;

chin

churl

akin to G. kamin. Source lat. caminiis 'hearth'.

chin ME. chin oe. cin = osax. OHG. /^mm G. ktm?, du. hn. The older meaning 'cheek' cp. in GOTH, kinnus 'cheek'. For a pre- TEUT. base genu- cp. gr. yivvq 'chin, jaw, jaw-bone', ytvEidc f. 'chin, beard'; lat. gena 'cheek' {lientes genuini 'molar teeth') ; IR. gin 'mouth'; skr. hanus jaw', hanavfa 'jaw-bone'.

chine me. chine : adapted from ofr. eschine = fr. ichinCy which with IT. schiena 'the chine, back- bone' is traced to ohg. skina 'the shin-bone' G. schiene 'shin, shin-bone, splint'; cp. shin.

chip vb. ME. chippe 'cut into small pieces' = du. g. kippen hatch out'.

chirp vb. me. chirpe {chirke) : an onomatopoetic word.

chisel sb. me. chisel', borrowed from ofr. cisel = fr. ciseau (it. cesello =r med.-lat. sciselu7ti) 'a chisel'; prob. ult. connected with scindej-e.

chivalry ME. chivalric. loanword from FR. chevalerie (deriv. of cheval from lat. caballiis 'a horse').

choice ME. chois{e) : borrowed fr. OFR. chois fr. choix 'a choice'. The FR. vb. choisir 'choose' points i to a TEUT. kausjan\ cp. choose.

choir earlier quire me. quer: borrowed from fr. choeur 'the choir of a church, a troup of singers': source lat. chorus 'a band of singers.

choke ME. r^^'/^^; older by-form ME. a-cheke oe. a-ceocian ? Phono- logy and etymology doubtful.

choler me. choler: borrowed from fr. colere (= it. colleray LAT. cholera 'bile').

choose vb. older chi'ise with obscure phonology , but ME. chese oe. ceosan 'choose' = OSAX. OHG. kiosan G. kiese7i, du. kiezen , on. /e/dsa , goth. kiusan : TEUT. \P kus fro m pre-TEUT. \f gus in LAT. gus-tns — gus-tare, gr. ytvco for ysvow ; skr. \^ jus' 'choose, like'. The teut. facti- tive hausj an (^c\i. chpice) appears in Slav, kusiti.

chop vb. ME. choppc (chappe) 'cut up, strike off; akin to du. G. happen 'cut, lop'.

chord cord fr. lat. c/wrda.

Christmas shortened for me. Christesmasse oe. CristesmcESse\)XO\). the mass of Christ'.

chronicle me. cronicle with the by-form cronike (but late oe. cranic): fromYK. ch^'onique '^ ident. w. DU. kro7tijky LAT. chronica.

church ME. chirche oe. cyrce circe older cirice = oSAX. hirika, du. kerk, ohg. kiricha G. kirchcQ\\vixc\\. As shown by the E. palatalization and by the G. ch in kiricha ^ the word must have existed in the 5^^ cent.; but a goth. "^kyreiko 'church' is unrecorded. Source GR. v.vQUiY.ov (not found in lat. nor in the Rom. languages).

churl ME. cherl oe. ceorl 'a churl' ^ DU, kerely MLG. kerle LG. G. kerl\ TEUT. base kerla-. With

churn — clean

43

different vowel on. kai'l 'old- man', OHG. karal ]\fflG. karl 'man, husband, lover'; hence the G. proper name Karl (lat. KaroluSy FR. E. Charles).

churn sb. :me. chime oe. cyr7ie ; the corresp. vb. churn is me. chime oe. cyrnan from a teut. base kirnjan = on. kirna^ DU. LG. kernen karnen 'make butter' and the Vessel for making butter', is ON. kirnaj DU. karn, lg. butter - lierne. Source a teut. base kerna- 'cream' in G. (pro v.) kem, icel. kjarna 'cream'.

cider me. sider cider', from fr. cidrc (= IT. r/V/;Y7, span. sidra\ source lat. sicerci).

cigar = FR. cigarcy span. it. cigarro.

cinder sb. me. cinder sinder oe. sinder 'dross of iron' ^ on. sindr 'slag or dross from a forge', DU. j/«/^/$- 'cinders, coke', onG.stntar G. sinter 'dross of iron, scale'.

cipher sb. :\rE. ciph7'e (= du. <^'0/^^'y G. ziffer) : loanword fr. OFR. a/re fr. ciffre, span, cifra, it. cif{e)ra.

cite borrowed from fr. citer = lat. ^citare (deriv. of lat. citus 'quick'?).

citizen me. citesein formed after ME. denizein (cp. denizeii) ; the earlier me. citeycn is an adapt, of OFR. citeien (fr. citoyen), — city me. cite', loanword from fr. citi. Source lat. civitatetn.

clack vb. me. clacke =: du. klakken 'clack, crack'; akin to FR. claquer 'clap in applause'.

claim vb. :\ie. claim e cleifne : borrowed fr. ofr. claimer clei7?ier (source LAT. clajnare = it. chia- mare 'call, name, send for').

clamp sb. after mdu. klampe du. klavipy LG. Jdampc'y akin to MHG. kliifipfen 'draw, press'.

clan sb. borrowed from GAEL. clann = IR. clan7i oiR. cla7id 'children.

clap vb. ME. clappe oe. cla'ppia7i} =r: DU. klappen , LG. klappe7t (whence g. kiappe7i), ohg. klaphon G. klapfen.

clasp ME. claspe, p rob. akin to clap and oe. clyppanjembrsicc.

clatter vb. me. clatere oe. '^clatorian (inferred from the verbal noun clat7'ung 'a clatter- ing); akin to du. klatercn 'rattle'.

claw sb. :me. clawe (by-form clc) oe. dawn (by-form cl^a did) = OSAX. klchva, DU. klaatiw, ohg. kldwa chloa mhg. klawe kid', a GOTH, "^klewa f. is probable, though ON. klo seems to point to '^'klbwa. Pre-TEUT. \f glu.

clay ME. clai oe. clek'^ = du. LG. klei'^ akin to oe. ddin 'clay' E. (dial.) cloani 'earthenware , OHG. klei7nen, scand. kleitna kli7ia 'besmear'. Outside of teut., GR. yXoi '. yXi in yXoiog 'sticky oil'.

clean me. dene [dene) oe. clce7te = OSAX. kle7ziy DU. kleen kleiny ohg. hleini 'pretty' G. klein 'small' (gotu. *hlai-77i- is wanting). The nasal belongs to the suffix. For

44

clear

cloister

the root syll. cp. gr. yXoiog 'fat oil'. — Hence cleanse for me. dense OE. clcBnsian 'make clean': a causative vb. with formative -s.

clear me. cler\ borrowed from OFR. cler = FR. clair (span, claro^ IT. chiaro from lat. clarus).

cleave ^ vb. 'adhere' jvie. cl(ve OE. cleofian = osax. klibon, du. kleven, ohg. klebcti g. kleben adhere'; GOTH, '^klibon not recorded, teut. \f klib.

cleave" vb. 'split' me. cleve oe. cleofan = osax. clioban ^cliiban, DU. k loverly OHG. klioban chliuban G. klieben'. teut. \f klub : >^/<?z^(^ cogn. w. GR. yXvrp&iv 'hollow out', perh. also w. lat. gliibere 'peel'.

cleft me. clift OE. '^Clyft = OHG.

G. khift] from the teut. \(^klub\ cp. cleave'^.

clergy me. clergie: borrowed from OFR. clergie = fr. clergi (lat. type clericatus). — clerk me. clei'k late oe. clerc cleric (= DU. klerky FR. clerc) ; source lat. clericus.

clever not yet found in Shakesp., a recent word, perh. developed from ME. deliver 'agile, nimble, lively' (from ofr. delivre 'prompt, alert'). Or cogn. w. lg. kluftig 'wise, clever', du. kluftig'^

clew sb. ME. clezve oe. cleowen ^liwen 'clew' == du. khtwen'. teut. b.ase kliujina-'. dimin. of a shorter base kliujo- = ohg. kliuwa (g. knduet) 'clew'.

cliff ME. clif (clc've) OE. clif (plur. cleofti) = ON. OSAX. DU. klif 'a cliff, rock'; cp. G. dan.

klippe, perh. akin to on. kli/a = clinibl

climb vb. me. clirnbe oe. climban = DU. klitnmen, ohg. klimban G. klimmen. The nasal was orig. a formative of the pres. tense as seen by on. ktifa, me. dive 'climb'. The teut. \/^klib (cp. ^^^!//) i^^y be found in cleave"^ and cling.

clinch vb. me. clenche oe. '^clen- cean = ohg. mhg. klenken 'knot together'.

cling vb. ME. clinge oe. clinga?i\ akin to sw. kldnga 'climb', dan. klynge sig 'adhere to, climb'. \fkling = yfkVwib'^ Cp. cli^nb,

clip^ vb. 'embrace' (Shakesp.) me. clippe OE. clyppan. Akin to OHG. klaftra g. klafter 'fathom'.

clip 2 vb. 'cut, shear' me. clippe'. borrowed from ON. sw. klippa 'clip, cut'.

cloak by-form cloke me. clgke'. borrowed from ofr. cloke cloque 'a cloak'.

clock me. clokke\ prob. borrow- ed from o^Y^.clockc (^v^. cloche) \ ident. w. o^.clugge {clucce}), du. klok, OHG. glocka G. glocke, on. klukka. The ROM.- teut. clocca is of CELT, origin; cp. cymr.

clock, OIR. Cloc (OCELT. klukko) )

OE. clucge.

clod me. clodde] a var. of clot.

clog ME. clogge 'a lump, block'.

cloister me. cloistre: borrowed from OFR. cloistre = fr. cloitre (span, claustra y it. chiostro). Source med. - lat. claustrum,

close

clutch

45

whence also ohg. klbstar g. kloster.

close ME. close : borrowed from the OFR. part, clos = lat. clausus (oFR. clore =^ LAT. claudere). — closet AiE. closet from fr. closet (dimin. of ofr. clos *a close').

clot ME. clotte (also clodde^ see clod^ OE. '^clott = MHO. klotz (gen. klotzes) g. klotz.

clotbur, clote me. clgte oe. cldte\ TEUT. base klaitoii-^ cogn. w. the equiv. oe. elide, G. klette.

cloth shortened for me. cloth OE. ^/4;5 (oE. cildcldp 'swaddling clothes) =^ DU. kleedy g. >^/(?///: TEUT. base klaipa, — clothe vb. ME. clothe {clcde) oe. clddian (clcedan).

cloud me. cloude'. scarcely ident. with OE. chid = ME. cloiid 'a mass of rock, a hill'; source and history quite unknown.

clout ME. '^cloiit OE. cMt (whence ON. klutr) , ident. with w. clwty

IR. GAtL. Cltldf MANX clooid?

clove ^ ME. clove clowe: borrowed from OFR. do fr. clou 'a nail'; cp. SPAN, clavo 'a nail' also 'a clove' fr. LAT. claims a nail'.

clove 2 ME. clove oe. clufe 'clove' (csp. of garlic), in compounds clufpting 'crowfoot' — clufivyrt 'buttercup' (cp. ohg. chlobloiih klofolouh klovolouh = g. knoblauch^ DU. knoflook 'garlic' with -n by dissimilation). The orig. meaning appears in ohg. klobo g. kloben 'a spHt stick'.

clover me. clover {cUver^^ oe.

cldfre {clcefre) = du. klaver ; cp. LG. klever (and klaver). A shorter and more primit. form is ohg. kleo (gen. klewes) g. klee\ base klaiw-. The formation of OSAX. "^klebara = oe. cldfre looks like a compound, the second ele- ment of which is unknown.

clown borrowed from ICEL. klimni 'a clumsy, boorish fellow ; sw. dial, klimn 'a log' — kluns 'a clownish fellow', dan. klimt 'a log'?

club ME. cliibbe : borrowed from ON. klubbay by-form of on. kluniba 'a club'. — The meaning 'asso- ciation of persons' is a mod. application of a clump of people.

cluck vb. ME. clucke clokke oe. cloccian (^clucciaii) = du. klokkeUy MHG, klucken (^gliickeji) g. glucken. The TEUT. group is onomato- poetic like lat. glocire , gr. yXLoteiv cluck as a hen'.

clumsy adj. earlier clumse me. clumsed 'benumbed': orig. part, of me. clumse 'benumb' : of scand. origin; cp. sw. (dial.) kluvimsen 'benumlied', akin to du. kleu??isc/i 'numb with cold'.

cluster me. cluster oe. cluster {clyster') = LG. kluster'. akin to LG. (Hannover) klunder 'cluster of berries or fruit' and (Dit- marsch) klus 'cluster, grapes ^ DAN. klynge 'cluster'.

clutch ME. clucche\ connected with cloche 'a claw'. The older ME. form is cUchen'i

46

coach

cole

coach borrowed from fr. coche\ a mod. common europ. word from HUNG, koszi 'wagon from the Hung, town Koszi] cp. span. cache, IT. cocchio, g. kutsche,

coal ME. cole and col oe. col = DU. hool, OHG. ^olo m. — /^^/ n. G. ko/ile, ON. Z'(?/ n. plur.; orig. 'a burning coal'; cp. skr. Jval 'burn bright, flame'. — coal- mouse, also colemouse me. col-mgse oe. colmdse (= du. kool- mees, G. kohlvieise)\ prop, 'coal- tit' on account of its blackhead; from col 'coal' + ^fidse me. w^'i^^ =r G. meise, on. 7?ieisingr, whence fr. 7nisange 'tit-lark'.

coast ^lY.. cgst{e)\ borrowed from OFR. coste (whence also DU. kuste = G. kiiste) = FR. cote (it. costa, MED.-LAT. costa 'coast').

coat ME. cote', borrowed from OFR. cote = FR. cotte (= SPAN. cota, IT. cotta 'a coat'). Source a TEUT. kotta- in ohg. chozzo :mhg. kotze 'a coarse woolen mantle'. Cp. cot and cote.

cock ME. r^^^ OE. coc cocc (perh. cogn. w. chicketi) ■= o^.kokkr, DAN. kok\ ident. w. fr. coq\ perh. of imitative origin. History unknown (earliest reference lat. cocciLs in Lex Salica).

cockle ME. cokel cokkcl oe. cocel coccel 'tares' borrowed from IR. cogal corn-cockle' (= GAEL. cogall 'tares, cockle') ?

cod 'husk, shell' me. cod codde OE. codd'h?i^ = ON. kodde 'pillow'.

sw. kudde 'cushion', du. kodde 'bag'.

coffee = DU. koffij, g. kaffee\ borrowed from TURK, qahweh =^ ARAB, qahweh 'coffee'.

coffer ME. cofre : borrowed from FR. coj^re (whence du. g. koffer). Source lat. cophinus, gr. Aocpivog 'a basket'. From the same source also coffin me. cofin: borrowed from OFR. co^n {:= span, cojin, IT. co/(7/io).

cog ME. cogge = sw. ciigge; prob. of CELT, origin, cp. GAEL. IR. cog, w. cocas 'a cog'?

coif ME. col/: borrowed from FR. coi^e from med.-lat. co/a co/(e)a; akin to mhg. hife ohg. chiippa from ohg. chuph g. kopf. Cp. Clip.

coil vb. borrowed from OFR. coillir = FR. cueillir 'collect' (lat. colligere 'gather together).

coin me. coin', borrowed from FR. coin 'wedge' (ofr. coin 'wedge, stamp upon a coin, a coin). Source lat. cuneiis 'wedge'.

cold ME. cold oe. cdld {ceald) = goth. kalds, ON. kaldr, OSAX. kald, ohg. g. halt, du. koud: an old partic. formation in lat. -tus, SKR. -ta-s (goth. d from Aryan t, cp. old, loud, dead etc.). A TEUT. verbal \fkal cp. in oe. j calan, o^.kala 'freeze ; a corresp. Aryan sT gel is seen in lat. gelu 'the cold' and gelidus 'cold'. Cp. chill and cool.

cole 'cabbage' me. col fr. onfr. col ^=^ FR. chow, the me. by-form

collier — cornet

47

caul = OE. cdwl from lat. caiilcin (caulis). Cp. OHG. kol G. kohl.

collier me. coliir: deriv. of coal with 'ier as in lawyer.

coUop ME. colopes: ident. with SWED. kalops, G. klops\ source lg. kloppen (g. klopfeti) 'beat'?

color :siE. colour from ofr. coloitr = FR. couletir (lat. color-cm).

colt :me. oe. colt 'a young ass*; perh. akin to skr. gardabha 'ass'?

comb sb. me. cgvih oe. cdmb 'comb, crest' = G. kamm, DU. DAN. sw. >^^;// : TEUT. base kaviba- from an Aryan gombho- in gr. yo/LKfog peg' (yaiKpij 'jaw'), skr. jambJia 'jaw, teeth'.

come vb. me. covie oe. cuman = DU. hmien^ OSAX. Jzuman, OHG. koimin G. kojrwien^ ON. koma\ cp. GOTH, qiinan: a common teut. str. vb. kwnan q'eman fr. an Aryan \fgem in skr. ^^/«, or. (iaivo), lat. z;^«7> (for *gz^emw).

comely me. rz/fw// <:<?;;//>' oe. cymlic 'fine, handsome'; cogn. w. ohg. ^?/;;/z^ 'deHcate, weak' and o.kaiwi 'hardly'.

cony sb. me. coni earUer coning 'rabbit': adapt, from ofr. connin, whence also DU. konijn, G. kanin- chen. Source lat. cimiculus (ofr. C07iii) in a by-form cuninus.

cook sb. ME. cok OE. cgc: loan- word fr. i.A.i:.coquus, whence ohg. G. koch and it. cuocOj ofr. queux. — The vb. cook me. coke is derived from the sb. by in- fluence of LAT. coquere {=^ G. kochen, du. koken), whence also FR. cuire 'cook'.

cool ME. OE. Cgl = LG. kol, DU.

koel, OHG. kuoli G. kit hi: teut. base kohl- from the teut. \fkal kol under cold. Deriv. keel. .coot 'a bird' me. cgtc oe. '^cgt{a) = DU. koel 'coot'.

cope vb. 'vie with, match' orig. 'bargain or chaffer with': a loan- word fr. T>\j.koopen 'buy', cogn. w. OE. ceapian 'cheapen' from oe. ceap 'bargain'. Cp. cheap.

copper ME. coper oe. copor\ borrowed from vulgar LAT. cup- rum 'copper' (orig. cuprium aes 'Cyprian brass'). From the same source ohg. kupfar G. kupfcr, DU. koper and fr. cuivre. — copperas me. coperosc from ofr. coper OS c = it. copparosa^ lat. cupri rosa lit. 'copper-rose'.

copse earlier coppice contr. of OFR. coptiz derived from Ofr. coper (fr. couper) 'cut'.

cork = G. DAN. sw. kork, DU. kurk: borrowed from span. corcho 'cork' = lat. corticeni (cortex) 'bark'.

corn^ 'grain' me. oe. corn = DU. koren, g. on. dan. sw. korn, GOTH, kaurn: teut. korna- = pre-TEUT. base grno- cogn. w. LAT. grdnum, Russ. zerno.

corn^ 'a hard excrescence on toe or foot': borrowed from fr. come {= LAT. cornu 'horn').

corner ivie. corner: bort^wed fr. MED. -LAT. corneria '^s^er, angle' (lat. cornu 'horn').

cornet me. cornet cornette\ horn' : borrowed fr. fr. cornet cornettc, dimin. of fr. come 'a horn'.

48

country

cornice a loanword from ofr. cornice fr. it. cornice 'a cornice, border, ledge' (lat. type comix 'a border' contr. of MED. - LAT. coronix a square frame').

corps ME. corps', a loanword from FR. corps cors from lat. corpus.

corpse ME. corps', borrowed from OFR. corps cors = lat. corpus.

corset dimin. of me. cors 'a body'; cp. corpse. — corslet corselet', a loanword fr. fr. corse- let ^ dimin. of ofr. cors with suffix -et.

cost vb. ME. coste'. borrowed fr. ofr. coster (=: fr. cotiter, LAT. cojtstare), whence also du. g. kosten.

costume me. custiime (and custome)'. adapt, fr. OFR. costume FR. coutwfie =^ IT. costume (med.- LAT. costuma = lat. consuetu- dinem). Cp. custom.

cot AIE. OE. cot =^ LG. DU. ON.

G. kot 'hut': teut. base kuta-.

cote (in comp. dove-cote, sheep- cotd) me. cote OE. cot = g. kote. The TEUT. word passed into SLAV. (osLOV. /^^/2V/*cella). Akin to cot.

cottage ME. cotdge fr. ofr. co- tage'. deriv. of teut. kota- under cot and cote.

cotton ME. cotoun'. a loanword fr. FR. colon =. IT. cotone : source ARAB, ^oton 'cotton'.

couch vb. ME. couc/ie: adapt. fr. FR. couchcr (earlier colcher = IT. colcare) fr. lat. collocare.

couch-grass sb. ; see quitch- grass.

cough :\IE. coughe (oe. cohhettati) == DU. kugchen, mhg. kuchen.

council adapt, fr. fr. candle 'a council, an assembly, session' from lat. concilium 'an assembly called together'. — counsel ME. conseil counseil: loanword fr. FR. conseil (lat. consilium 'deli- beration').

count sb. (:me. "^cotmte is not recorded, but inferred fr. ME. countesse e. countess) loanword fr. FR. comte 'a count, an earl'. Source lat. comitem {comes) *a companion, a count'.

count vb. ME. counte: borrowed fr. FR. co7iter (source lat. co77i- putare compute, reckon).

countenance me. countcjiaunce : loanword fr. OFR. contenauce 'be- havior, carriage' (lat. coiitinentia 'abstinence').

counter 'contrary' fr. fr. co?itre = LAT. contra 'against'.

counterfeit me. coimtei-feit : borrowed fr. OFR. contrefait, part, of contr ef aire 'imitate'.

counterpane 'a coverlet for a bed' earlier coimterpoiftt'. loan- word fr. OFR. contrepoinct 'the quilting stitch'; prop, connected with OYK. contr epoittcter 'quilt'; con- tr epoiiicti^ a corruption oi contre- poinct coutepoint 'a counterpane' (source lat. culcita puncta 'a stitched quilt').

country me. cuntre co7itre\ loanword fr. fr. contrh (= it. contr add). Source med. - lat.

county — crab

49

contrata derived fr. lat. contra (Cp. G. g eg end from gegeti).

county ME. counte: borrowed fr. OFR. cont^ 'county' (deriv. of FR. comte = count sb.).

couple :me. couple: adapt, fr. FR. couple (= LAT. copula) 'a bond, band'.

courage me. cor age: adapt, fr. FR. courage (lat. type cor a ti cum).

court ME. curt: borrowed fr. OFR. curt cort (source lat. cortis 'a court-yard, palace'). — Hence courteous transformed fr. me. curteis ^= ofr. corteis fr. couriois.

cousin ME. cosin cousin: adapt. fr. FR. cousin (med.-lat. cosinus for LAT. consobrinus 'a cousin).

cove ME. cove o^.cofa 'a chamber, cave' = ON. koji 'hut', goth. ^ktLban- is wanting.

covenant ^iY.,convenant covenant: loanword fr. FR. convenant cove- nant \>res,. part, of conve nir' agree .

cover vb. me. cover e: borrowed fr. OFR. covrir cueuvrtr fr. couvrir. Source lat. cooperire 'cover.

covet vb. AiE. cuveite: adapt, fr. OFR. cuveiter covoitcr = fr. convoiter (Lat. type "^cupiditare desire').

covey borrowed fr. ofr. cov^e ^= FR. couvde *a covey of par- tridges', prop. part, of fr. couver 'hatch' (source lat. cubare lie down').

cow sb. me. cil (plur. kie kye) OE. cu (plur. cy) = ON. kyr,

DU. koe, MLG. ko^ OHG. MHG. kuo

G. kuh: TEUT. base ko- *cow'

English Etymology.

from an Aryan stem ghv- (go-) in SKR. gdus (ace. gd?n) , gr. ^ovg (stem /?o/), lat. bos.

cow vb. (me. ^couzae earlier '^ciigen are unrecorded): loan- word fr. SCAND. kuga 'cow, tyran- nize over' = DAN. kue 'cow', sw. kufva 'check, curb'.

coward me. couard coivard: borrowed fr. ofr. couard coart coard = it. codardo (formed with suffix -ard and ofr. coe fr. queue = LAT. cauda 'tail').

cower vb. me. coure: borrowed fr. ON. kura (sw. kura , dan. kure) 'lie quiet, rest'.

co^vll 'a monk's hood, a cap, hood' ME. couel earlier cuwel OE. cugle 'a cowl' (= mhg. kugel) : loanword fr. lat. cucullus 'hood .

cowl2 "a vessel carried on a pole': borrowed fr. ofr. cuvel = fr. cuveau, prop, 'a little tub' (source lat. cupa *a vat, butt').

cowslip OE. cuslyppe cusloppe.

coxcomb corrupted fr. cock's conib 'cock's crest'. Cp. cock and comb.

coxswain, cockswain 'steersman of a boat' from cock 'a boat' and S7vain 'the person in com- mand of the boat'.

coy: adapted fr. OYK.coi (coit). Source lat. qtiietus 'quiet, still'.

cozen vb. 'flatter, beguile': adapt. fr.FR. cousiner 'call cousin, sponge' fr. fr. cousin. Cp. cous in.

crab 1 ME. crabbe oe.- crabba = on. krabbi^ sw. krabba^ dan.

S OF THK '

UNIVERSITY

50

krabbe, DU. krab, mlg. krabbe (whence G. krabbe) : akin to OHG. kr'eba-^ ^=- G. krebs fr. crabe fr. TEUT. — Ident. w. crab^ 'a kind of apple' me. crab be] a Scand. loanword; cp. sw. krabb- dple. — - crabbed 'peevish, cramp- ed'; perh. fr. crab^.

crack vb. me. crake krake oe. cracian = du. kraken^ ohg. kra- chon chrahhon G. krachen : teut. \(^ krak fr. pre-TEUT. grg\ cp. SKR. grg 'rustle, crackle'.

cracknel formerly crakenel cor- rupted fr. FR. craquelin 'a crack- nel'.

cradle me. era del oe. era do I: a Celt, loanword, cp. IR. craidhal, GAEL, creathairdi cradle, a grate'; cp. crate.

craft me. craft oe. <;r^y? := OSAX. craft,' DU. krachty g. -^r <:?//, on. kraptr. — crafty me. crafti oe. crcefti-^ = ohg. chreftig G. krliftig,

crag ME. ^r^^: borrowed fr. w. craig, GAEL, creag,

crake 'a bird' so named fr. its cry; cp. ME. crake 'cry out' under crack.

cram vb. me. cra?mne oe. crant- mian = on. krefnja, sw. krama, DU. kramme 'squeeze'.

cramp inie. crampe oe. '^crg7?ip (inferred fr. crgmpeht 'full of wrinkles') = du. lg. kraffip, G. kravipf'. a common west- teut. term for 'spasm, cramp*.

crane me. crane oe. cran = OLG. krano, DU. kraan, mhg. krane ; with formative guttural oe.

corfiuc, OHG. chranuh chranihQi) g. kra7iich\ cp. the cogn. gr. ysoavoc, CYMK. gar an; oslov. zeravi, lith. gerwe. lat. ^rz^^ (gen. gru-is) agrees with ohg. chreia 'crane'.

crank sb. me. cranke. teut. base /^r^/Zi^ 'twist' allied to cramp.

cranny me. crdny\ formed by adding e. -y to YK.cran 'a notch'.

crape borrowed fr. fr. crepe (OFR. crespe = lat. crispus).

crash vb. a var. of craze and crack', a Scand. loanword; cp. sw. krasa, dan. krase 'crackle'. Cp. crack.

cratch M&.cracche crecche'. bor- rowed fr. OFR. creche (fr. creche) which is of Teut. origin; cp. OSAX. kribbia 'crib' under crib.

crate borrowed fr. lat. crates 'a hurdle'.

cravat (== g. kravatte) bor- rowed fr. FR. cravate (from Cra- vates 'a Croation').

crave vb. me. crave oe. crafian = ON. krefja 'crave, demand', SW. kriifva 'demand', dan. krave 'crave, exact'. Perh. the e. word is borrowed from Scand.

craven me. cravant 'beaten, overcome' shortened fr. ofr. cravant^ 'oppressed*, partic. of cravanter (source a lat. type "^crepantare 'crack, break).

craw (by-form crag 'neck, crop') me. crawe oe. '^craga] GOTH. *kraga is wanting.

cream me. crcme from fr. creme (ofr. cresme, lat. cremoj-).

creed

51

creed sb. me. crede oe. creda: loanword fr. lat. credo 'I believe' (»credo in deum patrem« etc.) ; cp. the origin of dirge.

creek :me. creke crike (oe. '^creoca '^cricd)\ perh. a Scand. loanword from ox. krike 'crack, nook'.

creep vb. me. crepe oe. creopan str. vb. ; cp. DU. kniipeUy^ LG. kriipefi, ON. krjupa. Akin to G. kriechen ohg. kriohhan : teut. \f krup kruq. Cp. cripple.

cress ME. cresse earlier kerse oe. ccrse ccerse', ident. with g. kresse ohg. kressa^ du. kers and ¥K.cresson, it. crescione. Phono- logy, history and origin quite obscure ; common base a lat. type '^crexo(nem) ?

crest me. creste from ofr. creste FR. Crete (lat. cristci).

crib ME. crihbe oe. cribb crybb = osax. kribbia, DU. krib, G. krippe OHG. krippa'. teut. base ir/^/'^ (krubjo) akin to ohg. kr'eba. Cp. cratch.

crimson me. crimosin from ofr. cra7noisin = fr. cramoisi.

cringe vb. me. crcnge oe. ^r(?/2- /^;^: teut. base i^r^^^y^//, deriv. from OE. cringafi 'sink, fall in battle', cogn. w. g. krank 'sick'.

cripple ME. cripel oe. crypel = DU. >^r^?^^/ 'cripple'; prop, 'a man who creeps'; teut. base krupila-y deriv. fr. \f krUp in creep.

crisp :me. oe. crisp = ohg. krisp : an early loanword fr. lat. crispus 'curled'.

croak vb. me. crgke oe. *crdcian (inferred from OE. crcecetung

'croaking): teut. base krekbn krdkdn] akin to crack}

crock me. crocke oe. crocca\ borrowed fr. OIR. croccan-^ perh. cogn. with G. krug ohg. kruog, LG. krtike, OE. crph crog.

croft ME. OE. croft 'small field' = ODU. krochte high and dry land' DU. kroft 'hillock'.

crook sb. me. crgk oe. '^crgc = ON. krokr krdkr 'hook, ODU. croeCy DAN. krog 'hook'. Akin to OHG. krako 'hook' (as e. hook is to G. ha ken).

crop ME. cropp oe. cropp.

crosier me. croser croiser..

cross ME. cross (whence scand. krossy sw.-DAN. kors^'. borrowed from oiR. cross (cymr. croes).^ Source lat. cri1.x whence also FR. croix (:siE.crois from ofr. crois) ; OIR. croch and ohg. osax. krihi G. kreuz i)oint to the infl. lat. criicem.

cro"W vb. ME. crihve oe. craw an = DU. kraaieny G. kriihcn ohg. krdcn : teut. base a str. vb. kr^Jan, but orig. not restricted to the cock's crowing as shown by the sb. crow me. crpwc oe. crd7C>e = g. krdhe ohg. krdia.

crowd vb. me. croiide oe. crddan str. vb. 'crowd, press' = ODU. crtldcft 'push, thrust' (du. kruiefi), mlg. kruden kroden vb. 'molest': teut. \f kriid.

crown ME. crune (whence ok.

kruna, cp. odu. criine DU. kruiti)

earlier by-form coroune conme:

borrowed during the reign of

4*

52

cruel — curb

William the Conqueror fr. ofr. corone = fr. couronne 'crown'. Source lat. corona 'crown', whence also oe. corenbeag 'crown' and OHG. korona G. krone.

cruel ME. crilel {creivcf) fr. fr. cruel = LAT. crudelis 'severe' in a vulgar form crudalis,

crumb = me. crombe short for croume oe. crtlma (cp. ihu?nb OE. piimci) = DU. kruim ODU. crime, lg. g. krume (osax. ^^kriinid). The m is derivative; cp. the TEUT. y" kru in g. krauen ohg. krouwbn vb. 'scratch'.

cruse :\IE. crouse oe. cruse (cp. E. roovi oe. rz/w) = odu. knnSy MHG. ^r/zi-*? G. krause\ akin to ODU. DU. /v't;^.?, ME. crps.

crust ME. ^r«i/^ fr. ofr. crusie FR. ^r^z//^ =r LAT. crusia 'crust of bread'.

crutch ME. crucche oe. crycc = DU. /^r/z^, OHG. cruccha G. krilcke 'crutch': TEUT. base krukjd-\ ident. w. it. ^rr^^a^r .'.crutch', fr. crosse y which rest on a lat. criicea , deriv. of crux crucis 'cross'. Therefore crutch krukja crucea meant originally 'stick having a cross'.

cry vb. me. crie: adapted fr. FR. crier 'cry'.

cuckold ME. cukewold'. trans- formation of FR. coucou 'cuckoo', whence also e. cuckoo me. cuckou,

cudgel OE. cycgel'. dimin. of a lost primitive oe. "^cycg'. base kugja- ?

cufF sb. ME. cuffe coffe 'sleeve'; perh. ident. w. late OE. cuffie 'coif under coif,

cull vb. ME. culle {cole coille) vb. 'gather, select' fr. ofr. coillir = FR. ciieillir 'collect' (source LAT. colligere).

culver ME. culver (colver) oe. culfre culufre 'dove' ; not found in the other teut. languages, prob. of LAT. origin : lat. columba 'dove' in a vulgar form ^colubra ?

cumber vb. me. cumbre vb. 'annoy' fr. ofr. combrer, whence also G. kummer mhg. kumber ; the base MED.-LAT. cotnbrus 'rubbish, bank of earth, ruins' rests on a GALL.-LAT. co7nbero- 'that whicli is carried together'.

cummin :me. comin late oe. cumi7i (= DU. komijn) fr. OFR. comin =- fr. cumin. Source LAT. cuminum, whence also a TEUT. kitmin in oe. cymen, ohg. kumm kumil G. kum?nel.

cunning me. cunninge: deriv. of oe. cunnan = kfiow.

cup me. oe. cuppe 'cup' = mhg. kopf, ODU. kop 'beaker, cup': loanword fr. lat. cuppa (ctipa), whence also OE. iviE. cop (copp) 'summit, head', G. kopf 'head'.

cur ]\IE. curre corre = odu. korre 'watch-dog', swed. (dial.) kurra 'a dog'; cp. lg. g. (dial.) kurren vb. growl'. Therefore cur prop, 'a growler'?

curate see cure.

curb vb. ME. curbe 'to bend' fr. FR. courber 'bend'.

curd

dagger

53

curd vb. w. metathesis fr. me. crudde vb.: a celt, loanword, deriv. fr. jr. gruth 'curds'? or cogn. with crowd} cp. lat. coagn- hwi fr. cogere'}

cure ME. cure fr. fr. cure = LAT. cur a, — curate ]me. ciirdt = MED. -LAT. curdtus (in FR. pronunciation; cp. curious me. curious fr. LAT. curiosus}).

curfew ME. curfeu (curfeni) fr. OFR. covrefeu- (cp. poor fr. ofr. povre): prop, the sign for put- ting out fires.

curious see cure.

curl yb. deriv. fr. me. crul (II) adj. 'curly' = du. krul\ west- TEUT. krull- for kruzl- krusl- h cogn. with ODU. kruis , G. kraus MHG. kriis 'curly' (aso ME. crous 'curly').

curlew ME. curlew {corlew) fr. OFR. cor lieu = fr. c our lieu *a bird's name' ('scolopax ar- quata'), composed of ofr. corre 'to leap' and lieu 'lightly'.

curry vb. me. curr^e curraie vb. fr. OFR. coiireier) lat. type con-reddre}

curse vb. me. curse oe. ctlrsian 'to curse'; cogn. with oiR. cursa- chaim 'I curse'. Source and history unknown.

curtain sb. me. cur tin cor tin fr. OFR. cor tine = lat. (also it. SPAN.) cortiua 'curtain'.

curve adj. fr. lat. curvus 'crooked'.

cushion me. cusshin {cussheii — cusshoii) cussin quissin (quisshoi) fr. OFR. coissin = fr. cotissin 'cushion'; cp. span, coxin , it. cuscino and ident. w. du. kusscn ODU. cussin, G. kiissen kissen ohg. kussin 'cushion'. Source a med.- LAT. coximwi prop, deriv. of lat. coxa hip, haunch' = fr. cuisse 'thigh', whence e. (Shakesp.) cuisse 'piece of armor for the thighs'.

custom ME. custoine earlier form (c. iioo) custiime fr. ofr. custuj?ie (fr. coutume^ = it. prov. costunia : source a lat. type "^consuetihncn. instead of lat. constietiido,

cut vb. ME. cutte (by-form with umlaut kitte) : a me. vb. of celt. origin; cp. CYMR. cwtan vb. 'shorten' — C7vta adj. 'short'.

cutlas fr. FR. coutelas = it. coltellaccio prop, 'a large knife' : ROM. deriv. of lat. culter 'knife'. Cp. FR. couteau = ofr. c out el 'knife' fr. lat. culiellus. Hence fr. coutelier -=- me. cuteler e. cutler 'maker of knives'.

D

dace from me. darce darse : | called from its swiftness). See from ofr. dars, nom. also spelled ; dart. dart 'a dart', also *a fish' (so j dagger me. dagger = on. dag-

54

dainty — dandelion

gardr, du. daggert'. of Celt, origin, borrowed from w. dagr = ir. daigear\ bret. dag = GAEL, daga : all synon.

dainty me. deintr. borrowed from OFR. deinte 'dignity, im- portance, value' (the me. by- form dainUth is an anglo-norman deinted 'pleasure'). Source lat. dignitatem {liainty and dig?iity are doublets).

dairy me. deierie 'room for a milk-woman'; ME. ^/d"/*? 'milk-woman' (hence day -worn an 'dairy-wo- man' Shakesp.) is borrowed from ON. deigja 'milk- wo man' (sw.deja), which is supposed to be a deriv. of TEUT. daiga- (under dough) and to mean prop, 'the bread- maker, kneader of dough'. Cp. dj)ugh and lady.

dais ME. deis\ borrowed from OFR. dcis later dais 'a high table in a hair = fr. dais 'a canopy' (base MED. -LAT. discus 'a table' = LAT. discus 'plate, platter' see under dish).

daisy me.^ daies-ie daies-eie oe. dcEges-eage: prop, 'the eye of the day'; cp. day and eye.

dale ME. dcile oe. dcel plur. dalu (me. e. e in dale is derived from the oe. plur. dalu or from the sing, infl. dceles^dcele). The teut. base dxla- cp. also in the synon. goth. dals^ ON. dairy OSAX. dal, ohg. MHG. tal (mod. that).

dally vb. me. dalye points to GOTH, '^dalon oe. "^dalian (= G. dahleti). The ending j>^ is a

southern continuation of the oe. infinit. in -ian (r= ohg. "^'taldiil).

dam me. dam{7ne) oe. *dam{fnm) = G. damm, du. dam, on. dam7tir (goth. fatirdam7njan = oe. for- de7}i7?ian 'dam up).

damage ME. ^^^?w^^<?: borrowed from OFR. da7nage do77iage fr. dof7i77iage 'harm' (it. da7t7tajo), lat. type da?7i7taticu77t harm' (lat. da7n- nutn 'loss, injury' under da7?i7i).

dame ism.dd7ne\ borrowed from FR. dame, whence also G. du. da7ne. Source lat. do7nina 'lady' {= IT. do7ind)\ cp. da7>isel.

damn vb. me. dam{p)7ie : borrow- ed from OFR. dafrmer da7)ipner FR. da7n7ter (= span, datiar, it. dannare) = lat. dam7ta7^e 'con- demn, fine' (lat. da7n7iu7n 'injury, loss).

damp me. '^da7)ip = du. lg. da7/ij> 'vapor', g. damp/ 'vapor, steam'.

damsel me. da7nesek. da77iiscle'. borrowed from OFK.^da7/iisele dameisele = fr. depioiselle. The source is med.-lat. do77iicella 'a young lady', lat. type do}}i{i)ni- cella, dimin. of do77iina 'a lady'.

dance vb. me daunce datmse: borrowed from fr. danser, whence also DU. dansetiy G. tanzen, dan. daTtdse, sw. daTtsa. The ofr. dansei' is traced to an ohg. daiisoti 'draw, trail'.

dandelion : borrowed from fr. dent de lion (= span, diente de Icon, IT. dente di leone): prop, 'lion's tooth', so called from the jagged

danger — day

55

leaves of the plant (g. lowen- zahri) .

danger me. daunger'. borrowed from FR. danger 'danger. Source | a LAT. type "^dotniniarium 'power' from LAT. dominium 'sovereignty'.

dank 'damp' me. ^.s'^^: borrow- ed from the Scand. ? cp. sw. dial. da7ik. 'a marshy piece of ground' ^ icel. dgkk for "^danku 'pit, pool'.

dapper me. daper 'pretty, neat'; cp. ON. dapr 'sad, dreary', DU. dapper 'brave' , ohg. Uipfar G. ' tapfer 'valiant, brave'. !

dapple 'a spot, dot' a dap- pled horse' me. in dappel-gray. peril. Scand. loanword from ON. depill 'a spot, dot' {ciapi 'a pool').

dare me. dar oe. dear 1 dare' = GOTH, darsy ohg. tar. The teut. y/^dars darz is akin to gr. x)ga6HV 'be bold' — dgaovg 'bold' and skr. dhrs 'dare': Aryan \f dhers.

dark ivie. derk oe. dcorc\ perh. akin to oiR. dcrg 'red' : common base dhcrgO' (cp. also oir. dorche 'dark'?).

darling me. dcrling shortened from OE. dear ling *a favorite': deriv. of dear = oe. deore.

dart me. dart from ofr. dart FR. dard (= span. rr. dar do)', of teut. origin: oe. darod, on. darradr also shorter darr.

dash vb. me. dasshe] corre- sponding to DAN. daske (= sw. daskd) 'slap, strike'. Scand. origin of the E. word (oe. ^'das-

cian '^daxiari) is improbable, e. sh pointing to a hereditary word.

date^ 'an epoch, given point of time' me. date from the synon. FR. date (med.-lat. datiLvi, whence G. datii??i).

date^ 'fruit of the palm' me, date: borrowed from ofr. date = FR. datte: source lat.-gr. dactyliiSy whence also G. dattel, DU. dadel.

daub vb. me. daube'. borrowed from OFR. dauber 'whiten' from "^dalber = lat. dealbare 'whiten, plaster' (lat. albus 'white').

daughter me. daughter o^.dohtor = DU. dochter, OSAX. dohtar, ohg. :mhg. tohter g. tochter, on. dottir, GOTH, datihtar: ident. with the synon. lith. duktly oslov. dusti: ATysmhase dAukter; an Aryan base dhugater appears in gr. dvya- Trjg, SKR. duhitdry avesT. duydar 'daughter', skr. ^«>fe'/rt'r 'daughter' is traced to the skr. \f duh 'milk' and is interpreted as 'the milk maid'.

daunt vb. me. datrnte: borrow- ed from OFR. donter fr. dompter = IT. domitare'subdue, tame' : the source is lat. domitare (frequent, of domare).

day ME. day dai oe. da^^ ==^ GOTH, dags, OHG. MHG. tae(g) 6. tag, DU. OSAX. dag, on. dagr; by-forms oe. dogor, on. dcegr (fr. dogaz dbgiz) : all connected with the skr. \[^dah (for Aryan dhegh: dhogJi) 'burn'. This root appears also in lith. degti 'burn' —

56

dawn

dear

dagas daga 'harvest', pruss. dagas 'summer', skr. niddgha- 'heat, summer' (also skr. dhar 'day'?). The base dhogho-s common to our day and to lith. dagas signi- fied 'the time of the burning of the sun, the hot part of the day or year.

dawn vb. late me. daime earlier dawe OE. dagian -= on. daga, OHG. tagen G. tagcn become day'; cp. E. dawning me. dawinge: deriv. of teut. daga- under day. |

daze vb. me. dase 'stupefy' from ON. "^dasa, refl. dasask (^sk represents the refl. 'oneself') 'daze oneself = dan. dase, sw. dasa 'lie idle'. From daze is deriv. the dimin. dazzle vb. 'overpower with light'.

deacon me. dcken from oe. '^deacon for diacon (=• DU. dekeUy G. diakon, on. djdk?i, ofr. diacne FR. diacre, span. it. diacond) : source lat, diaconus (gr. J/a'xo- voq) a servant, a deacon'.

dead adj. me. ded oe. dead =

GOTH. daupS, OHG. MHG. tot G.

to{d)ty ON. daudr, OSAX. dod, du. dood. The common base daii-da is prop, partic. (dhau-to-) belonging to the teut. verbal yfdau dis- cussed under die. Cp. death. deaf me. def oe. d^af = osax.

dofy DU. doof, OHG. MHG. t0Up{b)

'hearing or feeling nothing, dull, foolish' G. tauby goth. daufs{b) 'deaf, O'^.daufr. The meanings of OHG. MHG. toup{b) bordering on those of ohg. mhg. timtp g. dumniy connection of both groups

is sure ; prob. akin to gr. rv(fk6g 'blind'. Cp. du7nb.

deal vb. 'divide, distribute, negotiate in' me. dele oe. ddlan = osax. deliaUj du. deelen, lg. dilen, G. ieilen, goth. dailja7i : de- nominatives of daili- (cp. deal) like OSLOV. deliti 'divide'.

deal! sb. 'part, portion, indefinite quantity, degree or extent, bar- gain etc' me. d^l OE. ddl {ddl) = OSAX. dS/, DU. dee/, lg. dee/, OHG. MHG. G. /ei/, GOTH, dai/s m. dai/a f. teut. dai-/t(/a-) seems to point to an aryan \^d/ia/, proved by oSLOV. de/ii part.

deal2 sb. 'a board, plank' borrowed from DU. dee/ 'a board, threshing floor = MLG. de/e 'board LG. de/e 'a board, floor, a room'. The corresponding OHG. di7z G. die/c 'boarded floor' corresponds to on. pi/ja, oe. p'e/ 'board', lith. //// 'plank in the boat', oslov. tilo 'bottom', SKR. ta/a-m 'surface' are cog- nate.

dean me. d(n (contr. of ^deic'ti) borrowed from ofr. deien = FR. doye7z : source lat. dccdnus 'the chief of ten soldiers or monks' (= it. dccano , ohg. t'echdn G. dechani).

dear^ me. dere oe. //e-'^r^'beloved, precious, of great value' = OSAX. diuri, DU. diei', ohg. tiuri 'dear, beloved, esteemed, costly' G. ieuer.

dear^ (in Shakesp.) 'fierce, ferocious' ^i¥...der oe. deor\s'Ad^ '.

dearth — deep

57

different from dear^. Ident. with E. deer, G. tie?-\ cp. deer.

dearth me. dcrihe 'scarcity, dearness' (= OSAX. diurida, ohg. iiurida, on. dyrd, olg. diiirthd) : deriv. of dear ^ + -//^ formative of abstract nouns.

death me. de'f/i oe. dca/ = GOTH, daupus, OSAX. doth, ohg. iod MHG. tdt{d) G. tod, DU. dood, ON. daudr : a verbal abstr. noun of a sfdatL (cp. ^//^) with the abstract suffix teut. pit == lat. SKR. in- (Aryan base dhau-tu-s).

debate vb. me. debate: borrow- ed from OFR. debatrc 'fight, contend , debate fr. dibattre 'contend , debate' (= span. debatir, it. dibattere),

debt sb. earlier det ME. dette'. from OFR. debte dcttc fr. dette (it. dettd) = lat. debita f. sing., orig neut. plur. of lat. debitiwi.

debtor me. dettur from ofr. ddor deteur fr. detteur (ir. debitore) = lat. debitorc7?i ace. of debitor 'debtor'.

decay vb. from ofr. decaer (span, decaer, it. decadere) = lat. type "^decadere (instead of decidere) 'fall away, perish'.

decease sb. me. ^/<?^/^ borrowed from OFR. deces fr. dices ^ lat. decessus prop, 'departure'.

deceit me. deceit', borrowed from OFR. deceit = lat. deceptus 'deceit' {decipere 'deceive under deceive^.

deceive vb. earlier deceave me. deceive : borrowed from ofr. de-

cever deceveir fr. dicaioir = lat. decipere 'entrap'. Cp. deceit.

deck vb. borrowed fr.DU.//^i^)^m 'cover'; cp. oe. peccean under thatch.

declension from ofr. decli- 7iaison (fr. diclinaisoii) beside FR. dicliiiation, E. declination from LAT. declinatio7ieni.

decrease vb. me. decr(se bor- rowed from OFR. decresser decrestre decreistre decroistre FR. dicroitre (lat. discrete ere) = LAT. decres- ccre 'decrease'.

decree sb. me. decre borrowed from OFR. decre decret fr. decret (span. it. decretd) = lat. decre- tum 'a decree'.

deed me. ded dede oe. deddced = OSAX. dad, DU. daad, ohg. mhg; tat G. t{h)at, ON. dad, goth. in ga-deds 'deed', teut. base de-di- from dhe-ti- from the TEUT.y"^*? : do from Aryan dhe : dho] cp. do.

deem vb. me. dane oe. deman (= OSAX. domian in a- , du. doemen, Mlg. domen, ohg. tuomen MHG. tiievien, on. ddma, goth. ga-ddfnjan 'judge, deem') : deriv. of TEUT. dd?na- see doo?n.

deep adj. me. ^/(?/> oe. //e"'*^ = OSAX. diop, DU. ^//^/, OHG. tiof till/ MHG. G. tief , ON. ^^i?^/>r, GOTH, diups. The common teut. adj. deupa- belongs to a teut. Y" dtip whose by-form dub appears in oe. dyfan e. dive and in e. dub. Cp. cymr. dwfn, OIR. domun fu-do7nain, LITH. ^/2<j/^ji" 'deep, hollow', oslov. diipli'hoX- low' from an Aryan V"^/^/V/ : ^//^///.

58

deer

derrick

deer me. der oe. deor 'wild animal' = on. dyi' 'wild animal', OSAX. dior,, ohg. tior mhg. g. tier 'animal' ('stag, roe' in the language of hunters). teut. deuza- is prob. an adj. used as sb^ signifying 'wild animal'; cp. OE. deor 'bold, wild' (c}). dear).

defeat vb. me. defe'le: from OFR. defeter 'annul (ofr. defait desfeit part, of defaire fr. dd- faire\ ]\ied.-lat. defacere 'annul, undo'). See feat.

defile vb. 'make unclean, sully' a fusion of me. file OE. dfylan 'defile' and me. defotde 'defile': ME. foule (oE. fiilian) wk. vb. 'make foul' with parallel form file (oE. fylati) has taken the LAT.-FR. prefix de-.

defy vb. me. defie\ from fr. difier (=-- med.-lat. it. disfidare diffidare 'renounce faith, repu- diate). Cp. faith.

delay vb. me. delaie delay e: from fr. delayer (= med.-lat. IT. dilatare).

delight sb. (orig. delite) me. delite delit'. from ofr. delit. With the vb. delight me. delite from OFR. deliter (it. delettare dilettarc) == LAT. delectare 'please'.

dell ME. delk oe. dell a dimin. derivative of teut. dala- (under dale), pointing to a goth. ^dalja f. and corresponding to ohg. tellia mhg. telle 'ravine' G. (dial.) delle.

deluge sb. me. deliige: from FR. deluge {= SPAN. it. diluvio, LAT. diluvium 'a flood').

delve vb. me. delve oe. d'clfan str. vb. ^= i)u; delven, osAX. M- d'elt)a?i, OHG. hi't'elban 'bury'. The TEUT.\r^<?//; (KxydLD-dhelbh dhelpT) is unknown elsewhere.

demijohn from the synon. fr. datne-jeanne = Arab. da?»agau (orig. the town Damghan in northern Persia, once famous for its glass- works).

den short for ihe. dpie oe. denu dene 'valley'; akin to mdu. dan 'woods, wilderness' and G. tann j 'woods'?

I denizen jnie. deneseyn de?iesei?i: ' source anglo-fr. ofr. densein deinsein : deriv. of ofr. deiuz (= FR. dans) 'within' and suffix -ein {= LAT. -anus); cp. eitizen. The FR. word means *a trader within the privilege of the city- franchise as opposed to foreign .

deny vb. me. denie\ from F'R. denier (span, denegar, it. dene- gar e = LAT. denegare 'deny').

depaint vb. me. depeinte'. from FR. dipeindre. Cp. paint.

depict vb. me. only in part. depict = LAT. depictus , whence also OFR. depicter 'depict'.

deploy vb. from fr. dcployer (ofr. despleyer despleier, whence E. display). Source lat. dis- plicare.

depth ME. depthe: an abstract sb. from the me. adj. dep] DU. diepte , on. dypt, goth. diupipa point to an oe. "^dypf ; cp. deep.

derrick 'a kind of crane' from DU. Dierryk, short Dirk, also

descry — dike

59

Diederik corresp. to G. Dietrich^ OE. piodric 'chief of the people'. Orig. derrick signified gallows' named from a Dutch hangman.

descry vb. me. descrie discrye 'discern' from ofr. descrier (des- crive descrivre fr. dicrire) 'de- scribe'.

desire vb. me. desire from fr. dhirer (it. de sir are = lat. desiderare 'long for).

desk from fr. disque (it. desco 'a table' = med.-lat. discus 'a table' sec under dish).

despair vb. m^e. despeire from OFR. desperer fr. dhespirer (^ LAT. IT. desperare) 'lose hope'.

despatch, dispatch vb. (rom OFR. despecher ' (fr. depec/ier) 'discharge, expedite'.

despise vb. me. despise from OFR. despiser despicer 'despise' (lat. despicere look down upon, despise).

despite sb. by apheresis spite ME. despit from ofr. despit despeit FR. dipit (it. dispetto = lat. despectus 'contempt' see despise). Despite prep, abbrev. for in despite of.

despoil vb. me. despoile from OFR. dcsp oilier (fr. dipouiller, it. despogliare, span, despojar 'de- spoil') : source lat. despoliare 'plunder, rob'. See spoil.

destiny destenye destinee'. bor- rowed from FR. destinie (it. lat. destinatd).

deuce 'a two at cards or dice' early mod. also dcwce dius = FR. deux.

devil me. devel oe. deofol = OSAX. diut)al, du. duivel, ohg. tiuval tioval mhg. tiuvel (tievel) G. tcufel\ GOTH, diabaulus points to LAT. (gr.) diabolus.

dew ME. dew oe. dcaw = OSAX. dau, ohg. mhg. tou (gen. touwes) G. tau, du. dauw^ on. dggg (goth. ^'^daggwa- is wanting). Perh. cogn. with the ^KK.\/^dhm' 'to flow'.

die sb. (plur. dice)] the sing, is developed from the plur. dice. me. dis usually des 'dice* which is borrowed from ofr. dez plur. of det 'die' fr. d^ {= span. it. dado 'a die') from lat. datuvi 'that which is given and 'that which is cast'. Sec date.

die vb. me. de-^e die- dye', ge- nerally considered as a scand. loanword from ON. deyja (= osax. doian, ohg. mhg. touiven 'die'). An oe. dyyin dci^an (from daujaii) is not recorded before looo after Chr. , hence scand. origin is prob. For the '^Y.\5T.\P dau cp. deadf death. In other Aryan languages, osi.o\. daz^iti 'strangle' and lith. dovytl 'torment' are compared as related (indo-eur. \fdhew dhow).

diet ME. dtete diite: from fr. diete (span. it. ^zV/iZ= lat. dicctd).

dig vb. ME. digge earlier dikie OE. dlcian 'dig': derivative of OE. ^/^7 'a ditch'. See dike BXid ditch.

dike ME. dik(e) oe. die 'a ditch, channel, dike, wall' = mhg. tlch G. teich 'fishpond, pond'.

6o

dill — dissever

E. dike and ditch are doub- lets.

dill 'the two-seeded tare' me. dille OE. dile =- du. dille, ohg. ///// MHG. iille G. dill. Of obscure origin.

dim ME. OE. dim {imii) = ofris. diviy o^.diyiunr'. perh. by-form of the synon. OSAX. thirn {mm). A TEUT. \f pem (whence G. ddm- merri) corresponds to skr. tamas 'gloom', LAT. ienebrae (for temesrd) 'darkness'. For the initial gram, change from th — ^/see doughty. A PRE -TEUT. \'" dhem may be found in oiR. deme 'darkness'.

dime me. dime 'tithe' from fr. dime (= LAT. deci^na 'tenth').

dimple me. dimpel =- G. ti'mipel OHG. tumfilo m. 'whirlpool': deriv. with nasalization from the teut. \fdup 'be depressed' in deep and dip\ cp. lith. dtwibu 'be- come hollow'.

din sb. ME. dine oe. dyne {^= on. dynt-) *a din'. Cp. oe. dynnan ^= DU. deunen, oSAX. dunnian, ON. dynja and the skr. \f dhvan dhim 'rush'.

dine vb. me. dine', from fr. diner (= it. disinare) 'dine'. See dinner.

dinner ME. diner: fromFR. diner \ ident. with dine: the infinitive is used as sb. See dine.

dint ME. dint oe. dynt 'a blow' = ON. dyntr dyttr 'a dint, stroke'.

dip vb. ME. dippe oe. dyppan) cp. G. taiifen ohg. iouffan (from *toufja)i) 'baptize' and deep.

dirge me. dirige oe. (i i''' cent.) dirige watches' (cp. »dirige for ford-farenum« = vigilia pro de- functis). » dirige, Dominus mens; in conspectu tuo vitam meam« Psalm 5^ was used in the office for the dead in medieval service.

dirt ME. drit 'excrement' fr. oe. ydritan str. vb. = on. drita^ DU. drijten 'to void excrement : i:^\5T.\fdrit.

dish ME. dish disch oe. disc 'a dish, plate' = osAX. disk 'table', DU. disch, OHG. tisc G. tisch 'table'. LAT. discus, the source of teut. diskuz, has the meaning 'dish only post-class. ' (prop, 'disk') ; cp. also IT. dcico, OFR. dois 'table' (fr. dais 'a canopy, dais' see under dais and desk).

dismay vb. me. dismaie desmaie {liemaie esmaie 'dishearten, lose courage') : from ofr. desmayer esmayer (it. smagare from dis- mag ar e "^omi^ to goth. 7nagan\ see tnay).

dispense vb. me. dispense: from OFR. despenser fr. dispenser (= it. spensare = lat. dispensare 'weigh out, distribute').

display vb. me. displeie: from N^^. despleier =^ fr. diployer 'deploy' (:= iT.spiegare, med.-lat. displicare 'unfold', whence also fr. deploy er = e. deploy).

dispute vb. me. dispute: from FR. disp liter (^ LAT. IT. disputare).

dissever vb. me. disseverc dese- vere: from ofr. dessevrer (it. dis- c ever are fr. a lat. type disseparare 'sever').

distafY

dole

6i

distaff ME. distaf orig. dis-staf] OE. *dis-stcef 'staff bedizened with flax' points to a teut. diso- in MLG. dhe f. 'distaff, the bunch of flax on the distaff'. Cp. lat. fiisus 'spindle' for an Aryan | \l^ dhis dhois pointing to a pre- ! LAT. dhoiso'.

distinguish vb. me. distingwe disti?tge\ borrowed from fr. distinguer (lat. distinguere).

distrain vb. me. distreine q,o\w^€\., constrain': borrowed from ofr. desb'aindi'e (lat. distringere 'pull asunder').

distress me. distresse desiressc. from OFR. destrece 'distress' = FR. ditresse.

disturb vb. me. disturbe desturbc. from OFR. destourbe7' (span. disiurba/'y it. disturbare =^ lat. disturbare 'disturb').

ditch 'a dike' me. dicJie oe. dld\ equiv. to OSAX. dik 'dam*, whence G. deich: related to OR. rsT/og 'wall' ?

ditty me. dif(^; borrowed from OFR. di^J 'a story, poem' (lat. dictatuvi).

dive vb. me. dive oe. dyfan = ON. dyfa^ DU. bedidven^ lg. beditven : teut. spdtib (a by- form of the TEUT. sfdup) under deep,

dizzy adj. me. disy oe. dysi^ 'foolish, stupid' = ohg. ^usig, MDU. duysigh'. \P dus {dhas). Another form of the \fdus appears in oe. dwds (= mdu. dwaes du. dwaas) 'foolish' and in G. tor OHG. toro (teut. base dauza-^ .

do vb. me. oe. dan = du. doe?iy OSAX. dtian, ohg. mhg. tuon G. t/iun. For the teut. \fdd : de cp. also deed and the suffix -do7n. The PRE-TEUT.\r^/z(5: ^/z/ has a wide ramification within the other Aryan languages ; cp.the GR. \/^d7] : S^s in Ttd^tjui 'place, put', SKR. \fdha {dadhami and dhami) 'place, put, do' {lihatr 'creator), OSLOV. dcjq (and dezdii) 'do, make', lat. facio. The meaning 'place, put' seems to be the ori- ginal one and the teut. meaning secondary.

dock sb. origin uncertain; from the e. word are borrowed G. dock, DU. doky svv. dockay dan. dok(ke)y FR. dock.

doe me. do oe. da] cp. dan. daa. The oe. word — generally considered a loanword from lat. ddma — points to a weak stem dd?i nom. sing, da from a teut. base dam, which is evidently connected with ofr. dain m. fr. daine f. Perh. a lat. base ^damis (assimilated for '^dmnus) may be assumed. The phonology of the Engl, word may have been affected by roe oe. rd,

doff vb. ME. doffcy orig. imper. dof contr. of do of *put off'; cp. don contr. of do on 'put on'.

dog ME. dogge OE. doggay whence

DU. dogy SW. doggy G. doggCy FR.

dogue. OE. dogga (recorded about 1050) is a WEST-TEUT. duggan-, dole 'portion, share, lot, fortune' ME. dpl(e) OE. ddl\ equiv. w. dea (oe. dcsi).

62

dollar

dove

dollar sb. a modern loanword from the continent: du. daalder] the source is G. ihaler which is short for Joachimsthaler 'gulden from Joachimsthal' (Bohemia) where the coin was first struck in 1519.

-dom ME. -do7n oe. -dgjn = OSAX. -dom, DU. -dom, ohg. mho. -^uom G. -^iim: an abstract noun suffix, orig. a sb. meaning 'juris- diction' preserved in doom (and its deriv. dee?n).

domain (poet, by-form devia'ui) from FR. domaine (lat. dotrmimvi)^ whence also du. domcin,

don see doff.

donkey not found in me. oe., appar. a deriv. of diiti. Suffix key of donkey is dimin. as in monkey. The orig. meaning of donkey is 'the little gray one' (Shakesp. uses dtm 'a gray horse).

doom sb. 'judgment, sentence, decree, law' me. oe. dom =^ OSAX. dofn^ OHG. tuoniy ON. domr^ GOTH, doms 'judgment'; derived from the teut. \f do in do\ for the w-suffix cp. SKR. dhdvian 'sacred custom' and gr. d^ef.ug*

door ME. dpre oe. dor = osax. dor^ GJor, goth. dmir 'gate'; ident. with oe. duru ■= osax. dura\ on. dyrr plur. corresponds to osax. diiri plur., OHG. turi plur. 'door' G.tiir. The teut. bases ^^/(C'r^/- and dur- (cons, stem) cp. also in GOTH, dmirons 'door'. To the Aryan base dhur belong also lat. foresy GR. ^t'(3«, lith. diirys and SKR. diir (for dhui-) 'door, gate'.

dot OE. dott 'speck' = du. fris. doi\ cp. LG. doit doite 'the yellow of the Q.^^ and osax. dodro, du. dooier, oe. dydring, ohg. totoro tutar-ei G. dotter: prim, term for 'the yellow of the ^^Z\ ^he orig. meaning of dydring is prob. 'spot, point in the o^'^^'

dote vb. xME. dgte dotie = odu. doien 'mope' ; peirh. akin to mhg. fuz(e) 'quiet' — /t2zen 'be quiet' from a teut. \f ddt.

double adj. me. duble\ borrowed from FR. double (it. doppio = LAT. duplus)\ from the fr. source also G. doppelty DU. dubbel.

doubt ME. doufe: borrowed from FR. dou^e (it. dotta = lat. diibi- turn),

dough sb. ME. dough oe. ddh(g) = DU. LG. deegy OHG. MHG. teic(g) G. teigy ON. deig J goth. daigs 'dough': deriv. from a teut. dig 'knead' in goth. dcigan 'mould, form'; an Aryan \f dhtgh cp. in SKR. dih 'stroke, smear', lat. fngere 'shape, form' {fgura 'form') and gr. rsT/og roT/og 'wall'. Cp. /o^dy.

doughty adj. me. dou(g)hty dohti OE. dohtij^ ; the by-form oe. dyhtii corresponds .to mhg. g. tilchtig deriv. from ohg. mhg. tuht an abstract noun of the verb re- .presented by ohg. tugan = oe. dugaji. The OE. by-form /j'Mj (cp. dim = OSAX. thimni) points to a primitive teut. \f pug*

dove short for me. douve oe. dufe\ corresponding to goth. diiboy OSAX. dubciy ohg. tilba G. iaubc.

down

dream

6.3

The ^K{jT.dubd?i- 'dove' is based on a pre-TEUT. adj. dhnbho- 'black' in oiR. dub 'black'.

down sb. 'soft plumage': a Scand. loanword of the me. period (me. do2i?i), borrowed from ox. diinn = sw. dnUy dan. diinny whence also G. daime^ du. dons,

dow^n prep, and adv., orig^ adowji (cp. back for aback) : short- ened for ME. adoiine adoiui OE. | ofdune'. OE. dun^is hill' and of- | dune 'off the hill, downwards'. | A TEUT. dilna- 'hill' (in mod. lg. ddl is 'dale' and 'down'), oe. diin survives in the Kentish iiowns\ cp. DU. dtiin, Perh. the word is a Celt, loanword, cp. IR. diln 'a fortified hill', GAEL, diin^ w. din and the Celt, place-names such as Tarodununiy for which cp. also towti,

doze vb. prob. borrowed from ON. dilsa 'doze'.

dozen me. dozeine dusain = fr. douzaine (ofr. dosaine), whence also G. dutzend^ du. dozijn. The i Fr. word is deriv. from douze \ (ofr. doze = LAT. duodecini).

draff me. draf oe. drcpf\ cp. OHG. "^trab in the plur. trcbir G. triiber 'grains, husks' and du. ON. sw. draf. Cogn. w. i.\T.f races : KKY.\.^\fdhrak\ cp. also dregs.

dragon me. dragon drago{u)n\ from fr. dragon 'dragon, stand- ard' = IT. dragone, lat. draco(n-) 'dragon'. See drake.

drain vb. me, drcine oe. drcag- nian\ a teut. \fdratt^ appears in NORTH -FRis. druugJie 'sieve,

strainer' and druicgin vb. 'strain, sieve' (nfris. m from teut. aii) and in ditmarsh dorchdroven 'drain', hess. draiien 'drain'.

drake ^ in drakefy oe. draca 'dragon'; cp. synon. ohg. trahho G. dracJie = oe. draca borrowed fr. LAT. draco. Cp. dragon.

drake- 'male of the duck' me. drake oe. ^draca = lg. (dial.) drake mlg. anf-drake, which points to identity with icel. andriki^ GERiVL enterich ohg. antr'ehJio an- trahho (orig. '"^anut ■\- trahho). The TEUT. drakon- occurs only in this compound and in the sub- stituted simple form (the Teut. word for 'duck' was oe. a^ned^ OHG. anut G. ente).

draw vb. me. drawe oe. dragan = ON. draga] perh. ident. with GOTH, dragan 'bear, carry', OSAX. dragan y du. dragen^ ohg. iragan G. tragen 'carry, bear'. The teut. sfdrag 'bear' (aryan dhragJi) has been compared with oslov. drii- zati 'hold'.

dream 'vision' me. drejn\ an equiv. oe. dr{am is not recorded (the synonym is swefn), but is to be inferred from osAX. drbm, DU. drooMy ON. draufnr, ohg. MHG. tromn G. traum 'dream'. The meaning 'dream, vision' attaching to these forms may be deduced from 'deception, vision' so that teut. drau7na- (for '^draugma- or *dhroughwmd- ?) would belong to the teut. \fdrug, seen in osAX. bidriogan ^=OYiG. trioga?i G. triigen 'deceive'.

64

dreary — drop

dre^y adj. me. dreri oe. dreorii 'sad': corresponding to mhg. iru7'ec G. traurig\ ohg. truren G. trauern 'mourn belongs perh. to OE. driisian e. drowse drowze 'be sluggish'.

dregs 'lees' a Scand. loanword of the ME. period (me. dregges) borrowed with the plur. form fr. the equiv. on. dregg. The teut. base dragjb- may be a pre-TEUT. dhraki- which is also possible of LAT. /races 'dregs' (i.at. f = ARYAN ^//^ as under dis/a//); cp. also PRUSS. dragios 'dregs' (perh. Teut. loanword?).

dress vb. me. dresse borrowed from FR. dresser (ofr. drescer drecier\ lat. type directiare).

drift sb. 'driving, impulse' me. drift 'act of driving, drove, im- pulse': deriv. from drive with /- suffix; cp. DU. drift 'drove, flock, course, current, ardor', G. irift 'pasture', on. diift dript 'snow- drift'. See drive y drove,

drink vb. me. drinke oe. drincan =^ o.sAX. drinkauj du. lg. drirrken^ ohg. trinchan mhg. g. trinken^ on. drekka y goth. drigkan: a common teut. str. vb. From TEUT. comes the Roman group IT. trincarey fr. trinquer 'hobnob'. The TEUT. sfdr'cnk (Aryan dhreng) does not appear outside of Teut.

drip vb. ME. drippc OE.dtyppafi'. associated with OE. '^dreopan ME. drepe 'drop, fall' = osax. driopauy DU. druipen, ohg. triufan

mhg. g. triefetiy on. drjiipa 'drop, drip'.

drive ME. drive o^.drifan str. vb. =^ OSAX. dritum 'drive, banish, perform', DU. drijven drive, do, fly, swim', on. drifa 'hasten', GOTH, dreibaii 'drive', ohg. ti'lhan. MHG. triben G. trcihen. For the teut. \fdrib (aryan dhribhl dhrip}) cp. also drift.

droll adj. perh. borrowed fr. FR. drole 'odd, queer, funny'. Cp. G. drollig from lg. drulligy du. drollig'y not found in the older languages.

drone sb. we..drpno^. drdn (plur. drcen). The synon. ohg. ti'dno MHG. trene G. drohne, osax. dran T^lnx. draui (dan. drone is a con- tinental loanword) are evidently related, but not phonetically identical; oe. drd7i points to GOTH. '^drainifSj while ohg. tr'aio points to GOTH, '^dri/ia. An Aryan \f dhreii cp. in gr. tuv- &()ijvt] 'a species of wasp' — also dvdQTJvjj 'woodbee' — Laco- nian d-gc5va^ 'drone'.

drop vb. iME. droppe OE. droppian also dropian and droppetian (= DU. droppeiiy G. tropfen)\ afrequent. deriv. of the orig. str. vb. OE. dreopan me. drepe = osax. drio- pan, DU. druipcfiy ohg. triiifaii MHG. G. triefeiiy on. drjupa 'drop'. See drip and drop.

drop sb. 'a globule' me. drope OE. dropa = osax. dropOy DU. dropy ON. dropey ohg. troffo\ the OHG. by-form tropfo (g. tropferi) points to a teut. base druppon-.

dropsy — dung

AH derivatives of the teut. \Pdriip. See drop^.

dropsy me. dropsy dropesie short for idropsie hydropsie', borrowed from FR. hydropisie (lat. hydro- pisis).

drought ME. drought older drougth dr tight OE. drugod 'dry- ness' : deriv. from oe. drugian become dry' and teut. adj. driigi in dry.

d rouse {drowze) vb. me. '^droiise OE. drus{i)aii 'become slow or sluggish' ^^ MDU. droosen 'doze'; cp. \.G.driinsc{l)n 'slumber' drunsen 'low' (of cattle) ; akin to oe. drfosan = goth. driusan 'fall'. See dreary.

drove sb. 'herd, road for sheep or cattle in droves' me. dr&i'e earlier drof oe. dr(i/''dYOve' : deriv. from ihey/^drtb in drive.

drown vb. me. droune\ short for ME. druncne (also dissimil. drimkle) oe. druncnian 'sink': a passive formation of the teut. verb drink.

dry me. dric drye oe. dryie from teut. drugi-, as shown by OE. drugod = mod. E. drought. A TEUT. by -form draugi- (or draugu-^ is seen in OE. dr^j^e ME. dreic and in DU. droog, LG. drcPge (by the side of lg. dryge^ north-fris. druilgh). All with the same meaning, which appears also in the related G. trocken (ohg. trucka?i). Cp. on. draugr 'a dry log'; ohg. proper nouns e. g. Druhi-klinga prove a TEUT. driVii 'dry'. An Aryan

English Etymology.

y/^dhruk is probable and ohg. truckan would point to a by- form Aryan dhrfig.

duck sb. ME. douke oe. diice'. akin to oe. "^dilcan under duck vb.; hence duck prop, 'the diving one, diver'; cp. hk^. diikand 'se^di- duck', G. tauchente.

duck vb. me. douke] an oe. ^dtican may be inferred fr. du. duiken, OHG. tiihhan mhg. tilchen G. tauchcfi.

due adj. me. due from fr. -du m. due f. ofr. deu m. deue f. (== IT. debutd) ; cp. med.-lat. ^dedu- turn debuta for debitum.

\ duke ME. diike from fr. duc\

\ with the deriv. duchess me.

' diichesse short for diichesse = fr. duchesse. — duchy (cp. me. ducherle instead of *duchte) from FR. due hi.

dumb adj. me. domb du7nh oe. dumb', GOTH, dumbs, on. dumbr have essentially the same meaning while the corresponding g. dumm

\ (ohg. mhg. tu7np^ signifies 'stupid, foohsh'. Perh. deaf without nasal (= oe. deaf, goth. daufs') belongs to the same Aryan \fdhubh, which may be found also in gr. rvcpXog 'blind'.

dun adj. 'dark, swarthy' me. dou donne oe. dun (nn) : an 'early Celtic loanword (oir. Gael. donn, GALL, donnos^', therefore not found in other teut. lan- guages.

dung me. dung dong\ cp. ohg. tunga 'dung' g. dung. ohg.

5

66

dungeon

room'. If 'cave, underground room' is the orig. meaning, gr. TCiifog from an Aryan dJmghwos may be allied.

dungeon sb. ivie. dongeon don- joun\ loanword from ofr. don- geon dongon doiijon fr. donjon (med.-lat. do7nnionem 'a com- manding tower fr. a lat. type dominionem] cp. lat. dominiwn under domain).

dusk ME. dosk OE. dose (of rare occurrence, but also seen in the deriv. vb. dusciaft). Akin to the SAV. dial, duskug 'misty'. A TEUT. base dtiska- admits of relation to lat. fiiscus 'blackish, dark' (base dhiisko-l).

Dutch orig. meant German including Dutch] for down to 1600, Dutch was considered

a dialect of Germany. Dutch corresponds to G. deutsch =-- mlg. dudeschj MHG. diutsch tiutsch tiusch OHG. diutisk (osAX. ihiudisce liudi 'Germania').

dwarf ME. dwergh dweriigh OE. dweorh{g) = du. dwergh OHG. MHG. tw'crc(g) getw'crc G. zwergy ON. dwergr m., sw. dan. dvei'g. TEUT. base dwerga- belongs prob. to the T^^3T.\f drug 'deceive', hence dwarf prop, 'deception, vision'.

dwell vb. ME. dwellc late oe. dwelian : scand. loanword from ON. dvelja 'delay, stay' =: ohg. twellan (and twaleri) 'linger'.

dye vb. me. die deie de^e oe. dc'agian : derived from oe. d(ah{g) ; a TEUT. dauga is not found elsewhere.

each ME. cch earlier clch oe. cklc orig. d-gilic = ohg. iogilih MHG. iegelidh G. jeglich\ cp. ohg. 7nanno-gilih 'every man' — wibo- gilih every woman' etc.

eager me. egre\ adapted from OFR. eigre 'keen, sharp'. Source lat. acre {acer).

eagle me. (gle\ loanword from FR. aigle\ source lat. aquila.

eanling'lamb' (Shakesp.) points to an OE. can 'lamb' ; cp. yean.

ear^ sb. me. ere oe. rrt-r^^TEUT.

base auzbfi- in goth. auso^ osax. OHG. bra G. ohr, du. oor. An Aryan base aus- cp. in lat. auris, gr. ovg, RUSS. slov. ucho 'ear' ; perh. cogn. with hear. — Hence earwig me. ^r-wigge oe. ear-wigga.

ear'^ sb. (of corn) me. er oe. car contr. from ^eahor (Northumbr. M//^r)^TEUT. base ahaz-\ ident. w. ohg. ahir G. dhre^ goth. ahSy ON. ax. Perh. akin to awns.

ear vb. me. ere oe. e7-ia?i =^

earl — eisht

67

GOTH, arjan, OHG. ej'ian 'plough'; cogn. with LAT. arare, or. dgoeiv, oiR. anmn *I plough': Aryan \l^ ar in lat. arvum 'field' and in earth.

earl me. erl oe. eorl ^= on. Jarl, OSAX. erl. Perh. ident. with the TEUT. tribe-name Heruli.

early me. ^rli 0¥..cerlice', cp. ere.

earn vb. me. ^'rne oe. earnian ■=-- OHG. arnon. Perh. traceable to the Aryan v^/7r in GR.ti^vvjLiai.

earnest me. ernest oe. eornust = OHG. ernust G. du. ^/v/j"/ 'serious- ness'; perh. akin to goth. arniba adv. 'surely'?

earth me. erthe oe. eorde = OSAX. erf/ia, ohg. m/c? G. ^r^/*?, GOTH. airpUy ON. /(^r^; cognate with OHG. era 'earth' = ON. jgrvi ground', lat. arvum 'field', GR. 5(?«tf 'to the ground'.

earwig cp. ear

ease me. ese earlier else from FR. aise 'ease'.

east me. ejt oe. (ast\ ident. with DU. oost, G. ostcn ; the teut. base aust- is traced to the Aryan name of the aurora lat. aurora, GR. tJw^, skr. usas: Aryan base ausos. "Cp. Easier.

Easter me. (ster oe. ('astro = OHG. bstarun G. Ostern. Accord- ing to Beda Venerabilis, in heathen times the Anglo-Saxons called the feast in April after their goddess Eostre, which is elsewhere quite unrecorded. The west-teut. word (base austron-) is prob. of the same origin as east) cp. LiTH. auszra 'aurora'.

eat vb. me. cte oe. etipi. = du. ete?iy OSAX. 'eta?i, on.' eta, goth. itan, »0UG. e'yifin G. esse7i. Cp. the Aryan \fed in lat. edo, gr. sdo/Liai, SKR. ad, LiTH. edmi 'eat' (see also tootli).

eaves me. eves oe. efes 'eaves'; the e. dial, form oaves (Essex) points to an oe. ^^ofes = ohg. obasa 'porch, hall', goth. ubiziva 'porch', ON. ups 'eaves'.

ebb sb. ME. ebbeO¥.. ebba = ofris. ebba, DU. eb ebbe, G. dan. ebbe, SWED. ebb. Source and history unknown.

edge ME. egge oe. ecg (infl. ecge) = DU. egge, osax. eggia, ON. egg, OHG. ecka G. ecke. Cogn. with LAT. acies 'point', GR. «x/g; cp. skr. a(ri 'corner', gr. ay.goc 'pointed', lith. aszru-s 'sharp': Aryan \P ak.

eel me. oe. el oe. eel = ohg. al, G. DU. DAN. aal, on. all', teut. base ela- elu- ?

egg sb. ME. egg from on. egg. OE. (El (plur. (Byii) — ME. ei (plur. eire) '^'^^ were supplanted by the SCAND. loanword egg. oe. cbi and ON. egg correspond to osax. OHG. ei, DU. G. ei'. teut. base aia- (ajjiz- ajjaz) perh. related

to lat. 0VU771, GR. f.t/o'j^ Cgg'-

egg vb. 'instigate' me. egge from ON. eggja ''q.%^^ on'; akin to edge.

eight ME. ^?]^<^/^ OE. '^ehte mostly eahta = goth. a/itau, osax. ohg. rt'i^/^ G. DU. aeAt: Aryan base oktSu okto in GR. ov.x(6, lat. octo, skr. i7.f/^//, OIR. ocht.

b*

68

eisel — emmet

eisel ME. aisil late oe. aisil (= ODU. aisijt) fr. ofr. aisil. Source a LAT. type acetuliim\ cp. oe. eced 'vinegar' fr. lat. acidum 'sharp.'

either me. either oe. ceider shortened for ceihwcEder orig. a 4- -yLhwcEder \ cp. ohg. io-giw'e- dar 'each of two' and whether.

eke ME. ek oe. ec earlier cac fr. a TEUT. auk = GOTH, aii^, ohg. 02ih G. ^z^^y^. Prop, imperative of the str. vb. goth. aiikan 'add' {^ LAT. auger e^. .

elbow ME. elbowe oe. elboga earlier eln-hoga =^ ohg. elinbogo G. elhogen, du. elleboog, on. <?//7- /^^^/: a GOTH, compound "^aleina- buga 'the bow of the cubit' is wanting. Cp. ell and /'<?z£/.

eld 'old age, antiquity'(Shakesp.) me. elde oe. eldo yldo 'antiquity' : abstract of old == oe. did. — elder adj. me. elder oe. eldra: compar. of old.

elder sb. (a tree) me. eldre eller oe. ellarn.

eleven me. enlevene oe. infl. cndleofane cEulifane) oe. endlufon corresponds to ON. ellifu, osax. clleban\ cp. goth. ainlif, ohg. einlif G. du. elf 'eleven'. The TEUT. numeral ain-lif- is a com- pound of ain ■==- one and lif = pre-TEUT. -lika in lith. ?/<?>/<?- //'/^^ 'eleven' (cp. twelve). The orig. meaning of the numeral was perh. 'ten + one'.

elf (with the older by-form ouphe Shakesp.) me. elf oe. celf'. TEUT. base alba- also in on. dlfr\

the word occurs in proper names as OE. u^lf-rid = ohg. Alp-rat. An Aryan albhu- is found in SKR. rbhu 'the name of a certain kind of deity'.

ell ME. elle earlier elite oe. cln = OHG. elina G. du. elle, on. rtt/m, GOTH, aleina *ell, cubit'. A pre-TEUT. olend- is found in lat. ulna, GR. (nXsvrj, OIR. ////<? 'cubit'. Cp. elbow.

elm ME. OE. ^/;^/; akin to on. dlmr and lat. ?^/w2^.y (g. ulme is a LAT. loanword, du. ohn is ofr. olme) .

else ME. OE. elks adv. 'other- wise*: genet, of the pron. goth. aljis *an other' (= lat. alius, OR. aXKoQ, OIR. rt-//*?, ARMEN. ait) ; cp. OE. ele-lende 'a foreign land , OHG. eli-lenti 'being abroad' and OHG. dies 'elsewhere', lat. alias 'otherwise'.

ember-days me. imbri-dawes oe. ymbren-dagas prop, 'days of pro- cession'?

embers 'ashes' me. einvieres emeres plur. oe. (Etnyrian plur. = OHG. eimuria , on. eiinyrja 'embers'. Prob. a compound of a TEUT. type aiin-u^jon ; cp. on. eimr 'steam, vapor* and iisli a conflagration' , mhg. usel iisel 'ashes, embers' fr. an Aryan \'^us in LAT. urere vb. 'burn' (cp. on. ysja 'fire').

emmet 'ant' me. einet oe. cevifte: TEUT. base amaitjon- = ohg. ameiyi G. ameise: prob. cogn. with OHG. emiyf G. ■einsig 'in- dustrious*.

emperor

69

emperor me. emperour fr. afr. e7fipcricr =■- lat. i7nperator-€7n (but OE. Cdsere 'emperor = G. kaiser fr. LAT. Caesar)] cp. empire me. empire fr. fr. empire = lat. imperium and empress me. em- peresse earlier form emperice fr. OFR. emperice ^^i.kT. ifnper air teem.

empty me. empti emii short for OE. cemtii 'empty'.

enchant vb. me. enchaunte fr. FR. enchanter = lat. incantare.

end ME. OE. ende = goth. andeis, OHG. enti G. ende, du. ^/«^/(?, on. <?«^i: TEUT. base andja-, pre-TEUT. antyd-\ cp. SKR. dnta 'end, limit' and oiR. H.

engage cogn. w. gage,

enough me. inough (Jnowe) oe. lenph {jfnpg earlier linpg) : teut. base ga-noga- in du. genoeg^ OSAX. ginbg , OHG. ginuog G. ^'•^««^ 'enough'; cp. goth. ganohs and the goth. vb. ganauhan 'to suffice' — ganauha 'sufficiency': AR\ki^\f ndk (n^k).

enter vb. me. entre vb. fr. fr. en- trer = lat, intrare vb. 'enter'.

entire adj. me. entire fr. fr. entier = lat. integrum {integer).

envy sb. me. enz'ie fr. fr. <?«^'2V = LAT. itwidia.

ere 'before' me. ir{e) oe. ^r (fr. ceri dri teut. ^m) 'before'; ident. w. goth. air^ ohg. osax. ^r G. ^/^r.

ermine sb. me. er?nine fr. ofr. erfnine fr, hcrmine, which is of Teut. origin; cp. ohg. harmin mhg, her7tiin 'fur*. The primitive

ohg. harmo (corresp. to lith. cza7-77iu) means 'weasel'.

err vb. me. errc vb. fr. fr. e7'rer = lat. crrare; hence errant fr. crra7it.

errand .me. e7'nde erende short for OE. ckre7ide = osax. drundi.^ OHG. drunti 'message'; uncertain whether cogn. w. QOivi. aims ^ on. drr, OE. dr, osax. er 'messenger'.

escape vb. me. escdpe vb. fr. ONFR. escaper ■== fr. ichapper. lat. type ex-cappare deriv. from cappa 'cloak'.

evening MK.eve7iinge OE.cef7iu7ig'. deriv. of eve me. eve(7t) oe. dfen efen\ cp. ohg. dbund G. abend , OSAX. dband y du. avond\ on. aptann (swed. afton, dan. a/ten) and OE. ^/^/2 'evening' belong to the same group : teut. base ebnd'} eftfi-7

ever me. ever earlier cvre oe. ^/r^ (earlier dbre)', the word is orig. compounded, but only the i^* element is evident; cp. OE. ^ 'ever' = goth. aiiv under aye'^. — every me. everi earlier form everich late oe. ce/rcelc.

everywhere me. ez'er iivhire oe. (efre-ieh7acer.

evil adj. me. evel prop, ivel oe. yfel: teut. base tibila- in goth. ubils, OSAX. ubil , OHG. ubil G. ilbel, DU. (fz^z^*?/; cogn. w. ohg. uppi G. Uppig and perhaps w. teut. ttber = over.

ewe me. (we oe. ^^7£'// (not ioivu, which would be me. ^ewe) : teut. base awi- 'sheep' in du. (?<?/, ON. (Z-r 'sheep' and cp. goth.

70

niir

aivcpi 'flock of sheep' and awistr *a sheepfold'; cp. Ohg. ou (plur. ouwt) fr. a TEUT. base awwi-. A base owi- occurs in other Aryan languages: skr. dvi^ lat. ovis^ GR. ot'c i^'^oJ^ig), LITH. «m 'sheep', OSLOV. <9{'-'z'<;^, oir. ^V'sheep'.

ewer me. ewer fr. afr. ^ewiere VR.aigiiiere : source lat. aqum-ium Vessel for water', whence also OHG. ahhdriy du. lg. aker 'pitcher, bucket'.

expound me. expounc vb. fr. OFR.espondre'. source lat. exponere, whence also ohg. spunon /inter- pret, expound'.

eye me. eie earlier e^e oe. e'age : TEUT. base augon- in goth. augo.

ohg. otiga G. auge y OS ax. oga, DU. oogy ON. miga (under win- dou^. As shown by the teut. vb. "^^aujan pret. "^awida {= oe. ywan eowde) for ^agwjan '^'agivida 'to show', TEUT. augon- is transformed (by the influence of teut. auzon- ^= ear) from an earlier agwon-'. ARYAN base okon- fr. a primitive stem ok 'eye'; cp. lat. oc-uluSy

OSLOV. okOy LITH. akJS, GR. OfTtff

'the eyes' (for ^^okje) ; skr. aksi. eyot sb. me. ^/>/ oe. iiot com- monly /j^^: deriv. of oe. /j ^3 'island', which answers to on. eyy OHG. ouwa 'island' (teut. aiijo- fr. agwjo- deriv. of goth. ahwa = LAT. aqtm 'water').

fable ME. /dl?/e fr. fr. /a^/e = LAT. fabula.

face ME. fd^e fds fr. fr. face = LAT. fades.

fade (Shakesp. z^^^/^) vb. me. fade vb. fr. the fr. adj. fade (whence also o.fade, odu. vadde). Source a lat. type ^fatidtis in- stead oi fatuus 'foolish'.

fail vb. ME. faile vb. fr. fr. faillir (source lat. fallere)y whence also du. veilen, mhg. velen G. fehlen.

fain adj. me. fain oe. f^ien 'glad* = OSAX. fagan, ON. fegimi adj. 'glad'; cp. goth. faginbn 'to enjoy' and faheps 'joy', which is

ident. w. OHG. gifeho 'joy' or more accurately w. oe. '^efca (contracted fr. '^gifeaha = *gi- fa/io) : teut. \ffe/i (Aryan pek) in OE. lefeon (pret. yfeah) = OHG. gifehan 'to enjoy'.

faint adj. me. feint fr. ovr. feint partic. oi feindre'y cp. feign.

fair adj. me. fair oe. feeder = = GOTH./rt'^rj-'fit',OHG. OS AX. f agar y on. /<2:^^. According to goth. gafahrjan 'to prepare , the,re exists a teut. \ffeh also in G. fegen ohg. f^<f;^(?;^ vb. 'cleanse'; cp. on. /<^^^ and ohg. fuogan G. /7/^<?«, oe. lef^ian.

fair sb. 'market, festival' me.

T

fairy-

fast

71

feire fr. afr. fcire = fr. foire', source lat. feria 'a holiday', whence also ohg. fira G. feicr 'ceremony' (J'eiertag 'holiday').

fairy me. fairie fr. ofr. faerie 'enchantment'; cp. fay-

faith sb. ME. faith fcith (with the by-form fai fci) fr. afr. feid feid (with the by-form /"<?/ = fr. foi). Source lat. fides — fidevi.

falcon sb. me. fiukoun fr. fr. fattco7i. Source late lat. falco- ?zem, whence also ohg. falko G. falke, o^.falke, du. valk Yalcon'.

fall vb. ME. falle oe. falla/t {feallati) = ohg. osax. fallaiiy ON. falla str. vb. 'fall': teut. \ffall = Aryan \^pa/ in lith. /?>/// (pres. pVihc) 'to fall'; cp. also GR. G(pdXXof.iai 'to fall'?

fallow adj. me. fa /we OE.fea/o gen.fea/zaes =^ teut. base fahca- in ON.fp/r, DU. vaa/, ohg. fa/p G. fa/i/ 'pale, fallow'. Cogn. w. lat. pallidus 'pale' — pullus 'dark', gr. nohog gray', skr. palita 'gray'; the teut. adj. has the same suffix as oslov. plavii, lith. palvas 'fallow'.

false adj. me. late oe. fals fr. OFR. fals =:. FR. faux] source lat. falstis 'false'.

fame me. fame fr. fr. fmne = lAt. fama 'report'.

famine me. fa?fun{e) fr. fr. famine: deriv. fr. lat. fames 'hunger'.

fan me. oe. fan (nn) : borrowed during anglo-sax. times fr. lat. van7tus (in the vulgar pro- nunciation yi^^z/^z^tj-; cp. G. vers =

' LAT. versus^ ; G. wanne is an earlier loanword fr. lat. vannus,

fancy short for me. fantasie = ofr. fantasie (lat. phantasia).

far adv. me. fer ferre oe. fcor feorran\ cp. Goth, fairra adv., OHG. ferro g. fern, du. ver, O'S.f j'arri 'iar: cogn. w. gr. TisQuv 'beyond', skr. para 'distant', armen. /leri 'far'.

fardel me. fardel fr. ofr. fardel = fr. fardeau 'burden, load.

fare vb. me. fare oe. far an str. vb. = GOTH. /<7nz//, o^. fara, OHG. OSAX. faran mhg. varn G. fahren, du. varen: teut. \^far

= ARYAN \^pOr in GR. TTOQtVOj-iai

I travel, I go'.

farm ME.ferme Vepast, banquet, rent, farm' oe. feorm 'banquet, food, subsistence'; cp. OE.feor?ftian vb. 'sustain, feed, support' bor- rowed fr. lat. frmare 'to make strong' (firmare alqm. cibo atque potione).

farrow me. farh 'young pig' oe. fearh 'pig' = OHG. farah (g. ferkel, du. varkefi) : teut. base farha- = pre-teut. porko- in GR. n6()y.og, lat. porcits, lith. pdrszas, oslov. prase J oir. ore 'pig'-.

farthing ^\e. fer thing short for fer thing oe. feordung {/e or ding feordling) 'the fourth part, farth- ing': deriv. of OE.feorda 'fourth', cp. four and ohg. for dung.

fashion me. fafioun (fassoun) fr. fr. facon = lat. factio{nem).

fast adj. ME. fast oe. fcest ^ os.fastr, DU. vast, ohg. festi ad], {fasto adv.) G. fest 'fast': teut.

72

fast

feeblt

fastii-, Kry 2i^ post u in armen. hast 'fast'. — fastvb. UE./aste OE.fcsstan = GOTH, fastan^ G. fasten^ du. vasten, ON. fasta\ prop, derived from the adj. with the orig. mean- ing 'make firm, observe'.

fat adj. ME. /<?/ (tt) short for oe. fcktt prop, fceted = teut. base faitida- in OHG. /(fz^// G. feist, OSAX. /(?/zV/ LG. G. fett 'fat', du. z/*?/: prop, partic. of a teut, vb. "^faitjan. The base is a teut. adj. faita- 'fat' in mhg. veiy on. /<?//r : Aryan \[^pid cogn. w. sfpi in GR. 77/ViJi' TTiapog -fat' = skr. pivaji — pivara 'fat' (skr. yf pya).

fatal me. /^7/rtr/ fr. fr. fatal', cp. fate ME. /^?/<? = OFR. fate. Source lat. fatmn — fatalis.

father me. fader oe. feeder ^=- GOTh. fadar (commonly attd), OHG. fater G. vater, osax. fadar, DU. vader, on. fadir: teut. base fader- = Aryan base pater- in lat. pater, gr. narijg, skr. //V^r and oiR. rt-M/r, armen. /z^/r: all equivalent.

fathom ME. fdthem oe. fcedm 'embrace, extended arms, fathom, cubit': ident. w. on. fad??tr, du. vadevi 'a fathom' = ohg. fadum G. faden 'a fathom, a thread': teut. base fap77ia- fr. an Aryan \fpet in GOTH. y^/<2; 'hedge' ^ MHG. vade 'fence' and in gr. nsTOLvvv{.Li 'I extend'.

fault ME. faute fr. fr. faute.

favor ME. favour ^ fr. faveiir.

fawn sb. me. faun ^ro\).fa'Oun fr. FR. faon 'a fawn': source a LAT. iy"^^ fo^ tonus, deriv. oifcetus.

fay fr. fr. //^; cp. mhg. feic fr. OFR. feie : source a lat. fata = fa turn.

fear me. f^re oe. /rir 'a sudden peril, fear' =- osax. far, ohg. fdra 'treason, danger' G. gefahr 'danger'; GOTH. "^fera is the source oi ferja 'a spy' : Aryan \fper also- in lat. periculum 'danger', gr. ' nsTon 'trial'.

feast me. fc'ste fr. ofr. feste =- FR. fete: source lat. festa.

feat me. fct by-form feit fait fr. FR. fait -= lat. factum.

feather short for me. fcther oe. feder = du. vcder , osax. fethara, ohg. fedara G. feder, on. ^"^^r 'feather': teut. base fepro-, Aryan petrd-', cogn. w. GR. nxtQOV 'feather, wing', skr. pdtatram 'wing' — patra 'feather' : Aryan \fpet in skr. \fpat 'to fly', also in lat. penna (prop. "^petsna) 'feather.

feature Vi^.fctilre fr. oyr. fiiture =^ LAT. factura.

fee sb. ME. Z"^' OE.feoh {^en.feos dat. feo) prop, 'cattle, property in cattle' ; ident. w. goth. faihu, ON. fi 'cattle, property', ohg. fihu G. vieh 'cattle': teut. fehu Aryan piku neut. in skr. pd(it neut. 'cattle'; cp. skr. pa(u masc, LAT. pecus 'cattle' (hence pedinia 'money').

feed vb. me. fedc oe. fedan fidan'. TEUT. hdiSG fodj an under food.

feeble adj. me. feble fr. ofr. feilde foible = fr. faiblc.

feel — fetlock

73

feel vb. ME. /ek oe. /e'/a^i fcclan wk. vb. fr. a teut. base foljan in OSAX. gi/oljan, DU. voelen, ofris. y^y^, MHG. vilelen G. filhlen vb. 'feel'. Perh. cogn. w. iat. palma, OSAX. OE. /^/;^/; 'hand': yfpal.

feign vb. me. /"m/^ fr. fr. feindre *to feign' : source lat. fitigere. ' fell sb. ME. OE. /d-Zf//) : teut. base fella- in goth. fill^ on. /<?//, OHG. felQl) G. /^//, DU. ?W. Cogn. w. lat. pellis skin' : \fpel also in film.

fello\v sb. ME. felawc late oe. feolaga'. borrowed fr. ON.fSlage) cp. ON. fi-lag 'companionship, association, lit. 'a laying to- gether of property' (on. f6 'pro- perty' =1 E. /"^^).

felly (felloe) me. /^//V (felwc) OE. /t'/g^ ■ ifelgan) =: OHG. /^/^^ G. felge, DU. radvelge. skr. parfu *rib' is compared.

felon ME. feloun borrowed fr. FR. y<?/(^« 'a traitor fr. med.-lat. fello{ne7n) felo{nem). felt ME. OE. /(?//; cp. the synon.

OHG. G. filz MHG. Z'//s, DU. vUt,

sw. DAN. yf//: TEUT. feltaz '^^filiiz from a pre-TEUT. "^peldos. Felt is prob, related to o?>loy. plitstl 'felt. The synon. Rom. words IT. fellrOj FR. feuire (med. - lat. Jiltriwi) 'felt' are of teut. origin.

fen me. OE.fen(nn): teut. base fanja- 'morass' in the synon. GOTH, fa HI, DU. veen, ON. /<?//, OHG. fenni.

fence sb. short for defence. —

fend vb. me. fende\ also abbre- viation of defend.

fennel me. fenel oe. finul\ borrowed fr. i.m:. fcniculufnfenu- cidum (whence also fr. fenouil, IT. finocchid) ; du. venkel ^ ohg. fmahhal fenihhal G. fenchel are earlier loanwords.

fern shortened for me. fern OE. fca7'n fearn ^:=- G. farn, du. varen. The teut. base farna- 'fern' is ident. w. skr. parria 'wing, feather, leaf; cp. GR. nrsQOv 'feather — nrffjig 'fern.

ferret borrowed fr. fr. furet (= IT. fure/ld), which is a deri- vative of LAT. fur 'thief, fr. furel is also the source of du. frel, G. fre/l usually frettchen.

ferry sb. me. ferie: it is un- certain whether it is a genuine e. word (oE. ^ferie) or a Scand. loanword (on. ferjd)\ cp. G. fdhre^ du. veer. Source the verbal Y^yrttr in fare.

ferry vb. me. ferie oe. ferian 'carry' = on. ferja 'carry', goth. farjan 'travel; cp. fare.

fetch vb. u^.fecche with the by- form f^'te (pret. feite) oe. feccan fetjan eaulier felian (preLfelode); e. -Ic/i me. cc/i is developed fr. OE. IJ (feljan earlier felian, west- TEUT. felSJan). There exists a TEUT. \ffetm OE. sidfcet 'journey', on. fet 'step, pace'; E. foot belongs to the same Aryan \fped,

fetlock orig.'the tuft of hair be- hind a horse's pastern-joint'. ME. fitlock fetlack'. . a genuine e.

74

fetter — fight

word ident. w. mhg. fiy.ach fi'y- hch, deriv. of mhg. f'e'2;^el g. fessel 'pastern of a horse' which seems to be cogn. w. teut. fot = E. /oof; cp. LAT. pes pede7n 'foot'.

fetter sb. me. feter oe. fetor = OSAX. fctuVy ON. fjgturr, du. veter^ ohg. fej^yira mhg. vej^T^er] cogn. \v. LAT. pedica, gr. nl^rj 'a fetter and perh. w. G. fassen 'catch': k.xy6X\. \f ped pod.

fever me. fez^er fefre oe. fefor {= OHG. fiebar o.fiel?er) : borrow- ed fr. LAT. febris febrevi^ whence also Pi^. fiev7-e (= it. febbre).

few adj. ME. fewe oe. fcawe plur. represents a teut. *fau7vai arid is ident. with ohg. fohe plur. of a teut. '^fauh{w)a- : Aryan adj. pauqo- in lat. paucus. Cp. also GOTH, faivai plur. with ON. fd-r (dan. faa sw. y^?; me. /J9 is Scand. loanword) ; osax. fahe 'few', indo-eur. \f pau in GR. noLVix) cease'?

fey (SC.) 'doomed to die' xME. feie OE. fdj^e = on. feigr, osax. fegi 'doomed to die'; du. veeg 'about to die' (ohg. feigi 'daring, petulant' G. feige 'cowardly') : TEUT. base faigi-,

fickle ME. fikel OE. ficol from OE. lefic 'fraud'; cp. oe. fdcen 'fraud, deception', o^.\^.fekan ^= OHG. feihJian 'deception' : teut. \^fik faik, prop, faih in goth. bifaihon vb. 'defraud' and faih sb. deception, fraud'. There

I exists an Aryan \fpik in skr. \piguna 'treacherous'. ' fiddle ME. fthel oe. fidele = synon. ohg. fdiila mhg. videle g. fiedely ON. fidla^ du. vedel: the whole group is based on a westteut. fpula = fr. t'wIc^ it. SPAN, viola. Source a vulgar LAT. vitula (in a late pronun- ciation fidulaT).

field ME. OE. feld\ e stands for TEUT. <- before ld\ cp. ohg. osax. feld G. feld, DU. veld. The teut. stem "^felpu- is related to oe. foLUy OSAX. folda 'earth'. A pre- teut. adj. plthu- is found in SKR. prthu 'broad' and prthivt 'earth'; cp. gr. nXavvg, oir. lel/ian 'broad", lith. platus. Perh. flat is cognate.

fiend ME. fend oe. feond = GOTH, fjands, on, fjdndi, osax. fiund, OHG. MHG. ?7?^z;^/ G. find. The sb. is prop, a pres. partic. of the vb. GOTH, fjan (oe. feo^an^ OHG. //^/z 'hate'). A correspond- ing verbal yf P'^y hate' occurs in skr.; therefore fe?id orig. meant 'the hater'. C^. friend.

fierce me. fers: borrowed fr. OFR. fers fers, regular forms fer fier = fr. fier (lat. ferus 'wild').

fifth OE. fifta cp. five.

fig ME. fig borrowed fr. fr. figue = LAT. ficus, whence also OE. fic-treo 'fig-tree'.

fight vb. ME. fighte OE. feohtan str. vb. =: DU. 2'echtcn, ohg. fehtan G. fechten'. teut. \ffehtl

filei _ fire

75

file^ 'a string, list, order'; borrowed from fr. Ji/e *a line, rank, row'; source lat. /////;// 'a thread'.

file^ 'a steel rasp' me. /i7e oe. /// usually /e'o/ (contracted from "^/i/ii/) ; cp. OHG. fihala MHG. vile G. feiky DU. ?'z/7. Connection with ON. pd pel 'file' is uncer- tain.

fill vb. ME. file OE. fyllan wk. vb. = OSAX. fuUiaiiy du. vullen^ OHG. fullen G. filllen, on. fylla: GOTH. TEUT. fulljan 'fill' is deriv. fr. the TEUT. adj. fulla- = e.

filly loanword fr. on. Z)'^^ '^^ filly', which is a dimin. of on. y;?// = "£.. foal.

film w^.filvie OE. filmen fylmen = OFRis. filmeii from a teut. dimin. hdi^Kt filmina- which points to a more primitive teut. fehna-y cogn. w. E. fell.

filter vb. borrowed fr. fr. filtrer 'strain through a felt' fr. MV.D. -L\'i\ filh'um feltmm 'felt'; cp. felt.

filth ME. flt/ie short for OE. fyld: abstract formation of oe. ful = E. fotil'y cp. OHG. fiilida = GOTH, '^fiilipa.

fin sb. ME. oE. yf;/ f;^;7); cp. du. vifiy sw. /(?;^rtr 'a fin' ; cogn. w. LAT. penna pinna 'feather'.

finch ME. finch oe. fine fr. a TEUT. base finki-\ cp. du. 7^/;?>^, OHG. vinko G. y?;?/'. Observe the similarity of sound of the Rom. words for 'finch': it. pineione,

FR. pimo7i and e. dialect, pink pinch. find M^E-flnde o^. fin dan str. vb.

= synon. goth. finpan , on. finna, OS ax. findan fithan , du.

vinden, oho. finda?i g. finden'.

TEUT. \ffenpfinp ox by Verner's.

law /J?;/^ y?«^ is pre-TEUT. /^;?/

in the synon. ir. vb. <^/<7/;;/ 'I

find'. fine adj. xME. fine borrowed fr.

FR. fin (whence also mhg. vin

g. fein, DU. fijfi). Source lat. finire vb. 'complete'.

fine sb. ME. fine from lat. finis 'a fine', lit. 'a final pay- ment'.

finger me. oe. finger = goth. figgrSf os.fing?', DU. vinger^ OHG. fingar c^. finger : teut. hdiSQfijtgra-y

perh. allied to five (Aryan penqe^ .

finish vb. me. finisshe fr. ofr.

finiss- base of some forms of fr.

finir (lat. finire) 'end, finish'.

fir ME. firre\ perh. a Scand.

loanword : on. fyra rare by-form

oi fura 'fir. There is a teut.

name of the tree ficrh-'. oe. fnrhy OHG. /£?r//^ G. fdhre\ cp.

pre-TEUT. /^r>^ qerq in lat. qucr-'

cits 'oak', fire iME. //r OE. fyr : contr. of

westteut. fuir == osax. ohg. fi/ir commonly osax. ohg. fiur

mhg. viur G. fener y du. ?7/7^r.

The ir of osax. ohg. //?/r (cp.

ON. firr fyrr) is suffix; fii fr.

pre-TEUT. ///- is the root ; ON. fth'-r, GR. 71V-Q, Umbrian //-r,

armen. hu-r point to a common

76

first — fleam

base pu-r\ skr. \fpit 'flame', whence pavakd 'fire'.

first ME. first OE. fyrst fr. "^fyrest = TEUT. f arista- in ohg. fur is t (cp. G. fiirsty du. f^^rj/ 'prince'), on. fyrstr 'first'; the original word for 'first' is osax. /or mo = OE. forma with //z^- suffix (goth. fru-ma^ from indo- EUR. //-; cp. GR. npofiog , SKR. pUrva-Sy O'S>L0v.priivii^ litu. pirmas 'first'. Cp. former.

fish ME. y^j-/^ OE. ^V (and y^^t-)

= GOTH, y?^/^^, ON. fiskr y OHG. OSAX. y?^-^ G. fisch. TEUT. fiska-z

from pre-TEUT. pisko-s agrees with hM:.piscis', the corresponding OIR. /f?.f<: points to pre -historic "^peiskos.

fist ME. /jt/ short for fist OE. />'i-/ fr. TEUT. ^fthti(z) = OHG. fist G. faust, DU. f/«/j-/ 'fist'. If connected with synon. hkT.pug- nus and gr. -nvyf-iTji westteut. fusti- stands for fiihsti- = pre- I'EUT. puk-sti pug-sti- ?

five ME. five OE. fife] without inflection oe. fif from teut. fimf

^= GOTYi.fimfy OSkX.ftf DU. vijf, OHG. yf«/ MHG. vi'inf G. /?^/?/, on. fimm (dan. sw. y^?;^) : pre- TEUT. phnpe pinqe (for the shifting of indo-eur. q io / see fir^ four^ wolf)', cp. skr. pancdy GR. nsvre (jibi^ms ns/iinvog), lat. quinque (for ^^pinque), lith. penki, OIR. r<?/V, cymr. pimp.

flag sb. 'an ensign' = ^-f^^gg^i DU. eV(2^, dan. y?^^, sw. fiagg: a modern word, not found in the OTEUT. periods.

flail ME. fail fieil oe. '^fleiel (once recorded as fiiyl) = OHG. fiegil G. fiegel, du. vlegel: a westteut. loanword from lat. flagellwn 'whip, flail', whence also FR. fiiau (also OIR. sraigclt).

flask OE. flasce r= on. fiaska, DU. flesch, OHG. yf^^Yi? g. fiasche ; corresponding to the synon. it. fiasco, OFR. fiasche fr. fiacon (med.- LAT. fiasco fr. LAT. vasciUimiT).

flat ME. y?<:?/: borrowed fr. ox. y?(2/r = sw. y/<;//, DAN. yZ^;^/; cp. 0HG.yZ:^5 'flat'; cp. oe. fiet, osax. yf^//^' 'floor' and ohg. fiaz^yi 'palm of the hand'.

flatter vl). me. fiatere : borrow- ed fr. OFR. fiater = fr. fiatter.

flax ME. fiax OE. fieax = ohg. fia/is G. fiac/is, DU. z^/as; prob. cogn. w. the vb. ohg. fi'ehtan G. fiechten and goth. fiaihtan 'braid' ; the s in teut. '^fiahsa- would be derivative; cp. the Aryan \fplek 'braid' in i.Mi\plectere, gr. nlhyjo 'weave'.

flay vb. ME. fie oe. fi§an contr. fr. a teut. str. \h.fiahan = on. fid.

flea me. fie oe. y?/<'?;^ = ohg. fidh G. y7<9/^, DU. vloo, ON. y?<?: TEUT. base fiauh- for piauh- meant orig. 'a fugitive', so that the root under flee = GOTH. pliuhan is the source o^Y^.flea^ G. fioh.

fleam 'a kind of lancet' fr. fr. fiamme. Source lat. fieboto7>mm^ whence also oe. fiyt7ne, du. vUfiriy

fleck — flood

11

OHG. fiietuma mhg. vliete(n) G. Jliete.

fleck a Scand. loanword: on.

fiekkr, sw. flcick = du. vleky G.

y?^r/^'spot'. Cp. ME,yf<?r/^^//'spotted'.

fledged adj. me. flegge OE.J!ycge

= xMDU. vlugghcy LG. flilggey G. fliigge from a west-teut. base fiuggj- (oHG. flucchi MHG. vUicke

from WEST-TEUT. JlukkJ-). The

source is the teut. yffug in e.

flee vb. ME. y?/ oe. y?^'^-^ contr. of "^JieoJian = osax. ohg. Jliohan MHG. vlieheii g. Jiiehen\ goth. pliuhiifi str. vb. 'flee' points to an ARYAN \ftluk-\ c\).flea and

fleece (the ending ^^"^ for j) ME.fes OE.Jieos (and with vowel- mutation y^.f) from TEUT. Jleusaz (Jfiusis) ; cp. du. 7///Vj-, mhg. eV/>i- (^Uius) G. fV?m.

fleet ^ *a number of ships' me. flete OE. fleot 'a ship'. — fleet ^ a creek, bay' me. fiet oe. flcot 'a bay of the sea*. Both belong to the vb. fleet me. flete 'float, swim' QE. fleotati 'float, swim' = O'^.fjota, o?,\x.J^iotany \y\].vlieten, OHG. filo'-an G. fiiessen. teut. \Pfleut flat fr. aryan pleud-plud. cp. //zV and float.

flesh me. fiesch <:m.fiasc shows umlaut and palatalization of the base *Jldski(z) '^Jiaiski{z) =: ohg. fleisk G. fieischy du. vleesch ; on. yf*?^/^ means only 'pork', more esp. 'ham and bacon'; perh. cogn. w. flitch.

I flicker vb. me. flikere oe. fli- corian = du. flikkeren 'sparkle, glitter'; a frequent, of a base

flik flak in UE.flakere, G.flackern ? flight ^ 'the act of flying' me.

flight OE.flyht from oe. fleoga?i =

flight - prop, 'the act of fleeing' ME. flight OE. flyht (=z du. vlugty OHG. OSAX. fluhty G. flucht) from fleon'^^Q. E. flight OE. flyht, du. f'//<^/ have both meanings of

//:^M Cp. //^^.

flint 'a hard stone' me. oe. flint 'a rock' ; cp. dan, fli7tty G. flinte 'musket, flint-lock', sw. flintay dan. flint 'flint*: perh. re- lated to GR. TiXivd^OQ 'a brick'.

flit vb. ME. fliite oe. "^flyttan = on. flytja (sw. flyttay dan. flytte) : cp. the root under fleet vb.

flitch siE-flicche oe. flic ce ^=t. on. flikki'. TEUT. base flikkja-y perh. akin to fleck} or cogn. w.

float vb. me. flpte oe. flotian; cp. me. y^^7^ 'a boat, a fleet' oe. flota 'a boat, ship, a fleet': deriv. of the TEUT.\^fl?it under fleet vb. flock 1 'herd, flock' me. flok

OE. floCC = on. flokkry DAN. y?b>(',

sw. yf^r/^.

flock 2 'a lock of wool' fr. ofr. floe = 'LKV. floccuSy whence also OHG. floccho G. flockCy du. vlok.

flood me. oe. flpd = osAX.flSdy DU. eV^^<'/, OHG. fluot G. yfz//, on. flody GOTH, flodus'. a common Teut. word. goth. flodiis from ARYAN plotu-s is bascd on the

78

floor — foe

TEUT. v^y/f?- from pre-TEUT. plo- in floic.

floor ME. OE. Jlpr = DU. vloer, .MLG. vlor, MHG. vluor (g. Jlur) 'field, surface, hall', on. flor 'the floor of a cow-house': teut. jloru-s from pre-TEUT. plorus plants closely related to oiR. id?- for '"^pldr 'floor, paved floor'. florin ME. Jiorin : borrowed fr. FR. florin (it. fiorino so named because it bore a lily, from it. fiore 'a flower').

flounce changed fr. ^m./roimce 'a plait': loanword fr. fr. froncer 'plait , wrinkle" (prob. from a lat. type '^frontiare 'wrinkle the forehead').

flounder sb. borrowed fr. scand. sw. flundra, dan. flynder ^ on. flydra.

flour ident. w. floiver from FR. fleur 'flower'.

flourish vb. me. flourisshe : adapt, fr. ofr. fleuriss- stem of fleurir 'flourish' (lat. floi-escere inceptive o{ florere 'bloom*).

flow vb. ME. fl&ive OE. flgwan str. vb. = ON. floa^ du. vloeien'. TEUT.y^flS- m//(?(?d= pre-TEUT. p/S- in gr. 71 h6-(o *I swim, sail', nXfOTog 'swimming, sailing'.

flower ME. flour : borrowed fr. afr. flour flor = fr. jkur (lat. flos). Ident. w. //our.

fluke 'a flounder' ME.flo'ke oe. flp'c = ON. floki; cogn. w. ohg. fla/i G.flacAy DU. Tj/ak adj. 'plain . Cp. the ARYANy/p/ak in lat. placenta 'cake' and pldfius (for plac?tus7) 'plain'.

' flute borrowed fr. fr. flute,

I whence also du. fluit\ cp. mhg.

vloite G. flote 'flute' and ofr.

flaute, iT.flauto. Chaucer uses

the vb. floute 'play on the flute'.

flutter vb. ME.flotere oe. flotorian ix.\fflut under float. Cp. G. flatter?!}

fly vb. ME. flie earher fleien OE. fleogan str. vb. = ohg. fliogan G. fliegen, du. vliegen, on. fljiiga. GOTH, "^fliugan is inferred from the factitive flaugjan 'carry away in flight' and shows that the common Teut. vb. "was fleugan] cp. LAT. plmna (for "^pliVunaT) 'feather'. — fly sb. me. flie earlier fleie oe. flepge =: ohg. flioga g. fliege^ du. vUeg (on. with ablaut flu'ga 'fly') : evidently fly means 'the flyer' from fly vb.

foal me. fjle oe. fola ~~ synon. ON. foli, ohg. folo G. fohleny GOTH. />//(r?: a common Teut. term for 'the young of a horse or an ass* from pre-TEUT. p9l6?i- ; allied to gr. 7T(okog 'colt, young animal , lat. pullus a young ani- mal' esp. 'a chicken'.

foam sb. me. fgme oe. f dm = OHG. feini : base fainia- for an earlier '^fai?ia- ■=- skr. ph^na, osLOV. pe?ia 'foam'.

fodder me. fodder oe. foddor = DU. voeder, ohg. fuotar G. flutter, ON. /^^r: cp. oe. /<?Wrt' under food.

foe ME. /(i* OE. j^/2 contr. fr. an earlier gifdha = west-teut. gafaiho{}t)-\ cp. the abstract oe. fckhd (ohg. gifehida G. f elide):

fog —f forbid

79

OE. lefd sb. and fdhd sb. are based on the adj. oe. lefdh = OHG. gifeh\ OE. fdh = teut.

faiha- from a prc-TEUT. paiko- adj.

fog: a Dan. loanword, dan. /J?^'' in sneefog 'a snow-storm' ; cp. ON. fok 'spray, snow-drift', fjuk 'snow-storm' from fjuka str. vb. 'drift'. fold vb. ME. fplde OE. fdldan

■ {/(aldmi) str.' vb. =r goth. f alp an ^ ON. falda, OHG. faltan G. falten'. TEUT. sf'falp = pre-TEUT. /// cp. in OSLOV. //^/^ //^i'// 'braid', gr. dinXa6tO(; for ^dinXdnog 'two- fold', ^KR.puta 'fold' (for '^pultd). — -fold ME. -/"^Z^:/ OE. -fdld {-/cald) = OSAX, -/a/d, du. -z/^/v^/, g. -/<2'//', ON. -faldr, goth. -f alps'. a common Tout, suffix for the formation of multiplicatives corresponding to GR. nkdoiog in dinkdoiog (also dinaXrog 'two- fold'). folk ME. folk OE. /<:;/<: = OSAX.

/oik, DU. ZW>^, OHG. /^/^ G. VOlkf

ON. /<:i//^. The primit. meaning is perh. 'a crowd of people', whence lith. pulkas 'a crowd', OSLOV. pluku 'an army'.

follow vb. ME. folwcfolowe oe. folgiaii (by-form fyly.iii) = ON. fylgja, DU. volgen, ohg. folgen G. folgen: the common west-teut. and Norse vb. for 'follow'; possibly a compound verbal stem, the first member of which is full; cp. OE. full-eode 'he followed', OE. OLG. fulgangan, OHG. fola-gdn 'follow'. Go fr.

OE. gdn would be the second member.

fond ME. fond prop, fonn-ed partic oi fonne 'be foolish'; cp. ME. &h. fon(nn)'2i fool': borrowed fr. sw. fane 'a fool'; icel. fdni 'a buoyant person'.

food ME. fode'oY^.fpda'. teut. \ffdd fad (cp. OHG. fatunga 'food') fr. k^Yk^ pat in nartiad^at 'eat'. Cp. also feed, fodder, foster.

fool ME. fpl: adopt, fr. ofr. fol (= FR. fou fol) 'a fool'.

foot ME. OE. fpt (plur. fet) =

OSAX. foty DU. VOet, OHG. fuOT^ G. fuss, ON. fotr, SW. /c?/, DAN. fod,

GOTH. fStus: TEUT. base /^/- from ARYAN pod- changing with aryan pod- ped- in the declension; cp. GR. nod- in. TTo'Ja, nom. sing, novg (aeol. ttcdc) ; LAT. ped-em (nom. sing, pes) ; GR. nsSiXov 'sole' — nsLog (for *TT&(^j6g) 'pedestrian', SKR. pad 'foot' and pada 'step, print'.

fop vb. borrowed fr. DU. foppen 'prate, cheat' (^fopper 'a wag', fopperij 'cheating') : orig. a word of G. slang.

for ME. OE. for prep. = goth. failra 'before, . for', OHG. fora g. vor 'before', du. voor', cogn. w. LAT. pro 'before', gr. nQO 'be- fore'.

forbear me. forbore oe. forbcran str. vb.; cp. bear vb.

forbid me. forbede oe. forbeodan confounded with m^.forbidde oe. forbiddan; cp. bid.

8o

force

foul

force sb. me. foi-ce fors: bor- rowed fr. FR. force (lat. type fortia 'strength' derived ix.fortis 'strong').

ford ME. OE. ford (me. also forth) = DU. voerty osax. '^ford in Heriford (prop, 'ford of an army*), ohg. vurt q. fur t {Frank-, Er-, Schwein-^ \ cp. oe. Oxenaford (lit. 'ford of the oxen') = Oxford. TEUT. '^fordu- forpii- from the TEUT. sffar in fa r e ; hence ford prop, 'passable, practicable pass- age'; cp. A VEST, peretu 'bridge', LAT. portus 'haven', on. fjordr 'bay'; also celt. -lat. -rititm (for '■•prtofti) in Augtistoritiim, cymr. rhyd 'ford'.

foreign me. foreine: adapted {v.OFK.foraifi'. lat. iy\iQ foratieus derived fr. foras adv. 'out of door'.

forfeit sb. M'e.forfete: borrowed fr. om. forfait 'a fine' part, of forf aire forsf aire 'trespass' (med.- LAT. forisf actum part, of foris- facere 'trespass', lit. 'do beyond').

forge me. forge borrowed fr. FR. forge from lat. fabrica 'a workshop'.

forget vb. ME. forgete oe. for- gitan str. vb. = o?>AX.fargetany du. vergeten, mlg. z>orgeten, ohg. Jir- gej^T^an G. vergessen. The comp. v^b. is the remnant of a str. verbal Y"^t'/, whence ^- get 'ob- tain, reach'; cp. goth. bigitan find', ON. geta 'obtain'. Cp. g et and the aryan \f ghed : ghend in lat. prae-hendere j gr. /avdatoj 'seize'.

fork ME. forke oy.. forca = du. 7'ork, OHG . furc/ia firka G.furkcy ON. forka: borrowed fr. lat. firca 'a fork', whence also fr.' fourche, span, horca, it. forca.

forlorn 'quite lost' me. forlorn oe. forloren part, of oe. forleosan 'lose utterly'; cp. lose and G. DU. verloren, dan. forloren.

former formed by adding the compar. suffix -er to me. for?nc OE. forma =r- osAX." forma 'first' ; cp. first.

forsake vb. me. forsake oe. forsacan str. vb. 'oppose' ; cp.

forth UTi.. forth OE. ford = osax. /<?r//z, OHG. "^ford g. /^7;7, gotil compar. failrpis adv. earlier'. oteut, /<?r/ from older frpo prtj is allied to before 2.-^6. further.

iovXnightUE.fourtenightfmrtcn- 7iight from me. fourtene 'fourteen' and night (old plur.) 'nights'; cp. OE. feowertyne niht and also E. sennight = seven night. It was usual to reckon by nights in pre-hist. periods. — forty me. fourty OE. feowerti-^ = du. veer tig, G.vierzig, Goni.fidwortigjus; cp. OE. feower = fotir and oe. fr^ = ten.

foster vb. me. fostre short for OE. fostrian iroTnfpstor 'nourish- ment'; di\im to food: teut. \'^fod.

foul ME. foul OE. //// := DU. Vuil, OHG. ful G. fiul, ON. fully

GOTH. fi}ls\ la- is suffix, and the TEUT. y^fu is inferred fr. on. fucnn 'rotten' and from the fac- titive vb. ON. feyja 'cause to

VERSITY )

found — freeze

8i

rot'. An Aryan verbal \^ pit appears in skr. puy 'rot, stink'; cp. LAT. />u/eo 'stink' — puter- 'de- cayed', GR. 7Tv-i)^Lo 'cause to

rot', GR. TTVOV LAT. pt/S 'puss'.

found ^ vb. 'lay the foundation of ME. founde : adapted fr. fr. fonder from lat. fundare 'found'.

found 2 vb. 'cast metals' bor- rowed fr. FR. fondre from lat. fundere 'cast metals'.

fount ME. fount fr. ofr. font =^ LAT. font-em,

four u^. four fo7aer oe. feower {/eowcrl^ = osAX./iwar, du. g. mer OHG. for, ON. fjorir. The oe. by- form fyder- (in comp. disfyder- fete 'four-footed') and goth. fid- wor (^Jidur-^ point to a pre-TEUT. hdiSQ peiwor petur for qetwor qetur\ ident. w. skr. catur, L3.T. quattuor, GR. xsoaaQSQ {7iiffv(jsc)f oslov. eetyrt 'four'.

fowl ME. fou/ earlier fuwel oe. fugol == OSAX. fugal, DU. vogel, OUG. fogal MHG. G. z^ogel, ON. fug/, GOTH, fugls: teut. base fug la-.

fox ME. OE. fox = OHG. fu/lS

G. fuc/is, DU. vos, ON. fox ; the s of the TEUT. base fuh-s- is suffix as is shown by gotu. fauho, ON. foa 'fox' = OHG. foha mhg. vohe 'she-fox' (and o^.focge 'she- fox'?). Cp. vixen.

frail (me. frile) borrowed fr. OFR. fraile (fr. frele) 'brittle' = LAT. fragilis.

frame vb. me. f rente oe. fr em- man 'promote, do' (= o^.fremja, OHG. fremman , oSAX. fremmian

English Etymology.

'perform'): derived fr. oe. fram strong, good', ident. w. from.

franchise me. fraunchise'. bor- rowed from YR. franchise 'privi- leged liberty' from FK.franchiss-, stem of some forms o^ franc hir 'free' from fr. franc 'free'.

fraught part, of me. fraughte vb.= DU. bevrachten, G. befrachten\ cp. G.fracht oylg. freht 'earnings, gain. Properly a compound ; cp. OE. (Bhty OHG. eht 'property' under own.

freak 'a whim, caprice' me. frek 'quick, vigorous' oe. fra 'bold, rash' = ON. fr'ekr, oho. fr'eh 'greedy' o. frech 'pert', GOTH. faihu'friks 'avaricious' : teut. base fr'eka-.

freckle from on. freknur plur. 'freckles'; cp. sw. frdkne plur. frdhiar, fris. (Am run) friakan 'freckles'. Perh. cogn. w. GR. TTfpxvo'c 'spotted'.

free me. fre oe. freo fri: teut. base frija- = goth. freis, osax. OHG. fri G. frei. The pre-teut. priyo- is the base of cymr. rhydd 'free' and of skr. priyd-s 'dear, beloved'; cp. the skr. verbal \fpri 'rejoice, render favorable' with GOTH, frijon 'love' under friend and Friday.

freeze vb. me. frese oe. freosan str. vb.; cp. synon. on. frjosa, DU. vriezen, ono.friosan G. frier en) cp. GOTH, frius 'frost, cold': teut. \ffreus fruz from a pre-teut. preusprtis, which seems to exist in LAT. priirio for ^prusio 'itch', if 'itch, frostburn' is the inter-

82

freight

frock

mediate meaning, and in skr. \l^prus 'spurt out'; prusvd 'drop,, frozen drop, frost'. Cp. frost.

freight ident. w. fraught.

fresh adj. me. fresh fresch oe. fersc =: OHG. frisc G. frisch, du. versch 'fresh'; cogn. w. OSLOV. presmii 'fresh' from Aryan prais- kino-', cp. LiTH. preskas 'sweet, unsoured' with finn. rieska 'fresh, unsoured'. The Rom. family of IT. fresco, FR. frais comes from WEST-TEUT. fr'eska-.

fret^ vb. 'eat up, devour' short for ME. frete oe. fr'etan str. vb. = DU. LG. vreten, OHG. frei;z^an G.fressen 'eat up, consume'. The corresp. goth. frditan {^r&i.fret) 'consume' shows that west-teut. fretan is a compound of etan = eat\ fra is a common prefix in GOTH. (c^. fraught 2ind fret).

fret^ vb. 'ornament, variegate ME. fretie oe. frcetwan 'adorn': from o^.frcetwe plur. 'ornament'= OSAX. frataha 'ornament': source perh. a Teut. compound fra -h GOTH. tewa 'arrangement'.

iv\2ir Wt.. frere'. adapted fr. fr. frere 'a brother'.

Friday me. friday oe. frl'^edcej^ = DU. vrijdag, ohg. friatag mhg. vriiac G. freitag , on. Frjddagr'. really 'day of the Teut. goddess Frija Frijjo in imitation of i.at. dies Veneris {Fria and Venus correspond). ON. F^'iggWk.^ ohg. Fria is prop, 'the goddess of love'; cp. SKR. /r/y^ 'wife, loved one' (oSAX. fri, oe. freo 'wife'). Cp. free.

friend me. frend oe. freond = OS. \x. friund 'Mend, relative', du. vriend, ohg. friunt mhg. vriunt (d) G. freund, goth. frijonds 'friend' : teut. frijond- (formed like fiend) is pres. partic. of an old teut. vb. frijon 'love' = goth. frijon, OE. frioian'lovQ . C^.free.

frieze (of a column) fr. fr. ft'ise (= iT.fregio 'frieze'), whence also G. DU. fries,

fright me. fright oe. fyrhtu fyrhto', cp. the synon. goth. faurhtei 'fright' and OSAX. ohg. for{a)hta mhg. vorht{e) G. furcht 'fright'. — frighten vh.uE./righte oe. fyrhtan = goth. faurhtjan, OSAX. forhton, ohg. furihten forahtan G. filrchten.

fringe me. fringe: loanword from OFR. "^fringe =^ fr. frange (source lat. fimbria 'fringe'), whence G. franse, du. franje.

frisk vb. formed from the adj. OFR. f risque = SCAND. friskr 'frisky, brisk'.

frith firth ue. firth', a Scand. loanword; cp. ON. fjgrdr (plur. firdir) 'bay' ,*^ dan. fiord, sw. fjdrd 'a firth': teut. hdiseferpu-, aryan pertu- cp. LAT. portus 'haven'. For the Aryan \fper cp. ford.

fritter late me. fritoure'. bor- rowed fr. FR. friture 'dish of fried fish', also 'a fragment' from OFR. frif 'fried' (source lat. frigere); c^. fry.

fro me. fro earlier /r^ : adapted fr. o-^.frd 'from', ident.w. from.

frock me. frok: borrowed fr. OFR. froc =^ MED.-LAT. frocus 'a

froo; — furze

83

monk's frock'; source osax. hroc 'coat'.

frog M^.frogge oe. frogga] the OE. parallel form frocca (mod. dial, frock) points to the synon. ON. fraukr. Prob. oe. forsc, OHG. frosk G. froschy on. froskr show the same root, if derived fr. TEUT. "^fruhsqa-.

frolic borrowed fr. du. vrolijk 'merry ; cp. mhg. V7'oloken 'rejoice', prob. after mhg. vro-sanc 'merry song' supplanting an older froleichen.

from ME. OE. from fram ^ OSAX. OYiG.fram mhg. vram prep, 'forth, from' — adv. 'forth', ON. frafn adv. 'forward' — frd prep, 'from' — adv. 'fro', goth. fraj)t prep, 'from' adv. 'further, forward'.

frost ME. frost oe. forst == on. DAN. sw. G. frosty DU. vorst: deriyed fr. \f frus = freeze,

froth sb. ME.//7?7//^fr. o^.froda,

froward adj. ME./rjTf^^r^/ earlier frdward'. derived fr. fro.

frown vb. me. froune shortened fr. FR. refrogner.

fruit ME. frilt {fruit) fr. fr. fruit = LAT. fructus.

fry vb. ME. frie fr. ofr. frire = LAT./r2^(fr^ 'roast'; o."^. fritter,

ivy sb. ME.fri fr. o^. frjo {free) 'spawn, fry'; ident. w. GOTn.fraiw 'seed': pre-TEUT. pro-eiwo-.

fuel sb. late mf.. fouaile fr. ofr. *fouaille: lat. i^'^e focalia 'fuel'.

full ME. 0E./iY/f//) = G0TH./2^//y, ON. fullrj DU. vol, G. VOll OHG.

fol(ll) : TEUT. base fulla- fr. an

ARYAN base p9l-no in skr. piirria 'full'; cp. LAT. plenuSy oir. Idn (orig. "^plonos) 'full'. Prop, partic. with suffix -no- fr. an aryan yfple plo 'to fill' in skr. sf pur pr, LAT. implere, gr. Tiif.nilr)ui.

fuller sb. me. fuller O's.. full^-e 'a cloth-bleacher': adaption of 'L^.T.fullo 'a fuller, bleacher'.

funnel late me. fund fr. fr. fondtfle\ source i.k'V.infundibulwfi.

fur MK.furre forre fr. ofr. fuerre forre 'a sheath, a case"; source TEUT. -GOTH. /<?^r 'a sheath'; cp. G. f utter ident. w. E. fodder.

furbish vb. me. furbisshe fr. OFR. fourbir (fourbiss-) polish', which rests on OHG. furb(j)an MHG. vurben 'purify, clean' (teut. yf furb = ARYAN \f prp in GR. nQsnu)}).

furlong see furrow.

furnace me. furneis forneis fr. FR. fournaise = lat. fornax {for- nacem) 'an oven'.

furnish fr. fr. fournir (stem fourftiss-). Source a teut. wk. vb. frumjan 'perform'; c\^. perform.

furrow ME. furwe forwe oe. furh: teut. base furh- also in OHG. furha G. furche 'furrow', DU. voor, ON. for 'drain'. A pre- TEU'V'. prk pork is evident in lat. porca 'a ridge between two furrows', cymr. rhych 'furrow', armen. herk. — furlong me. oe. furlong lit. 'furrow-long'.

further me. further ok. fur dor; cogn. w. for and ohg. furdir.

furze me. frse oe. fyi^s earlier fyres : Teut. base furisa- ?

84

gab — gall ^

gab ME. gabbe 'talk idly, jest, lie': borrowed fr. on. gabba, whence also YR.gaber^ it. gabbare, Cp. gabble gibber. — gabber 'gabble', var. of gabble both of which are frequent, verbs of gab. C^.Jabbe?' andgzbber. — gabble var. of gabber.

gabel *a tax, impost, esp. the tax on salt': borrowed fr. fr. gabelle (= span, gabela, it. gabella, med.-lat. gabella gab(u)- lum). Source a teut. sb. gabida- in OE. gafol 'tribute'.

gable AiE. gdble: borrowed fr. OFR. gable 'a gable', which is of LAT. origin; cp. lat. gabalus, whence on. gajl 'a gable' (but GOTH, giblay G. giebel 'a gable' akin to GR.yncpaXt] 'head': Aryan base ghebhald- ghebhlo-).

gad ME. gad: borrowed fr. on. gaddr^ ^odidj pike'; teut. base gazda- ident. w. lat. hasta from an Aryan base ghazdha-] but gad in gadfly stands for goad.

gag ME. gagge 'suffocate'; prob. imitation of the sound of choking.

gage^ ME. gage: borrowed fr. FR. gage = SPAN, gagey it. gaggio (lat. type wadium). Source a TEUT. sb. cp. GOTH. 7vadi\ cp. 7ved and wage.

gage''^ also gauge me. gauge:

adopted from ofr. gauger later jauger 'measure the contents'. Source uncertain.

gain sb. me. gain: borrowed fr. ON. sw. gagn = DAN. gavn 'gain'.

gain vb. late me. gaine: hox- r ow ed fr. FR. gagner ofr. gaagnier gaaigner 'cultivate, gain': source a teut. vb. (OHG. ^weidanjan — weidenon 'pasture').

gain- pref. me. gein oe. geyi gin gedn (= g. gegen, on. gagn-^. — gainsay uf. geinseie 'conirdi- dict'. Cp. against oe. ongeanes.

gait ident. w. gate"".

gaiter borrowed fr. fr. giietre (ofr. guestre, perh. loanword tr. MHG. wester 'a child's chrisom- cloth'; cp. GOTH, wasti, lat. vestis 'clothing').

gale sb. a Scand. loanword ; akin to dan. gal, sw. galen 'furious, mad', NORW. galen 'furious, wild, mad' (of wind and storm).

galP ME. galle oe. gealla ■= OSAX. OHG galla G. galle, du. gal, ON. gall. GOTH. *gallin- (hardly ^galzin-) from pre-teut. g^l-. is cogn. w. GR. /oXij x^X^g, lat. fel fellis *gair (whence it. fiele, SPAN, hiel, FR. fiet). Many think it allied with yellow so that gall\N?iS named from its yellowish color.

gair

garden

85

gall 2 'a sore on the skin' me. galle OE. gealla 'a gall' (on a horse) = du. gal 'a windgall', MHG. G. galle 'a foot - disease in horses'; perh. borrowed fr. LAT-ROM. galla a gallnut, an oak- apple' =^ IT. galla ^ SPAN, agalla 'windgalls'. But a confusion of galla with a teut. word of similar phonology is possible, since in sw. dialects too there exists a grdssgaller 'a swelling on a horse's hoof.

gall 3 'a gall-nut': borrowed fr. FR. gale from lat. galla 'a gall- nut, an oak-apple ?

galley me. galeie: adapted fr. FR. galic gaUe (rr. galea = med.- LAT. galea 'a galley').

gallon ME. galoun: a, fr. loan- word: FR. gallon = IT. gallone,

galloon borrowed fr. FK.galon.

gallop ME. galope: borrowed fr. FR. galoper] cp. also wallop.

gallows (the plur. used as sing.) ME. gakves plur. oe. galga gealga 'cross, gibbet' = ohg. osax. galgo, DU. galg, G. galgen, on. galgi, GOTH, galga : a common teut. word, TEUT. galgan- from Kry diXi ghalghan-] cp. lith. zalga 'pole'.

gamble appar. a frequent, of an unrecorded me. *gam(e)ley commonly me. gamene oe. ga- menian 'play at games. Deriv. of game. For the change of n to / cp. MHG. gamel gamen 'pleas- ure". — game 'amusement' me. game oe. gamen gomen = on. OHG. gaman (mhg. gamen garnet)

'play'; prob. ident. w. goth. ga- -man 'communion of men'. The pref. ga- is used collectively; for man cp. man.

gander me. gander oe. gandra\ akin to OE. gps from a teut. base gan-s in goose and cp. gannet.

gang me. gang 'a going, course, way, passage' oe. gang 'a going, way, privy' = osax. du. g. gang 'a going, walk, way, passage', ON. gangr 'a going, a crew'.

gannet me. "^ganet oe. ganot 'swan' ; akin to du. gent 'gander', ohg. ganaxifi 'gander'; cp. a primit. teut. base gan- also in TEUT.-LAT. ganta 'goose'; see gander and goose.

gantlet prop, gantlope 'a mili- tary punishment' corrupted fr. sw. gatlopp 'running down a lane' (sw. gata 'a lane' and lopp 'a running' fr. lopa 'run = e. leap).

gaol see Jail.

gap ME. gap : borrowed fr. on. gap 'opening, breach, chasm'. — gape vb. ME. gape adapted fr. SCAND. gapa 'yawn' :^ du. gapen, G. gaff en 'gape, yawn'.

gar see garlic and gore.

garb borrowed fr. ofr. garbe 'good fashion' from ohg. garawi 'dress' ■=■ oe. gearwe 'preparation, dress'. Cp. gear.

garden me. gardin fr. ofr. (Pi- card.) gardin ^=-'ER. Jardiny which is of Teut. origin : OHG. garto (gen. and dat. gartin) G. garten,

86

gargk

gaunt

OSAX. gardoy goth. garda m. 'a fold'; akin to yard.

gargle borrowed fr. ofr. gar- gouiller 'gargle' fr. gargouille windpipe'.

garland me. gerlaund'. borrow- ed fr. OFR. garlande fr. guirlande, whence du. g. dan. guirlande.

garlic ME. garlek garlick oe. gdr-l(ac\ for lie = oe. /^'ac cp. leek. The first element of the compound is oe. gar 'a spear' (cp.^^r^). Hence garlic prop. *sp ear-leek'.

garment short for me. gar- nement'. borrowed fr. fr. gar- nement y deriv. of fr. garnir 'garnish'. Cp. garnish,

garner me. gerner: adapted fr. ofr. gernier fr. grenier (it. granaro = lat. type grand- riiini).

garnet me. gernet: borrowed fr. FR. grenat (= span, granate, IT. granatd) : source lat. grana- tus 'having many grains or seeds'.

garnish vb. me. garnisshe: borrowed fr. fr. garniss-.^ the stem of certain forms of garnir (= it. guarnire) 'avert, warn, garnish', which is of Teut. origin: teut. base warnjan. — garrison me. garnison: borrowed fr. fr. gar- nison ; deriv. of fr. garnir 'pro- vide, fortify'. Cp. garnish.

garret me. garite: borrowed fr. OFR. garite fr. guerite 'a watch- tawer': derived fr. ofr. garir warir save, keep' fr. guirir (= IT. guarire). Source a teut.

warjan = goth. warjan 'hold, defend'.

garrison see garnish.

garter me. garter e\ borrowed fr. ofr. gariier jartier fr. jarre- tiere'. deriv. of fr. j'arret 'the small of the leg behind the knee'.

gash me. garse garge\ borrow- ed fr. ofr. garser 'scarify'.

gasp vb. me. gaspe oe. '^gdspian'. TEUT. base gaispon = on. geispa 'gasp'. The E. word is not borrowed fr. Scand.

gate^ (cp. gait) 'a way, road' ME. gate : borrowed fr. on. gata (ace. gptu) 'way, path, road' = sw. gata 'a street , lane', dan. gade 'a street'; ident. w. ohg. ga'i^-lfi G. gasse 'a street', goth. gatwo 'a street'.

gate- 'door, gate, opening' me. gate ydte oe. j^eat (plur. gatu leatu) = osax. du. ^at 'a hole, opening, gap', on. gat 'an opening'.

gather me. gadere oe. gaderian (= DU. gaderen, G. dial, gattern) : deriv. of oe. geador (cp. to- gether). Prob. akin to oe. gcede- ling 'cousin, G. gatte 'husband' from the same root as good.

gaud 'a show, ornament' me. gaude: borrowed fr. lat. gau- dium. — gaudy 'merry, bright, showy' fr. gaud and the suffix -j.

gauge see under gage^.

gaunt prob. from Scand. ; cp. NORW. gand 'a thin pointed stick; a tall and thin man'.

gauntlet — gibber

87

gauntlet borrowed fr. ofr. gantelety dimin. of gant = fr. gant (= IT. guanto) *a glove'. Source a teut. (med.-lat.) wanius 'the long sleeve of a tunic, a glove' ; cp. DU. want^ dan. vanfe^ ON. vgttr 'a mitten'.

gauze borrowed fr. fr. gaze 'cushion-canvas, tiffany' ^ span. gas a 'gauze'.

gawk (cp. gowk) 'a cuckoo, fool' ME. goiike: loanword from Qi^.gaukr (whence sc. gowk) ^ OUG. gouh(hh) MHO. gouch G.gauch, OE. K'ac 'cuckoo'.

gay ME. gay: borrowed fr. fr. gai (= IT. gajo) gay, merry'. Source OHG. gdhi quick, sudden' G. gdhe — Jdh.

gaze vb. me. gcise, prob. of Scand. origin: sw. dial, gasa 'gaze, stare'.

gear me. gere points to an oe. *gcere or *gcero, cb being vowel mutation of (i = teut. ai. Perh. akin to oe. ^<7r 'spear (c^. gar lie ^ gore)}

gem me. getmne'. adapted fr. FR. gemme (= vv,gem?na). Source LAT. ge?nma 'a swelling bud, a jewel, a gem', whence also oe. limm, OHG. gimma 'g^^'*

gender me. gender: borrowed fr. OFR. gendre genre fr. genre 'kind, genus, style' {= span. ginero, it. genere 'kind'). Source LAT. gener- in genus 'race, stock'.

german germane adj. formerly gerniain : borrowed fr. fr. ger- main (source lat. germanus),

gesture borrowed fr. med.-lat.

gestura 'a mode of action' from gerere 'carry, behave'.

get ME. gete borrowed fr. on. geta\ oe. ^itan would be me. yite ite\ cp. GOTH, gitan from a teut. \f^ get , pre-TEUT. ghed ghend:^ cogn. w. LAT. praehendere, gr. /avdcLvEiv. Cp. forget.

gewgaw corrupted fr. me. giuegoue prop, gouegoue (pron. gugu'V): adapted of fr. joujou.

ghastly me. gastly oe. gckstlic fr. oe. gcBstan 'frighten' and lie = e. 'ly; cp. aghast.

gherkin ^ du. agurkje ^ dan. agurke^ G. gurke: borrowed as orig. '^agurike fr. pol. ogurik.^ BOHEM. okurka fr. late GR. ayyov- Qior 'a cucumber, gherkin'.

ghost ME. gpst OE. gdst (gcest) = synon. ohg. g. dan. geist, osax. gest: a common Teut. word with the same meaning for which a/ima is used in Goth. The orig. meaning of the word ('excitement?) is not establish- ed; yet on. geisa 'rage' (of fire and passion) and goth. iLsgaisjan 'terrify' seem allied. For the dental formative of teut. gaist (pre-TEUT. ghaisdos) cp. the skr. \fhid (from "^ghizd) be angry', hedas 'anger' with which agrees E. aghast 'angry, excited'; cp. also ghastly.

giant ME. giaimt prop, geaunt fr. FR. giant = lat. gtgant-eniy whence also OE.OHG.^z^^r^/'giant'.

gibber and with other var. gabber gabble, frequentative s of gab of which jabber and

giddy

gist

jabble are the assibil. frequent- atives.

giddy ME. gidy oe. gydiy. orig. perh, 'having a demon, possessed of a demon': deriv. oigod] cp. OE. yljii 'deranged, crazy' prop, 'possessed of elves'.

gift ME. gift yift OE. gift plur. gifta 'nuptials' = du. ohg. gift G. gift in mitgift 'a dowry' and in ohg. g. du. gift 'poison', lit. 'that which is given', goth. gifts in fra- 'promise' with the abstract formative -/ from gifan = give. The initial g in e. me. gift points as in give to Scand. influence.

gig me. gigge 'a whirling thing'; prob. Scand.: on. geiga 'rove at random' ; cp. jig.

gild vb. short for me. glide OE. gyldan: derived with vowel- mutation (teut. gulpjan) fr. gold,

gill* me. gille'. borrowed fr. DAN. gjcelle, sw. gdl\ icel. gjplnar plur. gills'.

gill'- 'one-fourth pint' me. gille : borrowed fr. ofr. gelle- 'a sort of wine-measure' (lat. type gella gillo a wine-vessel).

gillyflower corrupted fr. ofr. giroflie fr. clou de girofe; lat. type caryophyllum 'a clove-tree'.

gimlet borrowed fr. ofr. gi^n- belet FR. gidelet; of Teut. origin, dimin. of the form represented by E. wimble 'a gimlet' cp. wifnble.

gimp adapted fr. fr. gidnipe (ofr. guimple fr. ohg. wimpal 'a light robe' = E. wi7?iple).

gin^ 'a trap, snare' me. (c. i 200) gin and ginn shortened fr. me. engin = fr. engin 'a contrivance'. Source lat. ingenium.

gin'^ 'a kind of spirit' shortened fr. earlier fr. genevre (= fr. genievre) 'juniper' (lat. jufiiperus 'an evergreen shrub').

ginger me. gingir^ earlier gingi- vere from ofr. gengibre fr. gin- gembre (it. zenzero, mhg. ginge- bere from the synon. late lat. gingiber = gr. 'Qiyyi^igK;).

gingerly a Scand. loanword ; sw. . dial, gingla gdngla 'go gently, totter': frequent, of on. ganga 'go'.

gird short for me. girde oe. gyrdan = OSAX. gurdian , DU. gorden, ohg. gurten gurtan G. giirteriy on. gyrda: ■ai}^ weak verbs (teut. gurdjan), ident. w. the str. vb. GOTH, hi-gairdan 'begird'.

girdle me. girdel oe, gyrdel = synon. ohg. gurtil G. giirtely DU. gordel, on. gyrdill: deriv. of gird. — girth me. ge7'th\ adapted h. on. gjord 'a girdle' (gerd 'girth round the waist', GOTH, gairda 'girdle').

girl me. girl gerl\ akin, to lg. g&re 'boy, girl' which is of late occurrence (first record 1652). The / of the E. word (oe. "^gyrel , teut. base gurila-) is dimin.

gist borrowed fr. ofr. gist ^= fr. git from ofr. gesir = fr. gisir 'lie'. Source lat. jaccre 'lie'.

give — glisten

give ME. give fr. on. gefa ; ident. w. i,\^.yeve oe. yfan lefan = osax. g'etmn, du. geven, OHG. g'eban G. gebejiy GOTH, giban'. a common Teut. verb ; cp. also oir. gabivi 'I take', LiTH. gabinti 'bring, procure', gobinii 'fetch' ? Cp. gift.

gizzard me. giser: adapted fr. FR. gisier\ source lat. gizeria *gizzard'.

glad ME. glad OE. glctd 'shining, bright, cheerful, glad' ; ident. w. OHG. ^/<rz/G.^/rt^// 'smooth, shining', DU. glad 'smooth', on. gladr glad, bright'. TEUT. *glada- for aryan ghladho- agrees with OSLOV. gla- diikiL 'smooth', LAT. glaber (for ghladhro^ 'smooth'. The meaning of the E. word is secondary when compared with the orig. meaning smooth'.

glair ME. gleire: adapted fr. ofr. glaire \\\Q white of an q^^^' ^= IT. chiara d'un ovo, whence also G. eierklar (med.-lat. clai-a ovi^.

glance vb. a Scand. loanword; cp. swED. gla?ts J DAN. glauds 'brightness, splendor'.

glare vh.u^. glare; OE.'^gldrian is unauthorized.

glass ME. glas OE. glees: a com- mon Teut. word, (not verified in

GOTH.) = DU. MHG. G. OSW.

svv. Dkii. glas (ouG. glas glass', also 'amber'); but on. gler with change from s to r, thus proving the word to be primit. Teut. i^glaza-'^glasa-). Perh.theOTeut. name of the 'amber' (lat. glesuni) is cognate.

gleam me. glem oe. glce7n 'splendor, brightness, gleam'; akin to osax. gli-fno 'splendor and to .G. glimmer; cp. ohg. glimo gleimo 'glow-worm'. An ARYAn \fghli cp. in ir. gU (fr. base^/^/z^<?-) 'shining, clear' under glee.

glean vb. me. gUne borrowed fr. OYR.glener (fr. glaner) 'glean'.

glede ME. glide glede oe. glida 'a kite' = on. gledi\ deriv. of the TEUT. \f gild in glide (the name of the bird means prop, 'the glider).

glee mirth, joy' me. gle oe. gleo with the by- form gliw = on. gly : TEUT. base gliwa-^ perh. akin to IR. gU (base gleiwo-) 'clear, shining'. Cp. gleam.

gleed (E. dial.) me. glede oe. gled i^glded fr. glodi-) = du. gloed,

OHG. gluot G. glut, ON. glod, GOTH.

'^glo-di- : teut. yfglb under glow.

glen of Celt, origin; cp. gael. IR. gleann 'valley (cymr. Corn. glyn).

glide vb. ME. glide oe. glidan = synon.osAX.^/z^/^;2, T>\].gliJ{d)enj OHG. glitafi G. gleiten, sw. glida, DAN. glide glide, slide'. Cp. glede.

glimmer vb. me. g timer e --= G. gli^nmern, dan. glimre; akin to sw. glimma and osax. glimo 'splendor under gleam.

glimpse vb. me. glmise vb.; akin to glif/imer,

glisten vb. me. glistne oe. glis- nian 'gleam' ; akin to OE. glisian ^= OFRis. glisa 'shine' : teut. \fglit

go

gloat — goal

in glitter me. glitere (oe. "^glito- riati) vb. 'shine' = o^.glitra, G. glitzern. A corresp. strong vb. is ON. gllia^ OS AX. glttan ■=^ ohg. gli'yifin shine' (cp. G. gleissen and GOTH, glitmunjan 'shine').

gloat vb. akin to G. glotzen^ ICEL. glotia ; an oe. glotian is un- recorded; cogn. w. MK.glouteip^. ^gluiian) look sullen.

gloom 0¥..glpm iglgmung) gloom, twilight'; the m is formative (as in bloom J doom)', for the teut. \fgld cp. glow.

glory ME. glgrie glgrie from ofr. glorie = L\T. gloria ; cp . fr. gloire.

gloss vb. akin to mhg. glosen glow'.

glove ME. glove short for glove OE. glpf = ON. glq^ 'glove'.

glow vb. ME. glpwe oE. glpwan str. vb.; cp. du. gloeijen, ohg. gluoen G. glilheny on. gloa 'glow, glitter, shine' : teut. y" glo gle under gloom and e. dial, gleed.

glue me. gliie borrowed fr. ofr. glu 'birdlime'; source lat. glus glutem.

glum adj. from xME. glotnme glombe vb. 'be gloomy'; as gloovty shows, connected with gloom and sw. gldmig 'languid of look'.

glut sb. ME. glut sb. borrowed fr. OFR. glut glout (it. ghiotto) 'a glutton'. — glut vb. ME. glote glute vb. borrowed fr. ofr. glotir gloutir (cp. FR. engloutir 'swallow up ) ; source i.kT.gluttire''s'^?i\\o'^' . — glutton ME. gluioun glotoun: borrowed fr. fr. glouton ofr.

gluton ; source lat. glutto-gluttonem 'glutton'.

gnarl akin to oe. gnyrran.

gnash vb. aie. gnaste 'gnash the teeth'; oe. '^gndstian is akin to ON. gnista 'gnash the teeth'.

gnat ME. gnat{tt) oe. gncett: TEUT. base gnatta-.

gnaw vb. me. gnawe OE. gnagati = OSAX. gnagaUy ohg. (g)nagan G. nagen, on. gnaga\ cp. a by- form with initial k'. du. knagen, OS. hg. knagan 'gnaw ; the G. form nagen arose from gnagen.

go ME. go OE. gdn = OSAX. gdn, DU. gaan, ohg. gdn gen G. gehen. The TEUT. \f ghai- (= oe. gd-^ OHG. ge^ supplanted the aryan y^i 'go' in lat. ire^ gr. Ibvoh^ SKR. yfi. Since teut. gai- has no old primit. noun-derivatives in Teut. and takes the place of the ARYAN \r/ (the aorist goth. iddja r=. OE. eode still remains) and as it is inflected after the ////-conjugation, the supposition arises that teut. '^gaim '^gais "^gaip are contracted fr. the verbal particle ga and the inherited im iz tp = skr. emi csi eti\ cp. GR. £?/</.

goad ME. god OE. gdd\ ident. with LANGOBARD. gaida 'spear': TEUT. base gaido- = pre-TEUT. *g/iai-td; akin to oe. gar, ohg. ger 'spear' under gore, aryan \f ghi ghaim gr. yaXoc, 'shepherd's rod'.

goal borrowed fr. FK.gaule ofr. waule. Source teut. walu = ON. voir J GOTH, walus '■&. staff'.

goat

gossamer

91

goat ME. gate oe.^^V= du. on. geit, OHG. gei^ G. geisSy sw. get^ I DAN. ^<?^, GOTH, gaits 'a goat': cogn. w. LAT. hcediis fr. aryan ghaido-s.

gobble a frequent, with suff. -le fr. FR. ^<?<^<?r 'devour*.

god ME. OE. god = OSAX. DU. god, OHG. ^^/ G. gOft, ON. ^2/^/

^^^. GOTH, guda- gupa- 'god' is based on aryan ghu-to-, -to- being a part, formative as in old, cold,

loud: INDO-TEUT. \f ghti = SKR.

/it2 'implore the gods' (skr. /luld- part.). Therefore god is 'the being implored'; in the veda puriihuta 'much implored* is an ordinary epithet of the god Indra. god in godfather godson goddaughter = me. god -\- com- pound : used in reference to the spiritual relation between them ; cp. gossip.

goggle-eyed me. gogel-eied; the first element of the compound can scarcely be a native E. word and is traced to IR. Gael, gog- shuileach 'goggle-eyed'.

gold ME. OE. gpld=0?,k^. OHG.

G. gold, DU. goud, ON. go II gull

(for *golpa), GOTH. gulp'. ARYAN

ghlto- = OSLOV. zlato = russ. zoloto from ^zolto. The orig. meaning ofthay/^ghel, from which ,gold is derived (cp. lith. gel-tas 'yellow' and skr. hdrita and hari yellow'), is 'yellow ; cp. skr. hi- raiiya gold'. Cp. yellow.

good ME. OE. god = GOTH, gods^

OSAX. god, DU. goed, ohg. guot G. gut, ON. godr. The orig.

meaning of the adj. was prob. 'fit, suitable' from a root mean- ing 'fit, suit seen in gather, together. — goodbye short for orig. »God be by you« (Shakesp. »God buy you«). goose ME. OE. gos (plur. ges) : Teut. base gans- = du. gans, OHG. G. gans , ON. gds ; akin to gander a.nd gannet. An aryan ghan-s- is represented also by skr. hansd-s m. — haiist goose',

N.PERS. ydz, LITH. zqsiS, OSLOV.

gqst , GR. /T\v, LAT. anser (for '^hanser) , oiR. g^is swan' (fr. ghansi).

gore ^ ME. gore 'a gore of cloth, a garment' oe. gdra 'a projecting point of land' ; cp. du. geer 'a gusset, go^re', ohg. gero G. gehre 'a wedge, gusset, gore', on. geiri, NORW. geire, odan. gere 'a gore of cloth or land': deriv. of teut. gaiza- 'spear ^=oe. gar 'a spear, OHG. ger 'a spear. Cp. goad.

gore 2 'mud, blood' me. gore OE. gdr 'mud' = ohg. on. gor 'mud', sw. gorr 'mud'.

gorge ME. gorge borrowed fr. FR. gorge 'throat': source lat. gurges.

gosling dimin. of goose.

gospel ME. gospel oe. god- spell 'the word of God', as shown by ON. gud-spjall, OHG. got-sp'el(ll). Cp. spell.

gossamer me. gossomer repre- senting an OE. type '^gos-sumor

summer of the geese'; cp. the G. names altweibersommer , mdd- chensommer.

92

gossip — grave

gossip ME. gossip earlier gossib OE. god-sibb prop, 'relationship in God'; see the end of the article on god. oe. sibb -=. ohg. sippa, GOTH, sibja means 'relation- ship'.

gouge from fr. gouge.

gourd aje. gourde', borrowed fr. FR. gourde (orig. ofr. gouhourde cougourde\ source lat. cucurbita 'a gourd'.

gout sb. me. goute borrowed fr. fr. goutte 'dropsy': source lat. gutta.

go\vk ident. w. gawk.

gown ME. goune goun fr. ofr. gone 'a gown', which is of Celt, origin (gall. - lat. gunna 'fur- coat').

grab vb. cp. sw. grabba, mlg. grabben^xdiS^'. An Aryan y^/^rM 'to grasp' is found in skk. \^grb/i. 'grasp, seize' — grapsa 'bunch, tuft' and OHG. garba G. garbe 'sheaf'.

grace me. grace fr. fr. grace = lat. gratia 'favor'.

grade borrowed fr. fr. grade: sourceLAT. gradus a step, station'.

graft (Shakesp. gra//) vb, me. graffe 'graft' : deriv. of ofr. graffe 'a style for writing (fr. greffe 'graft'?). Source lat. graphium 'a style for writing.

grail 'fine sand' fr. ofr. graile 'fine, small' = lat. gracilis.

grain me; grain grein from fr. grain: source lat. grdnum 'a grain, corn'.

grammar me. grarmnSre gram- niaire from fr. grammaire.

grange me. graungc. adapt, of FR. grange (lat. type granea granary' deriv. of grdnum' corn).

grant me. graunte vb. adapt, fr. OFR. granter 'caution, secure' (source a lat. type '^credentare vb. — ^credentia sb.).

grape me. grape: loanword fr. OFR. grape grappe 'cluster " of grapes. The fr. word is con- sidered to be of Teut. origin (teut. *krappa>).

grasp ME. grapse perh. for ^grapse oe. ^grdpsian : possibly an intensive deriv. of oe. grd- pian ^= grope.

grass ME. gras o^. grces gcers ^=^

GOTH. ON. OSAX. DU. OHG. G. graS

'herb, growth'. The final s is formative, the V^is^r^r meaning 'sprout, grow'; cp. grozv and green.

grasshopper xME. grashopper orig. gras hoppe o^. gcers-hoppa {= DU. grashupper lg. grashiipper^ : 'an insect which hops about in the grass'. Cp. hop.

grate sb. me. grate: source LAT. crates 'a hurdle'. — grate vb. M^. grate vb. from ofr. grater 'scratch' (fr. gratter), which is prob. of Teut. origin (ohg. krazzon G. kratzeti) .

grave vb. me. grave oe. grafajt 'dig' = GOTH. OHG. graban G. gra- beny DU. graven dig , on. grafa : TEUT. \j^grab = ARYAN ghrabJi, orig. related to oslov. grebq 'dig' and grobU grave'.

grave adj. from fr. grave 'stately'.

gravel — grizzly

93

gravel me. gravH borrowed fr. OF^.gravekj dimin. oi oyk. grave rough sand* fr. greve 'strand'.

gravy earlier orthography grea- vy, akm to greaves}

gray grey me. gray grey oe. grcky^ akin to du. grauw, ohg. grdo (infl. grdwer) g. grau, on. grdr, which represent a Teut. base grdwa- grewa- (oe. grcbj^ pointing to a h^ise grdga-grega- ?).

graze vb. 'feed cattle' me. grdse OE. grasian = G. grasen : deriv. of TEUT. grasa- = grass.

grease me. grese grffe : adapted from OFR.^'^r<?^^<? (fr, graisse) 'fat- ness'. Source lat. crassus 'fat'.

great me. gr^t oe. gr(at; cp. OSAX. grot, DU. grooty ohg. gro'z^ G. gross 'great': teut. grauta-.

greaves cogn. w. g. griebe ohg. griubo 'greaves'?

greedy me. gredy oe. gredi^ grcedii == osAX. grddag, ohg. grd- tag, ON. grddtigr, goth. gredags 'hungry' ' derived from a teut. gredu- 'hunger = goth. grhius, ON. grddr 'hunger'. Perh. akin to the SKR. \fgrdh 'to be greedy': KSCiK^\f ghredh ghrdh.

green me. oe. grene : Teut. base groni- = OSAX. groni, OHG. gruoni g. griln 'green', ON. grcenn, sw. DAN. gron : deriv. of the teut. yfgro in grow and grass. The adj. orig. means 'growing.

greet vb. me. grete oe. gretan =1 OSAX. grdtjdn, du. groeten, on. grceta , ohg. gruoT^yxn G. grussen : teut. type grotjan 'greet'.

grey see ^r^y. — greyhound

ME. greihound formed aft.er on. greyhu?idr 'greyhound'; cp. on. grey 'dog'?

griddle me. gredel 'griddle': a CELT, loanword; cp. ir. greideal 'griddle' (fr. a lat. '^crdtelld),

grief ME. gref (= odu. grief) : adapted fr. ofr. gref 'heavy' — FR. grief 'injury' (source i-at. grevis for gravis). — grieve vb. ME. greve vb. 'burden, injure' fr. OFR. grever.

grill vb. adapted fr. fr. griller broil on a gridiron'.

grim ME. OE. gri7n {fm?i): teut. base grimma- = OSax. ohg. grim G. grimniy ON. grimmr: cogn. w. OE. OHG. gram 'angry' G. gram.

grin vb. me. grinne grenne oe. gremiian 'show the teeth, snarl, grin'; cogn. w. grind.

grind vb. me. grinde oe. grindan str. vb. : teut. \fgr'end = aryan ghrendh in lat. frendere 'gnash'.

gripe WE. gripe O'E.gripan str. vb. = 0SAX.g7'ipa?iy DU. grijpetiy ohg. grifan G. greifen , goth. greipan 'gripe, seize'. Outside of Teut. cp. the related \fghrib in lith. greibiu greibti 'seize' and lett. griba will' — gribet 'to will".

grisly me. grisly short for oe. gryslic {angrysltc) 'terrible, hor- rible'.

grist ME. grist short for oe. grist lit. 'a grinding': deriv. of gri?td.

grit 'gravel' me. gret oe. greot = ohg. grioT, G. gries, on. grj'dt.

grizzly fr. me. grisel 'a gray- haired man': deriv. fr. FR. gris'

94

groan — gudgeon

gray'. Source a teut. gris- 'gray' in G. greis.

groan vb. me. grgne oe. grdnian moan': intensive deriv. of a str. vb. ^grt-nan = ohg. grinan G. greinen 'weep', DU. grijnen.

groat sb.ME.^r^'/f^: a continental teut. word : mlg. odu. grdte, du. groot^ G. groschen.

grocer borrowed fr. ovk. grassier (lat. type grossarius 'a wholesale dealer, cp. fr. engros'yi\io\& sale').

groin corrupted fr. ofr. grine FR. grain 'the fork of a tree or of a river, a groin'.

groom ME.^r<9>?/ 'boy': borrowed fr. OFR. gramme gaurme, whence OFR. gramet 'servant'.

groove ME. grove 'a pit' = du. graeve graef ohg. gruaba G. grube, ON. graf, GOTH, groba] from oe. grafan =^ grave.

grope vb. me. grope oe. gr apian) intensive formation of gripe = OE. gripan.

ground me. ground oe. grund orig. grUnd = osax. g. grtmd, DU. grand, ohg. grunty on. grund 'meadow' — grunnr {ix.'^grunpus) 'bottom of the sea', gotu. grundus in grunduwaddjus 'foundation , lit. *a ground-wall'.

group borrowed fr. fr. graupe (=: IT. groppo),

grove me. grgi>e oe. grdf grove'; TEUT. base graiba- graifa-. The me. by-form gr^ve greve 'grove, wood' corresponds to OY.. grckfe ■=■ TEUT. base graibjon- ?

grovel vb. with the 2^^^. groveling UE. g7'oveling(es) grufling{es)\ akin

to ME. agruf agrouve 'groveling' and ON. a grufu groveling' — griifa vb. 'bow down'. The e. word seems to be a Scand. loanword.

grow vb. ME. grgwe oe. groman ^= DU. groeijen, ohg. gruoan mho. grilejen, ON. groa, sw. dan. gro: TEUT. \fgrdy whence green and perh. also grass.

growl ME.growle from T>v.grollen = g. grallen.

grub vb. ME. grubbe 'dig': teut. yfgrab under grave] cp. ohg. grubilon (g. griibeln 'brood, pour over).

grudge vb. me. grugge earUer grucche (short for "^grouchenT)'. borrowed fr. oyk. groucher groucer murmur.

gruel ME. griiel: borrowed fr. OFR. gruel = FR. gruau (lat. type grutellum, dimin. of med.- LAT. grutwn 'meal').

gruff borrowed fr. du. graf = sw. grof, dan. grov g. grab,

grumble loanword fr. fr. grom- meler ; akin to mdu. grotmnelen, frequent. of mdu. grummen grommen 'murmur'.

grunt vb. me. grtinte grante OE. grunnettan ; ident. w. g. grunzen, dan. grynte, sw. grynta. A more primit. stem appears in OE. grunian 'grunt'. The yfgrun is imitation of sound; cp. lat. grunnire.

guarantee see warrant.

guard vb. borrowed fr. fr. guarder, see ward.

gudgeon borrowed fr. YR.goujon (jviE. *gugeon ^^gougeounT),

guess — Gypsy

95

guess vb. x\!E. gesse: prob. not a native word, but borrowed fr. the continent (du. lg. gissen) or fr. the Scand. (dan. gisse^ sw. gissd). A native me. gesse would point to an oe. *getsian (cp. bless OE. bletsiati) = teut. base *gdtisdn ?

guest ME. gest borrowed fr. SCAND. gestr guest'; there was a native oe. pst ^iest, which was supplanted by the Scand. loan- word. SCAND. gestr OE. pst = OHG. OSAX. G. DU. gast represent a TEUT. base gasti-z = lat. /lostis 'enemy', oslov.^^j// 'guest': aryan base ghostis,

guide vb. me. glde borrowed fr. FR. guider (ofr. also gtder = ME. gie vb.).

guild ME. gi/de oe. gy/d; cp. DU. gi/d, G. gi/de.

guile sb. me. gi/e borrowed fr. OFR. gui/e 'treachery', which is of Teut. , origin ; cp. wi/e.

guilt sb. ME. gf/t OE. gy/t 'a. crime': teut. base gu//i; a \fgtdt is unknown elsewhere.

guise me. gise fr. ofr. guise 'way, wise', which is of Teut. origin; cp. wise.

gulf adapted fr. fr. golfe, whence also G. golf. The Rom. group Span. it. golfo 'a gulf, bay' is based on gr. n6A<f)ng xoXnog 'bosom, lap, a deep hollow'.

gullet sb. 'throat' me. gullet golet borrowed fr. fr. goule 'throat' = LAT. gula.

guml short for me. gome OE. gp'ma 'palate'; cp. on. gomry ohGi guomo 'palate'; cogn. with the equival. lith. gomurys'. aryan ^ghd {ghduT).

gum 2 ME. gomme gumme: bor- rowed fr. FR. gom?ne = it. gofnma : source lat. gwnmi (gr. y.6/Li/Lii).

gun ME. gunne gonne] the me. word was first applied to a cata- pult or machine for throwing stones ; perh. shortened for ofr. mangonnej which is the base of OFR. ME. mangonel 'machine for throwing stones'.

gush vb. ME,gusche prop.gousc/ie; akin to on. gusa vb. *gush\ odu. guisen 'gush' : teut. \Pgut in goth. giutan, OE. j^eotan^ ohg. gio'i^yin G. giessen 'pour out'.

gut xME. OE. gut (plur. ME. guttes OE. guttas) : Teut. base guttu-.

gutter ME. gutire gotdre fr. fr. g outlier e (ofr. goutier^ lat. type guttarium : deriv. of lat. gutta 'drop').

Gypsy short for me. Egip(i(n Egyptian ; cp. span. port, gitano Gypsy' from Aegyptidnus\ mod.- greek rvffjToc aus AtyvnroQ. The Gypsies were popularly supposed to be Egyptians.

96

habergeon — hale

H

habergeon me. habergeon haw- berjoun: borrowed fr. ofr. hauber- gon hauberjofiy dimin. of ofr. hauberc\ see hauberk.

habit ME. ablt: adapted fr. fr. habit garment, habit, a custom': source lat. habitus 'condition, habit, dress'.

hack vb. me. hakkc oe. haccian (hceccean) = -DV.hakken, G. hacken, sw. hakka^ DAN. hakke\ possibly from the y^ haww haw seen in OE. hcawan = e. hew.

hack''^; see hackney.

hackle hatchel sb. me. hekel hechel] cogn. w. du. hekel, g. hechel\ sw. hdckla , dan. hegle (goth. '^hakila).

hackney me. hakeney. borrow- ed fr. FR. haquenie 'an ambling horse' (=: odu. hackeneye, span. hacanea 'a hackney).

haft me. haft oe. h(Eft\ cogn. w. DU. heft, ON. hepti, ohg. hefti G. heft'. TEUT. Y" haf (cp. heavy) = ARYANyfkap in lat. capio 'take'.

hag ME. hagge short for oe. hce^tesse = mdu. haghetisse, ohg. haga-zussa'. the first part of the compound is perh. ident. w. haw, the second pWt still un- explained.

haggard ^ adj. adapted fr. fr. hagard 'wild , lit. 'of the woods'; formed fr. ohg. haga with the Fr. suffix -ard from G. -hart\ cp. hag.

haggard ^ adj. 'lean, meager' (earlier spelling haggcd) prop. *hag-like'.

hail sb. ME. hail (haul) oe. hceiel (hagol) = du. g. sw. dan. hagel, ohg. hagal, on. hag I: Teut. bases hagla- and hagala-. Perh. cogn. w. gr. yM^lrjE, 'a round pebble'. A single pebble is called stone' : e. hailstone oe. hceielstdn, = on. haglsteinn.

hail adj. (ident. w. hale adj.) ME. /^^z7 'healthy, sound': Scand. loanword (on. heilt) superseding the native oe. hdl =z e. whole. — hail vb. 'greet, salute' me. heile, formed fr. the me. adj. heily which was borrowed fr. O'ti.heill. — hail (an exclamation of greeting) ME. heil from ON. heill 'hale, whole' (esp. used in , greeting as far heill 'farewell').

hair (earlier spelling hear heare in the i6. cent.) me. Mr oe. hii' h(ir = ON. hdr, osax. ohg. mhg. hdr, du. DAN. g. haar, sw. hdr\ Teut. base her a- {heza-T). Orig. allied are ON. haddr, oe. heard (goth.* hazda-) 'hair'. Outside of Teut. cp. OSLOV. kosmu kosa (Lith. kasd) 'hair' — cesati vb. 'comb'.

hale adj. (ident. w. hail adj.) fr. ON. heill sound'; cp. whole.

hale haul vb. 'drag' me. hale OE. (j^eholian and) '^lehalian = OSAX. halon, ofris. haliaj'DV. halen, OHG. holon (halon) G. holen. The

half — hnmper

97

TEUT. y/^hal hoi answers to lat. caldre, GR. xalslv 'summon*.

half ME. /la// OE. healf^= goth. halts ^ ON. hdlfry ohg. g. halb^ OSAX. DU. sw. half, DAN. halv. Teut. base halba-y perh. cogn. w. SKR. klpay 'arrange, divide'.

halibut holibut me. halibut \ from ME. hgly 'holy' and butie 'a plaice'; cp. du. heilbot 'halibut', sw. helgjlundra, dan. helleflynder ; the fish is so called because it is excellent eating for holydays; cp. SCAND. heilagr fiskr i lg. heilige butt and heilbutt.

hall ME. halle OE. heall = on. hall hglly os ax. ^^//rt-, du. hal. teut. \Phdl he I in oe. >^<!//i?;'2 'hide' = DU. helen^ ohg. /^^7^/2 G. hehlen\ cp. ARYAN y"/^l/ 'conceal, cover' in LAT. celdre occulere, gr. y/^xaX in xaXvTTTCO hide' — xaXv(-Jrj 'hut', oiR. ^^//;« 'I hide'; skr. fdla 'house'.

hallow vb. me. hdlwe short for OE. hdl^ian: from oe. hdli^ = E. holy, — hallowmass 'feast' shortened from All Hallotvs Mass 'mass of all saints'; hallows* is the gen. of hallows^ plur. of me. hal{o)we *a saint' ^=^ OE. hdlga 'a saint' from OE. hdli^ 'holy'. Cp. holy.

halo . borrowed fr. lat. - gr. halos 'circle around the sun or moon'.

halt adj. me. halt oe. healt = GOTH, halts, on. haltr, oSAX. halt, OHG. halz: Teut. base halta-, pre-TEUT. ^oldo — klodo in LAT. claudus halt', gr. vXaiSagoq

English Etymology.

'brittle'. — halt vb. me. halte oe. healtian (= OHG. '^halzen mhg. halzen 'limp') from oe. healt = halt adj. 'lame'. "

halter me. halter oe. hcelftre — MDU. halfter du. halster , ohg. halftra g. halfter \ closely allied to oe. hylf m. = e. helve 'handle', OHG. halp. From the same root are derived with w-formation ME. halme 'handle', OHG. halmo mjioh- 'rope fastened to the yoke to guide the oxen'.

halyard halliard 'a rope for hoisting sails' shortened from hale-yard, because the ropes haul the yards into their places. Cp. hale vb. and yard.

ham ME. hamme oe. hamm lit. 'bend of the leg'; Teut. base havima- from an Aryan kanmd- kndnid' in gr. yLvrjf.irj ? OIR. cndi?n (base kndmi-) bone'.

hame 'horse-collar' me. hdnie (oe. "^hamd) = du. haam, g. hainen'. Teut. base haman- cogn. w. GR. y.rji^ioc, LAT. cdmus 'muzzle'.

hamlet me. ha?nelet] formed with dimin. suffix -et from ofr. ham el (= Fr. hameaii) : source a Teut. word ofris. hdm = e. home (with dimin. suffix -ef).

hammer me. hamer oe. hamor ■=^ ON. ha?narr , osAX. hamur, OHG. hamar G. hammer', on. hamarr denotes also 'rock, cliff', pointing to relationship with OSLOV. kamy 'stone'.

hamper vb. :me. hampere ha?npre vb.

hamper sb. borrowed fr. ofr. 7

98

hand — hard

hanapier, orig. 'a vessel to keep | cups in' from ofr. hanap (Lat. \ type hanapiii) goblet'. The Fr. hanap is of Teut. origin; cp. OE. hno'py OHG. hnapf G. napf^ MLG. DU. nap.

hand me. oe. hand hgnd = GOTH, handus, on. hgnd, ohg. hant G. OSAX. DU. hand', prob. derived fr. teut. goth. hinpan 'catch' (cp. hound and hunt).

— handle vb. i^e. handle oe. handlian = DU. handelen , on. hg7idlay ohg. hantalon g. handehi : frequent, vb. derived fr. hand.

— handle sb. me. handel oe. handle from handle vb. — hand- cuff 'a cuff {ox the hand adopted fr. me. handcops 'a handcuff' from oe. handcops 'a handcuff' from OE. hand 'hand' and cops 'a fetter'.

— handicraft with unorig. in- serted i (after handiwork) from OE. handcrcBft. — handiwork me. handiwerc oe. hand-^eweorc from OE. hond and "yeweorc ident. w. weorc. The i is due to the prefix OE. le.

handsome me. handsom prop, 'easy to handle'. — handy me. hendy oe. hendii in listhe?tdii} Akin w. GOTH, handugs clever', DU. handig 'handy, expert'; perh. not derived fr. hand, but akin to GR. 'Azvrko 'prick, spur'; cp. OHG. ha n tag 'sharp.

hang vb. me. haiige oe. hangian ■=. OHG. hangen G. hangen'. deriv. of a str. vb. teut. Vianhan = GOTH. OHG. hdhan = oe. hgn (for * hdhan)', cp. hunger.

hanker vb. akin to du. hunker en (dial, hanker eti) 'long after'; prob. akin to hang and hunger.

hap sb. me. hap borrowed fr. SCAND. happ 'chance, good luck'; cp. oe. j^ehcep 'fit'. — Hence happen vb. me. happene ex- tended for me. happen (cp. swed. happd). — Cp. perhaps.

harass vb. loanword fr. fr. harasser Vex'.

harbor sb. me. herberwe, earlier (i2. cent.) herberge inn, lodging, guest house': Scand. loanword, cp. ON. herberge 'inn, lodging' = OHG. heri-b'erga 'guest house' (prop, 'sheltering place for the army') G. herberge, du. herberg. The first part of the compound is OE. here = ohg. osax. heri, GOTH, harjis 'army'. The second part is derived fr. a lost str. vb. TEUT. bergan 'shelter'. — harbinger me. herbergeour 'one who provides lodgings : deriv. of OFR. herberg er vb. 'lodge, quarter which is a deriv. of OFR. herberge {= fr. auberge). This is ident. w. ohg. herib'erga (see harbor).

hard adj. ms.. hard oe. h(ard', perh. the me. phonology points to its being borrowed from on. hardr. Cp. osax. du. hard, ohg. herti hart G. hart 'hard, solid, heavy, painful', on. hardr, sw. hard, dan. haard, goth. hardus 'hard, severe': Teut. base hardu- = ARYAN kartu- in GR. y.oarvq {v-dgxa). — hardy adj. me. hardy borrowed fr. fr. hardi w'hich is

hards — hasp

99

of Teut. origin; cp. ohg. harti herti under hard,

hards sb. 'the refuse or coarse part of flax' ME. hei'des OE. heordan plur. hards of flax'; akin to oe. heord, on. haddr 'hair' ?

hare me. hare oe. hara = OHG. haso G. hase; for the rhotacism in E. cp. on. here: Teut. base hasan- hazan-\ an ARYAN kaso- is represented in the synon. skr. ^agciy opruss. sasins 'hare'. The Aryan name of the animal points perh. to the OE. adj. haso hasu gray'.

hark vb. me. herke (oe. '^Mrcian "^hyrciari) from a Teut. base "^hauziqon ■= OFRis. hirh'a, mlg. horken g. horchen mhg. horchen late OHG. horechen from *hdrah- hon: derived fr. the teut. \fhauz in GOTH, hausjan = e. hear. — harken vb. me. herkne short for OE. h^rcnian hyrcnian\ an E. derivative of the verb hear\ cp. talk and telly lurk and lower,

harlot ME. harlot a disorderly person' (of either sex) : loan- word fr. OFR. harlot 'vagabond'.

harm me. harm, oe. hear in = OSAX. harm ohg. hara7?i 'insult, mortification'; cogn. w. oslov. sramu (fr. '^sormu) 'shame, dis- grace'.

harness :me. harneis] borrowed fr. OFR. harneis armor', whence also G. harnisch.

harp me. ha?-_pe oe. hearpe; cp. synon. ON. harpa, du. harp, ohg. harp/a harfa G. harfe. The Teut.

word occurs first in the 5*^ cent, as LAT. harpa \ fr. harpe is of Teut. origin.

harpoon adopted fr. fr. harpon, whence also DU. harpoen (g. har- pune). Source lat. harpago(nem).

harrow sb. me. harwe (point- ing to OE. "^hearwe or ^hearge) ; perh. akin to the synon. g. harke, DU. hark, ON. herfi, dan. harVy SW. hcerf 'harrow'.

harry vb. me. herie herien oe. her^ian herigan 'overcome with an army' (= GOTH, "^harjon, on. herja 'go on a plundering ex- pedition', OHG. her ion g. ver- heeren)'. derived fr. teut. harja- 'army' under harbor.

harsh adj. late me. harsk: a Scand. loanword; cp. dan. osw. harsk 'rancid'.

hart sb. me. hert oe. heart (heorot) = du. hert, ohg.' hiruT^ hirz G. hirs now hirsch, on. hjgrtr, sw. hjort , dan. hiort\ Teut. base *herut- from aryan kerud-, cogn. with lat. cervus 'hart' and gr. 'ABganQ (lit. 'horned' from Aboaq 'a horn'), KYMR. carw hart, PRUSS. sirwis, osloy . siirna 'roe'.

harvest me. hervest oe. hcerf est ^ DU. herfst, ohg. herbist G. herbst: related to eat. carpere 'pluck', GR. y.aoTTog 'fruit', x{;a>'- 7T10V 'a pruning-knife', skr. krpana 'sword', LIT. klrp-ii 'shear'.

hash sb. from fr. hacher vb. 'hack' (of Teut. origin , cp. hack vb.).

hasp me. haspe oe. hceps (for 7*

lOO

haste — hawk

*hcBSp) = DAN. SW. G. MHG.

haspCy ON. hespa 'hasp'.

haste vb. me. haste: loanword fr. OFR. haster (fr. hater), whence alsro DU. haasten, G. hasten make haste'. The fr. vb. is prob. a Tent, loanword.

hat sb. ME. hat (plur. hattes) OE. hcet (plur. hattas) = on. Apttr 'hood, cowl', sw. hatt, dan. hat 'hat' : Teut. base hattu- cogn. w. hood sb. and perh. also with LAt. cassis (for ^cat-tis) 'helmet'.

hatch vb. me. hacche\ cp. MHG. hecken 'produce young from eggs by incubation' G. aushecken 'hatch', sw. hdcka 'breed', dan. hcekkebuur 'breeding cage'.

hatch sb. 'halfdoor' me. hacche OE. hcEcc'^ cogn. w. DU. hekl

hatchel see hackle sb.

hatchet sb. me. hacchet'. loan- word from FR. hachette, dimin. of FR. hache 'axe': source a teut. hakka cp. hack vb.

hate vb. me. hate older hdtien OE. hatian = goth. hatan, du. haten, OSAX. haton, ohg. haT^i^on g. hassen. — hate sb. me. hate influenced by the vb. hdte\ earlier me. h(te OE. hete = OSAX. heti, DU. haat, ohg. ha^^ g. hassy ON. hatr, sw. hat, dan. had, GOTH, hatis. The teut. \f hat 'hate' is perh. ident. w. the Teut. y^ hap in oe. heado-

war' = OHG. hadu and G. hader 'quarrel'.

hatred me. hatrMe{n): abstr.

noun from the vb. hate) cp. kindr ed.

hauberk me. hauberk borrowed fr. OFR. hauberc] source ohg. halsb'erc prop, 'neck-defence'.

haughty adj. me. hautein 'arro- gant' from OFR. hautain] source OFR. haut = LAT. a/tus 'high'.

haul see ha/e vb.

haunch sb. me. haunche: loan- word from FR. hanche (ofr. hanke of Teut. origin ; cp. ohg. anka ?) .

haunt vb. me. haunte borrowed fr. fr. hanter 'haunt, frequent'.

have ME. have oe. habban = OSAX. hebbian, du. hebben, ohg. haben G. haben, on. hafa, goth. haban'. Teut, base habai-^ ident. w. LAT. habere'^ Aryan base khabhey ?

haven ms.. hdven late oe. hcefene, prob. a Scand. loanword; cp. ON. hgfn 'haven ; perh. allied to oe. hcef, ON. haf 'ocean'.

haversack borrowed fr. fr. havresac 'a knaf)sack' from G. habersack hafersack 'a sack for oats'.

haw ME. hawe oe. hag a 'an inclosure' = on. fiagi\ cp. ohg. hag 'an inclosure' G. hag 'a hedge', DU. haag 'a hedge, garden'. A corresponding Aryan \f kagh is evident in cymr. cae, corn, ke 'hedge'. — Hence hawthorn OE. hagu-porn. Cp. hedge.

hawk ME. hauk oe. heafoc] cp. OSAX. ^habuc in tlie proper name Habuc-horst y DU. havik , ohg. habuh G. habicht with secondary

hawser — heart

lOI

/, ON. haukr (for hgbukr) , sw. h'dk^ DAN. hdg\ GOTH, '^habuks with formative -ka- as in ahaks 'dove'. The \fhaf is seen in OE. hebban e. heave orig. 'take, seize' as in lat. caper e.

hawser 'a tow-rope' borrowed fr. the OFR. vb. haulser 'raise, tow a boat' (Lat. type altiare 'elevate, raise').

hay ME. hey oe. he^ hii : Teut. base hauja- = goth. hawi (gen. haujis) 'hay, grass', ohg. hewi houwi G. heUy on. hey^ sw. DAN. hOy DU. hooi\ orig. verbal adj. of the Teut. verbal sfhau seen in hew. Hence hay 'grass to be hewn' (orig. hauja- sc. grasa-).

hazel ME. hdsel oe. hcBsel = DU. hazel, ohg. hasala G. hasel, ON. y^rt^i-/: from pre-TEUT. kdslo-, hence in Lat. with rhotacism corulus for *cosulus 'hazel'; cp. also oiR. coll 'hazel' for ^cosH

he me. oe. he = osax. hi.

head short for ME. • hal fuller form hived o^. he'afod= ON^. haufup (hpfiif), GOTH, haubip y osAX. hobidy DU. hoofd, OHG. houbit o. haupt'. Teut. base haubida- hau- biida- is closely allied to OE. hiife, OHG. huba G. haube 'cap, hood'. This ti-xool (ARYAN ktip- ?) may be connected with lat. caput, if this is traceable to an hypo- thetical ^cauput *cdput. — head var. suffix of -hood.

heal vb. me. h^'le oe. hdlan] cp. the synon. osax. helian, du. heelen, OHG. heilan G. heilen, on. hcila, GOTH, hailjan 'heal' : deriv.

! of the Teut. adj. haila- -= e. : whole (cp. also hail adj. — hale adj.). — health me. helthe oe. /^^^ 'healing, cure' = ohg. heilida'. an abstract formation from the adj. hdl 'whole, hale' (see whole).

heap ME. h4p oe. heap 'heap, troop, crowd' = oSAX. hop, DU. hoop, OHG. houf 'crowd, troop' G. haufe 'crowd , troop , pile' {GOTi^.^haups). OSLOV. kupu and LTfH. kaupas 'heap' are prob. allied.

hear vb. me. here oe. her an (wEST-SAX. hyran) = osAX. horian, DU. hooren, OHG. horan G. horen, on. heyra, sw. hora, DAN. hdre\ all with rhotacism versus goth. hausjan 'hear (cp. harkdiXid hearken). The teut. \fhauz = ARYAN kous may be connected with gr. a-xovco for d-y.ovOro (with prefix n- = SKR. sam) and with teut. auso 'ear' :=: ear.

hearken var. of harken; cp. hark.

hearse sb. me. herse her^e orig. 'a triangular harrow', then 'a carriage for a dead body': adopted fr. O^r. herce 'a harrow' = FR. herse 'a harrow'. Source LAT. hirpex — hirpicem 'a harrow'.

heart me. herte oe. heorte', equivalent to osax. h'erta, on. hjarta, goth. hairtb (ohg. herza G. herz by the second sound- shifting): Teut. base h'ertdn- or hertan- = Aryan base herd krd in LAT. cor cordis, gr. vagdia

I02

hearth — heel

and y./jp for ^yS]pd, IR. criWe, OSLOV. sridice 'heart'.

hearth me. herth oe. heor^ = DU. heerd^ OSAX. herth, g. herd'. a TEUT. \pher 'burn' (cp. lat. cre-mare 'burn'?) may be as- sumed as the base of e. hearth and GOTH, hauri^ coaV plur. haurja 'fire', ON. hyrr 'fire'.

heat sb. ME. hete oe. hckto, the abstract sb. from the adj. oe. hat (= E. hot^ formed by vowel mutation (goth. ^haitei f. heat'). — heat vb. me. hete oe. hdtan'. a factitive vb. from the adj. oe. hat = E. hot (goth. '^haitjan from "^ halts) \ cp. G. heizen.

heath me. h4th oe. hdp = ^ OHG. hezda G. heide 'heath', GOTH, haipi 'a waste', on. heidr. Hence heathen me. h(then oe. hcBden corresponding to on. heidinn, DU. mhg. heiden G. heide. In goth. we find only a femi- nine half no 'a heathen woman', whereby the existence of the common Teut. masculine haipina is secured for the fourth cen- tury. It seems to be a trans- lation of the synon. lat. paganus occurring in the latter half of the fourth century of the Chris- tian era.

heave vb. me. h(ve earlier hcbbe OE. hebban str. vb. = on. hefja, OSAX. hebbian, du. heffen, OHG. heffan hevan G. heben, goth. hafjan *lift, raise': aryan. \pkap in LAT. capio 'seize'. See ^^h,eavy.

^eaven j\ie. h§ven oe. heofon = OSAX. h'eban (lg. hatveii) with a by-form himily ohg. hi7nily du. hemel, g. sw. dan. himmel'. the /-suffix stands by dissimilation for the older /z-suffix after goth. himinSy ON. himinn, whilst in the Saxon forms the orig. m is dis- similated to b. The common Teut. word is prob. a deriv. of a more primit. teut. haiman- 'clearness , brightness' (ofris. hdmlicht 'bright as the sky'): TEUT. yf hai in G. heiter, OE. hd-dor 'serene'. Cp. hoar.

heavy ms.. hevy oe. hefii = OHG. hebig, ON. hgfugr 'heavy': deriv. of the teut. sT haf in heave.

hedge me. hegge oe. hecg (oe. also he-^e me. heye haye)'. Teut. base hagja-\ cp. ohg. hecka G. hecke, DU. hegge heg. C^. haw.

heed vb. me. hede oe. hedan = OSAX. hodian, ohg. huoten g. huteiiy DU. hoeden. The teut. \fhdd from Aryan kadh {kodhT) or kdt is regarded as orig. cogn. w. LAT. cassis (for *cat-tis) 'hel- met'; cp. hood sb. / heel sb. me. hele oe. hela hcela shortened from *hdhila = east- FRis. he/a (whence du. hiet), dimin. of oe. hoh 'heel'; a Teut. base hanha- cp. in on. hckll 'heel', DAN. hal., sw. hdl, and in e. hough.

heel vb. 'incline' shortened from me. heide oe. Mldan hyldan = OHG. heldan w. vb. 'incline': Teut. base halpjan derived fr. the Teut. adj. halpa- 'inclined'

heifer — hen

103

in OE. niderheald 'bent down- wards'.

heifer me. haifer {heckfre) oe. heah/ore heahfre {^ hcEgfreH) 'a young cow': apparently a com- pound, but of obscure elements. the first element seems to be heah' hcey- = teut. haha- haga- cp. G. dial, hagen hegel bull, ox'; the second element is perh. oe. fearr 'bull, ox' (gr. 770 o/c heifer).

height M'E.heghte earlier heghthe oe. hehpo hyhpo '= goth. /lau- hipa 'height', ON. hckd'. abstr. formation from the teut. adj. hauha- z= high formed with suff. -i^a (cf. length, strength.).

heinous me. heinous from ofr. hdinos = fr. haineux 'hateful'.

heir me. heir eir from ofr. heir eir = LAT. heres 'an heir'.

hell ME. he//e oe. he//; cp. GOTH. ha//a, OSAX. he// — he//ia, OB.G.he//(i G.ho//e: common Teut. Christian name for 'Hades, in- fernum'; ON. he/ shows that the older orig. word was also used in pre-Christian times for heathen 'infernum'. Cp. also on. He/ 'goddess of death'. Usually con- nected with Y" he/ ha/ 'conceal' (cp. ha//), hence ^^// 'the hid- ing place, the unseen place'.

helm sb. me. he/me oe. he/ma', cp. ON. hj'a/m 'a rudder'.

helmet dimin. of me. oe. h'e/m. In the form /fe/ma- 'helmet' com- mon to the Teut. langs.; cp. GOTH, hi/ms, ON. /ija/mr, sw. DAN. hje/7n, OSAX. DU. G. he/7n with the same meaning that may be

derived fr. the verbal \f he/ in OE. OHG. he/an, goth. hi/an 'hide, conceal' (aryan \f/ie/ in lat. ce/are , occulere , skr. (arman protection').

help vb. ME. he/pe oe. he/pan := goth. Jii/pan, on. hja/pa, sw. hje/pa, DAN. }ijce/pe, oSAX. he/pan, DU. LG. he/pen, OHG. he/fan G. he/fen. teut. y/^h'e/p from pre- TEUT. \f/ze/h' (lith. sze/pti vb. pasza/pa 'help' pointing to an ARYAN \fke/p).

helve sb. me. he/ve oe. he/f hy/f: Teut. base ha/bi-\ cp. mlg. MDU. he/ve, ohg. ha/ba he/ba mho. he/p ha/p 'a handle. See /la/ter.

hem sb. me. hem (plur. /tcmfnes) OE. hem (plur. hemvias): Teut. base /lamja-.

hemlock me. hem /ok hum /ok OE. h(m/ic hpn/ec, the second part of the compound seems to be explanatory (cp. /eek), the first part points to a Teut. base ^haumi- ?

hemp ME. /lemp oe. hcsnep', cp. ON. hampr, DU. hennep, ohg. hanaf G. hanf\ ident. w. the synon. LAT. cannabis, GR. y,dvva(^ig. The Teut. word cannot be borrowed from GR. or lat. Perh. the Teutons adopted the word and the thing from the Scythians whence ^he word came also to Greece.

hen ME. oe. he/i (stem henn-): the fem. of OE. hana 'cock' = ohg. henna G. henne (goth.. *ha7ijo-) derived fr. hana m. 'cock'). ON. hcena (SAV. hona

04

hence

hidei

'hen') points to goth. "^honjo. The common teut. masc. hanan- (goth. oe. hanay ohg. hano) orig. meant 'singer', primit. re- lated to LAT. canere 'sing'.

hence me. hennes with secon- dary -s (as in thence, once) for an earher henne, which by syn- cope stands for late oe. heonane mostly OE. heonan = OSAX. ohg. hindn (g. von hinneri). An origi- nal stem hi' 'this' is evident also in here and hither.

herald me. herald (heratid): borrowed fr. FR. Mraut (lat. type heraldus), which is of Teut. origin [heri-7vald}).

herb me. her be adopted fr. fr. her be: source lat. herba 'grass'.

herd^ 'a flock' short for me. herde oe. heord = goth. hairda, ON. hjord, sw. dan. hjord ohg. herta g. herde, teut. her do- from ARYAN kerdha is cogn. w. skr. (drdhas fdrdha-s 'troop'; also OSLOV. creda 'herd, flock', lith. kerdziis 'shepherd'. See herd'^. — herd^ 'shepherd' now usually compounded (shep-, cow-, swine-,) me. herde oe. hyrde {hiorde), GOTH, hairdeis, ON. "hirdir, ohg. hirti G. hirte'. with formative ja- from TEUT. herdo- 'herd, flock'.

here me. here oe. her = goth. ON. OSAX. her ohg. hiar G. hier: adv. of place (formed like goth. a/j'ar 'elsewhere', /ar 'there' cp. there) from the pronom. stem hi- in goth. hi-mma daga 'to- day' und hi-na dag 'till to-day (cp. hence and hither^. The

stem hi' is cogn. w. lith. szis, OSLOV. si 'this one', lat. ci-s ci-tra 'on this side'.

heron ivie. heiroun from ofr. hairon = fr. hiron,

herring me. hering oe. hdring = ohg. hdring mhg. hcerinc G. hering, du. haring. westteut. hdring is the source of fr. hareng.

hest 'a command' :me. Mste Mst with inorganic / from oe. hcBS 'a command' = teut. haisi- orig. hait-ti : teut. \(^ hait in OE. hdtan 'command'. See behest and hight.

hew vb. ME. h(we oe. h(awan ■= OSAX. hauwan, ohg. houwan G. hauen, DU. houwen ; on. hgggva points to goth. ^haggwa?t in place of TEUT. hawwan. The verbal \l^haww haw (cp. hay) is allied to the ARYAN sfkow in OSLOV. kovq — kovati 'forge', LITH. kaujii 'I strike' — kiijis 'hammer'.

heyday orig. hey day = e. high day.

hiccough hiccup, also hick-et looks like a dimin. of hick or hik 'a catch in the voice', imi- tative of sound?

hide^ sb. me. hide oe. hyd (by vowel mutation fr. a Teut. base hu- di-); synon. in all Teut. languages except Goth.; cp. ohg. htit o. haut, ON. hud, dan. sw. hud, DU. huid. ARYAN Mt/'S answers to LAT. ciitis 'skin'; cp. gr. y.vrog 'skin, hide'. The y/^ku appears in LAT. scu-tum 'shield', gr. 0/v-Tog 'skin, hide' with a prefix s.

hide^ — hip^

105

hide^ sb. 'a measure of land' OE. hid coViXx. of OE. y^/^/^ 'enough land for a household'; prop. *hiwida- 'family' allied to hind"^.

hide vb. me. hide oe. hfdan\ Teut. base hiidjan, perh. cogn. w. CYMR.^r?^^^ 'hidden, concealed' and GR. vevd^M 'hide': Aryan y/^kudhl

hideous by change of suffix for ME. hidoiis adopted fr. ofr. hidous = FR. hideux'. source a lat. type hispidosus, extension of lat. hispi- dus 'rough, shaggy, bristly'.

hie vb. 'hasten me. Me earlier hi^e higen oe. higian. Teut. base hi-gai- perh. a reduplication of an ARYAN sfki in lat. ci-to quickly', G^.v.Uiv 'go'? Or cogn. w. SKR. ftghra 'quick'?

high adj. me. heigh earlier heh OY.. h(ah = GOTH, hduhs, on. hdr, DU. hoogf OSAX. ohg. hSh, G. hoch\ TEUT. hauha- from an ARYAN kouko-. OTEUT. possessed a sb. formed from the adj. meaning 'hill' (base kouk6-s)\ cp. ON. haugr 'hill' (whence E. ho IV in proper names) and with ablaut G. hilgel] cp. lith. kau- kara 'hill'.

hight vb. ME. highte heghte oe. heht {h^ht}) 'was called : pret. to oe. hdtan =: goth. haitan^ G. heissen.

hill ME. hil (plur. hilles) OE. hyll (plur. hyllas)'. Teut. base hulli- or hulja- cogn. w. goth. hallus 'rock' and on. halb' 'hill'; an ARYAN \fkol cp. in lat. collis

'a hiir, culmen 'a top', lith. katnas kalva hiir, GR. v.o'ki.ovoc,^

hilt ME. OE. hilt = ON. hja/ff OHG. he/za 'a sword-hilt'.

hind ^ ME. hinde oe. hind = ON. DAN. sw. hind, DU. hinde, OHG. hinia G. hindin. goth. *hindi (gen. *hindjos) is perh. connected with GR. y.e^i-dg 'youngdeer'.

hind^ 'a peasant' me. hine oe. hina 'a domestic'. Cp. hide^. There is a Teut. base hmia- in goth. heiwa-fratt.ja 'husband', OE. hiwrceden 'family, household' = OHG. hirdi 'marriage' g. heirat.

hind in behind and hind- feet akin to the oe. adv. hindan 'at the back of — hinder 'backwards' = GOTH, hindar prep, 'behind', G. hinter prep, 'behind'. — hin- der vb. me. hindre oe. hinder ian = ON. hindra ohg. hintiren hin- taron G. hindern, — hindmost corrupted fr. hindjnest (confused with ?nost) = GOTH, hindumists 'hindmost'.

hinge me. henge; oe. '^hencge (for TEUT. "^hangjon-) is not re- corded: deriv. of the teut. \fhanh hang (see hang)\ cp. MLG. MDU. henge 'rack for hang- ing up things'.

hint sb. shortened fr. me. hinted part, of hinte (Jiente) = OE. hejitan 'seize, hunt after' ixom. \fhenp seen in hunt}

hipi sb. ME. hipe oe. hype] cp. GOTH, haps (nom. plur. hupeis), DU. heup, G. hiifte JVIHG. huf (plur. hiiffe) OHG. huf (plur. huff): TEUT. hilpi- from ARYAN kUbi-.

;o6

hip^ — hog

hip- sb. 'the fruit of the dog- rose' ME. hepe OE. heope = osax. kwpa, OHG. Mufo MHG. Me/e.

hip vb. ME. /lippe oe. */iyppan = MHG. hup fen hup fen G. hilp/en] alHed to oe. hoppian ^= y.. hop vb.; o^. hoppettan, g. hop fen, on. hoppa.

hire vb. me. hire oe. hjrian vb. = DU. huren, ofris. y^^r«2, sw. hyra, dan. /^j^r^ mlg. hiiren, G.heuern 'hire, rent': West-Teut. base hui'jon.

hiss vb. ME. /^m^: prob. an onomatopoetic word as ODU. hisschen 'to hiss'.

hit vb. ME. hitte'. adopted fr. ON. hitta, DAN. hitte \ perh. cog. w. GOTH, hinpafi 'catch'.

hitch vb. ME. hicche 'move'; OE. '^hycca?il

hither me. oe. hider\ derived from a Teut. pronoun hi- 'this' in here and hence] cp. goth. hidre, on. hedra 'on this side'; cogn. with LAT. ci-tra 'on this side'. For the suffix cp. thither.

hive me. hive oe. hyf\ Teut. base hubi- in mlg. huve 'hive', DU. huif\ cogn. w. lat. cupa 'bowl'?

hoar adj. me. hgr oe. hdr == GOTH, ^haira-, on. hdrr 'hoary', osax. OHG. her g. hehr 'distingui- shed', also 'venerable'. The orig. meaning of the adj. was prob. venerable', on. and e. have the meaning 'gray with age*. A teut. '\f hai 'glitter, shine' is supported hy heaven and ON. y^^/</ 'clearness of the sky' ; teut. hai from aryan

koi is cogn. with skr. ke-tic-s 'light, lustre, torch'.

hoard me. oe. hgrd = osax. hord (horth), goth. huzd, on. hodd n. — hoddr m., ohg. g. hort. teut. hozda- from aryan kuzdho- for kudhto- part, 'that which is hidden'; cp. gr. y.bv&m under hide vb.

hoarhound aie. hgrhoune oe. s6o hare hune 'the hoar hound'; OE. hmie is a plant-name.

hoarse me. horse prop, hgs, oe. has pointing to goth. '^haisa- = OHG. heis heisi mhg. heis heise] the r of MHG. G. heiser seems to be the same r as in E. hoarse = MDU. heersch (mod. DU. hcescH) ; perh. originating from the OE. dat. hdsre {?nid hdsre stefne) transposed to hdrse = me. horse!

hobble vb. me. hoble for "^hopple] frequent, oi hop vb.

hobby sb. 'a toy like a horse, ambling nag, a favorite pursuit'; ME. hobin 'a nag': borrowed fr. OFR. hobin 'a little horse'?

hock corruption of Hochheim: the name of a German town on the river Main, famous for wine.

hoe sb. from fr. houe 'a hoe': source ohg. houwa = g. haue 'hoe'.

hog ME. hog (plur. hogges) OE. hocg (plur. hoggas): a Welsh loanword, cp. w. hweh 'a sow' (bret. corn, hoeh 'pig'). — hogs- head cp. the equiv. mlg. hukes- hovet huxhbvet du. okshoofd (earlier also hokshoofd) g. oxho/t , sw. oxhufvudy DAN. oxehoved: origin

hoist

hood

107

and history of this compound •are unauthorized.

hoist vb. earlier hoise akin to the equivalent lg. hisseji, du. hijscJieny dan. heise, sw. hissa^ G. hissen, fr. hisser, it. issare.

hold vb. ME. hglde oe. hdldan (healdan) = ohg. haltan {halthaii) G. halten , OSAX. goth. haldan, DU. houden, on. i^^z/^^^z : a common TEUT. vb. . Cp. behold.

hold sb. (the hold of a ship) prop. hole', ident. w. hollow and hollow \ cp. DU. hoi *a hole, cave'. — hole sb. ME. hole hoi oe. hoi 'a cave' ^= on. ^^/r, ohg. mhg. hoi G. /t^^/, DU. hol\ the E. me. OE. OHG. MHG. adjectives are used as substantives : teut. \fhel 'conceal' in oe. helan^ G. hehlen. — hollow me. holwe oe. holh (gen. hohves)\ cogn. with equival. ohg. mhg. hoi, on. holr'. TEUT. \f^hul connected with the TEUT. \fhel in oe. ohg. h'elan 'hide, conceal' (c^.helly helmet).

holiday prop, holy day.

holly me. holm oe. holeyt ; akin to the equivalent du. g. hulst mhg. hulSy OHG. hulisy whence fr. houx\ pre-TEUT. \fkel' in w. celyn , corn, celin , bret. kelen, IR. cuileann 'holly'.

hollyhock for me. hglihoc prop, 'holy hock': oe. hocc means 'mallow'.

holster borrowed fr. du. holster 'a case for a pistol' {o,. pistolen- holfter) ; ident. w. ON. hulstr 'a case, a sheath', goth. hulistr 'a

veil'; from teut. huljan and suff. -stra fr. -s-tra (oE. heolstor).

holy i^iE. holy OE. >^^7/5 earlier hdlej^ = OSAX. helagy ohg. heilag G. DU. heilig , ON. heilagr , dan. hellig J sw. ^^/4'' (goth. hailag in a Goth, runic inscription). Common 'teut. hailaga- from common teut. haila- cp. whole and y^*?/*?.

homage me. homage', borrowed fr. OFR. ho7nage = fr. hommage'^ source a lat. type homaticuvi the service of a vassal or man' (lat. /^^w<7 'man').

home ME. hpm oe. i^^w = osax. hem^ ON. heimt'j ohg. g. du. -^^z/?? 'home ; goth. haims 'a village'. Teut. base haimo- (Jiaimi-) from a pre-TEUT. kaimd- {kaifni") = LTTH. kemas — pruss. caynds *a village', GR. YMi.iri Village .

hone ME. hone oe. hdn'. Teut. base haino- = ON. heiriy sw. hen 'hone'. Cp. OE. hcBnan 'to stone',

honey me. huni oe. hunii hunei : Teut. base hunang = on. himangy du. hofiiric, ohg. honatig G. /^(^/7z^ 'honey'. Origin un- certain; perh. cogn. w. or. y^ovic 'dust'?

-hood a suff. used to form abstract nouns; orig. an in- dependent sb. dying out in me. : OE. had 'state, quality' = GOTH. haidusy ohg. mhg. heit 'manner (g. -heit only suffix). Cp. its var. -head.

hood sb. 'covering' ME^IBprfT hod = DU. hoedy OHG. huot G. /////. Closely aUied to hat and

UNIVERSITY

Of „:

io8

hoof

host*

to the TEUT. \Phad hodm heed.

hoof ^ME. OE. hpf r= OSAX. hof,

DU. hoeff ON. hq/r^ ohg. huof g. huf: Teut. base hof a- from Aryan '^kdpo-, whence osLov. kopyto 'hoof'. Others derive TEUT. hofa- from Aryan kdpho and compare it with SKR. (aphdj avest. safa 'hoof.

hook ME. OE. hoc = MDU. hoek 'hook'. The kindred forms have a diff. vowel and answer to OE. haca^ ON. haki^ ohg. hd{c)ko g. hake, OHG. hdg(g)o points to GOTH. '^heg(g)a 'hook'. G. haken being a kind of plough', GOTH. hoha plough' may also be com- pared, so that the stem may be hoh heg hak.

hoop sb. ME. OE. hop = DU. hoep, OFRis. hop, north-fris. hup 'hoop*, MLG. hop; TEUT. base hopa-.

hoop vb. ME. houpe adopted fr. FR. hoiiper 'hoop unto'; of Teut. origin, cp. OE. hwopan = goth. hwopan vb. 'boast, glory'.

hoot vb. ME. houte borrowed fr. osw. hicta 'hoot'.

hop vb. ME. hoppe oe. hoppian = DU. hoppen, on. sw. hoppa dan. hoppe, g. mhg. hop/en. Cogn. w. hip vb.

hop sb. ME. hoppe = du. hop, G. hop/en late ohg. hopfo, med.-lat. hupa (for "^huppd). Its origin is obscure.

hope vb. ME. hope oe. hopian = MDU. hopen, mhg. g. hoffen. The labial in oe. hopian (goth. ><?/«) is a substitute for a

guttural (base ^huqdri) as shown by the oe. abstract noun hyht 'hope' (base huh-ti-i) : teut. \l^huq hup. — hope sb. me. hope for OE. to-hopa = osAX. /o-hopo sb. 'hope'.

horn ME. OE. horn = on. ohg. g. DU. horn, goth. haurn: common Teut. (in a runic inscription) horna 'horn' cogn. w. LAT. cornu and IR. cymr. corn, with other suffix gr. yJ()-ag horn'; cp. also E. harf prop, 'horned' and skr. crn-ga 'horn'.

hornet oe. hyrnet = ohg. hornaT, hurnui^ G. hornisse. The synon. Slav, and Lat. words for 'hornet' point to goth. *haurznuts with an Aryan, yf krs (iND. ^ri) '. LAT. crdbro 'hornet' for ^crdsro, oSLOV. sricsem, LITH. szirszone 'hornet'. The Aryan stem is krs for 'hornet', cp. OSLOV. srUsa, lith. szirszH. Du. preserves a trace of this inner s in horzel 'hornet' (goth. '^haur- suls) — horzelen vb. 'hum'.

horse me. oe. hors ^= osax. hors — hers, du. ros, ohg. ros (gen. rosses) g. ross (whence it. rozza^ FR. rosse a jade'), on. hross, also hors, sw. dan. dial, hors 'a horse' : Teut. base hrossa-.

hose ME. hose oe. hosu ■=

DAN. G. hose, DU. hoos, OHG.

ON. hosa (goth. ^hUso). The Teut. words found their way into Celt. (corn, hos 'ocrea, cuisses') and into Rom. (ofr. hose) .

host^ sb. 'army' me. host psi:

host'

hull

[09

loanword fr. ofr. hosie 'army' (source lat. hostis — hostevi).

host^ sb. 'entertainer me. hgste\ loanword fr. ofr. hoste (= LAT. hospitem). Hence hostess me. hgstesse from ofr. hostesse and hostler jvce. hostUr 'innkeeper' from OFR. hosteller 'innkeeper.

host^ sb. (in the mass) me. hgste gste\ source lat. hostla, FR. hostle.

hot adj. ME. hot OE. hat: Teut. base halta- = on. heltr, DU. heet, OSAX. het, ohg. hel^^ g. helss 'hot'; the TEUT. \f hit cp. in GOTH, heito 'fever' and in on. hltly OSAX. hittlay g. hltze 'heat'; cp. heat sb.

hough sb. ME. hough (Jig) oe. hgh 'the heel'; hence the dimin. heel. Teut. base hanha- in on. hMl 'heel'.

hound ME. hound oe. hiind hund =. GOTH, hundsj on. hundr, DAN. SWED. hundy DU. hond, OSAX. G. hund ohg. hunt: Teut. base hunda- prop, 'the hunter', derived fr. the teut.-goth. vb. hinpan 'seize, capture' (oe. hup 'booty'); see hunt.

hour ME. houre oure borrowed fr. ofr. (h)ure {h)ore (= fr. heur)y whence also DU. uur^ G. uhr (dial, auer). Source lat. hora,

house ME. hous oe. hus'. Teut. base husa- in goth. gud-hus 'house of God', oSAX. ohg. hus G. haus, du. huis, on. hus.

housings earlier houss (of a horse), borrowed fr. fr. houssc'i

hovel ME. hovel 'small hut: dimin. with suffix -el from oe. hof = ON. hof 'a temple, a hall'; cp. G. hof 'a yard'. — hover vb. intensive derivative of me. hove vb. 'tarry, wait'; cp. OFRis. hovia 'receive in one's house : derived fr. teut. hofa- 'hall, yard'.

how ME. how OE. hu (for "^hwu "^hwg) : Teut. form hwo in OSAX. hwo 'how', OHG. wuo\ du. hoe for hwdy ofris. hu'. formed from the Teut. stem hwa- in who\ cp. GR. Ti(i]q.

how in local names cp. high.

howl vb. ME. houle'y cp. du. huilen, G. heulen.

huckster me. huckstire (oe. ^huccestre)] orig. 'a female re- tailer ; akin to mhg. hucke hocke 'a retailer'; derived from mhg. hocken vb. 'squat', on. hokkinn 'bowed, bent'. Cp. du. heuken vb. 'huckster, retail' — heuker huckster, retailer'.

hue ^ sb. ME. hewe hew oe. heow 'appearance': ident. w. GOTH, hiwi (g. hiujis) 'form, appearance', sw. hy 'skin, com- plexion'.

hue'"^ sb. 'outcry' ME. hil derived fr. FR. huer 'hoot, hiss'.

huge adj. me. hiige (Jiouge): loanword fr. OFR. ahuge 'huge'.

hull 'husk' me. hule oe. hulu 'hull, husk'; cp. synon. G. hiilse OHG. hulsa for *hulisa (goth. ^hulisi or '^huluzi) : formed from the \fhel hul (g. hiille) under

humble — hutch

helly hollow and holster. — hull 'body of a ship' ident. w. hold sb.

humble adj. me. humble bor- rowed fr. FR. hu7nble (= lat. humilis) .

humblebee sb. me. hombel-be\ an equivalent OE. '^humbol is to be assumed for ohg. humbal G. hummel, DU. hommel 'humble- bee'.

humor me. humour from ofr. humor = fr. humeur.

hundred me. oe. hundred {hundrep), ident. w. OSAX. hun- darody G. hundert, on. hundrad', the word is appar. a comp., the second part of which belongs to GOTH, rapjaji vb. 'count'; the first part GOTH. OE. hund is cogn. w. LAT. centum, gr. Ixaror, SKR. fatdm.

hunger me. hunger honger OE. hungor] cp. synon. osAX. ohg. hungar G. hunger, on. hungr\ GOTH, hiihrics (for ^^hunhrus) 'hunger' with the derived hug- grjan 'hunger': common teut. hunhru- hungru- hunger' from ARYAN, kmkru-} cp. LITH. kanka 'torture' with ON. hd vb. 'torture' (from TEUT. "^hanhon).

hunt vb. ME. hu72te oe. hu7ttian\ a secondary verb from a primit. vb. shown in goth. frahinpan 'take prisoner'. From the same root E. hound and hand.

hurdle me. hirdel oe. hyrdel, dimin. of an oe. "^hyrd =^ ohg.

hurt (plur. hurti) g. hilrde', cp. ON. hurd 'door', goth. haurds 'door'. The meaning 'door' is developed from the common meaning 'wickerwork'. Teut. base hurdi- = Aryan krti in lat. crates, gr. v.vQXri 'a fishing- basket' — v.a.QT.akoq 'a (woven) basket'; cp. skr. krt 'spin' — crt 'bind, connect'.

hurl vb. ]ME. hurle earlier hurtle vb.

hurricane sb. akin to the synon. DU. orkaan, dan. sw. g. orkan, fr. ouragan, it. uracano, SPAN, huracan 'a hurricane' ; after the discovery of Americaadopted fr. Caribbean hurakan 'a hurri- cane'.

hurry vb. me. hurie horie vb. 'hasten'.

hurt vb. me. hurte hirte vb. 'offend' borrowed fr. ofr. hurter (fr. heurter^.

husband sb. me. husbonde oe. (about 1050) hilsbonda'. a Scand. loanword, cp. on. husbondi, sw. DAN. husbonde from hus 'house' and ON. bondi bundi 'husband .

husk me. huske oe. ^huseca 'a small house' (?); cp. G. gehduse.

hussy short for housewife.

hut ME. hutte from fr. huite. Source ohg. hutta = G. hiitte.

hutch sb. 'a box' me. hucche prop. hucche (whence me. whicche) : loanword fr. fr. huche 'trough, bin'.

I — inquest

I ME. / earlier ich ic OE. zV ^= DU. ik, OSAX. iCy OHG. ih G. ich, GOTH. ik\ common teut. ik ek from ARYAN. egom\ cp. lat. ego^ GR. f ycc', SKR. ahdniy aslov. azti^ LiTH.^0. The oblique cases were formed in all Aryan languages alike from a stem me-\ cp. me and mine.

ice ME. OE. /^ = OHG. IS G.

m, ON. iss, DU. //'^ (goth. *eisa-) : a common Teut. word, not found elsewhere. — icicle ME. isikel: prop, a compound, OE. is-pcel {isesycel) ; j^icel is dimin. *a small piece of ice' (cp. MLG. isjokel 'icicle', on. ipkull).

idol ME. idple borrowed fr. fr. idole (lat. tdoliim, gr. sidhiXov 'an image, likeness*).

idle adj. me. oe. idel 'empty, vain, useless' = oSAX. uial 'empty, useless', ohg. ttai 'empty, vain, boastful' G. eitel 'vain , DU. ijdel 'empty'.

if me. if OE. lif = OSAX. ef ofy DU. of if 'whether, but', OHG. oba with the older by-form ibu 'if, whether* G. ob 'if, as if, even if, whether', on. if ef '\i ^ GOTH. iba{i) 'whether, perhaps . Prop. dat. instr. of ON. if. efi m. and if ef n. 'doubt', ohg. iba f. 'doubt, condition.

ill ME. /// ille\ Scand. loan- word from ON. illr\ the native E. synon. is evil (oe. yfet).

imp sb. ME. OE. impe 'graft, scion' with the vb. ME. impe OE. impian 'graft'; cp. OHG. impfon G. impfen , dan. ympe^ sw. y7npa. Source a lat. type i7nputare, whence also fr. entery DU. enten vb. 'graft'.

impair vb. me. empeire bor- rowed fr. OFR. empeirer = fr. empirer (lat. type impeiorare 'make worse').

impeach vb. prop, 'hinder* for ME. apeche vb. 'hinder' bor- rowed fr. FR. empecher (lat. type impedicare 'fetter* hovupedica sb. 'fetter').

imply cp. ply.

in prep. me. in OE. in =

OSAX. G. DU. GOTH, in, ON. /,

sw. DAN. i. Orig. related to LAT. iny GR. sv(i), LITH. iy LETT. e.

inch sb. me. inche oe. ynce: early loanword from lat. tmcia 'an inch', also an 'ounce'.

ingot ME. ingot = FR.- lingol ingol? Source and history doubt- ful.

ink ME. e'nke from ofr. en^ue (fr. encrey DU. inl^ly lg. inkel) : source lat. encaustum 'the purple red ink'.

inkling sb. from the vb. me. inkle 'hint'.

inn ME. OE. in inn sb. 'house, lodging - house' = on. inm 'inn*.

inquest me. enqu^ste from ofr.

112

ire — jail

enqueste (= fr. enquete). Akin to inquire vb. me. enquire from OFR. enquerrer (= fr. enquirir 'inquire'); source lat. inquirere,

ire ME. ire 'anger' from ofr. ire (lat. trd).

irk vb. ME. irke 'tire' with the adj. irksome extended fr. me. irk 'distasteful'.

iron ME. OE. iren oldest oe. form isern = goth. eisarn, OSAX. ohg. tsarn G. eisen, DU. ij'zer, on. isarn (Jam): Teut. base harna- perh. borrowed fr. a Celt, isarno- (= OIR. iarn 'iron'); gall. Isarno- dorum a placename.

island me. ilond oe. iilo?id (inland) 'island'; the first part of the compound represents the OE. ii ii 'isle' (cp. on. eyland, OFRis. DU. <f27iZ//^/'island'), blended w. OFR. isle. The word starts from a 'YY\5T.aujd- {iwScandin-avia Bat-avia^y which is a derivative of TEUT.-GOTH. ahwa 'stream, flowing water' ohg. aha = oe. ia = LAT. aqua 'water.

isle me. tie borrowed fr. fr.

z/e (source lat. insula) 'an isle'. Cp. island.

issue ME. issiie from ofr. issue 'end, event' (derived fr. issir ■= LAT. exire).

it ME. it earlier me. oe. hit neuter to E. he (oe. me. he),

itch vb. ME. icche for ^icche oe. lyccan : Teut. base jukjan = DU. jeuken , osAX. jukkian , ohg. juckan G. jucken. teut. \f juk.

ivory me. ivory (ivoire) borrowed fr. OFR. ivorie — fr. ivoire, whence also DU. ivoor. Source lat. eboreus 'made of ivory' — ebur 'ivory'.

ivy MS., ivy oe. ifii short for ^tf-hii if-hei = ohg. eba-hewi mhg. ep-hou (g. epheii) with the by-form OHG. ebah'. perh. akin to GOTH, ibuks 'backwards'? It is uncertain, whether the 2"*^ ele- ment of OHG. eba-hewi = oe. ifii is ident. w. hay.

iwis 'certainly' me. iwis oe. lewiss = OHG. g-i7ms G. gewiss, DU. gewis: Teut. base ga-wissa- prop. part, of the Teut. vb. witan 'know' (cp. wot).

jabber variant of e. gabber, | jail with the by-form gaol

jacket from fr. jaquet\ cp ME. jakke = OFR. jaque (g. jacke).

jade ME, jade 'old horse'. Source and history unknown.

ME. gail jaiole gaihgl borrowed fr. OFR. gaiole gaole (fr. geole) *a prison, bird-cage'. Source lat. caveola from cavea (= E. cagey G, kdfig).

jamb — journal

jamb from fr. jambe 'a leg', also 'a jamb' (source lat. gainbd),

jar sb. 'an earthen pot' from FR. Jarre.

^SLundicQ^iE.jaundis j'aunis from FR. jaunisse prop, yellowness'; source fr. jaune yellow' = LAT. galbinus 'greenish yellow'.

javelin sb. from fr. javelin'. of Celt, origin, cp. cymr. ga- flach (whence OE. gafeloc) 'spear.

jaw ME. chaul {choul) earlier chavel oe. (plur.) cedflas\ akin to OS AX. kdflos plur. 'jaw' and with other formatives ON. kjaptr^ G. kiefer 'jaw' : teut. \p kef kef fr. an ARYAN gephy perh. cogn. w. avest. zafra 'mouth, jaw'.

jay ME. jai from fr. geai (ofr. jai gai).

jealous ME. jelous gelous from ' OFR. gelous (fr. j'aloux, whence DU. j aloes).

jelly sb. late me. gelU from FR. gelee.

jeopardy sb. me. juperdi orig. juparti 'hazard, hazardous feat' borrowed fr. fr. jeu parti 'risk, hazard' (orig. 'a game, in which the chances are equally divi- ded').

jest prop, 'a merry tale' :me. geste (also g^ste) 'a story' from OFR. geste 'romance'.

jet sb. (a mineral) short for ME. git contracted fr. gey it'. loanword from ofr, gaiet (Jaet Jet) : source lat. gagdtes.

jew ME. jew earlier giw bor- rowed fr. OFR. Giu Jui\ source

English Etymology.

LAT. Judaeus. In OE. we find Judeas plur. 'the Jews' from the Latin.

jewel ME. jouel juel from ofr. jouel (whence G. juwel^ du. juweet) = FR. joyau. Source a LAT. type gaudiale from gau- dium.

jig sb. ME. gigge 'a fiddle' from OFR. gige (= MHG. gige G. geige) 'a fiddle'.

jingle ME. gingle.

job sb. cp. ME. gobet 'small piece' and ofr. gob 'a mouth- ful'.

jockey ident. w. Jackey. dimin. of Jack.

jog vb. ]VIE. jogge vb. go hastily'.

join vb. ME. joine borrowed fr. FR. joindre {= lat. jungere). — Hence e. me. joint sb. from FR. joint.

joist sb. ME. giste 'joist' from OYi^.gisie (= TK.gtte? derivative of FR. gisir 'lie').

jolly ME. jolt earlier jolif: loanword from fr. joli (ofr. jolif).

jostle justle vb. intensive for- mation from ME. jouste 'tilt' = OFR, jouster (me. jouste 'tour- nament' fr. OFR. jouste = mhg. tjoste).

journal from fr. journal. — journey me. journe journie 'a day's travel, a day's work' from FR. journie 'a day, a day's work' (it. giornata^ lat. type diur- ndta) .

8

114

joy — kettle

joy WE..joie from Y^.joie (source LAT. gaudia = gaudium).

judge sb. short ivie. juge from FR. juge (source lat. judex — judiceni) 'a judge'. — judge vb. ME. jifge from FR. juger = LAT. judicare.

juice ME. jiise jilge from FR. jus (source lat. jus) 'juice'.

July ME, jilli from lat. Julius.

— June ]ME. jiine earlier jilnie from OFR. guniel (fr. Juin) = LAT. Junius.

just ME. jiist (short for jiist}) from FR. juste (= lat. Justus).

— justice ME. justice orig. jiistifc = FR.jzistice: source 1.AT. justitia.

— justify vb. ME. justifie from FR. justifier.

K

keel sb. ident. w. on. kjglr (Teut. base kelu-^ 'keel of the ship' = synon. dan. kj'dl, sw. k'ol^ G. DU. kieL Source and history unknown.

keel vb. 'cool' me. kele oe. celaw. Teut. base koljan derived fr. the adj. teut. kolu- = e. cool.

keen adj. me. kene 'sharp, bold, brave' oe. cene orig. cdni 'bold, brave, wise' : Teut. base kbni- = OHG. kuoni G. kilhn, du. koen 'bold , daring ; the original meaning is evident in on. kcenr 'wise', which points to the teut. \Pkan 'know' in can^ ken and know.

keep ME. kepe oe. cepan ccepan 'keep': from a Teut. base kop- jan\ no \f kop exists in the other Teut. languages.

keg sb. Scand. loanword : on. kaggi 'a keg'.

ken vb. 'know' me. kenne bor-

rowed fr. on. k&nna vb. 'know' :^ G. kennen, goth. kamijan ; causative of teut. kunnan 'know'. Cp. can vb.

kennel 'a house for dogs' me. kene I', adopted fr. onfr. kenil {chenil}', source onfr. ken (fr. chien) 'dog' with suff. -// (lat. type ^canile from canis 'dog').

kerchief sb. earlier spelling curchief me. coverchef: borrowed fr. OFR. covrechef lit. 'a head- covering'. OFR. covrir (= fr. couvrir) 'cover' and chef 'head'.

kernel me. kirnel oe. cyrnel (Teut. base kurnila-) : dimin. of corn (with the Teut. dimin. suff. -ild).

kettle me. ketel borrowed fr. on. ketill = GOTH, katils, ohg. ke'T^ljl G. kessel, DU. ketel', corre- sponding to OE. cetel ME. chetely which was superseded by on. ketill. The Teut. word was

key — kitchen

early borrowed fr. lat. catinus 'kettle', whence also ohg. ke^^pn.

key sb. me. keie OE. ccei cce^e ■=- OFRis. kei 'a key'." Teut. base kaigi'^

kid sb. ME. kid borrowed fr. ON. kid\ cogn. w. OHG. kizzin chizzi G. kiize 'a young goat' ; a native E. word cogn. w. scand. kid would begin with ch.

kidney sb. me. kid-nere (oe. ^cydeneore ^cydneora})] the second part of the compound is ME. nere (= on. nyra, du. nier^ ohg. nioro G. niere 'kid- ney'). The first part is ob- scure.

kill vb. ME. kille\ a corresp. OE. '^cyllan is wanting: Teut. base kuljan akin to OE. cwellan = ME. quelle vb. 'kill', on. kvelja, OSAX. quellian. There was a primit. str. vb. OE. cw'elan 'die', OSAX. OHG. qu'elan 'smart' ; cp. G. qual.

kiln sb. ME. kilne oe. cyln = older cyle7ie cyline 'furnace': early loanword fr. lat. culina 'kitchen', whence also oik. cuile 'kitchen. on. kybia 'kiln' is an OE. loan- word.

kin sb. ME. kin oe. cynn orig. 'a tribe': Teut. base kunja- = on. kyn, OSAX. kunni, ohg. chunni mhg. kiinne race', goth. kuni\ deriv. fr. the teut. \[^ ken 'produce' in ohg. g. kifid 'child', OE. cennan vb. 'produce', answe- ring to an ARYAN \f gen in lat. genus, ge7ts-gentis, gr. ybvog — yovrj — yiyvofiui, SKR.y/^Jan. Cp. kind,

kindred and mankind. — kind adj. -'natural, loving' me. kinde OE. ^ecynde 'natural, in- born': derived fr. kind sb. — kind sb. 'nature, sort' me. kinde OE. ^e-cynd 'nature'.

kindle vb. me. kindle: derived with intensive -/ from on. kynda vb. 'kindle'? (on. kyndill 'a torch'?)

kindred jme. ki?iride (oe. '^cyn- rceden): composed of kin = OE. cynn 'kin' and OE. rdden (= GOTK. garaideins) a suffix meaning 'state, condition' (cp. hatred),

king ME. late oe. king oe. cyng a late shortening for the common OE. cyning: Teut. base kuninga-^=^ OSAX. OHG. kuning G. konig, du. koning', cp. ON. konungr (but GOTH, reiks 'king').

kirtle sb. me. kirtel oe. cyrtel from a teut. base ^kurtil (= ON. kyriilt) : prop, 'a short under- garment' from LAT. cur tits 'short' (cp. G. kurz and see short and shirt).

kiss sb. ME. kiss with the vowel accommodated to the vb.

kiss for OE. COSS = OSAX. ^us cos, DU. kus, OHG. ki^S G. kuss, ON. koSS, DAN. kys, SW. kysS, GOTH.

*kussus. — kiss vb. me. kisse OE. cyssan = osax. kussian, DU. OHG. kussen G. kiissen, ON. SW. kyssa, dan. kysse.

kitchen sb. me. kiuhen oe. cycene from a west-teut. base kukina = DU. keuken , oiy>. kuchlna chuhhina G. kite he : an early West-Teut. loanword from 8*

ii6

kite

knuckle

late LAT. coquina (class, culina see under kiln) or rather from a common Rom. and vulg. lat. cocina 'kitchen' (cp. fr. cuisine y IT. cucina, span, cocina). Cp. cook.

kite sb. ME. kite oe. cyta 'a kite': Teut. base kutjan-.

kitten me. kitoun answers to the synon. fr. chatton 'a young cat' (perh. the E. word points to ONFR. "^ketonl!)

knave me. knave oe. cnafa = OHG. knabo G. knabe 'boy'; iden- tical with oe. cnapa me. kndpe 'boy' ^= OSAX. knapo, ofris. knapa^ on. knapi 'boy', germ. knappe points to a teut. knab- ban-. Perh. cogn. w. knightl or. w. GALL, gnabat 'son'?

knead vb. me. kn{de oe. cnedan ■= mlg. du. kneden, oho. knetan G. kneien'. teut. y^ ^;^^^ = ARYAN \f gnet in russ. gnetate press'.

knee vb. me. >^«/ oe. cneo = osax. ^/22^, DU. G. knie OHG. <r/!;^2?<! kneo, GOTH, kniu (gen. kniwis)'. Teut. base knewa-y cogn. w. the synon. LAT. genu, GR. yovv, skr. j'dnu 'knee'. — kneel vb. me. cnele oe. "^cniowlian = DU. knielen mlg. kneien, sw. chniile 'kneel', dan. kncBle ?

knell vb. me. knille oe. cnyllan\ cogn. w. MHG. kn'ellen in <?r-, G. knallen.

knife sb. me. knif oe. (about I coo) cnlf. The occurrence in late OE. favors Scand. origin: on. knifr. On the continent,

there is an equivalent du. knij'f, LG. kni/y G. dial, kneif.

knight sb. me. knight oe. cniht: Teut. base kn'ehta- = du. g. knecht OHG. kneht, ofris. hiiuht', cogn. w. knave}

knit vb. me. knitte oe. cnyttan : deriv. of oe. cnotta (by vowel- mutation) {=^ on. knutr) =

e. knot'y OE. cnyttan is ident. w. LG. kniitten}

knob sb. me. knobbe] allied to MHG. kniibel 'knuckle', du. knobbel 'knot, lump, callosity', o. knopf 'button, bud', on. knappr.

knock vb. me. knocke oe. ^cnoccian; ident. w. oe. cmccian, on. knoka'. a sound imitation, closely allied to knack.

knoll sb. me. knol oe. cnoll = du. knol 'a turnip', G. knollen.

knot sb. me. knotte oe. cnotta =z MHG. knotzcy du. knot', cogn. w. OHG. knodo knoto G. knoten and ON. knutr 'a knot' — knuta

f. 'dice' — kngttr (goth. *knattus) m. 'ball'.

know vb. me. kngwe oe. cndwdn str. vb. = OHG.' chndan 'know', ON. knd vb. 'know how to do': TEUT. Y" ^^^^ ^^^ (akin to can and keen) = Aryan y" gen gno in LAT. gignosco ignotus ignavus ignarus , GR. yi/vcJaxco, SKR. yfjnd. — knowledge sb. ME. kn&iidiche derived fr. the vb. ME. kngwUche, intensive for- mation of ME. knowe = E. know (oE. *iecnd'wldcan is wanting).

knuckle sb. me. knokel oe.

labor

lake

*cnucel', cogn. w. G. knochel, OFRis. knokle, DU. knokkely mlg. knokelj DAN. knogle knokkeh

dimin. of a simple word, seen in G. knochen 'a bone', DU. knok 'a knuckle, a bone'.

labor sb. me. labour adopted fr. FR. labour = lat. labor (em) 'labor'.

lace sb. me. Ids: borrowed fr. FR. lace — OFR. las {laqs) : source LAT. laqueus 'noose, snare' (= IT. laccio). See late he t.

lack sb. ME. lak oe. "^Icec = ODU. lac DU. lak 'blepaish, stain, lack'. — lack vb. me. lacke from the sb., but earlier me. lake (oE. ^laciari) = ODU. laken *be wanting, ofris. lakia. Teut. y" lek in leak.

lacquer lacker sb. adopted fr. FR. laque 'varnish'? cp. G. lack, IT. lace a.

lad ME. ladde borrowed fr. ir. lath 'a youth, champion'; cp. lass.

ladder me. Idddre short for oe. hlckdder'. Teut. base hlaidrjO'\^= DU. ladder leer, ohg. leitara G. letter; goth. "^hlai-dri (gen. "^hlai-drjos)'. teut. \(^hlai hli in lean vb., Aryan V" kli in gr. vXt-i-iat 'ladder. The Teut. suffix -dr- in ladder answers to a GR. -xQia.

lade sb. me. lade oe. hladan = OSAX. hladan, du. g. /<2^^/z OHG. (h)ladan, on. hlada, goth.

hlapan load, lade': teut. y/^hlad hlap from an Aryan yj^klaf, perh. cogn. w. \pklad in OSLOV. kladq I lay'. — The vb. oe. hladan ME. lade signifies also 'draw water', hence e. ladle me. Iddel OE. hlczdel.

lady ME. lady earlier lafdi Id/dii OE. hldfdiie 'a lady, mistress'; cogn. w. lord oe. hldford. The first part of both words is oe. hldf = e. loaf, the second part in oe. hldf- diie is connected with goth. deigan vb. 'knead' (see dough). Therefore oe. hlcefdlie (teut. '^hlaiba-digjb-) meant orig. 'the kneader of bread'.

lair ME. leir oe. I'eier 'lair, couch, bed' = osAX. I'egar 'couch, sick-bed', DU. leger 'a couch, bed, lair', ohg. I'egar g. lager (for leger) 'a couch, bed, place of lying, storehouse', GOTH, ligrs 'a couch : Teut. base I'egra- from \[^ leg in lie and lay.

laity sb. from the adj. lay.

lake ME. Idke 'lake' oe. lacu 'lake' and 'stream': early loan- Vk\ord fr.» * LAT. laeus 'a lake, poM'. oe. lagu 'sea, ocean' is

ii8

lamb — lap

the genuine E. correspondence of the LAT. word and of ir. loch 'lake'; cp. loch.

lamb sb. ime. oe. la?nb Igmb = OSAX. lamdy DU. lam, OHG. lamb G. lamm, GOTH. on. lamd: Teut. base lamba- {lambaz- in the plur. OE. lombru me. lombren, lambiz- in the plur. ohg. lembir G. liimmer) .

lame adj. me. Idjne oe. lama = OSAX. lamOy DU. lam, OHG. MHG. lam (gen. lames) G. lahm, ON. lamiy sw. dan. /^w^. The commoner meaning bruised, maimed' is prob. the orig. one, though the meaning 'lame' is very old (goth. used halts cp. halt). Cp. OSLOV. lomiti vb. 'break, bruise', on. lama 'bruise' ?

lamimias jvie. lammasse shortened fr. late oe. hldmmcesse, commonly OE. hldf-mcesse'. lit. 'loaf-mass' from hldf 'loaf, bread' and mcesse 'mass'. See loaf.

lamp short for me. lau^npe adopted fr. fr. lampe, whence also DU. lamp, dan. g. lampe, sw. lampa. Source lat.-gr. lampas 'a torch, lamp' (= it. lampa).

lamprey sb. me. laumpreie bor- rowed fr. OFR. lampf-eie {= FR. lamproie), whence also du. lam- prei. Source lat. lampetra 'lamprey' in a vulgar form lam- preda {= it. hunpreda), whence also OE. lempedu lampreta* and perh. the synon. pride (oE. *pride short for '^ lamprideT) .

lance me. launge borrowed fr. FR. lance, whence also du. lans,

G. lanze. Source lat. lancea (= IT. lancia)', cp. launch. land sb. me. oe. land (Ignd)

= OSAX. DU. G. ON. sw. DAN.

land from a Teut. base landa-; cogn. w. IR. land lann, cymr. llan, CORN. Ian (from '^landhd) 'open space, surface', BRET. Ian 'heath', oslov. ledina 'heath, untilled land' (russ. Ij'ada Ija- dina). — land vb. me. lande = DU. G. landen, dan. lande, sav. landa from land sb. — land- scape borrowed fr. DU. land- schap 'a landscape'.

lane sb. me. oe. lane {lone) = OFRIS. lona lana, du. laan a lane, a narrow passage': Teut. base lanbn-.

language me. langdge adopted from FR. langage: deriv. of FR. langue ■==. lat. lingua 'tongue, speech'.

languish vb. me. languisshe from FR. languiss- stem of languir 'languish (lat. languere 'be weak).

lank adj. me. Ia7tk oe. hlanc; perh. cogn. w. G. schlank, which points to a teut. slanka- : aryan klang- s(k)lang ?

lantern me. lanterne launterne borrowed from fr. lanterne : source LAT. laterna lanterna^ whence also G. laterne.

lap sb. ME. lappe 'lap, border' OE. lappa 'a loosely hanging portion'; cogn. w. DU. /-a;^, OFRis. OHG. lappa G, lappen 'rag, tatter and LiTH. lopas 'patch' (lat. labare 'hang down, fall'). See limp adj.

lapwing — lath

lapwing vb. accommodated to wing for me. lapwinke, shortened fr. OE. hl(apwince lit. 'the bird which turns about in running'; cp. leap for OE. hleapan 'run' and wink.

larboard earlier lerboard and leerboard (cp. star boar (£)\ perh. from ME. ler 'cheek'? In Scand. the planks in a ship's side have different names as aur-y skaut-, sol-bord,

larch sb. :me. "^lerch oe. ^lerc *leric = MHG. ler c he G. Idrche. Source lat. larix (laricem).

lard late me. lard from the sy- non. FR. lard = lat. larda {Idridus adj. 'fat).

large me. large large, wide, liberal, generous' from fr. large = LAT. largus.

lark me. larke contracted fr. OE. Idwerce earliest form Idwricce*. Teut. base laiwrakon- = ohg. ler a Ma (from *lewraMa) G. lerche, DU. leemverick , mlg. lewerke. Formation and origin quite ob- scure.

lash sb. ME. lasshe 'the string of a whip' OE. l(zsce = du. lasch, mlg. lasche 'a stripe'.

lass ME. lasse'. perh. for "^ladse and cogn. w. lad me. ladde"^

last adj. :me. last{e) earlier latst(e) shortened for oe. latost 'latest': superl. of oe. Icet = late.

last sb. the shoemaker's woo- den mould of the foot' ident. w. OE. last sb. foot-track, foot- print'; the E. meaning agrees w. G. leisten, du. leesty sw. Idstj dan.

lipst 'the shoemaker's last'. The orig. meaning is evident in on. leistr 'foot below the ankle, a short sock'. Cp. the Aryan y/^lts lais 'go' in lat. delirare go mad'.

last vb. ME. Idste short for OE. Icestan 'perform, stand by, carry out' = OSAX. lestian, ohg. g. leisten, GOTH, laistjan: derived fr. a TEUT. laista- 'foot-mark' under last sb.

latch vb. ME. lacche oe. Icecdan le-lcBCcan 'seize, catch hold of. — Hence latch sb. me. lacche 'a catch, fastening'.

latchet sb. me. lacchet from onfr. "^lachet = fr. laeet a dimin. of fr. lacs 'a snarej noose'; see lace.

late adj. me. lat (late adv.) OE. l^t 'slow, late' = osAX. lat, (lg. late adv. 'late'), du. laat, OHG. laT, (55) G. lass, on. latr, GOTH, lats 'slow, slothful': an OTEUT. adj. -stem /«7^-, belonging to the ARYAN V" lad . in LAT. lassus (from* lad'tus, an old part.) 'weary'. Cp. let vb. and last adj.

lath ME. lappe oe. Itetta (Iceppa^ = OHG. latta G. latte, DU. lat. Though OE. // corresponds here to OHG. // (regularly oe. // = OHG. //), the word is still ge- nuine Teut., since it is allied w. G. laden "board, plank, lash, shutter', whence fr. latte (= SPAN, lata, IT. latta); akin to w. Hath 'a rod, staff", IR. slat, bret. laz 'rod, lath' (Celt, base sla/ta-).

I20

lather — lay

lather me. lather short for OE. Uador = on. laudr (mod. icel. Igdr^ 'froth, foam': Teut. base lau-j)7'a- derived from the Aryan \f^law in LAT. lavare\ as for the Teut. suffix cp. GR. Xqvxqov *bath' and gall, laiitrum 'bal- neum'.

Latin adj. me. Latin adopt, fr. FR. latin (= span. it. latinOy DU. latijuj G. latein)\ source lat. LatinuSy whence also OE. lcBde?i 'Latin'.

latten sb. 'a kind of brass or bronze' me. latoun borrowed fr. the synon. ofr. laton = fr. laiton, SPAN, laton.

lattice sb. me. latis adopted fr. fr. lattis 'lathwork, lattice-work' formed from fr. latte 'a lath'; see lath.

laugh vb. ME. lag he laughe earlier lahhe oe. hlehhan hlyhhan = OSAX. hlehhian, DU. G. lachen ohg. lahhen (h)lahhan, on. hlceja (for *hlahja), goth. hlahjan 'laugh'. T^\Ji:.\f^hlah = Aryan kldk, prob. onomatopoetic. — laughter sb. ME. laughter oe. hleahtor == ohg. hlahtar G. geldchtery on. hldtr from the teut. \["hlah with the suffix pra- ira-.

launch vb. me. launche com- monly launce: adopted fr. onfr. (Picard.) lancher = fr. lancer 'hurl, cast, dart, thrust'; deriv. of FR. lance = e. lance.

laundress extended with suffix -ess fr. me. laundir lav endure from OFR. lavandiere 'washer woman' FR. lavandiere laundry - maid'.

Source lat. lavandus 'to be washed' (it. lavanda *a washing').

laurel me. laur^r (with the by- forms lorir lor it) from fr. laurier: source lat. laurus 'a laurel tree'.

lave vb. me. lave oe. ^elafian ^ OHG. labon o. laben 'refresh'. The WEST -teut. labon is perh. a loanword fr. lat. lav are (= FR. laver).

lavender me. lavendre (with an inserted e. r) borrowed from FR. lavande = it. lavanda laven- tola, whence du. g. lavendel. Source lat. lavare wash' (la- vender was laid in freshly washed linen).

law ME. lawe oe. lagu 'law', which about 900 was borrowed fr. an early ^CK^Vt.^lagu r= on. Igg nora. plur. 'law' (sw. lag^ dan. lov 'law). Cogn. w. lat. lex — legem fr. Aryan \f^legh 'lie'; cp. G. gesetz, satzung for the meaning. The genuine E. word for 'law' was OE. (B = ohg. ewa.

lawn^ sb. 'a grass plot' me. launde lande'. borrowed from fr. lande 'a grassy plain', which is of Celt, origin (cp. IR. lann under land).

lawn 2 sb. 'fine linen' orig. 'lawn linen": so called from fr. Laon a city N. W. of Rheims; cp. Arras and Cambric.

lay vb. ME. leie kin earlier legge OE. lecgan wk. vb. (3 sing. OE. le'^p ME. lei'tE) : Teut. base lagjan = goth. lagjan, osAX. leggiajty OHG. leckan G. legen, du. leggen^ on. leggja'. causative for-

lay — learn

21

mation of the \f leg 'lie' in lie\ hence lay 'cause to lie down.

lay sb. 'a song' ]\ie. lai from OFR. FR. lai.

lay adj. me. lai from ofr. fr. lai 'secular, belonging to the laity'. Source lat. Idicus, whence also OE. IcBwed (g. laie 'a lay- man'). See lewd.

lazar sb. me. Idzar fr. ofr. lazarel Source the biblical prop, n. Lazarus', 'the lazar-house' is in G. lazaret = it. lazzareito, fr. lazaret.

lazy from fr. las = lat. lassus.

lead vb. me. l{de {lede) oe. tl^dan\ Teut. base I'aidjan ■= OSAX. lediauy DU. leiden, G. leiten, on. leida-'lead' : prop^dfactitive of the str. vb. teut. l^Jan ^ oe. lidan 'go, travel', osax> lithan, goth. leipan'. teut. sfltp under lode- star.

lead sb. short for me. led oe. lead = DU. lood 'lead a weight', G. lot 'a lead-weight': Teut. base "^'lauda- cogn. w. synon. OIR. ludide (base laudio-).

leaf ME. le'f oe. l^af = osax. lof, DU. loof 'foliage', ohg. loub G. laub 'leaves, foliage', on. lauf 'leaf, GOTH, laufs (plur. laubos) *leaf': Teut. base lauba- orig. 'the single leaf (used as a col- lective sb. 'the foliage').

league sb. 'an aUiance' adopted from fr. ligue 'a league': source LAT. ligare 'bind'.

league sb. 'about three miles' late ME. lege borrowed fr. ofr.

legue = FR. Hew. source a lat.- GALL. leuga leuca 'a Gallic mile', whence also late oe. leowe 'leuga'. GALL, leuga corresponds to bret. leo, IR. leige 'a league'.

leak vb. me. Icke oe. lee an (the factitive leccan 'wet' from a base lakj'an) = on. leka 'drip, leak as a ship', du. lekken, ohg. lechan G. lee ken vb. — leek adj. 'leaky'. — teut. y^M lak see under lack vb.

lean adj. me. Ic'ne oe. hldne from a Teut. base hlai-ni 'lean' (with suffix -ni as in clean, green).

lean vb. me. Z//?^ oe. hlcenan 'cause to lean': Teut. base hlain- jan = OHG. leinan: factitive of oe. hlionian 'lean' = osAX. hlinon, OHG. hlinen 'lean'; cp. G. lehnen, DU. leunen. The TEUT.\rM (cp. ladder) corresponds to an ARYAN yfkli', cp. LAT. inclmdre 'incline', gr. xX/Vw 'I lean' — vXi-

TVC, 'hiir, LAT. cll-VUS 'hill', GOTH.

hlai-w (oe. hldiv) 'mound'.

leap vb. me. l(pe oe. hleapan str. vb. 'leap, run' = du. loopen, OSAX. hlopan, ohg. louffan G. lauf en, on. hlaupa, goth. hlaupan 'leap, run': t^\]T.\P hlaup, perh. cogn. w. LITH. klupau vb. 'stag- ger, stumble'.

learn vb. short for me. lerne oe. leornian'. from a base lemon teut. liznbn = ohg. lirnen lernen G. lernen 'learn'; cp. osAX. linbn from a base liznon. Akin to the primit. str. vb. GOTH, lais 'I know' and the deriv. oe. ohg.

22

lease^

leisure

lis-ty GOTH, lis-ts 'art, cunning'. See lore for the TEUT.y"/*^?^: liz.

lease ^ vb. 'let tenements' bor- rowed from FR. laisser.

lease 2 vb. 'gather, pick, glean' ME. Use OE. lesan 'gather' ^= OSAX. lesan, du. lezen 'gather, read', OHG. lesan G. lesen 'gather, read', on. lesa 'gather, pick', GOTH, lisan 'gather'; cogn. w. LITH. lesti 'pick up'.

least ME. l('st OE. Icest shor- tened fr. Idsest (by-form Icerest): Teut. base laisista- superl. to the compar. teut. laisiza- = less.

leather me. lel/ier oe. leder = ON. leilr, DU. leder, ohg. ledar G. leder leather': Teut. base lepra- = pre-TEUT. lelro- in ir. lethar, cymr. lledr, bret. lezr 'leather'.

leave vb. me. leve oe. Idfan tr. 'leave' — intr. 'remain': Teut. base laibjan'y cp. osAX. far- l^bian remain', ohg. mhg. leiben 'leave', on. leifa leave': causat. of a str. vb. liban in oe. belifan ME. belive y osAX. biliban, du. blijven, OHG. biliban G. bleiberi, ON. li/a (orig. str.), GOTH, bi- leibaft 'remain'. For the root see live.

leave sb. me. l^'ve (leve) 'per- mission' OE. leaf 'permission'; cp. OE. dlyfan ale/an 'permit', OHG. irlouben g. erlauben.

leaven me. levain from fr. levain 'ferment'. Source lat. lev amen.

lee ME. le from on. hli (»sigla

a hl6« 'to stand to leeward')' prop, 'shelter, protection' (oe. hleo, OSAX. hleo 'shelter^. Cogn. w. ON. hly 'warmth' — hlyr 'warm; and G. lati ohg. hlao\ cp. luke- warm.

leech 1 'physician' (Shakesp.) ME. leche OE. lece Ickde physician' = GOTH, lekeis, OHG. Idhhi 'phy- sician': Teut. base lekja- lakja-. Perh. allied to OIR. liaig (gen. ligd) 'physician'.

leech 2 liirudo' me. '^Uche (not recorded) OE. /-^<;V'hirudo': prop, 'physician' and ident. w. leechK Cp. ODU. lake leech'?

leek ME. lek oe. l^'ac = du. look, OHG. louh G. lauch, on. laukr leek': Teut. base lauka- pre-TEUT. lougo-. ,

leer me. ler oe. hleor 'cheek = OSAX. hlior, ON. hlyr 'cheek': Teut. base hleuza-. If the orig. meaning was 'ear', listen might be allied.

lees 'dregs of wine' from fr. lie lees : base a late Gallo-Latin lia for "^liga 'sediment' (aryan \flegh in lie).

left ME. left lift allied to the synon. odu. lucht luft, lg. lucht^ NFRis. leeft', the orig. meaning was perh. 'faint, weak' in oe. lyft 'inanis': Teut. base lufti-'^ Imnfti-} perh. alHed to OHG. lenka 'the left hand' G. links left'?

legend me. legende from ofr. Ugende.

leisure me. lisilre (commonly leisir) fr. ofr. leisir == fr. loisir. Source lat. licere.

lemman

liei

23

lemman 'sweetheart' me. lemman shortened fr. an earher lefman'. prop, yylief ?nafi«.

lemon from fr. limo7i\ cp. lime^ .

lend vb. inie. line oe. Ickfian vb. 'lend' from OE. l^n 'a loan'; cp. loan.

length 3kiE. lengthc oe. lengp from a Teut. base langi^o- = ON. lengd: abstract formation of TEUT. langa- ; cp. long,

lent ME. /(f/z/i? lenten oe. lenpen

spring

OHG. lenzin with the

by-form lengiy-n lengizo lenzo G. /^«s; 'spring', DU. lente. OHG. /^^^s:/>'2 (= OE. lenpen) points to a teut. langa-tina- 'the long day'; for the second element cp. goth. sin-teins 'daily', SLOV. diniy skr. dina 'day'.

lentil me. lentil fr. fr. lentille\ source the synon. lat. leniicula {lens — leJitis lentil').

leper me. lepre 'leprosy' fr. fr. lepre 'leprosy' (lat. lepra).

less me. lesse lasse oe. Idssa 'smaller fr. a Teut. base laisizan- = OFRis. lessa; the adv. e. less me. les OE. Ids answers to OSAX. lis (teut. laisiz). For the superl. c^. least. A primitive adj. laisa- is LITH. lesas little, small'.

-less suffix = ME. -l§s OE. -leas: prop. adj. meaning loose.

lesson ME. lessoun fr. fr. le(07i'. source LAT. lectio{nem).

lest 'that not' me. teste shor- tened for the list the oe. fy Ids pe 'for the reason less that'; for OE. Ids = me. les cp. less.

let^ vb. me. lete oe. litan Idtan str. vb. = GOTH. IStan, o^.-ldta, OSAX. Idtan, ohg. Idi^yin G. lassen, DU. laten: TEUT.y"/^^ lat 'permit'.

let^ vb. 'hinder' me. l^tte oe. lettan fr. a base latjan 'to make slow' (teut. lata- 'slow' see un- der late) = GOTH, latjan 'tarry' ON. letjay OSAX. lettian, ohg. lezzan (g. verletzen), du. letten.

letter me. lettre fr. fr. lettre (lat. litter a).

lettuce late me. letiife', allied to FR. laitue = LAT. Idctuca (whence ohg. lattuH).

levy fr. fr. levie (fr. lever = LAT. levare).

lewd ME. Ii7£jed oe. kkved 'un- learned' fr. i,AT. Uncus cp. /^ji^^.

lick vb. ME. likke oe. liccian = OSAX. likhon, ohg. I'eckon g. Iccken, GOTH, '^likkon. teut. ///^y^^/z belongs to the Aryan \f Ugh 'lick' in GOTH, laigon, gr. "kU/ix) 'lick' — Xi/v^vco 'taste secretly', SKR. V"r//^ //^ 'lick', OSLOV. //5(3; {lizatt) and lith. leziii-'\ick\ lat. //«i^(7 and perhaps lat. lingua LITH. I'ezuvis 'tongue', oiR. //^zV;/ *Uck'.

lid sb. {eye-lid) me. /zV/ oe. M^/ 'cover, lid' = du. lid lid, cover, OHG. /// (older hlit) G. lid (in augenlid 'eyelid'), on. lid 'cover, gate'. Cp. the teut. \[^hlid in the str. vb. OE. OSAX. hlidan cover'.

lie^ vb. 'speak falsely' me. lie earlier lie Uie OE. leogan = OSAX. OHG. liogan, du. liegen, G. liigen, on. Ijuga, goth. liugan

124

like

str. vb. 'tell a falsehood'. The TEUT. \l^leug answers to an Aryan \(^leugh - lugh in oslov. luzq {litgati) vb. 'lie' — luza sb. 'lie'.

lie^ vb. 'rest, repose' me. lie lin OE. licgafi = OSAX. liggia?t, DU. liggen^ OHG. licken G. liegen, ON. liggja, GOTH, ligan str. vb. 'lie'. The str. vb. teut. ligjan is derived fr. the Aryan yflegh in GR. Xey.tqov Xh/og 'bed' — • aXo/OQ 'wife' — Xs/co 'bedridden woman' — Xo^sm 'bear — Xoxoc, 'ambush, lair', lat. lecius 'bed', OSLOV. legq (lezati) 'lie'. Cp. lay and lair. *

lief adj. me. lef oe. Ic'of (cp. I e mm an) ■= OSAX. liof, DU. lie/, OHG. Hob [Hub) G. lieb 'dear, lief, ON. IJufr, GOTH. Hu/s dear : Teut. base leuba- adj. 'lief from the TEUT. \flub in love.

liege ME. lege (by-form lige) fr. OFR. liege lige fr. lige.

life ME. OE. /// =: OSAX. lif, ON. /(/, OHG. lib 'life' (g. /^/^, DU. lijf 'body') ; allied to the TEUT. \piib in live\ a lost str. vb. Itban cp. under leave vb. Outside of teut., gr. Xma^soa 'remain' points to an Aryan \flip.

lift vb. ME. lifte fr. scand. lypta\ cogn. w. loft.

light sb. ME. light OE. leoht = OSAX. OHG. lioht , DU. G. Hcht 'light'. The dental of the word is formative as seen in goth. liuh-af 'light"; cp. the Aryan \fluk: leuk in lat. luceo 'shine', GR. Xi:V/.6c, 'white', skr. rue 'shine'. — Hence lighten vb. me.

light(e)ne (where the n is formative) 'become light' and lightning verbal sb. 'an il- luminating flash' (with the suffix -ing).

light adj. ME. light oe. liht leoht = DU. ligt, OHG. Itht G. leicht, ON. littr, GOTH, leihts: Teut. base linhta- for lenkto-1 Perhaps cogn. w. GR. IXayyc. 'small', lith. lengwus lengwasW^i . See lung.

— Hence also lights 'animal's lungs'. — light V vb. 'alight, descend' me. lihte oe. lihtan lit. 'make light, relieve a horse of his burden' fr. oe. liht = light. — lighten vb. ident. w. light vb. (w. formative -en). — light in the phrase "to make light of somebody" represents me. Hte oe. lyt 'little, small', which is cogn. w. little.

like vb. me. like oe. lidan wk. vb. 'please' = goth. leikan (pret. leikaidd) 'please', du. lijken 'suit', ON. lika 'please': deriv. of like adj. or cogn. w. OIR. ligach 'beautiful' — lig 'color, splendor'?

like adj. me. lik earHer ilik oe. •^elic = GOTH, galeiks, on. glikr, OSAX. giltk, DU. gelijk, ohg. gilih (hh) G. gleich. The Teut. adj. ga-lika- is a comp. of the particle goth. ^rt:- and a sb. lika- 'body', the comp. meaning having the same body'; cp. goth. leik, OSAX. ON. lik 'body', oe. lic-homa 'body', G. leiche — leichnam 'corpse. Cp. -ly, which and such. — Hence liken vb. me. likne 'compare'.

lily — lion

25

lily ME. lilie OE. lilie (plur. lilian) = OHG. /i/ia G. /i/ie, DU. k/ie : source lat. plur. Ma 'lily', whence also OSAX. ///// 'lily'.

limb ikiE. /im oe. //>« (plur. leomti) = ON. /?>«;' 'limb': Teut. base li-ma- cogn. w. Goth, li-pus, OHG. li-dj OSAX. li-thy OE. //•/ 'limb'; cp. also lith. I'emu 'stature, growth': aryan \f"lL

lime^ sb. 'viscous substance, bird-lime' me. oe. lim 'cement, glue' = DU. lijm, G. leim ohg. Itnij ON. lim 'glue': teut. lima- is allied to teut. laima- (see loatn). LAT. limus 'slime' cor- responds to Ihne in form, to loam in meaning, \flai It is attested by on. leir (Teut. base lai-z-a-) 'clay, loam' and lat. li-no 'rub over, daub'.

lime sb. 'the linden-tree', cor- rupted fr. earlier line-tree for lind-tree\ see linden.

lime^ sb. 'a kind of citron' borrowed fr. fr. lime 'a lime'; ident. w. lemon.

linch-pin earlier lins-pin me. lins OE. lynes = osAX. lunisa, DU. luns lens, G. lUnse) allied to OHG. liming and ohg. mhg. lun 'linch-pin'. The primit. base luni-, if fr. an ARYAN Ini- , is perhaps ident. w. skr. di:ii 'linch- pin'; cp. OE. d-lynnan 'loosen'.

lindentree me. linde oe. lind 'lime-tree' := ohg. linta G. du. linde, on. sw. dan. lind\ Teut. base Undo pre-TEUT. lent a-, if allied to gr. sXarrj 'fir-tree' or LITH. lenta 'board*.

line ME. OE. line = du. lijn, ohg. lina MHG. MLG. line g. leine, ON. lina 'cord, rope' : Teut. base lin-jbn- prop, 'the thing made of flax ; cp. linen.

lineage me. linage adopted fr. lignage'. source lat. linea 'aline.

linen adj. and sb. (orig. only adj.) ME. OE. linen adj. ^= osAX. OHG. linin G. leinen linnen, du. linen 'made of flax': deriv. of OE. lin 'flax' = osAX. ohg. lin, GOTH, lein sb. 'linnen'; cogn. w. LAT. linum, GR. Xivoy y OSLOV. linii 'flax'.

linger vb. extended fr. me. lenge vb. 'tarry' w. the frequent suffix -ef, OE. lengan prolong' fr. long.

link sb. 'ring in a chain' fr. an unrecorded me; *lenk ^link'. SCAND. loanword fr. an orig. hlenk- cp. ON. hlekkr {iox'^hlenh-), sw. lank, DAN. Icenke link'. There was a genuine oe. hlencc 'link' fr. a base hlankjon-', but the guttural of link shows that the word may not be the develop- ment of OE. hlence.

linnet sb. me. Ii7iet adopted fr. FR. linot{te) 'a linnet' fr. fr. lin 'flax' so called from feeding on the seed of flax or hemp; cp. G. hdnfling 'linnet' fr. hanf 'hemp'. Cp. OE. linece 'carduelis' and linetwige 'linnet'.

linseed short for me. lin-sed prop, 'flax-seed'; cp. linen.

lion ME. lioun earlier leiln : bor- rowed in the 12''' cent. fr. fr. lion', source lat. leonem (Jeo).

126

lip — loath

lip ME. lippe OE. lippa = osax. '^lippia^ DU. lipy MLG. lippe (whence G. lippe)] cogn. w. the synon. OSAX. lepur = ohg. le^ur and OHG. le/s lip'. LAT. labium 'lip' with the Teut. group points to an ARYAN \pieb lab.

lisp vb. (Scotch wlisp) me. lispe {lipse) formed fr. the adj. OE. wlisp wlips 'Usping' = ohg. I'e/s (for ^^wlefs) 'stammering'; akin to DU. lispen^ G. lispebi 'lisp': TEUT. s/^wlifs — pre-TEUT. wlips.

list^ sb. ME. list short for OE. list = DU. lijst^ G. leiste 'list, border' ohg. liste 'border'. — Ident. w. list^ 'catalogue' fr. FR. liste^ which is of Teut. origin (ohg. lista 'border, strip').

list vb. ME. liste oe. lystan 'desire' derived fr. lust.

listen vb. me. listene earlier form liste oe. hlystan 'hear' ; allied to OE. hlos-nian, OHG. {h)losen 'hear", ON. hlera (goth. *hluza?t) 'listen'. An Aryan yfklus 'hear' is evident in skr. frus-fi 'obe- dience', OSLOV. slysati vb. 'hear', LITH. klausyti 'hear*, ON. hlus-t 'ear'; cymr. ^/^i"/ 'ear'. C\). leer.

litter ]ME. lit&e fr. ofr. litiere (fr. litiere) 'a horse-litter' (lat. type lee tar ia fr. led us 'bed').

little short for ME. oe. litel = GOTH, leifils 'small', on. litill 'little'. Relation to the synon. DU. luttel, OSAX. luitil, OHG. luzzil, oe. lyttel 'little' is obscure.

live vb. me. live earlier form lizne libbe oe. libban {lifiati) wk. vb. = GOTH, libatiy ohg. leben

G. leben, du. leven, osax. libbian', cogn. w. oe. belifan = ohg. biliban G. bleiben'. teut. \f lib see under leave vb. and life.

liver ME. livre oe. lifer =: du. lever, ohg. libara I'ebara G. leber, ON. lifr. Connection of teut. libro- w. the synon. GR. rj-naQ, LAT. j'ecur, SKR. yakrt and the two assumed stems "^lik and "^Ijek is doubtful.

livery me. liver 6 fr. fr. livrde.

lizard me. lesarde fr. fr. lizard 'lizard' (= LAT. lacertd).

lo interj. me. Ig oe. ld\ a pre- historic oe. "^Idw for TEUT. laiw is warranted by ohg. lew-es 'lo'! Perhaps teut. lai-wa- is con- nected with lai-pa- in loath.

loadstar see lode- star.

loaf me. Igf oe. hldf: Teut. base hlaiba- in goth. hlaifs bread', ON. hleifr, ohg. leib G. laib\ akin to lith. kl'epas 'bread'. See lady, la?nmas and lord.

loam ME. lorn oe. lam = ohg. leim G. lehm, du. leem: Teut. base lai-ma- fr. the ARYAN y"// under //;«^.

loan ME. Ion fr. on. Idn 'a loan'. There was a genuine oe. Z;?/? fr. a teut. laihniz', cp. ohg. /<?/^^;2 'a thing granted' and on. Mn fr. a teut. laihna-{zl) : teut. \flihw (goth. leihtvan 'lend', ohg. lihan g. leihen, oe. //^« pret. /<i-^ 'lend, give) = aryan \fliq in LAT. linquere 'leave', gr. XduHv, sw. ric 'leave'.

loath adj. me. loth oe. Idp 'hateful' = on. leidr 'loathed',

lobster

lore

27

OHG. leid odious', OSAX. leth\ cogn. w. OHG. lida?i G. leiden 'suffer. Perhaps there was an ARYAN \("ll lai cp. lo.

lobster me. lopstre oe. loppestre earlier loptist 'lobster': adoption fr. LAT. locusta 'lobster, locust'.

loch OE. loh 'lake': a Gaelic word; cp. GAEL. IR. loch 'lake' (ident. w. LAT. laciis , OE. lagu 'sea' under lake). \

lock! sb. fr. the vb. me. Igke louke OE. Itican 'lock, enclose' = GOTH, galukan 'shut up', ohg. luhhatiy DU. luiken. ,

lock 2 (of hair) me. lok (plur. lockes) OE. locc (plur. loccas) =

DU. lok^ ON. lokk7'y OHG. lok G.

locke'. Teut. base lokka- cogn. w. GR. XvyiHx) I bend.

lode-star me. Igde-sterre con- tains OE. "^eldd way, course' (cf. ON. leidarstjarna = G. leitstern), which is cogn. w. lead vb. = TEUT. laidjan 'guide, lead'. Cp. me. Igdes7nan 'pilot' and e. lode- stone.

lodge vb. ME. logge vb. adopted fr. FR. loger\ E. lodge me. logge 'lodge, tent' fr. fr. loge orig. 'a small house'? Source a lat. type laubia fr. ohg. louba 'an arbor' (g. laube 'a covered hall'; allied to leaf).

loft sb. me. loft 'an upper room' borrowed fr. ON. /t^/ 'upper story, balcony', which has also the meaning 'air, sky' = goth. Iuft7is , g. luft^ OE. lyft 'air'. Hence lift vb.

loin late me. loine: adopted fr.

OFR. logfie now longe (lat. type *lumbea fr. LAT. lumbus loin').

loiter vb. me. loitre.

loll vb. me. lolle.

lone short for alone.

long adj. ME. OE. long (Jang) = OSAX. langj DU. ohg. g. langy ON. langTy GOTH, laggs] cogn. w. synon. lat. longus (whence it. lungo, FR. long) ; cp. linger. — long vb. ME. longe OE. langian 'long after, long' = osAX. langoian, G. verlangen 'wish for'.

look vb. ME. Igke earlier Igkic OE. Igcian == OSAX. lokon (ohg. luogen g. lug en). The early history of the TEUT. \f lok (Jog) is obscure; cp. skr. laks 'notice, perceive' and cymr. llygat corn. lag at 'eye'.

loom sb. me. Igme oe. le-lgma (andlp7hd) 'a tool, implement'; perh. akin to oe. lelgme = ohg. giluomo gilavio 'frequently', ohg. gastluomi 'hospital'.

loose adj. me. Ids (lous) bor- rowed fr. ON. Iguss = goth. laus, OE. l§'as (cp. less), DU. los, OSAX. OHG. Ids g. los. The common teut. adj. lausa- is a deriv. of the \f his 'be loose' under lose.

lord ME. lord short for Igverd OE. hldford prop, hldf-weard loaf-ward' — 'keeper of bread' (cp. OE. y^/^/" under loaf): the masc. corresponding to the fem. formation lady = oe. hldf-diie. Both compounds are peculiar to English.

lore me. lore oe. Idr infl. Idre

28

lose — lump

= OHG. OSAX. leriiy g. lehre^ du. leer'. Teut. base laizo-^ whence GOTH, laisjanj OE. Idran, oho. l^ran G. lehren, DU. leeren 'teach'. See also learn for the teut. y" //s: laiz, lose ME. /<?j"^ mostly forlese oe. forleosan str. vb. ^ goth. /r^- liusan, osAX. ohg. farliosan g. verlieren str. vb. loseV An Aryan Y" /zi^^ (cp. loose) may be an extended form of V" /^^ in gr. Avw 'I release', lat. luere. — loss sb. ME. OE. los 'destruction'.

lot ME. lot OE. hlot =r DU.

lot\ ident. w. oe. hlyt = goth. hlauts, ohg. /<?5 G. loos : Teut. base hlauti- : teut. y/^ -^Z?^/ hlaut in ON. /^^'^7^z str. vb. 'get by lot', OE. hleotan, ohg. {h)lio'i^yin. loud adj. i^iE. /<92^^/ OE. i^/z^^ = OSAX. hlud, DU. //^/<y, OHG. {h)lut G. /^?//: the Teut. base hlil-da- (cp. r<?/rt^, <?/^, couth) was orig. a part, with suffix -to

(lat. -^2^^, GR. -TOQy SKJl. -Z^^) ;

pre-TEUT. klu-tO'S (skr. frutdSy GR. yilvTog, LAT. inclutiis 'famous') fr. an Aryan V" >^/i!^ in skr. c^u 'hear', GR. xA-u w — v.Khoq.

lough 'lake' fr. ir. gall. loch\ see /<?^^.

louse ME. loiLs (plur. lis) oe. lus (plur. /y^) = DU. luisy ohg. /zz^ G. /^2/^, ON. lus (plur. /f^^): Teut. base liis-y derived perh. fr. the TEUT. V" lus 'destroy' under loose and lose\ cp. gr. cpd^siQ 'louse' — (p&iiQOJ 'I de- stroy'.

lovage fr. fr. liveche mixed

w. iviE. luvestiche oe. lufestice. Source of the whole group lat. ligusticum 'lovage'.

love ME. love oe. lufu = GOTH, ludo, ohg. lu^a 'love': Teut. base lubon- allied to the TEUT. adji leicba- = lief. An ARYAN \plubh 'desire' is evident in LAT. lubidoy skr. Ibblia 'desire' and SKR. sf lubh 'to desfre'.

low, adj. ME. Igw earlier lag late OE. ldg\ borrowed fr. on. Idgr 'low' (sw. Idgy dan. lav) = DU. laagy which are derived from the teut. \r leg lag 'lie'. Hence low prop, 'lying flat'.

low vb. ME. Ip'we OE. hlgwait 'low'; cp. DU. loeietiy ohg. luoien low': TEUT. sf hid , pre-TEUT. kid in LAT. cld-mdre 'cry.

lower vb. me. loure = ivrao. luren G. lauern 'lurk'; cp. lurk.

luck found since the 15*** cent.; ident. w. DU. luk geluk 'good fortune', mhg. gelUcke G. gliicky OFRis. luk. Akin to G. locken^ DU. locken 'entice, allure'.

lucre ME. lucre fr. fr. lucre = LAT. lucrum.

lug vb. ME. lugge 'drag, lug'; cogn. w. sw. lugga.

lukewarm fr. me. leuke {lake) earlier hleuk\ perh. contr. fr. an unrecorded oe. "^hUowoc 'lukewarm'; cogn. w. ime. lewe OE. hleowe 'lukewarm' = on. hlyr 'warm' (ohg. hldo G. lau 'lukewarm').

lull ME. lulle = DU. lullen, DAN. lullcy sw. lulla.

lump sb. ME. lumpe lompc\

lung — magpie

29

ident. w. du. lonip 'a lump', G. Iu7tipen 'rags'.

lung ]VIE. lunge longe oe. lungen \ ^^ ON. lunga, DU. long J OHG. lunga G. lunge 'lung': Teut. base \ lungon-j-, allied to an Aryan adj. bnghu- 'light' = gr. sXa/vc, SKR. lag/iu 'light'. Cp. lights as synon. with lungs. See light for the ARYAN \f lengh.

lure sb. me. Hire fr. fr. leurre 'bait*; source a teut. lopra- = MHG. luoder 'bait' (g. ludei-).

lurk vb. me. lurke\ derived fr. ME. lour en (= lower) as hark fr. hear J talk fr. /^//.

lust sb. ME. OE. lust 'desire'

= OSAX. DU. G. ON. lust^ GOTH.

lustus 'desire': a common Teut. formation, prob. allied to the ARYAN \p las 'desire' in gr.

XiXaioiLiaij SKR. yf las for lals 'desire', lat. las-civus.

lute sb. ME. lute\ borrowed fr. OFR. lilt leut = FR. luth\ ident. w. DU. luit, G. lautCy IT. liuto leutOy SPAN. laud. Source ARAB. al ud 'lute'.

-ly adj. -suffix me. -ly -li earlier -lich{e) oe. -lie = osAX. -lik,

DU. lijk, OHG. -lich G. -lich, ON.

-likry GOTH, 'leiks. Orig. the same as lika- 'body' discussed under like (goth. wa Ira -leiks 'manly' prop, "having the body of a man).

lye sb. ME. Hie oe. Ic'ah (infl. l(age); cp. synon. du. loog^ ohg. louga G. lauge ^ on. Igug 'warm bath': prob. connected with the ARYAN \flou lu 'bathe' (cp. lather).

M

mace a big club' borrowed fr. OFR. mace fr. 7tiasse\ source a LAT. type "^matea 'a beetle'.

mackerel me. makeril adopted fr. OFR. maquerel (fr. maquereaii) = DU. makreel, whence G. mak- rele : source med.-lat. maearellus maquerellus 'a mackerel'.

machine (^ g. mas chine, du. machine) fr. fr. machine: source LAT. machina gr. ^irjj^av?/ 'a device'.

mad adj. me. mad oe. ^emced prop, '^emdded: part, of oe.

English Etymology.

lemddan 'drive mad', deriv. from the OE. adj. ^emad 'mad' = oSAX. gimed 'foolish', ohg. gimeit Yoolish', GOTH, ga-maids 'frail, feeble'.

madder sb. me. '^maddre. oe. mcBdre (mcedrel) = on. madra, OHG. mdtara] cogn. du. lg. mede 'madder'?

niaggot late me. maggot maggat] prob. fr. cymr. maceiad macai 'a maggot'?

magpie sb. 'a bird'; mag short for Magot = fr. Margot

so

maid — malt

'Marguerite', also 'magpie'; J>ie = FR. pie fr. LAT. pica 'a magpie'; see pie.

maid :me. maidc oe. mceiden := OHG. magatin'. Teut. base magadina- is diminutive of a TEUT. -GOTH. magiip- 'a girl, virgin' = OE. mcBiep , OSAX. magath, du. w^/^, ohg. magad G. wrt-^^/ — mddchen. Allied to the Teut.-Goth. base 7nagu- 'boy' = ON. 7nggr 'boy, son', oe. magu.

maili sb. adapted fr. fr. maille 'mail' (also 'a mesh of a net') : source lat. macula 'a spot, hole, mesh of a net'.

mail 2 sb. me. male 'a bag, wallet' borrowed fr. the synon. OFR. male = fr. malle (ohg. malha 'a leather bag').

maim vb. me. ?naime prop. maine borrowed fr. OFR. mehaigner 'torment'.

main sb. me. main oe. mce-^en 'strength* = ohg. magan megin, OSAX. ON. megin 'strength' : teut. \(^mag in anight and may.

main adj. borrowed fr. ofr. maine magne 'chief' (lat. magnus great').

maintain vb. me. maintene adopted fr. fr. maintenir (lat. type manutenere 'hold by the hand').

maize sb. = fr. mais^ g. mais\ adopted fr. span. maiz. Columbus is said to have im- ported the Haytian name mahis and the cereal to Spain whence

it was adopted by the other mod. languages.

make vb. jnie. make oe. macian = OSAX. fuakon , du. ma ken, ohg. mahhon 'make, also fit or fasten together' G. 7nachen'. Teut. base niakon 'join, belong together. Cp. with goth. ^makon the ON. comparat. ?nakara 'more suitable, fitting', oe. lemcec 'fit, suitable', ohg. gimah 'con- venient, comfortable' G. gemach ; OE. ^emcBdcea 'husband, wife' (e. make companion, spouse, E. match 'spouse').

malady sb. me. maladie bor- rowed fr. OFR. maladie fr. fr. ?nalade (source male 'ill, bad' and aptus 'disposed').

male adj. jvde. male adopted fr. FR. male (source lat. dimin. 7?iascidus.

malice sb. me. ??talice borrowed fr. FR. malice (source lat. 7na- litia 'ill will'). — malign adj. adopted fr. fr. malin (f. 7naligne) 'malignant' (source 7nalignu77i i. e. male ge7ius 'ill-born).

mall sb. ME. malle melle mail borrowed fr. FR. 7nail 'a mall': source lat. malleus 'a hammer'. — Hence mallet sb. me. maillet borrowed fr. FR. maillet a mallet'.

mallow ME. malwe oe. 7nealwe = DU. 7/ialuwe: borrowed fr. lat. 7nalva^ whence also fr. mauve, span. it. 77ialva, G. malve. Cp. mauve,

malt sb. ME. malt oe. mealt =^ OSAX. ON. malt, du. 77iout, G. 77talz. The Teut. base malta-

many

31

fr. a TEUT.y^w^// in OE. m'eltan 'dissolve, melt' with which is allied the on. adj. 7nalir 'rotten' = OHG. malz 'melting away, soft' so that '^malt is perh. the adjectival neut. sb. meaning 'that which is soft'. Cp. melt.

man sb. me. oe. man vion{n7i) = OSAX. OHG. DU. MLG. man G. mann, on. madr^ GOTH, manna 'mankind, man'. In oe., man mgn (n = nn) denotes 'man' and 'woman' (cp. oe. wifmon r= e. womati). goth.-teut. mann- is based on older manw- manu- (as chin is based on an Aryan ke7iw- genu-), indo-eur. mdnu 'mankind' appears in skr. as Manu, but it signified also the 'father of mankind'; cp. also skr. mantis and ifianusa 'homo' and OSLOV. mqzi 'man'.

mane sb. me. mane oe. manu = OHG. mana G. mcihne, DU. maan^ on. mgn, sw. dan. man. The Teut. base mano- 'mane' shows a later development of meaning; the older meaning was 'neck'; cp. ON. men J oe. ?npte, ohg. menni 'necklace', cogn. with lat. monile 'necklace*, ocelt. f.iaviuy.rjg = OIR. muince 'necklace'. In lieu of ARYAN w<7i^^ 'neck' occurs skr. ma?tyd 'nape', closely allied to OIR. 7nuin nndnil 'nape'.

mange sb. shortened fr. the adj. me. ^maunge which is bor- rowed from the fr. part, mangi lit. 'eaten'; cp. fr. mangaison 'mange'. — manger sb. me. maung^r borrowed fr. FR. man-

geoire 'manger, stable' (fr. 7nan- ger 'eat = lat. manducare^.

mangle vb. ME. mange leh^qaenX. and weakened for "^mankele fr. ME. manke oe. ^emancian^ which was prob. formed from an adj. oe. "^manc^^DXS.mank'. loanword fr. LAT. mancus adj. 'maimed'.

mangle sb. borrowed fr. du. mangel (= sw. G. mangel)] dimin. of a simple word represented by G. mange 'a mangle' = it. mangano' a machine for smoothing linen, a war-engine' fr. lat. man- ganum = GR. f.iayyavov 'a war- machine'.

manikin manakin borrowed fr. FR. mannequin =- DU. manneken\ cp. G. mdnnchen, du. mannetje: all diminutives of man. a

mankind sb. me. mankinde \ earlier man-kin oe. mon-cynn. See man and kin^ also kind.

manner me. manure borrowed fr. OFR. manere = fr. maniere.

mantle me. mantel (a form mauntelis unrecorded) = DU. sw. DAN. mantel', ON. mgttull and OE. mentel rest on a lost lat. mantu- lum mantilu?n (fr. LAT. mantum = FR. mante, it. manto 'a cloak'), whence also G.?nanteloilG.mantal] cogn. w. FR. manteau, it. mantello (lat. type ^mantellum).

many me. mani many oe. mani^ monei'. Teut. base ?nanaga- = osAX. OHG. manag G. 7nanch, DU. menig, on. margr. Cogn. w. oiR. menicc IR. minic 'frequently' (base menecci- ?) and cymr. maint, bret. mefit (celt, base manti-). 9*

132

map — marsh

map sb. borrowed fr. fr. mappe = IT. LAT. mappa prop. *a nap- kin, table-cloth'.

maple sb. me. ?ndpel oe. ^mcepel "^mapul in mapoltreo mapulder 'a maple-tree': perh. ident. w. ohg. ma'i^yxUra (g. massholder)^ which points to TEUT. matlU', whilst the E. word points to a base maplu-.

mar vb. me. 7nerre oe. dmerra?i dmyrran wk. vb. 'to hinder, ob- struct' ■=^ GOTH, marzjan 'offend', OHG. marren, du. marren 'tarry': TEUT. -ARYAN \fmarz 7nars,

miarble me. marble mdrbre fr. FR. marbre] source lat. mar7nor.

march sb. me. mdrche 'march, boundary' fr. fr. marche 'bound- ary'. The Fr. word is of Teut. P origin; cp. goth. marka^ oe. mearCy OSAX. ohg. marka 'bound- ary* which are primitively related to LAT. margo 'border, edge', avest. merezu 'border', IR. mruig 'shire' (Celt, base mrogi-), Cp. mark.

march vb. fr. fr. marcher.

March (the month) me. (since the 12*'' cent.) March fr. fr. mars} Source lat. Martins mensis (whence ohg. merzo G. fndrz^ lg. merte) .

mare me. mire oe. mire myre: Teut. base marhjbn- (= ohg. merihha G. mdhre^ DU. merie, on. '' merr)j deriv. fr. teut. mar ha- 'horse' in oe. mearh, ohg. marah, ON. marr 'horse' (see marshal). There is a pre-TEUT. marka- in the Celt, languages; cp. gall.

7narca, ir. gael. marc , cymr. CORN, march 'horse'.

margin me. mdrgin{e) fr. lat. marginem (nom. sing. lat. margo = FR. marge).

mark^ sb. 'line, dot, cut' i^ie. marke oe. mearc = du. on. fnarky MHG. marc (gen. markes) G. marke (goth. marka 'boundary'). — Hence mark vb. me. marke OE. mearcian = on. marka, osAX. markdn\ cp. DU. G. inerken = GOTH, "^markjan.

mark''^ sb. 'a unit of weight, a coin' me. 7nark late OE. fjiarc. borrowed fr. on. 7nprky whence also DU. G. mark (med.-lat. marcd) .

market sb. me. market late oe. (ii*^ cent.) markit 7narcdt\ bor- rowed fr. OFR. '^market fr. marcM (it. mercato) = lat. mercdtus 'market', whence also ohg. markdt 7nerchdt G. DU. 77tarkt. See mart.

maroon adj. 'chestnut-colored' borrowed fr. FR. ma7'ro7i = it. 77tarro7ie 'a chestnut'.

marrow me. marow 77iary oe. mearh 77iearg = osAX. marg, ohg. mar(a)g g. mark, du. merg, ON. mergr: Teut. base 77iazga- = ARYAN "^mazgho- in OSLOV. mozgUj ZEND mazga, skr. 7fiaJJa7i 'marrow'. The root is skr. 77tajj 'immerge' = lat. mergere.

marry vb. me. 77iarie vb. adopt- ed fr. FR. tnarier'. source lat. maritare 'marry'. — Hence mar- riage ME. mai'idge = fr. mariage.

marsh me. mersh oe. mersc earliest form merisc = iviDU.

marshal — mastiff

133

maersc/ie, lg. g. marsc^, dan. marsk'. Teut. base maris ka- = ]VIED. - LAT. mariscus 'swamp', whence ofr. ?naresc fr. marais. Source teut. mari- 'ocean' {;= LAT. mare) in OE. mere^ ohg. meri G. meer, on. marry goth. marei.

marshal ime. mar{e)schal adopt- ed fr. OFR. mareschal = fr. marichaly span, mariscal^ it. ma- rz>(:<2/^ *a marshal, farrier. Source a teut. marha-skalkaz 'horse- thane' == OHG. marah-scalc (ohg. mar ah 'a horse' = E. in are and ohg. scalch = OE. scea/c me. schalkj ON. skdlkr y OSAX. skalk^ GOTH, skalks 'servant'.

mart sb. short for inarket.

marten short for martern orig. martre me. martre adopted fr. fr. 7}iartre (= IT. martora, span. 7?iartii). The Fr. word, which supplanted a genuine OE. mearp, is of IVut. origin: ON. mgrdr^ OHG. 7nardar G. marder , du. marter\ osAX. '^marthar inferred fr. the adj. marthrin.

martin sb. borrowed fr. fr. martin y orig. the proper name Martin^ which was applied to various birds and animals; cp. robin red-breast.

martyr sb. me. martir oe. mar- tyr ■=^ OSAX. fnartir, ohg. rnartyr, GOTH, martyr (with suffix DU. martelaary ohg. martirdi'i G. mdr- tyrer) : fr. lat.-gr. martyr 'a wit- ness'.

marvel vb. jvie. merveile bor- rowed fr. fr. merveiller] source LAT. mirabilia 'wonderful thiners'.

mash vb. masche vb. mix' (oE. i^mdscianT) = G. 7?ieischen'. prob. cogn. w. OSLOV. 7nezga 'sap of trees' (oslov. ^^ = teut. skT), Cp. mix.

mask sb. borrowed fr. fr. masque, whence also G. DU. DAN. 7naske sw. 7nask.

mason me. mdsoun adopted fr. FR. 7na(on] source a type matio 'a maison' -=^ ohg. 7nezzo G. stein7netz a stone- mason'.

mass^ sb. 'a lump of matter' late ME. 77iasse borrowed fr. FR. masse (= it. 7nassd) : source LAT. 77iassa 'a lump, a mass', whence also ohg. 7nassa G. mass'e.

mass^ sb. 'the eucharist me. masse oe. 7ncssse\ evidently identical w. osAX. missa, du. 7tdSy OHG. 77iessa 7nissa G. 7nesse\ a Christian word from med.- LAT. 77ussa 'mass' = fr. 7nesse (whence me. 7nesse).

mast ME. mast oe. 7ncest =

DU. LG. G. sw. DAN. mast, ON.

mastr. In accordance with Grimm's law, the Teut. base 77iasta- is based on pre-TEUT. 7?iazdo- = LAT. mdlus (for "^mddus) 'a mast'. -^'

mastjpr sb. me. maister late OE. 7n^ester borrowed fr. ofr. N maistre fr. 7naitre (= IT. maestro) : source lat. 7n agister , whence also OSAX. 77iestar, du. meester, OHG. 7neistar G. meister. See 7nister.

mastiff ME. mestif mastlfsido^fied fr. OFR. mestif prop, an adj. fr.

134

mat

mayor

the sb. OFR. 7nastin (fr. matin) 'a mastiff'.

mat ME. matte oe. meatta = DU. mat, OHG. matta G. matte, IT. ;^zrt'//^ borrowed fr. LAT. matta 'a rug', whence fr. natte.

match ^ sb. me. macche oe. ■^emcecca 'a companion' ident. w. oe. ie7naca sb. = E. make.

match^ sb. 'the wick of a candle, a match' me. macche borrowed fr. FR. meche 'match of a lamp' : source lat. myxa 'the nozzle of a lamp'.

mate sb. 'a companion' aiE. mdte = DU. maat, OSAX. *gmato, OHG. gimai^y) mhg. ge7na':^i^ey oe. '^-^emdta (wanting) would - be derived from oe. mete = meat\ hence mate prop, 'mess-mate'.

mate adj. me. mdte mat 'con- founded, dejected borrowed fr. OFR. FR. 7nat (= SPAN, mate, IT. matto). Source the Arab.- Pers. expression in the chess- play schah 7ndt 'the king is dead'.

matins, mattins 'morning prayers' me. matin{e)s\ borrowed fr. FR. matins plur. of matin 'morning': source lat. rnatutinus 'belonging to the morning'; cp. LAT. hora viatiLtma in OHG. mettina G. 7nette 'matutinal service'.

matter sb. me. ///<^//r<? adopted fr. FR. matiei-e) source LAT. 7nate7'ia 'materials'.

miattock me. mattok oe. 77tattoc prob. fr. CYMR. 7?iatog a. hoe'; but osLov. motyka and lith. matikas 'mattock' point to a Teut. word.

miattress ivie. materas (= du. matras) borrowed fr. ofr. mate- ras = FR. mate/as = med.-lat. matratium'. source ARAB, matrah prop, 'a place where something is thrown'.

maudlin adj. corrupted fr.

ME. Maude kin = Mag delaine ■= OFR. Magdeleine, lat.-gr. Mag- dalena. Maria Magdalena was considered a type of sorrowing penitence.

maul vb. me. malle 'strike with a mall' formed fr. the w^. sb. malle 'a mall' borrowed fr. ir. 7nail 'a mall', whence also 7nalL

Maundy Thursday me. maunde thursdai fr. ofr. mandd (= OHG. MHG. ma7iddt) 'the ceremony of Christ's washing his disciples' feet': source lat. 77ianddtum ac- cording to John XIII 34.

mauve 'mallow color' borrowed fr. FR. 77iauve 'a mallow' = lat. 7/ialva', ident. w. 7n allow.

maw ME. 7nawe oe. maga 'stomach' = ohg. mago 'sto- mach' G. magen, DU. maag, on. magi 'stomach'.

may vb., me. mai oe. vk^i = OSAX. OHG. G. DU. mag, ON. ma, GOTH. mag. teut. \fmag{7n}ig) fr. ARYAN magh is closely allied to OSLOV. 77rogq mosti 'be able'.

May ikiE. may 7nai fr. .fr. Mai (lat. Mains 7nensis).

mayor sb. me. 7naire adopted fr. FR. 77iaire'. source LAT. 7?iajor 'greater'.

35

me pers. pron. dat. and ace. ME. OE. me fr. a Teut. and Aryan stem fne- in goth. mis 7?ii-k, G. mi-r fni-chy lat. mihi me\ gr. I (.101 (.IS liie; SKR. mahyam tne dat., mam md ace; base ma-.

mead^ sb. me. mcde oe. meodo = DU. MLG. viede ohg. m'eto mitu G. met^ ON. mjgdr'. base teut. medii = aryan "^medhti^ cp. SKR. mddhu 'honey, sweet di;ink', GR. (.dd^v wine' (allied (.istKco 'I am drunk', ^«£^;; 'drunkenness'), OSLOV. medil 'honey, wine', lith. midus 'mead' — mediis 'honey', IR. mid.

mead^ sb. 'meadow' (now in poetry) me. m^'de o^.'?nced (gen. mcedwe) = du. mat mlg. mdde OLG. mdtha mada, ofris. meth, G. matte J goth. ^medwa'. based on a teut. \^ maj> 7n^d, con- nected w. LAT. 7fiito 'I mow, reap' and showing a shorter form me in E. mow. But the GOTH. *w^ might represent the root and two, the suffix. — meadow aie. medwe oe. mmi gen. mcedwe. Mead and meadow are related as shade and sha- dow. Cp. mead.

meagre adj. me. megre bor- rowed fr. FR. maigre (= span. IT. mag7'o) '. source LAT. macer 'lean, thin, meagre', oe. 7nceier

(=^ DU. MLG. G. 77iage7- OHG. 77iaga7',

on. 7}iag7' is common Teut.). The Teut. forms with lat. 77iace7', GR. (lay.tdvoi^ 'tall', ,a«>r- Qog long' have prob. com6 fr.

an ARYAN \f mdk 'thin, long'. LITH. mdzas 'small' and ohg. 7tiagar might point to a common \p magh. Perh. the Teut. group comes fr. vulg. lat. -it. magro.

meaP sb. 'flour' me. 7ricle oe. m'elo (gen. 771'ehves) = OSAX. m'elo, DU. DAN. 7/iee/, ohg. f7i'eio (gen. 77i'elawes) c. 7/iehly on. 7?ijgl: Teut. base ^7n'elwa- 'flour meal' lit. 'that which is ground' from a Teut. and aryan V" fnel 'grind' seen in oSAX. ohg. goth. ma Ian DU. 7nale7i g. mahle7iy on. mala 'grind'; cp. lat. 77iolOy gr. (ivWw, OSLOV. 77ielja (77ileti}y lith. 77ialu (77idlti), OIR. 77ieli77i 'grind'; cp. 771 ill.

mieaP sb. 'a repast' me. ;«// = OSAX. 77idly DU. maal, G. 77iahl, ON. 77idl, OHG. *;//^/ wanting with this meaning; ident. w. goth. 7nel time', oe. mcel 'time'.

miean adj. me. mme oe. ie77icene fr. a Teut. base ga-7iiaini- =^ GOTH. ga77iains , OSAX. gi77ieni, OHG. gitneiiii G. gemei7z, DU. ge7nee7i\ cogn. w. lat. r^;w- mu7iis for com-moi7ii-s; cp. lat.

^/?72/f^ with GOTH. rt-Z/^i- =: ARYAN

oino-s.

mean vb. ]vie. w/;?^ oe. 7n(Ena7i = OSAX. menian. Ou. 77iee7ie7t, OHG. 77ieinen 7?iei'na7i g. 77iei7ien, 0]Si.f7/ei7ia, GOTK. '^7/iai7ija72; oslov. 7//e7ijq mmiti is closely allied. Connected with y" 7na7i 'think' in 77iindl

mean adj. me. w/«^ adj. 'middle' contracted fr. '^7nejcn =~- ofr.

136

ineasies — mercy

meyen fr. moyen 'intermediate': source lat. medidnus.

measles sb. me. fnesel sb. leper' — adj. leprous': loan- word fr. OFR.?;z(?i'^/=LAT. misellus.

measure sb. me. m^silre bor- rowed fr. FR. mesure (= span. mestira , it. misurd) from lat. mensura.

meat me. 7ne'te oe. meie fr. a Teut. base mati- = OSAX. metiy DU. met (in -wursi), OHG. 7nax, ON. 7}iatr^ GOTH, mats 'food'.

medal borrowed fr. fr. 7}ii- daille (= span, medalla , it. medaglid)\ source a lat. type metallea fr. LAT. vietallum.

meddle me. ?nedle (fnc'le) 'mix' borrowed fr. ofr. medler mesler = FR. me/er : source a lat. type miscu/are 'mix' fr. lat. miscere 'mix'. — medley sb. me. mcd/e adopted fr. ofr. med/e mesle (fem. medic e = fr. meUe) part, of ofr. tncdler 'mix'.

medlar sb. me. medle-tre fr. OFR. 7?iesliei' mesle 'medlar-tree': source lat. mespilum 'a med- lar\

meed sb. ikiE. oe. med (oe. once meo7'd) = osAX. mMa, DU. miedc^ OHG. meta miata G. miete 'hire' ; GOTH, mizdo 'reward (the z of which was lost in Teut. with lengthening of i to e) fr. an aryan mizdho- in GR. /tiiGt^og 'wages, pay, hire', oslov. mzzda^ AVEST. mtzda 'wages', oind. midhd (for mizdho) 'contest, match, booty' (perh. orig. 'a prize' by inference fr. the skr.

adj. midhvds 'spending lavishly').

meek adj. me. mek (late oe. ^fndoc) borrowed fr. the equiv. on. mjukr = sw. mjickj DAN. myg 'soft', cp. DU. muik 'soft', GOTH. 77iuks (inferred fr. miika- model 'meekness').

meet vb. me. mete oe. metaTt vb. = osAX. TTidtiaTz, du. 77ioete7t, ON. 77i(jeta, GOTH. gamdtja7i 'meet' :

TEUT. \l^77Wt.

mieet adj. me. m^te oe. "^emckte = OFRis. 77tete, MLG. 7ndte, ohg. gi7ndyt\ cp. 771 ete.

melt vb. ME. melte oe. m'elta7i\ for the \P melt see malt. An Aryan y" 77ield is evident in skr. 77irdu 'soft, tender', GR. f^iiXdi^iv 'cook'.

menace sb. me. 7ne7idce 77ia7idce borrowed fr. FR. me7tace (lat. minacia) 'threat'.

mend vb. mende short for amCTide borrowed fr. fr. a77ie7ide7' (lat. e77te7tdare). See a 771 e 71 d.

menial (prop, adj., but also used as sb.) me. meiTieal formed with the suffix -a I fr. me. mei7ii 7naini 'a household'. This is borrowed fr. ofr. mesne 77ieis7iee answering to a lat. type *;a/<7;2- sio7iata.

merchant me. 77iarchau7it 7na7'- chaund borrowed fr. ofr. 777ai'- cha7tt = FR. marchaTid: source LAT. 77tercaj'i 'buy' (cp. ma7'ket).

mercy me. 77ierfi . borrowed from FR. me7'ci (source med.- LAT. w^r^^^ 'mercy, pity' extended fr. LAT. me7'X 'traffic'). See 7na7'ket, i7jei'cha7zt.

mid

137

merge vb. adopted fr. lat. mergere 'plunge under water'.

merit me. merit fr. fr. mirite.

mermaid me. mer-maide] oe. mere 'ocean' me. mere agree with OHG. OSAX. meri, goth. marei 'ocean'; cp. marsh.

merry adj. me. mirie oe. inyrj^e from a Teut. base murgi- 'short' in OHG. ffiurgfdri of short hfe', Swiss tnu7'g 'raannikin'; cp. goth. mmirgjan 'shorten'. The adj. TEUT. viurgu- 'short' = IE. mrghu- corresponds to gr. ^qol- /vc 'short' (for *«^a/t;'c).

mesh sb. me. mesche oe. mcksce = ON. ?npskve, OHG. mdsca G. 7naschc\ the Teut, base *mesgen belongs to the IE. mezg in lith. mdzgas 'knot' from the vb. mezgii (megsti) 'knot, weave nets'; hence mesk may be traced to a teut. \^ ?nes(/' (ARYAN mezg 'braid ).

mete vb. me. met^ oe. metan = OSAX. metan, du. mefen, ohg. nieip^an G. messeuy ON. meta^ goth. mitan with which is allied' GOTH. 7nitdn 'think over', ohg. m'ei^'ipn moderate'. The teut. \("met is based on tVie Aryan \f^fned in GR. usdoiLiat I devise' — ued'iov 'counselor' — jubdiuvog a corn- measure', LAT. modus 'manner' — ?nodius 'a corn-measure', GOTH. mita^s 'measure'.

mess sb. me. messe borrowed fr. OFR. 7nes FR. 7nets (source LAT. missus fr. mittere) 'send' and in MED. -LAT. 'put, place').

message me. message borrowed fr. FR. message', lat. type missatica

an extension of lat. missus. — Hence messenger (with the insertion of n as in passenger^ ME. messag^r formed fr. message with the suffix -er denoting 'the agent'. metal me. 7netal borrowed fr.

FR. 77lHal.

miete vb. 'measure' me. mete oe. metaTi sw. vb. 'measure' = GOTH. 7nitan, G. messcTi ohg. irie-yj^an^ DU. meten.

mettle ident. w. j/ietal but meaning now 'spirit, ardor'.

mew vb. onomatopoetic like DU. maauweriy g. maueii ; imitative of a cat's cry.

mew me. mhv oe. 77i(hv\ cp. DU. i7ieeuw, ON. md^r^ G. mowe: TEUT. base 77iai'w-.

mickle me. mikel 77iichd mukel 7nuchely oe. 7}tidel 7nycel = goth. ffiikils , ON. mikill 7/iykill, osAX. jnikil, OHG. 77iihhil\ cp. much.

mid- adj. me. 7nid oe. mid midd = OSAX. 7/iiddi, OHG. 7nitti g. 7nit-, ON. 77iidr, GOTH, midjis. In mod. e. and in mod. G., the adjectives E. mid- = G. tTiit- are only used in compounds as e. midday^ 77iidlent, midsum7nery 77iidwinter\ G. ?7tittag, mitte7'nacht, mittwoch (orig. dat. sing.). The teut. stem midja- answers to Aryan midhyo\ cp. GR. LiiiiOQ (for ^nsdjog), skr. 7nddhyasy lat. medius. — middle adj. and sb. me. oe. 7niddel =-- DU. middely ohg. /;////// G. mittel\ with formative -/ from the adj. mid.

138

midge

milt

midge me. 7mgge oe. my eg fr. a Teut. base mugjo- = osax. muggiuy DU. mugy OHG. mucka g. milcke. From on. my it may be inferred that the West-Teut. guttural is secondary.

midst formed with excrescent / from ME. in middes equivalent to amid.

mien borrowed fr. fr. mine fr. IT. 7?nna = oiT. mena 'fashion, carriage ofman: sourceMED.-LAT. mina?e 'conduct, lead'.

miight ME. mig/if oe. mi/i^ meaht = OSAX. OHG. maht^ du. magt^ G. machty ON. mdttr, goth. tnahts. The common teut. "^mahti is an old verbal abstract from goth. magan (like oslov. mosti from *?nokii from mogq 'clean). See may.

milch adj. jvie. milche oe. "^ my Ice'. deriv. of milk\ cp. the equiv. adj's. ON. milkr mj'dlkr , ohg. jn'elch G. melk, oe. m'elc.

mild adj. me. oe. milde = OSAX. mildi , DU. G. mild OHG. milii , ON. 7nildr , GOTH. 7nildeis. Cogn. w. oiR. 7?ieldach 'agreeable' or blaith 'soft, smooth' (base mldti-) ? or oslov. mladil young, tender', lith. 7nildiis 'pious'?

mildew me. mildew oe. 77iiled(aw = DU. 77ieeldauw, ohg. 7mli-tou G. 7nehltau\ the first part is prob. fr. OE. mele -= goth. milip 'honey'; cp. ON. 7mlska 'a honeyed drink'; the second part see under dew.

mile ME. 7nik oe. ;//// = du. mijl^ OHG. mila milla (for "^miljd) G. 7neile: borrowed fr. LAT. 7rnlia

(passuum) lit. 'thousand paces', (whence also fr. milk, it. miglia). The more frequent plur. 77iilia was adopted in Rom. and G. as a fem. sing, (omitting passuimi).

miilfoil ME. milfoil fr. fr. fnille- feuille = LAT. millefolium.

milk ME. 7nilk oe. meoloc mile = OSAX. 7riilu^, DU. r/tel^, OHG. 7niltik G. mile/i, ON. 7nj6lk7% GOTH. 7niliiks. It is remarkable that a common Aryan or at least a West -Aryan term for 'milk' is wanting, although the \f 7nelg = TEUT. melk 'to milk' occurs in all the West-Aryan languages. From a common Indo-Eur. vb. : oe. melean, du. melke7i, ohg. 7nelchan G. melken, goth. '^milkan. Cp. lat. 77iulgere, gr. d/iieXysiv, oslov. 77des/i (pres. mluzq), lith. 77iilsti (pres. 7?iilzii) oiR. mbligim {7nlieht and melg 'milk'). — milk vb. ME. milke OE. meolcia7i {= ofris. melkay on. mjolkd) fr. oe. meole.

mill ME. 77iille earlier 7nilne oe. myln (whence on. 77iylnd) = DU. 7nole7i 7neulen y OHG. muli{n) G. 77iilhle\ borrowed fr. late LAT. common ROM. molina 'mill' (for class. LAT. 77iold), whence also IT. 7nulino, FR. 7noiUin.

millet fr. FR. 7nillet\ source lat. miliiun 'millet'.

milt me. oe. mille = du. w/7/, OHG. 7/iilzi G. 77iilz, ON. 7/iilli l from the TEUT. \f7fielt seen in 7nalt.' e. and DU. milt soft roe of fishes' is a corruption of milk (sw. mfolke 'milt' fr. 7njdlk 'milk', dan.

139

fiskemelk 'soft roe of fishes', lit. 'fish-milk').

mince vb. me. mince oe. viin- sian wk. vb. 'make small' deriv. fr. OE. min(nn) = du. min 'smaller'; cp. FR. mincer 'mince' from mince 'small' of Teut. origin.

mind sb. me. minde oe. jje-mynd 'memory, mind': Teut. base ga-mundi- ■=^ goth. ga-munds 'memory' from goth. ga-munan = OSAX. {far)munan 'despise', ON. mtma, OE. ^emunany cp. goth. mims 'purpose , desire , mind', ON. mu?ir 'mind, desire, love', OE. myne 'memory, love'. Allied to ON. minni 'remembrance, mind', OSAX. mi?tna, ohg. mifinia and OHG. minni G. mi?tne 'love', orig. 'remembrance'. All belong to the common Aryan and teut. yfmen man 'think'; cp. Gk. (.ikvoc 'courage, mind', /Lu/iiv7JoiiO} 'I jremember', lat. memini reminiscor fnens moneOy skr. yfman 'think, believe',

mine possessive pron. me. oe. min = OSAX. ohg. fmn, du. fnijn, G. m'ein (also ohg. 7ntn G. meiner), 0^. minUy GOTH, meins'. derived fr. the stem 7}ie- of the pers. pron. cp. me and for the suffix cp. SKR. makina'xmxi^ and thine.

mine sb. UE.mine = du. mij'n, g. DAN. mine: borrowed from fr. mine (= span. it. mina) : of Celt, origin; cp. IR. Gael, m^in 'metal', BRET, mefi 'stone, metal, cymr. 7nwyn 'metal': celt, base mena meina ?

mingle a frequent, vb. from me. viinge nienge OE. me tig an = OSAX. mengian, du. me/zgen, OHG. mengan g. mengen, goth. ^maggj'an. Cp. among.

minnow 'a fish' me. minowe oe.

^mynwe (and myne'capito) = ohg.

muniwa 'capedo'; cp. westphal.

mcene, hess. tnoehnl Etymology

j unknown.

minster me. minster oe. mynster fr. a base munistirja- = du. munster y OHG. munistri prop, 'monastery' then convent-church' G. mi'mster'. after lat.-gr. mona- steriuniy whence also fr. moutier 'monastery, convent'.

minstrel me. minis tral 7nenestral borrowed fr. fr. 7ninestrel\ source lat. mifiisterialis 'an artisan, jester, buffoon'.

mint ^ sb. me. mint oe. mynet = du. munty OHG. mimi-i^ vmniyi^a G. milnze'. teut. munita- mimito- borrowed fr. lat. moneta 'place of coinage, money', whence also fr. monnaie under money.

mint- sb. 'a plant' me. oe. minte = du. mzmtj OHG. minza G. 7?iinze : adapted fr. lat. 7tientha menta (gr. f.iivda) , whence also fr. menthe, it. span. 7/ienta.

mire^ 'deep mud' me. mire oe. ?nyre from west-teut. miurjon = ON. mvrr 'slime' ; the r of these words is orig. s = ^; cp. oe. fneos 'moss' by the side of oe. ?nos 'moss, swamp'; G. moos also signi- fies 'marsh'; cp. moss. Hence E. 77iire prop, 'mossy soil'.

mire 2 cp. pis7nire.

140

mirth — mole

mirth me. mirthe earlier nmrhde OE. myrgd deriv, fr. OE. myrj^e = merry with formative -th (as in. length, strengtJi).

mis 1 prefix me. oe. mis- = du. mis-, OHG. missa- missi- G. miss-, ON. mis-', GOTH, missa- for "^mipta- (prop. 'lost') is an old part, in to- from a \/^mi^ seen in oe. midan me. mithe 'shun, avoid' (= OSAX. midan, ohg. midan G. meiden). Akin to gir. w/ in mi- giiim 'misdeed'?

mis 2 prefix older mes- borrowed fr. OFR. mes- (fr. ;w/-): source LAT. minus 'less'. — mischief me. mes-chef borrowed fr. ofr. mes-chief 'a bad result, damage' fr. mis'*" and chief (cp. me. bon- chef 'happiness'). — miscreant borrowed fr. ofr. mescreant (source lat. credent-em).

miss vb. ME. 7nisse oe. missatt = DU. G. missen, ON. missa, GOTH. ?nissjan. Evidently connected with WEST-TEUT. mipan avoid' in OE. midan, ohg. midan G. meiden 'avoid'. Cp. 7?iis.

miss contr. of mistress.

mist ME. OE. mist = du. inist, LG. mist 'darkness , fog , mist', ON. mistr 'darkness, mist'.

mister me. maister = master.

mistle ME. mistel oe. mistel = OHG. misti/ G. miste/, ON. mistel 'mistletoe'. — mistletoe oe. mistel tan (= on. mistilsteinn) fr. ;«2>/27 'bird-lime' and tan 'branch .

mite 1 sb. 'a small insect me. oe. mite = lg. mite, ohg. miyi 'a midge, fly : teut. sTmit 'cut

small', whence goth. maitan = ON. meita 'cut'.

mite 2 sb. 'a very small portion' ME. mite borrowed fr. ODU. mij't a small coin.

mitten me. mitaine borrowed fr. fr. mitaine 'a mitten.

mix vb. ME. mixe oe. miscian = OHG. miskan from ^miskjan MHG. MLG. G. mischen: all prob. borrowed fr. lat. miscere 'mix'.

mizzen sb. borrowed fr. fr. misaine = IT. ?nezzana: source LAT. medius. Ident. w. G. bezaan- segel.

moan vb.ME. mgne (oe. '^tndnian) with the by-form me. 7ni?ie OE. 7n(Bnan 'moan.

moat sb. me. 7note borrowed fr. OFR. mote 'dike'.

mock fr. fr. se moquer.

mode fr. fr. mode,

moiety borrowed fr. fr. moitii (lat. type 7nedietdteni) .

moist adj. me, moiste 'moist, fresh': borrowed fr. OFR. 77ioiste (= FR. moite). Source lat. musteus 'belonging to new must or wine', also 'new, fresh' (mustus 'new wine').

mole^ sb. 'a mark on the body' me. 77iple OE. 7ndl = ohg. fneil also 77ieila, goth. 7nail 'a spot'.

mole'^ sb. 'breakwater' bor- rowed fr. FR. mole 'a bank' (= rr. mole mold) : source LAT. moles 'a great heap, a vast pile'.

mole^ sb. 'an insectivorous animal' me. 77iolle = DU. moH Prob. short for me. 77ioldeive7'p

9^ OF THB '^

I UNIVERSITY

nionday — more^'«Sft;;^^ALIFOR^^^

141

= OHG. moltw'erf G. maulwurf. From ME. mglde OE. mglde 'earth' = ON. mold^ OHG. molta^ goth. w2//^/<:2r 'earth' and from they^ werp seen in goth. wairpan\ see warp.

men day ivie. mgnenday oe. mgnandcej^ = du. maandag, OHG. nidnaiac G. montag, on. mdnadagr: the common Teut. name for LAT. ///Vi- Ltcnae (fr. /?/«^/, it. lunedt) ; the first syllable of mo n day is ident. w. ?noon.

money me. moneie borrowed fr. OFR. moneie = fr. monnaie (= SPAN. 7noneda, it. monetd) : source lat. inoneta. See ;«z«/ '.

monger sb. me. oe. mongere oe. fnangere (= ohg. mangdri^ on. manga7'i) formed from oe. /«a«- ^/^;z 'trade' with suffix -<?r^. Source LAT. ma?igo 'a defrauding trader'.

monk me. ^(5*///^ oe. viunuc = OSAX. muniky du. monnikj ohg. munih(h) G. monch: source lat. 7}ioiiachus (gr. ao}'a;(6i;), whence also FR. w^/;^^ and OIR. mafiach.

monkey formed like donkey, source IT. 7ftonna mona 'ape', whence also G. (16. cent.) mun- aff 'simia prasiana'.

month ME. mgneth oe. mgnap = DU. maa?id, ohg. mdnod g. monai, on. mdnudr, goth. fnenops. The common Teut. stem menbp- 'month' (pre-TEUT. 7nendt-) is ident. w. teut. mman- = moon.

mood sb. ME. OE. mod = OSAX. mod, DU. 7noedf ohg. w2<;^/

G. mufy GOTH, mods, on. modr. The orig. meaning of the teut. stem moda- was perhaps 'strong emotion, violent excitement' and was prob. derived fr. the\^ ma- in GR. (.laUod^ai desire'.

moon ME. 7ngfte oe. mona = OSAX. OHG. mdnOy du. maan, G. mond , on. mdni, GOTH, fn^na 'the moon'. The Teut. base menan- (and 7nmbp- = 7fiontJi) is cogn. with the greater part of the terms for *moon, month' in the other ARYAN languages; cp. SKR. 7nds (for mans 7nens') 'moon, month' ^- mdsa 'month', GR. firjv (for ^juTJv^) 'month', LAT. mensis 'month', osax. 7nes§ci 'moon, month', lith. 77ienu 'moon' — 77ienesis'uiont\i\ OIR. ;;z/ 'month'.

Moor^ sb. 'an inhabitant of Barbery' borrowed fr. fr. More] source lat. Maurus, whence also SPAN. IT. Moro, ohg. Mor G. Mohr.

moor^ sb. 'a tract of untilled land' ME. OE. inpr 'a moor, morass, bog' = osax. mor, du. 7noer, OHG. muor, LG. G. moor', related to OE. mere, Ohg. meri 'sea' = LAT. Tnare 'sea'. See marsh,

morass sb. me. mareis bor- rowed fr. FR. marais {= IT. marese), whence also du. moras moeras , lg. moras (whence G. 7norast) : source med.-lat. mara- giu7n 'swamp, marsh'.

more adj. me. more oe. 7ndra = osax. ohg. mero c. 77iehr, du. meer, on. 7neiri\ goth. maiza

42

niornino; — mother^

(whose iza is the OTeut. cbm- parat. suffix) became oe. 7?idra (r from z by rhotacism) The stem ma- belongs to the teut. adj. me-ra- 'illustrious'.

morning jme. morninge ?nor- weninge deriv. of OE. morgen = OSAX. OHG. morgan^ du. g. morgen, ON. morgunn and myrgenn, goth. 7naurgi?is'. a common teut. word for the first half of the day from day break. — Cp. evening.

morrow; see morn and to- morrow.

morsel me. morsel adapted fr. OFR. morsel {= fr. mor^eau, IT. morsello) : dimin. of lat. morsiim 'a bit'.

mortar^ 'a vessel in which substances are beaten to powder' ME. mortir oe. 7noi'Ure {= DU. mortier): borrowed fr. fr. fnortier (= SPAN, fnortero, it. mortajo) 'mortar' : source lat. mortdrium 'a vessel in which substances are pounded'.

mortar^ 'a mixture of lime and of sand' so called from the vessel in which it was made mortar^ me. morter mortier adopted fr. fr. mortier (= SPAN, morter 0, it. mortajo) y whence also du. mortel, mhg. morter mortel g. m'drtet)'. source LAT. mortdriutn.

mortgage borrowed fr. fr. mortgage lit. 'a dead pledge'.

moss me. oe. mos 'a swamp, a plant': Teut. base mosa- =- DU. mos moss, plant', ohg. mos

'a swamp, plant' G. moos plant, bog', ON. mosi 'moss, mire'. Ident. w. OE. meos, ohg. mios from a Teut. base meusa-, whence mire. Outside of teut., lat. museus and OSLOV. mucM are cognate.

most adj. and adv. 'greatest in size' me. most pE. mast com- monly OE. mdst = OS ax. mest, DU. meest, ohg. G. meist, on. mestr, GOTH, maists. Superl. belonging to the compar. more. goth. maists has the old superl. suffix like GOTH. bat'istSy ohg. be'2,'Z,ist, OE. betst (for bet-est). The adj. stem GOTH, mers, ohg. md-ri, OE. mcere etc. seems to be the base of 7nore and most.

mote ME. mote oe. mot (plur. mdtu) 'atom'; the me. form are based on the oe. nom. plur. Cp. DU. mot}

moth ME. moththe oe. moppe == DU. mot'\t)y iviHG. G. motte, on. motti, sw. mott a moth' with the by- forms MHG. matte, oe. mohpe me. moughpe.

mother! me. mgder oe. modor = OSAX. modar , du. moeder, OHG. muoter G. mutter, on. modir. The common teut. word for 'mother' (goth. said ^z/^^'). teut. modr- 'mother' from Aryan mdtr- in SKR. mdtr, gr. /.irjTrjo iidxrjQ, LAT. mdter, osLOV. mati, oir. mdthir 'mother'.

mother^ 'dregs, leee' from "^mudder = ODU. modder 'mud, dregs', DU. moer 'dregs, lees'.

motley

iff

143

LG. G. moder^ dan. sw. muddcr 'mud, mould'. Cogn. w. mud.

motley adj. me. motle bor- rowed fr. OFR. 7natteli 'clotted, curdled'.

mould^ sb. 'fine soft earth' ME. OE. mglde ground, land, earth, country' = ohg. 7nolta, ON. mold 'mould', GOTH. 7nulda 'dust': \f mal (cp. meat) with formative d as in old^ cold.

mould^ sb. ME. mglde adopted fr. OFR. molle (fr. moiUe) 'a mould': source lat. 7nodulus dimin. of modus 'measure'.

moult vb. ME. moute oe. bi- miUian'. borrowed fr. LAT. 7nutare 'change', whence also du. ?nuiten, OHG. 7tiuyLpn G. mausern 'change the feathers or skin, moult'.

mount vb. adapted fr. fr. 7no titer 'mount'.

mount sb. me. mount', loanword from FR. 7?iont. Ident. with OE. 7nu7it from LAT. 7nonte7n (7710ns). The ME. otc =u is not the oe. i2, but substitution for the fr. nasal vowel. — mountain me. 77iountaine fr. OFR. montaine = FR. montagne (lat. type mon- taned).

mourn vb. me. 7nourne oe. 7/mrnan str. vb. = OS AX. mornian, OHG. tnor7ien, on. 77torna, goth. 7naurnan : ARYAN \P mer in GR. iibQiuva sorrow' and lat. menior.

mouse ME. 7710US (plur. 77iis) oe. mils (plur. mys) = DU. muis^ OHG. vius G. 77iaus, ON. mus. The base 771US- occurs in almost all ARYAN languages. Cp. skr. 7nus

'mouse' with the \/" 77ius mus musdy 'take away, rob'; also GR. (.IV q J lat. 77tuSy OSLOV. my St.

mouth ME. 7nouth oe. 77iud = OSAX. 77iud, DU. 77iond, OHG. mund G. 77iund^ ON. 7nunnr mudr^ GOTH. 7nunps 'mouth'. The teut. 7nunpa-z 'mouth' is based on pre-TEUT. 7ndnto-s and connected with LAT. mentum 'chin'.

move vb. me. move with the by-form moeve fr. ofr. movoir 7)ievoi7- FR. mouvoir = lat. movere.

mow sb. ME. 77iowe mouwe oe. 77iuga 7}ttlwa = ON. 77iugi 'heap'; cp. OHG. 77iii-'w'erf 'mole' orig. 'maker of mole-heaps'.

mow vb. ME. m&ive oe. mdwa7i str. vb. = DU. maaijen, ohg. mden mhg. tncejen G. mdhen. A common west-teut. sfvie 'mow' appears in oe. mcep (e. tnath in after '^ latter-)^ OHG. mad G. 7nahd 'mowing, swath', and in GR. d-urjioq 'harvest' — d-f.id(o 'I mow' and in lat. metere 'reap'.

much me. moche muche for earlier muchel oe. 7nycel fr. a Teut. base mukila- (ntikila-)] cogn. w. GR. (.uydXrj and f-isyacy SKR. mdhan 'great*. Cp. mickle.

muck me. muck borrowed fr. a SCAND. ^muk- = ON. mykl mykr 'dung'.

mud ME. mud = olg. 77iudde 'mud'.

muff vb. DU. mof lg. g. sw. muff'. DAN. muffe a new teut. word derived fr. fr. moufle

144

mill ben V

muzzle

'mitten, med.-lat. muffula (g*'^ cent.). Cogn. w. mtifjfe vb. 'cover up warmly' fr. ofr. moufle 'mitten'.

mulberry me. oe. murberie oe. mor-berie = du. pioerbes moer- besie y ohg. viiirberi ?ndrberi g. maulbeere'y the / of the first part of the compound for r is the j effect of dissimilation ; mdr is ! LAT. ?ndrum 'a mulberry'. The | second part is an explanatory | addition.

mule ME. milk borrowed fr. FR. mule'y source lat. mulus *a mule', whence also it. mulo, g. maulesel (ohg. mtil^ oir. oe. miit).

murder sb. me. morther oe. mordor = goth. maurpr\ from \pnir nidr 'die' and suffix -pra\ cp. oe. mord = on. mord, OSAX. morth, DU. rnoord^ ohg. g. mord premeditated murder. teut. morpa- murder' is based on pre-TEUT. mfto-m 'death': \Pmor widely diffused through all the Aryan languages signified 'die'. Cp. the SKR. y/^mr 'die' (nirtd-m 'death' — mrtas 'dead' — mdrta-s 'mortal') - mrtyus 'death'; lat. mori 'die' — mortmis' dedid^ — mors 'death'; osi.OM.mreti 'die' — moru- su-mruti 'death' — mrutvu (lat. mortuus) 'dead'; lith. mirti 'die' — ?nirtis 'death'; GR. (^(joiog (for *«porot,^) 'mortal' — dju^gorog'im- mortal'; oir. marb 'dead'. — murder vb. me. murthre mirthre oe. myrdrian = ohg. murdireuy GOTH, maur^rjan 'murder, kill'.

murky me. mirke mirk bor- rowed fr. ON. myrkr and ident. w. OE. mirde myrce, oe. myrce^ OSAX. tnirki and on. . myrkr 'dark' represent a Teut. base mirkwi-.

murmur vb. me. murmitre adopted fr. fr. murmur er (= SPAN, murmurar^ it. mormorare, OHG. murmur on o. murmebi) : source lat. murmurare.

muscle adopted fr. fr. fnuscle: source lat. musculus 'a muscle, a little mouse', dimin. of mus 'a mouse' (gr. f.ivq) 'a mouse, a muscle'. From the same source also DU. G. muskel 'a muscle'.

must sb. ME. OE. must 'new wine' (= DU. g. most^ on. must) adopted fr. lat. mustum 'new wine', whence also ofr. moust, fr. mouty IT. mosto. See 7nusty, moist etc. ^

must vb. ME. oie. moste pret. of OE. tnptan = OSAX. motan, DU. moeteUy OHG. muoi^an G. jniisseny goth. motan.

mustard me. mustard mostard (= DU. mosterd mostaard, G. fnostert {niostricJi)'. borrowed fr. OFR. moustard = fr. moutard. Source OFR. moust = lat. mustus 'new wine'.

mute ME. miiet fr. fr. muet. Source LAT. mutus 'dumb'.

Vi\\y.\X.oviyis..motounmutoun2,do'^\.* . ed fr. OFR. mo ton (fr. mouton).

muzzle ME. mosel borrowed fr. OFR. musel =■ fr. fnuseau 'muzzle'; perh. orig. identical w. morcel = E. morse/.

mushrooiii

nap

45

mushroom late me. viushei'oun fr. the equiv. ofr. mousseron.

muster sb. 'a show; review, array; pattern' etc. short for ME. 7iioustre from ofr. monstre (fr. viontre = IT. mo sir a)', source LAT. monstrare, whence also du. monster, mlg. vmnstery G. muster ,

sw. DAN. fnonster. — Hence the vb. muster vb. 'exhibit, review' etc. ]ME. niust{e)re < OFR. monstrer (fr. montrer = span, mostrar, IT. mostrar e^ from LAT. monstrare] cp. DU. mofisteren, mlg. mimstereUy G. mustern, sw. monstra, dan. monstre.

N

nag ME. nagge 'horse'; cp. odu. «^^^^ a small horse'.

nail ME. //^z// OE. «^j^/ = osAX. OHG. nagal du. g. ?iagel, on. //^^/'finger-nail' — nag/t'wooden, iron nail'; GOTH. *nag/s inferred from the vb. nagljan 'nail', teut. nag la- arose from ARYAN noghlo- or nokhld-\ cp. skr. nakhd 'nail of a finger or toe, claw of a bird', GR. ovvx- (nom. oVyi) 'nail of a finger or toe, claw, hoof, hook', LAT. unguis 'claw, talon', OIR. ingen (cymr. ewin) from mghwindy OSLOV. nogutt 'nail, claw' (fr. OSLOV. noga 'foot'); LITH. ndgas 'finger-nail' — nagii 'horse's hoof. ARYAN \/^ nokh nogh.

naked adj. me. naked oe. ndcod ^=^ DU. naakt, ohg. nackut nahhut G. nackt, ON. nekkvidr, goth. naqaps'. Teut. base naqo-da- naqa-da- from a pre-TEUT. nogoto- fiogeto-', cp. OIR. «^^^/'naked' from a base nokto- and skr. nagnd 'naked' with suffix na for ta\

English Etymology.

without consonantal suffix are formed osLOV. nagu, lith. ?tugas naked'. Allied also LAT. nudus for ^7io2)dtis *nogvtaus. — aryan \fndgl

name sb. me. name oe. ndma ngma = osAX. ohg. na?no, DU. naaniy G. name, ON. nafn (for ^namn'), goth. namd\ synon. with SKR. 7tdma, GR. o-vojLia, lat. nomen and perh. also ident. with osLOV. im^ fr. *m-men *pn-men, PRUSS. emmans, OIR. ainm. The ARYAN base was no-men-, which perh. was orig. *gno-men- fr. the ARYA^ y/^gno in know. Then name prop, meant 'name by which a thing is known'.

napi sb. from the vb. me. nappe OY., hnceppian hnappian 'doze'; cp. OHG. hnaffezen mhg. nafzen vb. 'slumber'. Perh. cogn. w. o^.hnipian, o^.hnipna vb. 'droop'.

nap 2 sb. earlier nop me. noppt 'nap', OE. hnoppa ('villus') 'nap

of cloth' = DU. nop, MLG. DAN.

noppe, osw. nop 'nap of cloth or

10

146

nape — neck

wool'; cogn. w. NORWEG. nuppa, GOTH, dishniupan to break'.

nape me. mipe 'knob'; perh. with inner labial for guttural and cogn. w. neck.

napkin me. ?iapekiu adopted fr. FR. nappe table-cloth with dimin. suffix 'kin. Source a vulg. lat. "^'nappa == lat. mappa 'a cloth". See map.

nard me. mnd borrowed fr. FR. 7ia?-d (:= SPAN. IT. nardo) = LAT. 7iai'dus, whence also G. narde.

narrow- adj. me. narowe 7iarwe OE. nearu = OS AX. naru^ du. iiaar) from a teut. adj. iiarwa- (used as fern. sb. in ohg. 7iarwa G. nai'he 'scar'). Cp. ltth. nh'-ti vb. 'thread' (a needle) — 7iarvd 'cell of the queen-bee'.

narwhal (= o. na7'wat) adopt- ed fr. DAN. sw. 7M7-hval = ON. nd-hvalr 'sea-unicorn. The se- cond element see under whale\ the first part is obscure.

nasty adj. corruption of an earlier nasky\ perh. borrowed fr. sw. dial, naskiig 'nasty, dirty'.

naught ME. naught oe. ftdht earliet 7idwiht = OSAX. niowiht OHG. niowiht g. 7ticht^ DU. tiiet^ Gora. 7ii waihts 'no thing'; cp. whit.

nave^ sb. 'the body of the church' borrowed fr. ofr. 7tave FR. nef (= SPAN. it. nave^ 'a ship' — 'the body of the church': MED. -LAT. nqvis *the nave of a church' = LAT. ndvis 'ship'.

j nave 2 sb. 'the hub of a wheel'

' ME. 7idi}e OE. 7idfu = DU. 7?aa/

I aa/ 7iave , OHG. 77a/fa G. 77alfe,

'on. np/, GOTH. '^naba'. an old

I ARYAN word (base 7iobha) ; cp.

SKR. 7idbhi {.' and nabhya n. 'the

nave (of a wheel); cogn. w.

7iavel. See augC7'.

navel sb. me. 7zdvel{e) oe. nd- fela = DU. 7iavel, OHG. 7iabiilo G. 7iabel, ON. 7iajii', goth. '^7iabala : a commonARYANword with a base nobhalo-: onbhalo-\ cp. the synon. GR. df-KfaXog, lat. timbilicus (tor '^unbilirus "^nobilkus), SKR. 7idbhila^ OIR. ivibli7i 'navel'. These words are ver)' old /-derivatives of AKYKi^i nobhd o/ibhd 'nave, navel'; cp. LETT, naba 'navel', lat. umbo 'boss of a shield'. Cp. nave.

navy me. ndvie ndve\ borrowed fr. OFR. navee orig. 'a single ship' (fr. lat. 7iavis ship').

nay me. nai\ loanword fr. on. DAN. nei 'no, not', which answers to genuine no (cp. aye).

neap-tide sb. me. ncp-se'soim OE. nip-Jl(ki 'ebb'; a teut. adj. n'epa- is not found elsewhere.

near adj. 'nigh' now used as a positive, but prop, a compa- rative adverb me. 7i€r {ner) OE. near {7tyr) contr. of ^n(aho7' {^7na- hir) = OSAX. OHG. 77dhSr adv., DU. 77aar adv. Cp. 7iigh.

neat adj. borrowed fr. fr. 7iet (source lat. fiitidus 'shining, clear).

neck ME. nekke oe. hnecca = DU. nek\ cp. OHG. nac hnac (ck)

need — nest

147

G. nacken^ ON. hnakki: Teut. base "^hnakkan- for ON. hnakki and "^hnekkan- for oe. hnccca. oiR. cnocc, OBRET. cnoch 'hill' (stem CHOCC0-) may be cognate, perhips also 71 ape. • \

need sb. me. ned {neit) oe. -v/^/ tiyd (ii(ad) fr. a Teut. base naudi

= OSAX. :^^^/, DU. noody OHG.

z/^/ G. na^, ON. naudr, GOTH. iiaups\ pre-TEUT. nauti- has been connected with pruss. nauti- \ 'distress'; pre-TEUT. \l^nau.

needle me. nedle oe. nedl nddl (oldest form nckdl) = osAX. nctdlay DU. naaldy OHG. nddala G. z/^-^/.?/, ON. ndly GOTH, nepla'. a common Teut. word for 'needle' formed with the suffix -//<?-, Aryan -tld- fr. \^;z<? seen in ohg. ndjan G. ^v/Zi^^// 'sew'. TEUT. V"«^ is usually con- nected with the ARYAN \rw in LAT. na-e, gr. vim *I spin' ■ — i/7]/m 'thread' — vijrpov 'spindle'; OIR. S7iim 'spinning' and snathe 'thread' — STulthat needle'.

neeze vb. cp. me. nesinge 'snee- zing' and ON. hnjdsa, ohg. hnio- san g. niese?t, du. niezen vb. 'sneeze': lYXi'Wsf hneuSy cogn. w. the •V'EUT.sffneus in oe. fneosan me. fnese and du. f niezen 'to sneeze' and \f s?ieus in sneeze.

neif neaf me. neve 'fist' bor- rowed from ON. hnefi 'fist' (sw. niifve, dan. nceve^,

neigh vb. me. niie oe. hmk-^an 'neigh' = du. neim vb. and MLG. neiinge sb. 'neighing', mhg. neigen vb. 'neigh': of imitative

origin like ON. gneggja and ohg. hweion vb. 'neigh'.

neighbor me. neighebow- oe. n^llhebur prop, n^'a h-^e bur ^=osA'K. ndbih' (for ndh-gibii}-), iy\].nabuur, OHG. ndh-gibilr g. nachbav. a com- mon West-Teut. compound of «/^>^ and bower y pointing to GOTH, ^^n^hwa-gabur.

neither see either; me. na*uther OE. ndivder earlier forrn • nd- hwi^der.

nephew me. nevtw borrowed from FR. neveu\ supplanting the genuine me. n(ve oe. nefa 'grand- son, nephew' = on. /z*?/^" 'relative', ^^M DU. ^(?^ 'grandson, nephew, cou- ^ sin', OHG. n'evo G. nejfe 'sister's (or brother's) son': Teut. base '^<^</?2- from a pre-Teut. base n^pot- ap- pearing in SKR. ndpdt (stem ndptr) 'descendant, son, grand- son', GR. avsifJiog 'a first cousin, kinsman' — vsnodsg 'offspring', i-AT. nepos (the source of fr. nevett y whence e. nepheui) 'a grandson, also a nephew', OIR. nia 'a sister's son'.

nest ME. OE. nest = ohg. g. DU. nest: teut. nesta- = pre-Teut. form nizdo- confirmed by skr. nida-s 'lair of animals' also 'dwelling', armen. nist 'seat', OIR. net 'nest', lat. mdus 'nest' for "^nizdos. The Aryan ni-zdo- is prop, a compound of the aryan

s/^sed 'sit, seat oneself, and the verbal particle 7zi preserved in SKR. (see nether^ ; nizdo- from ni'Sedo- means lit. 'settle- ment'; cp. SKR. ni-sad 'sit down, to*

48

net — night

settle'. — nestle vb. me. nest{e)le OE. 7iistlian (= du. nesteleii, G. nistelfi) : a frequent, form, lit. 'frequent a nest'.

net ME. OE. net (it) fr. a Teut. natja- = OS ax. net (/letti), du. ON. net, OHG. nezzi G. ;^^/2^, GOTH. nati] allied to on. not 'a large net' and lat. nassa 'net'.

nether adj. me. nether e oe. neodera] cogn. w. OSAX. nithiri, DU. nedef, ohg. ^/V/zW g. nieder and OE. ///rf'^r = osAX. nithar, DU. neder, ohg. /zzV/<r7r g. nieder, ON. ;?/^r, GOTH, '^nipar'. deriv. from the Aryan verbal particle «/ 'downward' mentioned under nest and the comparat. suffix LAT. -ter, GR. -TbQog, skr. -/^r^r.

nettle me. «^///^ oe. nete/e == DU. MLG. ^^/^/, OHG. nei^y.la g. nessel] with dimin. suffix -z'/^;?- from a more original form seen in ohg. ^^55^? 'nettle', goth. '^nata and "^natild'y possibly connected with net and with the redupli- cated OIR. nenaid (base nenat-) nettle'; cp. lith. notere 'nettle'.

never adv. me. never oe. ndfre from ne not' and ckfre = ever.

new adj. me. newe' oe. neowe {tiiive) = osAx. OHG. nimvi, du. nieuw, G. neu, on. «jr, goth. inujis. The common teut. niuja- from pre-TEUT. niuyo- answers to skr. navy as naviyas (and ndvas), lith. natijas navas (osLOV. /z^e^z^, lat. novus, OR. r60c); prob. connected with the ARYAN particle nil 'now', so that that which is new' means now, recent'. Cp. now.

newt with secondary ?i from ME. eute evete oe. efete\ not found in the other Teut. languages. Teut. base abiton-l

next adj. me. next oe. niehst nehst :=- OSAX. ohg. nahist G. ndchst: superl. of oe. niah = e. nigh. See also near.

nice me. ni^e 'foolish' fr. ofr. ni(;e 'slothful, idle, dull'; source LAT. nescins 'ignorant'.

niche borrowed fr. fr. niche =1 IT. nicchia 'a recess in the wall'.

nickname short for earlier nekendine me. eke-ndnie prop, 'ad- ditional name'; cp. on. auknafn, DAN. ognavn 'nickname'. For OE. icanycean 'to add' cp. eke. The initial ;/ of nickna7ne is secon- dary as in newt.

niece me. ne^e fr. fr. niece: source med.-lat. neptia 'a niece' = LAT. neptis a' grand-daughter,

niece'. niggard sb. me. nigard with

the by-form me. nigoun 'niggard';

the formation of the Me. words

points to Fr. influence. nigh adj. adv. and prep. me.

neigh oe. neh earlier ncah =

OSAX. ndh, ohg. ndh G. nahe, on.

nd-r, goth. n^hws 'nigh, near':

Teut. base nehwa- = pre-TEUT.

neko- neqe-. Cp. near, next

and neighbour. night ME. flight {naught^ oe.--

niht (neaht) =- osax. ohg. naht,

DU. g. nacht, on. ndtt nott, goth.

nahts : teut. 7zaht- from pre-

TEUT. nokt'\ cp. LAT. nox (stem

nightingale — nose

149

nocti-), GR. vvS, (wXT-), SKR. ndkta — naktan — ndkti^ lith. naktisj OSLOV. nosti. See fort- night, sennight.

nightingale me. nightengdle oe. nihte-gcile = osax. ohg. nahti-gala, DU. nachtegaal, g. nachtigall 'a nighting-ale': from oe. niht (gen. fiihte) = night and teut. galan str. vb. 'sing'. Cp. sta7iyel.

nightmare me. nighfemdre) oe. OHG. ON. mara a night -mare' (du. nach'-merrie nightmare').

nightshade oe. niht-sceadu from OE. 7iiht := E. night and oe. sceadu = e. shade.

nimble adj. ivrE. niniel Ht. 'ready to catch' from OE. niman vb. 'take, seize'; for the suffix cp. brittle.

nine me. nine oe. nigone without inflexion nigon neogon = osax. nigtin, T>\j.negen\ cp. goth. ohg. niu?i G. neun, on. niii 'nine': the forms with g are based on teut. '^negun for '^neivmiy whilst goth. and OHG. niun are based ovi^newn. The numeral is common to all Aryan languages in the form new?n newn ; cp. skr. ndvan, la r. noveniy gr. tVj'g'a, OIR. noi.

nit ME. nite oe. hnitu = du. neet, mlg. /z^/^ z?//, ohg. nii^ g. «/>;•. gr. ;oWg (plur. ;om)fc) 'egg of lice, bee-bugs and fleas' may be allied, if y.(o)vtd is common to both languages. Cp. also SLAV, gnida and alban. i)cni from ^kenidd.

no adv. me. no oe. nd (== on.

nei cp. rt-j) from ne 'not' and ^' 'aye, ever'.

noble me. jwble fr. fr. noble = LAT. nobilis.

nod vb. me. nodde\ cogn. w. ohg. hnutten 'vibrate' mhg. notteti 'stake' and on. hnjoda vb. ham- mer': TRi^T.s/^hmid.

noddle 'head' me. 7iodle.

noise sb. me. ?ioise borrowed fr. FR. ;2<?zV^ 'quarrel' ; source lat. nausea 'nausea'.

noisome adj. of me. noy nuy 'annoyance, hurt' earlier me. anui fr. FR. emiui (ofr. ajini)] cp. annoy.

none me. ngn oe. ndn from ne 'not' and dn = one.

nook me. npk 'corner'.

noon me. oe. non = osax. ohg. nona, DU. noen^ G. none, on. 7t6n, Source lat. nona (sc. hora^ lit. 'the ninth' (hour) with an ex- tension of meaning 'midday, twelve o'clock'.

nor me. nor short for 7iother 'neither', oe. ndwder contr^ of ndhwceder 'neither' from oe. nd ■= no and oe. hwcEder = whether.

north ME. north(e) oe. nor^ = DU. noord, ohg. G. nord, on. nordr, sw. dan. nord\ it. Span, norte, fr. nord are of Teut. origin.

northern me. norther7ie oe. nor-, derne prehistoric *norprceni fr. a TEUT. type norproni ^= ohg. 7tor- driwniy ON. norrKn7i 'northern'.

nose ME. 7igse oe. 7i6su (jidsii) 'the nose'; cp. du. neus, ohg. nasa G.7iase, on.7ips: TEiJ'T.'^/iasd'- nosb- nose' = aryan 7iaS') cp.

y^

I50

not — nut

SKR. ndsa nas, oslov. nosu, lith. 7idsis, LAT. ndsus naves. — nostril ME. nosethirl oe. nos-pyrel {iices- ^yrl) lit. 'a nose-orifice' from OF.. ?iosunasu=:^ nose and of.. pyrel 'a perforation, orifice'.

not ME. not short for nought OE. nauJU ndiviht = osax. ofiG, niowiht, du. niet, G. /z/V/^/. From OE. ne 'not' and oe. diviht ^= aught.

notch also nock me. nokke = ODU. noch 'a notch in the head of an arrow', osw.noe/ia 'a notch': source ofr. hoche 'notch' ?

note ME. note adopted fr. fr. note: source lat. nota 'a mark, sign, note'. — notice borrowed fr. FR. notice 'notice' = lat. ?iotitia 'knowledge, acquaintance'.

noun sb. borrowed, fr. ofr. non = FR. nom 'a nameT ""source LAT. nomen 'a name .

nourish vb. me. nurisshe vb. adopted fr. ofr. noriss- the stem of certain forms of ofr. norrir = FR. nourrir 'nourish': source LAT. nutrire 'feed'. Cp. nurse.

now ME. now oe. nu = osax. 7iu, DU. nu, OHG. nu G. nu(n), on. m/, GOTH, nu: a common aryan adv.; cp. skr. nu niin-iun 'now', GR. vv VVI-, LAT. mmc (with the c ofhi-c), OSLV. 7zyne 'no\Wy lith. nu. Cp. ne7£>.

nude adj. fr. fr. nmte = lat. tiudus 'naked'.

nuisance sb. me. noisaunfe bor- rowed fr. FR. nuisance 'a hurt':

a verbal noun formed fr. the pres. part, of fr. nuire = lat. nocere hurt, injure'.

numb adj. me. nome no7?ien prop, part, of ME. nmte = oe. niman 'take, overpower, deprive of sen- sation'; cp. Q"^. numinn 'bereft' (of life, of speech).

number adopted fr. vw.novibre-. source lat. numerus 'a number'. — numerous adj. adopted fr. FR. ntmicreux (for the usual ?i07ti- breux) fr. lat. mmierosus adj. 'numerous .

nun ME. nonne oe. 7tunne =^ du. 7ton, OHG. nunna G. non7ie. In the S'*' cent, adopted fr. lat. noniia (orig. meaning 'mother') ; cp. fr. nonne, it. nonna 'a nun'. ^

nurse sb. contr. of me. norige nurife: loanword fr. ofr. 7iui'rice = FR. nouri'ice. Source lat. nuti'ic-e77i\ nurse'. — nurture sb. ME. 7io7'ti'ire adopted fr. opt^. no- riture (= ¥R.7iour?'iture^ : source LAT. nutritura 'nourishment . See nourish.

nut ME. 7tote nute oe. hnutu = DU. noot^ OHG. 7iu^^ G. nuss, on. hnot'wxi^. The Teut. base hnut- points to \^ k7tud (seen in oir. cnu 'nut'?). — nutmeg me. 7tote- muge mit77iegge from me. nut = nut and me. 77iuge borrowed fr. OFR. 7nnge 'musk' = lat. 77iuscus 'musk ? Cp. OFR. 77iuguette fr. 7nuguet 'a nutmeg' = ital. noce moscada.

oaf — on

O

oaf ident. with elf\ perh. oe. celf or rather borrowed fr. ON. dlfr 'elf.

oak ME. ok OE. dc fr. a Teiit. base aik- =: on. eik^ du. eik^ OHG. ^//^ G. eiche'. all with the same meaning 'oak'; perh. cogn. w. GR. alyavsTj 'spear' — Aiyic,.

oakum me. gkiimb oe. d-cimiba 'tow'; cp. OHG. d-katuhi *tow': prop, 'that which is combed out'. For oe. comb cp. co?nb.

oar ME. pre oe. dr (infl. are) fr. a Teut. base airo- = on. dr (dan. rtTrt^r^, sw. dra). If teut. ^/r^- is an aryan eryd-y sfer in OR. sgevriQ 'oarsman' — spsT/twg 'oar might be cognate, cp. ro7a.

oast ME. ps^ OE. dsf 'kiln, dry- inghouse' = du. ees/: teut. ^/>///- cogn. w. hhrv.aesius 'glowing heat'; ARYAN V" ^i'ih 'burn' in GR. alifog 'heat'.

oath ME. py/l oe. d/ = GOTH.

ai/s, ON. e2'dr, du. eed, ohc. g. eid 'oath': teut. ai/a- fr. a pre- TEUT. ^2V<?- in OiR. oe//i 'oath'; perh. y/^ai in ohg. e7oa 'law'.

oats ME. ptes plur. of ^//c' oe. d/a.

oblige vb. me- ob/i^'-e = fr. obltger, LAT. obligare.

obtain fr. fr. obtenir.

odd ME. odde 'distinguished, special': loanword fr. on. oddi 'a triangle', which also means 'an

odd number' {standask I odda 'be at odds, quarrel').

of ME. OE. of = GOTH. ON. DU.

of, OHG. aba g. ab: aryan apo in GR. cino, SKR. d/>a 'away. — off orig. ident. w. o/.

offend vb. me. offende fr. fr. offe7idre ^=- LAT. offendere.

offer vb. me. offre oe. offrian

j wk. vb. 'offer': loanword fr. lat.

offerre 'offer'; cp. du. offer sb.

offering' and osax. offrbn vb.

offer'.

office ME. office fr. fr. office =■- LAT. officium 'duty'.

often earlier oft me. ofte oe. oft

I = on. Opty GOTH. uftOy OHG. ofto

\ G. oft 'frequently'. The adv. points to a Teut. adj. of-ta-^ which is perh. part, of an aryan \fuq = SKR. uc 'to be wont'.

oil ME. oi/e (olie) fr. ofr. oile = FR. huile 'oil' (lat. oleuffi). ' ointment me. oine?/tent fr. ofr. oignenient'. deriv. of fr. oindre = LAT. ungere vb. 'anoint'.

old me. old OE. did (Jald) : Teut. base alda- = osax. aid, ohg. g. alt, ON. <7/^/r, DU. (?z<;^'old'; cogn. w. GOTH, al/eis 'old' and usalpan 'grow old'. A primitive teut. and ARYAN \fat^xQ)\N cp. in goth alan =^ lat. alere 'nourish'.

on ME. OE. on = GOTH, ana 'on', G. an ohg. ana, DU. aan, ON. d (for *^/^) : cogn. w. gr. dva, SKR. ana.

52

once — otter

once ME. ones late oe. dues (com- monly cenes)', orig. genitive of OE. an = one', cp. G. ei?ist ohg. eines. — one me. on oe. an fr. a Teut. base aina-z = goth. ains, ON. emn, du. ^<?«, G. ^w. aryan oino-s may be inferred fr. lat. zinus (for oinos), ir. ^^«, cymr. z<f;?, gr. oh'o'c', cogn. w. SKR. e-ka 'one'.

onion me. onioun fr. fr. oignon whence also flam, anjoen du. ajuin fr. o\y\5.onjuiin : source lat. imioinefn) , whence also ok. ynne 'onion' fr. west-teut. ^imnjon- = TEUT. unjon-.

only me. pnll earlier pnlic OE. dnlic 'unique'. From one.

ooze me. wpse oe. w^'j- (infl. 7Z)pse^ juice'; perh. fr. a Teut. base wansa- in on. vds 'wetness'; cp. mlg. wbse 'juice'.

or conj. me. or shortened fr. an earlier odr, which supplants OE. odde 'or' under the influence of OE. dwder dhwceder =-- me. auther outher 'either' {'one of two')

or adv. 'ere'ME. or late oe. (rare) dr; commonly oe. cer me. ^r 'ere'. See ere.

orange me. orenge fr. ofr. orenge = FR. orange.

open ME. open oe. open fr. a Teut. base opana- = ohg. offan G. offtn, OSAX. opan, du. open, on.opinn. The adj. has the form of a participle and points to a lost verbal root (eupl w'epT).

orchard me. orchard oe. orcerd older ort-ieara (= goth. aicrii- gards 'garden ) : adoption of lat. hortus (for the mute h cp. it.

orto)\ GOTH, aurtja 'gardener' and OHG. orzon 'cultivate' point also to \.KT. hortus. The (T/^ of the E. word is owing to a fusion of / -f- 5 (oe. ori -\- leard). oe. j^eard' ' garden' (cp. yard and garden) is added in explanation of lat. hortus (= teut. ort),

ordain vb. me. ordaine fr. ofr. ordener = lat. ordmare. — ordre me. ordre fr. fr. ordre = lat.- ordinem (nom. or do).

ordure (Shakesp.) 'excrement' me. ordure fr. fr. ordure.

ore me. or oe. dr 'brass' = goth. ais 'brass' {aiza-smipa 'copper- smitli), ON. eir, ohg. er 'brass'; cogn. w. LAT. aes 'ore, bronze', SKR. ay as 'iron.

origin me. origine fr. fr. origine.

orison 'prayer' me. oreisoun fr. FR. oraiso7i 'prayer': source lat. oratio-ne?n.

orts ME. ortes plur. of a sing. ^ort OE. "^oret for '^or-cet', cp. LG. ort 'what is left by the cattle in eating' and goth. uzeta 'crib': prefix or 'out' and y/^et in eat.

ostrich ME. ostriche fr. ofr. OS true he = fr. autruche\ source LAT. avis struthio 'ostrich', whence oe. stryta, OHG. struT^ (g. vogel Strauss) and also it. struzzo.

other ME. other oe. oder fr. a Teut. base anpera- ^=^GOTiA.anpar , OHG. G. DU. ander, on. a?inarr', cogn. w. LiTH. antraSy skr. antara and anya 'other'.

otter ME. oter oe. otor = du. G. otter OHG. ottar, on. otr : base TEUT. y/^otra- = ARYAN ?idro- cogn.

ouch

pack

153

w. water; otter prop, 'the water animal'. Cp. gr. vdga 'a water- snake' and closely allied to the Teut. group oslov. vydra, lith. lidra 'otter'.

ouch ME. ouche commonly 7ioiiche 'necklace, collar' fr. ofr. nouche prop, nose he (= ohg. nusea).

ought = aught. " ounce ME. oun^e fr. fr. ofice\ source lat. mieia, whence also inch.

our ME. oure oe. lire for *usre := GOTH, unsara'. from the Teut. pron. tms\ cp. tis.

ousel ME. psel oe. gsle for *omsle teut. anisla = ohg. amsala G. amsel 'ousel'.

out ME. oute OE.^iite earlier ut

= GOTH, lltf ON. tit, OHG. 1(7, G.

aus, DU. uit. Cp. SKR. ud 'up, out'.

outlaw ME. outlawe late oe. titlaga fr. ON. utlagi\ cp. lat. exlex and see law.

outrage me. outrage fr. fr. ou- trage (= source a lat. type zdtra-ticuni).

oven ME. ,^^« OE. ^^/^ = OHG.

ovan G. <7/<?^, DD. oven, on. <?/>/ and GOTH, auhns 'oven'; an ori- ginal meaning of the Teut. word is preserved in oe. ofnet 'vessel'.

An ARYAN type ugno- is found in GR. invdc; oven'.

over ME. pzfer oe. o/er = goth. u/ar, ohg. uhar, on. o/r, du. over; cp. g. ul?er ohg. udiri. Outside of the Teut. languages, GR. vTifp and SKR. updri 'above' are cognate.

owe vb. ME. p7£^e oe. dga/i possess' ^ GOTH, aigari, ohg. eigan 'possess' : aryan y" aik in SKR. If 'possess'. — • ought me. pug hie oe. dhte is the pret. tense of oe. dgan and own me. diven oe. dgen is part. = ohg; eigan G. eigen^ osax. egan. The vb. own me. pune OE. dgnian 'possess' is a deriv. of the adj. own,

owl ME. oule OE. Hie fr. a Teut. base 24Wumldn-\ cp. ohg. tiwila G. <?«/<?; on. sw. ugla points to a GOTH, "^uggwalon-. The word is sound-imitation.

ox ME. ox OE. ^^rtr = GOTH.

auhsa, ohg. ^/^j-^ g. ochse, on. ^;c? ?^;c/, DU. os'ox : Teut. base ohsan-, ARYAN ukson- in SKR. uksan 'ox', CYMR. ych.

oyster me. oistre fr. ofr. oistre := FR. huitre 'oyster': source LAT. ostrea, whence also oe, pstre, G. auster, du. oester.

pace ME. pdfe pas borrowed fr. FR. pas = LAT. passus 'a step'.

pack sb. ME. packe = BU.pak, ON. pakki, G. packy it. pacco, fr.

paquet\ bret. /rt-/^: source and history of the group unknown. — package formed by adding the fr. suffix -age = lat. -aticum

154

pact — pall

to the sb. pack. — - packet formed fr. the fr. dSxniw. paqiiet.

pact adopted fr. fr. pacte = LAT./^7^//<;;«, whence also YY.patto^ DU. G. pacht 'rent-contract'.

paddock iME./rt;/^/^<?/^; the ending -ock is a dimin. suffix as in bul- lock^ hillock. Primit. ME. /rt;^/^/(?

'frog ^SCAND./rtr^/^/rt-, DU. LG. FRIES.

padde (o. schildpatt). There exists also LG. pad-hucke 'paddock', the second element of which is lg. hucke paddock'.

page sb. ME. pdj:;e fr. yyl. page (whence G. page). Source gr. naidiov 'a little boy'.

page- sb. (of a book) fr. ofr. page. Source i^ki . p dgina y whence -also OFK.pagene (ue. pdgine pdge?tt 'page') and ohg. peine (rare) page'. — pageant orig. 'the movable scaffold on which the old mysteries were acted' me. pdgent — earlier form pdgine 'pageant'. Source med.-lat. pagina 'scaffold = LAT. pagi7ia 'a page', also 'a plank of wood'. For the excres- cent t in pageant cp. parch7nent.

pail ME. pail oe. pce^el 'bucket' :='D\]. pegel peily hG. pegel, whence G./<^(f/ 'water-gauge' is borrowed.

pain ME. peine fr. fr. peine: source lat. poena^ whence also OE. pin =■ E. pine. -^

painim ^i^.painim 'heathendom' fr. ofr. paenwie = lat. paga- nismus 'heathendom'.

paint vb. me. painte peifite vb. borrowed fr. fr. peint, part, of peindre = \.k\\ ping ere 'paint'. See depaint.

pair ME. peir fr. fr. paire (= SPAN, par, IT. paro pajd) : source LAT. /rt!r 'alike', whence mhg. /><zr G. paar 'pair'. See peer.

palace me. paleis palais fr. fr. palaisy whence also MHG. palas (rare paleis) G. palast'. source MED.-LAT. palatiimi.

palate fr. the synon. lat. pa- ldtu7n (me. palit paldt from ofr. palat).

pale adj. ue. pale borrowed fr. FR. pdle: source lat. pallidus 'pale'.

pale sb. ME. pdl{e) 'stake' fr. FR. pale 'stake or pole'. Source LAT. pdlus 'a stake'. For the rare OE. pdl 'stake' see pole.

palfrey me. pal(e)frei palefrai fr. onfr. palefrei = fr. pale/roi. Source i^h^x:. par aver edus an extra post-horse' which is also the source of ohg. p/er/r id G. p/erd and IT. palafreno, ^VAi>i.pala/ren. The Lat. word is a compound of GR. TTCiQct and gallo-lat. veredus 'horse' {I'heda is Gallo-Lat. for 'travelling carriage' and vc is a Celt, prefix) ; hence naga-veredus was orig. the horse in reserve'.

palisade Shakesp. palisado = fr. palissade, span, palizada, it. palizzata. All equiv. and deriv. fr. lat. pdlus 'a stake'. Cp. pale and pole.

pall me. pal OE. pcell'. source lat. pallium. The adoption cannot have occurred before the literary period of Anglo- I Saxon, as we should expect an OE. form ^pelle "^pylle 'wrapper'.

palm — parchment

155

LAT. paila cannot be the source, as it never was the ecclesiastical terminus technicus, but rather palliimi.

palm 'inner part of the hand' ME. paume palme'. borrowed fr. OFR. palme = pautne. Source i^AT.palma 'the palm of the liand' (cogn. w. OY.. fohn under feel).

palm 2 sb. 'a tree' me. palm oe. pdhn'. a bible word, i^at. palma 'a palm-tree'.

palsy ME. pal(e)sie oldest form parlesie fr. fr. paralysie: source LAT. paralysis 'palsy', which was used in oe. as paralysis.

pan me. oe. panne = ohg. pfanna G. pfanne, on. sw. panna^ DV.pan: TEVT. panna is regarded as a transformation oii.A.T. paiina (or rather *patna) "a basin'.

pane me. pane 'patch, piece, pane' fr. fr. /<?« a pane, piece, or pannel': source lat. pannus 'a cloth, rag, patch'. — panel pannel me. pand 'a piece of cloth' (= DU. fianeel) fr. OFR. panel YV^. pamieau. Source a lat. type panellus fr. pannus.

pannier me. panier 'bread- basket' fr. FR. panier (= lat. pdndrium 'bread-basket', whence also DU. paander, osax. pancri, ohg. pfandri).

pansy borrowed fr. fr. pensie: derived from fr. penser 'think' (cp. G. vergissmcinnicht as the name of a flower).

pant vb. i^"^^ cent, pante paunie fr. OFR. pantoyer (cp. fr. pan-

teler) 'gasp, pant'; cp. ofr.

pantais = e. pantas (in falconry) 'a disease of hawks'.

pantaloons fr. fr. pantalon. The FR. word prop, meant trowsers worn by the Venetians who were called Pantalo?ie after the patron Saint of Venice, St. Pantaleone. pantry me. pan(e)trle fr. fr.

paneierie (derived fr. la'I'. panis 'bread').

paper me. paper earlier paper fr. fr. papier = lat. papyrus (cp. also tape?'), whence also G. DU. papier. In late oe. (i i*'* cent.), a rare paper (cp. ohg.

pa fur) 'papyrus is found.

paradise me. paradis (parais) fr. OFR. paradis (parais pare'is) — FR. paradis , it. paradise. Source lat. paradisus^ whence also ohg. osax. paradis g. para- dies, DU. paradijSy on. sw. dan.

paradis. The corresp. oe. term was neorxnawgng.

paramour me. paratnour 'lover, concubine'. Source the fr. phrase par amour by love' (cp. me.

par de by God' — par fay 'by

j my faith' and perhaps).

I parcel ivie. parcel prop. par^H

I fr. FR. parcelle (lat. type */^r-

\ticella derived ir. particula).

j parch vb. prop, the same as

pierce fr. ue. perche perfe.

j parchment me. parche7Jiin fr.

I FR. parchemin (du. perkament fr.

I OFR. parcamiri) '. source lat. pergamena {charta) parchment'.

I Tlie city of Pergamon in* Asia

t56

pardon — pastry

Minor was famous for the in- vention of parchment. The ex- crescent / in NE. parchment is the same as in tyrant; cp. pageant.

pardon sb. me. pardoiin from FR. pardon', source lat. per- donare 'remit a debt', whence FR. pardomter.

pare vb. me. pare fr. fr. parer r= LAT. parare.

parish me. parisshe earlier parosche fr. ofr. paroche = fr. paroisse'. source 'Lh.T. pareecia (gr. Tragoixia), an ecclesiastical ter- minus technicus.

paritory see pellitory.

park ME. park short for oe. pearroc, ident. w. du. mlg. perk 'a park', oho. pferrih G. pferch 'an inclosure, sheepfold': source a Celt, base parraka- (parrika-) in FR. pare, it. parco. Cogn. w. SPAN, parra 'fruitwall, espalier for vine' and provenc. par ran 'small garden'.

parlour me. parlour fr. fr. parloir 'conversation room' (fr. parler 'speak).

parrot for earlier (15*^ cent.) perrot ■= fr. Perrot Pierrot 'little Peter (in fr. also used as a name for a sparrow).

parsley me. persli earlier form per sit fr. fr. persil — lat. petroseli- niim 'parsley' (cf. G. OE. peter silie).

parsnip late me. parsnipe pas- 7iipe fr. OFR. pastenaqite = lat. pasiinaca 'parsnip'.

parson me. persoun ident. w. person, med.-lat. persona also meailt 'curate, parson'.

part sb. me. part fr. fr. part (= SPAN. it. parte^ : source lat. pars-partem. — part vb. me. parte vb. fr. fr. partir = LAT. partiri partire 'divide, part . — partake vb. me. part tdke\ cp. G.. teU nehmen. — party sb. me. parti(e) fr. fr. partie, whence also MHG. partte G. partei, du. partij', IT. partita = lat. type \ partita.

partridge me. per trie he fr. ofr. pertris, whence also du. patrijs (ODU. pertrise) : source LkT.perdix- peraice7?i.

parvis me. parvis fr. fr. parvis porch of a church'; ident. w. paradise. The church-porch is called in several languages paradise (esp. the portico of St. Peter's church, Rome, was called paradtsus^.

pass vb. me. passe {pdfe) vb. fr. FR. passer (it. med. - lat. passare 'step, walk' fr. i.h.1::. passiis 'step'. — passage me. passage fr. FR. passage. — passenger earlier passager me. passag^r; cp. messenger for the secon- dary n.

paste sb. me. paste fr. ofr. paste = FR. pdte\ source late lat. pasta 'paste'.

pastern earlier pastron repre- sents an unrecorded iA^.*past(ii)- roun fr. the synon. ofr. pasturon = FR. pdturon.

pastime for pass-time, an imi- tation of the synon. 'P'R.passe-tcmps.

pastry sb. me. pdst^ 'pie' fr. OFK. past^ (^ea.T\ier past^th, whence

patch — peat

157

ODU. pasteide = du. pastei) : derived fr. i^at. pasta z=i paste.

patch ME. pacche] perh. ident. w. . LG. plakke 'a piece'.

path ME. path oe. peep = du. LG. pad, OHO. pfaih pfad G. pfad "a way': Teut. base papa-y not cogn. w. GR. narog 'a way', SKR. pat/i 'a way', avest. pap way'. But cp. oe. pceppan 'tread', "LG.pedden vb. 'tread', ^\^o.pfetten.

pattern me. patroiin borrowed fr. FR. patron 'pattern'.

pause adopted fr. fr. pause = LAT. pausa.

pave vb. me. pave borrowed fr. FR. paver 'pave' (lat. pavire beat').

paw sb. ME. pane poiie bor- rowed fr. OFR. i)Oue {== PROV. paiita 'a paw') ; ident. w. du. poot, G. pfote'. it is uncertain whether the base pauta is orig. Celt, or Teut.

pawn^ sb. borrowed fr. fr. pan 'a pawn, gage, pledge'; perh. ident. w. ofris. du. pand^ OHG. pfant G. pfand.

pawn- sb. (at chess) me. paun poiin borrowed fr. OFR. poon paon peon = fr. pion : source n.pedone prop, 'a footman (lat. pedo-nem). Cp. on. ped-madr pawn at chess'.

paxwax late me. pax-wax 'tendon of the neck'; cp. ohg. 7valto7iiahso, ofris. waldewaxe 'ner- vus' and wax for the second ele- ment of the compound. The first part of E. paxwax (dial. e. fax- wax is obscure.

I pay vb. ME. paie vb. fr. fr.

\ payer (prop, 'satisfy, content' = \.K\\ pacare 'pacify'), whence also

I DU. paaien 'pay".

I pea (plur. peas) fr. me. pcs{e)y

I the s of which was considered

j to be the plural ending, me.

\p^s points to ONFR. pels = fr.

\pois. Source lat. pisum 'a pea', whence also OE. pisu.

peace me. pes earlier pais (= DU. mlg. peisy mlg. pais^ fr. OFR. pais = fr. paix (lat. pax- pace7fi) .

peach late me. pce/ie fr. fr. pee/ie for pesche = it. pesca, lat. persicum 'a peach'. Fr. the lat. word, g. pfirsichy "DXj.perztky oe.

persoc 'a peach' are borrowed. peacock me. pe-cock and pea- hen ME. p(-henne point to oe.

pc^a with the by-form pdwa 'pea- cock : source LAT. pdvo-nemy whence also ohg. pfdwo o.

pfau, DU. pauw, on. pdfugi\ cp. FR. paon peacock'.

pear me. p{re oe. pern 'a pear' ^= ODU. pere, du. lg. peer : loan- word fr. the equival. lat. pirum (whence also G. dime) = fr.

poire 'a pear'. Cp. perry.

pearl me. p6rle fr. fr. perle =

OHG. p'erala G. perle, it. perla:

source lat. pirula (for pilula *a

little ball'?).

peasant fr. fr. paysan\ cp.

pheasant fr. fr. faisan and see

parchment.

peat for beat (see purse for the change of b to /).

58

pebble — penny

pebble sb. me. pibbel-stgn and puble-stgn OE. papol-stdn popol-stdn 'a pebble-stone'.

peck vb. a var. oi pick.

peck sb. ME. pekke 'a measure'; perh. akin to fr. picotin *a mea- sure'.

pedant sb. (= du. g. dan.

sw. pedant) borrowed fr. fr.

pSdant, IT. pedante^ the ultimate

source of which is GR. Traid^v'siv

educate'.

pedigree late me. petegrew petigrii: perh. adopted fr. FR. pied de gi'ue 'a crane's foot'?

peel vb. adopted fr. fr. peler. Source lat. pellts 'skin'.

peep^ vb. 'chirp' me. "^pepe pipe borrowed fr. fr. piper. Source LAT. pipare = or. ■nnmiC,^iv 'chirp*: sound - imitation; for variant in form see pipe.

peep^ vb. look pryingly'; cp. 0¥'R..pipe7' 'peep' — la pipe dii jour 'the peep of day'.

peer sb. me. pere per borrowed fr. OY^. per peer ^v.. pair. Source LAT. par 'equal'; see pair.

peer^ vb. 'appear' me. pere short for ME. appere = appear.

peer^ vb, 'pry' me. pire =^ lg. piren look closely'.

peevish adj. me. pevisch peviche pevdige. The ending (cp. par- tridge and parish) points to FR. origin.

peg sb. me. oe. pegge] akin to DAN. pigy sw. pigg 'spike', lg. pigge 'peg'.

pellitory sb. late me. paritoiHe fr. FR. paritoire, which goes back to a LAT. type ^parietaria 'the plant of the walls'?

pelt sb. ME. pelt 'a sheep-skin' (e. peltry == du. pelterij, mlg. pelti'ie fr. y\\. pelletrie)\ ident. w. G. pelz ohg. pelli'^. Source a Rom. ty\>& pellicia = fr. pelisse, IT. pelliccia. Cp. pilch.

pelt vb. ME. pelte also pilte pulte, the latter forms corresponding to OE. piltan pyltan. Source LAT. pultare 'beat, strike'?

pen sb. borrowed fr. fr. pentie. Source lat. penna 'a feather'.

pen vb. ME. penne oe. onpennan 'impound, enclose': prob. con- nected with pound'^ and lg. tope?inen 'bar, bolt* — Uppennen 'open'.

penance me. penaimce fr. ofr. pena?tce older pen'eance = lat. poenitentia 'penitence'.

pencil orig. 'a hair-brush' me.

pengH fr. ofr. pine el fr. pinceau

a brush'. Source lat. penicillus

'a painter's brush', whence also

G. pinsel.

pennon pennant me. penoun borrowed fr. OFR. pefinon 'a flag, streamer' (for the secondary / of pennant see pageant, parch- ment). Source i.m:. penna 'wing, feather'.

penny me. pent plur. penies (contr. pens, whence e. pence) OE. penil pennij^ penni?ig pending = OS AX. pending penning, du.

people — pester

59

penintig^ ohg. phaTiiinc pfenting pfcfining G. pfe?inig, on. permingr. The word may be derived fr. pan^ so that the form of the pefinies may have suggested the word or it may .have been asso- ciated with the base '^pand imder pawn} For the suffix -i?7g cp. shilling, fa?- thing.

people ME. peple people bor- rowed fr. 0¥^.pueple fr. peuple, whence also G.pobel. Source lat. populus 'people' (cp. also du. peupel.

pepper me. peper piper oe. pipor == DU. peper, ohg. pfeffar G. pfeffer, on. piparr'. borrowed fr. LAT. piper (whence also it. pepe, FR. poivre). Cp. oslov. pipru 'pepper'.

perceive vb. me. perceive fr. OFR. percevervR. apercevoir. Source LAT. percipcre 'apprehend'.

perch' 'a rod' me_^ p^rche fr. the synon. fr. pcrche. Source LAT. pertica 'a pole, bar? ^

perch^ 'a fish' me. pirche bor- rowed fr. FR. perche. Source lat. perca = GR. nsgY.rj a perch'.

perchance cp. perhaps. —

perdy (Shakesp.) by God' me. parde = fr. par dieu 'by God'.

perform vb. me. perfourme ear- lier parfourne borrowed fr. OFR. pa7'fournir 'perform',

perhaps (late me. perhappous

1 5^*^ cent.) and perchance have the FR. preposition par (per) in imitation of me. peraventUre-

parauntre and per cas\ haps is the plur. of hap under happy (cp. paramour').

peril me. peril fr. fr. piril. Source lat. periculum 'danger'.

perish vb. me. perisshe bor- rowed fr. the stem of some forms of the fr. verb phir 'perish'.

deriwig formerly periwigge per- wicke borrowed fr. YV^. perruque {wi being substituted for fr. ii) ; cp. also G. perrilcke, du. pruik.

periwinkle; cp. the synon. me. pervenke oe. pervince. Source LAT. pervinca 'a twining plant'.

perry adopted fr. fr. poiri 'perry', formed fr. a vulgar lat. type "^piratus 'perry, drink made of pears' {\.k.T.pirum under/^^r).

person me. p^rsoun borrowed fr. FR. personne. Source lat. persona', ident. w. parson.

pert adj. me. pert 'pert, plain, clever, bold'; cp. Odu. gepertich flam, pertig 'alert'. The group goes back to fr. apert.

pertain vb. me. part^nc bor- rowed fr. OFR. partenir. Source i.AT. pertinere 'belong'.

peruke ident. w. periwig.

pervious adj. borrowed fr. LAT. perviiis 'passable'.

pest borrowed fr. fr. peste. Source lat. pestis plague'. ! pester vb. short for impester \ borrowed fr. ofr. empestrer I 'pester, entangle' fr. empetrer. I pet sb. 'a tame animal, a

i6o

pet — pile

favored child' short for earlier peat (me. *///).

petty adj. me. petit adopted fr. FR. petit 'small'.

pew sb. ME. pile (piiwe) fr. OFR. puie 'an elevated space', an open gallery with rails', whence also du. ptd , ofris. poie. Source lat. podium 'a balcony'.

pewet peewit so called from its plaintive cry; the earlier by-form puet points to a fr. source.

pewter late me. p(uter adopted fr. OFR. peutre {pe autre) a kind of metal'. It stands for '^peltre = SPAN, peltre, it. peltro 'pewter'; cp. DU. piauter.

pheasant me. fcsaunt earlier fesaun fr. FR. faisan ■=^ it. fagiano. Source lat. phasidnus, GR. cpaGiavog 'bird of Phasis in Colchis', whence also OYiG. fasdn G. fas an.

phial vial borrowed fr. ofr. phiole (fr. fiole). Source lat. phiala, GR. (pidkrj 'a broad, flat, shallow cup'.

philtre borrowed from fr. philtre. Source lat. philtrum^ GR. ipiXxQOv 'a love potion'.

phlegm adopted fr. fr. phlegme. Source lat. GR. phlegma a flame, inflammation, phlegm'.

pick vb. ME. pikke oe. pician = LG. DU. pikken, G. picken.

picket borrowed fr. fr. piquet picquet 'a little pick axe', dirain. of OE. pic 'a pike' under pike.

pickle sb. me. pike I =^ t>\5. pekel, MhG.pekel G.pokel] prob. h. pickle, frequentative of pick 'pickout, cleanse'.

picnic a modern word arising about 1700 and soon received into fr. {^piquenique about 1740) and GERM, i^picknick 2^o\i\, 1770).

pie ME. pie fr. fr. pie 'a broiled remnant of a shoulder of mutton".

pie (in magpie) we. pie fr. ofr. pie ■= lat. pica.

piebald composed of pie 'a magpie' and bald 'streaked'.

piece iME. pefe borrowed fr. fr. piece.

pier ME. pere borrowed fr. ofr. piere, fr. pierre = i.A.i.petra 'stone*.

pierce vb. me. perfe borrowed fr. FR. percer 'pierce', me. by- form perche.

piety adopted fr. fr. piiti 'piety' = lat. pietdte^n) ident. w. pity.

pig ME. pigge.

pigeon late me. pigoun fr. fr. pigeon. Source lat. pipio{neni) 'a chirper'. See peep oxid pipe.

pike ME. pike oe. pic = du. pick, G. piek; cp. pick.

pilch ME. pilc/ie oe. piUe pylce

fur. Source med.-lat. ^ it.

pelliccia felt', whence also fr.

pelisse and ohg. pellH G. pelz, du.

pels fur (primitive source la'J\ pellis^. C^. pelt.

pile ^ sb. 'an arrow' me. oe. /// (= du. pijl, OHG. pfU G. pfeil, ON. pud) : borrowed fr. lat. pilum 'a javelin', whence o^K. pile, span. IT. pilo 'a javelin, pestle'. The

pile

pipe

i6i

corresponding Goth, word was arhwazna] cp. on. gr, oe. earh = LAT. arcus,

pile 2 sb. 'a .heap' ^m.pile 'tower, castle' borrowed fr. ofr. pile a pier, pyramid fr. pile *a mole* = SPAN, pila 'a pillar, trough', Yi.pila 'trough'. Source hkT.pila 'a pier of stone'. See pillar.

pile*^ sb. 'a tumor' (now used in plur.) fr. lat. pila 'a ball'.

pile* sb. 'hair' borrowed fr. ofr. peil FR. poil = SPAN. IT. pelo. Source LAT. ptlus *a hair'.

pilfer borrowed fr. ofr. pelfrer 'pilfer'.

pilgrim me. pilgrim borrowed fr. MUG. pilgrim. Source med.-lat. peregrinus (late lat. pelegrinus)^ whence 'E'K. pterin, it. pellegrinOj SPAN, peregrino, du. pelgrim.

pill =^ G. T>k^. pille prob. bor- rowed fr. the dimin. fr. pilule. Source LAT. piliila *a pill'.

pillar ME. piler borrowed fr. FR. pilicr (^ SPAN, pilar, it. piliere). Source med.-lat. pilar e pildrius (lat. pila) 'pillar', whence also OHG. pftldri G. pfeiler\ du. pilaar is Y^. pilier, but Tt\5. pij'ler is LAT. pilar e.

pillory sb. me. pilgry borrowed fr. FR. pilori 'a pillory'.

pillow sb. ME. pilwe oe. pyle "^pylwe = DU. peuluw , ohg. pfuliwi{n) also pfulwo g. pfiihl'. borrowed fr. lat. pulvinus 'cu- shion'. Cp. cushion.

pilot sb. borrowed fr. yk. pilote =- SPAN. IT. piloto pilota y du.

English Etymology.

pilooty G.pilote. Origin unknown. The word occurs in Germ, and Engl, since the i^^^ cent.; in Germ, it appears first in the It. form piloto. Perh. the It. word became European through the commerce with Genoa and Venice.

pimpernel sb. fr. fr. pimprenelle pi7fipinelle.

pin sb. ME. OE. pi fin == du. lg. pin. Source LAT. penna 'a pin, nail'.

pinch vb. my., pine he borrowed fr. FR. pincer.

pine sb. me. pine oe, *pin(tr^o) 'pine-tree': borrowed h.LkT.pinus 'a pine, whence ¥R.pin (p\5. pijn), SPAN. IT. pino 'a pine-tree'.

pine vb. me. pine oe. pinian 'torment' == on. pina, du. pij'nen, OHG. pfinon pinon (g. peinigen) : deriv. fr. oe. pin = ohg. pina G. pein. ^owxc^LkT. pivna (pronounc- ed pena).

pinfold; see poiutd'^.

pint sb. late me. pinte fr. fr. pinte (whence du. pint, lg. pinte 'can'): source lat. pincta.

pip sb. ME. pippe = du. lg. pip, G. pips ohg. pfiffi'l, : borrowed fr. a vulgar lat. pippita (= laT. pituita) 'phlegm', whence also FR. pipie, SPAN, pepita, it. pipita.

pipe sb. ME. oe. pipe = du. pijp, LG. pipe, OUG. pfi/a G. pfeife, on. pipa : borrowed fr. med.-lat. pipa, whence also the synon. fr. pipe, sp\^. pipa, \T. piva. Source lat. pipdre 'chirp'.

11

l62

pit — plant

pit sb. ME. //■/ OE. pyt (it) =

DU. pllt^ LG. ///// OHG. pUZZi pfuzzi

G. pfiltze'. TEUT. putjus'. borrowed fr. LAT. puteus 'a well, pit', whence also VT. pozzOf SF AN. poza, FK.ptiifs and OIR. cm//ie, cymr. peUn 'well, pit'. pitch sb. ME. pic/i OE. pic =r

OSAX. ODU. pik DU. peky OHG. pe/i I

^^/^ (M) G.pec/i, ON. M: borrowed fr. LAT. pix (pic-) 'pitch', whence

also FR. poix, SPAN. /^S:, IT. pCCC

'pitch'.

^ pitcher sb. me. picc^e'r borrowed fr. OFR. picher. Source med.-lat. picdrium, a by-form of late lat. bicdrium under beaker.

pith sb. ME. pithe oe. pida cog- nate w. DU. pit ODU. pitte 'pith' and MLG. pedik 'pith'. A West- Teut. h2JS>^ pipan- is to be assum- ed, perh. a teut. pipwon- in- stead of qipwon-: \fgtt?

pittance sb. ME.pitaunfe (=mlg. pitancie) borrowed fr. FR. pitance 'meat, food, daily subsistance'.

pity sb. me. pite fr. fr. /////. Source LAT. pietdtem.

place me. pld^e fr. fr. place {= SPAN, plaza y IT. piazza). Source lat. platea = gr. -nXaxsia 'a street'. G. platz and nn. plaats are also of Fr. origin.

plague me. (14^*^ cent.) pldge adopted fr. Li\T. pldga 'an injury' whence du. plaag , ohg. pldga G. plage and it. piaga, fr. plate,

plaice ME. plaice borrowed fr. FR. plaise OFR. pldise. Source MED.-LAT. pla^sa prop, platessa 'a

flat-fish', whence also DU. pladijs, G. platteise.

plain adj. me. plain borrowed fr. FR. plain (whence also DU. pleiri) = SPAN, piano, it. piano. Source lat. pldnus flat, even'.

plain sb. me. pleine adopted fr. FR. plaine =■ span, plana, it. piano. Source lat. pldnum 'a plain'.

plaint sb. me. pleinte plainte fr. FR. plainte (= lat. planctus 'lamentation').

plait vb. ME.plaite 'fold' derived fr. OFR. pleit (ploit) sb. 'fold'. Source hkii. plicare 'fold, braid'.

plan -adopted fr. fr. plan, whence DU. g. plan. Source I.M:. pldnusV^i, plane', whence SPAN, plan, YT. piano. Sqq plain, plane.

plane adj. borrowed fr. fr. plane (= span, piano, it. piano). Source lat. pldnus 'flat, level'.

plane sb. 'a carpenter's tool' late me. plane borrowed fr. fr. plane. Source med.-lat. pldna 'a carpenter's tool'.

plane-tree me. pldne{-tre) = du. plaan-boom fr. fr. plane. Source lat. platanus 'plane-tree'.

plank me. planke borrowed fr. onfr. planke fr. planche (= span. plancha, it. pianca). Source med.-lat. pianca, whence du. plank, G. planke.

plant me. plante oe. plant = du. plant, OHG. pflanza G. pflanze (on. plantd) : fr. lat. planta, whence also fk. plante, span.

plash — pluck

163

planta, it. pianta. In me. we find also plaunte sb. vb. as adap- tion of FR. plante — planter, — plantain m^. plantain (^plauntain f) borrowed fr. y^. plantain. Source LAT. plantago i^plantaginein) 'a plantain'.

plash ME. plasche borrowed fr. ODU. plasch DU. plas 'water- puddle'.

plaster me. piastre plaister fr. OFR. piastre (^plaistre ^ whence T>\; . pleisier) cp. fr. pldtre. Source GR.-LAT. e/LiTrXaffrgov = IT. empiastro, fr. empldtre 'plaster. LAT. emplastrufn = med.-lat. plastrum 'gypsum', whence OHG. pflastar G. pflaster.

plat plot ME. OE. plot (tt). See plot.'

plate ME. plate borrowed fr. OFR. plate plaite 'plate - armor, ingot, silver fr. plat, whence DU. plat, G. platte. Source a MED.-LAT. plata 'plate of metal' (gr. nXarvc)-

platoon fr. FR. peloton 'a ball, platoon'.

platter me. plater fr. ofr. platel 'a plate' = fr. plateau also 'waiter'.

play vb. me. plaie pleie OE. plegian 'play' and play sb. me. plaie pleie OE. pl'ega. The other teut. languages have no such root as pleg 'play'.

plea sb. ME. /// plai 'debate' fr. OFR. pie plai with the by- forms plait plaid. Source MED.- lat. placitum 'a decree, sen- tence'. — plead vb. me. pl^de

plaide fr. fr. plaider 'plead, argue', whence also DU. pleiten 'sue'.

please vb. me. plese borrowed fr. OFR. plesir plaisir (fr. plaire 'please'). Source lat. placer e please'. — pleasure (late me. plcsiire 15*^^ cent.)* fr. the fr. infinit. plaisir, but influenced by abstract nouns such as nature leisure.

pledge sb. me. plegge fr. ofr. plege (YK.pleige) 'a surety', which is related to OSAX. plegan ohg. pfl'egan 'be responsible for, answer for' (cp. plight^.

plenty me. plente fr. ofr. plenti^ source lat. plinitdtem.

plier see ply.

plight sb. me. plight oe. pliht formed by means of the abstract formative -/ from a vb. seen in OE. pldon 'risk' (ohg. pflegan G. pflegen whence G. pjlicht 'friendly care, interest').

plot! short for complot = fr. complot 'a conspiracy'.

plot- sb. me. oe. plot {tt).

plough me. plough plow OE. ploh =- DU. ploeg, ohg. pfluoh pfiuog G. pflug, ON. plogr. This Teut. group plbhu- plogu- was borrowed by the Slav, (serb.- russ. plugii, LiTH. pliugas).

plover me. plover borrowed fr. OFR. plovier fr. pluvier. Source a LAT. type '^pluviarius 'rainy'.

pluck vb. me. plukke plokke

(^plicche) OK.pluccian (oe. "^plyccan)

= DU. plukken, OHG. "^pfiucchen

'^pfiockon G. pfiucken, on. plokka.

11*

164

plug — poll

Source a lat. type "^piliiccare ^=- IT. piluccarej fr. iplucher. Vulgar LAT. *piluccdre (whence me. pilken pluck') prop, 'pluck hairs one by one' is an extension of lat. pildre.

plug sb. ident. w. du. plug^ LG. plugge {j)lucJi) late mhg. pfloc G. pflock plug'.

plum ME. ploume oe. plume (plyme) = DU. pruim, lg. prume plume, OHG. pfruma beside pfiumo (lat. r changed to teut. /) G. pflaume'. early loanword fr. lat. prunum, whence also fr. prune, IT. prima. Cp. prune.

plumb fr. FR. plomb = lat. plumb u?n.

plume fr. fr. plume == lat. pliima.

plummet me. //d?ww^/ borrowed fr. FR. plo7nbet 'a plummet' dimin. of FR. plomb lead'.

plump adj. borrowed fr. lg. plump, DU. plomp.

plunder vb. adopted fr. mdu. plunderen = G. plilndern 'rob, pillage'.

plunge vb. short for me. plounge'. borrowed fr. fr. plonger 'duck, dive', whence also du. plonzen.

plush sb. = DU. pluis , G. plusch ; borrowed fr. fr. peluche = YY, peluzzo. Source a lat. type ^pilucia, an extension of lat. pilus *hair .

ply vb. ME. plie 'bend' adopted fr. fr. plier 'fold, bend, bow'. Source lat. plicdre 'fold'.

poach ^ vb. 'dress eggs' fr. fr. pocher. — poach ^ vb. 'intrude into preserves' borrowed fr. fr. pocher from poche 'a pouch'.

pock M^. pokke OE.pocc ^=-. mdu. pocke, DU. pock, G. LG. pocke 'small pox'. — pocket ME. poket fr. ofr. poquette, dimin. oioY^. pocke poche. See poke. \

poignant adj. U¥.. pomatit poin- launt fr. FR. poigfiant. (Source LAT. pungere). — point me. point fr. FR. point (source lat. punc- tum) 'point'.

poise vb. ME. poise earlier peise fr. ofr. poiser peiser fr. peser 'to weigh'. Source lat. pensare 'to weigh'.

poison UE. puisouit fr. ^^. poison 'poison' = LAT. potio(nem) 'a drink'.

poke sb. ME. poke 'a bag' =: ODU. poke, ON. poki. FR. poche is perh. an Engl, loanword. Cp. pock.

poke vb. nK. poke i^pouke pucke) 'thrust, throw' =: DU. poken, mlg. puken.

pole ' sb. a stake' us.. pole OE.pdl 'a pale, pole': source lat. pdlus 'a stake', whence G. pfahl ohg. MHG. pfdl. $iee pale,

pole 2 sb. 'a pivot' the synon.

FR. pol = LAT. poluS (GR. TTOlog)

'a hinge'.

polish vb. ME. polisshe fr. fr. polir i^poliss-') 'polish'.

poll ME. pol (II) 'head' ^ lg. ODU. polle 'head'; perh. ident. w. bowl}

pommel — port

65

pommel me. pomel borrowed fr. OFR. p07nel fr. pommeau 'the pommel of a sword': prop, dimin. LAT. pomum 'apple'.

pomp ME. pompe fr. lat. po?npa, whence also fr. pompe.

pond ME. potid pomU.

ponder vb. borrowed fr. lat. ponderare weigh'.

pontiff fr. FR. pontif pontife, LAT. pontif ex.

pontoon fr. fr. ponton, it. pontone 'a great broad bridge'.

pool sb. ME. OE. pgl = DU. poe/, LG. po/, OYiG. pfuol G.pfuhl'y perh. akin to oe. pu/i pyll 'pool' = ON. pollr 'pool, pond'.

poop borrowed fr. fr. poupe = LAT. puppis 'the hinder part of a ship'.

poor adj. me. povre fr. ofr. povre = pauvre (source lat. pauper) 'poor'.

pope me. pope OE. papa = lat. papa. The continental dialects differ from the lat.-oe. forms; cp. 03AX. pdbos^ DU. paus, mhg. babes G. papst.

popinjay late "b^m. popinjay earlier papegai (= du. papegaaiy mlg. papegoie, G. papagai) fr. fr. pape- gai OFR. papegay and papegau = it. papagallo. Prob. derived fr. Low GR. nanayug = arab. ba- bagha (pers. bapga). The Lat. name psittacus agrees with GR. rfjiTTay.oC'

poplar sb. me. poplir{e) ^^. du. popidiery OTtV. pope Her', borrowed fr. OFR. pop Her ■= fr. peuplier. Source FR. peuple 'poplar =

'LAT.populus 'poplar', whence also DU. pop el and G. pappel.

poppy sb. ME. popy oe. popi^ papcsi (about 800). The suffix i (not producing umlaut) points to an older form -ang as in body, holly. There are no Teut. equivalents. Usually considered to be borrowed fr. i.kT. papdver.

porcelain sb. -- fr. porcelaine, DU. porselein, G. porzellan (since the 1 6th. cent.); the base is it. porcellana, orig. 'the Venus- shell', 'concha Veneris'; this hav- ing much resemblance to porce- lain, the name of the shell was transferred to that of the cera- mic ware.

porch sb. W£.. pore he borrowed fr. "E^. pore he', source lat. porti- cus, from which OE, portic and OHG. pforzih are earlier loan- words.

porcudine occuring in the i^th — J 5th cent's in the forms porpentine por point and porkepin which go back to ofr. pore espin (now porc-ipic) = IT. poreo spino {poreo spinoso) 'thornbush hog'. — pork 'flesh of swine' me. pork 'pork, swine' fr. the synon. yk. pore (= hhT. por cus).

port^ sb. 'harbor' me. oe. port

'harbor' fr. the equival. lat.

portiis (= fr. port, it. porto)

harbor, whence also odu. port

'city'.

port'^ sb. a gate fr. fr. porte z= hAT. porta a gate*, whence also o^. port or port-jpat 'a gate', du. poort, G. p forte.

66

port — power

port 3 sb. 'behavior me. port fr. FR. port 'behavior : deriv. of LAT. portare 'carry'.

port* = Port-wine orig. »wine of Oporto in Portugal«.

portray vb. me. pourtraie fr. FR. portraire. — portrait = fr. portrait.

post^ sb. 'a pillar' me. O'E.. post = DU. LG. post: early loanword fr. 'LhT. postem (nom. siwg. postis), whence also G. pfosten ohg. pfost and FR. poteau.

post^ sb. 'mail service' = du. G. posty FR. postey IT. posta. The word is a native of Italy and was borrowed from there by the modern languages in the 16**^ cent.

post^ sb. *a military post' = G. postetiy DU. post fr. it. posto 'guard, post'.

pot ME. OE. pot (tt), = DU. LG.

pot(tt)y ON. pottr (swED. potta, DAN. potte) ; akin to fr. pot =

CYMR. pot, IR. pOta.

potato imported in the second half of the 16* cent, together with SPAN, patata from America (in Hayti the name was batata about 1530).

pouch ME. pouche 'bag' fr. ofr. pouche (^poche) 'pocket'; akin to poke.

poult sb. 'chicken' {= pullet) late u^.pulte fr.rR.^*??^/^/ 'chicken' {^poule 'hen'). — poulterer ex- tended for ME. pulter fr. FR. t)oulletier. — poultry we. pultrie is derived fr. me. pulter.

pounce vb. see punch.

pound ^ ME. pound oe. pund 'a pound' (weight and money) = OSAX. pund, DU. pond, ohg. pfunt

G pfund, ON. SW. DAN. pUfld

GOTH, pund: borrowed in the second cent. fr. lat. pondo (indecl.) 'pound', not fr. lat. pondus 'weight'.

pound'-^ sb. 'enclosure' me. pound (shortened in pon-, pun- fglde 'pound'). oe. pund 'en- closure' with the verb oe. pyndan ME. pinde 'impound, dam up the water' = on. pynda 'shut in (e. pinfold ME. pinfplde 'pound' points to oe. pyndan me. pinde). Frob. pen oe. pennan is cognate, if the base *panjan goes back to an earlier form *pandjan: teut. yfpand pund.

pound vb. 'h&2i\! -^UE. poune oe. picnian 'pound'; perh. cognate w. DU. puiti 'ruin, rubbish'.

pout vb. ME. poute 'sulk' (oe. "^piitian}). — pout sb. (a kind of fish) OE. puta or pute (in the compound ckleputan 'eelpouts') ; cp T>\i. puit a kind of fish. The word is derived from the vb. pout {TE\j'i\ \f put): the fish has its name from its pouting lips.

powder sb. me. poudre 'hair- powder' fr. FR. poudre, whence also BU.poeder, G. puder. Source lat. pulverem (^pulvis), whence G.pulver, iT.polve 'dust, powder'.

power me. pouir earlier polr fr. OFR. po'er = fr. pouvoir\ ident. w. it. potere and deriv. fr. lat. potest potui etc.

praise — proud

167

praise sb. M^.prais preis fr. ofr. preis, ident. with price.

pram sb. *a flat- bottomed lighter = lg. prahm^ DU. praam ; LG. pram, on. prdmr, sw. pram. DAN. pram are of Slav, origin; cp. OSLOV. pramu belonging to the ARYAN \fper 'cross, ferry' seen in fare vb.

prance vb. me. praunce vb. ident. w. e. prank vb. me. pranke\ the sound points to Fr. origin.

prate vb. late me. prate = du. LG. praten 'prate', dan. prate 'tattle'.

pray vb. me. preie fr. ofr. preier = fr. prier pray' (source lat. precari 'pray').

preach vb. me. preche fr. fr. precher. Source church-LAT./rrt-^- dicare 'preach', whence also OE. predician, on. predika, du. pre- dikeUy OS AX. predikouy OHG. pre- digon MHG. G. predigen 'preach'.

press vb. me. presse fr. ofr. presser =^ lat. pressarc.

pretty adj. me. "^priti for prati 'pretty' and 'clever, cunning'; OE./r^/Zj 'tricky, deceitful'. The OE. sh.prcett ^\\i\:. prattas means 'trickery'.

prey sb. my., preie praie fr. ofr. preie praie = fr. proie (hence du. prooi) 'prey\ Source lat. praeda.

price sb. "siE.pris fr. ofr. pris = FR. prix. Source lat. pretium 'price'. See prize.

prick sb. me. pricke (j>rike) oe. pricca (^prica) 'prick, spike'. — prick vb. me- pricke i^prike oe.

\prician) 'prick, spur'. Cp. MHG. \pfr'ecken, o^i^.prikka: teut. y"/r/y^. — prickle relation me. prikel oe. pricel.

pride ws.. pride oy. pryda: um- laut-relation to proud.

priest sb. me. prest oe. preost) ident. w. ohg. prist priestar mhg. G. priester, osax. prestar, fr. pretre for OFR. prestre: descendants of lat. presbyter priest'. But there are discrepancies in the phonetical development of the Rom. and Teut. forms*

prime fr. fr. pri?ne — lat. primus. — primrose fr. fr. prime rose =: lat. prima rosa ' 'first rose'. — prince me. prince fr. FR. prince (source lat. prin- ceps — p7i?icipem —- it. principe^y whence also G. prinz du. prins.

print vb. me. printe short for prente impre?ite fr. fr. empreinte sb. 'a stamp, print'; cp. fr. evipreindre = lat. imprimere.

prison ME.prisoun fr. fk. prison; source lat. prehensio{nem) = it. prigiofie.

privy ME. prive fr. fr. privi (= lat. privdtus).

prize vb. me. prise fr. EK.priser\ cf. E. prise fr. YR.prix. — prize sb. 'taking or capture e. g. of a ship' fr. fr. prise 'seizure (du. prijs, G. prise).

proud ME. proud late oe. prild (by-form me. prout late OE. prut preie) ; cp. on. priidr 'proud', dan. prud 'stately'. Cp. the um- laut-relation/r/^<?. Source ofr.

i68

prove — push

proud Valiant' (under prowess) = FR. preux.

prove vb. ME. prove late oe. (c. \oQ,6) profian'. loanword fr. lat. prodare, whence also 'FTL. prouver, MHG. prileven G. pru/en^ on. prof a and also me. preve proeve 'prove'. — The sb. proof is derived fr. the vb. (cp. ME. preve prceve = FR. preuve).

prow ME. "^proiie fr. fr. proue (iT.pruaproda, i^ki, prord) 'prow'.

prowess me. prouesse fr. ofr. pro7iesse prowess', abstr. sb. of OFR. prou proud r= late oe. prud s. under proud.

proxy sb. earlier prockesy for procuracy, cp. proctor late me. proketour == LAT. procurator {em).

prune sb. me. pi-ilne fr. fr. prune = lat. prunum\ cp. p luni.

pry vb. me. prie oe. "^priwan *preo7vian, the root of which is evident in oe, bepriwan vb. 'wink with the eye' — preowothwil 'twinkling of the eye'.

psalm sb. me. psalm = lat. psahnus; already oe. salm.

puck sb. short for ME. pouke oe. plica 'demon, hobgoblin' = ON. ptiki 'imp' ; cp. oe. piicel 'demon', north-fries, puk 'mis- chievous sprite with large eyes'.

pudding ME. pudding prob. borrowed fr. FR. boudin 'black- pudding' (cp. ME. cuning fr. ofr- coTiin under cony).

puff vb. ME. puffe OE. "^puffian aside of 0£. pyffan 'blow': teut. base puff on pufpjan.

pull vb. ME. pulle OE. pullian 'draw'.

pullet ME. polite fr. y^. poulette 'a young hen', cp. poult.

pulp sb. fr. FR. pulpe = lat. pulpa 'pulp'.

pumpion {divnm. pumpkin) ear- lier pompoun fr. FR. pompon (= DU. p07npoeri) 'a kind of gourde'. Source lat. pepo {=-- fr. pipon, IT. pepone popone).

punish vb. me. punisshe fr. fr. punir (^puniss-) 'punish'.

purblind me. purblind orig. 'blind as 2, purl o^. pur means the bird 'onocrotalus'; cp. swed. purblind.

purchase vb. me. purchase fr. FR. pourchasser.

purge vb. me. pw-ge fr. fr. purger.

purple ME. purpre fr. fr. pourpre = LAT. purpura.

purpose vb. me. purpose fr. OFR. pourposer = fr. proposer 'propose'.

purse ME.purs late oe. (c.1050) purs: loanword fr. ofR. borse — - FR. bourse', cp. lat. bursa.

pursue vb. me. pur site fr. ofr. porsuir = fr. poursuivre (source LAT. prosequi) 'prosecute'.

purvey vb. me. porveie fr. ofr. porvoir = fr. pourvoir (lat. providere) 'provide'.

push vb. MS., posse pusse {posshe) 'push' fr. FR. pousser (=^ LAT. pulsare) 'strike, thrust'.

put — quench

169

put vb. ME. pute putte vb. 'throw, push, thrust' oe. (c. iooo)

fr. OFR. bouter 'thrust' (cp. oe. purs purse' fr. OFR. dorse under

potian 'thrust ; perh. borrowed \ purse).

quail sb. me. quaile fr. ofr. quaille =- FR. caile a quail'; cp. IT. quaglia. Source a vulgar LAT. quaccola, whence also du. kwakkel r= ODU. quackele 'quail'.

quaint adj. me. queinty earlier form coint (quoint) 'famous, well- known, clever, neat, elegant': loanword fr. OFR. coint neat, fine' = LAT. cognitus 'known*.

quake vb. me. quake oe. cwdcian vb. 'quake'; cp. o^. cwecdean 'move' -=^ ODU. quecken shake one's head': teut. \pqak.

qualm me. qualm 'death, pesti- lence, torture' oe. cwealm 'death, pestilence': derived fr. the teut. \f qel in oe. cw'elan me. quele vb. 'die'; cp. quell.

quarrel me. querele fr. fr. querelle = LAT. querela 'a com- plaint'.

quash vb. me. quasshe vb. fr. OFR. quasser = FR. casser 'break' ; source lat. quassare 'to shake'.

quaver vb. derived fr. me. qudve (oE. *cwdjia?t) vb. 'tremble'; cogn. w. me. quappe vb. 'tremble'.

quay earlier spelling keie late ME. keie fr. fr. quai.

quean me. qu^ne oe. cwene 'woman': perhaps a scand. loan- word cp. ON. kona G. plur.

kvenna (= ohg. qu'ena kona, GOTH. qi?io)\ cp. late OE. cwene- fugel 'a hen-bird' fr. the equiv. on. kvenfugl. There was a genuine OE. corresponding cwme 'bad wo- man'. The group rests on a teut. q'enon- 'wife' = aryan gend ; cp. GR. yvvT] f skr. gnd , oir. ben, OSLOV. RUSS. SERB, zcna , pruss. gena 'wife'. See the following word.

queen sb. me. quen oe. C7i'en queen, distinguished lady'; base qoni for qdni --= goth. qe?iSy ON. kvdn kvckn, osax. qudn 'wife': TEUT. qeni- = ARYAN, g^ni- (== skr. j'dni 'wife') is of the same root as TEUT. q'enon- (see quean) ^= ARYAN gend.

quell vb. ME. quelle oe. cwellan 'kill': derived fr. the str. vb. oe. cw'elan me. qu(le 'die' (cp. qualm). They belong to the teut. \/"qel in G. qual =^ oHG. 03AX. qudla 'torment, torture': aryan yf gel in lith. geld 'grief — oslov. zali 'suffering'.

quench vb. me. quenche oe. cwencean wk. vb. 'extinguish' : derived fr. oe. d-cwincan 'be exstinguished' :=: ofris. kwinka 'vanish'. It is doubtful whether OE. cwinan 'to be exstinguished' is

70

question

quoth

connected with e. quench (du. kwijnen 'wither').

question me. questioun fr. fr. question.

quick adj. me. quick oe. cwicu 'living, alive' = osax. du. quik, OHG. MHG. qu'ec (g. quecksilber 'quicksilver and er quicken vb. 'quicken, refresh') G. keck (for queck) 'pert', ON. kvikr kykr : ;

TEUT. Y"^/^ fr. ARYAN Y"^?^ in LAT.

vivo (vixi-victum-vivere). There { exists an aryan doublet gtw in \ GOTH, qius (stem qiwa-) adj. | 'alive' =^ SKR. jiva, lith. gywas, ' LAT. znvus 'living, alive' (cp. i GR. fiiog 'life). See qtcitch-\ grass.

quill sb. ME. quille = westphal. quick 'quill': TEUT. base qili-., perh. ident. w. xMHG. kil G. kid 'quill'.

quilt sb. ME. quilte fr. ofr. cuilte = LAT. culcita 'cushion, pillow'.

quince me. coine quine fr. ofr. coin^^Y'R.. coing 'a quince' (the ce of modern Y.. quince belongs prop, to the plural). Source lat. cydonia = it. cotogna^ ohg. kutina G. quittCy OE. godceppel\ DU. kwee ODU. quede corresponds to MHG. quiten = G. quitte.

^quire (of paper) sb. me. quair quaier 'book' fr. ofr. quaier (du.

kohier) = fr. cahier 'copy book'. Source a late Latin quaternum 'collection of four leaves' (= it. quaderno 'a quire of paper', oe. cwdte^'fi) .

quitch-grass (also quick-grass couch-grass^ me. ^quicche', oe. cwice 'quitch-grass' answers to DU. kweek, LG. quekcy G. qu'ecke 'quitch-grass'. The name derives fr. teut. quiku- 'alive' (under quick), because the weed seems not clearable.

quite adv. me. quite fr. fr. quit.

quiver vb. derived fr. the adj. ME. quiver, late OE. cwifor 'lively, brisk, eagerly'; cp. ofr. quivrer vb. 'awaken, encourage'.

quiver sb. me. quiver fr. fr. cuivre] ident. w. fr. coivre cuivre'. late Latin base cucurum, whence also OE. cocor, ohg. kohhar g. kocher 'quiver', du. koker.

quoth {^uoth he 'he said) 2,^ sing. pret. = me. quoth earlier quath oe. cwcsd pret. of me. qu^the oe. cw'edan str. vb. 'say, speak' = GOTH, qipan, on. kveda, 0?>kx.qttedan , OHG. qu'edan 'say': ARYAN spget (by-form ged in skk. gad 'speak'?). Cp. bequeath and bequest.

rabbit

rat

171

R

rabbit cogn. w. odu. robhe robbeken 'rabbit'; perh. identical w. DU. rob^ G. robbe 'phoca?

race^ me. r/^ oe. r^^? or bor- rowed from ON. rds *a running': TEUT. base rha-.

race^ 'family' fr. fr. race = SPAN. PORT. raza\ source ARAB. rds 'origin'.

race^ 'root' fr. ofr. rah = lat. radix. — From the same source also radish = DU. radijs (fr. radis) .

• rafter me. rafter oe. rcefter\ formed by suffix -tra- from the same root as on. rdf 'roof and OHG. rdvo 'rafter'. Cp. the Aryan \preph in or. sgscpw — OQO(fog.

rag ME. ra^ge (late oe. '^ra^^ inferred from the adj. raggii 'shaggy'): borrowed fr. on. rpgg 'shagginess'.

rage me. rage fr. fr. rage = LAT. rabies.

rail ^ ME. rai/ reil fr. ofr. reille \ source LAT. regula, whence also G. 7iegel OHG. rigilj odu. rijchel 'bar, rail'.

rail 2 ME. rail oe. hrcpy, 'a gar- ment'; ident. w. ohg. hregil 'a garment': teut. base hrag{i)la-.

rain me. rain rein oe. reyi = ohg. OLG. regan G. DU. regen, on. regn, GOTH, rigns: teut. base r'egna-. Cp. Lith. roke 'drizzling rain'.

raise vb, me. reise borrowed fr. ■ ON. reisa 'raise': causal of on. risa =: GOTH. reisan\ cp. rise. \

raisin me. reisin fr. ofr. raisin 'a grape, whence also du. rozijn, G. rosine. Source lat. racemus 'a bunch of grapes'.

rake me. rake oe. rdca = du. raak\ ident. w. OHG. rehho G. recheny on. reka : teut. base rakon- r'ekon-, derived fr. the str. vb. GOTH, rikan 'gather.

ram sb. me. oe. ram {?nm) oe. rg7n ifnni) = OHG. mhg. DU. ram : teut. base ramma-; perh. cogn. w. ON. ramr 'strong.

ramsons me. ramsen oe. hravi- san plur. : teut. base hra7nusan- also in G. (dial.) ramsen^ swed. ra?nsidk 'bear-garlick'; further allied to GR. afjcfivoi- 'onion', IR. erem — cymr. era/ 'garlick, lith. kermusze 'wild garlick'.

range vb. fr. fr. rafiger.

ransack vb. me. ransake fr. on. rannsaka prop, 'search the house': ON. rann 'house' (= goth. razuy OE. rcEsn ran cern 'house'); for ON. saka see seek,

ransom me. raun^oun (du. rant- soen) fr. fr. ranfon (= lat. redemptio-neni) .

rap vb. ME. rape 'rush, hasten' =: ON. hrapa vb. 'hasten'; cp. du. rapen, mhg. raffen 'seize': TEUT. base hrapon.

rape sb. me. rape (= du. raap^ fr. lat. rapa 'turnip'.

rat ME. rat oe. rcet (tt) =r= G. ratte ohg. ratta^ du. rat rot\

72

rate — reave

ident. w. fr. rat^ it. ratio. History of the group unknown.

rate fr. fr. rate =^ lat. ratum.

rather me. rather oe. hrador prop, 'quicker, sooner': compa- rative form of OE. hrade 'quickly'; cp. the adj. OE. hrced^ on. hradr 'swift', ohg. hrad^ du. rad 'quick' fr. a teut. base hrapa-. Akin to OIR. crothim 'I shake'.

rattle vb. me. ratele vb.; cp. OE. hrcetele sb. 'rattle wort' and 'LG.raielen vb. 'rattle', mhg. rai^i^eln G. rasseln vb. 'rattle': teut. y^^r^/ = ARYAN \r.^r<^^/ in GR. ygaSmvco {^\'^krot in GR. Y-QOTokitbiv vb. 'rattle'?).

raven sb. me. raven oe. hrcef?! ^ ON. hrafn\ cp. OHG. hraban G. rabe^ DU. raaf\ teut. base hrabiia- hrabn-', perh. fr. an ARYAN \fkro : >^^r in lat. corvus, GR. xo^a^ raven'.

ravish vb. me. ravisshe vb. fr. FR. raviss- in r^^^^^y 'to ravish'.

raw me. raw oe. hreaw = ohg. /?r^<? /irS G. r^/^, DU. rauw, on. ^r<7r: teut. base hrdwa-\ perh. cogn. w. SKR. krura 'sore' and LAT. ^rz/^r 'blood'.

ray see roach.

reach ^ vb. me. r(che oe.' r(Bcean fr. a TEUT. type raikjan in ohg. reihhan G. reichen vb. 'reach', du. reiken.

reach 2, r^/^/^ vb. me. r/^:/^^ OE. hrcecean', teut. \fhrdk in OE. /^/-^^^ =^ ON. /^r^>^/ 'spittle' and OHG. rdhhison to try to vomit'.

read vb. me. r§de oe. rcedan vb. = ON. rdda 'read'; prop.

ident. w. goth. rMan, ohg. rdtan G. raien vb. advise', on. nz^^z 'counsel, consult', read meant orig. 'to read a riddle' (cp. riddle), then 'to interprete the runes' (on. rdda gdtu 'read a riddle' ■ — rdda draum 'read a dream' — rdda runar read runes'), skr. has a correspon- ding y"r<2^/>^ 'perform'; cp. also OSLOV. raditi.

ready adj. me. rcdi (oe. "^rckdii extended fr.) oe. rckde 'ready' = OHG. reiti 'ready'; cp. goth. garaids = on. greidr 'ready'. As G. fertig prop, meant 'ready for a journey' (g. fahrt), perh. a TEUT; base raida- 'journey' may be the source of the group; cp. IR. r^id 'passable' and see ride and road.

realm sb. me. rialme (rialme) fr. OFR. realme (fr. royaume).

ream late me. rpne fr. ofr. raime FR. rame\ cp. span, resma, ITAL. risma (g. rics) ream of paper'. Source ARAB, rizina 'a bundle'.

reap vb. me. ripe oe. riopan vb. fr. a TEUT. V"^2j> 'cut' in ripe\ cp. OE. ri/'/^r 'sickle' and see ripe.

rear vb. me. rire oe. rceran vb. = OHG. reran vb. 'raise' fr. a TEUT. base raizjan', cp. r/.f<? and raise for \fris.

rear adj. me. r/;^ oe. /^r^r.

reason me. r{soun earlier reisoun fr. FR. raison = LAT. ratio-nem.

reave {bereave) vb. me. r/z^^ OE. r(afian vb. = ohg. raubon G. rauben, goth. {bi)raubdn 'de-

173

spoil', o^.rau/a (see also robe): derived fr. a primitive str. vb. OE. hereof an^ on. rjufa 'to break'. Cp. SY.^.y/^lup.

receive vb. me. receive fr. ofr. recever = fr. recevoir.

reck vb. me. recke {recche) short for OE. recean earlier rcecean'. TEUT. base rokjan in on. rcekjUy OSAX. rokian, ohg. ruohhan 'have a care for'.

reckon vb. me. rekne oe. j<?- r'ecenian vb. = OHG. rehhanon G. rechne?i 'reckon', du. rekenen] cp. the TEUT. V"r<?>^ in ohg. rahha 'subject, thing'.

-red suffix in hatred\ cp. oe. feondrckden freoiidrckden 'friend- ship' (Jiiwrceden under hind)] orig. -raidin in goth. ga-raidei?7S.

red adj. short for me. red oe. r^'ad = TEUT. rauda- in goth. rauds, ohg. rot g. r<?/, du. r^f?^/, ON. raudr 'red ; cp. OE. reodan == ON. r/i^V/c? vb. redden' and ruddock (rust). There is a corresponding ARYAN \f rudh reudh in GR. tQvi^()6g, SKK.rud/iird, OSLOV. rzidru, lat. ruber 'red', LAT. ri(/us, IR. r2/<^?^/.

reed sb. me. red oe. Are'od = OHG. //r/(7/ G. DU. riet: teut. base hreuda-.

reek sb. jME. rek sb. fr. the vb. oe. reocan 'reek, smoke' = on. rjuka^ ohg. riohhan g. riechen) cp. oe. r^^"^ rjV, ON. r^y/^r, ohg. rouh g. ranch, du. r^^/^ 'smoke' fr. a teut. base rauki".

reel me: ;t7^ oe. hreol\ prop, i *hrcehil fr. a teut. base "^hranhiL

in ON. hrcsll 'a weaver's rod', north-fries. r^/«/.

rehearse vb. isie. rehirfe fr. OFR. reherfer.

rein sb. me. m;?^ fr. ofr. m«^ =: FR. r<?;^^ (cp. ITAL. redina] source lat. retinere 'restrain').

relieve vb. me. releve fr. fr. relever = lat. relevare.

rely vb. from lat. re (as in recall, remind, renew) and E. lie 'to rest.

remnant sb. me. re7nenaunt fr. OFR. retnenant 'remnant'.

rend vb. me. rende oe. rendan vb. 'tear, lacerate' =^ ofris. refida vb. 'tear, break'.

rennet^ sb. fr. the vb. me. renne 'run, make to run'; cp. under run.

rennet 2 sb. fr. fr. reinette.

renounce vb. me. renoun(e fr. FR. renoncer. — renown me. renoun fr. fr. renom.

rest sb. me. reste oe. rest: teut. base rasti-, cp. ohg. rasta 'rest, a measure of distance, goth. rasta 'a mile, on. rgst 'a mile'. There is a TEUT.y^r^i- in goth. razn 'house', ON. rann (cp. ransack).

retch vb. see reach'^.

ribb ME. ribbe o^. ribb = teut. ribja- in ON. r//", OHG. ri/>j>i: ARYAN spr'ebh in oslov. russ. rebro 'rib'.

rhythm see rime.

-ric in bishopric = me. bisshop- riche oe. bisceoprice', cp. oe. r/<:<? 'reign' = goth. m/^/, ohg. r^M/

174

G. reich\ fr. teut. rik- = goth. reiks 'king'.

rice sb. fr. fr. riz (du. rijst) = ITAL. riso, G. reis: source GR. 0(>ifta 'rice'.

rich adj. me. riche fr. fr. riche) ident. w. oe. rice 'powerful', OHG. rthhi G. 7'eich, DU. 7'ijk, on. rikr, GOTH, reiks. Originally a deriva- tive of GOTH, reiks 'king' under ric. — riches sb. me. riches se fr. fr. richesse'. derived fr. fr. riche =r teut. riki 'powerful'.

rick sb. short for me. rek OE. hr{ac 'a heap' = du. rook, ON. hraukr (hroki) a heap': teut. base hrauka-y akin to on. hruga 'a heap' and ir. cruach 'heap'.

rid vb. ME. ridde prop, redde OE. hreddan = ohg. hrettan G. retterr. teut. base hradjan from an ARYAN \fkrath in skr. (raihay. 'loosen'.

riddle sb. me. redles oe. r/^/«?/^ rckdelse = DU. raadse/, OSAX. radisli G. r/z/^^/ 'riddle'; cp. OHG. rdtisca rdtussa 'riddle': teut. \frdd red under read.

riddle 2 sb. 'sieve' me. riddel for OE. hridder = ohg. hritara G. reiter 'sieve': Aryan \r>^r/ in 'LAT. cribrum 'sieve', gr. -/.qivw and in goth. hrai-ns, ohg. reini G. rein 'clean' (prop, sifted'?).

ride me. ride oe. ridan str. vb. = OHG. ritan g. reiten, du. rijden, on. rida'. teut. -y^r/^/:^ pre-TEUT. m^/^ in GALLO-LAT. reda 'carriage' — veredus\oYS,e {y^ndQr palfrey) and IR. riadaim 'I go'; see ready.

ridge me. r/^J-^ oe. /^ryrj (genit. hrycges) ■= teut. hrugja- in oSAX. hruggi, DU. rz/^, ohg. hrucki G. rilcken 'back', on. hryggr: pre- TEUT. krtikjo-, cogn. w. IR. crocenn sb. 'back'.

rife adj. me. oe. rif 'abundant, frequent' = on. rifr 'munificent, abundant', odu. rijf 'copious', LG. rive 'abundant'.

right adj. me. right oe. riht earlier "^r'iht = ohg. osax. rehl G. du. rechl, on. r^Ur, goth. raihts 'right, straight': TEUT. rehta- fr. an Aryan r'ekto- (== lat. rectus 'right, straight'), prop, participle fr. a verbal \rr^^ in lat. r eg ere 'to rule'; cp. SKR. rju 'right, straight'.

righteous transformed fr. me. rightwis oe. rihtwis = ohg. r'eht- WIS 'knowing the right'; see wise.

rim sb. me. rime oe. rima rioma 'border, margin'; probably cogn. w. OE. ra?id, on. rgnd, ohg. rant G. DU. rand 'border, margin': TEUT. ran-do- for ram-do- (as sandiox Aryan samdho-) . Perh. rind belongs to the same Aryan \l^rem.

rime^ sb. me. rim 'verse, song' borrowed about 1200 fr. ofr. rimcj whence also mhg. rtm G. reimy DU. rijm (properly Verse'). Source lat. rhythmus.

rime''^ sb. me. rime oe. hrim = DU. rijin, on. hrim 'hoarfrost'; doubtful, whether ohg. hrifo G. reify OSAX. hripOy du. rijp 'hoar- frost' are cognate.

175

rind sb. me. rinde OE. rind 'bark of a tree' fr. a teut. base rindo- (rendo-) = OHG. rinta G. rinde 'rind'; perh. cogn. w. ohg. rant G. rand and OE. rand 'border, margin' under rtm.

ring sb. ME. r/;z^ oe. krin^- = ON. hringr, ohg. y^/-/^^ r/«:^ G. DU. ;7/2!^: TEUT. base hringa- {hr'enga-') fr. apre-TEUT. V"-^r^«^^ in OSLOV. krqgu 'circle' and kraglii round'.

ring vb. ME. ringe OE. hringan =-= ON. hringja 'ring the bells'.

rip vb. ME. rippe (ruppe) OE. ryppan = hg. rupfen 'to tear': TEUT. base ruppjan\ cogn. w. GOTH, raupjan, OHG. rouffen G. raufen, oe. rypan r^pan and perh. allied to "SiYiK.sfrup 'break'.

ripe adj. ME. OE. ripe 'mature, ripe' = WEST-TEUT. ripi' in OSAX. ripiy DU. rijp, ohg. I'iffi G. reif 'mature, ripe'; derived fr. the TEUT. verbal v^rz/ 'cut' inE. reap and OE. rifter sb. 'sickle'. There- fore ripe orig. meant 'cuttable, fit for reaping'.

rise vb. ME. rise OE. risan str. vb. = ON. risa, ohg. rhan str. vb. 'to move up, rise': teut. verbaly^m, whence also rear and raise.

risk sb. fr. fr. risque = ital. GERM, risico.

rive vb. ME. rive fr. on. rifa 'tear' = ohg. rz/^^« G. reiben, DU. rijven 'grate, rub': teut. verbal \fwrib in odu. mlg. wriven 'rub'.

river me. river fr. fr. riviere

riviera sea-shore: deriv. from LAT. ripa 'bank'.

roach late me. rgche points to a fr. source (cp. swed. rokka, DAN. rocke 'roach'); the synon. ray goes back to fr. raie = LAT. raia 'roach'.

road me. rode 'journey, road OE. rdd 'journey, road' = teut. base raido- (on. reid 'riding') fr. the verbal y"m/ in ride.

roar vb. me. rgre oe. rdrian vb. = OHG. reren mhg. rhen vb. 'low, bellow': teut. base rairanl or raizan}

roast vb. me. rpste fr. ofr. rostir = fr. roiir 'roast'. Source a TEUT. vb. raustjan = ohg. rosten G. rosten 'roast'; cp. ohg. iviHG. rost G. rost 'gridiron, grate'.

rob vb. ME. robbe fr. fr. rober.

robe sb. me. robe fr. fr. robe. Source a teut. sb. rauba- = OE. r(af 'spoil, clothing', OHG. MHG. roupib) 'booty, spoil*. Cogn. w. reave.

robin = fr. Robin the name Robert.

rock sb. liiE. rock late oe. rocc (stdnrocc)'. borrowed about looo fr. ONFR. roc (fr. roche) = ital. rocca. Source celt, rokka-}

rock'-^ vb. ME. rocke late OE. roccian 'shake, swing, rock'; cogn. w. OHG. ruckan G. riicken, ON. rykkja 'to pull roughly and hastily': TEUT.y rz//^^.

rod ident. w. rood.

roe^ sb. 'a female deer' me. ro OE. rd earliest form rdha =

river, stream'; ident. w. ital. ohg. r^ho: teut. base raihan--

76

roe — row

ident. \v. ohg. reh g. reh^ DU. ree^ on. rd fr. a teut. base raiha-.

roe^ sb. 'the spawn of fishes' short for late ME. rgune\ properly OE. ^hrogen =^ on. hrogn^ ohg. rogan g. rogen with the by-form ohg. 7-ogo\ TEUT. base hrogna- (Jirogan-).

rogue sb. fr. fr. rogue.

roll vb. ME. rolie fr. ofr. roler = FR. roulei". source LAT. roiu- lare.

rood ME. rode oe. r<9V/ (obi. r<7^<f) 'cross', original meaning 'a rod or pole'. Ident. w. OSAX. roda, DU. roede, ohg. ruota G. rute and w. e. rod. teut. base rodo-, pre-TEUT. rddhd- or rata-.

roof ME. rpf OE. /^r<i/^: teut. base hrofa- in on. y^r^T/* 'shed', ofries. hrof 'roof, du. roef 'cabin'. Perh. allied to roost. IR. cro 'roof points to a pre- TEUT. form krdpo-.

rook sb. ME. rgk oe. hrgc = ON. hrdkr, OHG. hruoh'. TEUT. base hroka-y pre-TEUT. krago-.

room sb. me. r<?2^;i?2 oe. rum = OHG. r^/^2 G. raum, du. r2^/»2, ON. 7'um, GOTH, rums 'room': T^VT, ru-?na- fr. an ARYAN xTr/z in LAT. rus (ruris) 'open country'.

roost sb. me. rpst oe. hrgst = DU. I'oest 'hen-roost', osAX. hrost 'roof; prop, hrofsta- and cogn. w. roof}

root sb. me. rgie late oe. rot borrowed fr. the equival. on. rot: teut. base wrotd-, cogn. w. E. root vb. oe. wrgtan 'grub up'

= ON. rota 'grub up'; cp. mhg. rile'i-^el g. rilssei.

rope sb. me. rop oe. rap = TEUT. base raipa- in on. reip, DU. reep, ohg. g. rez/'hoop, ring, rope'; perh. cogn. w. gr. gai^ioQ 'bent'.

rose sb. ME. rose oe. rose (by- form rose) borrowed fr. lat. rosa, whence also fr. g. rose OHG. rosa.

rosemary sb. me. rosmarine fr. OFR. ros7narin (fr. romarifi) = LAT. ros marinus (prop, 'marin dew'); cp. G. rosmarin.

rotten adj. me. roten = on. rotinn'. partic. of a verbal y^rz^:/ reut in oe. rotian^ osAX. rotoji^ MHG. ro'^T^en vb. 'putrify'.

rough adj. me. rough {roiv) OE. rjih = OHG. ruA G. rau/i 'rough" (du. ruig 'rough'): teut. base ru/ia- , pre - TEUT. rtiko-^ cogn. w. LITH. raukas 'wrinkle'?

round vb. 'whisper' me. roune OE. rtinian = OSAX. ruman, OHG. runen G. raunen 'whisper': derivative of teut. rum- 'secret, mystery' under rune.

round adj. me. round fr. fr. rond (ofr. roond^=-- lat. rottmdus), whence also G. rund, du. rond 'round'.

row sb. me. rpwe oe. raw 'row' fr. a TEUT. base raiwo- orig. raigwo- ; cogn. w. mhg. rihe g. reihe 'row' and the str. vb. ohg. rihan 'rank, string': pre-TEUT.y"^^'^'^ reikh in skr. rekhd 'line'.

row vb. ME. rpwe oe. rowan = ON. roa^ DU. roeijen, mhg.

rowlock — rye

77

rilejen 'to row' : common base a strong verbalv^r<? in rudder ME. rgther OE. 7'odor = OHG. ruodar G. ruder ^ du. roer 'rudder': TEUT. base rb-pra-. lat. re-?nus 'rudder' and OR. r-fje-tjiiog belong to the same akya^ yfrS : re.

rowlock rollock sb. prop, 'hole for rowing'; cp. G. /ock and OE. dr/oc me. grlock 'hole of oars .

ruddock sb. me. ruddok oe. rudduc 'red-breast'; cogn. w. ruddy me. rodi rudy (oe. "^rudii) reddish' and oe. rudu 'red color'; cp. the adj. red,

rude adj. me. riide fr. fr. I'ude = LAT. rudis 'rude'.

rue vb. me. rewe oe. hreowan str. vb. = OSAX. hreuwan, ohg. riuwan G. reuen, on. hryggva vb. 'distress, grieve': base a strong \&x\)2X\f hreuw. Cp. ruth.

rue sb. (a plant) me. rile fr. FR. rue = LAT. rz^/rtr 'rue*.

rule ME. reule earlier riule fr. OFR. reide riule'. source lat. r^gula, whence also oe. regol, OHG. regain G. regel, fr. regie.

rump late me. rumpe] ident. w. MHG. G. rump/, DU. romp 'trunk, body'.

rumple parallel form to me. rimple OE. hrympek and ident. w. ODU. ro7npel 'ripple': derived fr. the TEUT. verbal v'" hremp in OE. gehrumpen 'wrinkled' and ohg. r imp/an str. vb. 'wrinkle'.

run vb. me. ri7ine (part, ironne) OE. (rare) rinnan (mostly yrnari) = ON. rinna^ goth. rinnan 'run';

English Etymology.

OHG. rifinan g. rinnen str. vb 'run'.

rune the teut. word for the old characters in writing : OE. ON. run with the orig. meaning 'mystery, secret' (goth. ohg. riind) ; ident. w. oiR. run 'secret'. Cp. round vb. for the root.

rung me. runge oe. hrung (obi. hrunge) goth. hrugga 'staff', hg. LG. runge, DU. rong 'spar, bolt': TEUT. base hrungo-.

rust ME. rust roust oe. rust fr. a TEUT. base rusta-\ ident. w. hg. lg. rost fr. a teut. base rusta- : derived with st- formative from the Aryan \^rud/i (in E. red and ruddy), whence also LAT robii^o 'rust' and OSLO v. rHzda (for '^rudjd) 'rust'.

rush sb. me. r us she oe. rysce\ ident. w. lg. du. rusch 'rush, reed'.

rush vb. me. rouse he = g. rauschen MRG. ruse hen ^ du. ruischen ODU. ruuschen, oswed. ruska 'rush': TEUT. base hruskonl There occurs also oe. hryscan.

ruth sb. me. reuthe: extended fr. a more primitive sb. oe. hreow; cp. OE. hreowan str. vb. 'rue' under rue.

rye sb. me. rie oe. ry^e: teut. base rugi- in on. rugr 'rye'; ohg. rocko G. roggen and osAX. roggo 'rye' point to a TEUT. parallel base ruggan-. Outside of teut., OSLOV. rUU 'rye' (base rugi-) and LiTH. rugiai 'rye' show the same base as oe. ry~^e and ON. rugr = TEUT. base rugi-.

fr^ OF THE ^^^^

(university J

78

sable — sand

sable sb. me. sable borrowed fr. OFR. sable\ ident. w. mhg. G. zobel'. source a SLAV, word, Russ. soboli 'sable'.

sabre saber fr. fr. sabi-e =^ G. sdbelj SERB. RUSS. sablj'a, HUNGAR. szablya. Source and history unknown.

sack sb. 'bag' me. sakk oe. scecc ^= GOTH, sakkus, du. zak,

G. sack OHG. MHG. SaC TEUT.

base sakku- borrowed fr. lat. saccuSy whence also ital. sacco^ FR. sac. Source HEBR.-Phenic. sak,

sad ME. j^^'sad, quiet, serious'; the ident. oe. jt^^/ satiated' corre- sponds with OHG. sat G. satt^ OSAX. sad, ON. sadr^ goth. saps 'satiated'. There is an aryan \f sd 'satiate' in lat. satur-satis and oiR. sathach 'satiated'; cp. GR. (i-i^isvai 'satiate'.

saddle me. sddel oe. sadol = ON. sgduU, OHG. satiil G. saitel, DU. zadel'. teut. base sadula-, perh. borrowed from a non- teut. language which might have formed a sb. sadulo- from the ARYAN \^ sed in sit — set.

safe ME. sdf earlier sauf'. loan- word fr. FR. sauf -=. LAT. salvus\ cp. save.

sail sb. ME. sail seil oe. s'e'^el = OHG. s'egal G. segel, du. zeil, ON. segl'. teut. base segla-.

saint sb. me. seint saint fr. fr. saint = LAT. sanctus.

sake sb. me. sake oe. sdcu = teut. base sako- in ohg. sahha G. sache, du. zaak 'matter, affair'; perh. based on the teut. verbal sakan 'content, rebuke'.

sale ME. sale oe. sdlu; hence sell.

sallow sb. ME. salwe earlier "^salge OE. scalh i^sealg-) ^= ohg. \salaha\ teut. base salho- ; cp. ON. selja 'willow' (base salhjon-^. Prob. cognate w. lat. salix (base salic-) 'willow' and GR. sXi'y,rj.

sallow adj. me. sahce oe. seala salo = DU. zaluw, ON. sglr yellow- ish', OHG. salo 'sallow': teut. base salwa-.

salt sb. ME. salt oe. sealt\ teut. base salta- in GOTH. ON. oSAX. salt, OHG. G. salz salt'. Cogn. w. LAT. saly GR. aXcy osLOV. solu OIR. salann salt'.

salve sb. me. salve oe. sealf \ (infl. sealf e) = ohg. salba G. I salbe, DU. zalf ; cp. GOTH, salboii vb. ^ o^.scalfianY.. salve vb. Cognate w. the ARYAN sf s'elp solp in SKR. sarpis 'butter' — srpra fat', GR. iXnoc, oil'.

same sb. me. same oe. sam = GOTH, sama, on. sawr, ohg. sam 'the same': pre-TEUT. soma- in GR. ojunc, SKR. sama 'the same'.

samplp sb. me. ,saumple earlier asaumple . fr. OFR. essemple fr. example = lat. exefnplum.

sand sb. me. oe. sand = osax. sand, OHG. sant G. .f^/z^/, DU. zand,

sap

scoff

179

ON. sandr: teut. base sanda- for samda-, cp. pre-TEUT. saniadho-s in GR. cLf-iadoQ sand'. sap sb. ME. sap OE. seep ==■ |

MLG. ODU. sap, MHG. OHG. saf\

G. safi 'sap' : teut. base sdpa- \ borrowed fr. LAT. sdpa must'.

satin sb. me. satin fr. fr. satin'. source the vulgar LAT. seta 'silk' (in G. seide ohg. sida = OE. Sid 'silk').

Saturday me. saterday earlier Saterndai OE. Sceterndcej^ = DU. zaterdag, ofris. saternesdag ,west- PHAL. Sdterdach'. adaptation of LAT. Saturni dies. Cp. the names of the other days of the week.

sauce sb. me. saufe fr. fr. sauce: source lat. salsa. Hence sausage fr. fk. saucisse.

savage adj. me. sauvdge fr. fr. sauvage = lat. silvatiais.

save vb. me. save earlier sauve fr. FR. sauver = lat. salvare 'secure'. Cp. safe.

savor sb. me. sdvour fr. ofr. savour = lat. sapor-em 'taste'.

saw ^ sb. ME. sawe oe. sage = OHG. saga, LG. sage, DU. zaag, ON. spg; cp. the ablaut-varia- tion OHG. sega 'saw' : derived fr. an ARYAN \r sek sok (in lat. secare 'cut'), whence also OE. secg 'sword' and E. scythe.

saw 2 sb. ME. sawe OE. sagu 'saying' ^ g. sage ohg. saga-. derived fr. the teut. verb sagain = OE. secgan me. sein sain E. say and ohg. sagen g. sagen; cp. ON. seggja 'say' : perh. cog- nate w. lith. sakyti vb. 'say'.

scale' sb. 'shell' me. scale'. loanword fr. ofr. escale fr. 6cale. Source ohg. scala under shell.

scale'- (of a balance) me. late OE. skdle: loanword fr. ON. skdl 'scale of a balance'; ident. w. ohg. osax. skdla 'bowl'.

scarce me. scars fr. ofr. escars (fr. i- chars) = ital. scar so 'scarce : source lat. excarsiis = excarpsus 'selected'.

scarlet jme. scarldt fr. ofr. cs car late (fr. dear late) ; ident. w. G. scharlach, DU. scharlaken (mhg. scharldt, ODU. schacrlaet). Source PERS. sakirldt.

scathe vb. me. scathe fr. on. skdda', ident. w. oe. sceppan = GOTH, skapjan vb. 'harm'. The TEUT. \f skap corresponds to an

ARYAN \f Skdth in GR. (XOy.7]^7jg

'harmless'.

scatter vb. me. scatere: loan- word of the 12''^ century fr. ODU. scateren 'scatter'?

scent vb. properly sent (late ME. sent sb. 'scent') fr. ofr. sentir 'smeir = LAT. sentir e.

school me. scale oe. scol (infl. scale) = OHG. scuola g. schule, DU. school', loanword fr. lat. scola (in a medieval pronun- ciation scola), whence also fr. kole and ital. scuola.

scissors me. sisoures (isoures fr. OFR. cisoires 'scissors' (fr. ciseaux).

scoff ME. sco/', cogn. w. the

equiv. ohg. scop/ sb. and ofries.

schof', cp. ON. skopa vb. 'scoff,

mock'. Source and history un-

12*

:8o

scold

known; the E. word probably not genuine Anglosaxon.

scold vb. ME. scplde\ cognate w. OHG. sc'eltan G. schelten vb. 'scold'. Probably the E. word is not genuine English, but bor- rowed fr. abroad.

score ME, score late oe. scor 'twenty': loanword fr. on. skor 'notch': source the teut. \^ sker in shear.

scorn ME. scorn earliest form (about 1200) scdrn'. borrowed fr. OFR. escarn 'scorn'. Source OHG. seem 'mockery'.

scour vb. ME. scour e.

scourge sb. 'whip' me. scour'j^e fr. OFR. esciirge (whence also FR. e scour gle ^courgie) 'a scourge'.

scrape vb. me. scrape fr. on. scrap a] cp. mlg. du. schrapen G. schrappen.

scream vb. me. scrcme vb. fr. ON. skrchma 'to scare, terrify'.

screw sb. fr. ofr. esc roue, mo- dern FR. icroiL,

scribe sb. me. scribe fr. lat. scrtba.

scrip sb. ME. scrippe fr. on. skreppa,

scurf ME. late oe. scurf bor- rowed fr. ON. skurf (= SWED. skorf, DAN. skur7!)\ cp. OHG. scorf G. schorf, DU. schiirft 'scurf. TEUT. \pskcrf skorf in oe. sceor- fan 'to scrape'.

scuttle sb. ME. OE. scutel 'a dish, bowl'; identical w. ohg. scw^^ila G. schussel, du. schotel, ON. skutell 'dish'. Source lat. scutula scutella.

scythe me. sithe oe. slpe si^pe 'sickle' =^ ON. sigdr 'sickle': Teut. base sigipja-, derived fr. a teut. \^seg in ohg. s'egansa g. sense 'scythe'; cp. saw.

sea ME. s{ oe. S(b\ ident. w. GOT. saiws, ON. smr, ohg. olg. seo G. see du. zee', base saiwi-,

seal^ sb. me. s^'l fr. ofr. ^r*?/ fr. sceau. Source lat. sigiliu?n.

seal- (the animal) sb. me. sc'le OE. seolh (pi. seolas) = ohg. se/a/i , mlg. se/, on. se/r : Teut. base s'elha-.

seam sb. 'suture' me. sent oe. s(a7n = on. saumr, ohg. mhg. somn g. saum du. zoom : Teut. base sau-77ia-, derived from the same root as the vb. sew. — seampstress me. semster oe. s(a- mestre 'a woman who sews seams'.

sear 'withered' me. ser oe. s(ar = du. zoor 'dry', ohg. sor.

search vb. me. se'rche ferc/ie vb. fr. OFR. cercher (= fr. chercher). • Source lat. circare.

season sb. me. sesoun (seisoun) fr. OFR. seson fr. saison: source LAT. satio-nem '(time of) sowing'.

seat sb. me. s^te borrowed fr. ON. scEti 'a seat: derivative of the TEUT. yf set in sii and set.

sedge sb. me. segge oe. secg\ Teut. base sagja- also in ODU. mlg. segge. \p sail sag in OHG. sahar 'sedge'. Perh. cognate with a reduplicated GALLO.-lat. si-sc-a 'sedge' = ir. seisg.

see vb. me. se oe. seon con- tracted for "^s'ehan = ohg. olg. s'ehan G. sehen du. zien '. west-

see — sew

I»I

TEUT. sclian = GOTH, saiban.

TEUT. \^Sd/nu = ARYAN \^Se^

in LAT. se^ii/, gr. snta&fa, skr. sac 'follow'. The original mean- ing of the TEUT. verb probably was to follow with the eyes'.

see sb. 'seat of a bishop' me. se fr. OFR. S£ 'seat' = lat. sed€-7n seat'.

seed :\IE. sed _ (sed) oe. s^d seed = OHG. sat G. i>aat, du. zaad (goth. seps in manaseps 'man- kind) : Teut. base se-di-\ for \f se cp. sow

seek vb. me. seke oe. secan (secean) == got. sokjaUy on. sdekja, OHG. siirOhha7i G. siichen, du. zoo ken.

TEUT. V^ .y^/^ = ARYAN xT J"%

in oiR. sdigim 'I seek' (lat. sagire ?)

seethe vb. 'boil' me. jt^'M^ oe. seodan str. vb. :^ on. .y/V?^^?, OHG. siodan G. siedett, du. zieden. In GOTH., we find only the deri- vative j-^j-zz/jT sb. 'sacrifice' (prop. *a burnt- offering), teut. \f seup = ARYAN sfseut,

seldom adv. me. scldotn prop. sdde(fi) OE. seldan adv. = on. sjaldan, ohg. .f^7/^/« G. .y^//(?;2, du. ^^/^<f/z adv. Cogn. w. goth. silda- leiks "wonderful'.

self pron. ME. OE. self r= ORG. selb G. selbst^ du. s'^//, on. s/al/?'y GOTH, silda: Teut. base s'elba-.

sell vb. ME. sclle (pret. solde) OE. j'^//(3';z (pret. sdlde) \o ^ivit = GOTH, saljan to bring an offering, on. selja to hand over, MHG. seller .

selvage, selvedg e cp.thesynon.

DU. zelfkant, G. (dial.) self-efid and LG. egge\ therefore s civ edge compound oi self and edge, per- haps in imitation of early du. selfegge.

send vb. me. sende (prt. senle) OE. sendan (prt. sende) wk. vb. = GOTH, sandjan , on. senda, DU. zendetiy OSAX. sendiatiy ohg. s entail g. senden. Derived fr.

GOTH, .f//?/, OHG. J-/W, OE. .f//

'journey' = oir. i"// 'way' (aryan base sento- sb. — sontejo vb.).

sennight prop, seven night OE. scofon niht\ cp. fourtnight.

sermon me. sej-f/ioim fr. fr. serffion.

serve vb. me. se?'ve borrowed in the 12'*^ cent. fr. fr. servir (=- i.A.T.serz>ire). Derivative servant ME. seivatmt fr. fr. servant and service me. sirvise fr. fr. service (lat. servitiiwi).

set vb. ME. .ff//^~ OE. j-^//^;z wk. vb. := GOTH, satjan, on. i-^/>'^7, DU. zetten, osax. settian, ohg. sezzan G. setzen'. teut. satjan causal vb. to j-zV/^^z = sit. — settle vb. ME. setle oe. s'etlian 'to fix': derived fr. oe. s'etl 'a seat'; cp. goth. sitls^ ohg. s'ei^-^al G. sessel.

seven num. me. seven oe. seofone , prop, seofon == GOTH. ohg. j-//^?/;/ G. sieben du. zeven. Oldest Teut. form s'ep'am in Lex Salica. Jdent. w. LAT. septem, gr. cnro?, skr. saptan.

sever vb. me. severe fr. ofr. sevrer = lat. separare.

sew vb. ME. .yr«'^ oe. scowian

82

shackle — shavv

stwian\ cp. GOTH, siujan^ on. syja, OHG. siuwan to sew': teut.- ARYAN \fsiw in LAT. suere, skr. svu 'to sew'; cp. sea7Ji.

shackle sb. me. sc hackle oe. scedcol 'a bond'; ident. w. on. skgkull '"^oXq of a carriage', teut.. \P skak in shake.

shad sb. me. schadde oe. sceadda. Perhaps an orig. teut. skadan- 'herring' is found in Scadin-avia, if it originally meant 'herring's isle'. Cp. yet IR. gael. sgadan 'herring' .

shade, shadow me. schdde shad- we oe. sceadu obi. sceadwe: Teut. base skadwa- in du. schaduw, OHG. skato gen. skaiwes, G. schatten, GOTH, skadus] cogn. w. oiR. scdth 'shadow': pre-TEUT. \f skat.

shaft sb. ME. schaft oe. sceaft = OSAX. shaft y OHG. scaft G. schaft y ON. skapt'. teut. skafta- prop. a 'shaven' pole; cp. shave and GR. oy.TJnr^ov 'staff, sceptre' — oy.anrov 'staff'.

shag 'rough hair' oe. sceacga 'hair'; cogn. w. ON. skegg 'beard'.

shake vb'. me. schdke oe. scedcan str. vb. = ON. skaka\ cp. osax. skakdn 'to go away'.

shall vb. me. schal (prt. scholde) OE. sceal (prt. sceolde) == goth. skal (skulda), OHG. seal (scolda) g. soil (solte), DU. 2rz/, ON. skal. Cogn. w. LiTH. skelc-ti 'to be liable'.

shallop see sloop.

shallow ME. schalwe 'not deep' with the byform me. schpld) not found in oe. nor in the other

(skal-da-).

shambles me. schdmel 'bench' oe. scea?nol 'stool': borrowed fr. LAT. scamellum , whence also OHG. OSAX. scamdl g. schemel.

shame vb. me. schdnie oe. scednm = OSAX. skama, ohg. scama G. schavi\ cp. GOTH, sik ska7tian 'to shame' = oe. scedmian.

shank vb. me. schanke oe. scean- ca\ cp. G. schenkel 'shank' fr. a lost OHG. ^scenkil. Cogn. w. G. schinken 'ham' OHG. scinko 'shank'^ which is perh. a doublet by the side of OE. sceanca.

shape vb. me. schdpe str. vb.;

ident. w. oe. scieppan = goth.

(ga)skapjan 'to create', ohg. seep-

fan 'to create' (o. schajfen) : teut.

\fskap.

share sb. 'pa.rt'oE.seedj'u; cogn. w. shear.

share sb. 'plough-share' me. schdre oe. scedru =^ ohg. seara G. pflugschaai". teut. \fsker 'cut* in shear.

sharp adj. me. scharp oe. scearp = ON. skafpr, DU. schetp, osax. skarp, OHG. scaif G. scharf adj. 'sharp'. TEUT. verbal \f sk'erp in OE. sceorpan str. vb. 'to scrape'.

shave vb. me. schdve oe. scedfan str. vb. = GOTH, ska ban, ON.- skafiy OHG. scaban G. schaben, du. sc haven 'to shave' : teut. \f skab cogn. w. LAT. scabere 'to shave' and prob. w. gr. aydnzw 'to dig'. Cp. shaft.

shaw ME. schawe oe. scedga 'thicket, small wood'; ident. w.

shawm — shield

183

ON. skagi 'promontory' and cogn. w. ON. skogr 'wood' and MHG. schache 'piece of wood'.

shawm me. schahny borrowed fr. FR. (dial.) chalefnie, whence also G. schalfnei; standard fr. chahimeau fr. a lat. type cala- mella.

she ME. sche\ functionally cor- responding to OE. heo (fem. of he), but phonetically to oe. seo* (fem. of the article se := the).

sheaf sb. me. schef oe. sccaf'. teut. base skauba- in on. skauf, OHG. scouby DU. schoof. Cogn. w. OHG; scobar G. schober rick' (of corn). All derivatives of the Teut. \f skub in shove with the orig. meaning 'things shoved together'. ^

shear vb. me. schcre oe. sderan str. vb. = OHG. sc'eran du. g. scheren, on. skera : aryan \/"sker in LITH. skir-ti 'separate', cogn. w. \f ker in gr. ^slgsiv 'shear.

sheath vb. me. sch^the oe. sdedp obi. scedpe'. fr. a teut. skaipjo- in OSAX. skedia, ohg. sceida G. scheide, du. scheede: grig, meaning 'that which separates'. Cogn. w. shed vb. me. schede oe. sded- dan ■= GOTH, skaidan with the byform osax. skcdan = ohg. sceidan G. scheiden 'to separate': TEUT. y^ skaip skaid, which is compared to GR. 6/iXsiv, skr. chid, LAT. scindere 'to cleave, cut' (ARYAN \fskhid}). See shide.

sheen sb. (prop, adj.) me. schene oe. sdene {scyne) adj. 'fair' = osax. ohg. skoni du. schoon

G. schon, GOTH, skaims : teut. base skau-ni-, verbal adj. 'to be looked at' fr. \P skaii in show.

sheep sb. me. schep oe. sdep (scedp) = osax. skdp, du. schaap, OHG. ^^cz/ G. schaf: Teut. base skepa- (skdpa-).

sheet sb. me. schete oe. scete {scyte), umlaut-deriv. of OE. sc^at 'fold of a garment' = goth. skaiUs 'hem of a garment', ohg. scoz^ G. schoss 'bosom, lap'; oe. scyte re- presents a teut. type skautjon-. teut. \fskeut in shoot.

shelf me. schelve oe. .r^y^ = MLG. ODU. schelf, ohg. ^<:^/^; cp. ON. HUd'skjalf.

shell sb. ME. schelk oe. ^^V// obi.' scelle'. teut. type skaljo- in DU. 5^>^^/, ON. ^-^^/ 'shell' and in GOTH, skalja 'a tile'; cogn. w. OHG. j-r^/^ G. schale 'shell'.

shepherd sb. me. schepherd o^. scip-hyrde prop, compound of oe. scip 'sheep' and oe. hyrde e. herd 'one who tends a herd'; cp. GOTH, halrdeis, ohg. hirti G. hirie and see herd.

sheriff sb. me. scherefe earlier schir-reve oe. sch'-ierefa \ P*^ part of the OE. compound see under shire', oe. j^erefa e. reeve is derived fr. teut. r^/^^r r^'^^; = OHG. ruoba ruo/a 'number' ?

shide sb. me. schide oe. scid = ON. skid, OHG. scit G. j-^y^^/V 'thin b(^ard'; ident. w. oir. sciath 'shield' (aryan base skeito-). Cogn. w. sheath.

shield sb. me. scheld oe. sceld (byform scild) : teut. base skeldu-

shift — shop

in GOTH, skiliius = on. skjgldr, OHG. scilt, DU. G. s child. Perh. cogn. w. LITH. skeliu I split'.

shift vb. ME. schifte OE. sciftan 'to divide' = on. sk'ipta^ du. schiften to divide'.

shilling sb. me. schilling oe. scilling =^ GOTH, skilliggs, ON. shilling, OHG. oSAX. scilling G. schilling: teut. base ski I ling a- more orig. sk'ellingo-, perh. akin to OHG. .y^^/Zior G. schelle bell'. The common Teut. name of the coin properly meant 'the tinkling money' (for the suffix -ing in names of coins ^o.^ penny and farthing^.

shimmer vb. me. schimere oe. sci7norian\ deriv. of oe. scima light' = GOTH, skeima 'light'; cp. G. schimmern aside of OHG. sclmo 'light'. Cp. shi7te for the teut. y/^sM.

shin (shinbone) sb. me. schine {schinebgn) OE. scina {scinebdn) = OHG. sci/?a (mhg. schinebeiti) G. schiene (schienbein), du. scheen (scheenbeen). oe. scie shin' shows evidently the more primitive root-form ski: separate OE. OHG. sci-na.

shine vb.ME. schine o^. scinansir. vb. = GOTH, skeinan, ON. skina, OHG. OSAX. skinan G. scheine7t, du. schijiien: all equivalent. teut. ski-na-n rests on a \r j-/^^ as shown by oe. scl-ma OHG. sci-?no GOTH. skei-7na light'.

shingle sb. me. schingel\ ap- parently identical w. G. sclmidel OHG. scintilla (loanword fr. lat.

scinduhy by form o'isca7tdula 'shing- le); but the phonetic anomaly is not yet explained. ship sb. ME. schip oe. scip =.

GOTH. ON. OSAX. skip, OHG. SCi/

G. schiff: common Teut. base skip a-.

shire sb. me. schire oe. scir (obi. scire) = ohg. skira 'pro- vincia'.

shirt sb. me. schirte pointing to an oe. ^scyrte\ deriv. fr. the adj. oe. sceort = sho7't, as shown by G. schurz 'shirt' aside of MHG. schurz 'short', on. skyrta = OE. ^scyrle represents a teut. type skurljon-, but OE. sceo7't a base skorta-. See short.

shoal 'crowd' me. schgle oe. sceolii = OSAX. skola 'troop'.

shock vb. ME. schocke fr. fr. choquer 'give a shock.

shock sb. ME. schocke 'heap of corn'. OE. ^sceocc is lost, but inferred from mhg. schoc 'heap' — schocke 'shock'. Cogn. also w. MLG. hocke 'shock of corn'.

shoe sb. ME. schg oe. scegh (pi. sceg-s for "^scghas) : Teut. base skoha- in goth. skohs, on. sko-r, OHG. scuoh g. schuh, du. schoe7t. Perhaps derived fr. a teut. \f^ skehr ske(g)w in goth. skewja7t ON. skcBva 'to go .

shoot vb. cp. me. schgte vb. OE. sceotian 'to dart', derived fr. the primitive me. schete OE. sceo- tan = ON. skjota, oSAX. skeotan OHG. scio'y'Lfi7i G. schiessen, du. s chic ten: teut. \f skeut : skui.

shop sb. me. schoppc oe. sceoppa

shore — shut

85

^booth, hut'; cognate w. oe. scypen 'shed for cattle', G. schopf schuppen 'shelter'.

shore sb. me. s chore', fr. the TEUT. \/^sker 'shear, cut'.

short adj. me. schort oe. sceort: base skorta-', cp. ohg. sciirz fr. a base skurtu-'. loanword fr. lat. *ex-curtusy as lat. curtus is pre- served in G. OHG. kurz 'short', DU. kort, ON. kortr (see kirtle for oe. cyrtcl and shirt for G. schiirze).

shot sb. ME. schot OE. lesceot 'a missile': deriv. from the teut. \f skeut skut in shoot.

shoulder sb. me. schulder oe. sculdor\ cp. DU. schouder , g. schulter (ohg. sniltirra).

shout vb. ME. schoute.

shove vb. me. schoiwe oe. scilfan =r on. skiifa, du. schuwen : ident. w. goth. skinban^ ohg. sciohan g. schieben'. teut. \^ skub

= ARYAN \fskubh\ SKR. \f ksubh

\o be agitated' seems to be cognate. — shovel sh. me, schovel oe. sce6fi\ cp. DU. schoffel and ohg. sciifala g. schaufel.

show vb. ME. schewe late oe. "^escea^viaii to show'; the corre- sponding OE. sccawian means 'to look, behold and is iden- tical with the equival. ohg. skouii'dn G. schauen du. schouwen: TEUT. \f skau sku (see sheeii) in GOTH, skuggwa 'looking glass'. Cogn. w. the Aryan \/"/i?^ /j^7£' in LAT. cavcre 'to take care', GR. xofTi' 'to beget'.

shower sb. me. schour oe. scur

= GOTH, shlra 'storm', ohg. sei/r G. sehauer, on. s^dr. ~ .

shred sb. short for me. schrede OE. sere ad (obi. sereade) .'shred, piece'; cp. oe. scr^adung 'shred and scr(adian to pare' : teut. yfskraud in OHG. scrotan 'to cut, pare'; perh. cogn. w. shroud.

shrew sb., shrewd adj. fr. ME. schrewe sb. 'bad person' — schrewed adj. 'wicked, bad'; the corresp. oe. scr^awa means 'shrew-mouse'. Origin and history of the group unknown.

shriek vb. me. schrike (oe. scriciaii)\ cogn. w. shrike sb. oe. scrld 'a bird's name'. Cp. ON. skrlkja 'to titter'.

shrine sb. me. schrin oe. scrin\ ident. w. ohg. scrini g. sehrein, DU. schrijn'. loanword fr. lat. sc7'tnium, whence also rrAL. serig- no, FR. ^crin.

shrink vb. me. schj-inke oe. {for)scrincan str. vb. *^= odu. schrinken\ cogn. w. swed. skrynka 'a wrinkle': teut. \fskrmk.

shroud sb. me. schroud oe. sdriid 'garment' = ON. skrud 'or- nament, dress'. See shred.

shudder vb. me. schudere (oe. ^^scudorian) = lg. schuddern (whence G. schaudeni) , DU. schudden 'to tremble'; cp. ohg. scutisbn to shudder.

shun vb. me. schiine oe. scunian wk. vb. 'to avoid, abhor'; perh. deriv. fr. a teut. \^ sken 'to flee away' in on. skynda 'to hasten', OHG. scuntan 'to urge on .

shut vb. ME. schutte oe. scyttan

86

shy — sin

= DU. schutten 'to shut in, to block up': Teut. base skutjan cogn. \v. shuttle sb. me. schitel OE. scytels bar, bolt : Teut. base skutisla-, \f skeut skut in shoot.

shy adj. me. schey oe. sceoh (^sceog-) 'timid' = mhg. schiech (g. scheu), DU. schuw: Teut. base skeoha- skeuha- , whence ohg. sciuhan \o frighten' (g. schetieft).

sick adj. short for me. sek oe. seoc = GOTH, sinks, ON. sjiikr, OSAX. siok, OHG. sioh G. siech, DU. ziek: teut. seuka- adj. 'ill, sick' by the side of the str. vb. GOTH, siukan 'to be ill', whence the verbal noun goth. sauhts, OHG. suht 'illness'.

sicker (Scotch) adj. me. siker OE. sicor ^ OHG. sihhtir G. sicker, OSAX. sikiir, DU. zeker: loanword (Teut. base sikura-^ fr. lat. seciirus, borrowed during the first centuries of the Christian era.

sickle sb. me. sikel oe. sicol'. borrowed fr. lat. secula, whence also OHG. sihhila G. sichelT>\j. sikkel.

side sb. me. side oe. side. (obi. sidati) = ON. sida, ohg. st/a G. seiie, du. sz/V/<?: Teut. base std- jon-y perh. connected w. oE. sid adj. 'long, wide' = on. sidr 'hanging down'?

siege sb. me. sege fr. fr. siege.

sieve sb. me. sive oe. .??/> (oldest form sibi^ = ohg. .y?/^ g. sieb, DU. 2^<^ 'a sieve': Teut. base sibi-y connected w. the vb. sift.

sift me. sifte oe. .y^/^z// =r du. ziftetiy LG. (g.) sichten 'to sift'. There exists a teut. \f sib in

oe. i-Z^/z OHG. sihan G. seihen 'to filter, strain', the guttural of which may have changed to a labial {sif for j-f/^).

sigh vb. ME. sighe points to an OE. ^sihhla7i\ cogn. w. the equivalent me. sike oe. sican. The root sik sihh looks like sound-imitation.

sight sb. me. sight earlier me. sighthe OE. iesihj>: deriv. of the TEUT. sfseh in see.

sign sb. me. signe fr. fr. signe.

silk ME. silk OE. siolc fr. an earlier ^siluc) cogn. w. on. silkii source lat. serictim (whence also oiR. siric and oslov. selkU 'silk').

sill sb. ME. silk OE. syll obL sylle : Teut. base si//jo- bc^rrowed fr. LAT. so/ea 'sole of the foot', whence also goth. su/Ja 'sole of a shoe', on. sy/i is an oe. loanword. Cp. so/e.

silly adj. me. se7y oe. se'/i^ (scelii) 'happy, fortunate' = ohg. sditg G. selig, DU. zalig 'blessed': secondary extension to goth. sels 'good' = on. scell 'happy' i (cp. oe. scbI sb. 'happiness'). I TEUT. \fsel.

silver me. silver oe. siolfor =- j GOTH, siliibr, OSAX. silubar, OHG. silabar G. silbcr, DU. zilver , ON. sil/r\ ident. w. osLOV. sirebra RUSS. serebro, lith. sidabras. Source and history uncertain.

sin sb. ME. sinne oe. synn obi. synne : base sunjo- for an earlier su?nljd- in ohg. suniea G. siindey OSAX. stindia, DU. zonde] cp. yet

skew

87

ON. synd fr. a base sunidjo- (the dentals are suffixal). Cogn. w. LAT. sons {sont-is) 'guilty'.

since with the more original byform (Shakesp.) sithence me. sitheTis prop, sithen oe. stppan\ the additional s of the me. form is of adverbial origin (cp. once^ twice). The orig. oe. form was sip-pan (cp. the identical GOTH. pana-seips 'later') , resting on the OE. adverb sip 'later, which is a comparative to goth. seipiis 'late'. ON. sidan corresponds to OE. sippan\ cp. ohg. sid g. seit = OE. sip 'later'.

sinew sb. me. sinewe oe. {siojiu pi.) sioneoive, which results fr. a Teut. base sinewd- or s'enewd-\ cp. ON. silly OHG. s'enawa G. sehne, du. zenuw: cogn. w. skr. s?tdva sinew' or w. gr. Ivic 'sinew'.

sing vb. ME. singe oe. singan str. vb. :^ OHG. OS AX. singan G. singen du. zingen ; oldest Teut. form GOTH, siggwan (= on. syngva) : all synonymous, teut. \fs'engw sangw is related to GR. 6f.t(prj 'speech , oracle' : ARYAN V" saighw. The cor- resp. causal is represented by singe ME. senge- oe. sencgean fr. a Teut. ground-form sang(w)jan = OHG. sengan g. sengen 'to singe' prpp. 'to make to sing'.

sink vb. i-//Z/^<? oe. sincan str. vb. = OHG. sinkan G. sinken du. zinken', oldest form GOTH, sigqan {=. ON. sokkva) : TEUT. sfsenhv *to sink'.

sip vb. ME. J7/^/^; deriv. fr. oe. sype "absorbing', which is verbal noun to OE. siepan) see sup,

sir, sire xME. sire fr. fr. .y/>r, whence also on. sira. — ■ sirrah, spelt in 1 6'^ cent, sirrha serrhoy points to orig. »sir, ah« or »sir, ha«.

sister sb. me. sister is regarded as a distinctively Scand. loan- word fr. ON. systir. The oe. equivalent sweostor swustor me. I sustcr is not responsible for the j modern phonology. The Teut. ! base is sw'estr- swistr-\ cp. goth. S7vistar, OHG. sw'cster G. schwester, DU. ziister. The / of the com- mon Teut. word is excrescent. Aryan base sw'esr- (nom. sw'esor) in SKR. svasr y lat. soror (for "^'svesor), lith. scsil 'sister'.

sit vb. ME. sitte oe. sittan str. vb. = DU. zitten, osaX. sittian, OHG. sizzan G. sitzen: westteui. sittjan fr. teut. sitjan (= ON. sit/a); cp. GOTH, sitan: strong verbal \/^ set sat (whence a causal vb. sat/an under set), aryan \f sed in LAT. sedeOy gr. st,o/Liui (tdog 'seat'), skr. \P sad 'to sit',

OSLOV. SCStiy LITH. s'iiSti. Cp.

settle and soot. six ME. OE. six fr. a teut.

^,?//^ = GOTH. saihSy OHG. OSAX.

sehs G. .y(?^/^i', du. ^fj", on. sex\ ARYAN seks in lat. seXy gr. f^; cp. SKR. sas.

sketch sb. = du. schets y g. skizze borrowed fr. ital. schizzo.

skew vb. late me. skewe 'to

i88

skill

sleight

slip away'; cp. odu. schouwen vb. 'to shun ?

skill sb. ME. skil 'reason' bor- rowed fr. ON. skil 'discernment' {skilja vb. 'to separate').

skin sb. me. skin late oe. skinn borrowed fr. on. skinn, which arises fr. a Teut. base skinpa-, whence derived ohg. scinta?t G. schinden wk. vb. 'to skin', bret. scant 'scale' rests on an aryan sk?nto-.

skirmish sb. me. scar7nisshe fr. FR. escarniouch€\ cp. ital. scara- muccia, o. scharmiitzel. The group rests on ohg. scii'man (g. schir- 77ien) .

skirt sb. me. skirt fr. on. skyrta 'a shirt; further relations see under kirtle and shirt.

skull sb. ME. sculle (scolle).

sky sb. ME. skie borrowed fr. ON. sky 'cloud ; not found in OE. (but OSAX. skion^.

slack adj. me. slak oe. simc 'languid, slothful' =: on. slakr, OLG. slak, ohg. slahs\dic\L\ Teut. base slaka-. — Hence slake vb. ME. slake oe. sldcian 'slacken'.

slaughter sb. me. slaughter', bor- rowed in 11^^ cent. fr. on. sldtr or its oldest form "^slahtr. Der. fr. the TEUT. \f slah in slay. .

slave sb. = du. slaaf: loan- word fr. fR. esclave, whence also G. sklave. Source ital. schiavo 'slave' = GR. ' Edy.la(:if]voi 'the Slavonians, Slaves'.

slay vb. me. sle (part, slain) OE. slran (part, skej^en) str. vb. = GOTH. OHG. OSAX. sla/ian (g.

schlagen) , iy\}. slaan , on. sld\ TEUT. \fslak sloh =r aryan .f/^^; cp. slaughter and sledge.

slay sb. (a weaver's reed) oe. slej^e 'percussorium' cogn. with the TEUT. \(" slah = slay vb.; on. sld 'bar, bolt'.

sled short for me. sl(de ; bor- rowed fr. on. sledi 'a sledg-e'; corresponding to OHG. slito G. schlitten, du. slede 'sledge'. The group rests on the teut. \^ slid in slide.

sledge-hammer me. slegge oe. slecg (obi. slecge) sb. 'sledge- hammer': Teut. base slagjb- deriv. fr. \P slah in slay; cp. ON. sleggja, DU. slegge slei 'mallet'.

sleek adj. me. slik borrowed fr. on. slik-r 'sleek, smooth' {^ DU. slijk\. teut. \f slik in ohg. slihhan G. schleichen.

sleep vb. ME. slepe (sle'pe) oe. step an (slcepaft) str. vb. == GOTH. slepan (pret. saizlep), OS ax. sldpan, DU. slapen, ohg. sldffan G. schlafen. Cogn. w. G. schlaff ohg. sldf lax, loose, remiss', teut. \^ slap = ARYAN \P slab perh. in lat. lain 'to slide'.

sleet sb. ME. sld'^ oe. '^slet Cslyt) not found ; umlaut-relation to MHG. sloi^ (g. schlosse 'hail): 'Teut. base slauti-, w^hence also DU. sloot, fries, slat.

sleeve sb. me. sieve oe. slefe (sly/e): Teut. base slaubjd{n-) in odu. sloove 'veil'.

sleight sb. mk. sleighte earlier me. slehpe: borrowed fr. ON. sld:gd 'slyness', which is abstract for-

slice

slow-wor

189

mation to the adj. sly = me. s/e7i ON. slcigr.

slice sb. ME. sli^e fr. ofr. esclice 'a shiver, splinter ; source the TEUT. \fslit in slit.

slide vb. me. slide oe. slidan str. vb. = MHG. sliten 'to slide'; TEUT. \f slid under sled\ Aryan \p slidh in lith. sltdtis 'slipper' (cp. OE. slidor 'slippery').

slight adj. ME. slight \ oe. '^'sliht not found, but may be inferred fr. the corresp. GOTH.j'/r?////'jr' smooth', OHG. y/i?>^/ 'smooth, flat' {G.schlecht 'bad' — schlicht' %\m^\^^ ,Vi\} . slechty ON, sUttr 'flat, smooth': Teut. base sl'eh-ta- prop, slih-ia- fr. the verbal \P sltk in i'/^'^/^ (on. slikr 'sleek, smooth').

slime sb. me. oe. slhn = ohg. aiHG. slim G. sc/ileim , du. sli/'m, ON. .f//w : Teut. type sli-ma- fr. an ARYAN \i^sli, whence also LAT. li-vius 'mud .

sling vb. ME. slinge str. vb. (oe. "^ sling an not recorded) 'to fling' = on. slyngva str. vb. 'to cast, fling'; cp. mhg. slmge sb. 'sling', DU. sUngcren vb. 'to toss' and ohg. slingan 'to swing'. TEUT. \f sl'engw {sl'enhw'^.).

slip vb. ME. slippe OE. '^slyppan belongs to the str. vb. oe. slupan \o glide' = DU. sliiipen 'to sneak'; cp. goth. sliupan str. vb. *to slip' and ohg. slupfan G. schlupfen 'to slip': Teut. verbal \fslap, perh. related to lat. liibricus 'slippery'.

slit vb. ME. slitte deriv. fr. me. slite OE. slitan str. vb. 'to slit';

cp. ON. sliia, OSAX. slitan str. vb. 'to slit", DU. slijten, OHG. sli-^yin G. schleisscn : teut. sfslit 'to tear'.

sloe sb. ME. slg OE. sld (infl. sld-ri), prob. contracted fr. oe. "^sldhe (infl. ^sldlian) =^ ohg. sle/ia G. schlehe\ cp. du. slee, swed. slchi^ dan. slaaefi 'sloe' and OE.^/<:?/^-/^/v/ 'black-thorn'. Doubt- ful whether lith. sljruas 'plum' and OSLOV. russ. sliva 'plum' are cognate.

sloop sb. fr. DU. sloep'. source FR. chaloupe , whence also e. shallop = G. schaluppe.

slot sb. 'bar, bolt' late me. slot

= DU. LG. slot^ OHG. sloi, G.

schloss] derived fr. the teut. \f slid 'shut' in DU. sluiten, lg. slUten, OHG. slioyifin G. schliessen (cp. G. schliissel ohg. slu-^i^il = OSAX. slutil 'key'), teut. yfslut rests on an aryan -y^ .y/^//^^, cogn. w. LAT. dander e 'shut'.

sloth sb. me. slputhe with abstr. suffix fr. the adj. slow, cp. the umlaut-relation oe. slckwp me. sleuthe.

slough sb. 'mire' iME. slough oe. slph 'mire'.

slo^v adj. me. slmv oe. .yAizi:/ =r OSAX. OHG. sleo 'blunt', du. sleeuw 'sour', on. sljor 'blunt': Teut. base slaiwa-, perh. cogn. w. LAT. laevus 'left', GR. Xatog.

slow-worm sb. prop. me. slp- worm slg - 7vur/?i oe. sld - wyrvi 'blindworm'; ident. w. swed. sld (ormsld), norweg. slo (or^nslo) 'blindworm'. Not compounded with si 07V oe. sldiv, but resting

90

sluice — smelt

on a TEUT. slaiha- 'blind worm'; cp. LiTH. slekasy PRUSS. slayx 'rainworm'.

sluice sb. = Du. sluisy g. schleuse'. source ofr. escluse (fr. hluse) fr. a low Lat. type ex- cliisa 'a floodgate'. _ slumber vb. me. slo??iere fre- quentative of ME. slouwe vb. 'slumber', derived fr. the sb. OE. slii-via 'slumber'; cp. du. sluiwen sluimeren, lg. slimier en (g. schlu7nme7'ii) vb. 'slumber'. OE. slu-ma sb. 'slumber' rests on an ARYAN \r^//^ in goth. slawan to cease, be silent".

sly adj. ME. sit (sly) prop, sli^i slei (Orrm sleh under sleight^ : borrowed fr. on. slckgr adj. sly, cunning'; ident. w. the non-um- lauted DU. sluw lg. slu (g. schlau), SWED. DAN. slug. As Seen by G. verschlage7t 'sly', the adj. rests on the teut. y" slah in slayl

smack 1 sb. 'taste' me. sviak OE. smcBC sb. = DU. smaak\ ohg. {gi)smah\ cp. tlie vb. oe. smceccan 'to taste' = ODU. smaken ofries. smakia] cp. ohg. stnacken sinecken G. schmecken to taste', west- TEUT. \fsniak S7?iakk.

smack'-^ (Shakesp.) sb. 'a loud kiss' cp. G. schmatzen fr. mhg. smatzen prop, stnackefzen , lg. smacken 'to smack the lips'.

smack^ sb. (a fishing-boat) fr. ODU. MLG. sviacke (du. smacli), whence also the equivalent G. schmacke, fr. semaque, ital. semac- CQy SPAN, zumaca. Source and

history of the group unknown. It is doubtful whether late oe. snacc ON. snekkja (kind of ship) is cognate.

small adj. me. s?Tial (infl. smale), OE. JT?//^/ (infl. smald): Teut. adj. S7riala- in goth. STtials^ OHG. OSAX. S77ial G. sclmial. ON. S77iali = OHG. striala-Ttbi^ — snialaz^ vihu 'sheep' points to gr. /nijXov 'sheep' and oir. 77iil 'beast ; cp. also oslov. 77ialu.

smallage sb. prop. S77iall ache', me. ache is fr. ache pars- ley'. Source lat. apiu77i 'pars- ley'.

smalt sb. fr. du. S77ialt =: g. schmaltCj PR. S77ialt'. source ital. S77ialto, which is of Teut. origin (cp. MHG. smelzen- G. schmelzen).

smart vb. me. sTTzerte oe. S7ne0r- taTi : a Teut. strong vb. = ohg. S7n'erza7i 'to smart'; cp. du. sTnart sb. = ohg. smh'zo G. schrierz sb. pain': teut. \f s/Tiert pre- teut. S77ie7'd cogn. w. lat. vi07'dere 'to bite', GR. Gf-teo^aXsoc.

sm^ear vb. me. S77ic're vb. fr. the sb. OE. svieoro = on. smjg7- 'butter', ohg. osk'k. s77i'ero: aryan \l" sfn'er also in goth. S77iair-p7' 'fatness' and in lith. S77iarsas 'fat' and oiR. S77iir 'marrow'.

smell sb. me. smel cogn. w. s77ioulder vb. me. s7noldcre vb. 'to burn with a stifling smoke'; cp. the sb. ME. smoldc7' 'a stifling smoke' and the vb. du. S77ieulen 'to smoulder' r= lg. smd^lcTi.

smelt vb. not found in oe. ME. (see 77ieli)\ borrowed fr.

smelt — sneeze

91

SWED. smdlta = dan. smeltCy du. LG. S7nelten , ohg. sm'elzdn G. schmelzen 'melt ; cp. ital. S7nalto = FR. ^mai/ 'enamel'. The teut. sPsnielt is probably connected W". sfm'elt under 7nelt.

smelt sb. (a kind of fish) iME. OE. S7nelt\ ident. w. dan. du. smelt', cp. NORW. s me ltd (name of various kinds of small fish).

smile vb, me. S7nile (oe. '^S7)iy- la7t})\ cogn. w. the non-umlauted MHG. S77iielc7i S77iiere7i 'to smile' and the frequentative e. S77iirk OE. S77iea7'cia7i 'smile'.

smirch vb. 'to besmear' deri- vative of S77iea7\

smirk see under S77iile.

smite vb. uk. S7nite oe. S77uta7i str. vb. = GOTH. S7/ieita7i, du. S77iijte7i, LG. s7/nte7i., ohg. S77it'i^2^a7t G. sch77teisse7i 'to cast': teut. \/^S7nlt 'strike, beat, smear.

smith vb. me. S77iith oe. S77np = on. S7ftidr, DU. S7nid, ohg. smid G. sch77tied\ cp. goth. aiza- S7mpa 'coppersmith'; cogn. w. ohg. S77tidagis77iidii^VLG. geschmeide, DU. ges7nijde. The dental is for- mative. There is an aryan yf S77n in GR. oiLU-Xrj o/nivvi^. — S7riithy sb. seems to be the scand. S7nidja {= oe. S77iippe, OHG. S7nitthd).

smock sb. me. s77iok oe. s7nocc 'smock, frock, shirt' = on. S7nokkr\ cp. OHG. smocko 'shirt': deriv. fr. the TEUT. y^ S77iug in oe. S77iuga7t, on. STnJuga/ \o creep through a hole'^ijHG. STTiiegm G. sch7tiiege7i. aryan \f S77iuk in

OSLOV. S77iykati s§ 'to creep', LITH. S77iukti "to glide'.

smoke sb. me. S77ipke oe. S77idca sb. 'smoke'; cogn. w. oe. sinic 'smoke' (base smauki-) and the str. vb. OE. s77teocan 'to smoke'; cp. DU. S7noken (base '^S7nuko7i) and S7nook sb. (base '^S77iauki') : TEUT. V" S77mk, perh. cogn. w. LITH. smaukii 'to choke'.

smooth adj. me. smothe late OE. S7}igd with the umlauted by- form OE. S77tede\ mlg. swode re- presents an OSAX. '^S7/wihi fr. a Teut. base S7nanpi',

smother sb. me. s7norther (^p7'a- being an abstract suffix) ; oe. S77ioria7i to choke, suffocate ^=- DU. LG. S77wren g. sch77tore7t 'to stew'. — smoulder vb. me. S7nolde7'e vb. rest on me. S77iolder, which is ident. w. me. S7northcr.

snail sb. me. snail oe. sna.y.\ Teut. base STiagla- ; cp. mho. STiegel, ON. sTiigill 'snail'; cogn. w. OHG. sfi'ecko G. sch7tecke (lg. snigge)y me. STiegge.

snake sb. me. STidke oe. sndca\ cp. the. equiv. on. sndkr sndk7', LG. S7idke. Teut. \f snak in ohg. S7tahha7i 'to creep'.

snare sb. me. S7idre borrowed fr. ON. snara 'a snare, halter; ident. w. ohg. snar(a)ha oe. sriearh 'noose, snare' fr. a Teut. base snarhb77-\ cp. the str. vb. ohg. S7t'er{a)ha7i mho. sn'ei'hen 'to bind tightly'. Probably cogn. w. ohg. sTiuoi' G. schnu7' 'a lace, cord' (goth. snorjo).

sneeze vb. me. sTtese (oe. s7teo-

192

snipe — sole^

scui)] ident. w. neese ME. nese = ON. hnjosa and w. oe. fneosan.

snipe sb. me. snipe\ ident. w. ON. myri-snipa 'a moor-snipe' and cogn. w. the equiv. ohg. sn'epfa G. schnepfe DU. snep snip (ital. sgneppa is of Taut, origin).

snite see under snot.

snore vb. me. snore vb. with the frequentative snort me. snorte) cogn. w. G. schnarchen, du. snorken snurken 'to snore, snort.

snot vb. me. snot oe. ^esnot 'mucus of the nose' = du. snot] cogn. w. snout sb. me. snoute = ODU. sniite du. snuzt and w. snite vb. me. snite oe. snytan = ON. snyta 'to wipe the nose'. Cp. G. schnautzCy schndutzen.

snow sb. ME. snow oe. sndw = GOTH, snaiws, ON. s?icEr snjor^ DU. sneeuw, ohg. sneo G. schnee: Teut. base snaiwa-^ derived fr. the ARYAN \f snigh in ohg. sniwan G. schneien, oe. sniivan \o snow' , = LAT. ningere y lith. snigti^ AVEST. sniz 'to snow'; cp. gr. vi{p-a 'snow' and lat. nix niv-em, IR. snechta — cymr. nyf 'snow'. LITH. sn'r.gas and oslov. snegit, 'snow' correspond completely to TEUT. snaiwa- fr. snaigwa-.

SO adv. ME. sg prop, stvg oe. swd = GOTH, swa, ON. svd (ohg. so DU. zoo). Cp. the derivative such and mhg. sus (g. sonst),

DU. SZ/J".

soap sb. ME. sppe oe. j-4^<? ^ ohg. seiffa G. .?<?//<?: Teut. base saipon-. Whether lat. sapo(nem) = FR. savon^ ITAL. sapone are in

any way related with the Teut» word-group, is uncertain.

sob vb. ME. sobbe (oe. '^sobbian) : frequentative of a teut. \fsub in ohg. siift'di sigh, a sob' — siiftfon (g. seufzeti) 'to sigh'.

sock sb. me. ^^r^ oe. 5^<;^: loan- word fr. LAT. soccus {= FR. socquCy ITAL. socco)f whence also ohg. mhg. soCy ON. sokkr.

sod sb. me. j"^^'^<?: probably borrowed fr. MLG. sodty which corresponds to ofries. sdtha *sod, turf: Teut. base saupdn-\ perhaps related to seethe.

soft adj. adv. me. softe short for OE. softe adv. by the side of the umlauted adj. oe. sefte\ ident. w. OSAX. sdfti adj. — sdfto adv. = OHG. senfti adj. — samfto adv. (g. sanft sacht, du. zacht).

soil ^ sb. 'ground' me. soile fr. OFR. soel =^ FR. suei/: source LAT. sotea.

soil 2 vb. 'to defile' me. soi/e fr. FR. souiller.

solace sb. me. solds fr. ofr. solaz = LAT. solatium.

soldier sb. me. soudiour properly souldier fr. ofr. soldier (FK.soldat). Source ofr. soulde 'pay for soul- diers', whence du. g. sold. Source

LAT. SOliduS (= ITAL. Soldo y FR.

soil) 'piece of money'.

sole^ (of a shoe) sb. me. sole OE. sole = OHG. sola G. sohle, du. zool: Teut. base sola, borrowed fr. a LAT. type *sola, represented by FR. soley ital. suolo, span. sz^ela 'sole of a shoe'. The vul-

sole^ — sound^

193

gar -L AT. sola has supplanted LAT. solea^ whence GOTH, sulja 'sole' is borrowed.

sole''^ (a flat fish) me. sole fr. fr. sole\ ident. w. sole^\ cp. lat. solea *sole-fish'.

some pron. me. sum so??i oe. sum = GOTH. Slims, ON. sumr, ohg. sum : ARYAN base spmo- in GR. a/iio^sr, SKR. sama.

son sb. ME. so/ie smie oe. sutiu = GOTH, sunus, ON. sunr, OSAX. sunu, ohg. sun o. sohn DU. s^^/z: Teut. base sunu-. An aryan base sunu- is evident in skr. sunu-y OSLOV. synil, lith. suniis son. Cogn. w. GR. vioq 'son fr. an ARYAN base suyu- and w. oir. suth 'foetus'. There occurs also a SKR. Y" ^^ to beget, bear, bring forth'.

song vb. ]ViE. oe. song'. Teut. base sang{7v)a- also in goth. saggws, on. sgngr, du. 2^-;^^, G. sang. Cp. j/^^.

soon adv. me. sgne oe. j-.^'w^; as shown by goth. suns-aiw 'soon', 0^.sgn-a\% a compound of oe. son (— _ OHG. OSAX. sdn) and d (= goth. rt-Zze/ OHG. io^\ cp. ohg. j-^r sdr-io and goth. j'?/{;7i- 'soon'.

soot sb. ME. OE. sot = ODU.

sod, ON. i"^/; derived fr. the teut. \fset 'sit, set'; cogn. w. oir. suide (base *sddia), lith. i-<?^/w, OSLOV. sazda 'soot'.

sooth adj. 'true' me. spth oe. soJ) fr. a Teut. base j-^/?^- = on. sannr , ohg. i'^?/^/, oSAX. sdth\ cogn. w. GOTH.sunJis (for* sundja-). TEUT.' san/- answers to skr. saf,

English Etymology.

which is participle of the aryan \^es to be' (skr. dstz, gr. eart, LAT. es/, G. is/) with the suffix -ont- in GR. (psQovT- (cp. to 0^1). GOTH jrz/;z;w 'true' corresponds to skr. ja/vi 'true'.

sore adj. me. sch- oe. j-Jr fr. a TEUT. adj. sai-ra- in on. sar?^, OHG. jYr, DU. 2:/?(?r 'sore, wounded'; cp. GOTH, sair sb. 'pain', ohg. ser (g. versehren vb. 'to hurt). Cogn. w. LAT. sae-vus 'wild' and oir. sai-th 'pain'. Cp. sorry.

sorrel (plantname) fr. ofr. sorel (fr. surelle), which is de- rived fr. FR. sur 'sour = OHG. sur (see under sour).

sorrow sb. me. sorwe oe. sorg infl. sorge'. Teut. base sorgd- in GOTH, saurga, ohg. sorga g. sorge, DU. ^^r^'-, ON. sorg : aryan sfs'ergh in LITH. sergiti 'to heed' — slrgti 'to suffer'.

sorry adj. me. wj/ oe. ^^zrz'j earlier sdrei'. Teut. base sair-ag-, deriv. fr. TEUT. saira- = sore.

sot sb. me. sot late oe. (c. iooo) sott) borrowed fr. fr. sot, whence also DU. zot and mhg. sot] cogn. w. IR. suthan 'a dunce'.

soul sb. me. souk prop, sgule OE. sdwol infl. sdwle : teut. saiw- aid- in goth. saiwala, ohg. sela (for *sewla) G. j"^^/^, osax. seula, DU. 2:/^/. Cp. GR. «ioAog 'movable'.

sound ^ adj. 'healthy' me. sound prop, (sound OE. lesiind = oSAX. gisund, OHG. gisunt g. gesund, DU. gezond', probably cognate w. LAT. j-^/zz/j- 'healthy'.

13

194

sound — speak

sound (of the sea)'- sb. me. sound OE. sund\ the orif^inal meaning of the OE. word is 'a swimming' which affirms connec- tion w. swim'. Teut. base sunda- (^ON. siind) for ^sivumda-.

sound -^ sb. 'a noise' me. sotm fr. FR. son: source lat. sonus.

sound "^ vb. fr. fr. sender.

sour adj. me. sour oe. stir = ON. siirr^ DU. zuur, OHG. stir G. sauer: aryan base suro- in lith. sih-aSy OSLOV. syrii 'raw, rough'.

source sb. me. sours fr. fr. source (deriv. fr. l.\t. surgere^.

south sb. ME. south oe. sup = ON. siidr, DU. zuid: Teut. base sunp- in OHG. siindan 'from the south' (= OY.. Sudan, o^.sunnan). Probably aUied to gr. 7/orog (for *(jvnTog) south-wind\ — southern me. sothem oe. sicderne corresponds to OHG. sundroni -— ON. sudrxnn.

sow^ vb. ME. sgwe oe. sdivan str. vb. = GOTH, saian, ON. sd, DU. zaaijen, osax. sajan, OHG. j"^^;^ G. jr^r/2 ^=- ARYAN Verbal \f sS in LAT. sero (ground-form ^^^siso) -sem-sa/um, oslov. se-ti, lith. seti 'sow' and in lat. se-men = OHG. sd-mo G. j-(2w^. Cp. seed.

SOW^ sb. ME. some earlier suwe suge oe. sugu. Cogn. w. teut. stl 'sow' (under swi7ie^ and w. ir. suig 'a pig.

space sb. me. spd(e fr. ofr. espace] source lat. spatimfi.

spade „sb. me. spade oe. spddu infl. spddan; ident. w. on. spadi, DU. spade J osax. spado ^ g. spaten]

cogn. w. OR. 6nd^rj 'a blade of wood or metal'.

span vb. me. spanne oe. spannan str vb. = OHG. spannan G. DU. spannen to extend'.

span-new adj. me. span-newe fr. ON. spdn-nyr] ON. j;z^^;z« (cp. spoon) means *a chip, shaving'. spar sb. me. sparre (cp. the vb. OE. lespearrian to shut, bar) = OHG. sparro (whence G. sparren), DU. spar, ON. sparri'. Teut. base

I spar r on-.

! Spar 2 sb. oe. spcer-stdn; cp. G.

; sparkalk.

spar 3 vb. me. sparre fr. ofr. esparer -^^ fr. sparer.

spare adj. me. spar infl. spare OE. spcer (infl. "^spdrd) in the compound spa^r-hende (original

I meaning having spare, thrifty hands') and in the vb. sparian 'to spare'. Teut. base spara- in ON. sparr, OHG. spar (g. j^?>^r- sani) ; cp. ON. spar a, ohg. spar on G. sparen 'to spare'. Outside of TEUT., osLOV. .T/^?r?^ 'thrifty' and OR. dna^i'oq rare, lacking' are cognate.

spark sb. me. sparke oe. spear ca: Teut. base sparkon- in DU. spark, LG. sparke; cogn. w. lat. j;|zJ(^r-

sparrow sb. me. sparwe oe. spearwa =^ goth. sparwa : Teut. base sparwan-', cp. ohg. i^^r^ (g. Sperling).

speak vb. me. jt///^^ oe. sp'ecan str. vb. =^ OHG. sp'ehhan with the byforms oe. spr'ecan = ohg. sprehhan G. sprechen, DU. spreken,

spear

spit^

195

OSAX. spr'ekan\ west-teut. strong verbal V" sprek: spek, perhaps connected w. on. spraka 'to crackle' and lith. spragHi 'to crackle'. See speech.

spear sb. me. sp(re oe. spere] ident. w. on. spjpr, ohg. sper G. DU. speer and cogn. w. lat. spar us 'a dart'.

speck vb. ME. specke oe. specca 'a spot, mark'; cp. DU. spikkel.

speech sb. me. speche oe. (rare) spec (spcec^ with the common byform oe. sprcec: Westteut. base spdki- sprdki-', derived fr. \fspek sprek in speak.

speed sb. me. oe. sped pro- perly oe. speed fr. a Teut. base spo-di' in osAX. spod 'success', DU. sfoed 'speed' , ohg. spuot 'siict:ess' (whence G. sputen 'to make haste') : verbal abstract to the str. vb. oe. sppwan 'to suc- ceed = OHG. spuon to succeed', which are cognate w. oslov. spejati 'to succeed', skr. sphdy 'to increase': Aryan \f^ sphe spho.

spell sb. me. oe. spel (infl. spell-) 'story, saying' (see also gospel) = GOTH, spill 'tale, myth', ON. spjall 'a saying , ohg. spel 'a narrative' (du. spellen vb.) : Teut. base spella-y assimilated for sqedlo", pre-TEUT. sq-etlo- r— | oiR. sc^l, CYMR. chwedl 'a story'. | Derived from the Aryan \(^seq : 'to say, tell' (cp. say)\ aryan | suffix -etlo- as in gr. ^^trAo//. |

spell vb. ME. spelle 'syllabi- care' (Orrm spelldrenn 'syllabi- care'); not found in this mean- i

ing in 0£. Cognate w. ofr. espeler =-- fr. ipeler 'to spell'.

spelt sb. OE. spelt r^ du. spelt, OHG. sp'elta spelza'. loanword fr. late LAT. spelta (==r it. spelta, fr. ipeautre).

spend vb. me. spende oe. "^spendan (in the sb. spendiijg and in the covci^owwA'&d-^for-spendari) : loan- word fr. LAT. dispenderevh.^i^^Ti^ , whence also o. spenden ohg. spentan.

spew vb. me. spewe oe. spiwan = ohg. OSAX. sphvan o. speiett, GOTH, speiwan str. vb. (on. spyja, DU. spiiwe?i) : strong verbal \f spm as in LAT. spuere, lith. spiauti 'to spew'; cp. the cognate yf pj^^ 'm. or. TTTVfiv, OSLOV. p/utz?

spice sb. ME. spife fr. ofr. espice (fr.) =^ lat. species.

spider sb. me. spither in Kent, for spinder oe. "^ spinner e\ derived fr. spin.

spike sb. me. spik 'an ear of corn' fr. lat. spica.

spill vb. ME. spille late oe. spillan fr. ON. spilla] ident. w. OE. spildan, OHG. spildan 'to spill': Teut. base spiipjan.

spin vb. ME. spinne oe. spinnan str. vb. =n^ GOTH. OHG. spinna7t, G. DU. spinnen , on. spinna: all equivalent. The str. vb. teut. spinnan rests on a y^ spc7i in spindle me. oe. spinel —- ohg. spini/a.

spirit see sprite.

spit ^ sb. ME. spite oe. spitu 'roasting spit' = ohg. spiT,, DU. spit (riAL. spito, fr. ^pois repre- 13*

196

^pll^'

spur

sent a teut. spitus) ; derived fr. the TEUT. adj. spitu- in ohg. spitzi G. spitz.

spit- vb. ME. spitteo^. iespyUan\ ident. w. on. spytta with the by- form spyta^ LG. spyteuy g. speutzen ; see spout.

spite sb. ME. j^// for despit; see despite.

spleen sb. fr. lat. (or.) splen.

split vb. Scandin. loanword; cp. DAN. splitte] cogn. w. du. splijten = MHG. sptt^en G. spleisseti (whence g. splitter).

Spoil vb. ME. spvile fr. fr. spo- lier (lat. spoliare).

spoke sb. ME. spoke oe. spdca

= OSAX. Spika DU. j^^^z^, OHG.

speihha G. speiche. All equivalent; Teut. base spaikon-.

sponge sb. me. sponge fr. ofr. esponge (fr. iponge) ; source lat. spongia, whence also osax. spu?tsia

DU. J;j2><?;?i'.

spool sb. (not found in me. OE.) loanword fr. DU. spoel\ ident.

W. OHG. SpMOlo G. Spule (iTAL.

spuola is of TEUT. origin) : Teut. base spdldn-\ doubtful whether cogn. w. spin.

spoon sb. ME. OE. spon fr. a TEUT. spdnu- {spenu-) in ohg. span a chip, splint', DU. DAN. spaan 'a chip', ON. spdnn sponn 'a chip' (cp. span-new). Cogn. w. MHG. spd-t 'a chip': y/^spe.

sport sb. for disport as spend for dispeftd; me. disport e vb. fr. OFR. se desporter 'to amuse one- self.

spot sb. me. spot pi. spottcs'y

not found in OE. (where splot pi. splottas 'a spot'); cp. odu. spotte DU. spot a blot'.

spouse sb. ME. spouse fr. ofr. espouse (fr. spouse) ; source lat. sponsa.

spout vb. ME. spoute', cogn. w. spit.

sprat sb. me. sprot (pi. sprottes) OE. sprot (pi. sprottas)', cp. MLG. i;^r<?/ G. sprotte^ du. i;^r(?/.

sprawl vb. :me. spraule oe. sprea7i'lian fr. a TEUT. sprauwalon.

spread vb. me. spr^de oe. fg^J- sprckdan 'to extend' = ohg. g. spreiten, DU. spreiden\ deriv. fr. the str. vb. OHG. st>ritan \o be- come extendi d'.

spring str. vb. me. springe OE. springan = OSAX. ohg. springan^ ON. springa (ital. springare is a TEUT. loanword): teut. \(^ spr'eng sprangy perhaps related to gr. Gn^gX^aifai 'to make haste'.

Sprite sb. me. sprite fr. fr. esprit \ ident. w. spirit. Source LAT. spiritus.

sprout vb. me. sproute (oe. ^^sprutari) = DU. spruiten, LG. spruteny ofries. spruta 'to sprout'; cp. G. spriessen'. teut. \f"sprut spreut.

spur sb. ME. spiLre oe. spura (spora); ident. w. OHG. sporo (g. sporn), DU. spoor, on. 5/^n (ital. spro7ie FR. iperon are of teut. origin) : Teut. base spuron- sporofi-. \fsp9r in OHG. osax. oe. spur- nan 'to kick against' under spurn and in G. spur DU. i^(?^r oe. spor *a foot-track'.

spurge — stammer

97

spurge sb. short for me. spourge : loanword fr. ofr. espurge (source LAT. cxpurgare).

Spurn vb. me. spume oe. spur- nan str. vb. 'to kick against' = OHG. OSAX. spurnan 'to kick against': ARYAN yf sp9r in LAT. spei'-nere 'to despise', lith. splrti 'to kick against', GR. GTictiQ^iVi SKR. sphur. Cp. spur.

spy vb. ME. sple fr. ofr. e spier, which is of Teut. origin: OHG. spehon G. spdhen , odu. spien (ARYAN \fsp'ek in LAT. conspicio, speculum, skr. \f^spaf).

square sb. me. square fr. ofr. esguarre 'a square'.

squire sb. me. squire = es- quire.

squirrel sb. me. squiril ioisciirU fr. OFR. escurel (= fr. icureuit) ; source a lat. type scurellus {scuriolus) for LAT. sciurus 'a squirrel'.

stable ^ sb. me. stable fr. ofr. estable (= fr. stable)', source LAT. stabulum 'abode, stable'.

stable^ adj. me. stable fr. ofr. estable ~— lat. siabilis 'stable'.

staff sb. me. staf (pi. staves) OE. stcef (pi. std/as) = on. sta/r, DU. staf, OHG. G. stab; cp. OHG. staben \o be stiff' and the adj. EASTFRIES. staf 'stiff', also lith. stebas 'staff — stdbas stobras] skr. \Pstabh 'be stiff.

stag sb. ]VIE. stagge late oe. stag g a 'a stag'.

stage sb. me. j*/^^-? fr. ofr. estage — - fr. /Az^d" (lat. type staticuni).

stain sb. me. .y/^z;?^ fr. ofr. desteindre = lat. dis-tingere,

stair sb. me. ^/cz> properly stfier OE. stealer = odu. olg. steger DU. steiger 'stair': west- TEUT. ground-form staigir, deriv- ed fr. the Teut. verbal \^ stig in OE. stigan, OHG. stigan G. steigen, DU. stijgen 'to climb'; cogn. w. GR. nTtiytiv 'to march' , SKR. j/z^/z 'ascend' (cp. lat. ve-stigium 'a foot-track').

stake sb. jme. stake oe. j'/«ifrtr

=^ ODU. ^/^>^^ DU. .f/f2^>^, SWED.

stake] cp. OFRIES. 5Az/^ 'stiff, G. stachel 'a prick, goad'.

stalk ^ sb. ME. stalke, 'a dimin. form with suffixed k of me. .y/^/?; cp. OE. stela, ON. stil-kr 'a stalk', OHG. G. .?///, also GR. (xrfAfoV 'a handle'.

stalk 2 vb. ME. stalke', /^ is a frequentative suffix; cp. OE. styl- lan 'to leap' (oe. "^stealcian).

stall sb. ME. stal oe. s tea II fr. a Teut. base stalla- in on. stallr, OHG. .iTA?/ G. j/^?//, DU. .y/rt-/ 'stall, stable' (iTAL. stallo 'place' — stalla 'stable are of Teut. origin). ARYAN base stadhlo- in lat. stabulum 'stable'.

stallion sb. me. stalloun fr. OFR. estalon (fr. italori) = ital. Stallone', of Teut. origin (teut. stalla- 'stable' under stall).

stammer vb. me. staviere deriv. fr. OE. stdmor adj. 'stammering'; cp. DU. stameren-stamelen, OHG. sta7Juilon ; \f sta?n in ON. sta7nr 'stammering' — stama vb. 'to stammer', OHG. stainen 'stammer';

igS

stamp — state

cp. also GOTH, stmnnis 'stam- mering'. Cogn. W. OSAX. OHG. stU7n G. stunim 'dumb'.

stamp vb. me. stampe (e. "^stam- pian) = DU. stampen^ OViG.stampfdn G. stamp/en (iTAL. stampare fr. Hamper are of teut. origin) : TEUT. \f stamp cogn. w. or. aisf-i- (jSiv 'to stamp*.

stanch, staunch\\). me. staunche vb. fr. OFR. estancher.

stand vb. me. stande oe. standan (prt. oe. me. stgd) = goth. osax. standan^ on. standa, ohg. stantan 'to stand': a strong vb., common to the Teut. languages; teut. \P stap stad\ the nasal of the verb is orig. characteristic of the present tense).

standard sb. me. standard (— DU. standaard^ fr. ofr. estandart = FR. itandard (ital. stendardo fr. LAT. extender e spread out').

stang sb. me. stange loanword fr. ON. stgng gen. stangar\ ident. w. ohg. stang a G. stange^ DU. stang and the umlauted oe. steng 'pole, stake ; source the vb. Oe. stingan 'to stab, pierce' ; see sting.

stanyell sb. (Shakesp.) oe. stdn- lella properly 'rock-yeller' ; cp. yelL

staple sb. me. stdpel oe. stdpol 'a prop' = DU. LG. stapel, ofries. stapul block'.

star sb. me. sterre oe. steorra -- ohg. osax. sterro, odu. mlg. sterre'. Teut. base sterron-\ ident. v/. GOTH, stairno, on. stjarna (hence me. sterne) , ohg. st'erno (g. stern ohg. stern). Cogn. w. i

SKR. star, GR. nanJQf LAT. stella (for '^sterulaT). All equivalent.

starboard sb. me. sterbgrd short for oe. steorbord] cp. on. stjorbordi 'starboard' and oe. steor under steer'^.

starch sb. me. '^sterche oe. stereo (=r G. stcirke) : umlaut-derivative with palatalisation of stark.

stare vb. me. stare oe. stdrian = on. star a, ohg. star en 'to stare'; derived fr. an adj. star a- in skr. j-M/rrti'fast, hard', GR. trrfofoc; hard': ARYAN \r sta 'to stand' ia ohg. stdn sten G. stehen, du. staan, lat. stare, gr. lordvia, skr. stM.

stark adj. me. stark oe. stearc = OSAX. mhg. G. stark; cp. ON. (with umlaut) sterkr and goth. gastaiirknan 'to become dry': ARYAN sfstrg in LiTH. strigti 'to become stiff'.

starling sb. me. Stirling short for oe. sterling : dimin. formation of OE. stcBr 'a starling' =: ohg. star a G. staar *a starling'; cogn. w. OE. st^'arn =i lat. sturnus.

Start vb. ME. sterte (oe. "^ steor tan str. vb.) ; cp. odu. du. storten, OHG. sturzen G. sturzen: teut. \r stert stiirt.

Starve vb. me. sterve oe. steor fan str. vb. 'die(ofhunger') = DU. sterven, osax. sterban, ohg, sterban G. sterben str. vb. 'to die'; cp. ON. starfi 'stiffness', EAST-FRIES. bestarfen 'be stiff'. The original meaning of the teut. \fsterb was probably 'be stiff.

state sb. me. estdt fr. ofr. estat FR. itat = lat. status.

stay"

step

199

Stay * vb. me. state fr. ofr. e stayer \ FR. stayer.

stay'*^ sb. oe. sti^i: Teut. base staga-, whence fr. ^tay; cp. du. LG. stag.

Stead sb. me. stede oe. stede fr. a Teut. base j-/^'^/- = goth. sta^s 'a stead, place', oho. stai (o. ^-/^z^// 'town), ON. stadr 'a place': ab- stract formation of the aryan \f^ sta 'to stand' (see stare)] cp. .LAT. statio, SKR. sthiti'^L standing'.

steak sb. me. stcike (late oe. staecan vb. to roast') : borrowed fr. ON. steik 'a steak' — steikja 'to roast'.

steal vb. ME. stele oe. stelan str. vb. = GOTH, stilafi , ON. stela, OSAX. OHG. j/^/^;2 G. stehlen du. stelen: teut. y^j'/fc'/, perhaps ident. w. GR. GTSpfod^ai — OTf()i(Jy.aiv 'bereave'.

steam sb. me. stem oe. j-//<'7w fr. a Teut. base stau-wa- (du. stooni, eastfries. sto?n): \f^ stau, not found elsewhere.

steed sb. me. stede oe. steda 'a stallion : umlaut-derivative of oe. stgd = E. stud.

steel sb. me. ^/(?7^ oe. stele {style) : umlaut- formation by the side of the equival. ohg. stahal g. stahl, DU. staal^ ON. i-/*?/: Teut. base stahla- and (for OE. style^ stahlja-; ident. w. opruss. stakla- 'steel'.

steep adj. me. st^p oe. steap adj.; ident. w. oe. st(ap -- on. staup 'beaker' under stoup. — Umlaut- deriv. steeple me. stepel oe. stepel stypcl (fr. a Teut. base staiipila-', cp. on. stgpull 'a steeple').

steer ' sb. me. ster oe. steor =■

GOTH. Stilir, ON. Stjorr, OHG. OSAX.

stior G. DU. siier 'a bull' ; ident. w. ON. pjorr (dan. /yr) : aryan base (s)teuro (oslov. turii 'steer'). But GR. ravQoq corresponds to oir. tarb (aryan base tar wo -y not cogn. w. steer).

steer 2 vb. me. stere oe. steor an w. the umlauted byform styran =: OHG. stiuran G. steuern, du. sturen.] cp. ON. styri 'a rudder'; for a non-umlauted root-form see under starboard, teut. \f steiir also in goth. stiurjan\o confirm'.

stem sb. ME. stem oe. st'emn stefn a stem of a tree': ablaut-relation to ON. stafn, OSAX. staff in = OHG. stafn G. stafHfn du. stafn: teut. ground -forms stemna- staffina-, cogn. w. IR. tamofi 'stem', \P sta 'to stand' under stare.

stench sb. me. stench oe. stejic fr. a tuet. base stank{w)i-; see stink.

step vb. OE. stappan steppafi str. vb. ; cp. DU. stappen^ ohg. stapfbn 'to step' and oe. i'/<^d' i'/*^^/? *a step, pace'; probably related to OSLOv. stopa foot-track'? The root seems to be nasalized in stafn p.

step in stepfather stepmother etc. ME. step-fader^ -moder short for o^. steop feeder, -mgdor ; ident. w. ON. stjfipfadir, -modir -- ohg. stiof-fater, -muoter g. st'ief rater, stieffnutter \ Teut. base steupa-, whence OHG. bist.ufen oe. dstypafi vb. 'bereave, deprive (of pa- rents)'.

200

stool

Stern ^ adj. me. sterne oe. styrne\ Teut. base stirni- prop, sternu-, cogn. w. LAT. strenuus.

stern 2 sb. me. sterne. fr. on. stjorn 'a steering'; see starboard and steer vb.

stew vb. ME. stiiwe vb. fr. the sb. OFR. estuve = G. j-/?^^^; see stove.

steward sb. me. stiward (since the 1 2^'' cent.) ; cogn. w. oe. i"//(5)- wita 'house -holder. The first element is ident. w. sty.

stick sb. ME. sticke oe. sticca -—- OHG. steeko G. stecken : Teut. base stikkon-, derived fr. the verbal \f stik in OHG. stehhan g. stechen.

stiff adj. short for ME. OE. stif 'stiff' = ON. stifrf DU. .f/?;/, G. stei/', cogn. w. lith. stipti 'to be- come stiff and lat. stipes 'a pole'.

stile sb. ME. stile contracted from OE. stigolm^. stiyle = ohg. stigila *a stile'; derived fr. the teut. \r stfg under stair.

still adj. ME. OE. stille = ohg.

OSAX. Stilii G. stilly DU. Stil, OFKIES.

stille: deriv. fr. the teut. \/^ j'/<?// 'to stand firmly' in the factitive vb. ohg. g. stellen \o place' and in OHG. stollo 'post'.

stilt sb. ME. stilte] ident. w. ohg. stelza G. stflze, DU. stelt\ all equi- valent.

sting vb. ME. stinge oe. stingan str. vb. — GOTH. {tis)stiggan, ON. stinga\ cp. OHG. stungon stung en 'to sting': teut. \l^st'eng under stang.

Stink vb. me. stinke oe. stincan str. vb. :^ GOTH, stigqan, OHG.

oSAX. stinkan g. du. stinken'. teut. \f stenq pre -TEUT. st'engw {t'engw in gr. vayyog 'rancid').

stir vb. ME. stire oe. styrian vb.; ident. w. the ablauted ohg. storen G. storen, du. storen, ofries. stera\ WEST-TEUT. bases sturjan staurjan ; y^^stur also in stormf

Stirrup sb. me. stiroJ> properly sti-rgp OE. stii-rdp; ident. w. ohg. stega-reif G. stegreif{p\3. steegreep), ON. stig-reip. Second element of the compound is teut. raipa- = roapi for the i^' element (Teut. stiga- sT stig^ see stair.

Stitch sb. me. sticche oe. slice early stici'. Teut. base stiki- 'a pricking' by the side of oe. stician 'to prick'; cf. OHG. stehhan G. stechen (ohg. stih G. stich sb. 'pricking') > OSAX. stekan , du. steken. aryan y^stig in gr. arly/na — aviCoj; cf. SKR. y/^tij 'be sharp'.

stith sb. ME. stith borrowed fr. on. stedi 'an anvil'.

stock sb. ME. stock oe. stocc 'trunk, log, pillory' == du. stol^, ohg. g. stock, ON. stokkr: Teut. base stokka- for stiikka-; teut. \f stuk in du. lg. stoken, me. stoke 'to stab'; cogn. w. skr. ////'push'.

stone sb. ME. stgn oe. stdn = GOTH, stains, on. steinn, OHG. G. .f/(?m, OSAX. .f/^-'^ DU. .y/^<?/? : Cogn. w. OSLOV. stena 'a wall' — steninu rocky', gr. Oiiov ovia 'pebble- stone'. Cp. stanyel.

stool sb. ME. OE. Stpl = GOTH. Stols, ON. Stoll, DU. Stoel, OSAX. stol,

OHG. stuol G. stuhl: Teut. base sto-la- deriv. fr. the Aryan \fsthd

stoop

straw-berry

20I

'to Stand' under stead. Cp. also osLov. stolu 'table', gr. otfjX')] 'column.

stoop vb. ident. w. me. stoiipe OE. stupian \o curve downwards' = ODU. stuipen 'to bow*, on. stiipa SWED. stupa \o fair.

Stop vb. ME. stoppe (oE. for- stoppian'io stop up, close') , ident. w. DU. stoppen, OHG. stop/on o. stop/en and w. ital. stoppare 'to stop up with tow'. Source low LAT. stuppare (lat. stuppa 'oakum').

stork vb. ME. stork oe. store = DU. stork^ OHG. stork G. storchy ON. siorkr ; cogn. w. GR. xogyoc, 'a large bird'.

storm sb. me. oe. storm = on. stoi'mry DU. stor7n (oHG. G. stur?n) ; derived fr. \f star in stir or cogn. w. LAT. sternere 'to strew'.

story sb. me. storie fr. ofr. estoire = LAT. historia.

stoup stoop me. j'/6'/>: borrowed fr. ON. stgup 'beaker, cup' = stoop 'a gallon': the sb. (teut. staupa- 'beaker') rests on the adj. staupa- =^ steep.

stout adj. me. stout ix. ofr. estout; ident. w. du. stout, ohg. g. stolz 'proud': source lat. stultus 'foolish'.

Stove sb. OE. stofa 'a bath' = OHG. stuba 'a bathing-room' (g. stuhe 'a room'), du. stoof\ ident. w. FR. ituve and osLOV. istuba 'a room'. Source and history uncertain. Cp. stew.

stow vb. me. stowe oe. stpwian 'to restrain'; derived fr. OE. stow 'a place' = lith. stova 'place'.

straight adj. me. str eight oe. {d)streht\ part, of oe. streccean =^ stretch.

strain vb. me. streine fr. ofr. estraindre = LAT. stringere and straitWY.. streit fr. ofr. estreit (fr. itroii) = LAT. strictus.

strand sb. me. oe. strand 'shore' = ON. strgnd (gen. strandar) 'margin, edge', du. lg. G. strand 'shore' (fr. strain of Teut. origin).

strange adj. me. straunge fr. ofr. estrange (fr. itrange^ : source i.AT. extra?ieus.

strangle vb. me. strangle vb. fr. OFR. estr angler = lat. strangulare.

strap Sb. me. oe. strop (pp): loanword fr. LAT. struppus 'thong, fillet', whence also du. lg. strop and FR. itrope.

straw sb. me. straw oe. streaw (with the byforms me. str^ oe. stre'a) : Teut. base strawa- = on. strdy DU. str 00, ohg. stro G. str oh; cp. the vb. strew oe. strewan, strej^ati = GOTH. straujany OHG. strouwen G. streuen, du. strooien 'to strew', teut. \fstrau derived fr. the ARYAN \fster in gr. orngsv i'Vfii OT(j(ovvv/Lu and lat. sterno (stravi — stratum) , oslov. streti 'to spread out'; cp. esp. lat. stramen 'straw'.

straw-berry sb. me. straw-berie oe. streaw- berie; not cogn. w. straw. Probably connected w. lat. fragum 'straw-berry : ARYAN base sraghwo- = Teut. base strawa-; the 2"^^ elementin straw- berry might be explanatory.

202

stray

study

Stray vb. me. straie fr. ofr. j cstraier ; derived fr. lat. strata {=z street),

streak sb. me, strike oe. strica 'a line'; cp. goth. siriks 'a stroke with the pen' and strike.

stream sb. me. strem oe. str^'am -= OHG. stroum (o. stroni)^ DU. strooni, ON. straiimr : Teut. base strau-nia-, derived fr. the aryan \f sru to flow' = SKR. \l^ srii 'to flow'; cp. GR. QkSii'y oiR. srut/i river' — sruaim 'stream' (lat. flmnen instead oi'^frwfien: aryan srou-mcn-).

Street me. strete oe. stret street infl. strcete (whence on. strceti is borrowed) = osax. strata, DU. straat, OHG. strdzza G. strasse: WEST-TEUT. strata fr. lat. strata (so. via) prop, 'a paved way', whence ital. strada = fr. ^tr^e (OTK. srdt/i) 'a street'.

strength sb. me. strengthe oe. siraigdu (goth. ^straggipa) derived fr. strong.

Stress sb. force' short for me. distresse fr. ofr. destresse.

stretch vb. me. streccheo'E. strec- eea// (Tpart. stre/it under straight)-^ ident. w. ohg. strecchen G. strecken, DU. strekken'. teut. type strakkjan\ cp. OHG. stracken 'be straight and the adj. du. lg. strak 'straight' (g. stracks 'immediately').

strew see under straw,

stride vb. me. stride oe. stridan vb. —^ mlg. striden 'to stride' :

\fstl'id. j

strife sb. me. strif fr. ofr. |

estrif, which rests on a Teut. sb. = OSAX. strid, OHG. strtt G. streit.

Strike vb. me. strike oe. strican str. vb. 'to rub, wipe' = ofries. strikaf DU. strijken, OHG. strihhan G. streichen] teut. y^i'/r/^, ARYAN \fstrig in lat. stngilis, OSLO v. strigq — stristi 'to shear'. Cp. stroke.

string sb. me. oe. streng fr. a TEUT. base strangi- in on. strengr, DU. streng y OHG. G. stra?ig; cogn. w. the adj. strong,

strive vb. ivie. stri7'e fr. ofr. estriver vb. (ofr. estrif under strife).

stroke sb. me. strgk and stroke vb. oe. strdcian fr. \P strlk under strike.

strong adj. ivie. oe. strong fr. TEUT. base strangu- in ohg. Strang strengi G. DU. streng (g. sic/i anstrengen vb.) ; cogn. w. LAT. stringer e 'to draw tight, compress'.

stub sb. me. stubbe with the umlauted byform OE. stybb 'a stub'; cp. LG. stubbe, du. stobbe, ON. stubbi and GR. orvnog 'a stub, stump'. ARYAN \^ stup, nasalized in stump.

Stubble sb. me. stoble stuble fr. OFR. estouble ; ident. w. OHG. stupfala DU. G. stoppel'. source vulgar LAT. stiip{i)la instead of LAT. stipula 'stubble'.

stud sb. short for me. oe. stod 'a stud' (cp. the umlaut-deriva- tion steed) = ON. stod, ohg. stuot, Cp. osLov. Russ. stado, LITH. stodas 'a herd of horses'.

study vb. me. studie prop, st/idic

stuff

suniinon

205

vb. fr. OFR. estudier (fr. Hudier) = LAT. siudere.

stuff sb. fr. OFR. estoffe = FR. ^^q/fe (whence also G. sfo^, DU. s/of).

stump sb. ME. s^ump s/omp; ident. w. du. stomps ohg. g. siumpf; probably connected w. stub'. KKSLM^ yf stumb: stu(m)py also in ON. stufr stufi a stump'.

stun vb. ME. stufie stone OE. stUnian 'to resound' ; cp. the umlauted on. stymja 'to groan', G. stoncn, DU. steiien'. aky an \/^stPn sten in gr. avtveiv, oslov. stenjq, SKR. sta/z 'to groan, resound'.

Sturgeon me. stourgeoun fr. fr. esturgeon; source a teut. base sturjon- in ohg. stufio (g. ^/Mr, DU. steur) = OE. styria 'a stur- geon'. Doubtful whether cogn. w. stir.

Stutter vb. fr. me. stotc stute vb. ; cp. G. stottem 'to stammer'. All derivations of \'^ staut in GOTH. stautan, ON. stauta 'to beat, strike' — - OHG. sto-^yin G. stossen. aryan \^{s)tud in LAT. tundere \o beat', SKR. \f tud 'to strike'.

sty^ sb. ("sty for swine') me. stie OE. stii infl. sti^e 'a pig-sty'; ident. w. ohg. stia 'a pig-sty', ON. sti {svin-stl)y SWED. {svin)stia 'a sty'.

sty2 sb. ('sty in the eye') cp. OE. stziend; equivalent w. lg. stige, NORW. stig.

subdue vb. me. subdue properly sudiie fr. OFR. souduir ~~ lat. subdiicere.

subtle adj. me. sotel sutel sutil

fr. OFR. sotil (fr. subtil) = lat. subtilis.

succeed vb. me. sucgede fr. fr. succeder = lat. succedere.

succour vb. me. sucoure socoure fr. OFR. soccorre =- lat. succurrere.

such pron. me. such earlier swuch S7vich OE. swylc swilc: Teut. base swuUk in OSAX. sulik^ ohg. sulih (g. solcH) ; as shown by GOTH. S7valeiks , the i^' element of the compound rests on i-^- = OE. szad.

suck vb. short for me. souke OE. silcan str. vb. with the byform OE. OHG. sugan G. sangen; cogn. w. LAT. sugere'. aryan sT^ag stik.

sudden adj. me. sodein prop. sodain fr. FR. soudain (lat. type *sul>itanus for subitaneus 'sudden'),

suffer vb. me. suffre soffre fr. FR. souffrir (lat. suffer re).

sugar sb. me. silgre slier e fr. FR. Sucre, whence also odu. suker DU. suiker\ cp. G. zucker fr. ital. zucchero.

sum sb. ME. sunmie somme fr. FR. somme.

summer sb. me. sumer soi?ier OE. sHrnor fr. a Teut. base sumaru- in OSAX. OHG. sumar g. somfner, DU. somer, on. sumar. Cogn. w. AVEST. hamy oiR. sam, cymr. haf7i haf, ar:men. amarn : all equivalent. Cp. also SKR. samd 'year'.

summit sb. fr. fr. sommet (rests on LAT. summus).

summon vb. me. somone fr. OFR. so mooter (lat. submonere 'to remind privately').

204

sun — sweat

sun sb. ME. sunne Sonne OE, sunne infl. sunnan ^^ goth. siinno, OHG. OSAX. sunna G. so?tne, du. zon'. TEUT. base simnon-.

supper sb. me. soper super fr. FR. souper. Cp. dinner,

sure adj. me. silr properly seilr fr. OFR. sur seiir FR. sur {= lat. securusy whence also sicker\

surgeon sb. me. sur gen [surgein) fr. OFR. cirurgien (lat. type chi- rurqianus). — Hence surgery me. surgerie : LAT. chirurgia.

swaddle vb. me. swathele oe. sivcedeiian vb. : derived fr. OE. swcedel bandage'; ident. w. the umlauted ohg. swedil 'bandage'; see swathe.

swain sb. me. sivimi^xoy^. swein: borrowed in the 1 1 ^^ cent. fr. on. sveinn; ident. w. OE. swan 'man, warrior', OHG. swein 'servant'.

swallow sb. (the bird) me. swalowe OE. swealwe = ohg.. swalawa G. schwalbe; ident. w. osAX. swala, on. svala 'a swallow': Teut. base swalwdn-\ if for ^swalgwon-y cogn. w. GR. aXy.xnm''^

swallow vb. WE.. ,swel{o)we ear- lier swelgen oe. swelgan str. vb. ^=. OSAX. OHG. swelgan (swelhan) G. schwelgen, du. zwelgen (on. svelgja) : Teut. verbal y^ sw'elh swelgy ARYAN \fswelk.

swamp sb. cogn. w. ohg. g. sumpfy DAN. swed. sump 'a swamp'.

swan sb. me. oe. swan fr. a TEUT. swana- =-- on. s%)anr\ cp. ohg. swana g. schivan du. zwaan. Cogn. w. LAT. sonar e (properly *S2>onare)y SKR. \fsvan 'to sound'.

sward sb. me. swarde oe. swear d infl. swearde 'the skin of bacon" = ODU. zwaerde, mhg. swarte G. schwarte 'skin of bacon', on. svgrdr 'skin'. The modern E. meaning 'green turf is due to Northern influence; cp. on. jardar-svgrdr 'earth-sward', gras- svgrdr 'grass-sward (and mlg. grtrnswarde, dan. grensvcer^.

swarm sb. me. swarm oe. swear ?n ---; on. svarmr , ohg. sivarm G. schwarfn (du. Z7iierm) : all equivalent. Cp. the skr. \f svar 'to sound?

swart adj. me. swart oe. sweart = GOTH. swartSf on. svartr, DU. zwart, OHG. swarz g. schwarz] Cogn. w. LAT. sordes (properly '^svordes^ 'dirt': aryan \p sword.

swath sb. me. swath oe. swcEp 'footprint, track' (with the by- form oe. swadu track'); cp. MLG. sivat — swade, G. schwaden, DU. zwaad 'a row of mown grass': Teut. base swapa.

swathe vb. me. swathe oe. swd- dian\ cp. swaddle.

swats (Scotch) 'beer' (dE.swata\ derived fr. \f swot under sweet.

swear vb. me. sw(re oe. sweriaft (prt. ME. oe. swm-) str. vb. = OHG. OSAX. swerian G. schworen, DU. zweren, ON. sverja str. vb. ; cp. GOTH, swaran. The original meaning of the teut. \f swar was probably 'to declare, as shown by the derivative answer.

sweat vb. short for me. sw(te OE. swcetan) derived fr. OE. siadt ME. swpte (e. sivcat sb. influenced

sweep — swoop

205

by the vb. sweai) = DU. Z7vcet, ON. sveiti^ OHG. sweiiy G. schweiss'. TEUT. \f^swait (swit in G. schwitzen

OHG. S7vizzai,) = ARYAN \f SWOid

swid in SKR. s^svid to sweat', GR. i^Qwq 'sweat' — iiiUiv to sweat', LAT. siidor (orig. "^svoidos) 'sweat', LETT, swidrs 'sweat'.

s^veep vb. me. swipe oe. swdpan 3^ p. sg. pres. t. swcepd to sweep' : TEUT. \f swaip under swoop.

sweet adj. me. oe. swete adj. with the non-umlauted adverb OE. swote (me. S€te adj. adv.) ; ident. w. on. scetr (orig. "^svceti'),

OSAX.S7£/0fi, -DV.ZOety OB.G.s(7V)U07^p

G. silss: Teut. base swoti-^ orig. swotu- ^(c^, GOTH, suts 'sweet), ARYAN base swddu in skr. svadti, GR. advq Tjdvc, LAT. si/dms (orig. *suddu-is). Cp. S7iiats.

swell vb. ME. swelle oe. sw'ellan str. vb. = OS AX. OHG. sw'ellan G. schwellen, du. zwellen, on. svella str. vb. :'teut. verbal ^"^ swell (also in goth. ufswallems sb.).

swerve vb. me. siverve oe. sweorfan str. vb. to scrub, file'; ident. w. OSAX. swerfan, DU. zwerven , GOTH, swairban , on. sv'erfa : teut. y" swerb , aryan \l^ swerbh in russ. sverbeti^ OSLOV. svi'iibeti 'to itch'.

swift adj. me. oe. j-7£////' (oe. swift}); p. participle of oe. swifan 'to move quickly' = on. ^z///i7, formed by suffix /<:^ (see old, cold, loud). Cogn. w. du. zweven, ohg. sw'ebbi G. schweben.

s\vill vb. me. .fwz/^ OE. swtllan (3^ p. sg. pres. t. swiled).

swim vb. ME. swmime oe. swi?7i- man str. vb. = osax. OHG. swi7nman str. vb. G. schwinwien'y ident. w. on. symja (for orig. ^^swumjati) 'to swim': teut, \^ swem {sum under sund).

swine sb. me. oe. S7(jin =~. OSAX. OHG. sic'tn G. schwein du. zwijn, on. svin, goth. swein\ Teut. base swina-, properly su- -ina-, derived fr. ARYAN su 'a pig' in oe. osax. ohg. su 'a sow' =:^ LA.T. su-s, GR. i-g ov-g. The suffix -ma- in TEUT. S7mna- is diminutive , as shown under chicken, maiden. See also sow,

swing vb. ME. swinge oe. swin- gan str. vb. — - OSAX. OHG. swin- gan G. sckivingcn, — swinge me.' swenge oe. swencgean \o beat, shake' causal of swing \ teut. \p sweng sivang {swangw in goth. afswaggwjan ?)

swink vb. me. swinke oe. swin- can str. vb. Ident. w. swing}

sw^oon vb. ME. swgune earlier swpgnie?t', derived fr. the p. parti- ciple OE. leswpgen 'in a swoon' — dswogen 'choked'; allied to GOTH, gaswogjan swogatjan 'to sigh', OE. swogan 'to sough, sigh : ARYAN sfswbgh swdgfi in lith. svagcti 'to sound'.

swoop vb. ME. swgpe oe. swdpan (identical w. sweep).

sword sb. isn^. swerd o^. sweord (swurd) —-- OSAX. OFRIES. sw'erd, DU. zwaard, on. sverd, OHO. sw'ert G. schwert: aryan base swerdho- (in LAT. sorbus 'service-tree'?).

2ob

table

tarry

table sb. ME. idMe fr. FR. ^a/?/e -= LAT. tabula (whence OE. tcefel ^chess-board' =— ohg. zabal 'board') ; cp. also G. DU. ta/el.

tackle sb. me. takei\ ident. w. MLG. takel 'equipment' (g. swed. take I, DAN. takkel),

tadpole short for toad-poll.

tail sb. ME. tail oe. tceiel ^^ OHG. zagal 'a tail", ON. tagl 'a tail', GOTH, tagl 'hair'.

tailor sb. me. tailloiw fr. ofr. tailleor - — fr. tailleiir.

take vb. ME. take late oe. (ii^*^ cent.) tdcan borrowed fr. ON. taka str. vb. taking the place of OE. niman (under }ii7nble^\ cp. cast :— ON. kasta supplanting oe. weoi'pan (under warp). Ident. w. GOTH, tekan str. vb. 'to touch': teut. \f tek tak\ pre-TEUT. xT/^ dag}

tale sb. ME. tale oe. talu =r^ DU. taal language", ohg. ' zdla G. zahl\ cp. ON. tal 'a tale'. Cp. the TEUT. verb taljan in oe. tellan me. telle e. tell — ohg. zellan (cp. GOTH, talzjati). Hence derived talk vb. me. talke vb. (oe. '^talcian "^taleciari)] k is suffixed as in hark.

tall adj. ME. tal\ probably oe. let^l 'swift, prompt' with thtj by- form geatol{lic) 'swift'. Ident. w. OHG. gizal'. Teut. base ga-tala-.

tallow IVIE. talugh earlier ^talh = MLG. talch (g. talg^ du. tallz)^ ON. tolgr. Cogn. w. goth. tul- gus 'fast'?

tame adj. me. tdtne oe. ta^n (infl. tamo) =:= on. tamr, DU. tarn, OHG. zam G. zahm'. Teut. base ta7fia- (hence derived goth. ta7?ijan 'to tame' ^^^ ON. temja, OHG. zcmmen). aryan \p dotn in LAT. domare 'to tame', gr. da[,idv, SKR. damdy 'to tame'.

tan vb. me. tanne oe. tannian vb.; cogn. w. fr. tan 'oak-bark' (lat. tannare in the 8 ^ cent. r-= FR. tannery cp. du. /cz^/z'bark'). Hence e. tawny r= fr. tanni.

tang sb. (sea-weed) fr. dan. tang = ON. pang (ppngull).

tap sb. me. tappe oe. ttjsppa 'a tap' =: OHG. zap/o G. zap/en, DU. /<?/, ON. tappi (fr. /^/^ /^/<?;2 are Teut. loanwords).

taper sb. me. tdper oe. tdpor: properly *papur, loanword fr. LAT. papyruSy which appears in Rom. dialects as 'taper'.

tar sb. me. terre\ cp. oe. teoru (tyrwe) 'tar' and DU. (g.) teer, ON. tjara] ident. w. lett. darwa tar'. The group rests on Aryan deru rzrz tree', tar orig. tar- wood'.

tare sb. me. tdre\ Teut. base tar{w)dn also in odu. taruwe DU. MLG. tarwe. Cogn. w. SKR. durva (a kind of grass) and LITH. dirva 'field'.

tarn sb. me. terne fr. on. tjgrn (g. tjarnar) 'a tarn, pool'.

tarry vb. me. terie oe. terian tei'ian 'to vex' = du. lg. tergen.

tart — teen

207

tart sb. ME. tarte fr. ofr. tarte ■=- FR. toui'te (whence du. taart, G. torte).

task sb. ME. tdsk(e) fr. ofr. tasque = FR. tache; source LAT. taxare, whence also tax.

tatter sb. a Scand. loanword fr. ON. tgtra?' pi. tatters'; already ME. tatered 'ragged'.

tattle vb. fr. ME. tat ere vb.

taw, tew vb. me. tewe\ oe. tdwian teawian means prop, 'pre- pare and corresponds with du. toiiwen \o curry leather, ohg, zouwen make, prepare', goth. 'taujan 'do': teut. \/~ tau\ see tool.

tawny see tan.

tax vb. fr. fr. taxer ^=^ lat. taxare; ident. w. task.

tea sb. =^ FR. /^, G. t/iee: source CHINESE t^; the word became European in the 2"^ half of the 17'*^ cent.

teach sb. me. t^'e/ie (prt. taughte) OE. tckc-ean (prt. tcehte) ; cogn. w. token OE. tdcen\ cp. OHG. zeigbn G. zeigen. aryan \^ dik.

team^ sb. 'family' me. tern oe. team family, offspring' ^—^ mlg. torn 'progeny' (with the um- lauted vb. teem me. teme oe. ti'man tyman 'to teem) : Teut. base tau(h)??ta- fr. \^ttih in goth. tiuhany ohg. ziohan G. Ziehen. ARYAN \J^ duk in LAT. ^-/^^t?. See the following word.

team''^ sb. (team of oxen) me. teme itevie oe. i^etpne 'team of oxen'; derived fr. teut. tau{h)ma- 'rein, bridle' (in on. taiimr ohg.

zoum G. zauni). Root the same as in teain ^

tear vb. me. t^re oe. teran str. vb. :=- GOTH, gatairan to break'. ARYAN \^der in skr. ^^r 'to burst, break asunder', gr. dsoHv 'to flay', LITH. difti 'to flay'.

tear sb. me. te'r oe. tear: teut. /«;//;-- in on. tar, ohg. zahar (g. zdhre) ; cp. onorthumbr. tcehher and according to Verner's law goth. /rt-^r. ARYAN base dakru in GR. ()6fX(;v, welsh daigr (per- haps skr. ^^;-2/ and lat. lacrinia are cognate). All equivalent.

tease vb. (me. tcse) oe. tchsan 'to pull to pieces , to tease (wool) with the non-uml.iuted byform me. tche (oe. ^tdsan or *tdsian). teut. strong verbal yftais in OHG. zeisan 'to tease' ^— DU. teezen. — Cogn. w. teasel (plantname) me. icsel oe. tcssel ^— OHG. zeisila 'thistle'.

teat sb. ME. tete fr. fr. tette\ ident. w. oe. titt — mhg. g. zitze.

ted vb. fr. ON. tedja\ ident. w. ohg. G.(dial.)s^//^/2 'to spread'. As shown by the p. participle GOTH. un-gatass 'undisposed', there exi- sted also a str. vb. ^tadjan. aryan s{^dat in gr. dariouai '1 divide, distribute'.

teem^ vb. 'to bring forth' see team.

teem^ vb. to empty' see toom.

teen sb. me. tene oe. teona 'suffering, insult' -— OSAX. tiono 'injury'; cp. ofries. tiuna 'to hurt.'

208

tell — thnt

tell vb. ME. telle (prt. tglde) oe. tellan (prt. tdlde^ under tale.

tempest sb. me. tcmp(st fr. OFR. tempeste = fr. tenipete. Source vulgar lat. iufipesta for tempestas.

temple sb. me. temple oe. tempel fr. LAT. te7fiplu7n.

temples me. te^nples fr. ofr. temples (fr. tempi) plur. = lat. tempora the temples'.

tempt vb. ME. tempte vb. fr. OFR. tempter (fr. tenter) =^ lat. temptare.

ten num. me. ten rests on an unrecorded OE. '^'teon, instead of which an umlauted tpi is found. Teut. base tehun t'ehan in goth. taihun, osax. t'ehan ^ du. tien^ OHG. 2^^^z« G. zehn. Ident. w. SKR. ^^^fl;, GR. t)gK«, lat. decem, oiR. ^/^7V>^. — The suffix -teen (in thirteen etc.) me. -//^^ oe. -tene -tyne is the inflected form of the numeral ten. — The suffix -ty (in twenty etc.) represents the sb. GOTH, tigus 'decade' (in saihs tig jus = on. sextigir) ; cp. oe. pritil sixtil = OHG. driiug s'ehzug G. dreissig sechzig. For the g in GOTH, tigus cp. or. c)^xat,- 'decade'.

tender adj. me. tendre fr. fr. tendre\ source lat. tener.

tense sb. fr. ofr. tens (=r= fr. temps) = LAT. tempiis.

tent sb. ME. tente (=r du. tent) fr. OFR. tente =rr vulgar lat. tenta\ cp. lat. tentorium.

term sb. me. /^'rw^ fr. fr. terme\ source lat. terminus.

terror sb. fr. fr. terreur = LAT. teiror{em).

test sb. meant properly in al- chemy 'a vessel for testing gold' and rests on me. test{e) = lat. testa, whence also fr. tete ofr. teste Viead' with the borrowed E. testy.

tether sb. short for me. teder\ doubtful, whether genuine Eng- lish or of Scand. origin. Cp. ON. tjodr = OHG. ziotar a tether" : Teut. base teudra-.

tetter sb. me. oe. teter fr. a Teut. base tetru- ■= aryan dedru-. Cp. OHG. zitaroh 'tetter' and SKR. dadru 'a kind of lep- rosy', LITH. dedervine 'tetter'.

than conj. me. thanne oe. panne — OHG. MHG. damie\ derived ft. the article the.

thane sb. me. thein (the modern spelling a instead of ai — as in rain — is of Scotch origin) OE. p'e-yen'. Teut. base p'egna- in ON. p'egn, oSAX. thegan, ohg. th'egan 'a thane, warrior' (in the Bavarian dialect 'a male child'). Ident. w. GR. TtY.vov 'child' ; ARYAN \ftek in GRi t/ktw (aorist 6-rfx-o»').

thank vb. me. thanke oe. pan- cian poncian wk. vb. = ohg. dankon G. du. danken, oi<i. pakka 'to thank'. Root as in think.

that pron. me. that oe. pcet = OSAX. that, OHG. daz g. das (dass) : ARYAN form to-d (fr. the stem to under the) =rr skr. tad, OR. to (for *TO-d); cp. LAT. istud illud

thatch

thi

209

aliiid show the d as neutral ending.

thatch sb. properly and dia- lectical thak ME. thak OE. pac = OHG. dah G. dachy on. ^ak\ Teut. base paka-. Cp. the wk. vb. TEUT. pakjan in oe. peccean = OHG. deckan G. decke?i^ du. dekken. Aryan \^ /^^^ in lat. tegerej cogn. w. yf steg in gr. avsyeir, skr. ^Mrt'^, lith. ^/^^/Z 'to cover ; cp. gr. TGyog ovi-yoc. *a roof, OIR. kg 'a house'.

thaw vb. ME. thdwe oe. pdwian ;

cp. OHG. douwen G. taiien, du.

. dooien, ON. peyja: \f pan paw

properly ^pagw^ ARYAN \ftaq in

GR. xr]Y.Hv to melt'?

the article me. //^^'late OE. ;5^ (oe. j^' influenced by the inflected stem pa- in thai). ARYAN base to- in SKR. /"a--;/? =r GR. rc-r, SKR. /a-d GR. to etc. Cp. than^ thaty theivy thercy they.

theft sb. me. thefte short for /ey/<? "^xo^. pefthe'. abstract deri- vation fr. thief. Cp. the um- lauted oe. pyfp infl. pyfpe 'theft' = OFRIES. thiufthe.

their pron. me. their{e) borrowed fr. ON. peira. — then me. thenne OE. p(En?te ident. w. than. — thence adv. me. thennes extended for thenne thanne = OE. pa?ione prop, panon =^ OHG. dannan (g. IW71 dannen). — - there adv. me. there, ther pE. per /^r-s==: OHG. diir (g. da). — they pron. ME. thei they, borrowed in the 11*^ cent. fr. ON. peir,

thick adj. me. thicke probably"

English Etymology.

borrowed fr. ON. pykkr {pjgkkr) ; the corresponding OE. /?VVV would have changed into ME. ^thicche e. "^thitch. Perhaps ME. thicke is blended w. oe. piece = ohg. dicki G. dick DU. dik. Teut. base piqu- =^ ARYAN base tigu- in OIR. Hug 'thick'.

thief sb. ME. thef (pi. thanes) oE. peof (pi. peofas) ~-- goth. piubsy ON. pjofry ohg. diob g. dieby DU. ^?(/: Teut. base peuba-y by Verner's law changed fr. original '^peufa-, as shown by ohg. diuva 'theft'.

thigh sb. ME. theigh earlier theh OE. peoh = ohg. dioh, du. dijy on. Pjo : Teut. base peuha-y ARYAN base ^teuko- , cogn. w. lith. taukas 'fat of animals, marrow', OSLOV. tukil 'fat'.

thimble sb. me. thi?nbel short for thimel oe. pymel 'thumb-stall': diminutive of oe. puma = thumb.

thin adj. me. thinne oe. pynne = - OHG. dunni G. diimiy DU. ^/z/;/, ON. punnr: Teut. base punnu- properly punu- punw- , ARYAN base t9nu in SKR. tanu, lat. tenuis, cymr. teneu; cp. gr. ravaoq (all equivalent). Aryan Y" /^// in .SKR. tan 'to stretch', o^.pennan, ohg. dennan G. dehnen, ' goth. panjan 'to stretch out'.

thine thy pron. me. M/// oe. ^//2 =:r GOTH. peinSy ON. //>2;r, OHG. ^f« G. deiuy DU. ^///>/; teut. pina- formed by suffix "ina- (cp. SKR. tdvakma 'thine') fr. teut. pu ■=-- thou.

14

2IO

thing — thousand

thing sb. ME. thing oe. ping ^-= ON. J>ing, OHG. G. DU. {/ing: Teut. base pinga- pmga-\ pro- bably ident. w. GOTH. /^/Af 'time' = LAT. tempus (for ^fenquusl).

think vb. me. thenke {thenchen) OE. pencean {3'' s^. prs. t. pencp^ = GOTH, pdgkjany ON. pekkjii, OSAX. thenkian, oho. deikan g. denkcn. Cp. goth. pugkjan ^=- OSAX. thimkian, ohg. dunkan G. diinkeny OE. pyncean *to seem\ ARYAN \r/<?;2^f/^^/^; in LAT. (Prae- nestine) to7igb-e 'to think'.

third see three.

thirst vb. me. MZ/j/^ oe. pyrstan and thirst sb. from the vb. ; the sb. is me. thiirst oe. purst = teut. purs-tu- = ohg. g. durst ^ DU. dorst\ cp. on. porsti, GOTH, ^aurstei sb. 'thirst', teut. verbal \(^ pers in goth. gapalrsan 'to be dry' — paursus 'dry' (oe. pyrre = ohg. ^z^rW G. diirr). AKY AN y/^ters trs in skr. trs 'to be thursty' — /r//^' 'gree- dy', gr. TbQamivw, LAT. torreo.

thirteen, thirty see three.

this pron. ME. //^/"^ earlier /^<?j | oe. /fi- masc. — /» neutr. — /<?<?jr fern. ; ident. w. ohg. dese G. dieser, du. ^<?2r^. The article the (teut. pa- under that) is extended by goth. sai lo', as shown by on. (runic) sd-si 'this here' (su-si fern.).

thistle sb. me. thistel oe. pistel ==^ ON. pistill, DU. distel, LG. distel, ohg. ^zi"/// G. distel.

thither adv. me. thider oe. //V/^r (orig. pceder') ; derived fr.

the stem pa- in />^(7/. Cp. goth. papro 'thence', on. padra 'there'.

thole sb. ME. thol oe. pol (11): Teut. base polla- in on. pollr^ DU. doly G. rudderdolle, Aryan base t9lno- (= skr. ///;/<?; 'quiver' for "^tulnd) fr. y"/^/ — - skr. v^^/^^ 'to lift up', LAT. tollere.

thong sb. ME. thong orig. thwong OE. pwong 'thong'; cp. ON. pvengi. TEUT. \f pwang.

thorn sb. me. thorn oe. porn sb. := ON. porn, OHG. G. ^^r;?, DU. doom] cp. GOTH, pailrnus. Ident. w. OSLOV. trinii 'thorn'; cp. SKR. trna 'grass'.

thorough ME. thorow oe. porh\ orig. preposition =- OE. purh, OHG. duruh G. durch, goth. pairh.

thou pron. me. thou oe. pu =

GOTH, pu, OHG. du (g. ^«) :

ARYAN ground- form tH in lat. ///, GR. TVf SKR. tu-am. Cp. thine.

though conj. me. though earlier thoh'. Scand. loanword of the 11*^ cent. (on. p6 orig. ^poH). Corresponding to OE. p(ah = GOTH, pduh; cp. OHG. doh g. DU. doeh.

thought sb. me. thought oe. lepoht: Teut. base ga-panhtu-, derived fr. \[^pank in pink.

thousand num. me. thousand thousend oe. pusend = ohg. dusunt G. tausendy du. duizend, ON. pilsund pushundy goth. pii- sundi'y in the Lex Salica, we find M^i'-^>^^/{W^ 'thousand'. Teut.

thrall — throng

21

base fus-hund- ^ compound of hund r=r hundred^iih. an ARYAN ills 'great, much' (cp. skr. imn 'much', iavas 'might'). lith. tiikstantis ^^ OSLO v. tysqsta 'thou- sand' correspond to the Teut. word.

thrall sb. me. thral (pi. ihralles) late OE. prcell {prdl) prop. prcklL fr. ON. prMl 'a thrall' (Teut. base prahila-) ; cogn. w. ohg. drigil *a slave' and w. goth. pragjan *to run' = OR. rgiyuv 'to run'.

thrash, thresh vb. me. thresshe OE. perscan str. vb. = goth. priskan, ohg. dr'eskan G. dreschen (du. dorschen), ON. preskja. teut. \(^ presk (iTAL. trescare is of Teut. origin); cp. lith. traszkHi 'to rattle, clap'?

thrave sb. me. thrdve thre've: a Scand. loanword; cp. ON. pre/l, DAN. trave 'a number of sheaves'.

thread sb. me. thrc'd oe. prdd ■= ON. prdd7'^ OHG. drcit G. draht^ DU. draad. The dental is suffix. Derivative of \p^ prd (pre) in OE. prdwan = throw.

threat sb. short for me. pr(t OE. prcat] cogn. w. oe. prutian pr(atian wk. vb. 'to threaten'; cogn. w. OE. prcaian wk. vb. 'to threaten' = OHG. drewen dromven (g. drohen).

three num. me. thre oe. preo (f. n. — pri m.); ident. w. goth. preis, ON. prir, DU. driCy ohg. dri G. ^r^2 : aryan base tri- in SKR. tri (nom. tray as), gr. rptTg,

LAT. /;r.f, OIR. /r/, OSLOV. RUSS.

trif LITH. /r^i". — The ordinal

third me. thridde oe. pridda corresponds to GOTH, pridja, on. pridi, DU. derde, ohg. ^/r///^ G. dritte\ cp. SKR. trtiya, lat. teriiuSy oSLOV. tretiju — thy*- teen me. threttene short for oe. preotene (pryttyne). thirty me. thritty OE. pritti"^ priti-^ = ohg. drizuc G. dreissig (see under /<?;z about the OE. -//j =^ o. -sz^ in zwanzig vierzig etc.). — thrice me. Mr/^jf extended for an older form prie OE. pri^a (priwa) =r^ OSAX. thrijo {thrtwo), ofries. thria ; see twice.

threshold sb. me. threshwold oe, perscwald mostly p'erscold', ident. w. OHG. driscufilij ON. preskjgldr. Probably not cognate w. thrash.

thrice see three.

thrift sb. me. thrift fr. on. prift. The str. vb. thrive me. thrive is borrowed fr. on. prifa-sk 'to thrive'.

throat sb. me. thrgte oe. protu =^OHG. dro2;yx mhg. ^//(^^^^ 'throte' (o. erdrosseln 'to throttle') ident. w. OLG. strata, du. strot'. Aryan ground - form {s)trudd-. iTAL. strozza gullet' is of teut. (Lango- bard.) origin.

throe sb. 'pain' me. throwe fr. the wk. vb. oe. prgzvian = ohg. druoen 'to suffer' (Teut. \[^ prow).

throne sb. for me. trgne fr. OFR. trone.

throng sb. me. throng oe. J^eprgng fr. the str. vb. oe. pringan = OHG. dringan G. du. dringeii\ ident. w. GOTH, preihan, on. pryngva 'to throng' : teut. \Ppring prmh, 14*

212

throstle — tight

ARYAN V" trenk trenq in LITH. trenkti 'to shake'.

throstle sb. me. thrpshl oe. ^rgstle ; cogn. w. lg. drdssl (oSAX. *t^rdstala fr. "^pj'amstalci) and w. ON. prgstr (goth. "^prastus) 'throstle'; cp. also lith. strdzdas 'throstle'.

through adv. ident. w. thorough'. ME. thuruh O^. purh = ohg. duruh G. durch, DU. dorchy goth. pairh,

throw vb. ME. thr&ive oe. prdwan str. vb. 'to twist, turn =: OHG. draen G. drehen (du. draaien) : teut. \f pre (also in thread) = Aryan \^tre{tere) in GR. TQrf-fjia 'a hole' — TtgsXv to pierce' — regsTQOv 'auger'.

thrush sb. (a bird's name) me. thrush short for oe. prysce (teut. base pruskjon)] cogn. w. ohg. drosca (base prauskon-).

thud sb. (Scotch) short for OE. pgden 'whirlwind'.

thumb sb. me. thombe ihumbe older picme oe. puma = ohg. dmno G. daumen, du. duim, swed. tumme (oN. pumall 'the thumb of a glove') : teut. hdise pu-man-. It rests on an aryan adj. tu-nw- 'thick, strong' in avest. tuma (SKR. tutuma) 'strong'; cp. LAT. turner e 'to swell', aryan \f tu.

thunder sb. me. thunder older form thoner thuner oe. punor =^ ohg. donar G. donner, DU. donder (cp. ON. porr for "^ponr the god of thunder), aryan \(^t9n ton in j LAT. tonare ^ — ionitrUy SKR. tan 'to sound', OE. punia?i\o resound, creak' (by form \p sten in SKR. stan |

'to sound', see under stun). — thursday me. thorsday thursday late oe. puresdcei OE. punresdce\ ■= ohg. donar es-tag g. donner stagy du. donder dag , on. porsdagr. Early translation of lat. lovis dies. TEUT. piinara- was the god of thunder, corresponding to ON. porr 'Thor'.

thus adv. me. thus oe. pus = OSAX. ofries. thus, DU. dus; corresponding to ohg. sus. Forms of the article the.

tick (of a bed) sb. not found in me. nor oe., probably borrowed fr. DU. tz/A = OHG. ziehha G. zieche\ source lat. theca, whence also FR. taie 'a tick'.

ticket sb. fr. fr. Hiquette.

tickle vb. me. tikele.

tide sb. me. tide 'season oe. tid (gen. tide^ 'time, hour' = on. tidy OSAX. tidy DU. tijdy ohg. zit G. zeit: Teut. base ti-di-, cogn. w. oe. ti-ma = time. — Hence tidings me. iidinges older form tithende fr. on. tidindi 'tidings' (== DU. tij dingy G. zeitung).

tie vb. me. tie oe. ti^an tiian wk. vb. to tie, connect'; derived fr. oe. t(ag 'bond, chain, rope' = Teut. base taugo: \/^taug tauh teuh 'to pull, draw', cogn. w. LAT. ducere 'to lead'; cp. ohg. ziohan g. Ziehen, oe. teon (prt. t^aH).

tight adj. me. ti-^ht borrowed fr. on. fittr (therefore also me. thiiht) =-- mhg. dihte (g. dieht): Teut. base pihti- pinhti-. Cogn. w. thicks

tike — today

213

tike sb. ME. tike fr. on. tik 'a bitch'.

tile sb. ]VIE. tile contraction fr. OE. tt'^ele — tiile'. source lat. iegula, whence also ohg. ziagal G. ziegelj DU. teg el tic he I (cp. fr. tuile, ITAL. teg old).

till vb. ME. tik older tilien oe. tilian 'to till land, to work'; cogn. w. OHG. zilon G. zielen *to aim at', OSAX. tilon tiloian^ du. telen 'to till, cultivate' (cp. goth. ^'^- tils adj. 'fitting').

till prepos. me. oe. til (in Northumbr. dialect) trrr on. /// 'till, to'. Cogn. w. GOTH, gatils and ohg. zilon under //// vb.

tilt sb. late me. telt 'a covering' for an earlier form teld (under the influence of tent) ~~ oe. letelcVdi covering, tent'; ident. w. OHG. z'elt gizelt G. zelt 'tent', odu. telt ghetelt\ei\t\ o^. tjald: Teut. base t'elcla- ga-telda-.

timber sb. me. oe. timber 'ma- terial for building'; cp. goth. timrjan 'to build'; ohg. zimbar 'material for building, edifice' G zimmer 'room', OSAx. timbar *edifice', du. timmer, on. ti?nbr. Cognate w. gr. ds/nstv 'to build' — douog edifice', lat. domus 'house', OSLOV. domi'i 'house', skr. david-.

time sb. me. time oe. tima = ON. timi time': Teut. base ti-mon- fr. the \^ti in tide.

tin sb. ME. OE. tin = on. dan. DU. tin^ OHG. zin G. zinn: common Teut. base tina-.

tinder sb. me. tinder oe. tyndre:

== base tundf'jon- in ohg. zuntira G. zunder; cp. DU. tinder ^ ON. ttmdr. Teut. verbal \ftand timd in GOTH, tandjan, OHG. zuntan G. zilnden, oe. ontendan 'to kindle'.

tine (of a fork) sb. me. oe. tind 'prong, spike' = on. tindr 'a spike', mhg. zint: Teut. base tinda- tenda-. Probably connected w. tooth (Teut. base tan^-).

tire vb. me. tire oe. tyra?t with the non-umlauted byform me. tere OE. teorian.

tit see titmouse.

tithe sb. ME. tithe\ prop, ordinal OE. tiieda {teogoda teopa) 'tenth'; see ten.

titlark see titmouse.

title sb. ME. title fr. ofr. title —7 FR. litre: source lat. titulus.

titmouse sb. (a bird's name) not connected w. mouse; the second element of the compound is ME. mpse oe. mdse ^-^ du. mees., OHG. meisa g. meise 'a titmouse' (fr. m^sange is of Teut. origin). The first element of titmouse (as of titlark) is on. tit 'a small bird'.

to prep. ME. OE. to prep. adv. =^ OSAX. to adv. { — // prep.j, ohg. zuo adv. ( — zi prep.); cp. du. toe^ G zu.

toad sb. ME. tgde oe. tdd-lie (see tadpole); there are no further connections.

toast vb. ME. tgste fr. ofr. toste = lat. tosta (fr. the vb. tor r ere).

today ME. to day oe. td dcBie =r OSAX. te dage. ■ — For tonight — tomorrow = me. to night — to

214

toe

tower

morwe oe. id trior gne cp. osax. te naht 'tonight'.

toe sb. ME. ig (pi. tofi) oe. td (pi. tdti) oldest form tdhce = OHG. ze/ia G. ze/ie: Tent, base taihon; cp. DU. teen^ on. td.

together adv. me. togedere oe. tpgcedre\ cogn. w. gather.

token sb. me. token or. tdcen: Teut. base taikna- in ohg. zeihhan G.zeichen, osax. tekan^ du. tecken; cp. GOTH, taikns (base iaikrii-). ^^_ Pre -Teut. base doigno- doigni- cogn. w. GR. dnyiia by the side oi deiy.vvfu. aryan V" dik {dig) in LAT. duo ( — dignus — prodigmm). e. teach oe. tcecean belongs to the same root.

toll sb. ME. oe. id I (II) = OHG. ZOI {II) G. ZOlI, OSAX. DU. tol\ Cp.

OSAX. tolna = OE. tohte 'toll'. Source LAT. ielbnium in a vulgar form iolonetwi for telonhmi. Cp. OE. tolnire ohg. zolandri = lat. tolonarius {telonarius).

tomb sb. ME. tombe tou7?ibe fr. FR. io77ibe = LAT, tumba.

tomorrow see today.

tongs sb. ME OE. tgnge {tange) rrzr ohg. zanga G. zange^ du. A/;v^, ON. /^?7^: Teut. base tango-n- fr. the ARYAN \l^ dak in skr. ^Z*?^ — GR. Q^davbiv to bite'.

tongue ME. /^?i!^<? tu77ge oe. ///^^^

= GOTH. iUggO, OHG. ZU7lga G.

z?mge , DU. /r?/2^. Teut. base tungoTt- fr. pre -TEUT. ddTighd- in OLAT. di77gua (= LAT. Hngua) .

tonight see today.

too ident. w. /f?.

tool sb. ME. OE. /<?/ = ON. /^/;

probably derived fr. the teut. \^iau\o make' (see under taw).

toom adj. me. oe. torn loanword fr. ON. tomr 'empty'; cp. osax. id77d id77ngy ohg. zuoTfiig 'empty'.

tooth sb. ME. igth (pi. teth) oe. top (pi. tef) fr. a Teut. base tanp- in OSAX. DU. taTid^ ohg. za7id {zan G. zahri), on. tgnn\ ablaut-varia- tion GOTH, timpus. ARYAN base do7it- ddnt- in skr. dat — darita^ GR. odoiT- (oi)o/c,), LAT. de77i- {lieTis) y LITH. dailtis. ARYAN \f td 'to eat' see under eat; the form of the Aryan word (cp. sooth) is present participle.

topi sb. ME. Qi^.top (pp) = ON. toppr^ DU. top (ohg. g. zopf a tuft of hair') : Teut. base toppa- tuppa-.

top2 sb. (a child's toy) me. oe. top (pp); phonetically differing fr. the equiv. lg. dop^ ohg. topfo G. topf.

torch sb. ME. torche fr. fr, torche^ whence also du. too7'ts.

touch vb. ME. touche fr. fr. toucher, whence also du. toetsen.

tough adj. ME. totigh oe. tgh fr. teut. '^tanku-y whence also du. taaiy OHG. zdhi G. zdhe. Perhaps cogn. w. oe. ietg7ig adj. 'in con- tact with' — letenge 'close to'.

towel sb. ME. touail fr. ofr. toaille = fr. touaille. Source an old Teut. word ; cp. ohg. dwahiiia G. zwehle 'towel', teut. \f pwah in GOTH. p'waha7i = oe. pwca7t str. vb. 'to wash'.

tower sb. ME. tour late oe.

town —

(ii**^ cent.) hir fr. fr. tour. Source lat. turris.

tpwn sb. ME. toun oe. tiin; the original meaning fence' is seen in OE. tynan \vk. vb. 'to fence, enclose'. Cp. on. hin^ du. tuin^ OHG. zim G. zaun 'fence, hedge'. Cogn. w. OIR. ciun fortress' (in CELT, place-names as in Augusto- dunutfi) .

trace sb. me. frdfe fr. fr. /race (source lat. tractiare).

trade sb. original meaning 'path' fr. the vb. tread.

trail vb. me. traile late oe. trce'^lian fr. ofr. traillery whence also DU. LG. treilen.

traitor sb. me. traiiour fr. ofr. traitor (fr. traitre) = lat. ira- ditor{em).

tramp, trample vb. me. tranipe ■= LG. tramp en trampeln ; cp. GOTH, trimpan to tread'.

trap sb. me. trappe late oe. trcpppe loanword fr. fr. trappe; source OHG. trappa.

travel vb. me. travaille fr. fr. travailler.

treachery sb. me. trecherie triccherie fr. fr. trie her ie (fr. trie her vb.).

tread vb. me. tr^de oe. tredan str. vb. = OSAX. tredan, DU. treden, OHG. tr'etan G. treten; cp. goth. trudan, on. troda 'to tread'. teut. \ftred trod.

treason sb. me. traisoun fr. ofr. traison ^^rz: fr. trahison: source LAT. traditio{nem).

treasure sb. me. tresgr fr. fr. trtfsor = LAT. thesaurus.

treat vb. . fr. fr. traiter -= lat. tractarc.

tree sb. me. tre oe. treo = goth. trill, OSAX. trio, on. tri: Teut. base ir'ewa-, derived fr. an Aryan dru doru in skr. di u daru 'wood', GR. iigvq 'oak' — $6qv 'spear', OSLOV. driiva — drcvo 'wood'; cogn w. tar and trough.

tripe sb. me. tripe = du. trip fr. FR. tripe.

trouble vb. short for me. trouble: loanword fr. fr. troubler.

trough sb. me. trogh oe. troh trog — -- ON. OHG. G. DU. trog'. Teut. base troga- tiuga-, pro- bably derived fr. ARYAN dru- 'wood' under tree.

trout sb. ME. troute (for troughtef) oe. trilht: early loanword fr. LAT. triicta —■- FR. truite.

truant sb. me. truant prop. trilatmd fr. fr. truand a vaga- bond'.

truce sb. me. trewes plural form of ME. treiz'c 'truce' r:r= oe. treowa 'confidence, faith'. Derivative of the adj. true me. trewe oe. ytreowe "^etrywe —- ohg.'Z, ///av gitriuwi G. (ge)treu, osAX. triiiwr, cp. GOTH, triggws — ON. tryggr 'true'. Cogn. w. OPRUSS. druwis 'belief — druwit 'to believe". ARYAN sf dru. See truth and trust.

trump sb. me. trumpe trotnpe fr. FR. trompe, whence also ODU. trompe.

truncheon sb. me. trounchoun tronchoun fr. ofr. tronchon =' FR. iron con.

2l6

trust

twine

trust sb. ME. trust fr. on. trgust 'confidence' (= ohg. trost g. trost 'consolation'): Teut. base irausta- fr. an ARYAN base drouz- da-\ co^n. w. ir. druit (base drtizdi-) 'firm, trustworthy'.

truth ME. treidhe oe. treowp 'faith, fidelity': abstract forma- tion to true,

try vb. me. trie fr. fr. trier.

tub sb. me. tubbe = du. tobbe, LG. tubbe 'a tub'; cogn. w. OHG. zubiir G. zuber. Source lat. tubus 'a pipe, tube'?

tuck vb. ME. tukke = ohg. zockon zucken : intensive formation of y" tuh in GOTH, tiuhan = ohg. ziohan (see under tie^.

Tuesday sb. me. Tiwesday oe Tlwesdcei -— on. Tysdagr, G. (Ale- mann.) Zistag: translation of lat. Martis dies. The Teut. god Tiw corresponds to Mars. oe. Tiw on. Tjr rests on aryan deiwos 'god' (in SKR. deva, lat. deus; cp. on. //Wr 'the gods').

tumble vb. me. tumble tomble fr. oe. tumbian 'to dance, tumble'; cp. DU. tuimelen fr. ODU. tilmen.

tun sb. me. tunne tonne oe. /««/^^ -=■ DU. /^A/; ident. w. ohg. tunna G. /<?//;z<? and FR. tonne. Source and history of the group not cleared up yet.

turbot sb. ME. turbut fr. fr. turbot.

turf sb. ME. turf tor/ ok. ///;/ --= ON. tor/, OHG. zurba, DU. turf 'peat : Teut. base turb- torb- fr. an ARYAN base drbh- d?rbh-; cp. SKR. darbha 'bunch of grass'.

turn vb. short for me. toui'ne late OE. iiirnian fr. fr. tourner,

turtle sb. me. oe. turtle (= OHG. turtulatuba G. turteltaube) fr. lat. turtur.

tusk sb. ME. tusk tusch short for OE. iusc {tusc); probably Teut. base tunska-, derived fr. teut. tun^- {tanp') = tooth.

twelve num. me. oe. twelf (infl. ME. twelve OE. twelf e^ = goth. twalif, ohg. zwelifG. zwolf, OSAX. twelif^ DU. tivaalf. The word rests on the num. two; the 2"^ element (cp. lith. dvylika twelve') occurs again in goth. ainlif =^ OHG. einlif (see eleven). — twenty me. twenty oe. twenti"^ probably contracted for "^twe- lentii =r OHG. ziveinzug (g. zwanzig, DU. twintig). - - twice adv. me. twies prop, twie oe. twiia {twiwa tuwd) . —

twig sb. ME. twig pi. twigges; cogn. w. OE. twi (pi. tiviyi), ohg. S7^v and also w. ohg. zwig G. zweig, DU. /wz/^. Probably con- nected w. the numeral two (ARYAN stem dwi-).

twins pi. ME. twinnes oe. letwinnas; ident. w. ON. tvinnr 'two and two'; cp. ohg. zwini- ling G. zwilling, DU. twee ling 'a twin' and lith. dvymi 'twins'. All derived fr. the Aryan stem dwi-; see two.

twine vb. me. twine vb. fr. the sb. oe. twin 'linen, a twisted thread' = DU. twijn, which is ident. w. mho. g. zwirn , DU. tweern: Teut. base twizna- fr.

twinckle. — up

217

\Ptwis (see under twist), cogn. w. the num. two.

twinckle vb. me. twincle oe. twinclian.

twist vb. ME. twisie vb. fr. oe. twist sb. Vope' = odu. twist 'thread'; TEUT. \p twis as in G. zwirn 'thread'; see twine.

twit vb. short for ME. at-wite OE. cet-witan str. vb. 'to reproach'; cp. OE. ed-7vit sb. 'reproach' and GOTH, idweitjan vb. 'to reproach', OHG. firwiiyin G. verweisen, DU. verwijten 'to reproach' and oe. wife, OSAX. wtti, ohg. wi'^'^i 'pu- nishment', GOIB.. fraweitan str. vb.

twitch vb. ME. twicche (without palatalisation twicke) oe. twiccian

= G. zwicken (cp. ohg. zwecchoti) : Teut. ground-form ^twikkjon}

twitter vb. me. twitere = ohg. zwizzirS/i G. zititschern; perh. a reduplicated avest-teut. */?£//- twiron? (teut. y^twisf).

two num. : orig. twain masc. — two f. n. = me. twein — two oe. twe^en — twd (tic n. for ^twu orig. "^twp) ; cp. OHG. zwene — zwd — zwei, OSAX. twene — two (two) — tw^y GOTH, twai — twos — tzva. ARYAN Stem diW' dwo- in lat. duoy GR. (JVo (but JrJJfxa for

*J"/W()6Xm), SKR. ^«^ ^Z^<7.

tyrant sb. me. tlraunt (with excrescent / as in pageant) fr. OFR. tiran =: lat. tyi'annus.

u

udder sb. me. z^^^/^r short for OE. tider — - OHG. iitar (g. enter),

ODU. OFRIES. OSAX. //^<fr; ARYAN

base iidhr- in skr. iidhur, lat. 2^^^r; cp. GR. ovSffO. All equi- valent.

ugly adj. ME. ?^^/7 fr. on. uggligr 'dreadful' ; cp. ON. ugga 'to fear'.

umpire prop, fiumpire (as auge?' for orig. nauger) me. noumpere fr. OFR. nonper.

un-' prefix (of adjectives) me.

OE. ?/;z- = G. OHG. GOTH. Tin-',

ident. w. lat. in-^ GR. av- a-, SKR. an- a- : ARYAN ground-form dfi-, cogn. w. SKR. na , la.t. ne, GOTH. OHG. niy OE. ne 'not'. un2 prefix (of verbs) me. tm-

late OE. un- oe. on- = goth. and-, OHG. int- G. ^z?/"-.

uncle sb. me. uncle oncle fr. fr. oncle {= LAT. avunculus). Cp. also aunt, neveWy niece.

under prep. me. oe. under = GOTH. OSAX. undar, on. z^«^2>, DU. onder, OHG. ///z/^r G. unter. Two different prepositions are blended in this form: lat. inter, SKR. antar and lat. infra skr. adhds.

up prep. adv. me. ?^ oe. z^)!!>/; ident. w. OHG. uf G. auf, osax. ^/; cp. the ablaut-relation goth. iup. Cogn. w. OE. ufan 'from above' = ohg. ohana osax. obana 'from above'. See above and

urchin . — very

and over, upon me. upon OE. upp-on; cp. ON. upp a.,

urchin sb. me. irchoun fr. ofr. iregon (fr. herisson) ; source a vulgar LAX. ericio{n€7n) = lat. ericius 'hedge-hog' (the genuine E. word was OE. i}^el = ohg. igil G. igel, cogn. w. or. ^/Tvoc).

us pron. me. us (ous) oe. us for TEUT. tms- in G. ohg. goth. tins, OSAX. us, DU. ons. Cp. our and 7i>e.

use sb. me. use fr. fr. ?/5 =■ LAT. tisus.

usquebaugh sb. fr. ir. m'sge beaiha 'water of Hfe'; ident. w. whisky.

utmost short for ME. outemeste OE. (w. umlaut) ytemest; ident. w. outmost.

utter vb. ME. uttre outre derived fr. ME. oute vb. 'to put out' oe. iltian 'to put out'. Source out.

vain adj. me. vaifi fr. fr. vain — - LAT. vdnus.

vale sb. me. vdl fr. fr. vale and valley me. valeie fr. fr. valUe. Source LAT. vallis.

valiant adj. me. valiaunt fr. FR. vailiant.

valley see vale.

van ident. w. fan.

vane sb. (a wether-cock) me. (Kent.) vane — (else) fane oe. fdna =. ohg. fano {gund-fano) G. fahne, du. vaan, goth. fana: Teut. base fanan-, cogn. w. LAT. p annus 'cloth'.

vanish vb. me. vanisshe fr. OFR. vanir (vaniss-)) source lat. eva7tescere.

vanquish vb. me. venquisshe fr. OFR. veinquir (veinquiss-) ■=-- FR. vainer e\ source lat. vin- cere.

vat sb. ME. (Kent.) vat — (else) fat OE. feet = OSAX. on. fat,

OHG. fai G. fass, DU. vat: Teut. base fata-. Cogn. w. lhh. pudas 'a pot' and ohg. fay^on g. fassen 'to contain'.

vaunt vb. short for ME. avaunte vb. fr. OFR. avanter (fr. vanter^ =-■- late LAT. vanitare.

veal sb. me. v{l fr. ofr. v'eel (fr. veau)\ source lat. vitellus 'a little calf.

veil sb. ME. veile fr. onfr. veik = LAT. velum.

vein sb. me. veine fr. fr. veine -- LAT. vena.

venison sb. me. vencisoun fr. OFR. veneison = LAT. venatio(nem).

venom sb. me. vemm fr. ofr. venim = LAT. venenum.

verse sb. me. vers fr. fr. vers; OE. ME. fers is loanword fr. LAT. versus with the medieval pro- nunciation of LAT. v as /.

very adj. me. verrei verrai fr. OFR. verai (fr. vrat) ; source

wade

219

a LAT. type verdcus for lat. I verdc-C7ri.

vessel sb. me. i^essel fr. ofr. vcissel (fr. vaisseau) = lat. vascellmn {v as cuius — vas).

vetch sb. ME. vecche fr. ofr. veche (fr. vesce) = lat. vicia, whence also OHG. wicka g. wicke du. zez/^^.

vex vb. ME, vexe fr. fr. vexer = LAT. vexare.

vial (phial) sb. me. zw/^ fr. fr. yf^/^ (ofr. viole).

vice sb. me. e^^^<? fr. fr. vice = LAT. vitiu7n.

victory sb. me. victgrie fr. ofr. •victor ie = fk. victoire.

victuals sb. (me. vitaille) fr. OFR. vitaille in tlie spelling vic- iuaille. Source lat. viciualia.

view sb. fr. FR. vue.

vigil sb. me. vigile fr. fr. vigile = LAT. vigilia.

vigor sb. me. vigour fr. ofr. vigour (fr. vigeur^ = lat. vigor -em.

vile adj. me. zv/ fr. fr. w7 = LAT. vtlis.

villain sb. me. vilein fr. ofr. riltin = lat. villanus.

vine sb. me. vine fr. fr. zv^/z^ ^ lat. vinea. Cp. wine.

vinegar sb. me. vin^gre fr. fr. vinaigre = LAT. vinu?n acre. For the 2'^^^ element cp. eager.

vinewed adj. (the initial v instead of / is due to Kentish influence) fr. oe. fynegian 'to become mouldy' (/>';?25 mouldy').

vintage sb. transformed fr. me. vindiige, which rests on fr. veii~ dange = lat. vindemja (whence OHG. wintimma 'vintage').

viol sb. fr. fr. viole = ital. SPAN. viola\ source a late lat. vitula, whence also fiddle.

virgin sb. me. virgine fr. ofr. virgine.

virtue sb. me. vertii fr. fr. vertu.

visage sb. me. visdge fr. fr. visage. — vision sb. me. visioun fr. fr. vision.

vixen sb. (z^ instead of/" due to Kentish influence) oe. ^fyxen : Teut. base fuhsinjo- {o,. filch siii) y derived fr. teut. fuhs- fohs- under fox (^-injo- being fern, suffix as in G. got tin, grdfn etc.).

voice sb. me. vois fr. ofr. vols (fr. voix) = lat. 7^0X.

voutch vb. me. vouche fr. ofr. voucher (= LAT. vocare).

vow sb. ME. vou fr. OFR. vou (fr. voeii) -= LAT. votuni.

voyage sb. fr. fr. voyage', cp. ME. vidge vedge fr. ofr. veiage. Source lat. viaticutn.

w

wade vb. me. wade oe. wddan (prt. wpd) str. vb. := ON. vada,

DU. waden, OHG. watan str. vb. (g. waten wk. vb.) : teut. yfwady

220

wafer

wnnd

ARYAN y" wddh in lat. vddere 'to go'.

wafer sb. me. wdfre fr. ofr. watifre = fr. gaufre\ ident. w. DU. wafel^ G. waffel (oSAX. *wafld). The group prop, meant 'honey comb' as in fr. and is derived fr. a Teut. word (ohg. wabo G. wabe'^ sfw'eb in weave),

wag vb. ME. wagge (oe. *wag- giaii) derived fr. sfweg (in oe. wagian 'to move, wag'); see

wage sb. ME. wage fr. ofr. wage (fr. gage)', source a vul- gar LAT. wadium for lat. vadium (influenced by a teut. -goth. wadi 'a pledge' under wed).

^^sggon sb. fr. uu. wagen\ ident. w. wain.

wail vb. ME. z£w/(? z£^(?//<?; derived fr. ME. tvei 'woe' (loanword fr. on. vei\ see woe).

wain sb. me. wain oe. wce^n'. Teut. base wagnu- in ohg. wagan g. du. wag en (on. vagn) ; aryan \^wegh as in lat. vehiculum, GR. o/fv, OIK. fin 'wain'. See

waist sb. me. z£/<ii-/; doubtful whether allied to wax}

wait vb. me. waite fr. ofr. waite?'\ source a vulgar lat. vb. wactare, der. fr. ohg. ivahta = GOTH, wahtwo 'a watching'. For the root see wake and watch.

wake vb. me. wake oe. wdcian =^ OSAX. wakojan, DU* waken, on. z'^/^rt-, OHG. wahhen g. wacheti wk. vb. (only goth. wakan str.

vb.). Cp. also OE. weccean, ohg. weckan, osAx. wekkian, du. wekken, GOTH, wakjan \o awake'. Aryan \(^weg in LAT. vegere 'to excite, arouse' {vigil 'awake') and skr. z^r^rt^ to incite'. See watch (and wait).

walk vb. ME. walke', intensive formation (cp. lurk, stalk) of OE. weallian 'to wander' = ohg. wallon G. w alien.

wall sb. ME. w«/ (pi. walks) OE. 7£/^/3'// (pi. weallas) ^=^ du. 7£^^/, OSAX. 2£/^/ (pi. wallos)] not found in ohg. (but G. 7i>all borrowed fr. LG.). Source lat. vallum 'a rampart'.

wall-eyed adj. fr. oe. wealden- iie — - ON. vald-eygdr 'wall-eyed'?

wallow vb. ME. walwe OE. weal- wian 'to wallow'; cp. goth. zval- wison 'to wallow' and walwjan 'to roll'. Cogn. w. lat. volvere (gr. siXvstv) 'to roll', aryan \rwelw wolw.

walnut sb. me. walnote walnute OE. wealh-hnutu = on. valhiiot, DU. walnoot G. walnuss (not found in OHG.). The former element (teut. walha-) see under Welsh {walnut prop, meant 'French nut'; cp. lat. nux Gallica = FR. gauge).

walrus sb. = du. walrus wal- rosy G. walross, dan. hvalros] cp. ON. hrosshvalr (whence oe. hors- Mvce.t)'. lit. 'a horse-whale'. See whale.

wan adj. me. wan{nn) oe. wan?i {ivonn).

wand sb. me. wand fr. on.

wander — was

221

vgnd (gen. vandm-) = goth. wandus 'a rod'. Cogn. w. lith. wantal or w. wind vb. ?

wander vb. me. wandre oe. 7vandrian\ cp. MHG. G. wandern wandcln (oHG. wantalon) 'to wander'. Cogn. w. wend vb.

wane vb. me. wane oe. wdnian = OHG. wanbn^ on. z^^/z^ *to wane, diminish' : derived fr. teut. wafta- 'lacking' in oe. wan, on. vanr, oHG. wan, GOTH, wans 'lacking' (cp. du. wanhoop 'de- spair' and G. wahnwitz 'want of wits'). Cogn. w. SKR. una 'wan- ting'. — want sb. me. want fr. ON. vant neutr. of vani' lacking, deficient'. — wanton me. wan- ioun prop. 7va7ttgwen for '^wan- togen : oe. togen is participle of teon (see team) 'to educate'.

war sb. me. (since 12*^ cent.) werre = du. werre fr. ofr. werre (fr. guerre)\ source ohg. weir a 'vexation' (ohg. osax. w'erran str. vb. 'to bring into confusion or disorder').

ward sb. me, wai:d oe. weard Vatchman, guardian r::^ OSAX. ward, ohg. g. wart (on. vgrdr for ^wardus) : aryan \pwor see under wary, — warden sb. ME. ivardcin fr. ofr. wardein (gardein) ident. w. guardian', see guard, — wardrobe me. wardergbe fr. ofr. warderobe (fr. garderohe) .

ware sb. me. ware oe. wdru 'merchandise' = du. waar g. I ware, ON. vara. \

warlock sb.- for me. warlgwe \

oe. wcerioga 'traitor' (= OSAX. wdrlogo) : compound of oe. wdr 'faith, agreement' and -loga 'a liar' (oe. leogan under lie ').

warm adj. me. warm oe. wearm = OSAX. ohg. g. du. warm, on. varmr (cp. goth. war?njan 'to make warm') : Teut. base warma- for ARYAN base ghw'ermo- in gr. di^ounc (f/:s^f.wg) = lat. formus 'warm'.

warn vb. me. warne oh. wear- nian war{e)nian = ohg. warnon \ G. warnen 'to warn'.

"warp sb. me. warp oe. wearp derived fr. oe. weorpan me. werpe str. vb. 'to throw' r^r goth. wairpan , OSAX. whpan , du. werpcn, ohg. w'erfan g. werfen str. vb. 'to throw'. ARYAN \fwergw in SKR. vrj\o remove', OSLOV. Z'resti {vruga) 'to throw'.

warrant sb. me. waraunt fr. OFR. war ant (fr. gar ant),

wart sb. me. werte: umlauted by form of oe. wearte = on. varta, ODU. warte, ohg. warza G. warze. Perhaps cogn. w. oe. wearr 'callosity, wart' and lat. verruca 'wart'.

wary adj. extension of me. war OE. wcer 'cautious, aware' = goth. wars, osax. war 'cau- tious' (ohg. giwar g. gewahr) : ARYAN \/" K'fi'r also in gr. o^ulv 'to observe'.

was (I, he) — were (we) me. was-were p'E.. wces-weron (wcer on): forms of the preterite of oe. wesan ^^--. du. wezen, ohg. wesan, goth. wisan (g. wesen sb. 'a

222

wash

being'). Aryan \fwes in skr. vas \o stay in a place'.

wash vb. ME. wasshe oe. wascan = ON. vaska, OHG. wascan G. waschen. Aryan sfwask in ir. faiscim^ w. gwasgu 'I press'.

wasp sb. ME. waspe oe. 7£'<«^j' fr. a Teut. base wafsa- in ohg. wafsa] cogn. w. lat. vespa, lith. z/^/j^ 'breeze', OSLOV. 7^^j^ 'wasp'. ARYAN \fwebh in weave\ wasp orig. weaver'.

waste adj. me. 7£/^j/ fr. ofr. wast (cp. FR. ^^/(?r 'to make waste'). Source lat. vastus, influenced by teut. 7ziosti 'waste' (oe. 7C'este, ohg. wuosti G. tviist fr. an ARYAN wdstu- in oir. fas, LAT. vastus 'waste').

watch vb. me. ivacche oe. *7vced- can (in the pres. partic. wceccende) = oe. 7mcia?t under 7vake.

water sb. me. 7vdter oe. wceter = OSAX. watar, du. 7vater, ohg. waT^T.ar G. 7vasser: west-teut. base watera-', ident. w. goth. 7vatd, ON. vatii. Cogn. w. wet and outside of teut., w. gr. \b(DQy SKR. udan, OSLO v. russ. voda 'water'. ARYAN \f7Vod\ ud.

wattle sb. me. 7vatel oe. watol hurdle, tile'.

wave sb. derived fr. the wk. vb. wave me. 7vdve oe. 7vdfian 'wave, fluctuate'; cp. on. vdfa 'to vibrate to and fro'.

wax sb. me. 7vaxe oe. weaxan str. vb. = OHG. OSAX. wahsan G. wachsen^ du. was sen', cp. goth. 7vahsjan. Aryan \fweks uks in

SKR. uks 'grow up, get strong*, GR. dhS^Hv wax. Cp. ox.

wax sb. me. wax oe. 7veax = ON. z'^jc, OHG. wahs G. wachs,

DU. 7£/^i"i". Cogn. W. LITH. 7l)dSZ'

kas, osLov. RUSS. vosku. way sb. me. way wey 7vei oe.

wei = OSAX. OHG. Z£/<^ G. DU.

7£ieg, ON. z'/?^/', GOTH. 7mg-s 'wav' : Teut. base wega- (allied to lat. via 'way'), derived fr. the teut. \f7veg in OE. wegan 'to carry' = OHG. 7v'egan to move', goth. gawigan] ident. w. lat. vehere 'to carry', GR. &/6/J', SKR. vah 'to carry': Aryan \f7v'egh also in wain.

we pron. ME. OE. ?£// ^-= GOTH.

weis, OHG. G. wir , oSAX. z^/z; ident. w. skr. vay-am 'we' : aryan ground-form wei fr. a stem 7ve- in ON. z^<2rr 'our'.

^veak adj. me. f^<?//^ fr. on. veikr veykr; ident. w. oe. wdc me. wok = DU. 7veek, osA.x. wek, OHG. weih G. 7veich. teut. \fwtk in OE. wlcan 'to give way' =:r OSAX. wikan, on. vikja, ohg. wihhan G. 7veichen. Cogn. w. GR. fl'xctv 'to give way', lat. 27zV^.f 'change'. ARYAN \f7v1g 7vlk.

weal sb. me. 7v(le oe. ze^*?/^ (7veo/a) 'prosperity , riches' = OSAX. welo 'happiness , riches' (ohg. 7iiela — 7vola G. 7vohl 'wel- fare'). Cogn. w. a/(?//and will. — wealth ME. welthe extension of weal = DU. weelde.

wean sb. me. 7vcne oe. 7venian 'to wean a child' prop, 'to ac- custom'; ident. w. osAX. wennian,

weapon

week

22^

(g. gewohnen), on. venja \o ac- custom'. Derived fr. the adj. wana- in on. vanr 'accustomed' (cp. OYLG. giwon OE. ^<?7£/«;2 'usual').

weapon sb. me. wcpen oe. wckpcn = ON. vapn^ OS AX. wapa?i, du. map en, ohg. waff an o. 7£/^^ (goth. wepna plur.).

wear vb. me. were oe. werian wk. vb. 'to clothe' = goth. wasjan 'to clothe', OHG. werian, ON. ?.'<?;y<2 'to cloth': TEUT. \fwaz was (also in goth. was-ti 'gar- ment'), ARYAN sfwes in LAT. f^^i"-

//> 'garment', GK.ftj-d^fjJ^ clothing*, &FVI/LII 'I clothe', SKR. pas 'to clothe'.

weary adj. me. 7e>cTy oe. ff//;7j (7i>drii) = OS AX. worig 'tired', ohg. wuorag 'intoxicated': teut. sl^worl or woz'i

weasand sb. me. wesend oe. wcBsend uml anted byform of OE. wdsend 'throat, gullet' = ofries. wdseiide 'windpipe', ohg. weisunt 'veins'.

weasel sb. me. whel oe. w'esule = ohg. wisula G. wiesely du. wezel jveasel'. Perhaps cogn. w. lat. visio 'bad smell', whence ofr. voison 'foumart'.

weather sb. me. wcder oe. wider ^r=L OSAX. w'edar, du. weder, ohg. w'etar G. wetter^ on. vedr: Teut. base 7v'edra-, aryan base wedhro- in OSLOV. vedru clear' (weather) . — vedro 'clear weather'.

weave sb. me. weve oe. w'efan str. vb. = ON. vefa, du. weven, ohg. w'eban g. weben. aryan y" w'ebh iibh (see 7vasp, wafer and

weevil) also in gr. ixjrj-vcpog a. web' — v(faivHv 'weave'. — web me. oe. web (bb) fr. teut. wabja- in OHG. weppiy du. 7£/^^, on. vefr a web'.

wed vb. prop, 'to engage' me. wedde oe. weddian = goth. ^<7- wadjon 'to pledge', on. z^^^"^. Derived fr. the sb. oe. wedd = goth. wadi, ohg. ivetti 'a pledge' and cogn. w. lat. vas — vadis 'a pledge'. Further relations see under gage and wage. — wed- lock me. wedlflk OE. wedldc (oe. lac gift, offering).

wedge sb. me. ivegge oe. 7aecg =r ohg. ze/.^<:-^/ (g. 7veck)y du. z£/^^, on. veggr: Teut. base 7vagja-; cogn. w. LiTH. 7vagis, lett. imidsis 'a wedge.

wedlock see ived,

Wednesday me. 7vednes-day um- lauted byform of oe. Wodnes-dce^ = LG. wodnesdach, du. 7voensdag\ prop, 'day of Woden': translation of LAT. Mercurii dies. The Teut. god Woden (ohg. Wuota?t, ON. Odimi) is identified w. Mercurius.

weed 1 sb. (plantname) me. wed OE. 7£/^W -— OSAX. wiod 'weed'.

weed 2 sb. 'garment' me. 7vede OE. 7ved ivckd (infl. -e) = ON. vdd, OSAX. wad, OHG. wdt 'clothing, garment': Teut. base 7ve-di- fr. an ARYAN \f 7v^ to weave' in SKR. vd 'to weave'.

week sb. me. 7cieke 7vike oe. 7m cu = OSAX. 7vika, ON. ?^//^^, OHG. 7v'chha wohha G. 7voche 'week'; cp. GOTH. 7mkd 'order, succession'.

224

Derived fr. \^ wtk in oe. wican 'to give way' see under weak.

ween vb. me. wene oe. wemin (prop, wcenan) 'to hope, expect' = GOTH. wenj(m, on. vdna, ohg. wan{n)an G. wdhnen: derived fr. oe. wen (ween) sb. hope' = OHG. wan G. wahn, on. vein, goth. wens: Teut. base weni-.

weep vb. prop, a str. vb. me. wepe (prt. ivep) oe. wepan wcepan (prt. weop) = GOTH, wopjan \vk. vb., OSAX. wopian, OHG. wuoffati MHG. wuefc7i 'lament', on. cepa (orig. ^vcepd) \o cry', teut. \r 7vdp.

weevil sb. me. wevel wivel oe. wifel = osAX. wihil, OHG. ze//'^^//, on. yfill: derived fr. the teut. yfw'eb in weave\ cp. lith. wa- balas 'weevil'. — From the same root also weft me oe. weft = ON. v'eptr.

weilght sb. me. weight fr. on. V(Ett orig. ^vcBht\ cp. oe. wiht 'weight' fr. OE. wegan (see way).

^veird sb. 'fate' cp. me. wirde oe. wyi'd 'fate' ^= on. urd^ osAX. ze/2/r/^ 'fate'. Derived fr. teut. werpan --=- oe. wear dan, osAX. werdan, ohg. werdati g. werden, ON. verda, goth. wairpan 'to be- come'. ARYAN Y^w^r/ in LAT. f^^;- /^r^ to turn', SKR. vft 'to turn'.

welkin sb. me. welkne welken; umlauted by form of me. wolkne oe. woken 'cloud' = osax. ohg. wolkan, OSAX. wulka, ohg. inolka G. wolke 'cloud'. Perhaps cogn. w. osT.ov. vlugukii 'humid' —

vlaga 'humidity', LITH. vilgyti 'to moisten', aryan \^w9lg.

well adv. ME. OE. we I = Dtr. we/, OSAX. we/^a^. v'ei;- cp. ohg. w'ela wola G. wohl (goth. waila). Origin doubtful, but connection w. weal and will certain.

well sb. ME. welle oe. welle wella (wylle wylla): Teut. base walljon-'. umlaut-relation of oe. weal/an str. vb. 'boil, flow' = OSAX. OHG. wallan str. vb. 'boil, flow'. ARYAN \(^wel wal in oe. wylm 'boiling, flowing' = skr, iir7ni 'flood', OHG. wella G. tvelle 'wave' =:: OSLOV. vluna, lith. vilnis 'wave'.

Welsh adj. me. welsh oe. wylisc umlauted fr. a teut. walhiska-', derived fr. oe. Wealh 'foreigner', prop, 'a Celt' (cp. zvalmit). The corresponding adj. OHG. walhisc — sb. Walah means an inhabitant of a Ro- mance country, teut. Walha- r'ests on the Celtic tribe name Volcae.

wen sb. me. wen oe. weim 'tu- mor' =1 DU. wen, LG. wene: Teut. base wanja- (perhaps cogn. w. wound?).

wench sb. me. wenche older wenchel prop, 'infant ; ablaut-re- lation of OE. wincel 'child .

"wend vb. (only in the prt. went) fr. me. wende prt. wente oe. wendan prt. wende \ orig. meanij^g 'to turn' = GOTH, wandjan, OSAX. wendian, ohg. wentan G. wen den. Causal of wind.

were see was.

west — whey

225

west sb. ME. OE. ivest = on. vestr^ DU. G. west (fr- ouest of Teut. origin).

wet adj. short for ME. wet OE. wit wdt =: ON. vdt7', OFRiES. 7e>et: Teut. base weta- fr. the same root as watei',

wether sb. me. wether oe. weder = GOTH, wiprus^ ON. vedr^ OS ax. withar wethar, du. weder weer^ OHG. widar G. widder. Cogn. w. LAT. vituliis 'calf and skr. vatsa 'calf.

whale sb. me. whal (pi. whales) OE. hwcel[\t\. hwdlas) = on. hvalr, OHG. 7<:'^/ (g. walfisch, DU. 7£/^/- ?//V^^ = ON. hvalfiskr). Cogn. w. GR.TisXw^) 'monster. Cp. walrus.

what pron. me. what oe. hwcet

= OHG. >^W^5 G. 7£JaS, DU. W^/,

OS AX. hwat; cp. the Teut. stem ^f^'c?- under who.

wheat sb. me. ivh^te oe. hwcete = GOTH, hwaiteis, on. >^z,'^///, du. 7£W/^, OHG. wcizzi G. weizen. Cogn. w. white = TEUT. hivita- (in me. we find 7^'/^//^ "wheat' by the side of wh(te).

wheel sb. me. whel oe. hweol (w. the byform hweowol hweogol) = ON. i^/c// (for *hvjdl} — hvc^l, DU. 7mel (ofries. ^al): teut. base hweula- (for hwegwla-) and hw'ehwla-^ Aryan base qeqlo- in SRK. cakra 'wheel', gr. xrxAoc wheel'. By the side of the re- duplicated word qe-ql-o- cp. osLov. kolo 'wheel'.

wheeze vb. me. whese oe. hwesan (for ^hwdsaft) 'to wheeze'; cogn. w. OE. hivpsta, ON. hostiy ohg.

English Etymology.

h{w)uosto G. husten, DU. i^^<?.y/ 'coughing', teut. y" hitios = y

ARYAN \pkas in SKR. /^^^, IR.

casad, ltih. ^^j-^// 'to cough'.

whelk sb. cp. me. wilk oe. 7violc weolc (older wiluc) 'whelk' = du. 7juulk welk wdlok. Ident. w. ofr. 7velke.

whelp sb. ME. whelp oe. Mv'elp 'whelp, cub' = ON. hvelpr ^ du. 7velp^ OHG. h^velf iv'elf.

when conj. me. when o^.hwcenne fr. stem hwa- m. who.

whence adv. me. 7vhenne-s prop. whanene OE. hwanone older Mvanon = OHG. hwandn.

where pron. -adv. me. whi^^e) oe. hwcer (me. whore late oe. h7vdr) = OSAX. OHG. hwdr mhg. 7e'dr g. 7i'o, du. 7£>aar: teut. base hwer (cp. GOTH, hj-ar); derived fr. stem hwa- under 7£jho.

whet vb. ]\tE. 7vhette oe. hivettan 'to sharpen' = on. h7>etja , du. 7vetten, ohg. hwezzan G. wetzen 'to shaipen': Teut. ground-form hwatjan, Cogn. w. on. hvatr^ OSAX. /!?£/^/, OHG. /^ze/<2:5 'sharp': TEUT. sfhzvat.

whether pron. me. 7vhether oe. Invceder 'which of two' = GOTH. bapar ; corresponding by ab- laut to OHG. hwedar 'which of two'. GR. noTSQOq (SKR. katara) 'which of two' is more closely allied to goth. oe. The word is orig. comparative to stem * hwa- (hwe-) in who.

whey sb. me. whey oe. h7vdi = du. lg. 7vei (byform mlg. huy hole du. hui).

15

226

which — wide

'which pron. me. which oe. hwylc (prehistoric form ^^hwilid) ■=- GOTH, hileiksy OSAX. hwilik\ cp. OHG. helih G. welch: Teut. base hwilika- (hweitka-) and for OHG. hivelih a base hwalika-. Derived fr. stem hwa- hw'e- under who.

while sb. me. while oe. hwil infl. hwile = goth. /D^ei/a, ohg. OSAX. hwila^ G. wcile, DU. wijl. ON. hvila 'bed (cp. ohg. hwilen 'to rest') points to connection w. LAT. quietus 'quiet' and oslov. pociti 'to rest', aryan ^f qi.

whine vb. me. whine oe. hwinan str. v^. 'to make a shrill sound' = ON hvina 'to whiz'.

whisky ident. w. usque baugh.

whisper vb. me. whisper e oe. hwisprian 'to murmur' ; cp. ohg. hwispalon G. wispeln. Sound-imi- tation ? or cogn. w. whistW^

whistle vb. me. whistle oe. hwistlian) perh. akin to whisper.

whit ident. w. wight.

white adj. (short in Whit- sunday lit. 'white Sunday') me. 7i)hit OE. hwit = goth. heitSj ON. h7ntr, OHG. hwij^ G. weiss: Teut. base hwita-, cogn. w. skr. (veta 'white' — \f (vit 'to shine'. ARYAN \f kwid kivit. See also wheat and whittle.

whither pron. me. whider oe. hwider; cp. GOTH, hadre whither'; derived fr. the stem hwa- hw'e- in who.

whittle sb. short for me. whitel OE. hwitel 'blanket ; derived fr. 7vhite.

who pron. me. who prop, whg OE. hwa ^ GOTH. hci-s\ cp. OHG. hw'e-r G. wer : stem hwa- hwe-, also iwwhat and hoim and in whichy whither, whether. ARYAN base qO' in LAT. quo-d, SKR. ka-s who', Lrrn. ka-s 'who'.

whole adj. me. hgl oe. hdl (hence the abstract formation health) = goth. hails, on. heill (see hail), OHG. G. heil, OSAX. hel, DU. heel: Teut. base haila- (whence derived hailaga- ^= holy). Ident. w. osr.ov. celu 'comptete, whole' (ground-form kailo-) ; cp. OPRUSS. bailustikan 'health'.

whore sb. me. oe. hore 'pro- stitute' ^ ON. hora, OHG. huora 'adulteress'; cp. goth. hors 'adulterer', aryan y" kdr 'to love' in oiR. car a 'friend' — car aim I love (Gallo-LAT. car is a 'prostitute') and LAT. carus 'dear .

why pron. me. 7vhl oe. hiifi = ON. hzd: instrum. of the stem h7m- in 7vhat.

wick sb. short for me. weke oe. weoce = ohg. wiohha, lg. 7^eke, DU. 7mek: Teut. base 7veuko/i, perhaps reduplicated for loe- 7vk-dn, as made probable by the equiv. oe. wecca = g. (dial.) 7vicke\ cogn. w. mhg. g. ivickel?

wicked adj. extended for me. 7vicke. ;

wicket sb. me. 7inkH fr. oner. 7viket (fr. guichet), whence also ODU. 7viket (du. 7vinket).

wide adj. me. oe. 7vid = on. vidr, oSAX. 7ind, du. 7vijdy ohg.

widow

2.27

witG.wcit: T^MT.ivida-^ perhaps

participle of a lost verbal \P wt.

widow sb. ME. imdwe oe. widewe

{wudliwe) = GOTH. widuWO^ OHG.

witaiva G. witwc^ OSAX. widowa, pu. weditwe. Ident. w. the equiv. SKR. vidhavdj lat. vidua, OSLO v. vidova, OIR. fedb'. ARYAN base widhawa.

wield vb. ME. wdde oe. j^cweldan {ywyldan) \vk. vb. fr. a TEUT. ^gawa/d/an. Derived fr. the str. vb. OE. wdldan tv(aldan —~ GOTH. OSAX. waldau^ ohg. waltan (g. 7iKilten) 'to govern'. ARYAN \f 7val in LAT. valere 'to be strong'; op. also OSLOV. vlastiy lith. valdytl 'to govern'.

wife sb. ME. OE. wif = on. vif, OSAX. wif, DU. udjf, ohg. wib G. 7veib\ Teut. base wiba-. No equiv. connections outside of teut. (an older word for 'wife' see under queen), — woman ME. 2inwiman prop, wimman fpl. whinncn) oe. wi/-?nann (pi. 7in/- merm) lit. 'a wife-man'.

wight sb. ME. 7viiht oe. iviht 'thing, creature, being' = oHG. OSAX. 7viht thing, being' (g. du. wicht)\ cp. GOTH, waihts 'thing' and on. vdttr being, thing'. Teut. base wihti' for wehti- ident. w. oslov. vesti 'thing': aryan base iv'ekii-.

W|ild adj. ME. OE. wilde fr. a TEUT. wilpja- (piop. w'elpja-) = GOTH, wilfeisy ON. villr , OSAX. OHG. wildi G. DU. ivild. Probably connected w. wold oe. w(ald -=- = OHG. G. wa/d 'wood', as fr.

sauvas^e ^ lat. silvaticus fr. lat. silva 'wood'. — wilderness (cp. DU. G. wildernis) extension of ME. wildci'ne 'a desert'.

wile sb. ME. (fr. 12^^ cent.) wile fr. OFR. ivile {guile) \ ident. w. guile.

will vb. ME. wille (prt. wolde) OE. willan (prt. wolde) = GOTH. wiljan, ON. vilja, oSAX. willian, DU. willen: Teut. base wiljan (prop, weljati) \ ident. w. osAX. wellian, ohg. w el Ian (g. wo lien) fr. a TEUT. waljan. ARYAN \f weluolin lat. vel-le, oslov. voliti^ lith. velyti. All equivalent. Perhaps cogn. w. well •d.VidMveal'^ also GOTH, waljan 'to choose' = OHG. wellan g. 7vahlen, ohg. wala G. wahl 'choosing', skr. \fvar vr 'choose'. Cp. the following word.

will sb. ]\IE. wille oe. ivilla =

OSAX. OHG. willio, DU. Wil, G.

wille, GOTH. 7)ilja, ON. vili: Teut. base wilja?i' for tv'eljan-, derived fr. \fwel in will vb. ; cp. oslov. volja sb. 'will'.

willow sb. ME. ivilwe oe. wytig (infi. '^7vilge?)', ident. w. du. wilg ODU. LG. wilge OSAX. wilgia, MHG. wilge.

wimple sb. me. oe. wimpel oe. winpel 'neck covering' =: du. g. wijnpel ohg. wimpal. Source and history unknown (ofr. gui7nple FR. guimpt are of TEUT. origin ; see gimp).

win vb. ME. winnc oe. winnan str. vb. = GOTH. win?ian 'to suffer', OHG. OSAX. winnan 'to 15*

228

wind — wise

Struggle' (g. gewinnen, DU. ivinnen), ON. vinna'. Teut. verbal V" W(?««, cogn. w. SKR. van 'obtain, ac- quire'.

wind sb. me. oe. wlnd=^ osax. DU. 7vind, OHG. wint G. wind^ ON. vindr, goth. wmds: Teut. base winda- prop, wendo- = Aryan base wenio- in lat. ventus, skr. vata 'wind'. Derived fr. the ARYAN V" "^^ i^ OE* "^^"^^^^ = GOTH, waian^ DU. waaien, ohg. wden G. wehen 'to blow'; cp. lith. vSjas 'wind', oslov. vetru 'wind' — vijati \o blow', skr. \fvd 'to blow', GR. ariTrjc 'wind'. Cp. windc^v.

wind vb. me. wlnde oe. windan str. vb. = GOTH. OSAX. windaUy ON. vinda^ ohg. wintan G. DU. winden: teut. \fwend wand. — windlass sb. (machine for raising heavy weights) transformed fr. ME. windas : loanword fr. ON. vind-dss prop, 'a winding pole'.

windcw sb. me. windikve bor- rowed fr. ON. vind-auga 'window', lit. 'wind-eye'. See wind sb. and eye (on. auga).

wine sb. me. oe. ivin = goth. 7V€inj ON. vin, osAX. ohg. 7vm G. 7vein DU. wijn: Teut. base wina-, early loanword fr. lat. vinum (cp. vine and vintage), whence also ital. vino — fr. vin and oir. fin, oslov. vino,

wing sb. me. winge short for older wenge: loanword fr. on. V(Bngr.

"wink vb. ME. 7vinke oe. ivincian wk. vb. 'blink, wink' ; ohg. winkan

str. vb. (g. winken) 'to give a sign' = ME. winke str. vb. 'wink'.

winnow vb. me. immiive oe. windwian; ident. w. OHG. winton (for '^wintivon) 'to winnow'; cp. GOTH, winpi-skauro 'a winnowing fan', LAT. ventilare 'to winnow'. All cogn. w. ijuind sb.

winsome adj. me. 7vin-som oe. wynn-sum = ohg. wunni-sam (g. wonne-sam) : derived fr. oe. ivynn ■=^ OSAX. OHG. wunnia (cp. G. wonne) 'joy'.

winter sb. me. oe. 7vinter = goth. wintrus, osax. ohg. 7vintar DU. G. winter, on. vettr: Teut. base winir-. Perhaps cogn. w. CELT, vindo- 'white' in oiR. find 'white' ?

wipe vb. ME. tvipe oe. wipian) cp. LG. 7vip sb. 'wisp of straw' and GOTH. 7>ipja 'garland' — 7veipan 'wreathe', teut. yf^ wip.

wire sb. me. oe. 7mr = on. virr, LG. FRIES, wir; cogn. w. OHG. wiara 'wire and lat. viriae 'armlets of metal', which ac- cording to Plinius' Hist. Nat. 1 5 is a Celtic word.

wise adj. me, oe. 7vis = on. viss, goth. weis, osAX. ohg. 7ms (ohg. whi G. weise) , du. wijs. Teut. base wisa- (for wit-to-), derived fr. the ARYAN \f 7vid in GR. Of Ja, SKR veda = goth. wait, oe. wdt, OHG. 7veii^ G. 7veiss. See 7vit.

wise sb. ME. OE. wise == osAx. OHG. wisa G. weise, du. wijs: Teut. base wiso-n- (fr. guise ital. guisa of Teut. origin). Probably

wish — wolf

229

connected w. the Aryan \Ptvid \o know' under wise — wit. ^vish vb. me. wisshe short for OE. wyscean fr. a Teut. base wtmskjan = ohg. wunsc{i)an G. wuiischen^ du. wctischen, on. ceskja 'to wish'; cp. SKR. vanch 'to wish':

ARYAN \fwP7tskf

wisp sb. ME. wisp (not found in OE.); perh. ident. w. on. 7'isk, OHG. wise G. wisch 'wisp of straw' ?

wit vb. ME. wite oe. witan 'to know' = GOTH. OSAX. witan, on. vita, DU. wcten, ohg. wiT^T^an G. wissen. The i^' and3'^ p. sing, were

ME. wot OE. 7^<7/ =r GOTH. Wait, on. f/^//, OSAX, wet, OHG. 7£'^/^ G.

wciss, corresponding to SKR. veda 'I know, he knows', gr. o?J« otJf. See also witness.

wit sb. ME. 7£/z/ (//) OE. {ie)witt 'intellect, understanding' = OSAX. giwit, OHG. wizzi (g. w//2:) 'under- standing', ON. vit 'intellect': de- rived fr. wit vb.

witch sb. ME. wicche oe. wiccea 'wizard' — wicce 'witch' ; ident. w. FRIES. LG. wicke 'witch' LG. wicker 'wizard' (lg. wicken vb. 'to predict' = oe. wiccian 'use witch- craft) and probably cogn. w. oe. willian 'practise divination' — wijjire 'diviner' = odu. wijche- lare, DU. mlg. wichelcn 'practise divination', teut. \f ivikk wtg.

witch-elm sb. me. wicche short for oe. wice 'elm' fr. a Teut. base unkjon-.

with prep. ME. with oe. wid prep, 'against' short for 7mder (in compounds like oe. widersaca

w?V/t77?zV^ 'adversary') =r on. vid vidr, OSAX. with wider, ohg. widar g. wider, goth. wifra.

wither vb. me. widre vb. fr. weather (me. w(de7').

withy sb. me. wit hi oe. wldi-^ 'willow ; cogn. w. ohg. wida o. weide, on. vidja and GR. trew, LITH. zil-vitis, POL. witwa, pruss. witwo 'a willow*. Aryan \fwi in LAT. vi-tis vi-nien and OSLOV. viti — LITH. vyti 'to twine, plait'.

witness sb. me. witnessc oe. witness (infl. -e) 'testimony'; as GOTH, weitwods and on. vitni'^ii- ness', derived fr. the teut. \/" 7i>ii 'to know'; see 7£iit vb.

wizard sb. me. ivisard trans- formed (under the influence-ef' ME. wis = wise) fr. "^ wis chard: loanword fr. ofr. wis chard (guis- chard) 'prudent, cunning'.

woad sb. ME. 7i'od oe. 7vdd ■= DU. weede, ohg. weit G. 7vaid: Teut. base waida-, pre -Teut. waita-', cp. lat. vitriwi 'woad'.

\A^oe interj. me. wo oe. 7vd in- ter]. = GOTH. 7vai, on. vei, cmG. OSAX. 7£'^ G. 7veh DU. fc'^^. Ident. w. LAT. vae interj. woe': ground- form ARYAN 7Vat.

wold sb. ME. 7v6ld OE. 7vdld {7vcald in 'Weald of Kent') fr. a Teut. base 7cia/pu- ; cp. osAX. OHG. G. 7i>ald 'wood', DU. 7V0iid 'wood', ON. vplir plain, field": pre-TEUT. waitu-s, cogn. w. SKR. vdta (for "^vdltaf) 'garden'? See wild.

wolf sb. ME. 7iiolf (pi. 7volves)

OE. WUlf (pi. WUlfas) = GOTH.

230

wulfs, ON. lUfr (for *vul/r) , OSAX. 7VHlf; cp. OHG. G. 7volf: Teut. base wulfa- wolf a-, Aryan base wjlqo- in SKR. vrka, or. Ai^xo^:,

LAT. lupus, LITH. vilkas , OSLOV.

vlilkti. All equivalent.

woman see wife.

womb sb. ME. wgmhe oE. wdmb (wp7nh) 'stomach' = goth. ohg. wajfiba, ON. 'iH)7nb, du. warn 'bolly, stomach': Teut. base wambo-.

wonder sb. me. wonder oe. 7Vundor = OSAX. wundar^ OHG. wuntar g. wunde7' , on. undr\ Teut. base iinmdra-.

wont adj. for me. woned p. par- ticiple of ME. wane oe. ivunian 'to be used to'; cp. oe. leivu^ia 'custom, use' and on. vanVy ohg. giwon G. gewohnt 'accustomed . See wean.

woo vb. ME. wimK' OE. wogian 'to woo' ; no further relations known. I'EUT. yfivog.

wood sb. ME. wode oe. wudu orig. widji = ON. mdr 'tree, wood', OHG. 7C'zlii 'wood' (also in ohg. witu-hopfa G. imde-lwpf)'. Teut. base 7iiidu-, pre-Teut. base widhu- in CELT, vidu- (gall. Fidu-Cassfs)] cp. OIR. Jid 'tree'.

wool sb. ME. ivolle OE. 7i>iill infl. 7vulle = GOTH, ivulla, on. //// (for '^'vull^ ; cp. OHG 7i>olla G. 7Volle: Teut. base 7vulld 7Volld, ARYAN base 7VJlnd in skr. uriia, OSLOV. vliimu LITH. vilna 'wool'; cogn. w. LAT. villus vfllus 'fleece' and SKR. yf vr (var) 'to cover'.

word sb. ME. OE. 7Vprd = GOTH.

waurd, ON. ord (for ^vord), oSAX.

7vord, DU. 7voordy ohg. g. 7vort'. Teut. base war da-, pre-Teut. base 7V9rdho- in lat. 7.>erbufn, OPRUSS. wirds 'word', LFfH. vardas 'name'. Aryan \f wer {7vre) in GR. siQHv 'to say' — Qi]Lia 'word'?

work sb. ME. 7verk oe. 7vcorc = OSAX. OHG. werk G. DU. werk, ON. verk ; Teut. base 7verka-y ARYAN base 7vergo- in gr. sfjyov. ARYAN V" 7eie7-g in gr. ()sC&tv 'to do' — oQyavov 'instrument', skr. vrjana labor' ; cp. GOTYL.watirkjan, OHG. 7vurkan = oe. 7vyrcean vb. 'to work'. See 7V7'ight.

world sb. ME. 7vorld 7verld oe. 7vorold weorold = OSAX. wero/d, DU. 7vereld, ohg. 7ver.alt {7vorolt) G. 7iDelt, ON. v'ergld. First element of the compound (7ver-ald-) is TEUT. 7vera- man' in goth. 7vair, OSAX. OHG. OE. wei'y ON. z^trr (ARYAN base 7vlro- in lat. vir, skr. z^^/7?, LITH. f^jr^?.? 'man'). 2"^^ part of the compound is TEUT. aldi- in goth. aids 'world', OE. yld (eld) 'period, age'.

worm sb. me. worm for wurju prop. 7mr7n OE. wyrm fr. a Teut. base 7vurmi- in OSAX. OHG. G. 7mi m, GOTH. 7vaurms\ ident. w. LAT. vermis 'worm'; cp. ON. orjnr (for ^7Vormaz) and gr. Qouog (for f()njLtog).

wormwood sb. transformed fr. OE. wermp'd {7vormpd) = ohg. 7&ert7iuota {7vor?niiota). Formation and origin unknown.

worse compar. adj. me. 7vorse 7vurse older wirse oe. wyrsa = OSAX. wirso fr. a Teut. base

worship — wrinkle

231

wirsizan- m goth. wairstza = OHG. wirsiro. — worst superl. ME. woi'ste wursU orig. wirste OE. ivyrsta fr. a teut. superl. wirsistan- in goth. walrsista, OSAX. OHG. wirsisto.

worship sb. me. worschlp older wurpschipe oe. weordscipe: derived fr. worth.

wort^ sb. (a plant) me. wort wiirt older wirt oe. wyrt fr. a Teut. base wiirti- in GOTH, waurts^ on. tirt, OSAX. witrty OHG. G. 7^^7/r^ 'plant, herb': ARYAN \fw9rd in LAT. radix (for "^vrddic-) see under r^*?/.

wort^ sb. (a kind of drink) ME. wort wurt for wirt oe. zi^;'^ for *wirt = ON. f'//'/r, mhg. wirz wort': TEUT. ground-form wirtiz (pre-TEUT. base werdes- w'e/dos).

worth adj. me. worth wurth OE. wyrdc. umlauted byform of OE. weorp = GOTH, wairps, OSAX. w'erth, on. v'erdr, ohg. 7(.i'erd (g. wcrt) : ident. w. lith. 7>€rtas, OPRUSS. 7i>erts 'worthy'.

wound sb. me. wounde oe. wund infl. wunde = osAX. wunday OHG. wunta G. wunde J on. z/;/^/ (for "^vundy. Teut. base wundb-. Cogn. w. the adj. goth. wunds = OE. wund, OSAX. wund, ohg. 7vunt G. wund. teut. \fwun, ARYAN \fw9n in goth. winnan 'to suffer, feel pain' (see win)}

wrath sb. me. wraihthe short for OE. wrcBppu (Teut. base wraipipb j \ umlaut-abstract of OE. ivrdp adj. =^ wroth.

wreak vb. me. wr^kc oe. wrUcan

str. vb. ■=^ GOTH, wrikan ('to persecute), OSAX. wr'ekan, DU. wreken, ohg. r'ehhaii (for "^wreh- han^ G. riichen 'to revenge'. ARYAN sfivrUg urg in lat. urgcrc 'to urge*, SKR. evry 'to remove'.

wreath sb. me. writhe oe. wrchp', cogn. w. writhe.

wren sb. me. wrenne oe. wrenna] ident. w. oSAX. wrendio and pro- bably w. OHG. OSAX. {w)renno a stallion' (medieval lat. warannio^.

wrench sb. me. wretich 'deceit' oe. wrefic 'deceit, trick' fr. a Teut. base wranki- (also in MHG. rank 'trick' G. rdnke plur.). The modern e. meaning 'twist, sprain' seems to be older than the metaphorical sense in me. OE. and g. See also wrong.

wretch sb. me. wrecche oe. wreccea 'outlaw, exile' = ohg. oSA'K.ivrekkio (g. recke 'warrior'); den\e,dir:.\fwrek in goth. wrikan 'persecute' (see wreaJz).

wright sb. me. wrighte oe. wyrhta = osAX. zvurhtio, ohg. wurhto (mhg. -wilrhle) 'worker'; derived fr. teut. zvurhtwjan-\ cp. GOTH, waurstwja 'worker' by the side of waiirstw 'work'. For the root see work.

wring vb. me. wringe oe. ivrin- gan str. vb. 'to press out' = DU. LG. wringen, ohg. ringan, (for ^wri7iga7t) 'to press out' (g. ringen).

wrinkle sb. me. wrinkel oe. wrinkle = odu. wri7ickcl\ cogn. w. mhg. runke and ohg. runza (for *7vrtmka — '^wru?ikza).

\vrist sb. me. wrist oe. wyrst

232

write — ye

= MHG. G. m/(for*Z£/m/), on. risl SWED. f/rw/ 'instep, wrist'; perhaps cogn. w. G. r^i/ienMHG. rlhe 'wrist' ?

write vb. me. write oe. writan str. vb. = OSAX. writauy ON. rita 'to write'. Grig, sense 'to engrave, scratch, tear, spUt' in OSAX. writa7i = ohg. riy^an (for '^wriT^'ipn) G. reissen. Cp. GOTH, writs a stroke of a pen'. TEUT. \fwrit.

writhe vb. me. writhe oe. wiidan str. vb. 'to twist' = ohg. ridaiiy ON. rida str. vb. *to wind, twist'. Cogn. w. wroth.

I wrong adj. me. wrong (wrang) late OE. (ii '' cent.) wrang bor- rowed fr. ON. rangr (older ^vrangr) 'wrong, unjust' prop, 'awry, perverse'. Probably fr. the same root as wre^ich (teut. \^wrank wrang^. wroth adj. short for me. wrgth oe. wrap (see also wrath) =

I OSAX. wrethy on. vreidr reidr^ ODU. wreed 'wroth'; orig. sense in OHG. reid (for "^^vreid) 'curled'. \fwrlp 'to twist' in wreath and writhe.

I wry fr. me. wrie vb. 'to twist'.

yacht sb. fr. du. jacht prop. jachtschip\ DU. jacht corresponds to G. jagd 'hunting (oHG. jagon G. jagen 'to chase).

yard' sb. me. jierd prop, ^(rd oe. leard 'fence, enclosure' = on. gardr'. Teut.base^^r<^/*rz- =^ Aryan h^i.'&Qghorto- in lat. hortus (GR.;^op- rOb") 'garden'. Allied to garden.

yard"^ sb. (a measure) me. yerde oe. ^enf {lyrd) 'rod, rood' = OHG. gerta o. gerte 'a rod, switch'; cp. GOTH, gazds 'a stick, goad' -= ON. gaddr goad' and LAT. hasta 'a spear' (common base ghazdha-).

yarn sb. me. ^ern prop, icrn oe. ■^earn = on. ohg. g. gam (du. garen)\ perhaps cogn. w. o^.ggrn 'guts' and lith. zarna 'entrail'?

yarrow sb. me. "^arwe oe. j^earwe

= OHG. garwa G. gar be ^ du. gerw 'millefolium'.

yawl vb. me. loule by the side of goule vb. (change of 3 and ^ unexplained) ; source on. gaula (ggula) 'to bellow'.

yawn vb. me. gdne gone oe. gdnian (the phonology of the me. word is dark) — ohg. geinbn (g. gdhnen); derived fr. QE. tp- pnan str. vb. 'to yawn' --= ON. gina'y cogn. w. OHG. gien giwen 'to yawn': aryan yfghi in lat. hiare, OSLOV. zijati, lith. zioti 'to yawn'.

ye pron. me. ^e oe. le fr. a prehistoric jiz = DU. gij, OSAX. gt, OHG. ir (for *7"/;') G. ihr\ oldest teut. form juz in goth. jus 'ye'. Ident. w. skr. ytiy-a?n 'ye': Aryan stem iw —yu.

year — yolk

233

yea adv. me. if oe. ^ed (for

*'^ce} = OS AX. OHG. Jd G.Ja yes'; oldest form goth. ja yes'. — yes ME. yes oe. ^ese for *ied- swd prop, 'yea so* (cp. me. nese fiir ne-swa).

yean older eati vb. me. f?ie OE. (anian (le-fatiiari) \o yean': derived fr. a teut. auna- (for agwna-) 'lamb' = lat. agnuSy oiR. tian: aryan base aghno-.

year vb. me. ler oe. ^er dedr for *J^r) ^ OHG. y^/' G. jahr, u\J. jaarfON. a?; GOTU.Je?". Teut. basey*?;'*^-; cogn. w. theablauted GR. (b(jng year — wpa 'season' and w. avest. ydre year'.

yearn vb. 'desire' me. yd'rng fr. ME. ye'rn oe. ^eorn 'desirous' (whence also the umlauted oe. lyrnan 'desire') = goth. gairfis, OSAX. OHG. gem 'desirous': teut. \fg'er in ohg. g'erdn G. begehren — OHG. g'er 'desirous' — girl (g. gier) sb. 'desire'. ARYAN \fgher in SKR. hary vb. 'desire'.

yell vb. me. lelle oe. lellan (lillan) = OHG. gellan G. gelletiy DU. gilieUy ON. gjalla 'to resound' . Cp. stanyelL

yellow adj. me. ^elwe oe. ^eolo (infi. leolw-) fr. a Teut. base g'elwa- in osAX. ohg. gelo g. ^^Z:^, DU. ^^^/: ARYAN base gh'elwo- in LAT. hdvus 'light yellow', aryan \(^gh'el also in on. ^/^/r 'yellow', GR. /ho^og 'green', OSLOV. ze/enu 'yellow'; from the same root also go/d (and glowl). — yellow-hammer (a bird's name)

rests on the equiv. OE. amore = OHG. amero G. ammer,

yelp vb. ME. lelpe oe. lelpan (lilpan) str. vb. 'to boast' := ON. gjalptiy OHG. gelpfan.

yes see yea.

yesterday adv. me. yesterday oe. ^eostrandcei (lystrandcBi) prop, only geostra{n) = ohg. g'estaron G. gestern, du. gisteren (gister- avond)\ cp. goth. gistra-dagis with the sense of 'tomorrow'. Teut. base g'estra-, cogn. w. on. i-gcer and lat. heri; gr. x^^^ and SKR. hyas 'yesterday' point to an ARYAN base ghyes 'yester- day'.

yet adv. me. j^et short for oe. l^t (ij't, lit)] ident. w. ofries. ieta eta 'yet'.

yew vb. me. ew oe. eow iw = OHG. iwa G. eibCy on. yr\ Teut. base iwa-y ident. w. OE. eoh 'yew' — OHG. iha yew', fr. {/"(whence borrowed DU. ijf) is of Teut* origin. Cp. also cymr. yw 'yew'.

yield vb. me. lelde oe. leldan (lildan) str. vb. 'to pay' = goth. giidan, on. gjalda , ohg. geltan str. vb. 'to pay': teut. sfg'eld.

yoke sb. me. lok (pi. ipkes) oe.

5^<?V (pi. g^<9V2^) = GOTH, juk^ on. <?/^ (for '^jok)y DU. y?//^, OHG.

joh G. y(?<r/^: Teut. base joka-y ARYAN base jUgo- in lat. jiigum GR. Cv/oV, SKR. jj/?/^^ 'yoke', aryan \fjug in GR. C&vyvvui, lat. jwtgere, skr. jj^/// 'to yoke'.

yolk sb. ME. 5^/^^ (lelke) oe. leoleca for teut. g'el{w)ukan-\

234

yon — yule

derived fr. teut. gelwa- = yel- low.

yon pron. me. yin ^on oe. leon (see beyond)', cogn. w. goth. jai?is, OHG. jener G. jener.

yore adv. me. ipre oe. ledra (pron. Jdra) prop, 'of years' gen. plur. of OE. ledr = year.

yovr^pron. me. low ace. dat. of Id (= ye), OE. eop ace. dat. of i^ {= ye); ident. w. ohg. OS AX. eu OHG. /«: aryan base ??£/ under j^.

young adj. me. ^on^ iwig oe. leong (prop. >;z^) = GOTH, juggs, OSAX. OHG. G.Jung, T)\J.Jong, ON. /^^x^;- (for ^^jungr)'. teut. junga-, contracted fr. juwwigo- = LAT. ,^mvencHs , skr. yuvafa 'young : ARYAN base juw?nko- (ablauted byform in cymr. ieuanc 'young'). Cogn. w. 'LKT.Jtwenis, skr. yuva?i, o?>i.ov. junu, iA'V'H..jdunas young'.

— youth sb. ME. louthe older luwede for yigede oe. ju^od (^eor god) = OSAX. jugud fr. a base jugunp' in OB.G J ugtmd g. jug end'. TEUT. jugunp- probably for 'ju- wunp- cp. 'LPi.T.- Juven-t-a (and GOTH, junda contracted for '^ju- 7vundd)', derived fr. AYCiMijuwen- in LAT. juvenis, skr. yuvan etc. yule sb. me. ^gl fr. on. jol', ident. w. OE. ^eol (contracted fr. leohol) 'Christmas'. Cogn. w. GOTH, jiuleis 'november' = on. ylir (oE. Giuli in Beda). Teut. base jeula- (in on. jot) andyV///- ja- (in GOTH, jiuleis) : oe. leohhol 'Christmas' points to teut. j'ehw- la- (by the side of jeula- for j'egwla-)', probably related to ON. d 'snow-storm' (teut. base j'ehivld). Yi&wc^ Yule 'the time of snow-storms' and GOTH, jiuleis 'the month of snow-storms'.

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